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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
VOLUME 53
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917
ADVERTISEMENT.
The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two series—Proceedings and Bulletins.
The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of lim- ited groups. <A volume is issued annually or oftener for distribution to libraries and scientific establishments, and, in view of the impor- tance of the more prompt dissemination of new facts, a limited edi- tion of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of the volume.
The present volume is the fifty-third of this series.
The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more elaborate papers, issued separately, and, like the Proceedings, based chiefly on the collections of the National Museum.
A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the ‘‘Special Bulletin,” has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable.
Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as ‘‘Contributions from the National Herbarium,’’ and containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, have been published as Bulletins.
RicHarp RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the United States National Museum. DECEMBER 19, 1917. il
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Barrscu, Paut. A monograph of West American Mela- nellid mollusks. No. 2207. August 13, 19171_.__.._--
New genus: Hulimostraca.
New species: Melanella ( Melanella) dalli, M. (M) ochsneri, M. ( M.) monicensis, M. (M.) necropolitana, M. (M.) oldroydi, M. (M.) panamensis, M.(M.) californica, M.(M.) hemphilli, M. (M.) baldra, M. (M.) mexicana, M. (M.) abreojosensis, M. (M.) tacomaensis, M. (Balcis) draconis, M. (B.) montereyensis, M. (B.) peninsularis, M. (B.) lastra, M. (B.) arnoldi, M.(B.) cosmia, M.(B.) halia, M. (B.) townsendi, M. (B.) columbiana, M.(B.) comoxensis, M. (B.) macra, M.(B.) berryt, M. (B,) prefalcata, M. (B.) grippi, M. (B.) taravali, M. (B.) catalinensis, Eulimostraca galapagensis, Sabinella chathamensis, S. bakeri, S. meridionalis, Haliella abyssicola, H. chilensis, Strombiformis riversi, S. alaskensis, S. californica, S. townsendi, S. lapazana, S. almo, S. panamensis, S. barthelowi, S. hemphilli, S. burragei, Niso excolpa, N. lomana, N. hipolitensis, Lambertia cookeana.
BEARD. He) See! Thomasa:,-(Watson2 {0 8vii 2 Bi
New subspecies: Melanella ( Melanella) micans borealis.
CockERELL, T. D. A. Some insects from Florissant, Colo- PAdOue ONO CotOe ome eto et ae eee co lee
New species: Tenthredella oblita, Paleotazonus vetus, Eriocampoides mimus, Plecia decapitata, Dioctria (?) pulveris.
Curriz, Berroa P. Gomphus parvidens, a new species of dragonfly from Maryland. No. 2199. June 1, 1917'_-_-
New species: Gomphus parvidens.
CusuMan, R. A. A revision of hymenopterous insects of the tribe Cremastini of America north of Mexico. No. PPM AOS 22) bOI L to ee eee Ne eek che cresea
New genus: Neocremastus.
New species: Pseuderipternus brevicauda, P. gracilipes, Cremastus (Cremastus) longigenalis, C. (C.) longiventris, C. (C.) ruficeps, C. (C.) gracilis, C. (C.) gracilipes, C. (C.) flaviceps, C. (C.) gracili- ventris, C. (C.) minor, C. (C.) brevipetiolus, C. (C.) platynotae, C. (C.) tortricidis, C.(C.) brevicauda, C. C. evetriae, C. (C.) epagoges, C. (Zaleptopygus) rostratus, C. Z. cleridivorus,C.(Z.) similis, C. (Z.) plesius, C. (Z.) rosae, C. (Z.) tetralophae, C. (Z.) terebratus, C. (Z.) mordellistenae, C. (Z.) rohweri, C. (Z.) anomalus, C. (Z.) nigricly- pealis, C’. (Z.) bilineatus, C. (Z.) gallaecola.
1 Date of publication.
Page. 295-356
553-563
389-392
223-226
503-551
MI
Iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Cusuman, R. A. Eight new species of reared Ichneumon- flies with notes on some other species. No. 2216. Au- SMUG 5 EO ae ee a ee ee ee
New species: Bathythriz tibialis, Aenoplexr nigrosoma, Spilocryptus polychrosidis, Caenocryptus newcomert, Chaeretymma minuta, Scam- bus ephialtoides, Itoplectis obesus, Glypta evetriae.
Dati, Wir1u1am Heatry. Notes on the shells of the genus Epitonium and its allies of the Pacific coast of America. No. 2217... August 10,1917! _..._... ee ee
New species: Epitonium acapuleanum, E. cookeanum, E. xantusi, E. arnoldi, E. pacis, E. emydonesus, E. imperforatum, E. onchodes, E. lagunarum, E. (Pictoscala) purpuratum, E. densiclathratum,
. persuturum, E. colpoicum, E. pazianum, E. propeheragonum,
. eutaenium, E. apiculatum, E. compradora, E. cylindricum,
. centronium, E. columbianum, E. montereyense, E. californicum,
_rectilaminatum, E. tabulatum, E. appressicostatum, E’. musidora,
columnella, E. habeli, E. diegense, E. tabogense, E. regum,
-orcuttianum, E. bialatum, E. zephyrium, LE. basicum, E. robertt,
. rhytidum, E. zeteki, E. imbrex, E. thylaz.
New section: Pictoscala. .
New variety: Epitoniwm sawinae, var. catalinense.
bh hhh
Dunn, Emmerr R. The salamanders of. the genera Des- mognathus and Leurognathus. No. 2211. June 4, 1917'
HAGAN, MARGARET. See S. A. Rohwer 2 lo 252-222 2<-2- - +
Fotsom, Jusrus W. North American collembolous in- sects of the subfamily Onychiurinae. No. 2222. August ESET plan ce a kl Nina oe ae tein ENS eo
Newspecies: Onychiurus similis, O. subtenuis, O. litoreus, O. pseudar- matus, O. ramosus, O. pseudofimetarius.
Ganan, A. B. Descriptions of some new parasitic hymen- Gptera: No. 2197. May 26, 190.
New subfamily: Vipiinae (new name).
New genera: Neopius, Systellogaster.
New species: Ephedrus nitidus, Microbracon sanninoideae, Microgas- ter epagoges, Apanteles diacrisiae, Chelonus phthorimaeae, Phanero- toma franklini, Opius pegomyiae, O. coriaceus, O. otiosus, Neopius carinaticeps, Rogas perplexus, R. politiceps, R. rufocoxralis, Liodon- tomerus secundus, L. insuetus, Systellogaster ovivora, Pteromalus hemileucae, Eupteromalus tachinae, Eutelus bruchophagi, Chryso- charus maliochi, Derostenus pallipes, Tetrastichus ainsliei, T. dolosus, Notanisomorpha meromyzae, Polymecus lasiopterae.
New variety: Nepiera benevola, var. fuscifemora.
1 Date of publication.
Page.
457-469
471-488
393-433 357-380
637-659
195-217
TABLE OF CONTENTS. A
Grrautt, A. A. Notes and descriptions of miscellaneous Page, Chalcid-flies (Hymenoptera). No. 2213. August 10, Spine corm eery eee AT is VY eyes Sooke Sa eee OD
New species: T’umidiscapus oophagus, Abbella americana, Gonato- cerus utahensis, Cirrospilus ocellatus, Eulophus californicus, Chryso- pophagus kansensis, Sympiesis substigmatus, Thripoctenus ameri- censis, Sympiesis ancylae, Trydymus aureipes, T. biguttatipennis, T. aphidis.
Hay, Oxtver P. Description of a new species of extinct horse, Equus lambei, from the Pleistocene of Yukon territory. No. 2212. June 5, 1917 '.:2.-.....-......., 485-443
New species: Equus lambei.
Description of a new species of mastodon, Gom- photherium elegans, from the Pleistocene of Kansas. NOw-A1oee dune ciel Obs J deca det ous 2. at DIO Bay
New species: Gomphotherium elegans.
Hay, W. P. A new species of bear-animalcule from the coast of North Carolina. No. 2203. June 1, 1917 1__.. 251-254
New species: Batillipes caudatus.
Ho.urster, N. Some effects of environment and habit on captive lions. No. 2196. Juma 1, 1917 tsc- 225 ccc 177-198
<-
Jackson, Ropert Tracy. Fossil echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica. No. 2218. September 24,
11 GULP SESS a ea a Bet ee MERU MR S15) New species: Clypeaster gatuni, Encope annectans, E. platytata,
E. megatrema, Schizaster cristatus, S. panamensis,
MarsHatt, Witi1aAM B. New and little-known species of South American fresh-water mussels of the genus Diplo- don; No:2208h)0 August: 15; 191 7o%, Soa bs Weller 4381-388
New species: Diplodon felipponei, D. fortis.
Myers, P. R. An American species of the hymenopterous genus Wesmaelia of Foerster. No. 2206. May 24, Pope ole. Goa RCO ee eh Bee . wK. ... oboe soe
New species: Wesmaelia americana.
———. A new American parasite of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say). No. 2204. May 28,1917 !_ 255-257
New species: Polygnotus vernalis.
‘ Date of publication,
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Paring, Joun Howarp. An asymmetrical bird-louse found page. on three different species of troupials. No. 2201. June MPEG ee ks A ES Ee Ae errs en eee
Ratusun, Mary J. Description of a new species of crab from the California Pliocene. No. 2214. August 15, TOT 7 4 tesebaseetd JY seen ects hse ae, seat 1 —452
New species: Cancer urbanus.
RicHMonp, CHARLES W. Generic names applied to birds during the years 1906 to 1915, inclusive, with additions and corrections to Waterhouse’s ‘Index Generum Avium.’ No. 2221. August 16, 191722. Ue eee 565-636
Rouwer, 8. A. Descriptions of thirty-one new species of hymencptera: No'2195:" June, P17 1 eee It oT=176
New species: Macrophya castaneae, Eriocampoides castaneae, Pert- clista californica, P. hicoriae, P. similaris, P. xanthognatha, Acor- dulecera hicoriae, Pristaulacus strangaliae, Odontomerus stranga- liae, Pyracmon conocola, Angitia milleri, A. tineavora, Meleborus laspeyresiae, Phadroctonus argyresthiae, Cosmophorus pityophthori, Diospilus washingtonensis, D. californicus, D. neoclyti, Phanero- toma erythrocephala, Macroneura urichit, Odontobracon oemeovorus, O. elaphidiovorus, O. californicus, Polygnotus burkei, Trigonura californica, Eusandalum acmaeorerae, Tachysphex washingtoni, Larropsis greenei, Xylocelia beulahensis, X. virginiana, Nysson (Hyponysson) raut.
New variety: Emphytus mellipes, var. albolabris.
New names: Tenthredella birmensis, Cryptus kolbelei.
A report on a collection of hymenoptera (mostly from California) made by W. M. Giffard. No. 2202. May DOPtOUy Ue ee re, eo , aun eee OAg New species: Craterocerus californicus, Ancistrocerus tahoensis, A. lucidus, Odynerus blandinus, O. giffardi, O. robustus, O. eldoraden- sis, Aporinellus californicus, Solenius (Hypocrabro) giffardi, Tachy- sphex giffardi, T. eldoradensis, T. plesia, Cremonus giffardi, Silaon major, Nysson (Brachystegus) pacificus.
——— and Marearetr Facan. The type-species of the genera of the Cynipoidea, or the gall wasps and parasitic Cynipoids. No. 2208. June 6, 19171__._.-.......-.-. 357-380
New genera: Adleria, Aglaotomidea, Diholocynips, Kleidotomidea, Trisoleniella (new names).
New species: Trirhoptrasema ashmeadi (new name).
SHuFELDT, R. W. Fossil remains of what appears to be a passerine bird from the Florissant shales of Colorado. Nel2215.. Auoust 15, (0172. .~.-2 ee 2 ee a
1 Date of publication,
TABLE OF CONTENTS. vil SteyneceR, Leonyarp. Cuban amphibians and reptiles page. collected for the United States National Museum from 1899 to 1902. No. 2205. May 31, 1917?...-.-.-.-.-. 259-291 The color of ame-
No. 2220. 553-563
Watson, Tuomas L., and R. E. Brarp. thyst, rose, and blue varieties of quartz.
ere SMr em ee QL (ees See eames a oe Sic acl eal e
Wuerry, Evear T. A remarkable occurrence of calcite
in silicified wood. No. 2200. June 1, 19171__.......-. 227-230
Witson, Cuartes Branow. North American parasitic co- pepods belonging to the Lernaeidae, with a revision of the entire family. No, 2194, June 13,1917 1... -------
New subfamilies: Lernaeinae, Lernaeencinae, Lernaeocerinae.
Newgenera: Cardiodectes, Collipravus, Trifur.
New species: Peniculus fissipes, Lernaeenicus polyceraus, L. affixus, L. longiventris, Sarcotretes lobatus, Phrizocephalus triangulus, P. diversus, Collipravus parvus, Haemobaphes enodis, H. diceraus,
Trifur tortuosus, Pennella instructa.
1-150
1 Date of publication.
oS ita: oats sii 2 frees : eee: “0% ;
‘e
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES,
BRR BINUIG Ol eNICtUS CUMULUS. Oc Soccn tsnccive cece mscvocsssscocecuceeuan Semale OF Peniculus JISsupesaisam <siasscizto's « wie cowie win wisipiainGelelaee oes week oe sub eHin lo OF CardtOdecten: MREMUBOCUS: astern, oie Hci aiclateis Bie reieles eine she widta/o se mieis ole Ban Oma le’ OL, Lernacentees MMALALUR. .aic02s 5 = Jsjaieia's Bae oblate OCS te bio SEisibe ales ate . Females of Lernaecenicus radiatus and L. polyceraus.......-.....-----+-++-- BpHemale ol Mernaeenicus Af iCus sasscietanisacacisus - = oaeiilets seen seysleieresiee Pen ema lela Lerniaeenicus | LONGUENEMS <i one Sis el oe Jt. nle = seisict Aeteceechs BOREMHAIG OL SATCOl eles OVALUS: wa: sacs hice = SG ests Bee mse SeaceNS sae LEG sak SHengile of Phrimocephalus trianguluse 32 23). sp. wianie vsiste'c so -\cele sana teee oe . Phrixocephalus triangulus, P. diversus, and Lernaeocera branchialis.......-. Beem Ale, Of COM pTavUs PATUUS «<< 902.5 jc 4.2 <=:<0.5 niacin pee eek AU ot ome . Female and nauplius of Lernaeocera branchialis.........-.---------+------- . Female of Lernaeolophus sultanus..........----+---- & Sciskiticninie eae erie suvemale of Haemobaphes cyclopterina... = . 254s Sass a-'sn ss esecise cscs. eee aehiemales.oL-Lenellaantarctica. and. P. filosa. ...ceeesect-cseis ese eee 2 MEHTA OFOL EN TLCLUG [ULOSG as 5 ciahel = = ois wists isso isin, 1s RS IR ioe ns Se . Females of Pennella filosa and Lernaeocera branchialis.........-.-.-.-.-.-- MELEHIALS Ol Penwelle WiSitwelg ae 2. Scie Fae a): =< /aiss cel sidie wis wy Seine ails Se wees EU Bemale; Of JIG MORa pies Cees nw oni< Ls. < piaeiemica eens deisel aloes ole «Ges . Females of Haemobaphes diceraus, H. enodis, and Trifur tortuosus.......-- . Females of Trifur tortuosus and Cardiodectes bellottit..........-....------- . Skull of wild-killed adult male Felis leo massaica.............-..--+----- . Skull of park-reared adult male Felis leo massaica..........-.---+--220-++ 24. Skulls of park-reared (upper) and wild-killed (lower) lionesses............. 25. Skulls of wild-killed (upper) and park-reared (lower) lions. .............. See STEEL ON OLMENERINIE LE LEQUNS o-oo) cao Misha so Sis Nae erase cia eg a Sal aie aig = a oe sae EieGON DUS NArudens ANG'G -OreVvIssds saretracwitinis 225. = nlede ciskee en wee he pees 28. Gomphus parvidens, G. abbreviatus, G. viridifrons, and G. brevis. ......-..- Zool, Suaeiied. wood containing. calcite cc i. sccmsieict oie wo eicebs Sew wis bw ware 32. Philopterus ambiguus Giebel, an asymmetrical bird-louse............-...-- 33. A new bear-animalcule from North America...........-.-.-------------- 34-49. West American Melanellid mollusks. .............-......-.-.20-20--- Fee SOUL AIM CTICAT 31761000198 ocaid om aieiaisfaincicim eis bole a wei iartiotejemie slaeie sarees 6G. Skull and lower of teeth Houwtus lambet.. - sc uiss disc inca cee sede ccedees-t aeeomiliand teeth. of guts lambetg..2.c sox Jou oosiaecas et udviws std. es Bee kale and teeth. of Mauis lambets<. cicc ees ace kinete Moke eceltigde Wt qenenenhe 59. A new fossil crab from the California Pliocene. ..............---..--.---- Go selmpression of fossil bird from! Colorado. ssc «co.cc + cersye ale eeteeroe =jais eels acc 61. Impression of fossil bird from Colorado, with bones of lower limb outlined
CSonrtoaw»nr | DY
NNOnwnw Ne He ee eS eS eS op SNMOSDREaaARONES
62. Dorsal and ventral views of Clypeaster lanceolatus......-.++..+-+-+-2---+- Baeoreal wiew OL OL PCUSe? GALUNTS <cimn ccciewis js main csinc cw eccuisie vce tsetse
x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Facing
page
64.: Ventral view of Clypeaster gatunt..2.<0\a1cct sires wslese as cle ciel sees Se le ees 502
65. Dorsal and ventral views of Encope annectans......-..------------eeeees 502 66. Mould of ventral side of Encope annectans seen from above. Dorsal and ven-
tral views of Sehizuster panemeneis. 22 iccnana. n= ceacosees eases eae 502
67. Dorsal and ventral views of Encope platytata..........2..2.-+---+-+----- 502 68. Dorsal view of Encope megatrema. Dorsal, ventral and side view of Schiz-
OBLEN CTIRLOLNS So 0" oc on om wise a raaianatnisl cone cae wean See aa See 502 68-70... North American’ Onychiurinae..<, - «<<. o-ecerenne Soe emansees cuore 660 TEXT FIGURES.
Page. The male and female copepodid larvae of Lernaea variabilis. ............-.-- 35 The male and female copepodid larvae of Sarcotretes scopeli...............-- 43 The male and female copepodid larvae of Lernaeocera branchialis..........-.- 82 The male and female copepodid larvae of Pennella varians......-.-...------ 104 Polygnotus burkei, new species. Antenna of female.................-.-..-- 170
Cross sections of zygomata of wild-killed and park-reared lion skulls, made at inferior point of zygomatico-temporal suture. (1) Wild-killed, Nairobi, British East Africa; (2) park-reared, McMillan lion. Adult males of equal
ALC ss cei cis s SRR s SO ek RR eS a ee 185 Pugs. 1-2... Bafo. peltoce pRalus eoai-< sea cttreret tet poe estes ae eee 260 IBIGSo= (> LEULNETOGACLYLILS MLCOTO Ieee eRe ee eC eee e eee eee 261 Fras. 8-12. Jeleutherodactylus curieatitss 02.64. Se ee ee 262 igs. 13-17, -Lleutherodactylus dimidiatussccc< 5220 ee eee 262 Hugs. 18-22. .2leutherodactylus varians .:2 2025250 a ee 263 Bas. 23-26. Hyla-sepbentrionalisa <<< 0.tc2t2% nt. csecs fotoe edeae oe eosee eens 263 Bras.'27=29. . Tarentola cubanassss aoe Wa ae ae ee eee 266 Fies. 30-33. Sphaerodactylus cinereus. Lepidosis of middle of back..-.......-.- 267 Fias. 35-36. Chamaeleolis chamaeleonides. 37 represents the side of the tail at
about the fifth verticil; 38, the lepidosis of the side of back..............-- 267 Fras. 39-40. Deiropteryx vermiculata. 41, side of tail of same at about the fifth
WEFLICH wes ocencevscact set srt Ghee Pos Sea ee ce ee eee 268 Fies. 42-43. Anolis equestris. 44 represents the side of tail at about the fifth
verticil; 45, part of dorsal crest and lepidosis........-......---------------- 268 Fias. 46-47. Anolis homolechis. 48 represents side of tail at about the fifth
WEL CU osc seenc ussic cove nsuiy acs cc saecehe cade teeessstateeeee ee aoe eee 269 Fies. 49-50. Anolis argenteolus. 51 represents the lepidosis of the side of the
tail. at about the fifth: vertacilt 225s feeb tee soe mee ee seen aac 270
Fies. 52-53. Anolis sagrei. 54 represents side of tail at about the fifth verticil. 271 Fies. 55-56. Anolis porcatus. 57 represents side of tailat about the fifth verticil. 272 Fies. 58-59. Norops ophiolepis. 60 represents side of tail at about the fifth ver-
MACH. wc avaetec Sarees decinde sda sade ce os sad eee eee ee net oe oa Seen 213 Fia. 61. Leiocephalus carinatus. 62 represents a head length of scales on the
middie of, back of the same individual :.:222202.. Use s- 42 - se os ee eee 273 Fras. 63-64. Leiocephalus cubensis. 65 represents a head length of scales on the
mirtddleof. back of .same individual.s.4:sssi2saste eer see ee eee 2 ane 274 Fie. 66. Leiocephalus macropus. 67 represents a head length of scales on mid-
ale of back. of-sameindividualt..-...222 ses eee eee oe een 275 Bias. 68-70) Celestusvdelatwagnaes22). 25.8. See SE ee ee ne eels 275 Frias. 71-75. Ameiva auberi. 76, throat of another specimen................- 276
IGS: 77-60; | Cadea-bDlanoides ¢ 25.9 ee ee eee sche ae 277
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xI
HELGA EB L-842) AMPNIIOGENG CUBGNE (0 <6 <5 oc conic woken cccecevesdececccesvcccee 278 Fias. 85-86. Epicrates angulifer. 87, same species..........-...-...------... 278 Fias. 88-90. Tropidophis pardalis. 91-92, same species; 90 represents the color pattern and shape of tail viewed from the side; 91 shows the color pattern across the middle of the body; 92 shows the cross section of the body at Bes EpEECRENCEMeet este 7 oes Soe eee Ce Dae fe) RS Tee eae he 8 280 Figs. 93-95. Tropidophis semicinctus. 96-97 represent color pattern and section through middle of body of same specimen..................--.--... 281 Fias. 98-101. Tretanorhinus variabilis. 101 shows the color pattern at about eM enan une WOM VCR 20st auto ene sts kat ne ere Ae ae 282 ste) 2 Lt ANG RIS AngUlape? s2.J5.46 Pe one c Sueded ote a.c. ccs 282 Bis. lO5—107- “Levmadophis andrege...<- 2... <2. once coe cnc ccc eles 284 Fries. 108-111. Arrhyton taeniatum. 108 represents color pattern at about the middle of the body. 112-115, same species. 112 represents color pattern eieano rented lev Od yarns sete ek ee en es ee 287
SPEER OMHADOC see esate vere oe ers ee EEN to ee 8 ee ae 288
oo Delncmuno same THGIVIO UAL. 2... ta ne eee bee ee 289 Fie. 123. Crocodylus rhombifer. Represents anterior portion of dorsal scuta.. 290 Hires 24-125. “Peeudemye palustris... 9.0.02. 02.0.0) ..00 2020 290 acs 9126-128, Pseudemys paliatris.. 00.2220. s.2.6es0e0-ledecec cle dl 291 Fies. 1-11.—1. Dorsal view of skull of Desmognathus fusca 3 X nat. size. A,
Atlas; ExO, Exoccipital bone (the occipito-petrosal of Wiedersheim); F,
Frontal bone; M, Maxillary bone; NA, Nares; NV, Nasal bone; P, Parietal
bone; P if, Premaxillary bone; P MF, Premaxillary fontanelle; Q, Quadrate
bone; Sg, Squamosal bone. 2. Ventral view of same, 3 X nat. size (teeth somewhat diagrammatic); Os, Orbitosphenoid bone; PaS, Parasphenoid bone;
St, Stapes; V, Vomer; other letters as before. 3. Lateral view of same,
3 X nat. size; lettersas before. 4. A section of the skull of Desmognathus
quadramaculata taken just anterior to the internal nares, 3.5 X nat. size.
f, Frontal; m, Maxillary; n, Nasal; na, Nasal passage, which is indicated by
shading; p, Pre-maxillary; 2, Vomero-palatine. 5. Dorsal view of a female
Leurognathus marmorata, 3.2 X< nat. size. 6. Ventral view of same,
3.2 X nat. size. The internal nares are blackened, and the position of the * actual choanae in the entire head is indicated by a ring of dots. 7. Lateral
view of same, 3.2 X nat. size. 8. A section of the skull of the same taken just
anterior to the internal nares, 3.5 X nat. size. Letters as in fig. 4. 9. Dor-
sal view of skull of Spelerpes ruber, 3 X nat. size. Od, Odontoid process of
atlas; P¥’, Prefrontal bone; other lettersas before. 10. Ventral view of same,
3 X nat. size. Letters as before. (Teeth somewhat diagrammatic.) 11.
Lateral view of same, 3 X nat. size. Letters as before.................... 396 Range of Desmognathus quadrimaculata. . . 2... 2.020022 cececececee cece eee... 402 Ranges of 1, Desmognathus fusca Jusca; 2, D.f. auriculata; 3, Leurognathus mar-
BTML eter at ct ate Ue ole fate yey Serer ey ee Peta SA cy ay, fapnior a erator terra eases te cise Renee Ie ae 405 Ranges of Desmognathus brimleyorum; 2, D. Jusca auriculatc; 3, D. fusca fusca;
tine ‘a é they tales
NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS BELONGING TO THE LERNAEIDAE WITH A REVISION OF THE ENTIRE FAMILY.
By Crartes Brancir Wiison, Department of Biology, State Normal School, Westfield, Afassachusetts.
INTRODUCTION.
The present is the thirteenth? paper in the series dealing with the parasitic copepods in the collection of the United States National Museum, and comprises the family of the Lernaeidae.
This is the oldest family of the parasitic copepods and includes some of the most eccentric and bizarre forms. The genera compos- ing the family have often been wrongly interpreted, and _ their systematic position and arrangement have been mere conjectures. This was largely because they were imperfectly understood and nothing was known of the male sex or of the life history.
The development of Pennella consists of a broken series of larval forms described by different authors—Steenstrup and Liitken (1861), Lubbock (1860), Wierzejski (1877), Brady (1883), Liitken (1893), and M. T. Thompson (1905).
The development of Lernacocera (Lernaea) was worked out in admirable shape by Pedaschenko in 1898 and by A. Scott in 1901. That of Sarcotretes was published by Jungersen in 1911, and the life history of Lernaea (Lernaeoccra) has just been completed by the present author. We thus have now a life history for each of the four subfamilies. These have all been included in a condensed form
1The 12 preceding papers, all of which were published in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, are: 1. The Argulidae, vol. 25, pp. 6385-742, pls. S-27, 2. Descriptions of Argulidie, vol. 27, pp. 627-655, 38 text figures. 3. The Catiginae, vol. 28, pp. 479-672, pls. 5-29. +4. The Trebinae and Euryphorinae, vol. 31, pp. 669- 720, pls. 15-20. 5. Additional Notes on the Argulidae, vol. 32, pp. 411-424, pls. 29-32. 6. The Pandarinae and Cecropinae, vol. 33. pp. 323-490, pls. 17-43. 7. New Species of Caliginae, vol. 33, pp. 593-627, pls. 49-56. 8. I’arasitic Copepods from the Il'acifie Coast, vol. 35, pp. 431-481, pls. G6-S3. 9. Development of Achtheres ambloplitis Kellicott, vol. 39, pp. 189-226, pls. 29-36. 10. The Ergasilidae, vol. 39, pp. 263-400, pls. 41-60. 11. Descriptions of New Genera and Species, vol. 39, pp. 625-634, pls. 65-68. 12. The Lernacopodidae, vol. 47, pp. 565-729, pls. 25-56.
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2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53-
in the present paper, because of the opportunity thus afforded for comparison and inference.
A. Scott (1901) and Sir William Turner (1905) are the only authors who have verified the internal anatomy of the species they described by means of sections; the others have relied entirely upon what could be seen through the body walls. Scott described Ler- naeocera branchialis, while Turner portrayed Pennella balaenopterae, representatives of two of the four subfamilies. In the preparation of the present paper various species of the genera Lernaea, Ler- naeenicus, Peniculus, and Collipravus have been studied by means of serial sections, thus supplementing and completing the work of Scott and Turner.
Tt was further found after trial with various reagents that if specimens were properly dehydrated in absolute alcohol and entirely cleared in clove oil, they became so transparent that the internal anatomy in all its details was clearly visible without sectioning. Nearly every species described in the present paper has been treated in this manner, and the internal specific and generic characters have been thus determined.
Hence the systematization here proposed is the result of a careful study of the life history and of both external and internal mor- phology, and is substantiated by serial sections.
Much of the work was done at the laboratory of the Bureau of Fisheries at Fairport, Iowa, during the summers of 1914, 1915, and 1916.
That portion of the work which concerned the genus Lernaea, which is parasitic upon fresh-water fishes, and the material for which was collected at Fairport, has already been reported to the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The remainder of the work is incor- porated in the present paper, and as here constituted the family Lernaeidae includes 17 genera, three of which—Cardiodectes, Colli- pravus, and 7rifur—are new to science, and 80 species, of which 15 are new. There are seven generic names which have been intro- duced into this family, each of which is composed of the name Lernaea or the corresponding adjective Zernaios and some other word. Two of these compound names, Lernacopoda and Lernaeomy- zon, belong in the family Lernaeopodidae; two others, Lernaeonema and Lernaeopenna, are synonyms; the remaining three, Lernaeenicus, Lernaeocera, and Lernaeolophus, are still valid genera in the present family. In the author’s opinion, the first part of all these names should be spelled alike, since each represents the same word which was in existence and whose spelling had been determined long before any of the compounds were formed.
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no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. b
HISTORY,
Early literature and natural history.—Most of the genera and spe- cies belonging to this family are buried in the flesh of their host, with the posterior portion of the body and the egg tubes hanging free in the surrounding water so as to be readily seen when the fish are handled. Many of the species also are of exceptionally large size, reaching 4 and sometimes even 6 inches in length. Such remark- able size and prominence called them to the attention of fishermen at a very early date, and we find mention of these parasites in several! of the classical writers, the stories about them doubtless being de- rived from the fishermen.
Aristotle, Pliny, Oppianus, and Athenaeus all described the suffer- ings of the tunny and swordfish in the Mediterranean in consequence of the irritation caused by these pests. Two of the early natural histories, Aquatilium Animalium Historiae by Salviani (1554, p. 126) and Libri de piscibus marinis by Rondelet (1554, p. 249), répeated these accounts, and the latter author gave a figure of a tunny with one of the copepods fastened near the pectoral fin. Conrad Gesner, in his Historia Animalium—De Aquatilibus (1560, p. 112), gave a more extended account of the parasite, described its structure and appearance, and presented an enlarged figure of it, besides repeating the figure given by Rondelet. But his description and figure resemble a Lernaeopod far more than they do a Lernaean. Boccone, in his
- Recherches et Observations naturelles (1671, p. 284), tells us that
the fishermen on the coast of Messina knew of another parasite which they called “ Sanguisuca,” and which buried itself in the flesh of the swordfish; and he adds with reference toit . . . “This sang- sue appears to be tormented by a louse which I have never seen on any other animal. It is of the size of a pea and attaches itself firmly to the animal” (p. 292). Boccone considered his species the same as that of Gesner, but the figures he gave proved it to be a Pennella, while the “louse” on it was doubtless a goose barnacie similar to those shown in figure 147.
Lernaea and Lernaeocera—Linnaeus obtained from a European carp, to which he gave the name “ Cyprinus carassius,” a parasite upon which he established the genus Zernea in 1746, calling the species simply “ Lernea tentaculis quatuor.” In the following year he described another species, from the gills of a Gadus, under the designation “ ZLernea cauda duplici tereti.”* In the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae (1758, p. 655) he designated the first of these species as Lernea cyprinacea, the second one as ZL. asellina, and he
transferred to this genus Lernaea a third species, salmonea, which
1Fauna Suecica, p. 367, fig. 1282. 2Iter Westrogotha, 1747, p. 171, pl. 3, fig. 4, a and Db.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
had been described by Gissler under the name Pediculus salmonis,* arranging the three species in the order named.
Accordingly the species cypinacea, upon which the genus was originally founded, and which stands first in this tenth edition, be- comes the oldest species in the family. It was the ostensible genus type for nearly a century, and it may well be restored to that posi- tion. '
The second species, asellina, is a typical Chondracanthid, while the third, salmonea, is as typical a Lernaeopod, so that neither of them can be even retained in the family.
In the twelfth edition another new species, branchialis, was added to the genus and was placed first, but the gentis diagnosis remained unchanged.
For many years every newly discovered parasite, whatever its structure might be, was referred to the genus Lernaca, which thus came to include a large number of heterogeneous species. Many of these have since been established as distinct genera. The first to be thus established was the species branchialis, which was made the type of a genus called “Zerneocera” by Blainville in 1822 (p. 376). Blainville included in his genus, besides the species branchialis, Miiller’s Lernaea cyclopterina, a new species which he named sur- ripaiis, and unfortunately Linnaeus’s Lernaea cyprinacea. Ti he had only omitted this last species, which of course he had not the slightest excuse for including, since it was Linnaeus’s type species, the two genera would never have been exchanged, but, as it was, his mistake was copied by Desmarest (1825), Nordmann (1832), Bur- meister (1833), Krg¢yer (1837), and Milne Edwards (1840). The latter explained that Nordmann, Burmeister, and Krgyer had re- stricted Blainville’s generic name to such species as had soft sym- metric horns on the head and straight multiseriate egg strings, and he adopted their restriction. Blainville, however, distinctly stated in his genus diagnosis that Lernacocera had three immovable and branched chitin horns, two lateral and one dorsal (p. 375). And under the type species he said, “The egg sacks arise from just in front of the posterior extremity of the body and are much twisted or coiled” (p. 316). Furthermore, he stated plainly that he had never seen the species cyprinacea, but only the figure published by Linnaeus, which did not show the egg sacks.
Tn other words, the authors above quoted deliberately exchanged the two genus names to suit their own fancy, took away from Lin- naeus’s genus Lernaca the species which had served as its type for 90 years, and substituted for it the species which Blainville had made the type of his genus Zernaeocera, and forced upon Blainville, as a
‘ Kongl. Svensk. Vetensk. Acad. Dlandlingar, 1751, vol. 12, p. 185, pl. 6, figs. 1 to 5.
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no. 2194. NORTII AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. D
substitute type, a species which did not agree with his genus diag- nosis and which he had never seen.
In such a dilemma only one course is possible, and that is to re- store the two genera to their proper places, in spite of the great incon- venience which will result, and this has been done. The author sin- cerely regrets the necessity for such a change, especially when the genera are so widely known and so often quoted, but the evidence is so convincing as to leave no choice in the matter, and both Linnzus and Blainville have claims for justice which far outweigh any tem- porary embarrassment.
Location of the Lernacans.—The early Lernaeans were so eccentric and apparently lacked so many of the usual crustacean appendages that Linnaeus did not suspect them of being crustacea, and placed them amongst the worms, characterizing them by the softness of their body and the absence of a shell. Hans Strém in the first part of his Physisk og Oeconomisk Beskrivelse (1762, p. 167), under the head- ing of insects, described both sexes of “ Lernaca salmonis” and the females of “ Z. uncinata.” On page 209 he described Lernaea corpore tereti flecuosa, which Linneus afterward identified as L. branchialis and placed with his other species among the worms.
O. I. Miller, in Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus (1776, p. 226), gave 11 species of Lernaea; Fabricius, in Fauna Groenlandica (1780, p- 336), gave 7 species; Hermann (1783), Schrank (1786), Lamarti- niere (1787), Brugitres (1792), and Holten (1802) all added species of Lernaca and all adopted Linnaeus’s system of classification. Cu- vier, in his Tableau elementaire (1798, p. 389), placed the Lernaeans under “ Mollusques gasteropods” in the division of those having free motion in water. Lamarck, in his Systéme des Animaux sans vertébres (1801), also placed them under the mollusks but under “ Mollusques cephales.”
Bose published an Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés in 1802, but although he gave an excellent historical summary and a good account to date of Caligus, Argulus, Cecrops, Dichelestium, etc., he included none of the Lernaeans, which was equivalent to saying that he did not consider them as crustaceans. In an Historia Vermium (n. d.) published shortly afterwards he described (p. 51) 15 Lernaean species, placing them among the mollusks, but stating that they approached the intestinal worms. Lamarck, dissatisfied with his first attempt, removed the Lernaeans from the mollusks in his Philosophie Zo- clogie, 1809, and placed them among the annelids. Three years later, in Extrait du Cours de Zoologie and again in Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres (1816), he showed the need of forming a separate class to receive these animals, which he named “ Epizoaires,” and which, he said, “ may properly fill up the great veid which exists between insects and worms.”
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
In 1815-16 Oken published a Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, in which he placed the Lernaeans as the third family in the order of * Erdleche oder Geschlechtsleche,” and in this family were included all the parasitic copepods then known (p. 181). Later, in the same book (p. 857), he revised his classification, which contained many errors and called the group “Armwurmer,” dividing it into two tribes, the Lernaeans containing four genera, Awine, Clavella, Pen- nella, and Lernaea, and the Argulids, containing also four genera, Anops, Dichelestium, Caligus, and Argulus. Thus was shown for the first time the relations between the Lernaeans and the other copepod parasites. In 1817 Cuvier, in his Regne Animal, adopted the view taken by Bosc, placing the Lernaeans among the intestinal worms, while he located the other parasitic copepods among the crustacea.
Soon afterwards Surriray made the important discovery that the long filaments suspended from the body of these animals contained eggs and that the young when hatched bore no resemblance to the adults, but were very similar to the young of Cyclops—that is, they were crustaceans and not worms.
Blainville, in his Mémoire sur les Lernées (1822), admitted the truth of Surriray’s statement and fully established the Lernaeans among the crustacea, where they have remained ever since.
ECOLOGY.
Sexual dimorphism —The females of the Lernaeidae are fixed parasites, and consequently there is a complete loss of the power of locomotion, although the swimming legs are usually retained, and there is great diversity in the means of prehension. Since the male does not finally become a fixed parasite, but remains upon his first host or swims about freely until his death, there is not the sexual dimorphism which was seen in the Lernaeopodidae. Indeed, it can not be said that there is any real dimorphism at all, because so long as the two sexes remain together and during the period of sexual union they are of the same size, and it is only after the female has become a fixed parasite for the second time and the male has perished, that the former increases enormously and becomes misshapen.
The body. of the female is always a little longer than that of the male, and just before as well as for some time after fertilization the genital segment increases greatly in length, but remains of the same width, thus giving the female larva an exceptionally elongated form. A considerable portion of this increase takes place during the sec- ond free-swimming period, so that by the close of this period there is 2 marked difference in the length of the fused genital segment and abdomen between the female and such males as still survive; but in other respects the two sexes are alike.
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no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON, v6
Consequently the only dimorphism would be one of length and not of structure, a difference which is common to all copepods, but is here carried a little farther than usual.
Locomotion.—Judging by the size one would say that the larvae alone possess the power of locomotion, and that the adults are fixed parasites.
But we must remember that sexual union takes place during the first parasitic period, and that it is followed by a second period of free swimming during which both the male and female must be sexually mature.
Moreover, the male never develops any farther, so that he is as fully matured as he will ever become, and the subsequent develop- ment of the female is a retrograde metamorphosis rather than an evolution. Accordingly, we are justified in saying that both the larvae and the sexually mature adults are capable of free swimming, and in proof of this both are frequently taken in tow. The majority of males remain attached to their host after sexual union, but all the females and a small percentage of the males (4 per cent) dis- engage themselves and become free swimmers for a second time. Each of these free-swimming periods is fully as long as that of the Lernaeopod larva, so that the two together give the Lernaeid larva twice as much free swimming as is enjoyed by the Lernaeopodidae.
In the nauplius and metanauplius larvae the swimming motion is jerky and more or less spiral in direction; in the copepodid larvae it becomes faster and more continuous, although it still remains somewhat spiral.
These larvae dart about by spasmodic contractions of the swim- ming legs and search for something to which they can fasten them- selves. If they find nothing suitable they swim about until tired, come to rest upon their backs on the bottom of the aquarium, and remain thus for long periods.
Prehension.—On seeking its first or temporary host the larva uses its second antennae and maxillipeds for prehension. After settling upon the gills in this manner it either continues to use these append- ages like Lernaea, or fastens itself by a broad frontal filament to the tip of the gill filament like Lernaeocera, Sarcotretes, and Pennella. In the former case no change is produced in the host’s gills, but in the latter case the attachment of the parasite’s frontal filament to the fish’s gill causes the gill to swell up and become tumid, while the filamentous plates disappear on both sides for some distance from the tip.
One or the other of these two modes of prehension, or both of them, are the only ones ever practiced by the male; but the female when she searches out a final host adopts a third method. She bur-
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
rows or pushes her cephalothorax into the host’s flesh until it is com- pletely buried and only the genital segment and abdomen are left on the outside.
From the sides of the head and anterior thoracic segments horns and processes of various sorts now grow out into the flesh of the host and eventually anchor the parasite so firmly that it can not be re- moved except by cutting away the flesh. The irritation produced by the horns develops a tough membrane or skin immediately around them, which adds considerably to the security of prehension. This tough membrane also envelops the free thorax or neck of the parasite and reaches as far as the real skin of the host. In addition to the horns there also grow out on the front of the head in Pennella, Pero- derma, and Cardiodectes curious misshapen warts and excrescences. In H7aemobaphes there are no real horns but only laminate processes, flattened dorso-ventrally, and the free thorax is reflexed upon itself so that the head points backward instead of forward, and the sides of the cephalothorax and the first two or three thorax segments are prolonged laterally.
Baudouin writes (1905c, p. 720) that Lernacenicus sardinae is able to cling with its cephalothorax to the vertebral column of its host 2s a woodpecker clings to the trunk of a tree, which would be still another or fourth method of prehension. He does not explain this prehension any further than to say that itis * * * “de facon a s’assurer d’un solide point d’appui sur ce poisson trés mobile et trés agile” (the sardine). However, from text figures accompanying his paper we can see that the grip upon the backbone is obtained by the short horns which grow out from the cephalothorax. The anterior horn is curved over ventrally around the ventral surface of one of the fish’s vertebrae, the lateral horns are curled into the spaces be- tween this vertebra and the one next to it on either side, while the ventral surface of the parasite’s cephalothorax is applied to the side of the vertebra. The horns being cartilaginous and rigid furnish a secure grip, which holds the parasite’s head in close contact with the fish’s aorta.
Furthermore, in the case of Pennella, in addition to the tough membrane around the head and thorax, the irritation penetrates the surrounding tissue and causes the formation of an enormous cyst as large as an English walnut or even sometimes attaining the size of a lemon, and having the consistency of cartilage. Inside of this the head and neck of the parasite is often twisted in corkscrew fashion, thereby greatly increasing the difficulty of extracting them uninjured.
Whichever method of prehension may be adopted by the adult female can not afterwards be broken, but is kept throughout her life, and may even continue longer. The author has repeatedly cut out
no. 2194, NORTIT AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON, 9
of swordfish the chitin horns and portions of the cephalothorax of females of the genus Pennelda, which had been dead so long that the remainder of their bodies had decayed and dropped off. The same may be said of Lernaeocera branchialis, whose chitin horns are often found in the throat of codfish and other Gadidae. By thus burying the cephalothorax in the flesh of the host the mouth of the parasite is brought close to some large blood vessel, from whence it can derive nourishment.
Burrowing.—The different genera choose different blood vessels and also different points on the outside of the host’s body from which to commence their burrowing. These differences will be found stated for each genus under the generic characters. Of course the larger the fish infested by the parasite the greater the distance it must penetrate. In the case of Pennella on a large swordfish this distance sometimes reaches 15 or 20 cm.
It seems probable that this burrowing through the flesh is what causes the intense irritation mentioned by Aristotle, Pliny, and others in the tunny and swordfish, when the latter leap out of the water and often fall on board of ships.
The actual method of burrowing has never been witnessed, nor from the nature of the case is it likely to be, but there are certain inferences with reference to it which are inevitable. In the first place we know that it is not accomplished by any special or temporary organs, for no indications of anything of this sort have ever been discovered in the larvae.
On examining the regular appendages with a view of selecting those best adapted for burrowing, attention is at once drawn toward the second antennae and also the maxillipeds in such species as possess them.
The antennae are exceptionally large and powerful at the very time when the burrowing begins, and are armed with strong chelae. Moreover they are on the frontal margin of the head at first and are then transferred to the dorsal surface. Inasmuch as this is true of every one of these burrowing genera but is found in no other family of copepods there must be some significance in it. At least it would seem to show that these antennae are used in burrowing.
The burrowing is preceded and may be accompained by an elonga- tion of the thorax and abdomen of the parasite. In the gill parasite Lernaeocera A. Scott stated that the genital segment elongates to fully 15 times its original length. The increase is probably much greater in Pennella, Lernaea, and other body parasites; Brian fig- ured a young female Pennella in which the cephalic horns had not yet begun to develop as being 65 mm. in length. Ordinarily the burrowing must be completed before the horns and processes on the
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10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
cephalothorax begin to grow, since it would be manifestly impossible to move a set of long branched horns through flesh.
Torsion.—Baudouin (19050), Quidor (1912), and some other ob- servers have called attention to the torsion or twisting of the body of the adult females, which may be due to several causes. The anterior portion of the parasite’s body is buried in the tissues of the host, and is held rigidly in place by the horns and lateral processes of the cephalothorax, and by the tough cyst that forms around them. The posterior portion of the body hangs freely in the water and can be moved in any direction.
When the parasite takes a position on its final host we may assume that its own long axis is parallel with that of the host (external parasites), or with the water current (gill parasites). The body of these female parasites is greatly elongated, while the antennae and mouth parts are close to the anterior end. Consequently when the parasite attaches itself to the fish and begins to burrow its way into the flesh the long body will trail backward in the water in such a way as to offer the least resistance. Furthermore the fish’s scales are arranged in such a way that if the external parasite is to burrow under them, as is often the case, it must assume this position. At first the posterior portion of the body would have a tendency to stand out from the surface of the fish, but it is quickly bent by the resistance of the water and thus the body of the parasite comes to have a curve or bend just where it leaves the body of the host. The angle of this bend varies with the direction taken by the burrowing copepod. If the latter bores its way into the host at right angles to the surface (Sarcotretes) the bend in its body will be approxi- mately a right angle; but if the parasite bores in obliquely the an- gle will be larger (Lernaeenicus) ; and in the case of very oblique boring there may be no bend at all (Zernaea, species).
In those parasites whose point of entrance is on the median line of the host this simple flexion of the body seems to be the only result produced. Specimens of all three of the genera mentioned above have been taken by the author from the median line of various hosts, and their bodies showed no torsion whatever. This fact seems to have escaped the observation of Baudouin and Quidor; at least they make no mention of it. But when, as usually occurs, the point of at- tachment is on the right or the left side of the host, then there fol- lows a torsion or twisting of the body of the parasite upon its long axis in addition to the flexion.
Of course the body may turn either to the left or the right, and Quidor has defined as direct that torsion in which the body is turned from the left over toward the right when viewed from the anterior end, and as énverse when it turns from the right over toward the left. The amount of torsion is measured by standing the parasite
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No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 11
upon end in a circle so that the long axis of the parasite will, if pro- duced, pass through the center, and at right angles to the plane’ of the circle. Radii are then drawn through the center of the anal and mouth apertures and projected upon the plane of the circle. The angle between these radii is the angle of torsion and is expressed in degrees. There are almost always longitudinal ridges or stripes or something of the sort which indicate clearly the direction of tor- sion, whether to the right or left.
So far as observations have gone there seems to be considerable regularity in the torsion, not only as to the direction, but also as to the amount. Furthermore if the torsion of any given species is direct on the right side of the host it is more often inverse on the left side, and the opposite. But the present author is by no means prepared to go as far as Quidor does and say that the kind and amount of torsion possesses specific value. On the contrary both prudence and actual observation strongly prohibit any such conclusion. In view of the extremely meager data at present available it seems presumptu- ous to assume that two given specimens of any genus are distinct because they were found on the same side of their host, and the one showed direct torsion while in the other it was inverse. And the dis- tinction between a direct torsion of 45° in one specimen and 90° in another possesses still less value.
Subsequent observations may show that such distinctions ought to be considered in connection with certain genera, but the following tables prove conclusively that in the genus Lernaeenicus they are not worth considering.
Sixteen tomcod heads were preserved by Mr. V. N. Edwards at Woods Hole, each of which was badly infested on the side of the head, along the margin of the gill covers, and behind the pectoral fins with Lernaeenicus affivus, the number of specimens varying from 2 to 24 and the total reaching 138. The direction and amount of torsion of each parasite was carefully noted and is recorded in the tables, together with the position on the host.
It is assumed that in its normal position the dorso-ventral axis of the parasite is at right angles to the surface of the host’s body and that the ventral surface of the parasite is next to the skin of the fish. This position is indicated in the tables by the term “ dorsal 0°,” and shows that there has been no torsion. When the parasite has been turned 180° in either direction its dorsal surface will be next to the skin of the fish, and this position is indicated by the term “ventral 180°.” In case of doubt as to the direction of torsion the entire parasite was removed. The tomcod heads are numbered con- secutively, the numbers appearing in the first column of the tables.
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Right side.
direct..... 90°
inverse.... 90°
direct: = 22+ 10° direct..... 60° inverse.... 10° dorsal. .... 0°
inverse.... 90° inverse.... 380° inverse.... 10°
inverse.... 120° inverse.... 10°
ventral... 180°
inverse.... 60°
inverse.... 45° inverse...- 10°
inverse ... 45° inverse.... 90° inverse.... 135°
Center. ventral..... 180° ventral..... 180°
dorsaleccces: 02
dorsalcs sees
inverse.... 45°
direct.....- 45° inverse..... 60°
dorsal...... 0° qurect®.<c-. 90° inverse..... 45° dorsal? .<532 0°
inverse..... 45°
direct...... 30° direet-Je.55 135? inverse.... - 45
dorsal...... 0°
Left side.
ventral... 180° inverse.... 100°
inverse.... 90° inverse.... 45°
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no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 13 Eee
Right side. Center. Lelt side. direct..... 90° dorsal...... 0° inverse..... 135° direct..... 5 Bn
inverse.... 90° Inverse.... 60°
8 direct..... 90° directsscc22) 90° inverse.... 90° airect.)).- 90° dorsal 0° inverse.... 45° aorsalsssse9 Os inverse.... 90° directs. 22. 1352 dorsal..... 0° inverse.... 980° direct..... 60° inverse.... 135° inverse.... 135° 9 ventral.... 180° inverse.... 100° ventral.... 180° dorsal: 29 02 inverse.... 90° directs2-529 452 dorsal..... 2 direct..... 1352 direct..... 90° inverse.... 90° ventral.... 180° direct Brae ate 90° 10 | inverse... 45° Een: - inverse... 45° inverse.... 45° direct.2-<- 90° direct..... 45° direct..... 90° direct: ..+- 90° direct..... 90° direct..... 100° inverse.... 45° 11 inverse.... 90° direct..... 90° inverse.... 45° direct...-. 90° direct..... 90° | inverse..... 90° 12 ventral..... 180° dorsal. ..... 0° 13 inverse.... 90° direct.2 2... 90°
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Right side. | Center. | Left side. ee eS Sh — | | inverse... 45° | direct....-- TODE s1'5: inverse.... 60° 14 | dorsal....- 02 | dorsal. .<2. 0° | direct..... 45° inverse.... 135° ss direct....-- 10° | | ventral..... 180° | ventral.... 180° direct..... 90° | inverse.... 90° oy nes a inverse.... 90° inverse...- 135° | inverse. 90° | direct...-- 45° | direct: 22. 90° fea dorsal. - - - - 0° 2 | ventral.... 180° dorsal...... 0° ventral.. 180° ventral.. 180° | | direct.....- 135 direct....-- 90° inverse..... 90° ventral..... 180° ventral..... 180° lndirectas.- 45° direct....- 135° | ventral.... 180° ee —_ ms —o — is TT dorsal: 22 or dorsal....-- 0° inverse....-. 135° direct....-- 90° 16 directsc.<e- 45° | inverse..... 90° | dorsal....-- 0° inverse... 90° dorsal....-- 0°
| | ventral.... 180° |
In these tables there are 50 parasites from the right side of the host, 44 on the median line, and 44 from the left side—a remarkably even distribution. Of the 50 from the right side 29 (57 per cent) showed inverse torsion, 13 (26 per cent) showed direct torsion, and the remaining 8 either showed no torsion or were twisted through 180°. Of the 44 from the left side 19 (44 per cent) showed direct torsion, 14 (32 per cent) showed inverse torsion, and the remaining 11 either showed no torsion or were twisted 180°. Of the 44 from the median line 20 (44 per cent) showed no torsion or were twisted 180°, and the remaining 24 were evenly divided between direct and inverse torsion.
NO. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 15
From these tables we may safely draw certain conclusions:
1. In the majority of instances the torsion is inverse on the right side and direct on the left side, but there is altogether too large a minority in each case to warrant us in attaching any specific value to the direction of torsion.
2. On the fifth head the necks of the four parasites from the center all entered the same opening in the skin of the host, and yet one showed no torsion, two showed inverse torsion, and one showed direct torsion. z
On the eighth head the first three parasites from the center all entered the same opening in the fish’s throat; one of them showed no torsion, while the other two were strongly twisted in opposite directions.
On the ninth head the first three parasites all entered a single opening in the right operculum of the fish, on the eleventh head the first three similarly entered a single opening in the left operculum, and on the fourteenth head the last three also came from one opening. Hence we are forced to the conclusion that the position of the para- site upon its host can not be the chief cause in determining cither the direction or the amount of torsion. There must be some other influence so much stronger than the position that it can completely overcome the latter and produce its own effects in spite of opposition.
3. With reference to the amount of torsion four or five successive figures anywhere in the tables will show that for this species it pos- sesses no significance whatever.
But Quidor, in the article already referred to and in ancther later one, went even further and argued that the genus Sphyrion, which has been placed with the Chondracanthidae, and a new genus //epatophi- lus, which he had just established, should be transferred to the Ler- naeidae, because they both showed torsion. He stated that the males of the two genera were unknown, and that the females showed dis- tinct torsion, “which is found only in the Lernaeidae” (p. XL). There can be no question that they show torsion, but such a twisting of the body is merely mechanical, and there is no reason why any fixed parasite should not exhibit it, provided the anterior end of the body is firmly anchored in the flesh of the host while the posterior part hangs free in the water. On the contrary, there is every reason why all such parasites should show torsion quite irrespective of their morphology and ontogeny. But obviously we can not bunch them al! in one family on the basis of torsion alone, when there are good morphological and developmental reasons why they should be separated.
With reference to the disposition of the above-mentioned genera and others which have been crowded into the Lernaeidae, a full dis- cussion will be found on page 34.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEU, VOL. 53.
Causes which produce the torsion —Quidor stated that “ This tor- sion is the result of the mode of fixation of the parasite, of the habits of the host, and of the mechanical action of the external medium” (1912¢, p. 87). .
We can readily understand how the resistance offered by the water produces both flexion and torsion in the body of the parasite, and how the amount of each might be varied by the habits of the host. But neither of these causes explains the differences enumerated in the above tables, especially the different kinds and amounts of tor- sion in specimens attached at the same point and on the same host. Again we are forced to the conclusion that there must be another cause, stronger than any of those already mentioned. Quidor did not explain what he meant by the “ mode of fixation of the parasite,” but rightly interpreted this evidently becomes the controlling cause, and is worthy of careful consideration.
Tirst comes the choice of a location on the body of the host; some genera choose the gills or gill chamber, while others select some place on the outside of the fish’s body, a few species even preferring the eye.
Attention has been elsewhere called to the burrowing of the para- site into the tissues of the host, which varies greatly according to the locality selected. In the throat it is only a short distance from the outside surface or from the gill arches to the ventral aorta or to the heart, and it is an easy matter for the parasite to find those blood vessels.
From the back or the sides of the fish it is a much greater distance, varying with the size of the fish, and the parasite, after burrowing through the tissues, will be fortunate if it strikes at once the blood vessel that it started for. Then, too, the knowledge of the fish’s anatomy possessed by the parasite is not infallible, and it frequently happens that the burrow strikes a rib or the backbone, around which it must turn before reaching the desired goal. In such a case the parasite may have to hunt around for some little distance before it finds the blood supply. This turning aside of the anterior end of the body and the adjusting of the mouth to the blood supply is what produces the torsion. Jungerson told (1911, p. 7) of a young Sarco- tretes scopeli fixed on the back of its host on a line with the root of the pectoral fin. “It went nearly straight down through the mus- cles, curved in front of.the right pronephros over the upper pharyn- geal bones, and had its anterior end lying in front of the left prone- phros, with the sucking apparatus close to the jugular vein.” Such a twisting of the anterior part of the body would have produced torsion even if there had been no external resistance.
Similarly, Baudouin described the mode of fixation of Lernaeent- cus sardinae, in the back of the sardine near the dorsal fin: “The cephalothorax buries itself almost perpendicularly to the axis of
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. rr
the body of the sardine, and crosses over in the midst of the muscles to the lateral portion of the vertebral column, going along one of the faces of the series of spinous hypophyses to a distance of about 1 cm” (1905, p. 326).
Here the cephalothorax seems to be able to cling to the bony frame- work, as a woodpecker clings to a tree, and in order to do this the cephalothorax must be definitely adjusted to the framework. The crossing over to the hypophysis and the adjusting of the cephalo- thorax again produce torsion.
In the case of Pennella on the swordfish there is a more marked twisting about before the final adjustment. The distance to be pene- trated through the flesh is always several inches, and it seldom hap- pens that the parasite gets very near to a blood vessel at first. Like the sardine Lernaean it starts perpendicularly to the axis of the fish’s body, but often meets some obstruction around which it must turn aside. And when it has reached the body cavity it is compelled to move backward or forward, to the right or to the left before it can find a suitable food supply.
The result is that the head and neck of the Pennedla is often twisted in corkscrew fashion or even thrown into a coil inside of the enormous cyst. The author has two of these cysts, taken from a 200-pound swordfish, in one of which the cephalothorax of the para- site describes a complete circle, 14 inches in diameter, while in the other it takes the form of an ellipse 1% by 24 inches.
Such a coiling of the cephalothorax and neck must be accompanied by a considerable torsicn of the body, and would very easily over- come the external resistance of the water. We are forced, therefore, to the conclusion that the real cause of torsion is internal, inside the tissues of the host, and not external. In the fresh-water genus Lernaea it sometimes happens that the torsion accidentally proceeds much farther than usual. Thus one specimen showed a direct tor- sion of 315°, or seven-eighths of a complete revolution, while another showed four complete revolutions, 1,440°.
Food.—W hatever may be the case with parasites of other families there can be no doubt that these Lernaeidae feed upon the blood of their host.
The simple fact that they burrow through the flesh until their head and mouth are brought into close proximity with some large blood vessel, and sometimes penetrate into the heart itself, leaves us no choice but to conclude that the parasite is making sure of a copious food supply. During the first free-swimming period the larvae of both sexes may, and probably do, obtain food from the plankton like other copepod larvae. But during the parasitism which follows this free-swimming period it is just as probable that
77403—Proc.N.M.vol.53—17——-2
13 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 63.
they feed upon the blood of their temporary host. Upon this food the various appendages develop and the sexes reach maturity. ‘The male undergoes no further change and usually remains parasitic upon this first host. A few males, however, sometimes join the females for the second free-swimming period, but it is highly im- probable that either sex takes any plankton food during this period. Their mouth parts are only suited for obtaining food parasitically. The male has completed his life work, he does not increase at all in size, and dies in a very short time.
The female is seeking a final host, to which she fastens as soon as it is found, and the copious supply of blood obtained from this host seems to be necessary for the formation and ripening of the eggs. No females of any genus produce egg strings until after this final food supply has been secured. The female does not increase in size during this period nor undergo any other changes, but awaits for a suitable food supply.
Hosts.—This family, like the Lernaeopodidae, is found upon fishes in both salt and fresh water. In consequence of the fact that the first or temporary host is always a different species from the final one, the number of hosts is greatly increased. We find these para- sites also upon fishes at all depths from near the surface down to 2,000 fathoms and over.
Lernaeocera seems to prefer the gills of the Gadidae for a final host and the gills of the Pleuronectidae for a temporary host; Ler- naeolophus is found upon the gills of the parrot fish, the barracuda, and the groupers of tropical seas; Peroderma often frequents the lateral muscles of the sardine, the goby, and Cuvier’s genus Scopelus as its host; Pennedla for its final host burrows deeply into the sword- fish, the tunny, the sunfish, the dolphin, and the flying fish; Pen- culus is found upon the fins of the Gadidae; Lernaeenicus penetrates the flesh of the Mugilidae, the Clupeidae, the dolphin, and the bar- racuda; Lernaea chooses the gars and pike perches for its temporary host, and the basses, the catfish, and the carp for its final host.
Parasites.—The Lernaeidae are notable examples of the fact that one parasite often serves as the host for another. Many of them are attached to the outside of the body of the fish, where they can catch all that floats in the water, and they very quickly become covered with algae, ciliate infusoria, hydroids, and even barnacles (fig. 147). The striped goose barnacle, Conchoderma virgatum, has been found upon several species of Pennella, and Fowler, in his Report on the Crustacea of New Jersey (1912, p. 91), stated that many of the speci- mens of Pennella filosa were parasitized with this barnacle and with the hydroid EHucope parasitica.
Other Lernaeans from both salt and fresh water are often so covered by algae that it is difficult to see any portion of the para-
lS a oe
NO. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 19
site’s body. Jungersen (1911, p. 1) found the external portion of the body of the new copepod which he described completely covy- ered with a gymnoblastie hydroid, so that “the parasite at first sight appears made up of a stem and a large number of branchlets,” the latter being the hydroids,
Kellicott (1880, p. 66), in speaking of the adult Lernueu cruciuiu, said that “the chitinous exterior, together with the external load of confervae and infusorial life which they usually bear, render them too opaque for satisfactory examination.”
Cunnington (1914, p. 827), in his remarks upon Lernaea hepio- cephala, » new species from the ganoid fish, Polypterus, taken in Lake Tanganyika and the White Nile in Africa, said: * Vorticellids infest many of these Lernaeids from the Nile to such a dlegree as to render difficult the study of their anatomy. Among a considerable number of specimens taken on a Polypterus senegalis almost all are infested, some of them as markedly as the one photographed (fig. 7). The region where the vorticellids are most thickly attached is about the junction of the thin anterior third of the body with the more dilated posterior portion. It seems highly probable that the manner in which these parasitic copepods can be so densely encrusted by such organisms is directly related to the peculiar fact that after fixation to their host they appear no longer to undergo ecdysis.”
Jungersen also mentioned several other examples of triple asso- ciation between a hydroid, a parasitic copepod, and a fish. He him- self had seen Obelia geniculaia “flourishing on a Lernaca* bran- chialis attached in the gills of the common cod; a similar case is mentioned by Saemundsson ” (p. 28).
Alexander Agassiz (1865, p. 87) found the hydroid Lucope parasitica “on a species of Pennella parasitic on OUrthagoriscus mola.” Water the same hydroid was taken by Leidy (1889, p. 165) on another Lernaean, “ Lerneonema® procera,” parasitic on Odontasp/s littoralis.”
Many of the specimens of Lernaeenicus longiventris and L. radi- atus in the United States National Museum collection are well cov- ered with hydroids and algae.
Ciliate infusoria are also often attached to Pennella and Lernaeeni- cus, sometimes in company with algae, sometimes alone. The Lernaeans which fasten to the gills or on the inside of the gill chamber for the most part escape these Epizoans, but specimens of Lernaeolophus and Haemobaphes are occasionally obtained with algae fastened to the posterior processes or the abdomen. Indeed Peniculus is the only genus upon which none of these forms have been recorded, and this is probably an omission.
1A synonym of Lernaeocera branchialis. 2A synonym of Lernaeenicus procerus.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEU. VOL. 53.
Among them all there has not yet been found a true superparasite. They are merely inquilines; that is, none of them use the copepods for anything further than a means of anchorage or support. They all provide their own food, and they neither give anything to nor take anything from the copepods. The food which they take from the water can not affect the copepod in any way, since the latter is sucking the blood of the fish.
The only influence they can have is a mechanical one, loading the copepod down with a comparatively heavy weight, and increasing considerably the surface of water resistance.
If they are distributed evenly over the copepod’s body they do not affect the torsion, but if there is only a single goose barnacle, or tuft of algae, or colony of hydroids, they must of necessity have more or less influence on torsion according to their position.
EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY.
General body form of adult female—During the copepodid stages when fertilization takes place the different body regions are as clearly defined as in the Caligidae. Indeed these stages show such a marked likeness to the corresponding ones in the Caligidae as to leave us in no doubt of the close relationship of the two. But as soon as the female has fixed herself to her final host a retrogressive metamorphosis begins. Horns or processes begin to develop on the sides of the cephalothorax and sometimes (Pennella, Cardiodectes, Peroderma) over the anterior end. In Peniculus, Phrixocephalus, and Collipravus the anterior thoracic segments remain fairly distinet and each carries a pair of swimming legs. In Lernaea while the seg- ments are fused the swimming legs remain separated by a consid- erable distance and still indicate the thoracic divisions. In the other genera the swimming legs are bunched together close behind the head and there is a corresponding fusion of the thorax segments. The antennae do not increase in size with the growth of the rest of the body, but remain minute, and the same is true of the swimming legs; the eyes are buried by the growth of new tissue over them and become invisible, and in some genera (Pennella, Lernacolophus) the mouth parts disappear or are possibly represented by small chitin knobs.
In general, therefore, the body of the Lernaean is unsegmented, but may be more or less distinctly separated into three parts—a cephalothorax made up of the head and one or two anterior thorax segments, a neck or free thorax, and a swollen posterior portion or trunk, consisting of the fused genital segment and abdomen.
In Phrixocephalus the first two thorax segments are fused with the head; in other genera only the first one. The resulting cephalo- thorax is globular in Zernaeocera, Pennella, and Lernaeolophus, while it is more or less flattened dorso-ventrally in Peniculus, Ler-
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—
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. >.
xo. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 21
naeenicus, end Lernaca,; and in Peroderma it is conical. Further- more, in this latter genus the head and neck are attached at right angles to the trunk, while in other genera the head alone stands at an angle with the neck.
In Pennella the anterior surface and often the entire cephalothorax is covered with small globular or irregular processes which help to anchor the parasite firmly in position. In Peroderma and Car- diodectes branched processes are developed from ihe front of the head alone, while in Phrizocephalus these anterior processes take the form of small lobed and chitinous horns.
Again in most of the genera processes, flattened dorso-ventrally, are sent out from the lateral and sometimes from the dorsal margins of the head and anterior thorax segment. These afterwards develop into horns, which complete the anchorage of the parasite to its host.
There are no horns on Peniculus, aemobaphes, Cardiodectes, or Peroderma, the anchorage being accomplished by the strong claws on the second antennae, by the frontal processes, or by a flexure of the neck.
In Lernaeocera and Lernaeolophus the horns are well developed and often branched dichotomously; in the other genera they are nearly always simple.
These horns are outgrowths of the epidermal tissues and at first are short and wide and soft in texture; subsequently they elongate, become more or less cylindrical, and are gradualiy hardened into chitin.
Too much systematic value must not be given either to the number or the arrangement of the horns in any genus or species, although a certain number and arrangement may be typical in each species; for example, the five radiating horns in Lernacenicus radiatus. But there is always so much variation that no dependence can be placed upon negative evidence; positive evidence is more conclusive. No specimen of any other species has thus far been found which possesses five horns radiately arranged, but there are many specimens of Lernacenicus radiatus which do not show them. The number and arrangement of the horns depend more upon the difficulties enecoun- tered by the parasite in attaching itself to its host, and upon the kind of configuration of the tissue of the host surrounding the point of attachment, than upon any specific inheritance in the parasite itself. When the head of Z. radiatus is buried in the muscles of the menhaden there is no trouble in developing five radiating horns, but the result is very different when the head is wedged between two of the bony plates of the operculum. The horns, therefore, must be given an insignificant place in the determination of the species, and it would be extremely rash to establish a new genus simply upon the possession of two extra horns, as Fowler has done.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
The neck or free thorax is usually cylindrical and much narrower than the other two regions; it is sometimes straight (Lernaeenicus and Lernaea) and sometimes flexed (Lernaeolophus and Haemoba- phes).
In Peniculus it is short and flattened dorsoventrally, while in some species of Pennella it is 100 mm. or more in length. Its length is largely determined by the thickness of the skin and underlying tissue that must be penetrated in order to bring the mouth of the parasite into close contact with some large blood vessel. Even the same species will have a longer neck on a thick-skinned and thick- muscled fish like the sunfish and a shorter neck on a thinner-skinned and thinner-muscled fish like the swordfish. The neck often becomes hardened into chitin like the horns and is always much firmer in texture than the following region, especially at the point where it emerges from the skin of the host. |
Usually it is not segmented, the moniliform appearance of such species as Lernaeenicus sprattae being something very distinct from segmentation.
In Lernaea the neck and body are the same width where they come together, and the point of union is indistinguishable; but the segments ure indicated by the attachment of the swimming legs. From these it can readily be seen that all the thorax segments have shared in the elongation of the body. In Pentculus the neck is very much narrower than the body, where the two come together, and is distinctly segmented, with a pair of legs attached to each segment. These show us that while all the thorax segments share in the elonga- tion of the body the size of the shares increases rapidly from in irent backwards.
In Lernaeocera and Pennella the swimming legs are found at the anterior end of the neck, packed together as closely as possible just behind the head. This may possibly be a real migration in some of the genera—that is, the legs may have moved from the segment where they originally appeared onto preceding segments, as happens io the maxillipeds in the Lernaeopodidae. But the lengthening of the genital segment during the second free-swimming larval period indicates that the anterior thorax segments contribute very little to ihe neck and that the great bulk of the latter is made up of the ante- rior end of the fused fifth and genital segments.
The swollen trunk is made up of the fifth and genital segments and the abdomen, and is much softer in texture than the preceding regions. It is usually greatly elongated as well as swollen, but is rarely short and stout. In Zernaeocera and its close relatives it is also convoluted or bent in the form of the letter S. The abdomen is the portion behind the attachment of the egg strings, it is always
ae Se
A)
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEHPODS—WILSON. 23
narrower than the genital segment, and is often reduced to a mere knob. To this abdomen are attached various kinds of appendages in some of the genera. In Pennella and Pegesimallus there are very long rows of branched barbules, from which the former and better known genus derives its name. In Lernacolophus there are similar appendages massed together closely, so that they bear more resem- blance to a yarn mop than to the barbules of a feather. In Waemo- baphes and Haemobaphoides there are two or three large knobs or processes along either side. In the other genera the abdomen is with- out appendages.
The egg strings vary greatly in the different genera, not only in their general makeup, but also in the arrangement of the eggs in- side the string. In the Lernaeinae the cases are sacklike and the eggs are multiseriate; in all the other genera the cases are thread- like and the eggs are uniseriate. The multiseriate egg strings are shorter than the body and straight, while the uniseriate egg strings are often many times the length of the body, and are either cylin- drical and straight, or coiled into a loose snarl, or flattened laterally and curled into a tight spiral.
The appendages.—These are the same as those of the Lernaeopo- didae, namely, two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae, a pair of maxillipeds, and four or five pairs of swim- ming legs. These are all present in the sexually ripe male, but some of them are usually wanting in the female.
The first or anterior antennae are simple jointed cylinders, well armed with short setae, and are evidently tactile sense organs. The second or posterior antennae are also simple jointed cylinders, short, stout, and strongly chelate. They serve as the principal organs of prehension during the larval stages and often maintain that func- tion in the matured female (Peniculus, etc.).
The proboscis is made up of a fusion of the upper and under lips, often combined with a considerable portion of the ventral sur- face of the head.
In this latter form it is very extensile and may be protruded a considerable distance from the head and moved about freely, the movements being controlled by numerous powerful muscles. When strongly retracted, as sometimes happens during preservation, it is drawn in so far as to produce a saucer-shaped or bowl-shaped depression of the ventral surface of the head. When protracted the maxillae are carried along with it and are then found near the tip of the proboscis, a considerable distance from the ventral surface of the head. In those genera (Lernaeolophus) where the ventral surface of the head is chitinized and takes no part in the movements of the mouth tube. the latter is alwavs withdrawn in preservation
~~
24 PROCEEDINGS OF TIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
and forms a pit or shallow depression. In //aemobaphes the pro- boscis is apparently confined to the mouth tube proper and the max-, allae are attached to the ventral surface of the head at its base.
The mandibles are simply curved claws or spines, one-jointed and entirely devoid of teeth. The first maxillae are also one-jointed and armed with short setae; the second maxillae are two or three jointed and terminate in one or two stout claws. There is also usually a stout spine on the inner or outer margin of the basal joint. ‘These appendages are important organs of prehension in the copepodid larvae, and doubtless assist in the burrowing of the female into the flesh of her final host.
The maxillipeds are found in both sexes of Lernaea, but so far as known only in the males of other genera, and are made up of a large swollen basal joint, a smaller distal joint, and from one to five terminal claws.
The swimming legs, as Claus pointed out, do not increase in size from the larval condition and, therefore, appear rudimentary and degenerate upon the greatly enlarged body of the adult. There is, however, no actual degeneration or retrogression in their structure, but it often, perhaps usually, happens that the rami or even the entire legs get broken off. This may result either from the move- ments of the parasite itself or during its removal from its host and subsequent separation from the cyst which envelops it. But in such cases there is always left the scar at either end of the chitin rib which connected the legs or the stumps of the rami. We can not, therefore, regard the swimming legs as having actually degenerated or retrogressed, but simply as having failed to increase in size with the rest of the body. And we must not conclude from an examina- tion of one or two specimens that the legs are destitute of rami, when further search will likely yield a specimen on which they are still retained.
In general we may say that the genus Zernaea possesses five pairs of swimming legs, of which the first four pairs are biramose with. three-jointed rami, while the fifth pair is uniramose and unseg- mented.
In most of the other genera there are but four pairs, even in the larval form—the first two pairs biramose, the third and fourth pairs uniramose, all the rami two-jointed. In Peroderma and Sarcotretes there are but three pairs—the first two pairs biramose, the third pair uniramose, and all the rami two-jointed. In l7aemobaphoides there are only two pairs of legs, both biramose with two-jointed rami.
The copepodid larvae of Sarcotretes possess only three pairs of swimming legs in contrast to the four pairs found in the larvae of Lernacocera and Pennella, and the five pairs in the larvae of Lernaca.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 25
It will be of great interest to find the larvae of Peroderma and Taemobaphoides and ascertain if they also show a reduction in the number of legs, the latter genus having only two pairs.
INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY.
The body wall.—The body wall is composed of two layers—an outer transparent layer, which may or may not become chitinous, and an inner opaque and cellular layer, the chitinogen membrane of Claus and other authors.
The outer layer is made up of thin lamellae, lying one upon another, with no intervening spaces. In Lernaca barnimii Hartmann described quite a complicated pattern of raised sculpture on the ex- ternal surface of the outer layer. This may be seen on fresh and liv- ing specimens but usually disappears during preservation. Through this outer layer run pore canals, which vary in proximity in different parts of the body, being closest together along the center of the body and farthest apart on the antennae, swimming legs, and furca. These canals are connected more or less intimately with the soft inner layer of the wall and probably function in excretion.
The inner layer of the body wall is softer than the outer and is never hardened into chitin. It is composed of polyhedral cells, which vary greatly in thickness, those lining the posterior body and abdo- men being much thicker than those found in the anterior body and arms. The cells are not much flattened but are more or less inflated and filled with a fine-grained brownish substance, glandular in nature, and having spherical nuclei with small nucleoli. This layer normally lies in contact with the inside surface of the outer layer, but in alcoholic specimens the two layers are often separated. In the living animal the cells of the inner layer undergo certain changes, thus described by Hartmann: “Some cells break loose, stretch out, become narrower, take on the appearance of threads, anastomose with one another, and send out many irregular processes ” (p. 736). This wandering of the cells takes place in all parts of the body, in the horns, and in the appendages. As a result they form a meshwork of active protoplasm over the inside surface of the inner layer and fill such spaces as the inside of the abdomen around the intestine.
This meshwork is particularly thick inside the posterior body of the copepodid larva and probably contributes greatly to the nour- ishment and increase of that part of the body during its rapid development.
The muscular system.—In the copepodid stages the muscular sys- tem is well developed and very closely resembles that of the Caligidae, thus furnishing another evidence of the close relationship of the two families. But as soon as the female has fastened herself to her final
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 53.
host and has begun her retrogressive metamorphosis the muscles share in the changes produced. As the body fuses and becomes swollen and tumid and the appendages cease to be used the muscles also fuse and disappear until there is nothing left in the adult female but a simple network between the integument and the alimentary canal to be noted under the digestive system (p. 27).
There are still the usual muscles connected with the antennae, especially the second pair, with such of the mouth parts as are still used, with the swimming legs of those genera in which they are bet- ter preserved, and with the anal papillae in Lernaea, Peniculus, ete., and in even the most retrogressive genera there are still muscles con- nected with the external openings of the oviducts, which control the passage of the eggs into the external sacks. But the other muscles, including all those which flexed or moved the body of the copepodid larva, entirely disappear. In Lernacenicus the proboscis is highly developed and possesses a complicated system of muscles whereby each part of it, as well as the mouth parts connected with it, can be moved independently.
But the swimming legs are less well preserved and their muscula- ture is correspondingly reduced. In Peniculus the jointed thorax retains more or less of its capability of motion, and with this most of the muscles.
The alimentary canal—-The mouth opens into a short esophagus, which is usually straight or but slightly curved, and is inclined to the axis of the head. It opens into the stomach on the ventral sur- face of the latter, near or at the anterior end, and the opening is guarded by a powerful sphincter muscle. In those genera (Ler- naeenicus, Peniculus, etc.) in which there is a protrusible proboscis the extension and retraction take place principally in the mouth tube, and are shared only incidentally by the esophagus and at its anterior end. The muscles, which control these movements, are at- tached chiefly to the base of the mouth tube (fig. 69) and draw it in or push it out without affecting the esophagus very much.
When the proboscis is protruded the stomach is drawn forward by the muscles at its anterior end, and this shifts the position of the esophagus and allows it to follow the movement of the mouth tube without itself undergoing much change of length or diameter. Its walls, however, are einstic and are probably stretched a little dur- ing the extension of the proboscis and recover their normal form when it is retracted.
The stomach is abruptly enlarged behind the sphincter muscle and is sometimes straight and sometimes convoluted. In the genus Lernaea it also sends out a lobe on either side, but these lobes are not connected in any way with the horns, nor can they be said to enter the base of the horns, as Claus, Hartmann, and some others have
a
no, 2194. NORT'H AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 27
declared. There are always two of them, no matter what the num- ber of the horns may be, and sometimes they are not opposite the base of the horns. Furthermore, they are present in the larva long before the horns have started to grow. The stomach is lined with a digestive epithelium of very irregular thickness, from which scattering spherical cells project into the central cavity. ‘These contain the digestive fluids and also a large nucleus with distinct nucleoli.
The stomach passes insensibly into the intestine, which, in most of the genera, is narrowed to a mere thread where it passes through the neck and then widens again in the trunk. Sometimes (ZLer- nacolophus) the intestine is convoluted in the lower portion of the neck, but it is usually straight. In the trunk it lies nearer the dorsal surface, between the ovaries and the oviduct, and is sometimes flattened dorsoventrally (Sarcotretes), again laterally (Lernae- olophus), or may even assume a three-cornered shape (Pennella tridentata), but is usually cylindrical.
In species like Phrixocephalus triangulus, where the trunk is short and wide, the intestine becomes baglike, and in the new genus (/olli- pravus it is looped and folded back on itself, owing to the misplace- ment of the neck. The intestine passes into the abdomen in those genera (Lernacolophus, Pennella, etc.) which have a comparatively large abdomen, and is bluntly rounded near the posterior end of the latter. In the genera (Sarcotretes, Peniculus, etc.) with a small abdomen it does not leave the trunk, but is bluntly rounded just in front of the vulvae, and the rectum is given off from its upper pos- terior corner. The rectum is very narrow and threadlike, and is connected with the side walls of the abdomen by numerous muscles. It is straight when the abdomen is large, but in the other genera is inclined dorsally.
In every genus thus far examined there is an anal lamina on either side of the external opening of the rectum, sometimes fair sized and armed with setae, sometimes minute and destitute of setae. But no matter how small the lamina may be there is an opening through the body wall into its interior that shows its real nature (fig. 57).
The anterior end of the stomach is suspended from the dorsal wall of the head by two long and narrow muscles, and in the genus Ler- naea there are additional sets of muscles on each of the lateral lobes. The posterior end of the intestine is similarly connected with the dorsal wall of the abdomen or trunk. The alternate contraction and expansion of these muscles produce a forward and backward move- ment of the entire digestive canal. This is most marked in the cope- podid larvae, but persists to some extent in those adults whose bodies are straight and not bent into a sigmoid loop. In addition to these
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
muscles the digestive canal is suspended by connective tissue from the dorsal or lateral walls of the various regions of the body through which it passes.
The walls of the stomach and intestine also contain both longitu- dinal and transverse muscle fibers, which produce strong peristaltic movements, so that the food is moved about and pushed back and forth over every portion of the digestive epithelium.
The nervous system.—The copepodid larva has a nervous system almost the same as that of the Caligidae, which has been described in detail elsewhere; but, like the muscular system, this, too, gradu- ally disappears, and but little of it can be found in the adult female. There is enough of it left, however, to control such movements as persist, and especially the working of the reproductive organs.
In a median section of the head (fig. 69) the remains of the supra and the infra esophageal ganglia can still be seen, with scattered nuclei representing the nerve centers. Even the nerves themselves may be detected, but only those leading to muscles and organs which are active in the adult. Of the other nerves and even of the ventral chain of ganglia only traces are left, which are difficult to detect.
In all the genera the tripartite eye of the larva persists in the adult, and there is usually a more or less distinct nerve connecting it with the supra-esophageal ganglion. But it is buried deeply in the tissues over the base ofthe esophagus and has evidently been covered with the surrounding tissues during the growth of the various horns and cephalic processes. The lenses are usually no longer visible and, indeed, the eye itself can not be seen except in specimens which have been cleared in oil or some similar medium. The nervous system, therefore, shows the greatest retrogression of any portion of the body; it not only fails to increase proportionally to the growth of the body, like the various appendages, but it really diminishes and partially disappears.
The male reproductive organs.—The male reaches sexual maturity during the fourth copepodid stage, and the sex organs consist of a pair of testes situated in the posterior part of the cephalothorax and separated some little distance from each other, a pair of straight vasa deferentia, and a pair of sperm receptacles, containing the spermatophores and located in the genital segment. Each testis is an ovoid or ellipsoid and is somewhat flattened dorsoventrally; the vas deferens leads from the testis directly back alongside the intes- tine and into the genital segment, where it is enlarged into a recep- tacle to hold the spermatophores. In the fifth segment the vas def- erens is convoluted once, and this fold has glandular walls which supply the cement material for the outside covering of the spermato- phores. The opening through which the latter are extruded is on the ventral surface of the genital seement.
a ee ee es a eas!
ee Pee ae
xo. 2194. NORTIT AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 29
UMMA SU ERM Latienn eck ee sere he
The female reproductive organs.—In the copepodid stage, when fertilization takes place, the ovaries of the female are ovoids or ellipsoids, like the testes of the male, and are similarly situated in the posterior portion of the cephalothorax, near the dorsal surface. The oviducts correspond in every particular with the vasa deferentia, leading back alongside the intestine to an enlargement in the genital segment, which is to receive the sperms from the spermatophores deposited on the outside of the segment by the male; and in the genus Lernaea the posterior portion of the oviduct secretes cement substance, like the vasa deferentia.
During the retrogressive metamorphosis which follows the fixa- tion of the female to her final host a great change takes place in both the location and structure of the reproductive organs. The ovary migrates from the cephalothorax through the entire length of the free thorax into the genital segment, where it assumes a position near the dorsal surface at the anterior end of the segment, except in the new genus Collipravus, where it is near the posterior end at the base of the abdomen. In most of the genera the ovary also reverses its position, the anterior end becoming posterior and the posterior end anterior, so that the oviducts in the adult always arise from the anterior end. Furthermore, in some genera (Lernacocera, Pen- nella, etc.) the two ovaries move inward toward the midline and finally come together and fuse, leaving only a pair of anterior and posterior horns to mark their dual origin.
The oviducts now pass down around the intestine to the ventral surface and strait back to the vulvae without convolutions, except in Pennella, where there is a single fold just as they leave the ovaries.
A pair of cement glands is also formed, whose anterior glandular portion originates at the anterior end of the genital segment at the base of the neck and ventral to the oviducts. Each gland is cylin- drical and without convolutions, and the two lie side by side along the midline. At about its center each gland is contracted and passes into a duct which empties into the oviduct of the same side just inside the vulva. These ducts are also without convolutions in all the genera except Lernaecolophus and Lernaeocera, in which they are vertically convoluted.
In the genus Zernaea the cells at the posterior end of the ovary gradually loosen themselves from the epithelium and become asso- ciated in longer or shorter filaments or strings, each of which is made up of many cells flattened together like a row of coins and which increase in size toward the anterior end of the ovary and there break up into separate eggs as they pass into the oviducts, the con- ditions being thus similar to those found in the Lernaeopodidae.
In all the other genera thus far studied the ovary consists of a mass of tiny nucleated cells, with no arrangement into filaments or
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
strings but with all the eggs separate and in close contact one with another. Those near the opening of the oviduct are about twice the size of those at the center and these in turn are much larger than those at the posterior end. The increase in size is accomplished by the absorption of food material or yolk, which goes on with much greater rapidity at the anterior end just as the eggs pass out into the oviducts. In the latter the eggs are arranged in a single row and are strongly flattened, so that they look like coins standing on edge. °
The external egg sacks are short and bag-shaped in the Lernaeinae, and the eggs are piled loosely into them, with almost no flattening and without definite arrangement. In the oviducts also of this sub- family the eggs are spherical instead of being flattened, and they do not quite touch one another. In the other genera the egg sacks are filiform and very long, reaching 12 to 15 inches in the genus Pen- nella, and the eggs are arranged in a single row and flattened as they were in the oviducts; but there is this difference: In the oviducts the. eggs are in actual contact, while here in the external sacks each is separated from its neighbor on either side by a partition formed of the egg membranes.
In the Lernaeinae the developing larvae are not arranged in any order with reference to the walls of the egg sacks, but in the other subfamilies there is the same arrangement as in the Caligidae— namely, the body of the nauplius appears on one of the flattened sides of the egg, with the head on the edge of the egg that is nearest the outer lateral margin of the sack. The long axes of the nauplii are usually parallel, but occasionally one is reversed in position; and, similarly, while most of the nauplii are on the proximal surface of each egg, occasionally one will be found on the distal surface.
Fertilization, as already stated, occurs during the last copepodid stage; the spermatophores are attached by the male in pairs to the ventral surface of the genital segment of the female, their openings being brought into contact with the vulvae. The contents of the spermatophore then pass into the enlarged end of the oviduct inside the vulva and the emptied sack drops off. According to A. Scott in Lernaeocera branchialis the first pair of spermatophores are re- placed by others in succession until the receptacula are filled, each receptaculum holding the contents of four spermatophores. At first the four lots remain separate in the oviduct, but they soon mix and become one homogeneous mass.
A. Scott concluded that in Lernaeocera “the spermatozoa at once pass up the rudimentary oviduct to the ovary and fertilize the eggs.” (1901, p. 43.) But there are several considerations which render such an action highly improbable:
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. OL
1. The eggs are not ripe at the time the spermatozoa are intro- duced into the oviduct, and it requires at least four to six weeks for them to reach maturity. It is hardly possible for an egg to be fer- tilized so long before it is fully developed.
2. Segmentation does not begin until the eggs pass out into the ex- ternal sacks; consequently if they were fertilized in the copepodid stage they must then lie dormant during the four to six weeks before they could begin to segment—an extremely improbable pro- cedure. ;
3. If the spermatozoa swarmed up the rudimentary oviduct they would go in sufficient numbers to fertilize every egg and leave a considerable surplus.
We could hardly concede to the spermatozoa that were left after fertilization the ability to pass back down the oviduct, and they would have to remain in the ovary; but an ovary filled with dead spermatozoa, or for that matter with living ones, would hardly be a favorable place for egg development.
4. The fact that no sperm receptacle can be definitely made out in the adult is what would naturally be expected. It has already been stated that the spermatozoa pass out of the spermatophores into the enlarged end of the oviduct when the copepodid female is fertilized. There is never, therefore, any separate sperm receptacle and none ought to be expected in the adult. Again, this enlarged end of the oviduct in a larva only 1 or 2 millimeters in length is of necessity very small, and it could easily persist in the adult and still escape detection.
In every genus examined there are convolutions in the oviduct, where it is narrowed before passing out of the vulva, that are posterior to the last egg. Any one of these convolutions is large enough to hold several sperm receptacles the size of the one in the copepodid larva, and it would seem more reasonable to conclude that one of them serves such a purpose.
5. But we are not confined wholly to negative evidence. Im a young Pennella filosa, examined by the present author, the ovaries have already migrated from the cephalothorax into the genital seg- ment, although the larva was only 18 mm. in length. But at the posterior end of this segment, a short distance inside of the vulve, there is an enlargement in each oviduct filled with a mass of some- thing that has every appearance of being spermatozoa. This speci- men could not be sectioned to complete the proof, but there would seem to be but little doubt that this is the same enlargement into which the spermatozoa were originally introduced, and, if so, they did not pass up into the ovary.
Consequently we can only conclude that the spermatozoa remain near the vulva, and that each egg is fertilized not in the ovary
Sos PROCEEDINGS OF TIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
EE I ES eg Ce when it is immature but after it has acquired its yolk material and become fully ripe, just before it passes out into the external sack.
SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT. Family LERNAEIDAE.
Family characters of female.—The largest of the parasitic cope- pods, sometimes reaching a length of 200 to 250 mm., exclusive of the egg strings. Body more or less cylindrical, elongate, and unseg- mented; separable into three regions—a cephalothorax furnished with horns or processes, a free thorax in the form of a narrow cylin- drical neck, and a trunk comprising the rest of the body, more or less swollen and either straight or sigmoid; anal laminae present but often minute; egg strings paired, either short club-shaped sacks or long threads, straight, coiled into loose masses, or twisted into regu- lar spirals. Antennae distinctly dorsal, second pair chelate; mouth in the form of a sucking tube, more or less protrusible; a tripartite eye buried in the tissues above the esophagus; mandibles and two pairs of maxillae, but no maxillipeds except in Zernaea; three, four, or five pairs of swimming legs; at least the first two pairs biramose, rami two or three jointed, the others uniramose with jointed rami.
Adult female with the head and part of the neck buried in the tissues of the host and firmly anchored in such a way as to bring the mouth in contact with some copious blood supply.
Family characters of male-—Not developed beyond the fourth copepodid stage, at which time it becomes sexually mature. Body like that of Cyclops, comprising a cephalcthorax covered dorsally with a carapace, a free thorax, a genital segment, and a jointed abdo- men armed with a pair of large anal laminae; antennae and mouth parts like those of the female; proboscis also more or less protrusible; sometimes a sixth pair of rudimentary legs on the genital segment; a pair of large prehensile maxillipeds a little distance behind the mouth tube. d
The male never bores into the tissues of its host nor becomes perma- nently anchored in any way, nor is it ever found attached to or in company with the adult female.
KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA.
1. Trunk straight; swimming legs widely separated, the posterior pair close to the vulvae; egg cases sacklike; eggs multiseriate____________ Lernacinae 2 1. Trunk straight; first two pairs of swimming legs close together and near the head, the others at short intervals; egg cases filiform and straight or coiled into regular spirals; eggs uniseriate_________---__ Lernacenicinue 3 1. Trunk with sigmoid curve; all the swimming legs close together and near the head; egg cases filiform and convolute or coiled into spirals; eggs uni- seriate and veryinumerous2 =. 5 22. eee Lernacocerinae 8
Ko. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 83
1. Trunk straight; all the swimming legs close together and near the head;
egg cases filiform, straight, and very long; eggs uniseriate; abdomen with
a row of feather-like processes on either side_______-_______ Pennellinae 11
. Head with 2, 3, or 4 soft and swollen horns symmetrically arranged; neck
and trunk smooth and without transverse grooves, the one passing grad-
TAIN GOL tNe OUNCT aces ere eer ee ee Lernaca Linnaeus, 1758, p. 36.
. Head with irregular protuberances; neck and trunk transversely wrinkled,
the one passing into the other abruptly with a great difference in di-
PUI eee ek ae EE nd try reeds Sed oS ee Leptotrachelus Brian, 1903, p. 40.
Dorsal portion of head extended straight forward, longer than the body, and
bearing on its swollen tip the antennae; head and trunk the same diame-
Fernwicnout done 22 aa Le Se Therodamus Kr¢yer, 1863, p. 41.
. Head and thorax smooth, without processes or horns, and in line with the
SEEISOL CheMtEUD kei es LEh: ieee eS Peniculus Nordmann, 1832, p. 44,
. Cephalothorax with horns or processes, or both, and often bent at an angle
Nth GN OP NEG 228 25s Se ee ee es a FS ee 4
4. Bilateral symmetry perfect; branched frontal processes covering the ante-
rior head, but no horns or lateral processes; egg strings straight--______ 5
4. Bilateral symmetry perfect; lateral horns or cushion-like processes, but no
£LOnEAL processes!:esey strings straight tess Le Es eee ees 6
4, Bilateral symmetry considerably distorted; head and neck attached to the
side of ‘the trunk; egg strings coiled into spirals.__._.__.--__.-~_-_ 7
5. Cephalothorax and neck straight and attached at right angles to the side of the trunk some distance behind the anterior end.
Peraderma Heller, 1865, p. 49.
5. Cephalothorax and neck with a sigmoid curve and attached to the anterior
endvrofs they tims 22s Beek eke ek 5S Cardiodectes, new genus, p. 50.
6. Two to ten chitinous horns, or two or three small posterior knobs on the
cephalothorax; neck not enlarged behind the swimming legs; one pair of
past ee = ee eee Lernacenicus Le Sueur, 1824, p. 56.
6. Two lateral horns on the cephalothorax, soft and unbranched; neck enlarged behind the swimming legs; two pairs of maxillae,
Sarcotretes Jungersen, 1911, p. 69.
7 Neck attached to a lateral anterior corner of the trunk; abdomen minute and
Hemispheric yee ee ees we ee Se Phrizocephalus Wilson, 1908S, p. 74.
. Neck attached to the center of the dorsal surface of. the trunk, abdomen as
long as the trunk and turned sidewise_______ Collipravus, new genus, p. 78.
US Stine ST OOPeU, 1NtOy LOOSE \MASSES =25 =e eee Ao oY 9
webeeestrines coiled into recular tight spiralso22 2 eS ee es 10
. No abdominal processes; trunk soft and fleshy; cephalic horns very irregular.
Lernacocera Blainville, 1822, p. 83.
. Five or six branched processes along either side of the abdomen; integu-
ment of every part of the body thick and chitinized; cephalic horns regu-
Ey E TONG. ae ee eee Lernacolophus Heller, 1865, p. 89.
10. Head and neck with lateral processes, simple and soft; neck reflexed upon
itself; abdomen two-thirds as long as the trunk and regularly tapered.
Haemobaphes Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 93.
10. Cephalothorax with branched chitin horns; neck very short and not re-
flexed; abdomen as long as the trunk and expanded at the tip. Iaemobaphoides T. and A. Scott, 1913, p. 100.
77403 —Proc.N.M.vol.583—17—— 3
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wo
a
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34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
10. Cephalothorax with three simple chitin horns, two lateral, one dorsal; neck much longer than the trunk, not reflexed; abdomen half the length
of the genital segment, without processes_____-_- Trifur, new genus, p. 101.
11. Abdomen with a row of feathery processes along either side; cephalotho- rax with numerous frontal processes and two or three horns, chitinous
and asually.simp) Gee =e es ae eee eee Pennella Oken, 1816, p. 105.
11. Abdomen twisted spirally and covered with papilliform villi; neck with small excrescences attached by threads; no horns or frontal processes, Pegesimallus Krgyer, 1868, p. 126.
Remarks.—At first the genus Lernaca was the only one in the en- tire group of parasitic copepods, and everything that was parasitic and that seemed likely to be, or even to become, a copepod was placed in this genus by the early investigators. One after another of these species have been removed and made the types of new genera, until all that are left are those included in the present paper. Dut even after they began to separate new genera investigators still placed them all with Zernaea in the family Lernaeidae, which thus became the final dumping ground for everything that was bizarre in form and that could not be located elsewhere. Many of these genera have already been removed and correctly located elsewhere, and it is pro- posed now to remove all the others that do not show sufficient rela- tionship in morphology and development. Accordingly the five genera, Sphyrion, Strabax, Trypaphylum, Opimia, and Lebellula, which have heretofore been included in the Lernaeidae, must be dropped for the following reasons: The adult females of these genera have processes at the posterior end of the genital segment in addi- tion to the egg strings, from a single pair (Opimia) up to large bunches (Sphyrion); the second antennae are neither dorsal nor chelate; there are no swimming legs or anal laminae, and the female carries a pigmy male attached to the posterior end of her body. This Jast proves at once that the life history is entirely different from that here set forth for the Lernaeidae. These genera will be taken up in a future paper.
The genus /ve which was provisionally placed in the Lernaeidae by its founder, Mayer (1879), can not possibly be left there, since it is not a fixed parasite at all and the two sexes are found together moving about freely, with the male 5 mm. in length, or half the size of the female.
The genus Zernaca presents so many differences from the other genera that it might seem a question whether it ought to be in- cluded with them or established in a family by itself. But from the account of that genus already given (see Bibliography under Wilson) it will be found that the resemblances far overbalance the differ- ences, especially in the matter of the peculiar life history, and the genus is accordingly retained in the present family.
Ko. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 35
LERNAEINABE, new subfamily.
Subfamily characters of female-—Cephalothorax armed with soft horns or processes, two, three, or four in number and unbranched; trunk straight without a sigmoid curve; genital segment enlarged on the ventral surface, just in front of the vulvae, into a pregenital prominence; egg cases short and sacklike, eggs multiseriate. Two pairs of antennae, second pair uncinate; a pair of curved and spine- like mandibles; two pairs of maxillae; one pair of mavillipeds; swimming legs widely separated with a fifth pair close to the vulvae.
Subfamily characters of male (genus Ler- naca).—Body like that of Cyclops, composed of a cephalothorax cov- ered with a dorsal cara- pace, three free thorax seoments, a genital seg- ment, and a three-joint- ed abdomen; anal Jami- nae each armed with a single jointed seta, more than half the length of the whole body. Anten- nae and mouth parts like those of the female; a fifth and often a sixth par of swimming legs on the genital segment.
Parasites of fresh-water Fic. A—THE MALE (LEFT) AND FEMALE (RIGHT) COPE-
A ih PODID LARVAE OF LERNAEA VARIABILIS : ACTUAL LENGTH
fishes exclusiy ely. OF FEMALE, 1.50 MM., INCLUDING THE LONG ANAL SETAE, Ontogeny of genus
Lernaca.—The genital protoplasm at the posterior end of the ovary gradually forms onto long threads or filaments, transversely seg- mented into cells. These increase in size toward the anterior end of the ovary, and as they pass into the oviduct the filaments break up into their separate cells, each of which forms an egg. The eggs pass down the oviduct to its posterior portion, which serves as a cement gland. Just before entering this portion they are fertilized. and after entering they are covered with an egg membrane composed of the cement substance.
AAG
TZ
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Ges
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36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
In the external egg sacks development takes place up to the nauplius stage. The larva hatches as a typical nauplius with the usual three pairs of appendages and one pair of balancers. It swims about freely in the plankton during the nauplius and metanauplius stages, undergoing several molts. On reaching the first copepodid stage it seeks as a temporary host some fish other than the one which is to serve as the final hcst of the female, and both sexes cling to the gill filament by means of their second antennae and max- illipeds, and feed on the fish’s blood.
Four copepodid stages are passed here on the gills, the genital segment and abdomen becoming gradually perfected, the reproduc- tive organs being developed, and the swimming legs increasing in number and in the number of segments in the rami. During the fourth copepodid stage both sexes become sexually mature and fer- tilization occurs. After fertilization the female leaves the gills and swims about freely again in the plankton in search of a final or per- manent fish host. She fastens to the skin on the outside of the fish’s body by means of her second antennae and maxillipeds, and bur- rows into the underlying tissues with the aid of these organs and the powerful maxillae. Soft horns or processes then develop from the sides of the cephalothorax, the body is greatly elongated and enlarged, the ovaries migrate back into the genital segment, and the mature adult stage is reached, in which she continues until death.
The male remains upon the gills of the first fish host until death, without further increase in size or other transformation, or he may sometimes leave and swim about freely in ‘the plankton; but he never attains a length of more than a millimeter and a half, does not seek another host, undergoes no changes corresponding to those of the female, and is never found subsequently in the company of the female.
Genus LERNAEA Linnaeus.
Lernaea LINNAEUS, Fauna Suecica, 1746, p. 367.
Lernaca LINNAEUS, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 1758, p. 655.
Schisturus (part) OkeEN, Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, 1816, p. 182.
Lerneocera (part) BLAINvILLe, Journ. de Physique, vol. 95, 1822, p. 375.
Lernacoccra (part) NorpMANN, Mikrograpische Beitriige, 1832, p. 123.
Lernacocera BurMEIsTER, Acta Acad, Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., vol. 17, 1833, p. 309.
Lernacocera (part) Mitne Epwarps, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, vol. 3, 1840, p. 526.
Lernacocera, all subsequent authors.
External generic characters of female—Head a rounded knob projecting from the anterior margin of the cephalothorax and placed nearly at right angles to the body axis, with a deeply buried, tripartite eye near the center of the dorsal surface; one or two pairs of horns, simple or forked, on the lateral margins of the cephalo- thorax; sometimes an unpaired horn on the center of the dorsal
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 87
margin; all the horns conical and soft; neck soft, slender, and cylindrical, enlarging gradually into the trunk which is also cylin- drical; trunk with a pregenital prominence in front of the vulvae; abdomen short and bluntly rounded, terminating in a pair of minute anal laminae; egg strings elongate-conical or ovoid, eggs multi- seriate.
Two pairs of antennae, second pair uncinate; proboscis conical and very short; mandibles claw-shaped and without teeth; two pairs of maxillae; one pair of maxillipeds; four pairs of biramose swimming legs, first pair just behind the head, others at increasing distances posteriorly; a fifth pair of one-jointed stumps just in front of the vulvae.
Internal generic characters of female—Esophagus short, nearly straight, and diagonal to the body axis; anterior stomach with lateral lobes and more or less convoluted; posterior stomach passing insensibly into the intestine, which is straight, of the same diameter throughout, and abruptly contracted into a short rectum; ovaries paired, close to the dorsal surface and near the posterior end of the trunk; matured oviducts with two long posterior and two shorter anterior loops; eggs remaining spherical and never flattened antero- posteriorly; no separate cement glands, the thickened glandular walls of the posterior oviducts serving that purpose.
No separate excretory glands, the chitinogen layer of the skin apparently serving for excretion through the pore canals.
Genus habitat—This genus fastens to the outside surface of the fish’s body, usually in the vicinity of the fins, and bores into the underlying tissues a short distance until it finds an adequate blood supply without seeking any particular organ or blood vessel.
Generic characters of the copepodid male.—The external generic characters have already been given under the subfamily. Inter- nally the esophagus is long and nearly parallel with the body axis; stomach passing insensibly into the intestine and that into the ree- tum, the entire tube lined with digestive cells filled with black gran- ules; supra ganglion comparatively small, infra ganglion very large and stout and extending back into the genital segment; testes paired, but not always side by side, situated in the head and anterior thorax above the stomach and intestine, spindle-shaped with the sperm ducts leading from their anterior ends back to the large spermato- phore receptacles in the genital segment.
Type of the genus.—Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, first species.
(Lernaea, Aépyn, a fabled abode of the hydra.)
Remarks.—In a monograph of this genus by the present author, submitted to the United States Bureau of Fisheries and soon to be published, will be found the complete morphology and life history. together with a full revision of all the known species.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
KEY TO THR SPECIES OF LERNAKA,
i Ewo) cephalothoraciesnorhs: a) lateral (pair22 22 eee 2 1. Three cephalothoracic horns, a lateral pair and one dorsal and unpaired_-_3 J. Four cephalothoracic horns, a dorsal pair and a ventral pair_—2—----—- = 5 2. Horns directed laterally at right angles to body axis; trunk not much wider
than neck; pregenital prominence inconspicuous (8.40 mm.)* diceracephala (Cunnington), 1914. 2. Horns diagonal to body axis, directed posterodorsally; trunk suddenly en- larged to four times the diameter of neck; pregenital prominence very larce (Sanit) ae ek bk ee aie ae a ee a aie new species*. 8. Lateral and dorsal horns all dichotomously branched___-______________ 4 3. Lateral horns simple, dorsal one bified at apex; pregenital prominence incon- Spicuous; abdomen short (G0 mm ))a 222 ee eee ee new species”, Lateral horns three or four pronged, dorsal horn bifid at apex; pregenital prominence conspicuous; body clubshaped; abdomen long and wide (7.50 VAIY IE) ees sata See ae er ae eee a pectoralis (I<ellicott), 1882. Lateral horns once bifid, dorsal horn twice bifid; body spindle-shaped; no pregenital prominence (§ mm.)_~~-~--________-___ lagenula (Heller), 1865. All three horns twice bifid; body clubshaped; pregenital prominence divided,
its two lobes and the abdomen the same size (10 mm.) catostomi (Kr¢gyer), 1863. Lateral horns twice bifid, dorsal horn simple or once bifid; trunk clubshaped ; pregenital prominence simple and much smaller than the abdomen (12 BETTY) ees Se ie ee a eee a LN tortua (I<ellicott), 1882. Dorsal and ventral horns about! the same sizes- === 22 Le ee 6 ~ wentral horns! muchismaller thansthe! dorsale ee eee 9 . Pregenital prominence simple and shorter than the abdomen___-_____-_~ tf . Pregenital prominence divided, its lobes as long as the abdomen______-__ 8 Abdomen short and plump; pregenital prominence forming a distinct “ heel”; VONEL OLMIS, DC (ea TINTS ) see phovinacea (Ixr¢yer), 1863. Abdomen short and plump; pregenital prominence not forming a distinct “heel”; dorsal horns bifid (13.50 mm.)_-----_- esocina (Burmeister), 1835. Abdomen long and stout; pregenital prominence forming a distinct ‘ heel’; all the horns simple (14.30 mm.) -—------- haplocephala (Cunnington), 1914. 8. Pregenital prominence divided into three broadly rounded lobes; horns long, slender straicne Glis.o0 mm) )=_— = pomotidis (IKXr¢gyer), 1863. Pregenital prominence twice bifid, forming four narrow lobes; horns short, nina p: curved GlOimimys) £228 N24 2 eee cruciata (Le Sueur), 1824. 9. Pregenital prominence divided into distinct lobes; dorsal horns simple and UTIL VCO sek Raa dd ee 10 9. Pregenital prominence simple or only slightly indented; dorsal horns dis- GLINGELY? LOR CC oe ee eo ee ne ee een Tet 10. Abdomen a short and broad triangle; dorsal horns cylindrical and standing out laterally at right angles to the body axis (9 mm.)
tenuis (Wilson), 1916. 10. Abdomen long and plumply conical; dorsal horns flattened dorso-ventrally and curved forward in front of the head and parallel to the body axis
&
i
=
as
nN Neeag
=
9
(Gite oO} minis) ee ee ee ee ee eee variabilis (Wilson), 1916. 11. Abdomen short and inclined to body axis; egg cases broadly elliptical; ventral horns mere knobs (14 mm.) —-~-------- barnimiit (Hartmann), 1870.
1 Average total length of species. 2Named and described in the monograph mentioned under remarks, p. 37.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON,. 39
11. Abdomen short and inclined to body axis; egg cases narrow and elongate- eylindrical; ventral horns half the length of the dorsal (22.50 mm.)
cyprinacea (Linnaeus), 1758,
11. Abdomen long and parallel with body axis; ventral horns very short and
slender spikes? (10mn)2ases==—————o—— temnocephala (Cunnington), 1914.
As would naturally be inferred a great many species that were originally ascribed to this genus have subsequently been trans- ferred to other genera. These may be most easily recorded in the form of a table giving first the original species of the genus, then the author, and finally the present genus and species. It will be noted that some of the transferences are not merely from one genus to another, but also into a new family, which may be not even very closely related to the Lernaeidae.
Species, Author. Present genus. Present species. adunca....... Bae. ISteoms 17604. ee oe cei) Clavella: 2-3 n2e0.4 uncinata, WUOMOIE. -..<2.25 00% Abildgaard, 1794...... Clavellas 22 << aie anomala, SPT Se osc. Linnaeus, 1761......-.| Medesicaste......- asellinum, PUTNOS0 soc outs s a'sics La Martiniére, 1787..... Pennella......-- Silosa. CLUE. oo wee a's Mibllers iO ccne es cee Peniculus........| clavatus. COLTLUL te Ne ce ee MouitllersiviGaee cosets. Chondracanthus...| cornutus, cyclophora........-- Blainville, 18222: [<3 Lernaeentcus.....-| sprattae. cyclopterina........ IMillerehi7Ge cee cece Haemobaphes....- cyclopterina, GAUNONNT. « s)5)5 s:cin'e Retzius, 1832. .:.).1.'. .- Charopinus....-- dalmanni. QUOdON Sse ao oe OkenWiSlG2 carousels sate Me eCRNell a= ~.c).rars=' diodonltis. elongata. 22. 55 oss Grant, 1827. nai. cis ow oe} y LETNACOPOdGs. =< = elongata. encrasicholi........- Turton; 1807s ceive cece << Lernacenicus....--| encrasicholt, ELOCOC Us .-) cis a's e- Holtem 18023 sn ieee: Ennell@ereie sieee exocoett. guawie 3 Sess. ME er 16a Socks Lernaeocera....-- branchialis,
DiNres Woe os 4ss| Mullen 776. 3h sncaas ec Di06U8 i <.0 1-45 2~ <=) gobinus.
emirhamphi.....-. FOVer1SGas 56.0.0) 2 Lernaeolophus....| hemirhampht, RUCKONIG PIs 258. Schrank A7iSGiescce coe Basanistes......-- huchonis. LADO ee oats sn) Pabricigs, 1794.5 £:5,.s- 0) Ergastlus.,.j.% sis sieboldii. WEIS a ct.c oe || BIAINVINE. 1022. c.c's « wel LF ENNEUM as wo on | sagilta. MLETIUCEW lca ieees||) LLOltEN, US022 sac cette Chondracanthus...| merluccit, HL OUGSIPN tie ees ieee | SLUILEDS 177105. 5 cestew eyes Chondracanthus...| nodosus. MHPEIOTAG 0) a's 4:5 6.65 Ciivier) 18302..5 sf fo228 Lernaeenicus.....| sprattae WEClOTAlG = 2 .\'2 65 <= MMIIGE, UT7G6. 2 .:c cece = Lepeophtheirus. ..| pectoralis, pinnarum......-- Fabricius, 17 79, a:<cpns etal OC MAUELIO Sam sale case uncinala, LOU Gs lesen: s <12/0 Miller eli(diee > orcs Chondracanthus...| radiatus. Balmoned......--..- INMAeUS, iOle estes Salmincola....... salmonea, BUA Mee) e = [1a Sowerby, 1806.......... Lernacenicus....-- sprattae, tentaculis quatuor...| Linnaeus, 1746........ Lernaed.< cn~ ines cyprinacea, RETEE ERIC a eo e's | LLICE L1G, sein deta ciate Clinelleren: acces uncinata.
In addition to the above species, which can be located with reason- able certainty, there are also others which have never been described with suflicient accuracy to enable one to locate them with any cer- tainty, nor even with any probability.
LERNAEA BASTERI Blainville, 1822, p. 437.
“The body is white and divided into two parts by a constriction; the abdomen is very large and oval; the cephalic enlargement is globular; the mouth is inferior and provided with a double pair of
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vob. 53.
hooks, by means of which the animal fastens itself. I know this spe- cies only through Baster, who observed that this animal bore consid- erable resemblance to that figured by Gissler. (Acta Holmiae, 1751, p. 90; pl. 6, figs. 1-5.)”
This is the only description ever given, and while it shows that the creature can not belong to the genus Lernaea, it does not tell us where it can be placed.
LERNAEA GADUS-MINUTUS Hesse, 1891, p. 191.
In the text Hesse spoke of this “ Lernée du Gade petit” as though it were a new species, but in the explanation of the plate (pl. 7, figs. 1-9) he distinctly called it the larva of “ Lernaea branchialis du Gade petit,” which seems to be what it really was.
LERNAEA LOTAE Hermann, 1783.
Oken in 1816 separated the genus Schisturus, in which the body was soft, from the genus Zernaea, in which it was covered with a horny skin. He placed the species Zofae in this new genus and gave for it the following description: “ Vier ungleiche Eierschniire, am Mund zwei Hikschen.”
This was probably some genus that possessed paired posterior processes, since none of the copepod parasites have four egg strings. At all events it was not a Lernaean.
LERNAEA MULTICORNIS Cavier, 1830, p. 256.
“T] y en a une a cornes petites, inegales et tres nombreuses (L. mul- ticornis, Cuv.) sur les ouies d’un serran des Indes.” This has never been seen or mentioned by any other author, and its attachment to the eye renders it highly improbable that it belongs to the genus Lernaea.
Genus LEPTOTRACHELUS Brian.
Silvestria Brian, Atti del Soe. Ligustica di Scienze, vol. 13, 1903, 6 pp. fe tect he. Leptotrachclus Brian, Zool. Anz., vol. 26, 1903, p. 547.
External generic characters of female-—Cephalothorax with two or three soft, cushionlike protuberances or horns, varying in size and shape; head considerably swollen; neck long, straight, and slender, or sometimes bent into a U-shape, covered anteriorly with a cutaneous sheath, monilliform posteriorly; trunk abruptly enlarged. subcylindrical, thickest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, with nu- merous transverse wrinkles but without a pregenital prominence, straight or slightly curved; no abdomen; egg strings, antennae, mouth parts, and swimming legs unknown; male also unknown.
—
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 41
Type of the genus.—Leptotrachelus truchae Brian, monotypic.
(Leptotrachelus, \errés, slender and rpaxndos, neck.)
Remarks.—Brian established this odd genus upon several speci- mens sent to him by the Italian investigator, Filippo Silvestri, and obtained from “ Percichtys trucha,” taken in the Santa Cruz River, Patagonia. He first named the genus Si/vestria, but this name being preoccupied he changed it to Leptotrachelus. It apparently bears more resemblance to the Lernaeinae than to the other subfamilies, and, as it came from fresh water, we may leave it here until further data are obtained.
Genus THERODAMAS KErfgyer.
Therodamas Kr¢éyER, Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene, 1863, p. 316, pl. 15, fig. 4, a—f.
External generic characters of female—Body divided into two parts, the anterior one resembling a slender neck ending in a swollen spherical head, the posterior one considerably wider, distinctly seg- mented, and tapering backwards. Anterior portion really a median dorsal process, but carrying on its swollen tip a pair of stout uncinate second antennae. First segment of the posterior portion the true head, bearing the proboscis and mouth-parts on its ventral surface. First, second, third, and fourth thorax segments the same width as the head and each bearing a pair of swimming legs. Genital segment strongly tapered posteriorly; abdomen short and deeply parted in the center; anal laminae small and armed with stout setae; egg strings spindle-shaped; eggs small, multiseriate, and not definitely arranged. First antennae unknown; second pair stout and uncinate; proboscis short and blunt; one pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae, no maxillipeds; swimming legs well separated, all four pairs biramose, rami 3-jointed and armed with plumose setae.
Type of the genus.—Therodamas serranit Kr¢yer, monotypic.
(Therodamas, O<gosdpag, a Scythian king who fed lions with human flesh.)
Remarks.—Kr¢yer obtained a goodly number of adult females from the gills of a species of Serranus in the Danish West Indies. The present author searched long and carefully for this odd genus upon various genera and species of the groupers at Jamaica in 1910, but without success.
The chief peculiarity of the genus is the curious median and dorsal prolongation of the head, which looks exactly like a slender neck, and to complete the resemblance its anterior end is enlarged like a head and carries on its dorsal anterior margin a pair of uncinate second antennae like those of the other Lernaean genera. The first antennae are apparently lacking, but possibly Krgyer overlooked
492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOU. 53.
them. The mouth being on the ventral surface of the first segment of the part posterior to this apparent neck shows that it is not a neck at all and that the swollen anterior end of it is not a head. But in spite of such an anomalous arrangement this genus admirably sup- plements the others in the family. In most of the genera (Lernaeo- cera, Pennella) the excessive elongation of the body of the adult fe- male takes place in the fifth and genital segments, the first four thorax segments having no share in it. In Peniculus the third and fourth segments are elongated a little but not nearly as much as the fifth and sixth segments. In Lernaca all the thorax segments share in the elongation, the posterior ones more than the anterior. And here in Zherodamas also all the thorax segments share in the elon- gation, but the anterior ones are elongated more than the posterior, and the head, which in other genera has only sent out lateral and dorsal processes, is here elongated anteriorly. The wide separation of the swimming legs and the multiseriate, sack-like egg strings place the genus in the subfamily of the Lernaeinae.
LERNAEENICINAE, new subfamily.
Subfamily characters of female—Cephalothorax armed with hard chitin horns, more or less profusely branched, or with soft cushion- like lateral processes, or with branched frontal processes, sometimes two of these combined; neck cylindrical and usually very slender and chitinous; trunk straight, without a sigmoid curve; genital seg- ment enlarged but destitute of a pregenital prominence; egg strings long and thregd-like; neither in coils nor spirals, eggs uniseriate. Two pairs of antennae, the second pair chelate; mandibles in the form of straight spines; one or two pairs of maxillae; no manillipeds; first two pairs of swimming legs close together just behind the head, ons or two other pairs at short intervals.
Subfamily characters of male (genus Sarcotretes).—Body like that of Cyclops, composed of a cephalothorax covered with a cara- pace and furnished anteriorly with a stout attachment filament; three free thorax segments, and a fused, one-jointed, genital seg- ment and abdomen; anal laminae rather small, each armed with four or five tiny setae of varying length. Antennae and mouth parts like those of the female with the addition of the rudiments of a pair of maxillipeds; two pairs of biramose swimming legs with two- jointed rami, a third pair uniramose, rami also two-jointed.
Parasites of salt-water fish exclusively.
Ontogeny of genus Sarcotretes—The genital protoplasm in the posterior end of the ovary gradually forms into egg mother-cells and these into egg daughter-cells, which are uniformly distributed throughout the anterior half of the ovary without forming filaments.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 43
Each egg daughter-cell as it passes into the oviduct accumulates yolk and food material and becomes a mature egg. In the oviduct these eggs are strongly flattened antero-posteriorly and packed together like a row of coins. The cement glands are entirely separate from the oviducts and open into the latter close to the vulvae, covering each egg with an external membrane just before it passes out into the egg strings. Here the eggs are again packed like a row of coins, but are now separated by the membranes. The nauplius and metanauplius stages have not been seen, but in all probability are passed as free-swimming larvae in the plankton.
In the genus Sarcotretes the first copepodid larvae sought as a temporary host the same fish to which the fertilized female afterwards fastened as a permanent host. But these copepodid larvae fasten not to the gills but to the fins of the fish by means of their strong che- late second antennae. At the close of this stage the larva fastens itself to the fish by firmly cementing to the fish’s skin the terminal disk of a stout frontal fila- ment developed in the an- terior part of the cephalo- assure ditdaa! ert Saacomene pete thorax, and remains thus = Arrer JuNcERsEN: acTUAL LENGTH OF FEMALE, attached during the subse- 7™™ quent copepodid stages. These stages are called pupal, because during them the antennae, mouth parts, and swimming legs all lose their distinct segmentation and often their setae and become swollen and clumsy. The reproductive organs, however. are developed so that at the close of the last pupal stage, when the appendages are re- stored to their former condition, the young males and females shed their frontal filaments and swim about again freely in the plankton where fertilization occurs. After fertilization the males die and the females seek again the same species of fish for their final host, fastening to its skin by the chelate second antennae. They then bur-
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. 53.
row into the tissues of the host by means of the antennae and the mouth parts and finally reach the intestines, where they are per- manently anchored by the outgrowth of processes or horns from the sides of the cephalothorax.
Genus PENICULUS Nordmann.
Peniculus NorpMANN, Mikrographische Beitriige, 1832, p. 107, pl. 6, figs. 8 to 14.
E'xternal generic characters of female—Cephalothorax distinctly separated from the rest of the body, elliptical, flattened dorso-ven- trally, covered with a carapace which often shows lateral lobes, and destitute of horns or processes; neck composed of second and third thorax segments, much narrowed, flattened dorso-ventrally, and chitinized ; fourth segment more or less spherical and much widened; trunk composed of the fifth and genital segments fused and a minute abdomen; egg strings slender and much longer than the trunk; eggs unisecriate. Second antennae strongly chelate; eye tri- partite and deeply buried; probosis long, conical, and retractile; two pairs of maxillae; second pair uncinate.
Internal generic characters of female—KEsophagus strongly in- clined to the body axis; stomach only slightly enlarged and without convolutions; intestine straight, much wider than the stomach, dorsal and abruptly contracted into a very short rectum (fig. 14); well-defined supra and infra esophageal ganglia with distinguish- able nerves; ovaries dorsal to the intestine and near the anterior end of the trunk; oviducts passing from the anterior ends of the ovaries around the intestine to the ventral surface and straight back to the vulvae; oviducts long and comparatively narrow; cement glands close together and ventral to the oviducts, the glandular portion as wide as, or wider than, the oviducts and usually distinctly seg- mented, the ducts sometimes parallel, sometimes convergent pos- teriorly and opening into the oviducts near the vulvae; paired digestive glands on either side of the esophagus and anterior stom- ach; paired excretory glands on the ventral surface of the fourth thorax segment.
Genus habitat.—This genus does not burrow into the tissues of its host, but is always found upon the fins, usually the dorsal fins. It fastens itself to the bone of one of the fin rays by means of its second antennae, and the chelae of these antennae are usually so covered with osseus tissues whose growth is induced by the irritation, that it is impossible to separate them from the ray.
Type of the genus.—Peniculus fistula Nordmann, monotypic.
(Peniculus, the name of a parasite in Plautus.)
Remarks.—This genus was established and meagerly described by Nordmann but was not definitely located. Milne Edwards placed it
xo. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 45
in the Chondracanthidae, while Claus (1858) was the first to recog- nize itasa Lernaean. Krgyer (1863) added two new species, clavatus and furcatus, having only a single specimen of the latter, and Nord- mann in 1864 added the new species calamus, which was not figured and has never been seen by any investigator since, but whose descrip- tion and size are sufficient to warrant its validity.
Claus in 1868 described in much greater detail Nordmann’s type | species and the present author did the same for Krgyer’s species furcatus in 1906, still retaining it in the genus and among the Lernaeidae. But after the present detailed study of this family and especially of their internal anatomy the species furcatus can no longer be kept in the genus, and there are many good reasons for transferring it to another family. Chief among these reasons are the following:
1. While the second and third thorax segments are narrower than the carapace there is no formation of a definite chitinized neck.
2. The fourth thorax segment is indistinguishably fused with the fifth and genital segments, the only indication of its presence being a pair of fourth legs on the ventral surface of the trunk.
3. The trunk is much too short and too strongly flattened dorso- ventrally for a Lernaean; it has large posterior processes, as long as itself, into which the body cavity extends; it has a distinct abdo- men, also strongly flattened dorso-ventrally, and also with posterior processes into which the body cavity extends.
4, The second antennae are distinctly ventral and are not chelate, there is no retractile proboscis, and all four pairs of legs are biramose with one-jointed rami.
5. The ovaries extend forward nearly to the anterior end of the - fourth thorax segment; the eggs in the oviducts are more or less spherical and not packed like a row of coins; the egg strings are very short and stout and there are only 10 or 15 eggs in each string.
Such cumulative differences necessitate the separation of this species from the others in the present genus and the new name Peniculisa furcata is proposed for it. Furthermore, the majority of these differences are just as effective for separating it from the Lernaeidae, and as they all correspond with the characters of the Dichelestiidae the present author would transfer the species to that family.
This leaves in the genus Peniculus three species already described, to which is here added a fourth that is new to science.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Trunk short, twice as long as wide; proboscis also short and slender; second antennae enlarged into disks at the tips (5 mm.)* calamus Nordmann, 1864.
A Average total length of species.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 53.
1. Trunk three and a half times as long as wide; proboscis long and stout;
fourth segment two-thirds as wide as the trunk (9 mm.) clavatus Kr¢yer, 1863, p. 46.
1. Trunk five times as long as wide; proboscis short and slender; fourth seg- ment less than half the width of the trunk (9mm.) jistula Nordmann, 1824. 1, Trunk seven times as long as wide; proboscis short and stout; fourth seg-
ment only slightly narrower than the trunk (6.25 mm.) Jissipes, new species, p. 47.
PENICULUS CLAVATUS (Miller). Plate 1, figs. 1-7.
Peniculus clavatus Kréyer, Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene, 1863, p. 266, pl. 14, fig. 8, a-g. Lerinaeca clavata MULLER, Zoologia Danica, 1779, p. 38, pl. 33, fig. 1.
Ilost and record of specimens.—Eleven specimens were obtained from the fins of Sebastes marinus by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Speedwell during the summer of 1878 at stations 138, 184, and 198 off Cape Ann, Massachusetts. These 3 lots have received respectively Cat. Nos. 47782, 88028, and 47781, U.S.N.M.
A single female was taken from the dorsal fin of the same host off Salem, Massachusetts, in August, 1877, and has been given Cat. No. 47783, U.S.N.M..
Specific characters of female—Cephalothorax subspherical, as wide as long, a little pointed anteriorly where it forms a bluntly rounded rostrum, to whose lateral margins are attached the first wntennae, and to whose anterior margin are attached the larger chelate second antennae; no horns er processes of any description; ventral surface circular in outline and deeply concave, the long pro- boscis being attached to the bottom of the depression.
The second and third thorax segments form a slender neck, flat- tened dorso-ventrally, chitinized, somewhat enlarged through the bases of the third legs, and bent forward at an angle of 45° just in front of the enlargement.
Fourth segment two-thirds the width of the trunk, from which it is separated by a deep groove; the fourth legs are attached to its posterior margin. The trunk is cylindrical, three and a half times as long as wide, of the same diameter throughout, and abruptly rounded posteriorly. The abdomen is a minute tubercle close to the dorsal surface, but showing distinct anal laminae, each of which is armed with three long setae and two shorter ones. The egg strings are one-fourth the width of the trunk and nearly twice the length of the entire body.
The first antennae are turned backward along the lateral margins of the cephalothorax; they are three-jointed, the basal joint the shortest, the second joint the longest, the two terminal joints well armed with setae. The second antennae are stout and unguiculate,
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 47
with their basal joints large, considerably inflated, and fused only at their origin, while the terminal claws are stout, strongly curved, and folded downward and inward against the basal joints and toward each other.
The proboscis is as long as the neck and of medium diameter, some- what narrowed at the tip with an intricate supply of muscles for retraction and protrusion. The mouth opening is terminal and cir- cular and is surrounded by a delicate fringed membrane. The first maxillae are minute and one-jointed, tipped with a small seta and situated on the sides of the proboscis just at the base of the terminal narrowing. The second pair are also on the sides of the proboscis, posterior and ventral to the first pair; they are slender and two- jointed, the terminal joint half the length of the basal and tipped with a short curved claw. Only the basal plates are present in the four pairs of legs, the rami having disappeared; these plates are notched on the outer margin near the distal end.
Total length, 9 mm. Trunk, 7.50 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Egg strings, 17 mm. long, 0.50 mm. wide.
Color (preserved material). Head and neck a grayish yellow, trunk a dark cinnamon brown, egg strips a hghter brown.
(clavatus, club-shaped.)
Remarks.—This species was originally described by Miiller and re- ferred to the genus Zernaea, but when Krgyer rediscovered it he recognized at once that it did not belong to that genus but to Nord- mann’s Peniculus.
Claus suggested (1868, p. 12) that Kr¢yer’s clavatus and Nord- mann’s fistula were the same species, but the present description and figures make it certain that the two species are distinct. The general body proportions are very different, as can be seen from the key (p. 46), especially the length of the proboscis and trunk, the width of the fourth segment, and the relative size of the abdomen. These differences are carried still farther in the details of the appendages, none of which correspond with those given by Claus for fistula.
Claus recorded that the first antennae were broken on all the specimers at his disposal, but fortunately they were present on several of the present specimens and are given in detail in figure 3.
As distinctive characters in the internal anatomy of this species we may notice the comparatively narrow oviducts and wide cement glands, the glandular portion of the latter being actually wider than the oviducts and distinctly segmented. The ovaries also are short and broadly ovate or heart-shaped.
PENICULUS FISSIPES, new species. Plate 2, figs. S-14. Tost and specimens.—Seven females were obtained from the fins of an unknown fish by the United States Bureau of Fisheries
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
steamer Albatross at Laredo Bay, in the Straits of Magellan, Janu- ary 22, 1888. These have received Cat. No. 47784, U.S.N.M, and become paratypes of the new species; from them a single female was selected to serve as the species type with Cat. No. 47785, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female-—Cephalothorax elliptical, a little less than twice as long as wide and flattened dorso-ventrally, with a well-defined lateral lobe on either side at the posterior end; ros- trum short and wide and broadly rounded; tripartite eye large and so deeply buried as to be nearer the ventral than the dorsal surface. Neck comparatively wide and bent ventrally at an angle of 45°; third thorax segment elongated, but not much widened posteriorly; fourth segment relatively long and nearly as wide as the trunk, from which it is separated by a deep groove.
Trunk narrow-cylindrical and seven times as long as wide, squarely truncated posteriorly; abdomen hemispherical and half the diame- ter of the trunk, with well-defined anal laminae, each armed with three long plumose setae and two smaller, non-plumose ones; egg strings one-third the diameter of the trunk and two-thirds longer than the entire body, with narrow masses of cement substance at their tips.
First antennae slender and three-jointed, basal joint the shortest, the other two about equal and well armed with setae; second antennae with a stout basal joint and a short and strongly curved terminal claw; proboscis short and wide, mouth opening large, circular, and terminal, surrounded by a narrow stiff rim; first maxillae minute, one-jointed, tipped with two tiny setae and fastened to the lateral wall of the proboscis; second maxillae comparatively large, basal joint long and stout and armed with a short spine on the posterior margin near the center, second joint half as long and tipped with a short curved claw; the distal end of the basal joint and the proximal end of the second joint are tapered so that the appendage is narrowed at the joint. The basal laminae of the first three pairs of swimming legs are rounded triangular, with a narrow sinus on the inner mar- gin near the base, each one split diagonally from the apex of the triangle to the base of this sinus. The fourth pair has a knob in place of the sinus and the split extends only to the center of the lamina.
Total length, 6.25 mm. Length of trunk, 5.12 mm.; width, 0.75 mm. Length of egg strings, 10.50 mm.; width, 0.25 mm.
Color (preserved material), a uniform light yellow, the carapace and swimming legs with spots of dark brown pigment more or less symmetrically arranged.
(fissipes, fissus, cleft and pes, foot, alluding to the diagonal split in the basal Jaminae of the swimming legs.)
Type.—Female, Cat. No. 47785, U.S.N.M.
xo. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 49
Remarks.—It is unfortunate that the name of the host of this in- teresting species was not known or at least was not recorded. Its chief external distinguishing characters are the long and narrow trunk, the long and wide fourth thorax segment, and the split basal plates of the legs. In the internal anatomy especial attention is called to the exceptionally long ovaries, which are conical, extend nearly the entire length of the trunk, and taper to a sharp point pos- teriorly. The oviducts are a little wider than the ovaries and also a little longer, since they extend to the vulvae. The glandular por- tion of the cement glands is relatively short and very indistinctly - seemented, the ducts are longer than the glandular portion and straight. The intestine is comparatively narrow.
Genus PERODERMA Heller.
Peroderma HEttrer, Reise der Fregatte Novara, 1865, p. 250. Taphrobia Cornatta, Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, voL 18, 1875, pt. 2, pp. 197-200.
External generic characters of female—Cephalothorax globular, without horns but with a dense tuft of ramifying tubules on the frontal margin of the head; the bases of these tubules are swollen into flasks and their tips are somewhat tumid; neck cylindrical, join- ing the trunk at right angles about one-third the distance from its an- terior end; trunk an elongated ovoid, narrowing posteriorly; egg strings attached to the posterior end and four times the length of the trunk, slender and straight; eggs numerous, uniseriate, and tightly packed like a row of coins; no abdomen.
First antennae three-jointed, setiferous; second antennae two- jointed, chelate; proboscis short and conical, inclosing a pair of mandibles; two pairs of maxillae, the second pair tipp2d with stout claws; three pairs of swimming legs, first two pairs close together and biramose, third pair removed some distance and uniramose, all the rami two-jointed and bearing plumose setae (adapted from Richi- erdi, 1876).
Internal generic characters of female.—No exact description can be given through lack of material, but from the analogy of the new genus Collipravus (p. 78) it is certain that the insertion of the neck into the side of the trunk instead of at the anterior end profoundly modifies the arrangement of the generative organs and the digestive tube. And hence the internal morphology, when obtained, will differ mark- edly from that of Lernacenicus, Sarcotretes, and Cardiodectes. But since the neck is inserted in the center (laterally) of the trunk and at right angles to its axis it does not seem probable that there will be any disturbance of the bilateral symmetry, as there is in Collipravus and Phrixocephalus.
77403—Proc.N.M.vol.53—17——4
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53
Genus habitat.—This genus burrows into the lateral muscles of its host and penetrates to the vertebral column; the tubular cephalic processes adhere to the vertebrae, pass through the apertures in the lateral hypophyses, and finally reach the peritoneum.
Type of the genus.—Peroderma cylindricum Heller, monotypic.
(Peroderma, veipw, to pierce, and égy.a, the skin.)
Remarks.—The distinctions which separate this genus from Ler- maeenicus and Cardiodectes are given elsewhere (p. 51). Richiardi, from whose description and figures the above genus diagnosis is taken, afterward (1881) briefly described a second species, peters?, and a year later a third species, bellottii, for neither of which were any figures given. This third species, again described and figured by Jungersen in 1911, is here referred to the new genus Cardiodectes (p. 52).
With reference to the species petersi Richiardi said that it dif- fered from cylindricum in the greater development of the cephalo- thorax, in the larger number of tubular cylindrical appendages, dis- posed regularly in tufts, in the fact that the neck was straplike instead of cylindrical, in the subterminal insertion of the neck in the trunk, in the curvature of the trunk, and in the fact that the egg strings were four in number instead of two, were coiled into a tight spiral, and were separated a little distance from one another. What- ever may have been the form which he thus described, it is reason- ably certain that it did not belong to the genus Peroderma.
The species branchiata proposed by Bassett-Smith? was not de- scribed in sufficient detail to warrant its separation from cylindricum, and it can not be established as a valid species until such distin- guishing characters are forthcoming.
Thus we are left with only the original type species.
CARDIODECTES, new genus.
External generic characters of female.—Cephalothorax ellipsoidal, with a tripartite eye at the anterior end over the base of the esophagus and not very deeply buried; entire anterior portion covered with dichotomously branched processes, subcorneous in texture, which ra- diate chiefly from a pair of anterior horns and which form a spherical mass nearly equal in diameter to the trunk; horns continued along the lateral margins; neck hardened but remaining one-third the diameter of the trunk, bent twice at right angles, first backward at the base of the cephalothorax, then forward at about the center; trunk cylin- drical and straight; abdomen hemispherical and dorsal, with a pair of minute anal laminae; egg strings long and straight, eggs tightly packed. Two pairs of minute antennae, second pair chelate; one pair of tiny maxillae; four pairs of swimming legs, first two pairs
2 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 1, 1898, p. 13.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 51
close together and biramose, third pair removed a little distance and uniramose, fourth pair still farther back and destitute of rami; all the rami present are two-jointed and heavily armed with setae.
Internal generic characters of female.-—Ksophagus at right angles to the axis of the cephalothorax; stomach without convolutions; intestine passing to the dorsal surface of the trunk; rectum short and inclined toward the dorsal surface; ovaries situated near the anterior end of the trunk, dorsal to the intestine; oviducts straight and flattened laterally; cement glands straight, narrow, and paral- Jel, glandular portion shorter than the ducts; chitinogen layer of body wall especially well developed in the anterior thorax and neck, where the outer layer shows numerous pore canals.
Genus habitat—This genus penetrates from the outer surface of the isthmus of the host through the intervening tissues and buries its head with the anterior processes in the bulbus arteriosus of the fish’s heart.
Type of the genus.—Cardiodectes medusaeus (Wilson), first species.
(Cardiodectes, xapéia, the heart, and dyxz4s, a biter or torturer.)
Remarks.—This new genus is established to include the species originally described by the present author as Lernacenicus medusaeus in 1909, and noted by Brian in 1912, and a species described by Richiardi in 1882 as Peroderma bellotti and noted by Jungersen in 1911.
For the original description of medusacus there was but a single specimen available, and it could not be injured. Hence, investiga- tion was confined to what could be seen from the outside without removing the branched processes. In the present instance these processes were removed and the cephalothorax was cleaned of every- thing except the lateral horns. In this way the antennae and mouth parts were laid bare.
This genus differs from Zernacenicus in that it has these processes in place of hard chitin horns, it shows no body torsion, the proboscis is not extensile, and there are but three pairs of legs with rami in- stead of four.
The two species mentioned above do not belong to the genus Peroderma, as suggested by Jungersen, first because that genus does not possess the soft and laminate lateral horns, which here appear behind the processes. Again, in Peroderma the processes are tubu- lar, and their interior communicates with the general body cavity; they also cover the entire head and conceal the antennae and mouth _parts. Here they are solid and the swimming legs and antennae are ~ left free.
- In Peroderma the neck is at right angles to the trunk and opens out of the side of the latter, as in the new genus Collipravus, but
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 53.
here the neck is a continuation of the trunk in line with the body axis, as in Lernaeenicus.
This must produce a great difference in the internal anatomy and alone is sufficient to distinguish the genera. The swimming legs are smaller and less developed in the present genus, and only the cepla- lothorax is buried in the bulbus arteriosus of the fish’s heart, while in Peroderma the entire body is buried in the lateral muscles of the host, leaving only the egg strings hanging free, and the tubular cephalic processes adhere to the vertebral column. The species may be distinguished as follows:
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Egg strings much longer than the body; soft lateral horns entirely confined to
Cepblothonan ee se eee oe medusaeus (Wilson), 1908, p. 52. Eggs strings only a quarter the length of the body; lamellar wings on the thorns AsO. 2) = 2 oe ae ae bellottii (Richiardi), 1882, p. 5d.
CARDIODECTES MEDUSAEUS (Wilson).
Plate 3, figs. 15-23.
Lernaeenicus medusaeus Witson, 1908, p. 458, pl. 76, figs. 99 and 100.— Brian, 1912, p. 27, pl. 10, figs. 1-5.
Host and record of specimens.—Two females were obtained from the throat of Nannobrachium leucopsarum on the Pacific coast at stations 4434 and 4541 by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in 1904.
One has received Cat. No. 47786, U.S.N.M., while the other was sacrificed to obtain the data given below. Toth specimens, as also the one obtained in 1908, were fastened to the throat of their host, with the head and frontal processes buried in the bulbus arteriosus of the heart, the body turned back at right angles outside the fish’s skin, with the ventral side of the parasite toward its host. Naturally there would be but a single specimen on each fish, since there would be no room for a second parasite’s head within the fish’s heart. A third specimen was obtained by the Bureau of Fisheries’ steamer Albatross at Misaki, Japan, in the throat of Diaphus glanduliferus. As the host is small the two have been preserved together with Cat. No. 47823, U.S.N.M.
Specifie characters of female——Cephalothorax ellipsoidal, nearly as wide as long and evenly rounded; a pair of soft horns extending forward from the anterior margin and a second pair extending out- ward and ventrally from the postero-lateral margin, the bases of the two pairs running together along the sides of the head. The posterior pair are divided into lobes, more or less swollen into spheres, while the anterior pair are strongly flattened dorso-ven- trally, and from them chiefly, but also to some extent from the ante-
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 53
rior surface of the head, radiate the dichotomously branched soft processes, whose tips are tumid and swollen into spheres.
These processes radiate backward along the surface of the head as well as forward and sidewise, and entirely cover the anterior cepha- lothorax, extending back dorsally to the second antennae and ven- trally to the base of the posterior horns. They thus form an ovoid mass (fig. 16), the point of the oval anterior and the long axis in- clined to the axis of the head.
Anterior thorax enlarged and bent dorsally at right angles to the
head, then narrowed posterior to the fourth pair of legs into a cylin- (lrical and chitinized neck, which is again bent at right angles, this time ventrally, bringing the axis of the trunk parallel to that of the head. ’ Trunk cylindrical, increasing gradually to its full diameter and then continuing that size throughout its entire length, with a slight lobe on either side around the vulva. Abdomen hemispherical, in- clined dorsally, and about one-third the diameter of the genital seg- ment and one-half longer than wide. Ege strings one-fourth the diameter of the trunk and one-half longer than the entire body.
First antennae two-jointed, the terminal joints well armed with setae and turned outward and downward parallel with the dorsal surface of the head and at right angles to the head axis. Between the bases of these antennae and projecting from the dorsal surface is a small rostrum. Second antennae three-jointed, thickset, and chelate. Proboscis turned down ventrally between the bases of the anterior horns and consisting of a short tube somewhat enlarged at the tip and nonretractile, judging by the lack of muscles. Dorsal to the base of the proboscis and anterior to the end of the stomach is a well-defined tripartite eye, which is not very deeply buried. On either side of the proboscis near the tip is a minute two-jointed maxilla, the terminal joint tipped with a short claw.
Of the four pairs of swimming legs the first two are close together and just behind the bases of the posterior horns of the head, the third pair is removed a greater distance and is attached in front of the groove between the third and fourth segments, while the fourth pair is at a still greater distance and just in front of the beginning of the neck. Each leg consists of a triangular basal joint joined to its fellow by a chitin framework across the midline; each leg of the first two pairs has two short rami, the third leg has but one, while the fourth leg has none; the rami are indistinctly two-jointed and rather heavily armed with setae.
None of the chitin fragments of the sterna can be seen between the base of the legs, as noted in @. bellottii by Jungersen (1911, p. 13), and no furca or longitudinal ribs similar to those found in Peroderma by Richiardi.
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou, 53.
Total length, not accounting for curves, 8 mm. Length of head, including processes and horns, 2.50 mm. Length of trunk, 7 mm.; diameter, 1.30 mm. Length of egg strings, 14 mm.
Color (preserved material), a uniform light yellow.
(medusaeus, medusa-like, alluding to the anterior processes. )
Internal anatomy.—The chitinogen layer of the body wall is somewhat thickened in the second, third, and fourth thorax seg- ments, and also in the anterior end of the fifth segment. While there are no definite skin glands as in Sarcotretes, there are many large conical or funnel-shaped pores through the outer chitin layer in these regions, which communicate with the chitinogen cells and may well serve as excretory ducts (fig. 21).
Esophagus inclined ventrally to the axis of the head and opening into a stomach which is somewhat unsymmetrical as can be seen from figure 19, which has no convolutions, and which sends out no lateral processes. The ovaries are comparatively short and narrow, while the oviducts are very wide, filling nearly the whole cavity of the trunk (fig. 15).
The cement glands do not reach the anterior end of the oviducts, and are somewhat flattened dorsoventrally between the latter and the body wall, while the oviducts are a little flattened laterally.
Remarks.—This description is intended to supplement and in a few particulars to correct the one previously given. The former specimen was evidently injured on removing it from the fish. These two specimens were sent still attached to their host and were re- moved uninjured.
The characters which distinguish the species from Richiardi’s bellottii are in the position and arrangement of the frontal processes and the posterior soft horns. In dcllottii the frontal processes ex- tend backward on the ventral surface a considerable distance be- yond the base of the head and the soft posterior horns, while there is an additional pair of laminate processes or wings on the sides of the second thorax segment, as Richiardi stated.
In medusaeus the frontal processes only extend to the anterior margin of the posterior horns, the latter are distinctly on the cephalo- thorax, and there is nothing on the sides of the second thorax seg- ment (fig. 18).
Moreover, in medusaeus there are no vestigial second maxillae an- terior to the first legs, as noted by Jungersen for bellotti.t
The species found by Brian on A/yctophum affine and referred to medusacus appears to be correctly located, as will be seen by com- paring his plate 10, figure 5, with plate 3, figure 15, of the present paper.
1 Vidensk Meddel, fra den Naturh. Foren., vol. 64, 1911, p. 13, fig. 1, text, pl. 2, fig. 27.
| no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—\W'ILSON. 55 | CARDIODECTES BELLOTTII (Richiardi). |
Plate 21, figs. 161 and 162,
Peroderma bellottii Ricurarpi, Atti della Soe. Tose. Processi Verbali, vol.
8, 1882, p. 149. Peroderma bellottii JUNGERSEN, Vid. Medd. fra den Naturh. Foren., Kigben-
havn, vol. G4, 1911, pp. 11 and 13.
Host and record of specimens.—Two specimens of Scopelus glaci- alis, each infested with a single parasite of this species, were kindly sent to the author by Prof. F. E. Jungersen. They were collected by the Danish steamer Z7'hor at the Straits of Gibraltar in 1910. One of the parasites was removed from its host, cleared, and mounted; the other, still attached to its host, has been placed in the United States National Museum, with Cat. No. 49701, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female.—Cephalothorax ellipsoidal, as wide as long, and smoothly rounded; soft horns on the anterior margin folded and turned inward toward each other; base of posterior horns extending across the second and onto the third thorax segment; each horn is flattened into a soft lamina, projecting ventrally, and somewhat enlarged at the tip; there is no division into lobes and no swollen spheres as in medusaeus.
Frontal processes longer than the others and projecting far in front of the head; those which radiate backward along the ventral surface of the head also project beyond the tips of the posterior soft horns; the entire mass of processes is thus an elongate ellipsoid, a little narrower anteriorly than posteriorly. The separate processes are considerably flattened, and are lobed and branched so that they closely resemble the fronds of the common seaweed Fucus.
The neck is bent twice as in medusacus, first dorsally posterior to the base of the soft horns, and again ventrally behind the fourth legs.
Trunk cylindrical or somewhat spindle-shaped, being widest at the center and narrowing toward the posterior end; no lobes at the bases of the egg strings; abdomen hemispherical and _ inclined dorsally, less than a quarter of the diameter of the genital segment; egg strings one half wider than the abdomen and a quarter of the length of the entire body.
First and second antennae similar to those of medusaeus; probos- cis somewhat larger, but apparently nonretractile; maxillae two- jointed and tipped with a small claw; maxillipeds rudimentary, consisting of a small basal joint tipped with a seta, and situated about halfway between the proboscis and the first swimming legs.
Four pairs of swimming legs, first two pairs biramose, rami two- jointed, third pair uniramose and two-jointed, fourth pair consist-
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
ing of only the basal joints, without rami or setae; first three pairs well armed with setae.
These legs are arranged like those of medusaeus, the first and second pairs close together, the second pair about opposite the cen- ter of the posterior soft horns, the third pair at a greater distance near the posterior margin of the third segment, the fourth pair at a still greater distance near the posterior end of the fourth seg- ment.
Scattered chitin fragments which probably represent the origi- nal thoracic sterna are found in the spaces between the legs.
Color (preserved material), a uniform light yellow.
Total length, not estimating the curves, 6 mm. Length of head, including processes and horns, 2 mm. Length of trunk, 5 mm.; di- ameter, 1.15 mm. Length of egg strings, 1.50 mm.
(bellottizz, to the Milanese ichthyologist, C. Bellotti.)
Internal anatomy.—tThe internal anatomy is very similar to that of medusaeus, with the following differences. The chitinogen layer is much thickened in the genital segment as well as in the anterior thorax segments. There are the same large conical or funnel-shaped pores in the outer skin, communicating with the inner chitinogen cells. The ovaries are somewhat longer and wider while the oviducts are not quite as wide, but the latter are still comparatively very wide and are flattened laterally like those in medusaeus. The cement glands are longer and reach in front of the anterior ends of the oviducts; they are cylindrical and are not flattened. These specific distinctions will supplement those already given under medusaeus, and may serve to establish the two species upon a more substantial basis.
Genus LERNAEENICUS Le Sueur.
Lernaca (part) Sowerby, TuRTON, BLAINVILLE, CUVIER, etc.
Lerneocera (part) BLAINVILLE, Journ. de Physique, vol. 95, 1822; Lerneocera surriraiis, third species, p. 376, a synonym for Lernacenicus sprattae.
Lerneaenicus (part) Le Sueur, Jotirn. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 3, 1824, p. 289. Type Lerneocera radiata Le Sueur, second species.
Lerneconema (part) Mirne Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, 1840, vol. 3, p. 524; L. monillaris, second species, p. 525, a synonym for Lernaeenicus sprattae.
Foroculum Wx. THompson, Cat. Museum College of Surgeons, 1843; Foro- culum sprattae, single species, a synonym of Lernacenicus sprattae.
Lerneaenicus Fow er, Report New Jersey State Museum for 1911 (1913), p. 87.
External generic characters of female—Head not separated from the thorax, in line with the body axis, or bent forward at right angles, with a deeply buried tripartite eye over the base of the esophagus; horns slender, cylindrical, chitinous, 2 to 10 in number, simple or branched; anterior thorax enlarged through the bases of the swim-
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 57
ming legs, then becoming filiform and chitinous, twisted and usually flexed; trunk cylindrical and straight; abdomen straight, narrower than trunk and of varying lengths; anal laminae minute and desti- tute of setae; egg strings filiform and very long, eggs uniseriate and strongly flattened. Two pairs of antennae, second pair chelate; proboscis Jarge and extensile; mandibles without teeth; one pair of maxillae, no maxillipeds; four pairs of swimming legs close together behind the head, first two pairs biramose, third and fourth pairs uniramose.
Internal generic characters of female-—Esophagus short, straight, and inclined to the body axis; stomach without lateral lobes but with one or two convolutions, passing insensibly into the intestine, which is very narrow in the neck, but wider than the stomach in the trunk, abruptly contracted at the posterior end of the abdomen into a nar- now rectum; ovaries paired, short, wide, and strongly flattened be- tween the intestine and the dorsal body wall at the anterior end of the trunk; oviducts passing around the intestine to the ventral sur- face and then straight back to the vulvae, eggs tightly packed like a row of coins; cement glands slender, cylindrical.
Genus habitat.——This is a genus of muscle borers; they penetrate from the outside surface of the host’s body into the underlying tis- sues, sometimes from the throat, sometimes from the sides of the body, sometimes from the vicinity of the fins. In some species there are peculiar frontal processes by means of which they fasten them- selves to a bone, but they are usually anchored by the cephalic horns, and a cyst is formed around the horns, the head, and the anterior neck.
Type of the genus.—Lernacenicus radiatus Le Sueur, type by elimination.
(Lernaeenicus, Lernaea, and enico, to torment or torture.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS LERNAEENICUS,
1. 3 to 9 or 10 horns, cylindrical, chitinous, branched_____________________ 2 1. Only 2 horns, a lateral pair, short and unbranched____________________ 3 1. No horns, but instead 2 or 3 small and soft knobs______________________ 4 2. Horns usually 5, arranged radially in one set; head in line with thorax; no
attachment plates (40 mm.,)*_-_---________ radiatus Le Sueur, 1824, p. 59. 2. Horns in two sets, one at posterior end of head, the other behind the fourth
legs; head at right angles to thorax; four attachment plates in front of
HLCM Aen CLS MIN) ae ee polyccraus, new species, p. 62. 2. Horns, 3, triangular or conical, in one set; no attachment plates; head at right angles to thorax (13 mm.) —--2__~_ = | encrasicholi (Turton), 1807. 8. Horns pointed backward; no attachment plates in front of antennae; neck Omen MONI FOL (2a, NM.) ee sprattae (Sowerby), 1804. 8. Horns pointed laterally; four attachment plates in front of antennae; neck neversmoniliform: (2d Mil: eee affirus, new species, p. 64.
1 Average total length of species.
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
4. Abdomen more than half the length of the trunk --_____________________ 5 4. Abdomen: shortiand blunts sae ae ee ee 0 eee ae 6
5. Posterior horn half the length of the head, lateral horns much shorter; ab-- domen twice the length of the trunk (45 mm.)
longiventris, new species, p. 66.
. Posterior and lateral horns the same length; abdomen a little longer than
the genital segment (70 mm.) —~------_______ procerus (Leidy), 1888, p. 69.
. Posterior and lateral horns the same length as the head; abdomen as long
aS the senitalesecment, (50° MMs) 2. eee vorag Richiardi, 1877.
. Posterior and lateral horns one-third the length of the head; abdomen much
shorter than genital segment (70 mm.) —~--__-_ polynemi Bassett-Smith, 1898,
6. Head subtriangular, with no lateral horns, but with a single dorsal tubercle;
neck three times the length of the trunk; abdomen very minute (28 mm.)
gracilis Heller, 1865,
6. Head hastate, bluntly pointed anteriorly; two lateral and a dorsal knob; neck shorter than the trunk; abdomen of medium size (40 mm.)
sardinac Baudouin, 1904.
Head club-shaped, with lateral but no dorsal knobs; abdomen lacking, the
‘trunk ending in a point (60 mm.)_---______ lesucurii Milne Edwards, 1840.
Remarks.—'Three species, abdominalis Milne Edwards, 1840,
labracis and sargz Richiardi, 1880, ascribed to this genus have never
been figured, and the last two have not even been described, so they
are of necessity omitted.
Four species, ¢nflerus and nodicornis Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, gempyli Horst, 1878, and eristaliformis Brian, 1912, are transferred to the new genus Sarcotretes established by Jungersen in 1911. With reference to the horns we may notice that in the genus Zernaea they are always soft, while in Lernacenicus those of the first two species in the key (vadiatus and polyceraus) are as chitinous as in Ler- naeocera, those of sprattae and affixus are only partially chitinized, while the horns, or better, the knobs of the remaining species are usually soft. ,
The two species, vorav and neglectus, described and figured by Richiardi in 1877, are probably identical. The only difference which Richiardi could find in them was that neglectus averaged only two- thirds the size of vorav. He himself said of the former species, “Tt is impossible to find in its general form any characters which will distinguish it from vorar. It does not differ in the form and position of the antennae, the buccal apparatus, the maxillipeds, the number and conformation of the segments or in the form of young individuals, and hence in the progressive deformation of the testa as also in the mode of attachment to the body of the host” (p. 206). In other words, we have to conclude that it does not differ at all, but is the same species and hence neglectus is made a synonym of vorax. In his profile view Richiardi represented the eye of voraz as actually protruding from the dorsal surface of the head.
Nn
ou
nN
9
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON., 59
In all the species examined by the present author the eye is just above the esophagus and a considerable distance beneath the dorsal surface, as is shown in figure 69.
In dealing with this genus Fowler? said in the key to the genera of the Lernaeidae (p. 86):
“b. No vestiges of feet on under surface of body, nor any appendages repre-
SE aga 1 Ty ee ee ee ee ee Lerneaenicus.” and again (p. 87), in the genus diagnosis of Lernacenicus, “ Thoracic limbs placed close together just behind head, first two biramose, third and fourth uniramose, and all with two joints.” The latter of course is the correct statement. The spelling “ Lerneaenicus” is too obviously a printer’s error to be worthy of a second thought.
LERNAEENICUS RADIATUS LeSueur.
Plate 4, figs. 24-385, plate 5, figs. 36—41.
Lerneocera radiata LeSvurevur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 3, 1824, p. 288, pl. 11, fig. 1. The new genus Lernacenicus proposed, p. 289. Lernea radiata De Kay, New York Fauna, Crustacea, vol. 6, 1844, p. 60. Lerneonema radiata 8. I. Smiru, Rep. Comm, Fish. for 1871 and 2, p. 57 (284), pl. 7, fig. 30. Lernaconema radiata R. RatHBUN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, 1884, » SOs pe oer cast septemramosus FowLer, Rep. N. J. State Museum, 1911 (4913), p. 92, pl. 24. Lerneaenicus radiatus Fow rer, Rep. N. J. State Museum, 1911 (1913), p. 87, pl. 21; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 65, 1913, p. 62. Host and record of specimens.—There are in the United States National Museum collection 48 vials containing specimens of this species as follows: From the temcod, A/icrogadus tomcod, Cat. Nos. 6146, 8283, 8285, 8687, 12298, 12299, 12300, 38025, 42318, 42321, 42338, 42339; from the menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, Cat Nos. 6001, 6002, 6063, 8282, 11617, 18369, 42323, 42331, 42337, 42345, 47790, 47791; from the killifish, Yundulus heteroclitus, Cat. Nos. 42511, 42317, 42335, 42343, all so far mentioned taken at Woods Hole, Mass.; from the eel, Anguilla bostonensis, Cat. No. 12293 from Woods Hole, and Cat. No. 42322 from Charleston, South Carolina; from the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, at Woods Hole, Cat. No. 47787; from the elut herring, Pomolobus aestivalis, at Woods Hole, Cat No. 12313; from the shad, Alosa sapidissima, no locality, Cat No. 47789; from the old- wife, Leiostomus xanthurus, at Beaufort, North Carolina, Cat. No. 47788; from the smelt, Osmerus mordazx, at Woods Hole, Cat No. 42350; from the hake, Urophycis tenuis, at Woods Hole, Cat. Nos.
1Crustacea of New Jersey, 1913.
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
12303 and 12804; from the alewife, Pomolobus pseudoharengus, at Woods Hole, Cat Nos. 13069 and 42327; from the pursey minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, at Woods Hole, Cat. No. 8287; from the anchovy, “ “'ngraulis vittatus,” in New York City market, Cat. No. 42349; from the white perch, J/orone americana, at Woods Hole, Cat. Nos. 8286 and $288; no host and no locality given, Cat. Nos. 6176 and 85252.
The eight specimens in lot No. 12313 are heavily infested with algae, but were removed from their host with exceptional care and are finely preserved. Since Le Sueur’s original specimens have been lost these may well serve as surrogate types of the species.
Specific characters of female.—General body form elongate slender, and graceful, the three body regions distinctly separated. Head terminal and globular, with a conical proboscis as large as itself at- tached to the ventral surface at right angles to the long axis. Cephalothorax furnished with slender, filamentous, radiating chitin horns, usually five in number and unbranched. But there may be any number of these horns from 2 to 9; when there are only two they are on a level with the dorsal surface at the extreme anterior end of the head (fig. 29) ; when there are five they are arranged radiately around this portion of the head like the spokes of a wheel (fig. 27). But there may also be a smaller horn on either side of the base of the second antennae, and two others, one on either side of the thorax, on a level with the dorsal surface and opposite the fourth pair of legs (figs 28 and 40). These horns may be of any length or they may be reduced to mere knobs. When there are five, the typical number, they are nearly equal and are arranged one dorsal, two lateral, and two latero-ventral. When they differ in length the two lateral are usually the longest and the dorsal one the shortest.
The free thorax or neck is somewhat enlarged immediately behind the head through the bases of the legs, then quickly becomes filiform 2nd has the same diameter back to the trunk. The latter is elongate- conical, the point of the cone at the base of the neck, the outer sur- face smooth and without any traces of segmentation. Normally a section of this trunk would present a circular outline, but in pre- served material it often becomes flattened laterally. The egg strings are the same diameter as the neck and one-half longer than the body. In immature specimens the trunk is greatly reduced in length and width, while the neck is proportionally increased in length, and the egg strings then are often three times the length of the whole body (fig. 26). The abdomen is a short, stout, and blunty rounded cone, on a level with the dorsal surface of the genital seg- ment, one-third the length and three-fourths the width of the latter, and destitute of anal laminae or setae.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 61
The first antennae are short, slender, cylindrical, and three-jointed, sparingly armed with setae, one at the tip of the distal joint and one on the side of the second joint. The second antennae project from the anterior margin of the head on either side of a short and pointed rostrum. They are long, stout, and two-jointed, the joints about the same length, the distal one ending in a stout chela, the claw shut- ting down past a spiny projection on the inner side of the distal joint.
Proboscis a bluntly rounded cone, soft and fleshy in texture, as large at the base as the whole ventral surface of the head, and con- stricted at about the center of its length. It is well supplied with striated muscles, by means of which it can be protruded and with- drawn, or moved from side to side. At the tip there is a large lobe on either side and a central oval plate on the ventral surface. This plate is convex ventrally and covered at the center with minute three-cornered spines. Above this plate and between the lateral lobes the slender cylindrical mouth-tube projects a short distance. This is a very thin-walled, transparent tube, wrinkled transversely, and held open by circular chitin ribs. It flares somewhat at the tip, where it is surrounded by a delicately scalloped membrane. It is extensile and can also be moved from side to side independently of the rest of the proboscis.
On either side of the base of the ventral plate is a maxilla, which is three-jointed, the terminal joint narrower and longer than the cther two, which are about equal. At the outer distal corner of the basal joint is a short spine; the terminal joint ends in a short, stont, and blunt claw.
The swimming legs each consist of flattened oval basal plate and very short and blunt rami, destitute of setae; the first two pairs are biramose, the last two pairs uniramose.
Color—tThe head and proboscis are a deep fish-blood red when freshly taken from the host, the neck a light horn color slightly greenish, the central digestive canal more or less red when filled with blood; trunk dark red internally, surrounded by the yellowish-white ovaries and oviducts; egg strings a light greenish yellow.
Entire length, without egg strings, 40 mm. Length of trunk, 20 mm. Diameter of trunk, 1.50 mm. Greatest spread of horns, 6 mm. Length of egg strings, 28 mm.
(radiatus, radiate, alluding to the usual arrangement of the horns. )
Remarks.—The beautiful figures illustrating this species were drawn some time ago by Richard Rathbun, now assistant secretary in charge of the Smithsonian Institution, and were generously turned over to the present author together with valuable notes and de-
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
tailed descriptions, so that the present account must be credited to him practically in its entirety. |
The two figures of the adult female were drawn by J. H. Blake and are by far the best that have ever appeared of the species, since they show a wealth of detail which is specifically accurate.
Mr. V. N. Edwards of the Bureau of Fisheries’ station at Woods Hole, who collected most of the specimens of this species mentioned above, told the author that it was very common in the spring when menhaden are abundant, but is found only occasionally during the summer when these fish are much less plentiful.
The parasite is found on the sides and back of its host, usually not far from, and often quite close to, the dorsal fin, and is sometimes attached to the throat under the tongue, or to the edges of the opercu- lum. They bury deeply in the flesh, with the cephalic horns wrapped around some portion of the bony framework of the fish, or held firmly between two bony plates of the operculum, and they make a bad sore.
The species can be readily recognized by the radiating cephalic horns, the large fleshy proboscis, and the projecting second antennae, which stand out prominently from the anterior margin of the head. The number of horns as well as their arrangement varies consider- ably, but a careful examination of all the oddities in the 200 speci- mens belonging to the United States National: Museum failed to reveal a single one that could be separated specifically. They all possessed the same large fleshy proboscis, projecting second antennae, and swimming legs.
Consequently the new genus “ Lerneoceropsis” proposed by Fowler in his Crustacea of New Jersey (p. 92) can hardly stand, since the only point in which it differed from raditaus was in the possession of two extra horns on the sides of the neck. There are at least a dozen such specimens in the National Museum collection from the same host that Fowler mentioned, but every one of them belongs to the present species. Furthermore, Fowler’s specimens show their likeness (“opsis”) not to Lernaecocera but to Lernaeenicus.
LERNAEENICUS POLYCERAUS, new species.
Plate 5, figs. 42-47.
Host and record of specimens.—Two specimens were obtained from the red goat fish, Upeneus maculatus by Dr. Edwin Linton at Beaufort, North Carolina, in 1902, and are numbered Cat. No. 47807, U.S.N.M. <A third specimen was obtained by Mr. V. N. Edwards from the tomcod, A/icrogadus tomcod, at Woods Hole in 1885. It has been given Cat. No. 6147, U.S.N.M., and is made the type of the species, the two others becoming paratypes.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 63
Specific characters of female-—General form comparatively short and stout; head bent forward at right angles to the thorax, with four attachment plates at its anterior end, in front of the antennae; a pair of long, branched lateral horns at the posterior end of the head; two other lateral and a posterior horn, all dichotomously branched, on the thorax behind the fourth legs; thorax much widened between the two sets of horns; neck comparatively thick, flexed behind the horns and again where it joins the body; trunk a short ellipsoid, slightly flattened laterally; abdomen three-fifths the diam- eter of the trunk and nearly the same length, somewhat enlarged through the center; egg strings the same diameter as the neck and longer than the trunk.
Tirst antennae minute, three-jointed, sparsely armed with setae; second pair two-jointed and chelate; four attachment plates like those in affizus, but each is deeply bilobed and the distal margins curl over inwards.
Maxillae small and three-jointed, the terminal claw short and blunt; proboscis large and long, protruded from the ventral surface of the head and parallel with the axis of the thorax; two large lateral lobes at the tip, but no ventral plate visible; mouth-tube much swollen between the lateral lobes, then abruptly contracted to less than half the basal diameter; first three pairs of legs with a single ramus indistinctly segmented, the fourth legs without a ramus.
Color (preserved material).—Neck and horns a yellowish cartilage- gray; head red from the contained blood; body and egg strings a brownish yellow.
Total length, without egg strings, 12 mm. Length of head and neck, 6 mm.; of trunk, 8 mm.; of abdomen, 3 mm.; of egg strings, 8.50 mm. Greatest diameter of the trunk, 1 mm.
(polyceraus, rods, many, and xépas, a horn.)
Remarl:s.—Doctor Linton recorded in his notes that this species was attached to the gill cover of its host and that the surrounding tissues were congested and inflamed. The single goatfish from which his specimens were obtained was the only one examined by him, so there are no data as to the abundance of the species. It will be seen that this species resembles radiatus in the number and hardness of its horns and affixus in the possession of attachment plates, but its general makeup and the details of the appendages are quite different from both.
In general it may be recognized by its small size and its short and stout trunk, the abdomen being as long as the genital segment.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
LERNAEENICUS AFFIXUS, new species. Plate 6, figs. 48-61.
Host and record of specimens.—The tomcod, Microgadus tomcod, seems to be the most frequent host of this species, and the United States National Museum collection contains the following series of specimens obtained at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. A single female to serve as the type of the new species, Cat. No. 47792; a dozen fe- males, Cat. No. 12311; 8 entire tomcod heads, with about 50 parasites attached, Cat. No. 47797; 8 tomcod heads, with 100 parasites at- tached, Cat. No. 47798; 40 females from the same host, at Fire Island Beach, Long Island, Cat. No. 35982; 8 females, Cat. No. 47794.
It has also been found upon a few other hosts—three vials, contain- ing 2, 3, and 8 specimens, respectively, from the killifish, Pundulus heteroclitus, with Cat. Nos. 47793, 47795, and 47796; a single female from the white perch, A/orone americana, Cat. No. 12301; two females from the glut herring, Pomolobus aestivalis, Cat. No. 42296.
Specific characters of female—General body form very similar to radiatus, with the three regions as distinctly separated; head turned ventrally at right angles to the thorax, cylindrical, slightly larger at the base and tip than in the center. No horns on the head, but a single pair, short and unbranched, on the sides of the thorax oppo- site the fourth legs; occasionally these horns may be branched, and rarely there is a second pair posterior to the first, which are reduced to mere stumps.
This species attaches itself to a bone, and hence the horns are not used for anchorage. The organ of fixation is on the anterior end of the head, just in front of the second antennae, and is made up of two lamellae on either side, whose bases are attached along the midline of the front of the head. At their bases these lamellae lie flat upon the surface of the head and point away from each other; they then gradually curve forward until their tips are parallel, ae assuming the shape of half a cylinder.
The anterior surface of the lamellae or the inside of the half cylinder is applied directly to the bone, and cements itself so firmly to the latter that the two can be separated only by cutting, the long axis of the bone being parallel with the body axis of the copepod.
The edges of the lamallae are often thickened to make the fasten- ing more secure. The thorax, genital segment, and abdomen are like those of rudiatus, except that the trunk is relatively longer and wider, being from 10 to 15 times the diameter of the neck. The egg strings are about one-third the diameter of the trunk and a little longer, and are usually fairly straight. First antennae short and stout, two-jointed, with two small spines on the terminal joint; sec-
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 65
ond antennae one-jointed, the joint long and conical and furnished on the inner margin with a cup-shaped socket, into which the tip of the stout and strongly curved terminal claw shuts, forming a chela. Proboscis long and narrow and parallel with the body axis in con- sequence of the turning forward of the head; it is shorter and much narrower than in vadiatus, and is not constricted at the center. It terminates similarly in a pair of large dorso-lateral lobes and a sub- quadrangular plate, from under whose base project the maxillae. These are two-jointed, the basal joint the stouter and the longer, and armed on its anterior margin near the center with a short spine.
The terminal joint is much shorter and narrower and is somewhat enlarged at the distal end, to which is hinged the short and strongly curved claw. First two pairs of swimming legs with triangular basal plates carrying two rudimentary rami; third pair with an ellip- tical basal plate, reduced in size and carrying but one ramus; fourth pair with an elliptical basal plate, still further reduced and with- out any ramus.
The anal laminae are greatly reduced in size also, and consist of tiny knobs, one on either side of the anus, and destitute of setae.
Color (preserved material), a uniform orange yellow; the head, neck, and egg strings brownish, the body often spotted with brown.
Total. length without egg strings, 20 to 30 mm. Length of trunk, 12 to 18 mm.; diameter, 1.50mm. Length of egg strings, 15 to20 mm.
(afficus, fastened or attached, that is, to a bone.)
Remarks.—This species seems to be a parasite chiefly of the tomcod, which it often infests in great numbers (see tables, p. 12). Its favor- ite point of attachment is on the isthmus of the fish’s throat, be- tween the opercula, but it is also often found along the ventral mar- gins of the opercula. It can be readily recognized by the fact that it is always attached by the front of the head to a bone, and this one character will separate it from radiatus when, as often happens, the two are found together upon the same fish. Further distinctions are the attachment lamellae, the forward flexure of the cephalothorax, and the very short horns, only two in number. From polyceraus, which also possesses attachment lamellae and a forward flexure of the head, it may be distinguished by its larger size, by the relatively longer and narrower trunk, and by the one pair of unbranched horns instead of two pairs of branched ones.
The bunching of this parasite on the throat of the tomcod is re- markable, three or four of them often using the same opening through the skin of the fish, but attaching themselves to different bones and showing great differences in both the direction and amount of tor- sion (see p. 15).
77403 —Proc.N.M.vol.58—17——5
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
LERNAEENICUS LONGIVENTRIS, new species. Plate 7, figs. 62-70. Ilost and record of specimens.—The collection of the National
Museum contains 15 vials of this species from widely different hosts and localities, as follows:
Specimens. Host. | Locality. a x i. APO TAIANG a ce brain Saad im cpeths Caran®. 678083 <j02 scat New England coast... 2107 WOSse see onsen | Palinurichthys perci- | Woods Hole..........- 6058 | formis. Desade2 sy hicnnrscewkie | Pomatomus saltatrix. .| Long Island Sound... 6190 Wome acento seine | Cybtum maculatum....| Woods Hole........--. 6192 Pfemales: 22.522. 52302 LS: Caranz species......- Vineyard Sound......| 6194 Shemales jckSeisassinc eis Garang) chy S082 smc Woods Hole.......... 19727 DOE ce aiseiaczic cca ete | Pomatomus saltatrix. .|....-d0.....----.----- 42312 WMiemaleess.ac~cese tee es | Caranz hippos.........|.---- dO eS 42346 ittemale types. ---.....-2 Dalphinie. << cosmos. 38 Atlantic Ocean.....- 47800 Ma EMALCS osc cece os ac esie =e Coryphaena equisetis ..| Beaufort, North Caro- 47801 ina. | MM OMOIES re rots =)d meas taped 5 Seon bao neree macu- | Woods Hole.........- | 47802 atus. Domssa Je Use asia Mugil cephalus......- See North Caro- 47803 na. ite: ls ee ae eee ae COFONT CTYS08-. 35 one sal aco dG 202 Saree 47804 Piemiales: hes. bekes aeeeee ser Ost eeee le see Woods Hole: =2..-232: : 47805 EZ TOMALES: 22 2 Sci canton Dolphins ons oo tctes Atlantic Ocean...... 47806
Specific characters of female—Cephalothorax smoothly rounded and elongated at right angles to the body axis, without horns but with three protuberances or knobs. One of these is median, project- ing from the posterior end of the cephalothorax and in line with it, about two-thirds its length and half its diameter. The other two are lateral, one on either side opposite the base of the larger median knob, and are short and wide, little more than a slight swelling or tubercle.
The neck is long and narrow, but relatively much thicker than in radiatus, nearly straight and decreasing in diameter to the point where it joins the trunk. The latter widens abruptly from this nar- rowed point and is cylindrical; the portion representing the genital segment is of the same diameter throughout and about one-quarter as long as the neck. To its posterior end is attached the abdomen, which is cylindrical, of the same diameter as the egg strings, and nearly twice as long as the genital segment; the anal laminae are minute and destitute of setae.
The egg strings are one-third the diameter of the genital segment and but little longer than the abdomen. As they approach ripeness the embryos are colored a beautiful maroon, and this gradually becomes more apparent in the strings.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 67
The first antennae are turned back along the surface of the head and are indistinctly three-jointed, the terminal joint chelate, a strongly curved claw shutting down against a short projection on the inner margin of the second joint. The basal joint is a trifle wider and nearly twice as long as the second joint. There is appar- ently no protrusible proboscis, since none can be seen in any of the specimens, but fortunately those from Beaufort, North Carolina, were examined alive and a proboscis could then be seen projecting from the ventral surface. The numerous muscles also connected with the mouth opening must be used for protrusion and retraction. And sections of the head of one of these preserved specimens show clearly that the only reason why no proboscis is seen is that it was tightly withdrawn into the head at the time of death. The mouth is a simple opening and is surrounded by a narrow and ciliated membrane. On the inside of the mouth tube and projecting from its dorsal surface into the lumen can be seen two large and stout spines, bipartite near their tip, which probably represent rudimentary mandibles. On either side of the mouth are the maxillae, which are two-jointed, the basal joint stouter than the terminal and nearly twice as long, some- what swollen at the center, and armed on its ventral surface with two short knobs placed side by side; the terminal joint is tipped with a rather stout claw, longer than the joint itself and slightly curved.
Upon the ventral surface of the neck where it joins the head are the four pairs of swimming legs. These diminish in size regularly backward, the first two pairs being biramose and the last two pairs uniramose, all the rami two-jointed. The basal plates are broadly triangular, the base of the triangle jointed to the thorax, while to the apex are attached the rami. The joints of these rami are of about the same size and the terminal one is tipped with seven setae, the central three of which are considerably longer than the others.
Internal structure—Inside of the anterior end of the genital seg- ment may be seen the ovaries, which are strongly flattened between the intestine and the dorsal wall of the segment. They are oval in outline, the broad ends anterior, from which the oviducts extend obliquely downward and backward to the ventral surface. There they increase in diameter, become straight and cylindrical, and ex- tend back to the vulvae. The cement glands are straight and narrow and do not show any segmentation; the duct is about the same length as the glandular portion.
The esophagus is slightly enlarged at either end and contracted at the center; the anterior enlargement is probably temporary and due to the pulling up of the dorsal wall during retraction; the posterior enlargement is permanent. The stomach is narrow and at its posterior end, where it passes into the neck, it is bent at right angles. ‘The intestine fills the whole lumen of the neck and abdomen,
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
eye oe Ne eet ned ot ee ae ee ARE RC OEE HTN ne ee Oe but in the genital segment, where it is somewhat enlarged, it lies near the dorsal surface and leaves room for the oviducts and cement glands.
Color a dull, yellowish-white, often becoming transparent in the neck and abdomen, head a bright pink red, egg strings a beautiful maroon on ripening; large blotches of the same maroon on the basal joints of the legs, the rows thus formed continued forward onto the head; oviducts dark brown.
Total length, excluding egg strings, 40 to 50 mm. Length of head, 2.35 mm.; of neck, 25 mm.; of genital segment, 5.50 mm.; of abdo- men, 10 mm.; of egg strings, 13 mm. Diameter of neck, 0.45 mm.; of genital segment, 1.30 mm.; of abdomen, 0.85 mm.; of egg strings, 0.30 mm.
(longiventris, longus, long and venter, abdomen.)
Nauplius——Body spindle-shaped, the posterior half considerably narrower than the anterior, both ends evenly rounded, the length to the width at the center as 10 to 7. The eye spot is comparatively large and shaped like the section of an ordinary T rail. There are four color spots, a large one at the center on either side close to the lateral margin and a pair of smaller ones near the posterior end, each about half way between the margin and the midline. These four and the eye spot are the same rich maroon red as is found on the basal joints of the legs of the adult.
In the center of the body are oil globules, sometimes a single large spherical one filling the whole center, as in figure 70, sometimes a pair of smaller ones with their adjacent sides flattened along the mid- line.
Occasionally there is a group of small drops irregularly disposed, but always chiefly at the center. The balancers are large and stout, and are curved forward on either side.
Length, 0.25 mm.; width at the center, 0.175 mm.
Remarks.—This species was first found upon the crevalle or hard tail, Caranz crysos, the genital segment and egg strings showing on one side or the other of the dorsal or ventral fin near the tail. After- wards a single specimen was taken from the operculum of the com- mon mullet, A/ugil cephalus, and several specimens near the dorsal and anal fins of the small dolphin, Coryphaena equisetus. The head is buried in the tissues close to the backbone, where it forms a fibrous membrane or sheath, very tough and fitting so tightly that it is dif- ficult to remove it without injury to the head of the parasite. The neck is contractile and upon irritation can be withdrawn, pulling half or two-thirds of the genital segment in with it. When the irri- tation stops the body returns to its normal position. The species is not at all common and only a single specimen has been found upon any fish.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 69
The only other species which closely resembles it is polynemi Bassett-Smith, but in that species the head is in line with the neck instead of at right angles to it, the basal joints of the legs are nar- row-oblong instead of triangular and have no pigment spots, the abdomen is shorter than the genital segment, while the egg strings are two or three times as long as the abdomen and bright green in
color. LERNAEENICUS PROCERUS (Leidy).
Lerneonema procera Letpy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, p. 165.— Fow er, Report of New Jersey State Museum, 1911 (1913), p. 125.
Host and record of specimens.—Several of these parasites were ebtained by Leidy from the shark, Carcharias littoralis, caught at Beeseleys Point, New Jersey. They were hanging from the upper lip on either side of the mouth, and were thickly covered with hy- droids, Hucope parasitica.
Specific characters of female-—Head horizontal, semioval, convex above, with three short and blunt occipital tubercles; anterior part well rounded, excavated beneath and inclosing the mouth, antennae, and maxillipeds; neck long, linear, and cylindrical; trunk short, fusi- form, and truncated posteriorly; abdomen longer than the genital segment, linear, cylindrical; egg strings long, linear, and cylindrical.
Color, a uniform pale yellow.
Total length, 70 mm.; including the egg strings, 90 mm. Length of head, 3 mm.; of neck, 30 to 45 mm.; of genital segment, 10 to 12 mm.; of abdomen, 12 to 15 mm.; of egg strings, 20 mm. Diameter of neck, 0.375 mm.; of genital segment, 1.75 mm.; of abdomen, 0.50 mm.; of egg strings, 0.25 mm.
(procerus, long.)
Remarks.—This parasite is known only from Leidy’s description and the original specimens have been lost. Fowler in the reference given above repeated Leidy’s description, placing the species for some unaccountable reason in the family of the Ergasilidae, although he speaks of the parasites as “lerneans.” Since the original speci- mens are lost we must be guided by the above description (no figures were published) and the species must remain as Leidy left it until rediscovered at some future time. It is closely related to longiven- _ tris, vorax, and polynemi, but does not agree well enough with either
of them to be identified with it.
Genus SARCOTRETES Jungersen. Sarcotretes JUNGERSEN, Vidensk. Meddel. fra naturh. Foren., vol. 64, 1911, 383 pages, 2 plates, 6 text figures. Eternal generic characters of female—Cephalothorax in line
with the body axis and considerably enlarged; eye so deeply buried as to be invisible; two lateral horns ventral to the carapace, large,
70 PROCELDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
soft, and thin-walled; dorsal carapace and two or three anterior terga and sterna often fully preserved; neck constricted just behind the horns, then enlarged and constricted again into a narrow chitin stalk where it joins the trunk and usually flexed; trunk claviform with a minute abdomen on the dorsal surface; egg strings long, straight, and uniseriate.
Two pairs of antennae, second pair chelate; mandibles spine-like and without teeth; two pairs of maxillae; three pairs of swimming legs, first two pairs biramose, third pair uniramose, all the rami two- jointed and armed with setae.
Internal generic characters of female—Esophagus in line with body axis and nearly straight; anterior stomach neither lobed nor convoluted; intestine enlarged in the anterior neck, then constricted through the narrow stalk, enlarged again and flattened dorso-ven- trally in the trunk, and abruptly constricted at the posterior end into a short rectum.
Ovaries paired and dorsal to the intestine at the anterior end of the trunk, only a little flattened; oviducts nearly straight and much wider than the ovaries or intestine; cement glands not reaching the anterior ends of the oviducts, glandular portion shorter than the ducts and not segmented. Chitinogen layer of the skin especially well developed at the anterior and posterior ends of the genital seg- ment; a longitudinal row of skin glands along either side of the ventral surface, some distance from the midline.
Genus habitat.—This genus burrows into the cephalic or cephalo- thoracic muscles of its host and brings its head in contact with the apophysis of the vertebral column. The head and enlarged portion of the neck are surrounded by a cyst formed in the tissues of the fish.
Heternal generic characters of Copepodid male (genus Sarco- tretes).—Head and first thorax segment fused into a cylindrical cephalothorax, three times as long as wide; second, third, and fourth thorax segments free; fifth and genital segments and abdomen indis- tinguishably fused and without lobes; anal laminae short and wide, each armed with four or five minute, nonplumose setae. First an- tennae with indistinct joints; second antennae two-jointed and chelate; mouth tube conical, at right angles to the axis of the head; mandible a single slender spine; first maxilla a fingerlike process, without joints; second maxilla uncinate; maxilliped reduced to a mere knob; three pairs of swimming legs, first and second pairs biramose, rami indistinctly two-jointed, third pair uniramose, with- out joints.
Type of the genus.—Sarcotretes scopeli Jungersen, monotypic.
(Sarcotretes, ap, flesh, and rpyrijs, a borer or piercer.) ? )
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 71
KEY TO THE SPECIES,
1. Neck but little enlarged anteriorly and not flexed; lateral horns at Mihi Les: vO Une DOCY DNISs aa a a ences 2 1, Neck much enlarged anteriorly, then constricted and flexed at the constriction; tips of the horns turned backwards____________________ 3 2. Lateral horns swollen and bluntly rounded; preboscis conical and strongly tapered (49 mm.)?*__---__--_____ nodicornis (Steenstrup and Liitken), 1861. 2. Lateral horns cylindrical and sharply pointed; proboscis cylindrical or Spherical (So tom. je 2 Oe ees eae gempyli (Horst), 1878. 3. Proboscis short and fully as wide as long; carapace, terga, and sterna UESTNCELY pVISI DLO soe oe et De ee a eer ae 4 3. Proboscis twice as long as wide; no carapace, terga, nor sterna visible ie UG parr ap) sneer ae ee inflerus (Steenstrup and Liitken), 1861. 4. No constriction behind the legs; mouth tube turned ventrally; rami of legs EMeda with setven(ds mmMe os 2 scopeli Jungersen, 1911. 4, A marked constriction behind the legs; mouth tube in line with head; rami of legs without setae (44.50 mm.)_—---_-______ eristaliformis (Brian), 1912. 4, No constriction behind the legs; mouth tube in line with head; upper lip RNC 1. 2 Pee ETS lobatws, new species, p. 72.
Remarks.—The only reason given by Jungersen for establishing the present genus was the fact that it possessed but three pairs of swimming legs, while the closely allied genera possess four pairs. There are, however, several other characters of equal or greater value, such as externally the presence of first maxillae on the sides of the mouth tube in front of the second pair, the softening of the horns and the anterior portion of the thorax, and the persistence of the larval carapace, terga, and sterna.
Internally there is the peculiar arrangement and character of the chitinogen layer of the body wall, which covers the inner surface of the neck as well as the genital segment, the wheel-like skin glands, and the dorso-ventral flattening of the intestine. Taken accumu- latively these characters establish the genus beyond any dispute, and there should be transferred to it such species as show these characters, or a convincing majority of them. Accordingly that has been done in the key above given. It is worthy of note that Steenstrup and Liitken recognized that the species described by them differed mate- rially from the Lernacenicus type, and suggested in a footnote the possibility of a subsequent generic separation. Horst stated defi- nitely that his species had but three pairs of legs and an extra pair of mouth-parts, while the “hard chitin parts of the cephalothorax ” which he mentioned were probably the persistent carapace, sterna, and terga. Brian showed the same details in the excellent figures of his species, all of which have been confirmed upon a specimen in the United States National Museum collection (see p. 72).
Furthermore this species is not gregarious like Lernacenicus but is solitary, only a single specimen being found upon a host.
1 Average total length of species.
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Doctor Jungersen very kindly presented the author with a fine specimen of his species, Sarcotretes scopeli, which has been of great service for comparison.
SARCOTRETES ERISTALIFORMIS (Brian).
Lernaecnicus cristaliformis Brian, Copépodes parasites des Poissons et des Bchinides provenant des campagnes scientifiques de S. A. S. le Prince Albert I°? de Monaco, 1912, p. 20, pl. 4, figs. 1 and 2; pl. 9 and 10.
Host and record of specimens.—A single female was obtained from Gastrostomus bairdit by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2206, off the coast of New Jersey, in August, 1884. It has been given Cat. No. 8349, U.S.N.M.
Remarks.—This specimen is somewhat injured but not enough to affect its identification. It agrees in every particular with the two large specimens so fully and excellently described by Brian. And it was even obtained from the same host, a rare deep-sea Eu- pharyngid, but from a different locality. It exceeds Brian’s speci- mens somewhat in size, the trunk measuring 33 mm. in length and the neck and cephalothorax 25 mm.; this latter portion of the body has shriveled somewhat in the preservative and was probably a few millimeters longer when taken from the fish.
SARCOTRETES LOBATUS, new species.
Plate 8, figs. 71-79.
Host and record of specimens.—T wo specimens were obtained from Benthosema (Scopelus) mulleri in slightly different localities, one by the Fisheries steamer Fish Hawk in 1882 at station 1140 off Marthas Vineyard, the other by the Fisheries steamer Albatross in 1883 at station 2001 off Block Island. The former has been given Cat. No. 6123, U.S.N.M., and is made the type of the species, the latter was cleared in clove oil for the internal anatomy.
External specifie characters of female-——Cephalothorax short, cyl- lindrical, and strongly inflated, covered dorsally with a well-de- fined carapace, and sending out on either side a large cushionlike process or horn, which curves posteriorly and ends in a sharp point; combined width of head and horns much greater than the length. Neck behind the horns considerably inflated and showing the re- mains of the two anterior terga and sterna, then narrowing gradually with a thickening and increasing chitinization of the skin, and form- ing a narrow stalk just in front of the trunk, where it is bent ven- trally at a right angle. Trunk thickening rapidly beyond the bend, cylindrical, the same diameter throughout and abruptly truncated at the posterior end. Abdomen a small spherical knob on a level with the dorsal surface and inclined dorsally; neither specimen car- ried egg strings and so they are unknown.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. Vo
First antennae short, slender, curved sharply backward, and very indistinctly segmented, if at all, rather well supplied with setae at the tips and along the outer margins. Second antennae large and stout and three-jointed, basal joint the narrowest, terminal joint strongly flattened and in the form of an equilateral triangle, whose apex is articulated with the second joint and whose base is distal, twice the width of the basal joint, and armed with a powerful chela, made up at the outer angle of a long sickle-shaped claw whose tip shuts down inside a stout process at the inner angle; this claw is operated by strong muscles which fill the interior of the joint. Pro- boscis cylindrical, of about the same diameter as the carapace and strongly protrusile (fig. 72). It is usually extended straight in front of the head, but can be moved about in various directions.
At the tip the upper lip divides into two lobes, which stand out preminently when the proboscis is retracted, but are folded over tightly against its side when it is extended. The underlip forms a single median lobe, which is also more prominent in the retracted proboscis.
Between these lobes extends the mouth tube, much as in Lernacent- cus, it is very short and less than half the diameter of the proboscis, and the opening is surrounded by a deeply fringed membrane. Be- neath the center of the upper lip and dorsal to the esophagus lies a tripartite eye, which is very distinctly visible in the cleared specimen.
This eye is still farther out toward the tip of the proboscis than in Lernaeenicus, but otherwise its general relations are the same.
On the sides of the mouth tube are the second maxillae, three- jointed, the basal joint long and slender, the second joint three-fifths as long and carrying a small process on the inner margin, the termi- nal joint in the form of a curved claw, nearly as long as the second joint.
Just above the bases of these second maxillae there is on either side a tiny, one-jointed process, tipped with two minute setae, which represents the first maxilla. These can only be seen in an end view since they are in the bottom of the groove between the lips and the mouth tube, and are entirely concealed by the lobes in a side view.
The three pairs of legs are close together on the ventral surface of the thorax; the basal plates of the first two pairs are broadly tri- anuglar, those of the third pair are narrow oblong; the two former are biramose while the latter is uniramose, and the rami are each two- jointed and tipped with two or three long setae.
Internal specific characters of female-—Esophagus nearly in line with the head axis; stomach considerably enlarged, but not sending out ‘processes laterally and not convoluted. Intestine narrowed through the neck, then enlarged in the anterior trunk, where it passes
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
at once to the dorsal portion below the ovaries and is strongly flat- tened dorso-ventrally between the ovaries and, oviducts; rectum fairly long and inclined dorsally.
Ovaries two-third as long as the oviducts and not much flat- tened, but cylindrical and pointed at the posterior end; oviducts slightly flattened and in about the center of the trunk dorso-ven- trally; cement glands relatively narrow, the lumen of the glandular portion scarcely wider than the duct, the two about the same length and both reduced to a mere line.
The chitinogen layer of this species would have been extremely sat- isfactory to Claus in his search for “subcutaner Drusen.” It is thin and uniform along the midline dorsally and ventrally and for some distance on either side, especially between the ovaries and the dorsal surface. But along the sides of the body and more particularly around the anterior and posterior ends of the trunk it is greatly thickened, as shown in figure 78, and nearly every cell communicates with the exterior through a pore canal in the chitin layer. Along either side ventrally, where the chitinogen layer begins to thicken, there is a row of 12 large glands, whose central lumen opens through a pore.
These glands are seen in section in figure 78, and in surface view enlarged in figure 79. Each consists of five or more cells arranged radially around the central lumen, and in the cleared specimen they are dark cinnamon brown in color and so opaque as not to show their nuclei.
Tt is especially worthy of note that this chitinogen layer covers the enlarged portion of the neck and the soft horns of the cephalo- thorax, thus offering a sharp contrast with the genus Laernaeenicus, whose horns and neck are completely chitinized.
Color (preserved material), a brownish yellow, darker on the cepha- lothorax and trunk, lighter on the neck.
Total length, 22 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 1.35 mm.; width, 2mm. Length of trunk, 9 mm.; width, 2 mm.
(lobatus, lobed, alluding to the upper and lower lips.)
Genus PHRIXOCEPHALUS Wilson. Phrixocephalus Witson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, 1908, p. 461.
External generic characters of female—Cephalothorax a short cylinder, somewhat flattened and chitinized, sending out from one to three pairs of lateral cylindrical horns, more or less branched and chitinized, and a few frontal processes in the form of knobs or short horns. Neck cylindrical and hardened, with one or more sets of horns, simple or branched, the last set opposite the fourth legs; in- serted in the trunk eccentrically, to one side of the midline, and some-
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 15
angles with the neck; abdomen small and hemispherical, with a pair of rudimentary anal laminae destitute of setae; egg strings at- tached laterally and nearer the dorsal surface; tightly coiled into a spiral; eggs numerous and uniseriate.
Two pairs of minute antennae, second pair chelate; mouth parts reduced to mere chitin knobs; proboscis small and nonretractile. Four pairs of swimming legs, first two pairs close together, biramose, rami one-jointed, third and fourth pairs removed a considerable dis- tance and uniramose, all the rami armed with setae.
Internal generic characters of female.—Bilateral symmetry dis- torted ; esophagus inclined to the head axis and very short; stomach without lateral lobes or convolutions. Intestine very narrow through the neck, but much enlarged in the trunk; rectum short, given off from the dorsal, posterior corner of the intestine and somewhat in- clined dorsally.
Ovaries on the dorsal surface, nearer the posterior end, diagonal to the trunk axis, and not much flattened; oviducts also diagonal to the trunk axis but in the opposite direction to the ovaries, the one on the side to which the neck is attached close to the ventral surface, the other considerably elevated above it, but the two pass down around the intestine on opposite sides. Cement glands both on the side of the elevated oviduct and not parallel to each other either lat- erally or vertically, but deviously curved, the glandular portion much longer than the ducts and indistinctly segmented. Chitinogen layer of the body wall most developed in the trunk, especially at the pos- terior end; no definite skin glands.
Genus habitat.—This genus fastens to the eye of its host, burrow- ing in from the outer surface and bringing the mouth in contact with the blood vessels at the back of the eye. The head and neck are completely chitinized and covered with a thick cyst, they show both torsion and flexion.
Type of the genus—Phrixocephalus cincinnatus Wilson, mono- typic.
(Phrizocephalus, ppités, a bristling of the hair, and xeéady, the head.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES,
1, Head with three pairs of lateral horns; neck with two sets of horns,
all branched; trunk narrow oblong (30 mm.)*____cincinnatus Wilson, 1908.
1, Head with one pair of lateral horns, profusely branched; neck with one set of simple horns; trunk broadly triangular (11 mm.)
triangulus, new species, p. 76.
1. Head unknown; neck with one set of tripartite horns and inserted in the
side of the trunk; the latter semioval in outline; egg strings widely di-
MOLSON Gre (Ce THINS) Sai Se ee 8 oe diversus, new species, p. 77.
1 Average total length of species.
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voL. 53.
Remarks.—This genus was founded upon a single specimen, which could be examined only superficially for its external characters. The new material here presented has slightly modified some of the char- acters and has added many new ones. Especial attention is called to the asymmetry of the body, which is comparatively slight in this genus, but which forms an initial step leading up to the complete distortion exhibited in the new genus Collipravus (p. 78). ‘The ele- vation of the vulvae toward the dorsal surface is also worthy of note; in the new species, diversus, they are practically on a level with the dorsal surface.
The discovery of the two pairs of antennae and the two additional pairs of legs is particularly gratifying, since it makes this genus completely analogous with the others in the family. It is also very pleasing to find that the internal anatomy fully corroborates the asymmetry of the exterior.
PHRIXOCEPHALUS TRIANGULUS, new species. Plate 9, figs. 80-84; plate 10, fig. S5.
Host and record of specimens.—Three females with egg strings were obtained from the eyes of Veopercis multifasciata at Owari Bay, Japan, by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in 1906. One of these was a perfect specimen and is made the type of the new species, with Cat. No. 47799, U.S.N.M. The others become paratypes, with Cat. No. 47808, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female—Cephalothorax barrel-shaped, a little longer than wide, made up of the head and first two thorax seg- ments fused, and separated from the third thorax segment by a dis- tinct groove. Anterior end squarely truncated and giving off three frontal processes in the form of short, lobed, chitin horns; a pair of large lateral horns curve over dorsally and send off rows of long posterior branches, more or less anastomosed. Third segment sepa- rated from the fourth by a groove; fourth segment somewhat enlarged, especially on the ventral surface, and armed with two lateral and a ventral horn in the form of large chitin spines. Neck behind the fourth segment considerably narrowed, chitinized, and joined to the anterior end of the trunk at a right angle; in the two larger specimens it is at the extreme right anterior corner, in the smallest specimen, about half the size of the other two but with egg strings, the neck is on the midline of the dorsal surface, but a short distance behind the anterior end. The head and neck are also twisted through an arc of 90°, so that the ventral surface of the neck faces inward toward the midline of the trunk. The latter is triangular in side view, considerably flattened laterally, and thickest at the poste- rior end; dorsal surface flat and nearly straight, ventral surface strongly convex; abdomen a small hemisphere at the posterior end
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. ae
on the dorsal surface and inclined dorsally; egg strings attached near the dorsal surface, large in diameter, and coiled into a wide spiral.
Antennae reduced to mere knobs on the dorsal surface of the head, comparatively wide in diameter but elevated very little. Mouth parts also reduced to rounded chitin knobs, one on the midline in front of the base of the median frontal process, and behind this two on either side of the midline. First two pairs of swimming legs toward the posterior end of the cephalothorax biramose, the rami very indistinctly jointed; third pair posterior to the center of the third segment, uniramose, the ramus also indistinctly jointed; fourth pair on the posterior margin of the fourth segment also uniramose, but with a single joint; all the rami are well armed with setae. The basal joints of the first two pairs of legs are close together on the midline, those of the third pair are a little farther apart, while those of the fourth pair are widely separated, one on either side of the ventral horn.
Color (preserved material) a uniform dark brown, almost black, the frontal processes and lateral horns lighter brown.
Total length, 11 mm. Head and neck, 5 mm. long; third thorax segment, 0.80 mm. in diameter. Trunk, 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, and 3 mm. thick at the posterior end. Egg strings, 3.50 mm. long, 1.35 mm. wide.
(triangulus, triangular, alluding to the outline of the trunk.)
Remarks.—In the type-specimen it is possible that the antennae may have been broken off, since these minute appendages, when chitinized, are extremely brittle, but no scars of such a break could be found.
One of the lateral horns was broken, leaving a short stump, but it is assumed that this horn corresponded to the one on the opposite side.
In both the other specimens the head and anterior neck were lacking.
PHRIXOCEPHALUS DIVERSUS, new species.
Plate 10, figs. 86 and 87.
Host and record of specimens.—A single female with egg strings was taken from the eye of Callionymus virgis Jordan, at a depth of 65 fathoms in Totomi Bay, off Hamamatsu, Japan, at station 3713, by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross.
This is made the type of the new species with Cat. No. 47809, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female.—Head, first, second, and third thorax segments missing; fourth segment present and armed with two pairs
78 PROCKEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
of forked horns, one pair lateral and one ventral, and a pair of unira- mose swimming legs between the bases of the ventral horns. Trunk triangular, the dorsal margin nearly straight, the ventral margin strongly convex, these two forming the sides of the triangle; pos- terior margin or base of the triangle also nearly stright. Neck attached a short distance behind the anterior end or apex of the triangle, on the dorsal surface and not on the median line. Neck also twisted at right angles to the trunk, as in the other species, so that the ventral surface faces the lateral surface of the trunk. Ege strings attached on a level with the dorsal surface and standing out on either side so that they almost form a straight line at right angles to the trunk axis. Each string is comparatively long and thick, and the coils of the spiral are separated a little from one another.
Color (preserved material), neck and trunk a brownish yellow, egg strings orange yellow.
Length of trunk, 3 mm.; greatest diameter, 2 mm. Length of egg coils, 3.50 mm.; diameter, 1 mm. Diameter of egg strings, 0.33 mm.
(diversus, divergent, alluding to the egg coils.)
Remarks.—Since there is but a single mutilated specimen, it seems at first sight presumptuous to establish a new species for it. But it presents so many striking differences as to leave no doubt of its being a new species, and supplements the characters of the genus in such a way as to demand recognition. In ctncinnatus the fourth thorax segment carried two pairs of profusely branched horns, with the fourth legs entirely concealed between their bases so that they escaped notice. In ¢triangulus there were but three horns in the form of simple spines, and the unpaired ventral horn stood between the widely separated fourth legs. Here in diversus there are again two pairs of horns, but the ventral pair are only forked once, and the fourth legs are close together between their bases and are only partially concealed.
Again, in cincinnatus and triangulus the neck is attached to the extreme anterior corner of the trunk; here it is removed a short distance from the anterior end on the dorsal surface and is still attached to one side of the midline. Finally the egg strings which are parallel in all the other genera and species in which they are coiled are here so widely separated as almost to form one straight line at right angles to the axis of the trunk.
COLLIPRAVUS, new genus.
| External generic characters of female—Cephalothorax oblong, nearly cylindrical, sending out laterally two pairs and ventrally one pair of cushion-like processes. Second, third, and fourth thorax seg- ments distinctly separated, each with a pair of cushion-like lateral processes. Neck narrow and chitinized, bent just behind the fourth
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 719
segment and armed with small branched chitin horns. ‘The neck is joined to the trunk on the dorsal surface of the latter and consid- erably away from the midline.
Trunk ellipsoidal, the anterior end bluntly rounded, the posterior end with lobed processes over the bases of the egg strings. Abdomen as long as the trunk, flattened dorso-ventrally, and bent sidewise at right angles to the trunk axis. Egg strings coiled in tight spirals, eggs uniseriate.
Two pairs of antennae, second pair chelate; one pair of maxillae; four pairs of swimming legs, first two pairs close together and bira- mose, third and fourth pairs separated a short distance and unira- mose, all the rami two-jointed.
Internal generic characters of female.—Bilateral symmetry com- pletely distorted; esophagus inclined to the head axis, with a tri- partite eye buried in the tissues at its base; stomach not sending out lateral lobes nor convoluted; intestine looped once in the trunk; rectum short and straight; an anal lamina, destitute of setae on either side of the anus.
Ovaries at the extreme posterior end of the trunk on the dorsal surface, each a flattened sphere inclined to the trunk axis; oviducts separated by the neck, then coming together again, running forward diagonally to the anterior end of the trunk, then backward on the ventral surface to the vulvae. Cement glands also separated by the neck, then closing together again; they start between the ovaries at the posterior end and run diagonally forward the whole length of the dorsal surface, then backward on the opposite diagonal on the ventral surface, with no differentiation between the glandular portion and the ducts.
Chitinogen layer of the body wall thickest in the posterior lobes of the trunk and in the abdomen, elsewhere very thin.
Genus habitat—This genus, like Zaemobaphes, burrows from the bases of the gill arches into the throat and buries its head and the four anterior thorax segments in the bulbus arteriosus of its host. The abdomen is bent outward, away from the fish’s throat, on which- ever side the parasite may be attached, and the egg strings project through the gill opening.
Type of the genus.—Collipravus parvus, new species. monotypic.
(Collipravus, collum, neck and pravus, irregular, misplaced.)
COLLIPRAVUS PARVUS, new species. Plate 11, figs. 89-97. ITost and record of specimens.—F ive females were obtained from the gill arches of Jenkinsia stolifera at Nassau, in the Bahamas, by
the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in 1886. One of these is made the type of the new species with Cat. No. 47810, U.S.N.M.;
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
the others become paratypes with Cat. No. 12327, U.S.N.M. A single female, without a head, was obtained from the same host in the Florida Keys and was cleared in clove oil to obtain the internal anatomy.
Specific characters of female-—Specific characters the same as the generic, with the addition of the following details: Cephalothorax and anterior thorax segments all very soft and fleshy, the cushion processes much inflated, forming on the dorsal surface three longi- tudinal ridges, the central one the cephalothorax proper, the others the lateral processes.
On the fourth segment the lateral processes are conical and extend backward on either side of the neck. That portion of the neck which is inclosed in the bulbus arteriosus is also soft, but becomes gradu- ally chitinous and where it passes out through the wall of the artery is armed with two or three branched chitin horns, which are buried in the adjacent tissue. The neck then softens again before it joins the trunk and is twisted somewhat upon its long axis, but just how much it was impossible to tell, because the two heads were packed so tightly together inside the bulbus arteriosus (see “emarks” below). The anterior end of the trunk points forward toward the fish’s mouth and the abdomen is turned outward away from the bulbus arteriosus, so that when there is a parasite on both sides of the fish the one is the reverse of the other.
The long egg coils reach out through the gill opening and are visible from the exterior when the operculum is closed; each, if un- coiled, would be at least three times the length of the trunk.
The first antennae are two-jointed and setiferous; the second pair are also two-jointed and comparatively minute; they project very little and the tooth of the chela is nearly as large as the claw. The maxillae are attached to the ventral surface of the head at the base of the mouth-tube, which can not be protruded very far, if at all; each maxilla is made up of two slender joints and a long needlelike claw, slightly curved. Only the first thorax joint is fused with the head, and this is fairly well differentiated on the sides by the lateral processes. The first and second swimming legs are close together, the second pair much larger than the first; the third and fourth pairs are separated by considerable intervals, each on the posterior margin of its segment. In the preserved material the basal lamina of every leg is heavily pigmented with black, which makes them stand out prominently.
Color (preserved material), head, neck, and trunk a light yellowish gray, egg strings orange yellow.
Length of trunk, 3.50 mm.; diameter, 1.50 mm. Length of head and neck, 2.50 mm. Length of egg coils, 4.50 mm.; diameter, 0.60 mm.
(parvus, small.)
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 81
Remarks.—In the material collected by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross there were three specimens which had been re- moved from their host and two which were still attached, one on either side, to the gills of a Jenkinsia stolifera 40 mm. long. As is usual in such cases the torsion in these parasites was in opposite directions, as was also the flexion of the abdomen. On dissecting out the parasites their necks were found to enter the ventral aorta of the host at about the same point, just in front of the two arteries that supply the posterior gill arch. Both necks turned backward inside the aorta and the heads of the parasites were found closely packed together and filling the entire cavity of the bulbus arteriosus.
One head (a) was superimposed upon the other (0), the dorsal surfaces of the two facing the ventral wall of the aorta and the ventral surface of (a) packed against the dorsal surface of (bd). The head (a) was longer than (0), thus bringing its anterior ven- tral surface with the mouth-tube in front of the frontal margin of (6). Both mouths were thus unobstructed and could take in blood freely; the free anterior end of (a) was inflated into a cylinder the full size of the lumen of the bulbus, the remainder of (a) and the whole of (0) were much flattened dorso-ventrally.
This leads to the conclusion that under normal conditions, when there was but a single head inside the bulbus, its form would be cylindrical and but little flattened. Both heads have been used in the details here presented, and in the figures a dorsal and lateral view of (a) (figs. 90 and 91) and a dorsal and ventral view of (db) (figs. 92 and 93) are given.
How the tiny fish could live and apparently thrive with two such parasites literally sucking its heart’s blood is a mystery.
The genus can be easily recognized by the flexion of the com- paratively large abdomen and by the misplacement of the neck on the dorsal surface of the trunk. The complete distortion of bilat- eral symmetry in the internal morphology follows as a result of this misplacement.
LERNAEOCERINAE, new subfamily.
Subfamily characters of female-——Cephalothorax armed with hard chitin horns, more or less branched; neck and trunk curved, usually in the shape of the letter S; genital segment enlarged; no pre- genital prominence but often lateral processes over the bases of the egg strings; the latter filiform, very long and coiled in loose masses or twisted into a tight and regular spiral; eggs uniseriate and packed like a row of coins.
Two pairs of antennae, second pair chelate; manibles unknown; no protrusible proboscis; two pairs of maxillae, second pair uncinate;
77403 —Proc.N.M.vol.583—17——6
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
no maxillipeds; all the swimming legs close together and near the head.
Subfamily characters of Copepodid male (genus Lernaeocera).— Body like that of Cyclops, composed of a cephalothorax covered with a carapace; three free thorax segments, a fused fifth and genital segment, and a short, one-jointed abdomen; anal laminae small, each armed with 4 or 5 minute setae. Antennae and mouth parts as in the female, with the addition of a pair of well-developed uncinate maxillipeds; two pairs of biramose swimming legs, with two-jointed rami, third and fourth pairs uniramose, rami also two-jointed.
Ontogeny of genus Lernaeocera.—The gen-
ital protoplasm in the posterior end of the ovary forms egg mother cells and egg daughter cells, the lat- ter filling the anterior end of the ovary with- out definite arrange- ment. These oocytes acquire food and yolk material as they pass into the oviduct, and are there strongly flat- tened and packed tightly in a single row. The cement glands are entirely separate from
Fic. C.—THE MALE (LEFT) AND FEMALE (RIGHT) COPEPODID the oviduct and open LARVAE OF LERNAEOCERA BRANCHIALIS, AFTER A. SCOTT: jntg the latter just in- ACTUAL LENGTH OF FEMALE, 2.30 MM.
side the vulvae. Each egg is surrounded by an external membrane of cement material as it passes out through the vulva into the external sack, where it is again flattened and arranged with the others like a row of coins. The larva hatches as a typical nauplius with the usual three pairs of appendages, and one pair of posterior balancers. The nauplius is transformed into a metanauplius while swimming about freely in the plankton. At the-first copepodid stage it seeks out as a tem- porary host some fish other than the one which is afterwards to serve
No, 2194. NORTH AMHRICAN PARASITIC COPEPGDS—WILSON. 83
the female for a permanent host. To this fish’s gills it adheres by means of the chelate second antennae and proceeds to fasten itself to the apex of the gill filament by a broad frontal band of chitin. While thus attached it passes through two or three pupal stages dur- ing which there is the same disappearance of segmentation and of setae in the appendages as occurs in the Lernaeenicinae (see p. 43). But the reproductive organs develop, the body of the female elon- gates considerably, both sexes reach maturity, and fertilization takes place. The female, and sometimes also the male, then sever their connection with the gill filament and swim about again freely in the plankton.
The male soon dies, but the body of the female elongates still more and she then seeks out a final host and fastens to its gill arches with her chelate second antennae. She finally burrows through the inter- vening tissues to the immediate vicinity of the heart or the ventral aorta, where the head is securely anchored by the outgrowth of branched chitin horns. Here the female remains as a fixed parasite during the remainder of her life, which probably lasts a year or more.
Genus LERNAEOCERA Blainville.
Lernace (part) LiInnAEvs, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 1767, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 1092.
Lerneocera BLAtInviLyLe, Journ. de Physique, vol. 95, 1822, p. 375.
Lerneocera (part) NorpMANN, Mikrographische Beitriige, 1832, p. 180.
Lernaca BURMEISTER, Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Nat. Cur., vol. 17, 1833, p. 319.
Lernaeca (part) MirtNe Epwarps, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, vol. 3, 1840, p. 528.
Lernaeca, all subsequent authors.
Heternal generic characters of female—Cephalothorax globular, comparatively small, and furnished with three branched chitinous horns or anchor processes, the dorsal one usually a little longer than the lateral ones; second, third, and fourth thorax segments in the form of a slender neck of moderate length and of about the same diameter throughout; fifth and genital segments fused and more or less swollen, and with the abdomen bent into the form of the letter S; abdomen distinctly separated from the genital segment in im- mature stages, but completely fused in the mature adult; egg strings filiform, many times the length of the body, and coiled into irregular masses. First antennae three-jointed and well supplied with setae; second pair chelate and two-jointed; two pairs of maxillae, but no maxillipeds; first two pairs of swimming legs biramose, two posterior pairs uniramose, all the rami two-jointed.
Internal generic characters of female——Mouth really terminal, but appearing lateral, owing to the inclination of the head; esophagus nearly in line with head axis; stomach without lateral processes or
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
convolutions, bent at right angles when it enters the neck and pass- ing insensibly into the intestine, which is enlarged in the posterior neck and trunk; rectum very short and narrow. Ovaries fused on the midline of the dorsal surface, in the small of the back, and folded around the sharp curve in the body wall; oviducts passing around the intestine to the ventral surface and thence to the vulvae; cement glands ventral to the oviducts and plainly convoluted.
External generic characters of copepodid male.—Head and first thorax segment fused; second, third, and fourth thorax segments free; fifth and genital segments fused; abdomen one-jointed; anal laminae armed with short setae. Two pairs of antennae, second pair chelate; a pair of mandibles; two pairs of maxillae, second pair uncinate; a pair of stout mawxillipeds.
Internal generic characters of Copepodid male——Mouth tube at right angles to the head axis; stomach and intestine straight and in- distinguishable; rectum very short; large digestive glands along either side of the cephalothorax. ‘Testes paired and situated in the posterior portion of the cephalothorax; sperm ducts straight and dorsal to the intestine; spermatophore receptacles in the genital segment large and elliptical.
Type of the genus—Lernaeocera branchialis (Linnaeus), first species.
(Lernaeocera, Lernaea, and xépas, a horn).
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Head without anchor processes, simple, and filiform; body not flexed; egg strings not coiled; no appendages (13.50 mm.)* abyssicola (Brady), 18838, doubtful. 1. Head with simple unbranched processes; neck long and slender; body with a strong curve or simple flexure; egg strings sometimes regu-
larly,: Coiled. 222 = 222-52 en a ee eee 2 1. Head with branched processes; neck short and stout; body with double sigmoid flexure; egg strings always loosely coiled___________-__-_--- 3
2. Head small, subspherical; genital segment and abdomen covered with a
dense filamentous growth; egg strings coiled in a regular spiral (20 mm.) lotellae (Thompson), 1889.
. Head small, funnel-shaped, joined to the neck at an acute angle; genital segment and abdomen covered with scattered tufts of setae (22.50 mm.) rigida (I<r¢yer), 1863.
2. Head large and spherical; genital segment only slightly wider than the neck and separated from the abdomen by a constriction; no setae or filaments (E50 TA) = ee ahs a Pe NA ER eee lumpi (T. Scott), 1901.
. The posterior horn the only one developed, as long as the whole body, in line with it and profusely branched; egg strings in a few loose coils (ally RTs); See cy Sia EE oe, et branchialis, var. (Ilesse), 1891.
3. Genital segment with but a single curve; processes flat and short, but much branched; egg strings stout and their coils larger than the entire genital SEACH GINS aks) eee es eee oe eee Sees minuta (T. Seott), 1900.
nN
oo
1 Average total length of species.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 85
8. All three processes or horns developed; genital segment with a double
sigmoid curve; egg cases coiled but slender___.__-_--__-_--------_-_-- 4
4, Horns slender and cylindrical, all about the same length; abdomen com-
pletely fused with genital segment (40 mm.)
branchialis (Linnaeus), 1767, p. 85.
4. Horns flattened and laminate, posterior one three times the length of the
lateral ones; abdomen not recurved; coils of the egg strings very large
(alas pnnyniy §) snes eR se ee lusci (Bassett-Smith), 1896.
4. Horns very short, bilobed but not branched; abdomen boot-shaped and strongly narrowed where it joins the genital segment (32 mm.)
godfroyi (Quidor), 1912.
LERNAEOCERA BRANCHIALIS (Linnaeus). Plate 10, fig. 88; plate 12, figs. 98-107; plate 17, fig. 140.
Lernaca branchialis Lixnnarus, Systema Naturae, 1767, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 1092.—C.aus, Gesellschaft zur Beférderung der gesammten Naturwissen- schaften zu Marburg, vol. 9 supplement, 1868, p. 16, pls. 3, 4.—Merrzcrr, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, vol. 34, 1868, p. 106.—A. Scott, Liverpool Marine Biology Committee Memoirs, No. 6, 1901, p. 338.—T. and A. Scorr, British Parasitic Copepoda, Ray Society, London, 1913, p. 142, pls. 42, 43.
Lernaea gadina Fasrictus, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, p. 336.
Lerneocera branchialis BLAINVILLE, Journ. de Physique, 1822, vol. 95, p. 376, 1 plate.
Lernacocera branchialis NorpMANN, Mikrographische Beitriige, 1832, heft 2, p. 130.
Host and record of specimens.—This parasite is very common upon various species of Gadidae, especially the common cod, as the follow- ing list of specimens in the National Museum collection will show. It is always found near the base of the gill arches with its head buried in the underlying tissues close to the heart or the ventral aorta.
From the Greenland cod, Gadus ogac, 2 females, Cat. No. 6211, from Disco Bay, Greenland. From the common cod, Gadus cal- larias, 1 female, Cat. No. 6145, from Georges Banks; 1 female, Cat. No. 8488, from Harpswell, Maine; 4 females, Cat. No. 12910, from Woods Hole, Massachusetts; 2 females, Cat. No. 12911, from Browns Banks; 2 females, Cat. No. 12912, from Casco Bay, Maine; 1 female, Cat. No. 14324, from Harpswell, Maine; 5 females, Cat. No. 42329, from Casco Bay, Maine; 1 female, Cat. No. 47811, from Harpswell, Maine; 3 females, Cat. No. 47812, from Woods Hole, Massachusetts; 3 females, Cat. No. 47813, from Woods Hole, Massachusetts; 2 fe- males, Cat. No. 47814, from Harpswell, Maine; 3 females, Cat. No. 47815, no locality.
Cat. No. 42300 contains 2 females with no host given; it came from the Omaha Exposition.
External specific characters of female—Cephalothorax globular and provided with three branched horns, two lateral and one median
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
and dorsal; horns chitinous and profusely divided, the tips of the subdivisions usually somewhat swollen. Neck about the same diame- ter throughout and often showing transverse wrinkles. Trunk con- siderably enlarged and elongated, the portion representing the geni- tal segment of about the same diameter, the abdomen tapering to a bluntly rounded end. In the full-grown adult there is no groove or other indication of the point of junction of the genital segment and abdomen as there is in immature specimens, but the two are in-
distinguishably fused and are bent into the form of the letter S . A pair of minute anal laminae can be easily detected in half-
grown specimens, and they persist in the mature adult, each being tipped with a single seta. The egg strings are voluminous and each is drawn into a loose and irregular coil which, if straightened, would be several times the length of the entire body; eggs minute and strongly flattened.
Two pairs of antennae on the dorsal surface of the head as in all the Lernaeidae, the first pair three-jointed, with a tuft of setae at the tip, the second pair two-jointed, the joints about the same size, the terminal one bearing a stout chela. Proboscis strongly pro- trusible; when fully extended (fig. 101) it forms a bluntly rounded cone on the front of the head, pointed backward parallel with the axis of the neck, and carrying on its tip the two pairs of maxillae. In preserved specimens the proboscis is usually withdrawn so com- pletely that it pulls in with it the whole front of the head and causes the latter to assume a cup shape, as represented in Emerton’s excel- lent figures (figs. 98-100).
The muscles which control this proboscis are evidently arranged like those in Peniculus (fig. 2), so that the mouth tube proper can be withdrawn a long distance. At the tip of the mouth tube are the two pairs of maxillae, the first pair (ma, fig. 103) short finger-like papillae, divided at the tip and each portion armed with u single large seta. On the outer margin of the papilla near the base is a small, rounded palp-like protuberance. The second maxillae are two-jointed, the basal joint stout and armed at its distal end on the dorsal surface with the two claw-like processes noted by Claus as characteristic of the same appendages in the copepodid female. The terminal joint is also stout but smaller than the basal joint, and it ends in a stout claw.
Behind the cephalothorax come the four pairs of swimming legs, the first two pairs close together and biramose, the third and fourth pairs removed a very short distance and uniramose, all the rami two- jointed and well supplied with setae. Color, a dark brownish red, due to the contained blood; horns dark brown; head and egg strings a light orange yellow.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 87
Total length, if the body were straightened, about 40 mm. Great- est diameter of trunk, 8 to 10 mm. Length of egg strings if straightened, 150 to 200 mm.
(branchialis, pertaining to the gills, which are its habitat.)
Internal specific characters of female—KEsophagus short and in- clined at an angle of about 60° to the axis of the neck, entering the stomach at the anterior end with little or no sphincter muscle at the junction.
Stomach increased to about 2 diameters in the neck, passing insen- sibly into the intestine, which is abruptly enlarged in the genital segment.
The fused ovaries are produced into horn-like projections anteri- orly and posteriorly, which are strongly flattened dorsoventrally and fit down on the dorsal surface of the intestine like a saddle, the flaps extending nearly to the center of the side of the intestine. Each an- terior horn tapers to an apex which lies dorsal to the intestine and from which the oviduct leads around the outside of the intestine to the ventral surface and follows that surface back to the vulva. These oviducts are exceptionally narrow compared with the size of the parasite and along the ventral surface are wholly ventral to the in- testine. Each cement gland is about the same diameter as the oviduct, along whose inner ventral surface it extends, the two glands being in contact with the ventral body wall and close to the midline. The anterior end of the gland turns up with the oviduct for a short dis- tance on the outside of the intestine at the base of the neck and termi- nates in a blunt point. The chitinogen layer of the body wall is poorly developed.
Specific characters of the Copepodid male.—Cephalothorax ellip- tical, narrow anteriorly through the bases of the antennae, almost squarely truncated posteriorly, and covered with a dorsal carapace. Second, third, and fourth thorax segments about the same length and width, which latter is half that of the carapace. Line of demarka- tion between the fifth and genital segments indicated by lateral notches. Abdomen short, much narrower than the genital segment; anal laminae each armed with 4 or 5 setae. First antennae four- jointed, the basal joint much longer than any of the others, each joint well armed with setae; second antennae comparatively small, two-jointed, the joints about the same size and triangular, the termi- nal joints tipped with a stout chela. Proboscis long and fairly stout; mandible in the form of a long and slender spine; first maxilla a short papilla tipped with two long setae; second maxilla two-jointed, joints the same width but the basal one somewhat the longer, termi- nal claw short and stout; two-jointed maxillipeds present behind the maxillae, the terminal joint the same length as the basal but much narrower, terminal claw short and pointed.
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Internally there is a large tripartite eye a little in front of the center of the cephalothorax. The testes are paired and at the extreme posterior margin of the cephalothorax; the sperm ducts open out of their posterior ends and run back to the genital segment where each is enlarged into a pair of receptacles within which are formed and stored the spermatophores.
Total length, 1.75 mm. Diameter of cephalothorax, 0.45 mm.
Nauplius—General outline diamond-shaped, considerably flattened dorso-ventrally, a trifle longer than wide, all the corners well rounded, Three irregular patches of pigment on the dorsal surface, one at each of the lateral angles and the third at the posterior angle. The anterior angle is filled by the large compound eye, whose pigment is the same color as that of the dorsal patches, a yellowish purple. Be- hind the eye may be seen the first traces of the nerve ganglion, not as yet clearly developed. And behind the ganglion, occupying the bulk of the center of the body, is a single large oil globule similar to that noted in Lernaeenicus longiventris (p. 68). First antennae armed with a bunch of short spines on the dorsal surface near the distal end and the usual two long terminal plumose setae. Second antennae and mandibles of the typical pattern, biramose, the exopod four-jointed, each joint bearing a plumose seta, the endopod with a single joint tipped with two setae. Balancers slender and curved, turned at right angles to the body axis so that the two are in the same straight line.
Total length, 0.45 mm. Greatest width, 0.40 mm.
Metanauplius.—General outline an elongated oval, the pointed end posterior, the margin evenly rounded. The posterior pigment spot has increased in size while the lateral ones have fused across the mid- line. The eye is relatively smaller and not as close to the anterior margin. The appendages remain approximately as before except that the endopods of the second antennae and mandibles are now dis- tinctly jointed, and the terminal joint of each is armed on the inner margin with a stout spine. At the posterior end of the body inside of the skin may be seen the beginnings of two free thorax segments, a fused fifth and genital segment, and a one-jointed abdomen with anal laminae. The balancers turn forward as before, but are now jointed close to their base, while the terminal portion is flattened dorso-ven- trally and bluntly rounded at the tip. Between these from the pos- terior end of the body projects a short conical process, with a pair of blunt rounded spines on either side at its base.
This is the posterior body of the metanauplius, while that which is seen inside of the skin is to become the posterior body of the first copepodid larva after the next molt.
Total length, 0.55 mm. Greatest width, 0.25 mm.
No. 2194. NORTIT AMHBRICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 89
Remarks.—The present is one of the longest known and most fre- quently mentioned species amongst the parasitic copepods. Every zoologist has become familiar at least with its name and some of its reputed characteristics. It has long served as one of the stock ex- amples used to illustrate degeneration and retrogression, and the aver- age opinion with reference to it has been well expressed by Dr. Andrew Wilson in an article on Degeneration in the Popular Science Monthly for June, 1881, in which he said “ Beginning life as a three- legged ‘nauplius,’ the lernean retrogresses and degenerates to be- come a mere elongated worm, devoted to the production of eggs, «nd exhibiting but little advance on the sacculina” (p. 227).
The appendages have been variously reported as rudimentary or entirely obsolete, even up to the very latest publications with refer- ence to them. At the time of the first discovery of the male by Metzger and Claus (1868), the latter called particular attention to the presence of a compound eye, of anal laminae, and of the various appendages in the adult female, but the significance of his discov- eries were overlooked and soon forgotten. As far as the appendages are concerned, the present species shows neither retrogression nor degeneration. The adult female retains all the appendages that she ever possessed, and they are as fully developed in the adult as they were in the copepodid stage. The only change that has been made is that the parasite has ceased to use some of them, and they have con- sequently become brittle and are easily broken off. And even if we apply to them the term rudimentary, we must remember that they are no more imperfectly developed in the adult than they were in the larva. In the body form there is an elimination of joints, more or less fusion of various body regions, and considerable distortion, so that here we do find retrogression. In the future, therefore, in dealing with this species we should remember that the appendages can not be classed with the body form, but that the two are dis- tinctly separate.
Genus LERNAEOLOPHUS Heller.
Pennella (part) NorpMANN, Galerie du Muséum d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1839; P, sultana, afterward made the type of Heller’s genus; Bull. de la Soe. Imp. des Nat. Moscou, 1864, vol. 37, p. 485, P. sultana, var. sigmoida.
Pencllus (part) Mitne Epwarps, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, vol. 3, 1840, P. sultana, p. 528.
Lernaca (part) Krgyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 8 Raekke, 2 Bind, 1863, L. hemiramphi, p. 318, afterwards transferred to Heller’s genus.
Lernaeolophus Heiter, Reise der Novara, 1865, p. 251, L. sultanus, mono- typic.
Lernacolophus Witson, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1918, L. recurvus, p. 252, pl. 46; L. striatus, p. 254, pl. 47, figs. 260, 261.
External generic characters of female.—Cephalothorax inclined ventrally to the neck axis; a pair of lateral and an unpaired dorsal
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 53.
horn, chitinous; neck cylindrical, heavily chitinized, and showing considerable torsion, attached to the trunk on the midline. Trunk bent in a sigmoid curve, also heavily chitinized; abdomen large, with rudimentary anal laminae, armed with a double row of dichotomously branched processes; egg strings coiled in a loose mass like those of Lernaea and concealed by the processes.
Two pairs of antennae, second pair chelate; proboscis somewhat protractile; mouth parts replaced by small knobs; first two pairs of swimming legs biramose, third and fourth pairs uniramose, all the rami two-jointed and setiferous; the four pairs close together behind the head.
Internal generic characters of female—Bilateral symmetry com- plete; stomach without lobes; intestine wide and much convoluted in the neck, greatly enlarged in the trunk, then narrowed in the abdomen; rectum short; ovaries extending from the bend some dis- tance forward into the neck, nearly as long as the oviducts, strongly fiattened posteriorly, but nearly cylindrical anteriorly; oviducts very wide, somewhat flattened laterally, and at the sides of the intestine rather than ventral to it; in fact the ovary and oviduct almost come together and completely cover the lateral surface of the intestine. Cement glands between and ventral to the oviducts, glandular por- tion much longer than the duct, curved dorsally at the interior end around the outside of the oviduct, or sometimes passing up inside of the oviduct and curving over the top and down on the outside; duct of cement gland convoluted. Chitin layer of body wall much thickened and very hard; chitinogen layer thickest along the sides of the body and in the abdomen; no definite skin-glands.
Genus habitat—This genus burrows into the underlying tissues from various places in the mouth and throat of their fish host, on the jaw, the roof of the mouth, gill arches, etc. The entire body is strongly chitinized and shows both torsion and flexion.
Type of the genus—Lernaeolophus sultanus (Nordmann), mono- typic.
(Lernaeolophus, Lernaea and dé¢os, a crest or tuft.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 1. Body straight or only slightly curved; a distinct groove at the base of the neck; abdominal processes 20 or more on either side and unbranched; oer TNs) ae Sl cs hs SE Pe 2 eee emer striatus Wilson, 1912.
1. Body folded back upon itself once at the base of the neck; abdominal proc- esses 10 or more on either side, very slender and profusely branched;
Opa) je, oe Be ee ik eS recurvus Wilson, 1912. He body. with 2 resulor:siemoid (Curvel 2222. ee eee 2 2. Abdominal processes 20 or more on either side, divided into numerous fine harsat the tips Gimms) 225 see see ee hemiramphi (Krdyer), 1863. 2. Abdominal processes 10 or more on either side, dichotomously branched from THe “Very base (Glo mn.) ee ee sultanus (Nordmann), 1864, p. 91.
1 Average total length of species.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 91
LERNAEOLOPHUS SULTANUS (Nordmann).
Plate 18, figs. 108-118.
Pennella sultana NorpMANN, Bull. Soc. Impériale des Naturalists de Moscou, 1864, vol. 37, p. 485, pl. 5, figs. 12-16.
Penelius sultana Mine Epwarps, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, vol. 3, 1840, p. 523.
Lernacolophus sultanus Hetier, Reise der Novara, 1865, p. 251, pl. 25, fig. 7.—Brian, Copepodi parassiti dei pesci d’Italia, 1906, p. 91.
Host and record of specimens.—I'wo females were obtained from the gill arches of the orange file fish, Alutera schoepfii, in Vineyard Sound in 1874, and have received Cat. No. 6186, U.S.N.M. Two other females were found by the present author in the upper jaw on the inside of the mouth of the garfish, 7'ylosurus marinus, at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in August, 1903, and have received Cat. No.
7816, U.S.N.M. A single broken specimen was obtained from Haemulon plumieri by Dr. Edwin Linton at the Carnegie Institution, Tortugas, Florida, in July, 1908, and has received Cat. No. 47817, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female—Cephalothorax spherical, at right angles to the neck axis, and covered with a hard chitin skin, divided by a shallow median groove on the anterior and ventral surfaces into two cushion-like halves or pads, each of which is prolonged on the ventral surface into a series of three short, rounded, and often lobed processes, which project from the pad-like fingers. These processes are covered with a thin chitin skin and their lumen is in connection with the cavity of the head. Posteriorly are given off a pair of lateral horns and an unpaired dorsal one, all three cylindrical, com- posed of hard chitin, and more or less branched.
These horns are also hollow to their very tips and, like the proc- esses their lumen opens into the cavity of the head. Behind the horns the neck narrows a little, but remains comparatively wide and of about uniform diameter down to the trunk; its walls are very thick and hard.
The head and neck show a torsion of from 135° to 180°, bringing the ventral surface almost, if not quite, over the dorsal surface of the trunk. The latter enlarges gradually from the base of the neck and with the neck and abdomen is bent into a vertical sigmoid curve. The concave bend on the back of the trunk is narrow and sharp and is strengthened by a thick chitin ridge which runs across it, trans- verse to the trunk axis, and flattens out and disappears on either side. The convex ventral margin sweeps in a broad curve from the base of the neck to the vulvae. The abdomen is on a level with the dorsal surface, is fully two-thirds as long as the trunk, and is more than half as wide and deep. Along either side of the abdomen and
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
extending onto the posterior end of the genital segment are two rows of dichotomously branched processes. The upper row of six pro- cesses is a little below the dorsal surface of the abdomen and is still further depressed on the trunk. The lower row of five processes is parallel to the upper one, the last process standing on the median line uf the genital segment (vertical median).
The branching of these processes varies considerably in different individuals, and probably in the same individual at different stages of development; the older the individual the more profuse the branching, the younger the individual the simpler the processes. As might be expected these branched processes furnish excellent anchor- age for various fixed forms of animal and plant life, and they are often found covered with algae or protozoa. The processes in the two rows alternate with one another, and the tip of the abdomen is left free. This tip is slightly bilobed and on either lobe, close to the anus, isa rudimentary anal lamina, destitute of setae. Theegg strings are curled into a loose and irregular coil, as described by Kroyer and Nordmann, and are not in a regular convolute spiral as stated by Heller.
The first antennae are minute, two-jointed and tipped with setae; the second pair are also two-jointed and tipped with a strong chela, the nearly straight claw shutting down behind a catch on the oppo- site margin of the terminal joint. Proboscis in the bottom of a groove on the ventral surface of the head, of softer tissue than the surrounding parts, and apparently capable of being somewhat pro- truded; mouth parts lacking.
Four pairs of swimming legs close together in the curve of the neck just behind the head. The basal joints of these legs are rounded oblong, the first two pairs with a basal projection on the inner margin. The rami are usually broken off, but occasionally a leg will be found with the rami intact, when we can see that the first two pairs are biramose, the third and fourth pairs uniramose, the rami all two-jointed and well armed with setae.
Color (preserved material), the uniform reddish brown character- istic of chitin in alcohol.
Total length, including the sigmoid curvature, 15 mm. Cephalo- thorax, 1.50 mm. long, 1.50 mm. wide. Neck, 1 mm. in diameter. Genital segment, 2.50 mm. in diameter.
(sultanus, like a sultana).
Remarks.—The discovery of the two pairs of antennae on these specimens necessitates a different interpretation of the knobs found on the ventral surface of the head.t
1See Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, p. 252-255.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 93
These can no longer be regarded as rudiments of the antennae and mouth parts for several reasons:
1. The true antennae have been found in their proper position on the dorsal surface of the head. In creatures as thoroughly chitinized as this genus of parasites the minute appendages break off with especial ease, and the present author has never before seen specimens to which they remained attached. And when once broken off it is practically impossible to find any scars showing their former presence.
2. On comparing different specimens of sultanus the form and size of these knobs is found to vary far more than would be prob- able if they were the rudiments of appendages.
3. The interior of the knobs is in connection with the cavity of the head, which is manifestly unlike the condition of appendages.
They must be regarded, therefore, as mere processes, correspond- ing to the frontal processes in other genera, but in this genus re- stricted in number and confined to the ventral surface. In this genus then, as in Pennella, the maxillae have apparently disap- peared.
The distinctive characters in the morphology of the species are the chitinization of the entire body so that its form remains the same however poorly it may be preserved, the two rows of branched processes on the sides of the abdomen and genital segment, the pushing of the ovaries and oviducts forward into the base of the neck, and the convolution of the ducts of the cement gland.
Genus HAEMOBAPHES Steenstrup and Liitken.
Haemobaphes StEeNstRup and Lurkxen, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5te Raekke, 1861, p. 405.
L'eternal generic characters of female—Cephalothorax subspheri- cal, much inflated and soft, with a tripartite eye buried in the tissues over the base of the esophagus; produced laterally into a cushionlike process on either side, with a short, rounded point extending diago- nally forward and outward; anterior margin with a rounded knob on either side of the midline.
Second, third, and fourth thorax segments distinctly separated, the first two nearly as wide as the cephalothorax and sometimes pro- duced laterally into cushionlike processes, the fourth segment nar- rower with short, bilobed processes on the venterolateral surface like those in Chondracanthus,; similar processes sometimes found on the third segment.
Neck long, slender, cylindrical, and flexed upon itself a little in front of the center, where it is completely chitinized and armed with numerous short chitin horns, simple or branched.
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Trunk much swollen, bent into a sigmoid curve, the ventral surface on the convex side, with a pair of short, swollen processes over the bases of the egg strings; abdomen relatively large, swollen, and cylin- drical, with a pair of latera] processes near its base; egg strings long, each coiled in a tight spiral; eggs uniseriate and closely packed.
Two pairs of antennae, second pair uncinate; proboscis short, coni- eal and nonretractile; first maxillae apparently lacking, second pair uncinate; four pairs of swimming legs, first two pairs biramose, rami two-jointed and setiferous; third and fourth pairs uniramose, rami one-jointed and setiferous.
Internal generic characters of female——Bilateral symmetry com- pletely preserved; intestine narrowed through the neck, moderately enlarged in the genital segment, and occupying the entire lumen of the abdomen; rectum long and conical; ovaries on the dorsal surface just in front of the concave flexure, their anterior third more or less cylindrical, their posterior two-thirds much flattened and spread out laterally over the dorsal surface of the intestine; oviducts on the ven- tral surface of the intestine and narrow; processes over the bases of the egg strings filled with muscles which probably give the latter their coiled form; glandular portion of the cement glands longer than the ducts, both glands and ducts parallel but removed a little dis- tance from the midline; chitinogen layer of body wall well developed slong the sides of the trunk and in the two pairs of lateral processes at the posterior end.
Genus habitat—This genus inserts its soft head and anterior neck into the ventral aorta or bulbus arteriosus of its host, burrowing in from the gill arches. The neck is flexed sharply where it enters the aorta, and usually turned to one side, but there is no torsion.
Type of the genus.—Haemobaphes cyclopterina (Fabricius), mono- typic.
(Haemobaphes, atua blood, and fads dipped or dyed).
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
' 1. A series of lobed but unbranched processes on either side of the head and four anterior thorax segments; trunk with sigmoid flexure and lateral processes (34 mimjc- 2 oe cyclopterina (Wabricius), 1780, p. 95.
1. A series of profusely branched processes on either side of the head and four anterior thorax segments; trunk nearly straight and without lateral precessess (1:Ginami)) Let Sea a Ss Ee enodis, new species, p. 97.
1. A single pair of bilobed processes on either side of the cephalothorax, none
on the free thorax; trunk with sigmoid flexure and lateral processes
C2 rn) ce ee ee diccraus, new species, p. 98.
1 Average total length of species.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 95
\ HAEMOBAPHES CYCLOPTERINA (Fabricius). Plate 14, figs. 114-118.
Lernaea cyclopterina Fasricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, p. 337.—/KKr¢yer, Naturhistorisk Tiddskrift, 1837, p. 502, pl. 5, fig. 4, a—e—Batrp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, p. 239.
Schisturus cycloptcrinus Oxren, Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, 1816, p. 183.
Lerneocera cyclopterina BLAINVILLE, Jour. de Physique, vol. 95, 1822, p. 376.
Haemobaphes cyclopterina STEENSTRUP and LUTKEN (given under genus above).—T. and A. Scort, British Parasitic Copepoda, Ray Society, 1913, p. 147, pl. 44, figs. 5-7.—Wutson, Contrib. Canadian Biology, 1906-1910 (pub. 1912), p. 99.
Host and record of specimens.—Fifteen females with egg strings were obtained from the gills of Cyclogaster ingens Gilbert, in the Sea of Japan off the Korean coast at station 48638 of the fisheries steamer Albatross in July, 1906, and have been given Cat, No. 47818, U.S.N.M. Three single females were obtained from the gills of Lycenchelys (Lycodes) verrillii, the first two by the steamer Speedwell in the Gulf of Maine in August, 1877, the third “near La Have” in 1888. These have been given, respectively, Cat. Nos. 6137, 38331, and 47819, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female——The specific characters are the same as the generic characters already given, but to them we may add the following details.
The entire cephalothorax and that portion of the neck in front of the flexure was very soft and easily lacerated, which contrasted strongly with the firm and solid condition of the remainder of the body. This is the portion which hangs free within the fish’s aorta and doubtless remains soft for that reason. On the dorsal surface the cephalothorax proper is distinctly indicated by a central longi- tudinal ridge, which narrows anteriorly over the mouth parts, but there are no visible traces of a carapace.
On either side is a long cushion-like process, which narrows into a small knob anteriorly and curls downward and inward over the ventral surface almost to the median line. Dorsally these processes are on a level with the central cephalothoracic ridge, ventrally they project considerably. In front of them two other cushion processes are given off from the ventrolateral surface, which also project ventrally.
Between the rounded anterior ends of these processes are found on the anterior margin the two pairs of antennae and on the ventral surface the mouth parts. The cephalothorax is separated from the second thorax segment by a distinct groove, and the second, third, and fourth thorax segments are similarly defined dorsally but are less distinct ventrally. The second and third segments are nearly as wide as the head, including the lateral processes; the fourth seg-
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
ment is abruptly narrowed to less than half that width. The second and third segments each have a pair of lateral cushion processes, as wide as the segment itself and smoothly rounded, those of the third segment having on the posterior ventral surface a small knob. The fourth segment sends out on either side a soft bilobed process, the lobes thick and bluntly rounded, and inclined a little ventrally.
Behind these lobes the neck narrows and becomes rapidly chitinized until it reaches the flexure, beyond which it is slightly enlarged and armed with chitin horns of varying numbers and patterns, but usually short and somewhat flattened. Behind these horns the neck is again narrowed until it reaches the trunk, which it enters exactly on the median line so that there is no distortion of the bilateral symmetry.
The antennae and mouth parts are at the extreme anterior end of the cephalothorax; the first antennae are stout, three-jointed, and well armed with setae; the second pair are made up of two stout joints, furnished with strong muscles and tipped with a chela, whose long and rather slender claw shuts down past a projection on the opposite margin of the terminal joint. The mouth tube is short and but little, if at all, retractile, with a well-defined ventral plate; no first maxillae could be detected; the second pair are three-jointed, the basal joint the shortest, the second joint the longest and stoutest and armed on its outer margin with a short spine; the third joint is tipped with a short and weakly curved claw. Only the two pairs of legs described by Steenstrup and Liitken could be detected; each of these is biramose and the rami are two-jointed and setiferous. With the three anterior joints of the free thorax so well differentiated we should look for four pairs of legs instead of two, and a perfect specimen will probably reveal them. (See emarks, below.)
Color (preserved material) of the body, the soft portion of the neck, and the head grayish yellow, chitinous portions of the neck and egg strings darker orange yellow.
Total Jength, including curves, 34 mm. Cephalothorax and neck, 14 mm. long, 0.75 mm. in diameter. Greatest diameter of trunk, 4 mm. Egg coil, 14 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter. Each egg string, if straightened, would be approximately 125 mm. long.
(cyclopterina, from the genus of fish on which it was first found.)
Remarks.—F ortunately the specimen numbered 38331 included a mutilated head; the neck had been broken at the flexure and the an- terior portion was again broken between the cephalothorax and the second segment. But the broken parts could be placed together while they were being drawn, and it was much easier to orient them when thus separated from the trunk than it would have been when attached to it. The antennae and mouth parts were uninjured, but one leg of
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 97
each pair was gone and the remainder of the ventral surface was more or less lacerated, so that if the parasite originally possessed four pairs of legs the two posterior pairs might easily have been destroyed. The discovery of the antennae and mouth parts brings this species, and through it the genus up to a better analogy with the rest of the family. Steenstrup and Liitken, the founders of the genus, examined several specimens which they reported as perfect, but the best they could say of the cephalothorax was that it presented considerable likeness to that of Pennella. They found neither antennae, pro- boscis, nor mouth parts, and as far as is known no investigator since their day has even seen the parasite’s head.
The internal morphology is peculiarly interesting since it shows that, in spite of the sigmoid curvature of the body, there has been no disturbance in the bilateral symmetry. In this particular it pre- sents an important contrast to Phrizocephalus and Collipravus, in both of which there is more or less distortion.
HAEMOBAPHES ENODIS, new species.
Plate 20, figs. 156 and 157.
Host and record of specimens.—A single perfect female with egg strings was obtained from the gills of Lycodapus fierasfer, a small deep-sea fish, 4 inches in length, by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross 11 miles off Point Pinos Lighthouse, on the California coast, May 26, 1904. It is made the type of the new species, with Cat. No. 49702, U.S.N.M. Like all other species of this genus the head and anterior thorax are buried inside the bulbus arteriosus of the host, and there is but a single specimen on each fish.
Specifie characters of female.—Cephalothorax and the three an- terior free thorax segments about the same width, all four covered with numerous profusely branched cauliflower processes, which do not show any definite arrangement; these give this part of the body a peculiarly rough and swollen appearance; the head, the thorax, and these processes are exceedingly soft and fragile. Neck quickly becoming chitinous and armed with a single pair of short horns in front of the flexure; the portion behind the flexure enlarged in di- ameter and shorter than the portion in front of the flexure. Trunk almost straight with only a hint of the sigmoid curve; genital segment enlarged to four times the diameter of the neck, the dorsal margin only slightly concave, the ventral margin broadly convex, with no knobs or processes. Abdomen in line with the genital segment, about half the length and width of the latter, the same diameter through- out, and also without knobs or processes. Egg strings loosely coiled, the coils a little wider than the abdomen and about the length of the genital segment.
77403—Proc.N.M.vol.53—17——-7
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
First and second antennae in the same position and similar in structure to those of cyclopterina; maxillae and proboscis also similar in position and structure; swimming legs entirely concealed by the cauliflower processes so that it would be necessary to remove the latter in order to ascertain their exact number and arrangement.
Color (preserved material), a uniform brownish yellow except the head and anterior thorax and their processes which are white.
Total length, 16.50 mm. Head and anterior thorax, 2 mm. long, 1.50 mm. wide.
Genital segment, 6 mm. long, 2.38 mm. wide. Egg coils, 6 mm. long, 1.50 mm. wide.
(enodis, destitute of knobs or processes.)
Remarks.—This species is so radically different from the others in the genus that it can be readily recognized by its general form with- out the details of the appendages. The absence of all knobs and processes on the trunk, the almost complete suppression of the sig- moid curve, and the profusion of cauliflower processes on the head and anterior thorax are the distinguishing characters. The size is also more in accord with the miniature host on which it lives.
HAEMOBAPHES DICERAUS, new species. Plates 19 and 20, figs. 148 to 155.
Host and record of specimens.—Two females with egg strings were taken from the gill arches of Chaeturichthys sciistius at Hakodate, Japan. The more perfect of the two is made the type of the new species, with Cat. No. 49703, U.S.N.M. The other becomes a para- type, with Cat. No. 49735, U.S.N.M. They were taken from sepa- rate fish, and each was fastened in the fish’s throat at the base of the gill arches and had bored through the intervening tissues and buried its head inside the bulbus arteriosus.
Specific characters of female—Head and all of the thorax in- closed within the bulbus arteriosus very soft and easily torn or crushed; cephalothorax with a single pair of lateral cushion proc- esses, each of which is bifid; the anterior branch is on a level with the dorsal surface of the head, is short, cylindrical, bluntly rounded at the tip, and pointed directly forward parallel with the axis of the head; the posterior branch is enlarged into a circular cushion, evenly rounded and slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, and extends diagonally downward and backward to the ventral surface.
The second, third, and fourth thorax segments are distinctly dif- ferentiated; the second and third segments the same width as the head without the lateral horrs, the fourth segment a little narrower; all three segments perfectly smooth, without knobs or processes. Neck a little more than half the width of the fourth segment, be- coming rapidly chitinized, and armed with a single pair of short
No. 2194 NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 99
spinelike horns just in front of the flexure. Beyond the flexure it enlarges gradually until it joins the trunk on the ventral surface and at the median line.
There is a large spherical swelling on either side of the genital segment at the anterior end, which starts on the dorsal surface and reaches almost to the ventral surface. It may even be said that it does reach that surface since its contour is indicated by a slight notch on the ventral margin. There are two small knobs on the ven- tral surface just in front of the egg coils, and a pair of lateral fleshy flaps or processes over the bases of the egg strings, which are elon- gated dorso-ventrally.
The genital segment passes insensibly into the abdomen, which is short, nearly straight, and twisted on its axis, so that the anal sinus shows in a side view of the trunk. Over the base of the abdomen two large processes are fused across the dorsal midline like a large saddle.
The egg coils are a little longer than the abdomen and taper to- ward their tips. The first antennae are three-jointed and well armed with setae; the second antennae are stout and two-jointed, the ter- minal] joint a little narrower than the basal and armed at the tip on the outer margin with a stout curved claw, which shuts down inside a raised semicircle on the opposite inner margin.
Proboscis well developed and projecting from the ventral surface of the head; upper lip split lengthwise through the center, each half considerably wider than the mouth tube; the latter divided and grooved on the ventral surface and a little flattened on the dorsal surface; maxillae three-jointed, with a short and bluntly-pointed terminal claw.
Tour pairs of swimming legs, the first and second pairs close to- gether and a short distance behind the mouth, each biramose, the rami one-jointed, the endopod considerably smaller than the exopod, both well armed with plumose setae. The third and fourth pairs are on the posterior margins of their respective thorax segments; each is uniramose, the ramus one-jointed and armed, the third pair with five, and the fourth pair with four, large plumose setae. The rela- tive distances of the three posterior pairs behind the first pair are represented by the numbers 1, 6, and 11.
Color (preserved material), a uniform orange yellow, the egg strings brown, the head and anterior thorax white.
Total length, if straightened, 20 mm.; from the flexure in the neck to the tip of the abdomen, 11 mm. Diameter of head through lateral processes, 1.25 mm. Diameter of genital segment, 4 mm. Diameter of abdomen behind the saddle, 2 mm. Length of egg coils, 6 mm.; diameter, 1.50 mm.
(diceraus, 5s, two and xépas, horn.)
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Remarks.—This species is considerably smaller than cyclopterina, and may be recognized at once by the single pair of bifid processes on the cephalothorax, while the second, third, and fourth thorax seg- ments are destitute of processes. This distinction may then be sub- stantiated by the differences in the appendages, especially the max- illae and the swimming legs. :
The head of this species was much better preserved than those of cyclopterina, and the details of all the appendages are distinctly shown. The long plumose setae upon the swimming legs are espe- cially worthy of notice. Being buried inside the bulbus arteriosus of the host they have no chance to get broken or injured, and thus are preserved intact, as they were when the copepodid female first found her host.
The fact that the only head amongst the 15 females belonging to the species cyclopterina was mutilated, while in the single specimen of the species enodis both the cephalothorax and the free thorax were so covered with cauliflower processes as to effectively hide the swimming legs, makes it advisable to take the present species as our standard in the matter of the number and arrangement of the swim- ming legs.
Accordingly the genus diagnosis given above (p. 94) assigns four pairs of swimming legs to the genus, and there is every reason to be- lieve that this will prove to be the correct number when more speci- mens of the other two species are obtained.
Genus HAEMOBAPHOIDES T. and A. Scott.
Haemobapkoides T. and A. Scott, British Parasitic Copepoda, Ray Society, 1913, p. 148, pl. 44, fig. 8.
External generic characters of female.-—Cephalothorax subspheri- eal and furnished with terminal branched chitin horns similar to those found in Lernaea; second, third, and fourth thorax segments not differentiated, but fused into a short neck, which is straight and not refiexed, and which carries neither horns nor processes. Trunk much swollen, bent into a sigmoid curve, with a pair of simple processes over the bases of the egg strings; abdomen longer than the genital segment, covered with irregular processes along the sides and on the dorsal surface at the base, and considerably enlarged at the tip. Egg strings coiled into a tight spiral which tapers toward the distal end. No details with reference to any of the appendages nor to the internal anatomy.
Genus habitat—This genus bores into the gill arches of fish and enchors itself in the surrounding tissues by means of its chitin horns. It does not bury its head in the aorta or the bulbus arteriosus like the preceding genus.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPCDS—WILSON. 101
Type of the genus.—Taemobaphoides ambiguus (T. Scott), mono- typic.
(Haemobaphoides, Haemobaphes and the ending cléos denoting likeness).
Remarks.—T. and A. Scott established this new genus in 1913 for the species which T. Scott had described in 1900 as Zaemobaphes ambiguus. It certainly seems to be a distinct genus, but it is unfor- tunate that neither in the original description nor in the new genus diagnosis are any of the appendages even mentioned. The internal anatomy is probably very similar to that of Zaemobaphes and this makes the lack of external detail all the more regrettable.
TRIFUR, new genus.
External generic characters of female-—Cephalothorax enlarged nearly at right angles to the neck, and armed with a dorsal posterior median horn and two shorter conical lateral horns. Neck moderately thick, completely chitinized, and three times the length of the trunk, curved but not flexed, and smooth. Trunk only slightly swollen, bent into a sigmoid curve at right angles to the curve of the neck, the ventral surface on the convex side, with a pair of short and wide fleshy processes over the bases of the egg strings. Abdomen slender, half as long as the genital segment, and continuing the S-curve, des- titute of processes; egg strips coiled into tight spirals, which are one-half longer than the abdomen; eggs uniseriate and flattened into thin disks.
Two pairs of antennae, second pair chelate; four pairs of swim- ming legs, two pairs close together just above the base of the cephalo- thorax, the others removed to some distance on the neck itself.
Internal generic characters of female——Digestive tube occupying the center of the neck, the dorsal portion of the genital segment, and the center of the abdomen, abruptly contracted into a short rectum. Ovaries paired on the dorsal surface of the digestive tube at the anterior end of the trunk; oviducts running forward a long distance into the neck on the dorsal surface, then curved around the outside of the intestine to the ventral surface, following the ventral curve of the genital segment for half its length, then rising gradually to the center of the lateral surface.
Cement glands on the lateral surface of the genital segment at its anterior end and dorsal to the egg strings, running this way for half the length of the segment, then curving around outside of the egg strings to the ventral surface of the latter and following that surface back to the vulvae. The transition from gland to duct oc- curs just where it curves around the outside of the egg string. Chiti-
102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
nogen layer very thick over the entire inner surface of the genital segment and abdomen.
Genus habitat—Muscle borers, penetrating from the outside sur- face of the host into the underlying tissues, usually near a fin; an- chored in the muscles themselves by the cephalic horns, the sur- rounding tissues forming a cyst around the head.
Type of the genus—Trifur tortuosus, monotypic.
(7'rifur, a notorious rascal in Plautus.)
Remarks.—This genus is so markedly different from the others in the family as to warrant its establishment, even upon the scanty ma- terial here recorded. The trunk is almost exactly like that of Haemobaphes, except that it is relatively much smaller, but the head and neck are totally different and resemble those of Lernaeeni- cus. The entire head, including the horns, and the neck are fully chitinized, instead of being soft, and the thorax segments are so completely fused as to be indistinguishable. The new genus thus combines the characters of the two older genera and becomes a con- necting link between them. All the characters essential for its establishment are present, including the antennae and swimming legs, the only things lacking are the proboscis and maxillae, whose future discovery can not affect the systematic position of the genus.
TRIFUR TORTUOSUS, new species.
Plates 20 and 21, figs. 158 to 160.
Host and record of specimens.—Two females with egg strings were obtained from the outside of the body near the pectoral fin of Salilota australis, at Otter Bay, Smith Channel, South America. One speci- men lacked the head and was cleared in clove oil to show the inter- nal anatomy; the other was perfect, except the proboscis, and is made the type of the new genus and species, with Cat. No. 49704, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female.—In addition to the generic charac- ters already given, the cephalothorax with its horns is fully chiti- nized like Lernaeenicus and Phrixocephalus, but totally unlike Haemobaphes. The long posterior horn is slightly curved, conical, and bluntly rounded at the tip; the lateral horns are smaller and shorter but also conical and blunt.
The neck is comparatively much thicker than in Haemobaphes and is curved in two or three different directions, chiefly sidewise at right angles to the median plane of the trunk. It is perfectly smocth, without knobs or horns, and in the cleared specimen is more than twice the leneth of the trunk; it does not continue the S-curve but is straight for a very short distance and then turns sidewise.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 103
The genital segment is not much enlarged (24 diameters), is flat- tened a little laterally, and is perfectly smooth except for the two wide fleshy processes over the bases of the egg strings. The abdomen is about the same diameter as the coils of the egg strings, is enlarged a little at the tip, and is without knobs or processes. It is bent in a half circle where it leaves the genital segment and is straight for the rest of its length. At the center of the posterior end is a slight sinus which indicates the position of the anus and on either side of this is a rudimentary anal lamina, without setae.
The two pairs of antennae are on the dorsal surface of the head, in a position corresponding to that in the other genera. The first antennae are short and indistinctly jointed and are turned outward away from the midline; the second antennae are rather large, are two-jointed and chelate. The majority of the rami on the swimming legs are lacking, but the basal joints indicate distinctly the position of the legs; the first two pairs are close together on the ventral sur- face of the head and just in front of the neck and are biramose; the third and fourth pairs are on the ventral surface of the neck, at distances behind the second pair represented by the numbers 3 and 8; the third pair is biramose and the fourth pair uniramose. From the muscles and a portion of the chitin framework left in the front of the head it is probable that the missing proboscis was similar to that in Lernacenicus.
Color (preserved material), a brownish yellow, more of a brown on the head and neck, more of a yellow on the trunk; egg strings cinnamon-brown.
Total length, if straightened, 50 mm. Length of head, including posterior horn, 10 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. Diameter of neck, 1 mm. Length of genital segment, 12 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. Length of abdomen, 7 mm.; diameter, 1.50 mm. Length of egg coils, 8.50 mm.; diameter, 1.50 mm.
(tortuosus, full of curves and windings, alluding to the body form.)
Subfamily PENNELLINAE.
Subfamily characters of female-——Cephalothorax armed with hard chitin horns, two or three in number and unbranched; neck and trunk straight, no sigmoid curvature; genital segment only slightly en- larged and without a pregenital prominence; abdomen with branched, feather-like processes in a row along either side, often running onto the posterior end of the genital segment; anal laminae very rudi- mentary and destitute of setae; egg strings filiform, very long and straight, eggs uniseriate and minute, packed like a row of coins. Two pairs of antennae, the second pair chelate; a tripartite eye deeply buried over the base of the esophagus; proboscis small and
104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
capable of but little protrusion; mandibles unknown; no maxillae or maxillipeds; four pairs of swimming legs close together just behind the head.
Subfamily characters of copepodid male (genus Pennella).—Body, like that of Cyclops, composed of a cephalothorax covered with a carapace having lateral and posterior lobes; three free thorax seg- ments, a fused fifth and genital segment, and a one-jointed abdomen; anal laminae very short and armed with minute setae. Two pairs
Fie. D.—THE MALE (LEFT) AND FEMALE (RIGHT) COPEPODID LARVAE OF PENNELLA VARIANS AFTER WIERZEJSKI; ACTUAL LENGTH OF FEMALE, 0.80 MM.
of antennae, second pair chelate; compound eye in the shape of a transverse spindle; mandibles stilet-shaped; two pairs of maxillae, second pair uncinate; one pair of stout, clawed maxillipeds; first two pairs of swimming legs biramose, third and fourth pairs uniramose, all the rami two-jointed. Parasites of salt-water fish exclusively. Ontogeny of the genus Pennella.—The genital protoplasm forms egg mother cells and egg daughter cells as in the Lernaeocerinae. The oocytes acquire food and yolk material as they pass into the oviduct, in which they are strongly flattened and packed in a single row. The cement glands are separate from the oviduct and empty
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 105
into the latter just in front of the vulvae. Here each egg is covered with a membrane of the cement substance and then passes into the outer case, where it is again flattened and packed with its fellows in asingle row. These eggs are much smaller in diameter than those of the other subfamilies, and as a rule there are many more of them than in the Lernaeenicinae and about the same number as in the Lernaeinae. The larva probably hatches as a typical nauplius, although this has never been observed, and is transformed into a metanauplius while swimming freely in the plankton. At the first copepodid stage the larva seeks its temporary host, which in the present instance is a cephalopod, upon whose gills are passed this and the subsequent copepodid stages. At first the larva fastens with its chelate second antennae, but with the first molt it develops a frontal filament by which it is securely anchored to the gill of the cephalopod.
Then follow pupal stages in which the segmentation of the body and its appendages becomes indistinct, the setae lose their plumes, and the various appendages become misshapen, swollen, and incapable of use. But sexual ripening goes on just the same and fertilization takes place here on the cephalopod’s gills. Then comes a final molt for the female in which she acquires again well-formed appendages capable of good service. She then swims away in search of a final host, into whose flesh she burrows and is anchored by chitin horns growing out from the cephalothorax.
It is worthy of note that some species of this subfamily have been found upon whales and become thus the only copepods parasitic upon a warm-blooded animal. It may also be noticed that the members of this subfamily are the largest of the Lernaeidae, sometimes attain- ing the comparatively enormous length of nine or ten inches.
Genus PENNELLA Oken.
Pennatula LinnarEus, Systema Naturae, 1758, p. 819. P. sagitta, third species,
Pennella Oxen, Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, 1816, p. 358. Type, P. diodon- tis, monotypic, a synonym of P. sagitta.
Lerncopenna BLAINvVILLE, Journ, de Physique, 1822, vol. 95, p. 378. Type, L. boeconii, first species.
Baculus Lubsocx, Trans. Linn. Soe. London, 1860, vol. 23, p. 190. ‘Type, B. elongatus monotypic. A larval form of Pennella.
Hessclia Brapy, Challenger Copepoda, 1883, vol. 8, p. 136. Type, Z. Cylindrica, monotypic. <A larval form of Pennella.
Penelia, Penellus, Lernaeopinna, various authors.
Reasons for retaining the name Pennella—Linnaeus, mistaking entirely the nature of these parasites, placed them in the genus Pennaiula or Sea pens, and this genus name was subsequently used by Ellis (1763), Gmelin (1788), Lamarck (1818), Pallas (1772), Cuvier (1817), and others.
106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 53.
But Pennatula was the name of a genus of alcyonarian coral polyps, which gradually came into general use, and which is still retained in the group of sea fans known as Pennatulacea, with the type genus Pennatula.
Hence Oken, on establishing the new species diodoniis in 1816, suggested Pennella as a new name for the genus and it has been universally adopted.
Thus although Linnaeus antedated Oken by many years we can not use his name for this copepod genus, but must adopt the one given by Oken.
External generic characters of female.—Cephalothorax neces hemispherical, or semielliptical, usually somewhat flattened dorso- ventrally and often with the anterior end squarely truncated and covered with short and tumid processes; the rounded posterior end gives off two or three cylindrical chitin horns, unbranched. Neck very long, cylindrical, and comparatively wide, increasing gradually in diameter and passing insensibly into the trunk. The latter is cylindrical, often transversely ridged, and straight; abdomen long and tapering to a bilobed tip, with a pair of tiny anal laminae armed with long setae; a row of appendages along either side of the abdomen, nearer the ventral surface, and branched so as to resemble the barbs and barbules of a feather. Egg strings from once to several times the length of the body, straight and filiform; eggs numerous and uniseriate. Antennae persisting in the mature adult while the two pairs of maxillae apparently disappear; first two pairs of legs close together, third and fourth pairs removed a short distance.
Internal generic characters of female——Bilateral symmetry com- pletely preserved; mouth tube on the anterior end of the head or on the ventral surface near the anterior margin; proboscis with a meager supply of muscles; esophagus inclined to head axis and supported by a rigid chitin framework suspended from the ventral wall of the head; stomach without convolutions or lobes; intestine straight, nearer the dorsal surface, and considerably narrowed in the abdo- men; rectum short and straight.
Ovaries two-thirds the length of the trunk, tapered posteriorly, the ends distinct, the central portion more or less completely fused; oviducts with a short loop where they leave the anterior ends of the ovaries, and comparatively narrow; cement glands extending the en- tire length of the trunk, the ducts the same length and diameter as the glandular portion.
Chitinogen layer of body wall forming an opaque network of pig- mented fibers over the inner surface of the thick chitin skin.
Genus habitat-—This genus burrows from apparently any locality on the outer body surface of its host through the skin and tissues,
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 107
and buries its head in some vital organ, forming an enormous cyst, which becomes very hard and remains a long time after the death of the parasite; it always shows torsion and sometimes flexion.
External generic characters of Copepodid male.—Cephalothorax made up of head and first thorax segment fused; second, third, and fourth segments free and diminishing gradually in width; fifth and genital segments fused ; abdomen one-jointed, anal laminae short and wide.
First antennae indistinctly jointed and well armed with setae; second pair two-jointed with a stout chela; mouth tube long and barrel-shaped; mandibles without teeth; first maxillae on the out- side of the tube at its base, bilobed; second maxillae on the ventral surface of the head, two-jointed and tipped with a claw; maxillipeds near the posterior margin of cephalothorax, also two-jointed and tipped with a claw; swimming legs corresponding exactly with those of the female; no fifth legs.
Internal generic characters of Copepodid male—KXsophagus short and strongly inclined to the body axis; stomach much widened in the cephalothorax, tapered posteriorly and passing insensibly into the narrow intestine. Supraesophageal ganglion comparatively small, connected dorsally with a wide tripartite eye and anteriorly with a large frontal gland secreting an attachment filament. Infra ganglion almost as large as the stomach and extending back into the second thorax segment. Testes paired and opposite each other above the stomach in the first and second thorax segments, ovate, with wide sperm ducts leading back to large spermatophore receptacles in the genital segment.
Type of the genus.—FPennella sagitta (Linnaeus), first species.
(Pennella, diminutive of Penna, a feather).
Remarks.—This genus has been probably the least understood of any in the entire family and scarcely any two authors have described their species similarly. This is partly due to the fact that speci- mens are often mutilated in order to save the host, since the removal of a Pennella in its entirety is almost certain to involve the destruc- tion of its host as a museum specimen. It is also partly due to the presence of a much larger and tougher cyst around those portions of the body which are buried in the host; this is very difficult to re- move without injury to the parasite. Again the short and stubby frontal processes, like those on a cauliflower, entirely cover the mouth and surrounding regions, and several heads must be sacrificed before gaining an adequate idea of the structure of the buceal re- “ion. In the present instance there has been an abundance of ma- terial for clearing in clove oil, for dissection, and for sectioning, and the facts here presented have been ascertained in all these ways as well as by ordinary methods.
108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
With reference to the “male” of this genus described by Milne Edwards, Steenstrup and Liitken, Thomson, Bassett-Smith, and T. and A. Scott, it may be said that Milne Edwards briefly de- scribed a genus male but did not even mention one in connection with any of the species. He was evidently describing something which no other investigator has ever seen and which had no con- nection with this genus at all. Steenstrup and Liitken thought it probable that his description was not derived from his own ob- servation, but that he mistook Nordmann’s figure of a male Ancho- rella (Clavella) for Pennella and based his description upon that.:
Thomson, Bassett-Smith, and Scott simply translated his mistake and no one of them claimed to have seen a male.
Steenstrup and Liitken figured under Pennella exocoeti some- thing which they called “'The presumable pigmy male of the species.” In their genus diagnosis they said that this “ gave some idea of the males which had hitherto been sought in vain.” But they did not mention it at all in their description of the species; evidently they were not certain that it was a male, and had no idea of its structure. Whatever it may have been, it certainly was not a pigmy male of this genus, for the males of Pennella are like those of the other genera in the Lernaeidae. They do not live beyond the copepodid stages, and hence are not to be found attached to the body of the adult female, nor even upon the same fish.
If one will compare carefully the copepodid males obtained by Wierzejski from the gills of three cephalopod species with the cope- podid males of Zernaeocera described by A. Scott (1901), with those of Sarcotretes described by Jungersen (1911), and with those of Lernaea here described (p. 35), there will be no doubt that they were really what Wierzejski claimed them to be, the sexually ripe copepodid males of some Pennella species.
Here is the true male of the present genus, and it is one that corre- sponds in every particular with the other Lernaeid males already dis- covered. Upon Wierzejski’s description and excellent figures are based the generic characters given above.
The adult females are found everywhere upon the body of their hosts and can not be said to prefer any especial locality. The large trunk of the parasite stands out from the surface of the skin, while the head and long neck are buried in the tissues of the host’s vital organs. The tissue with which they come in immediate contact forms a thick and tough covering or cyst around them, which is often as large as an English walnut and sometimes attains the size of a lemon.
These cysts are usually flattened in one direction, and with age they become nearly as hard as cartilage. Inside of them the head
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 109
and neck of the Pennella are frequently twisted in corkscrew fashion, thereby increasing the difficulty of withdrawing them and giving the copepod a more secure hold upon its host. These cysts may be found almost anywhere in the fish’s body, in the stomach and intes- tine walls, the mesentery, the liver, the caeca, ete. When the copepod dies the cyst simply shrivels and hardens still more, and such lumps, nearly as hard as bone, may be cut out of the liver or elsewhere along- side of the living ones.
The portion of the parasite which hangs free in the water outside the fish’s skin is frequently infested with goose barnacles, hydroids, or algae. One specimen was obtained, 4 inches in length, to which were attached 18 Conchoderma virgatum, the mass of the barnacles being many times that of the copepod’s body.
Quite recently (1912) Quidor has published a paper on copepod parasites, in which he gave a diagnosis of the genus Pennella and then discussed its life history and specific characters. After show- ing that various other data did not furnish favorable specific char- acters, he advocated the structure of the plumose abdominal ap- pendages and the individual torsion as a ready and infallible means of distinguishing species (pp. 202-3).
The structure of the abdominal appendages was quite thoroughly discussed by Steenstrup and Liitken in connection with Pennella sagitia.
While it may be possible to select plumules from the different species which will show the distinctions portrayed by Quidor, it is also possible to find on the same fish two Pennellas of the same species, fastened side by side, but whose plumules show very different struc- ture. So long as this is likely to occur it is evident that something else must be used to separate the species. With reference to the value of torsion, if Quidor’s observations were based upon the statements contained in his description of the genus, they must be profoundly modified before they will possess any scientific value. He stated: “La téte . . . présente ventralment deux antennes rudimentaires et une région buccale couverte d’appendices chitineux plus ou moins ramifiés” (p. 197); and, again: “Il (the genital segment) porteen arriére, sur la face dorsale, les orifices de ponte d’on sortent deux longs sacs ovigitres filiformes.” (P. 198.)
The two pairs of antennae are dorsal and not ventral, and the egg strings are ventral and not dorsal, as in every Lernaeid genus. By placing the antennae with the mouth on the ventral surface Quidor 's reduced to the unhappy situation of calling the swimming legs dorsal, since they are on the opposite surface.
As a consequence all the torsion which he called direct is really Inverse and his inverse torsion is really direct, because he was hold-
110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
ing the animal with its ventral side uppermost so that right and left were reversed. Furthermore by placing the mouth on the same surface as the antennae, whether he called it dorsal or ventral, he has altered the true amount of torsion, that is, the angle between the buccal and anal orifices.
Hence what he gave as a direct torsion of 135° might well be an inverse torsion of 45°. Again his statement that “the value of the angle of torsion in the adult furnishes very precise specific charac- ters” (p. 203) can not be proved in actual experience. No species shows anything like constancy in either the amount or the direction of torsion. We have just stated that the neck of Pennella filosa is often twisted in corkscrew fashion inside the cyst, but this is by no means always or even usually the case. It is evident, however, that the torsion of these corkscrew specimens will be very different from that of normal specimens, and even amongst the latter there is a wide variation. In most Pennellas the direction of torsion is clearly shown by the twisting of the color pattern on the neck. Interpreting on this basis, the torsion of five specimens of Pennella filosa taken from the same swordfish are: Direct 90°, inverse 180°, direct 360°, direct 360°, inverse 180°. Manifestly when two torsions are in the same direction and one is four times the other, they do not furnish a “very precise” specific character.
The only rational conclusion is that torsion in this genus has com- paratively little specific value. We are forced, therefore, in making a key of the species, to rely upon an accumulation of characters, rather than upon any one or two characters alone.
Furthermore it has been found necessary to exclude the following species from the key for the reasons stated after each:
Penella anthonyi and P. cettet Quidor. In his attempt to use the mode of branching of the plumose appendages as the chief charac- teristic of the various species Quidor gave figures showing these ap- pendages in the two species here named (1912b, pl. 1, figs. 9, 11, and 12). He also gave photographs of the two parasites, half the natural size (pl. 4, figs. 30 and 31), and a few additional facts in his key to the species. But he does not even mention them in his text, and we are left in absolute ignorance of the details of all their appendages, as well as of their general morphology.
Consequently while they may very likely prove to be new species, we can not accept them upon present evidence.
Lerneopenna blainvillii LeSueur (1824, p. 289, pl. 11, figs. 2 and 3). A synonym of Pennella exocoeti (see p. 115).
Pennatula bocconii Lamartiniére (1798, p. 51, pl. 20, fig. 6). Milne Edwards made this a distinct species, but Steenstrup and Liitken said it was not well enough described to warrant separation and made it a synonym of Pennella diodontis. It was the first species (type) of
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 111
Blainville’s “new genus” Lerneopenna. But Steenstrup and Liit- ken’s statement holds good to-day; it has never been described with enough detail to enable it to stand as a separate species.
Lerneopenna brachiata Blainville (1822, p. 446, pl. 1, fig. 4). A synonym of Pennella sagitta (see p. 113).
Penella costai Richiardi (1880, p. 150). This is a nomen nudum and probably identical with Pennella filosa.
Pennella diodontis Oken, Chamisso, and Eysenhardt (1821, p. 350, pl. 24, fig. 2). A synonym of P. sagitta (see p. 113).
Pennella gracilis and P. intricata A. Costa. Carus in his Prodromus Faunae Mediterraneae (1885, p. 374) mentions these two species and ascribes them to A. Costa, but adds “ Hospites, loci, descriptio?”. He himself was as badly at fault since he did not give the reference in which A. Costa mentioned these species, and all efforts to find such a reference have failed.
Lerneopenna holtenit Desmarest (1825, p. 347). When Desmarest transferred Holten’s species, Lernaea exocoeti, to Blainville’s genus Lerneopenna, he also changed the specific name. But of course there was no warrent for this and so his name, holteni, becomes a synonvm.
Penella plumosa DelKXay (1844, p. 60). DelKay described (1822, p- 87, 1 text figure) a mutilated specimen of a parasite from “ Diodon pilosus” sent to him by Doctor Mitchill, which he was satisfied did not belong to any genus as yet established. Afterward in his Zool- ogy of New York he evidently redescribed the same creature and gave it the above name.
Either he himself or the printer made an error in the name of the host, and gave it as “ Diodon plumosus of this report.” Fow- ler (1913b, p. 91) suggested that, as such a fish was not named in DeKay’s report, it was proably a mistake for DeKay’s “Diodon fuli- ginosus,” which does appear in the report, and he made DelKay’s species a synonym of P. filosa.
But it seems more prebable that the specific name of the parasite was in some way substituted for that of the host, the two being very similar, and that DeKay was redescribing and naming the same species that he had in 1822, of which during the intervening years he had obtained better specimens. This would make it a synonym of P. sagitta, which infests Diodon, and not of P. filosa, which has never been found on that genus of fishes.
Penella remorae Murray (1856, p. 299, 5 text figures). This species was found attached to the sucking disk of “EZ cheneis re- mora,” and all that was described and figured was the portion out- side the disk, the part buried in the tissues of the fish having been destroyed in an attempted dissection. But this posterior portion of the parasite showed plainly that the specimens were immature, the plumose appendages having only just started to grow. A remora
112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
could easily obtain such immature specimens while attached to some larger fish which was the regular host of the parasite.
Aé all events, with no data on the anterior two-thirds of the body, including all of the appendages, the species can not be accepted.
Pennella rubra Brian (1906, p. 86, pl. 7, fig. 3). This was a single specimen, without egg strings and lacking all that part of the ante- rior body which had been buried in the tissues of the host. This lack of egg strings, as well as the condition of the plumose appen- dages, show it to have been an immature stage of some species infest- ing the sunfish on which it was found. Brian himself afterward recognized this, and in 1912 (p. 16) placed the species as a synonym under P. filosa.
Pennella sultana Nordman (1864, p. 485, pl. 5, figs. 12-16). ‘This species was first described briefly by Milne Edwards (1840, p. 523) and ascribed to Nordmann in accordance with manuscript in the Paris Museum. The manuscript was afterward published by Nord- mann as above, but the species does not belong to the genus Pen- nella, and in the following year was established by Heller (1865, p. 251) as the type of the new genus Lernaeoluphus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PENNELLA,
. Length 50 mm. or less, exclusive of the egg strings-_.___.__-__-_-..._.. 2 . Length 100 mm. or more, exclusive of the egg strings_-_________._____. 3 . Head spherical, the same width and length, covered with minute and regular excrescences; two soft, slender horns, 2 to 3 times the length of the head, pointed backward (10 to 20 mm.)*___-__-_sagitta (Linnaeus), 1758, p. 113. 2. Head much wider than long, flattened dorsoventrally, deep cut at the center, covered with large irregular excrescences; two slender horns a little longer than the head and pointed backward (40 to 50 mm.) ezocoeti (Holten), 1802, p. 115. . Head wider than long, flattened dorsoventrally, squarely truncated anteriorly, not cut at the center, but covered with irregular excrescences; three soft, slender horns, the lateral ones at right angles to head and branched CSOs Tera) eee a eee ee ete ere eee liouvillet Quidor, 1912, p. 116. 2. Head much longer than wide, with wing-like excrescences on either side; two stout conical horns much shorter than head and at right angles to it (Gld¢ to 25mm.) 2s ee ee a varians Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861. 8. Three horns, long and slender, at right angles to head, the dorsal one shorter than the lateral ones; neck slender and much‘ longer than
bot fa
ho
to
Bern Es 2 a eS AL AY De GR er SL I 4 8. Two horns, short and blunt, at-right angles to head; neck shorter than
the trunk and nearly of the same diameter____._____.-___________ 5 8. Two horns, long nnd soft, pointed backwards; neck thick and as long ag
thestrunk ‘or lon wer. 22 2 ae se ene 6
4. Neck 3 times as long as trunk; abdomen two-fifths length of genital seg- ment; egg strings half the length of whole body; head minute and spheri- TG AMF LO) eetey LIN IIN eee a antarctica Quidor, 1912, p. 116.
1 Average total length of species.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. Lis
4. Neck 2 times as long as trunk; abdomen half the length of genital segment; egg strings half the length of whole body ; head flattened, much wider than long (200 to 320 mm.) ~-..-_-—-- bvalaenopterae Koren and Danielssen, 1877.
4, Neck and trunk the same length; abdomen two-fifths length of genital seg- ment; egg strings twice the length of whole body; head flattened, much ngideratnan: long ((140) mms) a ee tridentata Listowsky, 1893.
4. Neck 2 to 3 times as long as trunk; abdomen three-fifths length of genital segment; head cup-shaped anteriorly (90 to 125 mm.)
crassicornis Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861.
5. Horns chitinous, at right angles to head, and both in the same straight line; abdomen half the length of genital segment; egg strings no longer than apconmens (90)\to: 100) mm): = oo ee histiophori Thomson, 1889.
5. Horns fleshy and very short, terminating in a small red knob; abdomen half the length of genital segment; egg strings much longer than whole body NOeR USD NNT Y NO) pfs eee ee fee ee ee ee eee pustulosa Angas, 1847.
5. Horns chitinous, slender, and scarcely projecting beyond the margins of the head; abdomen stout and less than half the length of genital segment; egg strings twice the length of whole body (150 to 200 mm.)
filosa (Linnaeus), 1758, p. 119.
6. Head squarely truncated anteriorly, with concave sides; horns parallel with the neck; neck and trunk the same length; abdomen half the length of fenitalsseement (225 mm.) 2-2-8222 instructa, new species, p. 122
6. Head cup-shaped anteriorly, with convex sides; horns extending diagonally outward; neck one-fifth shorter than trunk; abdomen a third the length of genital segment (180 mm.) —---_______- orthagorisci Wright, 1870, p. 124.
6. Head shaped like a clove, largest anteriorly ; horns parallel with neck; neck 3 times as long as trunk; abdomen half as long as the genital segment CA ENELEN TING) econ rere oe ree eae ener) Aen EN oe TORRY charcoti Quidor, 1912.
PENNELLA SAGITTA (Linnaeus).
Pennatula sagitta LINNAEUS, Systema Naturae, 1758, p. 819, pl. 3, fig. 13.— Ex.is, Philos. Trans., vol. 53, 1763, p. 419, pl. 1—Cuvirr, Regne Animal, vol. 4, 1817, p. 36.—Dexkay, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. 4, 1822, p. 87, 1 text fig.
Lerneopenna sagitta BLAINVILLE, Journ. de Physique, vol. 95, 1822, p. 379, plod; fig. 5.
Lerneopenna brachiata BLAINVILLE, Journ. de Physique, vol. 95, 1822, p. 446, pl. 1, fig. 4.
Pennatula bocconit LAMARTINIERE, Atlas du Voyage de la Pérouse, 1798, pl. 20, fig. 6.
Lernaea diodontis Oxren, Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, 1816, p. 184.
Pennella sagitta NorpMANN, Mikrographische Beitriige, 1832, p. 121, pl. 10, figs. 6-S.—STEENSTRUP and LUrken, Kong. Danske Videns. Skrifter, 1861, p. 409, pl. 14, fig. 31.
Pennella diodontis Oxen Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, 1816, p. 358.
Pennella diodontis OkeN, CHAMISSO, and EYSENHARDT, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Bonn, vol. 10, 1821, p. 350, pl. 24, fig. 3.
Pennella diodontis Qutpor, Deuxiéme Expédition Antarctique, Charcot, 1912, p. 205, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 2, tigs. 19-22: pl. 4. fig. 88.
Remarks.—As the above synonomy shows, various authors have attempted to establish 4 or 5 different species upon the material obtained from the genus Diodon. Linnaeus made the mistake of
77403—Proc.N.M.vol.53—17—— 8
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
placing this copepod among the sea fans, and this error was copied by Ellis, Lamarck, Esper, and others, each of whom described the creature simply from a figure given by one of the others. Cuvier recognized that it did not belong with the polyps, but he went too far in the opposite direction and declared that it must be con- sidered as belonging to the genus Caligus of Miller.
In a later edition (1830) he adopted Oken’s genus Pennella under the Lerneans (vol. 3, p. 256), but included in it only the single species, jilosa.
However, on page 320 in a footnote under the polyp genus Pen- natula he said: “ Pennatula filosa, et Pennatula sagittata, sont des animaux parasites, du genres des lernées (les Penelles, Oken) ; mais nullement des pennatules. Le Penn. sagitta, Esper, Pennat., pl. V, est tout autre chose que celui de Linn.; peutétre est-ce un Nephthys.”
De Kay, after noting the above treatment of the parasite, said: “This animal has been first ranked as a Lernea, a parasite, then considered as a pennatule or polype, afterwards placed in the genus Calygus as a crustaceous animal, and finally, it has been decided that it shall occupy a new genus as an Annelide.” (p. 88.) He then gave an incomplete description of a mutilated specimen from “ Dio- don pilosus,” sent to him by Doctor Mitchill, together with a text figure. The head, the neck, and the anterior portion of the genital segment were lacking, the specimen having evidently been broken off on a level with the outside surface of the host’s skin.
Consequently the only portion of his description of any scien- tific value was that of the “plumulae” and the name of the host. And it is not surprising that he finally concluded to place the animal in one of the four genera established by Lamarck under the order of “ Polypes tubiferes,” thus restoring it to the polyps.
Blainville described in his text a species which he claimed was the sagitta of Linnaeus, Ellis, Esper, Lamarck, and DeKay (p. 379), But he manifestly never saw the creature; his description is bor- rowed from those of the other authors, and for a figure he copied the imperfect wood cut of DeKay. Indeed, he comprehended so little about the size and structure of the species that he described it again in the explanation of his plate (p. 446) as a new species, to which he gave the name brachiata.
Nordmann gave us the first really scientific description of this parasite, accompanied by excellent colored figures. He identified his species with that described by Linnaeus and the others, and if his identification was correct, as we have no reason to doubt, it established the species of those early writers beyond question. And since it was the first parasite described by Linnaeus it becomes the
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 115
oldest of the parasitic copepods. With reference to the host, Lin- naeus’s specimens were taken from the sargassum fish, Pterophryne hisirio, that of DeKKay was from a 7'richodiodon (Diodon) pilosus; Biainville’s sagitta was from a species of Lophius in the Sea of China, while his brachiata was from a Diodon at Manila, Philippine Islands; Nordmann’s species was taken from Lophius marmoratus, but he identifies it with DeKay’s specimen from Diodon.
‘The species thus becomes a parasite of the two genera, Lophius and Diodon.
PENNELLA EXOCOETI (Holten).
Lernaea exocoeti Horten, Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, vol. 5, 1802, Dils6y pl 3; fig: 3)
Lerneopenna holteni DesmaREst, Crustacés, 1825, p. 347.
Lerneopenna blainvillii LESurur, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, 1824, Dr2so, Di wi fies, 2 and 3:
Penellus blainvillii Mitne Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, 1840, p. 523.—F Lower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 26, 1858, p. 372.
Pennella exocoeti STEENSTRUP and LUTKEN, Kong. Danske Videns. Selskabs Skrifter, vol. 5, 1861, p. 415, pl. 14, fig. 33.
Penella erococti Quipor, Deuxiéme Expédition Antarctique, Charcot, 1912, pl. 1, fig. 8; pl. 4, fig. 39.
Remarks.—Holten gave a fair description and figures of this species, which were copied by Desmarest without any additions from original investigation, but with a change of name to correspond with Blainville’s newly established genus. Steenstrup and Liitken ob- tained three specimens from an /zocoetus species captured in the tropical Atlantic, which they positively identified with Holten’s species, and of which they gave excellent figures, but added nothing to Holten’s description. So far as can be judged from a comparison of the respective figures and descriptions, their identification was correct, but neither description gives us very much in the way of details. They also discovered just above the base of the egg strings two tiny objects which they called pigmy males, and which they said “were fastened to the skin of the female so tightly by their maxillipeds that it was not possible to loosen them without tearing them in pieces” (p. 419). These were not placed with the females under the species ewocoeti, but were put in the general remarks after all the species, and without any description. The simple fact that they could not be removed from the female without tearing them in pieces indicates that they were not males. The two sexes are never welded together in any such manner as that, and the only injury that would be possible would be the loss of the claws on the maxillipeds or perhaps of the entire appendages. Steenstrup and Liitken further stated that “the P. blainvillit described by LeSueur was also taken
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from an EL xocoetus (£. volitans) but differs from ours (namely from exocoeti) both in the older and the younger stages so much that we may regard it as quite distinct” (p. 415).
A careful comparison of LeSueur’s figures and description with those of Steenstrup and Liitken does not show any differences of specific value.
Blainvillit has three horns, all of a length and quite short and the neck is short and stout; exocoeti has only two horns while the neck is long and threadlike. But neither of these differences nor both of them are sufficient to separate the two species; much more accu- rate and detailed descriptions must be given before we can definitely establish them as distinct species, infesting the same host and in the same locality.
PENNELLA LIOUVILLE! Quidor.
Penella liouvillei Quipor, Deuxiéme Expédition Antarctique Francaise, Charcot, 1912, p. 209, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 2, fig. 26; pl. 3, fig. 28; pl. 4, fig. 37. Remarks.—This species of Quidor differs from exocoeti only in the possession of a dorsal cephalic horn, in the branching of the lateral horns, and in the fact that the inflated lateral portions of the head do not project in front of the central portion. Quidor added that the torsion was direct in ewocoeté and inverse in liouvillez, and if we can judge from his text this is the difference which induced him to establish his new species. But it has been shown elsewhere (p. 109) that torsion has no specific value, and the other differences might all result from different conditions encountered while the parasite was penetrating the tissues of its host. Hence there is need of more details here also before the species can be definitely established.
PENNELLA ANTARCTICA Quidor.
Plate 15, figs. 119-124.
Penella antarctica Quivor, Deuxsiéme Expédition Antarctique Francaise, Charcot, 1912, p. 206, pl. 1, figs. 15-17; pl. 4, figs. 29, 34.
fost and record of specimens.—Two females out of a lot that were taken from the Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis, off northern Japan by Dr. R. C. Andrews of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, were presented to the National Museum and have received Cat. No. 47820, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female.—Head distinctly separated from the first thorax segment by a deep groove, ellipsoidal with the long diameter transverse, and flattened somewhat dorsoventrally; divided into two halves by a longitudinal furrow, which is wide and shallow, beginning at the antennae on the dorsal surface, extending around
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. Tit
the anterior margin, and running the whole length of the ventral surface to the neck. Ventrally the anterior two-thirds of this furrow
is filled with the small horny frontal processes, those along the mar- gin of the groove larger than those along the bottom. First two
thorax segments as wide as the head, fused and separated from the third and fourth segments by a groove; they give off a pair of long and slender lateral horns and a much shorter dorsal horn.
Third and fourth segments also fused, narrower than the two first segments and tapered posteriorly; neck very long and threadlike, only the extreme anterior portion being yellow and chitinous, while the rest is softer and the same color as the trunk. The latter is com- paratively short and not much enlarged, its surface being raised into irregular transverse ridges, lighter in color than the intervening grooves. Posteriorly its dorsal portion passes into the abdomen, which is short, tapering, transversely ridged like the trunk, and bluntly rounded at the tip.
Each barb of the plumose appendages is single and branched on only one side; the first one or two branches (barbules) are much larger than the others and are themselves dichotomously divided; the egg strings are comparatively short and slender.
The first antennae are removed some distance behind the second pair, are three-jointed, and well armed with setae. The second antennae are two-jointed and tipped with a chela; the basal joint is triangular, the apex of the triangle being attached to the dorsal surface of the head and the base being articulated with the terminal joint; the claw of the chela is stout and strongly curved, the peg is short and considerably inclined inward toward the opposite antenna.
The mouth tube is reduced to a mere fringe around an opening on the ventral surface of the head, in the bottom of the groove and near the sinus in the anterior margin. No mouth parts can be seen, but instead the groove around the mouth is filled with the corneous frontal processes.
Buried deeply in the tissues over the base of the esophagus is an eye which still retains the two lateral lenses found in larval forms.
The four pairs of swimming legs are all present, the three pos- terior pairs placed at distances behind the anterior pair represented by the numbers 5, 17, 28; the first two pairs are biramose, the last two uniramose, all the rami two-jointed and bearing setae.
The structure of the mouth framework is clearly shown in figure 123; the esophagus is surrounded by a chitin ring (er) oblong in shape, somewhat angular and attached to the inside of the wall of the head. From each of its four corners and from the center of either side a short and wide chitin band (cb) projects dorsally into - the cavity of the head.
-
118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
To the ends of each band and all over the dorsal surface of the ring numerous muscle bands are attached, which have their origin on the dorsal and posterior walls of the head. Similar muscle bands are inserted all over the ventral wall of the head around the mouth, on the soft membranes as well as on the harder chitin parts. These also have their origin on the dorsal, lateral, and posterior walls of the head, so that the entire cavity, except for the digestive tube, is filled with these muscle bands.
Their contraction pulls in the ring and the portions of the ventral wall around the mouth as far as the elasticity of the chitin and the soft membranes will permit. The entire front of the head thus takes the place of the protrusible proboscis in other genera.
The esophagus, after passing through the ring, turns forward and opens on the ventral surface of the head in the space between the anterior bands (oe). There is a posterior prolongation (p) which extends backward between the ring and the ventral wall of the head, and ends blindly between the posterior bands. Behind this prolongation posteriorly and along either side of the ring are irregu- larly rounded areas (m) in the ventral wall of the head, which are covered with a fairly thin, soft membrane instead of the hard chitin. Between these areas and outside of them the walls are thick and hard; the frontal processes cover both the hard chitin and the soft membranes indiscriminately, and can be removed from the latter as well as the former without injury. The number, size, and arrange- ment of these soft membranes furnish good specific characters.
Color (preserved material), head and anterior fifth of the thorax dark yellowish brown; remainder of thorax and trunk light yellow on the dorsal and ventral surfaces and dark brown along the sides; plumose appendages silver gray; egg strings light yellow.
Total length, 235 mm. Head, 4 mm. long, 5 mm. wide. Lateral horns, 35 mm. long. Genital segment, 50 mm. long, 4 mm. wide. Abdomen, 18 mm. long. Egg strings, 100 mm. long.
(antarctica, the region from which the original specimens came.)
Remarks.—One of the specimens was an exceptionally fine one, and the above description has been given in order to supplement the one presented by Quidor and to correct certain errors.
Quidor found but a single pair of antennae and he designated as first maxillae two chitin knobs, one on either side, in the sinus of the frontal margin, and thus in front of the mouth, between it and the antennae; two others on the ventral surface were designated as second maxillae, and only three pairs of legs were found.
The species may be recognized by the exceptionally long and slender neck and by the three horns on the first thorax segment, the two lateral ones being long and inclined forward.
no, 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 119
PENNELLA FILOSA (Linnaeus). Plate 15, figs. 125-127; plate 16, figs. 128-133; plate 17, figs. 184-139.
Pennatula filosa LinNAEus, Systema Naturae, 1758, p. 819.
Lernaea cirrhosa La Martrniire, Atlas du Voyage de la Pérouse, 1798, Deve. ts. 6.
Penellus filosa MILNE Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, 1840, vol. 3, p. 523.
Penella filosa Quipor, Deuxiéme Expédition Antarctique Francaise, Char- cot, 1912, pl. 1, figs. 5-8; pl. 4, figs. 35, 36.
Penneila filosa Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1830, vol. 3, p. 257.—M. T. THompson, Biological Bulletin, 1905, vol. 8, p. 296, 6 text figs—Brian, Résultats Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, fase. 38, 1912, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 2-4; pl. 6, fig. 10.
Pennella rubra BRIAN, Copepodi parassiti dei Pesci d’Italia, 1906, p.86, pl. 7, fig. 3.
Host and record of specimens.—The following specimens of this parasite appear in the United States National Museum collection; Cat. No. 3155, one female from a swordfish captured off the coast of Nova Scotia; Cat. No. 6148, two females from Mola rotunda, off Marthas Vineyard; Cat. No. 6144, two females from a swordfish, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Cat. No. 42298, twelve females much infested with barnacles from an unknown locality and host; Cat. No. 42307, seven females from swordfish at Woods Hole; Cat. No. 42313, ten females from swordfish, Woods Hole; Cat. No. 47754, five females from sunfish, Woods Hole, much infested with barnacles; Cat. No. 47755, eight heads only from swordfish, Woods Hole; Cat. No. 47821, one female from Mola rotunda, Woods Hole; Cat. No. 47822, two females from Tetrapturus albidus, north Atlantic.
Specific characters of female——Cephalothorax subspherical, wider than long, slightly flattened dorsoventrally, and almost squarely truncated at the anterior end, which is covered with short processes. These processes are usually branched like those on a cauliflower, especially around the edges, but some of them are simple. Where the head joins the neck a pair of short, straight, and unbranched lorns are given off on the dorsal surface, and there is often a shorter third one between them.
On the dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces of the head, near the beginning of the processes at the anterior end, there are usually sev- eral small knobs, irregularly disposed and never alike in any two specimens.
Neck comparatively thick, about the same diameter throughout, and considerably shorter than the genital segment. The latter is about twice the diameter of the neck and transversely ridged, in- creasing gradually from the neck and then remaining the same diameter for the rest of its length.
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Abdomen half the length of the genital segment, plumes large and profusely branched, usually with tertiary plumules. Egg strings very slender and often several times the length of the body; one of the specimens in lot No. 42318, which was itself 120 mm. in length outside the fish’s body, had egg strings 350 mm. long.
First antennae slender and three-jointed, close to the bases of the second pair and turned forward, the joints of about the same size _and heavily armed with setae. Second antennae two-jointed, joints the same size, the terminal one chelate, a stout and strongly curved claw shutting past a large peg on the inner margin of the joint. Between the basal joints is a short, pointed rostrum, with the usual pigment spot at its center, and a tripartite eye is deeply buried in the tissues over the base of the esophagus; there are no visible mouth parts. The basal plates of the swimming legs are slender and elongated-triangular in shape, the intervals between the successive pairs being represented by the numbers 10, 30, 35 respectively.
The structure of the mouth framework is shown in figures 1380-1381. The chitin ring around the esophagus is short and wide, concave an- teriorly and bluntly rounded posteriorly, with only four chitin bands projecting into the cavity of the head, one at each anterior corner and one at the center of either side. There is but a single semiellip- tical area on either side covered with thin and soft membrane; each of these areas starts just in front of the lateral chitin band and ex- tends backward nearly to the posterior margin of the head. It is surrounded by a wide chitin band or ridge, the bands on the inner sides of the areas meeting along the median line, except for a short distance posteriorly. The arrangement of the muscles and frontal processes with reference to these areas and bands is similar to that in Pennella antarctica.
Immature stages.—A young P. jfilosa, 18 mm. in length, taken from a swordfish, is shown in figures 185-139. The antennae and swim- ming legs are the same as in the adult, but in contrast to the latter all the mouth parts are present and are very distinct. The proboscis projects considerably from the ventral surface of the head and 1s evi- dently retractile. Inside of it at its base lie the mandibles, which are made up of a broad lamellate basal joint, tipped with a curved spine without teeth. The stout muscles connecting the basal joint with the inner walls of the head show that these organs take a promi- nent part in the early activities of the parasite, and may even assist in burrowing through the flesh of its host. The first maxillae are tiny projections on the side walls of the proboscis, each tipped with two long setae. The second maxillae are long and stout; each con- sists of a basal joint armed with two strong claw-like spines, one on the ventral surface near the distal end and the other at the end on the lateral margin, and a distal joint armed with two claws, one
No. 2194. NORTM AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. T2r
terminal and slightly curved, the other on the inner margin near the base. These appendages are also furnished with very powerful muscles and are probably used in burrowing. The mawillipeds are reduced to mere spines, with which are still connected two or three weak muscles whose only service seems to be to show that the spines are really rudiments of mouth parts. In the posterior end of the genital segment, just inside the vulva, can be seen the enlargement of the oviduct on either side which serves as a receptaculum seminis. The entire abdomen is monilliform and terminates in two large anal laminae, each well supplied with setae.
In an older specimen, 35 mm. long, the rudiments of the mixil- lipeds have disappeared, but the other appendages remain intact; the genital segment is ridged transversely, and the plumose appen- dages of the abdomen have started as broad bluntly rounded proc- esses, one on either side of each monilliform division of the abdomen.
Color.—Head and neck, or buried portions of the body, pale yel- low, often with a reddish tinge from the contained blood; genital segment and abdomen dark cinnamon brown, banded transversely with yellow; egg strings dark orange yellow.
Total length, 150-200 mm. Head, 8 mm. long, 10mm. wide. Neck, 50-60 mm. long,3 mm. wide. Genital segment, 70-80 mm. long, 6 mm. wide. Abdomen 40-50 mm. long. Egg strings 200-350 mm. long.
(filosus, thread-like.)
Remarks.—The history of this species is rather complicated. Lin- naeus described his Pennatula filosa as follows: “P. stirpe rachi utrinque pennata: basi tentaculis duobus. Boce. mus., 1674, p. 286, t. 286. Habitat in M. Mediterranei Xiphiis. Setae 2, rubrae, ad basin rachios pennatae insertae, ipsaque rachi longiores.” ?
Stebbing pertinently remarked? that the only thing of any specific value in this description was the name of the host. But, fortunately, subsequent investigators have added useful characters that do possess specific value.
Guerin-Meneville published* a figure of Pennatula filosa that shows enough details to identify the species. Cuvier said,‘ “There is one species (Pennella filosa) in the Mediterranean, 7 or 8 inches long, which penetrates the flesh of the swordfish, the tunny, and the sunfish, and torments them horribly.” Milne Edwards added,* “ Body very long, slender, and straight; head swollen, carrying behind two short and obtuse horns. Appendages of the abdomen penniform, slender, and joined two by two at their base.”
1 Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 1758, p. 819.
2South African Crustacea, 1905, pt. 3, p. 188. ®Regne Animal, 1837, vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 3.
4Idem, 1830, vol. 3, p. 257.
5 }listoire Naturelle des Crustaces, vol. 3, p. 523.
122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 53.
Steenstrup and Liitken? said that if it should prove that several closely related species had been combined under the single name filosa, the species from the Mediterranean swordfish must be consid- ered as the type, which is obviously true. But these authors at- tempted no further identification of the species.
No other investigator did more than to mention the species until Brian in the Bulletin de l’Institut Oceanographique (No. 110, 1908, p- 8) described at considerable length and illustrated with text figures both the development stages and the adult female. In this paper he placed a question mark after the species, but in a subsequent paper ? he dropped the question mark and was satisfied with the identity of the species. His specimens were obtained from Orthagoriscus mola in the Atlantic west of the Azores. The present author has found both adults and development stages of the same parasite upon the swordfish.
Finally Quidor * has given us photographs of the entire animal and careful drawings of the plumose appendages of the abdomen from which we can easily identify the species. His specimens were found both on the swordfish and the sunfish on the northern coast of France.
With the details here added in reference to the antennae, the chitin framework supporting the esophagus, and the mouth parts of the development stages this species ought to be securely established.
PENNELLA INSTRUCTA, new species.
Plate 18, figs 141-147.
Host and record of specitmens.—The United States National Mu- seum collection includes the following specimens, all taken from the swordfish, Yiphias gladius: No. 3691, two females, by steamer Look- out from Atlantic off New England; No. 6159, one female, by the fisheries steamer Albatross, northern Atlantic; No. 14574, one female, from Maine coast; No. 47750, a single female with the cyst which en- closed its head and neck, from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, made the type of the species; No. 47751, eight females with their cysts, from Woods Hole; No. 47752, five females, from Woods Hole; No. 47753, four heads with horns intact, taken from cysts found inside the body of a swordfish, Woods Hole.
Specifie characters of female-——Cephalothorax swollen, consider- ably longer than wide and squarely truncated anteriorly, with the lateral walls slightly concave. This hollowing in of the sides of the head is due to large swellings at the bases of the horns posteri-
1 Kong, Danske Videns, Salskabs, Skrifter, 1861, vol. 5, p. 416.
2 Campagnes scientifiques due Prince de Monaco, fasc. 88, 1912, p. 16.
*Deuxiéme Expédition Antarctique Francaise, Charcot, 1912, pl. 1, figs. 5-8; pl. 4, figs. 35, 36.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 123
crly and an elevated ridge around the margin of the anterior trun- cated end. Frontal processes arranged in a definite pattern, con- sisting of a semicircle on either side around the margin, two shorter bunches inside of them curved like parentheses marks, and two parrow straight masses through the center dorsoventrally. (See fig. 143.) There is a wide, open space without processes between the semicircle and the parenthesis mark on either side, and a narrower space between the parenthesis mark and the central mass, so that the pattern stands out very distinctly.
At the posterior end of the cephalothorax nearer the dorsal surface there is a single long horn on either side, which tapers gradually toa bluntly rounded point, extends directly backward alongside the neck, and is curved considerably forward toward the ventral surface. The chitin skin over these horns is very thin, and in consequence the horns are soft and pliable. The neck is not enlarged anteriorly, but starts abruptly from the back of the head between the horns, is the same diameter throughout, and is much longer than the trunk. The latter is twice the diameter of the neck and is transversely ridged; abdomen half the length of the genital segment; plumules about 24 in number along each side of the abdomen, quite long and dicho- tomously branched; egg strings very slender and longer than the ertire body.
First antennae four-jointed, each joint heavily armed with setae, separated from the second pair by a considerable distance (fig. 145) ; the third joint is the shortest and narrowest, while the fourth or terminal joint is the longest and widest. Second antennae large and stout; basal joints triangular, considerably smaller than the terminal joints and widely separated across the midline; second or terminal joints swollen, with a stout and strongly curved claw, which shuts against a medium-sized peg on the inner margin of the joint. Between the basal joints is a wide chitin plate, in the center of which is a large and bluntly pointed rostrum with a pig- ment spot in its base. The chitin ring surrounding the esophagus is diamond-shaped, with the two obtuse angles lateral, and each of them giving off a wide chitin band; the other two bands are on either side of the anterior point. The arrangement of the chitin ribs and soft membranes is exactly like that of the frontal processes, the soft membranes under the open spaces, the ribs under the processes.
The swimming legs each have a large spot of pigment on the basal joint and the different pairs are separated by distances correspond- ing to the numbers 1, 5, 6.
Color—Head and buried portion of the neck brownish yellow; trunk dark cinnamon brown with interrupted transverse bands of yellow; plumose appendages dark steel-gray.
124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
Total length, 225 mm. Head 7 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, 7 mm. thick. Neck, 110 mm. long, 2.50 mm. in diameter. Genital segment, 75 mm. long, 6 mm. in diameter. Abdomen, 40 mm. long. Egg strings, 330 mm. long.
(énstructus, arranged in definite order, alluding to the frontal proc- esses. )
Remarks.—This species may be recognized by the peculiar pattern in which the frontal processes are arranged and by the two curved horns given off from the posterior margin of the cephalothorax. The long distance between the first and second antennae, and the com- paratively long distance to which the third and fourth legs are re- moved are also characteristic. This is undoubtedly the “ Penella sp?” described by Brian in his preliminary note on the parasitic copepods taken during the scientific voyages of the Prince of Mo- naco?; his figures, especially of the head and horns, are unmistak- able. This species infests the swordfish together with filosa, and has not thus far been found upon any other host. The cysts formed around the head and neck in the tissues of the host are very large, and inside of them there is more or less twisting and flexure.
While the part of the body outside of the host does not apparently afford as good lodgement for Conchoderma as was the case in filosa, it does prove attractive to hydroids and algae, and is often very heavily loaded with one or both of them.
PENNELLA ORTHAGORISCI Wright.
Pennelia orthegorisci Wricut, Ann. Mag. Nat. List., ser. 4, vol. 5, 1870, p. 43, pl. 1.
Host and record of specimens.—A single lot of 10 females were obtained from Afola mola at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and have received Cat. No. 42299, U.S.N.M.
Specific characters of female—Wright fully described this species in the reference above given, but he had only two specimens obtained in the harbor of Cork, Ireland. The following notes by Mr. Richard Rathbun upon the 10 specimens obtained at Woods Hole will there- fore be of interest by way of comparison:
Cephalic horns generally three in number, but sometimes only two, as in Wright’s figure; they originate from the base of the cephalie region, close to the neck, and often so exactly between the two that it is difficult to say to which they properly belong. When only two they originate much farther apart than in Wright’s figure, very near or quite at the sides of the head toward the dorsal surface. When three in number the third one springs from the dorsal surface mid- way between the other two, sometimes reduced to a mere knob, at others attaining a length two-thirds that of the lateral horns, but
1 Bull. de I'Instit. océanog., No. 110, 1908, p. 6.
Re
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 125
never equaling them. None of the lateral horns were as long as in Wright’s figure, and they were usually slender, the stoutest ones measuring 2 mm. in diameter. They sometimes taper and sometimes enlarge toward the tip, are of about the same size and length on the two sides, and usually project at an angle of 45°.
The head varies in the proportion of length to breadth, but is always wider than long, rarely twice as wide as long; it is generally divided into two lobes, though sometimes obscurely, by a groove which runs the length of the ventral surface, makes a slight depres- sion on the frontal margin, and disappears on the dorsal surface The anterior end of the head is more or less flattened, rarely slightly concave, and is inclined toward the ventral surface. This flattened portion is covered with frontal processes branched lke cauliflowers, which are packed closely together, are quite uniform in size, and present an even contour.
The proboscis is elongated dorso-ventrally and is completely hidden by the frontal processes, which form a double ring or band about it, the separation between the two rings being only slightly but usually distinctly indicated. Along the anterior margin of the head are a number of small protuberances similar to, but larger than, the frontal processes, with which they are usually continuous. There is one on each side of the longitudinal groove, those on the ventral side being nearer together, those on the dorsal side farther apart. On the sides of the head there may be anywhere from one to eight of these processes, not regularly placed, and often more or less digitate like cauliflowers.
The antennae are situated somewhat in front of the center of the dorsal surface, about one-third of the distance from the anterior margin. The integument covering the head is very thin and yielding to the touch; the horns and the anterior thorax are much more rigid.
The thorax varies considerably in length; anteriorly it joins the head abruptly, retains a uniform width for most of its length, and enlarges gradually at the posterior end to meet the trunk. The latter is ribbed transversely, the ribs being sometimes quite prominent, at others but faintly indicated. It is of uniform diameter (twice that of the neck) as far back as the vulvae, where it is abruptly con- stricted to two-thirds its former diameter, and from thence tapers gradually to a bluntly rounded tip.
The filamentous appendages are very numerous and dense, and are directed backward and ventrally, leaving the dorsal side of the abdomen clear; they extend slightly beyond the anus.
The swimming legs are just behind the head, where they occupy one and a quarter to one and a half millimeters of linear space. The two anterior pairs are close together and overlap more or less, while
126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
the interspaces between the second and third and the third and fourth pairs are comparatively large and subequal.
Color.—Head and horns light brown, trunk dark olive brown, the grooves between the ribs lighter in color; egg strings gray white; plumose appendages a deep black.
Total length, exclusive of egg strings, 160 to 180 mm.
(orthagorisci, the former generic name of the host.)
Remarks.—This species differs from instructa, just described, in the following particulars: The head in the present species is always wider than long, while in instructa it is always longer than wide; the horns are usually three and are chitinous, while in instructa there are never but two, which are soft in texture; the trunk is compara- tively three times the length and twice the diameter of that in instructa,; the first antennae are so close to the second pair that their bases touch, while in instructa they are far removed; Wright repre- sents the second antennae as definitely three-jointed and slender, while in instructa they have but two joints and are fully as wide as long.
Genus PEGESIMALLUS Krgyer.
Pegesimallus Krgyer, Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene, 1863, p. 332, pl. 18, fig. 7.
Generic characters of female—Body made up of five distinct parts: First, an elongate-ovate head, destitute of antennae and mouth parts, but with a small proboscis; second, a short and slender neck; third, a thicker posterior neck covered with excrescences resembling bunches of grapes; fourth, a vermiform anterior trunk, transversely ridged, with a ventral row of soft processes along either side of the midline; fifth, a posterior trunk, in three coils, and covered with villous processes.
Remarks.—The above is adapted from Kr¢yer’s generic diagnosis and gives the principal characters of this parasite. He had but a single specimen which was found amongst some Greenland crabs that — were sent to him.
There is nothing in the description or in the figures to show that this is a copepod and not a worm, as there were no egg strings.
It may be a copepod not fully developed and covered with Gymno- blastic Hydroids like those described by Jungersen.1 But we must have many more details of its structure before we can decide where to place it; meanwhile it may be left here among the Lernaeans where Krgyer located it, with the understanding that its presence is very questionable.
1 Vidensk. Meddel. fra naturh. Foren., vol. 64, 1911, p. 21.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. Loe
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The magnitude of the following bibliography is explained by two facts alrendy mentioned. The first is that this is the oldest and most widely known family amongst the parasitic copepods and hence the one most frequently ap- pearing in the literature of the subject.
The second is that originally all the parasitic copepods were placed in this family and hence, especially among the older writers, everyone who described a copepod parasite is of necessity included in the bibliography of the Lernaeans.
1865. AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Harvard College. No. II, North American Acalephae. In describing Eucope parasitica, p. 87, it is written *‘ The medusa has thus
far only been found growing on a species of Pennella, parasitic on Orthago- riscus mola from Massachusetts Bay.” Pennella orthagoriaci.
1847. ANGAS, GEORGE FRENCH. On a new Species of Penella. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vol. 19, p. 280, text figure.
The description of this new species, Pennella pustulosa, was written by W. Baird and Angas ascribed the species to him.
1897. ANonyMovus. A Parasitic Crustacean on a Flying-fish. Bull. Liverpool Museum, vol. 1, pp. 23-24, 1 text figure. Pennella exococti.
1916. ———————. The Feathers of the Flying Fish. Agricultural News, West Indies, vol. 15, No. 360, p. 63, 1 text figure.
A copy of W. T. Calman’s paper in the current issue of the “ West Indian Bulletin,” describing Pennella exococti from Exocoetus speculiger.
1905. ANTHONY R. and Carver L, Recherches faites sur la Cétacé capturé 3 Cette le 6 octobre 1904 (Balaenoptera physalus [Linné]). ire. Partie. IV, Parasites extérieurs. Bull. de la Soc. phil. Paris (9), vol. 7, pp. 80-85, 1 text figure. Pennella balaenopterae.
1905b. ——————-. Note sur les Penella balaenopterae (IK. and D.) recueilles sur le Balaenoptera physalus (Linn.) de Cette (octobre 1904). Bull. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, 1905, pp. 198-200.
330 B.C. AristoTeELEsS. De Historia Animalium. Published in 50 volumes.
The tunny and swordfish are tormented by a sort of worm (Penneila sp.)
which fastens itself under the fin and causes such Irritation to the animal that it often leaps out of the water and falls on board of ships. Lib. 8, cap. 19. 200 A. D. ATHENAEUS. Aeirvocodiora, “ The Learned Men at Supper.” A compilation containing disquisitions on fish of every sort amongst other things, in which is repeated Aristotle’s account of the tunny and swordfish. 1850. Bairp, Witrtasr. The Natural History of the British Entomostraca. Printed for the Ray Society, London, 1850. Contains an excellent “ Bibliographical History” of the Lernaeidae on pp. 307-316 and another of the genus “‘Lerneonema” (Lernaeenicus) on pp. 339-340. 1861. ——————. Note on the Lernaea cyclopterina occurring in the gills of the Cyclopterinus spinosus, a fish from Greenland. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1861, p. 289. Also in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 496. A synonym of Jiaemobaphes cyclopterina. 1744. Baker, Henry. A new discovered Sea-Insect, called the Eye-sucker. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, vol. 43, No. 472, p. 15, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3. This was obtained from the eye of the sprat and was probably a species of Lernaeenicus.
128
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
1783. Bannut, JAMES. Genera Vermium exemplified by various specimens of
the animals contained in the Orders of the Intestina et Mollusea Linnaei. Svo., Londen. Genus Lernaea, p. 66. Lernaea cyprinacea, p. 67.
1896. Bassstt-SmitH, P. W. Notes on the Parasitic Copepoda of Fish obtained
1898.
at Plymouth, with Descriptions of New Species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Llist., ser. G, vol. 18, pp. 1-16, pls. 3-6. Described the new species Lernaea (Lernaeocera) lusci, p. 13, pl. 4, fig. 6. Some new Parasitic Copepods found on Fish at Bombay.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 1, pp. 1-17, pls. 1-T. Described the alleged new species, Peroderma branchiata, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 2. (See p. 50.)
1904. BaupouIn, Marcer. Le Lernaeenicus sprattae, parasite de la Sardine en
1905.
1905b.
1905c.
1908.
1908b.
1909.
1910.
1910b.
1910c.
1914.
Vendée. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 139, pp. 998-1000.
This parasite is called Pavillon by the sardine fishermen because it has three distinct parts, showing the three colors of the French tricolor, which is com- monly called Pavillon by sailors.
. Du mode de fixation dorsale du Lernaeenicus sardinae sur son hote. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sei. Paris, vol. 140, pp. 326-327. Nouvelles observations sur la Lernaeenicus, Copépode para-
site de la Sardine. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1905, pp. 299-300.
Les Parasites de la Sardine. Revue Scientifique, No. 23, pp. 715-722, 4 text figures (32-85).
Mentioned among the external parasites Peroderma cylindricum and Ler- nacenicus sardinae on p. 717.
. Un nouveau parasite du Spratt (Clupea spratta) ; econstation d’un Lernaeenicus sardinae nobis sur un Spratt présentant en outre trois Lernaeenicus sprattae Sowerby. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 14, p. 17.
Mode d’attaque du Spratt (Clupea spratta) par le Lernae- enicus sprattae Sowerby, Copépode parasite de l'oeil de ce poisson. Assoc. Franeaise av. des Sci. Congrés de Reims, 1907, Paris, Svo. 15 pp. 2 figs.
Nouvelles observations statistiques sur le Lernaeenicus sar- dinae M-B. de la Sardine Atlantique. Vme. Congrés national des Péches maritimes. Les Sables d’Olonne, 1909, 1°* section, Paris, 19 Dp.
. Mode de fixation du Lernaeenicus sardinae M-B. sur Toeil de Ja Sardine (Clupea pilchardus Walb.). Compt. Rend. Assoc. Fran- eaise ay. des Sci., Sess. 38. Congrés de Lille, pp. 651-662, 1 text figure.
Découverte d’un Type de Transition entre Lernaeenicus sardinae M-Baudouin & Lernaeenicus sprattae Sowerby, sur le méme Sardine (Clupéa pilchardus Wal.): L. sardinae, variété moniliformfs, Compt. Rend. Assoc. Francaise av. Sci. Congrés de Toulouse, 1910, 5 pp.
Un cas de parasitisme exceptionnel chez la Sardine. In- convénients des dénominations zoologiques mal coneues. Bull. Soe. Sci. nat. Ouest France Nantes (3), vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. III and IV.
Ile found Lernacenicus sprattae on the sardine and UL. sardinae on the sprat, each attached in its own peculiar way, and advocated a change of names.
Un deuxiéme Fait de Parasitisme du Spratt “ Clupea spratta” par le “ Lernaeenicus sardinae.” Compt. Rend. Assoc. Fran- eaise av. Sci. Congrés de Tunis, 1913 (1914), 3 pp.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 129
1914b. BaupouiIn, Marcenr, Deux Exemples d’Atavisme chez le Copépode para- site du Spratt et de la Sardine, “ Lernaeenicus sprattae” Sowerby. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Francaise av. Sei. Congrés de Tunis, 1913 (1914), pp. 366-371.
1873. BENEDEN, Epovuarp VAN. Rapport sommaire sur les résultats d’un voyage au Brésil et 2 la Plata. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique (2), vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 775-792.
Secured a fine specimen of Pennella more than 4 em. long from Hgocoetus dicolor.
1870. BENEDEN, EpOUARD VAN, et Bessecs, Emre. Mémoire sur la Formation du Blastoderme chez les Amphipodes, les Lernéens, et les Copépodes, Mé- moires couronnés de l’Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. 34, 59 pp., 5 plates.
Included the structure of the sexual apparatus, the constitution of the egg, modes of segmentation, and the formation of the blastoderm. The Lernaeans are on pp. 33-48, pls. 3-5.
1851. BENEDEN, PrerrRE J. vAN. Note sur un Crustacé parasite nouveau, avec Vénumeration des espéces de cette classe qu’on observe sur les poissons du littoral de Belgique. Bull. Aead. Roy. Belgique, yol. 18, pt. 1, pp. 286-290; unn. plate, 7 figs.
Reviewed the Lernaeidae and described Lernaeonema musteli, new species, p. 287, figs. 1-7. Trypaphylum musteli.
1870. ——_———._ Les Cétecés, leurs commensaux et leurs parasites. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique (2), vol. 29, pp. 347-368,
Mentioned Pennella balaenopterae, p. 356; Pennella crassicornis, p. 3583 Lernaeonema ({Lernaecenicus) nodicornis, p. 359; Pennella pustulosa, p. 361.
1870b. ——————_._ Les poissons des Cotes de Belgique, leurs Parasites, et leurs Commensaux. Mem. de l’Acad. roy. Belgique, vol. 38, 100 pp., 8 plates.
Distinguished true parasites from commensals; divided the former into Phagosites, ‘‘les habitués de l’hotel, qui profitent seulement de la table d’hdte ”; Xenosites, “ parasites en transit’’ ; Nostosites, ‘“‘ceux qui sont arrivés a leur destination,” including the Lernaeidae; Planosites, ‘ceux qui se sont égarés en chemin.”
1876. ——————. Animal Parasites and Messmates. The International Scien- tific Series, 1 vol., 12mo., New York, 1876, 274 pp., 83 figs.
The Lernaeans, pp. 147-151.
1822. BLAINVILLE, Marre H. D. pk. Mémoire sur les Lernées (Lernaea, Linn.}, Journ. Physique, vol. 95, pp. 372-380, and 487-447; 1 unn, plate.
Established the new genus Lerneocera, p. 375, with species branchiatis, eyclopterina, surriratis, and cyprinacea, the first of which becomes the genus type; the new genus Lerneopenna (a synonym of Pennella), p. 378, and the new genus Lerneomyzon (a synonym of Clavella), p. 438.
1823. ——__—_—_—. Article Lernée. Dictionaire Sci. nat., vol. 26, pp. 112-130.
Mainly a repetition of the preceding.
1671. Bocconr, S. Pauto. Recherches et Observations naturelles. Paris, 1671. 1 vol., 12mo.
At Messina the swordfish are tormented by a parasite which the fishermen cali Sangnisuea. ‘They are not usually confined to one part of the body, but are always on such places that the fin of the animal can not reach them (p.
284.) This sangsue appears to be tormented by a louse never seen on any other creature. It is the size of » pea and attaches itself firmly to the animal (p. 292). The parasite was probably a Pennella and the louse was a goose barnacle (Conchoderma) attached to it. Reprinted under title Ricerche e Osservazione naturali, Amsterdam, 1674.
1731. ——_—————. An extraordinary Sanguisuga or Leach found sometimes sticking fast in the fish called Xiphias or Swordfish. The Philosophical Transactions and Collections to the end of the year MDCC, vol. 2, by Jobn Lowthorp, ed. 4, London, 1731, No. 99, art. 111, p. 821.
A posthumous reprint of the preceding with a description of the parasite.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17——- 9
130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
tee CES Zi RO Near ap SR
1770. Bomare, VALMONT DE. De almindeliga Natur-historie, Form af et Dic- tionnaire.—Oussot, forpget u. forbidet af H. von Aphelen. 8 vols. 8vo., Kigbenhivn. 1767-70. “Toknetrold ” (Lernaeocera branchialis), vol. 8, 1770, p. 122. 1802. Bose p’AntTic, Louis A. G. Historie naturelle des Crustacés, contenant leur Description et leurs Moeurs. 2 vols. Paris, An. X (1802). The first popular treatise ever written in the French language and containing
an excellent historical summary up to date; but including none of the Lernaeans.
n.d. ——————.. Historia Vermium. 2 vols. Paris.
Included 15 Lernaean species (vol. 1, p. 51 seq.) placed among the mollusks.
1910. Bouvier, EK. L. Quelques Arthropodes recueillis aux fles Kerguelen. Bull. Mus. National d’Hist. nat., Annee 1910, No. 2, pp. 95-96.
Pennetla balaenopterae found on a large humpbacked whale, p. 95. 1883. Brapy, Grorce S. Report on the Copepoda. Challenger expedition, Zool- ogy, vol. 8, pt. 23, pp. 1-142, pls. 1-55. ws Included the “new genus and species” Hesseila cylindrica (a development stage of Pennelia), p. 136, and the new species Lernaea (Lernaeocera) abysst-
cola, p. 137.
1898. Brran, ALESSANDRO. Note préliminaire sur les Copépodes parasites des poissons. Bull. Instit. Océanogr., No. 110, 1898, p. 19, text figures.
Recorded Pennella filosa from the sunfish.
1898b. ———————. Catalogo di Copepodi Parassiti dei Pesci della Liguria.
Atti Soc. Ligustica Sci. nat. geog., vol. 9, pp. 5-31, pls. 1-4. Enumerated the Lernaeidae on pages 20 and 21.
1903. ———————. Descrizione di un nuovo genere di crostaceo Lerneide (Sil- vestria truchae, n. g., n. sp.). Atti Soc. Ligustica Sci. nat. geog., vol. 138, 6 pp. 1 text figure. Copied in Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. comp. Genova, No. 119, 4 pp.; 1 text figure.
1903b. ———————. Sostitutione di nome al nuovo genere di crostaceo Ler- neide; Silvestria mihiLeptotrachelus mihi . Zool. Anz., vol. 26, p. 547.
1906. ——————-. Copepodi parassiti dei Pesci d’Italia. 4to. Geneva, 1906, 189 pp., 21 plates, 10 of which are colored.
Gave a good historical bibliography of the various groups of parasitic cope pods, that of the Lernaeans being found on pp. 7-18. Described “ Pennella rubra, D. sp.’”’, p. 86, pl. 7, fig. 3 (see p. 112).
1908. —-————_. Note préliminaire sur les Copépodes parasites des Poissons provenant des Campagnes scientifiques de S. A. S. le Prince Albert Iét- de Monaco ou déposés dans les Collections du Musée océanographique. Bull. Inst. océanogr., No. 110, 18 pp., 7 text figures.
Pennelia sp., p. 6; Pennella filosa, p..8; P. crassicornis, p. 11; Lernaeenicus (Sarcotretes) eristaliformis, n. sp., p. 13; Lernaeolophus sultanus and Pero- derma cylindricum, p. 16.
1912, —_———_—. Copépodes parasites des Poissons et des Echinides provenant des Campagnes scientifiques de S. A. S. le Prince Albert Iet de Monaco (1886-1910). Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Iet Prince Souverain de Monaco. Fascicle 38, 58 pp., 12 plates.
Pennella filosa, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 2-4; pl. 6, fig. 10. Pennella crassicornis, p. 18, pl. 3, figs. 5-9. Lernaeenicus (Sarcotretes) eristaliformis, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 4; pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; pl. 8, fig. 2; pls. 9, 10. Lernaeenicus (Cardiodectes) medusaeus, p. 27. pl. 10, figs. 1-5. Lernaeolophus sultanus, p. 30, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2; pl. 8, fig. 9; Peroderma cylindricum, p. 31, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6; pl. 8, figs. 5, 6.
1914, —_————_. Copépodes parasites provenant des récentes Campagnes sci- entifiques de S. A. S. le Prince Albert Ier de Monaco ou déposés dans les Collections du Musée océanographique. Bull. Inst. océanogr., No. 286, 14 pp.; 8 text figures.
Lernaeenicus (Sarcotretes) eristaliformis, p. 10, fig. 7.
No. 2194. NORT'H AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 131
1792. Bruciéres, JEAN G. Dictionnaire des Vers. Encyclopédie méthodique, 1 vol. Paris, 4to. 1792.
Adopted Linnaeus’ classification of the Lernaeans, placing them among the worms.
1860. Brtur, C. B. Lernaeocera gasterostei, ein Schmarotzerkrebs aus der Familie der Pennellina. Mitth. Zool. Inst. Univ. Pest, No. 1, 18 pp., pls. i 2:
Gave the first proof of the presence of swimming legs in the adult Lernaelinae, and located the three anterior pairs. Lernaea gasterostei.
1833. BURMEISTER, HERMANN. Beschreibung einiger neuen oder wenig bekannten Schmarotzerkrebse, nebst allgemeinen Betrachtungen fiber die Gruppe. welcher sie angeh6ren. Acta Acad. Caes, Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., vol. 17, pt. 1, pp. 271-836, pls. 23-25.
Discussed the general relations of the group and particularly the position and identification of the different appendages in the species described. Ler- naeocera (Lernaea) cyprinacea, pp. 309-312, pl. 24A. The Pennellina, pp. 318- 320.
1909. Carman, W. T. A Treatise on Zoology edited by Sir Ray Lankester, Part VII, Appendiculata, Third Fascicle, Crustacea. 4to. London. 346 pp., 194 text figures.
Adopted Giesbrecht’s classification which placed 21 families definitely, but said of the other seven, which include the Lernaeidae, ‘The position of the remaining families (consisting wholly of parasitic forms) with respect to this system of classification is not yet determined.”
1858. Craus, Cart. Ueber den Bau und die Entwickelung parasitischer Crus- taceen. Cassel, 1858, 4to. with 34 pp. and 2 plates,
Was the first to recognize (p. 30) that the genus Peniculus belonged to the Lernaeidae.
1861. ———————. Ueber die Familie der Lernaeen, Lernaeocera gobina. Wiirz- burger naturw. Zeitschr., vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 10-22.
Made Z. gobina identical with Lernaea gasterosteit (Briihl) and added a fourth pair of legs to those shown by Briihl. Described also a Pennella species from Ewocoetus velitans.
1867. ———————_._ Ueber. Lernaeocera esocina, vy. Nordm. (Vorliufige Mitthei- lung). Sitzungsb. Gesellsch. Beférd. ges. Naturw. Marburg, 1867, No. 1, pp. 5-12.
Described the external and internai morphology, the histology of the tissues, the mouth parts, the nervous and reproductive systems, and a little of the development. Lernaea esocina.
1867b. ———————. Ueber das Vorkommen von Augen und Furcalgliedern bei den Lernaeengattungen; Peniculus, Penella, und Lernaea. Sitzungsb. Gesell. Beférd. ges. Naturw. Marburg. 1867, No. 10, pp. 90-93.
Proved the presence of eyes and anal laminae in various genera of the Lernaeidae.
1868. ——————-. Beobachtungen tiber Lernaeocera, Peniculus, und Lernaea. Ein Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der Lernaeen. Schrift. Gesellsch. Beférd, ges. Naturw. Marburg, vol. 9, Supplement, Heft 2, 32 pp., 4 plates.
The first detailed account of the development of Lernaea (Lernacocera) branchialis, pp. 16-27, pl. 3, figs. 8-9; pl. 4, figs. 1-18.
18686. ———————-. Ueber die Metamorphose und systematische Stellung der Lernaeen. Sitzungsb. Gesellsch. Befoérd. ges. Naturw. Marburg, 1868, No. 2, pp. 5-13.
A careful study of the development stages shows the closest relationship between the Lernaeidae and the Caligidae,
1868¢e. ———— . Ueber Lernaeocera esocina. Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. Halle, vol. 31, pp. 530-531. An abstract of what was published in 1868. Lernaea esocina. 1905. Crieny, A. Sur un Lernaeenicus parasite du Spratt. Compt. Rend, Soc. Biol. Paris, vol. 59, pp. 165-166.
my PROCEEDINGS -OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 53.
Cosson, T. Spencer. Notes on Parasites collected by the late Charles Darwin, Esq. Jour. Linnaean Soc. London, Zoology, vol. 19, pp. 174-178.
Lernaea (Lernaeocera) branchialis and two allied forms mentioned, p. 178.
1856. Cocks, W. P. lLernaea branchialis. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 186. A large specimen (Lernaeocera 6 —.) found on the gills of Gadus eaglefinua. 1875. Cornaria, Emizro. Sulla Taphrobia pilchardi, nuovo genere di Cros- tacei parassiti. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., vol. 18, pt. 2, pp. 197-200, pl. 6. The new genus is the same as Heller’s Peroderma cylindricum. 1847. Costa, A. Note sur la Circulation des Pennelles. Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris, vol. 25, pp. 368-869. Also L’Institut, vol. 15, No. 714, p. 291.
1871. CUNNINGHAM, Rosert O., M. D. Notes on the Reptiles, Amphibia, Fishes, Mollusea, and Crustacea obtained during the voyage of H. M. S. Nassau in the years 1866-69. Trans. Linnaean Soc. London, vol. 27, pp. 465-501, pls. 58, 59.
Lernaeocera, species, p. 500, pl. 59, fig. 11. Lernaea, species, p. 500, pl. 59, fig. 10.
1914. CuNNINGTON, WiniiAmM A. Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition. Report on the parasitic Eucopepoda. Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1914, pp. 819-829, pl. 1.
Enumerated and gave a key to all the known species of Lernaeocera (Ler- naea) and described and figured three new species, L. diceracephala, p. 824, pl. 1, figs. 1-3; L. haplocephala, p. 826, pl, 1, figs. 4-7; L. temnocephala, p. 827, pl. 1, figs. 8 and 9.
1798. Cuvier, GEorGes LeoroLtp. ‘Tableau élémentaire de |’Histoire naturelle des Animaux. 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, An. 6 (1798).
Placed the Lernaeidae amongst the Mollusca gasteropoda with those of the latter which have free motion in the water.
1817. —_—————. Régne Animal, ed. 1, Paris, 4 vols. The Lernaeans were discussed in vol. 4, p. 37, and it was for the first time noted that many small animals living on the gills of fishes had been wrongly placed in the Lernaeidae.
1830. —————_——. Régne Animal, ed. 2, Paris, 5 vols.
Placed the Lernaeans in the second class of Zoophytes, the Entozoa, vol. 8, pp. 255-258 and divided them into 7 groups, Les Lernées propres, Les Pen- nelles, Les Sphryions, Les Anchorelles, Les Brachielles, Les Clavelles, and Les Chondrachanthes.
1822. Dr Kay, JAMES HB. Observations on the “ Pennatule fieche” (P. sagitta of Lamarck) in the Cabinet of Dr. Mitchill. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 87-8, 1 text figure.
Described and figured a mutilated specimen, and called attention to the fact that it had been ranked first as a Lernaean, then as a Pennatula or polyp, afterwards as a Caligus or copepod, and finally as an annelid. He himself re- stored it to the polyps.
1844. -- Zoology of New York or the New York Fauna. Part VI, Crustacea. Albany, 1844.
Parasitic copepods, pp. 57-60, pl. 10, figs. 44-47. Lernaea cruciata, p. 59; Lernaea (Lernacenicus) radiata, p. 60; Penella plumosa and P. filosa, p. 60. He made this P. plumosa a new species, but it was probably the same as the P. sagitta described in 1822 (see p. 111).
1823. DESMARES?, ANSELME GAETAN. Article Malacostracés. Dictionaire des Sci. Nat., vol. 28, pp. 138-425.
An effort to supply the omissions in the articles on the Crustacea in the Dictionaire occasioned by the death of Leach, to whom they had been intrusted.
1885,
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 133
1825. DesMAREST, ANSELME GAETAN. Considérations générales sur la Classe des Crustacés, et Description des Espéces de ces Animanx, qui vivant dans la mer, sur les cOtes ou dans les eaux douces de la France. 8vo. Paris, Strasbourg, 1825, 447 pp. 5 tables, 56 plates,
A reprint of 1823 with many additions. Contained a useful history of the group, their structure, functions, habits, and economy, and a brief review of the classifications previously published, illustrated by five synoptic tables. First referred the Lernaeidae to the Crustacea, p. 343.
1763. Exits, Joun, Esq. F. R. S. Of the Sea Pen or Pennatula phosphorea of Linnaeus; also a Description of a new species of Sea Pen, found on the Coast of So. Carolina, with Observations on Sea Pens in general. Philos. Trans., vol. 53, p. 419 seq., pl. 1.
Pennatula (Pennella) filosa and P. sagitta, p. 433.
1780. Fapsricrus, OrHo. Fauna Groenlandica. S8vo., Hafniae et Lipsiae, 452 pp., 1 unn. plate.
All the species are placed under the one genus Lernaea and Include gadina, p. 336; cyeclopterina and salmonea, p. 337; uncinata, p. 338; gobina, p. 339; radiata, p. 340; nodosa, p. 341. The Latin descriptions are very accurate in their details but there are no figures.
1858. Frower, W. H. Exhibition of Penellus blainvilli, M. Edwds, on Ilying- fish. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, vol. 26, p. 372. 1913. Fowrer, Henry W. Notes on the fishes of the Chincoteague region of Virginia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 65, pt. 1, pp. 61-65. “ Lerneaenicus radiatus ” found on Brevoortia tyrannus. 19136. ——————.. The Crustacea of New Jersey. Report New Jersey State Mus. for 1911 (19138), pp. 29-650, pls. 1-150. Lerneaenicus radiatus, p. 87, pl. 21. Pennella fllosa, p. 90, pl. 22. Pennelia sagitta, p. 91, pl. 23, Lerneoceropsis septemramosus, n. gen.; n. sp., p. 92, pl. 24; a synonym of Lernaeenicus radiatus. Lerneocera (Lernaea) cruciata and L. tortua, p. 477. 1876. EFRIEDERICHSEN, L. Kleine Mittheilungen aus dem Museum Godeffroy.
Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 12, pp. 160-175. Lernacenicus abdominalis found upon Boreogadus productus Giinther, on the Peruvian coast, p. 160.
1904. GApp, PEHR. Parasit-Copepoder i Finland. Acta Soe. Fauna Flora Fen- nica, vol. 26, No. 8, 60 pp., 2 plates.
Lernaeocera (Lernaea) esocina, pp. 42-44.
1895. Garpini, A. Appunti di Carcinologia veronese. Mem. Accad. Verona, vol. 71, ser. 3, fase. 1, 94 pp., 1 plate.
Lernaeocera (Lernaea) esocina and L. cyprinacea.
1560. GesNeR, ConrAp. Historia Animalium-De Aquatilibus. 5 vols. folio, Zurich.
Described Pennella and the Lernaeans, vol. 5, chap. 8, and gave the history of the parasites. The Pennelia was seldom to be seen except at the time of the rising of the dogstar, and then not on many fishes, but only on the tunny, swordfish, and occasionally on the dolphin. He gave a text figure, p. 112, and repeated (p. 115) the figure given by Rondeletius.
1888. Grarp, ALFRED. Sur le Peroderma cylindricum (Heller), Copépode para- site de la Sardine. Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris, vol. 107, pp. 929-931. Also in Bull. Sci. de la France et le Belgique, ser. 3, vol. 2, pp. 312-314.
1889, ——————-. Sur l’association de Pennella orthagorisci Percival Wright, et de Conchoderma virgatum Spengler, Le Naturaliste (2), vol. 11, No. 50, p. 82.
The Penneila of Balaenoptera rostrata often shows specimens of Conchoderma attached to its thorax. Mayer had also seen them on P. filosa from the sword- fish, and Giard added the finding of them on P. orthagoriact.
134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
1790. GMELIN, JOHANN FRIepRICH. Linnaeus Systema Naturae, Editio decima
1784
1879.
1883.
1870.
1871.
1865.
1783.
1863.
1870.
1891.
1904.
1802.
tertia, aucta, reformata, cura. Lipsiae, 1790.
All the parasitic copepods are bunched under the genus Lernaea, pp. 3144- 3147.
. GoEZE, JoHann A. FE. Von der Fischlernaeen. Leipziger Mag. Naturk., 1784, pp. 89-49, pl. 1.
Goopr, G. Brown. The Natural and Economic History of the Menhaden. Rep. U. S. Comm, Fish. for 1877, pp. 1-529.
Mentioned (p. 104) one or more species of Lernaeans on the gills and Lernaeenicus upon the external surface, and figured the latter, pl. 10, fig. 15.
Materials for a History of the Sword-fish. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1880, pp. 289-394. Described, p. 346, Pennella filosa and P. costait and three other parasitic copepods which infest this fish.
HARTMANN, Ropert. Beitriige zur anatomischen Kenntniss der Schma- rotzer-Krebse. 2. Lernaeocera barnimii. Arch. Anat. Physiol., 1870. pp. 726-752, pls. 17, 18.
Detailed morphology of the female, considerable histology, and some of the larval development. Lernaea barnimii.
—. Ueber d. v. Poren durchsetzte Chitinskelet der Caliopus, Ce crops und gewisser Lernaeoceren. Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin (Oct. 1870), 1871, pp. 60-61.
Hetier, Dr. Cami. Reise der Gsterreichischen Fregatte Novara. Zoolo- gischer Theil, Zweiter Band, III Abtheilung, 1, Crustaceen, Wien, 4to, 280 pp., 25 plates.
Lernacocera (Lernaea) lagenula, u. sp., p. 246, pi. 24, fig. 9. Lernaeonema (Lernaeenicus) gracilis, n. sp., p. 249, pl. 25, fig. 5. Peroderma, n. gen., p. 250. Peroderma cylindricum, n. sp., p. 250, pl. 25, fig. 6. Lernaeolophus, n. gen., p. 251. Lernaecolophus sultanus, nu. sp., p. 251, pl. 25, fig. 7.
HreRMANN JEAN. MHelmintologische Bemerkungen. Der Naturforsecher (J. E. I. Walch), No. 19, pl. 2.
Described Lernaea squanricola and LL. lotae (see p. 40).
HESSE, EUGENE. Recherches sur quelques Crustacés rares ou nouveaux des Cotes de France. 2me Mémoire, De le Lernée branchiale et .de
celle qui vit sur le Gade barbu. Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), Zool., vol. 20, pp. 101-121, pl. 1.
Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Crustacé parasite de Vordre des Lernéidiens de la famille des Lernéocériens, et du genre Lernée, Lernée du Gade-petit, Lernaea gadi minuti (nobis). Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), Zool., vol. 18, 30 pp., 1 plate.
A larval L. branchialis.
—————. Description d’une nouvelle Lernée branchiale du Cha- boisseau de Mer a longues Epines (Cottus bubalis, nobis). Ann. Sci. Nat. (7), Zool., vol. 11, pp. 187-195, pls. 6, 7.
Advocated a cirriped origin for Lernaea (Lernacocera). Neither figures nor description locate the species with any satisfaction.
Horrr, Dr. Bruno. Handbuch der Fischkrankheiten. 8vo. Miinchen. 359 pp., 222 text figures, 18 colored plates.
Parasitic copepods on the skin and gills, pp. 144-190.
Hotren, H. S. Anmaerkninger till Beskrivelsen over Zeus guttatus samt Beskrivelser over tvende nye Arter Lernaeer. Skrivt. Naturh. Selsk., vol. 5, pt. 2, pp. 129-1387, pl. 3.
Lernaea (Chondracanthus) meriuccit, p. 135, pl. 3, fig. 2. Lernaea (Pennella) exocoeti, p. 136, pl. 3, fig. 3.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. — 185
1878. Horst, Dr. R. Ueber zwei neue Schmarotzerkrebse. 1. Lernaeenicus gempyli, ein Schmarotzerkrebs von einem Fische (Gempylus serpens). 2. Ein Schmarotzerkrebs von eine Annelide (Polynoe rarispina), Tijdschr. Nederlandsche Dierk. Vereen. (Haag), Leyden, vol. 4, pp. 51-55, pl. 3, figs. 1-5. L. gempyli here referred to the genus Sarcotretes.
1835. JoHNstToN, GreorGE, M. D. Illustrations in British Zoology. Loudin’s Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, pp. 565-569, fig. 53, text. Lernaea (Clavella) uncinata.
1888. Jousin, L. Note (contenue dans un pli cacheté) sur les ravages causés chez les Sardines par un Crustacé parasite. Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris, vol. 107, pp. 842-844.
Lernaeenicus, species.
1888b. ———_——_——. Sur un Copépode parasite des Sardines. Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris, vol. 107, pp. 1177-1178. Lernaeenicus, species.
1911. JUNGERSEN, Hecror F. KH. On a new Gymnoblastie Hydroid (Ichthyo- codium sarcotretis) epizoic on a new parasitic Copepod (Sarcotretes scopeli) infesting Scopelus glacialis, Rhdt. Vid. Meddel. Naturh. Foren, Kjgbenhavn, vol. 64, pp. 1-33, pis. 1, 2, 6 text figures.
Gave the larva] development of the copepod as well as the morphology of the adult female. Condensed reprint in Nature, London, vol. 88, No. 219h, p. 25.
1880. Kretuicotr, Davin 8. . Observations on Lernaeocera cruciata. Proce. Amer.
Soe. Microscopists, vol. 1, pp. 64-68, pls. 1 and 2. Lernaea cruciata.
1881. ———————. Lernaeocera tortua, n. sp. Proc. Amer. Soc. Microseopists, vol. 2, pp. 41-48, 1 unn. plate.
Lernaea tortua.
1882. ———————. On Certain Crustaceans Parasites of Fresh-water Fishes. Proe. Amer. Soe. Microscopists, vol. 4, pp T5—78. Lernaeocera (Lernaea) pectoralis from axilla of redfin shiner, Lugtlus cornutus. 1858. KNEELAND, Dr. On the Parasites of a Sunfish. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 396. A species of “‘ Lernaea”’ (Penneila ?) was attached in large numbers around the dorsal and anal fins. 1860. Kocu, C. L. Collezio Adriatico del Museo di Storia naturale di Trieste. Trieste, 1860.
Lernaeolophus sultanus.
1775. KoELREUTER, Jos. Gui, Lernaeae forsan adhuec incognitae Gadi eallaril L. branchiis firmiter inhaerentis descriptio. Comment. Acad. Theod. Palat., vol. 3, Phys., pp. 57-61. Probably Lernaeocera branchialis,
1877. Koren, J. and Danrersspn, D. C. A new Species of the Genus Pennella, Pennella balaenopterae, nobis. Fauna Littoralis Norvegiae, pt. 3, pp. 157-163, pl. 16, figs. 1-9.
An excellent description and figures showing the internal as well as the external morphology.
136
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
1835-8. Kréyver, Henrik. Om Snyltekrebsene, isaer med Hensyn til den Danske
1863.
1801.
1809.
1812.
1816.
1798.
1889.
1890.
1824.
1825.
Fauna, Naturh. Tidsskr., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1835, pp. 172-208, pl. 2; pt. 8, 1835, pp. 252-3804, pl. 3; pt. 5, 1837, pp. 476-504, pl. 5; pt. 6, 1837, pp. 605-628, pl. 6; vol. 2, pt. 1, 1838, pp. 8-52, pl. 1; pp. 131-157, pl. 3.
A review of the entire group giving its distinguishing characters and a sys- tematic synopsis based upon that of Burmeister (1833), dividing the group into five classes, the first of which was the Penellina, including the genera Lernaea, Lernaeocera, Peniculus, Pennella, and Sphyrion. The only species described belonging to this class were Lernaea (Lernaeocera) branchialis, p. 293, pl. 3, fig. 10, and Lernaea (Haemobaphes) cyclopterina, p. 502, pl. 5, fig. 4.
—. Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene. Naturh. 'Tidssk. (3), vol. 2, pp. 75-426, pls. 1-18.
Also as a reprint with pages numbered 1-352, The following references are to the latter. Therodamas scrrani, n. gen.; n. sp., p. 316, pl. 15, fig. 4. Lernaca (Lernaeotophus) hemiramphi, n. sp., p. 318, pl. 15, fig. 7. Lernaea (Lernaeocera) rigida, n. sp., p. 320, pl. 18, fig. 2. Lernaeocera (Lernaea) catostomi, n. sp., p. 321, pl. 18, fig. 4. Lernaeocera (Lernaea) pomotidis, n. sp., p. 323, pl. 15, fig. 5. Lernaeocera (Lernaeca) phoxinacea, p. 325, pl. 18, fig. 3. Pegesimallua spiralis, n, gen.; n. Sp., p. 332, pl. 18, fig. 7. Peniculus clawatus, p. 266, pl. 14, fig. 8.
LAMARCK DE, JEAN B. P. Systéme des Animaux sans vertébres. 1 vol.
8vo. Paris, An IX (1801). Placed the Lernaeidae among the mollusks. Philosophie-Zoologie. Svo. Paris.
Removed the Lernaeidae from the mollusks and placed them with the annelids.
Extrait du Cours de Zoologie sur les Animaux sans Verté- bres. Svo. Paris.
Formed a separate class to receive the Lernaeans which he named the “ Epizoaires ”’.
Historie Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres. 7 vols. S8vo. Paris. Another edition, 1888.
Placed the Lernaeans with the “ Epizoaria’’ and said “These animals ap- proach near to the worms and insects without belonging to either”.
LAMARTINIERE, Atlas du Voyage de La Peyrouse.
Gave a figure, pl. 20, fig. 6, of Pennatula bocconii, probably Pennella sagitta,
Leipy, JosepH. Parasitic Crustacea. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel-
phia, 1888. p. 165.
Described Lerneonema (Lernaeenicus) procera, u. sp., attached to the sides of the mouth and upper lip of “Odontaspis litioralis,” and thickly covered with a hydroid parasite.
Parasites of Mola rotunda. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel- phia, 1890, pp. 281-282.
Pennella filosa mentioned and described.
Le Sueur, C. A. On three new species of Parasitic Vermes belonging to
the Linnaean Genus Lernaea. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 3, pp. 286-293, pl. 11, fig. 1-4. Lerneocera cruciata, n. sp., p. 286, pl. 11, fig. 4; Lerneocera radiata, n. sp., p. 288, pl. 11, fig. 1. “ Lerneaenicus,” n. gen., p. 289. Lerneopenna bdleinvillit, n. Sp., p. 289, pl. 11, figs. 2 and 3 (see p. 115). Sur trois nouvelles espéces du genre Lernaea. Féruss. Bull. Sci. Nat., vol. 4, pp. 285-286. French translation of 1824 paper.
1746. Linnarus, Carotus. Fauna Suecica Sistens Animalia Suecica Regni.
Ed. 1,1 vol. S8vo. Stockholm. Ed. 2,1 vol. Stockholm, 1761.
Described a parasite found upon Oyprinus carassius, and established from this species the genus Lernaea,
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 137
1758. LinNArus, Carotus. Systema Naturae. Tenth Edition, Svo., Stockholm. The genus Lernaew contained here three species, cyprinacea, the original type, asellina, afterward made the type of the genus Oralien, and salmonea, which now belongs to the genus Salmincola (p. 655). Genus Pennatula (p,. 818) changed to Pennella by Oken in 1815. P. filosa and P. sagitta, p. 819. 18938. Listowsky, E. Penella tridentata, neuer Art der parasitirenden Crus- taceen, Tradui Kazan. Univ., vol. 25, pt. 2, 19 pp., 1 unn. plate. Russian prefaced by a three-line Latin diagnosis. 1860. Luggock, Sm JouHn. On some Oceanic Entomostraca collected by Cap- tain Toynbee. Trans. Linnaean Soc., vol. 23, p. 190, pl. 29, figs. 40 and 42.
Baculus elongatus, nu. gen.; n. sp., which was afterward proved to be a larval stage of Pennella species (compare Mrazek, 1895, and Thompson, 1890.)
1893. LUrken, CuHristrAn. Slaegten Baculus Lubbock et udviklingstrin af Penella. Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. For, Kjgbenhavn (5), vol. 15, pp. 73-76. Shows that Lubbock’s Baculus is an undeveloped Pennella species. 1879. Mayer, Pau. Carcinologische Mittheilungen. V. Pennella und Concho- derma. Mitth. Zool. Stat. Naples, vol. 1, p. 53. Pennelia filosa from a swordfish and infested with a goose barnacle.
1868. Metzger, A. Ueber das Miinnchen und Weibchen der Gattung Lernaea vor den WHintritt der sogen. ruckschreitenden Metamorphose. Arch. Naturg., vol. 34, pp. 106-110.
Translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 4, vol. 38, pp. 154-157, 1869.
1840. Minne Epwarps, Henri. Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris.
A standard work containing a summary of everything previously pub lished and much new material. The Lernaeans, pp, 521-529, pls. 40, 41. Lerneonema, n. gen., p. 524, the same as LeSueur’s Lernaeenicus.
1881. Moreau, Emice. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la France. Paris, 3 vols.
Mentioned, vol. 8, p. 460, Lernaeenicus sprattae fastened to the eye of a spratt.
1895. MrAzex, Au. Ueber Baculus Lub. und Hessella Br. Ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Lernaeiden. Sitzungsb. k6nigl. béhmischen Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturw. Classe, vol. 44, 17 pp., pls. 1, 2.
Both of these so-called new genera are really development stages of a Pennella species. The description of Baculus includes the internal anatomy as shown in serial sections.
1776. Mtxier, OrHo F. Zovlogiae Danicae Prodromus. 1 vol. S8vo. Copen- hagen.
Afterwards published in full in four yolumes, German and Latin, from 1779 to 1784. The Lernaeans were placed with the worms and mollusks,
1682. Murattus. Miscellania curiosa sive Ephemeridum Medico Physicarum Germanicarum Academiae Naturae Curiosum. Svo. Nuremberg.
While dissecting Mustela fluviatilis he found “an insect’ inserted into the eye of the fish and hanging out from it. It was so firmly fixed by its arms that no doubt it caused the humours of the eye to escape and rendered the fish blind (p. 126). Probably Trypaphylum musteli.
1856. Murray, ANDREW. Description of a new species of Echeneis (. tropicus) and of a new Lernean of the genus Penella (P. remorae), infesting the Echeneis remora; with some remarks on the economy of the Remora. Edinburgh New Philos. Jour., n. s., vol, 4, pp. 287-301, 5 text figures.
This P. remorae is almost certainly the young of some described species.
138 1878.
1832.
17589.
1816.
1821.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Nares. Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875-76 in H. M.
Ships Alert and Discovery. 2 vols. London. Haemobaphes cyclopterina, vol. 2, p. 247.
NorRDMANN, ALEX von. Erster Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der Lerniien..
Mikrogr. Beitr. Naturg. wirbel. Thiere, pt. 2, pp. 49-144, pls. 1-10.
Peniculus fistula, nu. gen., n. sp., p. 107, pl. 6, figs. 8138. Penneila sagitta, p.. 121, pl. 10, figs. 6-8. Lernaeocera (Lernaca) cyprinacea, p. 123, pl. 6, figs. 1_7. Lernaecocera branchialis, p. 130.
Neue Beitriige zur MKenntniss parasfitischer Copepoder.
Erster Beitrag. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 461-520, pls. 5-8.
Begins with a bibliography of the subject and then gives a classification of
the known genera. Pennella sultana with var. sigmoidea, p. 485, pl. 5, figs. 12-16. Peniculus fistula and P. calamus, n. sp., p. 515.
OpHEttIus, J. L. Chinensia lagerstromiana. Amoen. Acad. (of Linnaeus),
vol. 4, p. 257, fig. 3, text. A description of Pennella sagiita.
Oxern, L. Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Dritter Theil, Zoologie. 2 vols_
S8vo. Jena, with Atlas. Parasitic Copepods, vol. 2, pp. 181, 357.
OKEN, CHAMISSO, and EyseNHARDT. Ueber Pennella diodontis. Nova
Acta Acad. Caes. Leopold. Bonn, vol. 10, p. 350, pl. 24, fig. 3. Also published in Actes nouv. Acad. Curieux Nature, vol. 10, pt. 2, pl. 24, fig. 2.
120 A. D. OpPraANus. ‘AXcevtixad, On Fishing.
1867,
1875.
1905.
1893.
1897.
Repeated Aristotle’s description of the sufferings of the tunny and swordfish and declared that the fish are frequently killed by these parasites, liber i, p. 24.
PackArD, ALPHEUS S., Jr. Observations on the Glacial Phenomena of
Labrador and Maine, with a View of the Recent Invertebrate Fauna of Labrador. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pp. 295-803, pl. 8.
Lernaea (Lernaeocera) branchialis, var. sigmoidea mentioned (p. 295) as found attached to the skin of a codfish (see S. I. Smith, 1884).
Life-histories of the Crustacea and Insects. Amer. Nat- uralist, vol. 9, pp. 5838-622, text figures.
A restatement of E. van Beneden’s 1870 paper, including development of Lernacenicus radiatus.
PEARSON, JosrePpH. A List of the Marine Copepoda of Ireland. Part 1,
Littoral Forms and Fish Parasites. Rep. Fisheries Ireland for 1904, pt. 2, No. 3, 30 pp.
4A simple list without descriptions or figures.
PEDASCHENKO, D. D. Sur la segmentation de l’euf et la formation des
feuillets embryonnaires chez la Lernaea branchialis lL. Note prélimi- naire. Revue Sci. Nat. St.-Pétersbourg, vol. 4, pp. 187-199, 11 text figures.
Lernaeocera brancihialis.
Ueber die Entwickelung des Nervensystems und der Genital- zellen und die Dorsalorgane von Lernaea branchialis. Arbeit. Nat. Ges. Petersburg, vol. 37, 11 pp. Condensed .and reprinted in Trav. Soe. Impér. Nat. St.-Pétersbourg, vol, 27, No. 6, pp. 187-194.
Lernaeocera branchialis.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 139
1898. PEDASCHENKO, D. D. Die Embryonalentwickelung und Metamorphose von Lernaea branchialis. Trav. Soc. Impér. Nat. St.-Pétersbourg, vol. 26, pt. 4, No. 7, Section Zool. et Physiol. Russian text, pp. 1-246; German text, pp. 247-807, pls. 1-6.
Includes segmentation of the egg and the development of both the external body form and the internal organs. Lernaeocera branchialis.
78 A. D. Printus Secunbus, Carus. Historia Naturalis. 87 Books. Repeated, Book 9, Section 16, what Aristotle had said with reference to the sufferings of the tunny and swordfish from the parasites infesting them. 1910. Quipor, Auguste. Note préliminaire sur Penella balaenopterae Koren et Danielssen. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1910, pp. 97-98. A mutilated specimen identified by mode of insertion and branching of ab- dominal appendages. 1912, -——_—_—_._ Affinités des genres Sphyrion (Cuvier) et Hepatophilus (g. n.). Arch. Zool., Paris, (5), vol. 10, pp. xxx1rx-L, 6 text figures.
Advocates a transfer of the genus Sphyrion from the Chondracanthidae to- the Lernaeidae and places with it the new genus.
19126. —_————-. Deuxiéme Expédition Antarctique Francaise (1908-1910). Copépodes Parasites. Sciences Naturelles: Documents Scientifiques, pp. 197-214, pls. 1-4.
Penella antarctica, n. sp., p. 206, pl. 1, figs. 15-17; pl. 4, fig. 29, 34. Pe- nella charcoti, n. sp., p. 207, pl. 1, fig. 18; pl. 2, fig. 25; pl. 4, fig. 33.° Penella liouvillei, n. sp., p. 209, pl. 1, fig. 1. Penella diodontis, pl. 1, fig. 2. Penella: eroceeti, pl. 1, fig. 3. Penella sagitta, pl. 1, fig. 4. Penella anthonyi, an. sp., pl. 1, fig. 9. Peneila cettei, n. sp., pl. 1, figs. 11, 12. Penella balaenopterae, pl. 1, fig. 14. Lernaea (Lernaeocera) yodfroyi, n. sp., p. 210, pl. 2, fig. 23.
1912c. ———__—-. Sur la torsion des Lernaeidae et les affinités du genre Sphyrion (Cuvier) et Hepatophylus (n. g.). Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris, vol. 154, pp. 87-89.
The torsion is the result of the mode of fixation, the habits of the host, and the mechanical action of the external medium. It plays an important role in systematization as it enables us to distinguish the Chondracanthidae from the Lernaeidae, and to transfer the genus Sphyrion from the former to the latter. (See p. 10.)
1913. ——————. Affinités des Caligidae et des Lernaeidae; Caligodes la- mareki. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 191-196, 7 text figures.
The genera Hchetus, Sciaenophilus, and Caligodes bury themselves deeply in the tissues of the host, they have a slender and cylindrical neck, and they show the flexion and torsion characteristic of the Lernaeidae, but the ap- pendages and mouth-parts are like those of Caligus.
1913b. ——————. Sur Lamarckina caligusa, n. gen.; n. sp. et V’évolution des- Lernaeidae. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 156, pp. 1096-1097.
This species forms a connecting link between the Caligidae and Lernaeldae.
1905. RatHBUN, Mary J. Fauna of New England. 5. List of the Crustacea. Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hlist., No. 7, pp. 86-103.
1884. RaTHBuN, RicHarp. Annotated List of the described Species of Par- asitic Copepoda (Siphonostoma) from American Waters contained in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, pp. 488-492.
1843. RatHkKE, HernricH. Beitriige zur Fauna Norwegens. I. Crustacea..
_ Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leopold, vol. 20, pt. 1, pp. 1-182, pls. 1-5.
Lernaea (Lernaeocera) branchialis, p. 129.
140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
1876. RicHrarpi, 8. Intorno al Peroderma cylindricum dell’ Heller, e sopra due specie nuove dell’ genere Philichthys. Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. Pisa, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 189-201, pl. 6.
1877. ——————._ Descrizione di due specie nuove di Lernaeenicus con osser- yazione intorno a questo ed ai generi Lernaeocera Bl., e Lernaeonema, M. Edwds. Atti. Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. Pisa, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 195-206, Dinwic Lernacenicus voraz, n. sp., p. 203, pl. 7, figs. 1-21. L. neglectus, n. sp., p. 206, pl. 7, figs. 23-43. 1878. ———————._ Del nuovo genere di crostaceo Trypaphylum e delle nuove specie Phyllophora crassa, e Lernanthropus foliaceus. Atti. Soe. Tos- cana Sci. Nat., Pisa, Proc. Verb., vol. 1, p. xx. Trypaphylum musteli from the muscles of the hyoid apparatus of Mustelus plebejus Bp. No description or figures. 1880. —-———_———._ Contribuzione alla Fauna d’Italia. Catalogo sistematico dei Crostacei che vivono sul corpo degli animali acquatici. Exposizione internazionale di Pesca in Berlino, 1880, pp. 147-152.
A list of 130 species of parasitic copepods without any descriptions or figures, 57 of them being new species, which thus become mere nomina nuda.
18806. ———————._ La Clupea sprattus ed il Lernaeenicus sprattae. Atti Soc. Toseana Sci. Nat. Pisa, Proc. Verb., vol. 2, p. 101. Also in Zool. Anz., vol. 3, p. 642.
1881. —————-——. _Intorno a due specie nuove di Crostacei parassiti. Atti. Soe.
Toscana Sci. Nat. Pisa, Proc. Verb., vol. 2, p. 247. Peroderma petersi, n. sp., p. 247. Abstract in Zool. Anz., vol. 4, pp. 386-387.
1882, —————. Intorno ad wna nuova specie del genere Peroderma. Aftti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. Pisa, Proc. Verb., vol. 3, p. 149. Abstract in Zool. Anz., vol. 5, pp. 475-476.
Peroderma belottii in the muscles of the hyoid apparatus of Scopelus benottt. Species here transferred to new genus Cardiodectes.
1903. RicHTERS, FERDINAND. Lernaeonema encrasicoli, Baird, ein Parasit der a Sprotte. Prometheus, vol. 14, pp. 267-268, 1 text figure. Lernaeenicus encrasicholi.
1886. Riptey, Stuart O. Animal Life in High Latitudes on the Norway Coast. The Zoologist, Oct., 1886, 6 pp.
Lernaeocera on gills of cod.
1554. RonpdELET, GUILLAUME. Libri de piscibus marinis. 1 vol. folio, Lyon. Repeated Aristotle’s and Pliny’s account of the parasites of the tunny and swordfish in the Mediterranean, p. 249. 1911. SAEMUNDsSoN, B. Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider. Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., Kjgbenhavn, vol. 63. Recorded (p. 29) the presence of the hydroid Obelia geniculate upon Lernaea (Lernaeocera) branchialis on the gills of the common cod. 1850. SALTER, JAMES. Description of Lerneonema bairdii. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 85-87, pl. 7, figs. 1-5. Lernaeenicus sprattae.
1554. Satviani, Hrevotytre. Aquatilium Animalium Historiae. 1 vol. folio, Rome.
Repeated Aristotle’s and Pliny’s account of the parasites of the tunny and swordfish in the Mediterranean, pp. 126-128.
No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIO COPEPODS—WILSON. 141
1886. Sars, Grorcre O. The Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition (1876-1878). vol. 6, pt. 2, Crustacea et Pycnogonidia nova in Expeditione Norvegicae 1876-78 collecta. Christiania. Parasitic Copepods, p. 80.
1896. SCHIMKEWITSCH, WLADEMIR. Sur les premiers Stades du Développement des Copépodes parasitaires. Compte Rendu des Séances du troisiéme Congrés International de Zoologie, Leyden, 1896, pp. 503-504.
This paper was preliminary to the one which follows.
18960. ———————-. Studien uber parasitische Copepoden. Zeit. wiss. Zool., vol. 61, pt. 3, pp. 389-362, pls. 14-16, 1 text figure. Made out a complete life history by using different species and genera, in- eluding Lernaeocera. Reviewed in Zool. Centralb., Jabrg. 3, pp. 589-590. 1898. ——_—_——. Zu einen Referat des Herrn Prof. Dr. R. S. Bergh (Ueber Entwickelung von Lernaea). Zool. Anz., vol. 21, No. 550, p. 48.
1910. SCHNEIDER, Guipo. Verletzungen an Cyprinus vulgaris. Riga Korr- blatt. Naturf. Ver., No. 53, pp. 112-118. Mentioned Lernaeocera (Lernaea) cyprinacea.
1798. ScHRANK, FRANCOIS DE Paut. Ueber Lernaea cyprinacea. Fauna Boica, vol. 3, p. 251.
1901. Scorr, ANDREW. Liverpool Marine Biological Committee Memoirs on typical British Marine Plants and Animals. VI. Lepeophtheirus and Lernaea. London, Royal Svo, 1 vol., 54 pp., 5 plates, 1 text figure. Also in Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soe., vol. 15, pp. 188-241, pls. 1-5.
An excellent account of the early development of both sexes of Lernaea (Lernaeocera) branchialis.
1904. ————_——. Some Parasites found on Fishes in the Irish Sea. Rep.
Lancashire Sea-Fisheries Lab., 1903, pp. 33-45.
A simple list without descriptions or figures.
1900. Scorr, THomas. Notes on some Crustacean Parasites of Fishes. 18th. Ann. Rep. Fish. Board Scotland, pt. 3, pp. 144-187, pls. 5-8.
Lernaea (Lernacocera) minuta, n. sp., p. 161, pl. 7, fig. 13. Haemobaphes ambiguus, n. sp., p. 162, pl. 7, fig. 15. Made the type of new genus, Haemoba- phoides, by T. and A. Scott, 1913.
1904. -__—_——. On some Parasites of Fishes new to the Scottish Marine
Fauna, 22nd. Ann. Rep. Fish. Board Scotland, pt. 3, pp. 275-280, pl. 17. Lernaca (Lernaeocera) lusci, p. 277, pl. 17, figs. 12, 13.
4905. ———_———-. III. Observations on some Parasites of Vishes new or rare in Seottish Waters. 23rd. Ann. Rep. Fish. Board Seotland, pt. 8, pp. 108-119, pis. 5-6.
Pennella filosa and Lernaea (Lernaeocera) tusei, p. 118.
1908. —-_—————. Some Notes on Fish Parasites. 26th Ann. Rep. Fish. Board Scotland, pt. 3, pp. 73-92, pls. 3-7.
“The injurious effects of parasites on fishes infested by them,” p. 90, in- eluded Lernaea {Lernaeocera).
1913. Scorr, T. and A. The British Parasitic Copepoda. Vol. 1, Copepoda par- asitic on Fishes, Text. Vol. 2, Plates. London, Printed for the Ray Society.
Sars’ classification adopted; good deseriptions and excellent figures given of
113 common British species. Haemobaphoides ambiguus, n. gen.: mn. sp., p. 148, pl, 44, fig. 8.
142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
1874. Smiru, SipNEy I. Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and adjacent Waters. Rep. Comm. Fish. for 1871 and 2, pp. 295-747, pls. 1-38.
Parasitic Copepods, pp. 574-578.
1874b. ———— The Crustacea of the Fresh Waters of the United States. B. The Crustacean Parasites of the Fresh-water Fishes of the United States. Rep. Comm. Fish. for 1872 and 8, pt. 2, pp. 661-665.
Mentioned Lernaeocera (Lernaea) cruciata and L. catostomi, p. 665.
1884. —_—_—_———-. Review of the Marine Crustacea of Labrador. Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, pp. 223-232.
Quoted Packard, 1867, but said that the attachment of the specimens to the skin of the codfish made it almost certain that they were not Lernaeocera branchialis but some other parasite, p. 232.
1806. Sowrrpy, JAMEs. An Account of the Arctic Regions. British Miscellany, vol. 2, p. 17. Lernacenicus sprattae, pl. 68, fig. 4.
1905. Stessinc, Rny. T. R. R. South African Crustacea, Part III. Marine In- vestigations in South Africa, vol. 4, pp. 21-120, pls. 17-26. Pennella orthagorisct, p. 119.
1861. Sreenstrup, J. J. S. Det aabne Havs Snyltekrebs, ete. (Copepoda par-’ asita et Lernaea oceani Atlantici et Arctici). Arch. Soc. Phys. Nat., Genéve (nouv. péri.), vol. 12, pp. 190-192.
1860. STeEENstrRUp, J. J. S. and LUrken, Cu. Uddrag af Bidrag til Kundskab om det aabne Havs Snyltekrebs og Lernaeer. Overs. Kongl. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. For., 1860, pp. 185-193.
1861. ————_—_——. Bidrag til Kundskab om det aabne Havs Snyltekrebs og Lernaeer. Kongl. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift., 5te Raekke, naturh, og mathem. Afdeling, vol. 5, pp. 348-432, pls. 1-15. Lernaeonema and Lernaeenicus, p. 398. Lernacenicus nodicornis, n. sp. and L. inflerus, n. sp., p. 401, pl. 13; figs. 26 and 27; both are here referred to Jungersen’s genus Sarcotretes. Lernaea (Lernaeocera) branchialis, var. sig- moida, new, p. 404, pl. 13, fig. 29. Haemobaphes, n. gen., p. 405; H. cyclop- terina, type species, pl. 13, fig. 30. Pennella sagitta, p. 409, pl. 14, fig. 31. P. varians, n. sp., p. 413, pl. 14, fig. 32. P. exocoeti, p. 415, pl. 14, fig. 33. P. crassicornis, n. sp., p. 416, pl. 14, fig. 34.
—-——. Recherches sur les Siphonostomes et les Lernées de la haute mer et sur d’autres Copépodes parasitaires nouveaux ou peu connus. Extrait. Arch. Soc. Phys. Nat.. Genéve, (nouv. pér.), vol. 16, p. 235.
863.
1853. Stimpson, WiertAmM. Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, or the Region about the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. Smithsonian Contr. Knowl., Jan. 1853, pp. 1-67, pls. 1-3.
Lernaea (Lernacocera) branchialis on young codfishes.
1915. Stock, V. On some of the Parasitic Copepods of the Bay of Fundy Fish. Supplement, 47th Ann. Rep. Dept. Fish., Canada, fase. 1, Marine Biology, pp. 69-71.
1839. Srorer, D. H. Report of Fishes and Reptiles of Massachusetts. 8vo. Boston, 1 vol.
Pennelia sagitta from the sunfish, p. 172.
1762. Strém, Hans. Physisk og Oeconomisk Beskrivelse over Fogderiet Sgnd- mgr, beliggende i Bergens Stift i Norge. IFgrste Part, Copenhagen, 8vo.
Lernaea corpore tereti fleruoso, tentaculis tribua subramosis, which is evi- dently L. branchialis, p. 209-210, pl. 1, fig. 18.
- No. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 1438
1886.
1893.
1905.
1843.
1844.
1849.
1889.
1905.
1807.
1886.
1880.
1859.
1877.
1908
Tarr, RateH. Parasitism among Marine Animals. Science, vol. 7, p. 17. Pennella, a parasite of the swordfish, is itself infested with parasitic barna- cles. THompson, I. C. Report on the Copepoda of Liverpool Bay. Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., vol 7, pp. 175-230, pls. 15-35. Recognized the larvae of Lernaeca (Lernaeocera) taken in the tow. 9 TuHompson, M. T. Immature Specimens of Pennella filosa. Biol. Bull, vol. 8, pp. 296-307, 6 text figures. The smallest of these was 94 mm. in length.
THOMPSON, WILLIAM. Report on the Fauna of Ireland, Division Inverte- brata. Rep. British Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1843, p. 270. Lernaeonema monillaris, a synonym of Lernaeenicus sprattae.
——. Additions to the Fauna of Ireland. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vol. 18, pp. 480-440.
Lernaconema monillaris from the sprat.
——. Crustaceen der Brittischen Fauna. Arch. Naturg.,«vol. 15, pt. 6, pp. 318-840. Pennella pustulosa, p. 339.
THOMSON, GEO. M. Parasitic Copepoda of New Zealand. Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 22, pp. 353-375, pls. 25-29. Pennella histiophori, n. sp., p. 368, pl. 28, fig. 2. Lernaea (Lernaeocera) lotellae, n. sp., p: 369, pl. 28, figs. 3, 3a. TuRNER, Sik WitttAM. On Pennella balaenopterae; a Crustacean para- sitic on a Finner Whale, Balaenoptera musculus. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 41, pt. 2, No. 18, pp. 409-434, pls. 1+4.
An admirable account, giving internal as well as external morphology and some histology. .
Turton, WirtIAM. The British Fauna. 2 vols. Svo. London. Lernaea (Lernaeenicus) encrasicholi, vol. 1, p. 137.
UNDERWOOD, LucIEN M. List of the Described Species of Fresh Water Crustacea from America North of Mexico. Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 323-386.
Species of Lernaecocera (Lernaea) enumerated, p. 334. VALLE, ANTONIO. Crostacei parassiti dei Pesci del Mare Adriatico. Boll. Soc. Adriatica Sci. Nat., Trieste, vol. 6, pt. 1, pp. 55-90. Wuite, J.C. On the Parasites of Orthagoriscus mola. Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 404. Pennella filosa, covered with polyps. WIERZEJSKI, A. Ueber Schmurotzerkrebse yon Cephalopoden. Zeit. wiss. Zool., vol. 29, pp. 562-582, pls. 32-34.
The copepodid stages, male and female, of some species of Pennella, prob- ably varians, found upon Sepia, Eledone, and Loligo at Trieste.
_Wizson, CHas. B. North American Parasitic Copepods. A List of those
found upon the Fishes of the Pacific Coast, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, pp. 431-481, pls. 66-83.
Haemobaphes cyclopterina, p. 458. Lernaeenicus (Cardiodectes) medusaeus, n. sp., p. 458, pl. 76, figs. 99, 100. Phrizocephalus cincinnatus, un, gen.; 0D. Sp., p. 461, pl. 76, fig. 101.
144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
1908. Witson, CHas. B. The Morphology, Development and Economic Rela- tions of the Genus Lernaea.
Soon to appear in the Builetin of the Bureau of Fisheries, giving the de- velopment of both sexes and a revision of all the known species.
1881. Witson, Dr. ANDREW. Degeneration. Pop. Sci. Mon., vol. 19, pp. 218— 229, 382-394, 19 text figures. The Lernaeans, pp. 227-228. 1870. Wricut, E. P. On a New Species of the genus Pennella. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 5, pp. 48-47, pl. 1. Pennella orthagorisci.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
av first antennae. m soft membrane.
an? second antennae. md mandible.
ba buibus arteriosus. mo mouth.
cb chitin band. ms muscle.
cg cement gland. max’ first maxilla.
ch chitinogen layer. mz? second maxilla.
cr chitin ring. map maxilliped.
ag digestive gland. od oviduct.
e eye. oe esophagus.
eg excretory gland. Ow ovary.
ip frontal processes. D posterior prolongation of ig infra esophageal ganglion. esophagus.
in intestine. pb proboscis.
y first swimming legs. pe pore canal,
e second swimming legs. re rectum,
a third swimming legs. sg supra esophageal ganglion. I fourth swimming legs. sr semen receptacle.
lb iabium, st stomach.
im labrum.
PLATE 1. Female of Peniculus clavaius.
Fig. 1. Side view; actual length of egg strings 17 mm. Fig. 2. Head and neck, enlarged, showing antennae, mouth-parts, and musculature of proboscis. Fig. 8. First and second antennae, ventral view. Figs. 4, 5. First and second swimming legs. Fig. 6. Anallaminae. Fig. 7. Ventral view of cleared specimen, showing arrangement of reproductive organs.
PLATE 2. Female of Peniculus fissipes.
Wig. 8. Side view; actual length of egg strings 10.50 mm. Fig. 9. Head and anterior thorax much enlarged. Figs. 10, 11, 12. First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs. Fig. 18. Anal laminae. Fig. 14. Side view of cleared specimen, showing arrangement of reproductive organs.
»
PRATE (3: Female of Cardiodectes medusaeus.
Vig. 15. Side view of cleared specimen, showing reproductive and digestive systems; frontal processes removed from head. Fig. 16. Side view of head and anterior thorax, with processes in place. Fig.17. First and second antennae and
xo. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPBPODS--WILSON. 145
rostrum, dorsal view. Fig.18. Dorsal view of head, processes removed except those on the sides. Fig.19. Ventral view of head, showing the peculiar entrance of the esophagus into the side of the stomach. Fig. 20. Proboscis enlarged, Fig. 21. Section of body wall, showing pore canal and chitinogen layer. Fig. 22. First three pairs of swimming legs. Fig. 23. Ventral view of cleared specimen, showing reproductive organs.
PLATE 4.
FKemale of Lernaeenicus rediatus.
Fig. 24. Side view, drawn by J. H. Blake. Fig. 25. Posterior view of head, also drawn by J. H. Blake. Fig. 26. Side view, drawn by R. Rathbun. Fig. 27. Top view of head. Fig. 28. Side view of head, showing proboscis and posterior plate at base of antennae. Fig.29. Dorsal view of head with only two horns. Fig. 30. Diagonal view of same cut open to show the digestive tube. Fig. 31. Side view of proboscis. Fig.32. Tip of proboscis, showing central plate and maxillae. Fig. 33. Maxilla. Fig.34. First and second antennae and rostrum. Fig. 35. Side view of posterior trunk with egg strings; figs. 27 to 35 drawn by R. Rathbun.
PLATE 5. Females of Lernaecnicus radiatus and L. polyceraus.
Figs. 36 to 39. Swimming legs of L.radiatus. Fig.40. Head and neck, with two sets of horns. Fig.41. Ventral view of maxilla. Fig.42. Side view of L. polyceraus. Wig. 43. Ventral view of head and neck. Fig. 44. Side view of head. Fig. 45. Attachment lamellae. Fig.46. Tip of proboscis with maxillae. Vig. 47. Swimming legs.
PLATE 6. Female of Lernaeenicus affirus.
Fig. 48. Side view. Fig. 49. Side view of head fastened to the ray of a fin. Fig. 50. Side view of head with attachment apparatus. Fig.51. Anterior view of attachment lamellae, Fig. 52. First antenna. Fig.53. Second antenna. Fig. 54, Tip of proboscis. Fig.55. Mandibles. Fig. 56. Maxilla. Fig.57. Anal laminae. Figs. 58 to 61. Swimming legs.
PLATE 7. Female of Lernaeenicus longiventris.
Fig 62. Side view. Fig. 63. Side view of head. TFig.64. First and second antennae. Fig. 65. The same on another specimen. Fig. 66. Mandibles. Fig. 67. Maxilla. Fig. 68. Swimming legs. Fig. 69. Longitudinal section of head and anterior neck. Fig. 70. Newly hatched nauplius.
PLATE 8. Female of Sarcotretes lobatus.
Fig. 71. Diagonal view, partly dorsal, partly lateral. Fig. 72. Dorsal view of head. Fig. 73. Tip of proboscis, dorsal. Fig. 74. Tip of proboscis, ventral. Fig. 75. First and second antennae. Fig. 76. Maxilla. Fig. 77. Swimming legs. Fig. 78. Lateral view of cleared specimen, showing reproductive organs. Fig. 79. Ventral row of excretory glands.
77408—Proce. N. M. vol. 58-——17-——-10
146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 58.
PLATE 9. Female of Phrixocephalus triangulus.
Fig. 80. Dorsal view of head and neck, side view of trunk. Fig. 81. Ventral view of head and neck with swimming legs. Fig. 82. Diagonal view of head, showing antennae. Fig. 83. Anterior view of head with processes. Fig. 84 Lateral view of cleared specimen, showing reproductive ergans.
PLATE 10.
Phrizocephalus triangulus, P. diversus, and Lernaeocera branchialis.
Fig. 85. Ventral view of cleared specimen of P. triangulus, showing bilateral symmetry. Fig. 86. Diagonal view of P. diversus. Wig. 87. Side view of same, showing asymmetrical position of neck. Fig. 88. Metanauplius of Lernaeocera branchialis ; actual length, 0.55 mm.
PLaTE 11. Female of Collipravus parvus.
Fig. 89. Ventral view of head, side view of body. Fig. 90. Side of head (a). Fig. 91. Dorsal view of same. Tig. 92. Ventral view of head (b). Fig. 93. Dorsal view of .same. Fig. 94. Dorsal view of second antennae. Fig. 95. Proboscis and maxillae. Figs. 96, 97. Dorsal and ventral view of cleared speci- men, showing asymmetrical arrangement of reproductive organs.
PLATE 12.
Female and nauplius of Lernaeocera branchialis.
Fig. 98. Side view. Fig.99. Central view of head. Fig.100. Anterior view of head; these three figures drawn by J. H. Blake. Fig.101. Side view of head with proboscis protruded. Fig. 102. First and second antennae. Fig. 103. Mouth tube and first maxillae. Fig. 104. Second maxilla. Fig. 105. Swimming legs. Fig. 106. Anal laminae. Fig. 107. Newly hatched nauplius; actual length, 0.45 mm. é
PLATE 13.
Female of Lernacolophus sultanus.
Fig.108. Side view. Fig.109. First and second antennae. Figs. 110, 111. Swimming legs. Fig. 112. One of the abdominal plumules. Fig.113. Side view of cleared specimen, showing digestive tube and reproductive organs.
PLATE 14. Female of Haemobaphes cyclopterina.
Fig. 114. Side view of trunk, dorsal view of posterior neck, ventral view of anterior neck and head. Fig.115. Dorsal view of cephalothorax. Fig. 116. Ventral view of same. Fig. 117. Ventral view of anterior head. Fig. 118, Side view of cleared specimen showing reproductive organs.
PLATE 15.
Females of Pennella anterctica and P. filosa.
Fig. 119. Side view of P. antarctica. Fig. 120. Pieces of whale blubber with parasites in place; the piece on the right shows the scar left after the dis- appearance of the parasite; photograph by Dr. Roy ©. Andrews. Fig. 121.
NO. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 147
Dorsal view of first and second antennae. Fig.122. Ventral view of head, showing frontal processes. Fig.123. Inner surface of ventral wall of head. Fig. 124. Swimming legs. Wig. 125, Side view of P. filosa, drawn by J. H. Blake, Fig. 126. Anterior view of head. Fig.127. Dorsal view of same, both drawn by J. H. Blake.
PLATE 16. Female of Pennella filosa.
Figs. 128, 129. Dorsal and ventral views of head, with frontal processes and internal muscles. Figs. 130,131. External and internal views of anterior end of head with frontal processes removed. Fig.132. Dorsal view of first and second antennae. Fig. 133. Side view of cleared specimen, showing reproductive organs.
PLATE 17. Females of Pennellia fitosa and Lernaeocera branchialis.
Fig. 134. Swimming legs of adult P. filosa. Fig. 135. Side view of head of young female of P. jilosa, 18 mm. long. Fig. 186. Second maxilla. Fig. 137. Diagonal view of thorax, with swimming legs. Wig. 138. Posterior end of geni- tal segment, showing enlargement in oviduct which serves as a receptaculum seminis. Fig. 139. Posterior end of abdomen, with anal laminae. Fig. 140. Side veiw of cleared specimen of Lernaeocera branchialis, showing digestive tube and reproductive organs (after A. Scott).
Prater 18. Female of Pennella instructa.
Fig. 141. Side view, drawn by J. H. Blake. Fig. 142. Ventral view of head and anterior neck, Fig. 148. Anterior end of head, internal view. Fig. 144. Anterior end of head, external view showing frontal processes. Fig. 145. Dorsal view of first and second antennae. Fig. 146. Swimming legs. Fig. 147. A specimen of P. instructa infested with goose barnacles.
PLATE 19. Female of Haemobaphes diceraus.
Fig. 148. Side view of adult with egg strings. Fig. 149. Ventral view of head and anterior thorax, cleared in clove oil. Fig. 150. Dorsal view of head and anterior thorax, showing single pair of horns. Fig. 151. Ventral view of proboscis.
PLATE 20. Haemobaphes diceraus, H. enodis, and Trifur tortuosus.
Fig. 152. First and second antennae of H. diceraus. Fig. 153. First and second swimming legs. Figs. 154, 155. Third and fourth swimming legs. Fig. 156. Side view of adult H. enodis, with egg strings. Fig. 157. Ventral view of ead and anterior thorax, showing the profusion of soft processes. Fig. 158. Side view of cleared specimen of 7. tortuosus, showing the arrangement of the internal organs.
PLATE S21.
Females of Trifur tortuosus and Cardiodectes bellottii.
Figs. 159 and 160. Side view of head and anterior thorax, and of trunk of T. tortuosus. This is drawn from an entire specimen but the long neck is so twisted in different directions that it does not give a satisfactory view of the entire creature in any one position. Fig. 161. Side view of C0. bellottii, showing the lobed frontal processes. Fig. 162. Side view of head and anterior thorax, showing the four pairs of legs; the thoracie process on the side nearest the ob- server has been removed.
148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53. INDEX. Page. Page. Alimentary canal. -/..-2 20.5. ..0. 26:| Lernaeacyprinaces .. 2225. ..---.~ 4 ATID ese eee Se wecls Sas nase eee 6 dalmanmni: 225.0. .scemee 39 MUONGAG esos t-te cs ea vases > 23 dicerocephala.....!- 05. 38 Appendaves) 2362. ee ee: 23 diodontisi/!. 2a aeeen 39, 113 Eb ors sos ty ee Less 5 elonpata..wils 7... ase ae 39 IAINGSs Hee sees See Mes 6 enerasichols! 215. asl: 39, 57 Baculus te: ais tyeed es ee Re 105 EXOCOCH SIE: Sal cee 39, 115 SOG LOT 2 oars. 3m: 5d Reese's 20 PACING: «ois ainisnicninisys cemmeeie 39 ES OY NUD co akinisib ao aeyaie ns elnie ae 25 gadus minutus. .......... 40 PSOTCOWEND 8 otic nn 2s ye metas es 9 pobing. 5.28. tesco eae 39 UT: ee ae ee ee ae 5,6 hemirhamphi. ..........- 39 Coiretonec team tjctc(. ot Jehan ee aes 50 hiichonis!® 23. 30 ee 39 bellotiaies..-263. 2. 51, 55 lavaretiiossc¢ 22 ee Oe 39 medusaeus.........- 52 lotae 4528's. a alee 40 MPPEXODG nae ais x cle <eciss Sekt melds ewe 5 lotellae. 222 25. sas oe 84 Glavellatt sick Se vesicel ee oe 6 hua 0129225 Pee ae 84 MMIOAVIIA = ote secte cess s case VO laser). 2 boa SS eee 85 PAPVUS. o5.0/.c00s02 2% 22 79 MAFIONIS=+. 2s saree ee 39 Dienelestiinm:. .6s. 222. kd See 22 5, 6 Mmerlucele so. ~ x <teecee ee 39 Dimorphism, sexual. ............ 6 MSNA. Lice scien raters 84 External morphology...........- 20 multicormige:!:. 2529. gas8 40 Bead e228 .. Sensesis tora Sie dia beige 17 nodosa L223. 2 bent: Se 39 Foroculum sprattae..............- 56 oculatis. Jc) Sen ce see 39 Haemoabaphes... isirecictisiox = cisise 93 pectoralis:. . i224. 54. e6eee 38, 39 cyclopterina....... 95 pIMNaFUM.. 4: ..25. beeen 39 GiGeLAUS.c25 cee ae oe 98 TACINtAs ccs a eee 39, 59 CROGIS o55.o)< s/s cinniais 97 TIQHG 23 oo oo oo ete eee 84 Haemobaphoides.............---- 100 BAMONEOR sce am scemenes 4, 39 ambiguus.....-. 101 palmonis. side. wie. JERS: 5 PACROES aori in. Suess -dmble'scid’ee © 105 aprattasjeed2.2etecieme bate 39, 57 TOMAS 3. hisses sana . UES AEelL ee 21 tentaculis quatuor........ 3, 39 TOBIN. cacncias ape aan os keane case a ore 18 UNCINAtE. 3.2. aceon se ae 5, 39 PECOCUC OD. oiciara ne! aerie swt a ave was 1 | Lernaeans, location of....+....... 5 ES ere SI iat leg hah cree ahaa 34.) Lernacenicinae .. --).jc-.0a2 a= ee 42 Leptotrachelys..i2...0 «+ -<ceceeine 40:| Lemaecenicus..-.. 0 +(.'5 <s.eeecaenes 56 fruCHtOsc co. cee ee 41 SNRUSL coos w eee ceees 11, 64 MACTNRCH ctvee one aecrstsiem sree 3, 36 eristaliformis......... 58 development of..........- 35 FEMpyll..... .»-. cases 58 founding of genus........- 3 pracilis.i5 caer 58 SGURCAS se oct ac are ee ee 39 inflextse 22... <osuee 58 BNOMAIG. 272.'siais a aes oe 39 labracis. ib! aoe 58 BBeLING ».-\s0: ne ssdinacbewee 4, 39 leseuris.o tase eeame 58 pastert=.. = + 0.2) oe 39 longiventris.........- 19, 66 branchialis.20222/3.. 022202 4, 84 neplectual Jat! 0s. 58 eacrhosad 925 5 .sherse 39 nodicormia:t....c.205. 58 clavate. csssWh2 cs 22028; 39 polyceraus.........- 62 corpore tereti flexuosa. . 5 polynemi:.. 22.2226 58 COMNUIAS oilise Sidi oes ee 39 prlocenise 2.52 Se o6 69
cyclophors 2). 62 3.tisedenies 39 cyclopterina. .......-..-..
radiatuay.:...0s433.c¢eigee sardinaess 2255.62 8, 16, 58
so. 2194. NORTH AMHRICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON.
Lernaeenicussargi...............-- 58 BPTAttae.<jci./,-.cciia eine 57
VOTAX. .\Ueeae ne aor 58
BEINSOIIAG 2.05 5casnaccekecas se 32 Lernaeidae, natural history of..... 3 parasitesior. 2.5. sec 18
PeTARGUBAG i a ui ode clnwissnceleiaiteas 35 MREINACOCELAL. <js,creisijoneiosys cele tins 3, 7 development of........ 82
HAOMIA Hee ss 1 Fae niet eS 39
AMMAN «5 52sec ew cae 38 branchialis\.;..:.3...... 85
CAUOSEOMDLS 52 wi cc's 38
RUeL Asan ss) Sains cwic ce ols 38 cyclopterina.......... 95
CY PUNACEA.5.2.0<2250-5 38 diceracephala......... 38 dolabrodes...... 38
CHOGINAY circ sek css Hai 5 38 haplocephala.........-. 38
PECLOTALIS. 53225500015. 38 puoxinacea. 5 ...-...-. 38
POMOMCIN LS 52 S.0is's050s 2) 38
UES ea Soe a eee 59
RURTAPALIS ae ic cies sees ose 4 temnocephala......... 38
TOVUUWIS oie oc sisjcl'sjcace iss a) 38
LOLGUAienaye cys cieiciciets sisieishe 38
MAPPING tac aie nia som tne 38 DErMaAcocennae. 5. 50... 25200 81 MOTHRCOIOPNUS <5 2c osc 5c 10isie w «= 89 hemirhamphi....... 90
NECULVUS = 50 <- [sce = 01s 90
RGTIAGUS So cie accom 90
SUICANUSe) rreetice ree 91
MACTRACONECHIN. wos oo 222-5 s. noes ss 56 Lernaeonema abdominalis......... 58 MONTAGE! sesscei=ts = 56
DEOCELAecis cies «10 .< = </ 19, 69
PROUATO a waiecisiccels ese 59 TEMNACOVEDNA. 6.052. 0.scceeses» 105 blainvillit.......... 110, 115 prachiata.....-.- - 1 AS
NOMCENIAE ee oe ws sac WT, 115
SC ee ee eS 113
MERNIBPOUGUARE Oe occ os ~<'eaisic «= « - 39 Lerneoceropsis septemramosus. ... . 59 PRGRIMO HOW eee nC cc caives cose 2s 7 WIHNISIOH eto se hers a a's Ulan es 24 PPR eae tae a aisis'a's. awa a's 9. 24 BUMUIPGGSS «cj owes as. s eu - see 24 Morphology, external............. 20 PEIGOUUNE tic. cic/e nn nie ate 25
Muscular system..... SE Tee ee 25
149
Page.
Nervous system............-..... 28 PSs sos et unc og RS EME als et 34 Peresimallusgs..sc.-.ce see... aie 126 PEMICMINS 22 eo Gok eee ele 44 CalamMuUst .2 bec ceee eee 45 clavatiiseatel. fc cee eee 46
Se POSe 2 <5-> 2 ciety ee 47
Pst uae cb caters ee ae 46 Ronnatulasucetssecsccs season 105 bocconil.o..- eee eee 110
SAOUCLA= otis eee 113 pettiera..5<. 126. eee 113
Rennellse ss. seca sees ee! Oe 7, 81 development of.........- 104 antarctics. ssa... eee 116 balanopterae..........- 113 Charcotis.cscee seen eee 113
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150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
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FEMALE OF LERNAEENICUS AFFIXUS.
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FEMALE OF SARCOTRETES LOBATUS.
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PHRIXOCEPHALUS TRIANGULUS, P. DIVERSUS, AND LERNAEOCERA BRANCHIALIS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 146.
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FEMALE OF COLLIPRAVUS PARVUS.
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FEMALE AND NAUPLIUS OF LERNAEOCERA BRANCHIALIS.
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FEMALES OF PENNELLA ANTARCTICA AND P, FILOSA.
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FEMALE OF HAEMOBAPHES DICERAUS.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 147.
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DESCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-ONE NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA.
By S. A. Ronwer,
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The following paper, which is a contribution from the Branch of Forest Insects, Bureau of Entomology, contains the description of 31 new Hymenoptera, most of which have been reared as parasites of forest insects. The types of all the new species are in the United States National Museum collection.
Suborder Chalastogastra. Superfamily TENTHREDINOIDEA.
TENTHREDELLA BIRMENSIS, new name.
Tenthredo gribodoi Konow, Ent. Nachr., vol. 24, 1898, p. 89, not Tenthredo gribodoi Costa, Rend. Acc. Napoli (2), vol. 3, 1894, p. 87.
MACROPHYA CASTANEAE, new species.
This species is related to cassandra Kirby, but may be separated from that species by the more coarsely punctured head and thorax and by the pale hind tarsi. It also resembles dejectus Norton, but differs from Norton’s species in the black clypeus and in having the anterior margin of the cylpeus subsquarely emarginate with obtuse lobes. (The clypeus of dejectus is subsquarely emarginate with tri- angularly shaped pointed lobes.)
Male.—Length 8.5 mm. Labrum well exserted, apex subtruncate; clypeus shining with a few large, separate punctures, anterior mar- gin deeply, subsquarely emarginate, the lobes at base half as broad as the emargination, their apices broadly rounded; supraclypeal area flat; supraclypeal foveae deep, punctiform; middle fovea, ocellar basin and the antennal furrows obsolete; head with large, close, sometimes confluent punctures which are more widely separated on the vertex and posterior orbits; posterior orbits with a sharp carina to the top of the eye; postocellar furrow poorly defined but complete;
le — ——————— nents
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSsEuM, VOL. 53—2195. 151
152 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. yok, 53.
postocellar area bounded laterally by line-like furrows, one and three-fourths times as wide as long; postocellar line one-third shorter than the ocellocular line; antennae rather long, tapering apically, third joint one-fourth longer than the fourth, the apical three joints sharply differentiated ; scutum and prescutum shining but with large, distinct punctures which are very close along the sutures; scutellum with large punctures which are close and dense posteriorly ; scutellar appendage punctured like the posterior part of the scutellum, with a median carina: mespeisternum coarsely punctured, confluently so dorsally; stigma regularly rounded below, truncate apically; trans- verse radius strongly curved before it joins the radius at the apical third of the third cubital; third cubital cell one-fourth shorter than the second on both radius and cubitus, one-fifth wider apically and slightly longer on the cubitus than on the radius, receiving the second recurrent vein at the basal fifth; abdomen shining, almost impunce- tate; hypopygidium subtruncate. Black; two spots on the clypeus, labrum, mandibles except apices, palpi, anterior femora beneath, the four anterior tibiae and tarsi beneath, trochanters, and the posterior tarsi yellowish white; wings uniformly hyaline, venation dark brown ; the apex of the stigma paler.
Type-locality—Vienna, Virginia. Described from one male re- corded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 10161. This specimen was reared from a larva which was collected on Castanea dentata by R. A. Cushman; adult emerged May 29, 1913. The larva is an edge eater; in the last feeding stage it is yellow with black lateral spots; it is about 20 mm. long; in the prepupal condition it is pinkish with black stigmatal spots and a faint, small blackish subdorsal spot on each segment; head pale.
Type.—Cat. No. 19047, U.S.N.M.
EMPHYTUS MELLIPES, variety ALBOLABRIS, new variety.
Female.—Length, 9 mm. This variety is very like mellipes melli- pes, but may be separated by the white labrum.
Described from one female collected at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, July 5, 1918, by E. M. Walker.
Type.—Cat. No. 19212, U.S.N.M.
F ERIOCAMPOIDES CASTANEAE, new species.
This species is related to Junata MacGillivray but differs from the original description of that species in the following characters: The hind tarsi are mostly black; the third antennal joint is not “ consid- erably more than one and a half times as long as the fourth”; the third transverse cubitus is not about twice the length of the second transverse cubitus and is not bowed; the second joint of the hind tarsus is much longer than the third; abdomen is deep black; the
wo. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROUWER, 153
sheath is parallel-sided, not convex above and below, gradually round- ing to a point at apex.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus broadly, arcuately emarginate, the surface shining, very sparsely punctured; the supraclypeal area flat, rectangular in outline; middle fovea transverse, deep; frontal fovea deep, punctiform, above the middle fovea; frontal crest well developed, broken in the middle; antennal foveae poorly defined; ocellar basin U-shaped, opened be- low; a very faint, shallow depression in front of the anterior ocellus; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; postocellar furrow wanting; postocellar area subconvex, about two and one-half times as wide as the cephalcaudad length; third antennal joint one and one-third times as long as the fourth; thorax shining; stigma slightly tapering to the transverse radius, then sharply oblique to the apex; the second and third transverse cubiti subequal in length; the transverse radius in the apical third of the cell; second joint of the hind tarsi much longer than the third, almost as long as the third and fourth combined; inner tooth of the claw shorter than the outer; sheath approximately parallel-sided; the lower side gradu- ally rounds to the acute upper apex. Black; the four anterior legs below the tips of the femora, the basal half of the posterior tibiae, and the basal third of the posterior basitarsus white; wings hyaline, faintly dusky; venation black.
Type-locality.—East Falls Church, Virginia. Described from two females recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 11307a, material collected as larvae July 18, 1913, by William Middle- ton. Adults emerging August 5 (type) and 13, 1913.
Type.—Cat. No. 15486, U.S.N.M.
The larva of this species is a typical greenish-white Eriocampoides larva, feeding on the ventral surface of the leaves of Castanea den- tata. The head is pale ferruginous.
Genus PERICLISTA Konow. Syn.: Jsodyctium ASHMEAD.
Ashmead separated his genus /sodyctiwm from Periclista Konow by the sessile anal cell in the hind wings. This character is not of specific importance, it is subject to both individual and specific varia- tion. In diluta Cresson there is a variation in seven female speci- mens from the same rearing of larvae, from sessile to distinctly petio- late. In some species (Jineolata) the petiole is long; in others (car- yicola) it is short, while in still others it is of intermediate length. From the standpoint of the genotypes no difference could be found except the relative length of the petiole of the hind anal cell. The genus /sodyctium is therefore considered as synonymous with Peri- clista. ;
154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
—_—_—_——————————— eee es
PERICLISTA DILUTA (Cresson).
Selandria (Monophadnus) diluta Cresson, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., vol 8,
1880, p. 12. Isodyctium subgregarium Dyar, Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1898, p. 134. ;
A comparison of the type of subgregarium Dyar with the homo- type of diluta Cresson revealed no specific differences. The two. species are therefore considered as synonymous.
PERICLISTA CALIFORNICA, new species. Periclista mutabilis Roawer, Can. Ent., vol. 41, 1909, p. 398. (Not Konow.)-
In the pale inner orbits this species is related to rileyi (Cresson), but may be separated from that species by having the postocellar furrow angulate anteriorly and by the acuminate sheath.
Female.—Length 4 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus deeply, arcuately emarginate, the lobes obtusely rounded apically; supra- clypeal area uniformly convex; supraclypeal foveae deep, puncti- form, not connected with the antennal foveae; middle fovea elongate, open above; frontal foveae obsolete; antennal furrows complete; ocellar area uniformly convex; ocellar basin obsolete; postocellar furrow angulate anteriorly; postocellar area narrowing posteriorly, its anterior width subequal with its length; postocellar line slightly longer than the ocellocular line; lateral ocelli well below the supra- orbital line; antennae filiform, fourth and fifth joints subequal; stigma long, straight below, sharply oblique apically; anal cell of the hind wings with a long petiole; sheath straight above, oblique apically, slightly convex below. Yellowish; antennae except the scape beneath, head above the antennae inside of the antennal fur- rows and to the supraorbital line, spot on the prescutum, scutum,. metanotum and six basal tergites medianly, black; wings hyaline, iridescent, venation pale brown; costa and stigma yellowish.
Lype-locality.—Claremont, California. Described from one fe- male collected by C. F. Baker.
Type.—Cat. No. 19040, U.S.N.M.
PERICLISTA HICORIAE, new species.
This species is closely allied to murtfeldtae Dyar, but may be dis- tinguished from that species by having the apical margin of the clypeus depressed.
Female.—Length, 5 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus arcu- ately emarginate, the lobes obtusely rounded, the apical margin. depressed, the basal portion convex; supraclypea] area rectangular in outline, uniformly convex; supraclypeal foveae elongate, deep,
NO, 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 155:
not connected with the antennal foveae; middle fovea represented by a large, shallow, slopping-walled depression; antennal furrows nearly complete; frontal foveae punctiform, obscure; ocellar basin triangular in outline, open below, the lateral walls sharply defined and meeting on the postocellar furrow; postocellar furrow straight; postocellar area two and one-half times as wide as long; the lateral furrows curved, complete, the area uniformly convex; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; antennae filiform, the fourth joint slightly longer than the fifth; vertex shining; thorax shining; anal cell of the hind wings with a very short petiole; stigma long, broader at base, gradually tapering to the transverse radius, then sharply oblique; sheath strongly concave above, apex acute, gradu- ally tapering to the base. Black; clypeus, labrum, spot on the man- dibles, legs, and abdomen, except the two basal tergites and median spots on the following tergites, yellowish; the upper part of the mesepisternum, the margin of the prescutum, margin of the scutum, scutellum, and scutellar appendage, ferruginous; posterior margin of the pronotum and tegulae pallid; wings hyaline, venation brown, costa and stigma yellowish.
Male—Length 5 mm. The depressed portion of the clypeus is narrower than in the female; otherwise the head characters are the same; hypopygidium obtusely pointed apically. Black; clypeus, labrum, spot on the mandibles, palpi, angles of the pronotum, tegulae, most of the tergites, sternites, and legs yellowish white; wings as in female.
Type-locality—Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Described from two females (one type) and one male recorded under Bureau of Ento- mology No. Hopk. U. 8. 11364. The larvae of this species feed on Hicoria glabra. Material collected by T. E. Snyder and reared May 7, 1914, by William Middleton.
Type.—Cat. No. 19041, U.S.N.M.
PERICLISTA SIMILARIS, new species.
This species is closely allied to albicollis Norton, but may be dif- ferentiated from that species by the better defined ocellar basin, which is nearly triangular in outline, and by having the lower wall of the basin well defined. (The ocellar basin of albicollis is pentag- onal in outline, the walls are rounded, and the lower walls poorly defined. )
Female.—Length, 5 mm. Clypeus flat, the apical margin broadly, subangulately emarginate, lobes obtusely rounded; supraclypeal area rectangular in outline, uniformly convex; supraclypeal foveae rather shallow, indistinctly connected with the antennal foveae; middle fovea represented by a shallow, sloping-walled, elongate depression ;
156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSHUM. VOL. 53.
frontal foveae nearly obsolete, punctiform; antennal furrows com- plate; ocellar basin triangular in outline, well defined, the lower wall distinct; postocellar furrow straight; postocellar area convex, about two and one-quarter times as wide as long; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; antennae slightly tapering apl- cally, the fourth joint distinctly longer than the third; stigma nar- row, subangulate at base, tapering to the transverse radius, then gently oblique; anal cell of the hind wings with a long petiole; sheath broad, straight above, gradually rounding to base. Black; posterior margin of the pronotum, tegulae, and legs, except the brownish femora and coxae and the infuscate apical joints of the posterior tarsi, yellowish; the narrow apical margins and apical tergites fer- ruginous; wings hyaline, venation, including costa and stigma, black.
T ype-locality.—Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Described from one female recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 11363. Material collected by T. E. Snyder and reared May 7, 1914, by Wil- liam Middleton. The larvae of this species feed on Quercus alba, and it may be that the larva recorded under the name albicollis from Quercus alba should properly be referred to this species. There are no specimens in the Dyar collection of albicollis which were reared from larvae on Quercus alba. All the reared specimens came from larvae feeding on Quercus tinctoria.
Type.—Cat. No. 19048, U.S.N.M. PERICLISTA XANTHOGNATHA, new species.
In the general shape of the sheath and the pale mandibles this species resembles occidentalis Rohwer, from which it may be sepa- rated by the distinctly emarginate cylpeus.
Female.—Length,6mm. Robust. Labrum long, obstusely rounded apically; clypeus shining, flat, the apical margin distinctly arcu- ately emarginate, the lobes broad, rounded; supraclypeal area trape- zoidal in outline, gently convex; supreclypeal foveae deep, puncti- form, not connected with the antennal fover; middle fovea repre- sented by a shallow depressed area; ocellar basin sharply defined above, open below; postocellar furrow straight; postocellar area convex, a little more than twice as wide as long, the lateral margin rounded; postocellar line distinctly longer than the ocellocular line; head shining, almost impunctate except the frontal area between the ocelli and the base of the antennae; antennae filliform, fourth joint very slightly longer than the fifth; thorax shining; stigma straight below, sharply oblique beyond the transverse radius; anal cell in the hind wings sessile; sheath straight above, the apex narrow, truncate, and very slightly upturned, from this projecting apex gradually rounded to base. Black; clypeus, labrum, spot on the mandibles, posterior margin of the pronotum, tegulae, legs, abdomen
——
; 4
NO. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 157
except the middle of tergites one to eight (broader basally), yel- lowish; the margin of the prescutum, lateral margin of the scutum, part of the scutellum and upper part of the mesepisternum, ferrugi- nous; wings hyaline, iridescent, venation pale brown, costa and stigma yellowish. .
Lype-locality.—Ithaca, New York. Described from one female labeled “from the Chittenden collection.”
Type.—Cat. No. 19045, U.S.N.M.
ACORDULECERA HICORIAE, new species.
From caryae Rohwer, to which this new species seems to be most nearly allied, it may be separated by the black clypeus.
Female.—Length, 3.5 mm. Clypeus truncate; antennal foveae rather large, extending to the supraclypeal foveae; supraclypeal area slightly convex; middle fovea wanting; ocellar basin wanting; an- tennal furrows complete to the lateral ocelli; postocellar area not indicated ; postocellar line distinctly longer than the ocelocular line; first joint of the flagellum markedly longer than the second; front sparsely clothed with short gray hair; stigma broadest at base, tapering rapidly toward the apex. Black; palpi, labrum and legs below the coxae yellowish; antennae piceous; wings dusky hyaline, venation dark brown.
Type-locality—Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Described from three females (one type) recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 113640, larvae collected feeding on Hicoria, by T. E. Snyder; adults, which were reared by William Middleton, emerged May 20, 1914.
Type.—Cat. No. 18314, U.S.N.M.
Suborder Clistogastra. Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA. Family EVANIIDAE.
PRISTAULACUS STRANGALIAE, new species.
Female.—Length 11.5 mm. Compared with the metatype of Pris- taulacus flavicrurus Bradley from the Agricultural College, Michi- gan, this species differs as follows: The front impunctate; the hind coxe hardly aciculate; posterior femora black; the upper part of the mesepisternum shining, sparsely punctured; metapleurae shining, below irregularly recticulate, above with a few strong, irregular carinae; the first tergite has a strong spine at the lateral middle. This last-mentioned character, if constant, will separate strangaliae from all other species of Pristaulacus.
158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Type-locality—Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Described from one female recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. Hopk. U. 5S. 118120, which refers to a note stating that this species is a parasite of Strangalia lutetcornis in Carpinus caroliniana. Material collected and reared May 26, 1913, by F. C. Craighead.
Type.—Cat. No. 19387, U.S.N.M.
Family ICHNEUMONOIDAKE. CRYPTUS KOEBELEI, new name.
Cryptus ferrugineus ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, 1889, p. 412 (not Smith 1879 or 1861). -
ODONTOMERUS STRANGALIAE, new species.
This species may be separated from dichrous Rohwer, its closest -ally, by the basal area being almost completely closed, by the poste- rior lateral bases of the scutellum and the depression of the metano- tum being without rugae, different venation, smaller size, etc.
Female.—Length 7 mm.; length of ovipositor 8 mm. Head below the antennae shining, with sparse, irregular punctures, in addition the median portion finely granular; above the antennae to the poste- rior orbits shining, impunctate; ocelli in a little less than an equilat- -eral triangle; the postocellar line distinctly shorter than the ocellocu- lar line; third antennal joint distinctly longer than the fourth, the joints not nodose apically; scutum shining, with a few well-defined punctures; the notauli not foveolate; posterior portion of the pres- cutum with five rugae, the median one being more prominent; dorsal aspect of the scutellum sculptured like the scutum; the lateral pos- terior aspect of the scutellum and the depressed area of the meta- notum with a few very weak and poorly defined raised lines; dorsal aspect of the propodeum shining, the basal area with sides and basal width subequal, almost completely closed; the areola hexagonal; the anterior lateral legs one-fourth longer than the posterior lateral legs, the posterior margin less by one-fifth than the length of the posterior lateral legs; the angles of the propodeum on the dorsal lateral corners; sides of the propodeum practically impunctate; second re- current vein much more than the length of the transverse cubitus beyond the transverse cubitus. Black; palpi yellowish; legs and abdomen, except two apical tergites which are piceous, rufous; head, thorax, and legs with long, white hair; wings hyaline, iridescent; venation brown. :
Type-locality—Ballston (Veitch), Virginia. Described from -one female recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. Hopk. U. S. 12280x, which refers to a note which indicates that this species is
ih Se D
NO. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 159
parasitic on Strangalia luteicornis breeding in grape. Specimen reared by H. B. Kirk, emerging March 17, 1914, material collected by F. C. Craighead.
Type.—Cat. No. 18999, U.S.N.M.
PYRACMON CONOCOLA, new species.
Female.—Length 7.5 mm.; length of ovipositor beyond the tip of the abdomen 2.5 mm. Lower tooth of mandibles slightly longer than the upper; clypeus slightly rounded; malar space slightly shorter than the width of the mandibles at base; head except the shining posterior orbits, finely shagreened ; posterior orbits straight; ocellocu- lar line subequal with the interocular line; mesepisternum shining with sparce well defined punctures; propodeum shining with strong well defined carinae; areola and petiolar areas confluent, transversely rugose; abdomen shining, smooth; lateral carinae of the petiole strong and rather high; no carinae from the spiracles to the apex of the first tergite; second tergite shorter than the two following, its apical width one-fourth greater than its basal width; spiracle in middle; an indistinct gastrocoelus near the base; radius obtusely angulate, second abscissa one-third longer than the first; nervellus broken a little be- low the middle. Black; body clothed with short gray pubescence which is denser on the face; palpi and tegulae white; spot on the mandibles and scape beneath piceous; legs red; coxae and first joint of hind trochanters black; the apex of the posterior tibiae and their tarsi brownish. Wings hyaline, iridescent; venation black; lower margin of stigma dark brown.
Male—Length 7 mm. Except that the mandibles are almost en- triely white and that the second joint of the hind trochanters and hind tibae and tarsi are strongly infuscated, the male does not differ essentially from the female.
Type-locality.—Colestin, Oregon, and Julian, California. De- scribed from two females, (one type) recorded under Bureau of En- tomology No. Hopk. U. S. 125352’, and from one female and one male recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. 8S. 13278f. These numbers refer to notes stating that the species is parasitic on Pinipestis, species living in the cones of Pinus coulteri, and probably a parasite of Hvetria tavifoliella in cones of Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Material collected by F. P. Keen and P. D. Sargent.
Type.—Cat.-No. 20181, U.S.N.M.
ANGITIA MILLERI, new species.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm.; length of ovipositor beyond the tip of the abdomen, 2.5 mm.; length of antennae, 4.5 mm. Teeth of the mandi- bles subequal; anterior margin of the clypeus gently rounded; head
160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 53.
shagreened; scutum shagreened, convex, anterior middle somewhat shining and with a number of large, poorly defined punctures; mesepisternum shagreened with a number of large, poorly defined. punctures; propodeum shagreened; carinae weak, obsolete posteri- orly, so the middle basal area is the only area completely definei, the costulae are present; abdomen shagreened; petiole and post- petiole shining; spiracles of first tergite rather prominent, no carinae from them to apex of segment; second tergite shorter than two fol- lowing, its posterior width twice as great as the anterior width; spiracle at the middle, a small lanulae midway between the spiracles and base; radius obtusely angulate; first abscissa one-half as long as second; areolet petiolate; petiole (in wing) as long as cell; nervel- lus broken below the middle. Black; mandibles, palpi, scape -be- neath, tegulae, four anterior coxae, and trochanters whitish; legs fer- ruginous; posterior coxae, spot on intermediate pair, apex of the pos- terior femora, four anterior tibiae, and tarsi dark brown or black. Wings hyaline, iridescent; venation black.
Type-locality—Ashland, Oregon. Described from one female recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 10833d°,. which refers to note stating that the species was reared from cones of sugar pine infested with Dioryctria abietella. Material collected by P. D. Sargent, reared by J. M. Miller, for whom the species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 20178, U.S.N.M.
ANGITIA TINEAVORA, new species.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm.; length of ovipositor beyond the tip of the abdomen, 1.75 mm. Teeth of the mandibles subequal; clypeus nearly truncate; face shagreened; mesonotum shagreened and with a few distinct punctures; middle basal area triangular; areola and petiolar areas transversely striate on a granular surface; carinae of propodeum strong; mesepisternum and sternum granular with a number of large, not especially distinct, punctures; no carinae from the spiracle to the end of first tergite; second tergite as long as the two following combined, granular, the spiracles slightly beyond the middle, no lanulae; radius obtusely angulate, first abscissa one- fourth shorter than the second; areolet small, petiolate, petiole as. long as the cell (in some wings the areolet is wanting); discoidal cell at base narrower than length of nervulus; nervellus broken below the middle. Black; clypeus, palpi, scape, pedicel, and tegulae whitish; legs ferruginous to rufo-ferruginous; four anterior tarsi paler; the spot on the posterior coxae and apices of posterior tibiae and their tarsi brownish. Wings hyaline, iridescent; venation dark brown.
NO. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 161
Male—Length, 5 mm. Ditters from female in having scape and pedicel black above; anterior coxae and trochanters are whitish; the usual silvery pubescence on the face is more pronounced. Type-locality Mistletoe, Oregon. Described from two females and one male. Recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 142100, which refers to a note stating that this species is parasitic on Tineid moths infesting the fruit body of Polyporus dryophilus. Material collected and reared by J. M. Miller. Type.—Cat. No. 20177, U.S.N.M.
MELEBORUS LASPEYRESIAE, new species.
Female.—Length, 7.5 mm.; length of the ovipositor beyond the end of the abdomen, 1.25 mm. Teeth of the mandibles equal; ante- rior margin of the clypeus rounded; malar space less than the width of the mandibles at the base; head shagreened; ocellocular line slightly less than the broadest diameter of the lateral ocellus; poste- rior orbits nearly straight, two-thirds of the cephala-caudad diameter of the eyes; mesothorax shagreened in addition to distinct, well- defined rather close punctures; propodeum with well-defined strong carine; basal lateral areas with punctures in addition to shagreen- ing, posterior areas without punctures; petiole with a few irregular lines above; postpetiole shagreened; no carinae from spiracle of first tergite to apex; second tergite subeaual in length to two following, its posterior width one-third greater than its anterior; its entire sur- face shagreened; the spiracles distinctly beyond the middle with a small tubercle nearer the spiracle than the base; radius obtusely angulate, the second abscissa one-third longer than the first; discoidal cell distinctly narrower posteriorly than the length of the nervulus; second intercubitus entirely wanting; nervellus slightly broken at about the middle. Black; mandibles, palpi, scape, pedicelum be- neath, teguilae, four anterior trochanters, the second posterior tro- chanters and anterior tarsi yellowish white; legs below the trochan- ters rufous, posterior femora and apices of the posterior tibiae and posterior tarsi somewhat brownish, the color being more intense on the tarsi. Wings hyaline, irridescent; venation dark brown.
Type-locality.—Talent, Oregon. Described from two females recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. 11492e, which refers to a note stating that the species is parasitic on Laspeyresia toruta living in the cones of Pinus ponderosa. Material collected by P. D. Sargent and reared by J. M. Miller.
Type.—Cat. No. 20180, U.S.N.M.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—-17——-11
162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
PHADROCTONUS ARGYRESTHIAE, new species.
This species is easily distinguished from minutus Ashmead, by the short ovipositor.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm; length of ovipositor beyond the end of the abdomen, 0.75 mm. Teeth of the mandibles equal; clypeus trun- cate; head shagreened; ocellocular line subequal with the shortest diameter of the lateral ocellus; thorax shagreened in addition to some scattered, poorly-defined punctures; carinae of the propodeum strong; middle basal area practically obsolete because the carinae parallel each other; petiolar area transversely striate; petiole and postpetiole shining; no carinae from spiracles to apex of first segment; second tergite longer than the two following, twice as wide poste- riorly as basally; the spiracles beyond the middle, the small lanulae slightly nearer the spiracles than the base of the segment; radius obtusely angulate; second abscissa slightly more than twice as long as first; nervellus not broken. Black; mandibles, palpi, scape, pedi- cel underneath, tegulae, anterior coxae, four anterior trochanters and spot on intermediate coxae beneath, yellowish white; apical margin of the second and following tergites, apical sternites, fulvo-ferru- ginous; legs fulvo-ferruginous; coxae, except where mentioned, black; posterior femora slightly brownish base and apices of the posterior tibiae blackish; posterior tarsi and apical joint of the inter- mediate pair blackish. Wings hyaline, irridescent; venation black.
Male—Length, 5 mm. Except that the pale color is more yellow it does not differ essentially from the female.
Type-locality—Ashland, Oregon. Described from 3 females and . 3 males recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. Hopk. U. S. 12565d°, which refers to a note stating that this species is a parasite on a species of Argyresthia living on Libocedrus decurrents.
Type.—Cat. No. 20179, U.S.N.M.
BOETHUS SCHIZOCERI (Howard).
Eubadizon schizoceri Howarp, Insect Life, vol. 1, p. 44, fig. Bocthus howardi Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 290. Boethus daeckei ViEREcK, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 11, 1909, p. 210.
It was unnecessary for Davis to propose a new name for this species. His own reference proves that he had the material which Doctor Howard figured. The specimen from which the drawing was made is in the United States National Museum, and it is one of the types of Boethus howardi. Boethus daeckei is the male of schizoceri. Rearings from the host of this species indicate that the color of the fore legs may vary from brownish to yellowish.
NO, 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 163
Family BRACONIDAE.
COSMOPHORUS PITYOPHTHORI, new species.
This species is closely allied to but may be readily separated from hopkinst Ashmead by the sculpturing of the first tergite, the darker and shorter first abscissa of radius.
Female—Length 2.5 mm; length of ovipositor .75 mm. Head shin- ing; antennae slender, 14-jointed, the third and fourth joints sub- equal; mesoscutum shining; propodeum granular with the faint ca- rina separating the dorsal and posterior aspects; discocubitus joining the radius so near base that there is no real first abscissa of radius; first tergite striato-granular; remaining tergites shining impunctate. Black; legs and abdomen beyond first segment dark piceous; wings hyaline, faintly dusky, venation pale brown.
Male.—Length 1.75 mm. Differs from the female in having a few striae at the base of the second tergite; and in the 13-jointed anten- nae.
Type-locality— Moraga Ridge, Oakland, California. Described from three females (one type) and one male (allotype) reared from twigs of Pinus tuberculata infested by Pityophthorus, species. Ma- terial collected by F. P. Keen.
Type.—Cat. No. 19951, U.S.N.M.
Genus DIOSPILUS Haliday.
As used here the genus Diospilus agrees with the characterization given by Szepligetti. However, the last two species described are not typical in venation and might be the types of a new group, but it seems to the author that the characters offered for the genera of this subfamily are not such that they may be expected to hold for a large number of species. He has therefore considered it advisable to place californicus and neoclyti in the genus Diospilus.
A, CLYPEUS NOT SHARPLY DEFINED LATERALLY; WIDTH FULLY THREE TIMES AS GREAT AS THE MEDIAN LENGTH; FIRST ABSCISSA ON THE RADIUS LESS THAN ONE-FIFTH THE LENGTH OF THE SECOND.
DIOSPILUS WASHINGTONENSIS, new species.
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Female.—Length 6 mm.; length of the ovipositor 7 mm.; length of the antennae 4mm. Clypeus shining, with large separate punc- tures; head immediately below the antennae transversely striato- punctate, rest of the head below the antennae with sparse, well sepa- rated punctures; head above the antennae and posterior orbits shin- ing, impunctate; ocelli in an equilateral triangle; third antennal joint slightly longer than the fourth; prescutum, scutellum, and
164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
scutum shining, nearly impunctate; suture between the scutum and the scutellum with three strong rugae; the posterior lateral aspects of the scutellum and a depressed area of the metanotum with rugae; the metanotum medianly with two prominent carinae which con- verge until they meet in the form of a rounded tubercle at the apical middle margin; propodeum reticulate, basal median area more finely so, the basal lateral areas finely punctured; mesepisternum sculp- tured like the scutum except for the obliquely foveolate depression; first abscissa of the radius about one-sixth or less than the length of the second; second cubital cell slightly narrowed below; recurrent vein basad of the first transverse cubitus by about one-third the length of the first transverse cubitus; nervulus interstitial; first ter- gite longitudinally striate; extreme base of the second tergite finely, irregularly aciculate; the apex of the second and all of the following tergites shining, impunctate. Black; clypeus, mandibles except apices and scape beneath rufo-piceous; palpi-and tegulae pale yellow; legs rufous, apical fourth of the posterior tibiae dusky; wings hya- line, venation pale brown; body with short, gray hair.
Type-locality.— Easton, Washington. Described from one female collected by Koebele.
Type.—Cat. No. 19003, U.S.N.M.
B. CLYPEUS SHARPLY DEFINED LATERALLY; ABOUT TWO AND ONE- HALF TIMES AS WIDE AS LONG; FIRST ABSCISSA ON THE RADIUS BUT LITTLE SHORTER THAN THE SECOND.
a. First two tergites red, the second completely sculptured.
DIOSPILUS CALIFORNICUS, new species.
Female—Length 5 mm.; length of the ovipositor 4.5 mm.; length of the antennae 3.75 mm. Apical margin of the clypeus narrowly depressed, the surface shining, sparsely punctured; head below the antennae with separate, well-defined punctures, which are more widely separated medianly and laterally; head above the antennae and posterior orbits shining, practically impunctate; ocelli in a little less than an equilateral triangle; latrad or each lateral ocellus is a narrow, elongate, crescent-shaped fovea; third and fourth an- tennal joints subequal; prescutum depressed posteriorly, reticulate; notauli strongly foveolate; scutum, prescutum, and most of the mes- episternum shining, impunctate; sides of the pronotum coarsely reticulate; suture between the scutum and scutellum with one ruga; posterior lateral aspects of the scutellum and depressed area of the pronotum with rather weak rugae; metanotum medianly with two carinae, which converge posteriorly and meet in the form of an elon- gate flattened area in the apical middle; propodeum coarsely reticu-
NO. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 165
late, dorsal middle with median carina; dorsal lateral areas shining, impunctate; second cubital cell slightly narrower above; first re- current vein shortly antifurcal; nervulus interstitial; first two ter- gites longitudinally striato-reticulate; lateral margins of the second tergite and all of the following tergites shining, impunctate. Black; palpi and tegulae pale yellowish; legs and first two tergites rufous; wings hyaline, iridescent, venation pale brown; stigma darker. Type-locality—Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Described from two females (one, type) from the collection of Ashmead. Type—Cat. No. 19004, U.S.N.M.
b. Tergites black, second sculptured at base only. DIOSPILUS NEOCLYTI, new species.
Male—Length, 6.5 mm.; length of the antennae, about 4 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus scarcely depressed, the surface shin- ing, almost impunctate; dorsal margins sharply defined by puncti- form foveae; head below the antennae shining, with separate, uni- form, well-defined punctures; head above the antennae and posterior orbits shining, practically impunctate; ocelli in a low triangle, with- out well-defined depressions laterally; third antennal joint slightly shorter than the fourth; prescutum reticulate posteriorly; notauli strongly foveolate; suture between the scutum and scutellum with one ruga; prescutum, scutum, scutellum and mesepisternum shining, practically impunctate; sides of the pronotum recticulate; metanotum, propodeum, and venation as in californicus, the first tergite and the base of the second longitudinally striato-reticulate, the reticulations predominating on the second tergite, the striations on the first; the apical margin of the second and all of the following tergites shining, impunctate. Black; palpi yellowish; legs rufous; posterior tibiae and tarsi dusky; tegulae yellowish; wings hyaline, venation pale brown; body with short gray pile.
Type-locality—North Cheyenne Canon, Colorado. Described from one male recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. Hopk. U.S.11924, which refers to a note stating that this is a parasite of Neoclytus caprae Say breeding in Quercus gambelli, material col- lected by A. B. Champlain and reared by H. B. Kirk, adult emerging April 6, 1914.
Type—Cat. No. 19005, U.S.N.M.
This may possibly be the male of californicus, but as there is dif- ference in the sculpturation and color it seems advisable to con- sider it as a distant species.
166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
PHANEROTOMA ERYTHROCEPHALA, new species.
In structure this species falls near ¢ibéalis Haldeman, but may readily be distinguished by the sides of the propodeum being more coarsely sculptured than the mesepisternum and by the reddish head and black thorax and abdomen.
Female—Length, 5 mm. Head rounded behind the eyes, the cephal caudad length of the posterior orbits about two-thirds the diameter of the eye; eyes strongly convex, oval; malar space slightly longer than the width of the mandibles at base but much less than the length of the eye; clypeus shining, more convex basally, the apical margin tridentate; supraclypeal fovea poorly defined, the interfoveal line shorter than the length of the clypeus; face rather coarsely sculptured with irregular lines and granulations; frons and vertex with irregular (mostly transverse) lines; ocelli in an equi- lateral triangle; notauli obsolete; scutum granular with a few scat- tered punctures, the posterior middle reticulate; scutellum pune- tured on a granular surface; dorsal surface of propodeum irregu- larly punctured and with a few irregular lines; mesepisternum granular, with a few punctures posteriorly; sides of propodeum more coarsely scnIptured than mesepisternum; carapace nearly uni- formly coarsely reticulate; recurrent interstitial; nervulus and second abscissa of discoideus forming an acute angle; first and second abscissa of radius subequal. Black; head, except interocellar area, scape, pedicellum, prothorax, tegulae, ferruginous; legs ferrugi- nous, apices of hind femora and tibiae blackish; wings hyaline with- out bands, costa, subcosta and stigma black; rest of venation pale brown.
Male—Length 5 mm. Characters as in female.
This species varies in the amount of ferruginous on the prothorax and in having the first abscissa of radius slightly shorter than the second.
Type-locality —Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Described from two females and one male (allotype) with Bureau of Entomology number Hopk. U.S.10857/, which refers to note stating that this species is probably a parasite of Laspeyresia toruta living in the cones of Pinus ponderosa. Material collected by J. J. Lowell and reared by J. M. Miller.
Type.—Cat. No. 20174, U.S.N.M.
MACRONEURA URICHII, new species.
This species is apparently closely allied to /acroneura consobrinus (Szépligéti), from which it can be easily distinguished by the longer ovipositor and pale four anterior legs.
No. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 167
Female.—Length of body 18 mm.; length of ovipositor 42 mm.; length of antennae 18 mm. Face reticulate; front and posterior orbits smooth; ocelli surrounded by a furrow which extends to be- tween bases of antennae; third antennal joint distinctly longer than the fourth; thorax smooth, shining; posterior coxae more than half as long as their femora; longer spur of the posterior tibiae one-third the length of the hind basitarsus; abdomen smooth and shining. Black; four anterior legs, the hind trochantine and base of hind tibiae fulvo- ferruginous; first three tergites rufo-ferruginous; wings yellow, the anterior pair with two broad black bands (i. e. behind stigma and apex of wing), the hind pair black beyond middle.
Male—Length 12.5 mm.; length of antennae 12.5 mm. Agrees with female,except the fourth abdominal segment isrufo-ferruginous.
Type-locality—Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies. Described from five females (one type) and one male collected by F. W. Urich, for whom the species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 19662, U.S.N.M.
ODONTOBRACON OEMEOVORUS, new species.
Female.—Length 8 mm.; length of the ovipositor 2 mm.; length of the antennae 7 mm. Head below the antennae coarsely reticulate, with a poorly defined median carina; head above the antennae and posterior orbits shining, impunctate; no fovea outside of the lateral ocelli; antennae hairy, third and fourth joints subequal; scutum, prescutum, and scutellum shining, practically impunctate; posterior portion of the prescutum with longitudinal carinae, which form two Vs, the posterior one attaining the posterior margin of the scutum; anterior portion of the notauli finely foveolate; suture between the scutum and scutellum with six strong rugae; posterior lateral aspects of the scutellum and the depression of the metanotum with strong rugae; episternauli broad, reticulate; sternauli foveolate; suture and posterior margin of the mesepisternum strongly foveolate; mese- pisternum shining; lateral aspects of the pronotum irregularly stri- ato-reticulate; dorsal and lateral aspects of the propodeum reticulate; dorsal middle of the propodeum shining except a median carina along the sides of which are foveolations; first tergite longitudinally striate, the striae more sharply defined medianly and with two pre- dominating carinae on the base, which extend almost to the middle of the tergite; second tergite with an oval median area which is about twice as wide as long, the apical margin of which is not striate, remaining portion of the embossed area strongly striate: sides of the second tergite reticulate; extreme base of the third tergite me- dianly with fine longitudinal striae; most of the third and all of the following segments shining, impunctate; third, fourth, and fifth tergites at about middle with an indistinct suture; first abscissa on
168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
the radius one-fourth shorter than the second; recurrent vein re- ceived two-thirds the length of the first abscissa on the radius, basad of the first transverse cubitus. Black; propodeum dorsally and ab- domen rufous; wings dark brown, venation dark brown; body with long, sparse gray hair.
Type-locality—F lorida; Louisiana. Described from one female (type) from Appalachicola, Florida, recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 33819, which refers to a note stating that this is parasitic on Oeme rigida, material collected and reared by W. F. Fiske; and one female (paratype) from Morgan City, Louisiana, recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 3398d, which refers to a note stating that it is a parasite of Oeme rigida, material collected and reared by W. F. Fiske.
Type.—Cat. No. 19001, U.S.N.M.
Paratype has the sides of the propodeum rufous.
ODONTOBRACON ELAPHIDIOVORUS, new species.
Female.—Length, 11 mm.; length of ovipositor, 5 mm.; length of antennae, 9.5mm. Face below the antennae coarsely punctato-reticu- late, with a median carina, which becomes broader below; head above the antennae and the entire posterior orbits shining, impunctate; latrad of each lateral ocellus is a curved furrow; antennae hairy, the third and fourth joints subequal; scutum, prescutum, and scutellum shining, with a few widely scattered punctures; the posterior part of prescutum and the scutum medianly reticulate; notauli finely foveo- late; suture between the scutum and scutellum with five strong rugae; posterior lateral bases of the scutellum and the depression of the metanotum with rugae; propodeum reticulate, the basal middle with- out sculpture except a median longitudinal carina; sides of the pro- notum with dorsad-ventrad or slightly oblique rugae; the epister- nauli broad, irregularly reticulate; mesepisternum shining, impunc- tate; sternauli nearly completely foveolate; sides of the propodeum shining, with well-separated, distinct punctures; first tergite longi- tudinally striate or striato-reticulate, with two strong carinae, which extend half its length; the second tergite with an oval-shaped em- bossed area, which is longitudinally striate; sides of the second ter- gite punctato-reticulate; the base of the third tergite medianly stri- ate, laterally punctato-reticulate; the apex of the third and the fol- folwing tergites shining, impunctate; first abscissa on the radius one- third shorter than the second; recurrent vein almost the length of the first abscissa on the radius basad of the first transverse cubitus. Black; body with sparse, long, white hairs; scutellum, propedeum,
metothorax, and abdomen rufous; wings brownish, venation pale brown.
No. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 169
Male—Length, 10 mm. Agrees well with the above characteriza- tion of the female.
Type-locality.—United States. Described from three specimens from Texas, one female type, a male allotype, and a female paratype; a single female from Camden, New Jersey, collected June 30; a single female from Jackson, Florida; one specimen from Mount Vernon, Virginia, recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. 5. 11845d, which refers to a note stating that this species is parasitic on Elaphidion vitiorum, material collected by F. C. Craighead, adult emerging February 16, 1914; one female from the Catalina Moun- tains, Arizona, recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 12679a, which refers to a note indicating that this is a parasite of a species of Elaphidion which works in Quercus emory?.
Type.—Cat. No. 19000, U.S.N.M.
ODONTOBRACON CALIFORNICUS, new species.
Female—Length 7 mm.; length of ovipositor 3.5 mm.; length of antennae 6 mm. Head below the antennae reticulate, with a strong medium carina which is represented immediately above the clypeus by a shining area; head above the antennae and posterior orbits shining, impunctate; behind each lateral ocellus is a small depressed area; antennae hairy, third and fourth joints subequal, oblique api- cally; scutum, prescutum and scutellum shining, practically impunc- tate; posterior portion of the prescutum with two longitudinal striae, which attain the apical margin of the scutum; notauli feebly foveolate posteriorly; suture between the scutum and the scutellum with nine rugae; anterior portion of the notauli very finely foveolate; epister- nauli not sculptured; sternauli foveolate; episternum shining, im- punctate, posterior margin foveolate; lateral aspect of the pronotum with oblique rugae ventrally, sparsely reticulate dorsally ; lower por- tion of the lateral aspect of the propodeum shining, sparsely punc- tured; dorsal aspect and dorsal lateral aspect of the propodeum reticulate; median area reticulate with strong median carina which divides at the top of the postericr face into two poorly defined carinae which extend to the ventral margin of the posterior face; first tergite striate with two prominent carinae basally, which are al- most half the length of the tergite and converge apically; second tergite with an oval-shaped median area which is three times as wide as long; sides of the second tergite reticulate; extreme base of the third tergite finely reticulate; most of the third and the entire fol- lowing segments shining, impunctate; at the apical third of the third and fourth tergites is a transverse furrow; first abscissa of the radius half the length of the second recurrent, about the length of the first abscissa of the radius basad of the first transverse cubitus. Rufous; head, antennae, legs, tegulae, pronotum and a spot on the mesepis-
170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ VoL. 53.
terum anteriorly; black; body with sparse long gray hairs; wings dark brown, venation the same color.
Male—Length 5 mm.; length of the antennae 4mm. Agrees well with the above description of the female except for the abdomen, where the following differences may be noted: First tergite anteriorly is reticulate; the embossed area of the second tergite is one and one- half times as wide as long; the entire third, fourth, and fifth tergites are longitudinally striate and there are no transverse sutures. Color as in female. ;
Type-locality—Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Described from one female (type) and three males, one allotype.
Type.—Cat. No. 19002, U.S.N.M.
Superfamily SERPHOIDEA. POLYGNOTUS BURKEI, new species.
In Ashmead’s table to the species of Polygnotus this species will go to diplosidis Ashmead, from which it may be separated by the
ei distinct furrow from the anterior
/ a ocellus. | IX F emale.—Length 1 mm. Head He oer shing impunctate; vertex finely j Fi Wee } transversely aciculate; a distinct eas Peake ¥ pi oS elongate depression below the an- op’ daevatins 5 Fils terior ocellus; intraocellar line dis-
“Fre. 1.—Potyenorus surker, new tinctly shorter than the ocellocular SPECIES. “ANTENNA OF FEMALE. line; pedicellum,siiehtly Jongerehan the two following joints; mesoscutum slightly opaque anteriorly, shining posteriorly; notauli obsolete; mesopleurae shining, without sculpture; metapleurae feebly sculptured; petiole longitudinally striate; base of second tergite longitudinally aciculate, rest of the abdomen shining, without sculpture. Black; four anterior tibiae and tarsi and the posterior tarsi brownish; wings hyaline. Male—Length 1 mm. Agrees with the female. Type-locality.—Placerville. California. Described from four females (one type) and four males (one allotype) recorded under Bureau of Entomology number Hopk. U. S. 12703a, which refers to a note stating that this species is parasitic on a Cecidomyid which lives under the bark at the base of the needles of Pinus ponderosa. The eggs of the parasite are laid in the eggs of the host, and the adult parasite emerges from the cocoen of the host. Material collected and reared by H. E. Burke, for whom the species is named. Type.—Cat. No. 19638, U.S.N.M.
No. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 171
Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA.
TRIGONURA CALIFORNICA, new species.
This species runs directly to Zrigonura in Ashmead’s classifica- tion, but differs from Ashmead’s description in the 12-jointed anten- nae and seems to differ from Sichel’s description, and figures in the length of the prothorax and the shape of the scutellum. Superfi- cially it resembles closely Phasgonophora sulcata, but is immediately separated from that by the absence of a transverse carina and trun- cation on the first tergite.
Female—Length 7 mm. Head coarsely reticulate; ocelli in a curved line, the lateral ocelli touching the posterior dorsal margin of the head; interocellar line about one-fifth shorter than the ocel- locular line; scape subequal in length with the first three fiagellar joints; antennae with a small ring-joint so there are 12 joints, the first two flagellar joint subequal; prothorax sloping anteriorly, the anterior face transversely striato-reticulate medianly; dorsally the prothorax is depressed medianly; thorax coarsely reticulate; the mesopleural fovea striate; lower posterior margin of scutellum with a foveolate furrow; metanotum foveolate; propodeum coarsely retic- ulate; four anterior femora swollen beyond middle; posterior femora with seven teeth, the basal one the largest ; abdomen shining, the first segment subequal in length with the six following, the second to fifth tergite with setignous punctures apically, the sixth with reticulations, the seventh with reticulations basally. Black, clothed with white pubescence; tegulae pale picious; four anterior legs beyond troch- anters, posterior legs beyond femora and the seventh segment rufous; the posterior femora basally and the sides of the abdomen are rufo- piceous; wings hyaline, dusky beyond middle; venation black.
Male—Length 6.25 mm. Except for the sexual characters, agrees with the female.
T'ype-locality—FPlacerville, California. Described from four females (one type) and one male (allotype) recorded under Bureau of Entomology number Hopk. U. S. 1161le, which refers to a note stating these specimens were reared from sections of willow infested by larvae of Chrysobotheris, on which they were probably parasitic Material collected and reared by H. FE. Burke.
Type.—Cat. No. 19636, U.S.N.M.
EUSANDALUM ACMAEORERAE, new species.
This species may be separated from the other described North American species by the color, by having the posterior margin of the pronotum depressed and less sculptured, and by the arrange- ment and number of spines on the anterior tibiae.
172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Female.—Length 1.75 mm. Face reticulate; frontal elevations transversely striato-reticulate; vertex granular; head posteriorly and posterior orbits striato-granular; pronotum reticulate with a tendency to striation; notauli complete; scutum and prescutum re- ticulate; scutellum more finely reticulate and with a decided tend- ency to longitudinal striation; prepectus sculptured like the scutum; mesepisternum reticulate, the posterior and ventral part striato-reticu- late; mesosternum laterally striate; the upper face of the anterior tibia with six small spines which are widely separated so they begin at the basal third and extend to near apex of tibia; abdomen re- ticulate. Cupreous with greenish reflections; legs below trochnaters testaceous, the femora, especially the posterior pair, more or less dusky; wings dusky kyaline; venation dark brown.
Type-locality.—Placerville, California. Described from two fe- males (one type), recorded under Bureau of Entomology number Hopk. U. S. 11675d. Specimens bred from a pupal cell of Acemaeo- dera in Ceanothus integerrimus by H. E. Burke.
Type.—Cat. No. 19637, U.S.N.M.
Superfamily SPHECOIDEA. Genus DICRANORHINA Shuckard.
Syn.: Piagetia RITsEMA.
In the Proceedings of the United States National Museum? it is erroneously stated that Turner was in error in reinstating Shuckard’s name for this genus. The error was on part of the author and he wishes to apologize for the mistake and for criti- cising Mr. Turner. The spelling by Hope was Dicronorhina, which was amended to Dicranorrhina, while the spelling by Shuckard was Dicranorhina.
TACHYSPHEX WASHINGTONI, new species.
This species is related to tenuipunctus Fox but may be readily separated from that species by the character of the clypeus.
Female—Length 9 mm. Clypeus convex medianly, the apical margin depressed, medianly with a shallow emargination, sublater- ally with two obtuse teeth; the anterior portion of the median con- vexity shining, impunctate, the basal portion sculptured like the front; front opaque, finely rather sparsely punctured; frontal fovea distinct, complete; intraocellar area convex, parted by a deep fur- row; postocellar depression angulate posteriorly and with a deep furrow extending almost to the occiput; head behind the ocelli shining, very sparsely punctured; the distance between the eyes at the vertex slightly greater than the length of the second and third
2Vol, 49, 1915, p. 245.
NO, 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 1738
antennal joints, but decidedly shorter than the length of the third and fourth antennal joints; antennae slightly tapering apically, the third joint about one-fourth shorter than the fourth; mesoscutum shining with sparse distinct punctures; scutellum sculptured like the scutum but more finely so, not impressed; mesepisternum shin- ing, reticulate, practically impunctate; mesepimeron sculptured like the mesepisternum; sides of the propodeum finely, longitudinally aciculate; dorsal aspect of the propodeum rather coarsely, uniformly granular, without an impressed line; dorsal and posterior aspects not sharply separated; third cubital on the radius subequal in length with the second on the same vein; legs rather feebly spined, the longer calcaria on the posterior tibiae subequal in length with the posterior basitarsus; pygidium one and one-fourth times as Jong as the basal width, shining, with a few large, well-separated punc- tures, truncate apically. Black; the first two abdominal segments except the extreme base of the first rufous; calcaria and spines of the legs ferruginous; wings hyaline, venation ferruginous; head and thorax with dense gray pile; abdominal tergites one to four with narrow apical band of silvery pubescence.
Type-locality—Grand Coulee, Columbia River, Washington. Described from one female collected July 12, 1902.
Type.—Cat. No. 18995, U.S.N.M.
LARROPSIS GREENEI, new species.
This species is related to divisa Patton, but may readily be sep- arated from that species by the sculpture of the dorsal aspect of the propodeum.
Female.——Length 13 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus rounded medianly, emarginate laterally with two obscure teeth, the outer one larger apically, margin hardly depressed, gently, evenly, convex me- dianly; the anterior portion of the median convexity shining with large, well-separated punctures; sides of the posterior portion of the median convexity finely, closely punctured; front finely, very closely punctured except the median area from the anterior ocellus to the bases of the antennae which has large, sometimes confluent punc- tures; intraocellar area uniformly convex, without a median furrow; postocellar depression reduced to a curved furrow; vertex with large, separate punctures; posterior orbits punctured like the front; space between the eyes at the vertex subequal with the length of the second, third, and fourth antennal joints; antennae slender, scarcely tapering apically, longer than the head and thorax; third and fourth joints subequal; anterior face of the pronotum finely granular; scutum so closely punctured as to appear granular; scutellum slightly convex, with a median furrow and with distinct, close, well-defined
174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
punctures; metanotum closely striato-granular; dorsal aspect of the propodeum irregularly transversely reticulate with striae especially prominent in the median area; the base with a short, sharply defined median keel; dorsal middle with a circular fovea which is surrounded by two rings of striation; posterior face oblique with a deep median furrow which is broader posteriorly and transversely striate, dorsally the striae are somewhat oblique tending to meet at the top of the median furrow; sides of the propodeum finely granular, dorsally with a tendency to an oblique aciculation; mesepisternum opaque, finely granular; legs rather feebly spined, the longer calcaria of the posterior tibiae about one-sixth shorter than the posterior basitarsus; third cubital cell on the radius distinctly longer than the second; pygidium sharply defined, about two and one-half times as long as its basal width, with sparse, well-defined punctures apically with a few coarse hairs, the apical margin truncate, angles rounded. Black, the first and second tergites obscurely rufous; wings dark brownish, venation dark brown; body almost without pubescence.
Type-locality—Riverton, New Jersey. Described from one fe- male collected September 22, 1907, by C. T. Greene, for whom the species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 18996, U.S.N.M.
It is not unlikely that other specimens of this species will have the abdomen entirely black or that some of them will have the first two segments rufous.
XYLOCELIA BEULAHENSIS, new species.
Close to nigritus (Fox) but may be distinguished from that species by the finer sculptured head and by the yellow spot on the tubercles.
Female.—Length 5.25 mm, Clypeus polished, with a few setiger- ous punctures; the apical margin with three large teeth, the part between the lateral teeth somewhat depressed; supraclypeal area polished; front reticulate and with rather close, well defined, dis- tinct punctures in addition; vertex and posterior orbits reticulate but much more sparsely punctured than the front; ocelli in a low triangle, the postocellar line slightly shorter than the ocellocular line; third antennal joint a very little longer than the fourth; mesos- cutum very finely granular, the anterior part with distinct, rather close, well-defined punctures in addition; scutellum shining, nearly impunctate; dorsal aspect of propodeum reticulate, posterior aspect shining, almost without sculpture, a rather large punctiform fovea at dorsal middle of posterior aspect from which a carina extends to abdominal fossa; sides of propodeum shining, almost without sculp- ture; pygidium rather well defined, one and one-fourth times as long as basal width, granular, with a few irregular punctures basally. Black; posterior half of tubercles yellow; wings hyaline, iridescent, venation dark brown, stigma black.
De
No. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 175
Type-locality.—Beulah, New Mexico. Described from one female collected by T. D. A. Cockerell in August. Type.—Cat. No. 18994, U.S.N.M.
XYLOCELIA VIRGINIANA, new species.
In Mickel’s key to the species of Xylocelia' this species runs to vallicolae salicis (Rohwer) but it is quite different from that species, being much larger and has the mesoscutum shining. It is something like what the male of americana (Packard) would be expected to resemble, but it does not agree sufficiently well with that species to be considered as its male,
Male.—Length 5.5 mm, Anterior margin of the clypeus with a median notch; front opaque, closely granular, with confluent punc- tures in addition which at first sight give the impression that it is irregularly striato-punctate; vertex shining, sparsely punctured; pos- terior orbits shining, finely irregularly striato-punctate; ocelli large, in a low triangle; the postocellar line a trifle longer than the ocello- cular line; third antennal joint shghtly longer than the fourth; eleventh and twelfth joints feebly spined beneath; mesoscutum polished, very sparsely punctured posteriorly but anteriorly the punctures become closer, with four raised longitudinal lines on the posterior part; scutellum shining with a few setigerous punctures and a faint impressed median line; dorsal aspect of the propodeum reticulate, separated from the posterior aspect by a broad foveolate furrow; the posterior aspect coarsely reticulate with a triangular shaped area in the dorsal middle; sides of propodeum coarsely reticu- late, stigmatal groove broad and well defined; mesepisternum reticu- late anteriorly with a few irregularly raised lines posteriorly; abdo- men polished. Black; palpi yellowish white; tibiae and _ tarsi ferruginous, the tibiae with a dusky spot above; wings hyaline, iridescent, venation dark brown, stigma black; clypeus and supra- clypeal area with dense white pubescence; a small yellow spot on the anterior margin of the tegulae.
Type-locality—F alls Church, Virginia. Described from seven males (one type) collected June 7, 1914, by William Middleton.
Type.—Cat. No. 21397, U.S.N.M. .
XYLOCELIA METATHORACICUS MICKEL.
Xylocelia metathoracicus MicxeL, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, No. 4, 1916, p. 349. A series of males and females from St. Louis, Missouri, collected by Mr. Phil Kau extend the distribution of this species. The male runs to crassicornis in Mickel’s table and has the antennal joints eight to twelve spinate beneath.
1 Ann, Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, No. 4, 1916, p. 345.
176 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
NYSSON (HYPONYSSON) RAUL, new species,
In both Cresson’s and Fox’s keys this species goes to bicolor Cresson, but the sculpture of the prothorax easily separates it from that species.
Female.—Length 4 mm. Clypeus convex, the apical margin de- pressed, rounded, the apical part of the convex portion polished, the basal part with large and small punctures; front opaque with close, fine punctures; vertex and posterior orbits more sparsely punctured; postocellar line distinctly shorter than the ocellocular line; the interocellar area not tuberculate; antennae short, stout, not extending beyond the tegulae, the second and third joints subequal in length, the third distinctly longer than the fourth; pronotum rounded, opaque, finely punctured; mesoscutum opaque, the punc- tures somewhat larger than those of the prothorax; scutellum not margined, punctured like the scutum; metanotum fiat, propodeal inclosure longitudinally reticulate; angle of propodeum with a feeble, sharp spine; posterior aspect of propodeum granular, margined laterally and with two feeble longitudinal carinae medi- anly; sides of propodeum granular; legs rather stout, the longer ealcarium of the hind tibiae half as long as the basitarsis; hind basitarsis curved near base; abdomen subopaque with fine close punc- tures; pygidium well defined and rounded apically, fully twice as - long as basal width. Black; mandibles piceous; tubercules and small lateral spots on apical margins of first three tergites whitish, first and side of second abdominal segments-rufous; body clothed with dense appressed silvery pile. Wings dusky hyaline, venation black. Third intercubitus wanting; nervellus fully three times its leneth before cubitella.
Type-locality —St. Louis, Missouri. Described from one female collected by Phil Rau, for whom the species is named, and sent under his number 2479. |
Type.—Cat. No. 21406, U.S.N.M.
Although most authors have suppressed Cresson’s name Hypo- nysson the finding of this second species would seem to indicate that it can conveniently be used at least as a subgenus.
.
SOME EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND HABIT ON CAPTIVE LIONS.
By N. Ho tuister,
Superintendent, National Zoological Park, Washington.
INTRODUCTION.
The series of over 100 East African lions now in the collection of the United States National Museum was recently spread out for study. Marked differences between wild-killed specimens and those which had died in the National Zoological Park in Washington were at once apparent. These differences involved both the skins and skulls, and from the fact that five of the park lions were of known history and were from a locality abundantly represented by wild- killed specimens, the uniform differences between the two lots, wild and park-reared, seemed more significant than would otherwise have been the case.
The 11 Zoological Park lions preserved in the collection agree among themselves in all essential details and differ uniformly from wild-killed lions. In the following remarks, however, the notes pre- sented, unless otherwise stated, refer to the restricted subspecies Felis leo massaica,: represented in the collection by 59 specimens, 54 wild-killed and 5 park-reared. The five park-reared animals have definite and complete records. They were captured near Nairobi, British East Africa, and comparisons of skins and skulls are made with specimens of equal age, killed in the same vicinity. All chance of error from the use of park animals of unknown origin, which might be crosses of different subspecies bred in captivity or specimens of wild forms not represented in the Museum collection, is thus eliminated.
1In 1910, when reporting on the mammals collected in British East Africa by John Jay White (Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 2, p. 11), I referred the Nairobi lion to Felis leo sabakiensis Linnberg, described from Kilimanjaro. After working over the much more abundant material since received at the Museum I am unable to recognize this race, and now refer these lions to the earlier-named Felis leo massaica Neumann, described from Kibaya, German East Africa.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53—2196. 77403—Proe. N. M vo).538—17———12 177
178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
The wild-killed material was collected chiefly by Dr. W. L. Abbott, John Jay White, Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Kermit Roosevelt, Paul J. Rainey, and Edmund Heller.
The histories of the five Zoological Park specimens of Felis leo massaica have been given me by Mr. A. B. Baker, assistant super- intendent of the National Zoological Park. It seems important to give his account in complete detail.
The history of the five lions from East Africa, so far as we know it, is as follows:
In May, 1909, while the Smithsonian expedition was at Nairobi, Mr. W. N. MeMillan offered the lions and several other animals to the National Zoo- logical Park, through Dr. EB. A. Mearns, who reported the offer here by letter. He was authorized by cable to accept the animals on behalf of the park.
I first saw the lions September 19, 1909. They were then at Mr. McMillan’s * Juja Farm,” some 23 miles northeast from Nairobi. There were two males, said to be then about 20 months old, and three females, one of which was said to be about 19 months old and the other two about 27 months. Ail were said to be from the region about the Nairobi, but I was able to get the exact locality of only one—a male which was captured by Mr. G. L. Langridge in the Mua Hills, out some 25 miles from Machakos station. When captured it was a little larger than a house cat. I was told that all of the others were caught while small cubs. The lions were put into shipping boxes October 15 and 16, left Juja Farm on a big freighting wagon at noon October 18, and ar- rived at Nairobi late on the 19th. The boxes were put under a shed in the railroad freight yard there until the morning of October 26, when they were shipped by rail, and should have reached Mombasa early in the morning of the 27th, but did not arrive there until noon of the 28th, because of the derailing of the train, which made it necessary to transfer all the boxes to other cars. They were transferred to the steamship Melbourne shortly after noon on the 28th and arrived at Port Said at 8 p. m. November 8. They were kept on a lighter in the harbor there until November 21, when they were transferred to the “tramp” steamer Molikefels sailing that day. The ship spent the night of November 25-26 at Malta, and arrived at Philadelphia December 17. The lions were forwarded from Philadelphia December 18, reached Washington early on the 19th, and were transferred to cages in the lion house at the park about noon of that day.
At Juja Farm the five lions were kept together in a stone building, perhaps 25 feet long, 15 feet from front to back, and 8 feet high. This was divided by a partition running from front to back, into two compartments, perhaps 15 and 10 feet wide. The roof was of galvanized iron. The floor was of con- crete, with good drainage so that it could be washed out with a hose. All sides were tight, except the front, which was closed with an iron grating. The place was poorly lighted and the animals had little chance to get into the direct sunlight. There were low wooden shelves in the corners, which the animals seemed to occupy most of the time when not walking. The three younger lions were good tempered, but the two older females were quite savage, probably from having been teased. The shipping crates were about 38 feet wide, 5 feet jong from front to back, and 3 feet 6 inches high, inside measurements. There was a Steel grating in the front, with stout wire netting over it, so that a paw could not be put out. A space was left at the bottom wide enough to admit food and pan for water. This space was closed except when food or water was given. There was a ventilating opening, about 8 inches square, in the
no. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 179
rear end of the box fitted with a grating. This opening was covered over when the animals were shipped from Port Said to protect them from the colder weather that would come during the remainder of the journey. At the park the lions were put into cages 10 feet wide, 8 feet deep from front to back, and 7 feet high. They were kept in these for about two years and then transferred to cages 12 feet 6 inches wide, 12 feet deep from front to back, and 9 feet high. These latter cages connect with outdoor cages 20 feet wide, 383 feet deep from front to back, and 10 feet high. The lions had free access to these outside eages during the day, whenever the weather was suitable.
While they were at Juja Farm the lions were fed mainly on zebra and kon- goni (Coke’s hartebeest), which usually were to be had for the shooting within a mile of the house. The whole dressed carcass was used and the lions were given sectious from any part of it. They were liberally fed and apparently had a fair proportion of bone with the meat. I gave them zebra meat till October 20, then beef, mostly neck and shoulder, till November 1. Owing to an accident on the railroad it was impossible to give them either food or water from 6 a. m. of October 26 io noon of October 28, although during the first day they were exposed to the hot sun on an open car. From November 8 to 7, three sheep, bought at Djibouti, were fed them. November 9 to 22 they had beef, and the 23d and 24th a goat each day. From November 26 to 30 beef from Malta was fed. This was hind quarter, largely “ round,” as I found that beef from any part of the body was priced the same, and hind quarter gave the most meat for the money. From December 1 to 16 the lions were fed on goat meat, one goat being butchered each day, or one every second day, as the supply dwindled. From December 17 they were fed on beef. At the park the lions were given cuts of beef from brisket, shoulder blade, and short ribs, with, ocea- sionally, upper shin or shoulder cut. At first they were given 8 pounds daily, which was increased, as they grew, to 10, 12, and finally a maximum of 14 pounds during the winter months to the two males. Most of this was cold- storage beef, and occasionally it was necessary to use some that had been frozen,
All of the lions appeared to be in perfect health when shipped and when they reached the park, except that the male (No. 2297) had a small abscess in one cheek, and that all were infested with roundworm and tapeworm. The tape- worm was probably acquired from the kongoni, the meat of which I was told is generally “ measly.”
The male lion No. 2297 (U.S.N.M., No. 197944) died March 1, 1914, of chronic gastroenteritis. He had been ill for about 10 months, could not prop- erly digest his food, and was emaciated. He became blind about 18 months after his arrival at the park and remained so for about three months, then began to recover his sight, the pupil, which had been fully expanded, gradu- ally contracting as the eye responded to the light.”
Male No. 2367 (U.S.N.M., No. 199707) was shot July 1, 1915, as he was unfit for exhibition. Autopsy showed considerable softening at the base of the brain, but other organs appeared to be practically normal. This lion became blind about 15 months after arrival and did not regain sight. The effects of the brain iesion were first noticed about two years before death and increased until the animal was finally killed. He always ate well and was in good flesh.
Female No. 2209 (U.S.N.M., No. 176201) died March 22, 1913, from choking. She was a hasty eater, bolting her food, and this time a large piece of meat lodged in her throat and she died before help could be given. She kept in
17This is the only skull among the five which shows pathological conditions in the bone. The shape and general characters of the skull are exactly as in the others, but the bone is very light and flaky.—N. H.
180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53
excellent flesh, although fed only 10 pounds of beef, but sometimes, after bolting her own portion, she would rob another lioness of part of its food. She was heavily infested with ascaris worms. She was the youngest of the three lion- esses. She was bred several times, but never became pregnant.
Female No. 2276 (U.S.N.M., No. 197137) was shot December 25, 1913, as she was unfit for exhibition. In November, 1912, she was removed to a hospital cage on account of her difficulty in walking. She ate well and remained in excellent flesh, but the trouble continued to increase until she was killed. The autopsy did not show any serious lesions. She was given but 10 pounds of beef per day. She came in heat several times, but would not allow the male to approach her.
Female No. 2360 (U.S.N.M., No. 199524) died of pericarditis February 14, 1915, about six weeks after the first symptoms of illness were noticed. She was the largest of the lionesses, and her daily ration was 11 pounds of beef. She was bred several times, but did not become pregnant.
Not knowing just what data you might want, I have given the history with much detail.
The conspicuous external characteristics which distinguish these McMillan lions (as the five park-reared specimens will hereafter be called) from wild-killed animals of the same age and from the same region are much darker color, more luxuriant mane, and much longer hair tufts on back of elbows. The skulls are very different in gen- eral proportions. Those of the McMillan lions are much shorter and broader than in wild animals; their zygomatic arches are more wide-spreading, and the bones of the arches are much thicker and more cylindrical. (See pls. 22-25.) These skulls have further- more a greater rostral and mastoid breadth and numereus minor distinguishing characters. Only one of the McMillan skulls shows evidence through pathological changes of the life in captivity, and this condition has affected the quality of the bone and not the shape, as the skull agrees in all the relative dimensions with those of other
park lions in perfect condition.
COMPARISON OF McMILLAN LIONS WITH WILD-KILLED SPECIMENS FROM VICINITY OF NAIROBI.
CoLoR AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS.
At the time of their arrival in Washington the McMillan lions were the subject of remark on account of their exceedingly pale coloration. Most of us had been accustomed to the much darker park lions, usually seen in captivity, and these new arrivals seemed particularly beautiful animals because of the strange pale grayish buff coloration, which was, as a matter of fact, the normal coloration of the subspecies to which they belonged. When, after the death of the animals, the skins reached the museum, the great darkening of the general color since their arrival was at once noted. The degree of color change is in direct relation to the period of life in Washington. In the following notes on-color the skins have been
xo. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 181]
observed from in front; they present a somewhat darker aspect when viewed from the rear.
Males.—Wild-killed adult males of Felis leo massaica are all of a very uniform color. The general appearance is that of grayish buff animal, a very light-colored lion with virtually no deep ochra- ceous or dark brown in the hue of the skin. The general body color is the effect of pinkish buff hairs tipped with blackish, the dark tips considerably grizzling the otherwise general pure buff coloration. The hairs of the belly, throat, and insides of limbs lack the black tips and these parts are, as a consequence, almost pure pinkish buff in color. The tufts at the back of the elbows are comparatively short, mixed buff and brown. The mane varies greatly in different animals, but averages much shorter than in captive lions, is rather coarse haired, and comparatively light in color. It is preduced on the withers in a narrow line and is almost entirely wanting on the shoulders. The tail is more gray, less buff than the body, but lacks any suggestion of ochraceous.
The first male McMillan lion to die in the park was No. 197944, March 1, 1914. He had been in Washington a little over four years and was, according to Mr. Baker’s records, about six years of age at the time of death. The skull shows a fully adult animal with basi- sphenoid suture obliterated and with a fully developed sagittal crest. The skin is considerably darker, more ochraceous buff or cinnamon buff, than in wild-killed males of the same age. The general color of the back is more cinnamon buff; the black hair tips, though present, are less conspicuous against the darker ground color and the general appearance is therefore less grizzled, more reddish. The belly, throat, and inner sides of limbs are decidedly pinkish cinnamon instead of pinkish buff, as in all wild-killed males. The tufts at the back of elbows are long, luxuriant, and silky, mixed deep black and buff—much longer and fuller than in any wild-killed animal. There is a supplemental tuft of dark brown hair on each side of the lower belly. The mane is longer, more silky, and more cinnamon buff in color than in wild-killed lions. It extends far back on the withers and laterally onto the foreparts of the shoulders in curly masses. The tail is decidedly more ochraceous and black, instead of buff and blackish as normal in the subspecies.
The second male McMillan lion (No. 199707) died in the Zoo July 1, 1915, at an age of about seven and one-half years, five and one-half years of which had been spent in Washington. The skin of this lion is decidedly darker than any other East African specimen. The appearance of the animal has been greatly changed—from a pale grayish buff to a dark brownish ochraceous. The general color of the upper parts and sides of the body is dark tawny olive; of the belly, throat, and insides of limbs cinnamon to pale ochraceous tawny. The
»
182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
tufts at backs of elbows are extraordinarily long, thick, and silky of rich black and buff hairs. Whereas in wild lions of equal age the hairs of these tufts average about 60 millimeters in length and are rarely over 80, in this specimen they are 200 millimeters in length. The mane is remarkably full and is not approached in this respect nor in its deep coloration by those of wild-killed lions. It is full and wide on the withers and luxuriant on the lower neck and anterior shoulders. The whole head, face, and mane are richly tinged with deep tawny and ochraceous. The tail is rich and dark in color, the black tip offering little contrast in shade from the general color of its upper side.
Females.—The wild lioness of Felis leo massaica averages some- what darker in color than the male, but the coloration in its essential elements is the same—a grayish buff general color, the effect of a pale pinkish buff ground color mixed with the blackish of the hair tips. Except in very rare cases there is little or no indication of real tawny or ochraceous in the general coloration.
The first of the three McMillan lionesses to die was No. 176201, March 22, 19138. The skin is much darker than the average wild- killed massaica and is very much darker than when the animal reached the Washington Zoo in 1909.
The second female (No. 1971387) died December 25, 1913. The skin of this lioness is somewhat darker than the wild animal and is conspicuously cinnamon colored, not at all the grayish buff of a nor- mal massaica. The belly is pure cinnamon color, not buff as in all the wild lionesses of this form. The coat is long and full.
The last female of the McMillan lions died February 14, 1915, after over five years in the Washington Zoo. The skin is very dark and has been greatly changed since its arrival. It is very much darker than any skin of a wild-killed female massaica in a large series, and at a short distance looks like a tawny blackish animal. It represents the extreme of change in color in the lioness as No. 199707 does in the lion. The back is dark brownish tawny olive, rich and glossy.
From the above facts it is evident that life in Washington con- siderably darkened the color of these McMillan lions. Young wild lions are much darker and richer colored than adults, quite the re- verse of the condition in the McMillan lions. From Mr. Baker’s notes it is seen that while the captive lions were kept during their stay in Africa in a virtually sunless and rather dark den, in Wash- ington they had abundant access to out-of-doors yards. In view of the success of Mr. Beebe’s experiments in increasing the pigmenta- tion in birds by confinement in superhumid atmosphere,’ it would
1 Zoologica, vol. 1, No. 1. New York, 1907.
no. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 183
perhaps seem unnecessary to go beyond the theory that the humid climate of Washington has acted in a similar manner on these lions from the highlands of East Africa. The effect has been to change the color of living examples of Felis leo massaica to a darker color very much resembling that of Felis leo nyanzq, the lion of the more humid Victoria Nyanza region.
While the data available do not show very great difference in inean relative humidity between the weather station at Machakos, British East Africa (near where the lions were captured), and Washing- ton, District of Columbia, the average monthly precipitation at Washington for a term of years is considerably greater. At En- tebbe, Uganda (near the type-locality of Felis leo nyanzew), both mean relative humidity and monthly precipitation are higher than in Washington or in the British East African range of Felis leo massaica. The problem is so complex and there are so many possi- ble factors which are little understood, that it seems unwise to hazard a positive opinion on the cause of the great color change in the MeMillan lions. Alterations in the quality of light to which the animals were exposed, as well as the changes in the conditions of metabolism due to a life in captivity under abnormal treatment and diet, are factors that must be considered.
Mr. F. C. Selous, after writing of the variability of the mane in lions apparently adult, says:
Quite recently there was a fine lion in the Zoological Society’s Gardens at Regent’s Park which was presented by Messrs. Grogan and Sharpe. This animal was caught near the Pungwe River, in southeast Africa, and brought to England by these gentlemen when quite 2 small cub. When full grown it developed a very much finer mane than I believe has ever been seen in a wild lion that has come to maturity in the part of Africa from which it was brought. Similarly, some 80 years ago there was a very fine lion in the So- ciety’s Gardens which was brought by Colonel Knox from the Soudan. Colonel IXnox took me to the Gardens to see this animal, and pointed out to me the fact that it had developed a far finer mane (extending much farther back over the shoulders and under the belly) than any man had ever seen in a wild lion in the country from which it came. Lion cubs brought to this country from India also grow fine manes, though I do not think that there is any record of a lion ever having been shot in India with anything more than a fairly good mane. The fact that lion cubs captured in any part of Africa or Asia, and brought up in the comparatively cool and damp climate of western Europe, always—or nearly always—grow fine nianes, which usually cover the whole shoulders and often extend all over the undersurface of the body, and the further fact that in the hotter parts of Africa lions always have very scanty manes, but on the high, cold plateaus often develop good, and occasionally very luxuriant manes, appears to me to show that a heavily maned lion is a reversion to an ancient ancestral type, first evolved in Pleistocene times in a ecoid and inclement climate.
1 African Nature Notes and Reminiscences, pp. 83, 84. 1908.
184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ___ Vou. 63.
Mr. Selous has noted that while the eyes of wild lions are of a “ flaming yellow ” in color, those of animals reared in captivity are often brownish. x
SKULL CHARACTERISTICS.
The greatest interest in the study of the McMillan lions compared with wild examples from the same region lies in the skull. The skulls of the captive animals are of a definite, uniform shape and differ from all the skulls of wild-killed lions in the Museum col- lection in a number of conspicuous characters. They are broader and shorter, more massive and bulky, and exhibit abundant relative differences which would be instantly accepted as of “specific” value in wild animals. The obvious reason for these great differences is that the principal muscles operating the jaws and neck (those muscles used by a wild lion in mauling and killing game, biting, gripping, and shaking) have had little influence on the shape of the bones during development. In a wild-reared lion these powerful muscles naturally and in a normal way mold the growing skull, par- ticularly in the regions of their attachment.
The most conspicuous peculiarities of the McMillan lion skulls are the greater (relative and actual) zygomatic breadth, the large rostra, and the great distance across the base of the skull at the mas- toids. While actually measuring less in condylobasal or greatest length than many of the wild massaica skulls of equal age, they have a far greater zygomatic breadth than any, averaging about 30 millimeters more in males and 20 millimeters more in females. (See detailed measurements, p. 192; and pl. 24.)
All five of the McMillan lions, male and female, are, as already noted, fully adult, the skulls with basal sutures obliterated. All agree in most particulars in the differentiating characteristics, and compari- sons may be made with wild-killed skulls of Felis leo massaica from the same vicinity and of equal age, without special designation of specimens by number. The differences are sometimes most pro- nounced in males.
Regions of attachment of the masseter muscle-——Contrary to the usual textbook definition of its function, the masseter muscle un- questionably furnishes the chief gripping power; it is the one most exercised during use of the canine and incisor teeth. Aided by the
1In this connection see Keith, The Antiquity of Man, 1915, pp. 462-463. The lion, like all cats, is a biting animal of the highest type. While there is intimate relationship between the functions of the masseter and temporal muscles, and the two masses are - actually connected, each nevertheless is the prime power in the definite mechanical action of separate parts of the dental row. The masseter, as stated above, has primarily to do with the front teeth (the canines and incisors), while the temporal is chiefly con-
cerned with the molar-premolar row, and the process of cutting and chewing rather than biting and gripping.
xo, 2196. HF FECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 185
temporal and internal pterygoid muscles, it locks the jaw and makes the grip firm. The region of its origin in the McMillan skulls is greatly changed from the wild type. The malar and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone? have been almost uninfluenced by the muscle and have to a certain degree retained distinctive characters of juvenility. In wild lions this muscle has exercised very great influence on the bones of the zygomatie arch. The following char- acters, which appear to be largely due to the nonaction of this muscle, separate easily the Mec- Millan lion skulls of either sex from wild skulls of equal age: Zygoma more spreading ante- riorly; malar very thick and wide; squamosal arm _ subterete and heavy, almost rounded in cross section and not at all con- cave on inner surface, with no Soe oe ens for ene EAUSs Fics, 1-2.—CROss SECTIONS OF ZYGOMATA OF WILD- cle attachment [in skulls of wild- KILLED AND PARK-REARED LION SKULLS, MADE killed specimens the squamosal 4 won ronn or, momar, retro arm of the Zygoma 18 thin and British East AFRICA); (2) PARK-REARED (No. light, but strong; it is greatly oe SS aie eee ADORE MAE Oz hollowed out on inner surface and has a sharp superior margin]. The region of insertion, the outer lateral face of the ascending mandibular ramus, is also greatly modified. In the McMillan skulls it is comparatively heavy and thick, but is smooth and poorly fitted for muscle attachment. The margin is smooth and rounded. The great zygomatic breadth of the skull of the captive lion is partly due to the rounded squamosal arm. Some measurements of two old adult male skulls of equal age are as follows:
Wild lion MeMillan from Nairobi lion (No. 155443). | (No.199707).
Mm. Mm.
Sd lOMaswenOUN as oor k oma a eok ida goa ea ee 335 325 PEOMGUNE IL CAM UMS se. cies « soveie so vie alsin Daten ieee cians mieiein mails 234 264 Greatest thickness of zygoma at middle..............-.------ 9.3 14.8 Actual thickness of bone at middle of zygoma...............- 4.0 11.5 Thickness at inferior zygomatico-temporal suture.........-.-- 14. 4 29.1 Height of arch at middle, across malar and zygomatic process of
Ms OAc atcteta craks ae eos! aim se feieie ewe eae ereetaets See ee eee 31.9 36. 9
1The masseter is attached to almost the entire length of the inner side of the vygoma, from just back of the molar tooth to the pit on the upper side of the squamosal root, and to the ventral half of the outer surface from near the maxillary tuberosity to near the glenoid surface,
186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Regions of attachment of the temporal muscle—The temporal muscles, chiefly concerned with the cheek teeth rather than with the front teeth,’ have had less influence in changing the type of skull of the captive lion, than have the masseters. The lion in captivity has, as a matter of fact, used his temporal muscles in much the normal way of a wild lion, whereas the natural function of the masseter is almost entirely discontinued in a captive animal which does not kill its own prey. As a precaution against the natural tendency of the animals to bolt their food without mastication, the lions in the Zoological Park are regularly fed pieces of meat with large bones.
The region of origin, the entire side of the skull posteriorly, is somewhat modified. The brain case has been less subjected to pressure by these powerful muscles than in the wild lion; the muscles have had less to do with moulding its shape during the process of absorption and ossification; and it, as a consequence, is less compressed laterally. Wild lion skulls of equal age have smaller braincases, more sharply marked sagittal and lambdoidal crests. The region of insertion, the inner surface of the ascending ramus, is slightly smoother in the McMillan lions, but is little modified.
Capacity of the braincase—As stated above, external measure- ments of the braincase in wild lions are less than in park-reared animals of equal age. The capacity of the braincase, however, is considerably greater. Young adults of each, as usual among carni- vores, have greater braincase capacity than old or aged adults. The bones forming the cranium of the Zoo lion are thicker, and the actual size of the brain is less than in wild-killed examples. In the case of the McMillan lions the capacity is about 50 cubic centimeters less in males and about 40 less in females, than in wild-killed ex- amples of equal age from the same locality.
The “ Richardson lion,” from the New York Zoological Park, cele- brated as the record skull for greatest breadth,? and the Menelik lion, the type-specimen of Felis leo roosevelti, are both park-reared ani- mals of uncertain history but they show the skull characters of cap- tive lions to a marked degree. Even the skulls of these enormous lions, although the animals represent forms unquestionably larger in a wild state than Felis leo massaica, have less braincase capacity than any wild-killed examples of the East African lion.
1A fox skull, in the Vienna Museum, with a defective left lower carnassial tooth, exhibits an asymmetrical condition because the animal used its right temporal muscle to such a degree as to develop this muscle far above the normal strength, while the left temporal muscle was very weak from little use. The right temporal ridge on the skull was pushed up almost to the sagittal line while the left temporal ridge remained below its normal elevation for that age. The occipital crest is likewise asymmetrical. (Toldt, Zool. Anz., vol. 39, pp. 176-191, figs. 1-4. July 4, 1905.)
2See Roosevelt and Heller, Life-Histories of African Game Animals, vol. 1, 1914, p. 225.
i i i i i te ee
no. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 187
TFollowing are some measurements of the capacity of the brain- ease in fully adult lions:
MALES. No. Ce. Wilde killed oe sot: nie ,nher0.< 155443 | Felis leo massaica..... Nairobiseaceee: 265 WOeeneme erect. ss. 5 182297 [occ = - AOce nanan pe ee Gs KADItL vs, ot qs 265 Donen Pent e S23520 lene GOSS eee ee See Gost iaste 285 Rarksreared. ce eit. 2-0) A O9T0T icc. GO Syncs er eee NairoDincesseee 215 DQ eee ee cc 13197944 |..... COS ae ster rate rere eae GO:neee eee: 220 DOP SER et35 Ake 38246) |< oRichardson Vion’% 2. |G2ees eee 250 POO eo tele lS hie an es 144054 | ‘‘Menelik lion’’....... [Abyssinia]..... 255 | FEMALES. Wald =killed)--sc..crics.sic 5 182309 | Felis leo massaica..... Wlusgee ee 245 WW Ghe staan aces cn css 1823520 |... =. La ai ga te Api e s eee 255 WO sae ress 23): PSQ4AA te) 28 do: ei. Seto PREV e Caepae Gores ase s 245 Pank-reanede sees ce ants Ta al 7 | ert GOs os ck ee Nairobi: saoeces 190 WORN ee ees. ce W995 24" |S. See GO ASR apse See Drea ener GO" concede 215
1 McMillan lions. These are the only park-reared skulls strictly comparable with wild-killed F. 1. MaASsaica.
The mastoid and occipital regions—These regions are, except for the squamosal arm of the zygoma, the most modified parts of the park-reared lion skulls. The change from the uniform type found in the wild lion is very great. The mastoid breadth in the McMillan lions is far greater than is usual in wild skulls of equal age; the mastoids are broad and spreading, with the large, smooth, postero- external surfaces next to the paroccipital process only slightly turned forward from the general occipital plane, and without sharply marked marginal ridges [in wild lions the mastoid breadth is usually much less, the sides are drawn in and forward, so that the postero-external surfaces of the mastoids lie in a position at a much greater angle from the general occipital plane; marginal ridges sharply recurved; paroccipital process longer and more angular]. (See pl. 25.)
Nondevelopment of the muscles chiefly used in lifting and shaking prey and the consequent lack of necessity for strong attachments is clearly responsible for this difference in the park-reared animals. The splenius, complexus, rhomboideus capitis, cleido-mastoid, sterno mastoid, rectus capitis posticus major, and rectus capitis posticus minor all attach to the affected parts. A powerful splenius is neces- sary in the wild lion, as the beast commonly carries heavy prey for long distances; the well-developed rhomboideus capitis aids in this work. The complexus and mastoid muscles are of great power in the shaking process and are, like the splenius and other closely related
188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. — vou. 83.
muscles, naturally less developed in the animal reared in captivity. The digastric muscle, of quite another function, but powerfully developed in the cat, and having its origin on the paroccipital process and inward, bordering the posterior margin of the auditory bulle, is no doubt somewhat responsible for the development of shape in this part of the skull as well. After a preliminary movement of the hyoid muscles, it is the chief agent for depressing the jaw. The cephalo-humeral and other muscles and the ligamentum nuche attach to the base of the skull but, in this problem, are of little importance.
The mastoid breadth in a wild-killed adult male lion from Nairobi (No. 155448) is 185 millimeters; in a McMillan lion of the same age (No. 199707) it is 152.
The lambdoidal ridge and occipital bones are broader in the Mc- Millan skulls than in any skulls of wild lions. Here again the splenius and complexus muscles, through nondevelopment, have failed to influence the bone as in a normal wild lion whose life is one of tearing and shaking of strong prey.
The development of powerful neck muscles evidently begins in the wild lion at an early age. Roosevelt and Heller write of the young lion:?
When the cubs are three months or so old, they habitually travel with the mother; then, instead of eating her fill at a kill and afterward returning to the cubs, the latter run up to the kill and feed at it with their mother. We found flesh and hair in the stomachs of two cubs; for they begin to eat flesh long before they stop suckling. While still very young they try, in clumsy fashion, to kill birds and small animals. By the time they are four or five months old they sometimes endeavor to assist the mother when she has pulled down some game which is not formidable, but has not killed it outright before they come up; and soon afterward they begin to try regularly to help her in killing, and they speedily begin to help her in hunting and to attempt to hunt for themselves. Evidently in their first attempts they claw and bite their prey everywhere; for we found carcasses of zebra and hartebeest thus killed by family parties which were scarred all over.
REMARKS ON OTHER PARK-REARED CARNIVORES.
Park lions in the museum collection recorded as from Abyssinia, Sudan, and Somaliland, and cthers without definite history, agree in all essential details with the McMillan animals. The Menelik lion, which has been made the type-specimen of a new subspecies,* is virtually inseparable by any character, so far as the skull is con- cerned, from the McMillan lions. The differentiating characters as given in the description are exactly those separating park-reared from wild-killed specimens of the East African massaica; the speci- men was compared with wild examples. This animal was presented
1 Life-Histories of African Game Animals, vol. 1, 1914, pp. 165, 166.
2 Felis leo roosevelti HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 19, p. 2. November 8, 1913.
no. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 189
to President Roosevelt by Emperor Menelik of Abyssinia and died in the Washington Zoo. All the characters of skin and skull point to a life-long captivity. The skin shows a long, full mane which connects from the neck with the elbow tuft. The colors are almost exactly as in the McMillan male longest in captivity, except that the mane is slightly darker and is curly instead of straight haired. Black manes and curly manes are individual variations found in males of equal age from one locality. One male massaica collected by Dr. W- L. Abbott has a much blacker mane than the Menelik lion. ‘
An old male lion from Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, Omdurman, Sudan, which died in the Washington Zoo, is of the same type and shows all the characteristic evidence of a long life in captivity. The mane extends in a curly mass from the withers on to the shoulders, but does not connect between the neck and elbow tuft; it is largely black. This skin exhibits small tufts of hair on each side of the lower belly, like the McMillan male number 197944.
In a large series of leopard skulls in the collection a single speci- men is from a park-reared animal. It can instantly be selected from the series by a blindfolded person familiar with the characteristic shape of the bone in the zygomatic arch of the McMillan lions. Wolves born and reared in the Washington Zoo from parents of known history show the same characteristic shapes of these bones when compared with wild-killed animals of the same subspecies. The differences are much less in the wolf, however, than in the great cats.
No changes in the teeth have been noted in the park-reared animals of any species, although the teeth of the McMillan lions do actually average slightly less in size than in wild-killed animals. The varia- tion, shown in the following table, is so slight as to be of little con- sequence without further data:
Dental measurements of adult Felis leo massaica.
iene tak U | Second Locality. Number. “upper oa eciad: US Lower molar. canine. Wild-killed males. | mm. mm. mm. mm. Kapiti Stations cchs- oe 182297 27.8 | 40.0 X 19.9 | 27.5 K 13.5 28.6 X 15.3 IOP soe. ee |} 182332 2Q85 lol OC Lo a Lee OC Out 28.7 X 14.5 Wihttstanion. 2.5. 2h oSsS3 182307 24.5 | 37.8 X18.8 | 26.7 X13.9 | 28.5 14.2 Ulukenia Hills.......... | 182313 26.9 | 41.5% 21.1 | 28.5 X 15.4 28.9 X 15.3 INSITODL Se sci cs oa wces 5 155443 27.8 | 39.3 X18.9 | 27.3 X 14.0 28.8 K 14.5 Laikipia Plateau.......-. 163328 24.4 | 38.0 «19.1 | Dac Oeil: 21h ees 8. | McMillan males. | 197944 | 2320) 185.8 X 18.1 | 24.0: x 13.4 28:2 20 Loo | 199707 25.2 | 37.9X19.7 | 25.8X13.0 | 27.6 X14.7
190
Dental measurements of adult Felis leo massaica—Continued.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
VOL. 53.
Alveolar Locality. Number. ae aU PRe See Lower molar.
| canine.
Wild-killed females. mm, mm. mm, mm. DA StOtlOW so 5 2a nie cinta 182308 2356) |§S04 OL oh eos O des a eos eal ced ORL, Sars ee ec e 182309 24.9 | 38.5 X 19.4 | 27.7X14.1 | 28.4 X14.6 Doss ot este Be oy 182311 20:7 \'33.6 X15.9) | 22:3 15s) 24:6) K 1S:2 Kapiti Station.........-. 182293 21.9 | Sos L 237 2:9 2s Worst aco aoe er 182324 20.9 | 33.9 X 16:8 | 23:6 X17 | 25:2°K 1274 Dosesaie ss ee be 3 ee 182326 19; 4yi33:2)5< 15 | P22 Oa: DORs ee cas ees 182421 | 21.91 |, 32.0% 16.3) | 23:1 22s le eaonaliced DosySt See. ee 182423 | 22 S38. 0 2S 2a 2G ae Wreaths FU i ee cise nia? 161914 | Qe Ha) S8c4 MG el ADIs T2422 Seal PSS RTI ie Sona a oe oar 182315 23:2) ||| S0.0< LO. Dal eerie 2.00) sepeO aan Mc Millan females. 197137 19.1} 3326 615.2) 5| 2259 Ord opted 199524 192) |PS220 << LOLA eS 2229 ae. | SUMMARY.
Specimens of the exceedingly pale Felis leo massaica brought from the British East African highlands to Washington change from the normal pale grayish buff color of the race to a darker color, re- sembling that of Felis leo nyanze of the Victoria Nyanza re- gion. The color deepens with each successive moult for five years at least. The cause of this color change is unknown, though humidity is probably a factor of some importance.
The skulls of lions and other large carnivores which habitually kill quantities of heavy game are greatly influenced in a definite way by the development of the principal muscles used in gripping, holding, tearing, biting, and shaking. If the animals are captured when young and reared in confinement these particular muscles are little developed and the bone at the region of origin or insertion is little changed by their influence. The bones then retain certain characteristics of juvenility and develop along wholly different but uniform lines from that of the wild-reared animal.
Changes in the skull which would be accepted as of “ specific” or possibly of “generic” value in wild animals from different regions are thus produced in the life of a single individual within from five to seven or eight years, almost as rapidly as if by “ mutation.”
The primary object of this paper is to call attention to a definite case of structural modification by habit.1. No idea of extensive specu-
1The value of evidence derived from this case over that furnished by experimental mutilation of young animals can easily be appreciated. Nevertheless experiments such as those recorded by Anthony and others, like the removal of the greater part of the
no. 2196. HFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 191
lation on its meaning or the possible value of the records in the study of evolution is contemplated. The opportunity for such speculation, however, is unlimited, and the temptation is great. This remark- able change has taken place in the lions under artificial treatment. Might some such a change not happen in a state of nature? At numerous times in geologic history whole groups of animals have become extinct. In fact, this is the rule, and only a few of the types known from fossil remains have left living descendants. If all the ungulate mammals of Africa or in some one extensive region were swept away in a few years by a plague like the rinderpest, would the lion die out, or would he completely change his habits in one generation and become a feeder on mice, squirrels, birds, and fruit ? In the latter case, would not the enforced disuse of the powerful mechanism for the destruction of zebras, hartebeest, and larger game produce in one generation, as with the park lions, a type of skull wholly different from that now known in a state of nature?
One can easily believe that if the ordinary wild lion skulls were known only from Miocene deposits and the specimens were com- pared with the McMillan lion skulls, they might be regarded as rep- resenting the ancestor of the latter. The great change would natu- rally be regarded as the result of slow variation continued over that long period of time.
The use of zoological park material in the description of new forms of mammals should be discouraged. New names should never be based on animals in parks or on skins and skulls of specimens which have lived long in captivity.
Relative dimensions (ratio of length to breadth) of skulls is shown by the McMillan lions to be easily changed by habit or environment. Great weight has often been placed on the ratio of length to breadth, as a deep-seated character. Paleontologists, especially, value such differences much higher than do workers in recent mammals who have access to large series of closely related subspecies and are fa- miliar with the variations they exhibit in this respect. The surpris- ing and uniform differences in this regard between the McMillan lion skulls and the skulls of wild-reared examples of Felis Jeo mas- saica are, nevertheless, a revelation to all mammalogists who have seen the specimens.
left temporal muscle of a puppy at birth and the subsequent dissection of the animal at or near maturity, have shown the importance of the study of the action and growth of the muscles, exercised by peculiar habit, in the formation of species. (See especially Anthony, Bull. Sci. Anthr. Paris, ser. 5, vol. 4, 1903, pp. 119-145, figs. 1-11. Anthony and Pietkiewicz, C. R. Acad. Sci., vol. 149, 1909, p. 870, and other papers by the same authors.)
192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, von. 53. Measurements of skulls of lions. MALES, meednkaly | | ¢ [3 lg_lsslz | . a <1 OCS hg SS) | hel o | : a n@|2 oe g n a =| |]. (8 (Biselezle [2/4 Deu dap Bu! Sion pe SoReal aa Locality or history. (St Pe) 8 eats) See Se § Seip TS ier Bae leg SS cat eye res eas [2/8/8138 12 |eblegleeic lala . | 2/3/8/ 818 (se g2 25/8 | 3 |% =} ihe ba pm Ss = a SB Se | Bs o 2S Po Sata ie re ea ee a) eet Wild-killed massaica. | | | | Kapiti Stations 202. S22. 182297 322} 373| 248) 135) 71) 8.6] 8.0.15. 8/35. 8) 112) 257 DOre co ete eR pee 182332) 328) 372 228) 38! 70) 7.3 5. 5/11. 2/80. 0| 111} 253 Wilunstagionec.s.2-scne. ok 182307) 324/....| 230) 142) 71] 8.7 6.514. 231. 3]...- 249 Ulukenia Hills........... TEZZUSN Slee ss | ZaGlrecel: Cal he OT Oe aioe ees IN GIRO Iii base Lm eS 155443) 335) 373; 234) 135; 70) 9.3) 4.014. 4/31. 9] 107] 256 WAIEA DIA. Soke ots eee casi t 163328; 316} 337| 233) 133) 75) 8.2! 6.0)16. 0/33. 2} 108) 235 Park-reared. | “*McMillan lion’’......... 197944| 309) 345) 261 146| 78/12. 4/10. 5|25. 7/31. 4] 116) 248 DD Oise ee <i ae 199707; 325 363! 264) 152} 80/14. 8/11. 5/29. 1/36. 9 120) 260 ‘Richardson lion’’?...... 38246 332, 366 277) 139/75 13.012. 5.20. 530.8) 124] 248 *“Menelik ltom’’?2. 2.2... - 144054) 296) 335) 255} 132} 70:20. 5/18. 1/24. 2/29. 4 117) 236 ‘‘Abyssinian lion’’3...... 174639, ape 333} 246) 128) 71 Benepe LUZ 233 FEMALES. Wild-killed massaica. | | | | | | Kapiti Station. -...-.....- 182293} 264) 294) 203) 120) 63 7.4) 4.0)10. 8/25. 6]... .} 203 DO ee se ae 182324) 266! 299) 185) 111) 57] 7.2) 4.0) 9.7/26.8) 94) 200 Dore fe. sae 182326} 267) 299) 204) 117) 60) 7.7) 3.0) 9.2/29.3} 99) 210 TD Oy. ee eee 182421} 262) 292; 192) 119} 58! 6.3) 4.0] 9.9/25.9] 98) 203 DO oe se eee are 182423) 254) 282) 180) 112); 54] 6.3] 3.1) 9.6/23.8) 93) 198 Wlue Station’: -) 25. ses. e- 182308) 259) 290) 195) 115 58} 6.2) 5.0/11.0/25.0) 98) 202 WD Oars pace et ees 182309) 280) 306; 195} 122) 56) 6.8) 4.9)11.1/25.4| 97) 210 TO eee eee 182311] 262) 285) 195} 114) 57] 6.9) 5.0) 9.2/24.2) 96) 204 Wier: Parties ee ee 161914) 258} 291! 192) 114) 58] 7.8) 4.2) 9.7/24.2' 98) 196 CAO So klk wee 182375 |e oe| Behe Joel Ses oh 8 699 h4. LOY S266) 55 Sal LOT Park-reared. ““McMillan lioness’’. ....- 197137] 265) 291! 209} 120) 59 11. 0/10. 0/15. 4/26. 9 95) 200 265} 300} 224) 119
BOIS 2 AEM Ae 199524 |
64/14. :
16. a 0/28. 1) 102; 206
' Died in Central Park Zoo, New York City. Roosevelt and Heller state (Life- Hist. African Game Ani- mals, vol. 1, p. 225) that this is the record specimen in zygomatic width.
2 Type specimen of Felis leo roosevelti Heller. ooseyelt and died in Nat. Zoo. Park in Washington.
President
# Died in Nat. Zoo. Park, Washington. Early history unknown.
From Emperor Menelik’s Zoo.
Presented by Menelik to
no. 2196. HFFECTS OF HNVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 193
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 22, (One-third natural size.)
Skull of wild-killed adult male Felis leo massaica. U.S.N.M., Cat. No, 155448 ; near Nairobi; British East Africa, 1908; collected by John Jay White.
PLATE 23. (One-third natural size.)
Skull of park-reared adult male Felis leo massaica. U.S.N.M., Cat. No. 199707 ; captured as small cub near Nairobi, British East Africa; died in Nat. Zool. Park, Washington.
PLATE 24,
Skulls of adult female Felis leo massaica (one-third natural size).
Upper. Park-reared; U.S.N.M., Cat. No. 199524; captured as small cub near Nairobi, British East Africa; died in Nat. Zool. Park, Washington.
Lower. Wild-killed; U.S.N.M., Cat. No. 182326; Kapiti Station, British Hast Africa, 1911; collected by Paul J. Rainey.
PEATE 25; Skulls of adult male Felis leo massaica, occipital views (reduced; same scale).
Upper. Wild-killed; U.S.N.M., Cat. No. 155448; near Nairobi, British East ; Afirea; collected by John Jay White. Lower. Park-reared; U.S.N.M., Cat. No. 199707; captured as small cub near Nairobi, British East Africa; died in Nat. Zool. Park, Washington.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 538—17——-13
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 22
SKULL'OF WILD-KILLED ADULT MALE FELIS LEO MASSAICA.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 193.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 23
SKULL OF PARK-REARED ADULT MALE FELIS LEO MASSAICA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 193,
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 24
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
SKULLS OF PARK-REARED (UPPER) AND WILD-KILLED (LOWER) LIONESSES.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 193.
ah
sue pels
Wa
‘Sa 5 Sah Eons
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 25
SKULLS OF WILD-KILLED (UPPER) AND PARK-REARED (LOWER) LIONS,
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 193,
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW PARASITIC HYMENOP- TERA. By A. B. Ganan,
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Departinent of Agriculture.
This paper contains descriptions of 1 genus and 14 species of Ich- neumonoidea, 1 genus and 11 species of Chalcidoidea, and 1 species of Proctotrypoidea believed to be new to science. Each species 1s described from reared material and is thus connected with a definite
host record.
Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA. Family BRACONIDAE. Subfamily APHIDIINAE.
EPHEDRUS NITIDUS, new species.
Female.—Length 2 mm. Head impunctate, narrowed behind the eyes; antennae apparently ten-jointed, the apical joint, however, twice as long as the preceding and partially divided into two joints; meso- scutum polished, the parapsidal grooves nearly complete and termi- nating posteriorly in a dimple-like impression before the scutellar suture; pleura polished; propodeum distinctly areolated, shining, with the posterior face appearing more or less rugulose; wings hya- line, the second radial abscissa distinctly shorter than the first inter- cubitus; abdomen rather robust, a little longer than the head and thorax, polished except the first tergite which is rugulose and about one and one-half times as long as broad at apex. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; mandibles, palpi, and antennae, including scape, black or brownish black; coxae black, rest of the legs brownish testa- ceous to almost black in some specimens; stigma and nervures brownish testaceous.
This species differs from all others known to me in the short second radial abscissa, the more distinct parapsidal grooves, and the dimple- like impression on the mesoscutum.
Type-locality New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Type.—Cat. No. 20378, U.S.N.M.
Host—A phis brassicae.
Seven female specimens received from C. H. Richardson, and said to have been attacking Aphis brassicae in a greenhouse.
PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. 538—No. 2197. 195
196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Subfamily VIPIINAE, new name for BRACONINAE of Authors.
Mr. H. L. Viereck has shown that the genera Bracon Fabricius and C'remnops Foerster are isogenotypic’, and that the name Bracon must be used for the group of species formerly known as Cremnops. Unfortunately this change makes necessary the proposal of a new subfamily name for the Braconinae of authors, since the genus Bracon is no longer included in that group. The genus Vipio being the oldest genus remaining in the group, it is chosen as the type of the subfamily, which will consequently be known as Vipiinae.
MICROBRACON SANNINOIDEAE, new species.
Very similar to mellitor Say but differs as follows: The eyes are larger, more bulging and slightly wider in proportion to their length ; the nervulus is usually exactly interstitial; the third abscissa of radius is longer than the combined first and second abscissae; the second abscissa of cubitus is usually distinctly shorter than the recurrent nervure; the second abdominal tergite is not emarginate medially, the suturiform articulation being straight instead of angularly broken at the middle.
Female.—Length 2.25 to 4 mm. Face finely shagreened; head above and the thorax smooth and polished; propodeum mostly smooth but with the apical half more or less rugulose; abdominal tergites finely wrinkled or shagreened ; ovipositor exserted the length of the abdomen or a little more. Eyes and ovipositor sheaths black; flagellum dark brown or blackish; tips of mandibles and the tarsi brownish; wings slightly dusky, the costal vein and stigma dark brown, other veins paler; remainder of the body reddish testaceous, the mesonotum sometimes stained with blackish.
Male.—Similar to the female, but more often with the mesonotum and occasionally the mesosternum stained with blackish.
Type-locality College Park, Maryland.
Type.—Cat. No. 20874, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Sanninoidea exitiosa.
Described from many specimens reared by the writer from the cocoons of the peach-tree borer and recorded under Maryland Ex- periment Station Accession Cat. No. 809.
This species has been confused with mellitor in the literature, but can not be that species, since meliitor is a solitary parasite of Antho- nomus grandis while sanninoideae is always gregarious, as many as 85 specimens often emerging from a single host cocoon.
1 Bull. 83, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1914, pp. 23, 37.
No. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMEN OPTERA—GAHAN. 197
Subfamily BRACONINAE.
The genus Bracon Fabricius, as shown in the remarks under the subfamily Vipiinae, must be transferred to the subfamily Agathi- dinae of authors. This being the case, the subfamily name Bra- coninae must be substituted for Agathidinae of authors, since other- wise we would have the family Braconidae with the genus bracon as type, but no subfamily with Bracon as its type, which is con- trary to the rules of nomenclature.
Subfamily MICROGASTERINAE. MICROGASTER EPAGOGES, new species.
Female—Length 3.5 mm. Closely allied to M. carinata Packard, but differs from that and related species in that the posterior tibiae and tarsi are black, with only a narrow basal annulus and a longi- tudinal stripe on the inner side of the tibiae pale. Face below antennae strongly rugoso-punctate, with a distinct carinate line medi- ally extending from the antennal fossae about halfway to the base of clypeus; clypeus sculptured like the face, its anterior margin truncate; a line drawn between the eyes, tangent to the base of cly- peus, would about equal a line from the antennal fossae to the base of clypeus; frontal depression with distinct curved rugae and di- vided medially by a smooth longitudinal carina; vertex with shal- low, large, suberased punctures, more distinct along the posterior margin; posterior orbits similarly sculptured; cheeks sculptured about as strongly as the face; ocellocular line and postocellar line nearly equal; mesoscutum posteriorly with shallow, suberased punc- tures which become more distinct and closer on the anterior half, posterior half shining, the anterior half subopaque; scutellum practi- cally smooth and polished, the transverse suture at base strongly crenulate; mesopleura smooth posteriorly, but with punctures siml- lar to those of the mesoscutum anteriorly; propodeum coarsely rugose, with strong median and lateral longitudinal carinae; vena- tion normal; abdomen about equal in length to the thorax, its first tergite broader at apex than long down the middle, narrowed at base and strongly rugose-punctate ; second tergite sculptured like the first and nearly four times as broad as long; third tergite two-thirds the length of the second, its basal half punctate, but more weakly so than the second tergite, its apical half and all of the following tergites smooth; ovipositor sheaths rather broad and subequal in length to the middle femora. Head, thorax, all coxae, basal joint of hind trochanters, large blotch on hind femora above, hind tibiae except a narrow basal annulus and an incomplete longitudinal stripe on the inner side, hind tarsi, and the abdomen black; antennae in- cluding the scape black; palpi pale yellowish; fore and median legs
198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
and the hind femora except as noted reddish yellow ; sides of the abdominal venter obscurely yellowish basally ; wings subhyaline with blackish tinge, the veins and stigma br ownish black.
Male—Agrees with the female.
Cocoons.—Pure white.
Type-locality.—Nashville, Tennnessee.
Type.—Cat. No. 20375, U.S.N.M.
Host.—E pagoge sulfureana.
Thirteen specimens reared by C. C. Hill from the larvae of the above-mentioned host and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 83387.
APANTELES DIACRISIAE, new species.
Female-—Length 2.5 mm. Head closely punctate except the de- pression above the antennae and before the ocelli which is smooth; antennae about equal to the body in length, the first four flagellar joints subequal and nearly four times as long as thick, the following joints gradually shorter; mesoscutum closely punctate and sub- opaque, scutellum polished with some suberased punctures; meso- pleura anteriorly punctured like the mesoscutum, posteriorly pol- ished; propodeum rugose with a weak median carina; hind coxae impunctate or nearly so; abdomen about equal to the head and thorax in length, strongly laterally compressed beyond the base of the fourth segment, the hypopygium rather large and prominent; the first tergite with its sides straight and parallel, about one and one-half times as long as broad, its apex distinctly narrower than the base of the second tergite; first and second tergites strongly sculp- tured, the third down the middle and at base more weakly so; ovi- positor slightly exserted. Head and thorax black; palpi and tegulae pale testaceous; legs reddish testaceous, except base of hind coxae, which are blackish, and the hind tarsi, which are brownish; antennae dark brown, wings hyaline, the veins testaceous at base of wing, the outer veins and stigma pale brownish; abdomen blackish above, the sides and venter concolorous with the legs. In some speci- mens the whole abdomen except the two or three basal tergites is more or less testaceous.
Male.—Agrees with the female except that the abdomen is shorter, scarcely at all compressed apically and the hind coxae have more black at base.
Type-locality.—W ashington, District of Columbia.
Type. o. 20401, U.S.N.M.
Host—Diacrisia virginica.
Described from eleven specimens reared in September, 1915, from larvae of the above-named host by Dr. F. H. Chittenden and re- corded under Chittenden No. 4908.
No. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAH AN. 199
ieee ee ue ee ee
This species is very close to parorgyiae Ashmead, but differs in the parallel-sided first tergite, the more strongly compressed apex of the abdomen and the smooth hind coxae.
Subfamily CHELONINAE.
CHELONUS PHTHORIMAEAE,’ new species.
Female.—Length 8 mm. Antennae 16-jointed; head, thorax, and abdomen finely rugose-punctate, opaque; the scutellum shining, sparsely punctate medially, its margins and apex with larger elon- gate punctures; median posterior portion of the mesoscutum more coarsely sculptured than elsewhere on the mesoscutum; propodeum rugose with a subquadrate median dorsal area, the posterior face bounded dorsally with a carina the lateral angles of which are pro- duced into rather strong teeth and between these are two smaller teeth, one at each lateral posterior angle of the median dorsal area; first abscissa of radius a little longer than the second; radial cell short; femora, and tibiae swollen, the posterior tarsi slender and longer than their tibiae; abdomen shorter than the head and thorax. Black; the femora and tibiae varying from black to reddish tes- taceous; wings hyaline.
Male.—Similar to the female except for a large transverse fissure at the apex of the abdomen.
This species very closely resembles shoshoneanorum Viereck, but differs by having the clypeus distinctly punctate though more or less shining; the rugosities of the face less evidently transverse; the ‘nner orbits below the antennae with practically no striations paral- lel to the eye margin; the parapsidal grooves less sharply defined owing to the coarser sculpture of mesoscutum, the rugosities of the abdomen assuming less the form of parallel lines, the abdomen viewed from the side is more truncate at apex and the ventral con- cavity of the abdomen extends nearly to its apex.
Type-locality—Rocky Ford, Colorado.
Type.—Cat. No. 20376, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Phthorimaea operculella.
Three specimens from the type-locality reared by H. O. Marsh from the potato tuber moth and recorded in the Bureau of Ento- mology under Chittenden No. 955. Paratypes also from Los Angeles and Ventura, California, reared by J. E. Graf, from the same host under Chittenden Nos. 2236 and 2126, respectively. Two specimens from San Diego, California, from the same host, without further data.
17This species is figured under the name Chelonus shoshoneanorum. Bull. 427, U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 40, figs. 29-30.
200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 63. PHANEROTOMA FRANKLINI, new species.
Female.—Length 425 mm. Differs from other North American species by having the first abscissa of radius less than half the length of the second abscissa. Head finely rugulose, except the clypeus, which is smooth with sparse fine punctures; the clypeus is large, and on the anterior margin are three minute teeth; malar space shorter than the width of a mandible at base; mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth much longer than the lower; eyes large, about equal in width to the posterior orbits, which are broad and only slightly narrowed behind; ocelli in a very slightly acute-angled triangle, antennae 23- jointed, the first flagellar joint nearly four times as long as thick, following joints gradually shorter, the apical eight or ten joints sub- quadrate and submoniliform; thorax gradually rugulose and opaque, except the propleura, which are more or less shining, with slightly coarser sculpture; propodeum rugose, the posterior lateral angles slightly prominent; forewings faintly fuscous, with the base and a streak below the stigma hyaline; radius originating much beyond the middle of stigma, its second abscissa about two-thirds the length of first intercubitus and nearly twice as long as second intercubitus; ab- domen about equal to the thorax in length, strongly sculptured, bi- carinate at base, the two carinae converging and nearly or quite meeting at apex of the first tergite; ovipositor slightly exserted. General color reddish testaceous; eyes and spot enclosed by ocelli black; apex of antennae fuscous; hind tibiae dark reddish brown or blackish on apical half with a whitish band just before the middle, the base reddish; forewings faintly fuscous with the base and a streak below the stigma hyaline, veins and stigma brown, the base and apex of latter yellowish.
Male.—Differs from the female only in the usual sexual characters.
Type-locality East Wareham, Massachusetts.
Type.—Cat. No. 20377, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Mineola vaccinii.
Described from a number of specimens reared from larvae of the cranberry fruit worm by Dr. H. J. Franklin, for whom the species is named. The species has been referred to in literature by Doctor Franklin under the name of Phanerotoma tibialis! Haldeman, but is readily distinguished from what we are calling that species by the different character of radius.
1 Bulletin No. 150, Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1914, p. 55; also Bull. No. 160, Mass. Agric. Hxp. Sta., 1915, p. 109; 28th Annual Report, Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Association, 1915, p. 238.
NO. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 201
Subfamily OPIINAE.
OPIUS PEGOMYIAE, new species.
Female.—Length 3.8 mm. Runs to kukakense in the writer’s pub- lished key to the genus,’ but differs from that species by the second abscissa of radius being distinctly less than twice as long as the first abscissa and slightly more than half as long as the first transverse cubitus; by the first abdominal tergite being as broad at apex as long down the middle, by having the area on the mesoscutum surrounding the median fusiform impression more or less distinctly wrinkled and by the more robust form of the body.
Head above shining, the vertex more or less indefinitely rugulose along the occipital margin; face rugulose-punctate with a rather strong median ridge which is nearly smooth, the frontal depression
‘smooth medially; clypeus fitting close to the mandibles, strongly punctate except apically and about thrice as broad as long down the middle; eyes short oval and about as broad as the posterior orbits; antennae 37-jointed in the type; mesoscutum mostly smooth, but with the anterior margin punctate and a rugulose area surrounding the deep fusiform impression posteriorly; scutellum elevated and strongly rugose; parapsidal grooves absent except at the anterior lateral angles; sides of the prothorax and an area beneath the wings on the mesopleura rugose; propodeum rugose; first abdominal tergite rugose, the following tergites polished; ovipositor concealed. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; mandibles except at apex, palpi, and all legs excepting the posterior coxae rufo-testaceous; flagellum black; wing veins and stigma mostly dark brown, paler toward the base of wing.
Male.—Similar in all respects to the female, except that the ventral margin of the mandible has a more or less distinct notch or tooth near the base.
Ty pe-locality.— Oxnard, California.
Type.—Cat. No. 20378, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Pegomyia vicina.
Six specimens from the type-locality reared from pupae by B. L. Boyden and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Chitten- den No. 3106.
OPIUS CORIACEUS, new species.
Female.—Length 2 mm. In the writer’s recently published re- vision of the Opiinae of North America,' this species runs in the key to species of Opius to category 47, but may be distinguished from any species included there by the distinct, fine, close, coriaceus sculp- ture of the entire head, thorax, and abdominal tergites.
1 Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 68.
202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ VOL, 53.
Antennae slender, longer than the body, 29-jointed in the type; head, viewed from above, about twice as broad as long, the posterior orbits about equal to the transverse diameter of the eye and only slightly receding; eyes oval; broad opening between clypeus and mandibles; the ventral margin of mandibles without a notch; malar space a little less than the width of a mandible at base; parapsidal grooves effaced behind the middle of the mesoscutum which is with- out a median impression posteriorly; scutellum flat, sculptured like the mesoscutum, the transverse suture between it and the mesoscutum crenulate; mesopleura with a longitudinal impression below the middle which is not crenulate; propodeum finely rugulose and opaque all over, without carinae; stigma of forewing lanceolate, emitting the radius much before the middle; recurrent nervure interstitial; second abscissa of radius nearly twice the first transverse cubitus; the radial cell terminates slightly before the extreme wing-apex; first abdominal tergite sculptured like the propodeum, bicarinate at base, the carinae uniting about the middle of the tergite and ex- tending as a median carina nearly to the apex; second and following tergites with sculpture similar to that of the mesoscutum but finer; abdomen ovate, about equal in length to the thorax, the ovi- positor exserted about the length of the sixth tergite. Black; scape and pedicel beneath, clypeus, mandibles except at apex, tegulae, all legs, including coxae, the coalesced second and third tergites and to some extent the fourth tergite testaceous; posterior tibiae slightly tinged with fuscous; wings hyaline, the veins and stigma brown.
Male.——Similar to the female in every way except that the anten- nae are 28-jointed in the type, and the third and fourth abdominal tergites have a brownish apical band, while the tergites beyond the fourth are not black but dark brownish.
Type-locality Greenwood, Mississippi.
Type.—Cat. No. 20379, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Ceradontha dorsalis. Reared from pupal stage of host.
A male and female reared by H. E. Smith and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 12814, Cage. No. B-90.
OPIUS OTIOSUS, new species.
Female.—Length 2.5 mm. In the writer’s key to the species of Opius* this runs straight to wnifasciatus Ashmead and is extremely like the type of that species, but differs in having the first tergite more distinctly sculptured and only the extreme apical segments of the abdomen blackish, instead of most of the abdomen being black as in wnifasciatus.
Head strongly transverse, smooth and polished; face broad, with a slight but distinct impression each side of the middle extending
1Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 68.
No. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 203
from the base of the clypeus about halfway to the antennae and setting off a broad, low, rounded median ridge on the lower part of the face, the depressed areas very faintly sculptured; clypeus with sparse distinct punctures, narrow, strongly arched anteriorly and forming with the mandibles a broad, elliptical opening; posterior orbits rounded and equal to about half the width of the eye; occiput with a distinct carina laterally which is effaced behind the vertex; antennae inserted above the middle of the eye, 31-jointed in the type. the first flagellar joint about three times as long as thick, the seeond slightly shorter; mesoscutum and scutellum shining with very faint coriaceus sculpture, the notauli absent except for a short deep fovea at the lateral anterior angles of the mesoscutum; mesopleura smooth except that the impression below the middle is broad and strongly rugoso-punctate; entire propodeum coarsely rugose; radial cell extending nearly to the extreme apex of wing; first radial ab- scissa scarcely longer than thick, second abscissa about one and one-half times the length of the first intercubitus, second cubital cell narrowed outwardly, recurrent nervure interstitial; abdomen about equal to the thorax in length, broadly ovate, the first tergite nearly one and one-half times as long as broad, its sides nearly parallel, de- pressed at base, the apical middle broadly elevated and granularly rugulose; tergites beyond the first smooth and polished; ovipositor concealed from above. Scape, pedicel, two or three basal joints of the flagellum, mandibles except at apex, palpi, tegulae, legs includ- ing all coxae, and the abdomen except at apex bright reddish testa- ceous; apex of abdomen more or less blackish; face piceus; remainder of the body black; wings hyaline, the stigma and veins brownish.
Male.—Differs in no respect from the female.
Type-locality Brownsville, Texas.
Type.—Cat. No. 20380, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Agromyza parvicornis.
Eighteen specimens reared by C. L. Scott from puparia of the above-mentioned Agromyzid and recorded in the Bureau of En- tomology under Webster No. 6486.
NEOPIUS, new genus.
Occiput completely margined; body with distinct coriaceus sculp- ture. Other characters as in Opius. In the writer’s revision of the North American Opiinae*? would run to the genus Ademon on the margined occiput but may be distinguished from that genus by the completely closed radial cell and the absence of any prepectal carina. In Ademon the radius is effaced before attaining the wing margin and the prepectal area is set off by a sharp carina.
Type of the genus.—Neopius carinaticeps, new species.
1Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 66.
204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 53.
NEOPIUS CARINATICEPS, new species.
Male—Length 2 mm. Head transverse, twice as broad as long as viewed from above; vertex and frons coriaceously wrinkled, the vertex posteriorly with a row of large punctures along the occipital carina; face strongly granularly sculptured with a polished elevated median line or ridge; clypeus nearly smooth, elevated anteriorly and form- ing with the mandibles a transverse elliptical opening; eyes ellip- tical; malar space about equal to the base of a mandible; posterior orbits nearly as broad as the eye width, polished as are also the cheeks; antennae 26-jointed in the type, the first flagellar joint sub- equal in length to the combined scape and pedicel, the second and following joints shorter and decreasing in length toward the apex of antennae; mesoscutum shining with faint coriaceous sculpture, more distinct posteriorly, the parapsidal grooves deep and crenulate an- teriorly becoming shallow behind the middle and terminating in a deep median fovea in front of the scutellum; transverse groove at base of scutellum crenulate; scutellum shining, very faintly cori- aceous; mesopleura strongly coriaceous, with a curved depressed area below the tegulae and the episternauli deeply foveolate; propodeum coarsely rugose, without carinae; second radial abscissa longer than the first intercubitus by about the length of the second intercubitus, second cubital cell narrowed apically, recurrent nervure interstitial, radial cell terminating considerably before the extreme wing apex; stigma lanceolate, emitting the radius at about its basal one-third; abdomen ovate, about as long as the thorax; first tergite bicarinate, rather narrow and completely rugulose; following tergites polished. Head reddish testaceous, with the face medially, the frons entirely, the vertex except a broad orbital line, and the occiput above black: thorax and abdomen except the second tergite black; second tergite for the most part and all of the legs including their coxae reddish testaceous; wings hyaline, venation pale brownish.
Female.—Agrees with description of male, except that the antennae in female allotype are 30-jointed; the malar space is somewhat shorter than the basal width of a mandible, and the first tergite is broader at apex than at base, one and one-half times as long as broad at apex and striato-rugose with the lateral carimae less apparent: ter- gites beyond the first piceus; ovipositor concealed from above.
Type-locality.— Wimbledon, North Dakota.
Type.—Cat. No. 20381, U.S.N.M.
Three male specimens from the type-locality, reared, according to the labels, from “Agromyza mine in Hordeum,” by C. N. Ainslie and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 13761. Allotype female and a paratype male from New Jersey.
NO. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 205
Subfamily ROGADINAE. ROGAS ! PERPLEXUS, new species.
Female—Length 3.8 mm. Head and thorax with fine, close, granu- lar sculpture. Head transverse, narrowed behind, the posterior orbits hardly half as wide as the transverse diameter of the eyes; ocelli small, the greatest diameter of a lateral ocellus slightly less than the postocellar line which is about equal to the ocell-ocular line; eyes distinctly but not deeply emarginate, malar space longer than the width of a mandible at base; opening between clypeus and mandibles not large; antennae 33-jointed in the type, all flagellar joints two or more times as long as thick; parapsidal grooves present but not deeply impressed; mesopleura sculptured like the mesoscutum and scutellum; propodeum granularly rugulose with a median longi- tudinal carina; first radial abscissa of the forewing shorter than the first transverse cubitus and a little more than half the length of the second radial abscissa; second cubital cell narrowed slightly apically ; submedian cell longer than the median by about one and one-half . times the length of the nervulus; abdomen as long as the head and thorax, the first, second, and third tergites very finely rugulose, the first and second with a median carina which is also traceable on the third; ovipositor exserted about the length of the fourth tergite. Color dark fusco-testaceous, the eyes, triangle enclosed by ocelli, mesoscutum except broad parapsidal stripes, upper part of meso- pleura, mesosternum, propodeum, base of first tergite, and the ovi- positor sheaths blackish; antennal flagellum blackish apically, the basal half brownish testaceous; legs including all coxae brownish testaceous; wings hyaline, venation dark brown, the stigma pale at base and apex.
Male.—Agrees with the description of female.
Type-locality—Tempe, Arizona.
Type.—Cat. No. 20382, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Peridroma margaritosa.
Type, allotype, and four paratypes from Tempe, Arizona, reared by L. J. Hogg, from the larvae of Peridroma margaritosa and re- corded under Webster No. 11978; paratype reared by W. R. McCon- nell at Roswell, New Mexico, from unknown larvae and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 12634; paratype, Brownsville, Texas, R. A. Vickery, Webster No. 6437, reared from Heliothis obsoleta; paratype, Springer, New Mexico, C. N. Ainslie collector, Webster No. 5535, host unknown.
This species is closely related to autographae Viereck, from which it differs principally by having larger ocelli, more finely sculptured
1If the conclusions of Mr. Viereck in Bull. 83, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 7, are correct this name should be changed to Aleiodes.
206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
second and third abdominal tergites, a smoother fourth tergite, and generally more obscure testaceous markings.
ROGAS POLITICEPS, new species.
Female—Length 8 mm. Vertex, frons, and posterior orbits pol- ished; impunctate: face transversely wrinkled; opening between clypeus and mandibles large; malar space about equal to the width of a mandible at base, possibly a little longer; ocellocular line not quite twice the greatest diameter of an ocellus; eyes long oval, dis- tinctly emarginate; posterior orbits as broad as the transverse diam- eter of the eyes and only slightly receding; antennae 62-jointed in the type, the first flagellar joint about one and one-half times as long as broad, the following joints subquadrate; mesoscutum smooth ; the parapsidal grooves distinctly impressed, foveolate, and terminat- ing posteriorly in a striate area; scutellum smooth; mesopleura mostly smooth, with a slightly rugulose area just beneath the ante- rior wing; propodeum entirely rugose with a rather weak median carina; radius of the forewing with its second abscissa not quite twice as long as the first, but only slightly longer than the first inter- cubitus, the second cubital cell subquadrate; nervulus nearly twice its own length beyond the basal nervure; hind femora about two-thirds the length of their tibiae, tarsal claws pectinate; abdomen about as long as the head and thorax; first, second, and third tergites with strong parallel striae, those of the second and third tergite continuous across the suturiform articulation and terminating a little before the apex of the third tergite; first and second tergites with a distinct median carina which does not extend on the third tergite; apex of third tergite and all of the following tergites smooth; ovipositor about equal to the fifth tergite in length, not extending beyond the apex of abdomen. Eyes, ocelli, antennae, and ovipositor sheaths black, posterior tibiae shading from testaceous at base to black or blackish at apex, their tarsi black, median and anterior tibiae and tarsi similar to the posterior but not quite so dark; body otherwise dark reddish testaceous; wings blackish, becoming somewhat paler toward the apex.
Male.—Differs in no way from the female.
Type-locality.—Nashville, Tennessee.
Type.—Cat. No. 20383, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Peridroma incivis.
Type female reared by G. C. Ainslie at Nashville, Tennessee, from the larvae of the above-named host, and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 12397-B. Allotype collected by E. 8. Tucker at Natchez, Mississippi, together with a female para- type. Paratype female, Dallas, Texas, collected by R. A. Cushman at light; paratype female, Tallulah, Alabama, R. A. Cushman col-
No. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 207
lector ; paratype female, Victoria, Texas, J. D. Mitchell collector; paratype male, Thomasville, Alabama, W. D. Pierce collector.
ROGAS RUFOCOXALIS, new species.
Female.—Length 5.6 mm. Head transverse, the posterior orbits about as broad as two-thirds the eye-width; sparsely punctate and polished; vertex transversely rugose; ocelli rather large, in an equi- lateral triangle, the postocellar line less than the ocellocular; frons less strongly wrinkled than the vertex; face transversely rugulose above with a strong median ridge; cheeks punctured and shining like the posterior orbits; malar space distinctly longer than the width of a mandible at base; opening between clypeus and mandibles moderately large and nearly circular; eyes distinctly though not deeply emargi- nate; antennae longer than the body, 47-jointed in the type, the first flagellar joint about twice as long as broad or a little longer, following joints slightly shorter; mesoscutum and scutellum shining with weak punctures, the parapsidal grooves terminating posteriorly in a rugu- lose area; propodeum rugose with a distinct median carina; tarsal claws distinctly pectinate; first abscissa of radius shorter than the second which is about equal to the first intercubitus, second intercu- bitus equal to the first or nearly, the second cubital cell subquadrate; nervulus far behind the basal vein, the first and second abscissae of discoideus equal or nearly so; abdomen a little longer than the thorax, the first, second, and basal half of the third tergites strongly rugoso- striate with a distinct median carina on the first and second; apex of third and all of the following tergites polished. Head, antennae in- cluding scape, palpi, and all legs except their coxae black; thorax. abdomen, and all coxae rufo-testaceous; wings hyaline, the costal vein and stigma black, other venation dark brown.
Male.—Similar in every respect to the female except that the apical segments of the abdomen are blackish and closely covered with white hairs.
Type-locality——Rocky Ford, Colorado.
Type.—Cat. No. 20385, U.S.N.M.
Hosts—Autographa brassicae and Peridroma margaritosa.
Type, allotype, and four paratypes reared by H. O. Marsh from larvae of Autographa brassicae and recorded in the Bureau of Ento- mology under Chittenden No. 1088; also two males and one female from Tempe, Arizona, reared by L. J. Hogg, from larvae of Peridroma margaritosa and recorded under Webster No. 11978.
This species is apparently exactly like the type of molestus Cresson except that the mesosternum, mesopleura, and propodeum of mo/estus are black. It would not be surprising if it would ultimately turn out to be merely a color variety of Cresson’s species.
208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Family ICHNEUMONIDAE Subfamily OPHIONINAE.
NEPIERA BENEVOLA? Gahan, variety FUSCIFEMORA, new variety.
Female—Length 6 mm. Apparently differs from the type of J. benevola only by the hind femora outwardly having a broad blackish or fuscous stripe from base to apex.
Male.—tLike the female except that the outer side of the hind femora are entirely black or blackish.
Type-locality Pasadena, California.
Type.—Cat. No. 20384, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Phthorimaea operculella.
Two females and one male reared by J. E. Graf and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Chittenden No. 2230%.
Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA. Family CALLIMOMIDAE
Subfamily MONODONTOMERINAE.
LIODONTOMERUS SECUNDUS, new species.
Female.—Length 1.7mm. Very similar to ZL. perplexus, but differs as follows: The antennal funicle is slightly longer, its joints, except the first which is slightly transverse, subquadrate or at least not dis- tinctly broader than long; the anterior wing beneath the marginal vein has a large more or less distinct fuscous spot occupying the median portion of the wing; the ovipositor is distinctly longer than the abdomen or about two-thirds the length of the body; otherwise agrees with the description of perplexus.
Male.—Similar to the male of perplexwus, but distinguished by the fuscous spot on the wing.
Type-locality—Caldwell, Idaho.
Type.—Cat. No. 20386, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Bruchophagus funebris. External parasite of larvae.
Eight females and one male reared by T. D. Urbahns, October 10, 1914, and recorded under Webster No. 13300, Bureau of Entomology.
LIODONTOMERUS INSUETUS, new species.
Female——Length 1.5 mm. Differs from ZL. perplerus by having the ovipositor fully as long as the abdomen, the scutellum projecting apically so as to form a slight ledge above the short metanotum, the propodeum sloping nearly perpendicularly from its base, all tibiae
1This species is figured under the name Nepiera benevola in Bull. 427, U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 47, fig. 44.
NO. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 209
pale throughout, and the head and thorax less strongly sculptured. Readily distinguished from secundus by the absence of any stigmal cloud in the forewing, the projecting scutellum, and the more nearly perpendicular propodeum.
Head and thorax closely punctate, somewhat shining, the punctures rather shallow and indefinite on the lateral lobes of the mesoscutum, the scutellum and axilae; antennae with all joints of the funicle and club transverse though not strongly so; pedicel longer than thick; propodeum faintly sculptured; postmarginal vein of the forewing about twice the length of the stigmal; abdomen finely lineolated. Head and thorax green, abdomen bronzy, the tergites tinged with green basally; all coxae and femora concolorous with the thorax, the tibiae and tarsi pale testaceous; wings hyaline, the veins pale; an- tennal flagellum and pedicel brownish, the scape testaceous. Male unknown.
Type-locality—Tempe, Arizona.
Type.—Cat. No. 20387, U.S.N.M.
Six females reared by R. N. Wilson and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 7270E. The types were reared from seed infested with Bruchophagus funebris and it is probably para- sitic on that host.
Family PTEROMALIDAE
Subfamily PTEROMALINAE. SYSTELLOGASTER, new genus.
Runs to Coelophisthia in Kourdumofi’s key to the Pteromalidae, but may be separated from that genus by the fact that the face is not abruptly truncate below the antennae, but only slightly receding, the antennae being inserted considerably above the clypeus though dis- tinctly below the middle of the face; the wings are distinctly though not strongly ciliated on the disk and the first antennal ring joint is transverse. Differs from Dibrachys and Coelopisthoidea principally in the abdomen being short and subtruncate at apex instead of conic ovate, and the propodeum incised at the posterior lateral angles for the reception of the hind coxae, giving the appearance of a short broad neck; the propodeal spiracles large.
Type of the genus.—Systellogaster ovivora, new species.
SYSTELLOGASTER OVIVORA, new species.
Female.—Length 1.8 mm. Antennal pedicel more than twice as long as the first funicle joint, first ring joint transverse, the second nearly as long as wide, funicle six-jointed, the joints subequal and about as long as wide, or slightly transverse, club not broader than
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——14
210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
the funicle, and but slightly longer than the two preceding funicle joints. Head transverse, vertex broad, ocelli in a low triangle, the occiput concave and angularly defined with a faint carinate margin; posterior orbits receding; face convex, frons and vertex distinctly reticulated, the face below antennae much more closely finely sculp- tured; eyes bare; antennae inserted somewhat below the middle of the face; pronotum short, narrower than the mesonotum, and punc- tate; mesoscutum and scutellum closely and deeply punctate, opaque, the sculpture of the scutellum slightly finer than that of the meso- scutum; axillae somewhat shining, with shallow reticulations; meso- pleura closely punctate; propodeum punctate with a distinct median carina, the lateral folds rather shallow toward the apex; anterior wings without marginal cilia, the discal cilia short but distinct; posterior wing with distinct short marginal cilia; marginal vein of the front wing nearly three times as long as the postmarginal, the stigmal and postmarginal subequal; abdomen shorter than the thorax, nearly as broad as long and subtruncate apically, the tergites smooth, the first tergite equal to about one-third the length of the abdomen, fol- lowing tergites gradually shortening. Head and thorax dark bluish, with more or less distinct brassy reflections on the lower part of the face and the mesoscutum; scutellum almost black, but with coppery reflections in some lights; abdomen black; wings hyaline at base and apex but with a broad transverse fuscous band or cloud between the base of the marginal vein and the apex of the stigmal or a little be- yond; venation dark brown; legs, including coxae, all brownish tes- taceous; antennal scape pale, the pedicel and flagellum dark brown.
Male—Agrees with the female in every respect, except that it is smaller and slightly more highly colored.
Type-locality—Urbana, Illinois.
Type.—Cat. No. 20388, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Blatta orientalis.
Described from eight specimens reared by J. R. Malloch from egg cases of the above-mentioned Blattid August 14, 1914. The writer obtained the same species from egg cases of a Blattid at College Park, Maryland, June 10, 1914.
PTEROMALUS HEMILEUCAE, new species.
Female.—Length 3.8 mm. Head and thorax with close deep punc- tation; head broader than the thorax, viewed from in front broader than high, the cheeks convexly rounded, clypeal region strongly striated, anterior margin of the clypeus with a shallow median emargination; mandibles each with four strong teeth; ocelli in a low triangle, the postocellar line distinctly longer than the ocellocu- lar line; first funicle joint slightly longer than the pedicel, the second a little shorter than the first, following funicle joints successively
NO. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. Jat
shorter, the last a little longer than thick; club three-jointed and
only slightly longer than the two preceding funicle joints. Mesoscu- tum punctured like the head, but with the punctures on the posterior middle deeper and coarser than elsewhere; apical one-fourth of the scutellum with deeper and slightly coarser punctures than anteriorly, the line of demarkation between the two kinds of punctation quite distinct and often more or less of a transverse furrow, the extreme apical margin of scutellum with a median emargination, visible only when viewed from directly behind; propodeum between the lateral folds punctured like the thorax, without a median carina, outside the lateral folds shining and only faintly sculptured, the spiracular sulci deep and foveolate; stigmal vein only slightly shorter than the marginal vein, the postmarginal much longer than the marginal; abdomen conic ovate, about equal to the thorax in length, the tergites practically smooth, but with some obscure reticulate lines. Head and thorax dark greenish, the abdomen bronzy black with greenish reflections; scape and pedicel pale reddish; flagellum nearly black; mandibles piceus; all coxae concolorous with the thorax; all femora dark brown; basal half of median and hind tibiae brownish; the front tibiae, apical half of median and hind tibiae and all tarsi except the apical joint pale yellowish; wings hyaline, the venation pale brownish with the stigmal knob and the thickened apical por- tion of the submarginal vein nearly black.
Male—Unknown.
Type-locality Maxwell, New Mexico.
Type—Cat. No. 20389, U.S.N.M.
Host—Hemileuca oliviae.
Thirteen females reared from the pupa of the above-named host by C. K. Wildermuth and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 5054.
EUPTEROMALUS TACHINAE, new species.
Female—Length 2.8 mm. Head closely reticulate-punctate, the sculpture becoming shallower below the antennae, the mouth region striate; head strongly transverse, broader than the thorax, as viewed from above nearly four times as broad as long; occiput concave, ocelli in a low triangle; viewed from in front the head is broader than long, the antennae inserted a little below the middle of face; antennal scape reaching to the front ocellus, pedicel longer than the first joint of funicle: two ring-joints, the first small, the second as long as broad: first funicle joint a little longer than broad, the following joints successively a little shorter; club three-jointed, conic- ovate, and a trifle longer than the two preceding funicle joints; mesoscutum sculptured like the head, the scutellum similarly but
212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
more finely sculptured; propodeum with a distinct neck and deep lateral folds, but without a median carina, the area between the folds strongly sculptured like the mesoscutum, laterad of the folds polished except posteriorly and rather thickly covered with whitish pile; anterior wings with the marginal and postmarginal veins sub- equal, the stigmal slightly shorter than the post-marginal; abdomen not longer than the thorax, subpetiolate, smooth and polished, the first tergite occupying two-thirds to three-fourths of its length, sec- ond and fellowing tergites short and narrowing rapidly to the apex; ovipositor concealed. Head, thorax, and coxae aeneous, scape and legs except coxae reddish testaceous, pedicel brownish, flagellum black, wings hyaline, the venation brownish, abdomen purplish black except basally where it is more or less brassy.
Type-locality.—Nashville, Tennessee.
Type.—Cat. No. 20390, U.S.N.M.
Four females reared at Nashville, Tennessee, by W. H. Larrimer, from the puparium of a Tachinid parasite of Leucania unipuncta, probably Archytes analis, and recorded under Webster No. 11332, Bureau of Entomology. Five specimens also from Guelph, Canada, reared by A. W. Baker from Leucania unipuncta.
EUTELUS BRUCHOPHAG], new species.
Female.——Length 1.75 mm. Head with fine, close, shallow thimble- like punctures; viewed from above the head is more than twice as broad as long; occiput concave; posterior orbits narrow and rounded; ocelli in an obtuse triangle, the postocellar line longer than the ocellocular; eyes short ovate, nearly circular; malar space long, equal to about two-thirds the length of the eye; antennae inserted on a line with the lower extremity of the eyes; scape cylindrical and not reach- ing to the anterior ocellus, pedicel longer than the first funicle joints; three ring-joints distinct; funicle five-jointed the joints subequal and subquadrate; club three-jointed, ovate, considerably broader than the funicle, the whele club about equal in length to the three pre- ceding funicle joints. Mesoscutum, scutellum and mesopleura sculptured lke the head; propodeum obscurely wrinkled, more or less shining, with distinct lateral folds and a rather weak median carina; marginal and postmarginal veins subequal, ‘the latter a little the shorter; stigmal vein distinctly shorter than the postmarginal; abdomen about as long as the head and thorax, conic ovate. smooth and polished, the first tergite a little shorter than the three follow- ing combined. Head and thorax blackish green, abdomen blackish with the first tergite brassy green; coxae concolorous with the thorax; all femora dark brownish or blackish, paler at apex; median and hind tibiae reddish brown, their apices together with the front
No. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 213
tibiae and all tarsi paler; scape reddish testaceous, flagellum dark brown; wings hyaline, veins pale brownish.
Male—Length 1.35 mm. Sculpture of the head and thorax simi- lar to that of the female but stronger; abdomen oval, not longer than the thorax: head and thorax brassy green; scape and all funicle joints testaceous, pedicel brownish above, club black; legs, except coxae, concolorous with the antennal scape; forewing with the area between the postmarginal and stigmal veins cloudy, rest of the wing hyaline. Other characters as in female.
Type-locality— Nephi, Utah.
Type.—Cat. No. 20391, U.S.N.M.
Host—Bruchophagus funebris Howard.
Four females and eleven males reared by T. D. Urbahns, October 26, 1914, and recorded under Webster No. 138315. Also a large series of male paratypes reared from B. funebris material at Salt Lake, Utah, by T. R. Chamberlin and recorded under Webster No. 6612.
Family KULOPHIDAE. Subfamily ENTEDONINAE.
CHRYSOCHARUS MALLOCHI, new species.
Very similar to Chrysocharus parksi Crawford but differs in hav- ing the petiole much shorter than the hind coxae, the propodeum short and without a distinct hump toward the apex, and the coxae all pale like the rest of the legs.
Female.—Length 1.54 mm. Green with strong brassy reflections on the head and thorax above; the lower part of face, scutellum, pleura, and abdomen beyond the first tergite purplish or bronzy; face below distinctly wrinkled, frons almost smooth or with very faint reticulations; first funicle joint nearly twice as long as the pedicel and slightly longer than joint two; club with two joints and an apical spine: mesoscutum and scutellum faintly reticulated; pro- podeum nearly smooth with apparently two faint medial carinae, mesopleura with an oval sunken area which, like the prepectus, is distinctly sculptured: wings hyaline, the postmarginal vein more than twice as long as the stigmal; abdomen short, ovate, smooth. dorsally, the petiole rugulose and abruptly narrowed basally.
Male.—Essentially like the female.
Type-locality.—Parker, Illinois.
Type.—Cat. No. 20392, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Agromyza felti Malloch.
Four specimens sent to the Bureau of Entomology under Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History No. 45806, and labeled as reared April, 1914, by J. R. Malloch.
214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, vou, 53.
DEROSTENUS PALLIPES, new species.
Female.—Length 1.4 mm. Differs from all described species by having the legs, except their coxae, entirely white. Head, thorax, and abdomen brilliant metallic green, the face below the middle bright golden, with strong close sculpture, vertex nearly smooth, the occiput sculptured much like the face, eyes distinctly hairy; scape pale, flagellum black; mesonotum and scutellum strongly punctate, the propodeum and dorsum of the abdomen smooth; wings hyaline, with a stigmal cloud. In sculpture closest to D. fullowayi Crawford, but readily separated by the color of the legs and the smooth ab- domen.
Type-locality—College Park, Maryland.
Type.—Cat. No. 20893, U.S.N.M.
Host—Phytomyza aquilegiae.
One specimen reared by Mr. E. N. Cory, of the Maryland Ex- periment Station, from the above-named leaf miner in Columbine (Aquilegia).
Subfamily TETRASTICHINAE.
TETRASTICHUS AINSLIEI, new species.
Female.—Length 1.35 mm. Face nearly smooth, with very faint reticulations and a few small round obscure punctures on the vertex and frons and along the inner eye margins; funicle joints subequal, the first longer than the pedicel; club not thickened and about as long as the second and third funicle joints combined, apparently two- jointed, the second joint twice as long as the first and terminating in a short spine; thorax with fine shallow lineolation, median groove of the mesocutum present but not very distinct; mesopleura faintly reticulate; propodeum uniformly faintly sculptured with an indica- tion of a median carina; submarginal vein of the fore wing with a single stiff bristle on the dorsal side; abdomen above, with obscure reticulate sculpture. Head, thorax, and apical two-thirds of the ab- domen black; basal third or a little more of the abdomen, antennal - scape, and legs for the most part yellow; flagellum blackish, the pedicel brownish; mandibles rufous; front coxae and basal half of the median and hind pairs black; femora often more or less stained with fuscous; wings hyaline, the venation pale.
Male—Kssentially like the female, except for the usual sexual characters.
Type-locality.—Elkpoint, South Dakota.
Type.—Cat. No. 20394, U.S.N.M.
No, 2197. NHW PARASITIC HYMENOPTHERA—GAHAN. 215
Eight specimens recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 11815, and reared according to C. N. Ainslie from Mordellistena, species. This species may be distinguished from all other species having a single bristle on the submarginal vein by the pale band at the base of the abdomen. Named for the collector, C. N. Ainslie.
TETRASTICHUS DOLOSUS, new species.
Female.—Length 1.3 mm. Falls in the group having more than one bristle on the submarginal vein. Frons, vertex, and occiput finely sculptured ; antennae rather short, the pedicel about equal to the first funicle joint, three funicle joints subequal and subquadrate; club about as long as the funicle but broader, three-jointed, the two basal joints slightly transverse, the apical joint shorter and conical; appar- ently a single ring-joint. Mesoscutum and scutellum finely and closely lineolate; parapsidal grooves deep, praescutum divided by a complete but faint median groove; scutellum convex with two dis- tinct longitudinal grooves; metanotum smooth; propodeum practi- cally smooth with a median longitudinal carina; marginal vein slightly thickened. Abdomen conic-ovate, about equal to the thorax in length, the tergites finely sculptured except the base of first which is smooth. Antennae black; head, thorax, abdomen, all coxae and all femora metallic blue-green; all femora narrowly at apex, all tibiae and all tarsi pale, the apical tarsal joint brownish. Wings hyaline, venation brownish.
Male.—The single specimen lacks the head. In the available char- acters it is like the female, except slightly smaller, with the abdomen narrower and nearly elliptical, and the propodeum more distinctly sculptured.
Type-locality—Tallulah, Louisiana.
Type.—Cat. No. 20395, U.S.N.M.
Hosts—Euplectrus platyhypenae and EFuplectrus comstocki.
Two female specimens reared by R. A. Vickery at Tallulah, Louisi- ana, from Luplectrus platyhypenae parasitizing Laphygma frugi- perda and recorded under Webster No. 6439. Also five specimens in- cluding the allotype from Wellington, Kansas, reared by T. S. Wilson under Webster No. 12450 and labeled as reared from E'uplec- trus comstocki parasitizing Caradrina, species.
The type of this species bears the same locality label and Webster number as do the types of Vetrastichus euplectri Gahan, previously described and appears to have been from the same rearing. The two species are quite distinct from each other, however, and may be easily separated by the fact that ewplectri has much longer antennal joints, only one bristle on the submarginal vein, and the femora all pale.
216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Subfamily EULOPHINAE. NOTANISOMORPHA MEROMYZAE, new species.
Female.—Length 2.4 mm. Antennae inserted on the middle of the face, moderately long; scape reaching slightly above the anterior ocellus, pedicel about one and one-half times as long as its apical width, first funicle joint about twice as long as the pedicel and dis- tinctly longer than the second, the second very slightly longer than the third, fourth joint the shortest and only slightly longer than broad; club short, about equal to the first funicle joint in length, two- jointed, joint one about equal in length to the fourth funicle joint, joint two about as long as broad and tapering to a point at apex. Head and thorax closely punctate, the punctures of the pronotum and middle of the mesoscutum coarser than those of the scutellum, axillae and lateral lobes of the mesoscutum; metanotum punctate like the mesoscutellum ; propodeum finely closely punctate all over, the punc- tures a little finer and deeper than those of the scutellum, with a dis- tinct median longitudinal carina and rather broad spiracular sulci; abdomen ovate, a little shorter than the thorax, the first tergite pol- ished, tergites beyond the first faintly sculptured. Head, thorax, all coxae, and the first tergite metallic green, antennae including scape black; wings hyaline, the venation brownish; legs except coxae tes- taceous, the median and posterior femora and their tibiae basally slightly infuscated with brownish; abdomen except the first tergite blackish.
Male.—Length 2mm. Joints 1,2,and 3 of the funicle each bearing a long slender branch, the branches each extending to or nearly to the apex of antennae, first funicle joint the shortest of the funicle joints, joints 2 and 38 about equal, joint 4 the longest and about twice as long as the first; club subequal to the fourth funicle joint in length, two-jointed as in the female. Except in antennal characters the male is similar to the female but a little more slender bodied, and slightly more metallic in color.
Type-locality—La Fayette, Indiana.
Type.—Cat. No. 20396, U.S.N.M.
Host.—Meromyza americana.
Two females from the type locality reared, according to the labels, from the above-named host by P. Luginbill and recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 9734. Mr. Luginbill is unable to state the stage of the host from which the parasite emerged. The allotype reared by C. N. Ainslie at Elkpoint, South Dakota, is recorded under Webster No. 8840, and is said to have been reared “without much question from the pupae of Meromyza americana. There is also a chance that it may have come from a mine of Agro- myza coquilletti in wheat blades, but this is not likely, as most of the leaves had been stripped from the stem.”
NO. 2197. NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. V7
Superfamily PROCTOTRY POIDEA.
Family PLATYGASTERIDAE.
POLYMECUS LASIOPTERAE, new species.
Female—Length 1.1 mm. Head polished, impunctate; antennal scape somewhat swollen, pedicel nearly twice as long as thick, about equal in length to the two first funicle joints combined; first funicle joint smaller than the second; the second, third, and fourth funicle joints subequal; club not strongly differentiated from the funicle, 4-jointed, the joints, except the last, subequal and very slightly longer than broad, the apical joint conic-ovate and about one and one-half times as long as thick; mesoscutum and mesopleura pol- ished impunctate, the parapsidal grooves absent; mesoscutellum polished, convex, without an apical spine; metapleura longitudinally aciculate-striate; propodeum short, apparently with a carina each side of the median line; abdomen strongly compressed dorso-ven- trally, nearly twice as long as the head and thorax, broadest at apex of the second segment, beyond gradually and evenly tapering to a point at apex; first tergite longitudinally striate, the tergites beyond the first perfectly smooth and polished; second tergite the longest, about twice the length of the third; tergites beyond the second sub- equal in length. Whole insect black except base of scape, the tro- chanters, all tibiae at base, and all tarsi which are more or less tes- taceous; wings hyaline.
Male.—Agrees with the female, except that the second funicle joint is more swollen, being much broader and twice as long as the third joint, the first funicle joint is very small, and the abdomen is barely longer than the head and thorax combined, spatulate in outline as seen from above, the apex rounded.
Type-locality—Elk Point, South Dakota.
Type.—Cat. 20397, U.S.N.M.
Six females and one male reared by C. N. Ainslie from Lasioptera, species infesting Muhlenbergia and recorded in the Bureau of Ento- mology under Webster No. 11838.
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DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MASTODON, GOMPHOTHERIUM ELEGANS, FROM THE PLEISTO- CENE OF KANSAS.
By Otrver P. Hay,
Research Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Wushington.
The specimen here described was found about 1908 near McPher- son, Kansas, by Mr. Frank Dillon, of the town named. It was met with in a sand pit, at a depth of about 35 feet, in section 34, town- ship 19 north, range 3 west. The tooth was presented to the United States National Museum by Mr. Dillon.
Type-specimen.—A lower left hindermost molar, No. 8255, of the United States National Museum.
Type-locality McPherson, McPherson County, Kansas.
Type-formation.—Sheridan beds.
Diagnosis —The lower hinder molar furnished with six cross- crests, or five cross-crests and a large talon, a deep longitudinal median cleft and principal cones and accessory conules. Outer ends of valleys closed by buttresses and forming trefoils on wear. Inner ends of valleys partially closed by accessory conules.
Judging from the narrowness of the tooth and the fact that the crests run across the crown somewhat obliquely, the writer concludes that it is the lower left hindermost molar. It had not yet been cut and is therefore wholly unworn. The pulp cavity is large and-the roots had not yet been developed. Unfortunately, in the process of exhumation, the tooth was injured somewhat; but nevertheless it is in good condition.
The length of the tooth is 217 mm.; its width at the first cross- crest, 83 mm.; at the fourth, 85 mm. It will be seen from the measurements and the figures (pl. 26, figs. 1, 2) that the tooth is a long and relatively narrow one. There are present six cross-crests, the hindermost one being something more than a talon. The inner and the outer halves of each crest are separated by a narrow but very deep cleft. Each half of each crest may be regarded as com- posed of two cones, the principal one and another nearer the mesial cleft. The latter does not rise quite as high as the principal cone and is separated from the latter by a cleft.
To these four cones of each crest may be added accessory conules. It is probable that at a later time the median cleft and those sepa-
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 53—No. 2198. 219
220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
rating the parts of each lateral half of the crests would have been hidden by a deposit of cement; but a specimen of a tooth of G. floridanum in a similar stage of development has already a rather thick layer of this.
The outer cones of each crest are furnished with buttresses which effectually close up the transverse valleys. These buttresses are mostly composed of subsidiary conules, which cling closely either to the parts of the principal cone or to one another. The row of conules forming the anterior buttress of the first crest runs into the anterior cingulum. The posterior buttress is composed of two conules, the hinder of which is applied to a conule which forms the anterior buttress of the second crest. The hinder buttress of this second crest, apparently of three or four flattened conules, joins the anterior buttress of the third crest; but it appears to be carried also inward and downward by a row of flattened conules between the inner halves of the second and third crests. The posterior buttress of the third crest is similarly disposed, as is also that of the fourth crest. The hinder buttress of the fifth crest is less completely developed.
On wear the outer halves of the three anterior crests would pro- duce each a trefoil; the succeeding two would form less complete ones.
There is a tendency for the formation of buttresses on the cones of the inner half of the tooth. In the first transverse valley the inner buttresses are nearly as complete as the outer ones. In the second transverse valley there is an accessory conule attached to the front of the third crest. but none to the rear of the second crest; nor are there buttresses on the succeeding crests. At the inner end of the first transverse valley there is a very large tubercle. There was a similar one at the inner end of the fourth valley.
The injuries done to the tooth make it difficult to speak with con- fidence regarding the cingulum, but this appears to have been present along the outer face of the tooth. At the outer end of each valley there is a cluster of small tubercles, and these appear to have met across the base of the outer cones.
The tooth here described resembles somewhat the corresponding one of Gomphotherium tropicum (Cope), of the Blanco Pliocene; but in the McPherson tooth there are a greater subdivision of the principal cones and a larger number of accessory conules in the valleys. It is also not greatly unlike the corresponding tooth of Gomphotherium floridanum, likewise a Pliocene species. The latter, however, very rarely develops buttresses on both halves of the crests; and it appears to have had properly only four cross crests and a talon. Likewise, the principal cones of G. floridanum appear to be more obtuse than those of @. elegans.
No. 2198. A NEW SPECIES OF MASTODON—HAY. 2a
The region about McPherson is covered by deposits which belong to the Sheridan, or Equus, beds. We have in this tooth, therefore, evidence that the bunolophodont mastodons continued on into the Pleistocene. This is confirmed by the discovery of an upper second molar probably of this species and of a maxilla with two teeth of another species in the Pleistocene of Texas. The latter will be described and figured elsewhere.
The upper second molar mentioned above belongs to the right side. The tooth is in the collection of Baylor University, at Waco, Texas. It was found in Pleistocene deposits on Hog Creek, McLen- nan County, near Speegleville, a town about 8 miles west of Waco. The crown is practically complete, but the roots are missing. The length is 145 mm., the width 90 mm. There are three crests and a large talon. The wear on the two anterior crests has produced on the inner half of each a large trefoil. Where the enamel of these trefoils joins the outer cones it is considerably folded. ‘There are very distinct buttresses on the outer halves of the crests, especially of the first and second. The anterior buttress of the second crest is double.
This tooth is larger than the corresponding one of any other masto- don known to the writer; but its size corresponds to that of the type tooth. Its complication is greater than in the hinder molar, but that might be expected. This tooth resembles somewhat those which Cope? has referred to G. humboldii; but the crests are not so closely appressed and the enamel is not so strongly folded. The tooth de- scribed by Cope belonged to the Blanco Pliocene.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26. Gomphotherim elegans. X 3%.
Figs. 1, 2. Lower third molar found at McPherson, Kansas. Fig. 3. Upper second molar found near Waco, Texas.
14th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, p. 60, pls. 16, 17.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 26
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
GOMPHOTHERIUM ELEGANS.
221.
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FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAG
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GOMPHUS PARVIDENS, A NEW SPECIES OF DRAGON- FLY FROM MARYLAND.
By Brrrua P. Curr,
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington.
The new species described herein was collected in a field along the Anacostia River just west of the Laurel and Berwyn trolley line. Here the river, in some places only a few yards wide, meanders for some distance through weedy fields. The banks, in some places low and level and in others from one to several feet high and abrupt, are bordered here and there with trees of a low growth. The stream is broken in places by rapids or riffles and here and there, during low water, are bars of sand or gravel. It was a cloudy afternoon in late May, and the only dragonflies secured were a few specimens of Ischnura posita and the single Gomphus on which this description is based.
My thanks are due to Mr. E. B. Williamson, of Bluffton, Indiana, for reading the manuscript of this paper and contributing valuable
suggestions. GOMPHUS PARVIDENS, new species.
Male.—Length of abdomen, including appendages, 28.5 mm.; length of hind wing, 24 mm. Colors dark brown or black, and yellow. Head yellow, black or brown as follows: Rear of head on upper half, hind margin of occiput, vertex, antennz, frons basally, a fine line on fronto-nasal suture, minute spots at base of labrum, and tips of mandibles. Postocellary vertical ridge somewhat sinuous, not attaining the eyes. Occiput about same height as level of eyes, slightly convex, without median prominence or spine.
Prothorax dark brown, yellow as follows: Front lobe, except line on hind margin widening to a patch at each end; on median lobe, a lateral patch and a geminate median spot; anterior to this a pale triangular depression with apex to the rear (this may darken with age) ; on hind lobe, a median spot.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUsEumM, VoL. 58—No. 2199. 223
994 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 53.
Mesothorax dorsally brown to beyond the humeral suture, marked with yellow as follows: Mesothoracic semicollar except for a slight interruption at middorsal carina; a line along middorsal carina from crest to collar; a pair of dorsal stripes one-third to one-half of a nullimeter in width, divergent anteriorly and uniting with ends of semicollar; a narrow, slightly sinuous antehumeral stripe, inter- rupted above,! the part above interruption a wider spot; and the posterior part of antealar sinus. Lobes between wings yellow. Meso- thorax and metathorax laterally yellow, except an interrupted nar- row stripe on first lateral suture, a narrow stripe on second lateral suture, and other markings as in diagram (pl. 27, fig. 2); ventrally yellow. Legs dark brown, front femora inferiorly and coxae yellow; hind femora extending to about the center of abdominal segment 2, armed with numerous short spines, the hairs inconspicu- ous. Wings (pl. 27, fig. 1) hyaline; veins black, pterostigma brown, membranule gray; two cells between A, and A, at their ori- gin, the proximal and anterior of these the first postanal cell, the other the distal part of the divided second postanal cell; the first postanal cell not divided; neither A, nor A, distinctly angled, two rows of cells between them to the wing margin.’
Abdomen black or dark brown, yellow as follows: On segments 1 and 2, a middorsal stripe, narrowed apically on 2, and a lateral stripe including the auricles on 2; on base of 3, a small dorsal spot, pointed behind, and a larger lateral one; on base of 4 to 7, a similar dorsal and a small lateral spot; on 8 and 9, a broad lateral patch; 10 ventrally. Segments 7 to 9 moderately expanded, narrower than the thorax; segment 8 slightly longer on dorsal than on ventral side;* 8 longer than 9; hind margin of 10 somewhat pro- duced middorsally.
Superior appendages (pl. 28, figs. 1,2, and 3) dark brown or black, a little longer than segment 10, acute apically, bearing a small, sym-
17This interruption is narrow and perhaps may not always occur.
2The characters in the postanal cells in the genus Gomphus have been studied by Mr. Williamson and the results published’ by him. (See Williamson, E. B. ‘‘ The sub- genus Stylurus Needham: Selys’ groups VI and VII of the genus Gomphus (Odonata), and on the postanal cells of the latter.’’ In Trans. Amer. Dnt. Soc., vol. 27, pp. 205-217, pls. 8, 9. May, 1901. Gomphus parvidens falls under 1, 1’, and 1’’ in Mr. Williamson’s table, page 215.
The following corrections should be made in his paper:
Page 205, lines 18 and 16, for second read first.
Page 214, under the heading, ‘‘ North American species,” in line beginning ‘‘6. G. sor- didus,” for sp. a. read s. pa.
In key, page 215, in referring to branches of anal vein, throughout for first read second, and for second read first.
Page 216, in explanation of Plate 8, f.—f. is second branch and s.—-s. is first branch of anal vein; and i. e. is part of first branch of anal vein.
Page 217, under explanation of Plate 9, line 8, for penus read penis.
3 Mr. Williamson has shown that the shape of the apex of segment 8 of the abdomen is difficult of accurate definition as a distinctive character. (See Williamson, E. B., ““ Gomphus pallidus and two new related species (Odonata).’’ In Ent. News, vol. 25, pp. 49-58, pls. 4, 5. February, 1914. See pp. 50 and 58 and pl. 4, fig. 8.)
no, 2199. A NEW SPECIES OF DRAGONFLY—CORRIE. Wao
———————— ne
metrical, nearly vertical inferior tooth at about three-fourths dis- tance from base to apex; in ventral aspect of the appendage (pl. 28, fig. 2) this tooth is located at the posterior end of an ovate con- cavity. Inferior appendage (pl. 28, figs. 1, 2, and 3) laterally and apically black, hairy, about the same length or a little shorter than the superiors, not extending so far laterad, its hind margin moder- ately excavate.
Accessory genitalia of second segment (pl. 28, fig. 7): Anterior hamules pale yellow at base, dark apically and behind; posterior hamules nearly vertical (directed a little posteriorly), large, pale yellow, ending in a hook, brown at tip, which is directed forward and, viewed ventrally, inward; vesicle large, erect, dark brown, lat- erally shiny.
Type-locality—Lakeland, Prince Georges County, Maryland.
Type.—Cat. No. 20367, U.S.N.M.
Described from one specimen collected by the author May 22, 19169, while it was resting in a field along the Anacostia River.
Before the drawings and photograph were made and the descrip- tion drawn up, the specimen of Gomphus parvidens met with an accident, in which the left superior appendage was lost and the wings were slightly damaged. When collected the specimen was not fully chitinized, and in consequence segment 10 is somewhat distorted ventrally; but it was bristled, pinned, and spread the day after col- lection and there was little if any fading or discoloration of the bright markings in drying.
Gomphus parvidens (pl. 28, figs. 1, 2, 3 and 7; pl. 27, figs. 1 and 2) may be distinguished from G@. brevis Hagen (pl. 28, figs. 6 and 10; pi. 97, fig. 3), G. abbreviatus Hagen (pl. 28, figs. 4 and 8), and G. viridi- frons Hine (pl. 28, figs. 5 and 9), to which it seems most nearly re- lated, by the narrower pale stripes of the thoracic dorsum (compare pl. 27, figs. 2 and 3), the more symmetrical shape of the male supe- rior appendages, viewed laterally, and the shape of the accessory genitalia of the second segment.
The following key will help in distinguishing the males of these four species:
Key for the separation of the males of Gomphus parvidens, G. brevis, G. viridi- frons, and G. abbreviatus.
1. Dorsal thoracic pale stripe (pl. 27, fig. 3) anteriorly from one-half as wide to wider than adjoining middorsal dark area; apical half of superior ap- pendage viewed from side bilaterally unsymmetrical_____-__---------- 2
Dorsal thoracic pale stripe (pl. 27, fig. 2) anteriorly about one-fourth as wide as adjoining middorsal dark area; apical half of superior appendage viewed from side almost bilaterally syinmetrical=22—2_ parvidens.
77408—Proce. N. M. vol, 53—17——15
226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
2. Face heavily lined with black; superior appendages about same length as
inferior ‘appendage = 22 eee brevis. Face not lined with black; superior appendages plainly longer than inferior SU PDTO ES EY CL 1 a a a 3
3. Rear of head black, except for one or more small spots near margin of eye; inferior appendage in lateral aspect strongly narrowing in apical half; genital vesicle in lateral aspect long, slender, its apical half directed SI NGI TS pga SF BS 9 ee eae ee ee viridifrons.
Rear of head pale on lower half, black on upper half; inferior appendage in lateral aspect not strongly narrowing in apical half; genital vesicle in lateral: saspectsshort,-stout,serect2<2-= see ee eee abbreviatus.
The following material has been studied: The single male of the new species Gomphus parvidens, described herein; 34 males and 34 females of G. brevis and 7 males and 4 females of G. abbreviatus, collected at Orono, Maine, during June and July of 1898 and 1899 by F. L. Harvey and Bartle Harvey (Coll. U.S.N.M.); and a male of G. viridifrons, collected at Ohio Pyle, Pennsylvania, June 25, 1900, by E. B. Williamson (Coll. E. B. Williamson).
The specimens from which the drawings were made are so labeled and, with the exception of Gomphus viridifrons, are in the collection of the United States National Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE 27.
Figure 1 is from a photograph by Mr. H. J. Paine, of the Bureau of En- tomology. The outlines in figures 2 and 3 are adapted by the writer from one used by Mr. E. B. Williamson in illustrating markings in the genus Cyano- gomphus.
Fic. 1.—Gomphus parvidens. Male, dorsal view, X 2. 2.—Gomphus parvidens. Diagram showing pattern of thoracic markings. 38.—Gomphus brevis. Diagram showing pattern of thoracic markings.
PLATE 28.
Fies.1-3and7. Gomphus parvidens. 1. Terminal abdominal appendages of male, Gorsal aspect. 2. Same, ventral aspect. 38. Same, lateral aspect. 7. Accessory male genitalia of second ab- dominal segment, lateral aspect. ,
4and8. Gonphus abbreviatus. 4. Terminal abdominal appendages of male, lateral aspect. 8. Accessory male genitalia of second abdominal segment, lateral aspect.
5and9. Gomphus viridifrons. 5. Terminal abdominal appendages of male, lateral aspect. 9. Accessory male genitalia of second abdominal segment, lateral aspect.
6and 10. Gomphus brevis. 6. Terminal abdominal appendages of male, lateral aspect. 10. Accessory male genitalia of second ab- dominai segment, lateral aspect.
Drawings for all figures executed by Miss Esther Hart,
of the Bureau of Entomology.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 27
2 3
GOMPHUS PARVIDENS AND GOMPHUS BREVIS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 226,
Tee oan “3
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 28
GOMPHUS PARVIDENS, G. ABBREVIATUS, G. VIRIDIFRONS, AND G. BREVIS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 226,
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A REMARKABLE OCCURRENCE OF CALCITE IN SILICI- FIED WOOD.
By Enbcar T. Wuerry,
Assistant Curator, Division of Mineralogy and Petrology.
The material here described was collected by Mrs. Charles D. Walcott in Yellowstone National Park during the summer of 1915. It is dark brown in color and shows, even to the naked eye, unmistakable vegetable fiber. Dotted through the mass are minute white grains, with rhombic crystal outlines, and with dark central nuclei. The wood has been examined by Dr. F. H. Knowlton and identified as Sequoia magnifica Knowlton. The major part of the replacing material is silica, but the crystal grains are calcite, and the features shown by the latter mineral are so unusual that a special study of it has been made.
When thin sections are examined under the microscope the posi- tions of the calcite grains are found to bear no definite relation to the wood structure; they cut across the cells in all directions, They are bounded by somewhat convex crystal planes; by measuring the angle between the trace of the vertical axis (located by the inter- ference figure in convergent polarized light), and these planes, in a number of grains lying on their sides, the dominant form was deter- mined to be e, the half negative rhombohedron: observed 24-26°, calculated 26° 15’. The base, c, is sometimes obscurely developed, as is also the unit rhombohedron r. A few of the grains are single crystals, but the majority of them are formed by the intergrowth of several crystals. The individuals appear always to be intergrown in twinning position, the twinning plane being 7, the unit rhombo- hedron, the vertical axes accordingly making angles of 90° 46’ with one another, and extinction in the two parts of the twin being at times nearly simultaneous. This twinning is often polysynthetic, several thin lamellae making up the central part of the grain, while the outermost portions develop normally. Complicated multiple twins also occur.
+ Knowlton, I. H., Fossil flora of the Yellowstone National Park, U. §. Geol. Ben Mon. 32, pt. 2, 1899, p. 761, pls. 104, 105, 110, 111, and 117, figs. 1-6.
es ee es
PROCEEDINGS U, S. NATIONAL MUSEuM, VoL. 63-2900, .
227
228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
he most interesting features of these calcites are their inclusions and exclusions of wood fiber. The relations of these can be best appreciated by reference to the illustrations accompanying this article. Their main features may be summed up here. Toward the center of each grain a portion of the wood fiber is preserved as an inclusion. The cells have not been greatly distorted, but the out- lines of the groups of cells are determined by the crystallographic character of the grains. As a result of the elongation of inclusions in polysynthetic twinning lamellae curious symmetrical figures have been produced, some of them resembling insects. The cells are com- pletely enveloped in calcite substance, and no silica has been observed in any of the included portions of wood.
Surrounding the central group of wood cells there is usually a zone of entirely clear calcite, although in some instances the ceils extend outward and are continuous with those outside the crystal. Toward the outer edge of the clear zone there is usually a band of very minute, disrupted fragments of cells; and these often descend along the boundaries of twinning lamellae into the mass of undisturbed cells at the center.
The margins of the crystals are generally sharply outlined against the darker wood, and the crystal faces are always distinctly curved. The phenomena exhibited outside the crystals are also noteworthy. In all cases where any considerable proportion of a calcite crystal is clear a dense black rim surrounds it. This is evidently composed of wood cell material crowded out of the growing crystal. The wood structure just beyond this rim is sometimes curved around the crys- tals, although usually no effect whatever can be observed. These relations show that the wood must have been decomposed to such an extent that it soaked up the solutions as does a sponge, and had lost practically all rigidity, so that compression exerted by growing erystals produced no effect beyond the cells in the immediate neigh- borhood of the crystals.
Outside of the calcite crystals the wood cells are, in general, very well preserved as dark-brown carbonaceous matter. Between crossed nicols all openings are seen to be completely filled with quartz, an individual crystal occupying each cell. The deposition of this has evidently taken place from solutions which permeated the whole cell structure; and since crystallization occurred about as rapidly on one side of a cell wall as on the other, the structure was not dis- torted thereby.
A certain amount of distortion is shown by the wood cells, but it is of such a type as to indicate that it was produced by the pressure of overlying sediment on the rotted wood, rather than by the growing of crystals. If anything the cells included in the calcite grains are
No, 2200. ‘CALCITE IN SILICIFIED WOOD—WHERRY. 229
less affected than those without, indicating that the growth of the calcite took place fairly early in the history of the specimen.
That the calcite was the first mineral to form is shown by the facts that its grains possess crystal outline and inclose only woody matter, never silica. When calcite crystallizes from solutions contained in the pore spaces. between grains of sand it frequently incloses the latter, yielding “sand calcites,” 6f which many occurrences have been described. In the present instance the wood, in the process of decay, evidently became saturated with a solution capable of de- positing calcite, and wood cells were inclosed, much as are the sand grains in the “sand calcites.”
The only reasonable hypothesis which suggests itself to account for the outer portions of the crystals excluding wood cells instead of including them is that of decrease in rate of crystallization. It is well known in the study of crystallization that the rapid formation of crystals renders them particularly likely to inclose mother liquor, gas bubbles, or foreign particles suspended in the solution; slow formation, on the other hand, furnishes opportunity for the grow- ing crystals to push aside such obstacles. According to this view the solutions percolating into the decomposing wood were at first well saturated with calcium carbonate, and when crystallization was inaugurated—perhaps by warming, by changes in pressure, or by re- moval of carbon dioxide through the agency of bacteria—it went ahead at first at a relatively rapid rate. The wood cells were at this time included in the crystals.
As the solutions became depleted in calcium carbonate, however, the rate of crystallization naturally slowed down and exclusion of the cells took place. In time growth ceased, and a rim of cell ma- terial surrounded the crystals. Then a slight renewal of calcium carbonate in the solution occurred, and a thin layer of crystal matter deposited over the surface of the previously formed crystals; this also excluded most of the cell matter in its path, but traces remained behind to mark the level of temporary cessation of growth. Silica solutions then flowed in, and all remaining cavities were filled by
quartz. EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
On the plates are shown photomicrographs of thin sections of the wood con- taining calcite crystals, PLATE 29.
(Enlarged 10 times.)
Shows simple and twinned crystals, different forms of inclusions, the lack of influence of the wood structure on the directions of crystal growth, and the lack of distortion of the wood cells by the erystals.
230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
PLATE 380. (inlarged 20 times. )
Wie. 1. Shows at top a simple crystal with central inclusion, outer clear zone, and thin line of dark matter near margin, the heaping up of a dark rim at sides, and the slight parting of the cells at either end. Near the bottom a twinned crystal, with the inclusion continuous with the outer cells at one end and partitioned among the twinning lamellae at the other; the lack of distortion of the cells is evident.
Fig. 2. Shows near center large irregularly twinned crystals, with the in- eluded cells partially continuous with those outside, but greater distortion toward the margin than in the center of the crystal.
PLATE 31.
(Enlarged 20 times.)
fre. 1 (part of Plate 29, further enlarged). Shows compound twin crystals with marked partition of inclusions among the several parts of the twins, yielding insectlike forms. The dark rims of excluded cell material are also well developed.
iic. 2. Shows symmetrical partition of inclusion in a “fish tail” twin erystal.
Fic. 3. Shows at top a erystal seen end on, the central inclusion being slightly eccentric. Below, a multiple twin with unusually faint inclusions.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 ‘PL. 29
SILICIFIED WOOD CONTAINING CALCITE.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 229,
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 30
SILICIFIED WOOD CONTAINING CALCITE.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 230.
U. S.! NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 31
SILICIFIED WOOD CONTAINING CALCITE.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 230,
AN ASYMMETRICAL BIRD-LOUSE FOUND ON THREE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF TROUPIALS.
By Joun Howarp Parnp, Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
In a paper on the possible relation of the Mallophaga to bird phy- logeny, Harrison (1914) mentions and figures the heads of three asymmetrical species of bird-lice, Lipeurus quadrimaculatus Piaget. L. asymmetricus Piaget, and Degecriella asymmetrica Nitzsch, con- sidering them congeneric, inasmuch as all three are from related hosts, all Struthiones.
The writer, however, has recently come into possession of several specimens of both sexes of an asymmetrical form taken from skins of three closely related Icterids, collected by the Smithsonian Biological Survey of the Panama Canal Zone in 1911 and 1912—viz, Wagler’s Oropendola, Zarynchus waglert (Cana, E. Panama, Feb. 12, 1912), and two Caciques, Cacicus microrhynchus (Rio Indio, Canal Zone, Feb. 8, 1911) and Ostinops decumanus (=Cassicus cristatus in Giebel and Piaget) (Bosca de Cupe, June 19, 1912). The specimens of Mallophaga have been deposited in the collection of the United States National Museum.
This peculiar species (pl. 32, fig. a) is Giebel’s Philopeterus ambiguus, the asymmetrical character of which has passed unnoticed since its description, an oversight probably explained by the fact that this most striking feature is completely omitted in Giebel’s figures, though accurately described in the text (Giebel, 1847). Piaget (1880), in redescribing the species, of which he saw no material, makes no mention of its asymmetry. Giebel’s specimens were from Cassicus cristatus, which corresponds specifically with one of the writer’s host records.
Carriker (1903) has described a species from Zarynchus wagleri under the name of Nirmus francisci, which corresponds in host species and in all characters to P. ambiguus, except that no mention of asymmetry is made. It is described, however, as having an emar- ginate clypeus and is doubtless a synonym.
The type of asymmetry exhibited in P. ambiguus is similar to that in Degeeriella asymmetrica, consisting of a rather deep clypeal emargination, appearing symmetrical in the very youngest stages,
PROCEEDINGS U. Ss. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 63-2201. rel Sea 231
232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
but becoming pushed more and more to one side in the succeeding instars until, in the adult, the emargination may overlap the chitin- ous thickening of the side of the head (fig. d).
The species is strikingly marked with pitchy bands and chestnut blotches on a clear ground. The head is quite conical, a little longer than broad, with pitchy occular and antennal bands, the latter ex- tending forward to the anterior margin of the clypeus. The clypeal emargination is quite deep and extends obliquely from left to right; it is contained entirely within the clear, thin central portion of the clypeus, though sometimes may be pushed slightly over the chitinized margin of the head at the right; the clypeal signature is entirely lacking. The sides of the head, in front of the prominent, clear trabeculae, are concave; antennae with second segment longest and lighter in color than the three short terminal ones. The temples are broad and well rounded, and bear a long hair and three short spines; occiput almost straight with a large, prominent brown signature. The thorax is shorter and narrower than the head, with pitchy in- ternal bands. Tarsi with one of the two claws much reduced (fig. b), clear and inconspicuous. Abdomen of female elliptical with pitchy lateral bands and peculiarly shaped blotches on the dorsum, which may be somewhat confused by the presence of median transverse blotches which show through from the ventral side. Genital blotch saddle-shaped (fig. ¢), broadest in front, with two small dark blotches on the posterior end and two curved, linear blotches, one on either side at about the middle. Body of male much shorter than female with more rounded abdomen. Measurements of the female are given; the male specimen appears somewhat immature.
Measurements of femate.
Length. Width. +
mm. mm. BTR SUB po seh oS rs ea al ae aes Reo cal ee eee eee eoakG 0. 67 TCAs oie eis ee ee ere ee Ee Ee TE OE a . 68 .58 Mhorax. 6200. (Ce SL el ei See ee oe. 2 ee ee oo7 DIL
AIDC OMOR SS 2ie 2 cat esc ete cee eon Oe Cte rae en es .98 | . 67
LITERATURE CITED.
1847. GIEBEL, Insecta Epizoa, p. 119, pl. 8, figs. 12 and 13.
1880. Pracet, Les Pédiculines, p. 70.
1903. CarrrkErR, Mallophaga from Birds of Costa Rica, University Studies, Volo, INO: 2: Dp) 10, ple 2, Hed.
1914. Harrison, The Mallophaga as a Possible Clue to Bird Phylogeny, The Australian Zoologist, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 3.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 32
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PHILOPTERUS AMBIGUUS GIEBEL, AN ASYMMETRICAL BIRD-LOUSE.
FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGES 231, 232.
A REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA (MOSTLY FROM CALIFORNIA) MADE BY W. M. GIFFARD.
By S. A. Ronwer,
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The following paper, which is a contribution from the Branch of Forest Insects, is a report on a collection of Hymenoptera (mostly from California) which had been assembled by W. M. Giffard and received for determination through Dr. L. O. Howard. The types of all of the new species and specimens of most of the species re- corded have been presented to the United States National Museum.
Considering the careful way in which Mr. Giffard has collected, it is not surprising that a number of the species proved to be new. In some of the groups the collection offered some especially interesting species which although distinct from any described species are closely allied and serve to indicate progressive modification of specific char- acters. Especially is this true in Cradro s. 1.
Unless otherwise specified, all the specimens were collected by W. M. Giffard.
Suborder CHALASTOGASTRA. Family ARGIDAE.
ARGE, species.
A species allied to clavicornis (Fabricius) from Eldorado County, California, 8,400 feet, June, 1909, is represented by a single female.
Family TENTHREDINIDAE.
TENTHREDELLA VARIATA (Norton). A single male from Eldorado County, California, 8,400 feet, col- lected June, 1909. STRONGYLOGASTER PACIFICA MacGillivray.
This species is represented by one female and seven males col- lected in Eldorado County, California, June, 1909, at an altitude of 8,400 feet.
PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 53-2202, 233
234 PROCEEDINGS OF TIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
CRATEROCERUS CALIFORNICUS, new species.
Of the described species this new species is more closely allied to fraternalis (Norton), but is easily distinguished from that species by size, black prescutum, etc.
Female—Length, 6 mm. Clypeus convex, deeply, arcuately emarginate apically, the lobes rather narrow, rounded apically; supraclypeal foveae rather small, deep; supraclypeal area flat; median fovea deep, U-shaped, slightly breaking through crest; antennal foveae large, breaking through crest; pentagonal area poorly defined, trapezoidal; postocellar area, well defined on all sides, about four times as wide as the cephal-caudad length; head shining; third antennal joint a trifle shorter than the fourth; thorax shining; stigma broadest near base, tapering to apex; transverse radius re- ceived slightly basad of middle of cell; third cubital cell distinctly shorter than the second; sheath stout, strongly oblique below, rounded apieally. Black; angles of pronotum and tegulae yellowish; sternites and legs below coxae piceous, paler at knees. Wings hyaline; vena- tion dark brown, costa and stigma paler.
Type-locality—Eldorado County, California. Described from two females collected by W. M. Giffard, June, 1909, at an altitude of 8,400 feet.
Type.—Cat. No. 19884, U.S.N.M.
Paratype in collection of Mr. Giffard.
Suborder CLISTOGRASTER. Superfamily VESPOIDEA.
The superfamily Vespoidea is here restricted to the old Diploptera and is easily distinguished from the other groups placed in Vespoidea by Ashmead in having the posterior margin of the pronotum above and behind the anterior margin of the tegulae.
Family MASARIDAE. PSEUDOMASARIS ALBIFRONS Rohwer. Two males collected by A. Koebele at Tucson, Arizona, June, 1900, have the femora somewhat darker than in the type.
Family EUMENIDAE.
SYNOMORPHUS DEBILIS Saussure.
Two males from Tahoe, Eldorado County, collected June, 1909, at an altitude of 6,200 feet.
These specimens differ slightly from eastern specimens in having the dorsal aspect of the first tergite coarsely punctured, thus agreeing better with Saussure’s description.
xo. 2202. GIFFARD COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA—ROUWER. 235 app ern a
ANCISTROCERUS SEXCINGULATUS Ashmead.
Three males from Tahoe, Eldorado County, collected June, 1909, at an altitude of 6,200 feet; one male from Summit, Placer County, July, 1907.
In one specimen from Tahoe there are two small spots on the scutellum, and in the specimen from Summit these spots are present and larger.
ANCISTROCERUS SUTTERIANUS Saussure.
One male from Alameda County, collected July, 1907.
ANCISTROCERUS TAHOENSIS, new species.
This species belongs to Saussure’s Group II B, p. 180, “ Synopsis of American Wasps,” and judging from the description must re- semble paridest Saussure in structure, but the abdomen is not conical and the color is quite different.
Female.—Length to apex of second tergite 8 mm. Clypeus with its length and width subequal, surface oaeed to irregularly striate, the apical margin truncate; front with close almost confluent punctures; vertex more sparsely punctured, not tuberculate; angles of the pronotum prominent but not tuberculate; propodeum reticu- late dorsally, finely striate posteriorly; thorax punctured like the front; first tergite transverse, almost as wide as second; second tergite twice as long as the first and not at all reflexed; first two tergites with a few small scattered punctures; somewhat obscured by the appressed pubescence. Black; clypeus except margin and a rather large median basal spot, a spot between the antennae, scape beneath, dot behind the summit of eyes, anterior margin of the pro- notum, tegulae, spot beneath, two spots on the scutellum, two spots on the metanotum, apical margin of the abdominal segments (slightly broader laterally), an elongate free spot on second tergite, and legs below the knee, yellow; head and thorax with long gray hair; wings subhyaline, the apical margin dusky, basal anterior margin yellowish; costa and stigma yellow, the rest of the venation brown.
Type-locality—Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. Described from a single female collected at an altitude of 6,200 feet, in June, 1909, by W. M. Giffard.
Type.—Cat. No. 20330, U.S.N.M.
ANCISTROCERUS LUCIDUS, new species.
o
This small slender species is allied to sercingulatus Ashmead, but may be readily separated from Ashmead’s species by the sparse punctures on the front (in sexcingulatus the front is closely, almost confluently punctured).
236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Afale—Length to apex of second abdominal segment 5 mm. Clypeus distinctly broader than long, convex, smooth, the apical margin deeply arcuately emarginate; supraclypeal area with a dis- tinct median carina; front shining with sparse well-defined punc- tures; vertex not tuberculate; thorax punctured similarly to the front; the anterior margin of the pronotum carinate, the lateral angles prominent but not tuberculate; depression in front of the scutellum foveolate; propodeum reticulate dorsally; posterior face reticulate or striate; first tergite with large well-defined punctures, the second not quite twice as long and almost impunctate. Black; clypeus, spot on the mandibles, spot between the antennae, scape beneath, dot at the summit of the eyes, two spots on the pronotum, the metanotum, apical margins of the first and second tergites, tibiae, intermediate femora beneath at the apex, and the four ante- rior tarsi, yellow, flagellum brownish beneath; wings dusky hyaline; venation dark brown.
Type-locality—Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. Described from four males collected at an altitude of 6,200 feet, in June, 1909, by W. M. Giffard.
Type and paratype.—Cat. No. 20331, U.S.N.M.
Paratypes in Mr. Giffard’s collection.
ODYNERUS TRUNCATUS Provancher.
Seven males from Tahoe, Eldorado County, collected June, 1909, at an altitude of 6,200 feet.
ODYNERUS BLANDINUS, new species.
Related to blandus Saussure, but judging from the original descrip- tion the puncturation of the abdomen in dlandus is much stronger.
Female.—Length to apex of the second tergite, 9.5 mm. Clypeus with the length and width subequal, convex, and with sparse, well- defined punctures, the apical margin nearly truncate; supraclypeal area with a well-defined median carina; front with close, sometimes confluent punctures; vertex sparsely punctured, not tuberculate; anterior margin of the pronotum strongly carinate, the angles promi- nent; thorax with distinct, well-defined-or confluent punctures; dorsal aspect of the propodeum punctato-reticulate, the posterior face irregularly striate and without well-defined inclosing carinae; ab- cdomen opaque, the first segment almost impunctate, the apical mar- gins of the second, third, fourth, and fifth tergites with closed punc- tures, but not at all reflex. Black; clypeus except margin and a median spot, a spot between the antennae, scape beneath, dot at sum- mit of the eyes, anterior margin of the pronotum, tegulae, spot beneath, two spots on the scutellum, metanotum, sides of the propo-
x0. 2202. GIFFARD COLLECTION OF NYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 237
a ae
denm, apical margins of the first and following tergites, lateral mar- gins of the first and second tergites connected with the triangular- shaped spot, second and following sternites yellow; legs yellow; coxae above, trochanters, femora above and also beneath at base, black; tarsi ferruginous; head and thorax with short brownish hair; wings yellowish hyaline, the apical margin slightly dusky; costa and stigma yellowish, the apical venation brown.
Male—Length to apex of the second tergite 9-mm. The male agrees very well with the female in color and structure. The clypeus is entirely yellow.
Type-locality—Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. Described from one female and four males collected at an altitude of 6,200 feet, in June, 1909, by W. M. Giffard.
Type.—Cat. No. 20332, U.S.N.M.
Two paratypes in collection of Mr. Giffard. Specimens which are probably this species are also-collected at Summit, in Placer County, California. These specimen and a few cther specimens from Eldorado County which are not considered as types indicate that this species will vary considerably in the mark- ings of the scutellum and propodeum; ‘most of the males have the scutellum and propodeum black; the marking of the second tergite varies somewhat, as the median yellow spots are much reduced in
size in certain specimens from Summit.
ODYNERUS GIFFARDI, new species.
This species would fall near d/andus in Saussure’s Synopsis, but is easily separated from that species on the puncturation of the ab- domen, and from the species described above by the yellow spot on the mesoscutum.
Female——tLength to apex of the second tergite, 7 mm. Clypeus longer than wide, irregularly striate, the apical margin truncate; front confluently punctured; vertex not tuberculate; thorax with distinct well-defined punctures, laterally bipunctate; propodeum reticulate above, posterior face striate, without defining carinae; first tergite about half as long as second, with distinct, scattered punctures; the second tergite with only setigerous punctures basally and with a few punctures apically, the apical margin not reflex. Black; clypeus except a median spot and the lateral and anterior margins, spot between the antennae, the inner margins of the eyes to the emargination, scape beneath, spot at the summit of the eyes, two spots on the pronotium, tegulae, a large spot beneath, a small dot in front of the scutellum, metanotum, large spots on the sides of the propodeum, apical margin of all the tergites, triangular-shaped lateral spots on the first and second tergites which are confluent with
938 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
the yellow lateral margin, the apical margin of the second and fol- lowing sternites, basal lateral spot on the second sternite, yellow; legs black; femora beyond the middle, tibiae and the first joint of the tarsi yellow; the apical joints of the tarsi ferruginous; head with very short brownish hair; wings dusky hyaline, costa and stigma and the rest of the venation brownish.
T ype-locality—Alameda County, California. Described from five females collected July, 1907, by W. M. Giffard, for whom this species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 20333, U.S.N.M.
Two paratypes in Mr. Giffard’s collection.
A specimen from the foothills near Santa Barbara, California, col- lected in August, 1908, probably belongs to this species but the coxae are yellowish beneath and almost the entire second sternite is yellow.
ODYNERUS ROBUSTUS, new species.
Female.—Length to apex cf the second tergite, 12 mm.; robust. Clypeus with length and width subequal, irregularly striate medi- anly, punctured laterally, the apical margin nearly truncate; snpra- clypeal area not carinate; front closely punctured; in the area ad- joining the ocelli the punctures are larger and sometimes confluent; vertex more sparsely punctured, nut tuberculate; anterior margin of the pronotum feebly carinate; thorax punctured similarly to the front; metanotum and dorsal surface of the propodeum coarsely reticulate; posterior face finely striate, without bounding carina; api- cal margin of the second tergite with large punctures, but not re- flexed; apical margin of the third, fourth, and fifth tergites pune- tured. Black; clypeus except the lateral margin and an elongate median spot, the inner margin of the eyes to the emargination, a spot between the antennae, scape beneath, posterior margin of the eye, line on the pronotum, tegulae, a spot beneath, two small spots on the seutellum, two spots on the propodeum, apical margin of the first and following tergites, lateral median triangular spots on the first and second tergites, apical margin of the second and following sternites, broader laterally, spot on the coxae beneath, four anterior femora beneath apically, and tibiae, yellowish; tarsi ferruginous; head and thorax with dense brownish hair; wings yellowish hyaline, the apical margin dusky; venation the color of the wings.
Type-locality.—Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. Described from one female collected at an altitude of 6,200 feet, in June, 1909, by W. M. Giffard.
Type.—Cat. No. 20334, U.S.N.M.
ODYNERUS ELDORADENSIS, new species.
If it were not for the color markings, this might be the male of robustus, but it differs from that species as follows: Clypeus yellow,
no, 2202. GIFFARD COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 239
the apical margin arcuately emarginate; scutellum, propodeum, and mesepisternum black; tergites with only the apical margin pale; tegulae almost entirely brownish. Length to apex of second tergite, 10 mm.
Type-locality—Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. Described from one male collected at an altitude of 6,200 feet by W. M. Giffard.
Type.—Cat. No. 20835, U.S.N.M.
PTEROCHILUS MORRISONI Cresson.
One male from Tahoe, Eldorado County, collected June, 1909, at an altitude of 6,200 feet.
Superfamily MUTILLOIDEA.
The superfamily Mutilloidea as used here is that portion of the Fossores of Cresson in which the pronotum is large, well developed laterally, and extends back at least as far as the anterior margin of the tegulae and does not form a tubercule. The group is easily sepa- rated from the true Vespoids by the character mentioned under that superfamily. In the writer’s opinion, the superfamily Vespoidea as defined by Ashmead is composed of a number of homogeneous groups, which it will be desirable to call superfamilies. The name Mutilloidea is used in preference to Scolioidea, which was intro- duced by Banks in 1912, because d/utilla is the older genus.
Family MUTILLIDAE.
DASYMUTILLA AUREOLA (Blake).
A single female collected by Blaisdell, July, 1910, in Calaveras County, California.
Family PSAMMOCHARIDAE. PSEUDAGENIA METALLICA Banks.
A female from Alameda County, California, July, 1907.
PEPSIS FORMOSA (Say).
Two of each sex collected by Blaisdell in Calaveras County, Cali- fornia, July, 1910. PSAMMOCHARES, species.
A single female from San Francisco, California, July, 1907, does not seem to be described. PSAMMOCHARES AETHIOPS (Cresson). A male from Alameda County, California, July, 1907.
PSAMMOCHARES LUCTUOSUS (Cresson).
One female and two males from Tahoe, Eldorado County, Cali- fornia, June, 1909.
240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
APORINELLUS CALIFORNICUS, new species.
This species appears to be more closely allied to Aporinellus ferru- gineipes (Viereck), but does not agree with the description of that species, being easily differentiated by the red four anterior legs, relationship of antennal joints, and arcuation of the pronotum.
Female.—Length, 6 mm. Anterior margin of clypeus truncate; malar space very narrow; inner margin of eye broadly arcuately marginate about the middle; ocelli in a low triangle; postocellar line one-fifth longer than the ocellecellar line; antennae slightly tapering, third and fourth joints subequal; head shining; pronotum shallowly arcuately emarginate posteriorly; entire thorax shining; dorsal as- pect of propodeum with a distinct median furrow; longer calcaria of both the intermediate and posterior tibiae distinctly more than half as long as basitarsus, that on the intermediate tibiae slightly longer in proportion than the one on posterior tibiae; radial cell very short; second cubital cell trapezoidal in outline; second recur- rent nearly interstitial with second transverse cubitus; the first re- current one-third of the length of the cell from the first transverse cubitus; nervulus slightly antefurcal; abdomen shining. Black with very little pubescence; mandibles except apices, anterior margin of clypeus, all of the femora and tibiae, and basal part of all of the basitarsi rufus; wings hyaline; venation pale brown.
Type-locality—Alameda County, California. Described from one female collected July, 1907, by W. M. Giffard.
Type.—Cat. No. 19967, U.S.N.M.
Superfamily SPHECOIDEA. Family SPHECIDAE. CHLORION CYANEUM Dahibom. Two females from Ohio or Texas.
PALMODES LAEVIVENTRIS (Cresson).
One male from the foothills of Santa Barbara County, California, August, 1907.
AMMOBIA PENSYLVANICA (Linnaeus). Two males from Ohio or Texas. AMMOBIA ICHNEUMONEA (Linnaeus).
One female and one male from Ohio or Texas; one of each sex from San Rafael, California, August, 1909; one male from Calaveras County, California, July, 1910, collected by Blaisdell.
no, 2202. GIFFARD COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 241
SCELIPHRON SERVILLII Lepeletier.
A specimen of each sex from the foothills of Santa Barbara County, California, August, 1907.
PSAMMOPHILA LUCTUOSA Snith.
Three females from Tahoe, Eldorado County, California, 6,200 feet, June, 1909; one female from Alameda, California, July, 1907; one female from Summit, Placer County, California, 7,000 feet, July, 1907.
PSAMMOPHILA VIOLACEIPENNIS Lepeletier.
Two females from Tahoe, Eldorado County, California, 6,200 feet,
June, 1900; and one male from Alameda, California, July, 1907.
SPHEX SAEVA (Smith).
Mne female collected by Blaisdell in Calaveras County, California,
July, 1910. SPHEX VULGARIS (Cresson).
Three of each sex from Tahoe, Eldorado County, California, 6,200 feet, June, 1909.
OXYBELUS, species.
A single female specimen from the coast of Santa Barbara col- lected June, 1907, appears to represent a new form, but more material is needed.
OXYBELUS QUADRINOTATUS Say.
Two females and four males from San Francisco, July, 1907; two males from the Santa Barbara coast June, 1907; two females and two males from Alameda County, July, 1907. These specimens are rather larger than the eastern form, and have the abdomen more closely punctured.
LINDENIUS COLUMBIANUS Kohl.
Two females and 12 males from Santa Barbara, California, July, 1907.
These specimens agree very well with Kohl’s description, but it is impossible to make the comparison with pygmaeus. This species is easily distinguished from errans Fox by the more closely punctured scutum and by the unusually prominent lateral ridges of the scutum.
Genus SOLENIUS Lepeletier.
Subgenus HyPpocRABRO Ashmead. Syn.: Pseudocrabro ASHMEAD, Aylocrabro ASHMEAD. The groups for which ypocrabro and Pseudocrabro were pur-
posed can not be separated in the female (Ashmead’s separation was 77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17——16
949 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
based entirely on the types, and according to his characters the female of packardii would be a Pseudocrabro, while the male would be a LZypocrabro), so it is evident they must not be considered as distinct. A’ ylocrabro Ashmead (= group scaber Fox) is in habitus rather different from Z/ypocrabro and can be well differentiated in mest species by the presence of a foveolate channel on lateral posterior angle of the propodeum, coarser sculpture, and absence of a fringe at the side of the pygidium. In certain species, however (such as banksi Rohwer), there is intergrading (bankst has habitus and punc- tuation of Yylocrabro and other characters of Zypocrabro), so it is difficult to satisfactorily separate the two groups. For this reason the above synonymy is preferred.
SOLENIUS (HYPCCRABRO) IMBUTUS (Fox).
Crabro imputus Nox, Proce. California Acad., ser. 2, vol. 4, 1894, p. 108. Crabro (Solenius Lepeletier) ferrugineipes Rouwer, Ent. News, vol. 19, 1908, p. 250.
From material in the United States National Museum it is evi- dent that ferrugincipes Rohwer is only a colcr form of zmbutus Fox, in which the sternites are black, the spet on the first tergite is wanting, and the spots on the second tergite are much reduced.
SOLENIUS (HYPOCRABRO) NOKONIS (Rohwer). Crabro (subg. 7) nokonis Rouwer, Ent. News, 1908, vol. 19, p. 251.
This species is very close to chrysarginus, but may be distinguished, as far as the material in the United States National Museum goes, by the black metanotum and prepectus.
SOLENIUS (HYPOCRABRO) GIFFARDI, new species.
The female of this species runs in Fox’s synopsis to packardit Cresson, to which it is very closely allied, but it may be differentiated from packardii by the richer livery, the shorter first flagellar joint, and the less strongly ridged pronotum. The male runs to copulet 25 and differs from imbutus in markings and sculpture and from odyneroides by the marks on the sternites and shorter first joint of the median tarsus.
female—Length 11.5 mm. Clypeus with low median projection, the lateral angles of which are round; distance between the eyes at the clypeus about one-fifth greater than the median length of the clypeus; frens very closely punctured, almost granular; vertex and posterior orbits with the punctuation more distinct; ccelli in very low triangle; postocellar line about one-eighth shorter than the ocellocular line; first joint of flagellum one-fifth longer than the second; pronotum not strongly ridged and without a lateral tooth; mesonotum closely punctato-granular, posteriorly the punctures are
No. 2202. GIFFARD COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 248 ~
more distinct; scutellum with close irregular punctures; mesepister- num striato-punctate; episternal groove scarcely foveolate; pro- podeum with a distinct median channel, dorsally striato-punctate, posteriorly obscurely reticulate, laterally finely rugulose; abdomen shining; the first tergite with punctures a trifle larger and more separate than any of the following; venation, legs and pygidium typical of group. Black; mandibles except apically, two obscure small spots on the clypeus, scape, pedicellum, two large spots on pronotum (almost contiguous), tubercules mesepisternum an- teriorly, scutellum, two small spots before the scutellum, a line on metanotum, a broad band on all of tergites near anterior margin (interrupted narrowly on third), second sternite medianly, third sternite laterally, and sixth sternite medianly bright yellow; legs yellow, coxae, trochanters, and femora above (posterior femore be- neath), and apical four joints of hind tarsi black; wings dusky hyaline; venation pale brown; with the usual short pressed silvery pubescence; the head, thorax and first tergite with rather long slightly yellowish hair.
Male—Length 10 mm. First joint of flagellum one-fifth longer than second; mesoscutum and propodeum more distinctly punctured than in the female; differs from the female in having most of the four posterior femora black.
Type-locality.—Alameda County, California. Described from three females (one type) and two males (one allotype), collected in July, 1907, by W. M. Giffard, for whom the species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 20156, U.S.N.M.
A male and female paratype in Mr. Giffard’s collection.
SOLENIUS SEPTENTRIONALIS (Packard).
A male and female from Summit, Placer County, California, col-
lected July 1907 at an altitude of 7,000 feet. BELEPHARIPUS ATER (Cresson).
A single female from Tahoe, Eldorado County, California, 6,209
feet, June 1909. CRABRO LATIPES Smith.
Five males from Summit, Placer County, California, 7,000 feet,
July 1907.
CRABRO LARGIOR Fox. One female from Tahoe, Eldorado County, collected June 1909 at an altitude of 6,200 feet. CRABRO VICINUS Cresson. Two females from Summit, Placer County, collected July 1907;
and two females from Tahoe, Eldorado County, collected June 1909 at an altitude of 6,200 feet.
244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
ANTHOPHILUS MULTIMACULATUS Cameron. One female and six males from the Santa Barbara coast, June 1907. ANTHOPHILUS PACIFICUS (Cresson).
Five males from Alameda County, California, July 1907; three males from the Santa Barbara coast, June 1907.
CERCERIS FINITIMA Cresson.
Thirty-one males from the coast and two from the foothills of Santa Barbara County, California. Specimens collected in June and August 1907.
CERCERIS CALIFORNICA Cresson.
One male from Calaveras County, California, collected July, 1910, by Blaisdell agrees fairly well with Cresson’s description.
LARROPSIS TENUICORNIS (Smith).
A single male specimen from Alameda County, California, July, 1907, is not quite typical, as the striae on the propodeum curve anteriorly.
TACHYSPHEX TERMINATUS (Smith).
One female and three males from Alameda County, California, July, 1907; and one male from the focthills of Santa Barbara, California, collected August, 1907. No differences between these and New Jersey specimens were found.
TACHYSPHEX GIFFARDI, new species.
In Fox’s Revision of the North American Larridae this species traces to montanus Cresson, but differs in clypeal characters, color, ete. From ¢arsatus Say, hitet Rohwer, and semirufus Cresson the punctuation will distinguish.
Female——Length, 8 mm. Clypeus strongly convex, shining, with large separate punctures, the anterior margin subtruncate, the lateral angles not or but slightly produced; frons opaque, granular with dis- tinct separate punctures in addition; above the anterior ocellus the granulation is much finer and the punctures closer and better defined; the superior interocular line much more than half the inferior inter- ocular line, greater than the length of antennal joints two plus three but less than three plus four; antennae scarcely tapering, the third and fourth joints subequal; scutum and scutellum shining, with dis- tinct scattered punctures which are closer and finer on the scutum anteriorly; dorsal aspect of the propodeum coarsely granular; meso- plurae and sides of propodeum coriaceous; posterior face of the
propodeum transversely striated, the dorsal stria being more promi- -
xo. 2202. GIFFARD COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 245
nent; the first two abcissae of radius subequal, the third a trifle shorter; abdomen shining, without apparent sculpture; pygidium one and one-third times as long as basal (base of lateral carinae) width. Black, abdomen clear red; head and thorax with a small amount of silvery pile; wings dusky hyaline.
Type-locality—Summit, Placer County, California. Described from six females collected in July, 1907, by W. M. Giffard, for whom the species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 19927, U.S.N.M.
Two paratypes in Mr. Giffard’s collection.
TACHYSPHEX ELDORADENSIS, new species.
In Fox’s table this will go to consimilis Fox, but it is larger and the abdomen is all red. It is closely allied to giffardi Rohwer, but is larger and the mesoscutum is much more coarsely sculptured. Eldoradensis is most closely allied to neomexicanus Rohwer, but may be separated by the much longer pydidium.
Female.—Length 11 mm. Clypeus strongly convex, shining with large separate punctures, the anterior margin subtruncate (slightly wavey) the lateral angles not at all produced; frons coarsely coriace- ous; intraocellar area with separate distinct punctures, the vertex similarly but more closely punctured; superior interocular line about half as long as the inferior, distinctly longer than the second and third antennal joints but markedly less than the third and fourth; antennae slightly tapering, the third joint one-fifth shorter than the fourth; mesoscutum punctured similar to vertex; scutellum shining more sparsely punctured, not impressed; dorsal aspect of propodeum coriaceous, the sides finely striato-granular, the posterior face dis- tinctly transversely striate; the first and third abcissa of radius subequal, the second much shorter; abdomen shining, without ap- parent sculpture, the pygidium three times as long as basal (base of lateral carinae) width. Black; abdomen clear red; tarsi reddish; pubescence silvery; wings dusky hyaline.
Type-locality—Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. One female collected at an altitude of 6,200 feet, June, 1909, by W. M. Giffard.
Type.—Cat. No. 19928, U.S.N.M.
TACHYSPHEX PLESIA, new species.
In Fox’s synopsis this will fall in with fumipennis, but, judging from the description, it is not closely allied to that species.
Female—Length 8 mm. Clypeus convex, shining, with distinct separate punctures; the anterior margin with a broad, low, depressed lobe which is gently rounded; frons coarsely punctato-reticulate; intraocellar area with separated punctures; vertex with scattered
246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 53.
punctures; superior interocular line nearly half as long as the in- ferior and subequal with the second, third, and fourth antennal joints; antennae filiform, the third joint one-fourth shorter than the fourth; mesoscutum punctured similar to the vertex; dorsal aspect of the propodeum coarsely coriaceous, the sides finely striate, the posterior face more strongly striate; second abcissa of radius longer than first or third; pygidium sharply narrowing, the carinae almost obsolete, length and basal (base of carinae) width subequal. Black; first two and last tergites piceous; wings dusky hyaline; pubescence sparse and silvery.
Type-locality—Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. Described from two females collected at an altitude of 6,200 feet June, 1909, by W. M. Giffard.
Type.—Cat. No. 19950, U.S.N.M.
Paratype in Mr. Giffard’s collection.
TRYPOXYLON FRIGIDUM Smith.
One male from Piedmont or Oakland, California, collected Octo-
ber, 1910. TRYPOXYLON ARIZONENSE Fox.
One female collected by Blaisdell, in Calaveras County, California,
July, 1910. CERATOPHORUS TENAX (Fox).
Two females and four males from Piedmont and Oakland, Cali- fornia, collected September, 1910. Four females and six males from Alameda County, California, collected July, 1907.
PEMPHREDON NEARCTICUS Kohl.
A single female from Tahoe, Eldorado County, June, 1909, eleva- tion 6,200 feet. i CEMONUS GIFFARDI, new species.
in Fox’s table this species will run to fenax, but the clypeus and propodeum readily separate the two species.
Female—Length, 7.5 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus with a broad median projection, the apex of which is shallowly arcutely bemarginate, so there are three small teeth; front rather sparsely punctures with a tendency to striato-punctation above the anten- nae; vertex and posterior orbits shining, sparsely punctured; antennae nearly filiform, the third joint slightly longer than the fourth; mesoscutum and scutellum polished with a very few dis- tinct punctures; mesepisterum coarsely coriaceous to striate; sides of the propodeum striato-reticulate, dorsad-ventrad; dorsal aspect
1Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 19, 1892, p. 308.
x0, 2202. GIFFARD COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 247
of propodeum with distinct carinae basally, which become so re- duced posteriorly that there is a semicircular nearly unsculptured area; posterior aspects of propodeum punctato-striate; petiole con- vex above, coarsely sculptured slightly longer than hind coxa and femora or dilated part of first tergite; gaster polished; nervulus slightly antefurcal; second recurrent slightly antefucal; second cubital narrowed by a fifth below. Black sparsely clothed with long white hair; wings hyaline, dusky apically; ventation dark -brown. :
Type-locality —Alameda County, California. Described from one female collected July, 1907, by W. M. Giffard.
Type—Cat. No. 20129, U.S.N.M.
STIGMUS FULVIPES FULVIPES Fox.
One female and four males from the foothills near Santa Barbara, June, 1907.
STIGMUS FULVIPES COQUILLETTI Rohwer.
One female from Alameda County, California, collected July, 1907.
DIPLECTRON BIDENTATUS Ashmead. *
One male from Alameda County, collected July, 1907.
This differs from Ashmead’s type, which is a male (not female), in that the white mark on the side of the face is larger and the scape is pale beneath. This is new to California.
SILAON AFFINIS (Rohwer).
One female from Alameda County, collected July, 1907. This is slightly smaller than the type, the mandibles are ferrugi- nous, and the anterior tibiae have a pale spot exteriorly.
SILAGN MAJOR, new species.
May be readily separated from the other American species of this genus by its large size, dark legs, and by the striation of the propo- deum.
Female.—Length, 10 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus ob- tusely, triangularly produced and with eight or nine strong, short spines; frontal carina strong, extending from the apex of the clypeus dividing a short distance above the antennae becoming sub- parallel and then sharply diverging to the inner margins of the eyes which it approximates and parallels from the anterior ocellus to the line drawn tangent to the posterior ocelli; head opaque, with fine, close punctures; ocelli in acute triangle; the ocellocular line sub-°
248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. | VOL. 53.
equal with the diameter of a lateral ocellus; vertex and posterior orbits more sparsely punctured than the front; antennae tapering apically, the third joint one-fifth longer than the fourth; fourth and fifth subequal; distance between the eyes at the vertex slightly | greater than the length of the second and third antennal joints: mesoscutum with distinct, well-defined punctures which become con- fluent laterally; scutellum similarly punctured; mesepisternum coarsely granular; dorsal aspect of the propodeum with oblique striae except in the apical middle where the striae are transverse, and there is a median longitudinal carina; sides of the propodeum strongly, irregularly longitudinally striate; posterior face truncate, transversely striate; nervulus slightly beyond the basal; second cubital receiving both recurrent veins at a distance from the trans- verse cubiti subequal with the length of the petiole of the second cubital; legs hardly spined, longer calcarium of the posterior tibia half as long as the posterior basitarsus; pygidial area with small, separate, well-defined punctures. Black; abdomen rufous; apical joints of the tarsi rufo-piceous; wings hyaline with the apical margin dusky; venation dark brown; head and thorax with dense, silvery pile; apical margin of the first four tergites with dense, silvery pile.
Type-locality—North Yakima, Washington. Described from one female collected July 14, 1903, by Eldred Jenne.
Type.—Cat. No. 18998, U.S.N.M.
Male.—What is probably the male of this species was collected in Alameda County, California, July, 1907, by W. M. Giffard. It agrees very well in the above description of the female, but the fol- lowing characters may be added: Length, 6 mm. Clypeus carinate, produced into a truncate lobe which is again produced into a low, rounded lobe; antennae distinctly tapering, the joints short, the third about one-fifth longer than fourth.
This male is not considered part of the type material.
HOPLISUS HAMATUS (Handlirsch). One male from Tahoe, Eldorado County, collected June, 1909, at an altitude of 6,200 feet. HOPLISUS ATRIFRONS (Fox).
Three males from Tahoe, Eldorado County, California, 6,200 feet, June, 1909. DIENOPUS HOWARDII (Ashmead).
One male from Summit, Placer County, California, July, 1907.
NYSSON RUSTICUS Cresson.
One female from Tahoe, Eldorado County, collected June, 1909, at an altitude of 6,200 feet.
no. 2202. GIFFARD COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 249
NYSSON (BRACHYSTEGUS) PACIFICUS, new species.
In Fox’s table? falls next to punilus (Cresson), but that species has the mesoscutum finely punctured and is otherwise different. In Cresson’s table ? falls in with compactus Cresson, but that species has, according to Fox, quite different venation.
Male—tLength, 5 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus depressed, broadly rounded, the basal portion convex with a few shallow pune- tures; eyes one-third closer together at the clypeus than at the vertex; front with close fine punctures and in addition larger and deeper punctures in the middle; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocu- lar; interocellar area not raised or tuberculate; flagellum thickening apically, the apical joint subequal in length with the two preceding, obliquely truncate; pronotum rounded; mesoscutum bipunctate, the larger punctures close and sometimes partly confluent; punctures of the scutellum largely confluent; dorsal aspect of propodeum with sbout 10 longitudinal carinae; spines prominent, acute; legs normal; nervulus postfurcal by more than half its length; nervellus ante- furcal by its length; abdomen very finely granular and in addition with distinct separate punctures. Black; first tergite except median apical spot ferruginous; median spot on pronotum, tubercules, lateral spots on first fourth tergites (larger on first), yellowish-white; mandibles and anterior tibiae and tarsi piceous. Clothed with the usual silvery pile which is especially dense on the lateral dorsal aspect of the propodeum; wings dusky hyaline; venation brown.
Type-locality—FYoothills near Santa Barbara, California. De- _ scribed from one male collected August, 1907, by W. M. Giffard. Type.—Cat. No. 20162, U.S.N.M.
Family BEMBICIDAE.
STENIOLA DUPLICATA Provancher. One female collected by A. Koebele at Tucson, Arizona, June, 1900.
BEMBIX SPINOLAE Lepeletier. One female from Ohio or Texas.
SPHECIUS SPECIOSUS Drary. One female from Ohio or Texas.
Superfamily APOIDEA.
XYLOCOPA ORPIFEX Smith.
A male and female from Calaveras County, collected by Blaisdell, July, 1910.
1 Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1896, p. 12. *Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 9, 1882, p. 273.
Pi
PM : eae f
A NEW SPECIES OF BEAR-ANIMALCULE FROM THE COAST OF NORTH CAROLINA.
By W.. 2. Hay,
Of the Washington (District of Columbia) High Schools.
For many years the presence of marine species of tardigrades, or bear animalcules, on the coasts of Kurone has been known to the scien- tific world. In 1851 Dujardin described? a remarkable, very minute species, now known as MMicrolyda dujardini (Plate), which had been discovered two years previously at St. Malo, in northern France. In 1865 Schultze described? the species now known as Lchiniscoides sigismundi (Schultze) which he had found at Ostend. In 1892 Cuénot found at Roskoff, in northern France, a species which he de- scribed * under the name Tetrakentron synaptae, the creature being a parasite of Synapta inhacrens. In 1904 Prof. F. Richters discovered at Kiel and at Bergen, respectively, two marine species of the genus Macrobiotus to which he gave the names Macrobiotus stenostomus and Jf. appellofi*. In 1907 the same indefatigable student of these microscopic animals, while working at Cancale, found another tardi- grade which he described > as Malechiniscus guiteli and in 1909, at Kiel, still another to which he gave the name Patillipes mirus.®
Having kept in touch with the literature of this group it appeared probable to the writer that some of these animals should appear on the American Atlantic coast, and at the first opportunity a search for them was begun. During the summer of 1911, while engaged, at Beaufort, North Carolina, in the study of the decapod crustaceans of the region, material was collected from time to time and examined for tardigrades. The material, as a rule, consisted of the washings from masses of seaweed, but occasionally the ooze from various parts of the harbor was obtained. Finally, on September 6, some washings from a large patch of Dictyota were examined and were found to contain hundreds of tardigrades belonging to the genus Patillipes.
1Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 10, pp. 158-178.
2 Arch, f. mikro. Anat., vol. 1, p. 428.
8 Rey. Biol. du Nord de la France, vol. 5, p. 16, pl. 1.
4 Zool. Anzeig., vol. 33, p. 84.
SIdem, p. 81.
® Ber. der Senckenb. Naturf. Gesell., 1909, p. 37, pl. 2.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 53-2203. 251
952 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
eee The live animals were carefully studied, the details of their external structure were drawn, and a description was written, but before pub- lishing it it appeared to be desirable to ascertain certain facts about the European species. A letter to Professor Richters brought a prompt reply in the form of a mounted specimen of B. mirus, sev- eral microphotographs, and a letter suggesting a reexamination of certain details of structure. For proper examination living speci- mens were necessary and a wait of a year was inevitable.
In 1912 and 1913 and again in 1914 only a single specimen was found and time was lacking to complete the work. In 1915 several specimens were obtained, but so late in the season that an unsatisfac- tory examination only was possible. In 1916 the writer was unable to visit the type-locality, and as it may be several years before he can return, it seems advisable to present what has been ascertained regarding the animal. It may be known by the following descrip- tion:
BATILLIPES CAUDATUS, new species. Plate 33.
Holotype—Cat. No. 49639 U.S.N.M., and paratypes Cat. No. 49640 U.S.N.M., from Beaufort, North Carolina, collected Septem- ber 6, 1911, from Dictyota, obtained from the jetties at the western end of Shackleford Bank.
Body stout, plump and covered with a finely-granulate, almost transparent skin. Head broad, flattened, and bearing seven cirri, one of which is situated on the median line of the top of the head some distance in front of the eyes; another (paired) is on the frontal border a little to one side of the middle line; another (paired) is below the frontal border about on a line with the mouth and another (paired) is on the lateral border about on a line with the eyes; all the cirri, with the possible exception of the pair near the mouth, spring from papillae and the last one bears at its base an elongate, thin, somewhat triangular flap. The eyes are smal] and almost colorless. The margins of the body project beyond and somewhat overhang the bases of the legs. On each side near the posterior end there is a slender cirrus and the body terminates in a small, acuminate tail-like process.
The legs consist of a stumpy basal portion into which the much smaller foot may be partially telescoped. Each leg of the last pair has a stout spine on its posterior surface. The foot consists of a small, knob-like piece to which are attached five, occasionally six, slender toes which are abruptly expanded at their distal ends into thin shovel-like portions.
The mouth is situated on the ventral surface of the head and opens into a slender esophagus on each side of which is a very small and slender tooth. The teeth do not appear to be forked at their
xo.2203, 4 NEW SPECIES OF BEAR-ANIMALCULE—IIAY. 253
upper ends nor have bearers been detected. The pharynx is small, nearly spherical and does not appear to contain chitinous thicken- ings. The pharynx opens directly into the large, irregularly lobate stomach. The reproductive organ lies above the stomach. It is a large, fusiform structure which begins a little in front of the middle of the body and extends back nearly to the hind legs where it turns abruptly downward to join the posterior end of the stomach. The anal opening has the appearance of a small, round papilla on the ventral surface immediately in front of the last pair of legs. The muscle bands underlying the epidermis of the body and those ex- tending into the legs are quite conspicuous.
In all the specimens examined the stomach is filled with a yellow- ish or greenish-brown mass evidently of vegetable origin and there can be no doubt that the animal devours the seaweed on which it occurs. In some of the specimens the reproductive organ appears to contain eggs but their outline is so indefinite that it is unsafe to state their number or character. In most cases the reproductive organ contains a granular mass the nature of which is not evident.
The species at hand resembles B. mirus Richters in all important characters but appears to differ markedly in the presence of eyes, the character of the sense organ at the base of the lateral cirrus of the head, the presence of the lateral cirri near the posterior end of the body and in having more slender toes with smaller terminal expansions.
In Professor Richters’ original description of B. mirus the median frontal cirrus is not mentioned nor is the posterior tail-like process although the Jatter is plainly shown in the microphotograph which accompanies the description. In a subsequent article’ the state- ment is made that the posterior cirri are represented by strong spines and these are shown in the figure. The frontal cirrus and the median posterior process are neither mentioned nor shown in the figure. In the separate of this paper, however, which was received from Professor Richters the statement concerning the posterior strong spines has been struck out and in a manuscript note the tail- like process is described. In the figure also Professor Richters has added the median frontal cirrus and a papilla at the base of the first pair of cirri.
The specimen of B. mirus which, thanks to Professor Richters, I have been able to examine, is mounted on a slide in such a position that most of the cirri in question can not be clearly discerned, but I strongly suspect that B. mirus and PB. caudatus will be found to be more alike than they are now believed to be. The posterior pair of setae in 2. caudatus are extremely delicate and, perhaps because they
1Verh. d. Deutsch. Zool. Gesell., vol. 19, 1909, pp. 84-94, pl. 3, fig. 5.
254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
bave been broken off, can not be found in every specimen; for ihe same reason they may have been overlooked in B. mirus. The papilla at the base of the first lateral cirrus does not appear to be present in 2. caudatus at all. The sense organ at the base of the last lateral cirrus is described as rod-shaped or club-shaped in B. mirus. In preserved specimens of B. caudatus it has the appear- ance of a rod but on close examination proves to be a thin flap with a slight spiral twist. In 2. mirus there is some evidence that the sense organ is similarly formed.
The marine tardigrades are of special interest, as has been pointed out by Professor Richters in the articles already cited, in that they furnish conclusive evidence that the group Xenomorphida (=Tardi- grada of most writers) is an offshoot from the chaetopod worms and is not at all closely related to the Arachnida near which it is placed in nearly every textbook on zoology. The legs of the bear animalcules are properly to be regarded as modified parapodia and the claws and toes are specialized setae. The cirri of the head, especially those of /Zalechiniscus and PBatillipes find their counter- parts only among the Cheetcpoda.
Five exclusively marine genera of bear animalcules are ‘now known. A sixth, A/acrobiotus contains at least two species which live in the ocean, several which inhabit fresh water, and a number which are terrestrial. The genus J/ilnesium is represented by only one species and this inhabits fresh water. The genus Diphascon contains aquatic (fresh water) and terrestrial species. The genera Oreella and Echiniscus, the former with one and the latter with forty or fifty species, are terrestrial and are found on moss and lichens. Thus of the ten known genera, six are wholly or partly marine and only two are strictly terrestrial. This fact points strongly to a marine origin for the group and, taken in conjunction with the homologies pointed out by Professor Richters, goes far to support his belief as to its affinities.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 33.
Batillipes caudatus Hay.
Fic. 1. Lateral view. 2. Large lateral cirrus of head with flap-like appendage at its base. 3. Detail of foot. 4. Female, dorsal view.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ; PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 33
A New. BEAR-ANIMALCULE FROM NORTH AMERICA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 254.
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A NEW AMERICAN PARASITE OF THE HESSIAN FLY (MAYETIOLA DESTRUCTOR SAY).
By P. R. Myers, Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
During the course of some biological investigations of the parasites of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor Say, by Mr. W. R. McConnell and the author, a parasite new to America was reared from puparia in great abundance. ‘This parasite runs to Polygnotus Foerster in Ashmead’s key (Monograph of the North American Proctotrypidae). It was compared with specimens of European Proctorypoid para- sites of the Hessian fly in the United States National Museum ccllec- tion, some of which are labeled Plutygaster minutus Lindeman and others, Polygnotus (Platygaster) minutus Lindeman. This European material represents two distinct species. The specimens lakeled Platygaster minutus Lindeman were sent from Russia and are prob- ably paratypes of Lindeman’s species. These specimens are closely related to our Polygnotus hiemalis Forbes but are distinct from those labeled Polygnotus (Platygaster) minutus Lindeman and the new species described in this paper. The specimens standing as Polyg- noius (Platygaster) minutus Lindeman are labeled “‘ France” and were probably determined by Ashmead. One of these specimens has “‘zosine?’’ written at one end of the label. These specimens are apparently the same as the specimens described as a new species in this paper. This new parasite will be found to compare somewhat favorably with the original description of Platygaster zcsine Walker, but his description is too brief and indefinite to enabte the writer to determine whether or not the material before him represents Walker’s species. Because of the difficulty encountered in securing authorita- tively named material or having comparisons made with the types of European species at the present time on account of the unsettled conditions in Europe, it has been decided to describe this American Hessian fly parasite as a new species, since it is necessary that we should have a specific name for use in the notes relating to our inves- tigations. In the writer’s opinion, this new parasite may prove to be Platygaster zosine Walker, and in that case it was probably intro- duced by in Riley 1891 with Pleurotropis (Entedon) eyigonus (Walker) Riley, if indeed it-had not already been introduced previous to that tinie.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuspuM, VOL. 53—2204.
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956 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53.
POLYGNOTUS VERNALIS, new species.
Female.—Length about 1.36 mm.; black and shining; front, ver- tex, occiput, and cheeks transversely rugulose and bare; mandibles fusco-testaceous, a few long, scattered, whitish hairs on clypeus and mandibles; eyes black; antennae 10-jointed, fusco-piccous; scape about as long as the four apical joints, longitudinally rugulose, with a few scattered whitish hairs; pedicel oblong globose, nearly as long as first and second joints of the flagellum, pubescence sparse; first and second joints of flagellum cylindrical, closely united, narrowest of all joints, pubescence sparse; remaining joints granose, rounded at base and truncate at apex, apical joint longest of all; third and fourth joints subequal, shortest of all, pubescence sparse; joints 5, 6, 7 thickest of all, rather densely pubescent and forming the club; pro- notum shining, bare, reticulose, mesonotum shining, bare, indis- tinctly aciculated longitudinally; scutellum convex, smooth and polished, distinctly margined, very faintly aciculated, and sparsely pubescent, foveae at base widened laterally, narrowed medially; parapsidal furrows very indistinct; propleurae shining and trans- versely aciculated; mesopleura smooth and polished with transverse curved aciculations dorsally; metapleura shining with dense whitish pubescence; propodeum with two broad, rugose, median carinae and a transversely striated knob at the apex, with long whitish pubescence except on the knob and between the carinae; lateral carinae distinct; petiole dorsally sulcate, its base flared especially dorsally to receive knob on propodeum, densely pubescent except in sulcus; abdomen ovate, smooth and highly polished, second segment very long, with two shallow, dorsal concave areas at the base, base hairy; four re- maining segments very short, a fringe of fine hairs on apex; coxae black, trochanters fusco-piceous, femora black, tibiae black except anterior tibiae which are fusco-piccous at base and apex, tarsi dark testaceous on middle and posterior legs, a little lighter on the anterior legs, all apical tarsal joints black; all tibiae and tarsi with white pubescence; all femora and tibiae aciculated; wings hyaline, very long, about two and a half times as long as the abdomen.
Allotype.—Essentially the same as the type; second joint of flagel- lum dilated; apex of abdomen not quite so pointed as in female; all tarsi fusco-piceous. Antennae 10-jointed. Length, 1.04 mm.
This species may be easily distinguished from Polygnotus hiemalis Forbes by the transversely rugulose head, tho long wings, long, slender legs and the body generally of less robust form.
Type.—Cat. No. 21135, U.S.N.M.
Type and allotype locality —Hagerstown, Maryland.
Paratype localities.—Pennsylvania: Andersonburg, Butlor, East Waterford, Ford City, Greensburg, Hellertown, Indiana, Lansdale,
No. 2204. A NEW PARASITE OF THE HESSIAN FUY—MYERS. 257
Lenape, Lewisburg, Linden, Marysville, Middleburg, Montgomery, Montoursville, Muncy, Northumberland, Pennbrook, Sellersville, Red Lion, Vicksburg, Warfordsburg. Virginia: Berryville, Front Royal, Strasburg. West Virginia: Charlestown, Martinsburg.
Described from 12 females and 17 males. Types in United States National Museum collection. All specimens were reared from Hessian Fly puparia collected at the above-mentioned localities during the summer of 1915, by W. R. McConnell and the author.
774038—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——17
Hey
1c
CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES COLLECTED FOR THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM FROM 1899 TO 1902.
By LronHarRD STEJNEGER, Head Curator, Department of Biology, United States National Museum.
Shortly after the war with Spain for the liberation of Cuba several members of the staff of the United States National Museum visited the island for the purpose of making collections of natural history specimens.
The principal expedition was that of Messrs. William Palmer and J. H. Riley, who collected in western Cuba, between Matanzas and Pinar del Rio, from February 14 to August 7, 1900, including a stay at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, from June 27 to July 11. The most important reptile collections were made at Pinar del Rio and in a locality called E] Guamé, about 6 miles northwest of the city of Pinar del Rio from February 18 to March 29; at San Diego de los Bajos, from April 4 to 24; at Guanajay and Mariel, April 27 to May 15, and at Cabaifias May 15 to June 4. The locality E] Guama has become very important as the type-locality of the as yet unique Bufo longi- nasus. Mr. Palmer describes it as a small store situated in a pleasant valley in the coffee and tobacco belt, surrounded by precipitous hills, those to the north being covered with pines. Between these hills the stony beds of mountain streams, nearly dry except for scattered pools of water at the time of his visit, made their way toward the south. In one of these rocky beds near the pine woods the precious type of that minute toad was captured.
About the same time Dr. C. W. Richmond and myself who had spent several months collecting in Porto Rico, stopped on our return a few days (Apr. 22 to 24, 1900), at Santiago de Cuba. The visit was unexpected and all our collecting paraphernalia were packed away. Dr. H. B. Parker, the resident port surgeon, very kindly supplied us with some formalin, so that we were able to preserve a number of specimens which we collected in one of the valleys close to town. I made very careful color notes on the fresh specimens, which are incorporated verbatim in the present report.
Mr. B.S. Bowdish, of Demarest, New Jersey, was employed by the United States National Museum for a short time in the latter part of 1901 and the beginning of 1902. He collected in the eastern part of the island, principally at Guama and in the immediate vicinity of
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 53—2205. 259
260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL..53
Santiago de Cuba. Guama is a mining camp near the coast, about 40 miles due west from Santiago de Cuba. He describes the region as a very wild one, with no habitations in the immediate vicinity save those connected with the camp. The mines are some 5 miles back from the coast on precipitous hills and the camp was situated just below them.
Mr. William Palmer in the latter half of January and the first half of February, 1902, again visited Cuba, this time the eastern end. The reptiles collected were obtained mostly at Baracoa and at San Luis and E] Cobre, not far from Santiago de Cuba.
While stationed at Matanzas in 1899 Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr., madea small collection of rep- ‘tiles, which he after- wards presented to the United States National Museum. While not extensive, it was never- theless a very interest- ing lot, since it con- tained species not ob- tained by any of the other parties and here- tofore represented in the Museum by unsatis- factory material only or not at all.
I have to thank Dr. Thomas Barbour for ex amining and verifying
Fics. 1-2.—BUro PELTOCEPHALUS, NAT. SIZE. No. 28024, U.S.N.M the identification of the NUEVA GERONA, ISLE OF PINES.
variousspecies of Anolis and Hleutherodactylus, of which he has made a special study, as well as for data relating to the specimens of Arrhyton in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy. His various writings on West Indian batra- chians and reptiles, particularly his Contribution to the Zoogeography of the West Indies, with especial reference to Amphibians and Rep- tilest and The Reptiles and Amphibians of the Isle of Pines? have been of the utmost assistance.
1Mem. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 44, No. 2, 1914. 2 Ann, Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, pp. 297-308.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 261
AMPHIBIA. SALIENTIA.
BUFO LONGINASUS Stejneger.
This diminutive and beautiful toad was the most important discovery of the Palmer and Riley expedition. A single specimen was captured by Mr. Palmer at dusk on March 9, 1900. It was sitting on a rock in a mountain stream near El Guama, Pinar del Rio, and no other specimen was seen. - Doctor Barbour, who searched for it at the same place some years later without rediscovering it, has suggested that its habits, as indicated by the extensively webbed hind feet, may be quite aquatic, which may account for it being so difficult to find. It was described in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum.'
BUFO PELTOCEPHALUS Tschudi. Figs. 1 to 2.
Judging from the number brought home by Palmer and Riley, this large toad must be quite common. Numerous specimens were collected in July at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, and othersat i] Guamé, Pinar del Rio, in March, and at Guanajay in May. Palmer,in 1902, sent in additional specimens from E] Cobre, captured in February.
Two views are given of the head of a specimen from the Isle of Pines. I can discover no difference between the toads from this island and the main island of Cuba.
é Fias, 3-7,—ELEUTHERODACTYLUS RICORDI, 3 X NAT. SIZE. NO. 27415, U.S.N.M. PINAR DEL RIO.
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS RICORDI Duméril and Bibron. Figs. 3 to 7. Only two specimens were secured—one adult, No. 27414, from
EK] Guam4, and a younger one, No. 27415, from Pinar del Rio, both in March, 1900.
Although - differmg somewhat, the two specimens apparently be- long to the same species,
1 Vol, 28, June 24, 1915, p. 765, figs. 1-6.
262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS AURICULATUS (Cope).
Three specimens from San Diego de los Bafios, by Palmer and Riley, and one from Baracoa. The former thus confirm the occur- rence of this species in western Cuba. The type came from eastern Cuba.
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS CUNEATUS (Cope). Figs. 8 to 12. A large number of specimens were collected in 1900 at El Guam& and at San Diego de los Bafios in March and April. Adult and young
12
FI@s. 8-12.-ELEUTHERODACTYLUS CUNEATUS. 2 X NAT. SIZE. No. 26654, U.S.N.M. San DiEGo DE Los BANos.
were also taken by Palmer at Baracoa in January, 1902. They have been compared with the cotypes in the Museum (U.S.N.M. No. eae) which were col- lected in eastern Cuba by Dr. C. Wright.
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS DIMIDIATUS (Cope).
Figs. 13 to 17.
The species is recorded here, as Mr. Bowdish, in December, 1901, obtained a speci- men at Guaméa, No. 29767.
17
Figs. 13-17.—ELEUTHERODACTYLUS DIMIDIATUS. 2 X NAT. SIZE. No, 29767, U.S.N.M. Guam, EASTERN CUBA.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 263
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS VARIANS (Gundlach and Peters). Figs. 18 to 22.
Five specimens from El Guamaé, San Diego de los Bafios, and Mariel, were collected by Palmer and Riley.
22
Figs. 18-22, ELEUTHERODACTYLUS VARIANS. 3 X NAT.SIZE. No. 27417, U.S.N.M. Ex GuaMA, PINAR DEL RIo.
HYLA SEPTENTRIONALIS Boulenger. Figs. 23 to 26.
Of this common species Palmer and Riley brought home a large number of specimens from most of the localities visited, Habana,
FiGs. 23-26.—HYLA SEPTENTRIONALIS. 34 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27425, U.S.N.M. PINAR DEL RIO.
Pinar del Rio, San Diego de los Bafios, Guanajay, Cabafias, Marianao, as well as from the Isle of Pines.
264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Doctor Richmond and myself found it at Santiago de Cuba on April 22, 1900. A specimen (No. 26794 U.S.N.M., collector’s No. 9073) was caught, regarding which I made the following notes at the time: Iris brassy; a dark grayish line from nostrils through eye (pupil) to over and behind tympanum. When caught, the whole animal was nearly uniform whitish, although sitting on a green leaf; when taken out of the bag in which it was brought to the laboratory it was very pale drab above with faint indications of dusky markings on the back and limbs.
REPTILIA. SAURIA.
GONATODES FUSCUS (Hallowell).
It is with but shght hesitation that I record the Cuban gecko of this genus under the above name,! and I can not accept Gonatodes albogularis at the present time as the correct name. Gonatodes albo- gularis was based upon specimens from Martinique,’ and although they were said to have been collected by Plée, there appears to be no reason to doubt the authenticity of the locality, since no such gecko occurs in Porto Rico. But if the types came from Martinique, the chances are that they agree more nearly with one of the South American forms, especially as Boulenger has recorded Gonatodes vit- tatus from the Island of Dominica. If this surmise is correct, the Cuban gecko must take the name of the Central American form. It is true that the name Gymnodactylus maculaius * has been applied to specimens doubtfully alleged to have come from Cuba, but I have had the good fortune to examine the type-specimen in the Museum in Vienna and found it to agree exactly with specimens from Caracas, and I have no hesitation in asserting that the Cuban locality is erroneous; it is probably a female G. vittatus.
I have also been able to examine the type of Gonatodes notatus 4 in the Museum at Copenhagen. It is registered as No. 18, and was collected’ by Lieut. H. Koch at Acquin, Haiti. For comparison I had specimen No. 14, collected in Cuba by Captain Andrea and recorded by Reinhardt as Gonatodes albogularis. The difference
1Stenodactylus fuscus Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (n. s.), vol. 3, 1855, p. 33 (type- locality, Nicaragua).
2 Gymnodactylus albogularis Duméril and Bibron, Erp. Gén., vol. 3, 1835, p. 415 (type-locality, Marti- nique); Duméril, Cat. Méth Rept. Mus. Paris, vol. 1, 1851, p. 43.
3 Steindachner, Novara Exp., Zool., vol. 1, Rept., 1867, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 4 (type-locality unknown).
4 Gonatodes notatus Reinhardt and Liitken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. For. (Copenhagen) 1863 (p. 280); sepa- rate, p. 128 (type-locality, Acquin, Haiti).
No. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 265
between the two is not one of coloration only, but the Haitian speci- men has decidedly larger scales than the Cuban. This observation I also had occasion to verify in the Museum at Vienna on two speci- mens from Gonaives, Haiti, so that I have no doubt that the name Gonatodes notatus can not be applied to the Cuban form. These Haitian specimens, moreover, had the lateral black band of G. albo- gularis. The Cuban form consequently differs both from notatus and from true albogularis and vittatus in the smaller abdominal and sub- femoral scales. The coloration appears also quite characteristic, especially that of the old males. I have before me a color sketch by Mr. J. H. Riley, made in 1900 from a living specimen taken in Habana. The male is of a bluish black with head and neck of bright ochra- ceous yellow. There is a distinct sky-blue narrow line on the labials under the eye, a small spot of the same color above the ear, and a crimson spot on the side of the neck on the yellow where it joins the black body-color. Unfortunately the bright colors of the living animal fade in alcohol, and I know of no good color description of of typical Gonatodes fuscus taken from living specimens, but we have specimens from Nicaragua in alcohol, for instance, No. 19646, a male collected by Dr. C. W. Richmond at Greytown, Nicaragua, on February 12, 1892, which both in color and scutellation exactly match Mr. Riley’s Habana specimens as they now appear in alcohol.
I can not throw much light on the question of the identity of G. albogularis and G. vitiatus. The United States National Museum has numerous specimens from Curacao which, from the large sub- femoral scales and the characteristic coloration, I have no hesitation in identifying as G. albogularis; that is, the males have the broad dark blue band on the side of the neck, uniform grayish back and white throat. There are also two typical G. vittatus from Venezuela. I am unable to appreciate any marked difference in scutellation or proportions, but the coloration is certainly very different in both sexes. What puzzles me is that Boulenger refers a male from Curacgao to G. vittatus.? He afterwards expressed the opinion that G@. vittatus is only a “variety” of G. albogularis.
Barbour, in his Contribution to the Zoogeography of the West Indies (p. 256), hints at the possibility of this species having been introduced fortuitously into Cuba. It is true that most specimens recorded have been from Habana and Santiago, but Barbour men- tions a couple of occurrences from other localities, and Palmer and Riley collected four specimens at Mariel.
1 Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, 1901, p. 181. 2Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1885, p. 60.
266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
TARENTOLA CUBANA Gundlach and Peters. Figs. 27 to 29. A single specimen of this rare species was taken by Bowdish at
Guamé, on January 6, 1902. Unfortunately it was very much damaged (No. 29777 U.S.N.M.).
2®
ee #0509 0 70922 5S 20 , 5 9908 Bo os «9 9.0093 99% 2 00092, 0, .° 090 0Q 09g QO Opa 090 0%,9 Id 900500, g K 9 900 d909%) (9° 600 0 990% 006° 27 29
IGS. 27-29.—TARENTOLA CUBANA. 2 X NAT. SIZE. No. 29777, U.S.N.M. , GUAMA, EASTERN: CUBA.
SPHAERODACTYLUS ELEGANS MacLeay.
In 1834 MacLeay named a Cuban gecko Sphaeriodactylus elegans.‘ It was revived for the present species by Reinhardt and Litken in 1863.
Palmer and Riley collected this species at Pinar del Rio, Febru- ary 23, at Mariel, June 10, and in Habana July 28, 1900. They also obtained a specimen at Nueva Gerona, on the Isle of Pines, on July 11.
SPHAERODACTYLUS CINEREUS MacLeay. Figs. 30 to 34.
This species was also first briefly characterized by Mr. MacLeay ' as Sphaeriodactylus cinereus from Cuban specimens without more definite locality. Cocteau’s employment of the name did not take place until late in 1837, probably in December, when it appeared in the second “‘livraison”’ of de la Sagra’s Histoire Physique, Politique
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 12; Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 1, p. 193.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 267
et Naturelle de I’Ile de Cuba on plate 18. The text was not pub- lished until the following year.
31 32 33 34
Figs. 30-33.—SPHAERODACTYLUS CINEREUS. 2% X NAT. SIZE. NO. 27390, U.S.N.M. PINAR DEL RIo,— 34, 8 X NAT. SIZE, LEPIDOSIS OF MIDDLE OF BACK. SAME SPECIMEN.
Numerous specimens were collected by Palmer and Riley in various localities, namely, at Pinar del Rio, Mariel, and Habana. SPHAERODACTYLUS NOTATUS Baird.
Palmer and Riley did not obtain this species, but Bowdish col- lected one at Guamaé on January 2, 1902. HEMIDACTYLUS MABOUIA (Moreau de Jonnés).
Two specimens were collected by Palmer and Riley on May 9, 1900, at Mariel. One of these specimens has been described in detail and figured in my Herpetology of Porto Rico.!| According to Cocteau this species is widely distributed in Cuba.
CHAMAELEOLIS CHAMAELEONIDES (Duméril and Bibron). Figs. 35 to 38.
Of this large and grotesque lizard, so different from all the other anoles, Palmer and Riley collected a number of specimens at Santiago de Vegas and San Diego de los
Figs, 35-36.—CHAMAELEOLIS CHAMAELEONIDES, % X NAT. SIZE. No. 27502, U.S.N.M. SAN DIEGO DE LOS BANOS.—37 REPRESENTS THE SIDE OF THE TAIL AT ABOUT THE FIFTH VERTICIL, 14 X NAT. SIZE; 38, THE LEPIDOSIS OF THE SIDE OF BACK, 4% X NAT. SIZE.
Bafios. Palmer collected another specimen at Baracoa in 1902. Re- cently the United States National Museum has received specimens
1Rep. U.S. Nat. Mns., 1902 (1904), p. 599, figs. 40-44.
268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
collected by Dr. Paul Bartsch and Mr. J. B. Henderson at Cabafias, La Mulata, and Cape San Antonio.
DEIROPTYX VERMICULATA (Duméril and Bibron). Figs. 39 to 41.
This large anolis is so isolated and unrelated not only to the other species in Cuba, but to all known species of the whole anoline sub- family, that its recogni- tion as a separate generic type is justly called for. The most obvious struc- tural character which is unique in the group is the absence of a dewlap and the presence of a trans- verse throat fold.
Palmer and Riley, who collected numerous speci-
41 mens at San Diego de los
Fics. 39-40.—DEIROPTERYX VERMICULATA. NAT. SIZE. No. 27335, Bafios and at El Guama, U.S.N.M. Et GuaM4, PINAR DEL RI0.—41. Sipe or TALOF Pinar del Rio, corrobor- SAME AT ABOUT THE FIFTH VERTICIL. 24 X NAT. SIZE. ate Doctor Gundlach’s
observation that this species takes to the water when pursued or wounded.
ANOLIS EQUESTRIS Merrem. Figs. 42 to 45. Four adult specimens were collected by Palmer and Riley at El Guama, Pinar del Rio, at San Diego de los Bafios, and at Guanajay. Bowdish obtained one at Guamaé the following year.
42 Fics. 42-43. ANOLIS EQUESTRIS. % X NAT. SIZE. No. 27504, U.S.N.M. SAN DIEGO DE Los BANOos.— 44 REPRESENTS SIDE OF TAIL AT ABOUT THE FIFTH VERTICIL.—45, PART OF DORSAL CREST AND LEPI-
DOSIS 14 NAT. SIZE; SAME INDIVIDUAL.
ANOLIS HOMOLECHIS (Cope). Figs. 46 to 48.
This species was originally described by Cope as X iphosurus homo-
lechis,! from a specimen in British Museum, the habitat of which was SRE ea ge gg ag 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Hist., Philadelphia, 1864, p. 169.
le
No. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 269
unknown beyond the fact that it was from some island in the West Indies. When Boulenger, in 1885, published the second volume of his Catalogue of Lizards the specimen was still unique and the par- ticular island to which it belongs unknown. However, in 1892 Miiller, of Basel, recorded it from Cuba,! and since then it has been found there by nearly all collectors; thus, by Doctor Richmond and myself in 1900 at Santiago de Cuba, in eastern Cuba, and by Palmer and Riley in the western part. They brought home numerous specimens from San Diego de los Bafios, where it must have been very common, and alsofrom E] Guam4, Caimito, Mariel, as well as from Nuevo Gerona, Isle of Pines. Itis quite remark- able that this rather con- spicuous species escaped the attention of Doctor Gundlach.
At Santiago de Cuba on April 23, 1900, I took the following color notes from a specimen collected by Doctor Richmond (No. 26770 U.S.N.M., collec- tors, ‘No. 9074): "Iris blackish-brown; edge of eyelids bright yellow ; gen-
Figs. 46-47.—ANOLIS HOMOLECHIS. 2 X NAT. SIZE. No. 26770, : U.S.N.M. SANTIAGO DE CUBA.—48 REPRESENTS SIDE OF eral color above isabella TAIL AT ABOUT THE FIFTH VERTICIL, 4 X NAT. SIZE, OF SAME
colored with a wash of = “7”™v4
cinnamon, especially on the fi nks; a series of faintly indicated narrow dusky chevron marks with t!e points turned backward on the median line of the back; on sacrum a larger, irregular, dusky mark on each side; on the sides of back and flanks numerous vertical rows of small pale dots more or less margined with dusky; a faint narrow pale line from above shoulder to insertion of hiad limb; suboculars whitish; tail with the merest indication of dusky crossbars; throat and fore- neck white, the sides of throat with several series of darkish gray spots; rest of underside delicate straw-yellow, gradually merging into the white of the foreneck and the cinnamon of the flanks; underside of limbs with minute gray dots; a line composed of blackish dots along posterior edge of forelimb and outer edge of tibia; a series of yellow dusky-margined ocelli on posterior edge of femur; dewlap pale pearl-gray with distant white scales and slightly thickened ante- rior edge of white scales; tongue flesh colored; a low but long nuchal fold and a low dorsal fold; on the tail a pretty high crest of the A, cristatellus order, but the end of the tail seems to be prehensile to
1 Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 211.
270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 5:3.
some extent, inasmuch as the specimen which was held captive for a little while occasionally rolled the tip of the tail up under him much after the fashion of a true chameleon. The specimen before it was caught was of a nearly uniform rich dark brown.
ANOLIS LUCIUS Duméril and Bibron.
Three specimens were collected by Palmer and Riley at Matanzas on February 14, 1900.
ANOLIS ARGENTEOLUS Cope. Figs. 49 to 51.
Four specimens collected by myself on April 22, 1914, near Santiago in the eastern part of the island, shortly after Mr. Palmer obtained the Matanzas specimens of A. lucius, afforded a chance for direct comparison of these two species which Boulenger had united.1. The differences are many and the separation fully justified, as already set forth by Doctor Barbour.?
A specimen (No. 26777 U.S.
49 51 N.M., collector’s No. 9071) col- FIGs. 49-50.-ANOLIS ARGENTEOLUS. 2 X NAT. SIZE. lected by myself was colored as No. a7, USACE Suvmiace vs COMBI RE follows; Ground color above palle ABOUT THE FIFTH VERTICIL, 4 X NAT. SIZE, FROM e@cru-drab with faint dusky mark- sea wea Bre ings and a series of white spots, ill defined but more or less margined with dusky down the median line of the back; tail cross-banded with pale dusky; supralabials and sub- ocular white; underside white, waxy, almost translucent, the throat with narrow gray divergent lines which disappear on the neck; dewlap whitish with series of rather close-set white scales; tongue white. Several smaller individuals, with scarcely a dewlap, resemble the specimen described, but the whole belly is decidedly primrose-yellow, not white as the rest of the under surface. Found principally on trunks of trees with pale-colored bark. é
Additional specimens were collected by Palmer in 1902 at El Cobre
and San Luis.
ANOLIS SAGREI Duméril and Bibron. Figs. 52 to 54.
Large series of this common species were secured by all the parties. A mere enumeration of the localities will be sufficient: San Diego de los Bafios; Santiago de Cuba; El] Guam4, Pinar del Rio; Quemadas; Matanzas; Pinar del Rio; Guanajay; Caimito; Mariel; Cabajfias; Habana; San Luis; El Cobre; and Nuevo Gerona on the Isle of Pines.
iCat. Liz. Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1885, p. 45. 2 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 44, No. 2, March, 1914, p. 285.
No. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 271
The following color note on the living specimen was taken by me at Santiago de Cuba April 22, 1900 (No. 26771, U.S.N.M., collector’s No. 9072): Ground color above drab more or less washed with rusty, with indication of cinnamon colored median dorsal band and dusky cross markings on either side; tail closely cross- barred with dusky; under- side whitish with pale in- dications of gray stripes on side of neck; dewlap intense scarlet vermillion, /[ the anterior edge thick- |" ened with scales which, % like the distant scales on the pouch, are straw- yellow; on back and neck erectile folds as in Anolis _ : Br) Tha epics TR Otros mene 24 x aut are 80. aaa varies ereatly in color, the —TA™ ar Abour THE FIFTH VERTICIL, FROM SAME INDIVIDUAL. ground being often either ™* * ““™ 5. much grayer or browner than in the individual described, and the markings darker and more distinct. In many individuals the median dorsal cinnamon band is also brighter and more distinctly defined.
Anolis sagrei is found on the ground and on fence posts, and is much more wary and shy than the other two species, porcatus and homolechis. With its erectile crests and color, it reminds one of A. cristatellus, but it is much shyer.
ANOLIS LOYSIANA (Cocteau).
The original description of this species is usually quoted as occur- ring in Compte Rendu des Séances de |’Academie des Sciences (Paris)', but as a matter of fact the name does not occur there. It is found, however, in L’Institut,? where the species is properly diagnosed and named Acantholis loysiana. Cocteau’s paper, of which only an abstract is printed, was presented at the meeting of the Royal Academy two days before.
A number of specimens of this peculiar species were collected by Palmer and Riley at San Diego de los Bafios April 16 and 17, 1900.
ANOLIS ALUTACEUS Cope. On the main island only taken at San Diego de los Bafos by
Palmer and Riley in April. Two others were also collected by them at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, as previously recorded by Barbour.
1 Vol. 3, 1836, p. 226. 3 Ann, Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 1916, p. 302.
2 Sec. 1, vol. 4, Aug. 31, 1836, p. 287.
272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
ANOLIS ANGUSTICEPS Hallowell.
Specimens of this interesting species, the proper name of which has only recently been available, thanks to Doctor Barbour’s researches, were collected by Palmer and Riley at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines,
on June 5, 1900. ANOLIS MESTREI Barbour.
Of this recently described species! Palmer and Riley collected four specimens—three at San Diego de los Bafios and one at El Guama near Pinar del Rio, the latter according to Mr. Palmer’s notes, near top of mountain.
ANCLIS PORCATUS Gray.
Figs. 55 to 57.
A common species. The large series collected at San Diego de los Bafios helped to confirm its specific distinctness from A. caro- linensis of the southern United States. Palmer and Riley collected it also at Pinar del Rio, Guanajay, Caimito,. Ca- bafias, and Habana, as well as on the Isle of Pines. Dr. C. W. Rich- mond and I met with it at Santiago de Cuba, and Mr. Bowdish col- lected it there and at
Figs. 55-56.—ANOLIS PORCATUS. 1144 X NAT. SIZE. No. 26776, Guama. U.S.N.M. SANTIAGO DE CUBA.—57 REPRESENTS SIDE OF TAIL Among m y no tes eit ae FIFTH VERTICIL OF SAME INDIVIDUAL, 224 X NAT. taken at the time I find the following color de- scription of the specimen collected (No. 26776, U.S.N.M., collec- tor’s No. 9069): Above brilliant emerald green changing almost to raw sienna when shot; underside white washed with ‘‘pale blue”, underside of tail with greenish; dewlap light purple with distinct white scales (no black postocular or transauricular patch). A some- what smaller individual at the same time had the dewlap of the same color and also the same general green body color, but down the middle of the back it had a well-marked, narrowly dusky-edged clay-colored band.
1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, Jan. 25, 1916, p. 19.
No. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 273
NOROPS OPHIOLEPIS (Cope). Figs. 58 to 60.
A good series was obtained by Palmer and Riley at San Diego de los Bafios and Pinar del Rio. :
CYCLURA CYCLURA (Cuvier).
Palmer and Riley were very fortunate in obtaining several fine adults of this species on the Isle of Pines.
LEIOCEPHALUS CARINATUS Gray. Figs. 61 to 62.
This species was collected by Bowdish and by myself at Santiago de Cuba and Po Re ee \ eatin Gees by Palmer and Riley at Mariel, Cabafias, DEL Rr0.—60 ieee SIDE OF TAIL, and Marianao as well as on the Isle of fe Se RY ih, aaa ae Pines at Nueva Gerona. :
The colors of a freshly killed specimen at Santiago de Cuba (No. 26767 U.S.N.M., collector's No. 9077) are as follows: Above dark brownish gray with nar- row irregular bands of isabella color; head uniform dark; tail cross-barred; underside whitish with oblique eray bands on throat and indistinct gray cross bands on belly to groin; a black blotch behind eye and two ob- lique blackish bands on side of neck.
LEIOCEPHALUS CUBENSIS (Gray).
Figs. 63 to 65.
The name L. vittatus Fic. 61.—LEIOCEPHALUS CARINATUS. 2 X NAT. SIZE. NO. 26768, U.S.N.M. SANTIAGO DE CUBA.—62 REPRESENTS A HEAD LENGTH (Hallowell, 1 856) by OF SCALES ON THE MIDDLE OF BACK OF THE SAME INDIVIDUAL. Which this species 18
4 X NAT. SIZE. : generally known is 16 years younger than Tropidurus (Leiolaemus) cubensis Gray,‘ given to a male specimen collected by W. S. MacLeay in Cuba.
1 Ann, Nat, Hist., vol. 5, Apr. 1840, p. 110. 17403-—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——18
274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Boulenger 1 makes Leiocephalus raviceps Cope a synonym of this species. I have the types of Cope’s species (No. 4162 U.S.N.M.) collected by Charles Wright in ‘‘Eastern Cuba”’ before me and can affirm that L. raviceps is a very distinct species and that the two have absolutely nothing to do with each other. In fact, they belong to different sections of the genus. Thus L. cubensis has three pairs of prefrontals (exclusive of internasals) while L. raviceps has only
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Figs. 63-64.—-LEIOCEPHALUS CUBENSIS. 2 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27375, U.S.N.M. PINAR DEL RIO.—65. REPRESENTS A HEAD LENGTH OF SCALES ON THE MIDDLE OF BACK OF THE SAME INDIVIDUAL. 4 X NAT SIZE.
two, the posterior pair being exceedingly large. Moreover, L
raviceps is distinguished by much smaller scales, about 20 corre-
sponding to a head length against about 12 in L. cubensis. It is related to L. lorogrammus, but not to L. cubensis.
The latter is widely distributed and was collected by Palmer and Riley at San Diego de los Bafios, at Pinar del Rio, El] Guam4, Caimito, Marianao, and on the Isle of Pines at Nueva Gerona. Also by Palmer in 1902 at Moro.
LEIOCEPHALUS MACROPUS Cope. Figs. 66 to 67.
According to the old label in the bottle containing the types of this species in the United States National Museum, they came from Monte Verde in Eastern Cuba. The species seems to be confined to that portion of the island, as it was not collected by Palmer and
1 Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1885, p. 163.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 215
Riley. It was found by Doctor’Richmond and myself at Santiago de Cuba in 1900, and Palmer, in 1902, collected it at San Luis and Baracoa.
The colors of aspecimen collected at Santiago de Cuba (No. 26769, U.S.N.M., collector’s No. 9078) are as fol- lows: Upper side vinaceus cinnamon with a coppery gloss; head more cinnamon; tail with blackish cross- bars narrowly edged with white posteri- orly; from nostrils through eye along sides of neck and body to above and behind in- sertion of hind leg a broad blackish-brown band narrowly edged with pale above and below; upper labials, suboculars, and lower temporals to ear white; below whitish; throat and fore neck with numerous gray dots; lower labials dusky.
Fic. 66.—LEIOCEPHALUS MACROPUS.
CELESTUS DE LA SAGRA (Cocteau). 2X NAT. SIZE. No. 26769, U.S.N.M. SANTIAGO DE CUBA.—67 REPRESENTS Figs. 68 to 70. A HEAD LENGTH OF SCALES ON MID-
DLE OF BACK OF SAME INDIVIDUAL, The portion of de la Sagra’s great work ** %4™ 8?
on Cuba, which treated of the lizards was published before the end of the year 1838. On the other hand, the fifth volume of Duméril and Bibron’s Erpétologie Générale did not appear until late in 1839 (the “Avertissement”’ is dated Oct. 1, 1839), and Coc- teau’s name for this spe- cies has a year’s priority over their emendation of it.
OS i Ye Only one specimen of KES this slippery species was
brought home by Palmer
and Riley. It was taken Fics. 68-70.—CELESTUS DE LASAGRA. 2 X NAT.SIZE. No. 27647, = U.S.N.M. CaBaNas. at Cabafias, on May 15, 1900. The museum, about the same time obtained a specimen from Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr., collected at Matanzas.
AMEIVA AUBERI Cocteau.
Figs. 71 to 76.
This species is usually described as having the gular scales uniform and minutely granular. ‘This is also the condition in a large number
276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
of specimens. However, in most ‘of them there is a tendency to a slight enlargement of the median granules and in quite a few there is a well-pronounced median patch, as shown, for instance, in No. 27370 (fig. 76). This feature in several of our specimens, coupled with the difference in the relation of the first pair of chin-shields as shown in figures 73 and 76, and certain color differences which I
Figs. 71-75.—AMEIVA AUBERI. 2X NAT. SIZE. No. 26765, U.S.N.M. SANTIAGO DE CUBA.—76 THROAT OF ANOTHER SPECIMEN, 13 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27370; EL GuAMA, PINAR DEL RIO.
noted, at one time induced me to believe that there might be two species of Ameiva in Cuba. Upon closer examination, however, it appears that no line can be drawn and that we have to do with a considerable degree of individual variation only.
Specimens collected by myself at Santiago de Cuba, April 23, 1900, were much more brilliantly colored than Cocteau’s plate 6.1 A male (No. 26765 U.S.N.M., collector’s No. 9075) had top of head and a broad stripe on each side of the middle of the back tawny olive, the limbs above of the same color with blackish-brown marblings; from the interparietal to the base of the tail on the median line of the back a strongly defined whitish line which is slightly washed with greenish anteriorly and bluish on the sacrum, where it 1s gradually
1 Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, vol. 4.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. Pee |
widening; on each side of the tawny olive dorsal band a narrow clay- colored line beginning at the posterior superciliaries and ending above insertion of hind legs; a similar line beginning at the posterior corner of eye over upper edge of ear to hind limb; between these lines a broad brownish-black band, which, however, is tawney olive like the dorsal band in front of the anterior legs; flanks above pale tawnv olive dappled with pale dots, below colored like the underside and similarly dotted; tip of snout, chin and labials pale Indian red, under- side whitish, belly strongly washed with turquoise blue becoming darker on tail toward the end; throat and foreneck inky black; tail clear turquoise blue in continuation of the median dorsal stripe; the dorsal tawney olive band and the lateral brownish-black band continue on each side of the tail as a dusky stripe tapering off and disappearing about the middle of the tail and bordered below by a similarly tapering and disappearing pure white stripe beginning at the posterior insertion of the femur and basally margined below by dusky; iris dark brown with an outer pale brown ring.
Another specimen (No. 26766, U.S.N.M., collector’s No. 9076), same date and locality, was exactly like the above except that the underside of the body instead of being washed with bluish was suf- fused with flesh color, and the inky threat spot was absent.
CADEA BLANOIDES Stejneger. Figs. 77 to 80. This is the species usually known as Amphisbaena punctata Bell, 1828, a name preoccupied by Prince Max von Wied four years
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80 Figs. 77-80.—CADEA BLANOIDES. 2 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27845,U.S.N.M. San DigGo DE Los BANos.
earlier for a Brazilian species. Finding, moreover, that Gray was correct in considering the Cuban species as the type of a distinct genus, I changed the name to Cadea blanoides.' Palmer and Riley secured specimens at San Diego de los Bafios and at Guanajay. AMPHISBAENA CUBANA Peters. Figs. 81 to 84.
Unlike the foregoing species, this one is closely allied to others inhabiting Haiti, Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and eastern South
1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, Apr. 4, 1916, p. 85.
278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
America, and the chief difference from these is the unique and curious fusion of the ocular shield with the second supralabial, a character which not only holds good in the types and the two specimens here
82
Figs. 81-84.—AMPHISBAENA CUBANA. 4 X NAT. SIZE. No. 26364, U.S.N.M. MATANZAS.
recorded, but also in 26 specimens from near Cienfuegos collected by and reported on by Doctor Barbour.!
Two specimens were collected by Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr., at Matanzas on February 10, 1899, and presented to the United States National Museum.
SERPENTES. EPICRATES ANGULIFER Bibron. Figs. 85 to 87.
Epicrates stratus, of Haiti, differs from HE. angulifer, of Cuba, normally and most conspicuously by the absence of a complete ring
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Fics, 85-86.--EPICRATES ANGULIFER, % X NAT. SIZE. No. 27498, U.S.N.M. SAN DIEGO DE Los BANos.—87. SAME SPECIES, 3 X NAT. SIZE. No. 10416, U.S.N.M. CuBA.
of scales around the eye, two labials as a rule touching the eye. Usually it has only one scale intercalated between the supralabials
1 Mem, Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 44, No. 2, March, 1914, p. 317.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 279
and the loreal while /. angulifer, as a rule, has two. Moreover, in the latter species three suboculars touch the eye.
None of these conditions, however, are without exceptions. Thus . a true L£. striatus figured by Jan ' has two scales between loreal and labials, and one of our specimens of FE. angulifer, the one here figured (fig. 87), has only one; but in the former the labials touch the eye, and in the latter they are excluded by three suboculars. On the strength of a young specimen in the Hamburg Museum, Doctor Zenneck ? would unite the two species because it has two suboculars shutting out the labials from the eye. This specimen (Hamburg Mus., No. 1410a) I have been able to examine, thanks to Doctor Pfeffer’s kindness. I can affirm that it is only a shghtly abnormal E. siriatus. The suboculars are very narrow and only two in number, and there is only one intercalated shield between loreal and labials. The characters distinguishing /. siriatus and F. angulifer are not limited to the above, however, for FE. angulifer has a marked depres- sion on the upper portion of the supralabials behind the eyes; the occipital and temporal shields as well as those on the snout are larger ; and there are also differences in the color pattern.
Palmer and Riley collected specimens at San Diego de los Bajios and at Guanajay.
TROPIDOPHIS MELANURA (Schlegel).
One specimen was collected at El Guamé, Pinar del Rio, on March 26, 1900, by Palmer and Riley, and another by Bowdish on January 11, 1902, at Guama.
I am inclined to regard Tropidophis bucculenta (Cope), from Navassa Island, as belonging near T. melanura rather than to T. macu- lata, though forming a distinct species. I have examined the type material (No. 12377, U.S.N.M.) and find the scale formulas of the three specimens to be as follows:
Scale rows. Ventrals. Caudals. Supralabials. 27 186 27 10 25 180 30 10 29 183 29 10
I would call attention to the number of caudals, which is less than in any specimen of 7. melanura or maculata which I have examined. The brownish stripes seen in 7. melanura are plainly visible in all three specimens.
In this connection it may be well to call attention to the fact that in these snakes the characters supplied by the head-shields can not be expected to be without exceptions. A convincing demonstration
JIcon. Ophid., livr. 6, pl. 6. 1Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 64, 1898, p. 60.
280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
of this truth has been made above in the case of the Cuban and Haitian species of Epicrates, and I believe that the same holds good to some extent in the case of the Cuban Tropidophis maculatus (Bib- ron) and the Haitian T. haetianus (Cope). The museum has recently received two specimens of the latter collected by Dr. A. Busck in San Francisco Mountain, Santo Domingo (Nos. 35979, 35980).. They both have 27 scale rows and lack interparietals. They thus mate- rially strengthen the position taken by me in my paper on the Bahama reptiles (in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, 1905, p. 336).
TROPIDOPHIS PARDALIS (Gundlach). Figs. 88 to 92.
This species is easily characterized by the low number of ventrals. In the Cuban specimens in the United States National Museum they
F-as. 88-90.—TROPIDOPHIS PARDALIS. 23 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27392, U.S.N.M. Et GuaMA, PINAR DEL R1I0.—91-92, SAME SPECIES. 14 X NAT. SIZE. NO. 26360, U.S.N.M. MATANZAS.—90 REPRESENTS THE COLOR PATTERN AND SHAPE OF TAIL VIEWED FROM THE SIDE.—91 SHOWS THE COLOR PATTERN ACROSS THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY.—92 SHOWS THE CROSS SECTION OF THE BODY AT THE MIDDLE.
vary between 142 and 158, caudals between 24 and 30, scale rows between 21 and 25. The character of the vertebral row of scales is a very uncertain one in these snakes and apparently of no fundamental importance. In one of the specimens collected by Palmer and Riley at San Diego de los Bafios (No. 27849, U.S.N.M.) it is distinctly enlarged. They also obtained a specimen at El Guama (No. 27392) which has only 21 scale rows. Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr., presented the United States National Museum with a specimen taken at Matanzas, February 10, 1899.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 281
TROPIDOPHIS SEMICINCTUS (Gundlach and Peters).
Figs. 93 to 97.
A specimen of this very distinct species (No. 26361 U.S.N.M.) was collected by Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr., at Matanzas, in 1899. It has 25 scale rows, 209 ventrals, and 30 caudals.
This species is very closely allied to if not identical with Bocourt’s Tropidophis moreletii.!1 The color pattern is very much alike and the scale formula nearly identical (type of T. moreletii has 25 scale rows, 208 ventrals, and 34 caudals) with that of the above specimen. The special characteristic of T. moreletii is said to be the ‘‘tectiform” shape of the scales, but even in this particular our Cuban specimen
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2 OS MEA AMR EA AS 96 97 FIGs. 93-95.—TROPIDOPHIS SEMICINCTUS. 2% X NAT. SIZE. No. 26361, U.S.N.M. MATANZAS.—96-97
14 X NAT. SIZE, REPRESENT COLOR PATTERN AND SECTION THROUGH MIDDLE OF BODY OF SAME SPECIMEN.
matches it, for the scales of the latter show a decided ridge sometimes approaching a faint keel. The type of 7. moreletii is said to have been collected by A. Morelet at Vera Paz, Guatemala, but there is no other record from the mainland that I am aware of. However, some mistake may have crept in, for Morelet, as we know, collected alsoin Cuba. In part confirmation of my doubt as to the correctness f the locality, I may mention that in A. Duméril’s Catalogue Métho- dique de la Collection des Reptiles du Muséum d’Historie Naturelle de Paris (1851, p. 216), there is listed a Tropidophis maculatus col- lected by Morelet in Cuba, and I suspect that this may be the same specimen which afterwards served as the type of 7. moreleti.
1 Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7), vol. 9, 1885, p. 113; Miss. Sei. Mexique, Zool., Rept., livr. 11, 1888, pl. 42, figs. 5-5f.
282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
TRETANORHINUS VARIABILIS Dumé6ril and Bibron.
Figs. 98 to 101. Palmer and Riley got thisspecies at Guanajay, San Diego delos Baiios, and El Guama in 1900, and in 1902 Mr. Palmer collected it at El Cobre.
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Figs. 98-101.—TRETANORHINUS VARIABILIS. 1} X NAT. SIZE. No. 27393 U.S.N.M. EL Guam PINAR DEL RIO.—101 SHOWS THE COLOR PATTERN AT ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY.
ALSOPHIS ANGULIFER (Bibron).
Figs. 102 to 104. Of this common species nearly all the parties obtained specimens. The various localities are as follows: Matanzas, El Guama, Guanajay,
lias. 102-104.—ALSOPHIS ANGULIFER. NAT. SIZE. No. 27501, U.S.N.M. SAN DIEGO PE Los BARos
San Diego de los Bafios, Cabanas, and Isle of Pines. One of the Isle of Pines specimens (No. 28071) shows traces of light spots on the scales on the anterior part of the body, thus tending toward the form ads persus.
x0. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 283
Measurements of Alsophis angulifer.
oa | 2) ja Museum and When col By whom g | 7 | ¢ i Eig = | = mw | = No. Age. Locality. | lected. | ealleeted: l2iei¢g 3 ‘3 ef 4 q | ‘jélF/4la|8 ale ae ae es oe oe -| —|—'—)- - —|=- U.S. Nat. 10410..| Adult...) Cuba........... Mar. —, 1880 Prof. : | 7 172\meoieal7| —o8 a a oe U.S. Nat. 12387..| Adult.../..... dose: tt Seek Hatercyfererararsteaeekatat Ginmieck cs 17| 170} 2) 123) 8144142 U.S.Nat.12387A.| Adult.../..... GOs HEE ee asec lene dd doe | 17) 175} 2|....) 8142)1+2 U.S. Nat. 26359..| Adult...| Matanzas, Cuba/| Feb. 10,1899 | J. ye er: 17... 2,115) 81+2/1+2 iel, jr DPD GAO Adult. Ns sdoxes 3. - oe |ss.cnhceds he. | vaerion ce Le 176} 2 109/ 8142142 U.S. Nat. 27397..| Adult... El Guaméa, | Mar. 22,1900 | Palmer and | a 163i) * 2/224 8142142 | Cuba. | Riley. | | | U.S. Nat. 27398. .} Adult.../..... Os ist. os Mar. 6,1900 |o~--=0......| 17 170 2) 113 81+4+21+2 U.S. Nat. 27399..| Adult...)..... (Oh Resa Skee naan Gove eka [eases Goes es Paes 2] eee 814+21+2 U.S. Nat. 27500..| Adult...) Guanajay Cabal June 1,1900 |..... Gouces2: 17 176| 2|....| 81+21+2 U.S. Nat. 27501..| Adult...) S. Diego de los | Apr. 24° 1900 |..... douttil: 17; 173} 2)....| 8142142 | _ Banos; Cuba. | U.S. Nat. 276461.) Adult.. cen Cuba .| May 15,1900 |..... GOS col be laces we eicl ss.ce |} 8142142 U.S. Nat. 27984..| Adult.../ Isle of Pines. | July 8, 1900 a= 3 COrscscs 17 168) 2) 114; 81421+42 U.S. Nat. 28071..; Adult...|..... dOsscsemea | July 3, 1900 |..... do......| 17, 170) 2|....) 81+21+2 U.S. Nat. 28072. .| Aduit.../..... OMe sorties | Ste te QO: ses ee Peenare Ove scr | 17} 166) 2) 117) 814+21+2
i Head anaes neck aie
ALSOPHIS ANGULIFER ADSPERSUS (Gundlach and Peters).
Doctor Barbour informs me that the specimens from eastern Cuba which he has examined agree in having light centers to the scales, and expresses the opinion that they represent a fairly well characterized form. -Our specimens corroborate this conclusion. The ones from Guamé, collected by Bowdish, are dark with light centers. A speci- men (No. 29790) taken by Palmer at El Cobre on February 22, 1902, is quite light, because the ight central spots occupy nearly the whole scale, leaving only the margins dark, nearly blackish, on the anterior portion of the body.
Measurements of Alsophis angulifer adspersus.
| | (oe | jcsls Mer ees
Mena Nos lwApes Jl) Loealft | Whencol | By whom | 5 a ia/8/¢ ee BEET eh et Le lected. collected. | 2/8 /3|8 a 3 18) o als o|o \2|Fi|<|Aje}° | = =e Seg teal ale THGeaIE HEAT U.S. Nat. 297811.) Adult...) Guam, Cuba....) Jan. 1,1902 | en Bow- ais s142149
| | is | | U. 8. Nat. 297821..| Adult...|.....d0o.......0000+ lyaeettttorucsre shee donaJ.2 es. ta tobe 81+21+42 U.S. Nat. 29783...| Adult..-|...-. do. | Jan, ortogn eos core (17) 177| 2) 8-9114+21+2
U.S. Nat. 29790...) Adult. |
El Cobre, “Cuba..| Feb. 22) ss Wm. Palmer| 17 175, 2| 8143142 j oe 1 #
1 Head ae LEIMADOPHIS ANDREAE (Reinhardt and Litken). Figs. 105-107.
When Barbour described his Lewmadophis nebulatus ' he had appar- ently only seen specimens from the Isle of Pines, the type-locality, and from the western part of the Cuban main island typical of L.
1 Ann, Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, Jan. 31, 1916, p. 305, pl. 28, figs. 1-2.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. 53.
284
andreae (type-locality, Habana). Having at least 20 specimens of the latter and seven of the former and finding the variation of the color pattern in the two forms very slight throughout this large series, he was quite justified in diagnosing them under different names.
In a series of 20 specimens in the United States National Museum from the two extreme ends of Cuba proper and also from the Isle of Pines, a different state of affairs is revealed.
A topotype of 7. nebulatus (No. 28036) collected by Palmer and Riley at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, July 5, 1900, agrees very well with Barbour’s description and figure of this form. The white lat- eral spots on the anterior part of the body have a tendency to become elongate on the fourth and fifth scale rows on each side, and on the posterior part they actually fuse with a distinct white dorso-lateral stripe.
Palmer and Riley’s specimens from El Guama, Pinar del Rio (Nos. 27394-5), San Diego de los Bafios (Nos. 27853-6), and Ca- bafias (Nos. 27640-1), as well as one recently collected by Mr. J. B. Henderson and Dr. 107 Paul Bartsch, at La Mulata (No. 51845), allin western Cuba, agree with Barbour’s descrip-
ONE: tion and figure of L. andreae and with Rein- LL Sn hardt and Liitken’s original description of this eae
106
Fics. 105-107.— LEIMADOPHIS AN- DREAE. 2X NAT.SIZE. No. 26764 U.S.N.M. SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
species, and show at most some scattered hair- fine white margins to some of the dorsal scales. I turn now to the specimens from eastern
Cuba.
A male from Santiago de Cuba (No. 26764, U.S.N.M.) is unique in having the back crossed from ventrals to ventrals by numerous (more than 80) light cross bars formed by the narrow white margins to the scales. The black intervals are slightly wider than the light cross bars. The white margin is possibly slightly emphasized on the fifth scale row on each side, but there is no noticeable light line except on each side of the tail.
Bowdish, in the winter of 1901-2, collected four specimens at Guama. Of these No. 29756 is very much like our topotype of L. nebulatus mentioned above and nobody would for an instant regard them as belonging to different species. Moreover, they both resem- ble greatly Bibron’s figure! of what he called Coluber cursor, or Dromicus cursor, from Cuba (but without definite locality). The other three specimens are an elaboration and exaggeration of this type and that of the Santiago specimen culminating in No. 29780 which has about 50 distinct white cross bands on the body, with
1 Hist. Fis. Pol. Hist. Nat. Cuba, Atlas, 1842, pl. 28.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 285
broader, more rhomboidal black interspaces caused by the widening of the white band on the fifth scale row, thus recalling the lateral stripe of the other specimens and actually continuing as such on the second scale row of the tail.
From the above material one might be tempted to establish three somewhat ill-defined subspecies—namely, the melanistic Lewmadophis andreae andreae from western Cuba, L. andreae nebulatus from the Isle of Pines, and a third, characterized by numerous definite whitish crossbars, from eastern Cuba, were it not for a specimen (No. 29850) collected by Palmer on January 30, 1902, at Baracoa, near the extreme eastern end of the island. This specimen is a typical ZL. andreae with no indication of white blotches or cross bands. The only difference is that it has a narrow pale line on the fifth scale row and that the whitish head pattern is almost obliterated.
Nothing need to be said about the specimens with the general locality ‘‘Cuba” except that the specimen (No. 6183) which the museum received in 1863 from the Paris museum under the name of Dromicus fugitivus is much more typical than Cocteau’s figure, and exactly like the specimen figured by Jan.!
A young specimen (No. 27398) collected by Palmer and Riley at El Guamaé, March 26, 1900, is worthy of mention as being a partial albino of the typical form, in which the black is absent, the back being a medium tawny gray.
While I do not attach much importance to the discrepancy in the number of ventrals and subcaudals shown in the table alu because of the small number of specimens from eastern Cuba, it may be well to call attention to the fact that both the ventrals and subcaudals are more numerous, on the average, in the six specimens from the eastern part of the island. The average number of ventrals in our 10 western specimens is 145. Barbour states that in 7 specimens from the Isle of Pines, the average is 143 and in an equal number of Cuban examples in the Museum of Comparative Zoology it is 144? As he apparently had no specimens from eastern Cuba, his figures strongly corroborate those from the United States National Museum specimens.
1 Teon. Ophid., livr. 23, pl. 5, fig. 2. 2 Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, 1916, 306.
286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Measurements of Leimadophis andreae.
n = n B | oo = reads « When col- By whom |°|3 s/o |5 | 2 Museum and No.| Age. Locality. lectadl collected. | & & a=lgis & a | S(ai(eieiele/s al>lidilalalalo U.S. Nat. 29584..| Adult...; Guam4,Cuba..| Nov. 19,1901 B.S HOW 17| 153} 2) 110) 8/142/142 | 1s U.S. Nat. 29754. .} Adult...]..... do... 4 sy NOV. 30) 1901 |e =2- do....2.| 17) 154; 2)....) 8/14+2/14+2 U.S. Nat. 29756..} Adult...]..... dota Dee. 25,1901 ese: do......} 17) 158 2) 121) +814 2/142 U.S. Nat. 29780..} Adult...]....- 0: -2 5. -~5.-| Sane, 6, 1902) e ws: dors. oe: 17| 153} 2) 105} 3 8/14 2/142 U.S. Nat. 29850. .| Adult...) Baracoa, Cuba .| Jan. 30,1902 | Wm. Palm-| 17} 153) 2) 106)....]....|...- er. | U.S. Nat. 26764. .| Young..| Santiago, Cuba.|............... i Par- | 17; 150} 2) 108) 8/14+2/14+2 er. U.S. Nat. 27394..| Adult...) El1Guam4,Cuba} Mar. 6,1900 Peer and| 17 145) 2) 111) 8142/142 iley. U.S. Nat. 27395..| Adult...}..... dose sss sa.. Se G0: 2552. == 1. SdOssc2 501 07) WAS Poe SIP olieee U.S. Nat. 27896..| Hal f]....- do2e5.5.52.| Mar. 26519007). 5: 5 do......| 17) 138] 2) 106; 8/14+2/142 grown. | | U.S. Nat. 27649..| Adult ..| Cabafias,Cuba.| May 15,1900 |..... do......| 17, 144, 2) 91) 8-9/142/14+2 U.S. Nat. 27641..| Adult...}..... Ores assess |enees do........|.-..-d0......| 17) 153) 2} 106) 8/14+-2)14+-2 U.S. Nat. 27853..} H a 1 {| San Diegodelos| Apr. 14,1900 |..... do.....-| 17) 146) 2/....| 8)1+2)1+2 grown. Bafios, Cuba. | Was. Nat.27854. -) soiva ot). a G ER aa Be eMien GO se | cee conse 17; 147; 2) 109; 9 81+42/1+2 grown. | U.S. Nat. 27855..| H al f|..... Ox <n.525 oe | see dO: dee 0020) sac -O0se2-— =| 17) 143)" De) Soo grown. | UscoNata2rs00..| eo a Lites s.- dOs. spo=24) 22550 do........|-..--do......| 17) 143) 2) 103) &1-+4-2/142 grown. U.S. Nat. 28036..| H a 1 f| NuevaGerona, | July 5,1900 |..... GO-...52|, 17) 139) 22-3 83)14+2)1+2 grown. | Isle of Pines. | | |
ARRHYTON TAENIATUM Giinther. Figs. 108 to 115.
A specimen (No. 29768 U.S.N.M.) was collected by Bowdish at Guamé, on January 7, 1902, ‘‘in top soil near hospital,’ which I refer to this species for the present, at least. It agrees in every respect with No. 29769 which was collected by Doctor Wright, and therefore probably in eastern Cuba. Both differ from the types of A. taeniatum and A. fulvum in having the preocular so reduced in size as to allow the prefrontals to enter the orbit in the interval between supraocular and preocular, as shown in figure 114, while in the types mentioned the supraocular is broadly in contact with the preocular.! There are also some other slight differences in the shape of the snout and the stripes on the body, but in most other respects they are so alike that a specific separation does not seem warranted.
The material available in museums is too limited to allow of any but tentative conclusions as to the status of the species described in this genus, yet thus far the specimens recorded since Boulenger’s treatment of it in the second volume of the Catalogue of Snakes in British Museum (1894) bear out the conclusions there set forth. An analysis of the scale formulas of six specimens of A. taeniatum and seven of A. vittatum (figs. 116 to 119) seems to indicate that the species are not unusually variable. We have here clearly two species—A. taeniatum characterized by the absence of a loreal (loreal
1 See fig. 110 and Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., vol. 2, pl. 12, fig. 2.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 287
fused with prefrontal) combined with a high number of ventrals (171 to 186, average 177) and subcaudals (69 to 100, average 84.5), while A. vittatum has a well-separated loreal combined with few ventrals (112 to 124, average 117.5) and subcaudals (54 to 73, average 64.5).
Sea tke es ES BG a ae aia
‘4 mpces. hehe
Late er aE
RTS OES ORES
3
115
Figs. 108-111.—ARRHYTON TAENIATUM. 24 X NAT.SIZE. No. 12421, U.S.N.M. TYPE oF (A. FULVUM Cope). CuBA.—108 REPRESENTS COLOR PATTERN AT ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY.—112-115, SAME SPECIES. 23 X NAT. SIZE. No. 29769 U.S.N.M. CUBA.—112 REPRESENTS COLOR PATTERN AT ABOUT MIDDLE OF BODY.
The third species (A. redimitum) is known only from Cope’s original description ' and Bocourt’s description and figure of a second speci- men.? No specimen seems to have been found by recent collectors, but in view of the apparent rarity of all these snakes, this does not necessarily mean that the only two specimens known are freaks or extremes of individual variation of one of the other species. The
1 Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1862, p. 81. 3 Miss, Sci. Mexique, Zool., Rept., p. 561, pl. 35, fig. 8.
288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
type is apparently lost and Cope did not give the scale formula of the species. There can be but little doubt that Bocourt described and figured the same form as Cope, and the number of ventrals and sub- caudals of this specimen (ventrals 141, subcaudals 120) coupled with the peculiarity of the single prefrontal indicates such a radical differ- ence from either of the other two species as to justify us in retaining A. redimitum as a good species. The diagnostic characters of the three species may be briefly tabulated as follows:
Species. Ventrals.| Caudals.| Loreal. | Sa A CULM wom cic ate ic sae ee noise ana ne Eee 141 120 1 ECU nw sc Sac mania nee Ok ain o Bsias oo Se eee setae ele eee 112-124 54-73 1 2 AMGEN GUM SS osiais lo ocod el ages vo So ae cee ee cee ee sees 171-186 69-100 0 2
Doctor Barbour has kindly furnished me with the scale formulas of the three specimens of A. vittatum and two of A. taeniatum collected
So SSS ES pee TH RUNES SEM OS
119 118
Fias. 116-119.—ARRHYTON VITTATUM. 23 X NAT. SIZE. No. 5784, U.S.N.M. TYPE OF (A. BIVITTATUM, CoPE). CUBA.—119 REPRESENTS COLOR PATTERN AT ABOUT MIDDLE OF BODY.
recently by himself or his collectors in Cuba. They are incorporated in the above table and have materially assisted in clearing up the ‘ doubts surrounding these rare snakes.
I have made no special reference to Andersson’s Arrhyton quenselit,! partly because the reference of this snake to Arrhyton seems highly problematical, and partly because its habitat is unknown. It is even probable that the specimens upon which it is founded did not come from the West Indies. A. quenselii has two nasals, no loreal, two prefrontals, two temporals, 153 to 157 ventrals, and 63 to 67 subcaudals. 7
1 Bih. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 27, sec. 4, No. 5, 1901, p. 15, pl. 1, figs. 5-7.
no, 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 289
LORICATA.
CROCODYLUS ACUTUS Cuvier. Figs. 120 to 122.
To anybody who has examined Seba’s plate,’ which is the sole basis of Laurenti’s Crocodylus americanus, the application of the
= 7) ESS met ys Pr rks Cyr ; Cae
PSG yh Ay LIES CN VBE.
VB LY \f Re) JA WDE
WED WA US BY 122
Fics. 120-121.—CROCODYLUS ACUTUS, YOUNG. 4 X NAT. SIZE. No. 28760, U.S.N.M. ISLE oF PINES.
122.—NAT. SIZE. REPRESENTS THE ANTERIOR DORSAL SCUTELLATION OF THE SAME INDIVIDYAL.
vi v Ds!
latter name to the present species seems absurd. ‘That picture is absolutely unidentifiable.
This species was obtained by Palmer and Riley on the Isle of Pines.
It may be interesting in this connection to point out that neither Hornaday nor Jeffries Wyman was the first to record the occurrence of the crocodile in Florida. That was done as early as 1822 by Rafinesque who published the fact in the Kentucky Gazette.?
The opinion has recently been expressed that Crocodylus rhombifer Cuvier is not a good species, but only young specimens of C. acutus.3 Nothing could be further from the truth. C. rhombifer is a very distinct species easily characterized by the different dorsal scutella-
1 Thesaurus, vol. 1, pl. 106. 2 New series, vol. 1, No. 29, July 18, 1822, p. 3, col. 2. 8 Werner, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 28, p. 265.
77403—Proe. N. M. vol. 58—17 19
290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
tion as may be seen from the figure here presented (fig. 123), which is taken from a much older specimen than the one given of C. acutus
AN > i XO Naor ; a AO Be.
CRON & i > = age a OS
Nos r Wes ~ ©, > < oF WAND. Ai De na 4 > HO, dj
A
t) j oe
Wy DW, Pa SOO ty Vi TT WBN RY AWoR oh “Wie BYE Y if | i { hy OB ND) j mp ia WES Bh IPA , LA Or DN NT SOB GTM RY RRS PSNI IEEE SD SAD DX
123
Fic. 123.—CROCODYLUS RHOMBIFER. 4 X NAT. SIZE. No. 13578. CUBA. REPRESENTS ANTERIOR POR- TION OF DORSAL SCUTA.
(fig. 122). The two species may be distinguished by this character alone as follows:
a', Dorsal scutes in two median longitudinal regular rows with an interrupted and irregular row of contiguous scutes on each side of the median rows, the keels of the latter being lower than the adjacent ones............ C. acutus.
a’?, Dorsal scutes (except anterior and posterior transverse rows) in six longi- tudinal regular and adjacent rows, the keels of which are of the same BLGU NG oie otto adeoBicis chen niente Oe Mates © yo Sicl hs, em loa 5 ayer eno ee C. rhombifer.
Figs. 124-125.—PSEUDEMYS PALUSTRIS.—} NAT. SIZE. No. 27639, U.S.N.M. CABANAS.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIPIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 291
TESTUDINATA.
PSEUDEMYS PALUSTRIS (Gmelin). Figs. 124 to 128.
Two specimens of this, the only fresh-water turtle found in Cuba, were collected at Cabaiias on May 17, 1900, by Palmer and Riley.
V1GS. 126-128.—PSEUDEMYS PALUSTRIS, 126—} X NAT.SIZE. 127-128.—NAT. SIZE. NO,» 27639, U.S.NoM. CABANAS,
AN AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE HYMENOPTEROUS GENUS WESMAELIA OF FOERSTER.
By P. R. Myers, Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The description of this species adds an American representative to this rare and little known genus which has hitherto been unrepre- sented by an American species. The species is apparently a very close relative of Wesmaelia cremasta Marshall.
WESMAELIA AMERICANA, new species.
Type-locality Hagerstown, Maryland, May 15, 1915, W. R. McConnell, collector.
Type.—Cat. No. 21134, U.S.N.M.
Female.——Length, 4 mm.; reddish testaceous except propodeum and metanotum, which are black; front and vertex shinning, pubes- _ cent, rather finely and closely punctured; occiput and cheeks pol- ished, nearly bare and almost impunctate; face below antennae and clypeus pale, finely punctured, sparsely clothed with white pubes- cence; mandibles pale, dark reddish testaceous at apex; eyes black; ocelli dark brown margined with black; antennae 26 jointed, pubes- cent, pale reddish testaceous at base to fuscus at apex, joints of flagel cylindrical at base to granose at apex; scape pale, shining, pubescent, indistinctly punctured; carina between antennae; mesonotum shin- ing, closely and irregularly punctured, pubescent; scutellum shin- ing, sparsely pubescent, with sparse indistinct, fine punctures, para- sidal furrows broad and rugose; mesopleurae shining with coarse irregular punctures, also rugose areas beneath wings and near base just. above the venter; metanotum with distmct, widely separated, longitudinal carinae; propodeum coarsely rugose; abdomen, when viewed dorsally, elliptical, laterally pyriform, slightly darker than mesonotum, smooth and polished, petiole smooth and polished at base and apex, aciculated laterally and indistinctly dorsally at the middle, a little more than the apical half fuscus, the remainder hya- line; ovipositor black, about one-fourth the length of second abdo-
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2206, 293
294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
minal segment; legs pale testaceous, last joint of tarsi fuscus; wings, hyaline, nervures and stigma, pale testaceous.
Allotype essentially the same as type except in the shape of the abdomen, which is elliptical when viewed dorsally or laterally; second segment much longer but not compressed laterally; propo- deum and metanotum not quite as dark; apex of petiole only fuscus above; antennae not so quite dark toward the apex; eyes, dark brown; antennae, 27 jointed.
Allotype collected at Ithaca, New York. Paratype female at Beltsville, Maryland, June 15, 1913, by Mr. J. R. Malloch, and para- type male at Ottawa, Canada.
A MONOGRAPH OF WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOL- LUSKS.
By Pau Bartscn, Curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates, United States National Museum.
The present monograph completes the discussion of the West American Mollusks of the superfamily Pyramidelloideae, the Gym- noglossa, of Malacological Manuals. The superfamily consists of the families Pyramidellidae, which has been previously treated,’ and the Melanellidae, here considered.
All the members of the superfamily are small mollusks, the largest attaining a size but little more than an inch in length. By far the greater number are elongate conic, but there are some which are quite rotund and others that range between these two extremes. In sculpture they vary from smooth to axially ribbed, to spirally striate or lirate, and combinations of these elements. Anatomically the members of this superfamily are differentiated from the other Proso-
branchiate mollusks by the absence or extreme depauperation of the radula.
Ther members of the family Pyramidellidae are readily distin- guished from those of the Melanellidae by the fact that the nepionic whorls are sinistral and tilted; the axis of the early whorls usually
1 The Pyramidellidae of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Deposits of California, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1903, pp. 269-285.
Synopsis of the Genera, Subgenera, and section of the Family Pyramidellidae, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 17, 1904, pp. 1-16.
Notes on Japanese, Indo-Pacific, and American Pyramidellidae, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, pp. 321-369, pls. 17-26, May 9, 1906.
The Pyramidellid Mollusks of the Oregonian Faunal Area, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, pp. 491-534, pl. 44-48, Washington, December, 1907.
Pyramidellidae of New England and the adjacent Region, Paul Bartsch, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. 24, pp. 67-113, pls. 11-14, February, 1909.
A Monograph of West American Pyramidellid Mollusks, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 68, pp. I-XII and 1-258, pls. 1-30, Washington, Nov. 10, 1609.
More Notes on the Family Pyramidellidae, Pav] Bartsch, The Nautilus, vol. 23, 1909, pp. 54-59.
New species of Shells collected by Mr. John Macoun, at Barclay Sound, Vancouver Islands, British Columbia, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Canada Dept. of Mines, Memoir No. 14-N, 1910.
Additions to West American Pyramidellid Mollusk Fauna, with descriptions of new species, Paul Bartsch, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, May 17, 1912, pp. 261-289, pl. 35-38.
A Zoogeographic Study hased on the Pyramidellid Mollusks of the West Coast of America, Paul Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, pp. 297-349. r
New species of Mollusks from the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of Canada, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Bull. No. 1, Victoria Memorial Museum, pp. 139-146, Oct. 23, 1913.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2207. 295
296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 63.
being at right angles to that of the succeeding turns, in the first of which the nuclear whorls are frequently quite strongly embedded. In the Melanellidae, on the other hand, the early whorls are dextral and never tilted or immersed. By far the greater number of the Pyramidellid mollusks are highly sculptured, a feature almost absent in the Melanellidae, where varices mark the strongest axial sculp- tural element and the spiral sculpture scarcely exceeds that of finely incised lines.
The first Melanellid to be reported from the west coast of America was Stilifer astericolus Broderip, a mollusk collected on starfish at Hood Island of the Galapagos group by Hugh Cuming. This is not only described here by Broderip' as a new species, but constitutes the type of the genus Stilifer there characterized.
Two years after this appeared G. B. Sowerby’s paper on the “ Rulimas,”’ collected by Hugh Cuming and this describes seven new West American forms”. These are:
Eulima splendidula Sowerby, from Sancta Elena.
Eulima inierrupta Sowerby, from the Gulf of Nocoiyo.
Eulima wmbricata Sowerby, from Sancta Elena.
Eulima hastata Sowerby, from Sancta Elena.
Eulima pusilla Sowerby, from Sancta Elena.
Eulima varians Sowerby, from Xipixapi.
Eulima acuta Sowerby, from Montiji Bay.
Hight years later (1852), C. B. Adams published his catalogue of shells collected at Panama, in which he described? Eulima iota, Eulima recta, Eulima solitaria.
Two years after this Arthur Adams’s Monographs of the Genera Eulima, Niso and Leiostraca were published.t Here we find the previously described species redescribed and figured, and some of them referred to other genera than those under which they were originally described:
Eulima hasiata Sowerby, page 794, plate 169, figures 7, 8.
Eulima pusilla Sowerby, page 794, plate 169, figures 9, 10, 21.
Eulima icta C. B. Adams, page 798, plate 169, figure 19.
Niso interrupta Sowerby, page 801, plate 170, figure 9.
Niso splendidula Sowerby, page S801, plate 170, figure 8.
Niso imbricata Sowerby, page 802, plate 170, figure 10.
Leiostraca acuta Sowerby, page 803, plate 170, figure 11.
Leiostraca varians Sowerby, page 804, plate 170, figures 23, 24.
Levostraca recta C. B. Adams, page 804, plate 170, figure 25.
The next to make contributions to the west coast members of this family was Philip P. Carpenter, who devotes pages 438-442 of his
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832, p. 60. 3 Idem, 1834, pp. 6-8.
8 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1852, pp. 198-199. 4 Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., 1854.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 297
Catalogue of Mazatlan Shells, published in 1857, to it. Here we find the following listed:
Eulima? hastata Sowerby, page 438.
Eulima sp. ind. (a), page 438.
Eulima sp. ind. (6), page 438.
Leiostraca? recta C. B. Adams, page 439.
Leiostraca? solitaria C. B. Adams, page 439.
Leiostraca sp. ind. (a), page 439.
Leiostraca sp. ind. (0), page 440.
Leiostraca linearis Carpenter, page 440.
Levostraca? iota, var. retexta Carpenter.
Levostraca? distorta, var. yod Carpenter.
All of the forms attributed to C. B. Adams were later found to be distinct by Carpenter and given names by him.
In 1860 O. A. L. Modrch, in his Beitrige zur Molluskenfauna
Central-Amerika’s, reached the genus Hulima on page 120' and de- scribed Eulima bipartita Mérch, from Sonsonate, Mexico, and dis- cussed Eulima distorta Sowerby and Eulima recta C. B. Adams. _ The next publication dealing with West American Melanellidae is P. P. Carpenter’s Review of Prof. C. B. Adams’s Catalogue of the Shells of Panama, from the Type Specimens.? Here he discusses on pages 356 and 357 the shells described by C. B. Adams and his own efforts in the Mazatlan Catalogue.
He here raises the name Leiostraca? iota retexta Carpenter, pre- viously given to his Mazatlan shell? to specific rank. He also separates the Mazatlan shells which he listed under the name Leiostraca recta C. B. Adams ‘ from the true M. recta C. B. Adams, a Panamic species, and gives to the Mazatlanic species the name Leiostraca involuta Carpenter, but it will be found that this has a tilted nucleus which places it in the genus Odostomia. The shell which he described as Leiostraca solitaria he now considers distinct from C. B. Adams Lulima solitaria, and he gives it the name Levostraca producta.
The next paper to deal with these shells was also published by P. P. Carpenter. It was his Supplementary Report on the Present State of our Knowledge with Regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of America.’ Here, on page 659, we find the following species listed as—
Eulima micans? new species.
Eulima compacta? new species.
Eulima rutila? new species.
Eulima thersites new species.
There are only a few words of description, which would not enable even a specialist to determine the species these names were intended for. They are, however, more fully described later.
1 Malak. Blit., vol. 6, pp. 120-121. 4 Mazatlan Catalogue, 1857, p. 439. 2 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863. 6 Rept. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1863 (1864). § Mazatlan Catalogue, 1857, pp. 440-441.
298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
In the following year Doctor Carpenter published his Diagnoses of New Forms of Mollusks Collected at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. J. Xantus.! On pages 47 and 48 is his Lulima fuscostrigata described as new.
The next effort was also by Carpenter. In his paper Diagnoses Specierum et Varietatum novarum Molluscorum, prope Sinum Pugetianum a Kennerlio Doctore, nuper decesso, collectorium,? on page 63, there is a complete description of Eulima micans Carpe ter.
In the same year Carpenter published a paper Diagnoses of New Forms of Mollusks from the West Coast of North America first col- lected by Col. E. Jewett.2 On pages 396 and 397, Eulima thersites Carpenter is fully described.
Still another paper by the same author, Descriptions of New Marine Shells from the Coast of California, appeared the same year.‘ On page 221 of this paper we find Eulima (? var.) compacta Carpenter and Fulima (? var.) ruta Carpenter more fully diagnosed.
In 1866 the Monographs on the genera Leiostraca, Eulima, and Niso appeared in Lovell Augustus Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, and while there is only a single new species, Hulima parva Reeve, described here, some of the previously described species are here figured. We find:
Lewstraca varians Sowerby, plate 1, figures, la, 1b.
Leiostraca recta C. B. Adams, plate 1, figure 3.
Leiostraca acuta Sowerby, plate 2, figure 7.
Fulima hastata Sowerby, plate 2, figure 9.
Lulima pusilla Sowerby, plate 3, figure 25.
Kulima micans Carpenter, plate 3, figure 33.
Fulima iota C. B. Adams, plate 5, figure 34.
Kulima ruiila Carpenter, plate 5, figure 37.
Eulima parva Sowerby, plate 5, figure 41.
Niso imbricata Sowerby, plate 1, figure 3.
Niso splendiduia Sowerby, plate 1, figure 7.
Niso interrupta Sowerby, plate 1, figures 8a, 8b.
The next year De Folin published his paper Les Meleagrinicoles, in which the following Melanellids are described:
Chemnitzia rangu De Folin.
Eulima adamantina De Folin.
Euluma proca De Folin.
Eutima gibba De Folin.
Kulima elegantissima De Folin.
Kulima elodia De Folin.
Hulima opalina De Folin.
1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 14, 1864. 2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 17, 1865.
5 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 15, 1865. 4 Proc. Cala. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, 1865.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 299
De Folin unfortunately cites as type-locality for all the shells described in this paper two places—one the environs of Negritos (which may mean Negros Island, Philippines), and the other Isle aux Perles—i. e., Margarita Island, Bay of Panama. In order not to miss any West American members, I have quoted all the described forms.
In 1878 G. B. Sowerby published his Monograph on the genus Stylifer.' In this he redescribes and figures plate 1, figure 3, Stylifer astericola Broderip.
Six years later G. B. Sowerby’s Monograph on the genus Stylifer appeared.? In this we find Stylifer astericolus Broderip described on page 159 and figured on plate 479, figures 4 and 5.
Two years later Tryon, in his Manual, reached our family.? Besides giving a treatment of the superspecific groups he describes and figures ail those previously figured. He also gives figures of such as he had represented in his collection and he cites all those known to him to date. From the West Coast of America the follow- ing are listed:
Eulima macans Carpenter, page 272, plate 69, figures 29, 30.
Eulima elodia De Folin, page 272.
Eulima parva Sowerby, page 272, plate 69, figures 32, 33.
Eulima adamantina De Folin, page 272. :
Eulima gibba De Folin, page 272, plate 69, figure 34.
Fulima opalina De Folin, page 273, plate 69, figure 37.
Eulima proca De Folin, page 273, plate 69, figure 38.
Eulima hastata Sowerby, page 273, plate 69, figure 39.
Eulima iota C. B. Adams, page 274, plate 69, figure 42.
Fulima compacia Carpenter, page 278.
Eulima thersites Carpenter, page 278.
Fulima fuscostrigata, Carpenter, page 278.
Eulima bipartita Morch, page 278.
Eulima varians Sowerby, page 278, plate 70, figures 65, 67.
Eulima rutila Carpenter, page 279, plate 70, figure 68.
Eulima elegantissima De Folin, page 279, plate 70, figure 69.
Eulima recta C. B. Adams, page 280, plate 70, figure S1.
Fulima acuta Sowerby, page 280, plate 70, figure 82.
Eulima rangii De Folin, page 287, plate 70, figure 20.
Niso splendidula Sowerby, page 287, plate 71, figure 24.
Niso interrupta Sowerby, page 288, plate 71, figures 22, 23.
Niso imbricata Sowerby, page 289, plate 71, figure 31.
Stylifer astericola Broderip, page 290, plate 71, figure 38.
1 Reeve’s Conch. Icon., vol. 20, 1878.
3 Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., 1884. ® Tryon’s Man. Conch., vol. 8, 1886.
800 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The next Melanellid to be cited is one referred to but not named by von C. Hartlaub, who in his Report on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S. N., commanding,! calls attention (p. 147, pl. 4, fig. 25) to a “Stylifer ( Mucronalia) para- sitic upon a crinoid found in the Gulf of Panama.’ This is named by Dr. W. H. Dall in 1908.
In 1899 Edward G. Vanatta published a paper on West American Eulimidae? in which he described the following:
Eulima lowei Vanatta, page 254, plate 11, figures 9, 10.
Eulima bistorta Vanatta, pages 254-5, plate 11, figures 7, 8.
Eulima compacta Carpenter, pages 255-6, plate 11, figures 11, 12.
Eulima randolphi Vanatta, page 256, plate 11, figures 13, 14.
Eulima micans Carpenter, pages 256-7, plate 11, figures 1, 2.
Eulima rutila Carpenter, plate 11, figures 5, 6.
Nine years later the present writer published A New Parasitic Mollusk of the Genus Eulima.’ In this Eulima ptilocrinicola Bartsch is characterized.
The year following Dr. William H. Dall‘ bestowed the name Stilifer (Mucronalia) bathymetrae upon the mollusk mentioned by Hartlaub in 1895.
In the same year he published his Descriptions of New Species of Mollusks from the Pacific Coast of the United States with Notes on other Mollusks from the same Region.2 On page 253 of this paper he describes Hulima (?) lomana Dall.
The year following William H. Dall and the present writer published A Monograph of West American Pyramidellid Mollusks.* On page 230, Odostomia (Scalenostoma) rangit De Folin is described and figured. This is now transferred to the family Melanellidae.
In 1912 the present writer referred to Odostomia (Scalenostoma) rangit De Folin on page 342; he also described and figured Odostomia (Scalenostoma) babylonia Bartsch (pp. 287-288, pl. 38, fig. 3) of his paper on Additions to the West American Pyramidellid Mollusk Fauna, with Descriptions of New Species,’ which must now be referred to the family here discussed.
The last paper dealing with West American Melanellids was pub- lished by Frank M. Anderson and Bruce Martin on Neocene Record
1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, vol. 27, No. 4, 1893.
2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, pp. 254, 257, pl. 11. 3 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, 1907, pp. 255-256, pl. 33.
4 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, vol. 43, 1908, pp. 317-318. 6 Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908.
§ Bull. 68, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1909. 7 Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912.
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 301
in the Temblor Basin, California, and Neocene Deposits of the San Juan District, San Louis Obispo County.! Here the following are described and figured: Miso (%) antiselli Anderson and Martin, p. 65, pl. 7, fig. 22, and Hulima gabhiana Anderson and Martin, p. 68, pl. 7, fig. 20, the last being a Melanella.
The group covered by the present monograph is by far the most difficult one that I have thus far treated; the characters are few and confined in the different groups chiefly to differences in outline, flexure, size, weight, and in addition to these, in the case of Strombi- formis and Niso, to color patterns. Whatever there may be of merit in this study, I feel that the credit for it should fall upon the collectors and institutions that have placed all their material in my hands, for without this abundance of material, it would have been entirely impossible to reach the positive conclusions expressed in these pages. Foremost among these I wish to express my thanks to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, for the loan of types, and to Prof. F. B. Loomis of Amherst College, for the loan of C. B. Adams’s types from Panama. Also to the California Academy of Sciences for similar favors and the Stanford University for the loan of specimens. Of the private collectors, the material submitted by Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd leads easily, both as far as number of species and specimens are concerned. These collections are followed by those of Miss J. M. Cooke; Mrs. Kate Stephens; Dr. Frank Baker; Dr. Ralph Arnold, whose collection is particularly rich in fossil material; Dr. S. S. Berry; Prof. F. W. Kelsey; Mr. F. L. Button; Mrs. Elizabeth E. Johnston; Mr. H. N. Lowe; Mrs. Paula Ball; Mrs. W. H. Eshnaur; and Mrs. Maria Baldridge. It should also be here stated that the splendid collections made by the late Mr. Henry Hemphill and the late Mr. C. W. Gripp, now in other hands, have materially added to the knowledge of these forms.
This paper would be incomplete, did I fail to express my apprecia- tion to Dr. William H. Dall, honorary curator of the section of Mollusks, for his kindly counsel and encouragement while working on this difficult problem.
The photographs used in the illustrations were mostly made by Mr. T. W. Smillie, of the United States National Museum. <A few were taken by Mr. John H. Paine, and all of them were retouched by Mrs. E. B. Decker, under my personal supervision.
KEY TO THE WEST AMERICAN GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF THE FAMILY. PLR DAC RECO so be ek et pat ce as ons sada etext ok eee Niso, p. 348.
Shell not umblilicated. Nuclear whorls forming a mucronate apex.
Fosuuclear whorls globularisc sto. st euteutoceree. ve eutie on Stilifer, p. 352. Postnuclear whorls not globular. Pestnuclosr whorlsavall. 22a. wee sme daehciocace nines Lambertia, p. 354. Postnuclear whorls cylindric... <0. cece cece et esees od Mucronalia, p. 353
1 Proc. Cala. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 4, 1914.
3802 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
~
Nuclear whorls not forming a mucronate apex.
Shell with a strong peripheral keel..................... Scalenostoma, p. 337. Shell without a strong peripheral keel. Inner lip with a twist resembling an obsolete fold....... -Haliella, p. 336. Inner lip without a twist resembling an obsolete fold. Inner lip free, color bands present............ Eulimosiraca, p. 333. Color bands.absenti :..2.0s2: sacle anes beers Sabinella, p. 333. Inner lip not free, appressed to the attenuated base. Shell with color markings.................Strombiformis, p. 339. Shell without color markings. Shelf straight: 02i..0 528. 2: ve eee Melanella, p. 302. Shell flexed 2... cue les Pee oe eee Balcis, p. 319.
Genus MELANELLA Bowdich.
Melanella Bownicu, Elem. Conch., vol. 1, 1822, p. 27. Type Melanella dufresnit Bowdich=Eulima Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer., vol. 4, 1826, p. 123. Type Eulima elegantissima Risso= Melanella polita (Linnaeus)=Balcis Leach, Syn. Moll. Grt. Brit., 1852, p. 200. Type Balcis arcuata Leach (= Melanella distorta Jeffreys, see Jeffrey Brit. Conch., vol. 4, 1867, p. 207)=Vitreolina monter- osato, Nom. Conch. Medit., 1884, p. 100. Type Eulima incurva (Renier) (= Melania distorta Jeffreys, see Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, Mar. Rous., vol. 2, 1887, p. 769).
The genus as here constituted embraces the white polished mol- lusks that have the last whorl produced and the inner lip appressed for its entire length, or at least for the greater part of its length, to the attenuated base. The shells may be straight or flexed.
The large amount of material before us shows several species which completely bridge the gap between the straight and the flexed forms; the flexure in these instances being extremely slight. For this reason I have combined Balcis with Melanella. For con- venience sake, however, rather than for difference in structural characters, we may retain the name Balcis as a group designation.
Subgenus MELANELLA Bowdich.
Melanella Bowpicu, Elm. Conch., vol. 1, 1822, p. 27. Type Melanella dufresnii Bowdich=Eulima Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer., vol. 4, 1826, p. 123. Type Eulima elegantissima Risso= Melanella polita (Linnaeus).
Melanellas with straight shells. MELANELLA (MELANELLA) DALLI, new species. Plate 35, fig. 5.
Shell straight, large, stout, polished, milk-white with irregularly disposed varices. (Early whorls decollated on both of our speci- mens), later whorls slightly rounded, appressed at the summit. Sutures slightly constricted. Base short, well rounded. Aperture oval, posterior angle acute, outer lip thin, bending slightly forward immediately after leaving the summit, then backward from the
xo. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 303
periphery, so that tho basal portion is behind the plane of the pe- ripheral edge; inner lip short, moderately thick, curved and slightly roflected over the base, the reflected portion fusing with the thin parictal callus.
Two specimons of this species (Cat. No. 132072), are in the collec- tion of the United States National Museum. They came from the Gulf of California. Both have lost their tips; ono of these, the type, has 103 whorls remaining, and measures—longth, 20 mm.; diameter, 7.5mm. This is the largest species so far known from the west
coast of America. MELANELLA (MELANELLA) MICANS Carpenter.
Plate 34, figs. 1-6.
Eulima micans CARPENTER, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. (1863) 1864, p. 659; Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1865, p. 63.
Shell straight, clongate-conic, bluish-white when the animal has been removed. When the animal has been allowed to dry in the shell, it appears through the substance of the shell and gives it a mottled brownish aspect. The brownish coloration when present usually extends over the upper half of the specimen. Whorls flattened, decidedly appressed at the summit. Sutures appearing as a very fine impressed line. Base moderately long, well rounded. Aperture oval; posterior angle very acute; outer lip thin at the edge, bent back immediately below the summit, then forward to form a claw-shaped element, the center of which coincides with the periphery; there is another backward deflection of the outer lip at its junction with the inner lip which is moderately strong, curved and twisted and partly reflected over and adnate to the base; parictal wall covered with a moderately thick callus.
The type and another specimen (Cat. No. 14850, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Doctor Cooper, at San Pedro, California. The type has four whorls and measures—length, 9.5 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. An adult specimen (Cat. No. 15317, U.S.N.M.), having 15 whorls, meas- ures—length, 12.5 mm.; diameter, 4mm. The present form ranges over the Oregonian and Californian faunal areas, decreasing in size from the north, southward. Geologically it is known from the upper and lower San Pedro series of California.
The following specimens have been examined:
: Cata- a aaee oF BUeCIS Collection of— logue Locality. Remarks. : number.
Se eRe otal clits) sin esis UW SSNS ae ceuen oe 14850 | San Pedro, Cal.............. Fig’d, pl. 34, fig. 6. Boner ceceas cactces|accen WOm vee tamaceie c 207775 | Departure "Ray, BiGcecomce
Beets mcalcls asieia's Bisniord Universityi|-.co2seecs False Narrows, Vancouver | 15 fathoms.
Island, B.C.
Reece teicics vikisit'c + LOS BN 215662 | San Juan Island, Wash......
Ae metsiee susie ce da Secs|is acne DOs. cance samjencrewe 109640 | Montovey, Cal...............
Mase nieieane wes cee BS ULLON eee Secon one SHDE| eee OOrscctics ccc cauwcaeeteus
Me roetiecas cela: aints's a | Us Roe eccemscamecc 56458 Monterey HBL DOs ccseeoseee 8 a i fathoms mud ottom.
11 Type.
804 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53. Number of speci- : eee ahha Collection of— logue Locality. Remarks. number. ! 3075 | Monterey Bay............... 28 fathoms. 160086 | Catalina Island.............. 251070 | Pacific Grove............... 128257/)\ SansPedre. oc cc seeee aoe Secon eee e dl pomeeeenaelieces GOS hel caocceaeeee eee eeep waters do Low tide. Fe ee ee ee Sp Se eg pte Ne eee te yt he heat Sand bottom. 230),| San) Pedro Bay..c..ce2cs5c55 3 fathoms. SESS | oceeseeeee eae do 1 fathom. 322287 3499 Savdisesioat once] ea see eee mane 10 fathoms 15317 nao een San Pedro and San | Fig'd, pl. 34, fig. 5. Side saisaciosiles| sidesecsees Drift cial alae vials oss ee] Gatauseees 12 to 30 fathoms. 46509 241069 50765 |. 322288 |. 268503 |... pene eee ie? Se 19 fathoms. A hoa a seiceoe eee eee Outside Zunniga............| Dredged. SN EST eee False Bavoces- sateen sone Do. Ver cta cyahe sce othe lle eercee ane San Diego Wilts. 5c secse-ee Se ee ee ea cece eee Sant Diego 55202 ateesacces moines aie mais at cee ae eicral ees GOs. ec ree es See ee Dane eon eee eae ea oe Maoker este le OA eas oe ate LO. cic cecccaeee pooe ee eee ee Ae oak We Mrs. Ball...... Salou eo cee bos Angeles: 0 Sas ak ee ac DOR eee sa iBeldnidgeas fe sos ase one ak =e Gallfornle. 2262s 2esseeeek A ied LN OE gk Stophens! ssc see. 2461): San Diego. < cock seneeceae Diama ee wee nies sta tacl se sine Ose ene ot on S010 Se AOee: ceo es Seca ceeesaes ease te et) ai i Johnstons Se a ee sales GOs aisha see eee Gaiscoseew ene oe ees Oldroyd ee |e Point Abreojos, L. C.......-. FOSSILS.
UPPER SAN PEDRO SERIES.
324207 canis Monica Canyon....... Sees s O.Acese - Sain ee 5 5. 148021 | San Pedro....-......000-00.. Bartle ae aet ec alidas 4 BOOsS Sock doe sees 324208 coe yard, San Pedro....| 1 fig’d, pl. 34, fig. 4. Meet eens sis AYNOMG2 Soe coe ccc |eaeee cn celice nec OOo cee sere amiss ere ae D5 ceases caaesne USAIN Misses Se 324210 Baind Tack, Dead Mans Is- an IE oe sateivecee Armol@ secu se cee seecaes ne seees |e AOS S- cnckun view aoe aaoe a LO oe a eciaeewins Bet Oeceia are ces cee aise nemiameaaere Lumber yard, San Pedro.... GO Aphuiy t ALe GNM eo ala 324209 | San Diego.......--.---+--2+- 1 fig’d, pl. 34, fig. 3. Oe eenee mea aseensee AIMGIGEs. (nen ee oes neweceecee |-- 8002 ono os cee enigew menace Goin ciciste cdma sisiaeemce SSoING Mice caemiceeeas PST Laide aedane Sana oe eemee cee LOo coe. cn cetdeces ce sele cae (0 (ep ieee Se 148627 LAO os spe 2 ese eb aerate ec isiae Ds mpis iaears Osa NeS iWATROVG os: 2ccene. eel etoy as tose ‘Spanish Bight Sae-sceee ess LOD Bee So aciete oe ese SUE DILENS! Jcncisce css 3014 SOA Ge ate ies ioe ease WQdscdeaesueecer owee GS INEMe ys 225-228 148622 “Spanish Bight: No. 1 faces. Dee ca tecianc see | ace Qiesceeeceeeece 148628 | Spanish Bight No. 2.....-.. Deva seacmusmmnenceset nee S200) 2 sueke sek csad 148524 | Spanish Bight No. 4........- 1 fig’d, pi. 34, fig. 1. 4S eNowaeeseesemse esdOveaaemsisesan ac 148623 | Spanish Bight No. 2........ Bn ae apcuetameceane “Steph @NS). aba sseee 5244 | Spanish Bight Soa debeeg as Baise wae cissceen sasiclacase Osi. Socceccsane SOOG eee sOOees a hee s eo smclraseatesete ce | Meee m speeeeinaansteaselinanen ADs sexaeeeecoee BOG r xe COO che nut wlemmsteein seen Pee Oe Sa cc cca awel ae EMOX ca aeicecesies S S002 Ss ce OOk. stews satelite se eeeae Ae ae SESS ese eels LL MD ane seeiscccel a24AG ee COE SAL 2. fates cota Bacacnasemetecmsasiss| scans GOS sc ncte eee 3004 |... GOR. osc sat at eee eee LOWER SAN PEDRO SERIES lista tba cpibanoaiala tee ass US NeMes 2.6 ae 324213 Destine asset oreo siceewer 1 fig’d, pl. 34, fig. 2. Le aoe s Sa wacaie se ATONE: 2 oO ee SAE ae Oe Poe eevee aaa Be terete hatcieisie'eials aims UWESIN Mave a seseee 324212 Dead ‘sian Islands sso eesese hoes oe seomise is cicie <a ANON vecoct Sacdse dee eae oe ee DE. se eae once cee erates DEN Sere eae Stephens. 2. scence 2211 | San ran Railroad eut....-
KO. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 805
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) MICANS BOREALIS, new subspecies. Plate 35, fig. 7.
From Vancouver north we have a raco of M. micans which is uniformly more slender than the race to the south. This may have the subspocific name applied to it above.
The type (Cat. No. 150954, U.S.N.M.) comes from Comox, Van- couvor Island. It has 12 whorls and measures—length, 11.3 mm., diameter, 3.3 mm. In addition to this I have seen four specimens: Cat. No. 214039, U.S.N.M. dredged in 13 fathoms, on mud bottom, at St. Paul, Kodiak Island, Alaska; 1, Cat. No. 160084, U.S.N.M. from Kodiak Island; 2, Cat. No. 208774, U.S.N.M. from Alert Bay, British Columbia; 1, Cat. No. 150954, U.S.N.M., from Comox, Van- couver Island, British Columbia; and 1 in Dr. Fred Baker’s collection from Departure Bay, British Columbia.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) OCHSNERI, new species.
Plate 35, fig. 1.
Shell rather large, almost straight, polished, bluish-white. The whorls are very slightly rounded; appressed at the summit, which scarcely shows at its junction with the preceding turns. The basal portion of the preceding whorls show through the substance of the succeeding turns in such a manner as to render this more conspicuous than the suture. Last turn moderately long, well rounded. Aperture very small; posterior angle pinched in, acute, outer lip thick, coming to a sharp edge; inner lip very strong, slightly oblique; the parietal wall covered by a very strong callus which is reflected over and about the columella and renders the peritreme complete.
The type and 42 specimens of this species were collected at Banks Bay, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands, on and near sea-cucumbers. Tho type has lost the nucleus and probably the first two post-nuclear turns. The 12 remaining measure—length, 9 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. The type is in the University of California collection. Four of these specimens are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 322282. Two additional specimens, also in the collection of the University of California, came from Sappho Cove, Chatham Island.
This species in a way recalls the northern Melanella micans Car- penter, but it differs from it by being stouter and by having a much smaller aperture with a remarkable callus, which is absent in the case of micans, or practically so.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 583—17-——20
306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) RUTILA Carpenter. Plate 35, figs. 2, 3, 6.
Eulima rutila CARPENTER, Rept. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. oe 1864, p. 659; Proc. Cala. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, 1865, p. 221.
Shell of medium size, elongate-conic, slender, straight, surface polished, glassy without perceptible sculpture, excepting irregularly distributed varices. Whorls appressed at the summit to such an extent that the suture is scarcely perceptible; the basal portion of the preceding whorls, shining through the substance of the succeeding turns as a false suture; the true suture appearing about one-third of the way between the summit and the false suture above the latter. Periphery of the last whorl rounded, base sloping in such a way as to lend the left outline a somewhat flattened appearance. Aperture large, oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly protracted between the base and the posterior angle, forming a clawlike exten- sion; inner lip short, moderately stout, somewhat curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a mod- erately thick callus.
Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 14928, U.S.N.M.) comes from Monterey, California; it has 13 whorls and measures—length, 6.8 mm.; diameter, 1.9mm.
The following specimens have been examined:
blelalt Collection of— Catalans Locality. | Remarks. G2. wweesoscseceese MWS NSM cael ee ancd 14928 | Monterey, Cal............... Bees osedecate ese enet see GOs. ce-ct cece es 222423 | Station 2863, Gulfof Georgia, | 67 fathoms, sand bot- British Columbia. tom, 48.5° bottom | temperature. Doxascaeeocint ses .-| Stanford University-|.......... False Narrows, Nanaimo, Vancouver, B.C. Lene eee IBaRGhee sees eee Seeaeae | Near Orcas Islands, Wash... Deana ee eee at SUNG ces ee aeSo: 224456 | Station 3068, Puget Sound... aE roud oftom, Dies ieee son spears sees Gokocccteceeseee 322291 | Elliott Bay, N. W. Point | Seattle. DE eonee aise cle berate ears COs sees ee nce cen 251270 | Station 2867-2868, off north- | 31-37 fathoms, fine western Washington. gray sand, 46.9° bottom tempera- : ture. Me ecm e sie emeese | ae ton GOritescccutccccee 251269 Montery, Galen ete ee Satara assess eset LOWE sare cecec ect. BOON is ea sO Oe eee cena cee acto dese soudcsaoctecdes Button osc cok eos eeldesee oe alle ae Litatdade seit ease Saw cians Dee em oe on aiseoeace UGS ENE 322292 | Station 3194, off Estero Bay, | 92fathoms, gray sand Cal. bottom, 45.9° bot- tom temperature. nose ec ciceeeec alse ces DOs ecco eee 211822 | Station 2901, off St. Rosa | 48 fathoms, mud bot- Island,*Cal. tom, 55° bottom temperature. Beene axa cac tcc cc) sewet GOs veces asenccse 251285 | Station 3664, 2 miles off Ava- | 80 fathoms, fine gray lon, Cal. sand. Divas wencieitaciee sates Oldroy.de one donec|sasieeoe Whites: Point=s<<<cs.tesecse Drift Sipe eee eee e acces US N-Mi eee ees 251267 || San’ Pedro, Cal. -2.25..-.--<- BGR cascnanse secceasl scree GOs oe ie eee 922289) 'San Pedros... seen ak eceece Dae nnisiele se eiie sicapeeecis| kiwis dos see eee 322293 | Off starfish, San Pedro.....- Deep water. San Pedro:c-cc sscceeee seers San-Pedro Bay.se.c.cceenee 15 fathoms. San Pedro. \isoscccese eee d 10 fathoms. Berkeley dredging.
Deep water.
xo. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 307
Remarks.
fn
Number of Catalogue specimens. Collection of— —_ | number. Banceceeatewse ones Oldroydiess-ccascces|taseenc=o PSS cane SB ASSO oad aeeee Othe sc eoaceaee eee eee Bere ee ence mtlecael GOs eco ccwaeoesl soemsseees See eee eepennmce Stephens............ DuocRteeee MO eerleiitenetn sles sen Hshnaunececcscencsclenaeeer cts Seeeweseeseaace ee Beal) ULSIN Mee ccs ce as 251271 SOPso ec ccca ce water U0 sicjceclesiccscscic 251272 MG reece sets caer cede | see sera ceccnesccces 251274
211207
251275
251276
251277
210100
173074
251274
211907
oe 322290
-| 268503A
< 273992
250631
274022
322294
Eee ene 153043
pe es eer bias six(formcacte OO na see et es wesc sa semesees ReneS am cics coed eees WES ANG Misecccten cases 193660 Weweesercedeess eters elenate GOS wesc ceeds o's 251278 Src kasenuewacss tens Bip eb Ol Viceneo ee cca| meas a ceeee Dee es cecacescseecs | Johnston wine siswiopeclleasetaeecds See ee sear aasar ect! SUNGM Sou omaeee 151935 eee eas eSacic'es walltite ccs CO iacs ee eae sacs 106515 eee Rdceaceawce cs re Rise aioe nats] Sana nce cots Usepeeancess ote ISIN Mooi venaeee 322295 BD eben eosncreccccs's Cook. 050s -teccesclemccmsese - SAAS aoa ener Boe en DINGISCY che oe woe ve cle Seleeeew anes
Petwerecbca- esse | OIGFOYG . sowsccsvesc|Sccecee sna
Nan PEGOroreiecacnea se cep eect
Off starfish, San Pedro......
Ventral side of starfish......
SanvPedros Calysecsas sca <-
Terminal Island............
Station 4322, off Point La Jolla, Cal.
Station 4323, off Point La Jolla, Cal
Station 4325, off Point La Jolla, Cal.
Station 4327, off La Jolla,
Cal. Station 4369, 10 miles off Point Loma Light, Cal.
Saved 4362, off Point Loma
ig
Station 4475, 10 miles off Point Loma Light. ptation 4232, off Point Loma, al,
Northwest of San Diego, 8 miles offshore.
Station 4356, San Diego Harbor, Cal.
Station 3564, San Diego Bay,
al. San Diego, Cal San Diego... Bee se does
San Diezo, foot of Broadway. San Diego, Cal...... San Diego, midspit. SantDiegors..sssce eee
Nour E Ballast P cae Cale. Ocean Beach, Cal...........
Coronado Island...........-
South end South Coronado Island.
South Coronado Island......
From Strongylocentrotus, station 2935, off southern California.
Off southern California, sta- | tion 2936.
Station 2826-7-8, Cerros Is- land, off Lower California. Scammons Lagoon) .cs.2sse=s
wn DOs ng www www nen enw n wn w onan
San Hipolito Point, Lower oe Seen OO weet eaae bide eeeecae
Off stones. Deep water. Sandy bottom.
110 to 199 fathoms, green mud - shell bottom, 45.4° bot- tom temperature.
193 to 227 fathoms, soft green mud bot- tom, 45.8° bottom temperature.
192 to 292 fathoms, green mud, fine sand bottom, 43°- 46° bottom tem- perature.
263 to 300 fathoms, mud bottom.
260 to 284 fathoms, green sand, green mud, rocks, bot-
m. 100 to 159 fathoms, gray sand, specks bot-
142 to 158 fathoms, gray mud bottom,
62 to 183 fathoms, sand specks, rocks, bottom.
50 fathoms, dark sand bottom,
120 to 131 fathoms, sand, mud bottom.
5fathoms, sand, mud, shell bottom.
15 fathoms. Dredged. 50 fathoms.
-| 12 to 30 fathoms.
12 to 15 fathoms. 50 fathoms. Do.
12 to 30 fathoms. Drift.
7 to 10 fathoms,
124 fathoms, fine gray sand bottom, 49.2° bottom tempera- ture.
359 fathoms, mud _bottom, 49° bottom “temperature.
ee
Do. 93 to 10 fathoms,
Mud flats, low tide, rare.
308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Number of : Catalogue = specimens. Collection of— nunibar Locality. Remarks. Danna dete aeeiseceomee WL SSE cence 322296 | Point Abreojos, Lower Cali- ornia Disuins sSeiutatecta ais dees OMTOVGee eon an <cmlon baaetooeieee latecars GOS is ss cenwc os enecmmmeerys Rd oe eoteine teres artarate WS SNGM. oo cleceona 268637 | Station 5678, Magdelena | 13} fathoms. Bay, off Redondo Point, Lower California. Me ete Sid hs ae ele eial> Cooke succeed. coon leaees eee Magdalena Bay, Lower Cali- fornia. TSU ese <clous oomee ols Baldridv6:.i2..aicse|-.ceeeeeke California-= 4 2.<.- escscnec ee eee law sine aintse ach Cooke nc22y wacarter OSes cosas cscs aan FOSSILS.
UPPER SAN PEDRO SERIES.
. 251279 | Santa Monica.......-.<..-.- Sods ce tresa cus deamenene Santa Monica Canyon......- M 324216 | Cerritos Island............-- 1 figured, pl. 35, fig. 6.
O2t2LT || SAU Ee COTOseteccesseeeeaeeee bccuigaaeee Lumber yard, San Pedro.... 148626 | San Diego, Cal.........-..-- 148603 | Station 2127, Dosinia beds, lower stratum, railroad crossing foot Twenty- third Street, San Diego. 148705 | Dosinia beds upperstratum, railroad crossing, foot of Twenty-third Street, San Diego. so sehen Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego, Cal. BES seen ban Diego, Calies-cee ceca ae 324215 | Spanish Bight. . ..- 251286 Je---- GOS jecisee sages Sis Beet tet tee etal Jeoces AO a seerecttien Satter 324214 | Station 7498, San Quentin ..
LOWER SAN PEDRO SERIES.
Deseret ee ines W.GiN. Mie. oe 324218 ee ee Dead Mans Is- | 1 figured, pl.35, fig.3. and. Maleiat sum nteacae sine =o ANNO ca. cere corecl wasicmmecteelee oe OOecepem steele San ences
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) SOLITARIA C. B. Adams. Plate 35, fig. 4.
Eulima solitaria C. B: Apams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, p. 423.
Shell of medium size, broadly elongate conic, milk-white, polished. Early whorls rather well rounded; succeeding turns flattened; marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. Suture poorly defined. Periphery of the last whorl somewhat inflated, well rounded. Base moderatelylong, well rounded. Aperture short, subcircular; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly drawn forward in the middle; inner lip stout, strongly curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a thick callus.
The type in the collection of Amherst College, Amherst, Massa- chusetts, was collected by Prof. Adams on a large holothurian on Taboga Island, Bay of Panama. It has 12 whorls and measures— length, 4.7 mm.; diameter, 1.7 mm.
ie tee
xo. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 809
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) MONICENSIS, new species. Plate 36, fig. 2.
Shell elongate conic, with perfectly straight-sided spire, yellowish- white, polished, marked by fine lines of growth only. Whorls
- decidedly flattened, suture very poorly defined. Periphery of the
last whorl decidedly angulated. Base short, well rounded. Aper- ture rhomboid, with a decided angle at the junction of the outer and basal lip; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, inner short, straight, revolute; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.
The type and another specimen (Cat. No. 251301 U.S.N.M.) come from the Upper San Pedro series at Santa Monica, California. The type has lost the early whorls, the 11 remaining measure—length, 8 mm., diameter, 2.9 mm. Three additional specimens from the same locality are in Mr. Arnold’s collection.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) NECROPOLITANA, new species. Plate 36, fig. 3.
Shell moderately large, elongate-conic, slender, with perfectly straight-sided spire. First two whorls moderately rounded, sepa- rated by well marked suture, the remaining flattened, with scarcely impressed suture. Periphery of the last whorl angulated. Base moderately long, well rounded. Aperture oval; posterior angle . acute; outer lip angulated at the junction of the outer and basal lip; inner lip oblique, curved, slightly revolute, reflected over and ap- pressed to the base posteriorly; parietal wall covered with a thin callus.
The type (Cat. No. 251314, U.S.N.M.) comes from Sand Rock, Lower San Pedro Series of Dead Mans Island, California. It has 13 whorls and measures—length, 7.5 mm.; diameter, 2 mm.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) OLDROYDI, new species. Plate 36, figs. 5, 6, 7.
Shell rather broadly elongate-conic, bluish-white in the living form, ycllowish-white in the fossil, polished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. The first three whorls well rounded, separated by a moderately impressed suture; the succeeding flattened, separated by a feebly defined suture. Periphery of the last whorl weakly angulated. Base short, well rounded. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip angulated at the junction with the basal lip and slightly protracted at the angle; inner lip short, curved, strongly reflected and appressed to the base posteriorly; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type and another specimen (Cat. No. 109641, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mrs. Oldroyd at San Pedro, California. The type has 14 whorls and measures—length, 9.2 mm.; diameter, 3 mm.
310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53. SI EAR a Neel aA SAE At a RH IRL Bat
The following specimens have been examined: BB ae se AE igh EEE a Ot tc
Number of speci- henge Collection of— eatalvene Locality. Remarks. Bre cocsadecccss sees US. NiMess3 eee? 109641 | San Pedro, Cal.............. Georcetanacesmen tee s|tatex Ole ss ccccusneeee 251302 | Station 2901, off Santa Rosa ae a, gray sand Island. bottom, 55.1° potean temperae ture. 322298 | San rere sisseccenccacerese 3499 |..... do aa sas amaveseeeetoneene eiclctelaiets tw al crstercts OO ss sacseesae ceoaeee ee Dacaacnecslosess GOs Se ccswe cues courte Seaccelest Terminal Island............- omidaamtenee Occan|Beachsaseeocs es eseeeee shot eaeomd Laon. soacsceestecscecunee oceueetene Pacifie Beach? 00.0. 322207) | (San) Dicpov sees eee sesneeee 274021 | San Dicgo, foot of Broadway | Dredged. 160087 | San nee Bay-n: -sh.ees sees 3 arcs, mud bote tom
Balbw Bailast Point. --| Hipolita Point...... ewetsoee ele lee Abreojos Point.... : Seen Californians sseto ose cccee es
:.| 10 fathoms.
FOSSILS.
UPPER SAN PEDRO SERIES.
Lee ieee alee eit GOmeecet acne eee 324220 | Lumber ae: San Pedro....| 1 ees pl. 36, Gs eee ees slastiac's ATNOMG foc oe seta ets| eeesteawscdnemee GO. sc ddoteceasiocemeneee : 1 eee seen alanecs GOs ere cack ce canelasmee toa San Pedro: 35 eecoese bawcccee Sree ya caoe WESSNEME 2 yo cccecees 324221 Spank Bight2s.coceesesaeee gee ba tecdecceee ANOLE 2 5. Paes | Seeeeoeee oe Sc DO Sosa eaten sone cemen ee AS eee aces acce ee Se Laeataseaaaloe asters eee | seca Ona moines soccer Weesaaaecisscecwn nice = ULS:NEM ee 2s seccces 324222 Sane 7495 San Quentin,
Lower California, from bed on stratum of lava, west side of bay.
LOWER SAN PEDRO SERIES.
Boece sosemaaceees (WES SIN Misacce see aes 251313 | Dead Mans Island, Cal..... 1 peared, pl. 36, g. 7. Do eceesanee esas sc. AYNOIG Sans ce cee lame a oeeee ee Sand Rock, Dead Mans | Island. 11 type.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) LINEARIS Carpenter. Plate 36, fig. 4.
Leiostraca linearis CARPENTER, Cat. Maz. Shells, 1858, p. 440.
Shell small, very slender, elongate-conic, yellowish-white, polished ; surface marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. First four whorls well rounded, separated by a strongly impressed suture, the succeeding turns flattened, rather high, with a scarcely recognizable suture. Periphery of the last whorl feebly angulated. Base rather long, evenly curved. Aperture quite large, broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly protracted between the posterior angle and the base; inner lip oblique, slightly curved, revolute, the
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 81]
upper half appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thin callus.
Three specimens of this species were dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station No. 2823 in 26} fathoms on broken shell bottom, bottom temperature 73°, off La Paz, Lower California. Two of these we have described and figured. The smaller of these two is a young individual of 10 whorls and measures—length, 1.7 mm.; diameter, 0.5 mm. The adult has eight whorls, having lost the early turns, and measures—length, 2.6 mm.; diamater, 0.8 mm.
Carpenter’s type, which is in the British Museum, Liverpool col- lection, Tablet 2025, is a young specimen, having nine whorls, which ~ measure—length, 1.8 mm.; diameter, 0.55 mm.
The following additional specimens, all dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, in the Gulf of Califor- nia, have been examined. 1, specimen (Cat. No. 191567, U.S.N.M.), at stations 2826 to 2828, near La Paz, in 9} to 10 fathoms, on shell bottom; 1 (Cat. No. 251300, U.S.N.M.), off Cerralvo Island, station 2822, in 21 fathoms, on gray sand and broken shell bottom, bottom temperature 73°.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) PANAMENSIS, new species. Plate 36, fig. 1.
Shell small, elongate-conic, yellowish-white, polished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. The first three whorls well rounded, separated by a well-impressed suture, succeeding turns flat- tened, with poorly defined suture. Periphery of the last whorl decid- edly angulated. Base short, well rounded. Aperture small, broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip angulated at the junction with the basal lip; inner lip very oblique, stout, slightly curved, reflected over and appressed to the base posteriorly; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 251312, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2794, in the Bay of Panama, in 62 fathoms on gray sand and broken shell bottom, bottom temperature 59.6°. It has lost the first whorl; the nine re- maining measure—length, 2.8 mm.; diameter, 1 mm.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) RECTA C. B. Adams. Plate 39, fig. 3. Eulima recta C. B. Avams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, p. 423.
Shell acicular, bluish-white. Early whorls slightly rounded, the later ones decidedly flattened, appressed at the summit, marked by
exceedingly fine lines of growth only. Suture scarcely indicated. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base produced, well
ace PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
rounded. Aperture very elongate-ovate; posterior angle very acute; outer lip pinched immediately below the summit, and slightly pro- tracted in the middle to form a short, claw-like element; inner lip stout, almost straight, reflected over and appressed to the attenuated base; parictal wall covered with a moderately thick callus.
Professor Adams collected five specimens at Taboga Island, in the Gulf of Panama. The type and two of these are in the collection of Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts. The type has lost proba- bly the first three whorls. The 10 remaining measure—length, 10.4 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. A younger specimen of 12 whorls meas- ures—length, 8.7 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) RANDOLPHI Vanatta. Plate 37, fig. 4.
Eulima randolphi Vanatra, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1899, p. 256, pl. 11, figs. 13, 14.
Shell moderately large, rather broadly conic, straight, polished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and scarcely perceptible microscopic spiral striations; bluish white, except where the dry ani- mal within shines through the shell, there it appears light brown. Nuclear whorls, scarcely differentiated from the succeeding turns; post-nuclear whorls, moderately well rounded, separated by a slightly impressed suture. Periphery of the last whorl, well rounded, base rather short, moderately well rounded. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, drawn slightly forward in the middle be- tween the posterior angle and the base; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.
The type and six specimens (Cat. No. 73729), Philadelphia Acad- emy of Natural Sciences, were collected by Mr. Randolph at Una- laska, Aleutian Islands. The type has 9 whorls and measures— length, 7 mm.; diameter, 2.6 mm.
The following specimens have been examined:
Number of speci- | Catalogue aeatal Collection of— nua Locality. Remarks.
MeecrietiameccieSecieds Phila.Acad.Nat.S ci. W3¢20) |, Onalaska: ccc sncccssecccexice
Gaertn oc hermes LES NAMES. Sos seekes 1.0145 |..... pe ES. ee att essen
Dee Bae tara pas oo eee TOQURS | HOySIR aces. tee eeereee
Were Semin eeceise toe lees Os See ae ee 214036 | Kyska Harbor..............
Perea sect ie eas |S cee GORE Heat ct 214037 | Constantine Harbor, Am- chitka.
Bes cistionistiscuiesc sac IBOMDYi- Ae teac tictemrsisia] teem Dutch Harbor, Unalaska....
BOee Mocs Seuciacanae TU GaN Mize 2 eee ke 20€300 |....- GOL ek eS st See
Geis cess seeaiec soe Buttones sos eee eee me nea NOs soem ceaae tee
Mlemeteatte seditas tc-<te UES ANSM cane cancsoee 151597)|| Umalaskas ao eee oee seer
De meea eo ae nse seen] = <2 -OOrcreanecaeceaic 2512€3 | Station 2842, off Vancouver | 238 fathoms, sand Isiand. bottom, 44.7° bot-
} tom temperature. Mies he eck eocineae Kelsey ieee sens il eee ee Puget: Sounds..:--...aesesee | Ae nose ace see ees BakOR. ssc eseastes cal cess weaeec mene Osun nics cee poceeeeeeerels |
Ee es a
xo. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 313
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) CALIFORNICA, new species. Plate 37, fig. 1.
Shell elongate-conic, straight, polished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and scarcely perceptible microscopic spiral striations, bluish-white, except where the dry animal shines through the texture of the shell, there it lends this a rosy flush. Whorls moderately rounded, separated by a slightly constricted suture. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base moderately long, well rounded. Aperture clongate oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip drawn for- ward between the posterior angle and the base; inner lip slightly curved and partly appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.
The type (Cat. No. 56911, U.S.N.M.) comes from Catalina Island, California. It has eight whorls and measures—length, 6.2 mm; diameter, 2.3 mm.
The present species resembles quite closely M. randolphi, but differs from it in being uniformly smaller and more slender, with the aperture proportionately longer than that species. An additional specimen is in Doctor Baker’s collection from San Martin.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) HEMPHILLI, new species. Plate 37, fig. 6.
Shell straight, stout, elongate-conic, polished, marked by ex- eeedingly fine lines of growth and scarcely perceptible microscopic spiral striations, the two forming an exceedingly fine and very regular incised grating on the surface; bluish white. Whorls moder- ately rounded, very slightly constricted at the sutures. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base moderately long, but somewhat inflated, well rounded. Aperture small, oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin at the edge, which is scarcely at all drawn forward be- tween the posterior angle and the base. Parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type and three specimens (Cat. No. 106514, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Henry Hemphill, on mossy rocks between tides, at Point Abreojos, Lower California. The type has 10 whorls and measures—length, 8.3 mm; diameter, 3 mm.
The present species is readily distinguished from the other straight West Coast forms, that have rounded whorls, by its larger size and by the fact that the spiral sculpture is much stronger than in ran- dolphi, or californica.
314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 63. The following specimens have been examined:
Catalogue
Number of specimens. Collection of— ain oe! Locality. |
GO ence te catsene cease ieee aes WS NEM eee 127554 | Point Abreojos, Lower California. eee tebe eciaae ot Same dc ene Oldroyd sore ale Seen San Diego. Lee areneeces coer ree sca sases DOs seearese seo Sears Todos Santos Bay, Lower California. NO ecee ee eee ben aoe nee or aae ec acfasnee GO. 352 Bache none ee Point Abreojos.
Bot cacconneacacccceseecesseceses nara cOOssancacecusen|oaececcces|) GOWER Calilornias De seas eee ee ene neeeeee cer JOHNSON Ss oso cc salen Do. Beee pce oabacecccsueseasscuseccees Stephens? 522 3o4.-|\beeeee eee Without locality.
11 type.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) COMPACTA Carpenter. Plate 37, fig. 3.
Eulima compacta CARPENTER, Rept. Brit. Ass. Sci. 1863, 1864, p. 659; Proc. Cala. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, 1865, p. 221.
Shell broadly clongate-conic, straight, polished, the surface marked by excecdingly fine lines of growth and scarcely perceptible micro- scopic spiral striations. Whorls flattened, separated by a scarcely defined suture; in fact, the basal portior of the preceding whorl shines through the substance of the succeeding turn and causes it at this point to appear as the suture. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base moderately long, well rounded. Aperture quite long, oval, posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, protracted a little anterior to the middle between the posterior angle and the base; inner lip slightly curved, rather thick, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a moderately strong callus.
Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 13517b, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Cooper at San Pedro, California. It has lost the first turn; the eight remaining measure—length, 6.8 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm. Cat. No. 322300, U.S.N.M. contains another specimen from Lower California. Two additional specimens collected by Henry Hemphill, Point Abreojos, Lower California, are in Mr. Kelsey’s collection, and two more collected by the same gentleman, in Lower California, are in Mrs. Oldroyd’s collection.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) BALDRA, new species. Plate 37, fig. 2.
Shell of medium size, broadly, regularly conic, bluish-white. The first two whorls well rounded, the rest almost flat. Decidedly appressed at the summit, polished, marked by exceedingly fine incremental lines only. The basal portion of the preceding whorl shines through the substance of the succecding turn and gives this tho aspect of having a double suture. Sutures faintly marked. Periphery of the last whorl feebly angulated. Baso well rounded. Aperture very small, broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip
Ko. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELL?ID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 315
thick within, thin at the edge, somewhat protracted in the middle; inner lip short, stout, reflected over and appressed to the base an- teriorly; parietal wall covored with a thick callus.
Tho type and another specimen (Cat. No. 322299, U.S.N.M.), come from San Hipolito Point, Lower California. The type has nine and # half post-nuclear whorls and measures—length, 5.1 mm.; diameter, 2mm.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) MEXICANA, new species.
Plate 37, fig. 5.
Sholl elongate-conic, straight, polished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and scarcely perceptible microscopic spiral striations; bluish-white. Whorls flattened, separated by an ill- defined suture. The basal portion of the preceding whorl, shining through tho succeeding turn, gives to this an appearance of having a false suture. Periphery well rounded. Base rather short, well rounded. Aperture moderately long, oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, decidedly protracted halfway between the posterior angle and the base; inner lip oblique, slightly curved, reflected over and appressed to tho base; parictal wall covered with a moderately thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 267304, U.S.N.M.) comes from the Gulf Coast of Lower California. It has 12 whorls and measures—length, 6.4 mm.; diameter, 2mm.
The present species is much smaller than J. compacta and has a much shorter aperture than that species.
The following specimens have been examined:
Number ofspeci- : Catalogue : miBTis Pp Collection of. number. Locality. Remarks. 1 a a ee WES BNE Ge eercsed 267304 | Gulf of California........... Pe ee cece coerce itawes COs sers 268600 | South End Angel de la ‘ Guardia De ace ctcccacccecss|ucees ADs.ccacncsecece 265936 | Muleve, Galt of California..| 2 fathoms. Rees Le. attains |(See08 Goese ease nceees 267837 | P ichilinque Bayiente rosacea ese en eee etallss cae GOttcseescncnces 207813) |Peeee COR ise See a See se see Mees aca snes seas ea awe GOns cewacsnceoe 251280 | Off Cacachitas, Gulf of Cali- | 26} fathoms, broken fornia, station 2823. shell bottom. Dees ca oceiccaieecoows eanicic Oe aispsieais bsisicie se 267292 | Gulf Coast, Lower California. Meee See ie cect coe ee dOese nooner scene 23759 | Gulfof California........... Weeosereces siete cwieais Sear ete GO dist secececcun 29319:)| Acapuleosc. < sssiee «seen 1 Type.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) ABREOJOSENSIS, new species. Plate 40, fig. 4
Shell small, acicular, bluish-white. semitranslucent. Whorls rather high between tho sutures, well rounded, separated by a con- stricted suture. Marked by extremely fine incromental lines and irregularly spaced varices. Periphery well rounded. Base rather protracted, well rounded. Aperture moderately large; posterior
316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 33.
angle acute; outer lip thick within, thin at the edge; inner lip some- what curved, slightly twisted, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick callus.
The type and three specimens (Cat. No. 105578, U.S.N.M.) were collected at Point Abreojos, Lower California. The type has nino whorls, and measures—length, 3.1 mm.; diameter, 1 mm. Twelvo additional specimens of the same locality are in Mrs. Oldroyd’s collection.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) TACOMAENSIS, new species.
Plate 38, fig. 5.
Shell small, straight, broadly elongate-conic, bluish-white, except where the animal shines through, there it appears golden brown; surface marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and almost invis- ible microscopic spiral striations. Whorls flattened, separated by a scarcely defined suture; the basal portion of the preceding whorl shining through the substance of the succeeding turn appears as a conspicuous false suture. Periphery obscurely angulated; base short, flattened, the left margin very obliquely sloping. Aperture moder- ately large; posterior angle acute; outer lip very thick within, thin at the edge, decidedly protracted a little anterior to the middle between the posterior angle and the base; inner lip very stout, some- what flexuose, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 159268, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Mr. Fisher at Tacoma, Washington. It has 10 whorls and measures—length, 5 mm.; diameter, 2.1mm. The sloping base gives the basal portion of the shell a decidedly oblique appearance, which distinguishes this form from all the other straight Melanellas from the west coast.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) GABBIANA Anderson and Martin. Plate 38, fig. 3.
Eulimella gabbiana ANDERSON and Martin, Proc. Cala. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 4, 1914, p. 68, pl. 7, fig. 20. ;
‘Shell very small, slender, and smooth, polished, with numerous whorls; apex acute (broken in the type-specimen), whorls nearly flat, unsculptured; suture appressed, indistinct; base unflattened; aperture ovally clongated; outer lip sharply rounded anteriorly; inner lip concave, incrusted.
“Dimensions.—Altitude of the figured specimen, upper whorls lost, 4mm.; maximum width, 1.3 mm.
“Occurrence.—Lower Miocene of Kern River, California, locality 64.
“This species is distinguished by its small size, slender and smooth form and its long narrow aperture.
xo. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 317
““Type.—No. 143, Cal. Acad. Sci., in the bottom of a small canyon about 1} miles due north of Barker’s ranch house, Kern County, California.
“Named in honor of William Gabb.”
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) RETEXTA Carpenter. Plate 38, fig. 1.
Letostraca retexta CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 356.
“‘ Letostraca ? iota, var. retecta CARPENTER, Cat. Maz. Shells, 1857, p. 440. Comp. ELulima iota, C. B. Adams, Pan. Shells, No. 290, pp. 198, 317—Sowersy, Thes. Conch. in loco.—H.and A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., vol. 1, 1854, p. 236.
“TL.% ota, ax recta.
“The form above indicated accords somewhat better with the Panama species than with the British, but is entirely without twist. ‘The British specimens are also sometimes straight. The shells in this genus afford so very few distinctive characters that no species can be certainly established without an accurate knowledge of the animals. The only two specimens found vary in proportion; the smaller, with 6 normal turns, measuring long., ’06; lat., ‘028 inches; the larger, long., 087; lat., ’033 inches.
“ Habitat.—Mazatlan; extremely rare, off Spondylus; L’pool Col.
“Tablet 2026 contains the larger specimen.”
I have not seen specimens referable to this subspecies, and quote Doctor Carpenter’s description and give an unpublished camera lucida drawing made by him of the type.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) PUSILLA Sowerby. Plate 38, fig. 2. Eulima pusilla Sowersy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 8. Eulima pusilla Sowersy, Thes. Conch., 1854, pp. 794-5, pl. 169, figs. 9, 10, 21.
“Straight, subulate, thin, white, transparent; whorls slightly con- vex; aperture elongate-ovai, pointed posteriorly.
“Sancta Elena. (Mus. Cuming.)”
I have seen no specimens agreeing with this species and have copied Sowerby’s description and figure.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) HASTATA Sowerby. Plate 38, figs. 4, 6. Eulima hastata Sowersy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 7. Eulima hastata Sowersy, Thes. Conch., 1854, p. 794, pl. 169, figs. 7, 8.
“Whorls flattened, the first opaque and yellowish, the last white and diaphanous, the last whorl subangular; aperture small, oval, pointed posteriorly.
“Sancta Elena. (Mus. Cuming.)”’
I have not seen specimens of this species and copy Sowerby’s description and figure.
318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) PRODUCTA Carpenter. Plate 39, fig. 5.
Leiostraca producta CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 357.=Leios- traca ? solitaria Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, 1857, p. 439. Not Eulima solitaria C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 1852, p. 423.
Carpenter’s manuscript figure, a camera lucida sketch, shows a broadly conic young Melanella. I have seen nothing that agrees with it. I add from Carpenter: !
“One nearly perfect shell and some fragments answer to the description of this species. It differs from L. iota var. reterta, in being larger, broader, flatter, with the whorls in different proportion Long. (anfr. ix.), 123, long. spir. ’08, lat. ’046, div. 23°.
“Hab.—Taboga; a solitary specimen in large Holothuria;
“C. B. Adams.—Mazatlan; extremely rare, on Spondylus;
“TL.’pool Col.
“Tablet 2022 contains the specimen.”
And again: ?
“L. solitaria M. 551, * * * agrees in shape with the unique Panama shell, whorl for whorl; but its base and labrum are much more produced anteriorly. For this reason, it may be known as L. producta.”
He also states under Fulima (?% var.) rutila Carpenter:*
“Closely allied to Leiostraca producta Carpenter, Maz. Cat. No. 551,. but displays no varices.”’
MELANELLA (MELANELLA) ELODIA de Folin. Plate 39, fig. 1. Eulima elodia Dz Fou, Les Meleagrinicoles, 1867, pp. 66, 67, pl. 6, fig. 6.
“Shell imperforate, elongate, polished, milky-white, subopaque; spire conoidal, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 11 to 12, slowly increasing, united by a simple suture, the last whorl! approximately two-fifths as high as the entire shell. Aperture cordate, subopaque, rounded at base, the margins a little thickened; the columella feebly reflexed. Long., 0.005; diam., 0.0015.
“This species is hke the other Hulimas, graceful and elegant in outline, and in the beauty of its luster. It is much elongated; the right side is almost rectilinear; the left is slightly convex, but that does not prevent the shell from appearing conoidal. The apex, although very slightly obtuse, may be said to be acute, because it in no way way clashes with the acuminate outline. The spire is com- posed of 11 or 12 whorls, which increase very slowly. The final whorl, which is imperforate, is equal to about two-fifths of the total
1 Cat. Maz. Shells, 1857, p. 439.
2 Pree. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 357. ® Proc. Cala. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, 1866, p. 221.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 319
altitude. The whorls are united by a simple suture, which may be called a very clearly and feebly impressed line. The aperture is slightly oblique, and cordate; its margins are smoothly united at the base by a curve which marks the greatest width. Though not sharp, the margins are scarcely at all thickened, the left margin enlarging a little in order to spread out over the side of the last whorl and over the columella, which is enlarged somewhat and seems to be reflected. On certain days Eulima elodia, which is milky-white, seems to be almost opaque. Nevertheless it is brilliantly polished and rather diaphanous, so that a certain direction of the light may make all the details of the interior structure apparent, and give to it the appear- ance of adoublesuture. It may be said that the true suture is a white ribbon, more strongly marked than that which is posterior to it, and which exactly simulates it. By following this ribbon, at the same time the suture, as far as the angle of the aperture on the final whorl, the illusion will be naturally dissipated.
“ Type locality —Negritos; or Margarita Island, Panama.”
I have not seen specimens of this species and quote the description
and figure. Subgenus Batcis Leach.
Balcis Leacu, Syn. Moll. Grt. Brit., 1852, p. 200. Type Balcis arcuata Leach. (= Melanella distorta Jeffreys, see Jeffrey Brit. Conch., vol. 4, 1867, p. 207.) =>Viireolina Monterosato, Nom. Conch. Medit., 1884, p. 100. Type Eulima incurva (Renier) (= Melania distorta Jeffreys, see Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, Mar. Rous., vol. 2, 1887, p. 769.
Melanellas with flexed shells. MELANELLA (BALCIS) DRACONIS, new species. Plate 39, fig. 2.
Shell short, very broadly conic, milk-white, flexed in one direction only. The tip of our shell is broken. The first two whorls remain- ing are slightly rounded, the rest almost flat. Suture well marked. Last whorl rather stout. Periphery decidedly angulated. Base short, somewhat tumid anteriorly, well rounded. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly sinuous, strongly protracted in the middle, to form a decidedly claw-like element; inner lip stout, strongly reflected over and appressed to the base; parictal wall covered by a rather thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 215766 U.S.N.M.) comes from Dead Man’s Island, California. It has seven and a half whorls remaining, and measures—length, 6.1 mm.; diameter, 2.7mm. This fossil species is the stoutest of the single curved Eulimellas known from the west coast of America.
320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. yor. 53.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) MONTEREYENSIS, new species. Plate 39, fig. 6.
Shell broadly conic, falcate, flexed to the right, bluish-white, with a series of opaque areas, marking varicial streaks. Early whorls well rounded, the later ones slightly rounded, a little more so on the convex than the concave side. Sutures scarcely marked. The posterior determination on the inside of the turns, shines through the substance of the shell and appears as a conspicuous false suture. Periphery weakly angulated. Base short, very strongly curved on the left side. Aperture short, broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip quite strongly protracted at the periphery, inner lip oblique, curved, reflected and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 176623, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by Dr. 5S. S. Berry, at Pacific Grove, California. It has lost probably the first three turns. The eight remaining measure—length, 5 mm.; diam- eter, 2.2 mm.
Cat. No. 181307, U.S.N.M., contains a young specimen, collected by Mrs. Merrihew, at Monterey, California.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) PENINSULARIS, new species. Plate 39, fig. 4.
Shell elongate-conic, very slightly curved, polished, surface marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and exceedingly regular, very fine, microscopic, spiral striations; bluish-white, except where the animal shines through the substance of the shell, when it appears brown. Whorls separated by a very poorly defined suture, which is incon- spicuous compared to the false suture caused by the base of the pre- ceding whorl shining through the substance of the succeeding turn. The whorls are marked at irregular intervals by thickened varices, which are very prominent. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base short, slightly rounded, the left sides sloping very obliquely. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute, outer lip decidedly protracted half way between the posterior angle and the base; inner lip very oblique, moderately strong, slightly curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 251264, U.S.N.M.) comes from Lower Cali- fornia. It has 11 whorls and measures—length, 5.2 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm.
No. 2207. WHST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 321
The following additional specimens have been examined:
Number of speci- Collection of= Catalogue
mens. number. Locality. Remarks.
251264 | Lower California...........- 215763) |) SanDiero-eee a. esc 228 5 273993 |..--. GDS ciatnints toms anes mane n= 127543 | San Hipolito Point.......... 130613 |..... Osean ee eee eens On Haliotis.
Mins cctseuese. poedatiecee iapdaidda Bayeee ae ee 268583 | Lower California............ Peace scam ecsasecs SALVE (on ee RL (A a nel | ae DOsc. nen eoccere sccm eum Boe eee sa oe scams Oldroy dias. A=. sass fee sone saheet =. doses 2... ese aoe
1 Type. MELANELLA (BALCIS) LASTRA, new species.
Plate 40, fig. 3.
Shell small, conic, only very slightly flexed; bluish-white, semi- translucent; polished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. The first three whorls well rounded, separated by a well- impressed suture, the rest very slightly rounded, with a scarcely defined suture. Periphery well rounded. Base short, well rounded. Aperture very broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly protracted a little anterior to the middle; inner lip short, curved, reflected over-and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
This species is similar to M. peninsularis, but is uniformly more slender, with the varices much less conspicuously marked.
The type and three specimens (Cat. No. 105519, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill at Point Abreojos, Lower California. The type, an adult shell, which has lost probably the first two whorls. “retaining eight, measures—length, 4.1 mm.; diameter, 1.6 mm, Another, an immature specimen of nine whorls, measures—length | 2.6 mm.; diameter, 1 mm.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
|
| Number of speci- . Catalogue 5 riers Collection of— to. Locality. Remarks. 105519 | Point Abreojos.............. San Pedro Emeasicceee moe nsces of DEAR Renee: off stones.
-| Berry....-- eed cleat ake San Hipolito Point 2 UES Nemes eens 105577 | Point Abreojos, Lower Cali-
| ornia. Weep een tacnceccaces I COOKG iowa, ceneseuc| seo ese eewe Magdalena Bay............. | . 1 Type.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 538—17 Di:
3822 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) ARNOLDI, new species. ‘ Plate 40, fig. 8.
Shell broadly conic, with very slight flexure; milk-white. Early whorls well rounded, separated by a well-constricted suture, later ones almost flattened, appressed at the summit with a very poorly defined suture. Periphery weakly angulated. Base short, well rounded. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip protracted in the middle; inner lip short, slightly sinuous, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 215765, U.S.N.M.) was collected at Sand Rock, Lower San Pedro Series, Dead Man’s Island, California. It has 11 whorls and measures—length, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 2.1mm. Another specimen from the same locality is in Mr. Arnold’s collection; still another from San Pedro is also in Mr. Arnold’s collection.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) COSMIA, new species.
Plate 40, fig. 6.
Shell very small, broadly conic, flexed to the right; bluish-white; semitranslucent; polished. The first three whorls well rounded, separated by a moderately well-constricted suture; the rest slightly rounded, with scarcely defined suture. Periphery of the last whorl weakly angulated. Base short, well rounded. Aperture very broadly ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip strongly protracted a little anterior to the middle; inner lip curved, reflected over and appres- sed to the base; parietal wall covered with a moderately thick callus.
The type and three specimens of this species (Cat. No. 105580, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill at Point Abreojos. The type has nine whorls and measures—length, 2.7 mm.; diameter, 1 mm. Mr. Kelsey’s collection contains two from the same place, while Mrs. Oldroyd’s collection has two from the same locality and two labeled Lower California, without specific locality.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) HALIA, new species. Plate 40, fig. 2.
Shell very minute, translucent, showing the entire internal struc- ture within, slightly flexed in one direction at the tip. Whorls very evenly rounded, separated by a rather strongly marked suture, pol- ished, without sculpture excepting slightly impressed varicial streaks at irregular intervals. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base short, slightly inflated, well rounded. Aperture small, oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, slightly protracted in the mid- dle; inner lip short, slightly curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick callus.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 323
The type (Cat. No. 215767, Le S. N.M. ) was collected by Mr. Hemp- hill at Point Abreojos, Lower California. It has eight whorls and measures—length, 1.8 mm.; diameter, 0.7 mm. Another specimen from the same locality is in Mr. Kelsey’s collection, while a third, in Mrs. Oldroyd’s collection, comes also from the same place.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) TOWNSENDI, new species. Plate 40, fig. 1
Shell small, straight, excepting the tip, which is flexed in one direc- tion, semitranslucent, bluish-white. The first three whorls well rounded, separated by a well-impressed suture. The rest almost flat, with inconspicuous suture. Periphery of the last whorl rounded. Base rather protracted, somewhat flat on the left side, sightly tumid anteriorly. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thick at the edge, decidedly protracted in the middle; inner lip short, curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall cov- ered by a moderately thick callus.
The type and another specimen (Cat. No. 267812a, U.S.N.M.) were collected by the author in shallow water at Pichilinque Ee Gulf of California. The type has 13 whorls and measures—length, 3.8 mm.; diameter, 1.1 mm.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) THERSITES Carpenter. Plate 41, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Eulima thersites CARPENTER, Rept. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. (1863) 1864, p. 659; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 15, 1865, pp. 396-7.
Eulima lowei Vanatra, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 254, pl. 11, figs. 9, 10.
Eulima bistorta VANATTA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, pp. 254-5, pl. 11, figs. 7, 8.
Shell broadly conic, rather stout and heavy, polished, shining, usually flexed in one direction only, though sometimes in two. Whorls rather strongly rounded, marked by exceedingly fine incre- mental lines and irregularly scattered varices only. Sutures strongly marked. Periphery of the last whorl somewhat inflated, well rounded. Base short, well rounded. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thick within, sharp at the edge, and decidedly protracted a little anterior to the middle; inner lip stout, slightly curved, the posterior half reflected over and appressed to the base. Parietal wall covered by a very thick callus which renders the peritreme complete.
Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 11795 U.S.N.M.) comes from Santa Barbara, California. It has lost the early whorls. The six and a half remaining measure—length, 5.1 mm.; diameter, 2.6 mm. An absolutely perfect specimen of 12 whorls measures—length, 6.3 mm. ; diameter, 2.3 mm.
In addition to the figure of the type, we are also giving figures of Doctor Vanatta’s two species, Melanella bistorta, and Melanella lowet.
324
The large amount of material which we have seen of this species makes it impossible for us to consider these distinct forms. I have seen the following species:
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Number of . Catalogue specimens. Collection of— cine Locality Remarks. 1 IS eae es a eee WESUNEME occecemse= 11795 | Santa Barbara.............- Sete cele miners claim |eiterace GOsers sees eee 46510) | SMonmteroy sa. 2<<eeelveeicnis ines Meee isan acre home| sim iate AG Reese aes tee 56893 |..... Ose Saceseenoernsnernes Ae ae name Butioneeees seca sel See ee eel ae GOs os teases cee se saceees Ds foe eee eS. HShnaur ea -coeseet ssl eect eo eee ce cme GOST SAE usec eee 12 fathoms. ap) ee EE Peer Keolsey - 2.2 ssnceses|seceiics osclwas an GOs Soest soak Sees Wee ee. aerate eee ee OldrOyd 2eee sass eee tseo ws ceeel eases OO.ieas 2352s ister ece eee Di ee eee cose wisn Phila. Acad. Nat.Sei 65881.) Monterey 222255 ss eecen cones On starfish. ae ereeetasaceee Bere Saas omwoma Sean ied stetcees Monterey, off del Monte.....| 12 fathoms. ee ere ie Uche tae One Senses eel ese eeeeRe Pacific Grovecet si s0- osenes So prnteecebectoale WISUNUM acc eeteet 215768 | Off St. Cruz (off Haliotis).. Beh eases Oldroyideaoes ac cae eee ees eee GOSS cp oe Sean Be cet Deaeeeek eee aeeaine SUNGM@ teae sone 215770 | Off Santa Rosa Island, U.S. | 13 fathoms, sandy B. F station 2900. bottom. Der cdoctaes aaclemaleleae AO Pee aoe tee ee 215769 | Off Catalina Island.......... s Deep water. -| 10 fathoms. do -| Deep water. ..| Phila.Acad. Nat. pele Long Beach 2.. rei GOOkOLS-e <n Ocean Beach.. X Stoprerela 3 Imperial Beach se1SCOOKG. «a. Ea Jollac cc .| U.S.N.M.. San Diego..... yi Baker: 22852 ssccuone | Seecmncces|eeaae GOS sae atincelentte oo 15 fathoms. eee ee eesterte Fl ate SRE Oeste eee eed Srcoeecmed pasce OSs ee me seer eee Me eee Saas Said BOrny cdnnccessiecens = pases toneiee GOs tiacies senitesaaeeens Do. Dewanesceescs s clecm ROOKOtre weeea ese ae eee see Ol. 228 bes 2a cesmcenemers SD eatorste Meteicineas cleric Ki@ISCW)28 wisn wis merosaaomiciescsice!men ys WO Suse ake bene Nae cea caise| sees Oss weoee ee scien semaine teers OO ees ose tae serene Do. Sete ecsmacstie ee Oldrovade ers see pees eee een GOT ene cee eee Dee oe aiats eisye mionrcis ©) aie Bakers. cocee cose coon sat ewe cee Ballast Poimt:ce-emceece cece 8 fathoms. Qo cc cease sete se eccic WESCN Meese ccce ste 226460 | Off South Coronado Island..| 3 fathoms. Oe tenemesce aneniess BACK econ cenit ct] Mesemene ee South Coronado Island....-- 6 to 8 fathoms. Brent arte tata es Sal cteysiere GO is caee ee cies ceciel cis ciae mieeail emit OO. ooceco een eee 3 fathoms. De ee aaa cere nade aealeeteos Gerson sastdanie te lpeiaeomsccl|oeerc GOs 2253.2 hat Sess Dee eater cketmeceelaac ce GOA se sas a= cameceligut oaesicae losis GOs Ses abe ae ee ee 3 to 6 fathoms. Ne eeretrtncia cee tiainet='s CookGueecesecan ccre| orice tebe aloes MO ee aan ease cee Oe Bs on br eae Oldroyde. S235 22 elses sesso. Tod OS Santossss2 2. hse Ay aitewe cena sea cece WESINGM ccs canmene 215773 | San Hipolito Point.........- GAD 2252 oeseeces = 5 Cookeeena2 thee re osalosseeemescleeete GOs soecteeaceeeeeace Ate secloye afeistaterstava cisre\= KGISCY sus vesianaeecel sce cecicle snl soccer Ose en enaseas cee dianmacienicse seas sige Oldroydeieet sacheeee|: ose e acon | pose GO. 2 oa schesencneneee eeesee scree creme lecciae O0Seeere ee eee see | aeeeeiee Point Abreojos.......-..---. Dee ritssdcn a seeelbee G0 sss eee Ae ase Round Island, Lower Cali- fornia. LD Kesedeweties Heteckt Owes isos ee cee stee San Geronimo Isiand........ eee ea enmasee eee Berry -ccc2+co------| |) L41UA™) Lower’ Caliiornia’- ---c- 2.
8 Type of Eulima lowei Vanatta.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) COLUMBIANA, new species. Plate 41, fig. 5.
Shell large, rather stout, polished, with a double flexure; when viewed with the aperture to the front it shows the early whorls bent backward and the succeeding turns flexed to the right. Shell bluish- white, except where the dried animal shines through its substance; there it has a granular, light brown to buff appearance. First three turns well rounded, separated by a well-marked suture, the remaining turns slightly rounded with scarcely defined suture. The posterior termination of the inside of the whorl shines through the shell and
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 325
appears as a conspicuous false suture. Surface marked by fine lines of growth only. Periphery of the last whorl weakly angulated. Base strongly rounded on the left side. Aperture very oblique, ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly protracted at the periphery; inner lip short, curved, slightly sinuous, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a thick callus.
The type and four specimens (Cat. No. 207771, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Rev. G. W. Taylor, at Departure Bay, British Columbia. The type has 15 whorls and measures—length, 9.5 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. This is the largest of flexed Melanellas known from the West Coast of America.
Number of specimens. | Collection of— Catatorue Locality.
number. Doe atstemave cess coreek ook eayice Sere et Secret eS eaten ie a Deperare Bay, British Columbia. Sate totale et aialaleloletaietnimiaieie)ai- a aiasni ai ONS wise ole statoreta ea ccrarsl [ote leieiee A sraee abe oc ee ee Ncbiganwsicee ae UES INS Misssase ssicceisae 204016 | Bear Bay, Baranoff Island, Peril Strait, Rien etek eae 8S Stephens ge rietes BG a eee see | D>. Remit mens a meimee cma vistas: BEKOn et eee eters serciccn ces {Deparire Bay, British Columbia. Wacetesewcdcctae stccncaccseces KelSOy covestsscccee vce | Sacid Seaman
MELANELLA (BALCIS) COMOXENSIS, new species. Plate 41, fig. 4
Shell broadly conic, with a double flexure, the early portion being turned back while the later is turned to the right; bluish-white, pol- ished. First two whorls well rounded, separated by a constricted suture, the rest slightly rounded, a little more so on the convex than the concave side, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and microscopic spiral striations and occasional varicial streaks, which appear as an opaque spot in the shell. Suture scarcely defined. The posterior limit of the inside of the whorls shines through the substance of the shell and appears as a false suture. Periphery of the last whorl slightly angulated. Base short, strongly rounded. Aperture broadly oval, rather short; posterior angle acute; outer lip protracted at the periphery; inner lip short, slightly curved, strongly reflected and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type and five specimens (Cat. No. 207773, U.S.N.M.) were collected at Comox, British Columbia, by Rev. G. W. Taylor. The type has 11 whorls and measures—length, 7.1 mm.; diameter, 3 mm.
Twenty-eight additional specimens from the same locality are in Rey. G. W. Taylor’s collection.
326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) MACRA, new species.
Plate 41, fig. 6.
Shell of medium size, slender, with a double flexure. When viewed with the aperture to the front, it shows the early whorls bent back- ward and the succeeding turns flexed to the right. Shell bluish- white, except where the dried animal shines through its substance; there it has a granular light brown to buff appearance. First four whorls well rounded, with well-impressed suture, the remainder al- most flattened, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only, and separated by a scarcely visible suture. The posterior limit of the inside of the whorls shines through the substance of the shell and appears as a conspicuous false suture. Periphery of the last whorl weakly angulated. Base somewhat prolonged, well rounded. Aper- ture long, ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip considerably pro- tracted, particularly so at the periphery; inner lip stout, curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a thick callus.
The type and three specimens of this species (Cat. No. 207772, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Rev. G. W. Taylor at Departure Bay, British Columbia. The type has 13 whorls and measures—length, 7.5 mm.; diameter, 1.9 mm.
The present species is very similar to Melanella columbiana, but uniformly smaller and much more slender.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
Cataloenel
Number ofspecimens. | Collection of— number" Locality. a Sao web | NAS e feos hemes sce ee ateeeeee PSE 92 Gy oe eee ee eee oe aE Departure Bay, British Columbia. RNa eee eeie mre aia seaslotote aistewinca rere Kelsey2 ois cccssnceace pees Meee aee sees as 6 Sew hs eelaloraldlee Berry teh. kode ste dlsan cote De Be remrce cccee tana dacscae tees Button= esis scope ese latte cate Nanaimo, British Columbia. DEP a re Sib ec cet pact igcee om Stanford University...| Ses esoeee eae Narrows, Nanaimo, Vancouver sland, British Columbia.
Were estedesbe s ctees sds ceed USN Mess sce onesie 129124 decttia, Washington.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) BERRYI, new species.
Plate 42, fig. 3.
Shell elongate-conic, with a double flexure; the first bend when the specimen is viewed with the aperture to the front, is to the right, and the second flexure is backward. The clean shell is bluish-white, but when the animal has been allowed to dry in it, it appears brown. The first two turns well rounded, separated by a constricted suture, the remainder flattened, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and very fine microscopic spiral striations. Sutures scarcely perceptible. The posterior limit of the inside of the whorls appears through the
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 327
mass of the shell as a false suture. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base short, somewhat inflated anteriorly. Aperture ob- lique, broadly oval; posterior angle very acute; outer lip strongly protracted between the base and the posterior angle, the greatest extension falling at the periphery; inner lip oblique, slightly sinuous, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a strong callus.
The type (Cat. No. 216820, U.S.N.M.) was dredged in 12 fathoms off Del Monte, Monterey, California, by Dr.S.S. Berry. It has 12 whorls and measures—length, 6 mm.; diameter, 2 mm.
Cat. No., 193697, U.S.N.M., contains another specimen dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, off Catalina Island.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) PREFALCATA, new species.
Plate 42, fig. 4.
Shell elongate-conic, yellowish-white, doubly flexed, the anterior portion being turned to the right and the tip backward. Early whorls slightly rounded, separated by a wel! marked suture, the suc- ceeding turns appressed at the summit, moderately rounded on the curved side of the shell and slightly so on the concave side of the spire, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. Sutures scarcely indicated. Periphery slightly angulated. Base somewhat produced, well rounded. Aperture moderately large; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly protracted at the peripheral angle; inner lip short, curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall cov- ered with a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 215774, U.S.N.M.) comes from the Lower San Pedro Series, Sand Rock, Dead Man’s Island. It has 11 whorls and measures—length, 6.9 mm.; diameter, 2mm. Five additional speci- mens are entered under the same catalogue number and 16 are in Doctor Arnold’s collection, by whom they were collected. Three additional specimens without locality are in Arnold’s collection.
The species resembles closely falcata, but differs from it by its comparatively longer aperture.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) GRIPPI, new species. Plate 42, fig. 5.
Shell elongate-conic, moderately stout, doubly flexed; the anterior portion is turned to the right, while the tip is bent backward; pol- ished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only; milk-white, except where the dried animal shines through the texture of the shell where it appears yellowish-brown, or where varices cross the whorls, behind which there is always an opaque area. First five whorls well
328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
rounded, separated by a somewhat constricted suture, the remain- der, moderately rounded, a little more so on the convex side than the concave. Summit of the whorls appressed, separated by a very ill-defined suture. The posterior termination shows conspicuously through the substance of the shell on the inside of the whorls and appears as afalsesuture. Last whorl somewhat inflated. Periphery moderately protracted. Base rounded. Aperture ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip protracted at the periphery; inner lip short, ‘lightly curved, reflected and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick callus.
The varices of this species practically form a continuous oblique line from the aperture almost to the tip.
The type and five additional specimens (Cat. No. 203665, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mr. Gripp at Newport, California. The type has 12 whorls and measures—length, 8 mm.; diameter, 2.6 mm.
Cata-
Number of . : =
specimens. Collection of— eee Locality. Remarks. Deeee cick < Sacoeectes WSN Mie 2 eee 21775) |; Of Samir edrossecee cee esek Des Pee ALEE De ease oS ne Oldroyd B aetaectejeina ee aca eae eres GO aa Se ei eee 0. eae aera sense eee U.S.N.M..... Sones Daly (7a |e ae O's 5 sales aera eae 75 fathoms, on stones. Bee oooh cee nine Oidroya. ais Sete a larch eos esac bees GOSS fone se aneeeeuastaaee Do. Mie eet e cite mensdee leas GOs can sekeeece eee amet Nan WeGroeee2 eee wec eee ee BP es Seek Button. 222 eae) 268 2 eo ase 6 cee | a Diero Sit. Sse te ees 15 fathoms. ee eecessateare Kelsey. 2a o2es dsnestelS oaeu ces OffSanwDieros 32582 ee Do. Qe se seh iae se eu. dl USSENG ME: pee 215i ia. | oen) Diego =o Sie ag ee Dien oes ew anes Bakers tern oawer on cele accesso of i end of Coronado | 12 to 15 fathoms.
slan
Bo See Be Bee Se US: NM ae )o% 150) EOmntrA bra jOSes- 25556 oe Sores oe weeks uae iMOldrovdeis: fee ae ey Fees ek ee eo GOs. Asie erie ee hes |
MELANELLA (BALCIS) TARAVALI, new species.
Plate 42, fig. 2.
Shell very minute, bluish-white, doubly flexed; the anterior portion turned to the right, the tip flexed backward. The first three whorls well rounded, separated by a well impressed suture. The rest almost flat, separated by an inconspicuous suture, marked by exceedingly fine incremental lines only. The last whorl inflated. Periphery well rounded. Base short, well rounded. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, slightly protracted in the mid- dle; inner lip short, slightly curved, refiected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a rather thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 215779, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Mr. Hemp- hill at Point Abreojos, Lower California. It has nine whorls and measures—length, 1.2 mm.; diameter, 0.3mm. Two additional speci- mens from the same locality are in Mrs. Oldroyd’s collection.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 329
MELANELLA (BALCIS) CATALINENSIS, new species. Plate 40, fig. 7.
Shell elongate-conic, slender, doubly flexed, the main flexure being turned to the right, while the extreme tip is slightly bent backward; bluish-white, polished. First two whorls well rounded, separated by a well-constricted suture, the rest moderately rounded on the convex, and slightly so on the concave side of the spire, separated by ascarcely defined suture. The posterior limit of the whorls shines through the substance of the shell and appears as a conspicuous false suture. Periphery of the last whorl slightly angulated. Base moderately produced, well rounded. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip produced at the periphery; inner lip somewhat sinuous, very oblique, slightly reflected and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 173802, U.S.N.M.) was dredged in Catalina Channel. It has 10 whorls and measures—length, 5.2 mm.; diam- eter, 1.6 mm.
| Cata-
Number of speci- | Collection of logue Localit x — y- Remarks. po | number. Teeseen ee ccs ton ore URS ANG Mise oes 2 cles 211822 | Off Santa Rosa Island, sta- | 48 fathoms, mud bot- tion 2901. tom, 55° bottom temperature. Ue esaseemactessiecki<5 Oldroyd eee intestc cris an iaiewisietels Off SanlPedrossawcr wjscee <a Deep water. Posse esheets GOOKOla acct enaeeceleceescesee Off Coronado Islands...-....- lies cobercceremce GISOYen nee ee eeeeeee |sosaceeas San Hipolito Point.......... MELANELLA (BALCIS) FALCATA Carpenter. Plate 42, fig. 6.
Eulima falcata CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 280.
Shell doubly flexed, the anterior portion being turned to the right and the tip backward, yellowish-white. Early whorls decollated, the succeeding turns slightly rounded, more so on the curved than the concaye side of the spire, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only, separated by a weakly impressed suture. Periphery of the last whorl subangulated, base moderately produced, well rounded. Aperture ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip (fractured); inner lip short, curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick callus.
Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 123, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Mr. Rowell at Acapulco, Mexico. It has eight whorls remaining and measures—length, 7.6 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm.
330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) YOD Carpenter. Plate 40, fig. 9.
Leiostraca yod CARPENTER, Cat. Maz. Shells, 1857, p. 441.
Melania distorta Puiutrrt, Moll. Sci., vol. 1, p. 158, pl. 9, fig. 10.
Eulima distorta DesHayEs in Lamarck An. s. Vert., vol. 8, p. 454.—PHIiPrt, Moll. Sci., vol. 2, p. 135.—Forses and HAntey, Brit. Moll., vol. 3, p. 232.— CiarKk, Moll. Test. Mar. Brit., p. 451.
Letosiraca distorta, H. and A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., vol. 1, 1854, 236.
“L. t. “ZL. distortae’ simillima, sed minima; parte suturali paululum latiore.
“The type of Letostraca iota C. B. Ad. erroneously labeled ‘Jamaica’ in Mus. Cuming, and very incorrectly figured by Sow. is somewhat broader and less bent than the Mazatlan shells; in other respects it exactly accords. After repeated comparison of very fresh specimens with the British dwarf variety of L. distorta, the characters appear exactly alike, except that the sutural portion, which (the shell being transparent) gives an appearance of a spiral line, is shghtly narrower in the Scarborough specimens received from Mr. Bean. The same glossy deposit over the base, with the rather separate parietal lip, giving in some directions of light the appearance of an umbilicus, appears in each, and of the same shape. No difference can be traced in the minute vertex, nor in the varices. The colour in fresh speci- mens exactly accords. The specimens in Mr. Andrew’s collection, grouped under Hu. distorta, vary extremely in size and arcuation. The Mazatlan shells are on a much smaller scale, generally more bent, and most beautifully glossy and transparent. The same form occurs in the West Indies (B. M.). According to Deshayes (Lam. An. s. Vert., vol. 3, p. 455, No. 8) it is found fossil in Grignon and other places. If it extends so far back in time, it is natural that the living shell should occupy a widely distributed space. As, however, the animals may be distinct, both in this and in L. iota, a name is added expressive of its (for the genus) extreme minuteness. The smallest sp. (of 3 normal whorls) measures ‘035 by ‘016. A remarkably large sp. measures long. ’082, long. spir. ’055, lat. ‘033, div. 18°.
“‘ Hab.—Norway to Mediterranean, Forbes; W. Indies, B. M.
“(Var. Yod.) Mazatlan; 34 sp. living on Spondylus, dead on Chama; L’pool Col.
“Tablet 2027 contains 4 sp. of different ages. The largest possesses its operculum, which appears like that of Chrysallida, but with the rugae much coarser. Another is broken so as to show the axis of the upper whorls.”
We have not seen specimens of this minute, curved species and have copied Carpenter’s description and figure; the latter is a camera lucida sketch.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 381
STROMBIFORMIS (BALCIS) BIPARTITA Miérch.
Eulima bipartita Mércn, Mal. Blit., vol. 6, 1860, pp. 120-121.
‘Shell shining, diaphanous, flexed to theright. Whorls 10, flattened, divided by a spiral band a little below the middle; the upper band white, the lower milk-white. Last whorl subangulated at the pe- riphery. Aperture piriform, outer lip arcuate, produced; inner lip straight, with a callus; parietal wall covered with a moderately thick callus, which renders the peritreme complete. A series of impressed varices form an oblique line on the right side. Length, 7.5 mm.; diameter, 2.5mm. Hab.: Sansonate Mexico. Three specimens with broken apex.”
The above is a translation of Morch’s description. I have so far not seen specimens agreeing with it.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) ADAMANTINA de Folin. Plate 42, fig. 1. Eulima adamantina De Foun, Les Meleagrinicoles, 1867, p. 62, pl. 6, fig. 2.
“Shell very small, imperforate, elongate, arcuate, acuminate, very highly polished, hyaline. Whorls nine in number, flattened, with a barely perceptible suture. Altitude of body whorl equal to one-third that of the entire shell. Aperture semilunate; margins a little thickened, the left slightly reflexed. Long., 0.0025, diam., 0.0008.
“Nothing is more brilliant than this species of Hulima. The out- line is very much elongated, although its apex, a little obtuse. The altitude of the shell makes it appear acute. It is crystalline, ex- tremely diaphanous, with a considerable luster. The spire is com- posed of nine whorls, which at first increase showly. The curvature of the spire is rather pronounced, turning the shell from right to left, so that the right side is concave and the left side convex. The whorls of the spire are united by a simple linear suture, very finely and very clearly traced. The transparency of the shell allows the base of each of the whorls to be seen, and the shell is thickened a little both above and below the suture. The final whorl is equal to about one-third of the total altitude and it is imperforate. The aperture is elongate and semicircular. Its margins are simple and joined very sharp, and the left is slightly reflected and turned back upon the columella.
“‘ Type locality.—Negritos, or Margarita Island, Panama.”’
I have not seen specimens of this species and quote the description and figure.
ooo PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) GIBBA de Folin.
Plate 43, fig. 2. Eulima gibba Dr Foun, Les Meleagrinicoles, 1867, p. 64, pl. 6, fig. 4.
“Shell imperforate, ventricose, acuminate posteriorly. The apex rather obtuse, crystalline, very highly polished; whorls nine in num- ber, increasing slowly in size, united by a simple suture. The final whorl tumid, more strongly inflated toward the left. Aperture semi- lunate. Margins simple; columella strongly reflected. Long., 0.003; diam., 0.0013.
“Like the preceding, this species may also be considered remark- able. It is corpulent, rather acuminate, recurved posteriorly, its apex seeming to try to unite with the aperture. It is quite as diapha- nous as adamantina and as highly polished. The spire is composed of nine whorls. The early whorls increase slowly in diameter, but proportionately they enlarge rather rapidly; the increase takes place especially upon the left side. The final whorl, which alone consti- tutes one-half of the entire shell, is very much developed on this side. It is inflated and extends considerably beyond the line, which, judging from the margins of the preceding whorls, would serve as contours for it. In order to recognize the aperture when the final whorl has reached its maximum extension, it is necessary that it be oriented toward the right following a very oblique line. These abnormal conditions upon it, and consequently upon the entire shell, cause a hunchbacked outline, which serves as one of the principal diagnostics of thisspecies. The suture is the same as that of EF. ada- mantina. The aperture is cordate, elongate; its margins are well joined, and are united by a curve which represents its greatest dia- meter. The margins are somewhat thickened; the left, especially at the base of the aperture, is reflected, and is expanded over the final whorl! in a decurrent angle, and at the same time it is reflected back- wards over the columella.
“ Type locality.—Negritos; or Margarita Island, Panama.”
I have not seen specimens of this species and quote the description and figure.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) IOTA C. B. Adams.
Plate 40, fig. 5. Eulima iota C. B. Apams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, p. 422.
Shell very small, doubly flexed, semitranslucent, polished. Early whorls slightly rounded, the later ones flat, scarcely marked by lines of growth. Suture well marked. Periphery of the last whorl obscurely angulated. Base short, well rounded. Aperture moder- ately large; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, inner lip fractured (reconstructing from the preceding whorls, we may say that it is concavely curved, reflected over and appressed to the base.)
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 8383
Two specimens of this species were found at Panama by Prof. C. B. Adams. One of these, the type, is in the collection of Amherst Col- lege, Amherst, Massachusetts. This has nine whorls and measures— length, 1.7 mm.; diameter, 0.6 mm.
EULIMOSTRACA, new genus.
Melanellids in which the inner lip is not appressed to the atten- uated basal portion of the preceding whorl; whorls almost flattened; outer lip of aperture not expanded; color markings present.
Type.—Eulimostraca galapagensis Bartsch.
EULIMOSTRACA GALAPAGENSIS, new species.
Plate 43, fig. 1.
Shell broadly elongate-conic, thin, translucent, showing the internal structure through the substance of the shell. Whorls rather high between the sutures, moderately well rounded, appressed at the summit; polished, marked by exceedingly fine incremental lines only. Suture lightly impressed. Periphery of the last whorl some- what inflated; strongly angulated, marked by ‘a narrow brownish band. Base short, wellrounded. Aperture very broadly oval; poster- ior angle acute; outer lip thin, tinged with brown on the posterior half, decidedly protracted in the middle, to form a claw-like element; inner lip strongly curved, slightly reflected, fusing only slightly, posteriorly, with the preceding whorl; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.
The type and seven specimens (Cat. No. 251281, U.S.N.M.) were dredged off Galapagos Island, by the United States Bureau of Fish- eries steamer Albaiross, at station 2813, in 40 fathoms, on coral sand bottom, bottom temperature 80°. The type has 11 whorls and meas- ures—length, 3.8 mm.; diameter, 1.2 mm.
Genus SABINELLA Monterosato.
Sabinella Monterosato, Natur. Sicil., 1890, p. 15. Type, Sabinella piriformis Brugnone.
Melanellids in which the inner lip is not appressed to the attenuated basal portion of the preceding whorl; whorls strongly rounded; aperture very large and outer lip decidedly expanded; color mark- ings absent.
SABINELLA CHATHAMENSIS, new species.
Plate 43, fig. 4.
Shell broadly conic, yellowish-white, polished, marked by exceed- ingly fine protractive lines of growth only. The first two whorls well rounded, separated by a well-impressed suture, succeeding ones moderately rounded. Aperture very large, somewhat channeled
334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
anteriorly; posterior angle acute; outer lip very strongly protracted between the posterior angle and the base, forming a decidedly claw- like element; inner lip decidedly curved, revolute with the posterior half appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thin callus.
The type (Cat. No. 251283, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2808, off the Galapagos Islands, in 634 fathoms, on coral sand bottom, bottom temperature 40°. It has nine whorls and measures—length, 3 8 mm., diameter, 1.3 mm.
SABINELLA BAKERI, new species.
Plate 43, fig. 5.
Shell small, very broadly conic, creamy-white. All the whorls moderately rounded, excepting the last which is very strongly rounded, All marked by rather prominent lines of growth, and rather numerous irregularly disposed varices, of which there are sometimes several to a single whorl. Suture moderately constricted. Periphery of the last whorl inflated, strongly rounded. Base short, strongly rounded, marked like the spire. Aperture very large; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin at the edge, decidedly produced, and protracted in the middle to form a strong claw-like element; inner lip slender, slightly curved, somewhat revolute, free for its entire length; parietal wall glazed by a thin callus.
The unique type (Cat. No. 215786, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Dr. Fred Baker, at San Diego, California. It has nine whorls and measures—length, 2.7 mm.; diameter, 1.1 mm.
SABINELLA OPALINA de Folin. Plate 43, fig. 7. Eulima opalina Dr Foun, Les Meleagrinicoles, 1867, pp. 67, 68, pl. 6, fig. 7.
‘‘Shell imperforate, rather elongate, opaque, shining, opaline, darkly spotted with red. Spire conic, attenuated, tapering to a sub- acute apex. Whorls, 10 in number, increasing slowly in diameter, united by a simple suture, final whorl equal to one-third the altitude of the entire shell, strongly depressed at the base. Aperture sub- quadrate, the margin slightly thickened, columella reflected. Long., 0.0035; diam., 0.0018.
‘‘This, again, is one of the prettiest of the species. It is red, elongated, but less so than those which precede it, and for this reason its diameter is relatively greater.
“It is conspicuously conic, and for this reason appears less acumi- nate, although its apex is acute. The spire is made up of 10 whorls, which increase slowly in diameter, but which increase more rapidly in diameter than in altitude. The final whorl, which is almost one- third as long as the entire shell, isimperforate, and very much depressed
No. 2207. WEST AMBRICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 335
at the base. A simple suture, similar to that of the preceding species, unites these 10 whorls. The aperture is subquadrate, acute at the point of union of the right margin with that of the final whorl. The right margin is simple, very slightly thickened. It is feebly reflected and merges smoothly into the left margin, which, with the increasing reflection of the margin, is spread out over the final whorl, and the columella. ‘This species is almost opaque, colored in an opaline shade, which is very pronounced on the final whorls. On the medial por- tion of the shell the carmine tints of the spire are lost in the back- ground.
“ Type locality. Negritos; or Margarita Island, Panama,”’
I have not seen specimens of this species and quote the description and figure.
SABINELLA? PTILOCRINICOLA Bartsch. Plate 44, fig. 2.
Eulima ptilocrinicola Bartscu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 32, 1907, pp. 555-556, pl. 53.
Sheli elongate-conic, thin, polished, transparent, tinged with bluish-white (the dried animal showing through the upper whorls as a granular golden-yellow mass.) Whorls 11, increasing regularly in size, decidedly rounded, with the surface weakly malleated, having a few feebly developed varices which appear at irregular intervals as narrow opaque vertical bands. Summit of the whorls closely appressed to the preceding turn, the extreme edge forming a slender spiral sutural band. Last whorl quite strongly inflated basally. Periphery and base well rounded, marked like the spire. Aperture moderately large, suboval; outer lip thin, evenly curved; inner lip slender, vertical, slightly reflected; parietal wall covered by a thin callus. Operculum thin, corneous.
The type (Cat. No. 195373, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 3342, in 1,588 fathoms, off British Columbia, and measures—length, 9.5 mm.; diameter, 3.9 mm,
SABINELLA MERIDIONALIS, new species.
Plate 43, fig. 3.
Shell small, bluish-white, polished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. Early whorls decollated, later ones well rounded, separated by a moderately compressed suture. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded; base moderately long, well rounded. Aperture very broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, decidedly protracted in the middle between the posterior angle and the base; inner lip slender, curved, reflected over and partly appressed to the base posteriorly; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.
336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The type (Cat. No. 251282, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2808 off the Galapagos Islands, in 634 fathoms, on coral sand bottom, bottom temperature 40°. The last five whorls only remain in our specimen, but they are so distinct from any other that the species will readily be recognized by them. These measure—length, 3.9 mm.; diameter,
1.3 mm. Genus HALIELLA Monterosato.
Haliella Monrerosato, Enum. & Syn., 1873, p. 35, Type, Haliella stenostoma (Jeffreys). Melanellids in which the inner lip is provided with a twist which gives it the appearance of having an obsolete fold.
HALIELLA ABYSSICOLA, new species. Plate 48, fig. 8.
Shell elongate-conic, straight, semitransparent, polished, bluish- white, marked by scarcely perceptible lines of growth. Whorls slightly rounded, rather high between the sutures; the appressed por- tion of the summit appearing as a narrow white band, the posterior limit of which forming the suture is scarcely perceptible since it prac- tically fuses with the preceding turn. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base moderately long, well rounded. Aperture very large, ear-shaped; posterior angle acute; outer lip very thin, becom- ing gradually protracted from the posterior angle to the periphery, then more rapidly retractive toward the base, basal portion of the outer lip forming a broad, rounded channel; inner lip long, decidedly sigmoid, slightly reflected and partly appressed to the base, provided with a twist a little anterior to its insertion; parietal wall covered with a thin callus.
The type (Cat. No. 251266 U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2923, off Southern California, in 822 fathoms, on green mud bottom, bottom temperature 39°. It has 10 whorls and measures—length, 10.4 mm.; diameter, 2.9mm. Cat. No. 251265 U.S.N.M. was also collected by the Albatross at station 4368, off Point Loma Light, California, in 215 to 240 fathoms, on green mud. Cat. No. 266887 U.S.N.M. contains still another specimen of this species dredged off San Pablo Point, Mexico, by the Albatross at station 5675, in 284 fathoms, on green mud and fine sand bottom, bottom temperature 44.8°
HALIELLA CHILENSIS, new species. Plate 48, fig. 6.
Shell elongate-conic, slender, semitranslucent to bluish-white, pol- ished, surface marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. Whorls almost flattened, separated by a scarcely defined suture. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base moderately long, wellrounded. Aperture ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip mod-
No. 2207. WHST AMERICAN MELANELLID See rere 337
erately ‘protracted between the posterior angle and the Hace: inner lip slender, curved, partly reflected over and appressed to the base posteriorly; parietal wall covered with a thin callus.
The type and four specimens (Cat. No. 251284, U.S.N.M.) were dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2784, off Chile, in 194 fathoms on blue mud bottom, bottom temperature 51.9°. The type has nine whorls and measures—length, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 1.38 mm.
HALIELLA LOMANA Dall. Plate 44, fig. 1. Eulima (?) lomana Dawn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 253.
Shell very large, regularly elongate-conic, creamy white. The early whorls decollated. The succeeding turns slightly rounded, very narrowly and feebly shouldered at the summit, marked by faint, re- tractive, incremental lies, and numerous very regularly incised equal and closely-spaced spiral striations. Suture moderately impressed. Periphery of the last whorl angulated. Base moderately long, well rounded, marked like the spire. Aperture large, broadly oval, outer lip thin, fractured at the edge; inner lip rendered slightly sinuous by a twist a little anterior to its insertion; somewhat revolute, entirely free from the base; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.
The type and another specimen of this species (Cat. No. 110652, U.S.N.M.) were dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 4354, 16 miles off Point Loma Light, California, in 642 to 650 fathoms, on gray mud bottom, bottom tem- ‘perature 38.5° to 39°. The type has nine whorls remaining and measures—length, 20.2 mm.; diameter, 7 mm.
Genus SCALENOSTOMA Deshayes.
Scalenostoma Drsnayes, Cat. Moll. Ile de la Reunion, 1863, pp. 58-60, pl. 7, figs. 26-8, Type Scalenostoma carinatum Deshayes=Subeulima Souverbie Journ. de Conch., vol. 23, 1875, p. 296, Type Subeulima lamberti Souverbie.= Amblyspira Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, 1896, p. 314, Type Aclis? (Amblyspira) teres Guppy.
Melanellids having an acute keel at the periphery of the whorls, which gives to the outer lip of the aperture a }-shaped appearance. SCALENOSTOMA RANGII De Folin. Plate 45, fig. 4. Chemnitzia rangvi De Foun, Les Meleagrinicoles, 1867, pp. 61-62, pl. 6, fig. 1. Odostomia (Scalenostoma) rangii Datt and Bartscu, Bull. 68, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1909, p. 230. Odostomia (Scalenostoma) rangii Bartscu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1916, p. 344. ‘“‘Shell imperforate, elongate-conic. Apex rather obtuse, light colored. Whorls smooth, 12 in number. The earlier whorls nor- 77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—-17——-22
338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
mal, increasing regularly in diameter; the altitude of the body whorl one-third that of the entire shell. Suture simple above, afterward keeled by the preceding whorl. Aperture quadrate; the margins simple; the left lip somewhat reflected. Alt., 0.0027; diam., 0.0011.
“It is in honor to the memory of the learned Commodore Rang that we have given his name to this odd species of Chemnitzia and we feel a considerable satisfaction in being able thus to give witness to our feelings of profound esteem for a leader under whose orders we have served, as well as to express our admiration for his high scholarship. This shell is somewhat elongate, yellowish in color, tending a little toward a brown. The apex is rather obtuse. The spire is made up of 12 whorls, all of them smooth. The sides of the early whorls are almost straight, and this part of the shell is regularly conic. The four or five later whorls differ from the first anteriorly in that they escape from the profile of the cone and widen on a plane with the base, thus forming a prominent keel, which is very thin, almost sharp edged, upon the periphery. ‘This expansion of the base follows the whorls of the spire, increasing in prominence as they increase in diameter. Thus the keel terminates on the right margin of the aperture. The suture is extremely narrow, and on the whorls furnished with the keel which we have just described it occurs in front of the keel, between the keel and the succeeding whorl. The aperture is almost quadrate; the margins are simple, and the left margin is slightly refleeted upon the columella.
“Type locality.—Negritos, or Margarita Island, Panama.”
I have not seen specimens of this species, and quote the description and figure.
SCALENOSTOMA BABYLONIA Bartsch. Plate 45, fig. 2.
Odostomia (Scalenostoma) babylonia BartscH, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 287, pl. 38, fig. 3.
Shell elongate-conic, light yellowish-brown, excepting the umbili- cal area, the extreme basal portion, and tip, which are white. Nuclear whorls very small. Postnuclear whorls flattened, separated by a scarcely impressed suture. On the last three turns the whorls are marked at the periphery by an exceedingly strong, acute, spiral keel, which is slightly bent downward. Base of the last whorl short, well rounded. Entire surface of spire and base smooth, except for exceedingly fine, incremental lines. Aperture oval; pos- terior angle acute; outer lip rendered }-shaped by the spiral keel; inner lip slender, evenly curved, very slightly revolute; parietal wall glazed with a thin callus.
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 339
Two specimens of this species (Cat. No. 127542, U.S.N.M.) come from San Hipolito Point, Lower California. The type has 10 post- nuclear whorls and measures—Length, 3 mm.; diameter, 1.2 mm.
STROMBIFORMIS Da Costa.
Strombiformis Da Costa, Brit. Conch., 1878, p. 107. Type selected by T. Iredale (Proc. Mal. Soc. London, vol. 11, 1915, pp. 293-295) Strombi- formis glaber Da Costa.
Very attenuated, slender Melanellids, with very narrow elongated aperture, having the inner lip appressed to the attenuated basal portion of the preceding whorls; marked with one or more spiral color bands.
STROMBIFORMIS RIVERSI, new species.
Plate 45, fig. 3.
Shell large, subulate, yellowish-white with a few faint indications of spiral bands. Early whorls decollated in all the specimens seen, those remaining slightly and evenly rounded, appressed at the summit, separated by an ill-defined suture, marked by feeble, some- what retractive lines of growth and irregularly disposed poorly impressed varicial streaks. Suture slightly constricted. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base long, gently rounded. Aper- ture very elongate-ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip rather long, moderately thick, well rounded, reflected over and appressed to the attenuated base throughout its entire length; parietal wall glazed with a rather thick callus.
The type and seven specimens of this species were collected by Dr. J. J. Rivers, in the upper San Pedro series, at Santa Monica Canyon, California. The type and another specimen are in the col- lection of the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 251390). The rest are in Doctor Rivers’s collection. The type has lost the nuclear whorls. The 10 remaining measure—length, 12 mm.; diam- eter, 2.5 mm.
This is the largest of the West American members of the genus Strombiformis known.
STROMBIFORMIS ALASKENSIS, new species. Plate 45, fig. 1.
Shell small, straight, yellowish-white, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. Whorls rather high, almost flattened, appressed at the summit, separated by a scarcely impressed suture. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded, base moderately long, moderately rounded. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly protracted between the posterior angle and the base; inner lip mod- erately stout, curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall glazed with a moderately thick callus.
340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
The type (Cat. No. 322301 U.S.N.M.) comes from Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, Alaska. It has seven whorls and measures—Length, 4.2 mm.; diameter, 1.4 mm.
STROMBIFORMIS CALIFORNICA, new species. Plate 45, fig. 5.
Shell narrowly subulate, polished. Early whorls yellowish-white, succeeding ones light brown, marked with a dark chestnut brown band at the periphery. A second one of equal strength and size is a little anterior to the middle between the summit and the periphery; lip edged with dark brown. Early whorls rounded, separated by impressed sutures, the succeeding turns flattened with scarcely defined suture, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and slightly retractive, irregularly disposed pale brown varicial streaks. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base produced, well rounded. Aperture elongate, oval; posterior angle acute, slightly effuse anteriorly; outer lip thin, inner lip long, curved, revolute appressed to the base, except at the very tip, where it is free; parietal wall covered with a moderately thick callus.
The type and six specimens (Cat. No. 249619, U.S.N.M.) were dredged in San Diego Bay. ‘The type has 13 whorls and measures— Length, 11.5 mm.; diameter, 2.1 mm. This species resembles Strombiformis townsendi from the Gulf of California, but differs from it in being uniformly more slender, and also in the color markings.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
Number of speci- * Catalogue . j
fens © Collection of— [An pen Locality. Remarks.
BEATEN. Data wonskees | WeSNEM eee eece 203667 | Off San Diego..............- 20 fathom
Me sae aaiscneenneee Oldroyd' ee waa see bee eal eee GOs tee nae ore en ae 14 fathoms dredged
Vi Tipp.
1 TS Are ae ee. Boeke acer Ce ae aan ae Os scseses cceneuek seas 60 fathoms.
DEE Ee ets eee {BUN Mis ee 251392 | Off Catalina Island.......... 50 fathoms.
vce liscamceswesaen LOW sino dG wneone cio 3501 | Catalina Island............-
1 Fragment. STROMBIFORMIS TOWNSENDI, new species. Plate 46, fig. 4.
Shell subulate, polished, tip white, the rest flesh colored with a broad pale zone of brown near the summit, in the middle of which is a darker line. A second pale zone of brown surrounds the middle of the whorl and is separated from the one of the summit by a clear flesh- colored band, which is about as wide as the band, separating it from a third brown zone at the periphery. This third zone extends about as far below the periphery of the last whorl as it extends above it, and is edged on both sides by a very dark, translucent brown band. The middle of the base is surrounded by another brown band, and the
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 341
lip is edged with pale brown. Early whorls moderately well rounded, Separated by a well-impressed suture; succeeding turns flattened and separated by a scarcely defined suture. Surface marked by exceed- ingly fine retractive lines of growth and an occasional narrow varicial streak. Periphery of the last whorl well ‘rounded. Base somewhat produced, well rounded. Aperture elongate ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip strong, curved, reflected over and appressed to the base throughout its entire length: parietal wall glazed with a thick callus.
The type and three specimens (Cat. No. 251391, U.S.N.M.) were dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2822 off La Paz, Gulf of California, in 21 fathoms on gray sand and broken shell bottom. The type has 13 whorls and meas- ures—length, 11 mm.; diameter, 2.5 mm.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
| i- : 'Catalogue si
mEper VE ae Collection of— “num See Locality. Remarks.
Giodace se edseee sees UsSae lime sryat aia -ic | 268591 | South end of Angel de la| Shallow. water; Guardia Island, Gulf of dredged by the au-
California. thor
See cee ree bac sl cscs dO sete sete l'y 266359), |) Arua Verse Bay, Gulf of | 2 fathernin: dredged | Ca lifor by the author.
De cedae sins sl mens ss |-----GO........-.....| 268592 aes of California Sete epee egecarcgbse cognac ccs eas es
STROMBIFORMIS LAPAZANA, new species,
Plate 46, fig. 3.
Shell narrowly subulate, polished, tip yellowish-white, the rest flesh-colored with a broad translucent zone of light brown, which is edged on either side by a narrow vary dark band, the anterior one of which marks the periphery, while the posterior falls a little ante- rior to the middle of the space between the summit and the suture. Early whorls rounded, separated by a well-marked suture, all the rest flattened, marked by feeble lines of growth and an occasional pale brown retractive varicial streak. Suture poorly defined. Pe- riphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base produced, well rounded. Aperture elongate-ovate, slightly effuse anteriorly; posterior angle acute; inner lip short, curved, revolute, reflected over, and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a moderately thick callus.
The type and 43 specimens (Cat. No. 211388, U.S.N.M.) were dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2823, in 264 fathoms off La Paz, Gulf of California, on broken shell bottom. The type has 13 whorls and measures—length, 7.8 mm.; diameter, 1.3 mm.
342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
Number of speci- : Catalogue : ita Collection of— | aia pens Locality. Remarks. a es ae ah TC SSNE Mic sees tt a 96715 | Off La Paz, Gulf of Califor- | 263} fathoms, broken er . S. B. F. station shell bottom. Pek eer. Ceo sae Iecaes dO Jods oetesenes 211670 | Off La Paz, Gulf of Califor- | 21 fathoms on gray | nia, U. s. B. F. station sand and broken 2822. shell bottom. oR some oe welsisiowie wie leone G07. 75s eee 251394 [ Off Ceralvo Island, out of | 93-10 fathoms, shell California, U.S. B. F. sta- bottom, 74° bottom tion 2826-2828, temperature. Netied ae sctwae es cceslencrs GOS toostaweeen 251393 | Agua Verde Bay, Gulf of California.
STROMBIFORMIS ALMO, new species.
Plate 46, fig. 5
Shell broadly elongate-conic, polished, bluish-white, excepting a broad band of light chestnut brown, which encircles the turns cov- ering a little more than half the spaces between the periphery and the summit and extending for an equal distance over the base. Early whorls rounded, separated by a well-impressed suture; the succeeding turns moderately rounded, with very poorly impressed suture, marked by faint lines of growth and an occasional almost vertical varicial line, which is not accompanied by any brown mark- ing. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base produced, well rounded. Aperture broadly ovate, somewhat patulose anteriorly; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip short, moderately stout, curved, reflected over, and appressed to the base, except at the extreme tip, where it is free; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type and two specimens (Cat. No. 251395, U.S.N.M.) were dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2902, in 53 fathoms off Santa Rosa Island, California, on fine gray sand and mud bottom, bottom temperature 45°. The type has 10 whorls and measures—length, 7 mm.; diameter, 1.8 mm.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
Number of speci- Catalogue
eaaHt. Collection of— muibor Locality. Remarks.
Qeesectoneceee ee eace Oldroyd saonessee see seer senses Off SantPedross..- e224 a-s Deep water.
Bree secu cmb can dewetelaaeme G0. S tse. ea eee secces Off San Pedro, Cal.; dredged st University of Califor-
denececesecascccoces UtS:Ne Me eae 251396 of Point Loma Light, Cal.; | 59-113 fathoms; fine dredged by U. S. B. F. gray sand and steamer Albatross, station broken shell and 4348. mud bottom.
esc cestetnecacse c's Bakerevocs aie ssncactl eee eneee Off San’ Dierols see es-ee ees 60 fathoms.
eee eeecebee scutes BUbtOn ss sect ecse| seteeeaaas San Diego: si oscacedeceeete
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 3438
STROMBIFORMIS FUSCOSTRIGATA Carpenter. Plate 46, fig. 1.
Eulima fuscostrigata CARPENTER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 14, 1864, p. 47.
Shell broadly conic, polished, tip brown; the anterior third between the sutures of each turn and the base of the last turn, dark brown. On the last half of the last turn the brown of the basal portion splits into two bands, one a little below the periphery and the other mark- ing the extremity. Early whorls strongly rounded, separated by a well impressed suture, the succeeding ones almost flat with an ill- defined suture. Surface marked by fine lines of growth only. Periph- ery of the last whorl weakly angulated. Base somewhat produced, moderately rounded. Aperture ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip moderately long, rather stout, curved, revolute, and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick callus.
Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 4105, U.S.N.M.) comes from Cape San ‘Lucas, Lower California. It has 10 whorls and measures—length, 4.7 mm.; diameter, 1.3 mm.
STROMBIFORMIS PANAMENSIS, new species.
Plate 46, fig. 2.
Shell elongate-conic, bluish-white, polished, with a narrow pale- brown band marking the appressed summit of the whorls; half of the space between this dark band and the suture is white; the rest of the whorl is suffused with pale brown; the aperture, too, is edged with pale brown, while the extremity of the base is white. Early whorls slightly rounded, separated by an impressed suture, the suc- ceeding turns almost flattened, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and an occasional retractive varicial line which is not accom- panied with any color markings. The appressed portion of the whorls is dark in color and the anterior limit of the appressed portion appears as a false suture, the true suture being very inconspicuous, Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base produced, well rounded, Aperture elongate-ovate, slightly effuse anteriorly; poste- rior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip moderately long, curved, reflected and appressed to the base for its entire length; parietal wall covered with a moderately thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 215787, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2799 in 294 fathoms, in Panama Bay, on green mud bottom. It has 11 whorls and measures—length, 6 mm.; diameter, 1.3 mm.
344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
STROMBIFORMIS BARTHELOWI, new species. Plate 47, fig. 7.
Shell polished, acicular, uniformly pale brown. Early whorls well rounded, separated by a constricted suture; the succeeding turns flat, with a less conspicuous suture, marked by very fine vertical lines of growth only. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base rather long, evenly rounded. Aperture very elongate-ovate; poste- rior angle acute; outer lip thin, not protrated in the middle; inner lip slender, slightly curved, reflected over and appressed to the base throughout its entire length; parietal wall glazed with a thin callus.
The type (Cat. No. 268622, U.S.N.M.) was collected by the author in Santa Maria Bay, Lower California. It has eleven whorls and measures—length, 5 mm.; diameter, 1.83 mm. Cat. No. 267746, U.S.N.M., contains another specimen dredged by the author in shal- low water in the same place.
STROMBIFORMIS HEMPHILLI, new species.
Plate 47, fig. 4.
Shell polished, the three or four early whorls increasing slowly in size, the rest more rapidly, which lends the outline of the spire a somewhat constricted appearance near the summit. Early whorls well rounded, with moderately impressed suture. The whorls are marked with irregular, triangularly shaped streaks of brown, which are broadest at the varicial streaks and taper backward to a point, one side following the summit. Base marked by an interrupted brown band, situated a little anterior to the periphery, and the second, slightly narrower, about one-third the distance between the peripheral band and tip of the base, anterior to the peripheral band. The extreme tip of the inner lip is brown. Early whorls moderately rounded, separated by an impressed suture, the later ones very slightly rounded, separated by an inconspicuous suture, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth and occasional varicial streaks. Periphery of the last whorl feebly rounded. Base moderately long, well rounded. Aperture rather small, ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip very oblique, somewhat sinuous, slightly reflected with posterior portion appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by a thick callus.
The type and three specimens of this species (Cat. No. 127554, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill in shell drift, at Point Abreojos, Lower California. The type has 9 whorls and measures—length, 3.1 mm.; diameter, 1.1 mm.
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 8345
I have seen the following additional specimens:
Number of specimens. Collection of— parinene Locality. Dee ch ele onic mloe wine eee sacme Oldroyd <2) S422 ee aaeacee es | Point Abreojos, Lower California. PTGS c's detain i mew sie’ a's a cto'ute Buttons sse sian ccc leomesnce ae Do. Bee aes ee eine since ia sOhnStOn ss. See een a Do. Ween ec Scat aca devcweeeaesee WES UNM ee eee 215788 | San Hipolito Point, Lower California.
Ge ee ae esc sshommanlanasscssicss Oldroyd's ie de eick oe cols. eee Point Abreojos, Lower California.
STROMBIFORMIS BURRAGEI, new species.
Plate 47, fig. 5.
Shell very small, elongate-conic, polished, light yellow, with the tip light brown and with a broad brown band on the middle of the base. Early whorls well rounded, separated by a constricted suture. The succeeding turns weakly rounded, with a very feebly impressed suture, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth only. Periphery obscurely angulated. Base rather short, well rounded. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle obtuse; outer lip thin; inner lip short, decidedly curved, reflected and appressed to the base posteriorly; parietal wall covered by a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 267582, U.S.N.M.) was dredged in 3 fathoms at the head of Concepcion Bay, Gulf of California, by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross on mud bottom. It has lost the first turn; the eight remaining measure—length, 2.7 mm.; diameter, 0.9 mm.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
| | | Number of Catalogue |
specimens. Collection of— | number. | Locality. Remarks. | | Meese Se oN sa ee ok le | USSING Mee seeeeee 264643 | Head of Concepcion Bay..... | Dredged by U.S. B. | F. steamer Alba- | | tross, 3 fathoms, | mud bottom. Pee tet Se cia nic de a'ocinial\ ose GOs cee eee. | 267812 | Pichilinqgue Bay, Gulf of | Dredged by the au- | California. thor in shallow wa- |
| | ter. (hg pF Sea sh
STROMBIFORMIS VARIANS Sowerby. Plate 47, figs. 6, 8.
Eulima varians SowERBY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 8. Lewostraca varians SowERBY, Thes. Conch., 1854, p. 804, pl. 170, figs. 23, 24.
“Subfusiform, acuminated, thin, color various; aperture oblong. Some varieties are white, others brown, and others are marked with brown lines and are mottled.
‘“Xipixapi, Meridional America. (Mus. Cuming.)
‘Collected in sandy mud.”
I have not seen specimens of this species and copy Sowerby’s description and figure.
346 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
STROMBIFORMIS PROCA de Folin. Plate 47, fig. 1. Eulima proca Dr Foutn, Les Meleagrinicoles, 1867, pp. 62, 63, pl. 6, fig. 3.
‘Shell imperforate, elongate, acuminate, thin, shining, milky- white above, pinkish below, and spotted along the sutures with trian- gular reddish dots. Whorls 10 to 11; the early ones very narrow, the later wider and more convex. The body whorl approximately equal to one-third the altitude of the entire shell. Aperture cordate; the margin slightly thickened, the left margin strongly reflected. Long., 0.0033; diam., 0.001.
‘This second species of Hulima is also very pretty and very re- markable. The outlines elongated; the whorls of the spire very acuminate. The later whorls, on the contrary, are somewhat wide and somewhat convex. The sides of the whorls, instead of being simply straight, or describing, as is ordinarily the case, take on, in this species, a double curve. The contour is at first concave, then it becomes convex. In consequence of this difference in the margins of the whorls of the spire, the resulting outline is very peculiar, and is a very striking diagnostic. The apex is slightly obtuse; the whorls of the spire are 10 or 11 in number. They increase slowly at first, and without perceptible enlargement, which gives to the early part of the shell, including the five or six whorls, a subcylindric aspect. These whorls are slightly rounded and are united by a rather deeply impressed suture. Near the eighth whorl the diameter increases, and the suture is fainter and becomes nothing more than a simple, very feebly impressed line. The final whorl is equal to about one-third of the total altitude, and is imperforate. The aperture is cordate, and its margins are somewhat thickened. The left margin is reflected, and they are colored a flaming scarlet. The early whorls, milk-white in color, are well flattened between the sutures and the margins; the later whorls are flesh-colored, or tinged with a clear orange. A few elongated, triangular spots, rather regular, and brilliantly colored in flaming scarlet, are disposed along the sutures, and extend for a short distance in front of it. This peculiar ornamentation adds a stamp of originality to this Hulima.
“Type locality.—Negritos; or Margarita Island, Panama.”’
T have not seen specimens of this species and quote the description and figure.
STROMBIFORMIS ELEGANTISSIMA de Folin. Plate 47, fig. 3. Eulima elegantissima Dre Foxtn, Les Meleagrinicoles, 1867, p. 65, pl. 6, fig. 5.
‘‘Shell imperforate, oblong, very highly polished, pellucid, orna- mented with two oblique bands, alternated yellow and spotted.
ro eS -p ow
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 347
Spire acuminate. Apex rather obtuse. Whorls 10, slowly increas- ing in size, flattened; the final whorl large, its altitude half of that of the entire shell. Suture simple. Aperture elongate, pyriform, the margins thickened, yellowish; the left margin strongly reflected at the base. Long., 0.005; diam., 0.0015.
‘This small shell is very remarkable by reason of its elements; elongated, acuminated outline. The spire is made up of six whorls, which increase slowly in diameter, and which are joined together by a very simple suture. The sides of these whorls are straight, smooth, without convexity, and the suture appears only as a feeble line, revolving about the shell, so that the shell does not seem to be interrupted at the suture line. The final whorl occupies approxi- mately half of the entire altitude and is imperforate, despite the fact that a slight elongated depression, covered in part by the reflected left margin of the aperture, seems to form a convexity which at first sight simulates a perforation. The acuminate outline of the entire shell attenuates slightly the half acute, half obtuse outline of the apex so that it may be considered as acute. The aperture is entirely elongate, pyriform, the two margins colored a dark brown, rounding smoothly into each other. The left is reflected upon the columella, and spreads out over the base of the last whorl. It is not only the exceedingly graceful outline of EHulima elegantissima which makes this shell remarkable, it is also the exceedingly high luster with which it shines, and its transparency, equal to that of pure crystal. The luster is due to its perfect polish and also to its clearness. Each of the whorls is ornamented with two yellow ribbons which follow the spire. The color is rather deep along the middle of each ribbon. It lightens toward the margins and almost merges into the crystalline background. It is the same with the elongate spots, which, bending obliquely toward the left bind the ribbons to one another. The total of these characteristics give to Eulima elegantissima an aspect like that of marble. The shell near the suture seems to be thicker than away from it. Along the last whorls especially it seems as if there were a little ribbon almost opaque, which makes the shell at this point seem whiter.
“ Type locality—Negritos; or Margarita Island, Panama.”’
I have not seen specimens of this species and quote the description and figure.
STROMBIFORMIS ACUTA Sowerby. Plate 47, fig. 2.
Eulima acuta Sowersy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 8. Leiostraca acuta SowErsy, Thes. Conch., 1854, p. 803, pl. 170, fig. 11.
“Acutely turreted, white; whorls 12, smooth, sutures obsolete, varices few. ‘“‘Bay of Montiji, Central America. (Mus. Cuming.)
348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
‘‘Found in coarse sand at a depth of 13 fathoms.” I have not seen specimens of this species and copy Sowerby’s description and figure. Genus NISO Risso.
Niso Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., vol. 4, 1826, p. 218, p. 7, fig. 98; type Niso eburnea Risso= Bonellia Deshayes, Lamarck’s Anim. sans. Vert., vol. 8, 1838, p. 286; Type Bonellia terebellata Deshayes (=Bulimus terebellatus Lamarck)= Janella Grateloup, Conch. Foss. Adaur., 1838, p. 12; Type Bulimus terebellatus Lamarck= Volusia A. Adams, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 8, 1861, p. 306; Type Volusia imbricata Sowerby.
Melanellids having the base broadly umbilicated.
NISO SPLENDIDULA Sowerby. Plate 48, fig. 5.
Eulima splendidula SowErBy, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 6, = Niso splendidula Sowersy, Thes. Conch., 1854, p. 801, pl. 170, fig. 8.
This species is described by Sowerby as acuminately pyramidal, brownish, articulated near the sutures with white and chestnut; umbilicus large. Aperture anteriorly angulated.
Sowerby’s specimen was collected by Cummings at Santa Elena, Ecuador, on sandy mud in 6 to 8 fathoms. The type, figured by Sowerby, has 18 whorls and measures—length, 38 mm.; diameter, 17 mm. It is the largest known from the west coast of America to date.
Cat. No. 251334, U.S.N.M., contains a very badly worn and frag- mentary specimens of this species, which was dredged by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in the Bay of Panama at station 2798, in 18 fathoms on gray sand and broken shell bottom.
NISO EXCOLPA, new species.
Plate 48, fig. 4.
Shell broadly elongate-conic, widely and openly umbilicated, flesh- colored, with irregularly interrupted axial bands of brown immediately behind the varices, and faint spiral bands. The junction of these produce the intensified color markings, and the lighter areas between hem give the axial markings the interrupted aspect. Umbilicus purple, extreme tip of the shell white. Early whorls well rounded, the later ones flattened, marked by strong lines of growth only. The appressed summit of the whorls falls a little anteriorly to the periphery, and causes the preceding whorl to have an over-hanging appearance. Periphery of the last whorl strongly angulated. Base moderately long, well rounded; umbilicus about one-sixth of the greater diameter of the shell. Aperture rhomboidal, decidedly angulated at the junction of the inner and basal lip, somewhat less so, at the junction of the basal and outer lip; posterior angle
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 849
acute; inner lip strongly curved and moderately reflected; parietal wall glazed by a thin callus.
The type and 31 specimens (Cat. No. 267652, U.S.N.M.) were dredged by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, in 3 fathoms, in the head of Concepcion Bay, Gulf of California. The type has lost the first whorl; the 14 remaining measure—length, 17.5 mm.; diameter, 6.5 mm.
The following specimens have been examined:
Number of : |Catalogue) : specimens. Collection of. / number. | Locality. | Remarks. | | Wiesee eens eeeen ee FUE SAN sec ceceon- | 268590 | South end of Angel de la | Shallow water. | Guardia Island, Gulf of | California. Qeoses ccescscceacees [teats Oe aecccketse nee 251335 | Off Ceralvo Island, Gulf of | 9 to 10 fathoms, California U.S. B. F. sta- shell bottom. tions 2826 to 2828, dredged | | by steamer Albatross. OOS stews eee ce xs hatseze POs eac see 268073 | Head of Concepcion Bay....| Shallow water. DOM See ads [eee GO nasties ocean 268158 | Ricason Island, Concepcion Do. | _ Sound, Gulf of California. ee eset tefateneme [emai = Goewacccsusses ee | 106980 | ae ee Bay, Gulf of | | alifornia, collected by | W.B. Bryant. ae ieee eee tke Be aah ote se ee Leet 211389 | Off La Paz, Gulf of Cali- | 263 fathoms, broken She! | fornia, U.S. B. F. station shell bottom. | | 2823, dredged by steamer Albatross. Pee Resin 25 dase eels cose GOs <see o- esy 267543 | Head of Concepcion Bay, | 3 fathoms, mud bot- | GulfofCalifornia, dredge tom. | by U. S. B. F. steamer | | Albatross. US Sanaa eee iSapea doss-m.ecthck -2 46511 | Mulege Bay, Gulf of Cali- | | _ fornia. Thecee. ste Rack sn2es GOwss.s2 S36. 2 46508 Gulf of California............
NISO INTERRUPTA Sowerby. Plate 48, figs. 1, 3.
Eulima interrupta SowERBy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 7 = Niso inter- rupta SowERBY, Thes. Conch., 1854, p. 801, pl. 170, fig. 9.
Shell broadly elongate-conic, deeply and widely umbilicated, bluish-white, polished, marked with irregularly disposed varicial streaks of rust brown. Early whorls well rounded, later ones less rounded and slightly excurved at the appressed summit, marked by numerous lines of growth and exceedingly fine microscopic spiral striations. Summit of the whorls appressed, falling a little below the angulated periphery of the preceding whorl, thus causing the preceding whorl to appear as slightly overhanging the suture. Periphery of the last whorl angulated. Base short, well rounded, marked like the spire; umbilicus equal to about one-fifth of the greater diameter of the shell. Aperture oval, drawn out into an acute angle at the junction of the inner lip and basal lip; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip strongly curved and slightly revolute; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.
Two specimens (Cat. No. 122793, U.S.N.M.) were dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2805
350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
in 514 fathoms, on green mud bottom, in the Bay of Panama. One of these is a fragment containing the perfect tip and 10 whorls; the other is an adult shell having lost the first one and a half turns and having 13 whorls remaining, which measure—length, 10.3 mm.; diameter, 4.3 mm. We have figured the larger of these two. Cat. No. 251336, U.S.N.M., contains three young specimens, dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at sta- tion 2799, in 293 fathoms on green mud, in the Bay of Panama.
Sowerby’s type was collected by Cuming, in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, in 11 to 13 fathoms, in coarse sand.
NISC LOMANA, new species. Plate 49, fig. 4.
Shell large, broadly conic, yellowish-white. Early whorls well rounded, later ones flattened, separated by a decidedly channeled suture, narrowly shouldered at the summit and decidedly angulated at the periphery, marked only by feeble axial lines of growth. The summit of succeeding turns falls a little anteriorly to the angulated periphery and forms a channeled suture. Aperture of the type fractured.
The type (Cat. No. 251337, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries at station 4310 in 71 to 75 fathoms, off Point Loma, California, on green mud and fine sand bottom, bottom temperature 49.7°._ The type has lost the early whorls and the base. The nine whorls remaining measure—Length, 14.5 mm. The frag- ment of this large species, constituting the type, 1s so distinctive that there will be no difficulty in recognizing this species when found perfect. A second specimen (Cat. No. 211847, U.S.N.M.), which we believe to represent the tip of this species, has seven whorls and was dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 2901, in 48 fathoms, off Santa Rosa Island, California, on mud bottom, bottom temperature 55°.
NISO HIPOLITENSIS, new species. Plate 49, fig. 5.
Shell very small, elongate-conic, narrowly umbilicated. Tip yellowish-white, base white with a broad median brown band; anter- rior half of aperture white. Surface polished, marked by fine lines of growth only. Suture feebly impressed. Periphery of the last whorl angulated. Base short, well rounded. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, curved and slightly patulose; inner lip curved and revolute, almost covering the narrow umbilicus.
The type and another specimen (Cat. No. 127544, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill in shell washings, at San Hipolito Point, Lower California. The type has 10 whorls and measures— length, 3.1 mm.; diameter, 1.2 mm.
NO. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 851
We have seen the following additional specimens.
| Number of specimens. Collection of— 2 petaingne Locality. pe ee a ee ee = 7 Pe Pee ett, Mh eh ee led oe cuits ome date USN Mest osc Le ee ics San Diego, California. Le renee Sere cccesc clos Oldthydh aces cee eee \eheeeteoss Do. Pee cimineainwcwaaseessitecns Buttons 62 oss ee |eceeeeeeee San Hipolito Point, Lower California, collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill. Woe aw nine = wwine ena nine sienna Oldroyd-sasssseeeees \eoeegeeiaee Do. | a NISO IMBRICATA Sowerby.
Plate 48, fig. 6.
Eulima imbricata Sowersy, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 7=Niso imbricata Sowerby, Thes. Conch., 1854, p. 802, pl. 170, fig. 10.
‘“‘Acuminately pyramidal, whitish, longitudinally lineated with light red; whorls angulated below, prominent; umbilicus small;
aperture anteriorly angulated.
“Sancta Elena; in sandy mud, from 6 to 8 fathoms. (Mus. Cuming.) ”
I have not seen specimens of this species and quote the description and figure from Sowerby.
The type figured by Sowerby, in the Thesaurus, has 13 whorls and measures—length, 21 mm.; diameter, 7.7m.
NISO (7?) ANTISELLI Anderson and Martin. Plate 48, fig. 2 Niso (?) antiselli ANDERSON and Marti, Proc. Cala. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, ser. 4, 1914, p. 65, pl. 7, fig. 22.
‘Shell small, smooth, with six whorls; spire conical, upper whorls absent in the type-specimen; whorls nearly flat, tapering toward the apex, unsculptured; suture appressed; body-whorl sharply angulated at the periphery; base convex, with a distinct umbilicus; aperture quadrate; outer lip distinctly angulated, angle about 100°; inner lip thin, smooth; umbilical opening large but not extending to the apex of the shell.
“ Dimensions.—Altitude, apex broken, 7.5 mm.; latitude of the last whorl, 4 mm.
‘“‘Occurrence.—The type-specimen was obtained from the lower Miocene of eastern San Luis Obispo County, California, locality 125.
‘The living species of this genus are found in tropical and tem- perate seas. The placing of this species in the genus Niso is some- what doubtful. The umbilical opening does not extend to the apex of the shell; it is, however, much more pronounced than in any of the Eulimidae or Pyramidellidae and has therefore been classed as a Niso.
“ Type.—No. 135, Cal. Acad. Sci., on top of a hill in the southwest corner of the S. E. 4 of sec. 29, T. 28, S., R. 15 E., San Luis Obispo County, California.
352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
‘“‘Named in honor of Dr. Thomas Antisell, one of the early geol- ogists of California.” I have not seen a specimen of this species and quote the published text and figure. Genus STILIFER Broderip.
Stilifer Broperir, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832, p. 60. Type Stilifer astericola Broderip.
Melanellids with a mucronate apex, globular form, and the inner
lip not appressed or adnate to the attenuated base of the preceding
whorl. STILIFER ASTERICOLA Broderip.
Plate 49, fig. 2. Stilifer astericolus BRoDERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832, p. 60.
Shell large, globose, with a slender acuminate mucro, which is usually decollated; thin, semitransparent, bluish-white. Postnuclear whorls strongly inflated, marked by strong incremental lines which are almost threadlike and irregularly disposed. The appressed por- tion of the whorls appears as a bluish band. Body whorl slightly flattened in the middle. Periphery well rounded. Base short, strongly rounded, marked like the spire. Aperture large; posterior angle acute; outer lip very thin, strongly curved, and strongly pro- tracted in the middle to form a clawlike element; inner lip slender, strongly curved; parietal wall covered by a scarcely perceptible callus. Radula absent.
I have seen 16 specimens collected in the water-vascular system of starfish by the California Academy of Science Galapagos Expedition at Tagus Cove, Albermarle, Galapagos. Two of these are Cat. No. 322286 U.S.N.M. One of these, the specimen figured, has 54 whorls and measures—length, 8.6 mm.; diameter, 6.3 mm.
Broderip’s specimens were collected by Hugh Cuming at Hood Island, Galapagos, and I find the following interesting remarks on them in the publication cited:
“The arrival in this country of the shell above recorded, with the soft parts, has afforded data for a generic character indicating a dis- tinct family among the Pectinibranchiata, the form and disposition of whose mantle differs from that of any other genus in the order. This mantle (which in Stil. Astericola is of a green hue) is thick, fleshy, and cup-shaped, with a small aperture at its base and a free posterior margin enveloping the soft parts and the last whorls of the shell, which has thus somewhat the appearance of a small acorn set in its cup. On the ventral aspect of this mantle is the rudiment of a foot; and from the small basal aperture a retractile proboscis (which when exserted is as long as the whole animal) is protruded. At the base of this proboscis are two thick, round, somewhat pointed tentacula; and at the base of them are the eyes or rather ocular specks without pedi- cles. The branchia is placed on a single stem. At the base of the
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLIN MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 853
proboscis is a spherical muscular stomach, and the intestine ascends into the spire of the shell, where it becomes attached to the liver, which, in the present species, is of an orange colour.
“Mr. Cuming found this elegant parasite burrowed in different parts of the rays of the oral disk of Asterias solaris, Gray, where it is almost hidden from sight, so deeply does the animal penctrate into the substance of the Starfish, in which it makes a comfortable cyst for itself, wherein it most probably turns by the aid of its rudimentary foot. All the specimens infested with Stidifert appeared to be in the best health, though there is reason to believe that these Mollusca feed upon the juices of the Starfish. With that instinct of self-preserva- tion imparted to all parasites whose existence depends upon that of their nidus, the Siiifer, like the Jechnewmon among insects, appears to avoid the vital parts; for in no instance did Mr. Cuming find it em- bedded anywhere save in the rays, though some had penetrated at their base and very near the pelvis. When extracted the older shells have much the appearance of a milky, clouded, glass bubble; the younger shells are of an unclouded transparency.”’
Genus MUCRONALIA A. Adams.
Mucronalia A. ApAms. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 5, 1860, p.301. Type Mucronalia bicincta A, Adams.
Melanellids with mucronate apex, cylindric postnuclear spire and with the inner lip not appressed or adnate to the attenuated base of the preceding whorl.
MUCRONALIA? BATHYMETRAE Dall. Plate 49, fig. 3.
Stilifer (Mucronalia) bathymetrae Datu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
vol. 43, 1908, No. 6, pp. 317, 318. ** Mucronalia? HartLavs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, vol. 27, No. 4,
1895, p. 146, pl. 4, fig. 25.
“On a species of Bathymeira, dredged by the U.S. S. Albatross, at station 3381, off Malpelo Island, Gulf of Panama, in 1,772 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 37.2° F.
“In Hartlaub’s account of the crinoids of the Albatross above cited, he mentions and figures a species, referred by E. von Martens to Mucronalia, parasitic on a species of crinoid, later referred by Clark to Bathymetra. The specimen has not yet been submitted to the writer, and the figure is insufficient to base a specific description upon. It resembles Stilifer (Mucronalia) thomasiae Sowerby, of the West Indies, and is fixed to one of the arms of the crinoid. If the species is hereafter recovered, it might appropriately take the specific name of bathymetrae.”’
I have not seen a specimen of the species and quote the published text and figure.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17——-23
354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Genus LAMBERTIA Souverbie. Lambertia SOUVERBIE, Journ. de Conch., 1869, p. 420. Type Lambertia mon- trouzteri Souverbie.
Melancllids with mucronate apex, pupiform outline, and with the inner lip appressed to the attenuated base of the preceding whorl.
LAMBERTIA COOKEANA, new species. Plate 49, fig. 1.
Shell ovate, with a narrow cylindric mucro consisting of two turns, following these two turns, the whorls become decidedly gibbose and appressed at the summit. Surface of the whorls marked by exceed- ingly retractive lines of growth and very fine microscopic spiral stria- tions. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base moderately long, stout, curved, and revolute; parietal wall covered by a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 150869, U.S.N.M.) has four whorls in addition to the mucro, and measures—length, 3.7 mm.; diameter, 2 mm. It and 10 specimens were collected by Miss Cooke at San Hipolito Point, Lower California.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
Catalogue
Number of specimens. Collection of— Sumber Locality. DO ee etsen cesar se COOKG= sessaslensisiseeisioe| s merteteeie San Hipolito Point, Lower Califoroia. URW Maia | hiertn sie gis DS SNE es 215791 | Point Abreojos, ccllected by Mr. H. Hemphill.
Misc ueocnnecesmelecaenebicmecns Oldroydies. Se Besse |eanw sees eee Do
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Puate 34.
1. Melanella micans Carpenter, Fossil, Upper San Pedro Series, length 10.6 mm. 2. Melanella micans Carpenter, Fossil, ower San Pedro Series, length 10.2 mm. 3. Melanella micans Carpenter, Fossil, Upper San Pedro Series, length 11.2 mm. 4. Melanella micans Carpenter, Fossil, Upper San Pedro Series, length 12.7 mm. 5. Melanella micans Carpenter, a typical specimen, length 12.7 mm.
6. Melanella micans Carpenter, type, length 9.4 mm.
PLATE 35.
Melanella ochsnert Bartsch, topotype, length 8.3 mm.
. Melanella rutila Carpenter, type, length 6.8 mm.
. Melanella rutila Carpenter, Fossil, Lower San Pedro Series, length 5.8 mm . Melanella solitaria C. B. Adams, type, length 4.7 mm.
. Melanella dalli Bartsch, type, length 20 mm.
. Melanella rutila Carpenter, Fossil, Upper San Pedro Series, length 6.2 mm. . Melanella micans borealis Bartsch, type, length 11.3 mm.
PLATE 36.
. Melanella panamensis Bartsch, type, length 2.8 mm.
. Melanella monicensis Bartsch, type, length 8 mm.
. Melanella necropolitana Bartsch, type, length 7.5 mm.
. Melanella linearis Carpenter, length 2.6 mm.
. Melanella oldroydi Bartsch, Fossil, Upper San Pedro Series, length 7.8 mm . Melanella oldroydi Bartsch, type, length 9.2 mm.
. Melanella oldroydi Bartsch, Fossil, Lower San Pedro Series, length 8.1 mm.
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PLATE 37.
. Melanella californica Bartsch, type, length 6.2 mm. . Melanella baldra Bartsch, type, length 5.1 mm.
. Melanella compacta Carpenter, type, length 6.38 mm. . Melanella randolphi Vanatta, type, length 7 mm.
. Melanella mexicana Bartsch, type, length 6.4 mm.
. Melanella hemphilli Bartsch, type, length 8.3 mm.
PLATE 38.
. Melaneila retexia Carpenter, type, length 2.2 mm.
. Melanella pusilla Sowerby, type, length — mm.
. Melanella gabbiana Anderson and Martin, type, length 4 mm. . Melanella hastata Sowerby, cotype, length — mm.
. Melanella tacomaensis Bartsch, type, length 5 mm.
. Melanella hastata Sowerby, cotype, length — mm.
PLATE 39.
. Melaneila elodia de Folin, type, length 5 mm.
. Melanella (Balcis) draconis Bartsch, type, length 6.1 mm.
. Melanella recta C. B. Adams, type, length — mm.
. Melanella (Baleis) peninsularis Bartsch, type, length 5.2 mm. . Melanella producta Carpenter, type, length 3 mm.
. Melaneila (Balcis) montereyensis Bartsch, type, length 5.8 mm.
PuLaTe 40.
. Melanella (Balcis) townsendi Bartsch, type, length 3.8 mm. . Melanella (Bailcis) halia Bartsch, type, length 1.8 mm. . Melanella (Balcis) lastra Bartsch, type, length 4.1 mm.
Melanella abreojosensis Bartsch, type, length 3.1 mm. Melanella (Balcis) iota C. B. Adams, type, length 1.7 mm.
. Melanella (Balcis) cosmia Bartsch, type, length 2.7 mm.
. Melanella (Balcis) catalinensis Bartsch, type, length 5.2 mm. . Melanella (Balcis) arnoldi Bartsch, type, length 5.5 mm.
. Melanella (Balcis) yod Carpenter, type, length 0.9 mm.
Puate 41.
. Melanelia (Balcis) lowet Vanatta, type, length 6.85 mm.= Melanella (Balcis)
thersites Carpenter.
. Melanella (Balcis) thersites Carpenter, type, length 5.1 mm, »
Melanella (Balcis) bistorta Vanatta, type, length 5.9 mm.= Melanella (Bais) thersites Carpenter. Melanella (Balcis) comoxensis Bartsch, type, length 7.1 mm.
. Melanelia (Balcis) columbiana Bartsch, type, length 9.5 mm. . Melanella (Balcis) macra Bartsch, type, length 7.5 mm.
PLATE 42,
. Melanella (Balcis) adamantina de Folin, type, length 2.5 mm. . Melanella (Balers) taravali Bartsch, type, length 1.2 mm. . Melanella (Balcis) berryi Bartsch, type, length 6 mm.
Melanella (Balcis) prefaleata Bartsch, type, length 6.9 mm.
. Melanella (Balcis) grippi Bartsch, type, length 8 mm.
Melanella (Balcis) falcata Carpenter, type, length 7.6 mm.
356
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53%
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PLATE 43.
. Lulimostrace galapagensis Bartsch, type, length 3.8 mm. . Melanelia (Balcis) gibba de Folin, type, length 3 mm.
. Sabinella meridionalis Bartsch, type, length 3.9 mm.
. Sabinella chathamensis Bartsch, type, length 3.8 mm.
. Sabinella bakeri Bartsch, type, length 2.7 mm.
. Haliella chilensis Bartsch, type, length 5.5 mm.
. Sabinella opalina de Folin, type, length 9.5 mm.
. Haliella abyssicola Bartsch, type, length 10.4 mm.
PuatTe 44.
. Helieila lomana Dall, type, length 20.2 mm. . Sabinella (?) ptilocrinicola Bartsch, type, length 9.5 mm.
Puiate 45.
. Strombiformis alaskensis Bartsch, type, length 4.2 mm.
. Scalenostoma babylonia Bartsch, type, length 3 mm.
. Strombiforms riversi Bartsch, type, length 12 mm.
. Scalenostoma rangii de Folin, type, length 2.7 mm.
. Strombiformis californica Bartsch, type, length 11.5 mm.
PLATE 46.
. Strombiformis fuscostrigata Carpenter, type, length 4.7 mm. . Strombiformis panamensis Bartsch, type, length 6 mm.
. Strombiformis lapazana Bartsch, type, length 7.8 mm.
. Strombiformis townsendi Bartsch, type, length 11 mm.
. Strombiformis almo Bartsch, type, length 7 mm.
PLATE 47.
. Strombiformis proca de Folin, type, length 3.3 mm.
. Strombiformis acuta Sowerby, type, length — mm.
. Strombiformis elegantissima de Folin, type, length 5 mm. . Strombiformis hemphilli Bartsch, type, length 3.1 mm.
. Strombiformis burragei Bartsch, type, length 2.7 mm.
. Strombiformis varians Sowerby, cotype.
. Slrombiformis barthelowi Bartsch, type, length 5 mm.
. Strombiformis varians Sowerby, cotype.
Piate 48.
. Niso interrupta Sowerby, length 10.3 mm.
. Niso (?) antiselli Anderson and Martin, type, length 7.5 mm. . Niso interrupta Sowerby.
. Niso ercolpa Bartsch, type, length 17.5 mm.
. Niso splendidula Sowerby, type, length 38 mm.
. Niso imbricata Sowerby, type, length 21 mm.
PLatTe 49.
Lambertia cookeana Bartsch, type, length 3.7 mm. Stilifer astericola Broderip, length 8.6 mm. Mucronalia (?) bathymetrae Dall, type.
Niso lomana Bartsch, type, length, 14.5 mm. Niso hipolitensis Bartsch, type, length 3.1 mm.
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THE TYPE-SPECIES OF THE GENERA OF THE CYNI- POIDEA, OR THE GALL WASPS AND PARASITIC CYNIPOIDS.
By S. A. Romwer and Marcarer M. Facan, Of the Burcau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculiure.
PREFACE.
In recent years there has been considerable agitation, especially among economic and biological students, for the conservation of well-known generic names, but, if we can judge from the published expression of opinions, there is almost a balance between zoologists who favor conservation and those whe favor strict priority. One of the first steps toward stability in generic nomenclature is the determination and designation of the genotypes. In the following paper, which is a contribution from the Branch of Forest Insects, Bureau of Entomology, prepared under the writer’s direction, the genotypes of the Cynipoid genera are designated. All of the bib- hographical and clerical work connected with this paper has been done by Miss Margaret M. Fagan, but the writer has examined, assisted, and approved the nomenclatorial details. The nomencla- ture is based on the rules of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, and it is believed that the decisions as to genotypes will be supported, according to available evidence, by these rulings. Certain few questions concerning type fixation are not clearly covered by the International Code, and in these cases the decisions reached have been guided by the A. O. U. Code and consultation with Dr. Leonhard Stejneger and students in the Division of Insects of the United States National Museum.
The restriction of the two oldest generic names in the Cyni- poidea, Cynips and Diplolepis, has heretofore never been satisfac- torily determined. With Diplolepis especially has there been much uncertainty, as may be illustrated by the fact that in Catalogus Hymenopterorum Dalla Torre considers it a Chalcidoid, while in Das Tierreich, in conjunction with Kieffer, he places it among the gall-making Cynipoids. The literature on these two genera has been very carefully studied and it is believed that the decisions concerning them are correct. .That these and the other changes
are necessary is regrettable. S. A. Ronwen.
357
PROCEEDINGS U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2208.
358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 63.
INTRODUCTION.
The following is an alphabetical catalogue of the 255 genera of the Cynipoidea with the type-species of each genus. The original references to all the genera have been examined and it is believed that the list as here given is correct, and complete up to July 1, 1916, according to the literature received in the libraries at Wash- ington, District of Columbia.
The first attempt to fix genotypes of the genera of the Cynipoidea was made by Latreille in 1810, but as, unfortunately, he chose species not originally included, his type fixations are invalid. The next author to designate genotypes was Westwood, who, in 1840, designated types of the common British genera. Forster, in 1869, in his tabulation of the genera and species of gall-wasps, designated types for all the genera of Cynipoidea then known. In most cases of the older genera of the Cynipoidea his designation was correct, but in some cases, as Cynips, he chose as the type a species not originally included, so, according to present rulings, these designa- tions cannot be accepted. Ashmead, in his classification, 1903, chose types for most of the genera and most of his designations are valid. Dalla Torre and Kieffer, in 1910, give a list of the genera of the Cynipoidea with the species which were originally included and also the type designations which were given by the original describers. The present paper is, however, the first. comprehensive study of all the genera of the Cynipcidea with the idea of fixing the types from the purely nomenclatorial standpoint.
Up to the present Hartig’s first paper on the classification of the Cynipoidea’ has been given the date 1840. There is evidence, however, that Hartig finished the paper in May, 1839, and that it was reviewed by Erichson in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir 1840,? in con- nection with other entomological literature for the year 1839. It should, therefore, be given the date 1839. In the following list all of the new genera described in this paper are cited as 1839 in parentheses, followed by 1840, which indicates that 1840 is the date on the title page of the volume in which they appear.
The words “monobasic,” “ isogenotypic,” etc., have the same con- ception as that indicated in Bulletin 83, United States National Museum.
The method of treatment is as follows: First, the generic name; second, the author; third, the reference; fourth, the number of species originally included (unless monobasic); fifth, the type; sixth, synonymy (if genera are isogenotypic) ; seventh, the authority
4 Ueber die Famille der Gallwespen, Germar’s Entomologie, vol. 2, pp. 176-209. *Vol. 2, p. 272.
50. 2208. T'YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 359
for the type designation; eighth, a list of subsequent or erroneous designations, in brackets. We have placed in the paper all refer- ences to type fixation which we know and will welcome any addi- ‘tional designations. When the genotype is placed by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, in some genus other than the one of which it is the type, a reference to this position has been added.
Throughout the paper the following abbreviations of the more important papers dealing with type fixations are used :
Westwood, 1840.
For Westwoop, J. O., Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects, 1840, published as an appendix to An Introduction to the Modern Classifica- tion of Insects, vol. 2, London, 1840.
Forster, 1869.
For F6rster, ARNOLD, Ueber die Gallwespen.—Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien,
vol. 19, 18G9, pp. 327-370. Ashmead, 1903.
For AsHMEAD, W. H., Classification of the Gall-Wasps and the Parasitic Cynipoids, of the Superfamily Cynipoidea, Psyche, vol. 10, 1903, pp. 7-13, 59-73, 140-155.
Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910.
For Daria Torre, Kk. W. von, and Kierrer, J. J., Das Tierreich, 24 Lief-
erung, Berlin, 1910.
CATALOGUE OF GENERA.
Acanthaegilips ASHMEAD. Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 67. Type —Acanthacgilips braziliensis AsSHwEAD. {Monobasic.)} Acantheucoela ASIHMEAD. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1900, p. 333. Type.—Cynips armatus Cresson. (Monobasic and designated by Ash- mead, 19038, p. 67.) Acothyreus ASIIMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 157. Type.—Acothyreus osceola ASHMEAD. (Monobasic, original designation and 1903.) Acraspis Mayr. 20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, pp. 2, 29. (Two species.) Type—Cynips pezomachoides OSTEN-SACKEN. (Present designation.) Adieris FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 357. Type.—Adieris reclusa YOrsteER. (Monobasie and original designation.) Adleria, new name=(Cynips AuTiors, not LINNAEUS. Type.—Cynips kollari Harta. (See discussion under Cynips and Diplolepis.) Aegilips (Haliday) WALKER. Entom. Magaz., vol. 3, 1835, p. 160. Three species. Type.—Cynips nitidula Datman. (Designated by Westwood, 1840, Synop- sis, p. 5G, and Forster, 1869, p. 362) [Anacharis rufipes Westwood, des- ignated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 12, a subsequent designation. ]
860 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 63
Aglaotoma TGrster=(Crypteucoela Kirrrer).
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 384, 354.
Type.—Cothonaspis codrina Hartic. (Monobasie and original designa- tion.) Fdrster misidentified Hartig’s species and Kieffer proposed to restrict the genus Aglaotome to the species which Idrster had before him, which has been renamed as férsteri by Kieffer. This is not in accord with the rulings of the International Commission of Nomenclature (see Opinions 85). . (Aglaotoma Wieffer)=Aglaotomidea, n.n.
Aglaotomidea, new name (—Aglaotoma KIEFFER, not FORSTER).
Type.—Aglaotoma forsteri IK1EF¥FER (=codrina YOrster not Hartic). (See remarks under Agliaotoma Yorster.)
Agroscopa FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1S69, pp. 348, 352.
Type.—Agroscopa helgolandica Forster. (Monobasie and original desig- nation. )
{Genotype placed in Aphyoptera FoOrsTeER by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 198.]
Allocynips KIEFFER. Phil. Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 185. Type.—Allocynips ruficeps K1er¥rer. (Original designation and monobasic.) (Allotria WeEstTwoop, not Hinner, 181G)=Charips Hatipay. Magaz. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1833, p. 494. Type.—Allotria victriz WrEsTWoop. ({Monobasic.) Alloxysta FORSTER.
Verh. Zool._Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 338, 340.
Type.—Xystus macrophadnus Hartic. (Monobasie and original desig- tion.)
(Amblynotus Hartic) (=Scytodes Harric, not WALCKENAER, 1805) =Melanips (WALKER) GIRAUD.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 4, 1843, p. 419. =New name for Scytodes Harrie, 1840. not WALCKENAER, 1805.)
Type—Scytodes opacus Hartic. (Present designation.)
{Type.—Scytodes granulatus Hartig, teste Ashmead, 1903, p. 9; not one of the originally included species of Scytodes (included in vol. 3, 1841), but in the genus when new name was proposed, but can not be type because a new name takes type of old genus which must be an originally included species. ]
Isogenotypie with Melanips (Walker) Giraud.
(Ameristus FOrster)=Neuroterus Harric.
Verh. Zool._Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 333. (Two species.)
Type.—Necuroterus -politus Hartic. (Present designation.) Isogenotypic
with Neurolerus Hartig.
Amphibolips REINHARD. Berlin Entom. Zeitschr., vol. 9, 1865, p. 10. (Three species.) Type.—Cynips spongifica OSTEN-SACKEN. (Original designation). Amphithectus HanrtTic.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (18389) 1840, p. 203.
Type.—(Amphithectus dahlbohmii Hartic.) (Monobasic.) =Sarothrus areolatus HARrtTic.
{Genotype placed in Sarothrus Hartic by Dalla Torre and Nieffer, 1910, p. 74.]
Anacharis DALMAN. Anal. Entom., 1823, p. 96. Type.—Cynips ecucharioides DALMAN. (Monobasic.)
no. 2208. TYPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 861 Pe ae ne a ere ee reson ee
Anacharoides CAMERON, Ree. Albany Museum, vol. 1, 1903-06, p. 160. Type.—Anacharoides striaticeps CAMERON, (Monobasic.) Andricus Harric. ;
Zeitschr, f. Entom., vol. 2 (1889), 1840, pp. 185, 190. Nine species.
Type.—(Andricus noduli Haptic.) (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 330.) = Andricus trilincatus Hanria.
Anectoclis FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 345, 359. Two species,
Type.—Anccioclis indagatriz Forster. (Original designation.) [Mucocla filicornis Thomson, designated by Cameron 1889.]
Anolytus IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 363, 365.
Type.—Anolytus rujipes F6rster. (Monobasie and original designation.)
[Type—Onychia biusta Haliday, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 11, a subsequent designation. ]
Antistrophus WALSH. Amer. Entomol., vol. 2, 1869, p. 74. Type.—Antistrophus ligodesmiac-pisum Wasa. (Monobasic.) Aphelonyx Mayr. 20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, pp. 5, 29. Type.—Cynips cerricola Grraup, (Monobasic.) Aphiloptera FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 348, 351. Two species, Type.—Aphiloptera anisomera Forster. (Original designation. } Aphilothrix FOrsTErR.
Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 336.
Type.—Cynips corticis LINNAEUS. (Monobasic and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Andricus by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 477.]
Aphyoptera IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 348, 351.
Type.—Aphyoptera inustipennis Forster. (Monobasic and original desig- nation. }
(Apistophyza FGrster)=Glauraspidia THOMSON.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 351.
Type.—(Coihonaspis microptcra Hartic.) (Monobasie and original desig- nation.) = Glauraspidia subtilis DAnHLBoM. Isogenotypic through syn- onymy with Glauraspidia Thomson.
(Apophyllus Hartic)=Biorhiza WrEstwoop. Zeitschr. f, Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 185. Type.—Cynips aptera Fasrictus. (Monobasic.) Isogenotypie with Biorhiza Westwood. Aporeucoela IXIEFFER.
Ann. Soe. Sci. Brux., vol. 32, 1908, p. 49.
Type.—A poreucocla fuscipes KIEFFER. (Monobasic.) Arhoptra WIerrer.
Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 161. (Two species.)
Type.—LEucoila mclanopoda Cameron. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 62.)
Asclepiadiphila ASMMEAD.
Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 263.
Type.—Ascicpiadiphila stephanotidis ASHMEAD. (Monobasic)
[Genotype placed in Aylar by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. G77.)
~~
362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Aspicera DAHLBOM (—Onychia (Haripay) WALKER, not Hiener, 1816) (=Bellona GIRAUD. )
Onychia and Callaspidia, 1842, p. 6.
Type.—(Cynips ediogaster Panzer) =(Tenthredo) Aspicera scutellata (Vu- LERS).
{A new name for Onychia (Haliday, Walker), not Hiibner, and takes same type as genus for which it was proposed.] Isogenotypic with Bellona Giraud.
Aulacidea ASHMEAD. Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. GS. Many species, only one named. Type.—Aulaz nuulgediicola ASHMEAD. (Present designation.) Auloxysta THOMSON.
Opuse. entom., P. 8, 1877, p. 811. Seven species.
Type.—Aulorysta stricta THomSoN. (Present designation.)
{Genotype placed in Phaenoglyphis Forster by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 294.]
Aylax THartTIic.
Zeitschr. f. Ent., vol. 2, (1839) 1840, pp. 195-G. Eight species.
Type.—Cynips riocados BoucHt. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 213.)
{Dalla Torre and NWieffer treat this as questionably the same as papaveria (Perris) .]
Balna CAMERON. Biol. Centr.-Amer., P. 27, 1883, p. 74, Hymen. I. Type.—Balna nigriceps CAMERON. (Monobasic.) Bassettia ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 146. Two species.
Type.—Basseittia floridana ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903. p. 155.)
(Bathyaspis I'OrstTEr) =Pediaspis TISCHBEIN.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 332.
Type.—(Bathyaspis accris Forster.) (Monobasie and original designa- tion.) =(Cynips) Pediaspis accris (GMELIN). Isogenotypic through synonymy with Pediaspis Tischbein.
Belenocnema Mayr. 20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, p. 4, 16. Type.—Belenocnema treatae Mayr. (Monobasic.)
{Bellona Grraup)=Aspicera DANLBOM.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 10, 1860, p. 156 (not Rechb. 1852, Birds).
Type.—(Cynips ediogaster PanzErR)=ASpicera scutcllata (VILLERS). An uncalled for new name for Onychia Westwood, not Hiibner. Isogenotypic with Aspiccra Dahlbom.
Biorhiza Wesrwoop=(Apophyllus Hartic—Heterobius Gufrin).
Introd. Mod. Classific. Insect. II, Synopsis, 1840, p. 56.
Type.—Cynips aptera Farricius. (Monobasiec and original designation. ) According to our present knowledge of the date of publication of Biorhiza
it would be necessary to consider it a synonym of Apophyllus. This we
hesitate to do because of Erichson’s statement (Wiegmann’s Archiv Naturg., vol. 2, 1840, p. 274), which quotes Apophyllus as a synonym of Biorhiza and indicates that the name was proposed prior to the Synopsis. We there- fore prefer to leave the date of publication of Biorhiza open to future investigations.
Bothrioxysta IXIEFFER. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz (2), vol. 10, 1901, p. 9. Five species Type.—Aulorysta nigripes THomson. (Present designation.)
xo. 2208. T7YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & HAGAN. 363
Bothrochacis CAMERON. Records Albany Museum, vol. 1, 1903-06, p. 163. Type.—Bothrochacis erythropoda CAMERON. (Monobasic.) Caleucoela ISiEFFER. Bull. Soe. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 26, 1909, p. 62. Type.—Caleucoela striatipennis KieErrer. (Monobasic.) Callaspidia DAHLBOM. Onychia and Callaspidia, 1842, p. 10. Two species. Type.—Callaspidia de fonscolombei DAHLBOM. (Present designation.) Callirhytis FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 335. Type.-—Calliriytis hartigi Forster. (Monobasie and original designation.} Calofigites KIEFFER. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 26, 1909, p. 93. Type.—Calojigites nitidus KieEFrFER. (Monobasic.) Cecconia WIEFFER. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 22, 1902, pp. 7, 93. Type.—Aulaz valerianellae THomson. (Monobasie and original designa- tions. ) Ceroptres Harric. Zeitschr, f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 186. Two species. Type.—Ceroptres clavicornis Hantic. (Designated by Férster, 1869, p. 364.) Charips (HaLipAy) MarsHaLtt=(Allotria Werstwoop, not Hipner, 1816). Entom. Mon. Mag., vol. 6, 1870, p. 181. Type.—Charips microcera (HaALIpAY) MarsHALt. (Monobasic.) Chilaspis Mayr. 20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, pp. 6, 32. Type.—Andricus nitida Grraup. (Monobasic.) Chrestosema IFOrSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 355. Type.—Chrestosema erythropa Forster. (Monobasic and original desig nation.) Cliditoma FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 348. Five species. Type.—Cothonaspis geniculatus Hartia. (Original designation.) [Genotype placed in Kleidotoma by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 205.} Coelonychia KIEFFER. Wiss. Ergebn, Deutschr. Zentr. Afr. Exped. 1907-08, vol. 3, 1910, p. 19. Type.—Coclonychia spinosipes IKiEFFER. (Monobasic.) Compsodryoxenus ASHMEAD. Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, 1896, p. 128. Two species. Type.—Compsodryoxrenus maculipennis ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashb- mead, 1903, p. 155.) — Coneucoela JXIEFFER. Reise in Ostafrika v. A. Voeltzk, vol. 2, 1910, p. 534. Type.—Concucoela gracilicornis Kirrrer. (Monobasic.) Coptereucoila ASHMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 151. Type.—Coptereucoila americana AsuMEAD. (Monobasic.) =(Kleidotome ashmeadi KIEFFER.)
{Genotype placed in Kleidotoma by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 208.]
364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Cothonaspis Harrie. Zeitschr. f, Entom., vol. 2, (1889) 1840, p. 186. Fourteen species. Type.—Cothonaspis pentatoma Hartic. (Designated by Forster, 1869,
p. 348.)
{Type.—Cothonaspis scutellaris Hartig, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 67.]
[Genotype placed in Pentamerocera by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 148.]
(Crypteucoela Kirrrer)=Aglaotoma TGRsTeER.
Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur., vol. 7, pl. 2, 1904, p. 618. Two species.
Type.—Cothonaspis codrina Hartic. (Present designation.)
Isogenotypie with Aglaotoma Forster.
Cynips LINNAEUS=(Dryophanta TGrRsTER).
Syst. Nat., ed. 10a, vol. 1, p. 348, No. 12; p. 553, No. 213.
Type.—Cynips quercus-folii LINNAEUS. (Designated by Westwood, 1840, Synopsis, p. 56.) Morice and Durrant 1915 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 431, state that Lamarck in 1801 chose quercus-folii Linnaeus as type of Cynips. With this we can not agree as we do not believe that Lamarck or most of the other old writers’ examples are any more than illustrations of the various genera. They therefore can not be accepted as type desig- nations by the International Code, which says, “The meaning of the expression ‘ select a type’ is to be rigidly construed. Mention of a species as an illustration or example of 2 genus does not constitute a selection of a type.”
{Cynips tinctoria Linnaeus (Forster, 1869) ; Cynips quereus-radicis Fabri- cius (Curtis, 1838); Cynips argentata Hartig (Ashmead, 1908); Dip- lolepis bedeguaris Fabricius (Latreille, 1810). None of these originally included. Cynips quercus-gemmae Linnaeus (Iarsch 1880). It is doubt- ful if this is type designation.] Isogenotypiec with Dryophanta Forster.
(Cynips AuTHoRS)=Adleria, new name. Dallatorrella IXIErrer. Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., vol. 41, 1909, p. 244. Type.—Dallatorrella rubriventris KiEFFER. (Monobasic.) Diastrophus Harrie. Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (1839) 1840, p. 1S6. Type.—Diastrophus rubi Hartic. (Monobasic.) Diceraea IORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 364, 367. Type.—Tligites urticcti DAHLBoM. Monobasic and original designation.) Dicerataspis ASIIMEAD. Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1895, p. 744. Type.—Diccrataspis grenadensis ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) Didictyum RILey.
Amer. Entomol., vol. 3, 1880, pp. 52, 293.
Type—Didictyum sigzag Rirey. (Monobasic.)
[Genotype placed in Hezaplasta by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 117.)
Dieucoila ASHMEAD. ;
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1903, p. 222.
Type.—Dicucoila subopaca ASHMEAD. (Monobasic and original desig- nation. )
Diglyphosema FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 345. Type.—Diglyphosema ecupetorit Pérster. (Monobasic.)
no. 2208. TYPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 365 Diholocynips, new name =—(Holocynips Wierrer, 1916, not 1910).
Phil. Journ. Sci., vol. 11, 1916, p. 284-285.
Type.—Holocynips nigra IXIErFER. (A new name takes same species for
type.)
Dilyta TOrsTeR.
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 33S, 340.
Type.—Dilyta subclavata Forster. (Monobasie and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Allorysta by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 255.]
Dimicrostrophis ASHMEAD. Provancher, 1886, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., p. 160, 172. Type. — Dinicrostrophis ruficornis ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Genotype placed in Lucocla by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 177.] Diplolepis Gorrrroy (—Rhodites Hartic). Hist. Ins., vol. 2, 1762, p. 308. (Six species by number, the second is in bibliography by reference mentioned by name.) Fourcroy, 1785, Ent. Paris, p. 391. (Gives names to Geofiroy’s six species.) Type.—Cynips rosae LINNAEUS. (Designated by Karsch, 1880.) [Cynips quercus-folii Fabricius, designated by Latreille, 1810, p. 486, not origi- nally included. ]
Note.—Karsch, 1880, Zeit. Gam. Naturh., p. 288, contends that Geoffroy fixed Cynips rosac Linnaeus, as the type of Dipiolepis and in his (IKarsch’s) discussion he indicates that he approves of this designation. Geoffroy does not, in our opinion, designate the type. We consider that “C'est ce qui nous a porté 4 distinguer cet insect et 4 en former un genre separé” refers to the characters rather than a species. There is also some slight doubt whether the implied approval by Karseh of the supposed designation of type by Geoffroy can be considered as type designation for Diplolepis. Therefore, inasmuch as there is no other type designation for Diplolepis we chose as the type of this genus Cynips rosae Linnaeus. This designa- tion can also be supported by the fact that rosae is, through the bibliography of species No. 2, the only species in the original description of Diplolepis which is mentioned by name. Westwood (Zool Journ., vol. 55 (4182S), 1829, pp. 9-16) gives many reasons for suppressing Geoffroy’s name, and, as with many authors, even Latreille considers Diploicpis Geoffroy a synonym of Cynips Linnaeus. It is much to be regretted that these authors did not designate types so it would have been possible to follow their con- clusions. We regret very much that Karsch’s paper makes it impossible for us to agree with the restriction of Diplolepis used by Dalla Torre and Kieffer in Das Tierreich. Isogenotypie with Rhodites Hartig.
Diranchis IFORSTER. Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 360. Type.—Diranchis copulata Forster. (Monobasic and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Cothonaspis by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p.
124.)
Disholcaspis DALLA TorrRE and KiEFFER=(Holeaspis Mayr, 1881, not Cmaupore, 186- a} Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 371. Type.—Callaspidia quercus-globulus VFiTcnH. Disorygma I ORSTER. Verh. Zool._Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 346. Two species. Type.—Disorygma divulgata Forster. (Original designation.) Dissodontaspis KIEFFER. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 26, 1909, p. 59. Type.——Dissodontaspis flavipes IXte¥FERX. (Monobasic.)
366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Ditrupaspis KIEFFER. Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Zentr. Afr. Exped., 1907-8, vol. 3, 1910, p. 18. Type.—Ditrupaspis semirufa KIEFFER. (Monobasic.) Dolichostrophus ASHMEAD. Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., vol 14, 1887, p. 129, nota. Type.—Cynips quercus-irregularis OSTEN-SACKEN. (Monobasie and originai designation.) [Cynips quercus-majalis Bassett, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 151.] [Genotype placed in Newroterus by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 335.] Dryocosmus GIRAUD. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 9, 1859, p. 353. Type.—Dryocosmus cerriphilus GirauD. (Monobasie.) (Dryophanta IlORSTER)=Cynips LINNAEUS. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 335. Type.—Cynips quercus-folii LINNAEUS. (Monobasic and original designa- tion.) Isogenotypic with Cynips Linnaeus, Dryorrhizoxenus ASHMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 9, 1881, p. xxv. Type.—(Dryorrhizorenus floridanus ASHMEAD.) (Monobasic.) =Belenoc- nema treatae Mayr. [Genotype placed in Belenocnema by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 724.] Dryoteras FOrsTER=(Teras Harrtic, 1839, not TREITSCHKE, 1829). Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 334. Type.—(Cynips terminalis Yasricus.) (Original designation.) =Diplolepis pallida Oxrivier. [Genotype placed in Biorhiza by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 398.) Ectolyta FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 347. Type.—Cothonaspis incrassata THomson. (Monobasic and original desig- nation.) Entropha IGRSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 334. Type.—Hntropha lissonota Forster. (Monobasiec and original designation. } [Genotype placed in Dryccosmus by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p 381.] Episoda IORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 353. Type.—Hpisoda xanthoneura Worster. (Monobasie and origina) designa tion.) Erisphagia FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1569, pp. 342, 347. Two species. Type—Hucoela depilis Giraup. (Original designation.) [Hucoela curte Giraud, designated by ASHMEAD, 1903, p. 61.] Eschatocerus MAYR. 29 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez, Wien, 1881, pp. 3, 9, 13. Type.— Eschatocerus acaciae Mayr. {Monobasic.) (Eubothrus IlOrsTER)=Isocolus FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19,. 1869, pp. 331, 336. Type.—Diastrophus scabiosae GirauD. (Monobasie and original designa tion.) [Genotype placed in Aylax by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p 665.] Isogenotypice with Jsecolus YWoérster. Euceroptres ASIUMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 23, 1896, p. 187. Type.—Euceroptres primus ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Genotype placed tn Ceroptres by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 645.]
xo. 2208, TYPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 3867
Eucoela WESTWOOD. Magaz. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1833, p. 494. Type.—Lucocla crassinervis Westwoop. (Monobasic.) [Cothonaspis cubt- talis Hartig, designated by FérsteEx, 1869, p. 357.) Eucoilidea ASHMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 154. Two species. Type.—LEucoilidea canadensis ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 60.) Eumayria ASHMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 147. Type.—LEumayria floridana ASHMEAD, (Monobasic.) Eutrias FORSTER. Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1SG9, pp. 344, 357. Type.—Zucocla tritoma Tuomson, (Monobasic and original designation.) Figites LATREILLE. Hist. Nat. Crust. et Insect. vol. 3, 1802, p. 307. Three species. Type.—Cynips scutellaris Rossi. (Designated by Latreille, 1810, p. 436.) Figitodes ASHMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 150. No species. ASHMEAD, Psyche, vol. 10, 1903, p. 11. One species. Type.—Diplolepis quinquelineatus Say. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 11.) [Genotype placed in Aspicera by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 57.] (Fioria KIeErFer, not SitvestTri, 1S9S)=Fioriella NieFFer. Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1903, p. 31. Type.—Callirhytis marianit IKTEFFER (agamie form.) Callirhytis meunieri KIXIEFFER (sexual form.) (Original designation.) Fioriella Kierrer=(Fioria KIgrFer, not SrtLvestTri, 1898). Buil. Soe. Ent. France, 1903, p. 95. Type —Callirhytis marianii Kierrern (agamic form.) Callirlytis meuniers IXIEFFER (sexual form), (Original designation.) Frireniella KIEFFER. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, 1909, p. 64. Type.—lrireniclla bisulcata KiYEFFER. (Monobasic.) Ganaspis IORSTER. Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges, Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 355. Type.—Ganaspis mundata F6rstErR. (Monobasic and original designation. } Gillettea ASUMEAD. Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 69. Type.—Gillctica tarazaci ASHMEAD. (Monobasic and original designation.) [ Genotype placed in Aylaz by Dalla Torre ond Kieffer, 1910, p. G65. Glauraspidia THomMson=(Apistophyza FORSTER). Ofvers. Svensk, Vet.-Akad. Férh., vol. 18, 1861, pp. 307 and 401. Type.—Lucoela subtilis DAHLBoM. (Monobasic.) (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 351. ([Glauraspidia parva Thomson, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 63, not original?y included.] Isogenotypic with Aspistophjza Forster. Glyptoxysta THOMSON. Opuse. entom. P. 8, 1877, p. 811. Two species. Type.—Glyptorysta sranthocephala THomson. (Present designation.) Gonaspis ASHMEAD, Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 68. Two species. Type.—Diastrophius scutellaris Giirerre. (Original designation.)
368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Gonieucoela KIEFFER. Entom. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 113. Type.—Gonicucoela bilobata KieEFFER. (Monobasic.)} Gronotoma IORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 346. Two species. Type.—Gronotoma sculpturata Forster. (Original designation.) Hemicrisis IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 838, 3389.
Type.—Hemicrisis ruficornis Forster. (Monobasie and original designa- tion.)
Heptameris lORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 350.
Type.—Eucocla pygmaca DaHLBomM. (Monobasic and original designation.) Heptamerocera ASHMEAD.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, pp. 7, 60. Seven species.
Type.—Heptameroccra robusta ASHMEAD. (Original designation.) [{Geno- type placed in Rhoptromeris by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 163.]
Heptaplasta IX1EFFER.
Feuille Jeune Natural., vol. 81, 1901, p. 173. Two species.
Type.—Heptamerocera aliena ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 67.)
(Heterobius GuERIN)=Biorhiza WeEsTWoop.
Rev. Mag. Zool. (ser. 2), vol. 18, 1865, p. 188.
Type.—Cynips aptera Bosc. (Monobasiec, as Cynips aptcra Bose is the same as aptera Fabricius. _ lsogenotypic with Biorhiza Westwood.
Heterocynips KIEFFER. Boll. Soe. Ent. Ital., vol. 41, 1909, pp. 247 and 252. Type.—Hcterocynips rujipes IWiEFFER. (Monobasic.) Hexacharis NIEFFER. Entomol. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 142. Type.—Hexacharis flavipes IIEFFER. (Monobasic.) Hexacola FGrster. (=—Hexaplasta lOrsTeEr.)
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 342, 349.
Type.—LEucocla picicrus Girraup. (Monobasic and original designation.) [Kleidotoma hexatoma Thomson was chosen by Ashmead, 1903, p. 62, as the type of Hezacola and is apparently the species which Fdérster had under the name Eucoela picicrus Giraud, but this can not be used as the type, because Forster definitely chose Hucoela picicrus Giraud and not Eucocla picicrus, as determined by himself. Hexacoia of Forster's description and of subsequent authors is to be known as Kleidotomidea, which see.]
Hexamerocera KIEFFER. Feuille Jeune Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 175. Fifteen species. Type.—Eucoela rufiventris Giraup. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 66.) (Hexaplasta FOrsTER) =Hexacola FOrsTER, genotype, not description.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 845, 359. Two species,
Type.—Cothonaspis heratoma Hartic. (Original designation.) [C. hexa- toma Hartig is, according to Das Tierreich, p. 114, congeneric with Eucocla picicrus Giraud, the genotype of Hexacola Forster.]
(Holeaspis Mayr, not CHauporm, 18G6-, Col.)=Disholeaspis Darra Torre and ISIEFFER.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 18S1, p. 35. Three species.
Type.—Cynips quercus-globulus Wircu. (Designated by Asbmead, 1903, p. 153.)
wo. 2208. 7'YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 369
SPE ee Se A ee eee Holocynips KIEFFER. Boll. Lab. Portici, vol. 4, 1910, p. 114. Type.—Holocynips emarginata KrerFer. (Monobasic.) (Holocynips Kirrrer, 1916, not 1910)=Diholocynips, new name. Phil. Journ. Sci., vol. 11, 1916, p. 284-5. Type.—Holocynips nigra Wierrer. (Original designation and monobasic.) Hololexis lORsTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 333. Type.—Hololexis rujipes Forster. (Monobasic and original designation.) [Genotype placed in Rhodites by Dalla Torre ond Kieffer, 1910, p. 714.1] Homorus FOrstTer. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 363, 366. Type.—Figitcs abnormis Giraup. (Monobasie and original designation.) [Genotype placed in Figites by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 83.) Hypodiranchus ASHMEAD. Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 1, 1901, p. 303. Two species. Type.—Hypodiranchis hawaiiensis ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 67.) Hypolethria IOrsTer. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 355. Type.—Cothonaspis mclanoptera Hanrtia. (Monobasic and original desig- nation.) Thalia LATREILLE= (Sagaris PANZER). Hist. Nat. Crust. et Insect., vol. 3, 1802, p. 306. Type.—(Ophion culteliator Fasricius.) (Monobasic.) =Ichneumon leuco- spoides HOCHENWARTH. Isogenotypic with Sagaris Panzer. Idiomorpha TF OrstTEr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 353. Type.—Idiomorpha mclanocera Forster. (Monobasic and original desig nation.) {socolus FirsteER=(Eubothrus FOrstTer). Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 334. Type.—Diastrophus scabiosac Giraup. (Monobasic and original desig- nation.) [Genotype placed in Aylag by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 65]. Isogenotypie with Lubothrus Yorster. (Kiefferia AsirMEaApD, not Mix, 1895)=Kiefferiella ASHMEAD. Psyche, vol. 10, 1903, p. 10. Type.—Kiefferia rugosa ASHMEAD. (Original designation.) Kiefferiella ASHMEAD=(Kiefferia ASHMEAD, not MIK). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 221. Type.—Nicfferia rugosa ASHMEAD. (Monobasic and original designation.) Kleidotoma WESTWoopD. Magaz. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1833, p. 494. Type.—Klcidotoma psildides Westwoop. (Monobasic.) Kleidotomidea, new name. (=—Hexacola Tirsrer description and Authors, but not of Genotype.) Type.—Klecidotoma hexatoma Tuomson. See Remarks under Texacols and Iieraplasta. Lambertonia KIEFFER. Bull. Soe. Ent. France, 1901, pp. 158, 159. Three species. Type.—Lambertonia abnormis WKierrer. (Designated by Ashmend, 1903, p. 215.)
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——24
370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Leptopilina FOrsTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 348. Type.—Cothonaspis longipes Hartic. (Monobasic and original designa- tion.) Liebelia IK1EFFER. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1903, p. 31. No species. Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt., vol. 3, 1908, p. 110. Redescribed as new genus and species. Type.—Licbelia cavarac WieFFEr. (Monobasic.) Liodora FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 334. Type.—Liodora sulcata YoOrstTeR. (Monobasie and original designation.) [Genotype placed in Diplolepis by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 342.] Liopteron PErRTY. Delect. anim. artic. Brazil, 1833, p. 140. Type.—Liopteron compressum PErRtTy. (Monobasic.) Liposthenes IORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 336. Type—(Aulaxz glechomae WHartic.) (Monobasic and original designa- tion.) =Aulasx latreillci IIEFFER.
In designating glechomae as the type of aguerh eae Forster fortunately chose to follow the interpretation of this species as used by Hartig, which has been renamed latreillei by Kieffer, which makes it possible to use this name as Forster’s characters indicate he intended it should be used, but Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. G68, have placed the genotype in Aulaz.
Lonchidia THOMSON. Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Férh., vol. 18, 1861, p. 418. Three species. Type.—Figiics maculipennis DaHLbom. (Designated by Férster, 1869, p. 364.) Loxaulus Mayr. 20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1SS1, pp. 8, 12, 33. Type.—Cynips quercus-mammula BAssreTr. (Monobasic.) Lytorhodites IXIEFrer. Bull. Soe. Hist. Nat. Metz, (2) vol. 10, p. 96. Six species. Type.—Rhodites arcfactus GILLETTE. (Present designation.) Lytosema KIEFFER. Feuille Jeunes Natural, vol. 31, 1901, p. 162. Three species. Type.—LHucoela guerinti DAHLBoM. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 67.) Lytoxysta KIEFFER. Nat. Zeitschr. Forst.-Landw. Jahrg. 7, 1909, p. 479. One species, one variety. Type.—Lytoxrysta brevipalpis KteErrer. (Present designation.) Macrocereucoila ASHMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1SS7, p. 153. Type.—Aacrocereucoila longicornis ASHMEAD, (Monobasic.) Manderstjernia RaposzKowskI. Bull. Soe., natural. Mosceu, vol. 39, 1886, p. 304. Type.—(Manderstjernia paradoxra Raposzkowski.). (Monobasic.) =Cynips albopunctata SCHLECHTENDAL. [Genotype placed in Andricus by Dalla Torre and Iieffer, 1910, p. 490.1]
xo. 2208. T’YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER «& FAGAN, 371
Megapelmus Harric. Zeitsechr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (1839) 1840, p. 186. Type.—(Mcgapelmus spheciformis Hartic.) (Monobasic.) =Anacharis typica Waker. [Type.—IMJegapelmus ensifer Walker. (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 861.)] [Genotype placed in Anacharis by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 3S.] Melanips (WALKER) Grraup=(Amblynotus Harrie). WaLkeErR, Entom. Magaz., vol. 3, 1835, p. 161. No species, Giraub, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 10, 1860, p. 168. Seven species. Type.—Scytodes opacus Hartic. (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 367.) Isogenotypie with Amblynotus Hartig. Mesocynips CAMERON. Journ. Royal Asiat. Soc., 1903, p. 91. Type.—Mesocynips insignis CAMERON. (Monobasic.) Microstilba FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 346. Three species. Type.—Microstilba bidenitata FOrstTER. (Original designation. ) Miomoera FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 3438, 352. Type.—AJlioncctis aberrans F6Orster. (Monobasic and original designation.) Miteucoela KIEFFER. Entom. ZeitSchr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 113. Four species. Type.—Aliteucoela nigriceps WiEFFER. (Present designation.) Moneucoela DALLA ToRRE and KIEFFER. Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 103. Two species. Type.—Diranchis grenadcensis ASHMEAD. (Present designation.) Nedinoptera FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 359. Type.—Kleidotoma halophila TuHomson. (Monobasic and original desig- nation.) Nephycta TOxrstTer. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 338, 339. Type—Nephiycta discreta Forster. (Morobasic and original description.) Neralsia CAMERON. Biol. Centr.-Amer., P. 27, Hymen. I, 1883, p. 74. Type.—Neralsia rufipes CAMERON. (Moncbasic.) Nesodiranchis PERKINS. Fauna Hawaiiensis, Hym. Suppl., 1910, p. 668. Type.—Cothonaspis (Nesodiranchis) ashmeadi Perkins. (Monobasic.) Neuroterus Hartic=(Ameristus I°OrRSTER). Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1889), 1840, pp. 185, 192. Five species. Type.—Neuroterus politus Hartic. (Designated by Beutenmiiller, 1910.) Isogenotypie with Ameristus Forster. Oberthirella SAUSSURE. Hist. Madagascar, vol. 20, pl. 20, fig. 8, 1890. Type.—Obcrihiirella lenticularis SaAussctre. (Monobasic.) Odonteucoila ASHMEAD. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 222. Type.—Odontcucoila chapadac ASHMEAD, (Monobasic.) Odontocynips KIEFFER. Boll. Lab. Portici, vol. 4, 1910, p. 112. Type.—Odontocynips nebulosa Kierrer. (Monobasic.)
.
372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Odontosema KIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 26, 1909, p. 5S.
Type.—Odontosema albinerve Krerrer._ (Monobasic.) Omalaspis GIRAUD.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 10, 1860, p. 155.
Type.—Omalaspis noricus Grraup. (Monobasic.)
[Type.—Figites niger Hartig, designated by Forster, 1869.] Omalaspoides HEDICKE.
Entomol. Mitteilungen, vol. 2, 1913, p. 146. Two species.
Type.—Omalaspoides Ictzneri HepicKe. (Original designation.) Onychia (Hatmay) Westwoop (not Hiner, 1816)—Aspicera DAHLBOM.
Magaz. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1833, p. 494.
Type.—(Cynips ediogaster Panzer.) (Monobasic.)=Aspicera scuteliata
(VittERS). Isogenotypic with Aspicera Dahlbom.
Panteliella KIEFFER.
ANDRE, 1902, Spec. Hym. Eur., Algeria, vol. 7, p. 324.
Type.—Aulagx fedtschenkoi (RttsaaMEN). (Monobasic.) Peramblynotus CAMERON.
The Entom., vol. 41, 1908, p. 299. ‘Two species.
Type.—Paramblynotus punctulatus Casreron. (Present designation.)
Paramiomoea ASIMEAD. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, pp. 751, TT4, T78. Type.—Paramiomoeca heptatoma ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Genotype placed in Miomoera Forster, by Dalla Torre and Nieffer, 1910, p. 183.) Parandricus KIEFFER. Marcellia, vol. 5, 1906, p. 102. Type.—Parandricus mairet KrerFer. (Monobasic.) Paraspicera IXIEFFER. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 152. Type.—Paraspicera bakeri Kierrer. (Monobasic.) Parateras ASHMEAD. Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 262. Type.—Parateras hubbardi AsHmrap. {(Monobasic.)
Paraulax KIEFFER. Bull. Soc. Nat. Metz, vol. 11, 1904, p. 59. Type.—Paraulaz perplezus WKierrer. (Monobasic.) Pediaspis TiscuBeInN=(Bathyaspis FORSTER). Stettin. entom. Zeitg., vol. 13, 1852, p. 141. Type.—Pediaspis sorbi TiscHBEIN. (Monobasic.) Isogenotypic with Bathyaspis Wérster through synonymy. Pentacrita IORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 349. Four species. Type.—Cothonaspis retusa Hartic. (Original designation.) [Type.—Fucoela cordeta Giraud, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 62.} Pentamerocera ASHMEAD. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 774. Seven species. Type.—Pentamerocera angularis ASHMEAD. (Original designation.) Pentaplasta KIEFFER. Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 160. Type.—-Pentacrita cozalis AsHMEAD. (Monobasic.)
xo. 2208. T'YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 378
Pentarhoptra KIEFFER. Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol, 31, 1901, pp. 172, 173. ‘Two species, Type.—LHucocla tomentosa Giraup. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 68.) Peras WESTWOOD. Mag. de Zool., vol. 7, 1837, pl. 179, Classe IX. Type.—Peras nigra Wrstwoop. (Monobasic.) Periclistus FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot Ges. Wien, vol, 19, 1869, pp. 332, 337. Type.—Aular ceninae Harrie. (Monobasic and original designation. } Pezophycta FORSTER. Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 338, 339. Type.—Xystus brachypterus Harrie. (Monobasic and original designa- tion.) Phaenoglyphis OxsTeER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges, Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 338. Type.—Phaenoglyphis cvanthochroa Worster. (Monobasic and original designation.) Phanacis FORSTER. Verh, naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheini., vol. 17, 1860, p. 145. Type.—Phanacis centaureae Forster. (Moncbasic.) Philonyx IitcH. 5th Report Insects of New York, 1859, p. 783. Two species. Type.—Philonys fulvicollis Fircw. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 148.) [Genotype placed in Biorhiza by Dalla Torre ond Wieffer, 1910, p. 402.) Phylloteras ASHMEAD, Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 67. Type.—Biorhiza rubinus GruterrE. (Monobasic and original designation.) [Genotype placed in Trigonaspis by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 393.} Piezobria WORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 358. Type.—Piezobria bicuspidata Forster. (Monobasic and original designa- tion.) Pilinothrix FORsTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 345, 358. ‘Two species. Type.—Pilinothric designata Forster. (Original designation. } Plagiotrochus Mayr. 20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, pp. 8, 12. T'wo species. Type.—Cynips quercus-ilicis Farricros. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 151.) Piastibalia KIEFFER. Boll. Soe. Ent. Ttal., vol. 41, 1909, pp. 246 and 249. Type.—Plastibaha violaceipennis WieF¥eR. (Monobasic.) Poncyla KIEFFER. Marceilia, vol. 2, 1903, p. 86. Type.—Poncyia ferruginea Kierrer, (Monobasic.} Promiomera ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 221, Type.—Promiomera filicornis ASUMEAD. (Monobasic and original desigua- tion.) Prosaspicera IXiEFFER. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 153. Two species. Type.—Prosaspicera ensifera Kirrrmr. (Present designation.)
374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
Prosynapsis DALLA TorkE and KieFFER=(Synapsis FGrsTer, 1869, not BATEs, 1868). Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 45. Type.—Synapsis aquisgrancnsis Forster. (A new name takes same species for type.) Protoibalia BRuEs. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, 1910, p. 15. Type.—Protoibalia connexiva Brues. (Original designation and moeono- basic. ) Pseudeucoila ASHMEAD. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 222. Type.—Eucocla (Cothonaspis) trichopsila Hartic. (Monobasie and orig- inal designation.) Pseudibalia KIEFFER. Boll. Soe. Ent. Ital., vol. 41, 1909, pp. 246 and 247. Type.—Pseudibalia fasciatipennvis Krerrer. (Monobasic.) Psichacra IORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 356. Type.—Cothonaspis longicornis Hartic. _(Monobasie and original designa- tion. ) Psilodora FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 348, 354. Two species. Type.—Cothonaspis boyeniti Hartic. (Original designation.) Psilodoropsis HEDICKE. Deutseh. Ent. Zeitschr., 1913, p. 4438. Type.—Psilodoropsis conradti Hepicke. (Original designation and mono- basic. ) Psilogaster Harta. Zeitschr. f. Entom,, vol. 2, (18389) 1840, p. 187. Three species. Type.—Psilogaster anthyomyiarum Hartic. (Present designation.) [Geno- type placed in Figites by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 87.J Psilosema KIEFFER. Feuille Jeunes Natural, vol. 31, 1901, p. 160. Seven species. Type—Psilosema giraudi DAtra Torre and Wierrer. (Present designa- tion.) (=Cothonaspis peniaioma Giraup and ‘THOMSON, not Harri.) Inasmuch as it is doubtful that Ashmead’s designation, 1903, p. 62, of Cothonaspis pentatoma Thomson as the type of Psilosema is valid, be- cause C. pentatoma Thomson was not included, we designate as the type of Psilosema, Cothonaspis pentatoma Giraud, which is the same as C. pentatoma Thomson. The C. pentatoma Giraud is different from C. pentatoma Hartig, and has been renamed giraudi by Dalla Torre and Kieffer. Pycnostigmus CAMERON. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 21, 1905, p. 20. Type.—Pycnostigmus rostratus CAMERON. (Monobasic.) Pycnotrichia IORSTER.. Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 363, 866. Three species. _ Type.—Pycnotrichia erythropa Forster. (Original designation.) [Type— Figites urticarum Dahlbom, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 10.] [Geno- type placed in Figites by Dalla Torre and Nieffer, 1910, p. 86.] Bhabdeucoela KIEFFER. Entom. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 70. Six species. Type.—Rhabdcucoela nitidifrons K1EFFER. (Original designation.)
Ko. 2208. T'YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER ¢& FAGAN. $75
(Bhodites Hartic)=Diplolepis GroFrrrRoy.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (1839) 1840, p. 186. Three species. Type.—Cynips rosae LINNAEUS. (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 352.) Isogenotypie with Diplolepis Geoffroy.
Rhoophilus Mayr.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, p. 6, 11, 22. Type.—Rhoophilus loewi Mayr. (Monobasic.) Rhoptromeris FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 356. Six species. Type.—Cothonaspis eucera Hartia. (Original designation.) Rhynchacis FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 349. Type.—Cothonaspis nigra Hartia. (Monobasic and original designation.) (Sagaris Panzer) =Ibalia LATREILLE. Krit. Revis., vol. 2, 1806, p. 91. Type.—(Ophion culicllator Fapricius). (Monobasic.) =Ichneumon leuco- spoides HOCHENWARTH. Isogenotypic with Jhalia Latreille. Sapholytus FORSTER. Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 332, 337. Type—Synergus apicalis Hartic. (Monobasie and original designation.) [Genotype placed in Synergus by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 608.) Saphonecrus DALLA TorRE and KIEFFER. Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 605. Six species. Type.—Synergus connatus Hartic. (Original designation.)
Sarothrus Harric.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (1839), 1840, p. 187. Three species.
Type.—(Sarothrus canaliculatus Hartic.) (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 3867) =Cynips tibialis ZerrERSTEDT teste Dalla Torre and Nieffer, 1910, p. 75. [Type—Sarothrus areolatus Hartig, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 9.]
Schizosema IXIEFFER.
Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 161. Two species. Type.—Hucocla emarginatus Hartric. (Designated by Ashmead, 1905, p. 62.)
(Scytodes Hartic, not WALCKENAER, 1805)=Melanips (WALKER) GIRAUD. Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 187. Two species. Type.—Scytodcs opacus Hartic. (Present designation. )
(Solenaspis ASHMEAD, not OSTEN-SACKEN, 1881, in Diptera) =Xyalosema DALLA
Torre and I1EFFeER. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 155. Type—Solenaspis hyalinipennis ASHMEAD. ({(Monobasic.) Solenozopheria ASHMEAD. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 149. Type.—Solenozopheria vacciniti ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) Spathegaster Hartia. Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 186. Type.—Spathegaster petioliventris Hartic. (Monobasic.) [Genotype placed in Neuroterus by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 327.1 Sphaeroteras ASHMEAD. Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 67. Type.—Biorhiza mellea ASHMEAD. (Monobasie and original designation.) {Genotype placed in Biorhiza by Dalla Torre and Wieifer, 1910, p. 398.)
876 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 55.
Steleucoela KIEFFER. Ann. Soc. Sci. Brux., vol. 32, 1908, p. 48. Type.—Stcleucoele piriformis Kierrer. (Monobasic.} Stirencoela CAMERON. The Entom., vol. 43, 1910, p. 180. Type.—Stirencoela striaticoliis CAMERON. (Monobasic.) (Synapsis Forster, not Bates, 186S)—Prosynapsis Daita TokBE and KIEFFER. Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 361. Type.—Synapsis aquisgranensis FORSTER. (Monobasic and original designa- tion.) Synergus Harrie. Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1889), 1840, p. 186. Fourteen species. Type.—Synergus vulgaris Harria. (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 338.) Synophromorpha ASHMEAD, Psyche, vol. 10, 1903, p. 145. Type.—Synophromorpha salicis AsHMEAD. (Monohbasic and original desig- nation.) Synophrus Harria. Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 4, 1843, p. 411. Type.—Synophrus politus Haxrtic. (Monobasic. } Tavaresia IKIEFFER. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1901, pp. 158, 160. Five species. Type.—Tavaresia carinute Kierrer. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p 215.) (Teras Hartic, not TREITSCHKE, 1829)=Dryoteras FORSTER. Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 185. Type.—(Teras terminalis Fasricius.) (Monobasic.)=Diplolepis pallida Oxivier. teste Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 398. Tessmannella HEDICKE. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 1912, p. 303. Two species. Type.—Tessmannella spinosa Hepickr. (Original designation.) Tetramerocera ASHMEAD. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 778. Type.—Tetramerocera veriabilig AsHMeaAn. (Monobasie and original desig- nation. ) Tetraplasta ASHMEAD. Psyche, 1903, p. 68. Type.—Tetraplasta unica ASHMEAD. (Original) designation.) Tetrarhoptra FORSTER. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 349. Two species. Type.—Cliditoma heterotoma THomson. (Original designation.) [Type— Tetrarhopira tetratome Foérster, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p 62.1 (Tetratoma CAMERON, not Fapricius)=Tetrarhoptra FORSTER. Monogr. Brit. Phytoph. Hymen., vol. 3, 1890, p. 223. Four species. Type.—Aleditoma heteroioma THomson. (Present designation.) Isogenjm typie with Tetrarhoptra Forster. Thyreocera ASHMEAD. Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 154. Type.—(Thyreocera nigrifemora ASHMEAD.) (Monobasic. ) = ( Figites) Thyreocera laeviscutum PROVANCHER, teste Ashmead, 1903, p. 10. Timaspis Mayr. 20 Jahresber, Comm, Oberrealsch. I Bez. Wien, 1881, p. 18. Type.—Timaspis lampsanae (TeRRIs) WKarscm. (Monobsasiec.) [Type.— Timaspis phaenizopodus Mayr, designated by Ashmead. 1903, p. 214.}
xo. 2208. TYPE-SPECIES GF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 877
Tribalia WaALSsH. s Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol, 2, 1864, p. 470. Type.—Tribalia batatorum WatsH. (Monobasic,) Trichagalma Mayr. Marcellia, vol. 6, 1907, p. 8. Type.—Trichagalna drouardi Mayr, (Monobasic.) Trichoteras ASIIMEAD. Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 67. Type.—Trichotcras coquilietti ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) Trigonaspis Harria. Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 186. Type.—(Trigonaspis crustalis Hargtia.) (Monobasic.)=(Cyntps) Trigonas- pis megaptera PANZER, Triplasta KIEFFER. Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 160. Three species. Type.—Aleidotoma atrocoralis ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 61.) Trirhoptrasema KIEFFER. Bull. Soe. Ent. France, 1901, p. 344. Type.—(Kiecidotoma americana ASHMEAD.) (Monobasic.) = (Kleidotoma} Trirhoptrasema ashmeadi, new pame.* Trischiza FOrstTer. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 364, 367. Type.—figites agaricolarum Danisom. {Monobasic and original desig- nation. ) (Trisolenia ASHMEAD, not ERRENBERG, 1861)—Trisoleniella, new name. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 142. Type.—Andricus ({Trisolenia) saltatus ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Geno type placed in Andricus by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 453.) Trisoleniella, new name=(Trisolenia ASHMEAD, 1887, not EuReneerc, 1861). Type—Andricus (Trisolenia) saltatus ASHMEAD, Trissandricus KIEFFER. Boll. Lab. Portici, voi. 4, 1910, p. 115. Type.—Trissandricus maculipennis Kierrer. (Monobasic.} Trisseucoela KIEFFER. Entomol. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 92. Three species. Type.—Trisseucoela fulvotincta Kierrer. (Present designation. ) Trissodontaspis ASHMEAD. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 222. Type.—Trisscdontaspis rufipes ASHMEAD. {Monobasic and original desig- nation. } Tropideucoila ASHMEAD. Proce. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 221. Type.—Tropidcucoila rufipes ASHMEAD. {Monobasic and original desig. nation.) Trybliographa FOrsTER. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 359. Ten species. Type.—Cothonaspis scutellaris Harrie. (Original designation.) [Geno- type placed in Cothonaspis by Dalla Terre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 125, as a species without a name.]
1Since Coptereucoela Ashmead is a synonym of Kleidotoma, Kleidotema americana Ashmead, 1887, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 152, line 6, needs a new name, belng preoccupied by (Coptereucoela) Kleidotoma americana Ashmead, same reference top line. For this we propose ashmeadi. (Kieffer, 1901, Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, p. 161, erroneously renames (Coptereucoela) Kleidotoma americana Ashmead 1887, Trans. Amer Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 152, top line, as ashmcadi).
378 PROCEEDINGS OF TITE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tylosema KIEFFER.
Bull. Soe. Nat. Metz, vol. 12, 1905, p. 112.
Type —Tylosema nigerrimus KIEFFER. tion.)
Xanthoteras ASHMEAD. Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 262.
Type.—Biorhiza forticornis WatsH. (Monobasic and original designa- tion.)
Xenocynips KIEFFER. Boll, Lab. Zool. Portici, vol. 4, 1910, p. 340. -Type—Xenocynips subsquamata KIEFFER.
Xestophanes FORSTER.
Verh. Zool._Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 332, 337. Type.—Cynips potentillae DE VILLERS. tion.)
Xyalaspis Harrie.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 4, 1843, p. 416. Type.—X yalaspis laevigatus Harrie.
vor. 53.
(Monobasie and original designa-
(Monobasic. )
(Monobasie and original designa-
(Monobasic. } [Type.—Cynips nitidula Dalman, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 12.) Xyalophora KIEFFER.
Bull. Soe. Ent. France, 1901, p. 344. Three species.
Type.—ligites clavatus Giraup. (Original designation.)
Xyalosema Datta TorRE and KIEFFER (=Solenaspis ASIHMEAD, not OSTEN- SAckEN, 1881.)
Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 94.
Type.—Solenaspis hyalinipennis ASUMEAD. Xystoteras ASHMEAD,
Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 260.
Type.—XAystoteras volutellae ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) (Xystus Harrie, not Scu6nmerrR, 182G6)—Charips Hatipay.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 186. Ten species.
Type.—‘Yystus erythrocephalus Hartric. Zaeucoila ASHMEAD.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 222
made
Type.—Zaeucoila unicarinata ASHMEAD. nation. ) Zamischus ASHMEAD. Proce. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 19038, p. 221. Type.—Zamischus brasiliensis ASHMEAD. nation. ) Zopheroteras ASHMEAD. Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 261. Type.—Acraspis vaccinii ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Genotype placed in Trigonaspis by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 393.] Zygosis FORSTER. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 863, 365.
Type.—Psilogaster heteropterus Harria. nation.)
(A new bame takes same type.)
(Present designation.)
(Monobasie and original desig-
(Monobasie and original desig:
(Monobasie and original desig-
In the preceding pages the following new generic and specific names, which should be accredited to Rohwer and Fagan, are proposed:
MOULCTE Se Ler Taub Bh) DOOR ON DP. 359\s|\"leidotomiden” 2. 2s ree ee He SG69 AGICOLOMMGCI an ee ee p. 360 | Trirhoptrasema ashmeadi______ p. 377 Diholocynips —.-_-
oe DO TSS aOlentelld va eae a eS oe Se ae
no. 2208. TYPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN.
INDEX.
379
In this specific index, where the name is followed by two generic names, the first (given in parenthesis) is the genus in which the species was described, and the second is the genus of which it is the type; where only one generic names is given, the species was described in and is the type of that genus.
Page.
aberrans Férster, (Mionectis) Miomoera...... 371
abnormis Giraud (Figites), Homorus.......- 369
Kieffer, Lambertonia.....-.. SeeEM. 369
acaciae Mayr, Wschatocerus.........--------- 366
aceris Férster, Bathyaspis.....-. Beataebeoenes 362
Gmelin (Cynips), Pediaspis. ..-.- ascee 362
agaricolarum Dahlbom (Figites), Trischiza.. 377
albinerve Kieffer, Odontosema...........-.- 371 albopunctata Schlechtendal (Cynips) Man-
MDUSUOER A ecisieisticiawisi cloaca sine acleiete sie = 370 aliena Ashmead (Heptamerocera), Hepta-
lestoeeere heeme esas ce sian sini)- americana Ashmead, Coptereucoila :
(Kleidotoma), Trirhop- TRASOIIA sc eitiele coals =r 377 angularis Ashmead, Pentamerocera.........- 372 anisomera Forster, Aphiloptera.........--.-. 361 anthomyiarum Hartig, Psilogaster........... 374 apicalis Hartig (Synergus), Sapholytus...... 375 aptera Fabricius (Cynips), Apophyllus...... 361 : BIOLHIZa Stes 2-1 = 362 aptera Bose (Cynips), Heterobius..........-.. 368 aquisgranensis Forster, Synapsis..........-.. 376 (Synapsis), Prosyn- APSISM Sac seein eects 373 arefactus Gillette (Rhodites), Lytorhodites.. 370 areolatus Hartig, Sarothrus.................- 375 arpentata Hartic, Cynips. S285: ce c.-'ciesle oe 369 armata Cresson (Cynips), Acantheuccela..... 359 ashmeadi Kieffer (Kleidotoma), Coptereu-
COMB ose cd eesae aac meee cits te eeme a 363 ashmeadi, new name, Trirhoptrasema....... 377
Perkins, Nesodiranchis........... 371 atrocoxalis Ashmead (Kleidotoma), Trip-
MASE Sasiss aa sae ete eatels aseceeises Soe we ae 376 bakeri Kieffer, Paraspicera.................- 372 batatorum Walsh, Tribalia....2..2.....022 376 bedeguaris Fabricius (Diplolepis), Cynips... 369 bicuspidata Forster, Piezobria..............- 373 bidentata Forster, Microstilba............... 371 bilobata Kieffer, Gonievcoela...............- 368 bisulcata Kieffer, Frireniella................. 367 biusta Haliday (Onychia), Anolytus........- 361 boyenii Hartig (Cothonaspis), Psilodora..... 374 brachypterus Hartig (Xystus), Pezophycta.. 373 brasiliensis Ashmead, Zamischus............ 378 breziliensis Ashmead, Acanthaegilips........ 359 brevipalpis Kieffer, Lytoxysta............... 37 canadensis Ashmead, fucoilidea............ 367 canaliculatus Hartiz, Sarothrus.............. 375 caninae Hartig (Aulax), Periclistus.......... 373 carinata Kieffer, Tavaresia.................- 376 cavarae Kieffer, Liebelia...................-- 370 centaureae Forster, Phanacis................ 373 cerricola Giraud (Cynips), Aphelonyx....... 361 cerrinhilus Giraud, Drvocosmiis............. 366 chapadae Ashmead, Odonteucoila..........- 371 clavatus Giraud (Fizites), Xyalophora...... 378 clavicornis Hartig, (ero; tres................. 363 codrina Férster (Aglaotoma), Aglaotomidea. 360
Hartig (Cothonas; is), Aglaotoma.... 360 Crypteucoela. 364
compressum Yerty, Liopteron............... 370 connatus Hartig (Synergus), Saphonecrus... 375 connexiva Brues, Protoibalia................ 374 conraiti Hedicke, Isilodoroysis............. 374 copulata Forster, Diranchis.................. 365 coquilletti Ashmead, Trichoteras............ 377 cordata Giraud (tucoela), Pentacrita........ 372 corticis Linnaeus (Cyni; s), Aphilothrix..... 361 coxalis Ashmead (Pentacrita), Pentaylasta.. 372 crassinervis Westwood, Kucoela............. 367
Page. crustalis Hartig, Trigonaspis................. 377 cubitalis Hartig (Cothonasy is), Eucoela..... 367 cultellator Fabricius (Ophion), Ibalia........ 369 Sagaris.....- 375 curta Giraud (Eucoela), Erisphayia.......... 366 dahlbohmii Hartig, Amphithectus.......... 360 depilis Giraud (Eucoela), Erisphagia........ 366 designata JGrster, Pilinothrix............... 373 discreta Forster, Nephycta...........-..--.. 371 divulgata Forster, Disorygma............... 365 drouardi Mayr, Trichagalma.......... 377 ediogaster Panzer (Cynips), Asricera 3h2 Bello 362 Onychia........ 372 emarginata Kieffer, Holocynips.............- 369 emarginatum Hartig (Kucoela), Schizosema. 37 ensifer Walker (Anacharis), Megapelmus.... 371 ensifera Kieffer, Prosaspicera ............... 373 erythrocephalus Hartig, Xystus............. 378 erythropa Forster, ‘ hrestosema.............-. 363 Pycnotrichia..:.......... 374 erythropoda Cameron, Bothrochacis........- 363 eucera Hartig (Cothonaspis), Rhoptromeris.. 375 eucharioides Dalman, Anacharis............. 360 eupatorii Forster, Digly; hosema............. 364 fasciatipennis Kieffer, Pseudibalia.........-.. 374 fedtschenkoi Rubsaamen (Aulax), Panteliella 372 ferruginesa Kieffer, Poncyia.................. 373 filicornis Ashmead, Promiomera........-...- 373 flavipes Kieffer, Dissodontaspis.............. 365 flavipes Kieffer, Hexacharis................. 368 floridana Ashmead, Bassettia...............- 362 BUMB yrs sos scenes. 367 floridanus Ashmead, Dryorrhizoxenus....... 366 fonscolombei Dahlbom, Callaspidia.......... 363 forsteri iieffer (Aglaotoma) Aglaotomidea... 360 forticornis Walsh (Biorhiza), Xanthoteras... 37 fulvicollis: Fitch, Philonyx seo. sos: see eee 373 fulvotincta Kieffer, Trisseucoela............. 377 fuseipes Kieffer, Aporeucoela................ 361 feniculata Hartig (Cothonaspis), Cliditoma.. 363 giraudi Dalla Torre and Kiefier, Psilosema.. 374 glechomae Hartig (Aulax), Liposthenes..... 370 gracilicornis Kieffer, Coneucoela............. 363 granulatus Hartig (Seytodes), Amblynotus.. 360 grenadensis Ashmead, Dicerataspis.......... 364 (Diranchis) Moneucoe- Lis 25 SOR 371 guerinii DahIbom (ucoela), Lytosema.....- 370 halophila Thomson (Kleidotoma) Nedinop-
WOT Dasa aie Cra siete Fee oie claro ate aieeis eis oe 371 hartici Forster, Callirhytis................-.. 363 hawaiiensis Ashmead, Kypodiranchis........ 369 heleolandica Forster, Agroscopa....-..-....- 360 heptatoma Ashmead, Paramiomoea......... 372 heteropterus Hartig (Psilozaster), Zygosis.... 378 heterotoma Thomson (Cliditoma) Tetrarhop-
UR oe = aeitianiaes oe eee 37 (Kleditoma) Tetra- OMAR 6 cee cece 376 hexatoma Hartig(Cothonaspis), Hexaplasta.. 368 Thomson (Kleidotoma), Kleidoto- midea le: ees See eee 369 hubbardi Ashmead, Parateras..............- 372 hyalinipennis Ashmead, Solenaspis.......... 375 (Solenaspis) Xyalo- Seite atic oscee 37) incrassata Thomson (Cothonaspis), Ectolyta. 366 indagatrix Forster, Anectoclis.............-- 361 insignis Cameron, Mesocynips............-.- 371 inustipennis Férster, Aphyoptera....../.... 351 kollari Hartig (Cynips), Adleria............. 359
380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53. . Page. Page jaevigatus Hartig, Xyalaspis................ 378 | quercus-irregularis Osten-Sacken (C laeviscutum Provancher (Figites), Thyreo- Dolichostrophus, ................. ee OT oye ceria a aye ee eo ee walt circ cine 376 | quercus-mammula Bassett (Cynips), Loxau- jampsanae (Perris) Karsch (Aulax),Timaspis. 376 DS eee Ae Reece ee eel Soe ee latreillei Kioffer (Aulax), Liposthenes........ 370 | quercus-radicis Fabricius, Cynips........... 364 lenticularis Saussure, Oberthbiirella.......... 371 | quinquelineatus Say (Diplolepis), Figitodes. 367 Jetzneri Hedicke, Omalaspoides............. 372 | reclusa Forster, Adieris 5) 4 359 leucospoides Hochenwarth (Ichneumon), retusa Hartig (Cothonaspis), Pentacrita. 37. Thaligsee ae ee a es Boe 369 | rhoeados Bouché (Cynips), Aylax... 362 ligodesmiae-pisum Walsh, Antistrophus. 361 | robusta Ashmead, Heptamerocera... 368 lissonota Forster, Entropha........-.... e 366 | rosae Linnaeus (Cynips), Diplolepis......... 365 loewi Mayr, Rhoophilus.................-.-- 375 OdItES Sacceneecs 374 longicornis Hartig (Cothonaspis) Psichacra... 374 | rostratus Cameron, Pycnostigmus........... 374 Ashmead, Macrocereucoila....... 37 rubi Hartig, Diastrophus...................- 364 longipes Hartig (Cothonaspis), Leptopilina.. 370 | rubinus Gillette (Biorhiza), Phylloteras...... 373 macrophadnus Hartiz (Xystus), Alloxysta.. 360 | rubriventris Kieffer, Dallatorrella........... 364 maculipennis Ashmead, Compsodryoxenus.. 333 | ruficeps Kieffer, Allocynips................. 360 Dahibom (Fizites), Lonchidia. 370 | ruficornis Ashmead, Dimicrostrophis........ 365 Kiefier, Trissandricus ........ 377 Forster, Temicrisis................ 368 mairei Kieffer, Parandricus................-. 372 | rufipes Ashmead, Trissodontaspis........... 377 majalis Bassett (Cynips), Dolichostrophus... 356 Tropideucoila .........2..6 377 marianii Kieffer (Callirhytis), Fioria......... 367 Cameron, Neralsia.. occ.) cc. cceeatens 371 marianii Kieffer (Callirhytis), Fioriella...... 367 Forster; Anolytusisesc5t es teteesn ee 36L mezgaptera Panzer (Cynips), Trigonaspis..... 377 Hololexiss.2ysi eis, cee 369 melanocera Forster, Idiormorpha............- 369 Kieffer, Heterocynips.............. -- 368 melanopoda Cameron (Eucoela), ees 361 Westwood (Anacharis), Aegilips..... 359 melanoptera Hartig (Cothonaspis), Hypo- rufiventris Giraud (Eucoela), Hexamerocera. 368 NGENTIR. = of ocn nm SUR AnE Mncaccmasccecsiccasce 369 | rugosa Ashmead (Kiefferia), Kiefferiella..... 369 mellea Ashmead (Biorhiza), Sphaeroteras.... 375 | salicis Ashmead, Synophromorpha.......... _ 376 Meunisri Kieffer (Callirhytis), Fioria......... 267 | saltatus Ashmead, Trisolenia................ 377 Fioriella...... 367 (Trisolenia), Trisoleniella. 377 microcera (MWaliday), Charips............ ---- 363 | scabiosae Giraud (Diastrophus), Eubothrus.. 366 Mmicroptera Hartig (Cothonaspis), Apisto- Isocolus..... 369 PAV 2a ee esige nas saaceee eee Sees 361 | sculpturata Forster, Gronotoma............. 368 mulgediicola Ashmead (Aulax), Aulacidea.. 362 | scutellaris Gilletie (Diastrophus), Gonaspis.. 367 mundata Forster, Ganaspis............-...6 367 Hartig, Cothonaspis...........-... 364 pnebulosa Kieffer, Odontocynips... wer datt | (Cothonaspis), Tryblio- niger Hartig ( Figites), Omalaspis............ 372 graphas:. case soos Soseeee 377 nigerrimum Kieffer, Tylosema..............- 378 Rossi (Cynips), Figites ........... 367 nigra Slartig (Cothonaspis), Rhynchacis..... 375 | scutellata Villers (Tenthredo), Aspicera..... 362 nigra Kieffer (Holocynips), Diholocynips.... 365 Bellona...... 362 nigra Westwood, Peras.............-----.+-- 373 : i Onychia..... 372 nigriceps Cameron, Balna.............-.--.0- 362 | semirufa Kieffer, Ditrupaspis................ 366 Kieffer, Miteucoela..............-.. 373 | sorbi Tischbein, Pediaspis..........-.....--- 372 nigrifemora Ashmead, phpreacers a e's 376 | spheciformis Hartiz, Megapelmus............ 371 nigripes Thomson (Auloxysta), Bothrio- spinosa Hedicke, Tessmannella.............. 376 RUSUB oe sateen Sale or anisole oes eee ae 352 | spinosipes Kieffer Coclonychia.............. 363 nitida Giraud (Andricus), Chilaspis.......... 363 | sponzifica Osten-Sacken (Cynips), Amphibo- nitidifrons Kieffer, Rhabdeucoela............ 374 IPS! Sabb sR eRe ROSS. See mee 360 nitidula Dalman (Cynips), Aegilips.......... 359 | stephanotidis Ashmead, Asclepiadiphila..... 361 Xyalaspis ....... 378 | striaticeps Cameron, Anacharoides.......... 361 nitidus Kieffer, Calofigites................... 363 | striaticollis Cameron, Stirencoela............ 376 moduli Hartig, Andricus... sj /2c0-b scccscecce 361 | striatipennis Kieffer, Caleucoela............. 363 noricus Giraud, Omalaspis.............-..-<6 372 | stricta Thomson, Auloxysta..........-.....- 362 opacus Martig, Scytodes..................... 375 | subclavata Forster, Dilyta...............-.. 365 (Seytodes), Ambiynotus..... 360 | subopaca Ashmead, Dicucoila............... 364 Melanips......... 371 | subsquamata Kieffer, Xenocynips.......... - 378 osceola Ashmead, Acothyreus..............- 359 | subtilis Dahlbom (Eucoela), Glauraspidia... 367 pallida Olivier (Diplolepis), Dryoteras....... 366 | suleata Forster, Liodora.............sccccece 376 papaveris Perris (Diplolepis), Aylax......... 352 | taraxaci Ashmead, Gillettea................. 367 paradoxa Radoskovsky, Manderstjernia..... 370 | terminalis Fabricius (Cynips), Dryoteras.... 366 parva Thomson, Glauraspidia..............-. 367 Perase22 cece 376 pentatoma Iartig, Cothonaspis-............. 364 | tetratoma Thomson (Cliditoma), Tetrarhop- Giraud (Cothonaspis), Psilosema. 374 GUD oes cain ceeacinctin eat meme eames 376 perplexus Kieffer, Paraulax...............-. 372 | tibialis Zetterstedt (Cynips), Sarothrus...... 375 petioliventris Hartig, Spathegaster.......... 375 | tinctoria Linnaeus, Cynips. -................ 364 pezomachoides Osten-Sacken (Cynips), tomentosa Giraud (Eucoela), Pentarhoptra.. 372 PACTASP NS sen efeks nee oe nictolt elaine niaie ete es esos 309 | treatae Mayr, Belenocnema...............-.. 362 phaenixopodus Mayr, Timaspis.............. 376 | trichopsila Hartig (Cothonaspis), Pseudeu- picicrus Giraud (Eucoela), Hexacola........- 368 COU 26 ee Ae eee 374 piriformis Kieffer, S*cleucoela..............- 375 | tritoma Thomson (Eucoela), Eutrias........ 367 politus Hartig, Neur.;erus..-......-....-..2< 371 ; typica Walker (Anacharis), Megapelmus..... 371 (New. .erus) Ameristus...... 360 | unica Ashmead, Tetraplasta................. 376 SyNopernsisets. ccs cet cece as 376 | unicarinata Ashmead, Zaeucoila............. 378 potentillae Retzius (Cynips), Xestophanes... 378 | urticarum Dahlbom (Figites), Pycnotrichia.. 374 primus Ashmead, Euceroptres........-.....- 366 | vaccinii Ashmead (Acraspis), Zopheroteras.. 378 psildides Westwood, Kleidotoma............ 369 Solenozopheria ........... 375 punctulatus Cameron Eau DUee -.. 372 | valerianellae Thomson (Aulax), Cecconia.... 363 pygmaea Dahibom (Eucoela), Ueptameris... 368 | variabilis Ashmead, Tetramerocera.......... 376 quercus-folii Linnaeus (Cynips), Diplolepis.. 365 | victrix Westwood, Allotria.................. 360 Dryophanta... 366 | violaceipennis Kieffer, Plastibalia........... 373 quercus-globulus Fitch (Callaspidia), Holeas- voluteliae Ashmead, Nystoteras...........-. 378 BAS wrelorts a sino mints sien aeise ovion coe shia cela tame 368 | vulgaris Hartig, Synergus. .................. 376 quercus-globulus Fitch (Callaspidia), Dishol- xanthocephala Thomson, Glyptoxysta...... 367 CASDIS oenn ewe so- saan ea tem aac eee ce 365 | xanthochroa Férster, Phaenoglyphis........ 373 quereis-ilicis Fabricius (Cynips), Plagio- xanthoneura Forster, Episoda .......-.....-. 366 - ATOCHUS oo oO ed iisekiae oe aceon keen 873. | zigzag Riley, Didictyum)... 2.222. ....-....-- 364
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER MUSSELS OF THE GENUS DIPLODON.
By Wiiuram B. Marsnatt, Assistant Curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates, United States National Museum.
The new Diplodon herein described under the name felipponet was received in 1915 from Dr. Florentino Felippone, of Montevideo, Uruguay. The one described under the name fortis was received from the same donor about three years ago and has been in the collection of the United States National Muscum under the name of D. delodontus.
Illustrations are given of six other species of Diplodon described by Mr. C. T. Simpson from material in the collection of the United States National Museum. Hitherto these species have not been figured.
DIPLODON FELIPPONEI, new species. Plate 50, figs. 1-3; plate 51, fig. 1.
Shell thick, heavy and moderately swollen, elliptic in outline, valves greatly thickened in front. Gaping slightly front and back. Surface nearly evenly rounded and lacking a clearly defined posterior ridge. Anterior and posterior portions rounding up gently into the middle portion of the shell. Middle of the posterior area with a low, rounded, radial rib, other parts of shell obscurely radiately striated. On the middle portion the striae become more pronounced and partake of the nature of obsolete ribs. Rest periods about seven, indicated by a concentric elevating of the surface above the succeeding growth. Color light yellowish chestnut at the beaks, deepening regularly toward the margins, where it becomes dark chestnut. Periostracum shining, paper-like, tending to peel and curl at the posterior margin. Nacre silvery white, slightly iridescent at the posterior end, obsoletely thimble-pitted or granular. Anterior adductor scar deep, especially at its upper part, posterior adductor scar nearly superficial. Other muscle scars deeply punched. Pseudocardinal teeth large and heavy and much split up. Right valve with a large lateral tooth which is granular on both its surfaces. Left valve with two lateral teeth which are granular on their inner faces. Sinulus long, narrow, slightly bowed and ending in a sharp point.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2209. 38)
882 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The type, Cat. No. 322291, U.S.N.M., comes.from Maldonado, Uruguay. It measures—length, 83 mm.; height, 59 mm.; diam- eter, 38mm. It was donated to the United States Mational Museum by Dr. F. Felippone, of Montevideo, Uruguay, in whose honor I take pleasure in naming the species.
In richness and warmth of coloring, regularity of form and outline and in its appearance of exuberant health and prosperity this is one of the handsomest of the Diplodons. Externally it mimics some of the forms of Anodontites wymani and might pass for that shell if mixed in with a series of that species.
Its relationships point in two directions—namely, toward D. rudus Lea and D. paranensis Lea. Both of these species show the obsolete radiating ribs noted in the description of felipponet. From D. rudus it differs in outline, in not having a compressed posterior area and in being nearly straight instead of sinuate along the hinge line, and espe- cially in the character of the pseudocardinals which, in D. rudus, are long and thin and placed parallel to the hinge line. From D. para- nensis it can be distinguished at once by the elliptic outline, lack of the inflated ventral margin and by the character of pseudocardinals.
Another specimen of this same species is Cat. No. 180782, which measures—length, 77 mm.; height, 54 mm.; diameter, 31 mm. It comes from Arroyo Sarandi Grande, Uruguay, and was received from Mr. S. Olea. It is an exact duplicate of the type in every detail except size and state of preservation. The ratios of its length to height and to diameter are almost exactly the same as those of the type. This specimen has been in the collection since 1904 without specific name.
Since the above was written I have identified for 3)>ztor Felippone five specimens of this species. One of these (lis No. 593) from Arroyo Maciel, Florida, Uruguay, is, in some respects, superior to the type, especially in size. It measures—length, 94 mm.; height, 68 mm.; diameter, 40 mm. His numbers 606, 609, 610, and 611 each include a single valve in a poor state of preservation. They come from Rio Yi, Durazno, Uruguay.
DIPLODON FORTIS, new species.
Plate 52, figs. 1-4.
Shell thick, heavy, and much swollen. Outline clongately sub- quadrate, regularly rounded in front, prolonged into a blunt point behind, resembling in general form many specimens of Unio tetralas- mus Say. Posterior dorsal ridge full, high, and rounded. A faint rib traverses the posterior area from the beak to a point just above the posterior angle. Ventral and dorsal margins nearly parallel. Sur- face with indistinct concentric fine lines, the rest periods indicated by dark lines. Anterior and middle portion with obscure radial sculpture. Color chestnut brown, darker posteriorly. Beaks eroded.
xo. 2209. NEW MUSSELS OF THE GENUS DIPLODON—MARSHALL. 883
Nacre silvery white, tending to bluish white and iridescence pos- teriorly. Right valve with one small and one large pseudocardinal tooth, the latter grooved lengthwise; and a winglike lateral tooth. Left valve with a large anterior pseudocardinal, a deeply sunken linear mid-tooth, and a small posterior tooth. Lateral teeth of left valve two, very strong. Anterior muscle scars deeply impressed, posterior scars superficial. Anterior portion of shell much thickened, especially between the pallial line and the ventral margin. Shell gaping slightly front and back, enough to insert a slip of thick paper. Sinulus long, narrow, and pointed.
The type, Cat. No. 270899, U.S.N.M., measures—length, 66 mm.; height, 37 mm.; diameter, 27 mm. It comes from Rio Negro, Tacuarembo, Uruguay. It was presented to the museum several years ago by Dr. Florentino Felippone, and has been here under the name delodontus Lamarck. ‘This species is related to Diplodon charruanus Orbigny, but is more nasute, having the ventral margin nearly straight and more nearly parallel to the dorsal margin. The pseudocardinal teeth of charruanus are largely divided into sharp points with corresponding sockets in the opposing teeth. Compared with these the teeth of fortis are much more simple. Authentic specimens of charruanus, from Orbigny show that its beaks are heavily sculptured and that this sculpture covers a considerable area. The beaks of fortis are eroded but the area eroded is less than the area sculptured in charruanus, and yet there is no indication of sculpture. From this it may be inferred that the sculptured area in fortis would be less than that in charruanus. Although of but mod- erate size, its compact, chunky form, its weight, and the thickening of the shelly matter, conveys an idea of strength and this has sug- gested the specific name fortis.
THE TYPES OF SIX LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN DIPLODON.
The following six species were described by Mr. Charles T. Simp- son in A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels, published in 1914. His descriptions were based upon mate- rial in the collection of the United States National Museum, but no figures were given. The following descriptions and illustrations of the types will help more clearly to define the various species:
DIPLODON MIMUS Simpson. Plate 51, figs. 3-6. Diplodon mimus Simrson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1249. Shell small, solid, obliquely rhomboid, somewhat inflated along the posterior ridge, which is low, rounded, and widely biangulate.
384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou, 5%.
Dorsa] and ventral margins nearly parallel. Growth lines numer- ous, fine. Rest periods not sharply defined. Periostracum thin, closely adhering, slightly ruffled along the ventral margin, light chestnut in color, somewhat tawney in the center of the disk. Beaks much eroded. Pseudocardinals two in the right valve, the upper very small, the lower thick, high, and much crenulated. Pseudo- cardinals of left valve two, widely separated, the rear one small, the front one larger and much crenulated. Lateral tooth of right valve high, granulous. Lateral teeth of left valve subequal, crenu- lated. Nacre lurid, purplish-white, thickened in front.
The type (pl. 51, figs. 3-6) is one of two specimens of United States National Museum, Cat. No. 162425. It measures—length, 45 mm.; height, 27 mm.; diameter, 15 mm.; and comes from Iguape, Brazil, from Dr. H. von Ihering.
‘“‘A small, solid, rhomboid species which almost exactly mimics in external appearance some of the varieties of Unio complanatus.”— Simpson.
DIPLODON PERPLEXUS Simpson. Plate 52, fig. 5; plate 53, figs. 1-4.
Diplodon perplerus Srurson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1248.
Shell moderately thin, subrhomboidal, regularly rounded in front, obtusely pointed behind; posterior margin oblique. Ventral and dorsal margins subparalle!. Posterior ridge low, rounded. Beaks but little elevated, located one-quarter of the length of the shell from the anterior margin. Surface of the shell with many fine growth lines. Rest periods feebly marked, except the last which is indi- cated by a dark line and a shallow groove. Periostracum thin, shining, closely adhering, olivaccous, darkening to chestnut anteriorly and posteriorly, slightly ruffled on the posterior dorsal area. An- terior half of shell with numerous, well-marked radiating striae. Nacre milky white and thickened anteriorly, moderately iridescent and thin posteriorly. Pseudocardinals of right valve unequal, the upper one small, the lower one three times as high, crenulated, set at an angle of about fifty degrees with the lateral. Pseudocardinal of rignt valve obliquely flattened and somewhat excavated, its upper margin sharply crenulated. Lateral tooth of right valve thin, high, slightly arcuate, its margin crenulated. Laterals of left valve two, the upper one low, the lower one hizh, the groove between them deep and narrow.
The type (pl. 53, figs. 1-4) is one of four specimens in the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 150389), and measures—length, 77 m.; height, 43 mm.; diameter, 26 mm. lt comes from Lake Portrero, near Maldonado, Uruguay, and was collected and pre- sented by Dr. William Rush, U. S. N. Four other specimens and
No. 22092. NEW MUSSELS OF THE GENUS DIPLODON—MARSHALL. 885
one odd valve (Cat. No. 150390 U.S.N.M.) were sent by Doctor Rush from the same place.
A lot of South American naiades just identified for Doctor Felippone includes 27 specimens of this species, of various ages, from localities in Uruguay. The two largest and oldest specimens measure, re- spectively—length, 91 mm.; height, 47 mm.; diameter, 27 mm.; and length, 86 mm.; height, 46 mm.; diameter, 29 mm. The old speci- mens retain all the typical characters, and vary from the younger specimens only in the thickening and enlarging of the pseudocardinal teeth. As is well known, a similar thicking and enlarging of these teeth is a common, almost a usual, occurrence in old specimens of the naiades in general.
DIPLODON SUPPOSITUS Simpson. Plate 51, fig. 2; plate 54, figs. 1-4.
Diplodon suppositus Smmpson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1245. Diplodon piceus (part) Suapson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 877.
Shell moderately thin to subsolid, thinner posteriorly, slightly thickened anteriorly. Outline subrhomboidal, regularly rounded in front, bluntly round-pointed behind. Dorsai and ventral margins nearly parallel, the ventral margin slightly arcuate. Posterior dorsal ridge nearly wanting and, hence, the posterior dorsal area not dis- tinctly marked off from the general surface of the shell. Beaks low, eroded in the type. Surface of shell with many poorly marked growth lines, obscurely showing four rest periods. Anterior portion with faint radial striae. Epidermis chestnut, bronzy. Nacre bluish white or livid, nearly dull anteriorly, brilliant posteriorly. Radiating striae show through the nacre at the posterior third. Pseudo- cardinals of right valve two, thin, parallel, set at an angle of about sixty degrees with the lateral. In the left valve the pseudocar- dinals are not sharply defined into two. Lateral teeth two in the left valve, one in the right valve.
The type (pl. 54, figs. 1-4) measures—length, 49 mm.; height, 26 mm.; diameter, 14 mm. It came from Parana, Brazil, and is one of four specimens bearing Cat. No. 162374, U.S.N.M.
Plate 51, fig. 2, represents the beak of this species, enlarged three diameters. The specimen figured comes from Rio Tiete, Brazil, and is one of three specimens in the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 128824). Both the specimens figured were received from Dr. H. von Lhering.
In addition to the specimens mentioned above the coliection con- tains twelve other lots including 26 specimens, all from localities in Southern Brazil. All these were identified by Simpson as belonging to D. suppositus.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 538—17
25
386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
DIPLODON TRIVIALIS Simpson. Plate 54, figs. 5-8. Diplodon trivialis Stupson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1250.
Shell obovate, moderately inflated, subsolid, evenly rounded before and behind, narrower in front. Dorsal and ventral margins curving. Posterior ridge rounded, scarcely developed. Beaks moderately ele- vated, somewhat eroded, but showing that the sculpture consisted of about 20 radiating bars. Surface with a number of feebly marked growth lines, with four rest periods, indicated by dark lines. Faint indications of radiating striae on nearly the whole surface. Perios- tracum scarcely shining, clothlike, very dark olivaceous chestnut, closely adhering. Nacre bluish-white, somewhat iridescent, thickened along part of the ventral margin. Pseudocardinals of right valve parallel to each other, the upper one low, small and linear. The lower one thick, triangular, set at an angle of about 50 degrees with the lateral. Pseudocardinals of left valve distinctly two, subequal, set at an angle with each other. Lateral of right valve thin and high. Laterals of left valve subequal, the groove between them rather deep and wide.
The type (pl. 54, figs. 5-8), Cat. No. 162409, U.S.N.M., measures— length, 51 mm.; height, 33 mm.; diameter, 19 mm. It comes from Taboticabal, Sio Paulo, Brazil, and was received from Dr. H. von thering. Cat. No. 162406 includes two specimens and Cat. No. 162411 includes one specimen, all from the same source as the type. Cat. Nos. 125739, 162407, and 162408 each include one specimen from Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from Dr. von Ihering. Cat. No. 125703 includes one specimen from Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil. from Mr. B. H. Wright.
Mr. Simpson at first identified all of the above as Diplodon peculiaris Lea, but later came to the conclusion that they belonged to a new species. The collection contains the type of peculiaris, with which I have compared the type of trivialis, and I believe the two are distinct. Figure 6 shows the sculpture of the beaks. The rays are finer, more numerous, occupy a smaller area, and are more nearly parallel than those of peculiaris.
Two of the eight specimens in the collection have two lateral teeth in each valve. The other six specimens have a single lateral in the right valve and two laterals in the left valve.
DIPLODON SANTA MARIAE Simpson. Plate 52, fig. 6; plate 55, figs. 1-4. Diplodon sania mariae Smirson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1270.
Shell oblong, rhomboid, nearly twice as long as wide, moderately thin. Ventral and dorsal margins nearly parallel. Posterior ridge low, rounded, biangulate. Posterior margin biangulate. Beaks low,
No. 220. NEW MUSSELS OF THE GENUS DIPLODON—MARSHALL. 387
much eroded. Surface with many fine lines of growth and with four rest periods indicated by dark lines. Numerous well-marked striae radiate from the beaks to the ventral margin. Periostracum dark brown, somewhat bronzy, scarcely shining, darker at the posterior end. Nacre livid in the upper portion, white below, brilliant pos- teriorly, thickened anteriorly, iridescently radiately striate. Pseudo- cardinals of right valve long, low, the upper the smaller, the groove between them slightly curved. Pseudocardinal of the left valve plate like, standing on a narrow shelf, thin at its upper end, thickened at the lower end. Lateral tooth of right valve long, low, and granulous. Laterals of the left valve nearly equal, the groove between them widening at the rear.
The type (pl. 55, figs. 1-4) is one of three specimens of Cat. No. 162383, U.S.N.M., from Rio Itapoca, Brazil, received from Dr. H. von Ihering. It measures—length, 63 mm., height, 33 mm., diameter 18mm. Plate 52, figure 6, shows the beak (enlarged three diameters) of a specimen from the same locality and with the same catalogue number.
DIPLODON SEMIGRANOSUS Simpson. Plate 55, figs. 5-8. Diplodon semigranosus Stupson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly
Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1252.
Shell rather small, irregularly long elliptical, sharply rounded in front, somewhat nasute behind. Ventral margin regularly curved. Posterior ridge rounded, scarcely developed. Beaks apparently low, eroded, retaining vestiges of radial, somewhat granular, sculpture. Surface with feeble growth lines and three or four rest periods indi- cated by dark lines. Numerous faint, slightly granular striae radiate from the beaks, giving the surface a semigranulous appearance, especially anteriorly.
Periostracum thin, closely adhering. olivaceous, tinged with greenish, somewhat glossy. Nacre dirty bluish-white, iaceened along the forward portion of the ventral margin, thin and iridescent posteriorly. Pseudocardinals of right valve moderately thick, parallel, the groove between them wide and deep. Pseudocardinal of left valve thin and plate-like. Lateral tooth of right valve mod- erately high. The upper lateral of the left valve low and weak, the lower one higher and moderately strong.
The type (pl. 55, figs. 5-8) is one of 11 specimens of Cat. No. 128790, U.S.N.M., from Rio Tiete, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from Dr. H. von lhering. It eee een 47 mm.; height, 26 mm.; diameter, 15 mm.
Cat. No. 162414 includes two and No. 162415 one specimen from Ponte Grande, Sio Paulo, No. 162413 one specimen from Os Perus, Sio Paulo; No. 162412 six specimens from Ponta Grossa, Parana. All these localities are in southern Brazil and all the specimens were received from Dr. von Ithering.
388
Fias.
Fia.
Fias.
Figs.
Fies.
Fias.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE 50. 1-3. Diplodon felipponei Marshall. Natural size. Puate 51.
1. Diplodon felipponei Marshall. Natural size. 2. Diplodon suppositus Simpson. Beak xX 3. 3-6. Diplodon mimus Simpson. Natural size.
Puate 52.
144. Diplodon fortis Marshall. Natural size. 5. Diplodon perplecus Simpson. Beak X 3. 6. Diplodon santa mariae Simpson. Beak xX 3.
PuatTE 53. 1-4. Diplodon perplexus Simpson. Natural size. PLATE 54,
1-4. Diplodon suppositus Simpson. Natural size. 5-8. Diplodon trivialis Simpson. Natural size.
Puate 55.
1-4. Diplodon santa mariae Simpson. Natural size. 5-8. Diplodon semigranosus Simpson. Natural size.
vot. 53. |
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
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SOUTH AMERICAN DIPLODONS.
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SOUTH AMERICAN DIPLODONS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 388,
SOME FOSSIL INSECTS FROM FLORISSANT, COLORADO.
By T. D. A. CockeEreE11, Of the University of Colorado, Boulder.
The new species described below are in the collection of the United States National Museum. The three Hymenoptera are sawflies, bringing the total of Florissant fossil sawflies up to 42. The new Plecia brings the list of Florissant Bibionide to six, and the Dioctria is the thirteenth fossil Asilid from that locality. None of the genera are new to Florissant.
HYMENOPTERA.
TENTHREDELLA OBLITA, new species.
Length, about 12 mm.; width of head, 3 mm.; length of anterior wing, about 11 mm.; head, thorax, and antenna, black; abdomen, dark, with the sutures pallid; wings. slightly dusky; nervures, fus- cous. Venation normal for the genus; interradial vein strongly arched (much more so than in 7’. savorum) ; second cubital cell long, receiving first recurrent vein near its middle; third cubital cell about twice as broad on apical side as on basal; lanceolate (anal) cell con- tracted, at the narrowest part a straight cross-nervure. In the hind wing the anal cell is broadly truncate, not at all petiolate, at the end.
The following measurements are in microns: First radial cell on third cubital, 832 (1136 in 7. savorum) ; second radial on third cubi- tal, 336 (192 in 7’. saxorum) ; second cubital on first discoidal, 704 (560 in 7. sarorum) ; second cubital on second (third, of authors,) discoidal, 736 (800 in 7’. saxorum) ; first discoidal on submedian, 336 (352 in 7. saxorum) ; length of cross-vein of anal, about 160; width (depth) of anal at level of end of submedian cell, 480. The basal and first recurrent veins are parallel. Most nearly allied to 7’. saroruwm Rohwer, but distinct by the quite different pattern of the abdomen and the details of the venation. Also allied to 7. avia Brues, but the color-pattern is quite different, the veins are dark, and the anal cell is contracted at the cross-vein. 7. savorum has the apical part of the abdomen black, as in the living Allantus unicinctus Norton; while
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3890 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
the segments before the black are brown or ferruginous, each with a large black central spot, pointed posteriorly.
Miocene shales at Florissant (George Wilson.)
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63455, U.S.N.M.
PALEOTAXONUS VETUS, new species.
Length, 12 mm.; anterior wing, 9 mm.; width of abdomen, 3.25 mm.; head and thorax dark; legs apparently ferruginous; abdomen pallid, each segment with a median dusky patch and one at each side; wings perfectly clear, with ferruginous stigma and veins. Venation normal for the genus, with the characteristically formed first dis- coidal (which separates it at once from H'riocampa), the basal nerv- ure meeting transversomedial, anal cell with oblique cross-vein, etc. The cubitellan cell is remarkably long.
The following measurements are in microns: Stigma beyond origin of interradial vein, 160; first radial cell on third cubital, 832; first radial on second cubital, 1200; second radial on third cubital, 352; second cubital on first discoidal, 240; second cubital on second dis- coidal, 1200; lower side of second discoidal, 1728. Hind wing: Up- per side of cubitellan cell, 1680; cubitellan on discoidellan, 720; dis- coidellan on submediellan, 400; discoidellan on brachiellan, 800. T hesitated to separate this from P. trivittatus Rohwer, but it seems to be a distinct species, being larger, with the interradial vein placed as in P. typicus Brues. There is an intercostal vein. The very long cubitellan cell appears to be quite distinctive.
Miocene shales at Florissant (George Wilson). The specimen first studied lacked the ends of wings and abdomen, but these are present in the reverse, later noticed in the collection.
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63456, U.S.N.M.
ERIOCAMPOIDES MIMUS, new species.
Length, a little over 7 mm.; anterior wing, about 5.75 mm.; abdo- men, 4.9 mm. long. Head black; thorax brown; the mesothorax pale; abdomen pallid, the apical 1.4 mm., dark fuscous; wings hyaline; stigma and nervures ferruginous; structure of wings nearly as in the living /. aethiops. Stigma truncate at end, hardly produced beyond origin of interradius, which is nearly vertical; interanal very oblique; anal cell contracted as usual. Measurements in microns: Third cubital cell on first radial, 448; first discoidal on median cell, 880; first discoidal on submedian, 368; first discoidal on first brachial, 592; lower side of first brachial, about 1280; submedian on second anal, 752; submediellan on brachiellan, 672. This looks like #. mi- crarche Cockerell, but the wing-measurements (e. g., the long first brachial cell) are very different.
Miocene shales at Florissant (George Wilson).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63457, U.S.N.M.
NO. 2210. FOSSIL INSECTS FROM FLORISSANT—COCKERELL. 891
NEUROPTERA.
INOCELLIA TUMULATA Scudder. A specimen collected at Florissant (Miocene shales) by Mr. George Wilson shows the ovipositor, which is about 6 mm. long. The an- terior wings are 9.5 mm. long; the venation agrees in the main-with Scudder’s figure, but there are some differences, partly to be ascribed to variation and partly, I think, to error in Scudder’s figure. The principal difference is that the cell in the first fork of the radial sector is relatively short, closed before the base of the cell in the fork of the upper branchlet.
HEMIPTHRA.
METROBATES AETERNALIS Scudder.
A specimen from Florissant (George Wilson) shows the antennae, not described by Scudder. They are quite long and 175 p thick near the base. ‘The eyes are prominent.
DIPTERA.
PLECIA DECAPITATA, new species (Bibionidae).
Length about 10.5 mm.; thorax and legs dark; wings dusky but not very dark, the costal region not darker than the rest; abdomen 2.4 mm. wide, dark brown with narrow hyaline sutural bands, which are less than half as wide as the alternating dark ones. Separation of third vein from first about 3 mm. from base of wing and 5 from apex, the wings being 8 mm. long. The following measurements are in microns: Separation of third vein to anterior cross-vein about 1,600; depth of marginal cell at level of cross-vein, 480; origin of third vein to its fork (in a straight line), 2,560; end of first vein to end of second (upper branch of third), 720; end of first vein to end of lower branch of third, 2,240; depth of submarginal cell at level of end of second vein, 368.
Miocene shales of Florissant (George Wilson).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 68458, U.S.N.M.
This may be separated from the previously known species of Plecia from Florissant as follows:
STEM Re WV LTD CoS URT IN cy LOYD Sos se a ces ce ce melanderi Cockerell. Mercer: Winer ormiM: OL OVER ss ak eee ee nk ee ee ene ee ds 1. Wing long and narrow; marginal cell narrow, its greatest depth less than Ay fuse. 2 Or a es SB Regs Bs ee ee Sah ea explanata Cockerell. Wing, ordinary; marginal cell broader, its greatest depth over 450 w_____ 2. 2. Abdomen with the light bands wider than the dark; submarginal cell SUDO SA aah en ee ee ene azeliana Cockerell.
Abdomen with the dark bands much wider than the light; submarginal cell MNAPTOW er eo 4 = Nate oS a oe eae ee ee eee decapitata Cockerell.
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DIOCTRIA (7) PULVERIS, new species (Asilidae).
Length, 10.7 mm.; wings, 8 mm. long; hind femora, 2.5 mm., nar- row basally, regularly enlarging to a stout apex; hind tibiae about 2.5 mm.; legs not bristly; head and thorax dark; abdomen long and slender, light reddish; thorax little elevated in profile; antennae poorly preserved, but third joint thick, much stouter than in modern Dioctria; wings, hyaline with light brown veins, no trace of a stig- matic spot. The venation is essentially as in Dioctria(?) floris- santina Cockerell, and the insect appears to be certainly congeneric. The general appearance and the spineless legs suggest a Leptid, and the venation is close to that of the Leptid Ptiolina, though in other respects the insect is very different. Compared with D. florissantina the new species is larger, with a much broader (higher) second sub- marginal cell and paler veins, but the two are very similar. The base of the second posterior cell is not produced. The following wing measurments are in microns: End of first vein to end of sec- ond on margin, 1,280; end of first vein to vertical level of tip of wing, 2,048; depth of marginal cell at end of first vein, 320; depth of first submarginal cell at level of basal corner of second, 512; depth of second submarginal cell near end, 608; length of praefurca, 880; first submarginal on first basal, 832; first submarginal on first pos- terior, 2,400; second marginal on first posterior, about 2,080; first basal on discal, 736; first posterior on discal, 1,409; second posterior on discal, 176; third posterior on discal, about 336; second basal on discal, 336; second basal on fourth posterior, 176; second basal on fifth posterior, 384. The anal is closed not far from margin. Some of the corresponding measurements of DP. florissantina are: First submarginal on first posterior, 1,632; first basal on discal, 672; first posterior on discal, 960.
Miocene shales of Florissant (George Wilson).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63459, U.S.N.M.
THE SALAMANDERS OF THE GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS.
By Emmett R. Dunn, Of Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
INTRODUCTION.
Although one of the species of Desmognathus is the commonest of the eastern salamanders, it was not observed by scientists until 1818, when Green described Salamandra fusca. This name was preoccu- pied by a name of Laurenti’s. In the same paper Green described Salamandra nigra, which name has been used for a species of Des- mognathus that Green probably never saw. In 1820 Rafinesque described Triturus fuscus, which is the earliest tenable name for a species of Desmognathus. This name of Rafinesque’s remained un- noticed until 1849, the names picta (Harlan 1825), negra (Green 1818), and intermizta (Green 1825), all being applied to the species now known as fusca. In 1838 Holbrook described auriculata, and in 1840 quadramaculata, He was the first to apply Green’s nigra to the large black adult of quadramaculata. In 1849 Baird described the genus Desmognathus recognizing three species: D. fusca (Rafinesque), D. auriculata (Holbrook), and D. nigra (Green).! He placed quadra- maculata in the synonomy of fusca where it stayed until Stejneger resurrected it in 1903.
Cope described ochrophaca in 1859. In 1866 he created a family, Desmognathidae, with only one genus. In 1868 he made auriculata a subspecies of fusca. In 1882 Boulenger added the genus Thorius Cope to the Desmognathinae. In 1892 Stejneger described Typhlo- triton placing it in this family. So also in 1893 Cope in deserbing Hayptoglossa included it in the Desmognathidae. Stejneger described D. brimleyorum in 1895. In 1899 Moore described Leurognathus as of the family Desmognathidae. In 1900 Moore showed clearly that this family had no standing if based on the opisthocoelous vertebrae.
In 1901 Allen claimed that ochrophaea should be a synonym of fusca and Fowler in 1906 supported his claim. In 1903 Stejneger
1 The “only”? specimen of nigra seen-by Baird was No. 14001 in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It was presented by Holbrook and the locality is given as ‘‘Penn.”’
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redescribed quadramaculata as distinct from the form long known as D. nigra (Green). In 1908 Brown designated D. fusca (Rafinesque) as the type of Desmognathus. In preparing this revision | described monticola and carolinensis.
Passing from the systematic history of the group, one is struck by the number of papers on the anatomy and physiology of one form: jSusca. This species, so easily obtamable throughout the East, has served as the basis for the researches of the Wilder's on the peculiarities of lungless salamanders. Mrs. Wilder has carefully worked out its life- history. Others have studied various phases of its morphology and embryology, so that this animal is by far the best known of the
Plethodontidae. MATERIAL.
Of Leurognathus marmorata I have seen six specimens. The type and one collected by S. N. Rhoads, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; and two cotypes, an alcoholic and a skele- ton, and an additional specimen in the University of Pennsylvania; and a larva in the American Museum of Natural History.
Of Desmognathus 1 have examined the following specimens: 1,093 in the United States National Museum; 1,105 in the Academy of Natural Sciences; 526 in the American Museum of Natural History; 56 in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy; 52 in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania; 144 in the Museum of Cornell University; and 194 in my private collection, making a total of 3,170.
The United States National Museum contains all the existing types of species of Desmognathus, i. e., of D. brimleyorum Stejneger, D. monticola Dunn and D. ochrophaea carolinensis Dunn.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
I desire to express my gratitude to Mr. Leonhard Stejneger, who suggested this research to me, for his kind advice and assistance, and for permission to study the collection of the United States National Museum; to Mr. R. G. Paine and Mr. H. A. O’Dwyer, of the Division of Reptiles, for help in studying the collection; to Dr. H. W. Fowler, who allowed me to study the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, for his interest and suggestions; to Miss Mary C. Dickerson, who gave me the opportunity to study the North Carolina fauna in life, and who lent me the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York City; to Dr. Thomas Barbour, who lent me specimens from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, in Cambridge, Massachusetts; to Dr. Percy Moore, who gave me the opportunity to study his specimens of Leurognathus and Des- mognaihus in the University of Pennsylvania Museum, and who permitted me to use his drawings of Leurognathus; to Dr. A. H. Wright, of Cornell University, for the loan of specimens; to Dr. and
NO. 2211. GHNERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 395
Mrs. Wilder, of Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, for advice and specimens; and finally to Dr. H. S. Pratt, of Haverford College, under whom I studied, who has shown great interest in this work, and allowed me to use the resources of the college laboratory with the greatest freedom, especially in the matter of procuring specimens
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENERA.
Cope established a family Desmognathidae on the strength of the opisthocoelous vertebrae of Desmognathus. Thorvus, Haptoglossa, Typhlotriton, and Leurognathus, were added at various times to the family chiefly on this character. Moore (1900) showed that opis- thocoelous vertebrae are in many salamanders concomitant with age, and that old specimens of various species of Spelerpes, Gyrino- philus, and Autodaz have vertebrae quite as opistocoelous as has Desmognathus. Consequently the family can not stand.
Thorius Cope, with a boletoid tongue and prefrontal bones, tends to Spelerpes.
Typhlotriton according to Cope (1893a) has the same peculiar structure of the atlas found in Desmognathus and Leurognathus. However, it has prefrontal bones and a premaxillary fontanelle. The tongue is attached in front, although according to Hilton (19090), it is in the larval state more like the tongue of Spelerpes than that of Desmognathus.
Its position, then, would be between these two genera.
Leurognathus Moore seems closely related to Desmognathus in structure of tongue and skull. The prefrontal bones are lacking in both. The peculiar structure of the atlas is alike in both. Leurogna- thus so far as known never has vomerine teeth. In this it is unique save that the males of some species of Desmognathus lose the vomerine teeth on arriving at sexual maturity.
The cranial structure of Haptoglossa Cope is unknown.
Batrachoseps Bonaparte has no prefrontal bones, but this has been shown by Cope to be an independent loss and the genus tends to Plethodon. Stereochilus Cope is not well known. Cope says that in the only skull he examined the prefrontal bone was present on one side and absent on the other. Besides Leurognathus, Stereochilus is, according to Cope, the only other genus of Plethodontidae without premaxillary fontanelle. This may or may not indicate relationship.
Therefore Desmognathus and Leurognathus form a closely related group, which is apparently isolated from other genera of Plethod- ontidae.
However, the cranial structure of Haptoglossa and Stereochilus should be examined for possible relationships.
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Fic. 1.—DoRSAL VIEW OF SKULL OF DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA, 3 X NAT.SIZE. A, ATLAS; ExO, EXOCCIPITAL BONE (THE OCCIPITO-PETROSAL OF WIEDERSHEIM); F, FRONTAL BONE; M, MAXILLARY BONE: NA, Nares; N, NASAL BONE; P, PARIETAL BONE; PM, PREMAXILLARY BONE; P MF, PREMAXILLARY FONTANELLE; Q, QUADRATE BONE; Sq, SQUAMOSAL BONE.
Fic. 2.—VENTRAL VIEW OF SAME, 3 X NAT. SIZE (TEETH SOMEWHAT DIAGRAMMATIC): Os, ORBITO- SPHENOID BONE; PaS, PARASPHENOID BONE; St, STAPES; V, VOMER; OTHER LETTERS AS BEFORE.
Fic. 3.—LATERAL VIEW OF SAME, 3 X NAT. SIZE: LETTERS AS BEFORE.
Fic. 4.—A SECTION OF THE SKULL OF DESMOGNATHUS QUADRAMACULATA TAKEN JUST ANTERIOR TO THE INTERNAL NARES, 3.5 X NAT. SIZE. f, FRONTAL; m, MAXILLARY; 7, NASAL; na, NASALPASSAGE, WHICH IS INDICATED BY SHADING; p, PREMAXILLARY; v, VOMERO-PALATINE.
Fic. 5.—DoRSAL VIEW OF A FEMALE LEUROGNATHUS MARMORATA, 3.2 X NAT. SIZE.
Fic. 6.—VENTRAL VIEW OF SAME, 3.2 X NAT. SIZE. THE INTERNAL NARES ARE BLACKENED, AND THE POSITION OF THE ACTUAL CHOANAE IN THE ENTIRE HEAD IS INDICATED BY A RING OF DOTS.
Fic. 7.—LATERAL VIEW OF SAME, 3.2 X NAT. SIZE.
Fic. 8.—A SECTION OF THE SKULL OF THE SAME TAKEN JUST ANTERIOR TO THE INTERNAL NARES, 3.5 X NAT. SIZE. LETTERS AS IN Fic. 4.
Fic 9.—DORSAL* VIEW OF SKULL OF SPELERPES RUBER, 3 X NAT. SIZE. Od, ODONTOM PROCESS OF ATLAS; P F, PREFRONTAL BONE; OTHER LETTERS AS BEFORE.
Fic. 10.—VENTRAL VIEW OF SAME,3 X NAT.SIZE. LETTERS ASBEFORE. (TEETH SOMEWHAT DIAGRAMMATIC.)
Fig. 11.—LATERAL VIEW OF SAME, 3 X NAT. SIZE. LETTERS AS BEFORE.
(Figs. 1-3 and 9-11 by the author; figs. 4-8 are here reproduced by the kind permission of Dr. Moore.}
No. 2211, GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 89%
VARIATION OF THE CHARACTERS.
Dentition.—This has been studied chiefly by taking impressions of teeth on thin shavings of a preparation of beeswax and lampblack.
The shape and presence of the vomerine teeth are quite constant in the various forms. The females always have them, but the males of all species save qguadramaculata and monticola lose them at sexual maturity. Some, but not all, old male monticola lack the vomerines.
In some specimens of fusca and in most of ochrophaea and caro- linensis the vomerine teeth are on a bony ridge which often persists after the teeth themselves are lost.
The parasphenoid patches change somewhat in shape with age and are slightly different in male and female. Aside from this they are variable and must be used only in connection with other characters.
The mandibular dentition of male ochrophaea is merely an exag- geration of that seen in male fusca, but it is marked and constant. The shape of the tongue is subject to so much variation, which is probably due to differences of preparation, that I have been unable to use it as a diagnostic character.
Tail and limbs.—The shape of the tail is constant and not subject to sexual or seasonal changes. I have found no seasonal changes in these salamanders, save that “in the breeding season the lips of the cloaca are somewhat everted”’ (Mrs. Wilder). The absence of the dorsal fold is characteristic of the ochrophaea group.
The relative length of the tail is also fairly constant. The tails are frequently broken and regenerated, so that it is impossible to tell the normal. Results of maximum tail-lengths range the species in the same order as average tail-lengths so that any error resulting from mutilation is of no consequence.
The size of the legs is quite constant in specimens of the same age. The distance between the appressed toes is less in youth than in age. But the change is not the same for all forms. Thus young monticola have two intercostal spaces between the appressed limbs and old monticola three; while young fusca have three and a half and old ones four. The larvae, young, and adult of guadramaculata have two and a half to three quite constantly.
Head.—The skin of the head is sometimes very rugose. This is very noticeable in specimens of guadramaculata and monticola. While the majority of specimens possess it, I have been able to find no other character accompanying it and am inclined to set its absence down to an artifact of preservation or an individual or local variation. It is not usually found, however, in old and black specimens of quadramaculata.
The size of the head is a constant but hard to use, as it has to be relative and the limits of variation are small.
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Size.—Adult size is subject to some local variation, but is other- wise constant. In the fusca and ochrophaea groups males are larger than females.
The disparity in size is greater than the total length measurement would show, as the tails of females are larger than the tails of males. Similarly the much greater size of quadramaculata is better shown when measurements of head and body are compared as the shortness of the tail in this form obscures the difference when total lengths are compared.
Costal grooves.—The costal grooves are not of much use in separat- ing forms of this genus. They vary from a minimum of 12 in quadra- maculata to & maximum of a possible 15 in brimleyorum. Fourteen is normal, counting the axillary and inguinal. The inguinal in specimens with 14 may be either a distinct groove or a fork of the thirteenth. Where there are only 12 this fork is lacking and No. 1 does not quite reach into the axilla. To quote from Cope (1889) speaking of ochrophaea: ‘The costal folds are 13, but 14 if that which is immediately above the groin be counted. The first falls im- mediately into the axilla. This is the characteristic arrangement in D. fusca also, while in D. nigra the fold above the groin usually extends to it and is the twelfth, while that which corresponds to the first of the species last named falls just in advance of the axilla. Though this is typical of D. nigra, occasionally another plica appears above the groin and the twelfth is slightly in front of it.”’
It will be seen from this that the number of costal grooves in this genus can not be used as a character of any great value.
The tubercle canthus oculi is present in all forms save typical ochrophaea. I have been unable to use the lateral pores as diagnostic characters. This is largely because the distinctness of these pores is so dependent on the preservation. In some specimens they are quite evident. In others of the same species they are scarcely to be observed at all.
Color—The shades are extremely variable, but I have found the general markings to be quite constant. In all of the forms there is a marked tendency for the dorsal surface to become black with age.
In quadramaculata the ventral surface also becomes dark with age, and carolinensis aud monticola show a tendency in this direction. In the other species the belly assumes its permanent coloration shortly after transformation.
Measurements.—In measurements the head length is taken from the tip of the snout to the middle of the gular fold. The head width is taken at the angle of the jaws. The tail is taken as beginning at the posterior angle of the vent.
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 399
Subfamily DISMOGNATHINAE. Key to the genera.
a Internal nares conspicuous, about as far apart as nostrils...... Desmognathus. a’ Internal nares very inconspicuous, twice as far apart as nostrils. Lewrognathus.
Genus DESMOGNATHUS Baird.
1849. Desmognathus Barro, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (n. s.), vol. 1, p. 82. 1854. Cylindrosoma (part) DumMérit and Brspron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 81. 1854, Plethodon (part) Dumérit and Bisron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 85. 1854. Ambystoma (part) DumMErm and Brsron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 105. 1856. Plethodon (part) HatLowe.t, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 6-11,
Type-species.— Triturus fuscus Rafinesque.
Diagnosis.—General characters of the Plethodontidae. Tongue attached, except by its lateral margins. Prefrontal bone wanting. Premaxillaries united, embracing a fontanelle. Structure of internal nares as in Spelerpes; that is, a notch in the vomer.
Vertebrae opisthocoelous in the adult. Atlas without odontoid process and with a transverse dorsal ridge on which the temporal muscles originate.
Occipital condyles on cylindric pedestals. Vomerine teeth usually present, but wanting in adult males of some species. A light line from the eye to the angle of the jaw.
There seems to be three groups of nearly equal value. These are: 1. quadramaculata; 2. monticola, fusca, auriculata, and brimleyorum; 3. carolinensis and ochrophaea.
Distribution—The forms of Desmognathus occur all over the eastern United States. Two specimens show that the genus is represented in New Brunswick. There is also a record for the Gaspe peninsula, but as this refers to larvae it is extremely doubtful. Nash’s records for D. fusca and D. nigra in southwest Ontario are also doubtful. It can be affirmed with considerable positiveness that guadramaculata does not occur in Canada, and from the known distribution of fusca it seems scarcely probable that it either is found in Ontario.
Specimens and records are lacking from northwestern Ohio, north- ern Indiana, northern Illinois, western Kentucky, western Ten- nessee, and northern Mississippi. In Arkansas, brimleyorum from two neighboring localities is the only representative. Beyer (1900) records fusca as common all over Louisiana. I have seen specimens from only the southeastern corner and these were auriculata. It is very doubtful whether typical fusca occurs in Louisiana.
In mapping the ranges of the various forms one is struck by the agreements with the maps in Transeau’s paper on the Forest Centers
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of Eastern North America. Thus the distribution of fusca is roughly the eastern deciduous forest; ochrophaea the northern coniferous forest; carolinensis the southern extension of the same; and aun- culata the southern coniferous forest.
LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES WITH TYPE-LOCALITIES.
Desmognathus quadramaculata (Holbrook), Carolina.
Desmognathus monticola Dunn, Brevard, North Carolina.
Desmognathus fusca fusca (Rafinesque), northern New York.
Desmognathus fusca auriculata (Holbrook), Riceboro, Georgia.
Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Desmognathus ochrophaea ochrophaea Cope, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.
Desmognathus ochrophaea carolinensis Dunn, Mount Mitchell North Carolina.
Key to adults of Desmognathus.
a!, Tail not keeled, cylindrical. Small species. b!, No tubercle in the anterior angle of the eye; belly light.................- D. ochrophaea ochrophaea, b?, A tubercle in the anterior angle of theeye; belly dark.................-.. D., ochrophaea carolinensis. a*, Tail keeled above. Large and medium species. b!. Belly uniformly colored.
c’. Belly black; large and stout; tail short...............D. quadramaculata. c?, Belly light; tail long; no light spots on sides.........-...... D. monticola, b'. Belly mottled. C. NO USHE SPOS OR SIDES)... ses siniccin neoan asa Gamera seca D. fusca fusca. c.2 A row of light spots on sides. d's Belly dark 00529034 Weornc. 15. PE. Be D. fusca auriculata. a; ;hrkaness: Delly lightissssec. 053 J-. see ee See D. brimleyorum.
IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAE,
From the larvae of other genera of Plethodontidae (except only Leurognathus marmorata, q. v.) larvae of Desmognathus may be told by their glistening white gills, which are never so long or so large as the gills of Spelerpes, etc., larvae. The legs are stout, especially the hind pair. The whole outline of the body and the markings are very like those of the adult. I have seen larva of guadramaculata and fusca. These may be distinguished by the larger size and uniform pigmentation of guadramaculata. Larvae of fusca, monticola, or carolinensis are not found during July and August, but larvae of quadramaculata are found throughout the summer.
Larvae of fusca are found among leaves and débris in very shallow water near the surface. Larvae of qguadramaculata are found under rocks in the mountain brooks where the adult is also found.
Spelerpes larvae, on the other hand, are usually found on the bottom of springs and small streams.
no. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 401
DESMOGNATHUS QUADRAMACULATA Holbrook.
1840. Salamandra quadramaculata Houtproox, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 1, vol.
4, pl. 27.
1840. Salamandra maculo-quadrata Hotproox, N. Amer. Herpetology, vol. 4, p. 121.
1842. Salamandra quadrimaculata Hotsproox, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 49, pl. 13.
1842. Triton niger (part) HoLtproox, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 81 (not of Green). 1849. Desmognathus niger Barrp, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (n. s.)
vol. 1, p. 285.
1854. Ambystoma nigrum DumrErit and Bisron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 125.
1903. Desmognathus quadrimaculata SreJNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 557.
Type.—So far as known there is none.
Type-locality— Holbrook (1840) says “I first found it in the Carolinas.”
Disiribution.—From Wytheville and Giles County, Virginia, south- ward in the Alleghenies into Georgia and South Carolina. Zonal range Transition and Canadian. Vertical range, 2,000-6,000 (Roan Mountain).
Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth always present. Parasphenoid series confluent anteriorly. Legs stout. Two and a half to three costal interspaces between appressed toes. Tail flattened, keeled, and finned above. Head very large. Size large. No distinct color pattern. Belly black. Larvae: Total length to 79 mm. Trans- formed specimens: Total length 49-164 mm. Head and body 27-100 mm.
Description.—The vomerine teeth are always present and form two arched series which extend nearly to the nares and approach each other posteriorly within one-fourth of their own length. When complete there are are 8-9 teeth in each series. The parasphenoid series are very long narrow patches, confluent anteriorly, which approach the vomeries from one-third to two-thirds the length of the vomerine series.
The tongue seems usually small and round, but it is variable.
The tail is always shorter than the head and body, and is usually flattened and finned.
The legs are very large and stout. The number of costal spaces between the appressed toes is two and a half to three.
The head length is from three and two-thirds to four and a half in the length of head and body. The head width is about five in the length of-head and body.
This is the largest species in the genus, with a long head, long body, short tail, and long legs.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17——26
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The skin of the head is often rugose, resembling, as Stejneger says, “‘orain leather.” This character is present in monticola and to some degree in carolinensis. Old and black specimens of quadramaculata do not, as a rule, have it. In nine specimens from Giles County, Virginia, five had the head perfectly smooth, in two it was very rough, and two were intermediate. The tubercle canthus occuli is always present.
The X-shaped groove on top of the head, between and in front of the eyes, is lacking in this species. It is present in all the other
aba aia coetalats
vate mi ce ay
RS
Fic. 12.—RANGE OF DESMOGNATHUS QUADRAMACULATA.
forms of the genus. This is useful in separating this form from dark monticola.
In this form the costal grooves are at a Minimum, Some speci- mens have only 12; others have 13 and 14.
The color of this form is very characteristic. The dorsal surface shows a lack of pattern not found in any other species. The larva is almost uniform brownish above and uncolored below. The young are at first like the larvae, but the dorsal color becomes gradually darker until it is black in old specimens. The color of the head is, in most specimens, much lighter than that of the body. The belly,
no. 2211. GHNERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 408
white in the young, soon begins to blacken in an area laterally very definitely defined by a line between the ventral insertion of the legs. Medium-sized specimens have the back dark, the sides light, and the belly dark. The dorsal surface is never lighter than the sides as it is in all the other forms of the genus. Old specimens become uniformly black save for the head and feet which remain brownish and whitish.
In view of the lack of definite color pattern, question may arise as to the applicability of Holbrook’s name to this species. The proportions and ventral coloration of Holbrook’s plate are those of this form. The dorsal spots are more distinct in Holbrook’s figure than in any specimen I have seen. But, as Stejneger says, some specimens approach it and the other characters agree exactly with this form and with no other.
I can find no sexual differences in this form. The testes are not pigmented, as are those of fusca and ochrophaea.
Habits —According to my own experience, this is by far the most aquatic species of the genus. I have found them swimming about in streams as large as the Linville River. They are extremely active and hard to catch or hold. It is a surprising sight to see one of these big black salamanders run down a sloping bank into the water for all the world like a water snake..
On several occasions captured specimens attempted biting.
Around Brevard, North Carolina, they came down to 2,100 feet in large streams, to which they seemed practically confined. At Linville, North Carolina, where the valley was 3,800 feet, they inhab- ited large and small streams, irrespectively.
The explanation seems to be that D. monticola inhabits small streams which rise at or below 4,000 feet, while D. guadramaculata follows down streams which rise above that line. This is not an absolute rule, but it holds in most cases, and a stream in which qguadramaculata is common usually contains few monticola, and the opposite.
The food seems not definitely known.
Nothing has been published on the breeding habits. The condi- tion of the ovaries in females would indicate September as the beginning of the egg-laying period. Specimens have been seen which were taken in May, July, and September. In May the eggs were not developed. In July the eggs were in all cases well devel- oped. In September the eggs were developed in some cases and not in others. This would show that some of the September females had spawned and others had not.
The larvae reach a much larger size than in any of the other species. The smallest transformed example seen was 52 mm. long, and the largest larva was 79 mm. long. Females appear to be
404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
sexually mature at a total length of 107 mm. with head and body 57 mm.
Remarks.—This seems the most primitive form in the genus Its larvae are the largest. The male never loses its vomerine teeth. There is no difference between male and female in size or hooking of the jaws.
In these characters it leans away from the other species of Des- mognathus and toward the majority of salamanders. Two other points of interest are that its size is the largest of the genus and that it is strikingly similar externally to Leurognathus marmorata, the only species of the only closely allied genus.
There are several specimens of this form with doubtful locality records. These are: No. 183 Mus. Comp. Zoél., presented by Doctor Holbrook, locality Charleston, South Carolina; No. 14001 Acad. Nat. Sci., presented by Doctor Holbrook, locality Pennsylvania; No. 3883 U.S.N.M. Meadville, Pennsylvania; No. 3823 U.S.N.M. Cook County, Illinois; No. 8802 U.S.N.M. Augusta, Georgia. Aside from these the specimens are all within the distribution given. No modern speci- mens of this unmistakable form are known from outside this range.
Green’s Salamandra ngra (1818) is not this form. Holbrook’s two specimens are the oldest ones known and hence it is doubtful if Green ever saw a specimen of what has been called Desmognathus nigra (Green).
Specimens examined: 213, from the following localities:
Illinois. —Cook County (%) 1.
Pennsylvania.—1 (%); Meadville (%), 1.
Virginia.—W ytheville, 1; Giles County, 9.
North Carolina.—Cherokee, 1; Bald and Sampson Mountains, 1; Haywood County, 3; Pink Beds, 3; Brevard, 61; Blantyre, 5; Mount Mitchell, 3; Spruce Pine-Micaville, 1; Henderson County,.3; Pineola- Mortimer, 7; Linville, 43; Blowing Rock, 49; Grandfather Mountain, 3; Roan Mountain, 4.
Tennessee.—1; Roan Mountain, 1.
South Carolina.—Abbeville, 2; Charleston (%), 1.
Georgia.—1; Augusta (%), 1.
No locality.—Three.
DESMOGNATHUS MONTICOLA Dunn.
1916. Desmognathus monticola Dunn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, p. 73.
Type.—No. 38313 U.S.N.M., adult male.
Type-locality— Elk Lodge Lake, near Brevard, North Carolina; altitude about 2,500 feet. Type collected by Ronald and Emeline Tipping, July 13, 1908.
Distribution.—From Clarke County, Virginia, and Greenbrier County, West Virginia, south in the mountains to Toccoa, Georgia.
——
No. 2211. GENHRA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 405
Zonal range transition. Vertical range: 500 feet (Clarke County, Virginia), 4,500 feet (Tatula Mountain, North Carolina).
|
y ) Uy
Uff}
WY), Thy 4 a r # 1. D. fusca. YY ~~ Ip f 2. D. auriculata. Mf : re 3. L. marmorata. | Ag A ee rhe y \ | 5
Fia. 13.—RANGES OF 1, DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA FUSCA; 2, D. FUSCA AURICULATA; 8, LEUROGNATHUS MARMORATA, (DOTTED AREA SHOWS INTERGRADATION.)
Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth not lost by males on reaching sexual maturity. (The largest and probably the oldest males lack these teeth. Others, however, many as large as the largest fusca and un- doubtedly sexually mature, have these teeth. When lost it is a senile change.) Parasphenoids confluent anteriorly. Legs stout.
406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Three costal interspaces between appressed toes of adult. Tail keeled above. A distinct color pattern. Belly uniform, pale. Trans- formed specimens: Total length 30-135 mm. ; head and body 17-64mm.
Description.—The vomerines form two short slightly arched series which approximate each other in the median line. The parasphe- noids are usually confluent anteriorly. They are long narrow series and are well separated from each other save in front. Their distance from the vomerines is about equal to the length of one of the vomerine series. The shape of the tail is about as in fusca. The relative length is greater. It is not as flattened as in guadramaculata.
The legs are stout. In young specimens the appressed toes are separated by two costal interspaces, in adults by three.
The length of the head is from four to four and a half in the length of head and body. The head is from five to six in the length of head and body.
This is the second largest form in the genus with medium head and body, long tail, and medium legs.
The skin of the head is often rugose as in quadramaculata. The costal grooves are 13 or 14 in number. There is always a tubercle in the anterior angle of the eye.
The color of this form is much like that of fusca, but shows certain differences. The light dorsal spots are smaller and more heavily out- lined with dark. They do not break up until the animal is practi- cally mature; whereas in fusca it is seldom, even in the smallest trans- formed specimens, that they have not coalesced into a light dorsal band. When these spots do coalesce in monticola portions of the dark outline are left as conspicuous dark spots on the generally pale dorsal band. The ventral coloration is practically uniform and lacks all trace of the mottling so conspicuous in fusca. The sides are not mottled as in fusca, but the dark lateral band merges gradually into pale ventral surface. In the young the belly is white. A uniform pigmentation gradually encroaches on the belly from the sides in- ward and from behind forward, so that the last unpigmented part of the ventral surface is between the fore legs. Eventually the whole belly is uniformly and lightly pigmented. In a few specimens this pigmentation is fairly dark, never, however, becoming as dark as in quadramaculata. In comparing monticola with the latter, it should be remarked that monticola usually retains traces of the dorsal pat- tern and never has the light lateral band so characteristic of young and medium quadramaculata.
The only sexual difference discernible is the very slightly more flexuous outline of the male jaw. The testes are unpigmented as in quadramaculata.
Habits.—-This species resembles fusca very closely in its habitat relations. Jt is not nearly so aquatic as quadramaculata, and is tound only in small streams. The rocky edges of the mountain
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 407
brooks and the springs along the sides of the roads simply teem with this species. It wanders more openly than do the otlier species of the genus. I once sat on the side of a road under a tree during a rain and four or five large examples crossed the road in half an hour. While we were climbing Grandmother Mountain early one morning, one ran across our path with a partially swallowed earthworm in its mouth. In this roaming tendency it resembles guadramaculata, which is also frequently seen in action, but which is confined to streams.
The vertical range of those observed by me was from 2,200 to 4,000 feet. This applies only to the North Carolina mountains. In Virginia it comes down to 500 feet.
No larvae have been seen. The breeding habits are not known, but they are probably similar to those of fusca. Transformed speci- mens have been seen as small as 30 mm. Females seem to be sexu- ally mature at a total length of 105 mm.; head and body, 51 mm.
Remarks.—This animal is intermediate between fusca and quadra- maculata, with which two species it was confused. It is the only species of the genus besides guadramaculata in which the male retains the vomerine teeth past sexual maturity.
It is apparently distinct from both of the others, as no specimens of an intermediate nature have been seen, and as it occurs with guadramaculata in North Carolina, and with fusca in Virginia.
Specimens examined, 173, from localities as follows:
Virginia.—Delaplane, 2; Clarke County, 1; Berry’s Ferry, Clarke County, 1; Hanging Rock, Clarke County, 8; Stony Man, 1; Augusta County, 2.
West Virginia.—Greenbrier County, 2; Baileysville, 2; Star Creek, 2; Horsepen Creek, 1; Big Stony Creek, near Barger’s Spring, 1.
North Carolina.—Brevard (type-locality), 90; Pink Beds, 9; Blantyre, 4; Sunburst, 3; Joanna Bald, near Andrews, 1; Burns- ville, 1; Cane River, 3; Spruce Pine-Micaville, 1; Linville, 18; Blow- ing Rock, 2; Pineola-Mortimer, 1; Tatula Mountain, near Highlands, 1.
Georgia.—Clayton, 1; Tallulah Falls, 4; Toccoa, 1.
DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA FUSCA (Rafinesque).
1818. Salamandra fusca GREEN, Journ. Acad. Philadelphia, vol. 1, pp. 348-359 (not of Laurenti, 1768).
1820. Triturus fuscus RAFINESQUE, Annals of Nature, vol. 1, p. 4.
1825. Salamandra intermixta GREEN, Hall’s Portfolio, vol. 20, p. 159.
1842. Triton niger (part) HotBroox, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, vol. 5.
1849. Desmognathus fuscus Batrp, Journ. Acad. Philadelphia (n.s.). vol. 1, p. 285.
1854. Plethodon fuscum DumeEnrtit and Brsron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 85.
1856. Plethodon niger HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 6-11.
Type.—Not known to exist.
Type-locality.—Northern New York.
Distribution.—From St. John’s River, New Brunswick, and Range- ley, Maine, to Raleigh, North Carolina; Dayton, Alabama; David-
408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
son County, Tennessee; Edmondson County, Kentucky; and Normal, Illinois.
It occurs as far up the French Broad River as Asheville, but is not otherwise known from the mountains of North Carolina.
Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth lost in male on attainment of sexual maturity. Parasphenoids never confluent. Appressed toes sepa- rated by four intercostal spaces. Tail keeled above. A distinct color pattern. Belly mottled, light. No row of light spots on sides. Larvae: total length to44mm. Transformed specimens: Total length 29-100 mm., females, 128 mm., males; head and body 20-67 mm., males, 52 mm., females.!
Description.—Vomerine teeth always present in females; lost in males at sexual maturity. They form two arched series, which, when complete, are composed of five to six teeth. The series is separated by one and a half its length from the parasphenoids. They do not extend beyond the nares, but approach each other within one-fourth their own length.
The parasphenoid teeth form two rather short, thick, completely separated series.
The tail in the adult is trigonal in cross-section near the base, the distal half has a dorsal keel which is a simple fold of skin. This sometimes extends to the anus but usually only in young specimens.
The tail is larger in females than in males. In aseries of 23 females from Haverford, Pennsylvania, 5 had the tail longer than the head and body, 2 had the tail equal to the head and body, and in 16 it was shorter. In 39 males from the same locality 1 had a tail larger, 1 had a tail of the same length as, and 37 had a tail shorter than the head and body.
The legs are not especially stout. There are four intercostal spaces between the appressed toes.
The length of the head is four and a half to five and a half in the length of head and body. The head width is five to six in the length of head and body.
I have seen no specimens of this form with the skin of the head rugose. The fact that I have seen no specimens from the North Carolina mountains may have some bearing on this point.
The tubercle canthus oculi is uniformly present. The male man- dible is evenly and fully provided with teeth, but the outline of the jaw is strongly flexuous and serves as a very certain and easy means of distinguishing the sexes when adult.
The costal grooves are usually 14 in number.
The color of this species had best be described from the standpoint of development. The larval coloration is the key to that of the
1 These measurements apply to specimens from southeastern Pennsylvania, from which region over 250 specimens have been available. The species averages smaller in the north and largest in North Carolina.
NO. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 409
§ Ny SLL os 3 “| Re | wo Us : 3 2 3 | ft a Se : atone EB ot HHI ARRAS Mt SK i
ge area in the North Carolina mountains.
is absent from a lar;
usca tion.)
oda
whil tergr
‘ a | ie AS
ting shows area of {n
and monticola overla
Dot
a Var a aa ‘ “ tt |
Fic. 14.—RANGES OF 1, DESMOGNATHUS BRIMLEYORUM; 2, D. FUSCA AURICULATA; 3, D. FUSCA FUSCA; 4, D. MONTICOLA,
(Note that in Virginia and West Virginia the ranges of fusca
410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
adult. The ventral surface of the larva is unpigmented. The dorsal pigmentation is uniform save for a row of uncolored areas on each side of the middorsal line. These are the larval areas of Banta and McAtee (1906) and are quite as significant in the development of the color pattern of Desmognathus fusca as they are in that of Spelerpes maculicaudus.
These pigmentless areas are in pairs on the body. They are con- fluent on the tail. At about the time of transformation the areas on the body become confluent and the result is a light dorsal band with crenulate edges. The sides below the crenulates are mottled and the mottling, shortly after metamorphosis extends over the ven- tral surface. The ground color which is not present in the larvae appears at metamorphosis.. It is extremely variable, becomes darker with age and appears to be chiefly responsible for the blackness of the whole upper surface in the old specimens. In young examples it may be yellow orred. ‘The sides of the tail are mottled much as are the sides of the body. |
The sexual differences in dentition, proportions of tail, and outlines of jaw have already been treated. Aside from this the male is larger than the female. The disparity in size is great. The largest male seen, from Raleigh, North Carolina, was 134 mm. totallength. Head and body, 68 mm. The largest female seen, from Nelson County, Virginia, was 107 mm. total length. Head and body, 52 mm.
Habits.—The habits of fusca have received much attention and are quite well known. They seem to rarely enter the water, although they live in its immediate proximity. They take advntage of holes and burrows of other animals, but are able to make their own. They lie in these burrows with the head toward the entrance.
Mrs. Wilder (1913) says, ‘‘The ideal environmental conditions for Desmognathus fusca, as deduced from a study of those localities in which they occur in the greatest abundance, are those afforded by the banks of well shaded streams of shallow, perennially running water.”’
Surface (1913) and Mrs. Wilder (1913) give accounts of the food of fusca; Surface tabulating the contents of 235 stomachs, Mrs. Wilder of 18.
The food is composed of insects, arachnids, earthworms, snails, and isopods. Mrs. Wilder shows that cannibalism is occasionally re- dulged in, and that they eat their own moulted skin, as do toads and frogs. Surface found nematodes in two stomachs, but does not say’ whether they were parasites or not. I have found mites encysted under the epidermis in some specimens.
The life history has been thoroughly worked out by Mrs. Wilder (1913). The mating is on land, fertilization is internal and the eggs are laid on land. She gives the total number of eggs as 20, there
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 411
being usually 10 in each ovary. Her specimens were from near North- ampton, Massachusetts. In a series from Haverford, Pennsylvania, females just matured at a length of 80 mm., had usually 28 eggs, while larger females up to 100 mm. had as many as 40 eggs. Cope states that 18 to 30 eggs may be found on one side.
The act of pairing has been observed in captivity on May 13. The eggs are laid from the first of June to the end of August, most being laid during July.
The eggs are guarded by the mother, who keeps herself in contact with them probably to keep them moist. They are joined together by the external membrane. The period from laying to hatching is about five weeks. When hatched the larvae measure 15mm. There is a terrestial larval stage of 15 to 16 days. At the expiration of this period the length is about 20 mm. and the larvae enter the water.
Mrs. Wilder gives the length of 15 aquatic larvae, collected in Massa- chusetts during November and December, as ranging between 17 and 25.5mm. Seventeen larvae collected November 28, in Nelson County Virginia, ranged from 21 to 29 mm.
The aquatic larval period lasts about nine months. They trans- form during May and June. Thus during July and August, as a rule, no larval fusca will be found.
Mrs. Wilder gives the largest larva seen as 33 mm., and the smallest transformed specimen as 27.75 mm. This is at Northampton, Mas- sachusetts. At Haverford, Pennsylvania, I have found larvae as large as 44 mm., and transformed specimens as small as 32 mm.
Mrs. Wilder says: “‘Specimens of 68 mm. and over of both sexes are sexually mature, apparently after three years of adult life. At Haverford they reach a larger size before maturity, although the age is probably the same. Females with developed eggs are not found smaller than 75 to 80 mm. The males lose the vomerine teeth at about 85 mm. This would be coincident with sexual maturity.
Remarks.—This is the most widespread form of the genus. With its subspecies auriculata it covers the whole East with the exception of the mountains of North Carolina.
Specimens intermediate between fusca and auriculata have been seen from Raleigh, Magnolia, and Kinston, North Carolina, Lake Drummond, Virginia, and Columbia, South Carolina. The Lake Drummond specimen is closer to auriculata, the others to fusca.
Specimens examined: 1,925, from localities as follows:
New Brunswick.—St. John’s River, 1.
Maine.—Brooklin, 5; Westbrook, 1; Rangeley, 8.
Vermont.—St. Johnsburg, 2.
Massachusetts —Berkshire Hills, 4; Springfield, 2; Northampton, 25.
New Hampshire.-—Amherst, 3.
412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 63.
Connecticut.—N orfolk, 2; Redding, 1.
Rhode Island.—Providence, 1.
New York.—Adirondack, 1; Westport, 36; Ithaca, 21; Orange County, 1; Catskills, 15; Highland Falls, 16; Shokan, 8; Fort Lee, 16; Garrison, 12; Van Cortlandt Park, 1; Staten Island, 24; Long Island, 43; Tupper Lake, 1; Utica, 5; Hamburg, 6; Auburn, 3; Haines Falls, Catskills, 4.
New Jersey —Orange, 11; Trenton, 1; Schwarzwood Lake, 2; Big Timber Creek, 1; Morristown, 15; Clement’s Bridge, 10; Penns- ville, Salem County, 111; Montclair, 4; Scotch Plains, 6; Maplewood, 2.
Pennsylvania.—39; Philadelphia County, 208; Delaware County, 6; Haverford, 74; Montgomery County, 55; Conshohocken, 10; Chester County, 14; Waynesburg, 3; Monocacy, 3; York County, 1; Lan- caster County, 71; Altoona, 2; Indiana County, 17; Tuscarora, 1; Mifflin County, 8; Perry County, 3; Lehigh Gap, 8; Northampton County, 2; Warren County, 3; Port Allegheny, 3; Brooklyn, 1; Seven Bridges, 4; Pittsburgh, 13; Clinton County, 1; Broad Top Mountain, 14; Susquehanna County, 1; Carlisle, 473; Columbia County, 1; Meadville, 30; Centerville, 1.
Delaware.—Brandywine County, 2; Greenville, 4.
Maryland.—Gloucester, 2; Brookville, 1; Laurel, 1; Great Falls, 3; Cecil County, 3; Jennings, Garrett County, 1; Mount City Gap, 1.
Virginia.—Bailey’s X-rvads, 2; Fort Myer, 5; Munson’s Hill, 1; Four-mile Run, 5; Fairfax County, 10; Stony Man Mountain, 21; Clarke County, 2; Berry’s Ferry, Clarke County, 27; Giles County, 9; Somer- set Beach, 1; Rockbridge County, 1; Bedford County, 3; Augusta County, 11; Newport News, 2; Nelson County, 33.
Ohio.—Cincinnati, 15; Columbus, 10; Highlands County, 4.
Indiana.—Richmond, 14; Brookville, 1; Jefferson County, 18.
Illinois —Normal, 3.
West Virginia.—Kegley, 6; Big Spring Run, 1; Rich Mountain, near Beverly, 3.
Kentucky.—Morgan County, 3; Edmonson County, 1.
North Carolina.—Salem, 10; Kinston, 5; Magnolia, 2; Raleigh, 43; unknown locality, 1; French Broad River, 1; Ahbseville, 9.
Tennessee.—1; Franklin County, 3; Knoxville, 3; Greenville, 1; Clearbon, 1; Athens, 1; Hamilton County, 6.
South Carolina.—Abbeville, 11; Columbia, 14.
Georgia.—Thompson’s Mills, 1; unknown locality, 1.
Alabama.—Kutaw, 5; Dayton, 1; Auburn, 1.
No locality.—125.
DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA AURICULATA (Holbrook).
1838. Salamandra auriculata Houtsroox, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, vol. 3, p. 115, pl. 28.
1849. Desmognathus auriculatus Batrp, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia (n.s.), vol. 1, p. 286.
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 4138
1854, Cylindrosoma auriculatum Dumiérw and Bisron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 81.
1858. Plethodon auriculatum HatLoweE Lu, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, (n. 8s.) vol. 3, p. 344.
1869. Desmognathus fusca var. auriculata Cork, Proc. Acad.Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p- 116.
Type.—Not known to exist.
Type-locality— Riceboro, Georgia.
Distribution.—From the Atlantic coast south of Dismal Swamp to Miami, Florida, and Washington, Mississippi. Zonal range: Lower Austral. Vertical range: Sea level to between 100 and 500 feet.
Diagnosis.—Similar to fusca, but a TOW of hight spots on sides, slimmer, belly mottled, dark.
Description.—Vomerine teeth as in fusca. Parasphenoid patches shorter, separated from the vomerines by twice the length of one of the vomerine series. ‘Tail similar to that of fusca, but slightly longer. The appressed toes fail to meet by four to four and a half intercostal spaces. The head length is from four to four and a half in the length of head and body. The head width is five and two- thirds to six in the length of head and body. The size is smaller than in fusca. The legs are weak and the tail is long. The head is narrower than in fusca.
The color is like that of fusca, but generally darker, especially ventrally. The belly, however, is always mottled. There is a line of light spots along the sides just above the insertion of the legs. This line is continued into the tail. The light spot between the eye and the angle of the jaw is especially noticeable in this form. It is said that these light spots are red in life. I have seen only alco- holics in which the color had faded.
Habits.—Nothing has been published on the habitat, food, or life history of this form save Lénnberg’s (1894) statement that he found one in Florida “‘under a log in a wet hammock.”
Its habits are probably similar to those of fusca. No larvae have been seen. The males lose the vomerine teeth at a length of about 90 mm., head and body 45 mm.
Remarks. —Intergrades with fusca. Its relationships with fusca have been discussed under that form.
Specimens examined: 74, from the following localities:
Virginia.—Lake Drummond, 1.
North Carolina.—Wilmington, 3; Lake Waccamaw, 5; Beau- fort, 10.
South Carolina.—Unknown locality, 2; Manning, 1; Oakley, 9
Georgia.—Unknown locality, 14; Savannah, 2; Nashville, 1; Rice- boro (type-locality), 12.
Florida.—Jacksonville, 3; Green Cove Springs, 2; Miami, 1
Alabama.—Coden 1; Mobile, 3.
414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Mississippi.cUnknown locality, 2; Washington, 1. Louisiana.—Covington, 3; Clinton, 1; Mandeville, 1. No locality.—Kight.
DESMOGNATHUS BRIMLEYORUM Stejneger.
1895. Desmognathus brimleyorum STEJNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, p. 598.
Type.—Cat. No. 22157, U.S.N.M. Collected by B. L. Combs, in 1894,
Type-locality.—Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Distribution—Known only from the type-locality and Little Rock, Arkansas, Lower Austral Zone; altitude 500 to 1,000 feet.
Diagnosis.—Similar to fusca, but larger and much slimmer, with a row of light spots on sides as in auriculata, and belly mottled very pale. Tail keeled above. Vomerine teeth lacking in mature males. Transformed specimens: Total length 42-129 mm., females, 134 mm. males; head and body 27-71 mm., females, 82 mm., males.
Description.—Vomerine teeth lacking in mature males. When present they form two arched series, which contain 6 to 7 teeth each.
The parasphenoid series are quite variable. Long and narrow in small specimens; in adults they are usually short and thick and sometimes confluent anteriorly.
The tail is like that of fusca, but flatter and more finned above. The tail is always a good deal shorter than the head and body.
The head length is from 4 to 44 in the length of head and body. The head width is from 5 to 6 in the length of head and body. The absence of the gular fold and the grooves of the face are noticeable only in the type series and are due to faulty preservation. More recent specimens show the gular fold and the facial grooves as well as any of the other species.
The mandibular dentition is as in fusca. The outline of the lower jaw is not so flexuous in the male and the glandular prolongation of the lower jaw is very weak. There is a noticeable difference in size between the males and females. There is always a tubercle canthus oculi. The costal grooves are 14 and rarely 15. There are 4 to 44 intercostal spaces between the appressed toes.
This form has a narrow head, long slim body, short tail, and weak legs.
The color is much like that of auriculata on the dorsal surface. The lateral series of light spots are, however, heavily outlined with dark. The belly is mottled, but is paler than the belly of fusca. | ' Habits—Strecker (1908) gives the following on brimleyorum, taken chiefly from the notes of B. L. Combs, who first collected them: ““Combs’s first specimens were found under the edges of flat rocks in the middle of a rather sluggish stream. Afterwards others were
no. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 415
found under planks, logs, and rocks, in damp woods in close prox- imity to water.” They ‘‘would run at the slightest alarm.”
Hurter and Strecker (1909) speak of brimleyorum eating speci- mens of Spelerpes multiplicatus with which they were confined.
No larvae have been seen. Strecker (1908) quotes from Combs’s notes on the breeding habits: ‘In the latter part of August or early in September the female triton deposits her eggs, which are from 30 to 36 in number, and attached together in strings, in a crevice in the under side of a rotten log, or in a mass of decaying wood near some small stream. The eggs are about an eighth of an inch in diameter. The female is much attached to her eggs and seldom goes far away from them. During a dry spell she will carry them down into her hole with her, and if it rains again before they are hatched will bring them again to the surface.’ The life history is probably closely similar to that of fusca. The males lose the vomerine teeth at a length of about 95 mm.
Remarks.—This species and auriculata are the only forms of the genus that possess the lateral row of light spots. They are also the two slimmest forms with the weakest limbs. These facts and the geographical probabilities indicate that brimleyorum is a distinct, isolated, offshoot of auriculata.
Specimens examined.—37, from the following localities:
Arkansas.—Hot Springs (type-locality), 24; Little Rock, 12.
No locality.—1.
DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEA OCHROPHAEA Cope. 1859 Desmognathus ochrophaea Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, . 124, 1870 Desmognathus haldemanni! Straucu, Mém., Acad. Sci., St. Pétersbourg (7), vol. 14, p. 204. 1901 Desmognathus fusca ALLEN, Proc. Boston, Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 29, pp. 73-74.
Type.—According to Stejneger, Cope’s type of ochrophaea is cata- logued in the United States National Museum as 4539. This entry bears in Baird’s handwriting ‘‘type of supposed new species, D. ochrophaea Cope” and also in Cope’s handwriting the one word ‘*Destroyed.”
Type-locality.— Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.
Distribution.—From St. Johns River, New Brunswick and Adiron- dack Mountains, New York, south in the mountains to Garrett County, Maryland. Canadian zone.
Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth lost in adult male. Parasphenoid patches separated. Tail cylindrical, without dorsal keel. A dis- tinct color pattern. Belly, uniform, light. No tubercle canthus oculi. Transformed specimens: Total length, 22.5 to94mm. Head and body, 15 to 48 mm.
1 Salamandra haldemanni Holbrook is judging from the platea specimen of Spelerpes bislineatus in some
stage of the metamorphosis. The gills are lacking, but in color and proportions it is an exact duplicate of certain metamorphosing larvae of bislineatus collected in August.
416 PROCEEDINGS OF THB NATIONAL MUSEUM, vou. 53.
Description.—Vomerine teeth in a scarcely arched series, their base on a bony ridge. Parasphenoid series long, narrow, and entirely separate.
Mandibular dentition of adult male as follows: The teeth are large and confined to the part of the jaw anterior to the eye. The outline of the jaw is very strongly flexuous.
The tail usually shows no trace of a dorsal keel, but is cylindrical throughout and marked by strong segmental grooves as in the tail of Plethodon erythronotus. The tail is quite long proportionally, being frequently longer than the head and body. The tail of the female is longer than that of the male. Males reach a larger size than do females. The number of costal interspaces between the appressed toes is four.
The head length is from four to four and a half in the length of head and body. The head width is from five and a half to six in the length of head and body. The skin of the head is smooth. There is usually no tubercle in the anterior angle of the eye. By far the great majority of specimens seen lack it, but it is present in four specimens from Shokan, New York. The costal grooves are regularly fourteen. The color of this form is quite constant. The belly is always very light. The dorsal surface in old and large specimens is black. In all specimens in which the markings can be made out the dorsal surface is very light and there is a very dark, broad lateral band. The upper edge of this lateral band is straight and definite. The lower edge is indefinite, as the band gradually merges into the pale color of the ventral surface. Sometimes there are a few small spots along the median dorsal line. This occurs in medium and large specimens. Young specimens have the dorsal area immaculate and the color of it may be pink or yellow.
There is never any trace of the dorsal spots so conspicuous in the young of most other species of the genus. The black lateral band extends the length of the tail as does the light dorsal band, and the color of the tail is quite as characteristic of this species as is the shape of the tail.
Habits.—Cope (1889) claims that ochrophaea is strictly terrestrial, being found ‘‘under the bark of every fallen log of hemlock (Altes canadensis) and in the débris of the dark, damp forests of the North. I never saw one in the water of streams and river banks, the habitat of the other species of the genus.”
Fowler (1906) gives an account of the habits of this species. Unfor- tunately he did not distinguish between this species and fusca, but of the 316 specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences, collected by him in Potter and McKean Counties, Pennsylvania, 308 are ochrophaea and 8 are fusca. He says: ‘‘It was found everywhere in the valleys, about and in streams, and on the comparatively dry mountain tops,
No. 2211. a DESMOGNATHUS AND eee i ee 417
though there less numerous and more solitary.” Thus while ochro- phaea can not be said to be strictly terrestrial, it seems more so than the other forms.
Cope says that the eggs are 6 to 10 in each oviduct. A large female from Potter County, Pennsylvania, had 10 on one side and 14 on the other. No larvae have been seen. Judging by the more terrestrial habitat, and the lack of the light dorsal spots, which are a larval character, the life history should differ from that of fusca. The males lose the vomerine teeth at a length of 65 to 75mm. Females the same size have developed eggs.
Remarks.—This seems to be a northern offshoot of the next form. It is the only form in the genus which lacks the tubercle canthus oculi. Records and specimens from Ohio seem open to doubt. There are four very old specimens in the United States National Museum, num- bered 3896, from Columbus, Ohio. Morse (1904) records it from Sugar Grove, Ohio. U.S. National Museum specimen 15634 from “S. Ari- zona and Texas,’ is even more open to doubt.
Specimens examined, 480, from localities as follows:
New Brunsuick.—St. Johns River, 1.
New York.—Westport, 4; Catskills, 1; Allegheny County, 5; Shokan, 4; Hamburg, 8; Ithaca, 18; Haines Falls, Catskills, 12; Clinton County, 6.
Pennsylvania.—Meadville, 24; Indiana County, 12; Clinton County, 4; Broad Top Mountain, 3; Luzerne County, 17; Eagles- mere, 4; Susquehanna County (type-locality), 5; Potter County, 253; McKean County,55; Warren County, 11; unknown locality, 24.
New Jersey— Greenwood Lake, 1.
Maryland.—Garrett County, 11.
Ohio.—Columbus (7%), 4.
“S. Arizona and Texas’’ (2), 1.
No locality.—3.
DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEA’ CAROLINENSIS Dunn.
1916. Desmognathus ochrophaea carolinensis DuNN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, p. 74.
Type.—Cat. No. 31135, U.S.N.M. Male adult. Collected by Brim- ley and Sherman, October 5, 1902.
Type-locality—Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, spring near top, altitude “over 6,500 feet.”
Distribution.—From Beverly, West Virginia, south in mountains to Gwinnett County, Georgia. Zonal range: Canadian zone. Vertical range: 2,200 to 6,500 feet.
Diagnosis.—Similar to ochrophaea, but with dark belly, and with a tubercle canthus oculi. Larger. Transformed specimens: Total length 25 to 113 mm; head and body, 54 mm.
77
418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Description.—The vomerines are always present in the female. They are lost by the male at maturity. Their shape and position as well as those of the parasphenoid series is as in ochrophaea.
The mandibular dentition is as in ochrophaea, save that the female has a more flexuous outline of the jaw than does the female in that
Bay |
pe
SERCO EE TO
Fia. 15.—RANGES oF 1, DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEA OCHROPHAEA; 2, D. OCHROPHAEA CAROLI- NENSIS. DOTTING SHOWS AREA OF INTERGRADATION.
species. The shape and proportions of the tail are just as in ochro- phaea. There are 14 costal grooves. The proportions of the head are those of ochrophaea. There is always a tubercle canthus oculi. The skin of the head is usually finely rugose as in specimens of quadrimaculata and monticola from the North Carolina mountains. The color is variable. Old specimens are uniformly black. As a rule the dorsal color is intermediate between that of ochrophaea and that of the fusca group. Thus there is a very dark lateral band
NO. 2211. GHNURA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 419
with sharply defined dorsal edges, but the back shows traces of an original series of light dorsal spots. The blackness of the sides of the tail is as characteristic of this form as of ochrophaea. Unlike ochrophaea the belly of carolinensis becomes black with age.
Remarks.—Although close to ochrophaea and undoubtedly inter- grading with it in the mountains of northern West Virginia, this form tends toward the other species of the genus, with its dark belly and tubercle in the anterior angle of the eye.
This is a very variable and puzzling form. Some specimens are exactly like Northern ochrophaea in color; others are spotted. In these the dorsal coloration may be red or yellow. Most of the larger specimens are uniform purplish.
There is an unmistakable trend toward fusca in specimens from the French Broad Valley at Brevard. This is doubtless correlated with the difference in habitat from mountain specimens mentioned below. At Asheville in the French Broad Valley, fusca occurs.
It is quite possible that intergradation takes place, but until it is proved, I think it best to let carolinensis stand as a subspecies of ochrophaea because I believe ochrophaea to be derived from caroli- nensis rather than from fusca. At any rate the form carolinensis is between the form fusca and the form ochrophaea in characters.
Brevard carolinensis are much smaller than fusca; their coloration is like that of the mountain specimens in frequently having the immaculate dorsal stripe which fusca does not have; the tails of about half the specimens are cylindrical, half have the tail somewhat flattened, and a few of the smallest have a dorsal keel on the tail. Typical fusca has a decidedly flattened tail with an evident dorsal keel. Asheville specimens are like ordinary fusca, but seem slightly smaller.
Cope (1889) mentions this form as a variety of ochrophaea.
Habits.—In the low grounds of the French Broad River at Bre- vard, North Carolina, I found them in such places as monticola or
fusca would frequent, but they rarely occurred with monticola, as the latter did not range into the low grounds. Higher up in the moun- tains, at Pink Beds and Linville carolinensis is almost wholly terres- trial. But occasional exceptions were found. Thus at Linville they were found everywhere from under a rock in water to under the bark of a treo five feet from the ground. By far the greater number, how- ever, were under logs on the ground.
I found two females with eggs in July. They had 10 to 15 eggs apiece, a very small batch compared with the 30 eggs of average fusca. No larvae have been seen and it is somewhat doubtful whether there is any definite aquatic larval stage.
The males lose the vomerine teeth at a length of 65 to 75 mm.
490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
The largest specimen in the list of measurements must be a veri- table giant, for out of a series of 213 which I got myself, the largest was 96 mm. in length.
Specimens examined: 296, from localities as follows:
Georgia.—Gwinnett County, 1; Tallulah Falls, 1.
North Carolina.—Mount Mitchell (type-locality), 19; Blantyre, 3; Highlands, 2; Brevard, 40; Pink Beds, 28; Tatula Mountain, 2; Andrews, 1; Wayah Bald, 2; Henderson County, 1; Haywood County, 11; Bald Mountain, Macon County, 1; Black Mountains, 8; Yancey County, 1; Cane River, 7; Pineola, 1; Linville, 135; Blowing Rock, 1; Roan Mountain, 8.
Tennessee.—Roan Mountain, 15.
West Virgima.—Star Creek, 1; Big Spring Run, 3; Rich Moun- tain, near Beverly, 1.
Genus LEUROGNATHUS Moore. 1899. Leurognathus Moors, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 316.
Type-species.—Leurognathus marmorata Moore.
Diagnosis.—General characters of the Plethodontidae. Tongue attached, except by its lateral and posterior margins. Prefrontal bone wanting. Premaxillaries united, no fontanelle. Internal nares a foramen inclosed by the united vomers and maxillaries. Verte- brae opisthocoelous in the adult. Atlas without odontoid process and with a transverse dorsal ridge on which the temporal muscles origmate. Occipital condyles on cylindric pedestals. Vomerine teeth not present. No light line from the eye to the angle of the jaw.
Distribuiion.—Same as that of the type-species.
LEUROGNATHUS MARMORATA Moore.
1899. Leurognathus marmorata Moore, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 316.
Type.—Academy of Natural Sciences. Young male. Collected by Doctor Moore.
Type-locality— Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina, stream between Linville and Blowing Rock, elevation about 3,500 feet.
Distribution —Known only from the type-locality and from Roan Mountain, North Carolina.
Dagnosis—No vomerine teeth. Legs stout. Two and a half to three intercostal spaces between appressed toes. Tail flattened, keeled and finned above. Head very large. Size large. No dis- tinct color pattern. Belly black in old specimens. The total length of the five known specimens ranges from 98 to 128 mm. The length of head and body from 55 to 75 mm.
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 42]
Description.—No vomerine teeth. The parasphenoid teeth form two leaf-shaped series which touch at the anterior end and are poste- riorly distant.
The tail is shorter than the head and body, flattened and finned above and to a less extent below.
The head length is about four and a half in the length of head and body. The head width is about five and a half in the length of the head and body. In the Roan Mountain specimen the head is rugose like grain leather. In the type the head is quitesmooth. The legs are stout. In the four from Grandfather Mountain there are two and a half intercostal spaces between the appressed toes. In the Roan Moun- tain specimen there are three. ‘The costal grooves are 13, counting the axillary and inguinal. They are as in most quadramaculata. The color is much like that of guadramaculata, save that the dorsal coloration is lighter. The pattern is confused, but usually there is a double dorsal row of light spots without any definite borders. This coloration is intermediate between that of D. quadramaculata and that of D. monticola. The three smaller ones have the belly light while the two larger ones have it black. No sexual differences are evident.
I refer one larva caught in Grandmother Creek just below the lake to this species.
Moore’s statement that L. marmorata is more aquatic than Des- mognathus quadramaculata, the absence of adults or larvae in small streams near Linville which we searched thoroughly, and this larva from Grandmother Creek, all go to show that this species inhabits large streams. On several occasions we noticed salamanders in the Linville River. All those we could catch, however, turned out to be Desmognathus quadramaculata.
The larva shows Desmognathine affinities in its stout hind legs, glistening white gills, and dorsal fin only on the tail. No larvae known have all these characters save those of Desmognathus. It is much too large (63 mm.) for monticola, which transforms at 30 mm., or carolinensis which is even smaller.
In size and general appearance it agrees with larvae of quadra- maculata collected at Brevard and Linville. It differs, however, in the much longer tail, the shorter and slimmer head, and the slimmer body.
Compare the proportions of several larvae:
ae pare Paneth toneeic tna | Tail.
PPA DOT ALVUS ITIL MOT AUE anim <'<'a) oe 2 alee nna ones as ana eeacint ne 8 24 31 Desmognathus quadramaculata.......-...-2+-+-+-02 eee nee eeeee | 48 6 22 20 Deena dese case os actos n ates ae ca eRe nas ose 52 8 23 21 DIO Gam ete ac cok era cumes et won tele iaais gown ec cee eae oe eae ete | 50 8 | 24 21 DEG ee i cA er Me ae Se oa ee eee 59 9 95 | 25 BIEL uct cis cxts eve Ose ne ton dae a eRW Ree Tee SaaS 63 0 26 | 27 1 0 1 |
422 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
The eyes are larger and farther apart. The head of a quadra- maculata larva bears more resmblance to that of a pig, while this unique larva rather resembles a squid with its great staring eyes.
The color is much darker, although the pattern seems about the same. There is no lhght line from the eye to the angle of the jaw which line is quite evident in both larval and adult quadramaculata. Finally, the under side of the throat is pigmented, reminding one of the larva of Gyrinophilus danielsi. The throat of quadramaculata larvae is unpigmented.
While I think there can be no doubt that this larva is distinct from D. quadramaculata, 1 hesitated for some time before referring it to Leurognathus marmorata. L. marmorata differs very slightly in proportions from D. quadramaculata, and the color is usually lighter, especially in young specimens. ‘Thus the larva would seem to differ from marmorata more than quadramaculata does. However there are only two possibilities; either this is the larva of L. marmorata, an animal known only from five specimens, four of which are from the Atlantic drainage on the slopes of Grandfather Mountain; or there exist in the Atlantic drainage on the slopes of Grandfather Mountain, two rather aquatic salamanders, much resembling D. guadramaculata, and known only from four adults and one larva, respectively.
Habits.—Nothing is known of their breeding habits. Doctor Moore says of them: ‘‘They seem to be essentially aquatic, remaining in the deeper parts of the pool and not burrowing beneath stones in places merely wet, as does the D. nigra, which occurs in great numbers in the same region. LL. marmorata is much less active than the latter species and swims rather sluggishly, but with an easy gliding motion. The individuals seen seemed rather shy, and when alarmed quickly took refuge under the large rocks scattered through the pool, from beneath which, however, they were easily induced to emerge by the attrac- tion of pieces of meat thrown into the water.”
Remarks.—This species is externally very similar to D. guadrama- culata, especially the two larger specimens, which are black. The flatness of the head is a very noticeable external character. [ was looking over the specimens of Desmognathus in the collection of the academy, and one looked as if its head had been stepped on. It proved to be the Roan Mountain specimen of Leurognathus. This species is excessively rare and has had a rather curious history, as two out of the six known specimens have passed the time since the late nineties, when they were collected, under the name of D. nigra. Rhoads’s specimen from Roan Mountain was collected in 1895, four years before the genus was described. Doctor Moore, who described the genus from three specimens, had four in his collection, but the resemblance of the adult to D. quadramaculata deceived him, as it had Rhoads.
NO. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 428
Specimens examined from localities as follows:
North Carolina.—Stream between Linville and Blowing Rock, about 10 miles from the latter (type locality), 3; Blowing Rock, 1; Roan Mountain, 1; Pineola, 1.
DISCUSSION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE VARIOUS FORMS.
Adams (1902) gives 10 criteria for determining the center of dispersal of arelated group of animals. These are:
1. Location of greatest differentiation of a type.
. Location of dominance or great abundance of individuals.
. Location of synthetic or closely related forms.
. Location of maximum size of individuals.
. Location of greatest productiveness and its relative stability.
. Continuity and convergence of lines of dispersal.
. Location of least dependence upon a restricted habitat.
. Continuity and directness of individual variations or modifica- tions radiating from the center of origin along the highways of dis- persal.
9. Direction indicated by biogeographical affinities.
10. Direction indicated by the annual migration routes in birds.
The last is, of course, inapplicable in this instance.
In regard to the first criterion it has been shown that the three groups of Desmognathus occur together only in the southern Alle- ghenies.
In regard to abundance, Moore’s already quoted remarks on quadra- maculata apply, and Brimley (1912) says of carolinensis, ‘abundant throughout the regions collected in, particularly at the high alti- tudes” and of guadramaculata (with which he included monticola), “abundant, the most characteristic salamander of the rocky, moun- tain streams.”
As to the third criterion, monticola and carolinensis are closer to quadramaculata than are any other members of their groups. Quad- ramaculata is the largest species in the genus, and monticola and carolinensis are the largest in their groups.
It has been shown that productiveness, judged by the number of eggs, is, in fusca, dependent on size. The largest fusca seen are from North Carolina, and in the mountains of that State occurs monticola, a close relative of fusca, and still larger.
The sixth and ninth criteria are closely similar and may be treated together. The dispersal of the ochrophaea group seems to have been northward along the mountains. The fusca group took the plains route radiating from the mountains as fusca and southward along the coast as auriculata. An isolated trans-Mississippi form of the latter has developed into brimleyorum. In Virginia and northward fusca has invaded the mountains into the range of monticola. It
CONT OS CrP C LO
424 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
seems to have originated eastward and gone around the mountains in Georgia and across them in northern Virginia and Pennsylvania. This convergence from two sides may account for the apparent absence of fusca in western Kentucky, western Tennessee, and northern Mississippi.
As to the seventh criterion, Desmognathus is found in the moun- tains of North Carolina in all situations; from far out in streams as large as the Linville River to under the bark of dead trees 5 feet from the ground.
The eighth criterion is satisfied by the southward increase in the size of fusca already referred to. If we arrange the species in the following order:
auriculata—brimleyorum,
quadramaculata—monticola— uscal 3 carolinensis—ochrophaea,
we shall get by starting with guadramaculata definite and continuous variation in several characters; in size and importance of the dorsal larval areas, ending with the striped ochrophaea; in the size and importance of the lateral larval areas, ending with brimleyorum; in the hooking of the male mandible, ending with ochrophaea; in the shortening of the parasphenoid patches ending with brimleyorum; in the loss of the male vomerines and the shortening of the series in both sexes (not much change in this character or in that of discrep- ancy in size between the sexes takes place after fusca is reached) ; in the weakening of the limbs and the lengthening of the body, ending with brimleyorum,; in terrestrialism, ending with ochrophaea.
In the series ending with brimleyorum there is geographic continuity from the southern Alleghenies to Arkansas, but in the series ending with ochrophaea we apparentiy leave the mountains to develop fusca and enter them again to obtain carolinensis.
As an hypothesis to account for this peculiar distribution the fol- lowing is put forward with considerable diffidence, as it rests on no fossil evidence: ;
C. C. Adams states that during the last glaciation there existed south of the ice first a tundra belt, then a coniferous forest, and lastly a deciduous forest. Now monticola and fusca are in general restricted to deciduous forests. We may place their glacial distribution as the glacial deciduous forest—monticola in the uplands and fusca in the lower land.
Possibly at this time auriculata and brimleyorum were developed in the extreme south, but more probably their differentiation is post- glacial.
During the last glaciation specimens of fusca invaded the glacial coniferous forest, acquiring less aquatic habits and an adaptation to a lower temperature, thereby or therewith being converted into carolinensis.
No. 2211, GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 425
Morphologically, as I have shown, carolinensis is derived from fusca. Ecologically, while fusca and monticola have apparently simi- lar habitats, actually the climate of the range of monticola is more humid that that of the range of fusca. Consequently, in degree of aquatic habitat, fusca is between monticola and carolinensis.
With the retreat of the ice carolinensis followed the coniferous forest to the southern mountains, where they both remain. Northern representatives of the form have developed into ochrophaea.
Monticola also retreated to the mountains because of the greater humidity. It now occupies the deciduous forest in the transition zone in the southern mountains.
Postglacially also occurred the overlapping of the ranges of fusca and monticola. It matters not whether we assign the differentiation of these two closely related, ecologically similar, forms to the period preceding the last glaciation or to that of the ice itself. At any rate, we are compelled to hypothesize for them ranges originally adjacent but distinct, differing in that the range of monticola was more humid. Perhaps it will best suit the facts of differentiation to suppose that prior to the last glaciation monticola occupied the mountains and fusca the piedmont and coastal plain.
It is highly probable that the entire extension of the genus west of the Appalachian Valley is postglacial, as neither monticola nor quadra- maculata are known from the Cumberlands.
There are indications, such as the apparent isolation of brimleyorum in Arkansas and the rarity and disconnected range of fusca in Indiana and Illmois, that in early postglacial times forms of Desmognathus extended farther west than now. In this connection the remarks of Gaines (1895) on the recent extinetion of fusca near Vincennes, Indiana; of McAtee (1907) on its former presence in Monroe County, Indiana; and Hahn’s (1908) failure to find it in Lawrence County, Indiana, are of interest. It should be noted that failure to find fusca is of much greater significance than failure to find most other species of reptiles and amphibians, for where it is present it is much the commonest salamander.
For the differentiation of monticola from quadramaculata we do not need to assume a distinct geographic range, as they are ecolog- ically different. But we are compelled to place the time of differ- entiation at a more remote period than that of any of the other forms, because quadramaculata is the most primitive as well as the most distinct form in the genus.
The above is only a hypothesis, and only in so far as it accounts for the known facts of distribution and relationship is it worthy of consideration. If it cites discussion and criticism the author will ° be well pleased.
Besides these arguments drawn from the species of Desmognathus, it is significant that in the southern Alleghenies occurs the only
49 6 VOL. 53.
species of the only closely allied genus, Lewrognathus marmorata. I think I am justified by the above evidence in locating the center of dispersal of Desmognathus in the southern Alleghenies.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS.
DESMOGNATHUS QUADRAMACULATA (HOLBROOK).
Vo- | Spaces rhea : -, | mer- e- ocality. Specimen. Sex. |Length.| Head.| Body.| Tail.| “ing | tween y teeth. | toes.2 U.S.N.M. 3923.... Male... LBL ep cas3 1100 90} scene cc] eme<cic Abbeville, S. C. U.S.N.M. 3923... 2002-222 157 | 22 60 TO emo secs leeasee Do. U.S.N.M. 14419..... dO. 112 | 17 61 44 6-6 24 Wytheville, Va. WOf Batts aston seee Ose = 135 | 20 60 49 3-3 24 | Blowing Rock, N. C. U.S.N.M. 30901.....} Female. 133 | 18.5 | 58.5 OGMecendereeereeae Linville, N. C. Woe aes Faas GOene 129 |} 17 57 Bod: Shae aes Blowing Rock, N. C. IAIN. Ole Soccer eikan as cece 125 | 18 56 51 3-3 3 | Henderson Co., N.C. HSRED ACE Peet Male.. 129 | 17 55 57 4-3 2 | Haywood Co., N. Cx DO caeccueshe sc dOec. = 121 17 54 49 8-8 2 Do. ASNES S923 see Sel aes doss=- 115 | 15 56 44 7-7 24 | Giles Co., Va. AC NUSe OE. cohiseincil se <80.2- 129 | 18.5) 54.5 56 3-3 24 Do. AGNES (OLB 2. occas: dol 119 | 16 54 49 7-7 23 Do. HRD Soon sts sccic ct =d0:4-- 122 | 17 54 51 3-3 2 | Grandfather Mt., N.C. IDOLS=EE te 55.8 Female.. 104 | 16 53 35 6-8 23 | Haywood Co., N.C. PAGING SO LG sieeecra.c ale... 119 | 16 50.5 49 7-7 23 | Giles Co., Va. AVN SS O20o eae tye Female.. 115| 15 | 49 51 6-6 3 Do. RD as estes oe sdO3 546 92} 14.5 | 45.5 32 6-4 2 Haywood Co., N. C. ACINES: O19 feb cece | Male. ae 105 | 16 44 45 5-4 |....... Giles Co., Va. pr Wewcseasscce tlnce dotee- 94) 11 38 45 5-5 24 Haywood Co., N. C. ACINED A OISe hd ceetins| scminaeaens 92) 14 43 35 3-4 3 | Henderson Co., N.C. IASNES OSE 226458. Female.. 73 | 13 37 23 5-5 3 | Giles Co., Va. AGN 83022. 2 secs ies 400.25. 81} 11.5} 34.5 Soa eo eate 24 Do. Wepe Ne Meese coe eae eee ae 69 9 31 BON isrctoees 3 Brevard, N.C. JAUINGS S925 27. 26th cle = G0.22 78 | 11.5 | 29.5 37 4-4 3 | Giles Co., Va. WES UNM eae. se Larva... 65 9 28 Sala sese 3 Brevard, N.C. U.S.N.M.: United States National Museum. 1 Head and body. A.N.S.: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2 Of appressed Tnabs: M.C.Z.: Museum of Comparative Zoology at Canbrides E.R.D.: Collection of E. R. Dunn : A-M.: American Museum of Natural History.
Cornell: Museum of Cornell University.
DESMOGNATHUS MONTICOLA Dunn.
M.C.Z. 2546.......- Male... 112 | 16 52 64 | 0 34 | Blantyre, N. C. Comelle sec. scane s-d0%.05 106 | 14.5] 51.5 40 Oielee sec. Clayton, Ga. BRED ee «2 ce eeeenee | = 00rcc 112} 15.5 | 48.5 48 2-4 3 Haywood Co., N. C.
WO os oaewecen eee 2d0e-. 120; 15 48 57 3-4 3 Do.
DOSS casceneas Female.. 119} 13.5 | 47.5 58 5-6 3 Blantyre, N.C. U.S.N.M. 31116..... Male.. 101 | 14 47 40 3-3 23 | Yancey Co., N.C. U.S.N.M. 38253..... Ose 135 | 14.5] 46.5 74 3-2 3 bccn Mt. near Highlands, Hon eee ecercatiat Female.. 122 | 13 46 AGM eee 3 | Haywood Co., N. C. U.S.N.M. 38251..... =2dOsse 104 | 12.5] 45.5 46) | cece 3 | Wayah paid at, N.C. U.S.N.M. 38314..... =0O2s5 91 12 45 S8 ies eee 3 Brevard, N U.S.N.M. 38313 1...| Male... 116 | 12 45 58 3-3 3 Do.
U.S.N.M. 38316..... = d0:e. 75 | 13 44 18 3-3 3 Do.
U.S.N.M. 31120..... edOsie 107 | 11.5} 41.5 54 4-5 24 Yancey Co., N. C. U.S.N.M. 38315..... | Female.. 100 12 39 49 5-5 3 Brevard, N. C. U.S.N.M. 31121..... Sdos ee: O35) gis) S45 a eae ee 3 | Yancey Co., N. C. U.S.N.M. 48455..... ieee eee 79 9 28 QD ate ene 2 | Brevard, N.C WiSNEM. 138320805. |) ec -tee- 5S] a cecil ke On neon seen 2 Do. U.S.N.M. 38321..... | Sorcleseiclaleis 63 wo | 25:5 SO Ne aoce ee 2 Do.
EVD) | Sark Mars a | ee airy ake 55 7 20 28 4-5 2 | Clarke Co., Va. WESSON: Mi sobecscccer cameras 46 7 19 Om \eee cone 2 | Brevard, N.C. WES NEMS a8004. co. <i oceene oe 36) 5.5 | 14.5 16. Se eee cg Do.
ROERUN ME 3832532250 nc acne sees 34; 5 14 U5 Scnidacepase caste Do.
SIN ME oS8ao0be se low .ceeee al} 5 12 NAY NS ero ott ohece Do.
NO. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 424%
DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA FUSCA (RAFINESQUE).
{All measurements taken from specimens in my own collection.)
| Vomer-| Spaces Sex. | Length. | Head. | Body.| Tail. | ine (between Locality. | teeth. | toes. a reed |
134 14 54 66 | 0 44 | Raleigh, N.C. 128 14 53 61 ORS Seeerciet Conshohocken, Pa. 116 13 52 biter pes Ona 4 | Haverford, Pa, 109 14 51 44 | 0 4 | Midway, Va. 119 1 50 ove) 0 4 | Haverford, Pa. 94 12 48 Si 0 4h Do.
113 13 48 52 mlene 50, 4 | Midway, Va. 100 12 46 42 | 0 4 | Haverford, Pa. 109 ll 45 oa 0 4 Do.
100 10 42 48 ao 4} Do. 102 9.5 41.5 51 6-3 4 Do. 104 11 41 52 0 4 | Clark Co., Va. 107 eS 405s |r 55" 9a—4 43 | Midway, Va. 93 9 40 44 | 3-4 5 | Haverford, Pa. 96 10 40 46 | 2-2 4 Do.
99 10.5 38.5 50 | 1- 4 | Clarke Co., Va. 91 9.5 87.5 44 5-6 4 | Haverford, Pa. 81 11 36 33 0 4 | Clarke Co., Va. 81 8 35 38 3-3 5 | Haverford, Pa. 83 9 34 40 2-2 4 Do.
73 9 33 31 2-2 4 Do.
81 8 32 41 5-2 4 Do.
75 8 31 36 3-3 4 Do.
72 9 30 33 4-5 4 | Midway, Va. 71 9 30 32 4-4 4 | Haverford, Pa. 63 7.5 28.5 27 6-6 4 Do.
67 8 28 31 44 4 Do.
62 iu 28 Zit \siseaae= = 4 Do.
65 7 26.5 31.5 6-6 4 | Do.
64 7.5 25.5 Oley Sl aseccisoe 4 | Clarke Co., Va. 61 7 25 29 4-3 4 | Haverford, Pa. 60 7 25 28 3-3 4 | Clarke Co., Va. 58 7 23 28 3-3 4 | Haverford, Pa. 53 6.5 21.5 25 4-4 4 Do.
52 6.5 20.5 DP maim sree eieto's 3 | Clarke Co., Va. 39 6 20 Aids | Sereisstera 4 | Haverford, Pa. 43 6 19 Ga seein eee seges Do.
39 5 17 Di aisiacielejsisiel esternieieisye Do.
32". | 5 15 12S eee sol seeeeee | Do.
27.5 4.5 14 Oe Ue eaeceae | sosemewe Clarke Co., Va. 44 5 19 Dis ii saccsees|secece ee | Haverford, Pa., May 28. 33.5] 4.5] 15 14m loess ted| sceoacey Do.
Vo- |Spaces : : +, | mer- e- Specimen. Sex. |Length.| Head.| Body.| Tail. "ape ee Locality teeth. | toes.
MiCZ. 2088 jccceces | Male...- 107 13 49 45 0 44 | Mobile, Ala. MEGiZ: 1070-22222. aeedOlss-- 103 14 48 41 0 44 | Jacksonville, Fla. MICZ 107005. 2-5-2 Female . 99 ll 45 43 6-4 4 Do. IM-C:Z. 1070 cine o00 200%... 106 10.5 43.5 De inccauee 44 Do. U.S.N.M. 16675..... | Male.... 86 11.5 | 43.5 32 0 4% | Clinton, La. MiC 7. 2783-3. 20-0 Female . 89; 11 42 36 3-5 44 | Mobile, Ala. U.S.N.M. 21380..... Male.... 101 11.5] 40.5 49| O 44) Savannah, Ga. U.S.N.M. 21379..... OOscces 90 11.5 | 38.5 40 0 43 Do. U.S.N.M. 11899..... = GOrsces 85 | ll 38 36 Qu aleccee oe Mobile, Ala. U.S.N.M. 45920..... 1 doves 2s 101 LA Sn Mateo 51 Ol | Seca Washington, Miss. WSN MM. S70862. 252)... -d0sees. 100 | 12.5 35.5 53 Oi 43 | Wilmington, N.C. MC AUER eee feeedosec. 75 9.5 84.5 31 5-5 4 Beaufort, N.C. TU S2aNEM. 37085s-.22 Ss doles: 78) 9.5 31.5 37 4-5 4 Wilmington, N.C. M:°C:Z,2783_..<- lpn OOseece 85} 8.5] 31.5 45 4-3 4 Mobile, Ala. U.S.N.M. 37084.....|...do..... 74 10 29 35 4-5 4 | Wilmington, N.C MIC Zo1168.. oe oeccl ene dosti | 69| 8.5] 30.5] 30) 54 44 | Beaufort, N.C.
OREO ees lees dome 60! 8 27 25| 3-4 4k | Do.
| |
498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DESMOGNATHUS BRIMLEYORUM STEIJNEGER.
VOL. 53.
| Tail.
| | | Specimen. Sex. |Length.| Head.| Body.
| ] |
| |
j | Mi Cua2ieaeconn. Male.. 134 17 65 1 OFS Bs [eee ae PaGOe 5 128} 16 58 EASIER 500 22 rani eae Female . 129 | 14.5) 56.5 tACUN cl 57 80+ woos Esse ae 118 14 51 MC aoe DIS4 concn Male.. 122 16 51 U.S.N.M. 22165....| Female .| 105 | 13 50 MICS one0 es sscce Male....} 99 14 48 URSRINEIMIES SPs Se Le GOs ee] 113 15 48 IM CE 27 84 a capee . TEGO 11 14 46 U.S.N.M. 38797..... Female . 105; 12.5) 44.5 MiCi 7 3142) 2222 aed Oh = 101 13 43 U.S.N.M. 22161..... SO 2. 2c 93 12 43 U.S.N-M. 22163. c2.|. 60... =. O51) 12) 42 Me Creed 18h ee es Osea 76; 10 42 U.S.N.M. 22169.....| Male.... O38) poetacaH 1 54 UGeNe Mee cco ee Female . 93 11.5) 41.5 U.S.N.M. 38796..... ale -.se. 93}. Ik | 40 U.S.N.M. 38798..... Female . 80; 10 | 34 U.S.N.M. 38799..... i00:- =. 64; 9.5] 28.5 SEN MS ee ee oe 61 9.5 | 28.5 MICs O784 2222.2 Female 60))|) Sh 1. 528 WSENEM SS800 = ee aoe §9| 8.5] 27.5 ULSSINA Me acne cl oaemee ates 48| 8.5] 26.5 IMIG ee Tek eee ncaa cn Bilt eS 25 WU: SeNe Mt S880l-- tele o es coceee 42 a. 220
1 Head and body. DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEA OCHROPHAEA Cope.
te here Ark.
Hot Spies, Ark,
Little Rock, Ark. Hot Springs, Ark.
Little Rock, Ark.
Do. | Little Rock, Ark. | tattle} Rock, Ark.
[All specimens in list from Gold, Potter County, Pennsylvania. Duplicates in collection of Academy of
Natural Sciences.]
Sex.
es Head. | Body.
en’
ora or
OVEN DO 00 IO 1900 OO HI
| Spaces between toes.
vr
oe
PR To NAS Wm fom VW Es WR HD CAS
ow
tt NN th i aa aii ee
NO. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 429
DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEA CAROLINENSIS Dunn.
| Vo- | Spaces Specimen. Sex. |Length.| Head.| Body. Tail. ne cal Locality. | teeth. | toes. | U.S.N.M. 31150... Male 173) ME 43 | 59/ 0 4 | Mount Mitchell, N.C. WS 2NeMES1IZ5 1...) Go:.222 102; 11.5) 40.5 50 0 4 Pertenece seco aa O22 2c 80 9 esas 0 4 “Haywood County, N.C. fay Doe cake d0:..2- 82 9.5} 33.5 39 0 3 WOERt Rec ses on elec do:..=. 78 9 33 36 0 4k De U.S.N.M. 31136..... Female . 82| 10 33 39 4-4 4 | Mount Mitchell, N.C. Bena Dees-i ices. Male.... 77 9.5} 31.5 385 0 4 pay ood County, N.C. DORR seein cer Female . 60 8 Si Nae eo 6-6 4 Do. DO ee So sce Male.... 67 10 31 26 0 4 Do. HOS i toe inen face Ozsae 76 11.5} 29.5 35 0 4 Do. Doe ee ee Nes doi. 57 8 28 21 0 4 Do. IDG2 oes eens Female . WL Nite 8.0.) 2100 35 6-6 4 | Do. WOst cesses oe Male.... 72 9 27 | xra6) 4-4 4 Do. DO ee See ha ee ee d0:22- 58 7 26 | #25) 42 + Do. Dos ses hed eestor dolst:- 66 8.5 | 25.5) 32 On} 4 | Cane River, N.C. DOeree cosas See G0n.s 64 8 PE ORY 4-4 | 4 | Mount Mitchell, N.C. U.S.N.M. 31137... =d0:2.-. 65 8 24 32 4-4 | 3 | Do. ia euee Dy eempeeeaen “Female 65 8 23 34 3-3 | 4 | Cane River, N.C. UZBUN Me S1tS3 eet ee ei 51 7 22 DAN feet ocd e elo Soe | Mount Mitchell, N.C. U.S.N.M. 31138..... Female 59| 7.5] 21.5| 29| 6-6 a Do WG NEM, S194. 0025100 022. ap erg'? [18 Ou eee aliens els | Do. LEUROGNATHUS MARMORATA Moore AEN 4008 teres cise Malese-: 128} 17 58 | 53 0 3 | Roan ecaniet a Gs WOT Paw eersetacns Female . 120; 15 54 | 51 0 24 | Blowing Roe Bay eee Lt Ledge AB pedl ees ee 0 24 | Grandfather oe onntai We Cc. DOtrcce concen eed Ose 108 14 41 | 31.5 Oy 24 Do. RSA eseate 3 | Male... 98 | 13.5) 46] 41 OF; alegre Do. ‘Am. Mus. 4519... | Larva. 63| 8 | Blog Paes Jerorns Pineola, N.C. 1 Type. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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1909. Hurrer, J., and Srrecxer, J. K., Amphibians and Reptiles of Arkansas. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. .
1914. Keim, T. D., Amphibians and Reptiles at Jennings, Maryland. Copeia, No. 2.
1915. —-—————- Notes on the fauna about the headwaters of the Allegheny, Genesee, and Susquehana rivers in Pennsylvania. Copeia, No. 24.
1902. Kinessury, B. F., The Spermatogenesis of Desmognathus fusca. Amer. Journ. Anat., vol. 1, pp. 99-135, pls 1-4.
1894. LONNBERG, Ernar, Notes on Reptiles and Batrachians collected in Florida in 1892-3. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, pp. 317-339.
1896. —————— Notes on tailed batrachians without lungs. Zool. Anz., vol. 19, No. 494, pp. 33-37. 1899. —————— Salamanders with and without lungs. Zool. Anz., vol. 22, No. 604,
pp. 545-548.
1907. McAtEz, W. L., A list of the mammals, reptiles and batrachians of Monroe County, Indiana. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 20, pp. 1-16.
1898. Mearns, E. A., Vertebrate Fauna of the Hudson Highlands. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 10, p. 303.
1899. ——————- Notes on the Mammals of the Catskill Mountains, New York, with notes on the fauna and flora of the region. Proc. U.S. Nat.Mus., vol. 21, pp. 341-360.
1899. Moorsr, J. Percy, Leurognathus marmorata, a new genus and species of the family Desmognathidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 316-323, pl. 14.
1900. ——————— Post-larval changes in the vertebral articulations of Spelerpes and other salamanders. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 613 -627.
1904. Morse, Max, Reptiles and Amphibians of Ohio. Ohio Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 91
1908. Nasu, C. W., Manual of Vertebrates of Ontario.
1820. RarinesquE, C. S., Annals of Nature, vol. 1, p. 4.
1909. Reep, H. D., anp Wricut, A. H., The Vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin. New York. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 48, pp. 370-459, pls. 17-20.
1895. Ruoaps, 8. N., Contributions to the Zoology of Tennessee. No.1. Reptiles and Amphibians. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 376-407.
1906. Srrtyr, A. B., The circulatory and respiratory systems of Desmognathus fusca. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 22.
1895. SHerwoop, W. F., The Salamanders found in the vicinity of New York City,
-with notes on extralimital or allied species. Proc. Linn. Soc. New York, vol. 7.
1916. SHuretpt, R. W., The Gray and the Dusky Salamanders. Aquatic Life, vol. I, p. 6.
1877. Smiru, W. H., The tailed amphibians, including the Coecilians.
no. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 4388
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1892. SrrJNEGER, LEONHARD, Preliminary description of a new genus and species of blind cave salamanders from North America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 15,
pp. 115-117.
1895. —————— A new salamander from Arkansas with notes on Ambystoma annu- latum. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, pp. 597-599.
1903. —————— Rediscovery of one of Holbrook’s Salamanders. Proc. U. S. Nat.
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77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53 —17——28
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DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF EXTINCT HORSE, EQUUS LAMBEI, FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF YUKON TERRITORY.
By Otiver P. Hay,
Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
The writer has the privilege of describing what appears to be a hew species of fossil horse from the Klondike region, Yukon Ter- ritory. The fine skull which forms the type of this species was found on April 10, 1903, by Mr. John M. Morrison, now of Ana- cortes, Washington, while mining for gold on Gold Run Creek. This is about 30 miles southeast of Dawson. He unearthed the skull himself on claim No. 34, at a depth of 382 feet below the surface. Mr. Morrison states that starting from the surface there was from 18 to 20 feet of muck; below this about 12 feet of fine gravel; and beneath this from 4 to 6 feet of coarse gravel, which carries gold. Immediately below this coarse gravel is the bedrock, and on this lay the skull. Mr. Morrison writes that in the eye sockets was “pay dirt ” from which he panned gold. The deposit in which the skull was buried was frozen and may have been in this condition for thousands of years. ‘To this new species is given the name Equus lambei, in honor of Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe, vertebrate palaeontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 8226 U.S.N.M.
Type-locality—Gold Run Creek, Klondike region, Yukon ‘Terri- tory.
Type-formation.—Pleistocene.
Diagnosis —Belongs among the smaller and broad-skulled horses. Teeth unusually broad; their enamel little plicated; the protocones unusually long.
The skull is practically complete (pls. 56-58). What is unusual is that the skull and the lower jaw were together. The left third upper incisor and the left first lower incisor have been lost since exhumation. The extreme tips of the nasals are broken off. most of the vomer and the turbinal bones are gone, and a little bone here and there is missing. The skull is of the color of cream. Almost without other exception, bones from Alaska and Yukon are stained brown. The skull was that of a mare. Its age is believed to have been 12 years or more.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53—No., 2212. 435
4386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSBUUW. vou. 53.
The following measurements have been obtained from the skull: Measurements of the skull. From middle of incisive border to front of foramen magnum (basilar
heme hi) = eee sh Se ee ee ee ee 446 ¥rom middle of incisive border to front of posterior nares__-_-_-___-~_- 245 From middle of incisive border to naso-premaxillary notch__--_------~ 167 From middle of incisive border to middle of occipital crest (vertex
MM GE ee es oe he ee eee 498 From middle of incisive border to front of pm’, direct______________-___- 120 From middle of incisive border to front of orbit__-___________________- 302 ¥rom middle of incisive border to middle of line joining hinder borders
of ‘orbits= (facial length) = SoS ee ee eee 343 From middle of incisive border to rear of orbit direct_____________-___-- aot Erom: rear of orbit: to. middle: of occipital crest=-— 2 188 From occipital crest to middle of line joining rears of orbits (cranial
Teng thi) ea a ee ee eo Se ee ee 160 Hrom rear ot hard palate to notchsin ‘vomer. 222" ae ee ees 93 From notch in vomer to front of foramen magnum_____--~--_--_--~___- 116 Width across. mastoid, processes=— == a ae ee ee 102 Width, across glenoid: Tossace.22 = eee 187 Width from outside to outside of parastyles of last molars___________~_ 120 Width from outside to outside of last premolars____-__--_-__________-_ 118 Width from outside to outside of outer incisors_________-_____-_-________ 2 Width of the face/atethe front; ofthe) orbits2=23— 22) ea eee 152 Width atcthesrear of ithe: orbits, frontal width) 2222 2 ee 198 Width on the maxillary ridges at maxillo-malar suture_-________________ 171 Width of palate “at last «molers-..22 2 = ee eee 65 Width of pulate-at-pmi, least 2220s se ee ee eee 47 Widthof palate at diastema,leastiJ2. 22 _ eee eee 43 Meneth. of jorbits kt s2 ee eee ee eae eS eee” eee eee 54 From front of symphysis of lower jaw to rear of ascending ramus_____~_ 385 Beneth of symphysis 297. ee eee ; 80 Height of jaw of front Of mis) 222 22 a ee eee 81 xrom front of symphysis to front of pny 2) ee eee 108
In 19151 the writer presented a table which gave various measure-
ments and indices derived from the measurements of the skulls of 16 individuals of H'quus caballus. The measurements were taken from a table prepared by Nehring.? Eight of these skulls were those of small horses, and the basilar lengths ranged from 426 mm. to 452 mm. In the other eight the basilar length varied from 5386 mm. to 585 mm. By consulting the writer’s table or that of Neh- ring it will be found that the short skulls are relatively broader than the larger ones, the cephalic index (= frontal width x 100 ~ basilar length) varying from 42 to 45.9. The average is 44.2. In the long-headed horses the cephalic index varies from 38.9 to 43.6, the averages in the eight horses being 41.1. In the Yukon skull here described the cephalic index is 44.4, which shows that the species belonged among the small horses having broad skulls.
1Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 559. a 2 Landwirthsch. Jahrb., vol. 13, 1884, p. 81.
NO, 2212. A NEW SPECIES OF EXTINCT HORSE—HAY. 437
In Nehring’s eight small horses the cranio-cephalic index (= cranial length X 100 ~ basilar length) averaged 36; in the eight large horses it averaged only 33. In the Yukon skull it is 35.7.
Tn the eight small horses of the tables referred to the facio-cephalic index (facial length x 100--basilar length) average 76.1; in the large horses, 74.1 In £. lambei it is 76.9.
It is seen therefore that as compared with the races of Hquus caballus the Yukon species, #. dambei ranges itself with the small horse having short and broad heads, but with a high facio-cephalic index.
It will be well to compare certain indices of the species here de- scribed with those of four other forms.
Table of indices.
- | Facio- Cranio-
. Cephalic . . Index of
Species (types.) fide capsule cappalle | tooth line. Equus niobrarensis.........2+-2-20-2+-: 45.2 75.3 34.3 | 93.7 EFETIOO GLOGS KIC Ka aoe sive ine wio e citoe oe « 44. 2 73 35 | 34.1 SN OLONET USES Neste oan IS So SSS we 42.8 74.8 SDae Ba. SE MULT CTLLUG Ss ioe oo iis Sw SO OEE i 43 Druin] <leralovesinieeie 33.3 PES MLAIN DEV SPORT teria os Sons cere om ew ose 44,4 76. 9 35. 9 87.4
It will be observed that the Yukon horse stands above the others of the table in the facio-cephalic and the cranio-cephalic indices and the index of the tooth line.
It is found that the brain case of the Yukon horse exceeds in size that of two skulls of the domestic horse at hand. In one of these, No. 843 of the United States National Museum, the width of the brain case is 21.1 per cent of the basilar length; the height above the lower surface of the cranial axis, 19.1 per cent. In the other, an old horse, No. 5044, the percentages are respectively 20.6 and 19.3. In the Yukon horse the percentages are both 23.1.
The lower jaw (pl. 56, fig. 1) differs greatly from that of an old domestic horse at hand. In the latter the angle of the jaw is very broad, and the width at the last premolar is only a little more than half that at the angle. In the Yukon horse the greatest width is 112 mm.; that at the last premolar, 84 mm.; just .75 of the width at the angle. This angle is very broad in Z. laurentius.2, The lower jaw of LZ’. niobrarensis* and that of /. hatcheri* resemble consid- erably that of the species here described.
1 These indices are taken partly from a table on page 590 of volume 44 of the Pro- ceedings of the U. S. National Museum. Through an error the abbreviation mm. is found at the head of each of the columns of that table.
2 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1913, p. 72.
SIdem, pl. 70. 4Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, 1915, pl. 32.
438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 53.
Some minor features of the skull need to be mentioned. The inter- orbital region is flat, even a little concave. From the middle of the brain case the outline descends rather strongly to the occipital crest. The infraorbital foramen is situated unusually high. The space be- tween the orbit and the foramen just named is swollen, being con- vex, not concave as it is in the domestic horse. The maxillary ridge is less prominent than in the domestic horse. The condylar foramen is In wide communication with the foramen lacerum posterius. The palate is more strongly vaulted than that of the domestic horse.
The teeth are in fine condition. They are, however, considerably worn, and to this perhaps is due to some extent, but not entirely, their unusual breadth and the great simplicity of the enamel. The premolars and molars appear to be worn down to about one-half of their original length. The last premolar has a height of 40 mm. The lower incisors are worn so that the cups have disappeared, but these are still present in all of the upper incisors. The following are the measurements:
Measurements of the upper teeth.
mm, rene -Ofspremolar-molar* series: ss 2. ees Pee Py Oe ee ee eee 167 Mensih: OLpremolar’ Series: 24s". Heese Nea oes Ae eae yh ee ee 87 ength, of; molar Seriest=* 222 eee oes Se ee ee ee eee eee 7 Bi ew Sey ee a ee 36 SUNG se re a Me 28 protoconesee s+ bisa e. se ee ee 2 ee ees eee ee ee 12 Pele etn e588 SAE UA panne einen ail te ye tol eR ae 25. 5 SU GLEE eaten Pe eae ee EE a OE eee ee ee 28 PTOLOCONC 22. = = ea SU ee eee ee ee Le ine ler bis os ee ee hal aenetl 26 WIC eee ee ee ae ee ee ee ee ee ee 29 PLOLOCOME SA Aes Ps Bes B52 Ses eee et ee ee ee Re ee eee ali Mia SONA i Bee en ik ee Oe a 2285 OVW TOU eee ee A EE ER ee ee eh Ln ee ae ee 27 protocone2— 22>. af Sera LES ot Ee ates ie ae SS ee es 14 MO} Silene pi sp ee. as en tah SOE Ae bea eA ee 24.4 AA I El ne ROO IE ah a ON Cok aN eel at elt et rt 27 DTOLOCOM CL tet aoe PE ee ee le SO 16 IME Vern cts Be Sg SR an SN a a 27 FC eee eee ee ee eRe eee eRe eg ee eee ee ee 24.5 Protocomen Ss ace vires el Ses ee yas St 2 Pe ee ee 19 Measurements of the lower teeth. Length of premolar: Series) 2. sede ea a a 83 TENS the Of MOAR S SSPIGS ee ea eee ee ee ons ee Re ee 80 Pine Ven sts a eS ae ee) BE es eh A eden Vo Re a Sah aren eae ane 31 SUV MUI saa he eal a a ae ale eal tale ca Dae DEA 0 0 il 2) 02 0 Ye ehh ae ee an i LENT CR Ue 26. 5 WiLL ER Sse ree, Sy ras a saa Ds ile ne eg A ee A dee a ee es eee | Mig Ore Gy ste ea PS ee ee NS SAR ae 26.5 WL G i= Sr Ss SS EAS Je NORE dea ee Og 18.8 DUR eV eer oe as wae ncn tee a a eae each an Bre 22.5 WAGER ho Ee ses Ob TEN A HOOT LAD. (TIE ee eerie eee 16.5 MCE ene etek 20) ee a ie a Be SE en anes ee ee Oe 26 Widthy=_ 2.02520 22. ewe ee Be en eee eee 16.5 My; length. = — = al ere oo 32
NO. 2212, A NEW SPECIES OF BXTINCT HORSH—HAY. 439
The measurements of these teeth may be compared with those of Equus hatcheri, £. niobrarensis, E. caballus; EF. francisci,? E. lauren- tius® #. complicatus, EF’. scotti, E'. niobrarensis, E'. laurentius; LF. niobrarensis alaskae.®
The teeth are remarkable on account of their relatively large size and on account of the great breadth of the grinding surface as com- pared with its length. As shown in the table on page 437, the whole upper tooth line is equal to 37.4 per cent of the basilar length, while in the other species there considered, and in #. caballus, it lies be- tween 33 per cent and about 34 per cent. The following tables show, in various species, the widths of the premolars and molars as com- pared with the length taken as 100:
Table of indices of crowns of upper teeth of extinct horses.
Teeth. BE. lambel, | ¥ lauren- | : Naechert.*|" Boplore | | \ Bs nso. jr wai acoee: | mite osnse esses toa 70.Q | 70.0 71.1 67.9 73.8 Pmt, 322.52 109. 8 94.2 101.6 93. 3 93. 3 94.3 Pinte esos ashes. 111.5 100. 0 100. 0 93.1 100. 0 100. 0 eS onic creche om 120. 0 106. 8 101.8 103. 7 107.8 100. 0 MEA ee oto ae Sty 110.6 102. 2 | 98. 2 92.6 100. 0 93. 5 Meh oo Seine < 90. 7 73.3 80. 0 81.0 92.5 83.3
Table of indices of crowns of upper teeth of domestic horses.
No. 16274 No. 14131 No. 289 No. 16277, No. 843 No. 5044 Teeth. i M.N. H.,|A.M.N.H.,|A.M.N.H.,|A. MN. H:, |U.8.N.M., |U.S.N. ML,
| 5 years. 8 years. 15 years. 20 years. | 8 years. 20 years. i | 67.5 69.9 59.7 | 66. 7 | 7 YT 66. 6 Prete eee, | 89.1 96. 2 93. 2 101.9 | 93.3 105. 5 nite Pee ery ccc: 91.7 | 96.4 98. 2 108. 0 93.1 103.7 Eee ae 90.0! 103.9) 108.3 116. 2 103. 7 | 120. 9 Patented CLI | 88.3 | 101.9 102.8 116.3| 92.6 111.0 i Le ei | 74.1 | 74. 6 | 75.0 75.0 81.0 82.2
From the table showing the relation of the width of the crowns to their lengths in the extinct species it is seen that the teeth of the Yukon horse are much broader. It is known, however, that as the upper teeth are worn down the fore-and-aft length of the crown diminishes more rapidly than the width, with the result that the index rises. The Yukon horse is older than any of the other extinct species used in comparison. In the next table the upper teeth of the Yukon horse are compared with those of domestic horses of various ages. The indices of the horses in the American Museum of Natural
1Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, vol. 48, 1915, p. 531. 2Idem, p. 539. Idem, vol. 44, 1918, p. 584.
“Iowa Geol Surv., vol. 23, pp. 160-208. 5 Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 2, p. 1.
440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
History are derived from measurements furnished by Gidley. Not even in the horse supposed to be 20 years old are the teeth as broad relatively to the length as in the Yukon fossil. However, in a horse in the U. S. National Museum (No. 5044), the first and second molars exceed very slightly in relative breadth those of the Yukon horse; but that horse is evidently much older; or, at least, the teeth are much more worn. The cups are gone from the upper in- cisors and the last premolar is worn down to a height of only 26 mm.
When we come to compare the lower teeth with those of the sev- eral extinct species, with those of a large horse about 8 years old, and with the old horse just mentioned, it is found that none of them approach in width the teeth of the Yukon horse.
Table of indices of crowns of lower teeth of horses.
E. lauren- ; | E. ntobrar- ; | £.caballus| F. caballus Teeth. E. lambet. tius. E. hatcheri. Grates E. scotti. No. 174960.| No. 5044.
ni 5. Seats 3.2 46.9 40.0 42.8 48.6 43.1 46.9 11 a ee 58.9 60.0 57.1 53.0 60.0 60. 4 Pee eons 70.9 55.2 56.7 | 53.3 54.5 58.3 61.3 Meera es. abe 75.6 60.0 62.1 50.9 57.6 55. 7 60.9 Meron cee 65.4 53.9 56.1 50.0 48.4 54.6 61.5 Meio es aemnce 48.4 46.7 | 42.8 43.3 44.1 40.6 42.2
The grinding faces of the upper teeth (pl. 57) present various peculiarities. The outer styles are only moderately developed. As compared with the domestic horse, the outer face of the paracone is shallow and flat. The fossettes are extremely narrow. This is not due wholly to age, for those of older horses are wider. As a result of this narrowness the areas representing the other elements of the teeth are broader than usual. The protocones are unusually long and they are thin from side to side? Their lengths are given among the measurements of the upper teeth. In some cases the anterior end comes into contact with the enamel of the next tooth in front. The post-protoconal valley is directed strongly forward; and it lacks much of attaining the center of the crown. In each premolar there is an indication of a reentrant fold near the head of the valley, but none in the molars. Probably at an earlier stage of wear this fold was deeper, but in the premolars of a much older domestic horse the valley has the fold very distinct.
The enamel surrounding the fossettes is extremely simple (pl. 57, figs. 2,3); but here again it is necessary to make some, but not too much, allowance for age. Even the very old domestic horse referred to has the enamel more plicated.
As shown in a table given above, the lower teeth (pl. 58, fig. 2) likewise are unusually broad. The outer valley does not in any of
1 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, p. 98.
2
NO. 2212. A NEW SPECIES OF EXTINCT HORSHE—HAY. 441
the teeth push itself in between the longitudinally directed portions of the valleys entering from the inner side of the tooth. On the inner side of the tooth the groove between the metaconid and the metas- tylid is very deep and it is angular at its inner end. The longitudinal expansion of the hinder of the two inner valleys of the molars and last premolar is directed obliquely to the long axis of the tooth.
In the same mining claim, and apparently at the same depth, Mr. Morrison found the right ramus of the lower jaw of another horse. The ascending portion is missing. All the cheek teeth are present, a large canine, and five of the incisors. The teeth show that the animal was a male about 5 years old. The catalogue number in the U. S. National Museum is 8427.
That portion of the jaw which is preserved resembles consider- ably that of #. lambei in form and dimensions. It differs from the latter and from all other equine jaws examined in having on the outer face a strongly developed ridge, which, beginning at pm.,, runs downward and backward, reaching the lower border below the penultimate molar. The thickness of the jaw at the last pre- molar is 34 mm.
The length of the premolar-molar series is 172 mm.; of the pre- molar series, 90 mm.; of the molar series, 83 mm.
Measurements of lower teeth in millimeters.
Length. Width. Index.
Teeth. | Height. |
Se ee eee ee Fee a ge Aan ae RA | 35.0 16.2 46.3 pet ee Feri: Seer deh MGA 60 27.8 17.8 64.0 (Esa et eget lk eh icles gst geal 75 28.2 19.5 69.2 RIE ae 60 26.5 17.0 64.2 1 a A 3) ae RS nc a 69 26.0 16.0 | 61.5 ba is NE eh Ae ide ae. dete was 69 30.0 16.0 | 53.3
1
A comparison of these measurements and indices with those ob- tained from the lower jaw of the type of Z. lambei shows that the two sets of teeth agree in many respects. The differences might be attributed to different stages of wear. It is not, however, certain that the relations of length and width vary greatly with the stages of wear in the lower teeth.
When the structure of the teeth of the jaws of the two horses is compared there appear various differences which seem to be im- portant. The groove between the metaconid and the metastylid is not so deep and angular in the odd jaw as it is in the type of £. lambei. In the third and fourth premolars of the odd jaw the longi- tudinal portions of the anterior valley is broader and has a shallow infolding of the enamel which does not appear in the other jaw. In the molars the longitudinal portion of the hinder valley is not
449 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
obliquely directed forward and outward, as in £. lambei, but has its anterior end turned inward so strongly that the metastylid is nearly cut off from the metaconid. The hinder end of the loop is likewise turned more or less outward.
The outer incisor tooth of the jaw here described appears to have been quite different from that of the type of Z. lambei. Although this incisor in the type is worn until the bottom of the cup has passed, there are yet indications of its former presence. In this in- cisor of the odd jaw the cup is replaced by a broad groove on the hinder face of the crown.
It is believed that this odd jaw belongs to a species distinct from the type Z. lambei, but it is perhaps better to await further dis- coveries before giving it a name.
In any studies of the animals found in Alaska and Yukon it is important that we consider carefully the related species which are tound in northeastern Asia.
In 18931 J. Tscherski described a well-preserved skull of a horse which had been obtained at Liakhof Island, in the Arctic Ocean. This skull he referred to Equus caballus. Many measurements taken from this skull are given on pages 333 and 334 of Tscherski’s paper. The basilar length was 502 mm.; the facial width, 216 mm.; the dis- tance from the rear of the orbit to the incisive border, 381.5 mm.; the width of the face at the maxillo-malar suture (width of cheeks), 191 mm.; the length of the upper tooth line, 175 mm.
The cephalic index of this skull is therefore 43. The facial length may be estimated from the right angled triangle formed by the half of the frontal width and the distance from the incisive border to the rear of the orbit. Itis365.8mm. The facio-cephalic index is there- fore 72.6. On account of injury done to the occipital crest the vertex length and the cranial length could not be obtained. Hence the cranio-cephalic index can not be determined. The index of the tooth line (molar-premolar length X 100 ~ basilar length) is 34.9. If these fundamental measurements and the indices of this Siberian skull and that from Yukon are brought together they may be easily compared.
Table of measurements and indices.
4 - = Facio- S t Cephali F 1 Tooth Tooth Horse. pasth, Wrath ee. serene oe line. ex. Scns NAVI eds a ae ee ee 446 198 44.4 | 343 76.9 : AGT, 35.2 iperianins sos = oe oes 502 216 43 365.8 Weds 175 34.9 |
1Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., vol. 40, p. 335, pl. 5; pl. 6, fig. 5.
NO. 2212. ANEW SPECIES OF EXTINCT HORSE—HAY. 443
It will be seen that the Yukon horse is quite distinct from the one described by Tscherski. It is smaller, and had a head somewhat broader relatively to the length, and a considerably longer face. The teeth of the Siberian horse are relatively broad and the proto- cone approaches in width that of #. dambei; but in many important features the teeth are quite different. |
A careful examination of Tscherski’s figure 4 of his plate 5 shows that the part of the maxilla behind the infraorbital foramen
in the Siberian horse was not swollen as it is in the Yukon species; but was, rather, considerably excavated.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE 56. Hquus lambei. Type.
’ Fie. 1. View of left side of skull. X .318. 2. View of lower premolars and molars. X 1.
PLATE 57. Equus lambei. Type.
Fie. 1. View of lower surface of skull. X .33. 2. View of grinding faces of premolars. X 1. 3. View of grinding faces of molars. X 1.
PLATE 58. Equus lambei. Type.
Fia. 1. View of upper surface of skull. X 4. 2. View of grinding faces of lower premolars and molars. X 1.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 56
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 57
SKULL AND TEETH OF EQuusS LAMBEI.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 443,
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wz U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 58
SKULL AND TEETH OF EQUUS LAMBEI.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 443.
NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF MISCELLANEOUS CHALCID- FLIES (HYMENOPTERA).
By A. A. GrRav_Lt, Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The types of all the new forms described beneath have been de- posited in the United States National Museum.
TUMIDISCAPUS OOPHAGUS, new species.
Female.—Length, 0.75 mm., excluding the ovipositor, which is extruded for a length equal to about half that of the abdomen. Scutum and scutellum with a narrow median sulcus.
Dull honey yellow, the wings a little yellowish under and across from the marginal vein, the abdomen black except the disk; ovi- positor valves black. Body very finely scaly. Antennae dusky; . pedicel twice longer than wide at apex, a little shorter than club 1; funicles 1-2 a little unequal, 2 quadrate, 1 a little shorter, 2 distinctly less than half the length of club 1, the latter two-thirds the length of the second club joint which is about thrice longer than wide. Fore wings finely ciliate, the six lines proximad of the hairless line of a size about three times that of the main ciliation. Middle tibial spur long, moderately slender. Antennae inserted at the mouth border. Mandibles tridentate. Hind wings with about nine lines of fine discal ciliation where widest. Scape slender.
The male is smaller and differs principally in having the pedicel shorter, the two funicle joimts wider than long, the two club joints subequal, each over twice the length of the pedicel, which is much longer than thefunicle. Malescape much dilated.
From many specimen of both sexes reared from eggs of Oxya veloz, Coimbatore, Southern India, December 3, 1915 (Y. R. Row).
Types.—Cat. No. 20734, U.S.N.M., many females and a few males on two tags and a slide.
ABBELLA AMERICANA, new species.
Female.—Similar to acuminata, but the abdomen bears five com- plete cross stripes, of which the first two near the base are very narrow, the third and fourth are broadest, the third a little distad of middle;
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446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53
5 just before apex. Also the substigmal spot is faintly complete, some of the lines of discal cilia regular and there is a short (but 2-3 setae) line of cilia leading back from the stigmal vein. Hind wings with only two lines of discal cilia, these cephalad. The male is similar, but the abdomen is more blunt at apex.
Many specimens reared from jassid eggs in Elymus, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 1911 (C. N. Ainslie).
Types.—Cat. No. 20727, U.S.N.M., two males, four females on a slide (with specimens of an Oligosita).
GONATOCERUS UTAHENSIS, new species.
Female.—Runs to koebeler Perkins, but the forewings are uniformly infuscated except out from base widely (distal half or more), the coxae are black broadly at base, the scape so above and below, the pedicel is pale while funicle 2 is longest, somewhat longer than the pedicel, 3 slightly shorter, 1 equal to 4, 5, 7, or 8; 6 shortest, subglobular, half the length of 2.
Four females with the Abbelia.
Types.—Cat. No. 20728, U.S.N.M., the specimens on two slides.
CIRROSPILUS OCELLATUS, new species.
Female.—Similar in stature to flavicinctus. Dark metallic green, the wings hyaline, the legs lemon yellow except the coxae, hind- femur, and distal tarsal joint. Lateral margin of vertex against the eye broadly bright yellow, the colormg extending along the eye margin narrowly to the face and occiput; a triangle in middle of upper face, base against the vertex and a broad oblique mark nearly to apex of the head from each antennal fossa, pale yellow. Apex of hind femur yellow, also of pedicel beneath. Funicle 2 quadrate, a half shorter than 1, which is a little longer than the pedicel. Mandibles 5-dentate. Club with a terminal spine, its jomts wider than long, the region as long as the funicle or longer. Thorax and abdomen scaly, the propodeum with a narrow median carina and no others, subglabrous, its very short neck also carinated.
One female, Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason).
Type.—Cat. No. 20696, U.S.N.M., the female on a tag, the head and a hind leg on a slide.
Eulophus pictus Nees is a Pseudiglyphomyia, which is thus probably a synonym of Cirrospilus. This specimen, which is in the United States National Museum, however, does not agree with Nees’ de- scription.
EULOPHUS CALIFORNICUS, new species.
Female.—Length, 1mm. Dark metallic purple, the tips of tibiae and the tarsi brown, the hind tibiae brown except for a broad cinctus between apex and middle. Forewings with a broad smoky band across
NO. 2213. DESCRIPTIONS OF CHALCID-FLIES—GIRAULT. 447
them from the whole of the marginal vein. Funicle 1 slender, twice longer than wide, a little longer than the pedicel; 2 and 3 quadrate, a little longer than any club joint; second ring-joint large, distinct, the first very thin; club with a short terminal nipple. Head, abdomen, and thorax finely scaly, the scutellum with the scaliness lined longitudinally. Parapsidal furrows a third complete. Axillae advanced. Propodeum with a delicate median carina and no others nor sulci, the spiracle minute, round, over its own diameter from cephalic margin. Abdomen with a very transverse petiole, de- pressed, wider than the thorax and a little longer. Stigmal and post- marginal ves subequal, long, half the length of the marginal, the latter shorter than the submarginal. (One wing with thickened venation.) Mandibles, 5-dentate.
A female in the United States National Museum from Los Angeles County, California, April 5, 1886 (Coquillett).
Type.—Cat. No. 20733, U.S.N.M., the female minutien-mounted, the head, wings, and hind legs on a slide.
CHRYSOPOPHAGUS KANSENSIS, new species.
Female.—Similar to banksi Howard, but differs in not having the legs uniformly concolorous, the hind tibiae being purple except at base, the hind femora: purplish above, while the first and last pairs of coxae are silvery white. Moreover, the forewings are much more deeply infuscated (from base of marginal vein nearly to apex). From amplicornis Gahan in not having the abdomen purplish distad, its greater size, longer pedicel, and funicle 1.
One female on a slide, Manhattan, Kansas (C. N. Ainslie).
Type.—Cat. No. 20736, U.S.N.M., the above specimen.
APHELINOIDEA PLUTELLA Girault.
One female, swept from green oats, July 14, 1909, Cimarron, New Mexico (C. N. Ainslie).
TRICHOGRAMMA RETORRIDUM Girault.
A female, Springer, New Mexico, September 16, 1909, from eggs in Elymus canadensis (C. N. Ainslie).
SYMPIESIS SUBSTIGMATUS, new species.
Female.—Similar to stigmatus but differing in that the abdomen is not longer than usual, the base above is as broadly metallic as the apex (venter entirely yellowish except distal fourth), and the median stripe of the abdomen sends off two faint cross-stripes from nodular swellings, the two stripes dividing the orange space equally, or nearly, into three areas; also the substigmal spot is faint, not jet, the scape is not wholly metallic but white along its ventral edge; the lateral mar- gins of the abdomen are not metallic and there is no lateral carina
448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53
on the propodeum. Mandibles 6-dentate. Propodeum as in Notan- isomorpha.
One female, United States, June 24, 1883.
Type.—Cat. No. 20745, U.S.N.M., the female on a tag, a hind tibia, the head and forewing on slide.
THRIPOCTENUS AMERICENSIS, new species.
Female-—Length, 0.75 mm. Club ovate, enlarged, distinctly 2-jointed and with a terminal spine; it resembles the club of the trichogrammatid genus Tumidiclava. Black, the wings subhyaline; a little less than the proximal half of the abdomen orange yellow; legs except coxae (rarely the femora at base) and the antennae pale, more or less suffused with dusky. Scape slender; pedicel two-thirds longer than wide at apex, longer than funicle 2; funicle joints nar- rower at base, 1 subquadrate, 2 twice the size of 1, a little longer than wide. Club longer than the funicle and much wider, divided a little before the middle; one minute ring-joint. Longest marginal cilia of the forewing a fourth the greatest wing width; hind wing nearly as wide across apex of venation as their caudal marginal fringes are long, ciliate discally. Abdomen subpetiolate, the ovipositor free, inserted at middle, their valves tipping apex. Scutellum rounded. Body scaly. Mandibles apparently absent or else very pale and edentate. Propodeum plane, the spiracle small, round.
From many females on a slide, Salt Lake City, Utah, swept from alfalfa July 12, 1912 (C. N. Ainslie).
Types.—Cat. No. 20729, U.S.N.M., the above females.
As in the genotype of Paromphale, one female bore in one antenna but a single funicle joint which from its length was obviously made up of the two united. This species differs from the description of Paromphale in lacking one ring-joint and dentate mandibles; more- over, the antennae are clothed but sparsely with very minute setae, not long hairs. Otherwise, it agrees with that description. The genus is unstable, the antennae apparently now undergoing reduction. The two funicle and club joints and the long postmarginal vein char- acterize it. It is an Omphaline.
CHEILONEURUS DACTYLOPII Howard. This is a species of Achrysopophagus Girault. CHEILONEURUS AMPLICORNIS Gahan. This is a Chrysopophagus, as is also lineatiscapus Gahan, though in the latter the head is shorter from cephalic aspect. SYMPIESIS ANCYLAE, new species. Female.—Similar to guttatipennis, but the forewing is more or less stained (quite a large cloud, faint) under the apex of the submarginal vein, the tibiae and knees are brownish, the abdomen is reddish yel-
NO. 2213. DESCRIPTIONS OF CHALCID-FLIES—GIRAULT. 449
low except across base and apex rather narrowly (apex more broadly), the lateral margins very narrowly and a broad median stripe, which is conical from apex and does not quite reach base and whose margins are wavy; otherwise the same but there is a delicate median carina on the propodeum (absent in the other). Mandibles 6-dentate.
Two females reared from Ancylis, new species, Whitesboro, New Jersey, July 20, 1916 (H. B. Scammell).
Types.—Cat. No. 20746, U.S.N.M., the females on tags, a head and forewing on a slide.
ASTICHUS BIMACULATIPENNIS Girault.
Belongs to Sympiesis and is very close to bimaculatus Crawford. It differs in having the scape, cephalic tibiae, and distal halves of the other tibiae dark reddish instead of white, and the distal spot on the forewing (the substigmal) is blacker and twice larger; moreover, there is but one lateral carina on the propodeum. The antenna in bimaculatipennis as in the other species. Mandibles 6-dentate. Type examined (by courtesy of Dr. S. A. Forbes).
TRYDYMUS AUREIPES, new species.
Female.—Length, 1.80 mm.
Resembles poloni, but the abdomen is not longer than the thorax, the legs are entirely golden yellow; the clypeus is similarly produced, but also has a slight, shallow median concavity; the antennae are all yellow except the pedicel above (except at apex) and the dorsal aspect of the first two or three funicle joints (darkened); the cheeks are a half shorter (not a fifth the length of the eyes), the antennae are a little above the ventral ends of the eyes, the meson of the propodeum is longitudinally rugulose, the cephalic foveae therefore absent or obliterated, the spiracle oblong and cephalad.
Described from two females, Jacksonville, Florida (Ashmead).
Types.—Cat. No. 20421, U.S.N.M., the specimens on two tags with the types of the next species, a forewing on a slide with the same of the next species, and a head and the caudal legs of the next species.
TRYDYMUS BIGUTTATIPENNIS, new species.
Female.—In habitus very similar to the preceding, but the cheeks are of normal length (half or more of the length of the eyes, the an- tennae a little below the middle of the face), the postmarginal vein is only slightly longer than the stigmal, in the forewing there is distinct fuscous stain surrounding the whole stigmal vein; an obscure stain (larger) at disto-caudal margin, and a second distinct one (longer than wide) from the base of the marginal vein (the latter over
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—-17——-29
450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53
twice the length of the stigmal); funicle 5 is a little longer than wide, a half longer than wide, and the distal half of the caudal tibia is sub- metallic. Spiracle round, at cephalic margin.
From two females mounted with aureipes.
Types.—Cat. No. 20422, U.S.N.M., two females on tags and a slide as noted above.
TRYDYMUS APHIDIS, new species.
Female.—Like robiniaecola Ashmead, but the propodeum is shorter, and subglabrous, the caudal tibiae have the distal half white (not the tip only), bearing a rather narrow cinctus near middle, the abdo- men slender and cylindrical while the male has the legs all pale ex- cept the coxae (colored like the female in the other species, except the tibiae). Mandibles 4-dentate. Propodeum with an oblique, longer than wide fovea at apex (caudad) near the meson.
From one male, three females reared from Lasioptera vitis, July 1887, New York (Lintner).
Types.—Cat. No. 20420, U.S.N.M., a pair on tags, a female head and caudal legs on a slide.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CRAB FROM THE CALIFORNIA PLIOCENE.
By Mary J. Rarusun, Associate in Zoology, United States National Museum.
The specimen here described was given to the United States Na- tional Museum by Mr. J. Z. Gilbert, of Los Angeles, California, who obtained it from the foundation of one of the large buildings in that city. Mr. Gilbert states that it was associated with a large number of marine shells embedded in blue clay; that it is the same formation as outcrops on the south side of the Hill Street hills at Fourth Street and Broadway; and that the formation lies unconformably under the fresh-water gravel, sand, and bowlders, and at an angle of about 35°.
CANCER URBANUS, new species. Plate 59.
Type-locality.—Los Angeles, California; from foundation of large building; Pliocene period; J. Z. Gilbert, collector and donor; 1914.
Holotype.—Cat. No. 324300, U.S.N.M. A single specimen em- bedded in blue clay. Only the carapace remains and that is imper- fect, especially as to the margins. Carapace narrow, actual width 44 mm., measured between antero-lateral sinuses; estimated width at the same place, 48 mm.; length, about 34 mm. There are two diagonal breaks on the left side of the carapace with corresponding faults; the width of the right half is therefore more nearly normal. The surface is about equally convex from side to side and from front to back. The interregional depressions are deep; surface uneven, closely granulate, the granules larger and more prominent on the most elevated portions. (See pl. 59.) Antero-lateral teeth 9, includ- ing the tooth at the lateral angle of the carapace and at the outer angle of the orbit; teeth acute, their margins straight, anterior mar- gin usually considerably shorter than posterior margin; margins of seventh or widest tooth nearly equal. Edge of front and orbit broken away, but the furrows which lead back from the sinuses of the anterior margin are deep.
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452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 53
Posterior and postero-lateral margins granulate; it is impossible to tell if there is a postero-lateral tooth or spine.
Of the species now inhabiting the California coast, this species re- sembles most C. antennarius Stimpson.' This last has also an uneven surface, with longitudinal furrows and thickened teeth alternating along the anterior margin; its granulation is much more even than in the fossil form, and the antero-lateral teeth longer and more curved.
1 Proce. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1856 ,p. 88.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL 59
A NEw FOSSIL CRAB FROM THE CALIFORNIA PLIOCENE.
FOR DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMEN SEE PAGE 451,
FOSSIL REMAINS OF WHAT APPEARS TO BE A PASSERINE - BIRD FROM THE FLORISSANT SHALES OF COLORADO.
By R. W. SHuFeLpt, Of Washington, District of Columbia.
The specimen here to be described was collected by its present owner, Prof. Ira E. Cutler, of the University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, and forwarded to the United States National Museum for description. [My attention was called to it by Mr. Charles W. Gil- more, of the National Museum, at whose request the following descrip- tion has been made:]
According to Professor Cutler the specimen was found early in August, 1915, in a gutter beside the road leading out of the town of Florissant, Colorado, in a locality where no specimens have _ here- tofore been discovered. It was fully half a mile from the much- worked beds, from which so many fossils have been taken for a num- ber of years past.
It would seem that Professor Cutler retained the bones of this fossil bird, and what I have before me at this writing are simply impressions of them; that is, the portion of the matrix or slab lifted off of such parts of the skeleton as were discovered. Fortunately, these impressions are tolerably sharp, but they are by no means as accurate for scientific description as the bones themselves. No other parts of the skeleton were found, however, after a rather long and careful search. I have made a negative of this specimen which shows it natural size, and a reproduction of a print from this is given in Plate 60, while in the reproduction of a second print, Plate 61, the bones of the lower extremity have been outlined by me care- fully in ink, in order to show their size and the positions they severally occupy in the matrix. On the side of the slab where the impressions are the surface is smooth, while upon the other side it is overlaid with a finely granulated and extremely thin concretion. (Here may be noted the number of the specimen, namely 8541, U.S.N.M.). This piece of shale, as is shown in the plates, is in three pieces, and each averages about a millimeter and a half in thickness. The upper and largest piece (1) presents upon its surface the impression of the bones of a part of the lower extremity of an average-sized bird;
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 53—No. 2215. 453
454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 58
this, by the toes, is extended onto the smallest piece of the slab (2); while on the remaining piece (3) there is the impression of the hinder two-thirds of the pelvis, five (5) coccygeal vertebrae, and the upper portion of the left femur. No other bones are anywhere visible.
So far as these impressions seem to indicate they are of bones that may easily have belonged to some passerine bird of medium proportions. I have made comparisons with several skeletons of Passeres belonging to the collections of the United States National Museum; and, taking everything into consideration, in so far as the common American representatives of that group are concerned, I find it comes as near a bird of the size of the Purple Grackle (Quis- calus purpureus) as any other. So little of this fossil, however, has been thus far discovered that it should occasion no surprise to find that these bones belonged to some other species of an entirely different group, not passerine at all.
The skeleton of the Purple Grackle with which I have compared it is No. 16708, from an individual collected on April 29, 1883, by Mr. L. M. McCormick. In slab 1 of the plates, a invites attention to the impressions of the lower end of a tibiotarsus, bearing its normal relations to the tarso-metatarsus (b) of the same limb. As a is imperfect, nothing would be conveyed by giving its length; 6 has a length of 3.1 ems., the corresponding bone in Quiscalus purpureus having a length of 3.9 cms. It will be noted that ¢ is but faintly impressed upon the slab, and I take it to be the other tibiotarsus, the distal extremity of which is missing. This bone in Quiscalus has a length of 5.5 cms., and the imperfect part of the specimen on the slab measures 4.6 cms. in length. d invites attention to the impressions of the toes, in which the proximal joint of hallux measures considerably less than in Quiscalus purpureus, the latter having a length of 1.4 ems., and in the fossil but 9 mm. (approx.).
Passing to the remaining portion of this slab (3) it is to be noted that the impression of the femur, which occupies about its normal position in the skeleton, is of exactly the same size as we find it to be in the Grackle with which I am comparing it. It does not admit, however, of obtaining its length, as only the impression of the upper portion is to be found on the slab. The impressions of the five coccygeal vertebrae are in all respects just what we would find were they made by those of theGrackle. The pygostyle is off the slab. Such parts as are shown on the slab of the impression of the pelvis (3) I have measured and compared with the corresponding parts in the Grackle’s skeleton, and, in measurements at least, they are practically in agreement.
It is quite possible that the bones that made these impressions were those of a passerine bird about the size of the Purple Grackle, but they are of such a nature, with respect to perfectness, number,
NO. 2215, A FOSSIL PASSERINE BIRD—SHUFELDT. 455
and kind, that there is no certainty about it whatever. On the other hand, if passerine, they surely do not represent Quiscalus purpureus, but only a form about its size, and there is a long list of them.
My impression is that the specimen is of a passerine bird, one with a short hallux and rather short tarso-metatarsus, but that is as far as we should go until more material representing the same species comes to light.
Puate 60.
The slab containing the impressions of the bones of the pelvic extremities, 1 and 2; and 3 those of a part of the pelvis and upper portion of the left femur. All natural size. Reproduced from the author’s photograph.
Puate 61.
The same, with a, 6, c, and d, giving the limb bones as outlined in ink, to better present their number, positions, and proportions.
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
IMPRESSION OF FossiL BIRD FROM COLORADO.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 455,
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 61
IMPRESSION OF FOSSIL BIRD FROM COLORADO, WITH BONES OF LOWER LIMB OUTLINED IN INK.
FOR DESCRIPTION SPECIMEN SEE PAGE 455,
oe ee , inn
EIGHT NEW SPECIES OF REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES, WITH NOTES ON SOME OTHER SPECIES.
By R. A. Cusuman, Of the Burcau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The eight new species herein described were all reared by agents of the Bureau of Entomology, and the majority of them are represented by considerable series. The notes on previously described species are included in the hope that they will add something to the defini- tion of the species. They are based on newly reared material.
Genus MICROCRYPTUS Thomson.
(CRYPTUS) MICROCRYPTUS GSCULATUS (Provancher).
A considerable series of what appears to be this species has been reared as a primary parasite from larvae of Ametastegia glabrata (Fallen) by Mr..E. J. Newcomer at Wenatchee, Washington. It is extemely variable in respect to the presence and extent of the white color of the face. One male is very like a male compared with the type by Mr.S. A. Rohwer and said by him to differ from the type only in being somewhat smaller and having on the face a white instead of a piceous spot. ~ In these two specimens the mandibles, palpi, clypeus, a facial spot, and the tegulae are white or whitish. Among the other males, of which there are nine, is exhibited variation in both directions. In the darkest form only the mandibles, clypeus, and tegulae are white. In those of the other extreme the white embraees the palpi, mandi- bles, the whole face below the antennae, the cheeks, a spot on the lower side of the scape, the front and middle coxae and trochanters, the tegulae, and a small humeral spot, and the front edge of the prono- tum shows a tendency toward this color. In the females only the palpi, mandibles, tegulae, and an incomplete antennal annulus embracing more or less of two segments display the white color, and at the dark end of the series it is replaced even there by black or piceous. In all specimens the wing bases are white.
The females are from 6.5 to 8.5 mm. long and the males 5.5 to 8.5mm. The ovipositor varies slightly in length, averaging some- what more than half as long as the abdomen.
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458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
Very few of the specimens exhibit the infuscation at the apex of the hind femur, and marked variation occurs in the form of the pro- podeal areas and the strength of the carinae.
Genus BATHYTHRIX Foerster (Howard).
Only two North American species have been referred to this genus. These are B. meteori Howard, the genotype, and B. pimplae Howard. It is worthy of note that both of these species have the clypeus apically with two nipple-like teeth. In the genotype these structures are widely separated and the clypeus between is deeply impressed, while in pimplae they are close together and the clypeus is not impressed. In the Japanese B. kuwanae Viereck, which is appar- ently properly placed in this genus, the clypeus lacks both teeth and impression. The new species described below has the teeth, but lacks the impression. In the new species the clypeal vestiture is less con- spicuous than indicated in Foerster’s characterization of the genus, and this character must be considered of doubtful generic value.
Key to North American Species.
General color blackish and rufous; tergites 2 to 4 longitudinally aciculate at base; clypeus impressed in apical middle, the impression flanked on either side by a nipple-like tooth, the teeth widely separated; hind tibiae uni- formly rufous; ovipositor less than half as long as abdomen. .meteori Howard.
Black; tergites 2 to 4 not aciculate at base; clypeus not apically impressed, the two teeth very close together or wanting............---.-----------e-e--- q.
1. Clypeus without a protruding brush of long hairs, the hairs appressed; mandibles, scape below, and tegulae whitish; nervulus slightly antefurcal; first tergite in profile decurved and increasing gradually in thickness from base to apex, the dorsal carinae rather weak, becoming obsolete far from the apex; hind tibiae, tarsi, and second joint of trochanters black; ovipositor three-fourths BS. LON 2S ADGOMGR (ect oo seg aoe i ae eee tibialis, new species.
Clypeus with a protruding brush of long hairs arising near base; mandibles and tegulae reddish piceous, scape immaculate below; first tergite in profile thickest at spiracles, the dorsal carinae strong and reaching nearly to apex, seers = date ws nat be man ech tate < aed e Re emertas aes pimplae Howard.
BATHYTHRIX TIBIALIS, new species.
Female.—Length, 7 mm.; ovipositor, 3 mm. Head polished, im- punctate; face, cheeks, and malar space clothed with long, dense, silvery pubescence, vertex and frons bare, clypeus bare except for a few appressed hairs at base, its apex with two minute nipple-like teeth placed close together; ocelli arranged in an approximately equilateral triangle; malar space slightly less than twice as long as basal width of mandibles; scape globose. Thorax polished, impunc- tate, clothed like the head, the propodeum completely and distinctly areolated, the areas practically smooth; nervellus broken far below the middle and slightly antefurcal; second intercubitus subobsolete.
NO. 2216. NEW REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN. 459
Abdomen subpolished, clothed with very short shining pubescence; first tergite slender, evenly decurved, its spiracles in the middle, the dorsal carinae comparatively weak and becoming obsolete far from the apex; ovipositor about three-fourths as long as abdomen.
Black; mandibles and scape below, tegulae, humeral spot, front coxae, and front and middle trochanters yellowish to whitish; hind tibiae and tarsi and apical joint of hind trochanters blackish; legs otherwise stramineous to testaceous, the pale color in front; wings hyaline; veins and stigma dark, the latter pale at apex.
Male.—Aside from sexual differences, very like the female and differing principally in the paler color of the mandibles, tegulae, and spot on the scape and the greater extent of the last.
Host.—Ametastegia glabrata (Fallén). Probably secondary.
Type-locality— Wenatchee, Washington.
Type.—Cat. No. 20772, U.S.N.M.
Described from four females reared by E. J. Newcomer, Bureau of Entomology, April 12, 11, and 14, 1915, the type and paratype a and 6 (Quaintance No. 11422), and May 12, 1916, paratype c (Quain- tance No. 14020), and one male labeled Vancouver, 2234, Coll. C. F. Baker.
Allied to pimplae Howard, but easily distinguished by the charac- ters made use of in the key.
Genus AENOPLEX Foerster.
The following key includes those North American species that have
been referred to this genus and one new species described herewith.
It is very likely that a number of other species described in the genus Hemiteles should be referred here.
Mesoscutum opaque, minutely granulate, at most obscurely punctate in male. ..1. Mesoscutum polished or subopaque with distinct punctures................... 2. 1. Propodeum with areola less than half as wide at base as at apex.
betulaecola Ashmead.
Propodeum with areola about two-thirds as wide at base as at apex. plesiotypus Cushman. 2. Mesoscutum subopaque, finely punctured; abdomen entirely black; ovipositor Beaty; TH LON AS, ADAOMEN's -13's\s)e oe se ome se ws wis v ee mates nigrosoma, new species. Mesocutum highly polished; abdomen usually more or less red (frequently en- tirely black in male); ovipositor not nearly as long as abdomen............. 3. . Propodeum strongly rugose, the rugosity partially obscuring the carinae, the petiolar area deeply excavated; coxae black. (Known only from male type.)
ow
(PAUSE) pe ele ore eee ope Peva coners fer acts, <yormtovcin aioe oe Sea SO OE rufipes Ashmead. Propodeum weakly sculptured, the carinae distinct, the petiolar area fiat; coxae HOU Oats = eee dewiak akon ew eae ee S's AAS. Soartage = el eee eat ete ahaa 4.
4. Propodeum nearly perpendicular behind, areola distinctly wider than long; abdomen red except petiole, smooth; flagellum pale brown at base; legs very stout. (Known only from female type.)...................--- argeae Viereck.
Propodeum steeply declivous behind, areola about as long as wide; abdomen red only in middle, frequently (especially in male) entirely black, more or less coriaceous; flagellum entirely black; legs moderate. . . ..carpocapsae Cushman.
460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53. AENOPLEX PLESIOTYPUS Cushman.
By recent rearings the range of this species is extended to include Wenatchee, Washington, and Vienna, Virginia, the former record by Mr. E. J. Newcomer and the latter by the present writer. All of the new specimens, two males and a female from Washington and one male from Virginia, arefrom the type host, Carpocapsae pomonella. The only character employed in the original description to distinguish plesiotypus from betulaecola Ashmead that holds in the light of these new specimens is the form of the areola, and it is doubtful if the two are really distinct species. One hesitates, however, to synonymize the two because of biological differences, betulaeccla having been reared only as a gregarious parasite of a noctuid, Apatcla betulae, and plesiotypus only solitarily from the tortricid, Carpocapsa pomo- nella. In plesiotypus the temples are slightly less strongly rounded and the ocelli slightly smaller than in betulaecola, though both of these characters show some variation.
The male differs from the female principally in its somewhat coarser sculpture, narrower first tergite with stronger dorsal cari- nae, stouter tapering flagellum, and in having the scape beneath, the front and middle coxae, and all the trochanters white to stra- mineous; one has the hind coxae piceous above.
AENOPLEX NIGROSOMA, new species.
Female.—Length, 7.5 mm.; antennae, 4.5 mm.; ovipositor, 3.5 mm.
Head swollen, granularly subopaque, minutely but distinctly punctured; temples rounded, slightly sloping; cheeks strongly rounded; malar space shorter than basal width of mandibles; anten- nae but little more than half as long as body, 24-jointed. Thorax dorsally sculptured like the head, laterally polished, longitudinally striato-punctate; notauli rather weak; propodeum transversely striate, rounded above, nearly perpendicular behind, carinae strong, strongly mucronate at upper hind angles, areola about as long as wide, half as wide at base as at apex, petiolar area somewhat concave; legs rather slender, the inner spur of hind tibia barely one-third as long as basitarsus. .Abdomen about one-third longer than head and thorax, three basal tergites granularly opaque, apical tergites polished; first tergite nearly four times as wide at apex as at base, the dorsal carinae strong and extending nearly to the apex; ovipositor nearly as long as abdomen.
Black; mandibles piceous, maxillary palpi black at base, with three apical joints pale; legs reddish testaceous, front pair slightly the palest, hind tibiae at apex and their tarsi infuscate; wings irri- descent, very slightly brownish stained, veins and stigma dark brown, wingbase white.
xo. 2216. NEW REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN. 461
Male.—Length, 5.5 mm.; antennae, 3 mm.
Very like the female, the principal difference consisting in the relatively narrower propodeal areas and tergites, the areola being distinctly longer than wide and the first tergite less than three times as wide at apex as at base, the slightly paler legs, and entirely hyaline wings.
Host.—Ametastegia glabrata (Fallén).
Ty pe-locality.—W enatchee, Washington.
Type.—Cat. No. 20774, U.S.N.M.
The type series consists of five females and one male, reared by Mr. E. J. Newcomer, of the Bureau of Entomology, during April, 1915 (Quaintance No. 11422), and May, 1916 (Quaintance Nos. 14017 and 14021). The paratypes, all females, exhibit variation in size down to 4.5 mm., with the legs paler, the ovipositor relatively longer, and the sculpture of head and thorax weaker.
AENOPLEX CARPOCAPSAE Cushman.
Since the publication of this species several more specimens have been reared, including a number of males. All but one are from the type-locality and type host, the exception being a male reared March 31, 1913, at Dewitt, Georgia, from Enarmonia caryana, under Quaintance No. 9178.
The male differs from the female principally in the relatively narrower propodeal areas and abdomen, in having the mandibles, coxae, and trochanters paler, and all but one have a distinct pale spot on the scape. The abdomen is in every case entirely black, except for the narrow whitish margins of the apical tergites.
Genus SPILOCRYPTUS Thoms.
SPILOCRYPTUS POLYCHROSIDIS, new species.
Female.—Length, 5.5 mm.; antennac, 4 mm.; ovipositor, 0.8 mm.
Head polished, face and lower orbits granularly opaque; vertex declivous behind the ocelli, the occipital carina subangulate medially ; temples strongly rounded; clypeus prominent, with a few rather long hairs; checks flat; malar space about as long as basal width of man- dibles; antennae slender, flagellum slightly thicker at apex than at base, first joint about four times as long as thick, distinctly longer than the second. Thorax opaque, minutely punctate above and dis- tinctly striate laterally ; notauli distinct, meeting before the posterior margin; propodeum opaque, declivous behind, with two complete transverse carinae; legs slender; wings large, areolet rather small, its sides convergent, radial cell short, reaching barely half way to apex of wing, nervellus postfurcal, broken below the middle. Abdomen about a third longer than head and thorax, broadest at apex of third tergite, minutely densely punctate, polished and im-
462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
punctate toward apex; first tergite rather slender, twice as wide at apex as at base, the spiracles protubcrant, situated at about the apical two-fifths; ovipositor about one-third as long as abdomen.
Head black with clypeus and mandibles reddish; antennae black, with a few basal joints reddish piceous below and an incomplete white annulus embracing the dorsal surface of flagellar joints five to nine. Thorax ferruginous with a tendency to piceous above, especially on pronotum and in the alar region; legs reddish testaceous, with a tendency to piceous on the coxae, especially the front pair, front and middle trochanters whitish, hind tibiae fuscous, with an indistinct whitish basal annulus, their tarsi fuscous with the second joint entirely and the first at base white; tegulae white; wings hyaline, veins and stigma pale brown. Abdomen ferruginous with tergites beyond fourth black and with an indication of the apical white spot character- istic of the genus.
Male.—Length, 5 mm.; antennae, 5mm.
Structurally but little different from the female; antennae as long as body, more uniform in diameter, slightly attenuate near apex, articulation less distinct; abdomen more slender throughout. Man- dibles, clypeus, and an elongate spot in lower anterior orbits white; antennae intense black except for pale lower surface of scape and the white annulus, which is complete, but embraces only four segments (ninth to thirteenth). Thorax black with scutellum, propodeum, and part of mesopleura and metapleura ferruginous; legs similarly though more contrastingly colored, the white embracing both the second and third hind tarsal joints. Abdomen without a trace of the white apical spot, and with the fourth tergite partly blackish and the fifth partly reddish.
Host.—Polychrosis viteana Clemens.
Ty pe-locality.— North East, Pennsylvania.
Type.—Cat. No. 20775, U.S.N.M.
A considerable series of both sexes is at hand reared by the writer and his associate, Mr. Dwight Isely, from pupae of the grape-berry moth under Quaintance No. 11016. These show marked variations in color. In the darkest female specimen (paratype a) the head and thorax are entirely black, except for a slightly paler color about the mouth, the hind coxae and trochanters are black, all the tergites beyond the third are black and the first three are black at the base. and the flagellar annulus embraces only four joints, but the hind tibia and tarsi show almost no trace of the contrasting color pattern. In paratype } both head and thorax, including even the mouth, are black, but the abdomen and legs are as in the type. The palest female specimen (paratype c) has head and thorax entirely red with practically no trace of infuscation, but is otherwise very typical. The other female paratypes show the encroachment of the dark color in varying degrees.
NO. 2216. NEW REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN. 4638
The male paratypes display as much and similar variation. The clypeus, scape, lower orbits, and scutellum vary from white to piceuos or black, but the general body color does not determine the color of these parts. Paratype i, for instance, is otherwise very similar to the allotype, but all of these parts are especially pale, the white embracing in addition the cheeks and a spot above the clypeus. Paratype k, on the other hand, which is not otherwise darker than the type, has the entire face black, the scape and scutellum piceous, the clypeus piceous with a minute yellowish spot, and the mandibles stramineous. In none of the specimens is the thorax entirely black nor entirely red, the allotype displaying nearly the maximum of black and paratype J, in which the mesoscutum is dark fuscous, the maximum of red. In the latter specimen the white of the hind tarsi embraces also the fourth joint and on the left leg the black of the first joint is only faintly indicated.
This species has also been reared from the same host at Put-in-Bay, Ohio, under Quaintance No. 14433, by Mr. E. R. Selkregg, of the Bureau of Entomology.
Genus CAENOCRYPTUS Thomson.
No specimen of either of the species originally included in this genus by Thomson is available for study, but the species described below runs here in the tables (of both Ashmead and Thomson) to the tribe Cryptini. Both of these tables are difficult to use with cer- tainty because of the variability of the characters and the large num- bers of comparative words employed. The present species possesses most of the characters which Thomson says “‘usually,” “not rarely,” or “frequently” exist as well as the very few characters which he states positively.
CAENOCRYPTUS NEWCOMER], new species.
Female.—Length, 9 mm.; antennae, 7 mm.; ovipositor, 2 mm.
Head transverse, roundly sloping behind the eyes, punctate, strongly so in middle of face and frons, cheeks subpolished, clothed with short, dense, appressed, inconspicuous pubescer ce; malar space shorter than basal width of mandible; clypeus sparsely punctate ard with rather long hairs at base, apical half polished, without hairs or pur ctures, with short median tooth flanked on either side by a transverse impres- sion; antennae slender, the flagellum slightly thicker toward apex than at base, first joint of flagellum slightly longer than second, about five times as long as wide at apex. Thorax clothed like the head; pronotum laterally striate; mesoscutum and scutellum punctate, notauli strong, subfoveate; meso- and metapleura and propodeum densely, strongly, more or less reticulately punctate; propodeum with both transverse carinae strong, the apical carina especially so at the
464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
hind angles, the basal median area complete, the pleural carinae weak; legs slender, front tibiae slightly swollen, hind tarsi longer than their tibiae by about the length of the last joint, first joint fully as long as the next three together, last longer than third, middle and hind tibiae with scattered spines, each set in a rather large puncture; areolet pentagonal, complete, its sides convergent, lower outer angle of second discoidal cell right, nervellus postfurcal, broken slightly below the middle, abdomen longer than head and thorax, first tergite two and one-half times as wide at apex as at base, minutely shagreened dorsally, strongly carinate laterally from base to apex and dorsally from base to spiracles, the latter situated at about the posterior two- fifths; tergites 2 to 4 densely, minutely punctate, the rest subpolished; ovipositer scarcely half as long as abdomen, stout.
Black, with first three and part of fourth abdominal segments and the legs (mostly) ferruginous, front coxae in front, tront and middle trochanters above and hind tibiae and tarsi more or less infuscate, the tarsi, excopt last joint, much paler than the tibiae; wings hyaline, veins and stigma brown, the latter with a small white spot at base; antennae with an incomplete white annulus on seventh and eighth flagellar joints.
Male.—Length, 10 mm.; antennae, 8 mm,
Differs from female as follows: Temples more strongly rounded; pubescence of head and thorax paler and more conspicuous, propodeal carinae weaker; front tibiae not swollen; abdomen more slender, first tergite barely one and one-half times as wide at apex as at base; an- tennae without annulus; mandibles, palpi, spot on clypeus, lower ante- rior orbits, tegulae, a small spot below, spot on scutellum, front and middle trochanters, third and fourth joints and apical half of second joint of hind tarsi white; front coxae-black in front; red color of ab- domen embracing first five segments.
Host.—Ametastegia glabrata (Fallén).
Ty pe-locality.—Wenatchee, Washington.
Ty pe.—Cat. No. 20776, U.S.N.M.
A large series shows variation in size among females from 9 to 5.5 mm. and among males from 10 to 5 mm. The red color varies from ferruginous to pale testaceous, the paler color generally found in the smaller specimen. In some specimens the coxae are all red, while in others the front coxae are entirely black. The extent of the infuscation in the hind tibiae is also very variable. In some specimens the white annulus includes portions of the sixth and ninth flagellar joints, while in others it is confined mostly to one joint, the eighth. The white of the hind tarsi of the male is frequently entirely confined to the third and fourth joints. The front coxae in the male vary from almost entirely black to almost entirely red and the trochanters are frequently entirely red.
KO. 2216. NEW REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN. 465
The entire series was reared under Quaintance Nos. 11,423, 14010, 14014, and 14016 by Mr. E. J. Newcomer, of the Bureau of Entomology, for whom the species is named.
Genus CHAERETYMMA Foerster.
Only one North American species has been referred to this genus. This is C. ashmeadii Harrington. The new species described below is not closely allied to ashmeadii and should, perhaps, not be placed in the present genus, but it is rather closely allied to anatorius Grav- onhorst, which Schmiedeknecht refers to Chaeretymma.
CHAERETYMMA MINUTA, new species.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm.; antennae, 3 mm.; ovipositor, 2 mm,
Head swollen, polished, impunctate except minutely on face, tem- ples rounded, sloping; malar space slightly longer than basal width of mandible; cheeks slightly convex; clypeus broadly rounded at the apex, with a transverse impression just before the apex; scape attenuate toward base, first joint scarcely twice as long as thick, the joints decreasing gradually in length and increasing in thickness toward apex. Thorax polished, nearly impunctate above, laterally with pronotum striate, mesopleura punctate, metapleura granular; propodeum granular above, irregularly striate behind, incompletely areolated, the entire dorsal area bounded by the lateral and apical carinae being noncarinate, apical carina rather prominent at upper angles; nervellus broken very close to submediella. Abdomen equal in length to head and thorax; first three tergites granularly opaque except at apices, their apices and remaining tergites polished; first tergite about three times as wide at apex as at base, dorsal carinae weakly developed at base, obsolete beyond middle; ovipositor very nearly as long as abdomen.
Black; mandibles, clypeus, palpi, and antennae piceous, the last without a white annulus; legs testaccous, hind tibiae at apex and their tarsi fuscous; wings hyaline, veins and stigma dark brown.
Male.—Length, 6 mm.; antennae, 4 mm.
Differs from female as follows: Antennae tapering, the joints less distinct; tergites narrower, the first barely twice as wide at apex as at base; antennae intensely black, the scape with a whitish spot below; face except a triangular spot with its base at the antennae, whitish as are also the cheeks, mandibles, palpi, tegulae, and front coxae and trochanters in front; hind tibiae and tarsi darker than in female; hind coxae and trochanters with dark spot above.
Host.—Ametastegia glabrata (Fallén).
Type-locality.— Wenatchee, Washington.
Type.—Cat. No. 20777, U.S.N.M.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——-30
466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Described from one specimen from each sex reared by Mr. E. J. Newcomer, the type, May 22, 1915, under Quaintance No. 11422 and the allotype May 25, 1916, under Quaintance No. 14018.
SCAMBUS EPHIALTOIDES, new species.
In its long, slender form and remarkably long ovipositor this species is suggestive of the genus Ichneuwmon (= Ephialtes). It also resembles more closely than does any described North American species the genotype, Scambus sagax Hartig.
Female.—Length, 9 mm.; antennae, 5 mm. (the antennae of the type are broken, the antennal measurement being taken from a para- type female of the same size); ovipositor, 9 mm.
Head polished, impunctate, very thick antero-posteriorly, with the temples nearly as broad as the eyes and very strongly rounded to the weak occipital carina; eyes large, slightly converging toward the clypeus and very slightly emarginate opposite the antennae; post- ocellar and ocell-ocular lines equal and slightly greater than the diam- eter of a lateral ocellus; face short, elevated medially; clypeus short; medially impressed, and with a deep triangular emargination, malar space very short, cheeks strongly convex. Thorax slender, sub- cylindrical, polished, weakly punctate, pronotum and mesopleura im- punctate; notauli strong anteriorly but soon obliterated, prescutum gibbous; propodeum with sparse suberased punctures, the carinae extending nearly to the apex; radius originating before middle of stigma, nervellus broken close to brachiella and very strongly ante- furcal; legs slender, the hind coxae in their greatest width barely two-thirds as wide as long. Abdomen slender, more than one and a half times as long as head and thorax together; first tergite very small, at its apex scarcely half as wide as apex of second; tergites 2-5 strongly punctured except for their polished apices, others obscurely roughened; ovipositor slender, compressed, as long as body.
Black; clypeus entirely and mandibles toward their apices piceous ; palpi pale fuscous; antennae black, scape at apex and pedicel out- wardly piceous; wings hyaline with brownish stain, veins and stigma brown, except costa and metacarpus, which are whitish, tegulae white, stramineous at apices; hind legs with coxae black, basal joint of trochanter piceous at base, second joint and apex of first whitish, femur reddish testaceous, tibia fuscous with a paler basal annulus and elongate spot above at middle, tarsus fuscous with an obscure paler annulus at base of first joint; other legs with same color pattern, but with the colors paler and less contrasting, especially in the front legs, where the black becomes piceous and the fuscous pale testaceous to stramineous.
Mule.—Length, 7 mm.; antennae, 4 mm.
Differs from female principally as follows: Head even longer antero-posteriorly, malar space nearly obliterated; front femut
Kv, 2216. NEW REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN. 467
deeply impressed below, the tibia strongly curved and flattened below so that when the two are brought together a large opening is left; abdomen more slender, first tergite twice as long as wide at apex and equal in length to second, which, as naturally folded, is parallel-sided ; palpi and pedicel white; wings clear hyaline; hind tibia mostly piceous ; front and middle legs except coxae stramineous to white; front and middle coxae white at apices.
Host.—Evetria siskiyouana.
Type-locality.—Colestin, Oregon.
Other localities—Corlett, Montana; Crescent City, California; Siskiyou, Oregon; Ashland, Oregon.
Type.—Cat. No. 20778, U.S.N.M.
The single paratype female (paratype a) is very like the type with the leg color somewhat darker. The five paratype males exhibit considerable variation both in size and sculpture. The largest is 7.5 mm. long and the smallest 5mm. Paratypes 6 and ¢ are very like the allotype; d has the pedical piceous and the hind femur with a large reddish spot on each side; e has the front and middle femora piceous above, and f has the middle femur mostly and the tibia at apex and below piceous.
Described from the above-mentioned eight specimens, the type and allotype reared under Hopkins U.S. Nos. 12538n? and 12538nnn? from the type host in cones of Abies concolor; paratypes a, 6, and ¢ under Hopkins U. S. Nos. 12560¢?, 13298hh, and 12560ig, respec- tively, from cones of Abies concolor, the first and last at Ashland and the second at Siskiyou; paratypes d and f under Hopkins U. S. No. 125571 from cones of Picea sitkensis at Crescent City and para- type e under Hopkins U. S. No. 125096 from cones of Picea engel- mann at Corlett.
ITOPLECTIS OBESUS, new species.
Female.—Length, 8 mm.; ovipositor, 1.5 mm.
Very stout, the thorax very nearly as high as long; head much nar- rower than thorax and set very close to the very short vertical pro- notum; prescutum medially extending slightly farther cephalad than upper margin of pronotum; propodeum declivous throughout; abdo- men very broad, tergites 3-5 very transverse, more than twice as wide as long; ovipositor less than one-third as long as abdomen; legs very stout, posterior femora less than three times as long as deep.
Face rounded, strongly, rather densely punctured and together with mandibles and malar space clothed with long, dense, cinereous pubescence; clypeus at base sparsely punctured, in the middle deeply impressed, the impression polished, at apex roundly truncate and with a single row of punctures; malar space only about one-third as long as basal width of mandibles; antennae inserted far above middle of eyes, the latter deeply emarginate opposite antennae; frons, occiput, and cheeks sparsely, weakly punctured, polished; ocelli large and
468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
close to each other, postocellar line equal to diameter of posterior ocelli and twice as great as ocell-ocular line.
Pronotum polished; mesoscutum as wide as long, densely though weakly punctured, with very short, fine, whitish pubescence, and with practically no trace of notauli; mesopleura and mesonotum sculptured and clothed about as mesoscutum except in region of punctiform fovea, where it is highly polished and without vestiture, the fovea very deep; metapleura polished, almost without sculpture or vesti- ture; propodeum laterally with dense punctuation and vestiture, medially and posteriorly polished and without vestiture, the longi- tudinal carinae very short, divergent and widely separated at base; spiracles large, oval, about two-thirds as wide as long; legs very stout, frorft tibiae much shorter than their femora, front claws toothed at base.
Abdomen finely, very dehsely punctured and clothed with very short whitish pubescence; first tergite about as wide as long, dorsal carinae weak except at extreme base, anterior declivity embracing two-thirds of total dorsal length; other tergites, especially second and third, with apical impression and lateral elevations well devel- oped; terminal tergites subpolished and weakly punctate; ovipositor short, stout, the sheath with very short, dense, black pubescence.
Black, with legs largely red, apices of tergites 2-4 very narrowly dark piceous; humeral spot, wing bases, and tegulae white, the latter brown at apex; antennae black, slightly paler at extreme apex; labial palpi black, labial palpi blackish at base; wings hyaline, veins and stigma blackish, the latter pale at apex and base; front coxae black except at apex, hind femora black at apex, hind tibiae black with a white annulus in about the second fourth, their tarsi black, the first three joints white at base, front and middle tibiae and tarsi with same color pattern but less distinct, the black being replaced by ferru- ginous on the middle legs and by stramineous on the front legs, except that the basal annulus of the middle tibia is black.
Male.—Length, 6 mm.
Differs from female as follows: Less stout, the thorax considerably longer than wide, malar space somewhat longer; all coxae black, hind pair pale only at apex, middle and front pair pale at apex and in front; all palpi white.
The single paratype female is very like the type.
Host.—Type and paratype from fruit-tree leaf-roller. Allotype from bud-moth.
Type-locality.—Wenatchee, Washington.
Type.—Cat. No. 20779, U.S.N.M.
Described from the above-mentioned two females and one male reared from pupae of the hosts June 17 (paratype), June 19 (type), and July 9 (allotype) by E. J. Newcomer, under Quaintance Nos. 11436 and 11440.
RO. 2216, NEW REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN. 469
The closest described American relative of this species is J. behrenst (Cresson), but it is much more closely allied to the European /. alter- nans (Gravonhorst), from which it can be distinguished only by the darker antennae, wing veins, and stigma.
GLYPTA EVETRIAE, new species.
Female.—Length, 8 mm.; antennae, 6 mm.; ovipositor, 6 mm.
In Cresson’s table to the species of Glypta this species runs to varipes Cresson. Compared to a homotype (Rohwer) of varipes dif- fers as follows: Temples as broad as eyes, not sloping inward; malar space narrower than basal width of mandibles; eyes distinctly shorter than width of face; cheeks in front view very strongly rounded below eyes; clypeal suture straight in middle; antennae shorter, black, not paler toward apex; labial palpi and first and second joints of maxil- lary palpi blackish; propodeum with costulae entirely obsolete, poste- rior face slightly longer than dorsal face; abdomen stouter, first ter- gite about as wide at apex as long; wing veins and stigma blackish; legs dark ferruginous, hind tibiae with basal dark annulus incomplete, their tarsal joints more narrowly white at base.
Male.—Length, 7 mm.; antennae, 6 mm.
Differs from female principally in having the front legs paler and hind coxae, trochanters, and femora infuscate above.
Host.— Evetria tazifoliella Busck.
Ty pe-locality.— Ashland, Oregon.
Other locality.—Missoula, Montana.
Type.—Cat. No. 20780, U.S.N.M.
Described from five females and four males reared from the host in cones of Pseudotsuga tarifolia at the type-locality under Hopkins J.S. No. 13209ba, these being part of a large series. The paratypes a—d, female, and e-g, male, exhibit variations from the types princi- pally in size end depth of leg color.
NOTES ON THE SHELLS OF THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST OF AMERICA.
By Wiit1amM Hearty Dat, Honorary Curator of Mollusks, United States National Museum.
The genus called by Lamarck, in 1799, Cyclostoma (type, Turbo scalaris Linneus) is more commonly known by the name of Scalaria, which he adopted in 1801. As this shifting of a name once given is inadmissible under the rules of nomenclature we are obliged to look further for the proper name of the genus.
In the anonymous Museum Calonnianum printed by the dealer, George Humphrey, after a manuscript of Hwass in 1797, the name Scala is used, and for some years the present writer adopted it for the genus. However, the inconveniences incident to the adoption of the nomenclature of this publication are so great that the Interna- tional Committee on Zoological Nomenclature have decided to ex- punge it from the list of works to be cited in nomenclature, and the next name in order, Epitoniwm of Bolten in 1798, must be adopted.
The group is distributed all over the world and is usually rich in species, but sparse in individuals in any given fauna. I. de Boury has given much attention to it, and it is to be hoped his proposed monograph may not long be delayed since such excellent illustra- tions of the species as those he has published on minor groups are urgently needed to identify the many closely related forms. Many of the older descriptions are so brief as not to permit of the differen- tiation of similar species, and even the figures, especially of the smaller species, are more or less inadequate.
Among the principal features serving to identify the species are the presence or absence of spiral sculpture, of an umbilical perforation, and of a basalcordordisk. Thenumber of the varices is, on the whole, very constant in most of the groups, following the rule that the greatest variation will be found where the normal number of varices is great- est. In a species with few varices the number is remarkably con- stant, except in the group typified by EF. lineatum Say, where the number is irregular and the varices coarse and very few. The nu- cleus or nepionic shell is pretty uniform throughout the group, usu-
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSEuM, VOL. 53—No. 2217 471
472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53.
ally smooth, elevated or turbinate, and often of a darker color than the rest of the shell.
De Boury has divided the genus into a multitude of sections, which have a certain convenience in separating the species, but which in most cases tend to merge into the adjacent groups without any very marked distinction.
The Pacific coast of America is quite rich in species and doubtless there are many more tropical forms yet to be discovered. , The South American coast has been very imperfectly explored and very few species have been reported therefrom. The older authors de- scribed very briefly and imperfectly quite a number of species which can only be identified by comparison with the original types, most of which are in the collection of the British Museum. Perhaps the best and most complete single collection is that brought together by De Boury and situated in the Paris Museum. }
Owing to gross carelessness on the part of the compilers there are many erroneous localities given in several of their monographs. Species from the Philippines are ascribed to the Pacific coast of America, and quite incompatible localities are given to a single species. Some of these blunders will be corrected in the present paper.
The most common of our boreal species is Epitonium (Boreoscala) greenlandicum Perry, 1811, with which subulatum Couthouy, 1838 (not of Sowerby, 1825), and planicosta Kiener, 1838 (not planicos- tata Bivona, 1842), are synonymous. The subgenus Boreoscala was instituted by Kobelt in 1902; Arctoscala Dall, 1909, and Liroscala De Boury, 1909, are synonymous. Its distribution is cireumboreal, though somewhat patchy, as it is often apparently absent where it would be expected. On the Pacific coast it is found from Point Barrow to Wrangell, Alaska, and the coast of Eastern Siberia; it is fossil in the Pleistocene terraces of Japan. It exhibits much more variability than the more southern species, both in slenderness and in the number of axial ribs, which vary from 8 to 17 in number, and also in the strength of these ribs. The strong spiral sculpture seems to be tolerably constant. EF. hemphilli Dall, 1878, from the Pliocene of San Diego, is an analogous species.
The subgenus Opalia H. and A. Adams, 1853 (Psychrosoma Tap- parone Canefri, 1876), is represented on the coast by several recent species and some fine Pliocene forms. The most common recent species is O. wroblewsku Mérch, 1876. This is Scalaria borealis Gould, 1852, not of Beck, 1839. A very solid white shell with seven or eight varices, more conspicuous on the early part of the spire, and a well-marked basal disk. It ranges from Forrester Island, Alaska, south to San Diego, California, where it is found in 53 fathoms, and also in the Pleistocene of the vicinity.
xo. 2217. THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES—DALL. 473
Opalia varicostata Stearns, 1875 (not of Sacco, 1890), of the San Diego Pliocene, is a large species with 10 or 11 ribs sometimes partly obsolete. O. varicicostata Cossmann, 1912, is synonymous. The O. anomala of Stearns, 1875, is practically without varices except near the tip of the spire, where traces may sometimes be found. It is an Opalia and not a Crassiscala, as supposed by De Boury. The Miocene Catenoscala oregonensis Dall, 1909, is accompanied by a large Boreoscala condoni Dall, and an Opalia of the varicostata type which I called O. rugifera. These large Epitoniums seem to be rather characteristic of the Northwest Coast Miocene.
A somewhat degenerate representative of the Opalia group is B. pluricostata, new species, ranging from Forrester Island, Alaska, to San Diego. It resembles the ribbed upper portion of O. wroblew- skii a good deal, but is smaller and more cylindrical, with eight vari- ces. It has seven whorls without the nucleus, the varices are con- tinuous up the spire, the interspaces smooth, the basal disk octohe- dral from the intersection of the ribs, somewhat concave, and rela- tively smaller than in wroblewsku. Length, 16; diameter, 5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 56054. The type-specimen is from Neeah Bay, Washington.
Another group referred by Carpenter to Opalia is separated by De Boury under the name of Dentiscala. Representatives of this type are D. crenatoides Carpenter, 1864, from the Gulf of Caufornia, rather small with a coarse spiral rib on the basal disk and deep pits at the intersections of the nine axial ribs. A species which has gencrally been confused with this and is much more common, is D. crenimar- ginata, new species, which ranges from Monterey, California, to Puerto Libertad, Mexico. It is larger, much stouter, spirally stri- ated, with a convex smooth basal disk, the 12 axial ribs on the last two whorls obsolete on the sides of the whorls but coronating the suture. It has 6 or 7 whorls without the nucleus, the varix at the aperture is heavy, and there is sometimes another heavy varix indi- cating a resting stage. Length, 16; diameter,7 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 111207. The type-specimen comes from La Paz. A specics somewhat intermediate between the two above noted, D. insculpta Carpenter, 1864, is found in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, California, but it is without the fine spiral surface sculpture.
A smaller species, D. nesiotica Dall, was dredged by me in 16 fatb- oms at Catalina Island. It has 12 varices, rather feebly carried over the whorl and obsolete on the basal disk. Sharp spiral sculpture covers the surface and the terminal varix is heavy; there are six whorls, not including a smooth nucleus of a whorl and a half; the suture is markedly coronated by the ribs. Length, 10.5; diameter, 5mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 56900.
474 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
Another group referred to Opalia by Carpenter has been separated by De Boury in 1889 under the name of Nodiscala. These are small, slender imperforate shells with ill-defined axial nodes or ribs, but only one true varix, which is terminal and much thickened. The shells when in good condition have a soft calcareous outer coat which is punctate or minutely sculptured, recalling the outer coat in Chlamys. Four species of this group have been described from the coast, F. mazatlanicum Dall, 1908; E. retiporosum Carpenter, 1864, ranging from Catalina Island to the Gulf of California; E. spongiosum Car- penter, 1864, from Monterey, California; and 7. mexicanum Dall, 1908, from Acapulco.
A very distinct group of boreal forms is Acirsa Mérch, 1857 (Arcisa Nyst, 1873), founded on Scalaria borealis Beck, 1839 (not of Gould, 1852), of which S. eschrichtia (Hélboll) Méller, 1842, and S. ochotensis Middendorff, 1849, are synonyms. This species is circumboreal, the more southern specimens are more delicate and smaller than those from truly arctic waters, which at most form a variety which will take Middendorff’s name. On the ,Pacific side this species ranges from Bering Straits through Bering and the Okhotsk Seas to the Aleutian Islands.
Curiously enough a minute form has been received from Cape San Lucas which appears to belong to this group, and if so was probably washed up from deep water. The shell is littormiform, acute, with seven whorls, including the somewhat styliform smooth nucleus; the sutures are appressed, the whorls only moderately convex, with very faint axial indications of ribbing, and sharp uniform spiral striation. A prominent thread upon which the suture is laid marks the periphery. The terminal varix is inconspicuous, the margin of the aperture being thickened inside with little outside expansion. Length, 3.6; diameter,2mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 74020. ‘This may take the name of A. exopleura.
A slender white spirally sulcate shell from the Gulf of California, described by Carpenter as Acirsa menesthoides in 1864, may perhaps be referred to the genus Couthouyella Bartsch, 1909, but its proper place awaits for determination specimens containing the operculum and soft parts.
Ferminoscala Dall, 1908, contains large yellow or brown species with finely reticulated surface, large basal disk, and a thick heavy terminal varix. Before the varix is formed the shell has much the aspect of Amaea magnifica Sowerby. LE. ferminianum Dall, 1908, ranges from Point Fermin in the Gulf of California to Panama. E. brunneopictum Dall, 1908, was dredged off Cerros Island, Lower California. E. pompholyzx Dall, 1889, ranges from Cape San Lucas to the Galapagos Islands, in deep water.
NO. 2217, THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES—DALL. 475
The next group in order is Asperiscala De Boury, 1909, of which the type is the elegant Scalaria bellastriata of Carpenter, 1864, which has 15-16 varices and clean-cut spiral sculpture. Its ranges from Monterey to San Pedro, California. The only other described species of this group from the coast is E. lowei Dall, 1906, a species with 26 varices from Catalina Island. There are quite a number of hitherto undifferentiated forms of this group in the United States National Museum collection, as follows:
EPITONIUM ACAPULCANUM, new species.
Shell small, white, acute, imperforate, with a slender three-whorled smooth nucleus and five subsequent whorls; varices 11, continuous. over the suture up the spire which they nearly encircle; spiral sculp- ture of closely adjacent flattish threads covering the whorl; anterior face of the varices smooth, without any spinosity at the shoulder. Length, 5; diameter, 2.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 59337. Range, La Paz to Acapulco.
EPITONIUM COOKEANUM, new species.
Shell small, pink, solid, acute, imperforate, the nucleus lost, with eight well-rounded subsequent whorls; with 10 rather solid, smooth continuous white varices making less than half a turn round the spire; spiral sculpture of extremely fine uniform threads covering the whorl between the varices; the terminal varix thicker than the others; all the varices broader at the intersection with the suture but not spinose. Length, 9.5; diameter, 4 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 211019. Range, San Diego to the Gulf of California.
This is named in honor of Miss J. M. Cooke, of San Diego, a most assiduous collector, to whom, and to the work of her late brother, the Museum is indebted for much interesting material.
EPITONIUM XANTUSI, new species.
Shell small, acute, white, thin, with seven well-rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices low, thin, sharp, 12 in number, continuous over the spire which they half encircle, but not expanded over the rather deep suture; spiral sculpture of flattish adjacent threads over the whole surface of the whorl between the varices; ter- minal varix hardly thicker, none of them spinose. Length, 5.5; diameter, 3 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 4107. Range, Cape San Lucas (Xantus) and La Paz, Lower California.
EPITONIUM ARNOLDI, new species.
Shell of moderate size, white, thin, with eight well-rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices on the last whorl 13, on the first four whorls they are feeble, on the next two distinct and crowded, on the last two more distantly spaced, low, and cord-like; spiral
476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
sculpture of extremely fine close-set striae; terminal varix not enlarged, the varices not continuous over the suture nor enlarged or spinose; aperture obliquely ovoid. Length, 14; diameter, 5.5 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 106875. Range, beach at San Pedro, California, Delos Arnold. -
EPITONIUM PACIS, new species.
Shell white, thin, with eight well-rounded whorls exclusive of three smooth, acute, nuclear turns; varices 18, with wider inter- spaces, narrow, thin, smooth, not generally continuous, with a small sharp short spine a little distance in front of the suture; spiral sculp- ture of, on the last whorl, about 20 sharply defined threads, mostly with wider interspaces, in which there are fine spiral striulae; there is a smooth space in front of the suture and another around the narrowly perforate umbilicus, without spiral sculpture; aperture ovoid; operculum blackish, concave, of about three whorls. Length, 12.5; diameter, 6 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 96821. Range, in the vicinity of La Paz, Lower California, in 10 to 45 fathoms.
EPITONIUM EMYDONESUS, new species.
Shell minute, white, with two smooth, polished, nuclear, and four and a half subsequent well-rounded whorls; varices 14, sharp, hardly reflected, not continuous over the suture, slightly crenulated by the spiral sculpture of distinct, close, rounded threads; base rounded, imperforate; aperture rounded. Length, 3.5; diameter, 1.7 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 194995. Range, Galapagos Islands, in 40 fathoms, sandy bottom.
EPITONIUM IMPERFORATUM, new species.
Shell small, white, with two polished nuclear and four or five subsequent rounded whorls with a deep suture and imperforate base; varices 20 or 21, low, narrow, with wider interspaces, not continuous over the suture, and having a small angle at the shoulder which gives a slightly turrited aspect to the spire; spiral sculpture of close-set similar spiral threads covering the whole surface between the varices; aperture ovate. Length, 4.5; diameter, 2.5mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 211391. Range, off La Paz, Lower California, in 26 fathoms.
EPITONIUM ONCHODES, new species.
Shell minute, white, thin, with two smooth nuclear and four rapidly enlarging subsequent whorls; base minutely perforate; varices 19, thin, low, sharp, not spinose or continuous over the very deep suture; spiral sculpture of uniform, very fine, close-set threads covering the whole whorl between the varices; aperture obliquely ovate. Length,3; diameter, 1.5mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 211786a. Range, Panama Bay in 62 fathoms, sand.
xo. 2217. THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES—DALL. 477
EPITONIUM LAGUNARUM, new species.
Shell small, thin, white, with six rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices 16, low, narrow, widely spaced, passing over the entire whorl; spiral sculpture of extremely fine striae, with a single thread on the periphery and a stronger one; marginating the imperforate base, on which the suture is laid; aperture obliquely ovate, the margin slightly produced in front and near the suture. Length, 7.5; diameter, 3.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 253024. Range, Laguna Beach, California, J. J. White.
New section PICTOSCALA Dall.
In spite of the numerous sections proposed by M. de Boury, ho does not seem to have designated one to receive shells of the type of Scalaria lineata Say, 1822 (not of Kiener, 1838). These forms have a more or less dark colored body with a feebly developed basal disk, fine spiral striation, rather numerous small varices, and a few irregu- larly distributed very much heavier varices, including the terminal one. A single species of this group occurs at Panama. In allusion to the coloration I propose Pictoscala for these forms.
EPITONIUM (PICTOSCALA) PURPURATUM, new species.
Shell small, dark purple, with seven well-rounded whorls, exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; minor varices linear, low, about 18 in number, major varices one or two, white and conspicuous; spiral sculpture extremely fine striae visible under magnification; base rounded, imperforate, the disk feebly marked; aperture ovate, the thickened margin nearly or quite interrupted over the body. Length, 10; diameter, 4.5mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 252242. Range, beach at Old Panama, Doctor MacDonald.
Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) montereyense Dall, 1907, has 11 varices and ranges from Monterey to San Pedro, California.
The subgenus Sthenorytis Conrad, 1862, contains some of the most noble species of this family both recent and fossil. Stenorhytis Coss- mann, 1912,is synonymous. Pseudosthenorytis Sacco, 1891, does not seem to differ materially. Only one species is yet known from the Pacific coast, S. turbinum Dall, 1908, from 300 fathoms, near the Galapagos Islands. It has 10 varices.
Coming now to the group which has no spiral sculpture, often referred to Clathrus Oken, 1815, and called by De Boury Mitidoscala in 1908, we find the Pacific coast well supplied with species. The most conspicuous of the northern ones is /. indianorum Carpenter, 1865, which has 12 to 13 varices and ranges from Forrester Island, Alaska, south to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California.
A similar but more slender shell, with usually 11 or 12 varices and @ narrow, purple brown line in front of the suture, is FE. tinctwm Car- penter, 1865. I consider the species quite distinct from indianorum
478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
to which Carpenter referred it as a variety. It is notable that the brown line, so distinct in fresh specimens, gradually fades out in the cabinet, though kept in the dark. The range of this species is from Monterey to the Gulf of California.
In 1856 Carpenter described from Panama a species of Nitidoscala with eight varices, under the name of S. hindsit. By some confusion he transferred the name in 1865 to a well-known form from California which has 11 to 14 varices and ranges from Monterey to the Gulf of California, but so far as known does not reach Panama. For the Californian shell I propose the name of Epitonium (Nitidoscala) fal- laciosum.
Other species are E. subcoronatum Carpenter, 1869 (Spiniscala De Boury, 1910), with 11 varices, ranging from Vancouver Island to San Diego; E. acrostephanus Dall, 1908, with 14 to 17 varices, ranging from Monterey to the Coronado Islands; and E£. crebricostatum Car- penter, 1869, with 9 to 11 varices, ranging from Vancouver Island to the Gulf of California. This latter is not S. (Funis) crebricostata Stanley Gardner, 1876.
Undescribed forms related to the preceding are as follows:
EPITONIUM DENSICLATHRATUM, new species.
Shell white, solid, with 6 or 8 well-rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices 10 or 11, sharply axially grooved on their anterior faces, solid, thick, not continuous over the suture, on the base showing a slight flattening, though there is no basal cord or disk; aperture ovate; behind the inner margin there is a narrow flattened area reflected over the umbilical region in the type-speci- men. Length, 17; diameter, 7.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 111209. Range, Puget Sound and Neeah Bay, Washington.
This form was segregated by Carpenter in the Stearns collection under the above name, but never published.
EPITONIUM PERSUTURUM, new species.
Shell with three smooth brown nuclear and five subsequent thin white whorls separated by an unusually deep suture; varices 10, nar- row, rounded, continuous up the spire which they encircle about half way, but not expanded at the suture into which they dip; the whorls are slightly flattened above the shoulder, but there is no correspond- ing angle or spine on the varices. Length, 15.5; diameter, 6 mm, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 211021. Range, beach at San Diego, California.
EPITCNIUM COLPOICUM, new species.
Shell white, with one blunt nuclear and five subsequent, rapidly enlarging well-rounded whorls; varices nine, continuous over the suture, which is deep, and so expanded there as to form pit-like cavities of the interspaces; the varices are thin, sharp, rather wide, and hardly
no. 2217. THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES—DALL, 479
reflected; in ascending to the apex of the shell they nearly half encircle it; base rounded, imperforate; the terminal varix does not touch the body whorl and is buttressed by the anterior ends of the preceding varices. Length, 9; diameter, 4.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 46213. Range, Gulf of California (Stearns).
EPITONIUM PAZIANUM, new species.
Shell chalky white, thin, smooth, with seven rounded, almost separated whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices nine, thin, sharp, with a spinule at the shoulder, continuous over the suture into which they descend and making nearly half a turn around the spire before reaching the apex; base rounded, imperforate; aperture rounded, the inner anterior margin somewhat produced; the margin nowhere attached to the body whorl. Length, 20; diameter, 9 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 111208. Range, La Paz, Lower Cali- fornia, in 112 fathoms.
EPITONIUM HEXAGONUM Sowerby, 1844.
Has six varices, as its name implies, and this number seems invari- able. The shell is pure white, the smoothness and regularity of its shape are very pleasing and give, together with its solidity, a special aspect to the species. It ranges from Santa Cruz, California (Button, collector) to Panama.
EPITONIUM PROPEHEXAGONUM, new species.
Shell of 10 whorls, livid flesh color with white varices, otherwise closely resembling EF. heragonum in form but larger; rarely with seven varices; first whorl of the nucleus small, smooth, white; second with 12 low rounded varices; subsequent whorls with the normal six continuous over the suture, half encircling the spire, finely striated on the anterior face, a slight angle at the shoulder but much less prominent than in #. hezagonum. Length, 21; diameter, 9.5 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 153075. Range, Gulf of California and Mazatlan.
Adult heragonum measures about 14 mm. in length and 6 in diameter, and is relatively more acute with apparently deeper suture. The varical angle is only fully developed on the later whorls, when it is often spinose. The front of the varices is not striated.
EPITONIUM EUTAENIUM, new species.
Shell small, thin, slender, white, acute, with eight whorls, including the blunt smooth nucleus; varices eight, low, narrow, sharp, con- tinuous over the deep suture into which they dip; a slight angle at the shoulder, the front face of the varices smooth; aperture trans- versely oval, the lateral margins slightly produced. Length, 11; diameter, 4mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 201201. Range, Gulf of California.
480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
EPITONIUM APICULATUM, new species.
Shell small, white, with a smooth slender elevated nucleus of two and a half whorls and five rapidly enlarging subsequent whorls; varices cight, sharp, high, thin, with an acute angle at the shoulder, continuous over the deep suture into which they dip, half encircling the spire; on the base the varical edges are flatly reflected; on the later whorls the shoulder angle becomes a prominent spine; aperture ovate, slightly produced in front. Length, 4; diameter,2mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 111219. Range, Lower California to Panama Bay, in 30 fathoms.
EPITCNIUM COMPRADORA, new species.
Shell minute, white, with a very small acute nucleus of two and a half smooth whorls and five or more rapidly enlarging subsequent whorls separated by a rather deep suture; varices 13, with a blunt angle at the suture, giving the profile of the whorls a somewhat tabu- late aspect; varices thin, sharp, erect; base rounded, aperture subo- vate, anterior faces of the varices smooth. Length, 4; diameter, 2.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 105527. Range, Point Abreojos, Lower California, to the Gulf of California,
Possibly immature, but apparently distinct from the young of any of the allied species.
EPITONIUM CYLINDRICUM, new species.
Shell small, white, thin, subcylindrical, with five whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture moderately deep; varices 13, low, thread-like, not continuous over the suture, not angulate; base evenly rounded, aperture subovate. Length, 4; diameter, 1.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 271037. Range, near La Paz, Lower Cali- fornia, in 21 fathoms.
EPITONIUM CENTRONIUM, new species.
Shell small, white, acute, slender, with three elevated smooth nuclear and about five subsequent whorls; suture deep; varices nine, thin, sharp, erect, with a spinose angle about halfway between the suture and the periphery, continuous over the suture on the spire which they nearly encircle; terminal varix duplex, anterior faces of the varices striated; aperture rounded, the inner margin buttressed by the preceding varices, not touching the body whorl. Length, 4.5; diameter,2 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 211395. Range, Gulf of California, in 7 to 26 fathoms.
EPITONIUM TIARA Carpenter, 1856.
This species has 12 varices and ranges from Catalina Island to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California, according to specimens so named by Carpenter in the Stearns collection. It was originally described
xo. 2217. THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES—DALL. 481
from Panama, and I feel some doubt as to whether the Californian species is conspecific with that from Panama, but the question can only be settled by a comparison with the type in the British Museum.
EPITONIUM COLUMBIANUsM, new species.
Shell acute, yellowish white, with nine whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices 18, low, rounded, more or less striated, without any angulation, continuous over the suture into which they dip and nearly encircling the spire; the type-specimen has the interspaces more or less finely axially striated, but the southern specimens seem quite smooth; base and aperture rounded, the anterior margin of the latter slightly angular. Length, 21; diameter, 7.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus, Cat. No. 111211. Range, off the Columbia River, Oregon, in 27 fathoms, and south to Point Abreojos, Lower California, in 44 fathoms.
The most prominent characteristic of this species is the regularity of allits features. It is the largest of those species of the coast which have unarmed varices.
EPITONIUM SAWINAE Dail, 1907.
This species has 16 to 19 varices more or less flatly reflected on tho base, and ranges from Vancouver Island to San Diego, California, and possibly to the Gulf of California.
EPITONIUM SAWINAE, variety? CATALINENSE, new variety.
Shell with a small three-whorled nucleus, smooth and white, and seven and a half subsequent whorls; varices 22 to 24, not spinose or angular, not regularly continuous over the suture, with the anterior faces of the varices finely lamellose or deeply striated. Base rounded with a minute umbilical perforation in the adult; aperture nearly circular. Length, 13.5; diameter,6mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 109502. Range, off Catalina Island, California.
It differs from sawinae by the absence of angularity on and the greater number of the varices, and by the umbilical perforation.
EPITONIUM MONTEREYENSE, new species.
Shell small, white, rather solid, with six whorls, exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices 14, low, rather solid, striated, not angulated, largely continuous over the suture, encircling about one-fourth of the spire, widely flatly reflected on the base, the reflection covering at least half the interspace, the whole giving the effect of a disk though there is no basal disk or cord; aperture subovate, the ante- rior margin somewhat produced. Length, 6; diameter, 2.5 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 111217. Range, Monterey Bay, in 30 fathoms.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——31
482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 53.
EPITONIUM CALIFORNICUM, new species.
Shell small, white, solid, with seven whorls and a very small brownish nucleus of a whorl and a half; varices 9 or 10, low, sharp, reflected, anteriorly axially striated, with a very small sharp spine at the shoulder; suture deep, the whorls almost separated, rounded; base rounded, imperforate; aperture short-ovate, its inner margin resting on the preceding varices, not touching the body of the whorl. Length, 10.5; diameter, 4 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 201202. Range, San Miguel Island, California, to the Gulf of California.
EPITONIUM RECTILAMINATUM, new species.
Shell minute, whitish, with three polished blunt nuclear and four subsequent whorls; varices 18 or 19, low, uniform, straight, not con- tinuous over the suture, with equal interspaces, sharp and erect; without angle or spine; base rounded, imperforate; aperture rounded, slightly oblique. Length, 3.5; diameter,1 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 110430. Range, Monterey Harbor, California, in 12 fathoms, to the Gulf of California. A quite similar but more rapidly increasing species is found at the Galapagos Islands, in 634 fathoms, but the specimen is too immature to name.
EPITONIUM CAAMANOI Dall and Bartsch, 1910.
Has 12 varices rather broadly and flatly reflected and comes from Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, in 7 to 10 fathoms.
EPITONIUM TABULATUM, new species.
Shell slender, acute, thin, dull white, with two and a half smooth nuclear and 12 or more subsequent whorls; varices 16, thin, sharp, well reflected, anteriorly striated, with a blunt angle at the shoulder, behind which the varix is somewhat concave, giving a tabulate profile to the whorls; the varices more than half encircle the spire, being continuous over the spire; in perfect specimens there is a very thin calcareous outer layer to the shell; base rounded, aperture rounded, the reflected margin narrow. Length, 18; diameter, 7.5mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 109569. Range, San Pedro, California, to the Coronado Islands.
The length given above is of the decollate type specimen of five whorls; the entire length, if perfect, would be about 25mm. Itiss Crisposcala.
EPITONIUM APPRESSICOSTATUM, new species.
Shell slender, acute, white, with two and a half smooth nuclear and six or seven subsequent whorls; varices 13, low, flat, closely appressed to the whorl, continuous over the suture and nearly half encircling the spire; suture moderately deep, base rounded, imper- forate, aperture subovate, the margin slightly angular in front.
Ko. 2217. THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES—DALL. 483
Length, 14; diameter, 4.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 59334. Range, Acapulco, Mexico.
EPITONIUM MUSIDORA, new spccies.
Shell thin, white, slender, with an acute spire and deep suture; varices 10 or 11, low, thin, sharp, slightly reflected, anteriorly smooth, continuing over the suture into which they dip, and making a nearly complete circuit of the spire; base rounded, aperture subovate; there is a slight broadening of the varix at the shoulder of the whorl, but no angulation. Length, 13; diameter,5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 201203. Range, San Diego to Panama.
EPITONIUM COLUMNELLA, new species.
Shell small, white, with about five whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; the whorls rather rapidly enlarging; varices 11, high, thin, angular and spinose at the shoulder, and distinctly angular at the margin of the base, on which the reflected portion is distinctly flattened, but with no basal disk or cord; base imperforate, aperture rounded, the reflected margin produced at the shoulder and in front. Length, 2.75; diameter, 1.75 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 111220. Range, Panama Bay, in about 30 fathoms.
EPITONIUM BERRYI Dall, 1907.
This species has 22 varices without angles or spines and ranges from San Pedro Bay in 200 fathoms to San Diego in about 75 fathoms, It is of the type of the West Indian LF. inconspicuum Sowerby, 1847,
but much smaller. EPITONIUM HABELI, new species.
Shell small, acute, conical, white, with five rounded whorls exclu- sive of the (lost) nucleus; varices 16, low, rather thick, not reflected or angular, continuous over the suture and making about half the circuit of the spire; upper whorls delicately spirally striate, the sculpture becoming obsolete on the fourth and entirely absent from the last whorl; base rounded, with a small umbilical perforation; aperture rounded, the reflected margin produced near the axis in front. Length, 7.5; diameter, 4 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 56055. Range, Galapagos Islands, collected by Dr. Simon Habel.
This species completely bridges the gap between Asperiscala and Mitidoscala.
EPITONIUM DIEGENSE, new species.
Shell minute, whitish, with five whorls exclusive of the (defective) nucleus; varices 11 to 12, sharply anteriorly striated, angular at the shoulder, continuous over the suture, and making about half the circuit of the spire; base rounded, imperforate; aperture subovate, the reflected margin angular at the shoulder. Length, 5; diameter, 2mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 211904. Range, San Diego to La Paz, in 7 to 10 fathoms.
484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53. EPITONIUM TABOGENSE, new species.
Shell small, short, conic, white, with nearly three smooth nuclear and four or five subsequent whorls; varices 11, sharp, erect, not continuous over the suture, not angulated or spinose at the shoulder, anteriorly smooth; base rounded, imperforate; aperture subcircular, the thickened margin nearly interrupted over the body. Length, 3; diameter, 1.5mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 211786. Range, Pan- ama Bay, near Taboga Island, in 62 fathoms.
EPITONIUM CATALINAE Dali, 1908.
Shell of moderate size, slender, whitish, with three smooth, brown- ish nuclear whorls and seven or more subsequent whorls; varices 14 or 15, angular or even subspinose above, tabulating the profile of the spire, below the shoulder flatly greatly expanded, the distal edgo ~ often coalescing with the next preceding varix, the base imperforate, aperture rounded. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 198628. Range, Cata- lina Island to San Diego, California.
The varical margins being very thin are usually more or less broken, but a complete and perfect specimen would probably show a large percentage of coalescence nearly covering the later part of the shell proper. This species would be referred by De Boury to the section Crisposcala.
EPITONIUM REGUM, new species.
Shell small, whitish, acute, with three smooth nuclear and seven or more subsequent whorls; varices 19 to 20, strongly anteriorly striated, narrowly flatly reflected, continuous over the suture and making about half the circuit of the spire, the anterior faces of the varices slightly irregularly crenulated; they are sharply angulated at the shoulder, giving the profile a turriculate aspect; base rounded, imperforate; aperture rounded, the reflected margin narrow. Length of five whorls, 9; maximum diameter, 4; diameter at decollation, 0.8 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 206596. Range, off Point Reyes, in 61 fathoms; off San Diego, in 48 to 78 fathoms.
This species is of the same general type as LE. catalinae, but has more numerous and less expanded varices, which are obsoletely crenated.
EPITONIUM ORCUTTIANUM, new species.
Shell small, white, acute, with two smooth, short nuclear and six subsequent whorls; varices 10 to 12, narrow, erect, with a narrow reflection and an angle or even a small spine at the shoulder, not continuous over the suture, the anterior surface smooth, the base imperforate. Length, 6.5; diameter, 3 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 273998. Range, San Diego Harbor, foot of Broadway, C. R. Orcutt.
xo. 2217, THE GENUS EPITONIOM AND ITS ALLIES—DALL, 485
EPITONIUM BIALATUM, new species.
Shell stout, short, white, with a flesh-colored peripheral band in the later whorls; two short, smooth nuclear and six subsequent whorls; varices seven or eight, white, solid, erect, with a produced angulation at the shoulder, smooth anteriorly, continuous over the suture and making about half the circuit of the spire; base imper- forate, aperture subovate, the reflected margin broad and much pro- duced at the shoulder and in front. Length, 15; diameter, 10 mm, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 180798. Range, Gulf of California, near La Paz, in 10 fathoms, and West Mexico.
This is a specially well marked species, perhaps related to E. statuminatum Sowerby.
EPITONIUM ZEPHYRIUM, new species.
Shell white, polished, solid, conic, with about five whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices, nine, low, continuous, and bridging the suture, encircling about one-third of the spire in ascending to the apex, with smooth interspaces; varices smooth in front and without spines or angulation; base rounded, imperforate, without disk or cord; aperture subovate with narrow margin somewhat expanded in front and at the suture. Length, 11.5; diameter,6mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 56056. Range, San Diego, California.
EPITONIUM BASICUM, new species.
Shell white, with a brownish narrow band in front of the suture when fresh, with seven whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; varices 11, low, rounded, cord-like, continuous over the suture into which they dip, and making nearly half a turn in ascending around the spire, one or two near the terminal are larger than the rest; interspaces smooth; base rounded, marginated by a strong cord, imperforate; aperture subovate, the margin narrow, somewhat patulous in front. Length, 15; diameter,7mm. U.S. Nat Mus. Cat. No. 56049. Range, Gulf of California to Panama.
EPITONIUM ROBERTI, new species.
Shell white, solid, rather short, with two smooth nuclear and six subsequent whorls; varices 13, smooth, low, erect, continuous over the suture into which they dip, and encircling about one-fourth of the spire in ascending to the apex; base rounded, imperforate, mar- ginated by a slender not prominent cord; aperture subovate, with a narrow margin, slightly wider on the side of the axis; the varices on the later whorls are without angulation or spines, but on the early whorls a small spine is developed at the shoulder which in subsequent whorls becomes obsolete and finally lost. Length, 12; diameter, 6.5 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 46251. Range, Gulf of California, Dr. Robert E. C. Stearns.
486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
EPITONIUM RHYTIDUM, new species.
Shell small, subcylindric, pinkish white, strongly sculptured, of about 10 whorls exclusive of the nucleus which is missing. The type specimen retains six whorls, rounded and with a deep suture; varices 18 or 19, low, rounded, crenate; whorls spirally sculptured with (on the last whorl seven or eight) flattish cords; base flattish, nearly smooth, imperforate, marginated by a strong cord; aperture rounded. Length of decollate type-specimen, 5.5; diameter, 2mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 207604. Range, Galapagos Islands, in 40 to 634 fathoms.
This little shell has a remarkable sculpture, recalling some Pyrami- dellids, none of which, however, have a reflected margin to the lip. It is probable that its habitat is m the shallower water, and the presence of the broken specimen in the deep water adventitious.
It is quite likely that among De Boury’s numerous sections there is one (perhaps Funiscala) into which this would fit, but not having typical specimens of all of them for comparison I refrain from select- ing a sectional name for it.
EPITONIUM ZETEKI, new species.
Shell small, white, thin, with about 8 whorls, the nucleus of about one and a half glassy rounded whorls (with a portion lost ?); last whorl with obscure, close-set spiral striae, with no basal disk or cordon; whorls rounded, suture deep; there are 11 sharp, erect, rather low varices, smooth on the front with no spines or angles, descending into the suture and regularly continuous over the spire, which they about half encircle; aperture nearly circular, axis imper- forate. Height, 6.0; maximum diameter, 3.0mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324463. Range, Panama, collected by Mr. James Zetek.
This species is nearest to rantus? but is more solid, has continuous varices, less emphatic spiral sculpture, and increases more rapidly in diameter. The former has not been found at Panama
EPITONIUM IMBREX, new species.
Shell minute, white, thin, with six or more whorls, the nucleus eroded and the last whorl of the type-specimen incomplete; there is no spiral sculpture, basal disk, or cordon; on the last whorl are about 22 varices, thin, low, smooth, protractive behind at the suture, with a hint of angulation at the periphery and remarkably arcuate on the imperforate base; the varices are continuous, somewhat appressed at the suture, and encircle about one quarter of the spire. Height, 2.3; diameter of last whorl, 1.0 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324464. Range, beach at Panama, James Zetek.
This little species has more varices in proportion to its size than any other thus far reported, and is remarkable for the sigmoid arcuation of the varices.
wo. 2217. THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES—DALL. 487
EPITONIUM THYLAX, new species.
Shell small, white, solid, with 8 sharp-edged solid continuous varices; nucleus conic with three smooth whorls; subsequent whorls seven, feebly spirally striate, needing strong magnification to make it out; varices not descending deeply into the suture, nearly parallel with the axis, without angulation or spines; there is no basal disk or cord, the aperture is ovate, the base imperforate. Height, 6.25; diameter, 2.6 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324465. Range, beach at Panama, James Zetek.
This species except for its spiral striation recalls in miniature such forms as cookeianum, heragonum, ete.
The following species are not represented in the collection of the United States National Museum. SCALARIA ACICULINA Hinds, 1843.
This is a slender purple brown species with about 12 arcuate varices and 10 whorls. It is imperforate and the varices are not spinose at the shoulder. The shell is about 8.5 mm. long and is said to come from the west coast of Central America.
SCALARIA VULPINA Hinds, 1843.
This is about 6 mm. long with about 8 whorls of a reddish brown color, slender, acute, spirally striated, with a strong basal cord, and is said to come from the island of Quibo, Veragua, Central America. The figure suggests a resemblance to S. retiporosa Carpenter.
SCALARIA CRASSILABRIS Sowerby, 1847 (not of von Koenen, 1885). Is probably a Philippine shell wrongly reported from Mazatlan.
SCALARIA GRACILIS Sowerby, 1844.
Was originally described as a Philippine shell, and its reference to the west coast of America is due to a misidentification. It is not S. gracilis A. Adams, 1862, nor of H. Adams, 1860, nor Verrill, 1880. It is the type of Graciliscala De Boury, 1909.
CIRSOTREMA FUNICULATA Carpenter, 1857 (not of Watson, 1883).
Has two spiral ribs on the base and 15 to 20 varices. It is described from Mazatlan and resembles S. diadema Sowerby, 1832, of the Galapagos fauna.
SCALARIA INDISTINCTA Sowerby, 1844.
Has fine spiral sculpture and many simple uniform axial varices. It is reported from San Blas and the Gulf of California.
SCALARIA MITRAEFORMIS Sowerby, 1844.
Was described from Guacomayo, Central America.
» \ 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53. SCALARIA SUPRASTRIATA Carpenter, 1857.
From Mazatlan, has the whorls not touching, is imperforate, with acute spire. It has 12 acute varices and a small spine at the shoulder.
SCALARIA OBTUSA Sowerby, 1844.
From Santa Elena, Ecuador; is not the species so named from Panama by C. B. Adams.
SCALARIA REGULARIS Carpenter, 1856.
Has 9 whorls and 10 to 12 sharp varices. There is obsolete spiral sculpture on the early whorls. It is a Panama species.
SCALARIA CUMINGI Carpenter, 1856.
Was also described from Panama. It has 8 or 9 varices.
SCALARIA DIADEMA Sowerby, 1832.
Is a Galapagos species. SCALARIA RARICOSTATA Carpenter, 1857.
From the Gulf of California; has 8 slender varices. It is S. car- penterr, Tapparone Canefri, 1876, not raricosta Lamarck, 1822, nor of Costa (1844%). It belongs to Punctiscala De Boury, 1890.
SCALARIA REFLEXA Carpenter, 1855.
From San Blas, has 5 varices, with spout-like or subtubular spines. This is referred to Hirtoscala Monterosato, 1890, by Cossmann.
SCALARIA STATUMINATA Sowerby, 1844.
Belongs to the general group which includes Epitonium bialatum. It was ae eued from Payta, Peru. It is also reported from Panama Bay, near Taboga Island.
SCALARIA POLITA Sowerby, 1844. Was described from Xipixapi, Ecuador, and is referred to Longi- scala De Boury, 1910.
SCALARIA ELENENSIS Sowerby, 1844. Came from Santa Elena, Ecuador.
SCALARIA PRINCIPALIS Pallas, 1774,
Of which S. costulata Kiener is a synonym, is reported from West Colombia, which is certainly erroneous. Gmelin states that it is a native of Coromandel, and Cossmann refers it to the Philippines. The west Colombian shell is ducalis Mérch, 1876, and was named by Tapparone Canefri S. simillima in the same year.
FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE AND COSTA RICA.
By Rosert Tracy JAcKSON, Of Peterborough, New Hampshire.
INTRODUCTION.
The fossil echini of the Panama Canal Zone were submitted to me for study and description by Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan as part of the studies he is making in that region in connection with his investiga- tions of the geology of the Coastal Plain of the United States and of the West Indies. The material contains some very interesting species, particularly in the genus Encope, of which there are three new forms. Some of the material is well preserved, and parts are fragmentary. A number of specimens too poorly preserved, or too fragmentary for specific determination, indicate that a more ex- tensive echinoid fauna may be found by further search.
I wish to express my heartiest thanks to my friend, Dr. Hubert Lyman Clark, of the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy who, with his great knowledge of Clypeastroids and Spatangoids, helped me materially in preparing this report.
LIST OF SPECIES AND THEIR GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE,
Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau. Oligocene, Emperador limestone Gaillard Cut, stations 58666, 6671.
Clypeaster gatuni, new species. Upper Oligocene’ Gatun formation, station 5662, near Gatun Dam site; and at station 6237, north of Ancon Hill, about 4 miles south of Diablo ridge.
Encope annectans, new species. Upper Oligocene,’ Gatun formation, station 5846, Spillway, Gatun Dam.
Encope platytata, new species. Upper Oligocene,' Gatun formation, station 6029a, one-quarter to one-half mile from Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio.
Encope megatrema, new species. Upper Oligocene,' Gatun formation, station 6030, about one and one-half miles from Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio.
Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy. Oligocene, Emperador limestone, Gaillard Cut, stations 5866) and 6019G.
1 This formation perhaps may more appropriately be referable to the lower Miocene, i. e., Burdigalian. For a recent discussion of the geologic age of the members of the Apalachicola group in Florida and Georgia, see Vaughan, T. W., The reef-coral fauna of Carrizo c-eek, Imperial County, California, and its significance: U. S. Geol. Curvey, Prof. Pap. 98-T., pp. 353-366, 1917—T. W. V.
PROCEEDINGS U, S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 53—No. 2218. 489
490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Schizaster armiger W. B. Clark. Eocene, Bonilla, Costa Rica.
Schizaster cristatus, new species. Upper Oligocene, Brazil, Costa Rica, station 5505.
Schizaster panamensis, new species. Upper Oligocene,! Gatun forma- tion, near Gatun, at stations 6008 and 7294.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES. CLYPEASTER LANCEOLATUS Cotteau. Plate 62, figs. 1, 2.
Clypeaster lanceolatus CotrEAv, Descripcion de los Equinoides Fossiles de la Isla deCuba. Bol. Com. del. Mapa Geologicode Espana, vol. 22, 1897, p. 39, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2,3.
This species is one of the few in the series from the Panama Canal Zone that seems referable to an already published species. There are seven specimens, all in good condition of preservation and repre- senting two localities which, however, from the character of the material may be nearly associated. I give measurements of the largest specimen of the set. Length, 95 mm.; width, 77 mm.; height, 21mm. Test elongate, wider behind than in front, moderately ele- vated, deeply concave in ventral view. Ambulacral petals elevated, distally acuminate, nearly closed and pinched up as if squeezed between the thumb and finger. Anterior petal III equal in length to petals I and V and a few millimeters longer than are the anterior pair IZ andIV. The anterior petal III is more widely separated from petals II and IV than are those latter from I and V. Interporiferous areas of petals are elevated, wide, being about equal to both porif- erous areas. Interambulacra are narrow, extremely so near the apical disk. Tubercles are small and of about the same size dorsally and ventrally. Apical disk is central, mouth central, deeply sunken, periproct ventral, about four mm. from the posterior border of the test. The original material described by Cotteau is from the ‘‘ Mio- cene” of Matanzas, Cuba, where he says it is very rare. It is appar- ently more or less common in the Canal Zone, as there are seven speci- mens from that region.
Localities and geologic occurrence.—Oligocene; Emperador lime- stone. Upper Limestone, Las Cascadas, Panama, D. F. MacDonald, collector, U. S. National Museum station No. 6671, two specimens, U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324452; also Panama Canal Zone, upper Limestone bed, near Tower ‘‘N” (opposite Las Cascadas, Gaillard Cut) D. F. MacDonald, collector, 1911, U. S. National Museum station No. 5866-), five specimens, U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324451.
1 This formation perhaps may more appropriately be referable to the lower Miocene, i. e., Burdigalian. For arecent discussion of the geologic age of the members of the Apalachicola group in Florida and Gecrgia, see Vaughan, T. W., The reef-coral fauna of Carrizo creek, Imperial County, California, and its significance: U. 8. Geol. Survey, Prof. Pap. 98-T., pp. 363-366, 1917—T. W. V.
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 49]
CLYPEASTER GATUNI, new species. Plate 63, fig. 1, plate 64, fig. 1.
This species is represented by a fine, large specimen in perfect con- dition of preservation. Two additional specimens much worn and incomplete are also referred to it.
The type measures 146 mm. in length, 122 mm. in width, and 35 mm. in height. The test is elongate, moderately pentagonal in out- line, with slicht incurving of the borders in interambulacral areas 1, 2,3, and 4. Its greatest width is across ambulacra II and IV. Ventrally the test is deeply concave, being flat only on the border. The ambulacral petal III is equal in length to petals I and V and a few millimeters longer than are petals II and IV. The petals are equidistant, highly elevated, and open at their distal ends. Ventrally, five deep ambulacral grooves extend to the mouth. Interambu- lacra are broad on the border of the test, narrowing up dorsally and very narrow near the apical disk. Each of the interambulacra between the petals are strongly elevated as if pinched up. The apical disk is slightly anterior to the middle of the test an is very small. The mouth is central, deeply sunken. The periproct is ventral, slightly elliptical, its posterior border 5 mm. from tho posterior limits of the test. Tubercles are small, covering the dorsal surface of the test, ventrally the same, but slightly larger.
Clypeaster gatuni approaches nearest, perhaps, to C. bowers: Weaver, but differs in the shape of the test, the deeply concave base, the shape and proportionate size of the petals and interambulacra dor- sally, and the fact that the periproct is ventral instead of terminal.
Locality and geologic occurrence-—Gatun formation, upper Oli- gocene or Miocene. Panama Canal Zone, near Gatun Dam site, D. F. MacDonald, collector, 1911, holotype, U. S. National Museum, station No. 5662, one specimen.
Limestone in swamp, north of Ancon Hill, about 4 miles south of Diablo Ridge in the Emperador limestone, U. S. National Museum, station No. 6237, two specimens.
Holotype.—Cat. No. 324453, U.S.N.M.
This species is present on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the Isthmus.
ENCOPE ANNECTANS, new species. Plate 65, figs. 1, 2; plate 66, fig. 1.
This interesting new species is represented by three specimens which include two tests free from matrix and more or less complete, and a sandstone mold of the exterior of the ventral side of a specimen which is the largest of the three.
In shape, the specimens are thin, flattened, and nearly circular in outline, excepting for the reéntrant marginal ambulacral notches.
492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The edges are thin, exceptionally so for the genus, and the whole test superficially is scutelliform. In the anterior ambulacrum III there is a shallow rounded notch, and in the lateral ambulacra are deeper and narrower notches, the deepest being in the posterior pair of ambulacra, [Vand V.. The apical disk is ceatral. The peristome is small and also central. Continuing posteriorly irom the peri- stome on the ventral side is a quite deep groove, and on the dorsal side is a shorter and shallower groove. These grooves do not form
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Fira. 1.—ENCOPE ANNECTANS. DRAWING OF THE TYPE-SPECIMEN, NATURAL SIZE. RESTORED PARTS ARE INDICATED BY DOTTED LINES,
a hole through the test, but represent the incipient beginnings of the lunule which is characteristic in Encope of the posterior interambula- crum 5. This is most interesting and is discussed later at length.
The type-specimen measures 86 mm. in length, 89 mm. in width, and 8 mm. in height. The highest point is distinctly anterior to the middle of the test. The specimen represented by a mold of the ventral side is somewhat larger than the type. It measures about 93 mm. in length by about 96 mm. in width.
In the type, the ambulacral petals are broad, about equal in length in the several areas, the posterior pair extending back to a line with the anterior limit of the lunule in interambulacrum 5. Ventrally, the ambulacral furrows are deep, slightly curved outward from the
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 493
median line of each ambulacrum, forking near the border of the test, each furrow giving off a forked branch at nearly a right angle to the main furrow. The apical disk is central, but details are obscured owing to local imperfections in both specimens showing the dorsal ‘ side. Interambulacral areas are narrow in the petaloid areas, wide near the margin of the test. The whole dorsal surface of the test is covered with small tubercles; on the ventral side of the test the tubercles are somewhat larger, but they are reduced in size or want- ing along the lines of the ambulacral furrows. The mouth is small and central in position. The periproct is small, oval in outline, and situated at nearly one-third the distance from the mouth to posterior border of the test.
The lunule of interambulacrum 5 is the remarkable and most in- teresting feature of this species. Ventrally, it consists of an im- pressed area 15 mm. long by 2 mm. wide, extending to and being confluent with the opening of the periproct. Dorsally, the lunule also consists of an impressed area lying above the middle of the ventral lunular depression and measuring 10 mm. in length by 2 mm. in width. This is the only species in the genus recorded in which the lunule fails to make an opening through the test. Structurally, it is most interesting, as it closely resembles the condition in a young specimen of Mellita sexiesperforata (Leske) from the west coast of Florida, 30 fathoms, No. 2900, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. This young Mellita, which measures 9 mm., in length has no notches or lunules as yet developed in the ambulacral areas, but in interam- bulacrum 5, as viewed ventrally, there is a distinct impressed area marking the initial beginnings of a lunule as in our specimen of adult Encope annectans. It should be stated that this specimen of Mellita is probably exceptional in holding this youthful character so late, as in a small series of younger specimens of M. sexiesperforata measur- ing from 4 to 7 mm. in length, all have a perforate lunule in interam- bulacrum 5. This latter set is from Salt Key, Bahamas, No. 2439, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. As pointed out by Mr. Agassiz (Revision of the Echini, pp. 320-324) in Mellita sexiesperforata, the ambulacral and interambulacral lunules develop by resorption through the test, whereas in the other species of Mellita, as far as known, the ambulacral lunules are developed by the inclusion of marginal notches and the interambulacral lunule alone is formed by invagination through the test.
Encope annectans is primitive like the other fossil species of Encope in that the ambulacral notches are not inclosed to form lunules but are still shallow and open. It is undoubtedly the most primitive of the genus in that the lunule in interambulacrum 5 is still imper- forate. It makes an approach to the Recent Encope michelini Agassiz
-
494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
of the Gulf of Mexico and LF. grandis Agassiz of the Gulf of California which are the only living species characterized by open marginal notcbes. On the other hand, £. annectans resembles Encope micro- pora Agassiz of the West Coast in the form of the test and the posi- tion of the interambulacral lunule.
Locality and geologic occurrence.-—Gatun formation, upper Oli- gocene or Miocene, Panama Canal Zone, Spillway at Gatun Dam site, D. F. MacDonald, collector, U. S. National Museum station No. 5846, three specimens.
Type.—Cat. No. 324454, U.S.N.M. Paratype.—Cat. No. 324466, U.S.N.M.
ENCOPE PLATYTATA, new species.
Plate 67, figs. 1, 2.
There is only a single specimen representing this species, and while it is imperfect, it yet has the essential parts preserved that are necessary for a description. As in the last described species, E. an- nectans, this species, E. platytata, is thin, flattened, and if complete, apparently would be nearly circular in outline excepting for the am- bulacral notches. If complete, the specimen would measure as esti- mated about 100 mm. in length and 100 mm. in width. The greatest height of the test is in the apical region, where it measures 10 mm. As the ventral side of the test is somewhat concave instead of being flat, the thickness of the test at the center, as measured by calipers, is somewhat less than the height and measures only § mm.
The anterior ambuiacral notch of area III is very shallow and rounded. The notches of the lateral anterior ambulacra II and IV are also rounded but deeper than the notch of area III. Presumably the notches of the posterior ambulacra I and V, if preserved, would be similar but somewhat decper, as this is the usual character in associated species. The lunule in interambulacrum 5 is small, but passes directly through the test instead of being imperforate as in Encope annectans. This lunule is only preserved for the anterior part of its extent as shown in the figures. The mouth is small and central in position, the periproct is elongate oval, its anterior border is 13 mm. posterior to the border of the mouth opening. Poste- riorly the periproct is confluent with the infolded depression of the interambulacral lunule.
The ambulacral petals are rather narrow in this specimen, measur- ing 13 mm. in width. The odd anterior ambulacral petal is longer than the others, and measures 36 mm. in length, whereas the pos- terior petals of the trivium measure 28 mm. in length. The petals of the bivium, or I and V, are longer than the posterior pair of the trivium, but as they are incomplete posteriorly, a measurement can not be given. On the ventral side, the ambulacral furrows are strongly marked and each gives off a few weakly impressed branches.
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 495
The apical disk is quite well preserved, shows clearly tho ocular pores and four of the five genital pores, which are a characteristic feature of Encope. The only genital wanting is that occurring in area 1, which is destroyed by a local fracture of the test. Minute tubercles cover the dorsal side of the test. Ventrally the tubercles are larger except near the ambulacral furrows where they are minute.
Encope platytata is a near ally of Encope tenuis Kew ' of the Miocene of California, but differs from that species in that the greatest height of the test is central, and the periproct is confluent with the lunule.
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DRAWING OF THE TYPE-SPECIMEN, NATURAL SIZE, RESTORATIONS ARK
Locality and geologic occurrence.—Gatun formation, upper Oligocene or Miocene, Panama Canal Zone, from lowest horizon in big cut, one- fourth to one-half mile beyond Camp Cotton toward Monte Lirio, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911, U. S. National Museum station No. 6029a, one specimen.
Type.—Cat. No. 324455, U.S.N.M.
‘Kew, W.S. W. Tertiary echinoids of the Carrizo Creek Region in the Colorado Desert. University of California Bull., Dept. Geology, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 39-60, pls. 1-3, 1914.
496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
ENCOPE MEGATREMA, new species.
Plate 68, fig. 1.
This species is represented by one fairly good test with its counter- part, and in addition somo 12 fragments which yield helpful facts on close study. From the incompleteness, measuroments and some details will have to be given in general terms or omitted. As a whole,
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Fic. 3.—ENCOPE MEGATREMA. HOLOTYPE, NATURAL SIZE. THE AREA SHOWING PART OF AMBULA- CRUM II IS DRAWN FROM A FRAGMENT. RESTORATIONS INDICATED BY DOTTED LINES. Fig. 4.—SECTION OF LUNULE TO SHOW INCLINED FACES, DRAWN FROM TWO FRAGMENTS.
the tost is low, elongated, thin on the borders and with shallow ambulacral notches and an enormous lunule in interambulacrum 5. From the best specimen, which is figured, the length probably was about 120 mm. and the width about 106 mm.; thickness of the test at its conter is 10 mm. Ambulacral notches are shallow and quite
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 497
wide in areas II and V, indicating that this is the character in the two posterior ambulacra I and V and also in the paired anterior am- bulacra IIT and IV. This evidence is supported by several of the frag- ments which show shallow lobes like the type, but it can not be dofinitely stated which areas they represent. The notch of the ante- rior odd ambulacrum ITI is not known, but it was probably shallowor than the others, as is characteristic of species of the genus. Tho most striking feature of this species is the lunule in interambulacrum 5, which is enormous. It is situated about midway between the apical disk and posterior limits of the test, is roughly triangular in shape, the apox of the triangle pointing anteriorly. It moasures at the surface of the opening 27 mm. in length and 27 mm. in width at the widest part posteriorly. The walls of the lunule slope outward from the center, as seen looking from above, as is well shown in two of the fragmentary specimens. From this sloping character of the walls, it results that the width of the lunule would be greater by about 6 to 10 millimeters on the ventral side than it is on the dorsal. The height of the wall of the lunule is 12 mm., which is doubtless the highest point of the test. The lunulo in this species is, relatively to the size of tho specimens, the largest known in any species of the genus, fossil or living. It is striking that this great size of the lunule, a progressive character, should bo associated with small and shallow ambulacral notches which, for the genus, is a relatively primitive character.
The ambulacral petals are beautifully distinct and well preserved for part of their extent in the type and one other specimen. The posterior pair, I and V, are long and narrow with a relatively wide poriferous area and narrow median interporiferous area. The width of the petal of ambulacrum V is 11 mm. and its length is 50 mm. It extends posteriorly in a wide curve around the lunule of interambu- lacrum 5 and reaches a line coincident with the posterior end of the lunule. It also extends to within 5.5 of the ambulacral notch of the area in which it lies. Ambulacrum IV is much shorter than ambula- crum V, measuring 30 mm. in length and 12 mm. in width at its widest part. This ambulacrum extends to within 3.5 mm. of its marginal notch. ‘The features of the ambulacra V and IV as described indicate the character of ambulacra I and II, which are only preserved in part in the holotype, though one of the fragments has ambulacrum If quite perfectly preserved. Ambulacrum III is represented only in part (for a length of 25 mm.) by the left side of its petaloid area; it probably had about the length and width of the petal of ambulacrum IV, as in the allied species Encope macrophora Ravenel. Ambulacral furrows on the ventral side are deep, strongly marked with some forking near the periphery of the test. The interambulacra are very wide, not narrowing markedly near the apical disk. Minute tubercles
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17 32
498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
cover the dorsal surface of the test, and ventrally the tubercles are larger excepting on the lines of ambulacral furrows, where they are minute or wanting. Details of the apical disk, peristome and peri- proct are entirely wanting. This species does not make a close approach to any other known species, but its nearest ally is Encope macrophora Ravenel from the upper Miocene of South Carolina and the Pliocene of Florida.
Locality and geologic occurrence.—Gatun formation, upper Oligocene or Miocene, Panama Canal Zone. From 85-foot cut north side of big swamp on relocated line, Panama R. R., about one and one-half to two miles beyond Camp Cotton towards Monte Lirio, D. F. Mac- Donald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911. Fourteen specimens, including fragments, U. S. National Museum station No. 6030.
Type.—Cat. No. 324456, U.S.N.M.
ECHINOLAMPAS SEMICRBIS Guppy.
Echinolampas semiorbis Gupry, On Tertiary Echinoderms from the West Indies. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, 1866, p. 299, pl. 19, fig. 7.—Corrreau, Echin- ides Tertiares des Iles St. Barthélemy et Anguilla. Kongl. Svensk. Vetenskaps. Akad, vol. 13, 1875, p. 24, pl. 5, figs. 1-2; pl. 6, fig. 1.
This species is abundant in the Oligocene Tertiary of the West Indies, material from Anguilla having been described by Guppy, and Cotteau erroneously records it from St. Bartholomew. Dr. T. Way- land Vaughan in 1914 collected abundant, fine specimens in the Island of Anguilla.
From the Panama Canal Zone a number of specimens were col- lected from a hard gray limestone. The specimens are for the most part uncompressed and in very good condition of preservation. One of the largest specimens measures 107 mm. in length, 103 mm. in width, and 53 mm. in height.
Locality and geologic occurrence-—Oligocene. Emperador limestone, Panama Canal Zone. Upper Limestone bed near Tower “‘N” (oppo- site Las Cascadas, Gaillard cut), D. F. MacDonald, collector, 1911, U.S. National Museum station No. 5866), one specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324457. Also Panama Canal Zone, from 5th or top- most limestone, Gaillard cut, opposite Las Cascadas, U.S. National Museum station No. 6019G, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911, 4 specimens. U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324458.
SCHIZASTER ARMIGER W. B. Clark.
Schizaster armiger CLARK and TwItTcHELL, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States. Monograph U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 54, 1915, p. 152, pl. 70, figs. lad.
In this species the test is rather large, cordiform; upper surface slopes at first rapidly, then more slowly from the anterior margin to
1 Clark, William Bullock, and Twitchell, Mayville W. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States. Monograph, U.S. Geol. Survey, vol. 54, 1915, p. 206, pl. 93. figs. 2a-e; pl. 94, figs. la-f.
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 499
the apical system beyond which an elevated sharp ridge continues to the truncated posterior margin. Length, 59 mm.; width, 50 mm.; height, 25 mm. The ambulacra are broad and the odd anterior ambulacral petal III is situated in a deep groove that indents the anterior margin. The two lateral anterior ambulacra IT and IV are in deep, broad grooves, with petals 18 mm. long. The posterior ambulacra I and V, similar but shorter, are 9 mm.long. Peripetalous fasciole is broad and distinct. Interambulacra gibbous, the posterior No. 5 being built up into an elevated keel. The peristome is indis- tinct in our specimen, but as shown in W. B. Clark’s excellent figures, is wide and near the anterior margin. The periproct is high on the truncated posterior end.
The type material described by Clark is ascribed to the upper (Jackson) Eocene of Choctaw County, Alabama.
Locality and geologic occurrence.—EKocene, Bonilla, Costa Rica, Hill collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 135214, one specimen.
SCHIZASTER CRISTATUS, new species. Plate 68, figs. 2-4.
The material of this species consists of two internal moulds; as the plates are entirely wanting, of course external characters can not be given. The more perfect of the two specimens measures 40 mm. in length, 36 mm. in width, and 22 mm. in height. Test is moderate sized, cordiform, sloping gradually from the anterior border up to the median crest, the widest portion being through the middle of the test. The most striking feature of this species is the median keel-like crest that rises sharply from the summit of interambulacrum 5 at the pos- terior border of the test.
The petal of ambulacrum III is sunken in a deep, wide groove, ex- tending to the anterior border of the test and measuring 23 mm. in length. The petals of the lateral anterior ambulacra If and IV are in deep grooves measuring 13 mm. in length and having about 22 plates in each half ambulacrum, as is indicated by the casts of the pores. The petals of the posterior ambulacra I and V are widely divergent from the anterior pair, nearly parallel and directed back- ward in deep, sunken grooves. The grooves are 7 mm. long, and there are about 14 plates in each half ambulacrum at this point, as indicated by casts of the pores. The periproct is situated on the posterior face and coincides with the base of the crest in interam- bulacrum 5. The peristome is wide and situated far forward, the tip which almost closes the mouth being 10 mm. from the anterior border of the test.
Locality and geologic occurrence-—Upper Oligocene or Miocene, Brazil, Costa Rica, A. Alfaro, collector, U. S. National Museum sta- tion No. 5505, two specimens.
Type.—Cat. No. 324460, U.S.N.M.
500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. $3. SCHIZASTER PANAMENSIS, new species. Plate 66, figs. 2-3.
The material consists of an internal mould free from matrix, and three specimens more or less complete, embedded in porous, dark- colored volcanic tuff which also bears some fragments of lignite. The specimen, free from matrix, is the most completely preserved, although somewhat compressed dorso-ventrally, and is selected as the type. The specimen measures 48 mm. in length, 40 mm. in width, and 25 mm. in height. The petals of the ambulacra are situated in broad, deep furrows. The anterior petal IIT extends to the anterior limit of the test and measures 23 mm. in length. The paired anterior ambulacra iI and IV are in grooves 13 mm. long and diverge widely from the anterior petal. The posterior petals I and V are shorter than the anterior pair, measuring 5 mm. in length, and are directed almost straight backward. The position of the periproct is not clearly indicated on the mould, but apparently it is near the upper part of the posterior face. The peristome is wide and rounded, and is situated 16 mm. from the anterior border of the test. The peri- petalous fasciole is quite wide and is fairly well shown in areas II and IV on the type-specimen and still better in one of the fragments, which is a counterpart of the dorsal side of the same.
One of the specimens, which is an external mould, shows the impress of the outline of the plates of part of a test, and gives measurements of considerable interest. [t measures about 50 mm. in length, about 45 mm. in width, and about 38 mm. in height. From incom- pleteness of the specimen no exact measurements can be given, yet those available indicate a very high test.
Locality and geologic occurrence.—Gatun formation, upper Oligocene or Miocene, Panama Canal Zone. Second cut, south of Gatun R. R. Station, Goldman Coll., U.S. National Museum station No. 7294, four specimens. Holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324461. Another specimen, imperfect and much worn, with a very high test, and appar- ently referable to this species, is from Panama Canal Zone, Gatun, section A, from middle of Bed “ E,’’ D. F. MacDonald, collector, U.S. National Museum station No. 6008, one specimen. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324462.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PLATE 62.
Fia. 1. Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau, dorsal view, natural size. The dark spot in interambulacrum 5 is a yellow label that took black in the photograph. U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324451, Station 5866b. 2. Another specimen of the same, ventral view, natural size, U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324451, Station 5866b.
PLATE 63.
Via. 1. Clypeaster gatuni, new species, dorsal view. Holotype, slightly reduced, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324453, Station 5662.
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 5601
PLaTE 64,
Fie. 1. Clypeaster gatuni, new species, ventral view; same specimen as Plate 63.
Fig. 1
2
2
3
Fia, 1
Fira, 1 2
3 4
Holotype, slightly reduced, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324453, Station 5662.
Priate 65.
. Encope annectans, new species, dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324454, Station 5846. . The same, ventral view. Pate 66.
. Encope annectans, new species. Another specimen, external mould of ventral side seen from above. Natural size, Paratype, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324466, Station 5846.
. Schizaster panamensis, new species. Dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324461, Station 7294,
. The same, ventral view. The dark spot in interambulacrum 5 isa yellow ticket that took black in the photograph.
PLateE 67,
. Encope platytata, new species. Dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324455, Station 6029a.
.2, The same, ventral view. The dark spot in interambulacrum 4 of fig. 1 and
in interambulacrum 2 of fig. 2 are yellow tickets that took black in the photographs, Piate 68,
. Encope megatrema, new species. Dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, natu ral size, U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324456, Station 6030.
. Schizaster cristatus, new species. Dorsal view, natural size, Holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324460, Station 5505,
. The same, ventral view,
. The same, side view.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 62
NATIONAL MUSEUM
U. S.
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SNLVIOSONV1 YSLSV3AdATO AO (SG) SMAIA TIVHYLNSA ONY (1) IvSYOg
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 63
DORSAL VIEW OF CLYPEASTER GATUNI.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 500.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 64
VENTRAL VIEW OF CLYPEASTER GATUNI.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
ard acme ean
, Ocyeb ie Oy en? 0
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 65
DORSAL (1) AND VENTRAL VIEWS (2) OF ENCOPE ANNECTANS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 66
1. MOULD OF VENTRAL SIDE OF ENCOPE ANNECTANS SEEN FROM ABOVE, (2) DORSAL, AND (3) VENTRAL VIEWS OF SCHIZASTER PANAMENSIS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
———s
U. S. NATIONAL IMUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 67
DORSAL VIEW (1) AND VENTRAL VIEW (2) OF ENCOPE PLATYTATA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
1. DORSAL VIEW OF ENCOPE MEGATREMA. DORSAL (2), VENTRAL (3), AND SIDE (4) VIEWS OF SCHIZASTER CRISTATUS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
A REVISION OF HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE TRIBE CREMASTINI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.
By R. A. Cusuman, Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
As defined by Ashmead, the tribe Cremastini is distinguished from the Porizonini by the obsolescence in the latter tribe of the base of the middle vein in the hind wing and by the thickening of the anterior end of the basal vein in the front wing. Aside from the question as to whether these characters, as interpreted by Foerster, who proposed them, are good or not, the fact remains that the genotype of Cremastus has the middle vein obliterated at the base, and by no means all of the genera at present referred to the Pori- zonini exhibit the thickening of the basal vein. Foerster ' made use, also, of the angulation of the radial abscissae, ascribing to the Pori- zonini a right angle and to the Cremastini an obtuse angle. The strict interpretation of this character separates species much more closely allied to each other and to Cremastus as represented by the genotype, than either is to Porizon as represented by the genotype.
The relation between the length and breadth of the stigma as used by Foerster to separate his Cremastoidae from the families which follow it in his arrangement can not be used, since several species of Cremastus have the stigma distinctly less than half as wide as long. Also the occipital carina varies in Cremastini from widely inter- rupted above to complete.
The genera of these two tribes, however, form two rather well- defined groups, separated by propodeal, abdominal, and venational characters, as indicated in the following tabulation:
Propodeum not extending beyond base of hind coxae; abdomen usually short and stout, not or but weakly compressed, the second tergite not very much longer than wide, most frequently transverse, and with the sides widely divergent; angle of radius right or acute, touching or very close to cubitus, the intercubitus being very short and not or but very little longer than that portion of cubitus between it and recurrent, most frequently shorter, all veins at this point being nearly interstitial; ovipositor most frequently short
SHO UPCUTVEU 6a. veccan ce an ees weboweies oss Genny eee Sa eaee meee Porizonini.
1 Verh. Nat. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., vol. 25, 1868, p. 141.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 53—No. 2219. 503
504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Propodeum extending beyond base of hind coxae; abdomen long and slender, strongly compressed beyond second tergite, the latter very much longer (two to six times) than wide and with its sides subparallel or weakly diver- gent; angle of radius right or obtuse, far removed from cubitus, the inter- cubitus much longer than that portion of cubitus between it and recurrent, the latter occasionally interstitial; ovipositor most frequently long and BUPA HGS So. eb ea Soha Ue svc santlad ou meeeeeece salen tetien em bee ee Cremastini.
None of the species available for study agree in all particulars with any of the genera proposed by Szepligeti, nor with Celor, Seme- now, although a number of the species of Cremastus might with pro- priety be referred to certain of these genera.
Demophorus Thomson seems not to occur in the North American fauna. It should be remarked, however, that certain species allied to the genotype of Zaleptopygus Viereck, here considered a subgenus of Cremastus, have the upper portion of the intercubitus slightly thickened and angulate, and occasionally a wing is found in which the second intercubitus is represented by a stump of a vein arising from this angle.
One new genus is described below for the reception of Cresson’s Porizon stigmaterus.
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN GENERA OF CREMASTINI.
Thorax very long and slender, nearly cylindrical; propodeum with areola very long and petiolar area very short, arevla usually much longer than petiolar area; thorax and head clothed with a very dense, short, pubescence, which gives a silky lustre; stigma narrow, radius arising far beyond the middle; radial cell very long and narrow, its lower angle very broadly obtuse; second abscissa of radius curving gradually outward, then shargly forward; eyes slightly convergent towards the narrow, strongly convex clypeus; spiracle of first tergite at or not far beyond middle; orbits immaculate except for an obscure brownish mark at level of antennae....Pseuderiplernus Viereck.
Thorax not subcylindrical, much stouter in front or short and thick; petiolar area seldom shorter than areola, usually much longer; thorax and head with different vestiture; stigma, if narrow, with radius arising at about middle; eyes parallel or slightly divergent toward clypeus; spiracle of first tergite far beyond middle; orbits more or less distinctly pale marked or the head is
entirely pale.c oc. edacases one nine bos oom cetanes oeeine sania eee eee i 1. Palpi very long, the maxillary palpi reaching to middle coxae; abdomen weakly compressed . <= 75 wis i065 Se CEB ee ae Dolichoselephus Ashmead.
Palpi normal; abdomen usually strongly compressed... ..-.......------------ 2.
2. Head small, scarcely as wide as thorax; eyes large, parallel within; face much narrower than eye is long; malar space very short; lateral ocelli eta from the eyes by much less en their own diameter; stigma very broad, the radius originating in the middle, its first abscissa strongly curved; nervulus ante- Mireds (male WRN OWIN) 228 2 oa. clacton nie Neocremastus, new genus.
Head at least as wideasthorax, face broad, malarspacenot especially short; lateral ocelli distant from the eyes by at least their own diameter (in some males the eyes and ocelli are very large, the malar space, the ocell-ocular line, and the width of the face being much reduced); stigma various, if broad, with the radius usually arising beyond the middle, first radial abscissa not strongly curved, nervulus interstitial or postfurcal, very rarely distinctly antefur- ML ah she wcrc fe leis Sora hcereae chee ate Oe noe ae ee Cremastus Gravenhorst.
Ss ee
KO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 505
Genus PSEUDERIPTERNUS Viereck. Pseuderipternus V1ERECK, Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 22, p. 269.
Genotype.—Podogaster radiolata Provancher (Monobasic).
Since its description in Podogaster, the genotype has been placed in Limnerium by Cresson,’ who considered Podogaster » synonym of Tnmnerium; in. Eripiernus by Ashmead,? under the manuscript name primus Ashmead; in the last genus by Viereck,? where he used it as a basis for comparison of his genus Eripternimorpha with Eripter- nus; and more recently Viereck has erected for it the present genus, which he treats as a subgenus of Casinaria, a Campoplegine genus.
To the present writer the placing of the genus in the Campoplegini seems entirely erroneous. In Cresson’s synopsis it runs to Cremastus Gravenhorst by virtue of its separated clypeus, a character in which it differs markedly from the Campoplegini. Its completely areolated propodeum is elso out of place in the latter tribe. In Szepligeti’s key to the genus‘ it runs to Pseudocremastus Szepligeti. From Cremastus and from Dolichoselephus Ashmead it differs principally in the characters used in the above table to genera, the most striking of which are the nearly middle position of the spiracles of the first abdominal segment, the great length of the areola, the very narrow stigma accompanied by the distally originating radius, and the long, narrow, very obtusely angled radial cell.
From Dolichoselephus it also differs in having the palpi normal.
From the description of Pseudocremastus it differs principally in the very low propodeum.
From LHripternus (Foerster) Szepligeti it differs by the characters used by Szepligeti in his group synopsis and by nearly all the char- acters in his generic description of Eripternus.
Head st ongly transverse, roundly narrowed posteriorly, occipital carina broadly interrupted in middle, eyes slightly convergent. below face convex, clypeus narrow and strongly convex, clypeal foveae deep, malar space very short, ocelli in both sexes small, antennae long, filiform, the flagellar joimts gradually decreasing in length from base to apex where they are nearly as wide as long, palpi normal, thorax long, subcylindrical, nearly straight above, notauli very weak, propodeum elongate, low, prolonged about one-third length of coxae, completely areolated, even the posterior abscissa of lateral carina being more or less distinctly present, areola occupying half or more of the length and the petiolar area very short, spiracloe nearer to Jateral than to pleural carina; front wings with stigma and radial cell elongate, the former with the radius arising far beyond middle, hind wings with median vein obliterated basally, nervellus
- 1Synop. Hym., 1887, p. 204. § Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1913, p. 645. ®Smith’s Ins. New Jersoy, 1899. * 4Gen, Ins., fase, 34, 1905, p. 49.
506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
distinctly broken at or somewhat below middle and _ postfurcal; first tergite with the spiracle at or but slightly beyond the middle, petiole rather thick and deeply sulcate laterally, ventral edges of tergite widely separated and subparallel, tergites beyond second strongly compressed ; head and thorax very finely punctate and clothed with very short, dense, silky pubescence.
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Petiolar area nearly as long as areola; first and second tergites tipped with red, the postpetiole strongly longitudinally rugulose; second tergite much less than twice as long as basal width, its sides widely divergent; second abscissa of radius nearly straight at base; ovipositor less than twice as long as first Gerrite os 1.2 piu ee ieak RS ee brevicauda, new species.
Petiolar area a third or less as long as areola; first and second tergites entirely black; the postpetiole at most weakly aciculate; second tergite about twice as long as basal width with sides nearly parallel; second abscissa of radius distinctly outcurved at base; ovipositor about three times as long as first LOVSILG 26... et EES RR See ence enters cn ene ee ees 1,
1. Malar space much less than half as long as basal width of mandible in female, sometimes half as long in male; hind legs stout, femur nearly one-third as broad as long, basitarsus much less than half as long as tibia, all tarsal joints together in female about as long as tibia, in male slightly longer
radiolatus (Provancher).
Malar space about as long as basal width of mandibles in female, longer in male; hind legs slender, femur hardly one-fourth as broad as long, basitarsus nearly half as long as tibia, all tarsal joints together in both sexes much longer than EREDAR Sc LE eee le eh eek A rer ea gracilipes, new species.
PSEURERIPTERNUS BREVICAUDA, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 5.5 mm., ovipositor 1.6 mm. Head, except occiput, very finely, densely granular; face elevated in middle, weakly impressed below antennae, with prominent, median tubercle above; malar space scarcely a third as long as basal width of mandible; interfoveal line (shortest distance between clypeal foveae) twice as long as foveo-ocular line (shortest distance between fovea and eye); eyes very weakly emarginate opposite antennae; posto- cellar and ocell-ocular lines equal and scarcely twice as long as diam- eter of a lateral ocellus. Thorax very minutely punctate, mesono- tum subpolished; mesopleural suture broadly foveolate; propodeal carinac very strong, the areola scarcely a half longer than petiolar area, apical areas strongly rugulose; wing with radial cell rather acute at apex, base of second discoidal cell scarcely half as long as second recurrent vein; nervellus interstitial, broken at middle; legs, especially hind legs, short, the hind femur about a third as broad as long; hind basitarsus about two-fifths as long as tibia, fifth joint nearly as long as third. Abdomen barely a third longer than head and thorax united; first tergite rather stout, its sides nearly straight, about half as wide at apex as long, its spiracle distinctly beyond middle, carinae ond foveae of petiole very strong; second tergite
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 507
scarcely twice as long as wide at base, distinctly wider at apex, it and the postpetiole longitudinally rugulose; ovipositor about a half longer than first tergite.
Black; a small spot between insertion of antenna and eye brown; clypeus at apex, mandibles, palpi, and legs (largely) rufo-testaceous; antennae black, paler below; hind trochanters, last tarsal joints, and apices of hind tibiae (faintly) infuscated; tergites, 1 to 5, black at base, reddish at apex, third largely reddish, remaining tergites black.
Male.—Very like female, but with eyes scarcely divergent, malar space slightly wider, ocelli slightly larger, and black color of tergites more extensive.
Type-locality— Hanover, New Hampshire.
Other locality.—Canada.
Type.—Cat. No. 20251, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female and one male, the former captured by C. M. Weed and the latter by C. F. Baker.
Distinct from the other two species in its short ovipositor, short areola, short second tergite, and abdominal coloration.
PSEUDERIPTERNUS GRACILIPES, new species.
Female.—Length 10 mm., antennae 7.5 mm., ovipositor 5 mm. Head finely, densely granular; face scarcely elevated in middle, more evenly convex throughout, with minute median tubercle above; malar space about half as long as basal width of mandible; inter- foveal line twice as long as foveo-ocular line; inner line of eye concave for most of its length; postoccllar and ocell-ocular lines equal and about a half longer than diameter of a lateral ocellus. Thorax densely, minutely punctured, mesonotum subpolished; mesopleural suture sharp, foveolate only at its upper extremity; propodeal carinae strong, the areola more than three times as long as petiolar area, all areas granularly punctuate, petiolar with a few short longi- tudinal rugae apically; wings with radial cell obtusely pointed, base of second discoidal cell about two-thirds as long as second recur- rent vein, nervellus slightly postfureal and broken slightly below middle; hind legs slender, the femur hardly one-fourth as wide as long; hind basitarsus nearly half as long as tibia, fifth joint nearly as long as third. Abdomen one-third longer than head and thorax united, sculpture granular, subpolished toward apex, postpetiole weakly aciculate; first tergite about two-fifths as wide at apex as long, sides of petiole concavely and of postpetiole convexly arcuate, spiracle at middle, carinae and foveae of petiole strong; second tergite about two and one-half times as long as wide at base, its sides nearly parallel; ovipositor about three times as long as first tergite.
Black; a small spot between antenna and eye brown; mouth parts, antennae, and legs colored as in brevicauda except a little darker
508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 63.
throughout, especially the hind tibia and all tarsi; tergites 1 and 2 black throughout, 3 largely reddish, 4 and 5 reddish with median black spot, 6 reddish with black apical spot, others black.
Male.—Very like female, but with eyes nearly parallel within, malar space considerably longer, tergites slightly narrower, and hind tibiae darker.
Type-locality.—Massachusetts.
Other locality Camden, New Jersey.
Type.—Cat. No. 20252, U.S.N.M.
Very closely allied to radiolatus Provancher, the principal distin- guishing characters being those given in the table to species. Ap- parently these characters are quite variable and the two species may prove to be the same when a larger series of specimens is availa- ble for study. The species seems to average slightly larger than radiolatus.
Described from two females and two males, the paratype female from Cape May, New Jersey, and all others from Massachusetts. The paratypes differ from the types principally in having the reddish color of the abdomen largely replaced by blackish.
PSEUDERIPTERNUS RADIOLATUS (Provancher). Podogaster radiolata PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 329, female.
In the United States National Museum collection is a female specimen from Long Island, designated as a homotype by Mr. A. B. Gahan, who compared it with the type of Podogaster radiolaia Provancher. In addition to the characters given in the table to species, this differs from the type of gracilipes in having the eyes slightly more convergent; the diameter of the ocelli only about half as long as postocellar line; the postpetiole relatively somewhat longer and the petiole shorter, the second tergite wider, the hind tibiae black with their tarsi by contrast paler. In a number of males from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut there is con- sidearble variation with respect especially to the length of the malar space, from about as long as in the female to about half as long as basal width of mandible, in the relative length of hind tibiae and tarsi, and in the stoutness of the hind femora. The color is the same and varies in the same way as in gracilipes.
Genus DOLICHOSELEPHUS Ashmead. Dolichoselephus ASHMEAD, Bull. 1, Colo. Biol. Soc., 1890, p. 23.
Szepligeti! considers this genus a synonym of Heterocola Foerster. Such may be the case, but since the unique specimen of the genotype (Dolichoselephus cockerelli Ashmead) differs from Szepligeti’s descrip- tion of Heterocola in possessing well-marked lateral fovea on the
er
1 Gen. Ins., fase. 34, 1905, p. 56.
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 509
petiole and the compression of the abdomen is not especially con- spicuous, it seems hardly advisable to synonymize the two genera without a comparison of the genotypes. This is not possible at this time.
The great length of the palpi renders this genus easily separable from Cremastus, although this character is really the only positive one that has been discovered.
The propodeum extends but a short distance over the coxae, and is completely areolated. The ventral edges of the first tergite are widely separated and not at all inclosing the sternite. The second tergite is about twice as long as wide with sides weakly divergent, and the abdomen as a whole moderately long and rather weakly compressed. The hind legs are rather long and stout. The difference in length between the transverse cubitus and the second abscissa of the cubitus is rather less, and the basal vein rather more strongly incurved than is usually the case in Cremastus.
Genus NEOCREMASTUS, new genus.
Genotype.—(Porizon) Neocremastus stigmaterus Cresson.
Allied to Cremastus Gravenhorst from which it differs principally in head characters. Head in front view nearly circular, small, scarcely as wide as thorax; eyes large, parallel within; face much narrower than eye is long; malar space very short; lateral ocelli distant from the eyes by much less than their own diameter; propo- deum not extending to middle of hind coxae, carinae rather weak; stigma very broad, the radius originating in the middle, its first abscissa strongly curved, radial cell very short; nervulus antefurcal; first tergite with its ventral margins parallel, not inclosing the sternite; abdomen strongly compressed beyond second tergite.
NEOCREMASTUS STIGMATERUS (Cresson).
Porizon stigmaterus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 174. This species is represented in the United States National Museum by a paratype female minus the abdomen and another female from the Belfrage collection minus the ovipositor.
Genus CREMASTUS Gravenhorst.
Cremastus GRAVENHORST, Ichn. Eur., vol. 3, 1829, p. 730.= Temelucha FoerstER, Verh. Nat. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., vol. 25, 1868, p. 148=Zaleptopygus VIERECK, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 294.
As here defined, Cremastus is, in the general appearance of its species, rather heterogeneous. It embraces, in addition to the more typical forms, Viereck’s genus Zaleptopygus, as well as species, which with a little more liberal interpretation of characters might be referred to Szepligeti’s genera Paracremastus and Pseudocremastus. These are, however, not separable except on comparative or widely variable
510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
characters, and there is apparently ground for doubt as to the validity of Szepligeti’s two genera above mentioned. At least the characters used are of very doubtful generic value. C. rostratus, new species, and C. longigenalis, new species, display the characters peculiar to Paracremastus Szepligeti but to a less marked degree, while several species placed toward the end of the key to species run in Szepligeti’s table and agree fairly well with the description of Pseudocremastus Szepligeti. But the characters which ally them with those gencra prove, upon examination of a large series of species, to be subject to great variation.
Temelucha plutellae Ashmead, the genotype of Temelucha Foerster is conspecific with a specimen in the United States National Museum determined by Schmiedeknecht as Cremastus decoratus Gravenhorst, which all European authorities concede to be a true Cremastus. The genotype, Cremastus spectator Gravenhorst, I have not seen. _
Zaleptopygus, erected by Viereck for his species obereae and Porizon orbitalis Cresson, is really not at all closely related to Leptopygus Foer- ster. The propodeum, in which Viereck says it is more closely allied to the latter genus than to Cremastus, differs essentially from that of a typical Cremastus only in being more robust, shorter, and in having the areola and petiolar area separated by a carina. In Leptopygus, as represented by the genotype, L. harpurus (Graven- horst) the basal transverse carina and the basal portion of the lateral carina are obsolete, while that portion of the lateral carina that separates the apical lateral and apical pleural areas is strong. In Cremastus the opposite is true.
The principal characters which distinguish this genus from Pseud- eripternus Viereck are indicated in the table to genera, and the more striking ones designated in the discussion of the latter genus. The only character separating it from Dolichoselephus Ashmead is found in the normal palpi as distinguished from the abnormally long palpi of the latter genus. It is easily distinguished from Neocremastus Cushman by the characters used in the generic key.
In secondary sexual characters the males of some species differ very little from the females, while others exhibit very striking modifica- tions. The eyes and ocelli in some species are but little larger in the male than in the female, while in others the eyes occupy the whole sides of the head and the ocelli occupy nearly the entire vertex. The postpetiole in most males is more depressed than in the females, and the petiolar carinae and foveae are stronger, bemg sometimes present in the male when absent in the female.
In using the key for the determination of species no character in a group should be given precedence over any other, but a majority of characters should be considered as indicating the way in which
No. 2219, A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 51]
the species should be run. In the first dichotomy, for example, agreement with two of the three characters allies a species with a group indicated thereby. These groups of characters, rather than single characters, aro used in the table because, by their use, the species arrange themselves in a manner more in accord with their apparent natural affinities.
The extent of secondary sexual modification is so variable in the males that it seems inadvisable to attempt, in most cases, to associate the sexes in the material at hand. This can, with assurance of correctness, be done only by biological observations, either in regard to mating or by rearing the sexes at the same time and from the same host. On this account and because a number of species have been described only in the male, the two sexes are tabulated separately.
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES (FEMALES).
Petiole with ventral margins of tergite approximating below and nearly enclosing sternite, never parallel; propodeum reaching to or beyond middle of dorsal surface of hind coxae; stigma narrow with radius originating at or near the middle (subgenus Cremastus Gravenhorst)..........222-seeecececceecees Ve
Petiole with the ventral margins of tergite widely separated, parallel or nearly, not enclosing sternite; propodeum not reaching to middle of dorsal surface of hind coxae; stigma broad and with radius originating beyond middle fannsens:4aleplapygus-V1eTeCK) << sci’ 2csinals his Views cls/eininnstalaln el dview sleeicee 19.
i. Head subrostriform; malar space much longer than basal width of mandible. longigenalis, new species.
Head not subrostriform; malar space rarely as long as basal width of mandible,
Migshirenuentiy MUCH SHOFLERA.5-cec sciere siatsicisie'e ns tele -ulclaeloiel~ win sine Mela cine = 2.
2. Thorax testaceous or yellow, sometimes more or less black dorsally or ven- MYA Yeo E is cscs Slater ee oralaclets & Sure ore sisle Glosaisveisiaints ate Bot clvis Scie Shetsicisios eieiete ts 3 Thorax black, sometimes with yellow markings dorsally or laterally........ 14
8, Eyes distinctly, though slightly, divergent below.............-----eeeeeeeee 4, TREATS CU UIE EEL <1, 2 cvc.< ciaeileicte vies =. cis ole cin eee velo eae s cisislel ae maemiaee ain 8.
4. Second tergite nearly six times as long as wide, at base; malar space as long as basal width of mandible; ovipositor sheath scarcely longer than first tergite. longiventris, new species.
Second tergite distinctly less than six times as long as basal width; malar space usually less than basal width of mandible, occasionally subequal; ovipositor
Buedtianuch longer than first tergite........-.--.0sccctcccweraceeneneunle 5. 6. Scutellum with strong lateral carinae extending nearly or quite to apex; head DS EDHLLUIe WEBUULTIANOUIAT Ss ou teld Jocac's oiuc'n =e caw vislsls slo tehicbiaeioncuiaeienre 6.
Scutellum with carinae developed only at base; head in front view suboval..
6. Clypeus little more than half as long as interfoveal line (shortest distance between clypeal foveae) and subacutely rounded at apex; malar space subequal to basal width of mandible; spiracles of second tergite distinctly before middle; areola and petiolar area separated by a strong carina.
ruficeps, new species.
Clypeus about three-fourths as long as interfoveal line, evenly strongly rounded at apex; malar space distinctly less than basal width of mandible; spiracles
of second tergite in middle; carina separating areola and petiolar area sub- RDHOlSIO seo resets serena Sic Gwin ew vinwtin cue S wa’ auiemaae gracilis, new species.
512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
7. Head mostly ferruginous with black markings on vertex and occiput broadly confluent; face and clypeus in profile strongly convex, clypeal suture deep, clypeus with apex depressed...............0e220.. gracilipes, new species.
Head mostly yellow with black markings on vertex and occiput not confluent, that of occiput obsolescent; face and clypeus in profile weakly convex, clypeal suture shallow, clypeus with apex prominent. ...ferrugineus Davis.
8. Dorso-lateral carinae of first tergite entirely obsolete....................2.2.0. 9. Dorso-lateral carinae of first tergite present at least for a distance in front of the BPIPACHOS 3h nbwienidenck «tee eee saan ner at quae eee eae ee ee 10.
9. Thorax rather stout, propodeum barely reaching middle of coxac; stigma broad with radius originating slightly beyond middle; head except black ocellar spot and brownish occiput, yellow; malar space nearly as long as basal width Ghimaridibleys i. 0:20. 9808 22D. Sea Rae ee Sa eee « flaviceps, new species.
Thorax slender, propodeum reaching distinctly beyond middle of coxae; stigma narrow with radius originating at middle; head with yellow, if present, con- fined to orbits; malar space distinctly shorter than basal width of man-
CUD TO oie ofa see aaa oie aetna ere graciliveniris, new species. 10. First tergite not or scarcely longer than dorsal length of propodeum...........- a First tergite distincly longer than propodeum......................2022-000- 12;
11. Clypeus compressed from the sides, inflexed and broadly rounded at apex; scutele lum strongly convex; propodeum black, at least in basal middle; second tergite not striate, shagreened; small, 7 mm. or less.... minor, new species,
Clypeus nearly convex, not compressed from the sides, apex sharply rounded and not inflexed; scutellum somewhat flattened; propodeum not marked with black; second tergite striate; large, 10 mm...... brevipetiolus, new species.
12. Lateral carinae of scutellum strong to apex; clypeal suture arched slightly above
level of foveae; malar space as long as basal width of mandible. platynotae, new species. Lateral carinae of scutellum weak toward apex; clypeal suture not arched above level of foveae; malar space shorter than basal width ef mandible........ 13;
13. Eyes distinctly longer than width of face; compressed portion of abdomen scarcely
three times as long as deep, the third tergite much less deep than fourth. Jacilis (Cresson). Eyes not longer than width of face; compressed portion of abdomen slightly more than three times as long as deep, the fourth tergite scarcely deeper than the
GS LS 5 eS PE BS OE AR. ER tortricidis, new species. 14) 9All coxae black atleast basally:.2o.% ue ee Soe Sa eee 15. Coxae pale, at most the posterior pair black at base.........5..........-2-22-- 17.
15. Thorax with notauli and scutellum yellow, pleura more or less yellowish; orbital ring broad and complete; ovipositor about twice as long as first tergite. decoratus Gravenhorst. Thorax entirely black; orbital ring narrow and incomplete..............-...- 16. 16. Front coxae only white at apex; postpetiole not elevated above level of petiole, scarcely twice as wide as petiole; ovipositor but little longer than first tergite. brevicauda, new species. All coxae white at apex; postpetiole elevated above level of petiole, twice as wide as petiole; ovipositor one and one-half times as long as first tergite; tergites beyond second more or less yellow at apex and below. eveiriae, new species. 17. Stigma fully half as wide as long; dorso-lateral carinae of petiole entirely obsolete; wings milky hyaline with veins except stigma and costa very pale. cookiit Weed. Stigma barely one-third as wide as long; dorso-lateral carinae of petiole distinct; wings clear hyaline with dark Veins... 2:0. dess.0e 205s = se mtare eerie 18.
KO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSIIMAN. 5138 ee ee eae eae nee ee eee EN RT A SERENA FORAY Os 18. Compressed portion of abdomen distinctly more than three times as long as deep, third tergite nearly as deep as fourth; diameter of posterior ocelli as long as ocell-ocular line and much more than half as long as postocellar line; portion of propodeum beyond insertion of coxae, viewed from above, deeply, con- cavely emarginate laterally, the posterior lateral angle nearly right.
Sorbesit Weed. Compressed portion of abdomen barely three times as long as deep, third tergite distinctly less deep than fourth; diameter of posterior ocelli distinctly shorter than ocell-ocular line and barely more than half as long as postocellar line; portion of propodeum beyond insertion of coxae shallowly concave, the posteriorlateral angle ODLNSe. <= <<... ¢ciccncemenuens epagoges, new species.
19. Head subrostriform; malar space much longer than basal width of mandible. rostratus, new species. Head not subrostriform; malar space rarely as long as basal width of mandible,
PASAT EMMERELY: SUOLLCD Ss 5 occ cen onsice esas cant ace dwnlecaccak showememed 20.
20. All coxae pale, the hind pair not at all black or blackish at base.............. 21. At least the hind coxae black or blackish at base ................cccceccccces 26. 21§Prothorax much paler than surrounding areas ................-0e-eeeeeeeeeee 22. Prathorax concolorous with surrounding areas 2.6... --.ccccecccccescezeccns 25. pee cea GINIMRCHINITE LE DIACIO.. : uc. comico ck a a crave sincere maeaeenome sama e sneer 23. -Mesoscutum with notauli or lateral lobesdifferently colored................. 24.
23. Scutellum black; clypeus very weakly rounded at apex, nearly truncate; inter- foveal line but little greater than foveo-ocular line (shortest distance from
POMEALOVIC) a eae Sse rettys atstiars mies Sis excise) siacercluce o'ecces cleridivorus, new species. Scutellum red; clypeus strongly rounded apically; interfoveal line nearly twice asdonovas foveo-ocular LING: «a:<..16 sao cies sacle «atlas0 similis, new species.
24. Thorax laterally largely black or blackish.................- plesius, new species, PTE AR A LEIALLY TATOClY Ted 2 oe nos c,a.c xin jae rsjsina ame aid-nieie eo s.eiem rosae, hew species.
25. Ovipositor sheath little more than twice as long as first tergite; malar space much shorter than basal width of mandible; eyes large, much longer than width of
NG Oe ee ie Smet SE a ie aN Sake a biaisfuc Sain apshs teiralophae, new species. Ovipositor sheath nearly four times as long as first tergite; malar space subequal
to basal width of mandible; eyes smaller, not much longer than width of
TCE Ne eo Ste an an ins Sa ca cea ia a terebraltus, new species. 26. Small species (6 mm. or less) with abdomen black throughout, sometimes obscurely MPG TSA ITI GUC Doe cian nowiccione wns, sie .w no. ots were on a ae nee eine 27.
Large species (7 mm. or more) with first two tergites (occasionally only first one) black, the others red or piceous, sometimes more or less yellow or black or
27. Face fully a third wider than length of eye; eyes strongly divergent below; clypeus and mandibles piceous, the former very weakly separated, rather narrow, and much more than half as long as wide; ocelli scarcely half as wide as ocell-ocular line; temples broad, strongly rounded.
mordellistenae, new species. Face scarcely wider than eye length; eyes scarcely divergent; clypeus and mandi- bles yellow, the former distinctly separated and scarcely half as long as broad; ocelli nearly as wide as ocell-ocular line; temples narrow, flattened; orbital ring interrupted at top of eye with a large triangular spot in the interruption which nearly reaches the lateral ocellus. incompletus (Provancher). 28. Scutellum strongly convex, without lateral carinae or ridges; tergites beyond
4iurd stronstly compressed vs Mi. 3505 Saas Sas J Eee eae ae 29. Scutellum carinate or ridged laterally and usually flattened; tergites not strongly COMIPLCMCY .- ss acqcorecracadtees ce aWabeue wee sea waea kn en obisduta thew Oniy 30.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17 33
514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
29.
3).
31.
33
34.
35.
Propodeum extending beyond middle of coxae; first tergite with ventral edges parallel, not enclosing sternite; orbits broadly yellow; second tergite nearly six times as long as basal width, nearly parallel-sided; tergites beyond second pr Yep ee ete eee a eae ete aie eal ee eet ete ee rohweri, new species,
Propodeum not extending to middle of coxac; first tergite with ventral edges approximating below and nearly enclosing sternite; orbits narrowly yellow; second tergite only about four times as long as basal width, much wider at apex; tergites beyond second piceous..........--..-- anomalus, new species.
Wings very dark; first two tergites black, others red with ventral and apical margins yellow; ovipositor twice as long as first tergite; petiolar area twice as long as areola, carinae strong; mandibles stout; eyes divergent below, face
distinctly wider than length of eye.................... Juscipennis (Cresson). Wines hyaline or amu y CUSKY.-+ css 2222 Sees oe ace tala See Sere eer 3k Clypeus much more than half as long as interfoveal line, strongly rounded at APCK..- 2-2. eee eee eee eee ee eee eee cece ee eee eee cee eee eee eee e ee enee 32. Clypeus not or but little more than half as long as interfoveal line, very weakly POUndEd AT APCK noes a ee Sew e apa ase aee a soot cee Uses see eee 34.
. Face and clypeus entirely black, the latter long, strongly convex, densely punc-
tate; petiole without carinae or foveae; antennae short, hardly longer than head and thorax tosetherss 2 ot. Get. Leste nigricly pealis, new species.
Face at sides and clypeus yellow, the latter broad, weakly convex, weakly punc- tate, polished; petiole with strong carinae and deep foveae; antennae much longer:than head and:thorax together... 22. 2.02.22 20 22/2 sa sanies sees oa
All legs slender; natauli and scutellum marked with yellow; ovipositor as long ss ADU OMON sz Salar ans Seteee oa tees amine beta canoes ee bilineatus, new species.
Legs stout, especially hind femora; notauli not marked; ovipositor scarcely half-as tong as abdomen so. 28.02. - < o.2 6 eee ae ene hyalinipennis (Cresson).
Tergites beyond second contrastingly colored with black, red, and whitish; orbits narrowly yellow, broadly interrupted below and above antennae, not swollen above antennae................----.--------gallaecola, new species.
Tergites beyond second entirely red; orbits broadly yellow, complete except for brief interruption opposite ocelli, swollen above antennae................ 35.
Scutellum with lateral carinae weak except at base, narrowly rounded at apex; areola much shorter than petiolar area, broadly pentagonal; wings hyaline; postpetiole strongly swollen above level of petiole; cheeks behind mandibles Verpstronely ronded So eee ieee e emcee ee ae ae orbitalis (Cresson).
Scutellum with lateral carinae strong to apex, nearly quadrate; areola nearly as long as petiolar area, elongate pentagonal; wings slightly dusky; postpetiole hardly swollen above level of petiole, cheeks not especially strongly rounded.
obereae (Viereck) . MALES,
Petiole with ventral margins of tergite approximating below and nearly enclosing sternite, never parallel; propodeum reaching to or beyond middle of dorsal surface of hind coxae; stigma narrow with radius originating at or near the middle (subgenus. Cremastus Gravenhorst).............--+------ee0--e- 1.
Petiole with ventral margins of tergite widely separated, parallel or nearly, not-
enclosing sternite; propodeum not reaching to middle of dorsal surface of hind coxae; st'gma broad and with radius originating beyond middle (sub- genus Zaleptopygus Viereck).. 2.i.2 J gacie= cbs eck el Shee eee ara 9.
. Thorax testaceous or yellow, sometimes more or less black dorsally or ventrally. 2.
Thorax black, sometimes with yellow markings dorsally or laterally.......... 6.
. Eyes and ocelli small, neither ocell-ocular line nor malar space especially reduced
in lencthy. <5. sce tas shykenfoe yee eRe pee Bee pee eee 3. Eyes and ocelli very large, both ocell-ocular line and malar space very much reduced in length... 2525. os. Recdesonasteonaetcsn teen Sook ees meee 4.
sional linia a ata
10.
a
13.
.2219.. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 515
. Diameter of lateral ocellus longer than ocell-ocular line; malar space shorter than
basal width of mandible; ocellar and occipital black spots much reduced; thorax largely pale yellow, the mesoscutum and propodeum marked with PRPS toe ota Pe pei eee ane ane es Dae de Sit weed oe flaviceps, new species. Diameter of lateral ocellus shorter than ocell-ocular line; malar space as long as basal width of mandible; ocellar and occipital black spots broadly confluent, the former extending to base of antennae; thorax testaceous with black PART RIMES ADOVEs LSS Upon 2 eee Siecle oie platynotae, new species.
. Diameter of posterior ocellus distinctly shorter than postocellar line; areola and
petiolar area distinctly separated..................-.-- minor, new species. Diameter of posterior ocellus equal to or greater than postocellar line, at least not distinctiy shorter; areola and petiolar area confluent or only indistinctly BCTAEALEU Semen oc nts Lance ait pee wanes erie esa tobe aaehe eAen 5.
. Diameter of posterior ocellus equal to postocellar line; petiole subequal in length
ioiorsal lensth of propodeum:.: ..7..22 2. uc. Te eesen ones facilis (Cresson). Diameter of posterior ocellus greater than postocellar line; petiole distinctly shorter than dorsal length of propodeum........-- brevipetiolus, new species. Hind and middle coxae throughout and front coxae broadly black; orbital ring very narrow behind the eyes and broadly interrupted above and below; face black medially, this mark confluent with the black of malar space. brevicauda, new species.
Hind and middle coxae at most black at base, front coxae entirely yellow; orbital ring broad and complete or at most narrowly interrupted behind the eye; face entirely yellow or if marked with black the malar space is yellow.... 7. Stigma nearly half as wide as long; wings milky hyaline with veins except stigma NU EMCU MELT PALG Ce ted ners tee coc ee eee a dwageelsoseua's's cookii Weed, Stigma barely one-third as wide as long; wings clear hyaline with dark veins.. 8. Eyes and ocelli not large, former hardly longer than width of face, latter subequal to ocell-ocular line; malar space subequal to basal width of mandible; pronotum and mesoscutum laterally yellow marked. . .epagoges, new species. Eyes and ocelli very large, former much longer than width of face, latter much broader than length of ocell-ocular line; malar space very short; pronotum and mesoscutum black except a small, obscurely brownish spot in front of eRe cea nes aeiee ae ww cc's Volo tS ecalsc es cee eas Jorbesti Weed.
. All coxae pale, the hind pair not at all black or blackish at base...........-- 10.
At least the hind coxae black or blackish at base.....-........-..-.--....-- 12. Eyes and ocelli not especially large, malar space and ocell-ocular line not espe- Gilly, Teduced. face, DNOAG =). S...<.0 ue mu isie 2s oma. ss tetralophae, new species. Eyes and ocelli very large, malar space and ocell-ocular line much reduced, face EL LUO WV ee marae ae octane <5 ate islatcistete tie vole|as aelclaie cicie ale ieivis eiete'a e:elale teats eee ll. Thorax and propodeum, especially the latter more or less black . . .retiniae Cresson. Thorax and propodeum entirely testaceous...........------- delicatus (Cresson). Small species with abdomen black throughout or obscurely reddish in middle, PELeILesPHO Ver tpl eallyeve lO Wee epee oc nn s is sie os <5 sis wes ole wic/nopiels wie 13. Larger species with first two tergites (occasionally only first one) black, the others red or piceous, sometimes more or less yellow or black or both, occa- sionally almost entirely black but with apical tergites narrowly yellowish.. 14 Clypeus rather narrow, much more than half as long as wide, and weakly separated from face; posterior ocellus narrower than ocell-ocular line; tergites 3 and 4 piceous or reddish; orbital ring with a broad interruption opposite ocelli, the yellow color not touching the lateral ocellus. .mordellistenae, new species. Clypeus broad, distinctly less than half as long as wide, and with suture deeply impressed; posterior ocellus fully as wide as ocell-ocular line; all tergites entirely black; orbital ring extended triangularly and touching the lateral
ocellus, interrupted on each side of the triangular spot. incompletus (Proyancher),
516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
14. Wings very dark; lateral ocellus about twice as great in diameter as length of ocell-ocular ding.c322h. 0s 06. S ds HS ee audax (Cresson).
Wings hyaline or very faintly dusky; ocelli distinctly either larger or smaller.. 15
15. Clypeus much more than half as long as interfoveal line, strongly rounded at apex; diameter of lateral ocellus scarcely as long as ocell-ocular line..... 16 Clypeus not or but little more than half as long as interfoveal line, very weakly rounded at-apex.s : 1 d.qacassee ee cae ee uae cen ye eee eee 18
16. Wings clear hyaline, venation strong; notauli and scutellum marked with vel-
NOW east Seas dea on= IS ee eae at on ee een bilineatus, new species. Wings milky hyaline; notauli and scutellum black. ........................ 17 17. Venation, except stigma, very pale; clypeus and face convex; eyes deeply con- _ vex; temples flattened, sloping; vertex abruptly sloping backward from _
ocelli, not elevated above ocelli; petiolar area little longer than areola. vrerecht (Cockerell). Venation dark; clypeus and face flat; eyes shallowly convex; temples strongly rounded; vertex behind ocelli elevated above ocelli; petiolar area nearly twice nailong as/areola.2 4. 2ccc5hceaswe a eee eee hyalinipennis (Cresson). 18. Tergites beyond second varied with black, red, and yellow, occasionally almost entirely black, with only the third reddish and the apical ones narrowly tipped with yellow; orbits narrowly yéllow, broadly interrupted below and above antennae, not swollen above antennae; diameter of lateral ocellus shorter than ocell-ocular line.2i4 102 eeu ods aad gallaecola, new species. Tergites beyond second entirely red; orbits broadly yellow, complete except for brief interruption opposite ocelli, swollen above antennae............... 19 19. Eyes and ocelli very large, former much longer than width of face and parallel within, malar space and ocell-ocular line very short....... orbitalis (Cresson), Eyes and ocelli small, former about as long as width of face and divergent below, malar space and ocell-ocular line long..................0-- obereae (Viereck).
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) LONGIGENALIS, new species.
Female.—Length 10 mm., antennae 6 mm., ovipositor 1.7 mm. Head in front view subtriangular, the malar space distinctly longer than basal width of mandible, clypeus long and subacutely rounded at apex, the suture weak; face longitudinally elevated in middle, finely and densely punctate, slightly wider than greatest eye-length; temples nearly flat; occipital carina broadly interrupted above; post- ocellar line distinctly longer than ocell-ocular line and nearly twice as long as diameter of a lateral ocellus. Thorax, especially propo- deum long, the latter gradually sloping from base to apex and reach- ing distinctly beyond middle of hind coxae; pronotum laterally pol- ished above, irregularly rugulose below; mesoscutum and scutellum fincly opaquely punctate, notauli deep and more strongly sculptured, broadening posteriorly; prescutum prominent; mesopleura with lon- gitudinal impression transversely rugulose, the area above polished and that below finely punctate, as are also the sternum and meta- pleura; propodeum with areola and petiolar area not separated, all dorsal and lateral areas except basal areas transversely rugulose, basal and pleural areas punctate; legs slender, hind basitarsus about three-fifths as long as tibia and about as long as next three tarsal joints together; stigma less than half as wide as long, radius originat-
ees
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 517
_ ing very slightly behind middle; angle of radius very widely obtuso,
second abscissa sinuate. Abdomen very slender, slightly more than twice as long as head and thorax united; potiole cylindrical, without
carinae or foveae, ventral margins of tergite meeting below and
feet.
inclosing sternite; postpetiole weakly striate, hardly more than half as long as petiole; second tergite nearly five times as long as wide at base, its sides nearly parallel, obscurely longitudinally striate, as is also the base of third tergite; ovipositor only about as long as first tergite.
Black and rufous; head black, mandibles, paipi, clypeus at each side, anterior and superior orbits narrowly, and scape beneath yellow, malar space piceous; thorax black with upper posterior part of meso- pleura, metapleura except lower margin, and propodeum, except large basal median spot and small apical spot, rufous; scutellum, tegulae, and wing bases yellow; coxae black at base, testaceous at apex, as are also hind trochanters, middle and hind femora, except at apex; bind tibiae and tarsi, rufofuscous, rest of legs testaccous; abdomen with petiole, second tergite, except at apex, and all tergites beyond fourth black, otherwise rufous.
Type-locality—Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 5,000—5,500
Other locality —Hanover, New Hampshire.
Type.—Cat. No. 20253, U.S.N.M.
Described from two females. The paratype differs frem the type only in having the yellows and reds slightly paler.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) LONGIVENTRIS, new species.
Female.—Length 13 mm., antennae 7 mm., ovipositor 2 mm. Head in front view subtriangular, eyes distinctly divergent, scarcely as long as greatest width of face, face scarcely elevated in middle, occipital carina broadly interrupted in middle, temples nearly flat, strongly sloping, malar space slightly longer than basal width of mandible, mandibles about two-thirds as wide at apex as at base, interfoveal line about a fourth longer than foveo-ocular line, clypeus subangular at apex, rather strongly convex both longitudinally and in profile, slightly shorter than interfoveal line, suture nearly straight between foveae; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in about the proportions of 1:2:1.5, the ocelli equal in size, their diameter equal to the lateral ocellar line; face and clypeus finely but distinctly punctate, head otherwise granular, except polished occiput. Thorax strongly tapering, the propodeum sloping nearly from base and ex- tending distinctly beyond middle of coxae; pronotumstrongly ruguloso- punctate; mesoscutum finely, densely punctate, more strongly so in position of weakly impressed notauli; mesopleura polished and weakly rugulose in longitudinal impression, otherwise as well as sternum densely punctate, sternauli weak; scutellum with distinct
518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
well separated punctures, strongly convex, not margined; metapleura sculptured much like lower part of mesopleura; propodeum with areola and petiolar area separated, the former about four-fifths as long as latter and about twice as long as wide, both areas transversely rugose, basal areas punctate, lateral and pleural areas rugoso- punctate; legs very slender, hind basi-tarsus distinctly more than half a3 long as tibia and about equal to next three joints united, last joint hardly more than half as long as third; wings hyaline; stigma about two-fifths as wide as long, radius arising slightly beyond middle, second abscissa of radius sinuate; second recurrent nearly inter- stitial, basal vein nearly straight, second discoidal cell about two- fifths as wide at base as at apex, nervulus interstitial, nervellus slightly antefurcal, hardly broken. Abdomen strongly impressed beyond second segment, slightly more than twice as long as head and thorax, petiole cylindrical, without carinae or foveae, much longer than postpetiole, and with the sternite inclosed by the tergite; second tergite about six times as long as wide at base, parallel-sided, longi- tudinally aciculate, its spiracles in the middle; ovipositor slightly shorter than first tergite.
Rufo-testaceous with lighter and darker markings as follows: Orbits, clypeus, mandibles, palpi, seape below, lower edge of pro- notum, notauli, scutellum, coxae at apex, trochanters above, a broad longitudinal band on mesopleura, tegulae, wing bases various shades of yellow, darker on thorax; antennae, facial tubercle, occiput, ocellar triangle, area between scutcllum and wings, postscutellum, large triangular spot in basal middle of propodeum and reaching apex of arcola, sternauli, petiole at base, second tergite except at apex, third at base, fifth in dorsal middle, and others entirely, hind tro- chanters at base, and hind tibiae above, black or infuscated.
Type-locality.—Vienna, Virginia.
Other localiity.— Wellesley, Massachusetts.
Type.—Cat. No. 20254, U.S.N.M.
Described from two females, the type taken by Mr. W. F. Turner, May 12, 1915, and the paratype captured June 24, 1892. Except for its slightly paler color, especially in the legs, the paratype is like the type.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) RUFICEPS, new species.
Female.—Length 10.5 mm., antennae 6.5 mm., Ovipositor 4 mm. Closely related to longiventris Cushman from which it differs as follows: Malar space barely as long as basal width of mandibles, which are somewhat broader relatively at apex; face more strongly elevated in middle; interfoveal line nearly a half longer than foveoe« ocular line; clypeus only about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in proportion of 1:1.5:1, ocelli nearly 1. Thorax similarly but less strongly sculptured
ee
xo. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 519
throughout; notauli deep anteriorly; scutellum less strongly convex, with strong lateral carinae extending to apex; areola relatively slightly shorter, nearly without rugac, other areas simply punctate; hind basitarsus three-fifths as long as tibia, last joint distinetly more than half as long as third; second recurrent not nearly interstitial, nervellus rather strongly antefureal. Abdomen hardly twice as long as head and thorax; petiole with dorso-lateral carinae developed toward apex, subparallel-sided, longitudinally aciculate, its spiracles slightly before middle, ovipositor somewhat more than twice as long as first tergite.
Rufous with mandibles, palpi, scape below (orbits not pale) tegulae, and legs, except hind tibiae and tarsi, paler; antennae, occiput, ocellar triangle, a spot above each antenna, longitudinal spot on prescutum, area surrounding scutellum, triangular spot on propodeum reaching to apex of areola, prepectus, first three tergites at base, sixth entirely, and venter black or piceous; hind tibiae subannulato with fuscous at apex and near base, hind tarsi fuscous, pale at base
Type-locality Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Type.—Cat. No. 20255, U.S.N.M.
Described from a single female.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) GRACILIS, new species.
Female——Length 9 mm., antennae (broken), ovipositor 3 mm. Closely related to ruficeps Cushman, with which it agrees in most of the characters distinguishing that species from longiventris Cush- man, but differing principally as follows: Temples more strongly rounded; clypeus straight in profile, about three-fourths as long as interfoveal line, strongly, evenly rounded at apex; mandibles nar- rower at apex; malar space distinctly less than basal width of mandible; eyes as long as greatest width of face; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in proportion of 1:2:1.5, ocelli 1.25; sternauli strong; scutellum with carinae not extending to apex; propodeum with carinae weaker, that separating areola and petiolar area subobsolete; nervellus very slightly postfurcal; abdomen almost exactly twice as long as head and thorax; second tergite distinctly less than four times as long as basal width, distinctly wider at apex, spiracles in middle; ovipositor almost exactly twice as long as first tergite.
Paler testaceous with pale color of head and its appendages, including anterior and lower orbits, yellow; legs pale testaccous, the entire front legs, middle coxae, middle and hind trochanters being nearly yellow, and the hind tibiae and tarsi infuscated, the former paler in middle; antennae brown; dark color of head confined to occiput and ocellar triangle; thorax slightly paler anteriorly but without markings; dark color of abdomen confined to median basal spots on tergites 2 to 6, that of the fourth very weak.
520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vOL. 63.
Type-locality Lexington, Kentucky. Type.—Cat. No. 20256, U.S.N.M. A single female.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) GRACILIPES, new species.
Female.—Leneth 9 mm., antennae 5.5 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm. Allied to the three preceding species. Compared with longiveniris Cushman, it differs as follows: Head in front view more oval; eyes less strongly divergent, fully as long as width of face; face rather strongly elevated in middle, temples strongly rounded; malar space slightly shorter than basal width of mandibles; foveo-ocular line about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; clypeus broadly rounded at apex, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line. Thorax stouter, propodeum extending barely beyond middle of coxae; thorax throughout similarly but less strongly sculptured; notauli rather strong anteriorly; sternauli weak; arcola only about a half longer than wide and about three-fifths as long as petiolar area; petiolar area only distinctly rugose, others punctate to rugoso-punctate; legs slender; radius arising from very near middle of stigma; second abscissa of radius nearly straight; second recurrent distinctly, though briefly, postfurcal; second discoidal cell nearly half as wide at base as at apex; nervellus strongly antefurcal; mediella entirely obsolete before nervellus. Abdomen almost exactly twice as long as head and thorax; petiole flattened above and with distinct dorso- lateral carinae; second tergite about four times as long as wide at base, considerably wider at apex, finely aciculate; ovipositor about twice as long as first tergite.
Rufo-testaceous with following paler and darker markings; man- dibles, palpi, scape below, tegulae and wing bases, notauli, scutellum, legs, except basal and apical annulations of hind tibiae and hind tarsal joints, stramineous (no distinct orbital markings); antennae, occiput, vertex and frons in middle, longitudinal spot on prescutum, spot embracing region about scutellum and base of propodeum as in longiveniris, all tergites except at apex and at sides beyond second black or piceous.
Type-locality.—E ast Marsh, District of Columbia.
Host.—Dicymolomea julianalis.
Type.—Cat. No. 20257, U.S.N.M.
One female reared from cattail by E. S. G. Titus, July 16, 1903.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) FERRUGINEUS Davis. Cremasius ferrugineus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 364. A single female from southern Illinois agrees with the description
in ull respects except that the occipital black spot is obsolescent. This specimen was used in placing the species in the key.
No, 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 521
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) FLAVICEPS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 2mm. Dis- tinct from the first two species described above in its much shorter malar space and from the last four in its inwardly parallel eyes. Head from in front broadly oval; temples weakly rounded, strongly sloping; eyes straight and parallel within and about as long as width of face; face elevated in middle, impressed at sides, minutely sparsely punctate, foveo-ocular line three-fourths as long as interfoveal line, clypeus about as long as the former, broadly, evenly rounded at apex; malar space equal to basal width of mandible; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and oceli-ocular lines in proportions of 1:2:1.25, ocelli 1; occipital carina weak and broadly interrupted above. Thorax stout, propodeum rather steeply sloping from near base and barely reaching middle of coxae; notauli fairly strong anteriorly; mesonotum dis- tinctly punctate, more sparsely in middle and more densely in posi- tions of notauli; scutellum punctate, strongly convex and with weak lateral carinae extending to apex; thorax laterally rather weakly, sparsely punctate except polished longitudinal, mesopleural impression, sternauli weak, metapleura more strongly punctate; propodeal carinae rather weak, areola and petiolar area not dis- tinctly separated but both transversely rugulose, the combined areas about four times as long as wide at costulae; other areas, especially basal lateral and middle pleural, punctate; legs slender, hind basitarsus little more than half as long as tibia and scarcely as ong as next three joints; stigma about half as wide as long, radius distinctly beyond middle; second abscissa of radius straight nearly to apex; second recurrent very nearly interstitial, basal vein nearly straight, its inner angle with median acute; nervellus interstitial; second discoidal cell slightly less than half as long at base as at apex; all veins of hind wing pale and weak, the nervellus straight and per- pendicular. Abdomen less than twice as long as head and thorax; first tergite distinctly longer than second, petiole cylindrical without carinae or foveae, sternite inclosed by tergite; second tergite three times as long as basal width, much wider at apex, longitudinally aciculate; remaining tergites laterally weakly punctate; ovipositor one and onc-half times as long as first tergite.
Testaceous; head, including mouth parts and scape beneath, flavous with ocellar triangle black, occiput and spot above each antenna brownish; rest of antennae dark brown; prescutum with a longitudinal dark spot which is nearly black at its anterior and poste- rior ends and pale brownish in the Middle, lateral lobes of mesoscutum brownish; scutellum pale testaceous, surrounded by blackish which extends backward to form a large, subtriangular spot at base of pro- podeum; prepectus blackish; petiole and second and third tergites blackish at base, the second nearly to apex in middle; wings hyaline.
522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
Male.—Differs from female principally as follows: Ocelli distinctly greater than ocell-ocular line; second recurrent distinctly postfurcal; hind legs, especially tibiae, stouter, postpetiole much narrower and parallel-sided; petiole with weak dorso-lateral carinae; testaceous color of thorax, and to some extent that of abdomen, replaced by yel- low; prescutal spot more nearly uniformly brownish; all tergites more or less brownish at base.
A single paratype male differs from the allotype in having the stigma narrower with radius nearly in middle, second recurrent strongly postfurcal, and all tergites beyond third entirely yellow.
Ty pe-locality—Grand Junction, Colorado.
Other locality.—Port Lavaca, Texas (allotype).
Type.—Cat. No. 20258, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female reared June 2, 1904, from Pulvinaria bigeloviae by E. S. G. Titus at the type locality and two males, the allotype collected August 27, 1907, by J. D. Mitchell. The allotype has lost both antennae.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) GRACILIVENTRIS, new species.
Female.—Length 9 mm., antennae 6 mm., ovipositor 3 mm. Re- lated to flaviceps Cushman in the entire lack of carinae on the petiole and in the parallel eyes, but otherwise differing as follows: Temples nearly flat; eyes distinctly longer than width of face; foveo-ocular line about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; clypeus slightly longer, subacutely rounded at apex; malar space slightly less than basal width of mandibles; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell- ocular lines 1:2:1.5, ocelli 1. Thorax more slender, propodeum less steeply sloping, and reaching beyond middle of coxae; mesoscutum nearly uniformly, sparcely punctate; scutellum rather flat above, carinae strong; thorax laterally densely strongly punctate, the longitu- dinal impression finely rugulose; propodeal carinae rather strong, all areas except basal areas more or less transversely rugulose, median most strongly and pleural least strongly so, the latter also punctate as are the basal areas, the combined areola and petiolar area more than four times as long as wide at costulae; hind basitarsus about three- fifths as long as tibia and fully as long as next three joints; stigma about one-third as wide as long, radius at middle; second recurrent distinctly postfurcal; basal vein rather strongly bent inward; veins of hind wing stronger. Abdomen twice as long as head and thorax; first tergite not distinctly longer than second; second tergite some- what more than four times as long as basal width, not much wider at apex; ovipositor considerably more than one and one-half times as long as first tergite, though less than twice as long.
Testaceous; head testaceous with mouthparts and orbits yellow, ocellar triangle and small occipital spot blackish; antennae piceous, paler toward base, scape beneath yellowish; thorax nearly uniform
ne
NO, 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 523
testaceous, without markings, though slightly paler on the prothorax and scutellum; tergites 1 to 3 at base and 5 and 6 entirely piceous or blackish; wings faintly yellowish hyaline.
Type-locality.—Washington, District of Columbia.
Other localities.—Rosslyn, Virginia, Southern Illinois, Ohio, Penn- sylvania, Biscayne Bay, Florida.
Type.—Cat. No. 20259, U.S.N.M.
Described from three specimens from the District of Columbia (type and paratypes a and q), one from Rosslyn, Virginia (paratype 5), two from Biscayne Bay, Florida (paratypes c and d), one from Ohio (para- type e), one from Pennsylvania (paratype f), and one from southern Illinois (paratype h). Paratypesa and dare very like the type, differing slightly in size and in intensity of color at apex of abdomen. Paratype e also differs in having the head darker without distinct pale markings (possibly stained); paratypes f, g, and h show progressive degrees of development of a black spot at the base of the propodeum and around the scutellum, and enlargement of the occipital and ocellar spots until in h these are broadly united.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) MINOR, new species.
Female-—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 2 mm. Head in front view nearly oval, checks below eyes slightly rounded; face in middle elevated, clypeus convex, both transversely and in profile, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line and about equal to foveo-ocular line, suture curved above foveae; malar space slightly shorter than basal width of mandible; eyes slightly longer than width of face, parallel within; temples strongly rounded; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines 1:1.75:1, ocelli 1. Thorax slender, propodeum gently sloping and reaching distinctly beyond middle of coxae; thorax as a whole rather weakly punctate, pol- ished in the longitudinal impression of mesopleura, notauli distinct anteriorly and more heavily sculptured, sternauli weak; scutellum convex, without carinac; propodeum with areola separated from petiolar arca and distinctly shorter, apical areas transversely rugu- lose, others punctate; legs slender, hind basitarsus about three- fifths as long as tibia and about as long as next three united, last tarsal joint nearly as long as third; stigma two-fifths as wide as long, radius slightly behind middle; second abscissa of radius nearly straight; second recurrent distinctly postfurcal; basal vein nearly straight; nervulus interstitial; nervellus perpendicular, not broken. Abdomen distinctly less than twice as long as head and thorax; first tergite barely longer than propodeum, petiole flattened above, with strong carinac and with sternite nearly inclosed by tergite; second tergite nearly four times as long as basal width of first, not longitudinally aciculate; first two tergites together about as long as rest combined; ovipositor about twice as long as first tergite.
524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Rufo-testaceous; head yellow with face reddish in middle, occipital and ocellar spots black; antennae dark brown, four basal segments pale beneath; thorax with black V-shaped spot extending from anterior wings to nearly middle of propodeum; scutellum yellowish; prepectus blackish; legs pale testaceous, hind tibiae near base and at apex and tarsi, except at base, infuscated; wing veins rather pale especially in hind wings, where they are nearly colorless. Abdomen with all tergites more or less infuscate dorsally at base, weakly so beyond third, second with black median stripe extending nearly to apex.
Male.—Length 5.5 mm., antennae 4 mm. LEyes nearly one and one-half times as long as width of face; malar space very short; ocelli large, more than twice as great in diameter as ocell-ocular line and nearly equal to postocellar line. Face entirely yellow; dark markings more extensive throughout and more contrasting witb pale colors. Otherwise like female.
Type-locality.— New Jersey.
Other localities.—Whitesbog, New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Washing- ton, District of Columbia; Benton Harbor, Michigan; Chicago, Illinois; and Onaga, Kansas.
Type.—Cat. No. 20260, U.S.N.M.
Described from six females and four males as follows: The type female reared by Miss Murtfeldt, June 22, 1890, under Bureau of Entomology No. 928°, as a parasite of Rhopobota vacciniana; the allotype reared by H. B. Scammell, August 2, 1915, under Quaintance No. 12681 from the same host, at Whitesbog, New Jersey, paratypes a (female) and h (male) from Onaga, Kansas; paratype 6 (female) reared July 2, 1902, at Chicago, Illinois, from Gnorimoschema artemisi- ella; paratype ¢ (female) reared from an unknown lepidopterous stem borer in Aster (locality unknown); paratype d (female) reared by H. G. Ingerson, August 15, 1915, under Quaintance No. 12525, from Gelechia, species at Benton Harbor, Michigan; paratype e (female) reared May 6, 1912 from pecan cigar case bearer at Victoria, Texas, by J. D. Mitchell; paratype f (male) from Pennsylvania; and paratype g (male) reared August 8, 1904, from Eucosma strenuana on Ambrosia trifida at Washington, District of Columbia, by W. D. Kearfott.
Except for some variation in size, the most striking differences displayed by the paratypes in both sexes consist in a gradual increase in the extent of the dark color markings with the addition in ¢, d, and g of a prescutellar black spot. The beginnings of this black spot are visible in all of the other paratypes.
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSH MAN. 525
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) BREVIPETIOLUS, new spccies.
Female.—Length 9.5 mm., antennae 6 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm. Eyes very slightly longer than width of face; clypeus narrowly rounded at apex, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, foveo- ocular line about three-fifths as long as interfoveal; malar space about two-thirds as long as basal width of mandible; checks below eyes straight, not at all rounded; face densely, minutely punctate, head otherwise impunctate; temples weakly rounded; lateral - ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in proportion of 1:1.5;1.25, ocelli 1. Thorax rather slender, propodeum gently sloping and reaching about three-fourths of way to apex of coxae; pronotum polished, somewhat weakly rugulose; notauli distinct and more densely sculptured than surrounding area, prescutum more densely punctate than lateral lobes; scutellum polished, sparsely punctate, flattened above and with strong lateral carinae; mesosternum and mesopleura rather densely punctate except in polished longitudinal impression; sternauli weak; metapleura very weakly punctate; propodeum with all, except basal, areas more or less transversely rugulose, especially apically, basal areas very sparsely punctate, shagreened; areola and petiolar area separated, the latter much the longer; hind legs, especially femora, rather stout, basitarsus about two-thirds as long as tibia and nearly as long as remaining four joints together, last joint barely two-thirds as long as third; stigma about two-fifths as wide as long, radius slightly beyond middle; second abscissa of radius nearly straight; second recurrent post- furcal; basal vein nearly straight; nervulus interstitial; nervellus perpendicular, nearly straight. Abdomen distinctly less than twice as long as head and thorax united; first tergite barely as long as propodeum; petiole with lateral carinae strong in front of spiracle, but fading out toward base; sternite inclosed by tergite; postpetiole rising but little above level of petiole; second tergite fully as long as first, slightly more than three times as long as basal width, scarcely wider at apex, longitudinally aciculate; first and second tergites together much longer than remaining tergites united; ovipositor twice as long as first tergite.
Rufo-testaceous; head with face, mouth parts, and orbits yellowish- testaceous, occiput and ocellar triangle black; scape and podicel pale, flagellum brown, paler at base; prescutum and lobes of mesos- cutum slightly infuscate; scutellum yellow, area surrounding it and faintly involving basal middle of propodeum slightly infuscate; legs nearly uniform pale rufo-testaccous, the front coxae and all trochanters slightly paler and hind tibiae and tarsal slightly fuscous; first threo tergites infuscate at base, second with longitudinal median stripe reaching about two-thirds of its length.
526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vow. 53.
Male.—Length 8 mm., antennae 5.5 mm. L[yes one and one-half times as long as width of face; malar space practically obsolete; foveo- ocular line less than half as long as interfoveal; lateral occlli greater in diameter than postocellar line, nearly touching the eyes. Propo- deum barely reaching middle of coxae, more weakly sculptured, the rugulosity confined to apical areas; tarsal joints beyond first relatively longer, the basitarsus being barely as long as next three joints; nervulus antefurcal (obliterated below in both wings). First tergite distinctly shorter than propodeum and ‘than second tergite, the two combined not longer than remaining tergites united. Lacks almost entirely infuscation of thorax, and occiput is rufous instead of black.
Type-locality.—osslyn, Virginia.
Type.—Cat. No. 20261, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female and one male collected at type locality by H. H. Smith.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) PLATYNOTAE, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., antennae 3 mm., ovipositor 2mm. Head from above more than twice as wide as long, temples weakly rounded; eyes parallel, about as long as width of face; malar space about as long as basal width of mandible; clypeus strongly rounded at apex, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, which is nearly twice as long as foveo-ocular line; face shining, weakly punctate, densely so at sides; head otherwise shagreened; diameter of ocelli slightly less than half as long as postocellar line, which is about a third longer than ocell-ocular line. Thorax slender, propodeum gently, arcuately sloping and reaching distinctly beyond middle of coxae; pronotum laterally shagreened, impunctate; mesoscutum sparsely punctate, prescutum more densely so, notauli strong, scutellum punctate, with strong lateral carinae; mesosternum and pleura rather densely punctate, the latter polished, impunctate above; metapleura similarly punctate; propodeal carinae strong, areola and petiolar areas con- fluent, areas shagreened, very sparsely, weakly punctate, petiolar area sparsely transversely rugose; stigma about two-fifths as wide as long, radius arising in middle; second discoidal cell about one- third as wide at base as at apex; hind basitarsus barely half as long as tibia and much shorter than remaining joints united. Abdomen twice as long as head and thorax, compressed portion less than three times as long as deep, fourth tergite much deeper than third, first and second tergites together slightly longer than rest of abdomen; first longer than second; petiole with carinae obsolete toward base, flattened above toward apex, tergite inclosing sternite, postpetiole strongly elevated above level of petiole; second tergite obscurely striately shagreened, about four times as long as wide at base, slightly wider at apex; ovipositor a little less than twice as long as second tergite.
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSIIMAN. 527
Head yellow with occiput, vertex, and front black, the spots broadly confluent, scape and pedicel pale below, flagellum black; thorax rufo-testaccous; scutellum yellow; notauli faintly yellowish; tegulae and wing bases whitish; prescutum medially, depression before scutellum, space between scutellum and wings, basal middle of propodcum, metasternum and prespectus black; wings hyaline, veins brown; legs testaceous, front and middle coxae, apices of hind coxae, and all trochanters whitish, hind femora darker, their tibiao and tarsi infuscated. Tergites 1 and 2 and basal middle of others black or piceous, tergites otherwise reddish, paler below.
Male.—Length 5 mm., antennae (broken). Differs from femalo as follows: [yes slightly divergent below, shorter than greatest width of face: foveo-ocular line two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; ocelli very little larger; punctuation of thorax throughout less dense; sculp- ture of propodeum somewhat stronger; pcetiolar carinac stronger toward base, tergite not completely encircling sternite; postpetiole barely elevated above level of petiole.
Colored like female except that the pronotum is yellow, the dee pression in front of scutellum is darker; the whole propodeum black; metapleura darker; red color of abdomen replaced by yellowish and dark color more sharply defined.
Type-locality.—Tempe, Arizona.
Host.—Platynota flavedana.
Type.—Cat. No. 20262, U.S.N.M.
Described from two females and two males reared from the host by R. N. Wilson under Webster No. 7205, August, 1914.
Paratype a (female) differs from the type in being smaller and in having the prescutal spot less distinct and the petiole piceous, al- though otherwise generally slightly darker. Paratype } (male) is slightly smaller than the allotype, has the propodeum less exten- sively black, and the matapleura colored like the mesopleura.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) FACILIS (Cresson).
Porizon facilis Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 175. Porizon macer CrESSON, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 175.
Both facilis and macer are represented by paratypes in the United States National Museum, the former only by males and the latter by both sexes. A large series of males from the Belfrage collection and other sources shows that, as suggested by Cresson in his description of macer, the two species are undoubtedly the same, at least in the male sex. Whether or not Crésson had the sexes properly associated I do not know, as I have not seen the types of either species, and the only female available is the paratype of macer. The males vary in color from those in which the thorax is black or piceous except for the pronotum, notauli, scutellum, and a yellow stripe on the meso-
528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 53.
pleurum to those in which the black is reduced to a small spot at the base of the propodeum and the space between scutellum and wings, and in one specimen even this is obsolete. The head and abdomen vary to almost as great a degree. Besides the Texas specimens, this species is represented from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Kansas, Dis- trict of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, and New
Mexico. CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) TORTRICIDIS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 3 mm. Related to platynotae Cushman, but differmg from it as follows: Diameter of ocelli slightly more than half as long as postocellar line, the latter twice as long as ocell-ocular line. Pronotum laterally weakly striate; second discoidal cell half as wide at base as at apex. Compressed portion distinctly three times as long as deep, third ter- gite nearly as deep as fourth.
In color very like platynotae, but occipital and ‘ocellar spots are separated; prescutum, prepectus, and metasternum not black; black marking of propodeum less extensive; first tergite largely testaceous, black at base, all others black, testaceous at apex.
Host.—Epagoges sulfureana.
Type-locality.—Nashville, Tennessee.
Type.—Cat. No. 20263, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female reared with a number of specimens of C. epagoges, new species by C. C. Hill under Webster No. 11331.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) DECORATUS Gravenhorst. Cremastus decoratus GRAVENHOrsT, Ichn. Eur., vol. 3, 1828, p. 734. Temelucha plutellae ASHMEAD, Cun. Ent., vol. 36, 1904, p. 101.
This species has apparently been introduced into the United States with one of its European hosts, Hvetria buoliana, a specimen having been reared from that host. on Long Island, New York, under Hop- kins U.S. No. 13905 L. It is readily distinguished from the American species most closely allied to it by its larger size and highly ornamented thorax. The lateral ocelli in the female are about as broad as the length of the ocell-ocular line and more than half as great as the post- ocellar line. There is considerable variation in the thoracic color; in the Europezn specimen this is largely black, the type of plutellae (Ashmead) has the thorax quite largely yellowish and reddish laterally, while the American specimen is midway between these two in color.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) BREVICAUDA, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 1.3 mm. Eyes divergent below, scarcely longer ‘than greatest width of face, face medially elevated and punctate; clypeus nearly as long as inter- foveal line which is but little longer than foveo-ocular line; malar space about as long as basal width of mandibles, in front view straight ; temples nearly flat; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular
NO. 2219. A KEVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 529
lines in proportion of 1:1.5:1, ocelli slightly less than-1. Thorax slender, propodeum reaching distinctly beyond middle of coxae; pronotum polished laterally, punctate in upper posterior corner, the punctuation spreading out along dorsal and posterior margins; meso- scutum rather sparsely punctate, more densely so in the weakly impressed notauli; scutellum strongly convex, punctate, with lateral carinae extending weakly to apex; mesosternum and mesopleura punctate except longitudinal impression which is polished and weakly transversely rugulose; metapleura punctate; propodeal carinae weak, all except basal areas and areola, which are very weakly punctate, weakly transversely rugulose, areola and petiolar area separated, tho areola slightly the shorter; legs slender, hind basitarsus two-fifths as long as tibia; stigma nearly half as wide as long, radius in middle; angle of radius nearly right; second recurrent postfurcal, cubitus nearly obsolete from shortly beyond recurrent; second discoidal cell scarcely a third as wide at base as at apex; nervulus interstitial; nervellus perpendicular, strongly curved outward. Abdomen only about one and two-thirds times as long as head and thorax, first and second tergites subequal in length, first tergite mclosing sternite, petiole with carinae obsolete toward base, post petiole not rising above level of petiole, only about one and one-half times as wide as petiole; second tergite nearly four times as long as basal width, much wider at apex, longitudinally striate; remaining tergites distinctly shorter than 1 and 2 united; ovipositor little longer than first tergite.
Black; head and thorax with white vestiture; orbits narrowly in front and behind eye, clypeus at apex, mandibles, and palpi yellowish; scape and pedicel ferruginous, paler below; flagellum black; tegulae and wing bases whitish; coxae black, anterior pair pale at apex; legs pale ferruginous, trochanters, except blackish basal segment of hind pair, yellowish; hind legs especially tibiae and tarsi darker; front and middle tibiae whitish above; abdomen black at base and apex, piceous in middle, with apical tergites narrowly yellow ven- trally and apically.
Male.—Length 6 mm., antennae 4.5 mm. Eyes parallel within, semiglobose, much longer than width of face; malar space shorter than basal width of mandibles; ocelli nearly as great in diameter as postocellar line, ocell-ocular line very short; postpetiole but little wider than widest portion of petiole; second tergite more than four times as long as basal width, subparallel-sided; orbital ring broad and extending nearly to bottom of eye, clypeus largely yellow; front legs and middle femora yellow in front. Otherwise much as in female.
Type-locality.—Bernadillo County, New Mexico.
Type.—Cat. No. 20264, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female and one male collected May, 1896, by B. Brown.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——-34
530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol, 53, CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) EVETRIAE, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., antennae 3 mm., ovipositor 2mm. Allied to C. brevicauda Cushman, but differmg as follows: Eyes parallel, about as long as width of face; temples rounded; lateral ocellar, post- ocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in proportion of 1:2:1, ocelli slightly less than 1. Mesoscutum more densely, uniformly punctate; all propodeal areas punctate, the petiolar in addition weakly trans- versely striate, areola considerably shorter than petiolar; hind basitarsus half as long as tibia; stigma fully half as wide as long, radius arising slightly beyond middle; nervellus slightly antefurcal, straight. Petiole with carinae entirely obsolete, postpetiole swollen and slightly elevated above level of petiole, nearly twice as wide as petiole; ovipositor about one and two-thirds times as long as first tergite.
All coxae black at base, whitish at apex; trochanters pale and legs otherwise darker with same arrangement of colors as in brevicauda; abdomen black with yellow ventral and apical markings broad and distinct.
Host.—Evetria bushnelli Busck.
Type-locality —Fort Bayard, New Mexico.
Type.—Cat. No. 20265, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female reared from the host June 25, 1914, by Carl Heinrich under Hopkins U. S. No. 12101h.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) COOKII Weed.
Cremastus cookit WEED, Ent. Amer., vol. 4, 1888, p. 150.
This species, originally described from specimens reared from Ancylis comptana is well represented in the United States National Museum collection, a number of the specimens reared from the type host. These are from Lansing, Michigan, Lexington, Kentucky, Atlantic City and Camden, New Jersey, and Jackson County (State not given). From its nearest relatives, forbesii Weed and epagoges new species, it is readily distinguished by the very broad stigma, the entire lack of carinae and foveae on the petiole, and the weak-veined, milky white wings. Apparently the orbital ring is always interrupted in the lower posterior orbit, the interruption sometimes extending below the eye, while in the species above mentioned, it is entire, or if interrupted only obscurely so and higher up on the posterior orbit. There is usually a small brown spot at the origin of each notaulus. In the male the lateral ocellus is about equal in breadth to the length of the ocell-ocular line and scarcely half as long as the postocella line. In the male variety rufus Weed the only difference is a mixture of more or less red with the yellow of the head.
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Ko, 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 581
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) EPAGOGES, new specics.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 3mm. Head viewed from above much more than twice as wide as long, temples weakly rounded, narrowed; face about as wide as length of eye, cle- vated in middle, weakly punctate; clypeus rounded at apex, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, and slightly longer than foveo- ocular line, the suture straight; malar space subequal to basal width of mandible; diameter of lateral ocellus distinctly less than ocellocu- lar line and barely half as long as postocellar line. Thorax less than twice as long as high, propodeum gently rounded and reaching to middle of hind coxac, gencrally rather densely, strongly punctate; pronotum rugulose in impression; mesopleurum polished below hind wing, striate nearly to posterior margin of mesoscutum; scutellum weakly convex, strongly carinate laterally; propodeal carinae strong, areola and petiolar area separated, the former slightly the shorter, apical areas transversely rugulose, others sparsely punctate; stigma narrow, radius arising in middle; second discoidal cell nearly half as wide at base as at apex; nervellus straight, perpendicular; legs slen- der, hind basitarsus about equal to three following joints. Abdomen slightly less than twice as long as head and thorax, first two tergites about equal in length and together longer than remaining segments; first tergite inclosing the sternite, postpetiole swollen, more than twice as wide as petiole, the latter with carinae weak toward base; second tergite narrow, subparallel-sided, striate; compressed portion of abdomen fully a third as deep as long, the third tergite distinctly less deep than fourth; ovipositor scarcely twice as long as first tergite.
Black; occiput, vertex, and front black, face brownish in middle; clypeus, mandibles, and orbits (broadly and completely) yellow; antennae black, scape and pedicel pale beneath; tegulae and lower angle of pronotum yellow; upper hind angle of pronotum, parapsidal lobes anteriorly and laterally, and notauli (obscurely) brownish; scutellum reddish; wings hyaline, venation fuscous; front and middle legs pale testaceous, the coxae and trochanters especially so; hind coxae testaccous, pale at apex and piceous at base; basal joint of trochanter piceous, apical joint pale; femur fusco-testaceous, pale at base and apex; tibia and tarsus fuscous, the former with a pale band in the middle; all tergites black or piceous, yellowish at apex, those beyond second broadly yellow at sides.
Male.—Length 6 mm., antennae 3.5mm. In addition to the usual secondary sexual characters, differs from female in having the face entirely yellow, the color markings of the thorax yellow instead of brown and more extensive, embracing the entire prothorax, except narrowly in the middle and a broad, interrupted, longitudinal stripe on the mesopleurum; posterior ends of the notauli are broadly
532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
brownish; abdomen more largely black, tergites laterally barely pale margined, second and third obscurely yellowish at apex.
Host.—Epagoge sulfureana.
Type-locality.—Nashville, Tennessee.
Type.—Cat. No. 20266, U.S.N.M.
Described from 11 females and 6 males reared under Webster No. 11331, by C. C. Hill.
The paratype females a—j exhibit a progressive decrease of the color markings of thorax and abdomen, paratypes 7 and 7 having only the scutellum and narrow lateral margins of the compressed tergites paler than the surrounding areas. Structurally the paratypes differ only minutely from the type. The smallest specimen, paratype j, is slightly less than 5 mm. long.
The male paratypes k to o vary both ways from the allotype, &, l, and m having more yellow and o and p less. Paratype k has a large, quadrate spot of yellow on the mesoscutum, the sternauli also yellow, and the third and fourth tergites largely of that color. Paratype m has the notauli black but otherwise it is more yellow than the allo- type. The darkest specimen, paratype o, lacks the pale notauli and the yellow of the mesopleurum, the pronotum is dark in the lateral impression and the markings of the abdomen are very obscure.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) FORBESII Weed.
Cremastus forbesii WreEp, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, 1888, p. 150.
Described by Weed from specimens reared from Acleris minuta, this species is represented in the United States National Museum by speci- mens reared from Gelechia trialbamaculella at Pemberton, New Jersey (Quaintance No. 12684), Rhopobota vacciniana at the same locality (Quaintance No. 12681), Gelechia confusella at Benton Harbor, Michi- gan (Quaintance No. 12532), and from Episimus argutanus at Hast River, Connecticut. In addition there is one specimen from Colorado.
Except for the characters given in the key the species is very close to epagoges Cushman. In some specimens the parapsidal lobes are reddish brown, this color also embracing more or less of the pronotum and mesopleura. The larger ocelli in both sexes furnish the best character for distinguishing the species from its near relatives.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ROSTRATUS, new species.
Female-—Length 7 mm., antennae 4.5 mm., ovipositer 2.5 mm. Head subrostriform; malar space distinctly longer than basal width of mandible, weakly converging; clypeal foveae below level of lower eye margin; clypeus strongly convex transversely, straight in profile, about as ede as interfoveal line, the suture arched above foveae, apex
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NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 533
broadly, subangulately rounded; mandibles nearly twice as wide at base as at apex; face flat, slightly narrower than greatest eye length, finely opaquely punctate, a minute median tubercle above; eyes par- allel within; ocelli of equal size, diameter about two-thirds as long as ocell-ocular line, which is slightly shorter than postocellar line; occipital carina weakly complete. Thorax short, plump, rather densely clothed with short, white pubescence; pronotum polished, almost without sculpture; notauli and sternauli weakly impressed; mesoscutum opaquely granular with small, well separated punctures; scutellum similarly sculptured, strongly convex and not laterally margined; mesopleura polished above, densely punctate below, this sculpture embracing the sternum; metapleura densely punctate; pro- podeum short, rounded, not reaching middle of coxae; carinae strong, areola pentagonal, half as long as petiolar arca, from which it is strongly separated; apical areas transversely rugulose, others punc- tate; legs rather stout (both hind tarsi and one hind tibia missing); stigma about three-fifths as wide as long, radius originating well beyond middle, angle of radius about 110°, second abscissa nearly straight, basal vein somewhat incurved, second recurrent well beyond intercubitus; nervellus interstitial, base of second discoidal cell slightly more than half as long as apex, nervellus antefurcal, broken about one-third of the way up, abdomen nearly twice as long as head and thorax, petiole flattened above with dorso-lateral carinae and foveae strong, ventral margins of tergite distant, subparallel; post- petiole polished, rounded, about as long as petiole; second tergite about two and one-half times as long as basal width, considerably wider at apex, longitudinally aciculate; third tergite aciculate at base; ovipositor somewhat less than twice as long as first tergite.
Rufous and black; head with occiput and a broad band embracing vertex and middle of frons and face to a point somewhat below anten- nae black to brownish, otherwise, including clypeus and mandibles, yellow, slightly darker in middle of face; palpi pale brownish; anten- nae black with scape and pedicel beneath and apices of flagellar joints pale; prothorax, mesopleura, and apex of propodeum rufous; meso- scutum with prescutum black, lateral lobes fusco rufous, notauli, tegu- lae, a spot below, and wingbases yellow; mesosternum black; scutel- lum testaceous, the impression in front, axillae, postscutellum, basal portion of propodeum, and metapleura blackish; abdomen generally blackish with tergites more or less reddish apically and laterally; legs testaceous, the hind one somewhat darker and the hind tibiae lightly infuscated at apex.
Type-locality—New York, New York.
Type.—Cat. No. 20252, U.S.N.M.
Described from a single female collected by E. B. Southwick, August 20, 1895.
534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) CLERIDIVORUS, new species.
Female.——Length 7 mm., antennae 5 mm., ovipositor 2.7 mm. Head in dorsal view half as long as wide; temples strongly rounded; occipital carina faintly complete; eyes about as long as width of face, fully three-fourths as wide as long, parallel; face punctate, slightly elevated in middle; clypeus broad, nearly straight at apex, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line and equal to foveo-ocular line; malar space about two-thirds as long as basal width of mandible; cheeks from in front slightly rounded below eyes; ocell-ocular and postocellar lines about equal and nearly twice as long as diameter of ocelli; thorax stout, propodeum strongly arched and not nearly reach- ing middle of coxae; pronotum laterally shagreened and weakly punc- tate; notauli strong and strongly, densely punctate, mesoscutum other- wise finely, rather sparsely, punctate; scutellum likewise, without lateral carinae; mesopleura finely punctate, except in longitudinal impression which is polished; sternauli very weak; metapleura rather more densely punctate; propodeal carinae strong, areola and petiolar areas punctate, the latter slightly the shorter and transversely striate, other areas punctate, arcola barely half as wide as petiolar area; head and thorax with short, dense, silvery pubescence; stigma about three- fifths as wide as long, radius far beyond middle; second abscissa of radius and basal vein nearly straight; second recurrent postfurcal; nervulus interstitial; nervellus antefurcal and weakly broken below middle; legs slender, hind basitarsus about two-thirds as long as tibia, and nearly as long as other four joints combined. Abdomen barely one and one-half times as long as head and thorax united; first tergite longer than second, its ventral edges subparallel and not enclosing the sternite, the lateral foveae very strong and extending to middle, evenly curved above, the postpetiole not clevated above level of peti- ole, gradually increasing in width from basal fourth to about apical fourth where the sides become parallel to end, about one-third as wide at apex as long; second tergite slightly less than three times as long as basal width, slightly wider at apex, longitudinally striate; first two tergites slightly longer than others united; ovipositor twice as long as first tergite.
Black; orbits and mouth region yellow; face brown in middle; pronotum rufo-testaceous; tegulae and wing bases stramineous; tergites one and two black, others brownish piceous more or less yellowish apically and laterally; wings hyaline, veins and stigma brown, front and middle legs nearly stramineous; hind legs fusco- testaceous, trochanter and apex of femur pale, tibia in middle and tarsus at base somewhat paler.
Ty pe-locality.— Kanawha Station, West Virginia.
Other localities.—Tryon, North Carolina, Lawrence, Kansas.
Type.—Cat. No. 20267, U.S.N.M.
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Ko. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSIIMAN. 535
Described from three females. The type was reared from a clerid larva under Hopkins U. S. No. 28849 by Dr. A. D. Hopkins; para- type a from Tryon, North Carolina, was reared from the larva of Enoclerus quariguttatus, under Hopkins U. S. No. 3635; paratype b from Hugo, Kansas, August 13, 1896, No. 557. Both paratypes are much like the type, except that a is somewhat smaller with abdomen darker and face paler; and b has the mesosternum and pleura reddish piccous with a rufous spot at the upper hind angle, and face paler,
The meager description of granulatus Davis gives an impression of an insect very closely related to this and the following species, and one or the other may be found to be synonymous with it. The present species differs from the description of granulatus in size, in relative length of ovipositor, in having the propodeal carinae strong at apex, and in the darker pale markings.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) SIMILIS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4.5 mm., ovipositor 2.7 mm. Very closely related to cleridivorus Cushman, from which it differs principally as follows: Head from above more than twice as wide as long; temples less strongly rounded and more sloping; eyes longer than width of face, only two-thirds as wide as long; clypeus strongly rounded at apex; interfoveal line nearly twice as long as foveo- ocular line; ocell-ocular and postocellar lines equal, but diameter of ocelli about three-fourths as great as former. Thorax more slender, propodeum weakly arched, and extending nearly to middle of coxae, areola and petiolar area subequal in length and breadth, each scarcely more than half as wide as long; vestiture of head and thorax not conspicuous. Abdomen twice as long as head and thorax; first and second tergites subequal, first with postpetiole slightly elevated above petiole, of similar conformation but barely one-fourth as wide at apex as long, second nearly four times as long as wide, parallel- sided. Colored almost exactly like cleridivorus except that hind legs are paler and scutcllum is red.
Type-locality.—Collins, Idaho.
Type.—Cat. No. 20268, U.S.N.M.
One female collected July 27, 1898 by C. V. Piper.
Comparison of the types may show this species to be the same as granulatus Davis, but it lacks the dark middle of hind femora, has the propodeal carinae distinct apically, the yellow color is darker than indicated in the description of granulatus and the ovipositor is relatively shorter. Also apparently granulatus has the scutellum black instead of red.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) PLESIUS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 2 mm, Allied to the last two preceding new species. Compared with cler-
536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou, 53.
divorus Cushman differs as follows: Head in dorsal view more than twice as wide as long; temples less strongly rounded and more sloping; eyes distinctly longer than width of face, parallel, only about two- thirds as wide as long; clypeus broadly but strongly rounded at apex, but little more than half as long as interfoveal line; malar space barely half as long as basal width of mandible; cheeks not rounded below eyes; ocell-ocular line barely half as long as postocellar line, diameter of ocelli distinctly greater than former; propodeum less strongly arched and extending only about one-third of way over coxae; mesopleural impression distinctly, transversely striate; sternauli rather strong; metapleura less densely punctate than mesopleura; areola and petiolar area subequal in length, the areola slightly narrower, petiolar area nearly as wide as long, rather strongly, transversely striate; vestiture of head and thorax inconspicuous; stigma slightly narrower; nervulus briefly postfurcal; hind basitarsus relatively shorter. Abdomen nearly twice as long as head and thorax; postpetiole slightly elevated above level of petiole; ovipositor only about one and one-half times as long as first tergite.
Black; yellow color of head embracing also the face; pronotum, sternauli and lateral edges of mesoscutum yellow; mesopleura and metapleura piceous with an obscure yellowish spot at base of cach coxa; scutellum yellowish red; tergites 1 and 2 black, becoming piceous toward apex; other tergites broadly yellowish laterally; legs colored as in cleridivorus, but hind legs, especially coxae, paler.
Type-locality.—Probably Michigan.
Type.—Cat. No. 20269, U.S.N.M.
One female from A. J. Cook, Lansing, Michigan, July 30, 1887.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ROSAE, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 2.3mm. Very closely allied to plesius Cushman and differing from that species as follows: Eyes barely as long as width of face, about three-fourths as wide as long; clypeus two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; malar space about three-fourths as long as basal width of mandible; cheeks slightly rounded below eyes; ocell-ocular line nearly as long as post- ocellar line, diameter of ocelli nearly as long as former. Propodeum extending about two-fifths of way over hind coxae, areola much narrower than petiolar area, the latter distinctly longer than wide. Abdomen but little more than one and one-half times as long as head and thorax; first and second tergites subequal in length and together but little longer than rest of abdomen; postpetiole only about as long as petiole and rather abruptly swollen.
Color similar to pleisus except that entire mesopleura, metapleura, and propodeum, except basal areas, are red.
Ty pe-locality.— Vienna, Virginia.
Type.—Cat. No. 20270, U.S.N.M.
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CRHMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 5387
One female reared by the author May 28, 1911, from rose hips in company with Ithynchytes bicolor, but which were also apparently infested by a lepidopterous larva, and under Quaintance No. 7084.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) DELICATUS (Cresson).
Porizon delicatus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 176.
The unique type male is in the United States National Muscum, as well as two other males also from the Belfrage collection. It is very like retiniae (Cresson), and the latter may be merely a darker form of the present species.
The principal characters of the species are given in the key to males.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) RETINIAE Cresson.
Cremastus reiiniae Cresson, Rept. Ent. U.S&., for 1879, 1880, p. 238.
This species was originally described from a single male specimen reared from (Retinia) Evetria riguiana (Fernald) at Ithaca, New York. This specimen, minus the head, is in the United States National Museum. In addition there are seven other males, one each from Washington, District of Columbia, and Falls Church, Virginia, and five from Plummers Island, Maryland. The loss of the head of the type makes it impossible to state definitely that these are the same, but the other characters leave little doubt that the determination is correct. About the only difference between this and delicatus (Cresson) con- sists in color, the present species having the propodeum, abdomen, and sometimes the prescutum and mesosternum more or less black or piceous. The specimen that has the dark color most extensively developed has the occiput, vertex, front, prescutum, propodeum, area around scutellum, mesosternum, mesopleura above, metapleura, metasternum, tergites 1, 2, 5, and 7 entirely and 3 and 4 partly black or blackish. The pronotum is yellow, this character allying it to rosae Cushman and its close relatives.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) TETRALOPHAE, new species.
Female.—Length, 9 mm., antennae 5 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm. Head from above distinctly more than twice as wide as long; temples weakly rounded and strongly sloping; eyes about a third longer than width of face, parallel within; malar space scarcely half as long as basal width of mandible; clypeus broadly rounded at apex, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, which is fully twice as long as foveo-ocular line; ocelli about equal in diameter to ocell-ocular line which is only slightly shorter than postocellar line; occipital carina briefly interrupted above. Thorax stout, the propodeum steeply, arcuately sloping from near the base and extending about two-fifths of way to apex of coxae; pronotum laterally punctate except in middle; mesoscutum rather sparsely punctate, prescutum more
538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
densely so, notauli deep; scutellum sparsely punctate, with lateral carinae extending to apex; mesoscutum and pleura below densely punctate, polished and obliquely striate above; sternauli rather strong; metapleura also densely punctate; propodeum with carinae strong throughout, areola and petiolar area separated, the latter somewhat the longer, about two-thirds as wide as long, areola a little narrower; apical areas obscurely transversely rugose, others denscly punctate, except basal lateral areas, which are very sparsely so; stigma about half as wide as long with radius at apical third; second discoidal cell about three-fifths as wide at base as at apex; nervellus antefurcal, broken very near base; hind legs rather stout, basitarsus three-fifths as long as tibia and as long as rest of joints united. Abdomen twice as long as head and thorax, first two ter- gites slightly longer than rest united, first longer than second; petiole strongly carinate above, sternite not inclosed, lower edges of tergite parallel; postpetiole elevated above level of petiole, striate; second tergite nearly four times as long as wide at base, sides parallel, striate; ovipositor about twice as long as first tergite.
Rufo-testaceous; head darker with mandibles and clypeus inclined to yellowish and vertex slightly infuscated; antennae black, scape and pedicel paler; thorax nearly uniform rufo-testaceous with notauli and scutellum inclined to yellowish; tegulae and wing bases strami- neous; wings hyaline, veins and stigma blackish; front and middle legs yellowish stramineous; hind coxae testaceous, trochanters and apices of femora stramineous, femora otherwise brown, tibiae and tarsi fuscous, the latter slightly paler; first and second tergites black, post- petiole piceous, remaining tergites considerably darker than thorax with more or less black in basal middle.
Male.—Length 7.5 mm., antennae 6 mm. Differs from female as follows: Eyes scarcely longer than width of face; postpetiole narrow, parallel-sided beyond spiracles, not swollen, and not elevated above level of petiole; second tergite only about three times as long as wide at base, distinctly wider at apex; hind basitarsus relatively shorter.
Face, orbits, mouth parts, scape and pedicel yellow; occiput, vertex, and front black; prescutum spot in front of scutellum, space between wings and scutellum, and propodeum above black or black- ish, scutellum yellow.
Ty pe-locality Monticello, Florida.
Host.— Tetralopha subcanalis Walker.
Type.—Cat. 20271, U.S.N.M.
Described from three females and three males, all reared from the same host by A. I. Fabis, under Quaintance Nos. 10563, 10564, and 10565. The male is rather remarkable for the genus in that the ocelli are not especially larger than in the female.
No. 2219. A REVISION OF THY CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 539
erent reap ee es
Paratype a (female) is homotypic and paratype b (female) differs in having the orbits and mouthparts distinctly yellow. Paratype ¢ (male) is like the allotype except that the propodeum is entirely black, and paratype d (male) has the head and mesoscutum colored as in the female paratype b.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) TEREBRATUS, new species.
Female-—Length 9 mm., antennae 5 mm., ovipositor 6 mm. Compared with tetralophae Cushman differs as follows: Eyes scarcely longer than width of face; malar space as long as basal width of man- dible; clypeus strongly rounded at apex, about as long as interfoveal line, which is only about a third longer than foveo-ocular line; post- ocellar line about twice as long as ocell-ocular line, ocelli about equal in diameter to latter. Propodeum precipitate beyond middle and extending barely a third of way over coxae; pronotum laterally punc- tate throughout; mesoscutum densely punctate throughout, notauli weak; scutcllum densely punctate, carinae obsolete toward apex; ster- nauli obsolete; petiolar area much longer than areola, sculpture of areas similar to that of tetralophae, but basal areas are more densely punctate; second recurrent interstitial; second discoidal cell scarcely a third as wide at base as at apex; nervellus unusually strongly ante- furcal and broken at lower third; legs slender, hind basitarsus shorter than remaining joints united. Abdomen very slender, twice as long as head and thorax; first two tergites together shorter than rest united; first targite about as long as second, carinae of petiole obsolete toward base; second tergite about four times as long as wide at base, much wider at apex; ovipositor as long as entire abdomen.
Rufo-testaceous; orbits, mouth parts, and cheeks yellow, head otherwise testaceous; antennae black, scape reddish; tegulae and wingbases yellow; space between wings and scutellum and basal areas of propodeum black; thorax otherwise rufo-testaceous with scutellum slightly paler; wings hyaline, veins and stigma brownish; front and middle coxac and trochanters in front, both joints of hind trochanters at apex yellowish; middle and hind trochanters basally black or piceous; hind tibiae with apical half and basal annulus and hind tarsi infuscated, tibiae in middle and at extreme base pale; legs otherwise testaceous, hind coxae and femora much the darkest; abdomen colored as in telralophae.
Ty pe-locality.— Boulder, Colorado.
Type.—Cat. No. 20272, U.S.N.M.
One female collected by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell at light July 28
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) MORDELLISTENAE, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., ovipositor 2.5 mm. Head viewed from above about twice as broad as long, temples strongly rounded; face
540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
fully a third wider than length of the rather small eyes, slightly ele- vated in middle, weakly punctate; clypeus weakly separated from face, about two-thirds as long as wide, weakly rounded at apex; malar space about as long as basal width of mandible; ocelli very small, barely more than half as long as ocell-ocular line, which is but little shorter than postocellar line; antennae (broken). Thorax rather stout, about half as deep as long, the propodeum strongly arched and extending about a third of the way over the coxae; clothed with short white pubescence, sculpture rather weak; notauli nearly obsolete; scutellum strongly convex, narrowly rounded at apex, and with lateral carinae weak; propodeal carinae fairly strong, areola and petiolar area separated and about equal in length, the latter transversely rugulose and other areas punctate; stigma about half as broad as long, radius arising distinctly beyond middle; second discoidal cell about a third as wide at base as at apex; legs slender, hind basitarsus about three-fourths as long as tibia and slightly shorter than remaining tarsal joints. Abdomen about one and one-half times as long as basal width, sides gently divergent, weakly longitu- dinally striate; first two tergites together slightly longer than rest of abdomen; ovipositor slightly more than twice as long as first tergite.
Black; mandibles, clypeus at apex and orbits (narrowly) piceous, the last broadly interrupted below and narrowly so above eyes; an- tennae black, piceous below toward base; tegulae piceous; legs red- dish testaceous, hind coxae entirely and middle coxae at base black, hind tibiae apically and their tarsi fuscous; wings hyaline, venation brownish; abdomen black, obscurely reddish in the middle.
Male.—Length 6 mm., antennae 5mm. Differs from the female in having the eyes and ocelli somewhat larger, the former only slightly shorter than the width of face, and the latter nearly as long as ocell- ocular line, which is about half as long as postocellar line; malar space narrower than basal width of mandible; the piceous color of head and tegulae is replaced by yellow, and the legs are somewhat paler.
Host.—Mordellistena morula LeConte.
Type-locality.—Colorado.
Type.—Cat. No. 20273, U.S.N.M. -
Described from one female reared from the host July 9, 1891, and labeled ‘‘Ac. Cat. 78” and four males from the same State without host records.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) INCOMPLETUS (Provancher). Mesoleptus incompletus PRovANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 270. Atractodes fusiformis ProvaNcHER, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 335.
Cremastus fusiformis PRovANCHER, Faun. Can., Hym., 1883, pp. 376 and 788.
Described originally in the genus Mesoleptus, this species was rede- scribe d by Provancher later in the same year as Atractodes fusiformis.
NO, 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 541
Hight years later the same writer synonymized the two species and called it Cremastus fusiformis. Since incompletus has page prece- dence over fusiformis, the earlier name must be used. The fact that Provancher described another species under the name Atractodes in- completus does not alter the case, since the present species was never referred to Atractodes nor has the name incompletus ever been used in Cremastus.
From most of the species which fall near it, this species is readily separable by its small size and entirely black thorax and abdomen, and from the few species which approach it in these characters by the very characteristic arrangement of color in the orbits.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ROHWERI, new species.
»
Female.—Length 8.5 mm., antennae 5 mm., ovipositor 3.3 mm. Head from above more than twice as wide as long, temples strongly rounded; eyes slightly divergent below, slightly shorter than greatest width of face; malar space about as long as basal width of mandible; clypeus little more than half as long as interfoveal line, very weakly rounded at apex; interfoveal line little longer than foveo-ocular line; face weakly elevated in middle, sparsely punctate at sides; anterior orbits swollen; lateral occlli about half as wide as postocellar line, the latter about one and one-half times as long as ocell-ocular line; occipital carina narrowly interrupted in middle. Thorax rather slender, propodeum declivous beyond middle, but reaching beyond middle of coxae, pronotum laterally deeply impressed and strongly puntate; mesoscutum coarsely punctate, notauli strong; scutellum more finely punctured without lateral carinae; mesosternum and mesopleura coarsely, densely punctured except small polished area immediately below wings; metapleura more finely, sparsely punc- tured; propodeal carinac strong, areola and petiolar area separated, the latter slightly the longer; apical areas transversely rugulose, areola and basal lateral areas sparsely punctate, other areas densely punctate; stigma half as wide as lang, radius at apical third, second discoidal cell scarcely a third as wide at base as at apex; nervellus strongly antefurcal, not broken; hind legs slender, basitarsus three- fifths as long as tibia and about as long as other four joints united. Abdomen not quite twice as long as head and thorax, first and second tergites subequal in length and together slightly longer than rest of abdomen; petiole with carinae strong to base, ventral edges of ter- gites separated, parallel, not inclosing sternite, postpetiole elevated slightly above level of petiole; second tergite between five and six times as long as wide at base, its sides almost parallel, longitudinally striate; tergites beyond second strongly compressed; ovipositor about two and one-half times as long as first tergite.
542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Black with tergites beyond second red; orbits, clypeus, mandibles and scape and pedicel below yellow, and a spot in middle of face yel- lowish red; flagellum black; tegulae and wing bases whitish; wings hyaline, veins and stigma dark brown; coxae black at base, hind pair largely black, white at apex; all trochanters except basal joint of hind trochanter, which is blackish, white; front legs otherwise stram- ineous with tarsi paler; hind femora and tibiae fuscous, their tarsi paler, especially at base, middle legs midway in color between front and hind legs; first and second tergites and basal median spot on third black, abdomen otherwise reddish.
Type-locality.—Mount Union, Pennsylvania.
Type.—Cat. No. 20274, U.S.N.M.
One female (Hopkins No. 7557) reared June 17, 1908, by R. W. Van Horn, from a red maple stump infested by Cerambycidae and Eucnemidae and also containing the clerid, Cymatodera undulata.
Named for Mr. S. A. Rohwer.
This species presents a rather peculiar combination of characters. The head is of the type shown in obereae Viereck and its closest allies, as is also the thorax except for its slenderness and the fact that the propodeum extends beyond the middle of the coxae, both of which, together with the very slender strongly compressed abdomen ally it with the more typical species, but the uninclosed first sternite and broad stigma with distally originating radius refer it without doubt to Zaleptopygus.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ANOMALUS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 3.5 mm., ovipositor 2.3 mm. In the strong compression of the abdomen and lack of scutellar carinae this species is allied to rohweri Cushman, but is otherwise abundantly distinct, as follows: Eyes parallel below, distinctly shorter than width of face; malar space distinctly shorter than basal width of mandible; clypeus about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, weakly convex, strongly rounded at apex; interfoveal line much longer than foveo- ocular line; face evenly, moderately punctate throughout, except narrowly in orbits; anterior orbits not swollen; lateral ocelli much less than half as wide as postocellar line, the latter slightly longer than ocell-ocular line. Thorax stout, the propodeum declivous behind and reaching but a short distance over coxae; thorax throughout much less strongly punctate; scutullum unusually deeply convex, almost appearing swollen; propodeal carinae rather weak, areola and petiolar area weakly separated, the former short, pentagonal much shorter than latter; sculpture of all areas weak, apical areas obscurely rugu- lose, others punctate; radius arising very shortly beyond middle of stigma; second discoidal cell nearly half as wide at base as at apex; second recurrent interstitial; nervellus perpendicular; hind basitarsus relatively as long compared with tibia but shorter than other joints
Ko. 2219. A REVISION OF TIIF CREMASTINI—CUSITMAN. 543
united. Petiole with carinao obsolete, the ventral edges of the ter- gite inclosing the sternite; post-petiole strongly clevated above level of petiole; second tergite about four times as long as basal width, slightly wider at apex, striate.
Color about as in rohweri, but face entirely black, scapo and pedicel piceous, middle and hind legs paler, hind tibia with whitish stripe above, tergites beyond second dark piceous red.
Type-locality.—Colorado.
Type.—Cat. No. 20275, U.S.N.M.
One female collected by C. F. Baker.
Peculiar in having the petiole as in the more typical species, while otherwise but distantly related to them.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) FUSCIPENNIS (Cresson).
Porizon fuscipennis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, 1865, p. 287.
A single female specimen in the United States National Museum collection agrees fairly well with the description of this species. It is from Garden City, Kansas, while the type is from Colorado. This specimen was used in placing the species in the table.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) AUDAX (Cresson).
Porizon audax Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 174.
This species, described from the male, is represented in the United States National Museum collection only by that sex, one specimen being a paratype. Its dark wings ally it with Cremastus fuscipennis (Cresson) but it differs from that species in having the wings paler and the propodeum less precipitous.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) NIGRICLYPEALIS, new species.
Female.—Length 9.5 mm., antennae 4.5 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm, Head from above strongly transverse, much more than twice as wide as long, temples slightly rounded, from in front subtriangular, malar space as long as basal width of mandible, forming with cach other if extended a sharply acute angle, mandibles strongly protruding, clypeus convex,'sharply rounded and margined apically, nearly as long as interfoveal line, which is about a half longer than foveo-ocular line; foveae slightly below level of lower eye margins; eyes parallel, barely as long as width of face; face and clypeus strongly, sparsely punctate, polished; checks opaque, sparsely punctate; orbits above antennae swollen; antennae inserted slightly below middle of eyes; front subpolished, with a small elevation below anterior ocellus; vertex and posterior orbits sparsely punctate; anterior ocellus dis- tinctly larger than posterior, diameter of latter only about half as long as ocell-ocular line, which is about three-fifths as long as post- ocellar line; antennae but little longer than head and thorax. Tho-
544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL HUSHUM, VOL. 53.
rax stout, propodeum sharply, convexly declivous and reaching to about middle of coxae; thorax densely, coarsely punctate except in polished impressions of pronotum and mesopleura; notauli broad and deep; prescutum flattened above; scutellum with lateral carinae extending to and encircling apex; sternauli and prepectal carina strong; propodeal carinae strong, areola and petiolar area separated, the latter nearly twice as long as areola, about two-thirds as wide as long, widest behind middle; areola hexagonal, as broad as long; stigma more than half as wide as long, radius beyond middle; second discoidal ccll about two-fifths as wide at base as at apex; second recurrent interstitial; legs stout, hind basitarsus two-thirds as long as tibia, slightly shorter than rest of tarsus. Abdomen less than one and one-half times as long as head and thorax; first tergite much longer than second, its ventral edges parallel, not inclosing sternite; lateral carinae distinct for only a short distance in front of spiracles, petiole slender, less than half as wide as postpetiole, which is ele- vated above level of petiole, petiole shining, postpetiole subopaque; second tergite about three and one-half times as long as wide at base, much wider at apex, shagreened and sparsely minutely punctate; Ovipositor little more than half as long again as first tergite.
Black with tergites beyond second largely red; head including clypeus black; mandibles, a brief orbital line opposite antennae, and a long narrow line behind eyes yellow; antennae brown, segments paler at apex; palpi piceous; tegulde and wing bases yellow; all coxae and basal joint of hind trochanter below black to piceous; second joints of all trochanters, apices of first joints of front and middle, first joints of hind trochanters above, front and middle tibae and tarsi above, hind tibiae above except at apex, and apices of all femora white; front and middle legs otherwise testaceous; hind legs otherwise reddish piceous; wings milky hyaline, veins and stigma brown, the latter with a yellow spot at base; tergites 1 and 2 black, others largely dark reddish.
Type-locality—Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Type.—Cat. No. 20276, U.S.N.M.
One female taken by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell on Solidago, where it had been caught by a Phymata, which is mounted on the same pin. Easily recognized by its intensely black clypeus, short antennae, and milky white wings.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) VIERECKII (Cockerell). Porizon vicreckii COCKERELL, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 12, 1903, p. 200.
The badly mutilated male type of this species is in the United States National Museum. In color, pattern of legs, and color of wings it agrees with nigriclypealis Cushman, but differs in having the sculp- ture of head and thorax finer; the antennae long; the orbits broadly
No, 2219, A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 545 er ee ee ee and clypeus at sides yellow; and the propodeum more strongly con-
vex, with the areola relatively longer and narrower, and not reaching so far over the coxae. The eyes are slightly divergent below, about as long as width of face. The ocell-ocular line is about half as long as postocellar line and the ocelli slightly less in diameter than the former, unusually small ocelli for a male of this genus.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) BILINEATUS, new species.
Female.—Length 9 mm., antennae 5.5 mm., ovipositor 7 mm Head sparsely, weakly punctate, more densely on face, more than twice as wide as long, temples weakly rounded; eyes parallel, shorter than width of face; face elevated medially; malar space about as long as basal width of mandible; clypeus as long as foveo-ocular line, which is about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; mandibles pro- truding. Thorax rather stout, propodeum strongly rounded and extending only a short distance over coxae; upper hind angle of pronotum punctate, rest subpolished; mesoscutum finely punc- tate, notauli weak; scutellum laterally carinate, flattened, punctate; pleura and sternum finely punctate, mesopleura polished above, sternauli weak; areola about two-thirds as long as petiolar area, elon- gate pentagonal; petiolar area but little wider than areola, weakly rugulose; other areas weakly punctate, except basal areas, which are smooth; stigma half as long as wide, radius at apical third; second recurrent interstitial; second abscissa of radius curving outward to near apex then forward to costa; second discoidal cell a third as wide at base as at apex; legs slender, hind basitarsus little more than half as long as tibia and about as long as next three joints united. Abdo- men twice as long as head and thorax, slender, rather strongly com- pressed beyond third tergite, tergites 1 and 2 together shorter than remainder of abdomen; first tergite distinctly longer than second, petiole with carinae obsolete toward base, ventral edges of tergite curving toward each other below and partly covering the tergite, postpetiole elevated above level of petiole, nearly three times as broad as narrowest part of petiole; second tergite nearly four times as long as basal width, much wider at apex, striate; ovipositor slightly longer than abdomen.
Black with tergites beyond second largely reddish; head black with orbits broadly and completely, cheeks, clypeus, and mandibles yellow; antennae black, scape and pedicel piceous below; thorax black, notauli, scutellum, tegulae, and wing bases yellow; wings hya- line, veins and stigma brown, latter pale at base; all coxae whitish at apex and above, the amount of white increasing toward the front, black at extreme base, especially hind coxae, otherwise testaceous; front and middle trochanters and front femora whitish in front, other- wise front and middle legs testaceous; both joints of hind trochanter
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17——35
546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
blackish at base, reddish toward apex with a whitish spot above; hind femora and tibiae rufo-testaceous, the latter infuscated near base and at apex. First tergite entirely and all others more or less at base, black, abdomen otherwise red, paler toward apices and ventral margins of apical tergites.
Male.—Length 7.5 mm., antennae 6.5 mm. Malar space slightly shorter; eyes about as long as width of face; ocelli slightly larger; notauli yellow only in front, and yellow of scutellum confined to a nearly divided crescentic spot; middle as well as hind trochanters black basally, hind coxae almost entirely black; first tergite with carinae stronger and postpetiole relatively narrower and not clevated above level of petiole; black of abdomen more extensive, embracing the entire second, seventh, and eighth tergites and most of the sixth; antennae relatively longer.
Type-locality.—Clementon, New Jersey.
Type.—Cat. No. 20277, U.S.N.M.
One female and one male from type-locality.
In Szepligeti’s table this species will run to Pseudocremastus Szep- ligeti, and differs from the description of that genus in minor details principally in venation.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) HYALINIPENNIS (Cresson).
Porizon hyalinipennis Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 174. A paratype female of this species is in the United States National Museum and a male also from the Belfrage collection. It is easily separable from allied species by the characters employed in the key.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) GALLAECOLA, new species.
Female.—Length 8 mm., antennae 4.5 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm. Head viewed from above considerably more than twice as wide as long, temples rather strongly rounded but much narrowed; viewed from in front much broader than long, face twice as broad as long and much broader than greatest length of eye, elevated in middle, rather densely, strongly punctured; clypeus short, broadly rounded at apex, the suture broad, straight, foveo-ocular line nearly as long as interfoveal line; malar space as long as basal width of mandible; eyes prominent, nearly as broad as long, parallel within; diameter of lateral ocellus shorter than ocell-ocular line and about half as long as postocellar line. Thorax about twice as long as high, the propodeum strongly arched above, declivous behind, and reaching barely a third the length of the coxae; thorax very finely pubescent, generally densely, finely punctate, especially the mesopleura below, the mesosternum, and the metapleura; pronotum obscurely striato- punctate; notauli distinct anteriorly; scutellum weakly convex, lateral carinae reaching apex; longitudinal furrow of mesopleurum
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 547 enna en rmmere rere pe Sheer Ae eT eee ee ee
obscurely transversely striate; propodeal carinae strong, areola short, pentagonal about two-thirds as long as petiolar area, dis- tinctly separated, apical areas strongly transversely rugulose, others - sparsely punctate; stigma slightly more than half as broad as long, radius arising far beyond middle, its two abscissae forming nearly a right angle; second discoidal cell about four times as wide at apex as at base; nervellus slightly curved but unbroken, perpondicular; legs fairly stout, hind basitarsus three-fifths as long as tibia and nearly as long as remaining joints. Abdomen scarcely a half longer than head and thorax, very weakly compressed at apox, tergites 1 and 2 together much longer than remaining segmonts united; first tergite distinctly longer than second, not inclosing the sternite, its ventral edges parallel, increasing in width from before middle, post- petiole about three times as wide as petiole, not swollen, petiole strongly carinate and foveate; second tergite about three-fifths as broad at base as long, its sides strongly divergent, shagreened and obscurely striate; ovipositor twice as long as first tergite.
Black; clypeus, mandibles, orbits, except broad interruptions above eyes and in lower anterior orbits, narrowly in front and broadly below eyes, yellow; antennae black throughout; tegulae and wing bases yellow; legs generally reddish testaccous, front ones paler, hind coxae black at base, front legs in front, all trochanters, middle and hind tibiae above yellowish, hind tibiae otherwise and their tarsi infuscate; wings hyaline, venation brown, stigma with a longitudinal pale streak; tergites 1 and 2 black, others largely red with apical middle more or less yellow and inclining to black in basal middle, the yellow increasing apically and the black basally.
Male.—Lenegth 7.5 mm., antennae 5mm. Very like female, even in size of ocelli, and differing principally in color as follows: Orbits more broadly yellow and scarcely interrupted below, front and middle coxae black at base, hind coxae pale only at extreme apex; yellow color of abdomen confined to apex of seventh tergite and lateral edges of others beyond second, the tergites largely black except third and fourth, which are largely reddish. Hind tarsal joints beyond first relatively longer.
Host.—Gnorimoschema gallae-solidaginis (Riley).
Type-locality—East Falls Church, Virginia.
Type.—Cat. No. 20278, U.S.N.M.
Described from 11 females and 6 males reared by the writer during the spring of 1916.
In color this species is very variable, especially in that of the abdomen. The female paratypes a-j show a gradual replacing of the red by black, whilo paratype 7 has the yellow almost entirely obsolete. In paratype f the three colors are beautifully arranged in alternating bands on torgites 3 to 6. Aside from color the
548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
greatest degree of variation is shown in the form of the areola, which is sometimes nearly regularly pentagonal. Paratypo a is most like tho type, being practically identical. The male paratypes k-o exhibit less variation in color than the females, the extreme being in paratype o, in which the red is almost entirely replaced by black. All the male paratypes have the yellow orbits more broadly inter- rupted below than the allotype.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ORBITALIS (Cresson).
Porizon orbitalis Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 174. (Porizon) Zaleptopygus orbitalis (CREssON) VIERECK, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 294.
Originally described by Cresson in Porizon, this species is one of the two species referred by Viereck to his genus Zaleptopygus. It is represented in the United States National Museum collection by a paratype female and the allotype, the latter without the abdomen, as well as four other males from Texas, two of the latter from the Bel- frage collection. Its most striking characters are used in the keys. The specimens available display very little variation, the form of the propodeal areas being most subject to variation. In the male the areola is nearly or quite as long as the petiolar area, and the width of these areas varies considerably.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOGPYGUS) OBEREAE (Viereck). Zaleptopygus obereae VIERECK, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 295.
As indicated by Viereck this species is most closely allied to orbi- talis (Cresson), but is easily distinguished by the characters employed in the key. It is chiefly remarkable for the slight difference in re- spect to eyes and ocelli between the sexes.
SPECIES NOT TABULATED.
PORIZON ALBIPENNIS Cresson. Porizon albipennis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, 1865, p. 287.
The type of this species has not been seen nor is there any specimen in the National Museum collection that agrees with the description. It is apparently, however, a Cremastus allied by its white wings to vie- reckii, (Cockerell) and bilineatus Cushman. From both of these it differs in the white apical margins of the tergites. With bilineatus it agrees in the unusually long ovipositor.
CREMASTUS ACICULATUS Davis. Cremastus aciculatus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 364.
Evidently, from the description, this species is closely allied to plesius Cushman and rosae Cushman, but as it is described only in the male on practically nothing but color characters and as it is well nigh impossible to associate the sexes without biological evidence, it is im-
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 549
possible to make a definite statement in the matter. A male in the United States National Museum collection, which agrees in practi- cally all respects with the description, is doubtfully referred to this
species. CREMASTUS GRANULATUS Davis.
Cremasius granulatus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 365.
This species is apparently not represented in the United States National Museum. Judging from the description, however, it is allied to cleridivora Cushman and similis Cushman, the color pattern of the body being very similar to that of those species. But in its pale yellow legs and apically weak propodeal carinae as well as in its small size, it is distinct from both.
CREMASTUS HARTII Ashmead. Cremastus hartii ASHMEAD, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, 1895, p. 277. pl. 3. * In his description of this species Ashmead states ‘“ Hab., Havana, Mll.; Washington, D.C.; Lexington, Ky. Types, male and female, in the collections of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, and in my collection.”
In the United States National Museum collection there are only four specimens bearing this species label, but only one of these is from either of the localities mentioned in the description. The single ex- ception is a male from Washington, District of Columbia, and is not hartii Ashmead, but retiniae (Cresson). The other three specimens are afemale from Chicago, Illinois, and males from Onaga, Kansas, and New York. Aside from these specimens there are only two specimens from Washington and one from Lexington, Kentucky, which ante- date the original description and which at all agree with the deserip- tion. All three differ more or less from Ashmead’s description. Moreover, they are representative of two different species, C. gracilis Cushman and (@. graciliventris Cushman. These specimens and minor Cushman which agrees fairly well with the description, were sent to Mr. J. R. Malloch at the Illinois State Laboratory for comparison with the type. Mr. Malloch reported neither species to be hartia Ashmead. From his observations it differs from all three species in that the pro- podeum does not extend to the middle of the hind coxae, but does agree with them in stigmal and petiolar characters. It would there- fore run in the table to species to the first part of dichotomy 2, but differs from all the species falling there in the short propodeal neck. Other characters mentioned by Mr. Malloch include: Eyes parallel; malar spaces with extended angle obtuse; areola and petiolar areas separated; petiole with carinae and foveae; second tergites not over two times as long as apical width; length of petiole and second seg- ment barely more than equal the length of remaining segments; ab- dominal punctures very indistinct.
550 PROCEEDINGS OF TITE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53. CREMASTUS NEMORALIS Davis.
Cremasius nemoralis Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 364.
From the description, based largely on color, this species is evi- dently allied to cleridivora Cushman and similis Cushman. The gen- erally dark thorax with the pale prothorax is a very distinctive color pattern characterizing a small group of closely allied species. (@. nemoralis, however, differs from all of these in its long ovipositor.
CREMASTUS RECTUS Provancher. Cremastus rectus PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 6, 1874, p. 175.
According to notes made by Mr. A. B. Gahan, who has examined the type, this species is undoubtedly a Cremastus, and judging by the description of the color it is probably allied to plestus Cushman and rosae Cushman. From the former it differs in the color of the meso- pleura and metapleura and of legs and abdomen, and from rosae in the color of the mesoscutum, the latter having the parapsidal lobes red.
LEPTOPYGUS ORBUS Davis.
Lepiopygus orbus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 365.
There is no specimen of this species at present available for study, nor is its mention in the present paper intended necessarily to defi- nitely include it in the Cremastini. Mention of it is made to indicate that for a number of reasons it seems very doubtful if it is properly placed in Leptopygus and to call attention to a number of characters that seem to ally it more closely to Cremastus. All the conclusions in this connection are, of necessity, based on the original description. Four of the characters there given seem to exclude the species from Leptopygus: the long ovipositor, the basally narrowed discoidal cell, the completely areolated propodeum, and the opaquely sculptured abdomen. In Leptopygus the ovipositor is short and sharply up- curved, the discoidal (third) cell is rather unusually broad at base, the propodeum is not at all or only partially areolated basally, and the abdomen is very highly polished. The same characters that separate the species from Leptopygus ally it with Cremasius, while other characters, principally of color, remind one very strongly of those species of Cremasius placed by Viereck in his genus Zaleptopy- gus, Cremasius obereae (Viereck) and C. orbitalis (Cresson). It is the opinion of the writer that this is the proper disposition of the species.
No. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 551
SPECIES ERRONEOUSLY REFERRED TO CREMASTUS. (CREMASTUS) PROCLITUS LONGICAUDUS (Provancher). Cremastus longicaudus Provancner, Faun. Can. Hym., 1883, p. 789.
This is a Plectiscine. In Foerster’s table to the genera of that tribe it runs to Husterniz Foerster, but is certainly congeneric with Proclitus grandis Foerster, the genotype of Proclitus Foerster, as rep- resented in the United States National Museum collection. It fails to run to the latter genus because of the unbroken nervellus, but the spocimen of P. grandis examined has this only weakly broken in one wing and unbroken in the other, and this character is evidently not even of specific value.
A specimen of longicaudus Provancher compared with the type by Mr. A. B. Gahan and designated by him as a homotype is in the United States National Museum and is the basis of the above remarks.
(CREMASTUS) PROCLITUS MELLIPES Provancher. Atractodes mellipes PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 332. Cremastus mellipes PRovANCHER, Faun. Can. Hym., 1883, p. 377. According to notes by Mr. A. B. Gahan, who has examined the type, this species is congeneric with Cremastus longicaudus Pro- vancher. It must, thereforo, be referred to Proclitus Foerster.
CREMASTUS PICEUS Cresson. Cremasius piceus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 176.
The type of this species is apparently lost, and its exact status can, therefore, not be definitely ascertained. It is not, however, a Cre- mastus, but apparently a member of some genus in the Porizonini. Except for the upcurved ovipositor, the description of the species contains no character that can be considered as at all indicating its relationship.
(CREMASTUS) PROCLITUS ROYI (Provancher). Cremastus royi ProvANcHER, Faun. Can. Hym., 1883, p. 788.
According to notes by Mr. A. B. Gahan, who has examined the type, this species is congeneric with longicaudus (Provancher), and is therefore referred to Proclitus Foerster.
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THE COLOR OF AMETHYST, ROSE, AND BLUE VARIETIES OF QUARTZ.
By Tuomas L. Watson and R. E. Brarp, Of the University of Virginia.
INTRODUCTION.
There is a surprising lack of exact information on the cause of color in minerals, even in many of the common yarieties. This is especially true of minerals possessing exotic color in contradistinc- tion to those having natural color, dependent on chemical com- position. The literature is largely a foreign one, is comparatively small but scattered, and much of the earlier work is of doubtful value. Again, there is an almost entire lack of reliable analyses involying accurate determinations of the minute quantities of colorative substances (pigments) diffused through minerals which exhibit exotic color.
Decided progress, however, has been made in recent years in the study of cause of color in dispersely colored minerals, many of which are known to be very sensitive to high temperatures and in some cases even to daylight. The chemical nature of the coloring substances is less well known and opinion on the subject is divided. Heating tests for destroying color and its restoration on exposure to the emanations of Roentgen, cathode, or radium rays are used to distinguish between colorative substances of organic and inorganic nature. Also by the use of the ultramicroscope and the application of the principles of colloid chemistry the nature and composition of the substances causing color may be determined.
The present paper gives the results of some experiments recently completed by the writers on the color of several varieties of quartz, and a brief summary and discussion of the work by others on the same varieties of the mineral. There is included on page 559 a note by George Steiger, Chemist to the United States Geological Survey, of some quantitative determinations made of manganous oxide (MnO) in rose quartz from Creede, Colorado, and in amethyst from an unknown locality. Especial attention is directed to the analyses of amethyst and rose quartz from many different localities tabulated on page 554.
1 The writers are indebted to Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, of the United States National Museum, for helpful suggostions offered on reading the manuscript.
553
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 53—No. 2220.
554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you, 53,
ANALYSES.
Preparation of samples.—Twelve thoroughly clean and fresh repre- sentative samples, eight of rose quartz and four of amethyst, from different localities were selected for analysis. Each sample was crushed without grinding in a steel mortar and passed through silk gauze having 13 meshes to the millimeter. The powder was placed in a porcelain dish and dilute hydrochloric acid added and allowed to stand for about 10 minutes, when it was diluted with water, allowed to settle, and the liquid decanted off. This treat- ment with dilute hydrochloric acid and washing with water was repeated seven or eight times, after which the liquid gave no indica- tion of the presence of iron. The samples were then dried on the water bath and used for analysis.
Methods of analysis —From 4 to 5 grams of the sample, prepared as outlined above, were accurately weighed into a platinum crucible and treated with a few drops of sulphuric acid and hydrofluoric acid and heated until! all silica was volatilized. The residue was fused with sodium carbonate and the melt dissolved in nitric acid. The resulting solution was examined for iron, manganese, titanium, and cobalt, according to the methods outlined by Hillebrandt
Iron was determined by titrating with potassium permanganate solution, 1 cc. of which was equivalent to 0.00067 gram of ferric oxide. Manganese and titanium were determined colorimetrically. The precipitate of cobalt sulphide was so small that it was not feasible to handle it gravimetrically, so that the filter containing it was ignited and the total residue taken up in a borax bead. The color of the beads varied from a faint blue to a clear and distinct blue, but in no case was the bead highly colored.
The results obtained on analysis follow in tabular form:
Partial analyses of amethyst and rose quartz. [R. E. Beard, analyst.]
Constituents determined. No. Watlety.) ; ; ae ea TiOs. MnO. Fe.03. CoO.2 |__| —__—_— a Tepe ty Amethyst...| 0.00199 | 0.00036} 0.0775 | Distinct blue color. iI dos... .2) 200166 - 00068 . 0382 | Do. Fa | 00145 | 00085 .0404| Do. ee | 00521 .00029} .0935| Do. pieaaale . 00577 - 00052 .0679 | Pale blue color. Osancace . 00139 - 00068 - 0399 | 0. ..-.-{ .00269| 00017 .0578 | Distinct blue color. Se esaS .00288 |} .00074 . 0351 Do.4 Sra grars | .00288; .00036 . 0042 | Pale blue color. beeen . 00405 . 00018 .0067 | Very pale blue color. Lisaatee . 00289 . 00057 .0032 | Pale blue color. Qeeee ante - 00293 - 00017 - 0040 Do. elocemce O6Q00H saceese5%2 - 5390
1 Hillebrand, W. F.: Bull. 422, U.S. teal. Survey, 1910, 239 pp. ioe 2 Precipitate of cobalt sulphide was too small to handle gravimetrically but was ignited and taken up in a borax bead with the color results shown in table. 8 Same as IT, except more deeply colored and a single large crystal was used for analysis. ! 4 Bead was colored a deeper blue than for any other of the 12 samples analyzed. j & Analysis by Robert Robertson. The Virginias, 1885, vol. 6, p. 2.
lee rr
xo. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD. 555
I. Prince Edward County, Virginia. Collected by William M. Thornton, jr. Furnished by Prof F, P. Dunnington, University of Virginia.
If. Madison County, Montana. Furnished by Foote Mineral Company.
III. Madison County, Montana. Furnished by Foote Mineral Company.
IV. Brazil, South America. Furnished by Foote Mineral Company.
V. Amazon claim, 3 miles north of Texas Creek, Colorado. Furnished by D. B. Sterrett through United States National Museum.
VI. South Dakota. Furnished by United States National Museum. Specimen without number.
VII. Greenland. Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 9582.
VIII. South Dakota. Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 84385.
IX. South Dakota. Furnished by United States National Museum. No number.
X. Paris, Maine. Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 81392.
XI. Southford, New Haven County, Connecticut. Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 86915. , ‘
XII. New York (probably Bedford). Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 18331.
XIII. Rutile district, Nelson County, Virginia.
As tabulated the figures disclose rather marked variation in each of the constituents for both the amethyst and rose varieties of quartz. When individual analyses are considered, it is observed that amethyst contains the highest percentage cach of manganous oxide (MnO) and ferric oxide (Fe,O,), while rose quartz shows the highest percentage of titanium dioxide (TiO,) and the lowest percentage each of manga- nous oxide (MnO) and ferric oxide (Fe,O,). The average percentages of the individual constituents determined for the two varieties of quartz are as follows:
S TiOs. MnO. Fe,O3, DET aE 2 0. 002577 0.000565 0.006240 LE SSE LEIS oo SER ee . 003185 . 000423 , 002735
PETROGRAPHY.
A thin section was cut from each of the 12 specimens analyzed (eight of rose quartz and four of amethyst) and studied micro- scopically. In each thin section the quartz was colorless and exhibited the features common to vein quartz in general. Threo of the sections of rose quartz and one of amethyst exhibited slight to distinct wavy extinction, with optical disturbance not noted in either of the other cight slides. Inclusions of varying nature, chiefly mineral (solid) but sometimes liquid, were developed in each slide and in several they were fairly abundant. Their dis- tribution was usually irregular but at times they were partly arranged in lines.
The identity of most of the mineral inclusions could not be defi- nitely established. With only one exception (amethyst), rutile in the form of needle-like inclusions was definitely determined as being present. The rutile inclusions were more abundant in the rose quartz and were only sparingly present in three and entirely absent from one of the amethyst from Brazil (IV in table of analyses, page 554) purchased from the Foote Mineral Company. The larger average titanium content in the rose quartz is shown in the table of chemical analyses on page 555. The minute, dark-colored, dust- like inclusions in both varieties of the quartz were indeterminate as
556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 53.
to composition. They may possibly represent some form of iron oxide or manganese oxide or both.
The evidence gained from microscopic study of the thin sections strongly indicates that the color of the two varieties of quartz can not be ascribed to microscopically visible inclusions, since in general character and abundance the inclusions were apparently not different from those frequently found in ordinary colorless quartz.
HEATING TESTS.
The color of many dispersely colored minerals has been shown to be very sensitive to high temperatures, and in some cases even to sunlight. Such minerals include halite, fluorite, amethyst, smoky quartz, topaz, zircon, tourmaline, etc. To this list should be added rose quartz and green feldspar (amazon stone). Upon testing it is very likely that other minerals will be shown to decolorize on heating.
Previous work.—Jn 1883 Becquerel! showed that the color of the decolorized fluorite and halite was restored on exposure to the cathode rays. More recently Berthelot? (1906) and Simon ? (1908) showed that the color of some of the decolorized minerals is restored on exposure to radium rays, while that of others was not restored by these radiations. From these experiments the conclusion was reached that for the minerals studied (zircon, amethyst, smoky quartz, red tourmaline, and Brazilian topaz by Simon), the color was due to inorganic and not to organic compounds, since exposure to radium rays restored the minerals to their original condition. Berthelot concluded that the coloring substance of smoky quartz, green fluorite, and emerald was organic, since the color of these minerals was not restored on exposure to radium rays after being decolorized by heating. Simon, however, was successful in restoring the color of smoky quartz after it was destroyed by heat, hence excepted to Berthelot’s conclusion regarding the nature of the coloring substance of this mineral.
The action of Roentgen, cathode, and radium rays on minerals has been extensively investigated by Kunz and Baskerville.‘
Work of the writers.—Heating tests were carried out by the writers on fairly large size fragments chipped from hand specimens of amethyst, rose quartz, blue quartz, green feldspar (amazon stone), and green and purple fluorite. The tests were made under uniform conditions in a closed platinum crucible heated in each case for 10
1 Compt. Rend., 1883, vol. 101, p. 205. 41 Idem, 1906, vol. 143, p. 477. 3 Neues Jahrb. f. Min. ete., 1908, vol. 26, pp. 249-295. See translation by Edgar T. Wherry, Mineral Col-
lector, 1908, vol. 15, pp. 165-168, 177-182. Contains numerous references to the literature of the color of ~
minerals.
4 Science, 1903, vol. 18, p. 769; Mineral Collector, 1904, vol. 11, pp. 82-86. See Lockhart, Amer. Journ, 8ci., 1905, vol. 8, p. 95, on luminescence; and Miethe, Ann. des Phys., 1906, vol. 19, p. 633, on the color changes in precious stones produced by radium preparations.
ee
NO. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD. 557
minutes in the flame of a No. 4 Meker burner, which yields a tempera- ture of 1,120-1,140° C. Exact measurement of the temperature to which the minerals were subjected was not made, but it was probably around 1,100° C.
The results of these tests were that the original color of four speci- mens of amethyst, eight of rose quartz, and one each of green and purple fluorite and green feldspar (amazon stone) was completely destroyed. The minerals were completely decolorized on heating, with the single exception of the deep green feldspar from Amelia County, Virginia, which assumed a faint pinkish color after cooling, due probably to the presence of ferric oxide. The luster on the cleav- age surfaces of the feldspar was not affected by the heating.
The color of the deep blue quartz from Nelson County, Virginia, was unaffected after heating for two periods of 10 minutes each, except that a pronounced red color developed along original fracture lines in the mineral on cooling. No change in the original color for other portions of the mineral was observed. Robertson! noted that after fusing a fragment of the blue quartz from the same locality before the hot-blast blowpipe flame, the mineral retained its color.
From the results obtained by others it is probable that the color of the minerals tested by the writers would have been destroyed at a lower temperature and in a shorter period of heating. After an exposure for seven months to daylight there is slight indication of the return of the original color in the decolorized specimens of amethyst and fluorite, but not in the rose quartz, blue quartz, or green feldspar.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
Amethyst—The amethystine color of the amethyst variety of quartz has been attributed to the presence of a variety of substances by different investigators, but it has been generally assumed to be due to the presence of manganese oxide dissolved and diffused through the quartz. Manganic oxide, titanic oxide, sodium ferrate, iron sulphocyanate, and organic matter are substances that have been reported by different writers as the cause of amethystine color in quartz.
Nabl? suggested in 1899-1900 that the coloring matter of amethyst is due to the presence of iron sulphocyanate, because the absorption spectrum of amethyst seemed to him to be about the same as that of this compound in ether solution; and he believed that he estab- lished this further by analyses showing the presence of sulphur and nitrogen. The more recent work of Berthelot and Simon, briefly summarized below, does not bear out this suggestion.
1 The Virginias, 1885, vol. 6, p. 2. 2 Sitzber. Akad. Wiss., Wlen, 1899, vol. 2; Min. und Petrog. Mitth., 1900, vol. 19, p. 273.
558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, voL. 53.
In 1904 Wherry’ suggested that the variety of amethyst quartz found in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, was probably colored by a titanium compound, since the microscope showed the presence of rutile inclusions. This might well be questioned in light of the investigations by the senior writer and others on blue quartz, which is discussed below.
In 1906 Berthelot? showed that when amethyst is decolorized by heating it regains its violet color on exposure to radium rays. He found that quartz and glass containing small amounts of manganese behaved similarly; hence the color of amethyst was referred by him to a slight manganese content.
The investigation by Simon? in 1908 represents the most important contribution thus far made on the color of minerals. By destroying the color of a number of dispersely colored minerals in oxidizing (oxygen), reducing (hydrogen), and when necessary neutral gases, and examination of the chemical character of the resulting gases or distillates, Simon concluded that the colors of the five minerals investigated by him (zircon; amethyst, smoky quartz, tourmaline, and Brazilian topaz) were produced by unstable inorganic com- pounds. He states that these unstable inorganic compounds are simply rearranged at clevated temperatures but not destroyed, since exposure to radium rays or even to sunlight will restore them to their original condition. According to Simon, the exact nature and constitution of the coloring substances are not known.
The work of the present writers eliminates, it is believed, the probability of inclusions of foreign substances of visible microscopic size as a cause of amethystine color in quartz. While minute inclu- sions of varying solid and liquid substances were present in the thin sections of amethyst examined microscopically, they were of such character as regards distribution and quantity as not to be seriously considered as a cause of color. In the absence of ultra- microscopic study, the existence of foreign substances of submicro- scopic size can neither be denied nor affirmed.
The analyses made of amethyst from different localities and tabulated on page 554 are important in showing appreciable quantities of the iron, manganese, and titanium oxides—metallic oxides which are known to affect the color of minerals. Also the cobalt oxide, a highly colorative substance even in small quantity, was found in each of the four analyses of amethyst in quantity sufficient to impart a distinct blue color when taken up in a borax bead. Examination of the analytical results discloses the fact that both iron and titanium oxides exceed in amount several times that of manganese oxide.
1 The Mineral Collector, 1904, vol. 11, p. 88.
2 Compt. Kend., 1906, vol. 143, p. 477.
3 Neues Jahrb. f. Min. ete., 1908, vol. 26, pp. 249-295. Translated by Edgar T. Wherry, Mineral Collector, 1908-9, vol. 15, pp. 165-168, 177-182.
=
ee ee le
. nd
no. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD. 559
However, in light of some recent quantitative work on amethyst carried out by George Steiger in the chemical laboratories of the United States Geological Survey, there is proof that the amount of manganous oxide reported in the analysis below is sufficient to produce the depth of color shown in the mineral which he analyzed. The mode of combination of the manganese is not necessarily the same. The amount of manganous oxide found by Steiger is less than that determined by the writers in the four specimens tabulated on page 554.
The results of the investigation by Steiger as prepared by him are published below with his permission.
A. Rose quartz from Creede, Colorado. B. Clear, fairly dark colored crystals of amethyst, locality unknown.
A B
MnO. 0.0002 percent. 0.00012 per cent.
The minerals were finely powdered, 30 gms. of each were decomposed with sulphuric and hydrofluoric acids and evaporated, the heat being continued until the fluorine had been completely expelled, diluted with water, and filtered.
Silver nitrate was added to the filtrate, manganese oxidized with ammonium persulphate, and determined by comparison of the color of this solution with a standard solution of manganese.
In preparing the first samples a steel block was used in powdering. It was thought manganese might have been introduced through small fragments of steel, and accord- ingly a second set of ground samples were prepared, this time using an agate mortar in their preparation. Determinations in the second set checked with the first as closely as could be expected.
The following experiment is interesting in showing that such colors as are observed in these minerals can easily be accounted for by the quantities of manganese present.
To 12 cc. of water (this amount roughly representing the bulk of 30 gms. of quartz) was added one-tenth cc. of permanganate solution containing 0.0006 gms. of MnO per cubic centimeter. This solution contained an equivalent amount of manganese per unit volume as the rose quariz; the color produced was of a much darker shade than that of the mineral. A similar experiment was carried out, using an equivalent amount of manganese to that found in the amethyst, and in this case the color of the solution was about that of the mineral.
It is probable that the percentage amount of either of the three metallic oxides found on analysis (table of analyses, p. 554) is suf- ficient to produce disperse color in quartz. From the known chemical behavior of these substances when small portions are taken up on heating by other bodies, such as borax, salt of phos- phorus, glass, etc., manganese produces more exactly the color of amethyst than either the oxide of iron or titanium. In the bead tests with borax and salt of phosphorus, manganese oxide yields amethystine color only when heated in the oxidizing flame, becoming colorless when heated in the reducing flame. The usual explanation for these reactions is that in the former case manganese is converted into a higher form of oxidation and in the latter it is changed by reduction to a lower form—MnO, From the carefully conducted
560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
experiments by Simon on amethyst, the color, if due to manganese— and we believe that it is—seems to be independent of the processes of oxidation and reduction, since he found it was destroyed by heating the mineral in either an oxidizing or a reducing atmosphere, and likewise could be restored on exposure to radium rays in an atmosphere of either oxygen or hydrogen.
From the investigations thus far made into the cause of color of amethyst the following conclusions seem to be warranted: (1) That since the color can be destroyed in an atmosphere of either oxygen or hydrogen and restored in an atmosphere of either, it is inde- pendent of the processes of oxidation and reduction, which definitely eliminate organic substances as a cause of the color; (2) that it is due to some inorganic substance whose nature and constitution are yet to be definitely determined; (3) that of the metallic oxides shown to be present in amethyst by chemical analysis, manganese seems to be the most likely one to produce the amethystine color; (4) that the analyses of the mineral show a sufficient quantity of manganese oxide present to produce the color; and (5) that colloidal particles of submicroscopic size, probably manganese oxide, will be found upon ultramicroscopic study to be the cause of the color.
Rose quartz.—A larger number of thin sections of rose quartz from different localities were studied microscopically than of amethyst, but with practically the same results. Irregularly distributed inclu- sions of the same nature and approximate quantity were observed as in the amethyst, and are not regarded by the writers as having any effect in producing the color.
Eight partial analyses of rose quartz from as many different localities were made, with the results shown in table on page 554. The same metallic oxides (TiO,, MnO, Fe,O,, and CoO) were found as in the amethyst, with somewhat similar variations in each con- stituent noted when individual analyses are compared. (See p. 559 of this paper determination of manganous oxide in rose quartz from Creede, Colorado, by George Steiger.) Titanium dioxide (TiO,) averages higher, while manganous oxide (MnO) and ferric oxide (Fe,0,) average lower for rose quartz than for amethyst. The color of the borax bead imparted by the very slight amount of cobalt oxide (CoO) present ranged from distinct blue to very pale blue; but on the whole the bead tests indicated probably a smaller content of cobalt oxide (CoO) than for amethyst.
In every case the mineral was completely decolorized on heating, which was to be expected, since it is well known that the color ot rose quartz fades on exposure to daylight. The wri‘ers did not carry out any tests to determine the restoration of color of the decolorized specimens, but Doelter' points out the lack of restoration
t Das Radium und die Farben, 1910, pp. 21 and 78.
No. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD. 561
of color destroyed by heat in the case of rose quartz, which proves that the color is due to organic and not to inorganic substances.'
Dana’ quotes Fuchs as stating that the color is due to titanium, since he found 1 to 1.5 per cent in specimens from Rabenstein, near Bodenmais, and the former (Dana) then remarks that it may come in part from manganese.
From the chemical nature of the metallic substances determined on analysis to be present in rose quartz, the character of inclusions found on microscopic study of thin sections, the complete absence of the slightest indication of the original color being restored in the decolorized specimens on heating after exposure of seven months to daylight, and the lack of restoration of color destroyed by heat on exposure to radium rays by Doelter, the writers conclude that the color of rose quartz can not be attributed to an inorganic substance.
Blue quartz.—By way of contrast it may be of interest here to briefly summarize the results of the investigations into the cause of blue color in some quartz. The occurrence in quantity of beautiful deep sky-blue opalescent quartz in quartzose igneous rocks and at times in metamorphosed sediments derived from them, is known in many localities both in this country and abroad, and has been the subject of investigation ina number. This variety of quartz is by no means uncommon in the Southern Appalachians, and is particularly characteristic of some rock types of the Blue Ridge Mountains and its outliers in Virginia.
The senior writer has examined microscopically many thin sections of blue quartz from different localities in the southeast Atlantic States, and in every case the substance of the quartz was found to be crowded with hairlike inclusions of rutile, which were frequently arranged with more or less crystallographic regularity. On the other hand, quartz of light color or colorless to dark smoky often shows inclusions of rutile needles, with no indication whatever of blue color.
The blue color of the quartz was apparent in thin sections as well as in hand specimens. There is no evidence, however, that the included crystals of rutile observed in the quartz are blue in them- selves, although Dana records among the varieties of color for rutile bluish and violet shades. Of the well-known laboratory tests for titanium, two impart a violet color (1) to the salt of phosphorus bead in the reducing flame when cold and (2) to a hydrochloric acid solution when boiled with metallic tin, but neither compound of titanium (Ti,O, and TiCl,), supposed to produce the color, is known to occur in nature.
1See p. 559 of this paper for amount of manganous oxide (MnO) found by George Steiger in rose quartz from Creede, Colorado, and description of laboratory experiment. 2 A System of Mineralogy, 1892, p. 187.
77403—Proe. N. M. vol. 53
17——36
562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUUH. VOL, 53.
From a chemical and microscopical examination into the cause of the blue color of quartz in Nelson County, Virginia, Robertson! concluded that ‘“‘in view of the color of some of the varieties of titanic oxide, when seen by reflected light, it appears possible that the partial reflection of light by the surfaces of these microscopic crystals occasions the color in question, or the latter may be in a measure due to the interference of light occasioned by these crystals.”
Blue quartz occurs as a constituent of the quartz members of the charnockite rock series of India. On microscopic examination Holland found the blue quartz to be crowded with minute hairlike inclusions, presumably rutile, arranged with crystallographic regu- larity. Concerning the cause of the blue color of the quartz he says: “I conclude that the hairlike inclusions, to which probably the blue color of the quartz is due, are arranged with crystallographic regularitv.’’?
In his studies of the quartz-feldspar porphyry in which are developed phenocrysts of sky-blue opalescent quartz from Llano County, Texas, Iddings* states that the blue color of the quartz “is undoubtedly due to the reflections of blue light waves from the minute colorless prisms, whose width is a fraction of the length of light waves. It is similar to the blue color of the sky. It is prob- able, however, that there is also blue light produced by interference of the light reflected from both sides of the minute tabular crystals whose width is also of the order of a fraction of a light-wave length; so that both kinds of phenomena occur within these quartzes.”’
In the comagmatic area of titanium-bearing rocks of Amherst and Nelson Counties, Virginia, deep blue opalescent quartz both in minute grains and in large masses is an abundant constituent. The blue color of the quartz is pronounced even in thin section, and pressure effects are exhibited chiefly in granulation, fractures, and wavy extinction. The most pronounced microscopic character of
the quartz is the presence of abundant closely crowded, minute ~
hairlike inclusions of rutile, which are distributed rather unevenly through each grain. After a detailed study of the quartz from this area by Watson and Taber,‘ the following conclusion as to color was stated: “It seems probable that the blue color of the quartz char- acterizing the rocks of the Amherst-Nelson Counties area is to be attributed to the multitude of hairlike inclusions as explained by Robertson, Iddings, and Holland.” A different cause of the color of the constantly present blue quartz in the Milford granite of Massachusetts and Rhode Island has been i The Virginias, 1885, vol. 6, pp. 2-3. 2 Memoirs, Geol. Surv. of India, 1900, vol. 28, pt. 2, pp. 138-139.
8 Journ. of Geology, 1901, vol. 12, p. 227. 4 Bull. I1I-A, Virginia Geol. Survey, 1913, pp. 214-215.
KO. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD, 563
has probably produced the blue color.’ They say: “Most of this quartz is blue, and this color appears also in the contact zones and even in the secondary quartz that is found in fragments of schist which are inclosed in the granite and which have been greatly altered by it. The fractured grains of quartz show with polarized light the strongest undulatory extinction, which indicates a state of strain has probably produced the color.’”’ The authors do not mention at this place (p. 46) the occurrence in the quartz of rutile inclusions, but that they do occur is shown in a previous statement, where the contact effect of the Milford granite on schists is described. They say: “These grains are often full of rutile needles, like true granite quartz.” ?
The blue quartz of the Virginia rutile area is generally character- ized macroscopically by fractures and microscopically in thin sections by undulatory extinction, but the senior writer attributes the blue color of the mineral to the behavior of light on the minute rutile inclusions and not to any state of stram. This view is strengthened by the fact that heating does not destroy the blue color of the quartz.
i Bull. 311, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, p. 46. 2Jdem, 1907, p. 32.
GENERIC NAMES APPLIED TO BIRDS DURING THE YEARS 1906 TO 1915, INCLUSIVE, WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO WATERHOUSE’S “INDEX GENERUM AVIUM.”
By CHartes W. RicuMonpD,
Assistant Curator, Division of Birds, United States National Museum.
The present list is the third! one dealing with additions to Water- house’s useful work. The treatment of names is similar to that of the two earlier lists, except that the genotypes have been deter- mined according to the rules of the International Code of Nomen- clature, and derivations of names have been added only when given by the original authors or supplied by them in manuscript. Of the 600 or more names listed in the present paper more than half have been introduced since 1905, a large proportion of these being due to the activities of Mr. Gregory M. Mathews, whose investigations have also brought to hght several overlooked names.
I am greatly indebted to Dr. L. Stejneger for verifying several names abroad, and for comparing two Bonaparte reprints with the scarce originals in the “Ateneo Italiano,’’ which he consulted in Florence. I have also to thank Dr. H. C. Oberholser, who has con- tributed one or more names and assisted me in other ways, and Mr. J. H. Riley, who has called my attention to an overlooked name or two.
Before proceeding to the list of additions I have assembled a series of corrections and other data, arranged categorically, which may prove of use to those who have occasion to consult the ‘ Index’’,
PRINCIPAL ERRORS IN WATERHOUSE’S “INDEX.”’ a. NONAVIAN NAMES LisTED As Brirps.
Calliope “Goutp,’’ 1836 [=1837], is a mammal. Capparis Isrrt, a plant.
Nystactes Kaup, a mammal,
Strychnos “ Breum,”’’ a plant.
Thamnocharis Satvin, a reptile.
1 The earlier papers are entitled “‘ List of generic terms proposed for birds during the years 1890 to 1900, inclusive, to which are added names omitted by Waterhouse in his ‘Index Generum Avium ’” (Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, No. 1267, May 2, 1902, pp. 663-729), and ‘‘ Generic names applied to birds during tk: years 1901 to 1905, inclusive, with further additions to Waterhouse’s ‘Index Generum Avium’” (Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, No. 1656, Dec. 16, 1908, pp. 583-655).
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53—No. 2221. 565
566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 58, es LSU Gn ao Oe a rr
6. Specrric Names Listep as GENERIC ONEs.
Chrysocephalus SWAINSON. Leucoblephara LAFRESNAYE. Tephronotus Hopcson. Xanthogenius BONAPARTE.
c. NONGENERIC OR VERNACULAR NAMES AT THE CITATIONS Given.!
Ara Brisson. Barbacous Cuvier. Bernicla Brisson. Botaurus Brisson. Crica Lesson, 1831 [=1830]. Calendula Brisson. Cilidris Brisson. Cancrophagus [=Cancrofagus] of Brisson. ‘Canutus Brisson. Caracara Cuvier, 1817 [=1816]. Cardinalis Brisson. Cassicus Brisson. Caszenoramphe Dumont, 1817. Coua Cuvier, 1817 [=1816]. Cyuchramus Brisson. Eiscepus Brisson. F-egata Brisson. Farcuria I.ssson. Glaucium Brisson. Gymnorhines [=Gymnorrhines] Branopr, 1843.7 Habia VIEILLor. Hierax Cuvier, 1817 [=1816]. . Hortulanus Brisson. Jabirus Cuvier, 1817 [=1816]. Jacapa Lesson, 1840. Keron Montin.? ‘ Leucomelana [=Leucomelane] Bonaparte. Lorius Brisson. Maia Brisson. Mainatus Brisson. Malcoha Cuvier, 1817 [=1816]. Mariposa VIEILLOT. Czitheles [=Mgithales] Lesson, 1831 (a family name here). Pelasgie GEOFFROY. Phyllopseuste [=Phyllopseustae] ‘‘Mryer u. Worr,’’ 1815. Picazuros Lesson, 1837. Podobes Lesson, 1831. Psittaca Brisson. Psittacula Brisson. Pterorrhines Branprt, 1843. Rubecula Brisson. Rubetra Brisson.
1 A majority of these names have been used generically by later authors.
?It is mentioned by Brandt in 1837 (Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Pétersb., vol. 2, p. 347) as Gymnorhines, undor another group, where also nongeneric. |
* Adopted by Gray, Handlist, vol. 2, 1870, p. 278, as a subgenus of Lagopus
no. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 567
Spreo Lesson, 1831. Tamatia Cuvier, 1798.
Thriothores Lesson, 1840.
Urubitinga Lesson, 1836.
Xanthomelana [=Xanthomelane] BoNAPARTE, 1850.
d. Errors In Sreviine av First CIration IN THE ‘INDEX.!’
Amalsia= Amalasia.
Aulacorhamphus Gray, 1840= Aulacoramphus. Bessonornithos=[ Bessonornis}.
Caicus= Cacicus.
Cancrophagus ‘“‘Brisson’’=Cancrofagus, and not generic. Celeopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Celeopicos.
Cerorhyncha Bonapartf, 1838 [=Lesson, 1831]=Cerorhynca. Chenorhamphus Gray=Chenoramphus.
Chicquera BONAPARTE=Chiquera.
Chlamydoena Bonaparte, ‘1854,’ p. 29=Chlamydena. Chloroktita Kaurp=Chlorokitta.
Chrysopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Chrysopicos.
Coloramphus Lesson, 1839=Caloramphus.
Cordylus BonAPARTE= Cordylis.
Cractiornis Gray=Cracticornis.
Cyanorhamphus BonaPARTE, 1854=Cyanoramphus. Dendropicus MALHERBE, 1849=Dendropicos.
Diphlogzena GouLp, 1854=Diphogena.
Dryopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Dryopicos.
Entomotiera HorsFIe.p, ‘‘1820”= Hntomothere. Erythrura Swarnson, 1837= LHrythura.
Eteoglaux Hopason, 1841=Etoglaux.
Galastes BONAPARTE, 1856=Gelastes.
Gallipicus Bonaparte, 1854=Callipicus.
Geopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Geopicos.
Graphophasianus ReIcHENBACH, ‘‘1852”’ [=1853]=Graphephasianus. Guaruba Lesson, p. 210=Guarouba, but is Guaruba on p. 211. Gymuorhines Branpt, 1843=Gym~norrhines, and nongeueric. Helmintherus Batrnp= Helmitherus.
Hierocoglaux Kaup= Hieracoglaux.
Holodroma SuNDEVALL= Halodroma.
Lamprolophus RreicHENBACH=Lamprolophos.
Leipoda Goutp=Leipoa.
Lepterodias HempricH and EnrenBerc=Lepterodas. Leptorhynchus Swainson=Leptorynchus.
Leptotriccos CaBANIS=Leplotriccus.
Leucodiopteron Bonaparte=Leucodioptron. Leucomelana BonapartE=Leucomelane.
Margaropedrix RricHENBACH, ‘‘1852”’= Margaroperdiz. Megapicus MALHERBE, 1849= Megapicos. Megaquisqualis Casstin= Megaquiscalus.
Megarhynchus THuNBERG= Megarynchus.
Melampicus MALHERBE, 1849= Melampicos.
Mesopicus MALHERBE, 1849= Mesopicos.
Micropicus MALHERBE, 1849= Micropicoe.
Musciphaga Lesson, ‘‘1831’’= Myiophaga.!
Nyctirodius Macariirvray, 1842= Nycterodius.
1 Musciphaga occurs, however, in Lesson, Compl. Buffon, vol. 8, 1837, p. 377.
568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Ochthocea Gray, 1849=Ocththocea.
Gzitheles Lesson, 1831=(githales (is nongeneric and not equivalent to Hgotheles). Opetioptela SUNDEVALL=Opetioptila. Opetiorhynchus TremmMinck, 1820=Opetiorynchos. Pachyrhamphus Gray, 1840=Pachyramphus.' Papusana Bonaparte, 1855=Pampusana. Perenopterus RAFINESQUE, 1815=Percnopterus. Phaiopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Phaiopicos. Pharomacrus DE ta LuAveE=Pharomachrus. Phragmaticola JERDON, ‘‘1844’’[=1845]= Phragamaticola. Phyllopseuste ‘“Mryver u. Woir’’=Phyllopseustae. Platyrhynchus DresmaArgEst, 1805= Platyrinchus. Ploceela Oarss, 1882= Ploceélla.
Pogonorhamphus Des Murs=Pogonoramphus. Polydon Hopason=Polyodon.
Priosinus HomsBron and Jacquinot=Priofinus. Psalidorhamphos Ranzani=Psalidoramphos. Pteroptochus Kirriirz, “1831” [=1830]=Pteroptochos. Pygarrhichus BurmeisTER, 1837=Pygarrhichas. Quiscalus RaFINEsQueE, 1815=Quiscalis. R[hjamphocorys Bonaparte, 1850=Ramphocoris. Rhynchea Cuvipr=Rhynchea.
Rhynchomegas Bonaparte, 1853=Rhyncomegas. Saxicolides ? Lesson, ‘1837’’=Savicoloides.* Selaspherus REICHENBACH, 1855=WSelasopherus. Similonyx SUNDEVALL, 1873=Smilonyz. Sphenorhynchus Wirep=Sphenorynchus.
Stavorinus Bonaparte, 1850=Stavorinius. Steganolema ScraTeR and Satvin=Siegnolema. Stelidopteryx Guiocer, ‘‘1842”’ [=1841]—Stelidopterus. Stomiopera ReiIcHENBACH=Stomioptera. Talantalos RricHENBACH= Jalantatos. Thaumantias Bonaparte, 1850= Thawmatias. Touyon LacsrEDE= Touyou.
Trerolema BONAPARTE, 1855= Trerolema. Tropidoperdix BiytH= Tropicoperdix.
Vireosylvia BonAPARTE, 1838= Vireosylva. Xanorynchus Bonaparte, 1855=Xenorhynchus. Xantholema BonarparTE=X antholema. Xanthomelana BoNAPArRTE, 1850=Xanthomelane. Ypophzena BonAaPparTE= Ypophexa.
Ziphorhynchus Swainson, 1837=Ziphorynchus. Zonaida REICHENBACH=Zenaida.
1 First used by Darwin, Zool. Voyage Beagle, pt. 3 (Birds), No. 9, July, 1839, p.50. He says: “The generic name of Pachyrhynchus Spiz, is changed by Mr. G. R. Gray to Pachyramphus, as the former word is used in entomology.’’ This is a fortunate statement for nomenclature, since the two species men- tioned by Darwin are P. albescens Gould and P. minima Gould, now placed in the genera Suwiriri (formerly Empidagra) and Habrura, respectively. Pachyramphus as a substitute name for Pachyrhynchus Spix, 1825, takes the same type, which is Pachyrhynchus niger Spix, by subsequent designation of Swainson (Zool. Illustr., ser. 2, vol. 1, 1829, text to plate 41). Gray, 1840 (List Genera Birds, p. 31), gives the type as Psaris cuvierii Swainson, but this will have to give way to Swainson’s prior designation. Pachyrhynchus of Spix is a composite, containing species of Pachyramphus, Platypsaris, and Tityra. As an equivalent of Tityra it had been already used by Wagler (in Hahn, Végel Asien, Africa, etc., vol. 2, Lief. 13, pl.6, and text) in 1822, hence is unavailable in the sense of Pachyramphus whether preoccupied in entomology or not.
3 Sazicolides is the spelling used by Gray, 1841.
4 See p. 622.
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No, 2221, LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 569
e. Errors oF STATEMENT.
Callicitta Kaur, 1854, is not equivalent to Callisitta Bonaparte.
Colorhamphus SuNDEVALL, 1872, is not equivalent to ‘‘ Coloramphus, Less.,”’ as stated.
Dolychronyx Lesson, 1834, does not occur; is 1837.
Geochelidon Breum, 1831, does not occur; is Cabanis or Gundlach, 1861.
Grammatorhynchus GouLp, 1854, does not occur; is Bonaparte, 1854.
Helospiza Barrp, 1858, is not a misprint, as inferred, but a subgenus of Melospiza.
Herbivocula SwinHOEk, is not a misprint, as stated, but a subgenus of Herbivoz.
Ligurnus Harr.avus, 1857 [=Bonaparte, 1850]= Linurgus Reichenbach, not Ligurinus Koch.
Lophorynchus SwaInson, 1837, is not equivalent to Lophorhynchus Vieillot, as stated
Myiapeillea BonNAPARTE, 1854, does not occur.
Oceanodroma REICHENBACH, 1849, does not occur; is 1852 (i. e., 1853).
Oriotrochilus RrEIcHENBACH, 1849, does not occur; is Gray, 1869.
Oxyura Bonaparte, 1828, is not equivalent to Oxyurus Swainson.
Poecilopternis Kaur, 1844, does not occur; is Kaup, 1847.
Pteraétus Kaur, 1847, does not occur; is Kaup, 1850.
jf. Nomina Nupa ar First Crrations in “Inpex.’’!
Achantylops BonaAPARTE, 1857. (Acanthylops, Gray, Hand-List, vol. 1, 1869, p. 67.)
Acroleptes ‘“‘Scurrr’’ Bonaparte, 1854. (Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 1861, p. 89.)
Afrotis BonAPaArRTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 109.)
Androglossa Vicors, 1825.
Ardeomega Bonaparte, 1854. (Comptes Rendus, vol. 40, 1855, p. 722.)
Atricilla Bonaparte, 1854. (Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1855, p. 287.)
Belurus BoNAPARTE, 1854. (Rev. Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 152, is earlier, and valid.)
Bernieria Bonaparte, 1854. (Pucheran, Arch. Mus., vol. 7, 1855, p. 369.)
Blythipicus BonAPARTE, 1854. (Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, May, 1854, p. 124, is earlier, and valid.)
Bolborhynchus Bonaparte, March, 1854. (See beyond, p. 580.)
Bubulcus ‘“‘PucnHErAN”’ Bonaparte, 1854. (Comptes Rendus, vol. 40, 1855, p. 722.)
Buccotrogon Kretina, 1852 (=1853). (Reichenbach, Journ. Orn., 1854, p. 149.)
Busarellus LAFRESNAYE, 1839. (Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, sér. 2, vol. 8, No. 20, Sept. 10, 1843, col. 468.)
Buscarla BoNAPARTE, 1853. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 79.)
Callipicus Bonaparte, 1854. (Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, May, 1854, p. 125, is earlier, and valid.)
Callopsaris Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
Camelornis REICHENBACH, 1852 (=1853). (Hypothetical subgenus.)
Capnopicus Bonaparte, 1854. (Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, May, 1854, p. 125, is earlier, and valid.)
1 Exclusive of those of Rafinesque, “ Analyse,’’ 1815 (listed in Auk, 1909, pp. 52-55); Leach, 1816; Hodg- son (in Gray’s Zoological Miscellany, 1844), and a few others. Names from Bonaparte’s ‘‘Conspectus Systematis Ornithologie,” published in Annales Sci. Nat. (Zoologie), sér. 4, vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 3, 1854, pp. 105-152, are included, as some of them were first published elsewhere, and nearly all of the others are nomina nuda. The Nos. 2 and 3 of the “Annales” were received by the Paris Academy of Sciences on May 15 and June 26, 1854 rrespectively. The dates of receipt of the successive numbers for several years indi- eates that they were far behind their ostensible dates of publication. On this point a statementin the Nat. Hist. Review, vol. 3, 1856, ‘‘ Notices,”’ p. 22 (note) is ofinterest: ‘‘These Annals appear usually about half a year after the nominal date on title-page; which must be borne in mind in any question that may arise as to priority.”
Completeness is not claimed for this list, but it is sufficiently full to be worthy of insertion here. The supposed earliest date of validity of many of the names is added.
570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEU4. VOL. 53.
Ceratozymna Bonaparte, 1854. (Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, August, 1854, p. 312, is valid.)
Chalcurus BoNAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 103.)
Charidhylas Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 52.)
Cheniscus ‘‘Brooxs’ Mss.”’ STEPHENS, 1826.
Chlamidochen Bonaparre, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 122, in synonymy.)
Choriotis Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 109.)
Cinclops BONAPARTE, 1854.
Clymenius Kaup, 1829. (Hypothetical genus.)
Collurisoma Swarnson, 1831 (1832). (Lapsus for Colluricincla?)
Cora ‘“‘Rercu.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Cordylus [=Cordylis] Bonaparte, 1849 (1850).
Coturnicops BonaraRrre, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 120.)
Creagrus BoNnaparTE, 1854. (Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 213.)
Criniger TeEMMINCK, 1820.
Cyanopogon ‘‘ReicuH.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Dasornis OwENn, 1869. (Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 7, pt. 2, 1870, p. 145.)
Delphinella ‘‘ReicH.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Derbyomiya BonapaRrTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 142, where Derbyo- myia. )
Dromornis OwEN, 1872. (Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1873, p. 381.)
Elisa ‘‘Reicu.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Exetastus BoNAPARTE, 1854. (Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 2, 1860, p. 83, where Hvxetastes.)
Galachrysia BoNAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 111.)
Gallinulopha Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 121, in synonymy.)
Garrulina Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 148.)
Gorsakius Bonaparte, 1854.2. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 114, where Goisakius.)
Granativora Bonaparte, 1853. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 79.)
Gymnopithys ‘‘Scnrrr’”’ BONAPARTE, 1854.3
Hoplopterus BoNApPaARrTE, 1831 (1832). (Gray List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 84.)
Houbara BonaParTE, 1831 (1832). (Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 83.)
Hydrozetetes ‘‘Scuirr’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Hylocharis MULiEr, 1835 (1836).
Hylocharis BoNAParRTE, 1854.
Hylophila MULLER, 1835 (1836).
Hyloterpe CaBANIS, 1847.
Ichthiyaetus LAFRESNAYE, 1839.4
Iliolopha BonaparTE, 1854. (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 278.)
Kaupornis BONAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
1A diagnosis is given, but no species is assigned to the genus, so the name is unidentifiable at this point. Criniger next appears on the cover of livraison 15 of the Planches Colori¢es, 1821, in explanation of plate 88 ( Criniger barbatus Temminck). Trichophorus occurs in the text to the same plate, issued with livraison 21, published in April, 1822. The name Criniger is therefore citable from livraison 15, October, 1821, while Trichophorus dates from livraison 21, April, 1822. The date for Trichophorus cited by H. C. Oberholser (Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Quarterly Issue, vol. 48, pt. 2, 1905, p. 150) is erroneous, owing to his having overlooked the fact that the text for the first 20 livraisons was issued with the twenty-first one.
2 If Bonaparte’s Conspectus, vol. 2, p. 138, is accepted from 1854, the genus will stand as Gorsachius.
3 Gymnopithys is available from Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 2, 1857, p. 35, where used for **Gymnopithys pectoralis, Schiff, ex Lath.’ (= Turdus pectoralis Latham].
4 Lesson (Echo du Monde Savant, sér. 2, vol. 8, No. 1, Jan. 5, 1843, col. 14) says “ Icthyaétus’”’ Lafresnaye is a “nom usité en 1829 par Kaup.” For this reason he renamed it Jcthyophaga, with “ Icthyiophaga”’ javana Lesson (new name for Falco ichthyxtus Horsfield) as the only species. In the same year Lafresnaye (Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., vol. 2, 1843, p. 432) validated the name, as “‘ Jchthyetus,” with I. jokowuru Lafresnaye (new name for Falco ichthyztus Horsfield) as the type. Jcthyophaga Lesson, 1843, should replace Poliaétus (or Polioaétus) Kaup, 1847 (see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 1903, p. 492).
no. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 571
Laterallus BonAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 120.)
Licornis BonApARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 121.)
Luciania ‘‘ Reicu.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Megabias ‘‘ VerREAUX’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Melopyrrha Bonaparte, 1853. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 82.)
Mosqueria ‘‘Reicn.’’ BoNAPARTE, 1854.
Myiocapta ‘‘Scurrr”’ BONAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
Myiodynastes Bonaparte, 1854. (Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 2, 1857, p. 35.)
Myiozeta ‘“‘Scuirr”’ Bonaparte, 1854. (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 46, as Myiozetetes.)
Naburupus Bonaparre, May, 1854.!
Neornis Hartiaus, 1846. (Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 3, 1849, App., p. 17.)
Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte, 1854. (Rivista Contemp., vol. 9, 1857, p. 215.)
Nyctiprogne Bonaparre, 1854. (Rivista Contemp., vol. 9, 1857, p. 215.)
Onychospina BonaprarreE, 1853. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 79.)
Orbignesius BoNAPARTE, 1855.?
Oritiscus Bonaparre, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 144.)
Orosterops Bonaparte, 1854. (Valid as Oreosterops, Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, vol. 38, February, 1854, p. 264.)
Pipromorpha ‘‘Scuirr’”’ BonaParTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
Platypsaris Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146? or Sclater, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 72.)
Primolius Bonaparte, [March,] 1857. (Bonaparte, April, 1857.)
Ptenornis SEELEY, 1866.
Pteroclurus Bonaparte, 1854. (Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, vol. 42, 1856, p. 880.)
Ptilosclera BoNAPARTE, March, 1857. (See beyond, p. 619.)
Rabdoglaux Bonaparte, 1854. (Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. Zool., sér. 2, vol. 6, for October, 1854, p. 543, where Rhabdoglauz.)
Ramphiculus Bonaparte, 1854. (Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, vol. 39, November, 1854, p. 878.)
Sayornis Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
Sericoptila ‘‘Scuirr’’ Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 145.)
Spizastur Lesson, 1839. (Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 3.)
Stiltia Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 111.)
Stokoesiella “‘ Reicu.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Struthionanax ReicHENBACH, 1852 (1853). (Hypothetical subgenus.)
Struthiopappus RetcHENBACcH, 1852 (1853). (Hypothetical subgenus.)
Syrichta Bonaparte, 1854.3
Thaumasioptera ‘‘Scuirr’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Urubitinga Lesson, 1839. (Lafresnaye, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., vol. 2, 1843, p. 786.)
Ypophzena [=Ypophza] Bonaparre, 1854. (Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 1861, p. 91.)
Ypophaia Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Hand-List, vol. 2, 1870, p. 78, equivalent to Ypophexa.)
1 This is really an emendation of Nabouroupus Bonaparte (Notes Coll. Delattre, April, 1854, p. 8).
* Bonaparte does not seem to have reverted to this name again, but Gray (Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 147) mentioned it, coupled with the specific name “typus.’’ Possibly it is equivalent to the genus Cusi- ornis “ Bonap.” Des Murs, 1855 (type, C. typus “Bonap.’’ Des Murs), a member of the Cotingidae.
5 Syrichta (under the spelling “Syrichtha’’) is used by Bonaparte in Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 2, 1857, p. 36, for “Syrichtha curtipes, Bp.ex Sw.’’ [= Tyrannulacurtipes Swainson]. (Refer also to Berlepsch, Novit. Zool., vol. 15, 1908, pp. 128, 129.)
572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
VOL. 53.
NAMES CITABLE FROM LINNAEUS, SYSTEMA NATURAE, ED. 10, VOL. J, 1758, BUT QUOTED FROM LATER DATES IN THE “INDEX.”
Alauda, p. 165. Alca, p. 130. Alcedo, p. 115. Anas, p. 122.
Ardea, p. 141. Buceros, p. 104. Caprimulgus, p. 193. Certhia, p. 118. Charadrius, p. 150. Columba, p. 162.
Colymbus, p. 135 (Columbus on p. 84).
Coracias, p. 107. Corvus, p. 105. Crax, p. 157. Crotophaga, p. 105. Cuculus, p. 110. Diomedea, p. 132. Emberiza, p. 176. Falco, p. 88. Fringilla, p. 179. Fulica, p. 152. Gracula, p. 108. Hematopus, p. 152. Hirundo, p. 191. Jynx, p. 112. Lanius, p. 93. Larus, p. 136. Loxia, p. 171. Meleagris, p. 156. Mergus, p. 129. Merops, p. 117. Motacilla, p. 184.
NAMES CITABLE FROM LINNAEUS, MUSEUM ADOLPHI FRIDERICI, II, 1764.}
Numida, p. 27. Pipra, p. 32.
| Mycteria, p. 140. Otis, p. 154. Paradisza, p. 110 (Paradisea on p. 83). Parus, p. 189.
Pavo, p. 156. Pelecanus, p. 132. Phaéthon, p. 134. Phasianus, p. 158. Phoenicopterus, p. 139. Picus, p. 112. Platalea, p. 139. Procellaria, p. 131. Psittacus, p. 96. Psophia, p. 154. Rallus, p. 153. Ramphastos, p. 103. Recurvirostra, p. 151. Rynchops, p. 138 (Rhyncops on p. 84). Scolopax, p. 145. Sitta, p. 115.
Sterna, p. 137.
Strix, p. 92.
Struthio, p. 155. Sturnus, p. 167. Tantalus, p. 140. Tetrao, p. 159. Tringa, p. 148. Trochilus, p. 119. Turdus, p. 168. Upupa, p. 117.
| Vultur, p. 86.
Tanagra, p. 30.
NAMES CITABLE FROM LINNAEUS, SYSTEMA NATURAE, ED. 12, VOL. 1
Ampelis, p. 297.
Buphaga, p. 154 (= Buphagus Brisson,
1760). Cancroma, p. 233. Didus, p. 267.
1766.)
| Oriolus, p. 160.
| Ornitholithus (vol. 3, 1768, p. 157). | Palamedea, p. 232.
| Parra, p. 259.
| Plotus, p. 218.”
1 Listed here to complete the chronology of Linnaean bird genera. *Bucco, Muscicapa, Todus, and Trogon were adopted by Linnaeus in 1766, but date from Brisson, 1760-
—— oe ee
Oe ree a, ae
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no. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 573
NAMES FROM THE ATENEO ITALIANO,' VOL. 2, NO. 8, MAY,? 1854, PP. 116-129.
(Bonaparte’s ‘‘Conspectus VoLtucrum Zy@opactyLoruM.’’S)
Apalharpactes, p. 129. | Pardipicus, p. 124. Blythipicus, p. 124. Phrenopicus, p. 123. Brachygalba, p. 129. Pilumnus, p. 123. Callipicus, p. 125. Piperivorus, p. 119.* Capnopicus, p. 125. Pipripicus, p. 123.
Cerchneipicus, p. 123. | Pituipicus, p. 126. Chotorea, p. 127. | Pyrosterna, p. 119. Curucujus, p. 129. | Pyrotrogon, p. 129. Cyanops, p. 127. | Ramphomelus, p. 119.4 Duvaucelius, p. 129. Ramphoxanthus, p. 119.* Dyctiopicus, p. 123. Reinwardtipicus, p. 122. Eleopicus, p. 125. Temnotrogon, p. 129. Hypopicus, p. 125. Trichopicus, p. 123. Hypoxanthus, p. 126. Trogonurus, p. 129. Leiopicus, p. 123. Tucaius, p. 119. Lichtensteinipicus, p. 122. | Urogalba, p. 129. Malherbipicus, p. 126. | Veniliornis, p. 125. Mulleripicus, p. 122. Xantholoema, p. 127. Nicoclarius, p. 121. | Xiphidiopicus, p. 126. Oreskios, p. 129. | Yungipicus, p. 123.
NAMES FROM THE ATENEO ITALIANO, VOL. 2, NO. 11, AUGUST,® 1854, PP, 311-321; NO. 12, SEPTEMBER, 1854, PP. 377-382.
(BonaPaRTE’s ‘“‘Conspectus VoLUcCRUM ANISODACTYLORUM.’’)
Aulea, p. 314. | Heteropelma, p. 314. Ceratogymna, p. 312. Hicura, p. 315. Ceratopipra, p. 316. Homraius, p. 312. Cercopheena, p. 315. Tridipitta, p. 317. Chiroprion, p. 315. Lepidothrix, p. 316. Coraciura, p. 317. | Macheropterus, p. 316.
Corapipo, p. 316. | Melanopitta, p. 317. Corapitta, p. 317. | Porphyrolema, p. 315. Cyanalcyon, p. 319. | Rhabdocolius, p. 313.
Dacryophorus, p. 321]. | Schiffornis, p. 314. Dasyncetopa, p. 316. | Streptoceryle, p. 320. Erythropitta, p. 317. | Urica, p. 318.
Gigantipitta, p. 316. | Heematoderus, p. 314.
Urocolius, p. 313.
1 These names, although in common use, have been cited almost invariably from the author’s repaged separates. They are introduced here to enable writers to quote the original pagination.
2 Received by the Paris Academy of Sciences on or before June 5, 1854. |
8 The author’s edition of this paper does not correspond, page for page, with the original, and there are some additions and omissions of specific names under certain genera.
4 Valid from Bonaparte, Notes Orn. Coll, Delattre, April, 1854, p. 84 (note).
5 Received by the Paris Academy of Sciences on or before Aug. 28, 1854. The ostensible date of publica- tion of the Ateneo was the 15th of each month.
574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53,
CORRECTIONS TO THE FIRST “SUPPLEMENT”.
Arinia, p. 668. Should be Arena.!
Aspatha, p. 669. Vol. 18 should read 17.
Brachycope, p. 670. The type is Ploceus anomalus Reichenow, 1887.
Calvifrons, p. 671. This is a nomen nudum.
Erythrocnus, p. 682. Should be Erythocnus.
Meianocarbo, p. 694. Title requires correction to Bijdragen tot de Taal-Land-en Volkenkunde van Ned.-Indié (4), vol. 7, 1883, p. 119. (Melanocarbo is a sub- genus of Carbo.)
Paleocolymbus, p. 702. Originally misprinted Palxocolyntus.
Philomela, p. 706. The author is Link, not Linck.
Phorusrhacos, p. 706. Title should read Enum. Sist., ete.
Porphyreicephalus, p. 708. Should be Porphyreocephalus, with the title Vogelbilder aus fernen Zonen, Lief. 6, 1880, text to plate 16.
Ptilocorys, p. 711. Title should read Magyarorszig Madarai, Fuz. 2.
CORRECTIONS TO THE SECOND “SUPPLEMENT”.
Aquilaster, p. 590. Should be Aquilastur.
Asturaétos, p. 592. Author is A. E. Brehm.
Myiornis, p. 623. Is not a subgenus of Luscarthmus, as stated. Neospiza, p. 625. Family is Ploceidz, not Fringillide. Stipituropsis, p. 643. Nota subgenus, as stated.
Tapera, p. 644. See beyond, p. 6235.
Xylocota, p. 648. See beyond, p. 629.
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES.
Fossil genera, as in earlier lists, are distinguished by a ft.
Acanthinotus Swarnson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 2, 1831 [—February, 1832], p. 483. Type, equivalent to Ozynotus? Swainson ................--- [Campephagidae.} (See Coquus.) Achantylops Bonaparte, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February, 1857, p. 212 (p. 6 of reprint); Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451. Type, not mentioned;? a nomen nudum here. .............-.-- [ Micropodidae.\ Acomus REICHENBACH, Synopsis Avium, No. 3, February, 1848, [p. 5]. Type, Phosianus purpureus Gray and P. erythrophthalmus RAFFLES. (Two alleged species=monotypy.)..............--0eeeeeeeece- [Phasianiede: (Subgenus of Nycthemerus.) Acrorchilus Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71. Type, Synallaris erythrops SCEATER! 2/2 0 ecko - 2b Sb ae [Furnariidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) “Axpos, pointed; dpxtdos, @ wren. (Ridgway.)
1 The title of the paper is ‘‘ Description d’une espace nouvelle de Trochilidé par E. Mulsant.—Présentée 4 la Société Linnéenne de Lyon le 12 octobre 1877.”’ It is reprinted in Mulsant and Verreaux, Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouches, vol. 4, livr. 3, 1878, pp. 193-196.
3 “We originally proposed the name Acenthinotus for this genus, but the word has been already employed in Entomology.” ‘The first mention of the name appears to be on p. 168, with the spelling Acanthonotus, but it is a nomen nudum there.
$ Throuzh oversight no species was included in this genus, but Gray (Hand-List, vol. 1, 1869, p. 67) adopts “ ACANTHYLOPS, Bp. 1857” for Hemiprocne fumigata (Natterer, MS.) Streubel, and Cypselus senex Temminck. (See also Pallenia.)
xo. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 575
Aédonops L. Brexum, in Baedeker, Eier der Europaeischen Voegel, Lief. 3, [1855-1858, ] text to pl. 19, fig. 19. Type, ‘‘Lusciniopsis fluviatilis Bp.’’ [=Sylvia fluviatilis WoLr]....- [Sylviidae.] (Present designation.') Aédonopsis*? (BreHm) Rey, Synon. Eur. Brutvégel und Giste, 1872, p. 164. PPBCNGALION ‘OF ACGONO RE Tac ETCOEl oo Jans epic tae cidelc eens seenease as [Sylviidae.} Aenopogon “Agass.’’3 Firzincer, Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Wien], vol. 46, 1 Abth., 1863, p. 196. Type, Allotrius enobarbus TEMMINCK.............0.--20---e0ccece [Laniidae.]} (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Pterwthius Swainson.) Aerodramus OseERHOLSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, July 26, 1906, p. 182. my pe; ‘Collocalia innominaia. Hume. 23)... j.2ie sce oe no ecee cone [ Micro podidae.] (Original designation.) (Subgenus of Collocalia Gray.) ’Anp, aer; dpauetv, cursare. (Oberholser.) Aétos Nirzscu, Pterylographiae Avium, Pars Prior, 1833, p. 21.
Type, “‘Aquilas et Buteones auctorum continentes’’....... ..[Buteonidae.]} Afribyx MatHEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 41. Me eP anelius VALenGlts A. SMITHS <2.0- 52 = oceans pes tc ceepeee { Charadriidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.) Africa+iBvé (ifs, the ibis). (Mathews, MS.) Afroxyechus MarHews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 124. ee RONAANUUS CCOLLOTIS VIEILLOT 22 rare s'-yare1inieratere hale ciaicisiecence { Charadriidae.] (Original designation.) Africa+Oxyechus (d¢bnxos, sharp, shrilly sounding). (Mathews, MS.) Agreocantor MayNnarp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 248. eyes SULPICOLe KITLIANGIt DAIRD . 08> = =o o/c disie's wee wine waeie aes { Mniotiltidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
(jAlabamornis* ABEL, Centralbl. fir Min., Aug. 1, 1906, pp. 456, 458. Type, Alabamornis gigantea ABEL.}
Alcella Stone, Auk, vol. 24, April, 1907, pp. 197, 198. ibype, Alcea ygmaed GMELIN 2220 oo) abe vaccine ene vee rac alo daets { Alcidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Simorhynchus Merrem.) Alea, auk;+ella diminutive. (Stone.)
Alcyon ° Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 3, July, 1830, p. 240. aipe. A lcedo' GicyOn LINNARUS: 24 <3 Jcls'< 2's o's)c ide ein Oeee eevee [Alcedinidae. } (Tautonymy.) Aline “ Reic#.’’ Bonaparte, Annales Sci. Nat. (Zool.), sér. 4, vol. 1, 1854, p. 137. Type, not mentioned; ® a nomen nudum here.......-.----..--- [ Trochilidae.]
1 Lusciniola savit Bonaparte is also mentioned.
3 This preoccupies Aedonopsis Sharpe, 1883, which I now rename T'ychaédon (rixn, a chance, luck +Aédon, an5av, nightingale), type, Cossypha signata Sundevall.
3 Aenopogon islisted by Agassiz, Index, 1846, p. 9, as a substitute for A enobarbus ‘‘Temm.,” Agassiz, 1842, but both names are nomina nuda. Gray (Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 54) cites both terms as synonyms of Allotrius Boie, and Fitzinger adopts Aenopogon, as above.
4 Proves to be a Zeuglodon.
5 The genus Alcyon of Lesson embraced all of the kingfishers known to him, but of his eight “sous-genre,’’ none is named Alcyon. Alcedo alcyon Linnaeus, in the second subgenus (p. 242), is the type, by taut- onymy. Several authors have cited a genus Alcyon of Spix, quoting plate 57, fig. 2, of his Avium Species Novae as “Alcyon tridactyla,’’ but the bird there represented is called Galbula tridactyla in the copy seen by me.
6 See also Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 142, where listed as a doubtful synomym of Engyete Reichenbach.
576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
Alisteranus Matuews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 433. Type, Amadifia tincia GouLp . . 2.2.2 22 ashe nse See eee ee [Ploceidae. | (Original designation.) For Alister William Mathews, 1907— (Mathews, MS.) Alisterornis MarHEews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 111. Type, Pachycephala lanioides buchanani MaTHEWS......-........[ Muscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) : For Alister William Mathews, 1907- (Mathews, MS.) Alisterus MatHEews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 1, June 17, 1911, p. 13. Type; Psitiacus cyanopygquis VIEmLor...... 27... 2-22 cose see { Cacatoidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) For Alister William Mathews, 1907- (Mathews, MS.) Alophus MaLHERBE, Monogr. Picidées, vol. 1, 1861 [=1860], p. 47. Type, Picus, gutturalis VALENCIENNES |. 2.5.2505.< 25+ cecenne «eee [Picidae. |
(Present designation.) (Section of Dryopicos Malherbe.)
Alphachlamydera Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112. Type, Chlamydera cerviniventris GOULD. ...-...----------- | Ptilonorhynchidae.] (Original designation.) "Adoa, first-+ Chlamydera (xraubs (xdapuvi-), mantle; dépn, neck). (Mathews, MS.) Alphacincla MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 110. Type, Collurieincla woodwardt HARTERT........------------<:--- [Prionopidae.]} (Original designation.) “Aroa, first; xiy«Aos, a kind of bird. (Mathews, MS.) Alphagygis Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 110. Substitute name for Gygis Wagler, 1832 (preoccupied by Gyges ae de St. Vin- Gent, A829). wein.s ahr od netes eee ees Scie cei ese eee [Laridae.] "Adoa., GPS tas (vbvns, a fabulous bird). (Mathews, MS.) Alphapuffinus Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 110. Type, Puffinus assimilis GOULD. ...-. sein cine sas tees aos ae eee [Paffinidae.| (Original designation.) “Adoa, first+Puffinus. (Mathews, MS.) Alphaturnia Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112. ype, Hemipodiie velox. GOULD. - 8.2 ao. cl oe ee See [ Turnicidae.| (Original designation and monotypy.) "Aroa, first-+ Turnix (contraction of coturniz, a quail). (Mathews, MS.) Amazilina EupEs-DEstonecHAmMps, Annuaire Musée Hist. Nat. Caen, vol. 1, ‘‘An- née 1880,’’ pp. 391, 405. Tyne, Lrochtlus fuscicaudaia FRASER. 0. oc) cesne ons owe scceeaea [ Trochilidae. | (Monotypy.) (A section of Amazilis.) Amimeta Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 63. New name for Mimeta Vigors and Horsfield, 1827 (not Afimetes Eschscholtz, 1818). [Oriolidae.} "A, without+ Mimeta (utunrjs. an imitator). (Mathews, MS.)
1 There are three crestless Asiatic species in the second section of Malherbe’s genus Dryopicos, Picus gutturalis Valenciennes, P. fulvuus Quoy and Gaimard, and P. funebris Valenciennes. The first may be regarded as the type, making Alophus asynonym of Mulleripicus Bonaparte, 1854. It is also preoccupied by Alophus Schénherr, 1826.
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 577%
Amirafra Branca, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 25, No. 1-2, Jan- uary, 1907, p. 12. pe Mirai COUOrIE, DETAR BE petits aja jeisiaie a/cieidiviaieis pins sim ninja [Alaudidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Mirajfra.) Amoropsittaca RicumMonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p. 183. eypes Arana aymare 1) ORBIGNY an ./ansin aslcisia's'o =[biele'a 3,022 siawsie oe [ Psitlacidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) *Auopos, unlucky; yirraxn, a parrot.
Ampeleia REICHENOW, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 61, Heft 3, July, 1913, p. 555.
Type, Ampelis cinctus! TscHupi (=Colinga tschudit GrayY)..-.-.- { Cotingidae.] (Monotypy.)
yAmphiserpentarius Gam.arp, Annales Univ. Lyon, nouv. sér., vol. 1, Sciences, Médecine, fasc. 23, 1908, p. 44.
Type, Amphiserpentarius schlosseri GAILLARD........-.++-+20+- [Sagittariidae.?] (Monotypy.)
Anabatoides Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Ois., vol. 3, [1853], pp. 144, 145, fig. 148.
Type, ‘‘Anabatoides fuscus, Vir1tLot” [=Sitta fusca VIEILLOT}. ..[Furnariidae.]} (Present? * designation.)
Angroyan ‘‘Temminck”’ Int1cer, Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Phys. K1.), 1812-13, 1816, p. 231; MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, page:
FEU De. Orie CHINO PLT, LATHAM (53 oro. nae sinie 210,050 gawisiges sein en(e,ss 4 [Artamidae.} (Monotypy.) (See also Pseudartamus Mathews, 1912.)
Anomalopterus ‘“‘Schiff.?’? Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 50.
Cited as asynonym of Mionectes CABANIS, 1844.............-.. [ Tyrannidae.} Anousella MaTHEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, p. 412. Type, Anous leucocapillus GoULD=A. minutus BOIE......-.-------. [Laridae.]}
(Original designation.) Anous (avovs, foolish)+ella. (Mathews, MS.) Anteliotringa MaTHEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 274. Type, Totanus tenuirostris HORSFIELD..........---2+-+-+2-20-00- [Scolopacidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) ’Avrjdwos, eastern+ Tringa (rptyvas, a kind of bird). (Mathews, MS.) Antiurus Rineway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 98. Type, Stenopsis maculicaudus LAWRENCE.....--..-----+-000- [Caprimulgidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) “Avruos, different; ovpa, tail. (Ridgway.) Anurophasis VAN Oort, Notes Leyden Museum, vol. 32, No. 4, Dec. 30, 1910, p. 211. Type, Anurophasis monorthonyx VAN OorT..........-.------- [Phasianidue?*] (Monotypy.)
1A mpelis cinctus Tschudi, 1843, is preoccupied by Ampelis cincta Kuhl, 1820.
2 See note under Sagi/tarius.
8 Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 30, quotes Anabajoides as a synonym of Anabazenops Lafresnaye, the type of which he gives as Sitfa fusea Vicillot. This is the first (and figured) species mentioned by Des Murs under Anabatoides.
4“ Nov. gen. Gallidarum.”
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17-——37
578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Apterornis Se_ys-LoneccHamps, Revue Zool., vol. 11, for October, 1848, p. 293. Type, Apterornis:solitarius SELYS. «00.0 020c0sccpaencwanesas tame [Raphidae?} (Subsequent designation, Gray, 1855.)
Ardeotis ‘‘Is. Geoffroy’? Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 1853, p. 340. Type, Otis arabs ‘‘Gmelin” [=Linnaeus, 1758] ..........--...-...- [Otididae.} (Monotypy.) ‘* Héron (Ardea) et |’Outarde (Otis).’’ (Le Maout.)
Arfakornis MaTHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 61. Substitute name for Microlestes MEYER, 1884 (preoccupied). Type, Microlestes arfakianus MEYER............--.2.---2--00- [ Muscicapidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Arfak (mountains, New Guinea)+épms, a bird. (Mathews, MS.)
Argala T. Brown, Zoologist’s Text-Book, vol. 1, 1832,' p. 252, pl. 62, fig. 1. Type, Argala gigantea Brown [=Ardea gigantea ForstTER, 1795?]..[ Ciconiidae.]} (Monotypy.)
Ariadne? A. Newron, Ibis, vol. 3, No. 9, January, 1867, p. 128. Substitute for Ariana Mulsant and Verreaux...............----- [ Trochilidae. |
Ashbyia Norta, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, vol. 22, pt. 3, March, 1911, p. 211; MatuHews, Emu, vol. 12, 1913, pl. E. ‘Lype, ue phihianura lovensts ASHBY. icc cs «cise «cecilia sae sanuies sxeseee [ Turdidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Edwin Ashby. (North.)
Atalolestris Matnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, p. 500. Type, Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILLOT. ........-22--+2--20-- [Stercorariidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Stercorarius.) *Aranés, delicate-+ Lestris (Anerpis, piratical.) (Mathews, MS.)
Aurepthianura MatHews, Emu, vol. 12, pt. 3, Jan. 1, 1913, p. 205. Type, Eptiianura aurifjrons GOULD! ..2- 02252 -0.0.n2 52 secre ees eee [ Turdidae. (Subsequent designation, Mathews, 1913.) Aureus, golden+ Epthianura (ép0és, dressed; ovp4, tail). (Mathews, MS.)
Austranthus Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 7, Jan. 28, 1915, p. 123. Type, Anthus australis. VIEILOT 2) jc55c,0% «5:00 0cis's ma ee samen eee { Motacillidae. (Original designation and monotypy.) Australis, southern+ Anthus (av90s, asmall bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Austrartamus MaTHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 114. Type; Artemis melanops GOULD 25 sac 32 cichewek neces seek see [Artamidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Australis, sowthern+ Artamus (aprayos, a butcher). (Mathews, MS.)
Austrodiceum MaTHEws, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60. Type, Motacilia hirundimacea (SHAW. .u..< 2 «</ss0 5.020 sce see eee [ Dicaerdae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Australis, southern+Dicxum (dixaov, a very small “‘bird” of India). (Mathews, MS.)
1 There is anothar issue, dated 1833, but the text appears to be identical with the above. 3 Newton writes “Ariana [qu. Ariadne?].” -
no. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 579
Austropitta MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 62. New name for Coloburis CABANIS and HEINE, 1860 (not Colobura BILLBERG, 1830; nor Coloburus, DUMERTH,. 1855) Gio Sie Se oes Se sle lene ce wes [Pittidae. }
Type, Pitta strepitans TEMMINcK=P. versicolor SWAINSON. (Original designation and monotypy.) Australis, southern+ Pitta. (Mathews, MS.)
Austrotis MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 1, Aug. 2, 1913, p. 12. WAG C08 CUSIT IDS GRERN oe cece ots te akan iam stein apie siete a aie el [Otididae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) Australis, southern+Olis (aris, bustard). (Mathews, MS.)
Austroturnix Matnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 195. ype; Hemzpodius castanotis:; GOULD... << ci0 0 c0.0045cec cin siniee vic cietd [ Turnicidae. } (Original designation.) Australis, southern+ Turniz. (Mathews, MS.)
Azuria MaynarpD, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 238. FEY PeCe SYLUIG TATAIWAILSON Soe oe oot Pee ere aR aes [ Mniotiltidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Balanosphyra Rineway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 24, Feb. 24, 1911, p. 34. IEVEIC. EL ICUS) J OFMICLVONILS, OW AINSON ao cie.s.0.0,0 010 s\0(6 0 Sm 6..)main we o0 sinc nice [Picidae.} (Original designation.) Baédavos, an acorn; cdipa,ahammer. (Ridgway.)
Bannermania Maruews and IreEpALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 3, No. 3, July, 1915, p. 578. ype, ee rocellania HOTMDYL GRAY. con 5 wesiss cesisna ts cceccss Sess: [Procellariidac.}
(Monotypy.) For David Armitage Bannerman, 1886- (Mathews, MS.)
Bauharnaisius' Bonaparte, Conspectus Gen. Avium,? vol. 1, 1850, p. 95. Type, Pteroglossus ulocomus GouLp=P. beauharnaesii WacieR.{Ramphastidae.} (Monotypy and tautonymy.)
Belchera Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 109. ype, Petros rosea GOULD ..coon 5 secant es se toe ee ere eee [ Muscicapidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) For Charles F. Belcher, 1876- (Mathews, MS.)
Blythoscopus GIEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., vol. 3, 1877, pp. 415, 789. Lapsus for Phylloscopus: Bois: 3s. dsc: (sete bese Sise's elaincicts dc «a'shonis [Sylviidac.}
Boanerges THayYer and Banas, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 40, No. 4, August, 1912, p. 199, pl. 6. Type, Boanerges internigrans THAYER and BANGS................-- [ Corvidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
1 Beauharnaisius in one edition.
2 There are two editions of volume 1 of the “Conspectus,” differing slightly in the size of type, and easily distinguished by the numerous misprints in one of them. In what I assume to be the first edition the genus Milvus (p. 21) is printed Mllvus; Beauharnaisius (p. 95) is Bauharnaisius; Hapalocercus (p. 185) is Hepalocercus; Herpsilochmus (p. 199) is Herpsiloehmus; Fregilus (p. 388) is Fregilius, ete. The method of publication of this work is not very clear. The first part was issued as ‘‘Sectio prima” in 1850, and was received by the Paris Academy on or before June 24,1850. It is noted as “Sect. I.” in the Intellige nz Blatt of Serapeum, for June 30, 1850. The second part of the volume was presented at the meeting of the Paris Academy on Feb. 3,1851. There is some uncertainty as to where the first part ends, prob- ably with page 272, but I am unable to make certain at this time. The final title-page for volume 1 was not issued until after Bonaparte’s death, in 1857, and is commonly found pasted to the temporary one in bound copies.
580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Bolborhynchus BoNnapParTE, Remarques Observ. Blanchard Psittacides,' April, 1857, p. 6. Type, Myiopsitta catharina BONAPARTE ?.........-.-.-------------LPsittacidae.]
(Subsequent designation.*)
Bolbospiza ReEIcHENOow, Die Vogel, vol. 2, 1914, p. 416. Substitute name for “ Nesospiza’’?* SALVADORI...... SoMaen See eee [ Ploceidae.]}
Bostrychia ‘‘Reich. (1845?)”” > Gray, Genera Birds, vol. 3, 1849 [April, 1847], pp. 565, 566. Type, [bis carunculata RUpreiiin. 2.0). 222 54st seeeeae [ Threskiornithidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
{Botauroides SHuretpt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. 19, February, 1915, p. 33. Type, Botauroides porvus SHUFELDT......2./<sacedns sees see eee [ Ardcidae.] (Monotypy.) Botaurus+Gr. eisos, resemblance. (Shufeldt.)
Bowyeria MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 114. Type, Collyriocincla bowert RAMSAY.........-----2--+-----------L[Prionopidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Thomas Henry Bowyer-Boyer, 1862-1886. (Mathews, MS.)
Broadbentia MatrHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60. Type, Ptilotis flava addenda MATHEWS..........--------------- [ Seliphagidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Kendall Broadbent, 1837-1911. (Mathews, MS.)
Buteaétos J. F. NauMANN, Naumannia, vol. 3, 1853, p. 116 (nomen nudum); H. F. Moeschler, p. 296.
Type, putes: leucurus NAUMANNG secs ss. vasie.cn ccs o =a Se mieicnen ee [Buteonidae.]} (Monotypy.)
Cactospiza Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, No. 1116, Mar. 15, 1897, p. 546.
Type, Cactornis pallida ScLATER and SALVIN........-2+---+--++- [Fringillidae.}
(Original designation.) (Subgenus of Camarhynchus.)
Caeruleocantor MAYNARD, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 236. Type, Motacilla cxrulescens GMELIN.........--.-2----2++------- { Mnictiltidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Caleya Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 59. Type, Collurcincla rufogaster GOULD.........0----00-+-2--++2--- [Prionopidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For George Caley, 17702-1829. (Mathews, MS.)
1 This is a repaged reprint of two papers from the Comptes Rendus, vol. 44, 1857 (No. 11, pp. 534-539; No. 12, pp. 595-597), with important additions and changes. It is entitled “‘emarques & propos des Observations de M. Emile Blanchard sur les Caractéres ostéologiques chez les Oiseaux de la famille des Psittacides, et Tableau des genres de Perroquets disposés en séries paralléles,” pp. 1-9, and its receipt was acknowledged by the Academy at the meeting of Apr. 13, 1857.
2 The type cited by Salvadori (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 20, 1891, p. 233) is Arara aymara D’Orbigny, @ species not in the above paper.
3 Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p. 183.
« Not Nesospiza Cabanis. Salvadori,moreover, proposed the name Neospiza (converted into “‘ Nesospiza” by Reichenow, Vogel Afrikas, vol.3, pt.1,1904, p. 278), hence the proposed change is unnecessary. Neospize was inadvertently placed in the family Fringillidae in my second supplement.
6 Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vogel, 1852 (1853), p. xiv, credits the name to “ Wagl.,” but I have not found It in the works of this author, and the type species was not described until several years after Wagler’s death.
Ko. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 581
Calidris [ 2]! Allg. Lit.-Zeitung, 1804, vol. 2, No. 168, June 8, 1804, col. 542. Type, Dringa calidris LINNAEUS i. 0. ein essa son Sess oe ween [Scolopacidae.] (Tautonymy.)
Calonectris MatHEews and IreEDALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 3, No. 3, July, 1915, pp. 586, 590, 592. Type, Puffinus leucomelas TEMMINCK......2--2-0+ee cece eee eeees [Pujinidae.} (Virtual monotypy.) Kandés, beautiful, fair+-Nectris. (Mathews, MS.) Caloperdix Biyru, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 30, No. 2, 1861, p. 193 (note). Type, Cryptonyzx ocellatus VIGORS......---.--2+-++--+++++++++-++-[Phasianidae,] (Monotypy.) Calopicus MALHERBE, Monogr. Picidées, vol. 1, 1861, p. lili. Pyne, PicusiflavinichaGouLwss: st. : 22s os «sists ates. = ose ses = [ Picidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Calos, beau+Picus. (Malherbe.) Caloptilotis MatHEews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 414. Type, Ptilotis macleayana RAMSAY.......-.2-02-0-eceeesscee- [ Meliphagidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Kadés, beautiful, fair+ Ptilotis (xridov, feather; ots,arés, ear). (Mathews, MS.) Calorhynchus A. WaGner, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., vol. 7, Bd. 2, 1841, p. 98. Substitute name for Caloramphus Lesson, 1839.....-......------[Capitonidae.] Camiguinia McGrecor, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 2, No. 5, Sect. A, October, 1907, p. 346. Type, Camiguinia personata MCGREGOR?.......--.-----++--+-- { Muscicapidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Campbellornis Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 113. Type, Ocypterus personatus GOULD.....--------220022e2ee reece eee [Artamidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Archibald James Campbell. (Mathews, MS.)
1 An anonymous reviewer of Bechstein’s Orn. Taschenbuch presents his views on the arrangement of certain genera of Limicolae by means of the following key, in which several new generic names are introduced:
** Hausteufel, Philomachus. Schnabel walzenférmig, allmahlig verdiinnt, stumpf. Mittlere und dussere Zehe etwas verbunden. Tringa pugnar. Kniissel, Calidris. Schnabel walzenférmig, gegen die Spitze hin dicker, glatt. Mittlere und dussere Zehe etwas verbunden. Tringa calidris, arenaria u. a. Steinpicker, Cinclus. Schnabel zusammengedriickt, walzenformig, gegen die Spitze hin diinner, stumpf, gerade. Zehen ganz frey. Tringa Cinclus, alpina, islandica u. a. Stecinwalzer, Arenaria. Schnabel steigend. Tringa interpres. Strandldufer, Tringa. Schnabel walzenférmig, zusammengedriickt, mit lingerer etwas heriibergeschlagener, glatter, an der Spitze bucklicher Oberkinnlade. Tringa Gambetta, Ochropus, pusilla, striata, hypoleucos, Canutus Linn. macularia u. a. auch ge- héren einige Wasserliufer des Vis. Scolopax Totanus und fusca hieher. Knot. Canutius. Schnabel linglicht: kezelférmig, stumpf. Knot der englischen Naturforscher.” 2 The species= Cyanomyias helenz Steere. (See McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci., vol. 4, 1909, p. 73.
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Canaria C. T. Woop, Orn. Guide, [January, 1837], p. 215. Type, Canaria varia Woop, or “Common Canary,” a nomen nudum ere cs cisisisa womGachen ct tnen'snidoes 8 ogee ccesaceee yee [ Fringillidae.] (Monotypy.) Cannabis Biytu, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 19, No. 3 (publ. August, or later), 1850, p. 224. Type, Prmgilia tnaria LINNAEUS'.. 2... -..=-0 donee pean eee [Fringillidae.] (Present designation.)
Canutus [. ?] Allg. Lit.-Zeitung, 1804, vol. 2, No. 168, June 8, 1804, col. 542. Type, “ Knot der englischen Naturforscher”..................- [Scolopacidae.} (Monotypy.)
(See note under Calidris.) Capripeda ‘“‘Verr.’’ BONAPARTE, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, Fasc. 40, February, 1857, p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint); Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451.
Type, Caprimulgus natalensis SMITH..........2..220--2000e- [ Caprimulgidae. (Monotypy.) Carterornis MaTHEWs, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 111. ‘Py po, Monarcha leucotis Gourp sien. andes 22958 Sake A { Muscicapidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.) For Thomas Carter, 1862- (Mathews, MS.) Cassowara Perry, Arcana, No. 21, September, 1811, text to pl. [82]. ‘Type, Cossowara evimid PRERY. «ocx awe os a woes ap asec ce cndee nee { Casuariidae.] (Monotypy.) {Cathartornis L. H. Miter, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geology, vol. 6, No. 1, Nov. 28, 1910, p. 14. ‘LYpe, Cathartornis Qraculis MILEGR. <2. 8 cca agoaacghe sc aweeee [Incertae sedis.} (Monotypy.) Cathartes (xa@aprjs, a Cleanser)+épms, bird. (Miller, MS.) Caudolanius Biancu1, Aves Exped. P. K. Kozlowi, 1899-1901, 1907, p.—. Type; Lantus erythronorus Wieors: S22. S20 ees ee eee [Lantidae.] (Present (?) designation.) Cenchris? “Boje” C. L. Brenm, Handb. Stuben ... Végel, 1832, pp. xviii, 323; GioceEr, Hand und Hilfsbuch, 1842 [=1841], p. 213. Type, Paleo tinnunculesIhinnanus....52c- eee vascse osc umeas [ Falconidae.} (Monotypy.) Ceriocleptes Cnarin, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, Oct. 20, 1915, p. 512. ‘Ey pe, Certoclentesmenuris CHAPIN. ot een eee cee ee cae [Indicatoridace.] (Monotypy.) Kynptoxd\errns, a Stealer of honeycombs. (Chapin, MS.) Cettia BonaparTE, Iconogr. Fauna Italica, vol. 1, 1834 (fasc. 9), text to pl. [29]. Py penSylviaectlt TewgTnen. 02528 Soe ee eee one se ole eae [Sylvirdae.] (Original designation.) (Subgenus of Sylvia.) Chacura Hopason, Madras Journal Lit. and Science, vol. 5, No. 15, for April, 1837, p. 305. Type, Chacura pugnax Hopacson=Perdix chukor GRAY.........- [ Phasianidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
1 The species mentioned are “ Fringilla linaria, L., v. Linaria canescens, Gould,” and “‘ C. minor,” the latter without citation of authority. (Refer also to the names Cannabia Billberg, 1828, and Linophaga Morris, 1837.) ,
2 This doubtless is a slip for Cerchneis Boie.
No. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 583
Chelidonia R. Brenm, Naumannia, 1858, p. 231.
Type, Chelidonia rupestris [=Hirundo rupestris Scopoui]......-- [ Hirundinidae.]} (Monotypy.)
Chenalopex Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 8, 1817, p. 393; Vrermtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ed. 2, vol. 24, 1818, p. 132 (see also p. 466, under the word “‘ Panope,’’ and vol. 1, 1816, p. 381).
evo: SCHMM DENNIS ANN ACU es occas onc Cae oem chiclan aan sebjeieln fakin [ Alcidae.]} (Monotypy.)
Chera' Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 1, pt. 1, May, 1844, p. [4] of Ploceinae.
DPype: Emberiza progne: BODDAERT: 2.02 obs Seca tek occa eneds [ Ploceidac.]} (Monotypy.)
Chilia Satvaport, Ibis, ser. 9, vol. 2, No. 7, July, 1908, p. 451.
Type; Eintcornis melanura GRAY 45 « daii- <:0i5 ssicje o's’ -leje and « sins ae [ Furnariidae.] (Monotypy.)
Chionophilos Perrnyt, in C. L. Brehm, Handbuch Stuben ... Végel, 1832, p. 296; Breuy, Isis, 1842, p. 505.
Type, -Alauda alpesiris LINNAEUS... jo) <2qc ems ain © vine sino o's. aos pie [ Alaudidae.]} (Monotypy.) (See also Niphophilos.)
Chlidonias RaFINEsque, Kentucky Gazette, vol. 36 (new ser., vol. 1), No. 8, Feb. 21, 1822, [3]; Ruoaps, Auk, vol. 29, April, 1912, p. 197.
Type, Sterna melanops RAFINESQUE [=Sterna surinamensis GMELIN]. .[Laridae.] (Monotypy.)
Chloreus Kaup, Nat. Syst., 1829, p. 161.
Type, not mentioned; a nomen nudwm here..........--+----++-+- [ Fringillidae.}
Chlorochroa? Scrater, Athenaeum, No. 1834, Dec. 20, 1862, p. 811; Gray, Hand- List Birds, vol. 1, 1869, p. 382.
Type, Chlorochroa vireonina ScLaTER; a nomen nudum here....... [ Vireonidae. } (Monotypy.) Chopis 3 ‘‘Verreaux’’ BoNAPARTE, Conspectus Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 425. Type, ‘‘Chopis ater, Verreaux” [=Agelaius chopi VIEILLOT].......-- [Ictertdae.]
(Monotypy.) Chryserpes W. De W. Mutter, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Iist., vol. 34, Oct. 20, 1915, . 517. : Type, Picus striatus MULLER. ........22.0c.ccceceenceccescccccesoes [Picidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Xptceos, golden; gprms, creeper. (Miller, MS.) [‘‘ Chrysocephalus, Swains.,’”’ quoted by Waterhouse (Index, 1889, p. 44), is used by Swainson only as a specific name—‘‘Sericulus Chrysocephalus.’’} Chrysolophus 4 J. E. Gray, Illustr. Indian Zoology, vol. 2, No. —, 1833-34, pl. 41, fig. 2. "ihe, Phasianus pictus LINNAEBUS...<< <0. 2 fc0sas te ceesne scenes [Phasianidae.]} (Monotypy.)
1 See note under Hyphantornis.
2 This name occurs in a notice of the meeting of the Zoological Society of London for Dec. 9, 1862, In the published Proceedings the bird is described and figured as Vireo hypochryseus (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862 (1863), p. 369, pl. 46).
3Chopis is not adopted by Bonaparte, but cited in the synonymy of Psarocolius chopi. If names in syn- onymy are valid, this one will replace Gnorimopsar Richmond=Aapius Richmond (not Aaptos J. E. Gray, 1867)= A phobus Cabanis, 1851 (not A phobus Gistel, 1848).
4 Chrysolophus Swainson, 183-, is 8 member of the Tyrannidae.
584 — PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Chrysopterus Swainson, Classif. Birds, vol. 1, 1836, p. 69. Type, ‘‘our common green woodpecker (Chrysopterus viridis Sw.)”. . .[Picidae.} (Monotypy.)
Chrysothlypis BeErLErscu, Bericht V. Intern. Orn.-Kongress, 1910 [1911], pp. 1005, 1080. Type, Tachyphonus chrysomelas ScLATER and SALVIN............- { Tangaridae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Chrysotrogon Ripaway, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. 5, Nov. 29, 1911, p. 784. fype, Trogon caligatus. GOULD .):;...5\5veisen ¥ccdiasseewesebaeaeen { Tregonidae.} (Original designation.) Xpvods, gold+ Trogon (rpwyw, I gnaw, I eat). (Ridgway.)
Chubbia Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 291. Type; Gallinuge siricklandt GRAY2..52 52-8 encode ence Condon [Scolopacidae.]
(Monotypy.) For Charles Chubb. (Mathews, MS.)
Cinathisma Hutt, Bull. No. 5, Roy. Austral. Orn. Union, Dec. 21, 1915, p. 1; Emu, vol. 15, pt. 3, January, 1916, p. 205, pl. 31, fig. 4. Type, Cinathisma cyanoleucd WULL «<.62 snc ssniccdcaes seccns eceeas [Puffinidae.} (Monotypy.)
Cinclus [. ?] Allg. Lit.-Zeitung, 1804, vol. 2, No. 168, June 8, 1804, col. 542. Lype,. TringavcinclusLINNaRus. 6.5 0sc0cscsscccseceses deeegee [{Scolopucidae.]} (Tautonymy.) (See note under Calidris.)
Circobuteo ‘‘Hodgson MS.”’ Jerpon, Ibis, ser. 3, vol. 1, No. 3, July, 1871, p. 340. Type, Buteo plumipes HODGSON. ..-. 62. 52d. «Gate oh staat [Buteonidae.} (Monotypy.)
Citrinella Bonaparte, Iconogr. Fauna Italica, vol. 1, 1833 (fasc. 4), text to pl. [37]. Type) Pringilia ctraneiia VANNAGUS, |. o.oo. cn scons qecapae [ Fringillidae.} (Original designation and tautonymy.) (Subgenus of Fringilla.)
Clanga TyzENHAUS, in Adamowicz, Revue et Mag. de Zool., sér. 2, vol. 9, for De- cember, 1857 (1858), p. 604. Type; Patco maculatus GMELIN. 2 2<c)sn5<<% Same ei gwoinels igtae [Buteonidae.} (Tautonymy; Aquila clanga Pallas is a synonym.)
Clangocycnus OBERHOLSER, Emu, vol. 8, pt. 1, July 1, 1908, p. 3. Type, Cygnus buccinator RicHARDSON =o... .(c)22-- 22> + 2s ees [Anatidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Olor Wagler, 1832.) Kiayyn, clangor; xixvos, cygnus. (Oberholser.)
Colcloughia MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112. Type, Hemipodius melanogaster GOULD.....-.....-------+e--ee- [ Turnicidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For M. J. Colclough. (Mathews, MS.)
Coleia MaTHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 116. Type, Merops carunculatus LATHAM. ..< sciag ~2= ain 6 oes ate eee [ Meliphagidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For C. F. Cole. (Mathews, MS.)
Ko. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICUMOND. 585
Colombpicus MaLnerBE, Nouv. Classif. Picinées,' 1850, p. 45. Type, Picus dominicensis VIEILLOT.......----+--++2eeeseeeeeeeeeeees [Picidae.]
(Monotypy.) (See also Leucopicus.)
Colonia? J. E. Gray, in Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. 6, ‘'1829,’’ p. 336. Type, Muscicapa colonus VIEILLOT. ..-..--2--++-e+--+--eeeeeeee [ Tyrannidae.] (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Muscipeta Cuvier.) Columbigallus ‘‘auct.’? SrREUBEL, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 3, vol. 17, 1842, p. 94. Type, ‘‘Columbicrax Le Vaill. (Col. carunculata).’’. .....-....-- [Columbidae.} (Monotypy.)
Compsothraupis Ricumonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p. 180. New name for Lamprotes SwAInson, 1837 (not of R. L., 1817). Type, Tanagra loricata LICHTENSTEIN......-.-+-+---+2ee+ee ree { Tangaridae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Kopyés, elegant; Qeavrls, a small bird. (Richmond.)
Conigravea Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 59. Type, Colluricincla parvula conigravi MATHEWS.....--.--------- [Prionopidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) For William Price Conigrave. (Mathews, MS.)
Coquus W. L. Scrarer, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 2, No. 1, January, 1914, p. 174. New name for Oxynotus SwaAINsoN, preoccupied.......-..--.-- [ Campephagidae.} Type, Lanius rufiventer SWAINSON. (Original designation.) (See also Acanthinotus.) Coquus=a cook (native name ‘“‘cusenier”). (Sclater.)
Coragyps ‘‘Isid. Geoffroy”? Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 1853, pp. 57, 66.
Type, Vultur alratus WISON....-.-.-0-2 200-2 --2 ccc esenn-s { Vulturidae.} (Monotypy.) , Corinnes ‘“‘ Less. 1832” Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 21.
Type, “‘ Trochilus mesoleucus, Valen.” ......-..--2++-+++0-2-++e22- [ Trochilidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Cormoranus Barton, Mém. Soc. roy. d’Emul. d’Abbeville, [sér. 2, vol. 1,] 1833 [1834?], p. 76, note. Type, Pelecanus carbo LINNAEUS........-.-..-+++-+--++----[Phalacrocoracidae.] (Subsequent designation; Mathews, 1913.)
Comix Kortrreuten,4 Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop., vol. 11, 1767, p. 435, pllapiie.,7: Type, ‘‘Cornizx atra; capite, collo pectoreque, flauis”.....-.--- [Incertae sedis.} (Monotypy.)
1 This is a repaged edition of the author’s 1849 paper, with additions. It has no title-page, but is dated “Metz, juillet 1850.” It is chiefly interesting through the presence of the new generic names Colombpicus and Linneopicus, and the emendation of Madampicos to Mclanopicos. Malherbe (Monogr. Picidées, vol- 1, p. xIvii) refers to what is probably another edition in the words “dont la deuxiéme édition, publi¢e en septembre 1850, différe par Ia transformation d’une section en un genre, par les terminations génériques os en us, ainsi que par quelques autres additions.”
2 This antedates (and should replace) Copurus Strickland, 1841, for the same species.
8Columba carunculata Temminck is an artefact, and Levaillant called it ““Columbi-Galline,” not “C Jumbicrax.”’
4 Koelreuter is binary, but not binomial, in this paper.
586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Coryphotriccus Rineway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, Sept. 6, 1906, p. 115. Type, Pitangus albovittatus LAWRENCE...........-22+0ese-22eece: [ Tyrannidae.)} (Original designation and monotypy.) Kopv¢7, the crown; rpixxos, a small bird. (Ridgway.)
Corytholaea Heucuin, Orn. Nordost-Afrika’s, vol. 1, Abth. 1, 1869, p. 315. ‘Type, Sylvia rup peli TRMMINGE cies Jao 52 0- lok os cce seek eae cee [Sylviidae.] (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Sylvia.)
Cossyphus ‘‘Cuvier” Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 29, 1823, pp. 260, 261. ‘Type, Paradisca trisiie LINNABUS"<.oc..i2.<cs <5 2 eae oe ame ne oe [Sturnidae.]} (Present designation.) fCreccopus SHuFELDT, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. 9, pt. 3, Oct. 20, 1892, p. 412 (note). Substitute name for Creccoides Shufeldt..............-----+--2-000- [Rallidae.}
Cryptophaga DrecLanp and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ed. 2, vol. 1, 1867, pp. 307, 308. Emendation of Crithophaga Cabanis, 1851................-...-.- [ Fringillidae.}
Cryptoplectron SrrEUBEL, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 3, vol. 16, 1842, p. 291. LY De, COMME ErytRTOTRYNCNd OLRES 6 oes coe ee ws vin wine Se eee [Phasianidae.]} (Present designation and virtual monotypy.?)
(Subgenus or section of Pseudortygion, under genus Perdir.)
Crypturellus BRaABOURNE and CHuBB, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 14, No. 82, October, 1914, p. 322. Type, Timamus tataupa TEMMINCK. ..2.....52. 55 ¢-gkteemate ten oe [ Tinamidae .} (Original designation.) Ctenanas Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 90. Substitute name for Leptotarsis Eyton, 1838 (not Leptotarsus GuERIN, Da Fac ee aa ai so itch A Cts oie oe aera ee Bes ea {Anatidue.]} Kreis (xrev-), a comb+ Anas (anas, a duck). (Mathews, MS.)
Cyanepops ReicHENBAcH, Handb. Spec. Orn., Scans., 1853, p. 223. Type, *{Promerops coeruleus WAGLER"*. .oo2d .cce ss nea aeiae yee [Irrisoridae.]
(Monotypy.)
Cyanochen ‘‘Hartl.’’ Bonararre, Comptes Rendus, vol. 43, October, 1856, p. 648. ype, Bernicla cyano pler®, ILUPPEDI . 6)... > a<0.55, je oeainena ss ees [Anutidae.} (Monotypy.)
Cyanocorvus* ‘‘Dubus” Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 148. ‘Dupe, “Cuanocarius wiolacens DOB US) 22.0. ae ee eee es ee [Corvidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Cyanolemus Sronez, Auk, vol. 24, No. 2, April, 1907, pp. 196, 197. Type, Ornismya clemencix' LESSON <2 Y.2202 2. 6s ee 2 oe 2 55h See [ Trochilidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Kvaveos, blue; Aatuds, throat. (Stone.)
1 Ten species are enumerated. Gray (1840, 1841, 1855, 1869) has synonymized it under Acridotheres in his several works, and the type species (the first mentioned by Dumont) may stand as above.
3 Coturniz novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimardalso is included in this group, but with a query. Crypto- plectron should replace Microperdiz Gould, 1862.
3—Promerops caeruleus Shaw? Ifso, a fictitious bird.
* Probably a lapsus for Cyanocorar, but it is adopted by Fitzinger (Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, Abth. 1, 1863, p. 208), as a subgenus of Cyanurus Swainson. Fitzinger’s paper is based largely upon Gray’s Catalogue of 1855, and follows the misspellings of the latter very closely.
Eth BNE RES
wo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 587
Cyanonympha OLERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, No. 1803, Feb. 25, 1911, p. 587. Type, Hypothymis superciliaris SHARPE.......---------++++-:- [ Muscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Kvavos, cyanos; viuey, nympha. (Oberholser.)
Cyanophasis Bururtin, NaSa ochota, Decemher, 1908, pp. 33, 35. Type, Calophasis mikado OatLvIE-GRANT.........---------+-+-- [Phasianidae.] (Original? designation and monotypy.)
Cygnus Bartram,! Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. —— (London, ed., 1792, p. 292), nomen nudum; ZIMMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid- Karolina, 1793, p. 291.
Type, “Cygnus ferus Linn. The wild swane... (Seligm. Cat. IV. T BAD Prost ionet ss Stee ee ee a waemnds Jz. sek ewats sidee eee [ Anatidae. |
(Monotypy.)
¢Cypselavus Gairtarp, Annales Univ. Lyon, nouv. sér., Sciences, Médecine, fasc. 23, 1908, p. 63. Type, Cypselavus gallicus GAILLARD © oo... .0s6cc00senasencccss [Incertae sedis.} (Monotypy.)
Dicrorhynchus CarrikerR, Annals Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 2-4, Aug. 29 [=Sept. 7], 1910, p. 571. VBC LeMagunons (LONicte SLATER . 2.7 scico- as «see sss so< sees el [Capitonidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Alxpoos, bifurcate; pbyxos, bill. (Carriker.)
Diomedella Matuews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1912, p. 275. Eeyipe:-Diomeded cauta GOULD. .....0. 05-505 «s5<5%05 <<ts ..---.-[Diomedeidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Thalassogeron.) Diomedea (Atoujseca) +ella. (Mathews, MS.)
Diopsittaca Ripcway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 99. Mype; Pstitacus nobilis LINNAEUS): <2 55 ae ja0s/c's\«/00)5,05 ss'm' 2.0 sie [Psittacidae.} (Original designation.) Aios, noble; Yurraxn, a parrot. (Ridgway.)
Dipluravis ? E. Srranp, Societas entomologica [Stuttgart], vol. 25, No. 4, May 21 1910, p. 14. Substitute name for Diplura Jerpon, 1864 (not Diplura Kocu, 1850). [Ciconiidae.] Ditelmatias MatrHews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 282. Ese Gallinage harder GRAN <2 oan. occu nese c e's cece casas [Scolopacidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Ais, double+ Telmatias (ré\ua, a pool, swamp+ias). (Mathews, MS.)
1 Bartram’s reference is merely “Cygnus ferus, the wild swan,” but Zimmermann gives Linnaeus as the anthority for the name, and ‘“‘ Cygnus ferus” is, indeed, a synonym of Anas cygnus (Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 122). The remainder of Zimmermann’s citation is wrong, as the plate quoted occursin Seligmann, vol. 5, pl. 45 (in the edition examined by mo), and is reproduced from Edwards, plate 150, not from Catesby. The species is the one now known as Olor cygnus (Linnaeus), type of the genus O/or Wagler, 1832. At the moment, it looks as if the swans were in for a transfer of names, but it is not at all improbable that some binary author has used Cygnus before 1793, and the name may finally rest upon one of the other species.
2Dipluravis would have priority for this genus, were it not for Ibis Lacépéde, 1799, Diplocercus Jerdon, 1861, and Pseudotantalus Ridgway, 1883. Itis, therefore, stranded on the beach of synonymy—a warning to entomologists who may be tempted to introduce ornithological terms in obscure places.
588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
se IN a eit a Dolichopicos RetcheNBAcH,' Handb. Orn., Scans., 1854, p. 408.
Ly pe, Picus perciissus TEMMINeR 25, 5 isc ics poe asone ee [Picidae.] (Monotypy.) Dorcadothera Heuain, Nachtrage u. Bericht. Orn. Nordost-Afrika’s, 1871, p. ccxii _ (note). Type, Falco sager [=Falco sacer GMELIN (not Forster)].......-.-. [Falconidae.] (Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Falco.) R
Dorothina Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 111. Substitute name for Meliphaga Lewin (not Melophagus LaTREILLE, 1802). Type, Meliphaga lewini SWAINSON . .......0.ccccccccccccececs [ Meliphagidae.} (Original designation.) For Dorothy White (daughter of Henry Luke White). (Mathews, MS.)
Dreptes REIcHENOW, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 62, Heft 3, July, 1914, p. 488. Type, Nectarinia thomensis BOCAGE..........c0ece-eeeeeeeee -[Nectariniidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Drioctistes Ripcway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71. Type, Thripophaga sclateri BERLEPSCH..........-2-0-eeeceeecces [ Furnariidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Aplos, @ copse, thicket; xriorns, a settler. (Ridgway.)
Dryotomus Swainson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 2, 1831 [=February, 1832] pp. 301, 304. Fy pe, Pics marlius LINNAEUS? oka cc es sce a ceca ce eee ee [Picidae.] (Original designation.?) (Subgenus of Picus.) Apvoréyzos, qui quercus vel arbores secat. (Swainson.)
Dulciornis Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 112. Type. Megalurus alistert MATHEWS.< 0.0 Soc see aatianienneae een eeeee [Sylviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Dulcie Marion Mathews, 1894- (Mathews, MS.)
Dyottornis Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 116. Ly¥pe;Corcus paradozts DAUDIN...5 2 ~1s40ceees scne scnee eee [ Meliphagidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Robert A. Dyott. (Mathews, MS.)
Ecchaunornis Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 97. Pypa; buco radials SLATER <0... cis. swe ec eon ee eee [Bucconidae.]} (Original designation.) Exxavvow, I puff up; dps, a bird. (Ridgway.) tElopteryx AnprEws, Geol. Magazine, N. S., Decade 5, vol. 10, No. 5, May, 1913, p. 195, figs. 1, 2. Type, Elopteryx nopesat ANDREWS... .c20 0. Lee e cease ec eees [Steganopodes?} (Monotypy.) Elseya MatHews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 125. Type, Charadrius melanops VIEILLOT. ...........200ccecccecces [Charadriidae.] (Original designation.) For J. R. Elsey. (Mathews, MS.)
! He cites “Bp. zigodatt.,”’ as if named there, but Bonaparte wrote it Xiphidiopicus (Consp. Voluc. Zyzod., p. 11 [=Atenco Italiano, vol. 2, No. 8, May, 1854, p. 126}).
2*Thetypeis not Picus pileatus Linnaeus, as stated by Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 18, 1890, p. 514.
xo. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 589
Elseyornis Matnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 87. Substitute name for Elseya MatHews (not of Grandidier, 1867). ..[Charadriidae.] For J. R. Elsey+épus, a bird. (Mathews, MS.) tEoceornis SHuretpt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 19, February, 1915, p. 39. ‘hype, Loceornts Grdeula: SHUPELDT = ccasesae foc ciccmnntesewacerese ss [Ardeidae?]} (Monotypy.) “Eocene, =Gr.nas, dawn-+«acvés, recent and Gr. a bird.”” (Shufeldt.) Erogas Hoa, Zoologist, vol. 3, No. 35, Nov., 1845, p. 1172. Substitute name for Botaurus STEPHENS, on grounds of purism...... [Ardeidae.] *Epwyds, a heron. (Hogg. Erythrina! Brytu, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiatic Soc., 1849 (18527), p. 118. ‘Typel Loma prasing SPARRMANG. <2 fost to0 ia <\-smlaciewc Seis se see [Pleceidae.]} (Monotypy.) Erythrolema ‘‘Pr. B. 1854’’? Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 98. Type, Columba nulcherrima SCOPOLL. 5 .< - oon s/o = 005 so sien onions ..[ Treronidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) (See also Columbigallus DEs Murs, 1854.*) Erythrosoma Swainson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 2, 1831 [=February, 1832], p. 201. Tyne. Selophaga Picla SWAINSON.-.<.cccssccescnccccescesceces [ Mniotiltidae.] (Present designation.*) (Subgenus of Setophaga Swatnson.) Erythrothlypis BERLEPScH, Bericht V. Intern. Orn.-Kongress, 1910 [1911], pp. 1005, 1081. Type, Nemosia rosenbergi RoruscHitp=Dacnis salmoni SciaTer..[ Tangaridae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Ethelornis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 110. Type, Gerygone magnirosiris GOULD... ... 222.0205 seiswe cme neiscn [ Muscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Ethel Rose White (Mrs. Samuel Albert White). (Mathews, MS.)
Euaquila AcLoquk, Faune de France, vol. 1, 1900, p. 99. Type oir Chrysactos TANNAEUS <<... css ccccccccecscccececsas [Buteonidae.] (Present designation.*) (Section of Aquila Brisson.)
Eucircus AcLoquk, Faune de France, vol. 1, 1900, p. 122. hypo alice 2ruginosus: LINNAEUS =.. << .ai-(s+ <s<0 aisle os ssisevieioneie [Buteonidae.] (Present designation.°) (Section of Circus Lacépéde.)
Eufalco AcLoQueE, Faune de France, vol. 1, 1900, p. 113. Type, Falco communis GMELIN [=F peregrinus TUNSTALL] ...-...- [ Falconidae.} (Present designation.’) (Section of Falco Linnaeus.)
1 = Erythura Swainson, 1837. Not Erythrina Brehm, 1828 (Fringillidae).
2 Gray, ist Spec. Birds, vol. 4, Columbae, 1856, 2, gives the authority as “Pr. B. in litt.”
3 Listed in Supplement No. 2 (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, 1908, p. 601).
4 Setophaga miniata Swainson is also included in this subgenus.
5 The included species are Aquila nevia “Brisson,” A. adalberti Brehm, A. imperialis ‘‘ Keyserling and Blasius,’”’ A. fulca (Linnaeus), and A. chrysaétos (Linnaeus).
6 Included species are Circus xruginosus (Linnacus), C. “cineraceus’? (Montagu), and C, swainsonil A. Smith. :
1 The species enumerated are Falco sacer “Brisson,” F. barbarus Linnacus, Falco lanarius Schlegel, and F. communis Gmelin.
590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Eugallinago MatuEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 294. Type, Gallinago macrodactyla BONAPARTE ......-..--..------2-0- [Scolopacidae.}
(Monotypy.) Ei, well+Gallinago (from gallina, a hen). (Mathews, MS.)
Eumeleagris Cours, Key N. A. Birds, ed. 5, vol. 2, December, 1903, p. 727. Type, Metcagris ocellatus [CUVIER] "<2... 0s es cence avemeecceey oedee { Meleagridae .} (Monotypy.) Eunisus Bonaparte, Revue et Mag. de Zoologie, sér. 2, vol. 6, No. 10, for October, 1854, p. 538. Substitute name for Misus “Bp.” Type, Malco spnenurus RUPPELU..+ 22%. oe vnic ee veo emae ener eens [Buteonidae.]} (Present designation.’)
Eupelia Tovp, Annals Carnegie Museum, vol. 8, No. 3-4, May 8, 1913, p. 512. Type, Columba cruziana Prevost and KNIP...........-----200- [ Claraviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Euphasia? Mutsant and VERREAUX, Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouches, vol. 2, livr. 4, 1876. p.- 289. Name'in key, species not mentioned. .-<..2.2.-c00eccces eae c= ee [ Trochilidae.]
Eupodella Marnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 83. New name for Eupoda Brandt, 1845 (not Eupodes Kocu, 1835). ‘Eype; charadrius veredus GOULDs icc sccdscccccc seen nse seeeeeaeas [ Charadriidae.} (Original designation.) Eupoda (cb, well; wots (xod—), foot)+ella. (Mathews, MS.)
Eutelipsitta MatnEws, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 1, June 17, 1911, p. 10. Type, Psittarus chlorolepidotus KUBL..........-.0cceeeescceces .----[Loriidae.] (Original designation.) Eiredys, cheap, paltry; Yirra(xos), a parrot. (Mathews, MS.)
Eyramytis Matuews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 366. Lyne, Amuylis qoyder GOULD. <2. 2206 seaaamecdees se ane eae dase eee [Sylviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Lake Eyre+Amytis (“Auuris, a daughter of Astyages). (Mathews, MS.)
Ficophaga ‘‘Vicillot” Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 16, 1820, p. 529. New name for Malimbus VIEILLoT, 1800........ 04 eens de victen ect [Ploceidae.}
Flammea FourneEt, Faune de la Morelle, vol. 1, 1836, p. 101 (see Mathews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, 1912, p. 104). Type, Flammea vulgaris FourNneEt [=Striz alba Scorout].........-- [ Tytonidae.]} (Monotypy.) Fregettornis MarHews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 1, May 30, 1912, p. 31. Type, rocellaria grallana VimleLOr’.-cac~nce sd cee ene aoe se [Procellarvidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) Fregetta+-ornis (pus, a bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Fringilloides Bururtin. Nasa ochota, January, 1910, pp. 119, 122. Type, Emberiza melanocephala SCOPOLI........-.-.22eeseeeeeeee- [Fringillidae.] (Original designation.)
1 “Tts characters entitle it to recognition as a subgenus at least, if not a full genus, which may be named Eumeleagris.”. (=Agriocharis Chapman, 1896.)
2 Seven species are mentioned, of which the first, Nisus toussenellii “‘Verr.,” is a nomen nudum at this place.
§ Changed to Eudosia in vol. 3, pp. 1, 2.
no. 2221, LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 591
Frugilegus ‘‘Lesson” ! Serys, Faune Belge, vol. 1, 1842, p. 68. Type, Corvus frugilegus LINNAEUS .........-2000--0ccececccesceese «| Corvidae.] (Monotypy and tautonymy.) (Subgenus of Corvus.)
Fruticantor Maynanrp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 246. ype, Sylvia, discolor VIEIWLOT. « coscee s,s os ~o w~ «clase coe ele eels [ Mniotiltidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Frutiornis Maynarn, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 251.
sR vate; SYLVA fOTINOED WILSON 2s ss ciminis.<iclswwic'a <'sre ox w/bme'e «iniceve ere [ Mniotiltidae.]} (Monotypy.) Fulmariprion Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 2, July 31, 1912, p. 215. Type, Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris MATHEWS......-...------ [ Procellariidae.}
(Original designation.) Fulmarus (latinized from fulmar)+ Prion (rpiwy, asaw). (Mathews, MS.)
Gallicolumba ? Heck, Bilder-Atlas zum Conversations-Lexikon, vol. 1, 1849, p. 434. Type, “‘Gallicolumba cruenta (Taf. 67 Fig. 14)’’ [=Columba luzonica Scorout]. [Claraviidae.} (Monotypy.) Gallinaza ‘‘Vicillot” W. S. Macreay, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 16, pt. 1, 1829, p. 15 (note). Type, ‘‘Gallinaza Aura Vieill.”’ [= Vultur aura LInNAEvs]........ [Vulturidae.} (Monotypy.)
Garrulus Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 24, 1822, pp. 184, 185, 186. Substitute name for Bombycilla VietLuoT, 1808. Type, Garrulus europxus Dumont (=Lanius garrulus LinnaEvs)..[Ampelidae.] (Present designation. )
Gauropicoides MALHERBE, Monogr. Pividées, vol. 1, 1861, p. liii. VCs ICU TOLER NIGORSY, cc <0 3: cio aikis o's. wiultora bipldajee oceidela ee wreie's [Picidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) “‘Tavpos, fier, superbe’’ [+ Picoides]. (Malherbe.)
Geocolaptes (Burchell, MS.) Swartnson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 2, 1831 (=February, 1832), p. 315, note. hype, Lb teus terresiMs BU RCHELE 2 oo cei <5 tole « seidisle Sele ose esihersele [Picidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Colaptes.) Gilbertornis Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 110. Type, Pachycephala rufogularis'GOuLD. .<.. «..=.cecses ede eee [ Muscicapidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.) For John Gilbert, ?-1845. (Mathews, MS.)
Glaucostrix ‘Pr. B. 1854” Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 135. Substitute name for ‘“‘Glauz, Bl. 1848.’’ Type, Striz candida Ticxett [=S. longimembris Jervon]........-- [ Tytonidae.]} (Monotypy.)
1 The only mention of this name I have met with in the works of Lesson is in his Manuel d’Orn., vol. 1, 1828, p. 385, where it is noted as the ‘‘nom trivial du corbeau freux.”? On page 369 of the same vclume it is called ‘“‘corvus frugilegus.”’
2“Die Gattung Uiihnertaube, Gallicoluamba s. Columbi-Gallina.”” No authority is given for either name. The species cruenta is described and figured, and is said to be “auf den Philippinen.” On the basis of this information Plegxnas Reichenhach, 1851 (Phlegenas Bonaparte, 1855; Phiegenas Bona- parte, ‘1854’’; Phlegoenas Reichenbach, ‘1852”’ |[=18531; Phiegownas Des Murs, 1854; Phlogenas Sclater, 1865; Plegoenaz Des Murs, 1854) will have to be retired ia favor of Gallicolumba,
592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vom 53.
Glaux, Ry.anps, Mag. Nat. Hist. [Loudon’s], vol. 9, No. 60, April, 1836, p. 179. Type, Siriz nyctea LINNAEUS? }. ....... 2:66 cath aniooeiaee aera ae [Strigidae.}
Gnathodon SrrEuBEL, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 3, vol. 16, 1842, pp. 283, 290. Type, Perdix marilandica Latuam [= Tetrao virginiana LinnaEvs]-.[Phasianidae.]} (Original designation.) (Section of Ortyz, under the genus Perdiz.)
Gnorimopsar Ricamonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, No. 1656, Dec. 16, 1908, p. 584 (note). Substitute for Aaptus Richmond (not Aaptos J. E. Gray, 1867).....-[Icteridae.] (See Chopis.) Tvapiuos, well-known; yap, starling. (Richmond.) Goethalsia Netson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 3, Sept. 27, 1912, p. 6. Type, Goethaleva bella NREusON. <2 << 405 he 5055sk Re ee See { Trochilidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.) For George Washington Goethals, 1858- (Nelson.)
Goldmania Netson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 21, July 8, 1911, p. 1. Type, Goldmania violiceps NEUSON.........-..----020e2e0e- ..---[ Trochilidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Edward Alphonso Goldman, 1873- _— (Nelson.) Grammopsittaca ? RipGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 100. “Type; Psittaculalincola Cassinsi<.. octeeitincd ded secpaee sence [Psittacidae.] (Original designation.) Tpauun, line; Yirraxn, a parrot. (Ridgway.) Grantiella MarHews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 1, June 17, 1911, p. 19. New name for Eniomophila Goutp, 1838 (not of HorsFrELp, 1824). [ Meliphagidae.] For William Robert Ogilvie-Grant, 1863- +ella. (Mathews, MS.) Graucalus® ‘J, (1735)’’ Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 101. Type; Pelecanus carbo: LINNAEUS 72-5 - = 2225205 scene ne essi [Phalacrocoracidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) (See Cormoranus.) Graueria Harrert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 23, No. 145, Nov. 6, 1908, p. 8; Novit. Zool., vol. 16, 1909, p. 334, pl. 14, fig. 2. Type, Graucria vittiata HARTERT SUS... J. bak-35-sbeckee-wemenee { Timalizdae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Rudolf Grauer. (Hartert.) Guracava I. and R. von lmerina, Cat. Fauna Brazileira, vol. 1 (Aves do Brazil),] 1907, p. 271; Revista Mus. Paulista, vol. 9, 1914, p. 414, pl. 4.
Type. Guracava difficilis H. and R. Thering. ............-.-.--.- { Tyrannidae.} (Monotypy.) Gygisterna MarHews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, p. 365. Type, Sterna sumatrana kempi MATHEWS. ...-...--- eee eee eeeeee {Laridae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Thalassoica Reichenbach, 1853.) Gygis (yiyas, a fabulous bird)+ Sterna (latinized form of tern). (Mathews, MS.)
1 May be intended as a substitute name for Noctua: the case is rather complicated.
3 Proves to be a pure synonym of Bolborhynchus Bonaparte. (See note under Bolborhynchus.)
3 Emended to Gracalus Gray, 1845, and Graculus Gray, 1845. Preoccupied by Graucalus Cuvier, 1816 (Campephagidae).
no. 2221, LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 593
Gymnomyza ! ReicHEeNow, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 62, Heft 3, July, 1914, p. 488; Vézel, vol. 2, 1914, p. 473. Type, Leptornis aubryana VERREAUX and Des Murs..... oars aoe [ Meliphagidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Gyrfalco Fiemrnc, Hist. Brit. Animals, 1828, p. 50.
Substitute name for Hierofalco CuviER, 1816.............- eee eet [ Falconidae.]
Hematena? Bonararte, Iconogr. Pigeons, Livr. 4, 1857, text to ‘pl. X XVII, ees
Type, Columba melanocephala J. R. ForstTER .........-.-- bs rect { Treronidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Hematornis * Scutecer, Handl. Dierk., vol. 1, 1857, p. 448, pl. 7, fig. 88. Type, Himantornis haematopus HARTLAUB.........-.-+-+-0+2- ..---[Rallidae.}
Hallornis Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 113. Type, Malurus cyanotus GOULD.............-.----- Sic aicin o's s <in'5 sis OOS
(Original designation and monotypy.) For Robert Hall. (Mathews, MS.)
Hapalopsittaca Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 100. Type, Psittacus amazoninus Des Murs.....-...-.--- Bie este tiie sis nisla LE eRCIOLC Lae) (Original designation and monotypy.) ‘Aandés, delicate; yirraxyn, a parrot. (Ridgway.)
Hapolorhynchus* REIcHENOW, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 56, Heft 3, July, 1908, p. 488. Type, Pseudogerygone albofrontata GRAY. .....-.-.--+--- .------[ Muscicapidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) ‘AraNés, delicate; piyxos, bill. (Reichenow.)
Harpe Merrem, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 1, vol. 1, 1818, p. 258.
Type, ‘‘Harpe barbata, der Lammergeyer”............ .......--[Buteonidae.} (Monotypy.) 5 Harrisornis MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 110. Type, Calyplorhynchus halmaturinus MATHEWS......-..-- ecita . - -[Cacatoidae.}
(Original designation.) For R. Hamlyn Harris+-ornis. (Mathews, MS.)
1There is acomplicationhere. In1885 (Standard Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 535), Doctor Stejneger introduced the generic name Lepiomyza in combination with the species ‘‘ Leptomyza aubryana.”’ As Leptornis, the Name previously used for the genus, was preoccupied, it was assumed that Leptomyza was a substitute name for Leptornis, and it was so recorded in my first supplement. The author’s act, however, as opposed to his intention, was to propose a new genus for the species aubryana. This detail was of little importance until 1914, when Professor Reichenow subdivided the genus Leptomyza, restricting this name to the species samoensis and viridis, while the new name Gymnomyza was proposed for aubryana alone. The case works out thus: Leptornis Hombron and Jacquinot, 1845? (type, Merops samoensis Hombron and Jacquinot) proves to be preoccupied; Leptomyza Stejneger, 1885 (type, Leptornis aubryana Verreaux and Des Murs} is also preoccupied; Gymnomyza Reichenow, 1914 (type aubryana) is apparently the earliest available name for either group, leaving the genus represented by samoensis and viridis without a name. For this 1 propose A moromyza (type, Merops samoensis Hombron and Jacquinot>.
3 Hzmatena occurs in the ‘‘Conspectus Generum Columbarum” (or p. [8] of the preliminary text matter), issued in livraison 6, and therefore an emendation of Hematena. This name was overlooked by Elliot, in his monograph of the genus Ptilopus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, pp. 5C0-576), and by Salvadori, in his account of the Pigeons (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 21, 1893), but is listed under the emended spelling by Waterhouse. It will replace Spilotreron Salvadori, 1882.
3 The plate was never published.
¢ Apparently an unintentional emendation of Himantornis Hartlaub. The latter named a bird Himan- tornis haematopus, which Schlegel here calls Haematornis himantopus. Tho name is correctly quoted
Op. 481.
8 Corrected to Hapalorhynchus, Reichenow, Journ. ftir Orn., 1914, p. 292.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17 38
594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vow. 53:
Harriwhitea Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 109. Type, Menura alberti BONAPARTE. <2. .~-52525sves- 25k ee eee eee [ Menuridae . (Original designation and monotypy.) For Henry Luke White, 1861- (Mathews, MS.)
Hebe Suuretnt, Journal of Geology, vol. 21, No. 7, October-November, 1913, p. 644.]} Type, Hebe schucherit SHUFELDT 2 5 «onc ewerisjanca Seales tat Sonal oe [Incertae sedis.*} (Monotypy.) Hebe, ‘‘the goddess of youth and spring of Greek mythology.’’ (Shufeldt.)
Helenegialus Marnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 114. Type, Mgialitis sanctx-helene HARTING..........-..20---0-0--00- [ Charadriidae.} (Original designation.) (Subgenus of Leucopolius BONAPARTE.) St. Helena (island)+ Aegialus (aiysadés, beach, seashore). (Mathews, MS.)
Heliospiza GuNNING, Journal S. African Orn. Union, vol. 3, No. 2, December, 1907, p. 209. Type, Heliospiza noomexe GUNNING.....-.---.---0222 eee eee e ences [Ploceidae.?} (Monotypy.)
Hellmayria Pocue, Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 27, No. 16/17, May 3, 1904, p. 502. New name for Pyrrhocorar ViE1LLOT, 1816 (not of MoEBRING, 1758)... -[Corvidae.]} For Carl Eduard Hellmayr. (Poche.)
Hemicecrops Bonaparte, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, Feb ruary, 1857, p. 210 (p. 4 of reprint); Satvaporr, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451.
Type, Hirundo dimidiata SUNDEVALL........-..--.---+---0---- [ Mirundinidae.} (Subsequent designation, Sharpe, 1885?)
Hemiellisia Neumann, Novit. Zool., vol. 15, No. 1, June 25, 1908, p. 245. Type, Calamoherpe newtont HARTLAUB.........----22-0---2-200-0-s [Sylviidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Hemigarzetia Matnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 6, June 25, 1914, p. 448. ‘Lype; Herodias evulophotes SWINHOR 2.5 2<.cenetes qaek nes bdeetetee [Ardeidae.} (Monotypy.) “Hycous(jut—-), half+Garzetta (Italian garzetta, dim. of garza, a white heron). (Mathews, MS.)
Hemiptilotis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 127. New name for Trichodere NortuH, 1912 (not Trichoderes GMELIN, TSAS ose OO, SR Se De ee) ee ae a { Meliphagidae.} *“Hycous(jui—-), half+Ptilotis (rridtov, feather; ots,m7és, ear). Mathews, MS.)
Hemipuffiinus Irepane, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 1, Aug. 2, 1915, p. 20. Type, Pujinus carneipes GOULD. so. 20 o 8 cee eis Coe eo cae aca [Puffinidae. } (Monotypy.) Hemisula Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 55. Type, Sula leucogasier rogersi: MATHEWS. «2. wc ccse sss 6 sacs oe Saiss sae [Sulidae.]*
(Original designation and monotypy.) “Hycovs (7uc—), half+-Sula. (Mathews, MS.)
Hemitarsus ‘“‘Sw.’’ Bonaparte, Conspectus Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 263. Cited-as'a synonyni of Pycnonotus * Kathl 280-22 Sees os [Pycnonofidae.]}
1 Thought to be related to the Ptcroptochidae. 3*‘Fringllidae” according to Gunning, but it has s spurious primary, and is said to be related to Anomalospiza.
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 595
Heteromirafra C. H. B. Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 31, No. 189, July 10, 1913,
p. ll4. New name for Heteronyx GRANT, 1908 (preoccupied)...........-- [Alaudidae.] Heteromunia Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60. ype, Amadina pectoralis GOULDeaere t=. 2 oe Sia se Oo Seeds [Ploceidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) “Erepos, different-+ Munia (a native Indian name). (Mathews, MS.) Heteronyxs C. H. B. Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 21, No. 144, July 1, 1908, p. 111. Pypes, Heteronyx ruddy GRANT e 2 seo ces caciatals <isteia Xn ais ssnclebinls seine [Alaudidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) (See Heteromirafra.) Heteroprion Matuews, Pirds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 2, July 31, 1912, p. 222. ‘Type, Heleroprion belchert MATHEWS): < ..02: 25 -s-<0000Saesmte [Procellariidae. } (Original designation.) “Erepos, different+ Prion (xpiwv, a saw). (Mathews, MS.) Homoscolopax Marnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 291. Type, Gallinago imperialis SCLATER.........-2-2+20eceeeeeee-> [Scolopacidae. | (Monotypy.) ‘Ouds, the same, like-+Scolopax (cxoddoraé, a large, snipe-like bird). (Mathews, MS.) Howeavis, Matnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. I, No. 5, Dec: 24, 1912, p. 111. EV PG ReMASCICE DOT Ui {TONS LATHAM | os «cin « ninin.c:a'o, 0 cine sincwcies [ Muscica pidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Frank Emest Howe. (Mathews, MS.) Hytobrontes Srone, Auk, vol. 24, No. 2, April, 1907, p. 198. EV PIC RS LeLLaG UNLUClLiUs LINNAEUS. 0% «2 cas Secs sic « cig.eicie nine meee nce [ Tetraonidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) “Tn, wood, woodland; Spdév7ns, a thunderer. (Stone.) Hyloctistes Rrncway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 72. ype, Philydor virgatiis LAWRENCE... .....0-.242 0c acs. cce=e: [Furnartidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) "TAn, a wood, forest; xriorns, a settler. (Ridgway.) Hylopezus Rrocway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71. Tvpe, Grallaria perspicillata LAWRENCE........-.-------+--+-- [ Formicariidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) “TAn, a wood, forest; wefés, walking. (Ridgway.) Hylophylax Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 70. Type, Conopophaga nxvioides LAFRESNAYE......-.....------ [Formicariidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) “YAn, a wood, forest; ¢i\at, a watcher, guard, sentinel. (Ridgway.) Hyloscopus ! CaBanis and Jeter, Mus. Heineanum, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1863, p. 75. EV PGs cn ALUS NULL, GAMBEM ake sree atte Mana. dino o cesees shes sens [Picidae. ] (Monotypy.) Hylospingus Netson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol C0, No. 3, Sept. 27, 1912, p. 18. Type, ITylospingus inornatus NELSON .............---22-e-e000- [ Fringillidae. } (Monotypy.) *TAn=forest, oriyyos=a small bird. (Nelson.) Hypaétos ? “‘Geoffr.’’ Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 4. Cited as a doubtful synonym of Spilornis................-.-2--0- [Buteonidae. }
1 Not used here; cited in synonymy of Dictyopipo nuttalli. * Written Hypaétus in 1855 (Cat. Gen. and Cubgen. Birds, p. 4).
596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 53
Hyphantornis! Gray, Genera of Birds, vol. 1, pt. 1, May, 1844, p. [1] of Ploceinae. Type, Hyphantornis grandis GRAY.......-.--- eee oan eee [Ploceidae.] (Present designation.)? Hyponectes SunpDEvVALt, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 5, Heft 4, 1857, p. 251. Substitute name for Spheniscus BRISSON........-------------- [Spheniscidae. } ‘Trovew, aquam subeo. (Sundevall.) Ibilophus ‘‘Lesson” Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, vol. 43, No. 21, November,
1856, p. 993. Equivalent to Lophotibis REICHENBACH, 1853..........--.. [ Threskiornithidae.]}
Ibis LackeEpE, Tableau Oiseaux, 1799, p. 18; MatrHews, Auk, vol. 30, 1913, pp. 92-95. Type, Ibis candidus Daupin [= Tantalus ibis LINNAEUS] 3... .....[Ciconiidae.] (Tautonymy, and subsequent designation, Mathews, 1913.) (See also Dipluravis.)
Ictiniastur Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 5, pt. 1, Nov. 5, 1915, p. 146. Type, ‘Milvus spheniurus VYEILLOT.. << 2<0 - <0 oso eens oe eee [Buteonidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Haliastur.) Tctinia (ixrivos, a kite)+ Astur (astur, a kind of hawk). (Mathews, MS.)
Idioptilon Beriepscn, Proc. Fourth Intern. Orn. Congress (Ornis, XIV), Feb., 1907, p. 356. Type, Idioptilon rothschildi BERLEPSCH......-... sieisieve eines o'aip's mis oie ROE eee (Original designation and monotypy.) “Idtos=singularis; rrikov=ala. (Berlepsch.)
Inezia CuHERRIE, Mus. Brooklyn Inst., Sci. Bull., vol. 1, No. 16, June 30, 1909, p. 390. Type, Capsiempis caudata SALVIN........- smn doac smpinse eS aes Shame Lemntadeed (Original designation.) For Enriqueta Inez Cherrie, 1898- —_ (Cherrie.)
Iredaleornis MatrHeEws, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 127. New name for Heteromyias SHarpPeE, 1879 (not Heteromyia Say, 1825). [ Muscicapidae.] For Tom Iredale, 1880- (Mathews, MS.)
Irediparra MaTHEws, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 1, June 17, 1911, p. 7. Type, Parra gallinacea TEMMINGK 6 ooo) od oh ob Sena see .----[Jacanidae.] (Original designation.)
1 Hyphantiornis, and also Chera, are now invariably quoted as dating from 1849, although duly recorded by A. Wagner in his report on ornithology for 1844 (Archiv Naturgesch., 1845, vol. 2, p. 52). Oneor both names were mentioned by Riippell (Syst. Ucb. Végel Nord-Ost-A frika’s, 1845, p. 67) and Cabanis (Archiv Naturgesch., 1847, vol. 1, p. 331) before 1849, but a recent author has argued that Riippell’s work could not have been published in 1845, owing to the mention of Cherainit! The facts areas follows: Part I of Gray’s work, issued in May, 1844, included (among other subjects) four unnumbered pages of Ploceinae, where the genera Chera and Hyphantornis are duly proposed. In part 47, March, 1849, he issued a revised edition of the Ploceinae, extended to six pages, and to insure this and two or more similar revised sheets being preserved by the binder, he indicated in the table of contents those to be retained. The original sheet , dated ‘‘ May, 1844,”’ was therefore carefully eliminated in binding.
2 The original Hyphantornis contains 28 species, the second edition 33. Nos. 1 to 9 are the same in both editions, but No. 10 (‘‘H. personata (Swains.)’’) is missing in the substituted text of 1849. Nos. 11 to 28 of the original text are the same as Nos. 10 to 27 of 1849. Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 13, 1890, p. 437) gives the type of the genus as Oriolus cucullatus Miiller (O. tertor Gmelin), which is the first species but Gray (Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 70) designates ‘‘ Ploceus grandis, Vicill.” as the type of Hyphantornis “‘G. R. Gr. 1849.” The name grandis appears to have been first introduced by Gray, 1844 and not by Vieillot. In view of the several irregularities connected with the case, I designate Hyphan tornis grandis Gray as the type of Hyphentornis Gray, 1844.
2 See Mathews, Auk, vol. 3), 1913, pp. 92-95, for further details. Jbis will replace Pseudotantalus Ridge way,1883,
Ko. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 597
Jabiru “Vicillot” Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 20, 1821, p. 278. Type, Ardea dubia GMELIN, ‘‘et au jabiru argala de M. Vieillot.’"? [Ciconiidae.] (Monotypy.) Jabiru Hetumayr, Abh. k. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. (II Kl.), vol. 22, Abth. 3, May 20, 1906, p. 711. Type, Ciconia mycteria LICHTENSTEIN......-+2-seeeeeseceseeseeee [Ciconiidae.] (Monotypy.) Jambotreron “‘Pr. B. 1854,” ? Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 97. Type, Columba jambu GMELIN. . 52.2. << ce cccasacccencesscccessee [ Treronidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Karua Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 59. Type, Campephaja leucomela Vicors and HoRSFIELD........ [Cam pephagidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Karu, an aboriginal name. (Mathews, MS.)
Kempia Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 109. Type. Merwe flavigaster GOULD S.3 2. tees ch bes Las. Saale [ Muscicapidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) For Robin Kemp. (Mathews, MS.) Kempiella Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 1, Aug. 2, 1913, p. 12. ype, Kemmella kempt MATHEWS = -5:5 5 wise cine Se kw diele eee un [ Afuscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Robin Kemp-+ella. (Mathews, MS.) Lacustroica Nortu, Victorian Naturalist, vol. 26, No. 9, Jan. 13, 1910. p. 138.
NE PL ACUsTOUCd Whe’ NORTH. .csacessse a/c cceccees cms since [ Meliphagidae.] (Monotypy.) Laletris ReticHENOow, Ornith. Monatsber., vol. 14, No. 5, May, 1906, p. 88. Pype, Garrulus lanceolatus [ViGORS].22-- 5.2. . oc ace acs c sence snewlns [Corvidae.} (Monotypy.) Lalocitta REIcHENOW, Ornith. Monatsber., vol. 14, No. 5, May, 1906, p. 88. Type, Garrulus lidthi [BONAPARTE].............---- Aes A een [Corvidae.] (Monotypy.) Lamprolophos * Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Oiseaux, vol. 3, [1853?], pp. 91, 96. Lyne, U pupa varia GODDAERT.2casececscscsteccecsesteesscse ces [Sturnidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) Aaurpos, brilliant; Aogos, huppe. (Des Murs.) Lanarius Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 19, 1821, p. 204. Emendation of Lantartus VericLore =... o22 SS lead. Co ceew ec enes [Laniidae.} Lanarius 4 “Brisson” Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, sér. 2, vol. 7, No. 25, April 2, 1843, col. 589. Type, Lanarius vulgaris Lesson=‘‘ Falco lanarius, LATHAM’’..... [Falconidae.} (Monotypy and tautonymy.)
1 In vol. 19, 1821, p. 302, Dumont refers to it as ‘‘mycteria argala”’ of Vieillot. I have submitted this case to Mr. Hellmayr, who is of the opinion that Dumont’s Jabiru is not used in a systematic sense.
2 Gray, List Spec. Birds, vol. 4, Columbae, 1856, p. 2, gives the authority as “Pr. B. in litt.”
3 Lamprolophos Reichenbach, 1853, is a member of the Irrisoridae.
4 As there is some doubt concerning the identity of Falco lanarius of the older authors, Lesson’s reference is here reprinted: ‘‘64¢ Genre: LANARIUS, Brisson, Ornith., t. 1, p. 363 (Tarses trés courts): hab. le nord de DAsie et de l’Europe.—233. Lanarius vulgaris; Falco lanarius, Latham; le Lanier, Buff., t. 1, p. 243; Vie ill., Encycl., p. 1232, Faloo stellaris, Gm., Temm., Man., t. I, p. 20: hab. Asie; de passage en Pologne, Russie, Islande, Hongie.’’
598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Leggeornis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 113. Type, Malurus lamberti Vicors and HorsFIELD............-----00- [Sylviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For William Vincent Legge. (Mathews, MS.) Leptonyx Swarnsoy,! Classif. Birds, vol. 2, [July,] 1837, p. 290; Animals in Menageries, [Jan. 1,] 1838, p. 314. Type, Leplonyx melanotis Swatnson=Emberizoides melanotis TEMMINCK.
[Fringillidae.]
(Monotypy.) Leptophaethon MarnHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 56. Type, Phacthon lepturus dorotheex MATHEWS...........-------- [Phaéthontidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) Aerrés, delicate+ Phaéthon (@aéfwv, son of Helios). (Mathews, MS.) Leptophaps RetcHenow, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 61, Heft 2, April, 1918, p. 401. Type, Columba aymara Prevost and KnIp..............-.-2-+-- [Claraviidae.]} (Monotypy.) Leucanous Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, p. 432. Type, Gygis microrhyncha SAUNDERSL D2 O22 oti8 ee e2 DI ees [Laridae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Aevxés, White+Anous (dvous, foolish). (Mathews, MS.) Leucopicus ‘‘Malherbe” Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Oiseaux, vol. 1 [18532], p. 239. Type, Picus dominicanus VIEWLOT! S02. 73s bse os Saeco cee [Picidae.] (Monotypy.) (See Colombpicus.) Leucopsar StTRESEMANN, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 31, No. 181, Oct. 28, 1912, p. 4; Novit. Zool., vol. 19, 1912, p. 374, pl. 2. Type, Leucopsar rothschildi STRESEMANN. . 2.2. -seeeeecceseeeeees [Sturnidae.] (Monotypy.) Leucopterus ‘‘Bonap. Firzincer,’’ Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Wien], vol. 46, Abth. 1, 1863, p. 198.
Lapaus for Lepioptleris BONAPARTE: ..:-2.csdescs-5=5-0=8 opeueseas [Laniidae.] Lewinornis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 57. Type, Syloia rupiventris LATHAM 2.0.0 ccs ss s6n esis oon ue emiaare [ Muscicapidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) For John William Lewin, 17—?-1818. (Mathews, MS.) {Limicolavis SHurEtpt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 19, February, 1915, pp. 55, 56. i Type, Limicolavis pluvianella SHUFELDT..........2.--22-2-00 [Charadriidae?] (Monotypy.) Limus, mud-+colere, inhabit,+avis, bird. (Shufeldt.) Limnosalus WiirtreEMBeERG, Naumannia, 1857, p. 432. Type, ‘‘Buteo longipes, Jard.{=Jerdon] B. rufinus, Riipp.” ?....[Buteonidae.] (Monotypy.) Limnothlypis* Srone, Science, new ser., vol. 40, No. 1018, July 3, 1914, p. 26. Type, Sylora swaimsonit AWDUBON © .- ctem i «a a'ajmcaisjam <tnjel= elaine [ Afniotiltidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Aiuyn, a marshy lake, and @dv7is, an ancient bird name. (Stone.)
1 Not Leptonyr Swainson, 1832, a genus of Pteroptochidae.
8 —Accipiter feror S. G. Gmelin.
# For Helinaia of authors, not of Audubon. The type of Helinaia, as fixed by Gray, 1841, is Afotacilia vermivora Gmelin.
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 599
tLimosavis Suurexpr, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 19, February, 1915, D219: Substitute name for Graculavus Mansi !................-2---- [Incertae sedis.?}
Linaria Bartram, Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. — (London ed., 1792, pp. 289, 297); ZimmERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793 pp. 151, 286; Marnews, Auk, 1914, pp. 88-90. Type, Tanagra cyanea LINNAEUS........-- Eee ence Sarees cess [ Fringillidae.] (Present designation.*)
Lineocantor Maynanrp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 240. Type. Muscicapa, striata; PORSTER.--..< 0... sccceesesenansmnee [ Mniotiltidae.} (Present designation.*)
Linneopicus® MaLHeRBE, Nouv. Classif. Picinées,® 1850, p. 52. My newPicus henminiert LESSON cocina ances cen cavece see nes ees [Picidae.]}
(Monotypy.)
Littlera MarHrws, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 109. Type, Muscicapa chrysoptera Quoy and GAIMARD............-.-[Muscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Frank Mervyn Littler. (Mathews, MS.)
Livia Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Oiseaux, vol. 6, [1854?], pp. 34, 40. ype Columba, tia LINNAEUS: o2cf2c2tees toons Se acetae - see oe [Columbidae.] (Original designation, monotypy, and tautonymy.)
Loddigesia’ ‘‘Gould” Bonaparte, Conspectus Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 80.
Type, Trochilus mirabilis LODDIGES...........seecescccseccesscse [ Trochilidae.] (Monotypy.) Lophaon STREUBEL, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 3, vol. 17, 1842, p. 94. Type, Columba lophotes TEMMINCK....- sasecaah tees vo Meetemene ae [Claraviidae.} (Monotypy.) Lophonetta Ritey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, May 11, 1914, p. 100. eg pe eA ms Cristaia GWELIN(: -. 01.2 o< eo dase cctems Oe cis okinle vied ester incis as [ Anatidae.
(Original designation.) Aédos, crest; vyrra, a duck. (Riley, MS.)
Lophoptilotis MarHews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 414. Type, Ptilotis leadbeateri MCCOY......--------eeee++2++0++2+--.[ Meliphagidae. (Original designation and monotypy.) Aédgos, crest+ Ptilotis (xridov, feather; ots, més, ear). (Mathews, MS.)
1 Graculavus is regarded as misleading.
2 Placed in the Limicolae by Doctcr Shufeldt.
3 When the late Doctor Coues delivered “The finishing stroke to Bartram,” in 1899, the term “binary” had not been vested withits present significance. Bartram was a binary author, and must be resuscitated for the benefit of Lucar and possibly one or two othernames. Linariais properly applied here to Emberiza ciris Linnaeus and 7'anagra cyanea Linnaeus, respecti\ ely, but as there is a possibility that Linaria e\ entus ally may be cited from the second edition of Catesby’s “Carolina” (1771), where applied to Tanagra cyanea, I have made that species the type.
4 Sylvia castanea Wilson is also included.
8 Also written Linnzxipicus Bonaparte, 1854; Linneipicus Malherbe, 1861; Linneopicos Gray, 1855; and Linnoeipicus Malherbe, 1861.
6 See note under Colombpicus.
1Also Loddiggesia Bonaparte, 1854; Loddigesiornis Gould, 1861; Loddiggiornis Bonaparte, 1854; Loddi- giornis Bonaparte, 1830.
600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Lucar! Bartram, Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. — (London ed., 1792, p. 288); ZIMMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793, p. 284; MartuHeEws, Auk, 1914, pp. 88, 91.
Type, Muscicapa carolinensis LINNAEUS.........200-eeeeeeecceeeee [ Mimidae.} (Monotypy.)
Luscinia Barrram, Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. — (London ed., 1792, p. 290); ZimmERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793, p. 287; MatHews, Auk, 1914, pp. 89, 91.
Type, “‘Luscinia, s. philomela Americana; the yellow hooded titmouse,”’ a momen nudim here? ? st). i.tS ee Sod A ea ee a [Incertae sedis.] (Monotypy.) Luscinioides ‘‘Bp.’’ Rey, Synon. Eur. Brutvégel und Giste, 1872, p. 208. Lapswus for Lusciniopais BONAPARTE() ... 0. cos -00e8 - ocee ceonlenees [Sylviidae.]} (See Philomelopsis.) Maccoyornis Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 113. Type; Spnenura broadbenti McCoy. facie... - watcnas soencee seas aene [Sylviidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Frederick McCoy, 1823-1899-+-ornis. (Mathews, MS.)
Macgillivrayornis Matnews, South Australian Ornith., vol. 1, pt. 2, April, 1914, p. 12; Emu, vol. 15, pt. 2, Oct., 1915, p. 77, pl. 12. Type, Macgiliivrayornis claudi MATHEWS..............-------- [ Meliphagidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For William David Kerr Macgillivray, 1867- | (Mathews, MS.)
Machophilus THIENEMANN, Rhea, Heft I, 1846, p. 117.
Substitute name for Philomachws * .-<:.6- 5 2am eee ceases [Scolopacidae.} Macrodura MatHeEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 294. Type, Gallinago nobilis SCLATER..........---+---- go seatewanse [Scolopacidae.}
(Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Gallinago Koch.) Makpés, large-+Odura (87, a song; obpa, tail). (Mathews, MS.) Macrorthonyx MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 111. ‘Evpe, Orihonyx spaniding, WAMSAY .<\. sc oceans ty at eee cease { Timalitdae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) Maxpés, large+Orthonyx (ép00s, straight; dvvt, claw). (Mathews, MS.) Maculocantor MaynarpD, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 238. Type; Hotactila macuiosa GmEtin |: 2 I2.202 sts. tn eee [ Mniotiltidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Magnamytis Matuews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 366. Type, Amytornis woodward: HARTERT... 2... psc ccc swee secs owees [Sylvitdae.]} (Original designation.) Magnus, great-+Amytis (“Auuris, a daughter of Astyages). (Mathews, MS.)
1 Lucar dates from Bartram, 1791, and displaces Dumetella S. D. W., 1837. It is possibly indeterminate on p. —, where the passage reads “Lucar lividus, apice nigra; the cat bird, or chicken bird”: but one p. — (pp. 297-298 of the London ed.) he fixes its status by reference to Catesby’s “ Muscicapa vertice nigro,” and Zimmermann adds the Linnaean name in parentheses.
2In Bartram, 1791 and 1792, this genus is a nomen nudum, but Zimmermann amplifies the reference by writing “ Luscinia seu philomela americana. The yellow hooded titmouse. Die Amerikanische Nachtigall. CaTEsBy.”? Catesby did not describe or figure the “‘American Nightingale,’ but Edwards (Nat. Hist. vol. 3, p. 121) did, and as Zimmermann was citing his references from Seligmann’s work, where the figures and descriptions from Edwards and Catesby are badly mixed, it is not surprising that this is quoted as from Catesby. This particular bird is in need of further investigation, as it is one of the chief references on which Motacilla calidris Linnaeus is founded. It requires strong imagination to see in Edwards’s plate 121 the bird we now know as Vireosylva calidris.
Under Tringa pugnar Linnaeus, he adds: ‘‘ Machophilus et Machetes pugn. auct.”
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 601
Mainatus Viemuor, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., ed. 2, vol. 18, 1817, p. 410. ype yj Matar a Ae WV TETEEO De ed a ais sicia dws ancl eet orcs Salas [Graculidae.} (Monotypy.) Malindangia MEArns, Philippine Journal of Science, vol. 2, No. 5 (Sect. A), October, 1907, p. 355. Type, Malindangia mcgregori MEARNS.....-...--.-+------+- [Campephagidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Mount Malindang, habitat of the genus. (Mearns, MS.) Manopsitta Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 62. Substitute name for Opopsitta ScLaTER, 1860, ‘‘used in error for Cyclopsitta Auct.’’ LY Pe, CUCLOPERIO COZEMT GOULD. «2s cwae anew sjas sss ccns vases © [Cyclopsittacidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) Manus, the hand; yYirra (kos), a parrot. (Mathews, MS.) Mantellornis Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 1, pt. 5, Oct. 31, 1911, pp. 249, 255. ype mivolorne hochstettent MEYERS: <2ses con aedsese sess se ee cc toes [Rallidae. (Monotypy.) For Walter Mantell. (Mathews, MS.) Maorigerygone MatHEews and IREDALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 1, No. 3, July, 1913, p. 437. Type, Curruca igata Quoy and GAIMARD............2.222-0-5- { Muscicapidae.} (Original designation.) Maori+Gerygone. (Mathews, MS.) Maroturnia MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112. Myne MCOMImn ie PECLOTAlis GOULD. \c\. jab Sec os isecc ov eos cnie ser [Phasianidae.]} (Orignal designation and monotypy.) Bfara, an aboriginal name+ Turniz. (Mathews, MS.) Mathewsena IrepatgE, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 82. Substitute name for Mathewsia IREDALE (preoccupied by Matihewsia Sautcy, WORE ee cse eee ree ae aedae sa cn ihe Garhi Se mit ares sia fieie [ Meyalornithidae.} For Gregory Macalister Mathews, 1876- (Iredale.) Mathewsia ? IrEDALE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vel. 27, No. 166, Jan. 23, 1911, p. 47. Cie, AULA TAL OLIN AG MERRY ojo ccs c o)a! cota on cieln Cider ene ees { Megalornithidae.]} (Original designation.) For Gregory Macalister Mathews, 1876- (Tredale.) Mattingleya MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 111. Type, Pachycephala peninsula HARTERT.........----..-2--06- { Muscicapidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Arthur H. E. Mattingley. (Mathews, MS.) Mearnsia Ripcway, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. 5, Nov. 29, 1911, p. 686. ‘ype, Cixtura picina LWEEDDAGE 2.92 2 SIS [ Micropodidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Edgar Alexander Mearns, 1856-1916. (Ridgway.) Megalopipo SUNDEVALL, Conspectum Avium Picinarum, 1866, p. 4.
Emendation of Megapicos MALHERBE, 1849.............-------+--+--- [Picidae.] fMegalornis Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. 11, No. 121, July, 1843, p. 19. Paiivalent to DanornIe OMEN. Lsrajs, win tnt o,c\c/a 2 iin to sepa ess & [Dinornithidae.]
1 This is described as ‘‘Le grand mainate (mainatus major). Ilressemble au précédent [‘Le mainate de Bris- son’] par sa forme et la variété de ses couleurs; mais i] est plus grand; sa taille ézale celle duchoucas. Son bec et ses pieds sont jaunes, sans aucune teinte de rougefitre. Cet oiseau se trouve dans l’ile de Hainan en Asie.”’ I do not find the name in the British Museum Catalogue, nor in the recent papers on the birds of Hainan. =
2 This is, in effect, a substitute name for Antigone Reichenbach, 1853 (preoccupied by Antigone Gray, 1847, in mollusca), but Iredale has designated a different type for his genus,
602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Megapodargus Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 63. New name for Cyphorhina Lesson, 1843 (not Cyphirhinus ScHuONHERR, 1826). Type, Podargus papuensis Quoy and GAIMARD......----..----+- Podargidue.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Meéyas, large+Podargus (rédapyos, swilt-footed). (Mathews, MS.)
Megapsittacus ! Grctrort1, Boll. Soc. Geogr. Italiana, vol. 11, fasc. 5-7, 1874, p. 357.
‘Type, ositiacis mauruianus OWEN +. 2-20 .0c+ 25 oanntetense nae [ Cacaloidae.} (Monotypy.) Megastictus Rincway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, April 17, 1909, p. 69. Type, Myrmeciza margaritata SCLATER......---.---------e00 | Formicariidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.) Meyas, large; orixrés, marked, spotted. (Ridgway.) Megathelia Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112. ype, Megapodius tumutus GOULD S<.02. fons abe Une dead wee [ Megapodidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) A ‘‘made-up” name. (Mathews, MS.) Melanococcyx WUrtreEMBerc, Naumannia, 1857, p. 434 (nomen nudum); HEUGLIN, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 15, 1867, p. 301.? Type, Melanococcyz levatllanti WURTTEMBERG......-.-..-----00-- [Cuculidae.] (Monotypy.) Melanocoryphoides Brancu1, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., sér.5, vol. 23, No.3, 1906, p.'222. Type, Melancorypha maria GOULD As. -. ee. ee eae ce cae cena oe [Alaudidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Melanopicos MaLHERBE, Nouv. Classif. Picinées,? 1850, p. 46.
Emendation of Melampicos MALHERBE, 1849.............2-0---ee00- [Picidae.] {Meleagrops (Marsh, MS.) SHuretpr, Auk, vol. 30, No. 1, January, 1913, p. 33. ‘Ly pe,.Meleqgris celer MARSH 2 5 ess. S882 on ahaa ae ee eee [Incertae sedis.}
(Monotypy.)
Melichneutes RercHENow, Ornith. Monatsber., vol. 18, No. 10, October, 1910, p. 160. Type, Melichneutes sommerfeldi REICHENOW. ........------+-- [ Indicatoridae.] (Monotypy.*) : Melloria Marnews. Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 114. Type, “‘ Cracticus quoyi tunneyi HarteErt=C. spaldingi Masters”. .[Laniidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For John White Mellor. (Mathews, MS.) Melomyza Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 196. Type, Myzomelaobseura GOULD. 2.2222 Lemaet iach eee ee { Meliphagidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) Anagram of Myzomela. (Mathews, MS.)
Melophilus C. L. Bream, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 5, 1857, p. 351.
Substitute name for Melizophilus LEACH...............-02-20e0e008 [Sylviidae.} Merganas Macciiuivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. 5, 1852, p. 201. Type; Merqusiaibellice LAINNAGUS, oc bar. Cos 24 cis oan « Sas lee [Anatidae.}
(Monotypy.)
! This antedates and should supersede Lophopsittacus Newton, 1875.
2 Heuglin leaves the case in uncertainty. He thinks the species is equivalent to “ Cuculus nigricans Sw.= C. chalybaeus Heugl.,” but is not certain.
® See note under Colombpicus.
‘He thinks Afelignomon robustus Bates may belong to this genus.
a > So =e
i i i i te
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 603
Meropicus MaLuersBe, Monogr. Picidées, vol. 1, 1861, p. lili. ‘Tupe, Picus nirunamoceuas | LANNAEUS |< cnc n/a s\n caw cecen= sence aos [Picidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Merops, guépier+Picus. (Malherbe.)
Merula BoppaeEnt, Table Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 11 (No. 182), p. 16 (No. 258). Type, ‘‘Mferula montana, Linn. syst. VI.” [=Turdus torquatus Lin- NABUS | cosase casa weds wat ieceels cis icMioge eee Mocise akin nites aie [ Turdidae.]} (Present designation.')
Merula Bartram.” Travels through Carolina, ete., 1791, p. — (London ed., 1792, p. 288); ZIMMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793, p. 284; Martnews, Auk, 1914, pp. 88, 90.
Type, Merula marilandica ZmmMeERMANN [=Fringilla rubra Liv- NTA EUS [a acted cacie « cata crac ee ettees aetna ciate eee crea aera alae [ Tangaridae.] (Virtual monotypy.’)
Merulissima Seesoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 5, 1881, p. 232. Substitute name for Semimerula SCLATER. ........-.-----2-220002- [ Turdidae.}
Mesitornis Bonararre, Comptes Rendus, vol. 41, No. 17, October, 1855, p. 681. Substitute name for Mesites I. GEOFFROY *.......2--...000-eece0e- [ Mesitidae.]
Mesocarbo Maruews and I[rEDALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 1, No. 3, July, 1913, p. 415. ype, Garoo sillcirrosins BRANDT (<< 22% je <2 0 csc 50st = on enon [Phalacrocoracidae.} (Original designation.) Mécos, middle+ Carbo (carbo, a coal). (Mathews, MS.)
Mesospilus> SUNDEVALL, Conspectum Avium Picinarum, 1866, psli6. EVE ei TCHS) TO ESt NN LOORG acc ncccmnoals © ses cele anvil sels > on /e\nle vie = ivan [Picidae.]
(Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Picus.)
Metagraucalus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-8, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 59. Type, Graucalus tenwirosivis JARDINE... << <c0<c00<sccseene [Campephagidae. ] (Original designation and monotypy.) Mer4, in the midst of, between+Graucalus (ypayxados, a kind of bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Metallopsar Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60. Mype lOalornis purpurascens GRAY ssn. ool ac ce se can cesee sense [Graculidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) MéraAdov, metal; Wap, starling. (Mathews, MS.)
Micralcyone Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 107. Pope Alcyone PusULa TidILt MATHEWS csssscccescccccc ss sic cas ee [ Alcedinidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Mixpés, small-+ Alcyone (’Adxvévn, wife of Ceyx). (Mathews, MS.)
1 Merula (Corvus) Brachyurus, LiNN. Gen. 50. 15’’ is mentioned on p. 16. Mathews and Iredale (Austral Avian Record, vol. 3, 1915, pp. 38-40) have discussed this case, but failed to fix the type.
2A nomen nudum with Bartram, but recognizable from Zimmermann, who adds “‘(Seligm. Cat. III. T. 12),” and this is clearly applicable to Fringilla rubra Linnaeus. From portions of Bartram’s diary published by Doctor Stone (Auk, 1913, p. 348), it appears that the Summer Redbird of Bartram was the Piranga erythromelas Vicillot, and the Sandhill Redbird was 2. rubra (Linnaeus), quite the reverse of Zimmermann’s usage. However, the Iatter’s action is final, and his Merula marilandica is equivalent to Fringilla rubra Linnaeus.
3 Merula flammea, or the “Sandhill redbird of Carolina,’’ is also cited, but it is a nomen nudum with both Bartram and Zimmermann.
4 Mesites of Schénherr, 1838 (Coleoptera), appears to be subsequent to Geoffroy (see Brazil, Revue Frang, d’Orn., vol. 3, 1914, pp. 66-67).
5 Equivalent to Gauropicoides Malherbe, 1861.
604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Micrartamus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 114. ePype, Ariamuys minor VInwuots) 25. 52. Soe een enes toe eee eee [Artamidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Mxpés, small+ Artamus (éprayos, a butcher). (Mathews, MS.)
Microbainopus Brancut, Annuaire Musée Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., vol. 12, No. 1, June, 1907, pp. 70, 73. ‘Bype, Phenicura macgrigoix; BURTON o-c0nc0cecasescoes+ ene [ Muscicapidae. } (Original? designation.) (Subgenus of Niltava Hopason.)
Micrococcyx Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 99. ype, Coccyzus pumitue STRICKLAND «11.0% See ede bbe cee eee [Cuculidue.} (Original designation.) Mixpés, small; xéxxvé, a cuckoo. (Ridgway.)
Microphilemon Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 117. Type, ‘‘Buphaga orientalis } Latnam (= Tropidorhynchus citreogularis GouLpD).”” { Meliphagidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Mixpés, small+ Philemon. (Mathews, MS.)
Microplectron SrrEUBEL, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 3, vol. 16, 1842, paZors Type, ‘‘ Cloturniz] cambayensis Lata. TemM.”’ ?...........0-0005 [Phasianidae.} (Monotypy.) (Section of Coturnir,.under the genus Perdiz.) (See also Rubicola Biy1n.)
Micropodargus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 57. iype, Podarqus marmoraius GOULD =... scn.ce0<0 sec 3. see eee [Podargidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Mixpés, smal!+ Podargus (rééapyos, swift-footed). (Mathews, MS.)
Microptilotis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 116. Type; Pilots grorilis GOULD: «oo. cn wee dete niset en See [ Meliphagidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Mixpés, small- Piilotis (rridov, feather; ots, wrés, ear). (Mathews, MS.)
Microscops Buturiin, Na&a ochota, November, 1910, pp. 10, 13. ype, Sas: radia GMELIN. 55 85a cine 5 cehiae aan eee [Strigidae.} (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Cryptoglauz Richmond.)
Microstilbon Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, Aug. 8, 1913, p. 174. Type, Perastilbon ansperatus TODD se gon nenks cone ooemecsese nee { Trochilidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Microtrogon (Goeldi) SNErHLAGE, Bol. Museu Goeldi, vol. 5, No. 1, February, 1908, p. 62; Goeldi, idem, pp. 92, 94. Type, Trogon ramonianus DEviLLE and Drs Murs...........-..-[Trogonidae.} (Monotypy.) (Not Microtrogon BERTON, 1901; see Chrysotrogon Ripcway.) Microxenops Cuapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, Mar. 19, 1914, p. 196. Type, Mirozenops millers CHAPMAN. 2.0. . 6o0 cscs nos saeteeae | Furnariidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Mixpés, smnall-+ Xenops (tévos, strange; Sy, appearance). (Chapman, MS.)
1 Lapsus for Buceros orientalis Latham. ? This= Perdiz asiatica Latham
Pm. 2
Ko.2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 605
Microzalias Maruews and IrEpDALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 3, No. 3, July, 1915, p. 597. TE VIIG. WE tLe TUACLOULES TREE TA 6 opie daca ia alse a\ea5 owns sso disie ee [Puffinidue.] (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Puffinus or Thyellodroma.) Mixpés, small-+-Zalias (fan, surf, spray). (Mathews, MS.)
Milligania Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 112. Type, Acanthiza robustirosiris MILLIGAN . «<= - 15. c nce ase e ne ccnnnenne [Sylviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Alexander William Milligan. (Mathews, MS.)
}Minerva SuHuretpr, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 19, February, 1915, p. 42. Eppes AGiur On i iun OHURELIT. oo dancer cei cine oe a cie aeja eae neal = [Strigidae.]} (Monotypy.) For ‘The goddess Minerva of Roman mythology.”’ (Shufeldt.) Morganormis MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 112. Type, Pomatorhinus superciliosus Vicors and HonrsFIELD........- [ Timaliidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Alexander Matthew Morgan, 1868- (Mathews, MS.)
Morinella Barrram,! Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. —— (London ed., 1792, p. 292); ZmumMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793, p. 291; MatuHews, Auk, 1914, pp.89, 91.
Type, Morinella americana ZIMMERMANN= Tringa morinella LINNAEUS. [ Arenariidae.]} (Monotypy and tautonymy.)
Motacilloides Bururtin, Messager Ornith., vol. 1, No. 2, May, 1910, p. 127.
Type, Pericrocotus cinereus LAFRESNAYE..-----+-----2---0+- [Campephagidae.} (Subsequent designation.’)
Muscicapella Brancut, Annuaire Musée Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., vol. 12,
No. 1, June, 1907, pp. 14, 43.
pes NENT HOOGEONY MOORE. « <:..< a1 <.cie.<m= ons <iwioa oles sa ome [ Musctcapidae.]} (Monotypv.) Myola Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 195. TE Pe, eATUCd: PUCUCM WIA TTAM 21. = csc e oe sie siabla wievereiere setae ee eee sis < [ Ardeidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) Myola, an aboriginal name. (Mathews, MS.)
Myophonus * Temminck, Planches Coloriées, vol. 2, 1822 (livr. 29), text to pl. 170.
Type, Myophonus metallicus TEMMINCK.........-..--222-e2eeees { Timaliidae.} (Monotypy ?) Myornis Cuapman, Auk, vol. 32, No. 4, October, 1915, p. 410. Type, Merularis senilis LAFRESNAYE......-..22s.02e-e-ee0e {Pteropiochidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.) Mis, mouse; dps, bird. (Chapman, MS.) Myrmoderus Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 70. Type, Myiothera loricata LIcHTENSTEIN.........2--002e-ceeee-- [Formicariidae.] (Original designation.) Mipunt, an ant; dépw, I flay, cudgel. (Ridgway.)
1A nomen nudum with Bartram, 1791 and 1792, but Zimmermann gives the Linnaean equivalent. The name is a synonym of Arenaria Brisson.
2 Otto, Ornith. Monatsber., 1910, p. 152.
3 Myiophoneus is an emendation, and the leaf devoted to the “Genre Mylophone,” although marked as appearing in livraison 29, must have been published much later, as Sharpe has already noted (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 7, 1883, p. 7). There are soveral other instances of substituted text in Temminck’s work.
606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Myrmopagis Ripcway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 69. Type, Myrmothera artllaris: VIEILLOT: 35.-22-2 2- Soo eee eee [Formicariidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) Mbpunt, an ant; wayis,atrap. (Ridgway.)
Myrmorchilus Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 69. Ayipe -MOthera SiPIgiala WIED). o\ocicn a4 wainminin cen era wan aaeae [ Formicariidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Mipyné, an ant; dpxidos, a wren. (Ridgway.)
Mytisa MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 196. Type, Diaphonillas howet MATHEWS 3.5.50 na coc ncmaie owaaeateecbee [Sylvitdae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Anagram of Amytis. (Mathews, MS.)
Nabouroupus! Bonaparte, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, [April], 1854, p. 8. Type, Lamprotornis fuluipennis SWAINSON....--..--..-------00-- [Sturnidae.} (Monotypy.)
Nannopsittaca Riveway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 100. Type, Brotogerys panychlorus SALVIN and GopsAn......-... -.-.--[Psittacidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Ndvvos, dwarf; Yurraxn, a parrot. (Ridgway.)
Nealbatrus MaTHeEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1912, p. 274. Type, Diomedea chlororhynchos GMELIN.......-------2++--e-eee- [Diomedeidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Thalassogeron.) Néos, new-+Albatrus. (Mathews, MS.)
Necrophagus (Blainville) Eypoux and SouLeyYet, Voyage Bonite, vol. 1, 1841, p. 108. Substitute name for Chionts Forster: ..1..22.2 see ee ess oe eee [Chionididae.]
Neochalcites MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 1, Jan. 2, 1912, p. 7. Type, Chrysococcyx basalts mellori MATHEWS...........------02-0- [Cuculidae.] (Original designation.) Neos, new+Chalcites (xadxizts, copper ore). (Mathews, MS.)
Neoclima MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 115. Type, Clmacterts :ptceumnius TeMMINeK 22.22 2a sys see: [Certhiidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Néos, new+ Clima (cteris). (Mathews, MS.)
Neonanodes Maruews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 279. Type, Psittacus chrysogaster LATHAM. ...........-22ceeeeececeee- [Psittacide.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Néos, new+ Nanodes (vavvwins dwarfish). (Mathews, MS.)
Neonectris Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 1, Aug. 2, 1913, p. 12. Type) Pupinus brevwaudus' GouLp?.-.iss.e cess seek eee cette eee. [Pufinidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Néos, new+ Neciris. (Mathews, MS.)
Neoparadisea VAN Oort, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 28, No. 1-2, July, 1906, p. 129.7 Type, Neoparadisea .ruyst VAN OORT... c-c0stcecaseccees seca ee [Paradisaeidae. } (Monotypy.)
1 This name does not occur in the original paper as published in the Comptes Rendus. 2 Repaged separates appear to have been published earlier, as the paper is reviewed in the Ornith. Monatsher., June, 1906, 103.
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 607
Neophilemon Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 117. Typo, Philedon buceroides SWAINSON «<<<... 2-ocencncestictescce [ Meliphagidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) Néos, new+Philemon. (Mathews, MS.)
Neophloeotomus DabBeNne, Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, vol. 27, July 8,1 1915, p. 76, fig. 1. Type, Phlocotomuad schulet CABANIS. <2 \ficjsie nls coos s osiosic ccidesawecictes [Picidae.} (Original designation.) Neopisobia Matuews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 245. Type, Totanus damacensis HorsrieLp? [=Tringa subminuta MippENDORFF]. [Scolopacidae.] (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Pisobia BrvLBERG.) Néos, new+ Pisobia (riccos, moist land; fidw, to live). (Mathews, MS.)
Neopephila MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 196. yoo. Paephila belehert; MATHEWS (occ se selec. eee acca eens [Ploceidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Néos, new+ Poephila (xéa, grass; dtdeiv, love). (Mathews, MS.)
Neopsephotus Matuews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 279. Evin, Hupneme vourktt GOULD. atsc-c cee cssbacscscccsesc esse ee [Psittacidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) Neos, new+Psephotus. (Mathews, MS.)
Neosericornis MatHews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 353. iyo. Muscicapa lathnins STEPHENS. 204. 0m 00 ssc foes eee ve oe ee [Sylviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Néos, new-+-Sericornis (onpixds silken; dps, bird). (Mathews, MS.) Neosittella MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 114. SG MOAULCLIC SUIGLE: OUD Ds oe son Sete mre a cicdeeiecie vara ts Maid eas Se ears {Sittidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) Néos, new+Sitiella (cirrn, a kind of woodpecker-+ella). (Mathews, MS.)
Neospilura Marnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 293. Lype; Gallanago solttaria, LODGSONE=..2 seins eek leis ees 5isn% - 2d a nlnne [Scolopacidae.] (Original designation.) Néos, new+Spilura (oridos, & spot; otpa, tail). (Mathews, MS.) Neostrepera Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 196. ‘Evpe; orrepera arguta GOULD... sssk ene te ariar ces aii eae alae eit ee [Corvidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) Néos, new+Sirepera. (Mathews, MS.) Neosuthora Hettmayr, in Wytsman’s Genera Avium, pt. 18, 1911, p. 74. ye. uehord, GOING, SLATER... «25 doee<2 5 abn dares aco See [Paridae.} (Original designation.) Nesofregetta Matuews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 1, May 30, 1912, p. 31. EMD, SE TEGELEC MUP SLISSUTUL, GALVIN = 5 00.01 0 01» 5 4 dja. Rin pero ispveie eins [Procellaritdae. } (Original designation. ) Nijgos, island+ Fregetta. (Mathews, MS.) Nesomalurus Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 59. Type; Malurus edowardt:CaMPBEbbsss<<s sieeve amscce ot vow tee steumtee's [Sylviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Nioos, island+ Malurus (uadaxés, soft; obpa, tail). (Mathews, MS.)
3 Date of this paper. 3 T. damacensis of Uorsfeld (not of Mathews and recent authors)= Tringa ruficollis Pallas, 1776 (see Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 23, 1916, p. 92).
608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Nesomiro Matnews and IREDALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 1, No. 3, July, 1913, p. 440. Dype; Miro traveret BUILER 2.0. 255500. 285300 ee et ee eee [ Muscicapidae.]} (Original designation.) Nios, island+ Miro. (Mathews, MS.)
Nesopardalotus Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 115.
Type, Pardaloius quadragintus GouLp..- 2.22.2. sce cee se ace ee eee [ Dicaeidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Nijoos, island+ Pardalotus (rapéadwrés, spotted like the leopard). (Mathews, MS.)
Nesophlox Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 23, Apr. 19, 1910, p. 55. ‘Pype:. Tl rockilus evelynz BOURCIER: sc ..2-54. 05022 sees eae { Trochilidae.} (Original designation.) Nicos, island; $d, a flame. (Ridgway.)
Nesoptilotis MarnEews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60. Lype, Pilots flaviguiasGourp..28. 2nd Be aaa { Meliphagidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Nios, island + Piilotis (xridov, feather; ots, &7és ear). (Mathews, MS.)
Nesozosterops Maruews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 451. Types 4 osterope: siventa, GOULD 22. 2225. ope ieidin gate « ewe ee [Zosteropidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Najgos, island+ Zosterops ({warnp, a girdle; day, eye). (Mathews, MS.)
Niphophilos PeTENy1, in Brehm, Handb. Stuben . . . Végel, 1832, p. 296. Substitute for Chionophilos PETENYI..........2-----+-eeeee-ecees {Alaudidae.] (See Chionophilos.)
Noctua S. G. Gmeuin, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop., vol. 15, 1771, p. 447,
pl. 12. Type, Noctua minor ‘Brisson’?! §. G. GMELIN [=Sirix flammea PontTorPipan]. [Strigidae.]} (Monotypy.) Nomadites “ Peteniz” * Gray, List Genera Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 54.-... [Sturnidae.}
Cited as a synonym of Pastor TEMMINCK. Nomusia “Heugl. M. S. (1859)? Hevetrm, Orn. Nordost-Afrika’s, vol. 2, 1873, p. 994.3
Not adopted; cited as a synonym of Hemiparra SALVADORI. .... [Charadriidae.]} Northiella Matuews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 276. Type, Plaetjterces hematgasier GOULD oo oS... saa eos eee [ Psittacidae.}
(Original designation.) For Alfred John North. (Mathews, MS.) Northipsitta Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 127. New name for Spathopterus Norru, 1895 (not Spathoptera SERvVILLE, 1835). [ Psittacidae.} For Alfred John North. (Mathews, MS.) Noticnas Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, May 27, 1915, p. 106. Type, Columba maculosa:‘TEMMINGCK:. . ..22.<--s52---08-00565 8 [Columbidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Nértos, southern; oivds, a wild pigeon. (Ridgway.)
} Although Gmelin credits the name J. minor to “Brisson,’’ the species described and figured hero Is not the one described by Brisson.
2 Gray quotes this name as of “TPeteniz (183-?).” 1 have not been able to ascertain whether Petényi ever published the name. See also Hermann, Aquila, vol. 3, 1896, p. 158.
* Finsch and Hartlaub (Decken’s Reis. O.-Afr., vol. 4, 1870, p. 641) had previously quoted this name from Heuglin’s MS., as ‘‘ Nonnusia,’’ under the genus Limnetes.
no. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 609
Notiomystis Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, No. 1656, Dec. 16, 1908, p.
634 (note). New name for Pogonornis Gray, 1846 (not Pogonornis BILLBERG, 1828). LY pe, Me PROG CIRTHE WUBUS ire cele. napa hs ee ccesenacen [ Meliphagidae.] (Monotypy.)
Nérios, southern; pvoris, one initiated. (Richmond.)
Notofalco Matrnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 56. PE vie ned ico SILO RIGE? GRA. ss oo vain e wie piae pay ie vos 2S p Sle oe iar [ Falconidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Néros, the south+ Falco (falco, a falcon). (Mathews, MS.) Nycthemerus Swainson, in Murray, Encycl. of Geography, 1834, p. ——;! Amer. ed. of 1837, vol. 1, p. 271, fig. 80. Type, Nycthemerus argentatus Swatnson=Phastanus nycthemerus LINNAEUS. [Phasianidae.] (Monotypy and tautonymy.) Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 4, vol. 1, 1854, p. 139 (nomen nudum); Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February, 1857, p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint); Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451. Type; Caprimulgus ocellatus TscHuUDI..-.....-2.02--2255----2 {| Caprimulgidae. | (Subsequent designation, Salvadori, 1914; Oberholser, 1914.?)
Nyctipolus Rripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 98.
Type, Caprimulgus nigrescens CABANIS...-...-.--------------[Caprimulgidae.]} (Original designation.) Nuxzi7éXos, roaming by night. (Ridgway.)
Nyctiprogne Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 4, vol. 1, 1854, p. 139 (nomen nudum); Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February, 1857, p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint); Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451.
Type, Caprimulgus leucopygius SPIX.2....----22-2-2-2-0+--0- {Caprimulgidae.} (Monotypy.)
Nyctivociferator W. H. Y., Mag. Nat. Hist. [Loudon’s J, vol. 7, No. 44, December, 1834, p. 636.
Substitute name for Caprimulgus LINNAEUS...........------- [Caprimulgidae.] (See also Vociferator W. H. Y., 1834.)
Oberholseria RicHmMonpD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p. 180.
New name for Oreospiza Rpaway, 1896 (not of KErrex, 1857). . [Fringillidae.} For Harry Church Oberholser, 1870- (Richmond.)
Odontorchilus R1icumonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p. 180. New name for Odontorhynchus PELZELN, 1868 (not Odontorynchus LEacH, 1830). Type, Odontorhynchus cinereus PELZELN......--..---------+++ [ Troglodytidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.) ’Odobs (d86vr0s), tooth; dépxidkos, wren. (Richmond.) tOdontornis Owen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 29, pt. 1, 1873, p. 521 (note).
Equivalent to Odontopteryx OWEN *........-..--.22--2002200-- [Incertae sedis.} Odurella Matuews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 294. Type, Scolopax brasiliensis SWAINSON. .....----------+2---+-0: [ Scolopacidae.]
(Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Gallinago.) Odura (44, a song; otpa, tail)+ella. (Mathews, MS.)
1 Original edition not seen. 2 Gray (Hand-List, vol. 1, 1969, p. 59) restricted the genus to C. oce/latus in 1869. “T should have preferred the term Odontornis for my genus, but it is bespoke for Marsh’s subclass.”
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 583—17. 39
610 PROCEEDINGS OF TIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Oenopsittacus ReicHeNnow, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 61, Heft 2, April, 1913, p. 401. Type, Chalcopsitia rubiginosa BONAPARTE......-....--..+-2-0--- .--[Loriidae.} (Monotypy.) Ognorhynchus ' Bonaparte, Remarques Observ. Blanchard Psittacides, April, 1857, p. 6.? Type, Conurus icterotis MAssENA and SOUANCE............-.---- [Psitiacidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Olivetra ““Gould”’ Scuinz, Eur. Fauna, vol. 1, 1840, p. 430; Rey, Synon. Eur. Brutvégel und Giste, 1872, p. 216. Pype; Ohweire. salicaria “GOULD 2)... cc ote toes Sen ace eee [Sylviidae. } (Monotypy.) Onychoramphus * Hartiaus, Revue et Mag. de Zool., sér. 2, vol. 1, 1849, pl. 14, TiS: 22s
Emendation of Onychognathus HarTLAUB, 1849 ........-...-.---- [Sturnidae.] Onychospiza * “Bp.’’ Rey, Synon. Eur. Brutvégel und Giste, 1872, p. 216. Emendation of Onychospina BONAPARTE, 1856.........--------- [Fringillidae. ] Oreoibis CHarMan, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 31, Aug. 6, 1912, p. 235, pls. 23, 24. Type, Oreoibis.ckleyorum, Chapman. 00500322. s<ieite a odnie So [ Threskiornithidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.) ’Opos (épeos), Mountain; ifs, the ibis. (Chapman, MS.)
Oreomyias Ber.erscu, Proc. Fourth Intern. Orn. Congress (Ornis, XIV), February, 1907, pp. 486, 491. Type, Pogonotriccus plumbeiceps LAWRENCE.........-..-.------- [ Tyrannidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) (See Oreotriccus.) Oreornis Van Oort, Notes Leyden Museum, vol. 32, No. 4, Dec. 30, 1910, p. 214. Type, Oreornis chrysogenys VAN OORT.....--~- 20/526 =5---60Re8 [ Meliphagidae. } (Monotypy.) Oreospiza Kerrret, Verz. Europiischen Végel, 1857, p. 8; Rey, Synon. Eur. Brut- vogel und Giste, 1872, p. 75. Type, [Frngiila] nivalis [LINNAEUS] 02282. -s 25-2 7 eee [ Fringillidae.} (Present designation.®) Oreotriccus Ricumonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p. 180. New name for Oreomyias Berlepsch, 1907 (not of Reichenow, 1902).[ Tyrannidae.} *’Opos (dpeos), Mountain; rpixxos, a small bird. Origmella MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 4, Dec. 29, 1913, p. 76. New name for Origma GouLp, 1838 (not Orygma MEIGEN, 1830)..... [Sylviidae. }
1 Does not occur in the original paper, published in Comptes Rendus. Should replace Gnathositiaca Cabanis, 1864 (see Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Colls., vol. 48, 1905, p. 61).
2 For the benefit of those who do not have access to the reprint the paragraph in which Ognorhynchus appears is here reproduced: ‘‘ PsITracaRA, Bp. ex Spiz, finalement ferme la série des vrais Araés, mais ne compreud plus que nobilis et hahni, car les autres espéces sont déja des Conurés sans nudité aux joues. On pourrait les isoler comme Ognorhynchus, Bp. (type icterotis, Massena); mais nous préférons pour le moment les réunir aux Evopsitta, premier genre des Conurés,et auquel, quoique trés-nombreux, il faudra encore ajouter une Evopsitta brasiliensis.” (See note under Bolborhynchus.)
3 Lapsus for Salicaria olivetorum Gould. This case is similar to that of Hematornis.
4 Heuglin writes it ““Onychorhamphus”’ (Nachtr. u. Bericht. Orn. Nordost-Afrika’s, 1871, p. CCL).
& Not Onychospiza Prjevalsky, 1876 (=Onychostruthus Richmond).
6 Keitel lists two species: ‘‘Oreospiza nivalis, alpicola, leucura’”’ (the ‘‘Schnee-Spornfink, Weissschwiin- ziger’’), and ‘“‘arctoa s. Gebleri”’ (the ‘“‘Grauschwiinzizger Spornfink’”’?). The name Oreospiza probably originated at an earlier date, since Bonaparte (Conspectus, vol. 1, 1850, p. 538) cites ‘““Orospiza? Aliq.,” as a synonym of Moniifringilla; other authors have credited Oreospiza to Gloger. The latter introduced Geospiza for this species in “1842”? [=1841].
No. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 611
Oropezus Rinaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 70. Type, Grallaria rufula LAFRESNAYE. ....---+-+se-eeeeeeee ees [ Formicariidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) ’Opos, mountain; weds, walking. (Ridgway.)
Oroscirtetes ReicHENOw, Die Végel, vol. 2, 1914, p. 578. Type, Turdus erythrogaster Vicors! [=Petrocincla rufiventris JARDINE and SLE Ml gek os ee wn met teenie Sete s eran tat asm own an aoe eis [ Turdidae.} (Monotypy.)
Orthopsittaca Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 99. Type, ‘‘Psittacus manilatus BoppaErr (P. makawaunna GMELIN).”’ [ Psittacidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) ’Opds, straight; Yurraxn, a parrot. (Ridgway.)
Orthorynchus ” “ Horsfield’? Swainson, Zool. Ilustr., vol. 1, No. 1, October, 1820, text to pl. 2. Ryne, Silie jrontalis Swallson .\ic <n 2c as ste ee eens ae a eames [Sittidae.]
Otocorydopsis Brancut, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 25, No. 1-2, January, 1907, p. 29. fey ne. Otecome berlepscht WARTERT 2). Uae soe occee se. ss eects [Alaudidae.} (Monotypy.)
Owenavis Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 1, Jan. 2, 1912, p. 3. yates OC RMICILCH OSC ANS! GOULD. =22./002cs 22 sas eee oe oe ieee a [Cuculidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) For Richard Owen Mathews, 1892— (Mathews, MS.)
Pachyrhinchus Luerminier, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. 6, 1827, p. 74. New name for Dromas PayKutt (type, Pachyrhinchus bicolor LHERMINIER=
Dromas ardeola DAY RULL)' +. .'nseeins Sov se eee esos eee ce « [Dromadidae. } Pagoa Matuews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, pp. 82, 98. Type, Charairvus geojroyt WAGUER Ja: 62si2cctb el sss tes eet [Charadriidae. ]
(Original designation and monotypy.) Pago, a Lapp name (ex Brisson, Orn., vol. 5, p. 64). (Mathews, MS.)
Pagolla MarHews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 88. New name for Ochthodromus REICHENBACH, 1853 (not Ochthedromus LEConTE, 1848). ype, Charadrius wilsonia ORD2 2. <2. os ote. se. s oecies ce ees [Charadriidae. } (Monotypy.) Pago (see under Pagoa). (Mathews, MS.)
+Palaeobonasa SHureLpT, Journal of Geology, vol. 23, No. 7, October-November, 1915, p. 633. Substitute name for Gallinuloides EASTMAN .......------------- [ Tetraonidae.*} Iladards, ancient; Bdvacos, a wild bull. (Shufeldt.)
1 Not Turdus erythrogaster Boddaert, 1783.
2 Not adopted by Swainson, who cites it as a synonym, ‘‘Orthorynchus frontalis. Horsficld in Linn, Trans.,” and in his account of the bird says: “I discovered the species had already been included in the Doctor’s account of the birds of Java, presented to the Linnzean Society, where he has described it under the name of Orthorynchus frontalis.””? Horsfield’s paper was read at the meeting of the Linnaean Society held Apr. 18, 1820, and was published in its transactions (vol. 13, pt. 1, May, 1821), but the generic name Orthorynchus does not occur. In the ‘Addenda et corregenda’’ to volume 1 of Swainson’s work appears the line “‘erase Orthorynchus frontalis, Horsfield in Linn. Trans.”
8 Originally placed in the family Rallidae: later thought to represent a new family, Gallinuloididae, in the vicinity of the ( racidae, but Doctor Shufeldt says it ‘‘was a true grouse,” near Bonasa. The name Palaeobonasa is given because Gallinuloides is ‘‘ misleading.”
612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. 53,
fPalacocasuarius “ Forbes” Rotuscuitp, Extinct Birds, 1907, p. 219. Type, Palaeocaswarius haasti' “Forbes” RoTaHscHILD...........[Dinornithidae.] (Original designation.)
fPalzolestes De Vis, Annals Queensland Museum, No. 10, Nov. 1, 1911, pp. 15, 17.
Type, Hatzolesies gore Dr Vis. 23-2 -t55. Goats wk eee [Incertae sedis.?] (Monotypy.) {Paleophasianus Ssurexipr, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, Aug. 4,-1913, p. 291. Type, Palxophasianus meleagroides SHUFELDT.......-........-. [Incertae sedis.]
(Monotypy.) Iadads, anci *nt+¢ac.avds, a pheasant. (Shufeldt.)
Pallenia BonapParte, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February, 1857, p. 212 (p. 6 of reprint); Satvaport, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451.
Type; Cypselus granted TeMMInck } 555.5520. 200 AS. Aa [ Micro podidae.} (Subsequent designation; Gray, 1869.5)
Paludipasser Neave, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 25, No. 155, Nov. 30, 1909, p. 25, Ibis, 1910, p. 251, pl. 3. ype, Paludtpasser locustella NAVE. < ccc ae 352 -beetas Geb een ees [Ploceidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Paragraucalus Maruerws, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 58. Type, Ceblepyris luneatus SWAINSON....-..---.---+------00-: [Campephagidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Tapa, beside+Graucalus (ypayxados, a kind of bird). (Mathews, MS.)
fParaortyx GAILLARD, Annales Univ. Lyon, nouv. sér., Sciences, Médecine, fasc. 23, 1908, p. 104. Tyne, Faraovye torte GAILLARD. ...:<.-> +. 2 snes ate Reet ee [Phasianidae.] (Present designation.*)
Paraptilotis MarHews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 414. Type, Metiphaga fusca GOULD: «.6 ce sen se bs dees isaeiiore eee Ue [ Meliphagidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) Mapa, beside+Piilotis (rritov, feather; ots, ards, ear). (Mathews, MS.)
Parascolopax MatTHeEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 290. Type, Scolopax saturata HOpGson . . 622). 2s.<n5/5-8 pseideeecers 63 [Scolopacidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Ilapa, beside+Scolopax (cxodhorat, a large snipe-like bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Paraspizias Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 5, pt. 1, Nov. 5, 1915, p. 74. Type, Sparvius cirrhocephalus VIEILLOT. ....-.-.-.0.-.-0050--<8- [Buteonidae.] (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Accipiter or Urospiza.) Ilapa, beside; omfias, the sparrow hawk. (Mathews, MS.)
Parasula Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 55. Type, Suladactylatra bedots MavTHE WS. 22. <2 sc. soos oece eee aes [Sulidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Ilapa, beside+Sula. (Mathews, MS.)
1A nomen nudum with Forbes, 1892, but Rothschild gives a description.
2 Related to the Accipitres.
8 Gray (Hand-List, vol.1, 1869, p. 67) treats this as a new name for Pallene Lesson, 1837 (preoccupied), with gigantea as the only species.
4 Two species are described, P. lortcti and P. brancoi, respectively.
~
NO. 2221, LIST OF GEN. EBRIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 613
Pardalotinus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 115. EVDO CE tone ALUM, RIMM cemtie Sank carte ca sencsece sda cancee scene [Dicaeidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) Pardalotus (rapsadwrds, spotted like the leopard)+inus. (Mathews, MS.)
Parepthianura Maruews, Emu, vol. 12, pt. 3, Jan. 1, 1913, p. 205. Type, Ephthianura tricolor GOULD....---------- cnwia sides wcece ce | d mrmiddes) (Monotypy.) Ilapa, beside+ Epthianura (é¢06s, dressed; odpa, tail). (Mathews, MS.)
Paroxyechus Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 114. Type, Gharadris plactdus. J.-E. GRAY 52. 2<-2 coun es es ene ace as [Charadriidae. | (Original designation.) (Subgenus of Oxyechus.) Tapa, beside+Ozyechus (dtinxos, shrilly sounding). (Mathews, MS.)
Parulus! Sprx, Avium Species Novae, vol. 1, 1824, p. 85.
AGG) OPUS TALfLCOPS SPEX 2-552 sea ws esieiew os SS ~ see Ueto vic ene [Furnartidae. } (Monotypy.) Pecoris Lesson, Compl. Buffon, vol. 8, 1837, p. 287 (note). Type, not mentioned here; a nomen nudum? ?...........------ [Incertae sedis. }
(Subgenus of Fringilla.)
Peloperdix “Blyth” Jerpon, Birds of India, vol. 3, 1864, p. 579. Hee. acrOre ChOT LONE PEYTON = </.o.5, com < ei5 Jatia'seinniernieiniet ade =e [Phasianidae, |
(Monotypy.)
Penelops “ Plin.’’ RercHENBACcH, Nat. System der Végel, [1853], p. X XVI. Type, Penelope albiventris ‘‘GouLp” [=Lesson=P. leucogaster GouLD].
[Cracidae. } (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Penelope Merrem.) Penelopsis BonaPARTE, Comptes Rendus, vol. 42, May, 1856, p. 877.
Emendation of Penelops REICHENBACH, 1853.............---------- [Cracidae. }
Pengia (Hodgson, MS.) SHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 7, 1883, p. 479. Cited under Crateropus ‘‘canorus” * (LINNAEUS).-..---.---------- [ Turdoididae] (Monotypy.)
Pernettyva Matuews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 114. Type, Charadrius falklandicus LATHAM........-.-.-+--+++------ { Charadrtidae. ] (Original designation.) (Subgenus of Leucopolius.) For Antoine Joseph Pernety, 1716-1801. (Mathews, MS.)
Peronista MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec, 24, 1912, p. 107. ‘EVO Dromaius Perond WOTHACHIMI-=-- <2 P= s oto ssias sas mae [ Dromicetidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Frangois Péron, 1775-1810. (Mathews, MS.)
1 Parulus Rafinesque, 1815, is a substitute name for Parus Linnaeus.
2 Under the group ‘‘Les Ammodrames,’’ he refers in a footnote to ‘‘Ammodramus, Sw., Zool. Journ., n, X. Nous pensons que notre sous-genre pecoris (Traité d’ornith.) doit étre joint & celui-ci.”
8 Turdus canorus Linnaeus is performing double duty in modern works, serving as the basis of both Trochalopteron canorum and Crateropus “canorus.” The name of the latter should be Turdoides lerricolor (Blyth). See note under Turdoides.
614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53,
Petrella ' Bartram, Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. —— (London ed., 1792, p. 293); ZIMMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793, p. 293; Matuews, Auk, 1914, pp. 90, 91.
Type, Petrella pintada ZIMMERMANN=Procellaria capensis LINNAEUS.
Z
[Procellartidae.]
(Monotypy.) Phaceloscenus Rrpaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71. Type, Anumbius striaticollis D’OrBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE.....-. [ Furnariidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.) @axedos, a bundle; cxjvos, a hut, tent. (Ridgway.) Phenostictus Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 70. Type, Phlegopsis macleannant LAWRENCE.........-.-----+---- [ Formicartidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Paivw, I display, exhibit; orixrds, marked, spotted. (Ridgway.) Pheonetta Stone, Auk, vol. 24, No. 2, April, 1907, p. 198. Type, Anas fusca TANNAnUS DSS 62.5028 220 tae eS ee [ Anatidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Oidemia.) @aids, brown; virra, aduck. (Stone.) Phalaropsis WaaLER, Isis, vol. 24, Heft 5, 1831, p. 531. Type, Colymbus podiceps LINNAEUS ?.......--..--0-222--+++-0- { Colymbidae.] (Monotypy.) Phalcoboenus D’Orsiany, Voy. Amér. Mérid., vol. 9 (Atlas), “1847” (livr. 1 or 2, 1834), Ois., pl. 2. Type, Phalcobenus montanus D’ORBIGNY...-...........-+-------- [Buteonidae.] (Monotypy.) Philacantha “Glog. 1834’? Gray, Hand-List, vol. 1, 1869, p. 214. ype, Motacula nisoria BECHSTEIN ©. <52/00 <2 25. sch bose eee [Sylviidae.] (Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Sylvia.) : Philomeloides ° Biyrn, in N. Wood, Brit. Song Birds, [May,] 1836, p. 25.
Type, ‘‘American spotted-breasted Thrushes”’ ..........-...-----.- { Turdidae.] Philo:nelopsis C. L. Breum, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 5, 1857, p. 351. New name for Lusciniopsis BONAPARTE . ......-.------------ +20 [Sylviidae.]}
(See Luscinioides.)
Phloeonerpes SUNDEVALL, Conspectum Avium Picinarum, 1866, p. 115.
Emendation of Phatonerpes REICHENBACH, 1854............-..------ [Picidae.} Phlogenys ® Pycrart, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 3, No. 4, October, 1915, p. 768. Type, not mentioned, a nomen nudum here........---------+-- [‘‘ Ampelidae.’’] Phoenicoperdix 7 “Blyth”? Hartiaus, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., vol. 26, Bd. 2, 1860, p. 99. Type, Tropicoper@e chloropus BLYTH. 2252. <eee cen ssses cee [Phasianidae.]}
(Monotypy.)
1 This is a nomen nudum at 1791 and 1792, but Zimmermann adds a reference to Seligmann, and gives the Linnaean equivalent, thus fixing the name, which has priority over Daption Stephens, as mentioned by Mathews (Auk, vol. 31, 1914, p. 91).
“Dieser Vogel ist die Grundgattung meiner Sippe “‘Phalaropsis.”’ ”
3In Gloger’s Volist. Handb.Végel Europa’s, 1834, pp. Land 235, it occurs as a plural group name, “Sylviae philacanthae.”’
4 This species is first described in Bechstein’s Kurzgefasste Gemeinniitz. Naturgesch. des In-und Aus- landes fiir Schulen, vol. 1, Abth. 1, 1792, p. 537.
5 A nomen nudum here, but doubtless intended for the group now known as Hylocichia.
6 Said to be ‘‘ peculiar to the Greater Antilles.”’
7 Appears to be a lapsus for T'ropicoperdir Blyth.
Pee F*
nxo.2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 615
Pholidornis Harriaus, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., vol. 22, Bd. 2, 1856, p. 23. Rye, P ecetiny Piatt ROBIN Po ae Has! 5 win ec 6a t ecin§ > Sieve «cm oe 5 alee [Sylvirdae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Picathartes Lesson, Manuel d’Orn., vol. 1, [June,] 1828, p. 374. Type, Corvus. gyumnocephalus TEMMINCK.. .. 2.225 nj0-0-s0erccew-ne [ Corvidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Piceacantor Maynarp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 241. =VEvnoe,. Motaciiia blackburnise GMELIN: << <<.c<0% esivcien cae mele eie [ Mniotiltidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Picumnoides “Malh.’’ Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, No. 8, May, 1854, p. 126 (or Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Zygodact., p. 11). Cited as a synonym of Sasia HopGson............---.2-2-eee0 ..---[Picidae.]}
Pinacantor Maynarp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 244. EVPG, Sylvia vigorsit AUDUBON «.. 3.00.26 = 4s S0dcu Seek dletees [ Mniotiltidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Pithys Vremuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ed. 2, vol. 24, 1818, p. 112.
Type, generic diagnosis only; ! species not mentioned......... [ Formicariidae.} Pityornis Bonaparte, Revue et Mag. de Zoologie, sér 2, vol. 9, 1857, p. 163. Type, Emberiza ‘‘pityornis” [=Pithyornis] PALLAS............-- [ Fringillidae.} (Tautonymy.) Platyspiza Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, No. 1116, Mar. 15, 1897, p. 545 Type, Camarhynchus variegatus SCLATER and SALVIN ..........--- [ Fringillidae.}
(Original designation.) (Subgenus of Camarhynchus.)
Plautus GuNNERuS, Trondhiemske Selsk. Skrifter, vol. 1, 1761, p. 263, pl. 6. Type, ‘“ Plotus eller Plautus Columbarius” ? [= Alca alle LinnaEus]..[ Alcidae.}
(Monotypy.)
Plautus “ Klein” RetcHensacn, Nat. System der Végel, 1852 [1853], p. V. Type, Larus glaucus ‘‘L. Gm.’’* [=Larus hyperboreus GuNNERUS]. .[Laridae.]
(Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Larus.)
tPleistogyps L. H. Miter, Univ. Calif. Publ. Dept. Geology, vol. 6, No. 1, Nov. 28,
1910, p. 16. AL Vpe, (F LemslOgy ps TEL MINER. css see kes te se es ais ots ae oe ee oe [Incertae sedis.]} (Monotypy.) Pleistocene (wcioros, most; xawéds, recent)+Gyps (yi, a vulture). (Miller, MS.) tPlesiocathartes GamLarp, Annales Univ. Lyon, nouv. sér., Sciences, Médecine,
fasc. 23, 1908, p. 41. Type, Plesiocathartes europxus GAILLARD.........-..---++---+-+-- [ Cathartidae.]
(Monotypy.)
1 The diagnosis is reproduced herewith: “Piruys, Pithys; Piprc, Lath. Bee plus large que haut & sa base, & bords déprimés, anguleux en dessus, échancré et couré & sa pointe; tarses élevés; doigts exté rieurs soudés jusqu’é la deuxiéme phalange: ailes arrondics et courtes.’’
2“ Piautus columbanus s. Columba Gronland. minor” on the plate. The namo ‘‘columbanus”’ is corrected to “‘columbariuvs”’ in the errata of volume 2.
3 This portion of Reichenbach’s complicated work is generally quoted as of 1852, probably because it contains a ‘‘ Vorwort”’ dated ‘1. October, 1852,’ but it seems not to have been published until 1853. It appeared in the third Lieferung of the ‘‘Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie,” and consists of pages I-XXXI, with signature marks bearing the words “Systema Avium.’’ Hartlaub, in his record of orni- thology for 1853 (Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1854, vol. 2, p. 33), includes it among the publications of that year.
4 This= Larus glaucus Briinnich, 1764 (not of Pontoppidan, 1763). See Auk, vol. 25, 1908, p. 357.
616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
¢Plioaetus De Vis MS., Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. National Museum, vol. 35, No. 1656, Dec. 16, 1908, p. 592 (note).
Substitute name for Astwraetus De Vis, preoccupied..-......... [Incertae sedis.} Podoces FiscHer, Lettre adressée Pander,! 1821, p. 6. Type, Podaeres pander FisChER. <2 22 2. ssas 320 8s e- coe eee eee ee [Corvidae.]} (Monotypy.)
Todé«xns, pedibus celer. (Fischer.)
Pogonospiza BeRLEPscH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, vol. 13, No. 2, September, 1906,
De Ore Type, Pogonospiza mystacalis brunneiceps BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN.? [Fringillidae.] (Monotypy.) Polachio [Mrerrem?], in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 1, vol. 6, 1821, p. 267. ype. Gracula, feiida LINNAEUS... ...5¢2Us2) 2. es eene eae [ Cotingidae.}
(Present designation. )*
Poliospina Heva.in, Nachtr. u. Bericht. zur Orn. Nordost-Afrika’s, 1871, p. ecxlvii.
Substitute or lapsus for Spodiospina Heuglin............--...-- [ Fringillidae.} Polocandora RercHeNBACH, Nat. System der Végel, 1852 [1853], p. V. Type, not given; apparently a synonym of Rissa *................-.--[Laridae.]
Pontochelidon Hoae, Edinburgh New Philos. Journal, vol. 41, No. 81, July, 1846, pp. 55, 69; Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, 1915, p. 133. EY pe, WLETRG CASING EALUAG. 2s. c ya onc sale anne sie eee eee [Lariaae.} (Subsequent designation; Mathews, 1915.)
Pontotriorchis CaBAnrs, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 10, 1862, pp. 250, 436. Type, Paleo concolor LemMIncCk .- of. .c chen xnin in se Meee eee {Falconidae.} (Present designation.®)
Porzanoidea Matruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 117. Type, Gallinula immaculata SwAINSON.....--------- ion aide = ee eet [ Rallidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) From porzana, Italian name of acrake. (Mathews, MS.)
Predo Neuson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 3, Sept. 27, 1912, p. 14. Tyonenr redo: dudat NELSON. 22<.-2oc555.2ac0 S55 owes one hee [ Tyrannidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) ““Predo=a robber.’’ (Nelson.)
Premnornis Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71. Type, Margarornis guttata LAWRENCE..........-..--.e0e-eeee . -|Furnariidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Ipéuvov, a stump, tree trunk; dps, bird. (Ridgway.)
1 The full title of this tract is: Lettre adressée au nom de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, a l’un de ses membres M. le Docteur Chrétien-Henri Pander, par Gotthelf Fischer de Waldheim, directeur de la société; Contenant une Notice sur un nouveau genre d’Ciseau et sur plusieurs nouveaux Insectes. Moscou, MDCCCXXI. 8° Pp. 1-15. (Introduction dated “ Moscou, le 17 Décembre 1821.’’)
2In Bericht iiber den V. Intern. Orn.-Kongress, “‘1910,’’ p. 1108, Berlepsch says the type is Pipilo mys- tacalis Taczanowski. :
8 The species mentioned are “Polachio cajennensis, icterops, Cotinga foetida,’? without citation oi authority or other means of identification. Assuming ‘‘ Cotinga’’ foctida to be equivalent to Gracula Jetida Linnaeus, I have designated it as the type, thereby reducing Polachio to a synonym of Gymnoderus Geoffroy, i809.
4 Bonaparte (Conspectus Gen. Avium, vol. 2, 1857, p. 225) cites “‘Pulocondora, Reich.” as a synonym of Rissa. See also Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 217.
§ Falco eleonore Gené is also included in this genus.
xno. 2221. LIST Ol GHNERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 617
Primolius Bonararte, Remarques Observ. Blanchard Psittacides,' April, 1857, p. 6. Type, Arata auricollis CASSIN 7... - 2. oe eee ee [Psittacidae.] (Subsequent designation; Ridgway, 1916.)
Pristoptera BonaParTE, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February, 1857, p. 210 (p. 4 of reprint); Satvapori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451.
Type, Pristoptera typica BonapartE=Hirundo pristoptera Riurrewe. | Hirundinidae.] (Monotypy and tautonymy.)
tProgura De Vis, Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland, vol. 5, 1889, p. 131, plate.
ievpe Progra garinacel DR Vissi. = <2. = ao am a me sia ela [Gouridae?} (Monotypy.) Prohematopus Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 12. Type, Hematopus quoyi BRABOURNE and CHUBB.........-. | Haematopodidae.} (Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Hxematopus.) IIpé, before+ Hematopus (aiva (aiuar-), blood; wots, foot). (Mathews, MS.)
tProictinia Saureipt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, Aug. 4, 1913, p. 301. Type, Proictinia gilmorei SHUFELDT..........-.-------- - -[Incertae sedis.)
(Monotypy.) IIpé, before, and ixrivos, a kite. (Shufeldt.)
Promergus MaTuews and IREDALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 1, No. 3, July, 1913, p. 410. Type, Mergus australis HomBRON and JACQUINOT.......---.-.-.--- [Anatidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Mp6, before+ Mergus (mergus, a diving bird). (Mathews, MS.) Protopyrrhula Brancur, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 25, No. 3 March, 1907, pp. 162, 193. Type: Purnia nvpalensis HODGSON: = <-2<' 52. = a ee on eee [Fringillidae.} (Original? designation.) (Subgenus of Pyrrhula.) Psalidura ? Van DER Hoeven, Handb. Dierkunde, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1855, p. 733. Substitute name for Phibalura VIEILLOT.....-.--.---.----------- [Cotingidae. } (See also Schizura.)
+Psammornis ANDREWS, Bericht tiber den V. Intern. Orn.-Kongress, 1910 [1911], p: 173. Type, Psammornis rothschildi ANDREWS *.........-.--+----+--- [Struthiones.*} (Monotypy.)
Psephotellus MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 57. Type, Plaiycercus pulcherrimus GOULD.......-.------------+------[Psittacidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Pseudacanthis Oqitvie-GRant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 31, No. 188, May 28, 1913, p. 88. Type, Pseudacanthis yemenensis OGILVIE-GRANT...-....-----.--- [Fringillidae.] (Monotypy.)
1A nomen nudum in the original paper, published in Comptes Rendus. (See note under Bolborhynchus.)
2‘*PrimoLius, Bp., comprend les autres Ardes & joues poilues, auricollis, Cass., maracana, Vieill., et makawanna, Gm.”
8 Preoccupied by Psalidura Gloger, 1841, Tyrannidae.
4 From the Eocene of Algeria, and based on fragments of eggshell only.
6 Andrews says it belongs to the Eremopezinae section of the Ratitae.
618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Pseudaédon Bururuin, Messager Ornith., vol. 1, No. 2, May, 1910, pp. 136, 139. Type; Larvivorasibtians SwINwOE.- =... - 45526548 - cea caer as [ Turdidae.}
(Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Philomela Linx.)
Pseudalaudula Brancur, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 23, ‘No. 3, June, 1906, p. 222. Type, Alauda pispoletta Pattas [=Alauda spinoletta LINNAEUS] - -[Alaudidae.] (Original? designation.) Pseudartamus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 114. Type, ‘‘Loxia cyanoptera Latuam (= Turdus sordidus LatHam ')’’..[Artamidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) (See also Angroyan InuiGeER, 1811.) Wev5ns, false+ Artamus (&prauos, a butcher). (Mathews, MS.)
Pseudastrapia RoruscuHitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 21, No. 137, Nov. 29, 1907, 2 2D ‘i Type, Pseudastrapia lobata ROTHSCHILD. .........-.---+-+-+:- [Paradisaeidae } (Original designation and monotypy.) Pseudocalyptomena Roruscuitp, Ibis, ser. 9, vol. 3, No. 12; October, 1909, p. 690, 1. 10. . Type, Pseudocalyptomena graueri ROTHSCHILD..........--.--- { Muscicapidae?] (Monotypy.) Pseudocolopteryx ? Litto, Revista de letras y ciencias sociales [Tucumaén], vol. 3, No. 13, July, 1905, pp. 38, 45. Type, Pseudocolopteryx dinellianus LILLO........--------------- [ Tyrannidae.} (Monotypy.) TPseudogavia SHarpe, Zool. Record, vol. 28, 1892, Aves, p. 39.
Substitute name for Psewdolarus AMEGHINO. ......-..-..------ [Stereornithes.] Pseudopitta ReIcHENOW, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 63, Heft 1, January, 1915, p. 129. Type; \Puyetes interius SALVADOREs 225022 322), ae SOE a eee [ Timaliidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) Pseudopsittacus ? Macaitiivray, Emu, vol. 13, pt. 2, Oct. 1, 1913, p. 105. Type, Pseudopsittacus maclennani MACGILLIVRAY..-...------- [Cyclopsittacidae. } (Monotypy.) Psilopornis Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. VI, Apr. 8, 1914, p. 361. Type; Galbula Glbirostris LATHAM. 0. Jone. satin. eeamaeedees [Galbulidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Psilopsiagon Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 100. Type, Trichoglossus aurtfron? WAGER... .-.... 2000.00. oo rladaen en [Psittacidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Widés, naked; ciaywv, jawbone. (Ridgway.) Psittacina ‘‘Temm.’’ Lichrenstetn, Nomencl. Avium Mus. Berol., 1854, p. 48. Equivalent to Psittirostra TEMMINCK, 1820...........--.------- [Drepanididae.]} (See also Psittacopis WAGLER.) Psittacopis ‘“ Nitzsch’?’ Wacier, Natiirl. System der Amphibien, [August,] 1830, p. 13, Type, Lovia psitiaces LATHAM. «02.5. o2 20522 5eqo52 eta eae [Drepanididae.}
(Monotypy.) (See also Psittacina LicHTENSTEIN.)
1Not Turdus sordidus of Miiller, 1776. 2 Equivalent to Hapalocercus Cabanis, 1847 (see Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., vol. 13, 1906, p. 321). 3 This is equivalent to Geoffroyus Bonaparte (see Mathews, List of Birds Australia, 1913, p. xxv).
no. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHUMOND. 619
Pterocolpa “ Pr.*B. 1854’’! Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, pp. 97,150.? Type, Pterocolpa [=Ptilocolpa] carola BONAPARTE...........-- [ Treronidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Ptilonycterus * Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 98. Type, Caprimulgus ocellatus TscHUDI....................-2-- [Caprimulgidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) (See Nyctiphrynus.) IIridov, a feather; vuxrepis, a bat. (Ridgway.) Ptilosclera * Bonaparte, Remarque: Observ. Blanchard Psittacides, April, 1857, p. 6. ype, el richogtossus Versicolor VIGORS...2. <<. 6.0. as eslanee sue eee [Loriidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.)
Ptilotina MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60. Type, Ptilotis analoga mixta MATHEWS....---...-.-.--2200-0 [ Meliphugidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) Piilotis (aridor, feather; ois, rds, ear)+ina. (Mathews, MS.)
Ptilotula Mataews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 414. ype Ereloris jlavescens/ GOULD a. a 12. pc. Sujeuitenia daemon oben oe [ Meliphagida } (Original designation and monotypy.) Ptilotis (wridov, feather; obs, ards, ear)-+ula. (Mathews, MS.)
Purnella MatuHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 111. ypenG aeipnile albifrons | GOUUD 265i ai) «a mnie ernie cee oe [ Meliphagidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) For Herbert A. Purnell. (Mathews, MS.)
Purnellornis Matrnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112. pe, Cera nigra DECHSTEING, 2c Us )..L8228 «rednecks Joes: [ Meliphagidae.} (Original designation. ) For Herbert A. Purnell+-ornis. (Mathews, MS.)
Pyrgilauda “ Verr.’”’ Bonaparte, Conspectus Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 511.
Cited as a synonym of Pyrrhulauda “‘Smith. 1829” °.........- .-.--[Alaudidae.] Quoyornis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 111. Type, Muscicapa georgiana Quoy and GAIMARD................- [ Muscicapidae.]
(Original designation and mouotypy.) For Jean René Constant Quoy, 1790-1869-+-ornis. (Mathews, MS.) TRalloides Suurexpt, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 9, pt. 3, Oct. 20, 1892, p. 412 (note). Substitute name for Creccoides SHUFELDT...........-.-.---...-[Rallidae.] BRamphaoratus Bonaparte, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February, 1857, p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint); Satvaport, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, p. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451. iype Cagriniuiguserilis bESSON) 22.5 A ost anl os ak oP [ Caprimulgidae.] (Virtual monotypy.®)
1 Gray, List Spec. Birds, vol. 4, Columbae, 1856, p. 16, gives the authority as “Pr. B. in litt.”
2In the Appendix, p. 150, he says: ‘ Pterocolpa, since altered to Ptilocolpa, Pr. B.”’
3 Mr. Ridgway says “this genus may possibly have already been named, the generic term Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte having been used in connection with the type species.’’? Salvadori (Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914, p. 451) has since demonstrated this to be the caso.
‘This isa nomen nudum in the original Comptes Rendus paper. (See note under Bolborhynchus.) Is equivalent to Psitteuteles Bonaparte, 1854.
5 Smith claims to have instituted this name “‘in the year 1829,”’ but I have not met with it earlier than 1837, although Swainson mentions a name ‘‘Pyralauda”’ in 1834 (Murray’s Encyel. Geogr.), where, however, it is a nomen nudum.
6 See Oberholser, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 86, Apr. 6, 1914, p. 3.
620. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Ramsayornis Marsyews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 115. Type, Gheiphila subfasciata RAMSAY. . > 02250050 oee5 ee eee [ Meliphagidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
For Edward Pierson Ramsay, 1842?—1916+-ornis. (Mathews, MS.)
Raperia Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 3, No. 1, June 30, 1915, pp. 21, 23. Type, Raperia godmane MATHEWS 21. 2 on- <0 bes voces ae eeaeaee [ Treronidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) For George Raper. (Mathews.)
Raphipterus Gay, Hist. Chile, Atlas, [1844,] pl. “Zoologia No.’’} EV Peace PREP leries: CHULCR SESSA kc chal ia = Uc eee oe ae [ Anatidae.] (Monotypy.)
Razocorys Brancut, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 23, No. 3, 1906, p. 230. Type, Spizocorys raze ALEXANDER. ws Jc... -2. cece ace ee eee [Alaudidae.] (Original? designation and monotypy.)
Reginopus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 4, Dec. 29, 1913, p. 73. Type, Lilinopus ewingit Goutp. 2 2s.< 2459 Ra [ Treronidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) Regina, a queen; opus, a work (the work of a queen). (Mathews, MS.)
Regulus Bartram, Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. — (London ed., 1792, pp. 289, 290; ZimMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793, p. 287; Matuews, Auk, 1914, pp. 89, 90.) Type, Motacilla calendula LINNAEUS ?............----- er ean [Regulidae. } (Present designation.) *
Reinarda Harrert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 36, No. 210, Dec. 3, 1915, p. 7. New name for Claudia Harrert, preoccupied ............-.-.---- [ Micro podidae. | Type, Cypselus sguamatus Cassin. (Orginal designation and monotypy.)
Reinholdia MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 107. Type, Puginus feakold: Manne ws. 2.2. oo: Sos nek bas ee [Puffinidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798. (Mathews, MS.)
Rhodoglaux “Pr. B. 1854” Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 135. Cited as a synonym of ‘‘ Rabdoglaux” [=Rhabdoglaux] Bonararte, with ‘Strix humerous, Pr. B... 88 Wie type © .). 22. on =o nintcs see eee [Strigidae.]
1 The number of the plate is not indicated in the copy seen by me. As to the date, Des Murs (Icon. Orn., livr. 1, text to pl. 5, dated ‘‘mai 1845’’) cites it as 1844, and Agassiz (1846) and Gray (1849) also give this date. I am unable at present to give the number of the livraison in which the plate appeared.
2? Seven species of Regulus are enumerated by Bartram in 1791, but only one is technically available as typeatthisdate. Thisis“‘R.cristatus alter vertice rubini coloris; the ruby crown wren. (G.Edwards.)”, or Motacilla calendula Linnaeus. Edwards figured and described this species from a specimen sent to him by Bartram. Another species mentioned by Bartram is ‘“ Mfotacilla] Caroliniana; (reg. magnus) the great wren of Carolina, the body ofa dark brown, the throat and breast ofa pale clay colour,” butit would be unfortunate to designate this as the type, even if considered adequately described. In 1793,Zimmermann fixed the status of two or three other species, but with these we are not concerned at present.
8 There appear to be excellent generic differences between Motaciilu calendula and M. regulus, as long ago Tecognized by Cabanis, who, in 1853, proposed the name Corthylio for M.calendula. This genus has been recently revived by Mr. Miller (Auk, vol. 32, 1915, pp. 234-236), but from the above reference to Regulus it will be seen that Motaciila regulus is the species to be provided with a generic name. Macgillivray (Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. 2, 1839, p. 407) writes: ‘But should any one desire another generic name, let him choose from among the following, which have all been applied to the “Gold-crested Wren:’’—Calendula, Parus, Regulus, Regillus, Rex, Senator, Basiliscus, Regaliolus, Orchillus, Tyrannus, Motacilla, Sylvia, Passerculus.” ‘There is also Orchilus Morris, 1837.
‘ Rhodoglauz is adopted by Fitzinger (Sitzungsber. K. Akad. [Wien], vol. 21, Heft 2, 1856, p. 291) as a subgenus of Athene “‘Gray,”’ with “ Siriz’’? [=Athene] humeralis Bonaparte as the only species.
no. 2221, LIST’ OF’ GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 621
Bhopoctites Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 72. Type, Philydor rufo-brunneus LAWRENCE.............---2.++---- [| Furnariidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) ‘Pay (pwrés), bush, underwood; xrirns, a colonist, inhabitant. (Ridgway.) Rhoporchilus Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 69. Type, Formicivora speciosa SALVIN..........----2---eseeeeeee [Formicariidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) ‘Pay (Awrés), bush, underwood; dpxidos, a wren. (Ridgway.)
Rogersornis Matruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 117. Type, Ptilonorhynchus nuchalis JARDINE and SELBY......-. [Ptilonorhynchidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For John Porter Rogers. (Mathews, MS.) Rogibyx Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 41. Type, Vanellus cucullatus TemmincK= V. tricolor Horsri£xp .. .{Charadriidae.] (Monotypy.) For John Porter Rogers+-ibyx (i8vé, the ibis). (Mathews, MS.) Rosina Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 113° ype, -Malurus coronatus: GOULD! . «<2. 2 Sac sae osc gas da eceda sess [Sylviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Ethel Rose White (Mrs. Samuel Albert White). (Mathews, MS.)
Royigerygone Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 110. Type, Gerygone mathewsx MATHEWS.......--..-.-..22.--02000- [ Muscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Roy Bell+Gerygone. (Mathews, MS.) Bubicola! “ Vieill.’’ Jameson, ed. Wilson’s Amer, Orn., vol. 3 (Constable’s Mis- cellany, vol. 70), 1831, p. 98. Syme Scolo pas meior GMELING s252550 0. ee ee de ed SAS [Scolopacidae. | (Monotypy.’) Bubicola* “Hodgson” Bryru, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, No. 128, 1842, p. 808. Type, Coturnix pentah SyKxes [= Perdix asiatica LATHAM]......... [Phastanidae.] (Tautonymy.) (See also Microplectron.) Rupicola Bogpanow, Trudy S.-Peterb. obshch. estest. (Zool.), vol. 12, 1881, p. 99.
iy pe, wCOUMMna iit TABISSON *... cn. Ju Wesiecee tm Se cence [| Columbidae.] (Present designation.) (Subgenus of Columba.) :
Rupisitta Bururun, Mitteil. des Kaukasischen Museums, vol. 3, Lief. 1, April, 1907, pp. 49, 64. PGB Oat OT eSseTl: LARUDNY 9s <aisa2 ines om facing cicmoe woh cea ae [Sittidae.] (Subgenus of Sitta.)
1 Doubtless intended for Rusticola Vieillot, but it has exactly the same status as Pomatorhynchus Boie (vs. Pomatorhinus Horsfield), and should replace Philohela Gray.
2 Virtual monotypy, as the European Woodcock is mentioned incidentally, without its systematic name.
8 Blyth says: ‘The three next are pigmy Partridges, and exhibit every character of the genus Perdiz, both as to form and habits; insomuch that I cannot recognise the genus Rubicola, Hodgson, proposed for them in the ‘Bengal Sporting Magazine’ for May, 1837.” The three species are Colurnix argoondah Sykes, C. pentah Sykes, and C. erythrorhyncha Sykes. Hodgson is said to have described Perdicula rubicola {= Coturniz pentah Sykes= Perdir asiatica Latham] in the Bengal Sporting Magazine, 1837, p. 344, and Blyth possibly suffered a lapse of memory in writing Rubicola for Perdicula, but I have not verified the reference.
4 Two species are included; C. livia (with three subspecies) and C. rwpestris ‘ Pallas.”’
6 This is cited as the ‘‘most typical species.”
622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Rusticola Hourruyn, in Nozeman, Nederl. Vogelen, vol. 1, 1770 (p. 1 of inhoud). Type, Rusticola grutto Hourruyn [=Scolopaz limosa LinnarEus].[Scolopacidae.}
(Monotypy.)
Ruticilla! Bartram, Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. — (London ed., 1792, p. 290); ZmmMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793, p. 287; Matuews, Auk, 1914, pp. 89, 91.
Type, ‘‘ Ruticilla Americana; the redstart”; anomen nudum here.[ Mniotiltidae.}
(Monotypy.)
Ryania Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 113. Type, Muscicapa melanocephala LATHAM.......-.-.----------------[Sylvudae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) For Charles Ryan. (Mathews, MS.)
Sacramela Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 111. iene. Pilots keariiand: NOgre <2. cal aeas elee see yee [ Meliphagidae.} (Original designation. ) Sacra, sacred; melos, a tune, song. (Mathews, MS.)
Sagittarius? “ Bodd.’’ Hermann, Tabula Affin. Animalium, 1783, pp. 136, 165, 235. Type, ‘‘Sagittarius” of BoppaErt [= Falco serpentarius J. ¥.MiLuER].[Sagittariidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Salicaria Sersy, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Durham, and New- castle upon Tyne, vol. 1, 1831, p. 254. Type, Sylvia salicaria‘ Lavwam’ 55S Doel oveed wee sees Saou [Sylviidae.}
(Tautonymy.)
Samuela Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 112. Type, Cinclosoma cinnamomeum GOULD......----------- Da antsigets [ Limaliidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Samuel Albert White, 1873- (Mathews, MS.)
Saxicoloides Lesson, in Bélanger, Voyage aux Indes-Orientales, Zoologie, livr. 4,
1834 [=1831], p. 270. Type, Turdus (Sazicoloides erythrurus Lesson [=Sylvia cambaiensis LATHAM, formal jie J lib) Bee e. SeeUae EIS Se Gs ee [ Timalidae.}
(Monotypy.) (Subgenus of Turdus.)
Sceeophaethon Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 56. Type, Phaethon rubricauda westralensis MATHEWS...-..------- [Phaéthontidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) Deouds, awkward, clumsy+Phaéthon (PaéGwv, son of Helios). (Mathews, MS.)
1This is a nomen nudum with Bartram, and Zimmermann does not improve matters by adding “‘ Der Amerikanische Rothschwanz. (Mot. phénicurus?)”’
2 Several names have been proposed for this group: Sagittarius Hermann, 1783; Gypogeranus Bork- hausen, 1797; Serpentarius Cuvier, 1798; Secretarius Daudin, 1800; Ophiothcres Vieillot, 1816, and A mphi- serpentarius Gaillard, 1908, the last for a fossil genus. Of these, Sagittarius has clear priority, and should be adopted in place o1 the two or three names in current use. Boddaert (Dierkundig Mengelwerk, vol. 5, 1770, p. 17) and Vosmaer (Beschryving Afrik. Roof-Vogel, de Sagittarius genaamd, 1769, p. 1) have been cited as authorities for this name, but neither of them used it in a generic sense.
3 The included species are Sylvia locus/ella Latham and S. salicaria “Latham” (the “‘Sedge-Warbler”’).
4Sherborn and Woodward (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 17, March, 1906, p. 390) accept August, 1832, as the date of livraison 4 of this work, but the first five parts are said to have been “‘terminées et pub- liges”’ by the reviewer of them in Férussac’s Bull. Sci. Nat., vol. 26, for September, 1831, p. 291, and there can be no question that Saricoloides was published in this year. It is some months earlier than Thamnobia Swainson, which appeared in February, 1832.
s
nee nately
no. 2221. LIST OF GHNERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 623
Schizura ! Van per Hoeven, Handb. Dierkunde, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1855, p. 733. Substitute name for Phibalura VIEmLuoT............-..--------- [Colingidae.} (See also Psalidura VAN DER HOEVEN.)
Schoeniophylax Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71. Type, Sylvia phryganophila ViEtLLoT. .....2.---2-.--200-s 2200 [Furnartidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Zxowrd, a bunch of rushes; dia, a watcher, guard, sentinel. (Ridgway.)
Sciopsar REICHENOW, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 62, Heft 2, April, 1914, p. 289. ie, AGelECUR AMINE SOLATER. «..22 =i4¢><ciecee ae pres en nae ee oe [Icteridae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) (=Pseudagelxus Ripaway, 1901.)
Semnarchus Riveway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. 4, July 1, 1907, p. 689. Type, Tyrannus crassirostris SWAINSON......--.--.---2----+-+-- [ Tyrannidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) (Subgenus of Tyrannus.) LYeuvés, solemn; apxés, a ruler, chief, or leader. (Ridgway.) Senegalus ? (Brisson) LarrEesNAYE, Rey. et Mag. Zool., sér. 2, vol. 4, 1852, p. 49, pl. 2. Type, Senegalus striatus ‘‘ Brisson”? =Lozia astrild LINNAEUS. .... [Ploceidae.} (Monotypy.) Setibis ““Lesson” Bonaparre, Comptes Rendus, vol. 43, No. 21, November, 1856, p. 993.
Equivalent to Carphibis REICHENBACH, 1853............-- [ Threskiornithidae.] Setochalcis OpERHOLSER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 86, Apr. 6, 1914, p. 11. Type, Caprimulgus vociferus WILSON. .........--.-0-- 2-2-2 oe [Caprimulgidae.}
(Original designation.) Zys,onrés, tinea; xedxis, avis nocturna. (Oberholser.)
Setopagis Rinaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 98. ype, Caprimulgus parvulus' GOULD = 2:2). .s-ce-+- ete eee [Caprimulgidae. ] (Original designation and monotypy.) Lys,onrés 2 moth; meyis,atrap. (Ridgway.) Setosura Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 58. Type, Rhipidura setosa melvillensis MATHEWS.....-.--..-------- [ Muscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Setos(a)+(Rhipid)ura. (Mathews, MS.) Sheppardia HaaGner, Annals Transvaal Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, January, 1909, p. 180, plate. Type, Sheppardia gunningt HAAGNER...........--.----------- [ Muscicapidae.] (Monotypy.) Sittina ‘“Temm.”’ Scurnz, Thierreich, vol. 4, 1825, p. 543.
Cited as a synonym of Sphenura LICHTENSTEIN..............-.--- [ Timaliidae.] Snethlagea Ber.eprscn, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 57, Heft 1, January, 1909, p. 104. Type, Euscarthmus zosterops minor SNETHLAGE.............---- [Tyrannidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) For Emilia Snethlage. (Berlepsch.)
Sporothlastes CaBanis, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., vol. 13, pt. 1, 1847, p. 331. Substitute name for Amadina SWAINSON.........-----20e22eeeeee [Ploceidae.}
1 Preoccupied by Schizura Cabanis, 1847 (Furnariidae). 2 There is a possibility that Senegalus and several other Brissonian nongeneric names may have to bo quoted from Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 17, 1820, p. 399.
624 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Spreo ‘‘Less.’’ Gray, List Genera Birds, 1840, p. 40. Type, ‘‘S. bicolor, (Gm.)-Zess.’’ [= Turdus bicolor GMELIN].....-... [Sturnidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) Stenura ‘“‘Swains.’’ Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 1, 1829, p. 582. Lapsus for Culicivora SwaInson. Type, Muscicapa stenura TEMMINCK.........------..-2----20- {Jncertae sedis.*] (Tautonymy and monotypy.) Sternolophota ‘‘Lesson” BoNnaparTre, Comptes Rendus, vol. 43, No. 21, November, 1856, p. 993.
Equivalent to Inca STRICKLAND, 1890.0)... 2 o- Bees areeenaeseaseenee {Laridae.]
Sterparola Bonaparre, Iconogr. Fauna Italica, vol. 1, 1841 (fase. 30), Introd. Uccelli, p. [7].
Type, Motacilla sylvia LINNAEUS. «. ......... 22 22-20-----2-02-000- [Sylviidae.]
(Subsequent designation; Gray, 1848.)? (Subgenus? of Sylvia.) Native name ‘‘Sterpazzola.’’ (Bonaparte.) Stilbo [Merrem?], in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 1, vol. 1, 1818, p. 327
(note). Type; ‘Acker. Drosael;?? or ‘‘ Stilbo: roses” 02. 0(6)0. 22.6 fai sags amincaioe [Sturnidae.]
(Monotypy.)? Streptocichla CaBanis, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 30, Heft 3, July, 1882, p. 321.
Type; lurdus streptians [A SMITH). 2 J ck 22008 ae sae yee eee [ Turdidae.] (Monotypy.)
Streptoprocne* OpERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, May 1, 1906, p. 69.
Type, Hirundo zonaris SHaw...... Si ps Na a Re I a [ Micropodidae.]
(Original designation.) Zrperrds, torquis, and Upédxvy, Progne. (Oberholser.) tStrigogyps Gamiarp, Annales Univ. Lyon, Nouv. sér., vol. 1, Sciences, Médecine, fasc. 23, 1908, p. 39. Type, Sinigogyps dubius GAMARMs - oc —-\o esa ne eae aie [Inceriae sedis.] (Monotypy.) Stringonax, W. DeW. Mmuer, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, Oct. 20, 1915, p. 515. Type, Bubo blakistont SEEBOHM........- sisson: Sea per aioe tao tae eee [Strigidae.] (Original designation.) Zrpivt (orpryyés), owl; avaé, king. (Miller, MS.) Subglareola Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 4, Dec. 31, 1913, p. 321. Type, \Giarcolo oculanis VBRREAUX 2c copie sms he oa eee [ Cursortidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Sub, under+Glareola (glareola, dim. of glarea, gravel). (Mathews, MS.) Submyiagra Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 61. Substitute name for Platygnathus HartLavus, 1852 (not of DrsEan, 1834, etc.). Type, Platyrhynchos vanikorensis Quoy and GAIMARD...-....--- [ Muscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Sub, under+ Myiagra (uvia, a fly; aype, hunting). (Mathews, MS.)
1 Usually placed in the Tyrannidae, but is said to have only 10 rectrices, and Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. 4, 1907, p. 340) says ‘‘almost certainly”? not a member of this family.
2 Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 1, 1848, p. 174. Here used in the sense of Sylvia communis Latham.
8In a later volume (6, 1821, p. 266) ‘‘Stilbo (saularis cristatellus, tristis)’’ are mentioned, but without further explanation.
4 For Hemiprocne of authors, not of Nitzsch, 1829, nor Riemann, 1838.
no. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF. BIRDS—RICHMOND. 625
Subsmicrornis Camppexy and others, Emu, vol. 12, pt. 3, Suppl., January, 1913, p. 15. Hypothetical subgenus for Smicrornis brevirostris flavescens GOULD.
[ Muscicapidae.] Subspilura Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, pp. 295, 300. Type, Gallinago megala SWINHOE. ....-.-----..<-0.-ceenesans- [Scolopacidae.]}
(Original designation and monotypy.) Sub, under+Spilura (c7midos, a spot; ovpa, tail). (Mathews, MS.) Sulita MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 7, Jan. 28, 1915, p. 123. New name for Morus Viertiot, 1816 (preoccupied by Morum Botren, 1798). Reve ote ESR: LINNARUB.2 22-05 0c5-s ~~ UU tk cs nee ee ecaenees [Sulidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Sula+ita. (Mathews, MS.)
Sylvicola Boapanow, Trudy S.-Peterb. obshch. estest. (Zool.), vol. 12, 1881, p. 99. ype. CONNOR /USCd TP ATEAR eS ede idc comm aces deme op [Columbidae.] (Present designation.) (Subgenus of Columba.)
Sylviocantor Maynarp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 239.
Type, Motacilla pensylvanica LINNAEUS..........0-.---22202--- [ Mniotiltidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Systellura Rroeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 97.
Type, Stenopsis ruficervix SCLATER..........-.---------+------[Caprimulgidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) ZvorthAw, to bridge; obpé, tail. (Ridgway.)
Tapera THUNBERG,? G6theborgs kongl. Wettenskaps och Witterhets Samhillets Nya Handlingar, vol. 3, 1819, p. 1, pl. 1.
Type, Tapera brasiliensis THunBERG [=Cuculus nevius LINNAEUS]. [Cuculidae.] (Monotypy.)
Tapera Bonaparte, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February, 1857, p. 211 (p. 5 of reprint); Satvaporr, Atti R. Accad. Sci. [Torino], vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451.
Type, Hirundo pascuum Wiep= Hirundo tapera LINNAEUS. ..-. [| Hirundinidae.] (Tautonymy.) Taphrospilus Simon, Revue Frang. Orn., vol. 1, No. 17-18, October, 1910, p. 261. Type; Aphantochroa hyposticta GOULD... 22. 2. 2. case ess [ Trochilidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Tasmanornis MatHews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 353.
Type ssericorms humilis' GOULD. as; s62 es Sse ee ee [Sylviidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Tasmania-+ornis (Spvs, a bird). (Mathews, MS.)
{Tephronotus ‘‘Hodgson” of Waterhouse (Index, p. 220), is a specific name with Hodgson.]
{Teratornis L. H. Miter, Univ. Calif. Publ. Dept. Geology, vol. 5, No. 21, Sept. 10, 1909, p. 307. ;
LV DG LCTOLOTIIS INCTTUCINY, WALLER. Oo cic om cnc winicim C/o vein eet [Incertae sedis.] (Monotypy.) Tépas (repar—), a monster; dps, bird. (A double meaning of large and of abnor- mal. Miller, MS.)
1 Two species are mentioned, Columba fusca “ Pallas,”’ and C. enas “ Brisson.” 2 This name appeared in the last supplement, but is here reproduced, with fuller citation, the reference having been verified for me by Dr. L. Stejneger a few years ago.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17 40
626 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
Terracantor MAYNARD, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 245. Type, Motacilla palmarum GMELIN... :.......2-..200--20e 02 2e ee { Mniotiltidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) ;
Terraphaps MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 195. Type, Geophaps smithit JARDINE and SELBY..............--.---- [ Claraviidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Terra, the earth+Phaps (?av, a pigeon). (Mathews, MS.)
Tetraoperdix! Hopason, Madras Journal of Lit. and Sci., vol. 5, No. 15, for April, 1837, p. 302. Substitute name for Lerwa HopGson.............22-----+------ [Phasianidae.]}
[Thamnocenchris “Salvin” of Waterhouse (Index, p. 222), is a snake!]
Thectocercus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 99. Type. P sittacus aewhedudaius: VIEIGOT co. sais «aains soso isis cere [Psittacidae.| (Original designation and monotypy.) Onxrés, sharp; Képxos, tail. (Ridgway.)
Thelazomenus REICHENOW, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 63, Heft 1, January, 1915, p. 127. Type, Thelazomenus poecilocercus REICHENOW....--.--.-.------[Meliphagidae.]} (Monotypy.)
Thermochalcis RicHMonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p. 180. New name for Stenopsis Cassin, 1851 (not of RAFINESQUE, 1815). Type, Caprimulgus cayennensis GMELIN... ....---------+-+-- [Caprimulgidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) Oepuds, Warm; xaAxis, a night bird. (Richmond.)
Tigribaphe ReEIcHENOW, Ornith. Monatsber., vol. 20, No. 4, April, 1912, p. 61. Type, Tigribaphe leucolaema REICHENOW ?.......-.-.---+---+------ [Ardeidae. } (Monotypy.)
Tinamus HERMANN,’ Tabula Affin. Animalium, 1783, pp. 164, 235. : Type, Letrae: 1070? GMEEIN 3.3 sion ni ges soe ines an eee ee { Tinamidae.} (Present? designation.)
Tisa A. H. Cuark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, No. 1539, June 15, 1907, p. 467. Type; Emberiza variabilis TEMMINCK; ..... -20. 2206 .---- desea [ Fringillidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) “From the Russian mruma (signifying bird).’’ (Clark.)
Toburides MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 195. Type;butorides rogerst Maranwa® <... ick pon. eee lee ee ee [ Ardeidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) Anagram of Butorides. (Mathews, MS.)
Tomirdus Maruews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 193. Type, Eulabeornis tricolor robinsont MATHEWS........-.-.---+------ [ Rallidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) A “made up” name. (Mathews, MS.)
1“ The lateral small scales of the fore toes are free, giving the pectinated appearance of the feet in the grouse, to which genus our bird has numberless affinities, external and internal: so much so that Tetra- operdix might very well designate the new genus I have proposed for it, ifthat word were not somewhat unmanageable, in comparison of our Lerwa, which I have therefore preferred, native though it be.”
2The type, TZ. lucolaema, is compared with “ Tigrisoma leucolophum,” which is “ sehr &hnlich.””’ The latteris the type of Tigriornis Sharpe (emended to Tigrornis in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 26, p. 191), a genus not referred to by Reichenow, and it is not improbable that Tigribaphe will prove to be a synonym.
§ This genus is based on Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 4, p. 502, etc. Thespecies Tetrao major is not men- tioned in Hermann’s work.
no. 2221, LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 627
Tonophoyx Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 195. Type, Notephoys flavirosiris SHARPE =~... <sasccsen-ce ee crcs sce dens [Ardeidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) Tévos, force, strength+Phoyx (¢a@vt, a heron). (Mathews, MS.)
Torrentaria (Hodgson, MS.) J. E. Gray, Cat. Mam, Birds, etc., Nepal and Tibet, ed. 2, 1863, p. 34; SHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 7, 1883, p. 47.1 A synonym of Chaimarrornis Hopason, 1844......-.-..-----+-+-+-- [ Turdidae.}
Toxorhamphus StreseMANN, Novit. Zool., vol. 21, No. 4, Oct. 20, 1914, p. 394. iiype, Cunnyris noveguine’ GESSON. « <.-.0.-~,s0.-sseersee-r-- [ Nectarintidae. } (Original designation.) Tétov, arcus; paudos, rosirum. (Stresemann.)
Tregellasia MaTrHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 110. ype, Lopsalireg capito GOUDD...... 6 «5 cn0cn n= ocean reneneeenring [ Muscicapidae. ] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Thomas H. Tregellas. (Mathews, MS.)
Trichodere Nortu, Ibis, ser. 6, vol. 6, No. 1, January, 1912, p. 120. une. Piilotis coekerellt: GOULD: . soto% J S<icleS ainln nic!ajalsiats eie'a sleet { Meliphagidae. | (Original designation and monotypy.) (See also Hemiptilotis.)
Tridactylocolaptes 2? Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874 [1875], p. 283. Pe CVEMUSAUEAIUS LINNAEUS). s)cle~ sc oem 2 acolo ee ie wien ee oe es {Picidae. | (Monotypy.)
Tringoides BonararTE, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 2, “1828” [No- vember, 1827], p. 326. (ypesiringa macularta. WIR: Foote... 6 cee on =o ate [Scolopacidae. (Present designation. ) (Section or subgenus of Totanus ‘‘ Brcust.’’)
Turdoides * CrerzscHMAR, in Riippell, Atlas Reise nérdlichen Afrika, Heft 2, 1826, Vogel, p. 6, pl. 4.
Type, Turdoides leucocephalus CRETZSCHMAR ....-.-------+--+++- [ Turdoididae.} (Monotypy.)
Turtur Boppaert, Table Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 10; MarHews, Novit. Zool., vol. 17, 1910, p. 503; MatHews and Irepate, Austral Avian Record, vol. 3, 1915, p. 38. Type, ‘‘Turtur afra, Linn.” [Columba afra LinnAEvs]...-.---- [Claraviidae.] (Monotypy.)
Uropsalis W. DEW. Mituer, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, Oct. 20, 1915, p. 516. Type, Hydropsalis lyra BONAPARTE. - ..-------- 2-0-6 e02e5e [Caprimulgidae. } (Original designation.) Odpa, tail; yadis, shears=shears tail. (Miller, MS.)
1 Not adopted by the authorities cited. 2“‘T once shot, at Washington, D. C., a specimen of Colaptes awratus showing the same thing, the right inner hind toe being wanting. It didnot occur to me, however, to propose a genus Tridactylocolaptes ”?
8 Tringa hypoleucos of Europe is also included by Bonaparte.
4 Turdoides appears to be the earliest name for the group now known as Crateropus. The first appear- ance of Crateropus is in Swainson’s Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 2, No. 17, August, 1831, pl. 80, with Crateropus reinwardii as type, but Jardine had already used the name (as Cratopus) for Cratopus bicolor (Jardine, Edinb. Journ, Nat. and Geogr. Sci., vol. 3 (or n. s., vol. 1), No. 2, February, 1831, p. 97, pl. 3)
628 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou, 53.
Vagans “Leach” (BiytH?], in Partington’s Brit. Cyclop. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 611, fig. Type, ‘‘Parus caudatus, and Longicaudatus, auctorum” !............ [Paridae.} (Monotypy.) Verreauxia Hartiavs, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., vol. 22, Bd. 2, 1856, p. 28. Type; Sara afrwana: VERREAU Reh cos oe So tres ie ee ie ee ae [Picidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.)
Vetola Matuews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 191. Type, Scolopax lapponica LINNAEUS..........--0-------0------ [Scolopacidae.} (Original designation.) Vetola, a Venetian name (see Brisson, Orn., vol. 5, pp. 76, 263). (Mathews, MS.)
Vireocantor Maynarp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 242. Type, Motaclila vrens:- GMELIN J: 2) S200. ees ae [ Mniotiltidae.] (Original designation.) Vociferator W. H. Y., Mag. of Nat. Hist. [Loudon’s], vol. 7, No. 44, December, 1834, p. 636. Substitute name for Caprimulgus LINNAEUS..........--.----- { Caprimulgidae.} (See also Nyctwwociferator.) Whiteornis MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 110. Type, Muscicapa goodenovii Vicors and HorSsFIELD....--.- ...-[ Muscicapidae.] (Original designation and monotypy.) For Samuel Albert White, 1873- (Mathews, MS.) Whitlocka MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 115. Type, Climacteris melanura GOULD...-......- ind dah hee ba Seana { Certhiidae.]} (Original designation and monotypy.) For F. Lawson Whitlock. (Mathews, MS.) Wilsonavis MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 110. ENDG, Pstlopus. fusca: GOULD «<x 55 suioer cine peices aoe ee [ Muscicapidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) For F. Erasmus Wilson. (Mathews, MS.) Woodfordia Nortu, Victorian Naturalist, vol. 23, No. 5, Sept. 6, 1906, p. 104, pl. 8; WooprorpD, Ibis, 1916, p. 118, pl. 3. Type, Woodfordia superciliosa NORTH. .......-..---+-eeeeee-- [ Meliphagidae??] (Monotypy.) For Charles Morris Woodford, 1853-— ~— (North.) Xanthocincla Jerpon, Madras Journal Lit. and Sci., vol. 10, 1839, p. 255.
Emendation of Janthocincla GOULD............0.0.2-ssececeeee- [ Turdoididae.} [ Xanthogenius “ Bp.’’ of Waterhouse (Index, p. 234) is a specific name with Bona- parte!}
Xanthomyias Brerierscu, Proc. Fourth Intern. Orn. Congress (Ornis, vol. 14), Feb- ruary, 1907, p. 490. Type, Muscicapa virescens TEMMINCK..........02e-sccceceecceee [ Tyrannidae.] (Original designation.) Xenocopsychus Harrtert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 19, No. 184, May 28, 1907, p. 81; Novit. Zool., vol. 16, 1909, p. 333, pl. 14, fig. 1. Type, Xenocopsychus ansorget HARTERT.......---sccscecccasescccss [ Turdidae.} (Monotypy.)
! At the end of the article (p. 617) the writer says: “‘Dr. Leach was perfectly right, in removing this very singular species from the genus Perus, and forming of it a separate division.”
? North places this genus near Melidectesand Melipotes, but Sharpe thought it belonged in the Zosteropidae ( Handlist, vol. 5, p. 632).
no. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 629
Xiphidiopipo SuNpEVALL, Conspectum Avium Picinarum, 1866, p. 115. Emendation of Xiphidiopicus BoNarartsE, 1854...-.-.-.---..----+--- [Picidae.} Xylocota Bonararte, Iconogr. Fauna Italica, vol. 1, 1839 (fase. 25), text to pl. [43]. Type, Scolopax paludosa GMELIN [=Scolopax undulata BoDDAERT]. [Scolopacidae.] (Original designation.)
Xylopicus “Cab.’’ Rey, Synon. Eur. Brutvégel und Giste, 1872, p. 246.
Equivalent to Hylocopus CaBAnis and HEINE, 1863.......-.-...----- { Picidae.} Xylopogon ‘““Temm., ms.’’ Lesson, Revue Zoologique, vol. 3, 1840, p. 134. Cited as a synonym of Caloramphus LESSON.........--.-+-+-+-++- [ Capitonidae.} fYalavis SuureLpt, Journal of Geology, vol. 21, No. 7, October-November, 1913, p. 649. ype.) Valarie tentt pes SHUEELDT ~.< oic0.<c-ccaesaviceswccsavencs [Incertae sedis.?}
(Monotypy.) “Yale and avis; the University at New Haven, Conn., U.S. A., and avis, a bird.’”* (Shufeldt.)
Ypsilophorus MatrHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 127. New name for Synoicus GouLp, 1837 (not Synoicum Puirps, 1774). [Phasianidae. } T Yrrdv (Upsilon, Greek T); gopéw, I bear, carry. (Mathews, MS.)
Zanda Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 8, Mar. 20, 1913, p. 196. Type, Calyptorhynchus baudini tenuirostris MATHEWS.....---.-.--- [ Cacatoidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) Zanda, an aboriginalname. (Mathews, MS.)
Zarapita MatHEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 168. Aeype. Wumentus tenuirosints VURILLOT, vec <oc'e ones as scace oe nis [Scolopacidae. } (Original designation and monotypy.) Zarapito, Spanish name of acurlew. (Mathews, MS.)
Zoonava MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112. Type Cupselus terrxregine RAMSAY. < 2c... sclccrsecctsevccuses [ Micropodidae.} (Original designation and monotypy.) Zoonav, an aboriginal name, (Mathews, MS.)
1 Xylocota at 1829 wiil displace Homoptilura Gray, 1840, in Mr. Mathews’s recent subdivision of the group (Dirds Australia, vol. 3, 1913, p. 287). 3 A small passerine bird, of the size of a Dendroica.
630 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
CATALOGUE OF GENERA MENTIONED IN THE FOREGOING LIST,
INCERTAE SEDIS. Cathartornis. Cornix. Cypselavus. Hebe. Limosavis. Meleagrops. Odontornis. Palzxolestes. Palxophasianus. Pecoris. Pleistogyps. Plioaetus. Proictinia. Stenura. Strigogyps. Teratornis.
Yalavis.
ALAUDIDAE. Amirafra. Chionophilos. Heteromirafra. Heteronyx.
Melanocoryphoides.
Niphophilos. Otocorydopsis. Pseudalaudula. Pyrgilauda. Razocorys. ALCEDINIDAE. Alcyon. Micralcyone. ALCIDAE. Alcella. Chenalopex. Plautus. AMPELIDAE. Garrulus. ?Phlogenys. ANATIDAE. Clangocycnus. Ctenanas. Cyanochen. Cygnus. Lophonetta. Merganas. Phonetta. Promergus. Raphipterus.
ARRANGED BY FAMILIES.
{Fossil genera are indicated by italics.]
ARDEIDAE. Botauroides. ? Eoceornis. Erogas. Hemigarzetta. Myola. Tigribaphe. Toburoides. Tonophoyx. ARENARIIDAE. Morinella. ARTAMIDAE. Angroyan. Austrartamus. Campbellornis. Micrartamus. Pseudartamus. BUBONIDAE. (See Strigidae.) BUCCONIDAE. Ecchaunornis. BUTEONIDAE. Aétos. Buteaétos. Circobuteo. Clanga. Euaquila. Eucircus. Eunisus. Fringillarius, Harpe. Hypaétos. Ictiniastur. Limnosalus. Paraspizias. Phalcobcenus. CACATOIDAE. Alisterus. Harrisornis. Megapsittacus. Zanda. CAMPEPHAGIDAE. Acanthinotus. Coquus. Karua. Malindangia. Metagraucalus. Motacilloides. Paragraucalus,
no.2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 631
CAPITONIDAE. Calorhynchus. Dicrorhynchus. Xylopogon.
CAPRIMULGIDAE. Antiurus. Capripeda. Nyctiphrynus. Nyctipolus. Nyctiprogne. Nyctivociferator. Ptilonycterus. Ramphaoratus. Setochalcis. Setopagis. Systellura. Thermochalcis. Uropsalis. Vociferator.
CASUARIIDAE. Cassowara.
CATHARTIDAE. (See Vulturidae.)
CERTHIIDAE. Neoclima. Whitlocka.
CHARADRIIDAE. Afribyx. Afroxyechus. Elseya. Elseyornis. Eupodella. ~ Helenzgialus. ?Limicolavis. Nomusia. Pagoa.
Pagolla. Paroxyechus. Pernettyva. Rogibyx.
CHIONIDIDAE. Necrophagus.
CICONIIDAE. Argala. Dipluravis. Ibis.
Jabiru Dumont.
Jabiru HELLMAYR.
CLARAVIIDAE. Eupelia. Gallicolumba. Leptophaps. Lophaon. Terraphaps. Turtur.
COLUMBIDAE. Columbigallus. Livia. Noticenas. Rupicola. Sylvicola,
COLYMBIDAE. Phalaropsis.
CORVIDAE. Boanerges. Cyanocorvus. Frugilegus. Hellmayria. Laletris. Lalocitta. Neostrepera. Picathartes. Podoces.
COTINGIDAE. Ampeleia. Polachio. Psalidura. Schizura.
CRACIDAE. Penelops. Penelopsis.
CRATEROPODIDAE. (See Turdoididae.)
CUCULIDAE. Melanococcyx. Micrococcyx. Neochalcites. Owenavis. Tapera.
CURSORIIDAE. Subglareola.
CYCLOPSITTACIDAE. ?Manopsitta. Pseudopsittacus.
DICAEIDAE. Austrodiceum. Nesopardalotus. Pardalotinus.
DIDIDAE.
(See Raphidae.)
DINORNITHIDAE. Megalornis. Palzocasuarius.
DIOMEDEIDAE. Diomedella. Nealbatrus.
DREPANIDIDAE. Psittacina. Psittacopis.
632 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
DROMADIDAE. Pachyrhinchus. DROMICEIIDAE. Peronista. EULABETIDAE. (See Graculidae.) FALCONIDAE. Cenchris. Dorcadothera. Eufalco. Gyrfalco. Lanarius. Notofalco. Pontotriorchis. FORMICARIIDAE. Hylopezus. Hylophylax. Megastictus. Myrmoderus. Myrmopagis. Myrmorchilus. * Oropezus. Phzenostictus. Pithys. Rhoporchilus. FRINGILLIDAE. Cactospiza. Canaria. Cannabis. Chloreus. Citrinella. Cryptophaga. Fringilloides. Tylospingus. Leptonyx. Linarta. Oberholseria. Onychospiza. Oreospiza. Pityornis. Platyspiza.
- Pogonospiza. Poliospina. Protopyrrhula. Pseudacanthis. Tisa.
FURNARIIDAE. Acrorchilus. Anabatoides. Chilia. Drioctistes, Hyloctistes. Microxenops. Parulus.
FURNARIIDAE—Continued. Phaceloscenus. Premnornis. Rhopoctites. Schoeniophylax.
GALBULIDAE. Psilopornis.
GOURIDAE? Progura.
GRACULIDAE. Mainatus. Metallopsar.
GRUIDAE.
(See Megalornithidae.)
GYPOGERANIDAE. (See Sagittariidae.)
HAEMATOPODIDAE. Prohzematopus.
HIRUNDINIDAE. Chelidonia. Hemicecrops. Pristoptera. Tapera.
IBIDIDAE.
(See Threskiornithidae. )
ICTERIDAE.
Chopis. Gnorimopsar. Sciopsar.
INDICATORIDAE. Ceriocleptes. Melichneutes.
IRRISORIDAE. Cyanepops.
JACANIDAE. Irediparra.
LANIIDAE. Aenopogon. Caudolanius. Lanarius. Leucopterus. Melloria.
LARIDAE. Alphagygis. Anousella. Chlidonias. Gygisterna. Leucanous. Plautus. Polocandora. Pontochelidon. Sternolophota.
No, 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 633 ee Ee on See
LORIIDAE. Eutelipsitta. Oenopsittacus. Ptilosclera.
MEGALORNITHIDAE.
Mathewsena. Mathewsia. MEGAPODIDAE. Megathelia. MELEAGRIDAE, Eumeleagris. MELIPHAGIDAE.
Amoromyza (p. 593).
Broadbentia. Caloptilotis. Coleia. Dorothina. Dyottornis. Grantiella. Gymnomyza. Hemiptilotis. Lacustroica. Lophoptilotis. Macgillivrayornis. Melomyza. Microphilemon. Microptilotis. Neophilemon. Nesoptilotis. Notiomystis. Oreornis. Paraptilotis. Ptilotina. Ptilotula. Purnella. Purnellornis. Ramsayornis. Sacramela. Thelazomenus. Trichodere. Woodfordia. MENURIDAE. Harriwhitea. MESITIDAE. Mesitornis. MICROPODIDAE. Achantylops. Aerodramus. Mearnsia. Pallenia. Reinarda. Streptoprocne. Zoonava. MIMIDAE. Lucar.
MNIOTILTIDAE.
Agreocantor. Azuria. Caeruleocantor. Erythrosoma. Fruticantor. Frutiornis. Limnothl ypis. Lineocantor. Maculocantor. Piceacantor. Pinacantor. Sylviocantor, Terracantor. Vireocantor.
MOTACILLIDAE.
Austranthus.
MUSCICAPIDAE.
Alisterornis. Arfakornis. Belchera. Camiguinia. Carterornis. Cyanonympha. Ethelornis. Gilbertornis. Hapolorhynchus. Howeavis. Iredaleornis. Kempia. Kempiella. Lewinornis. Littlera. Maorigerygone. Mattingleya. Microbainopus. Muscicapella. Nesomiro. Pseudocaly ptomena. Quoyornis. Royigerygone. Setosura. Sheppardia. Submyiagra. Subsmicrornis. Tregellasia. Whiteornis. Wilsonavis.
NECTARINIIDAE.
Dreptes. Toxorhamphus.
ORIOLIDAE.
Amimeta.
634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
OTIDIDAE. Ardeotis. Austrotis.
PARADISAEIDAE. Neoparadisea. Pseudastrapia.
PARIDAE. Neosuthora. Vagans.
PERISTERIDAE. (See Claraviidae.)
PHAETHONTIDAE. Leptophaethon. Sczeophaethon.
PHALACROCORACIDAE.
Cormoranus.
Graucalus.
Mesocarbo.
' PHASIANIDAE. Acomus. Anurophasis. Caloperdix. Chacura. Chrysolophus. Cryptoplectron. Cyanophasis. Gnathodon. Maroturnia. Microplectron. Nycthemerus. Paraortyz. Peloperdix. Phoenicoperdix. Rubicola. Tetraoperdix. Ypsilophorus.
PICIDAE. Alophus. Balanosphyra. Calopicus. Chryserpes. Chrysopterus. Colombpicus. Dolichopicos. Dryotomus. Gauropicoides Geocolaptes. Hyloscopus. Leucopicus. Linneopicus. Megalopipo. Melanopicos Meropicus. Mesospilus.
PICIDAE—Continued. Neophloeotomus. Phlceonerpes. Picumnoides. Tridactylocolaptes. Verreauxia. Xiphidiopipo. Xylopicus.
PITTIDAE. Austropitta.
PLOCEIDAE. Alisteranus. Bolbospiza. Chera. Erythrina. Ficophaga. Heliospiza. Heteromunia. Hyphantornis. Neopcephila. Paludipasser. Senegalus. Sporothlastes.
PODARGIDAE. Megapodargus. Micropodargus.
PRIONOPIDAE. Alphacincla. Bowyeria. Caleya. Conigravea.
PROCELLARIIDARE, Bannermania, Fregettornis. Fulmariprion. Heteroprion. Nesofregetta. Petrella.
PSITTACIDAE. Amoropsittaca. Bolborhynchus. Diopsittaca. Grammopsittaca. Hapalopsittaca. Nannopsittaca. Neonanodes. Neopsephotus. Northiella. Northipsitta. Ognorhynchus. Orthopsittaca, Primolius. Psephotellus. Psilopsiagon. Thectocercus.
—
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 635 PENS 0 ST Ns
PTEROPTOCHIDAE. Myornis. PTILONORHYNCHIDAE. Alphachlamydera. Rogersornis. PUFFINIDAE. Alphapuffinus. Calonectris. Cinathisma. Hemipuffinus. Microzalias. Neonectris. Reinholdia. PYCNONOTIDAE. Hemitarsus. RALLIDAE. Creccopus. Heematornis. Mantellornis. Porzanoides. Ralloides. Tomirdus. RAMPHASTIDAE. Bauharnaisius. RAPHIDAE? Apterornis. REGULIDAE. Regulus. SAGITTARIIDAE. Amphiserpentariu. . Sagittarius. SCOLOPACIDAE. Anteliotringa. Calidris. Canutus. Chubbia. Cinclus. Ditelmatias. Eugallinago. Homoscolopax. Machophilus. Macrodura. Neopisobia. Neospilura. Odurella. Parascolopax. Rubicola. Rusticola. Subspilura. Tringoides. Vetola. Xylocota. Zarapita.
SITTIDAE. ‘ Neosittella. Orthorynchus. Rupisitta.
SPHENISCIDAE. Hyponectes.
STEGANOPODES? Elopteryx.
STERCORARIIDAE. Atalolestris.
STEREORNITHES. Pseudogavia.
STRIGIDAE. Glaux. Microscops. Minerva. Noctua. Rhodoglaux, Stringonax.
STRUTHIONES. Psammornis.
STURNIDAE. Cossyphus. Lamprolophos. Leucopsar. Nabouroupus. Nomadites. Onychoramphus. Spreo.
Stilbo.
SULIDAE. Hemisula. Parasula. Sulita.
SYLVIIDAE. Aédonops. Aédonopsis. Blythoscopus.
Jettia. Corytholaea. Dulciornis. Eyramytis. Hallornis. Hemiellisia. Leggeornis. Luscinioides. Maccoyornis. Magnamytis. Mclophilus. Milligania. Mytisa. Neosericornis. Nesomalurus. Olivetra.
636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 53
SYLVIIDAE—Continued. Origmella. Philacantha. Philomelopsis. Pholidornis. Rosina.
Ryania. Salicaria. Sterparola. Tasmanornis.
TANGARIDAE. Chrysothlypis. Compsothraupis. Erythrothlypis. Merula.
TETRAONIDAE. Hylobrontes. Palaeobonasa.
THRESKIORNITHIDAE.
Bostrychia. Tbilophus. Oreoibis. Setibis. TIMALIIDAE. Graueria. Macrorthonyx. Morganornis. Myophonus. Pseudopitta. Samuela. Saxicoloides. Sittina. Tychaédon (p. 575). TINAMIDAE. Crypturellus. Tinamus. TRERONIDAE. Erythrolema. Heemateena. Jambotreron, Pterocolpa. Raperia. Reginopus. TROCHILIDAE. Aline. Amazilina. Ariadne. Corinnes. Cyanolemus. Euphasia. Goethalsia. Goldmania. Loddigesia. Microstilbon. Nesophlox. Taphrospilus.
TROGLODYTIDAE. Odontorchilus. TROGONIDAE. Chrysotrogon. Microtrogon. TURDIDAE. Ashbyia. Aurepthianura. Merula. Merulissima. Oroscirtetes. Parepthianura. Philomeloides. Pseudaédon. Rubecula. Streptocichla. Torrentaria. Xenocopsychus. TURDOIDIDAE. (Crateropodidae of authors.) Pengia. Turdoides. Xanthocincla. TURNICIDAE. Alphaturnia. Austroturnix. Colcloughia. TYRANNIDAE. Anomalopterus. Colonia. Coryphotriccus. Guracava. Idioptilon. Inezia. Oreomyias. Oreotriccus. Preedo. Pseudocolopteryx. Semnarchus. Snethlagea. Xanthomyias. TYTONIDAE. Flammea. Glaucostrix. VIREONIDAE. Chlorochroa. VULTURIDAE. (Cathartidae of authors.) Coragyps. Gallinaza. Plesiocathartes. ZOSTEROPIDAE. Nesozosterops.
a le i
NORTH AMERICAN COLLEMBOLOUS INSECTS OF THE SUBFAMILY ONYCHIURINAE.
By Justus W. Fousom, Of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinovs.
Among our most abundant collembolans are species of Onychi; urus. They are white (one species having a yellow variety), elongate (pl. 68), usually 1 or 2 millimeters in length, nonsaltatorial; they belong essentially to the fauna of the soil and aro limited to damp situations.
The subfamily Onychiurinae comprises three genera: Onychiurus- Tullbergia, represented in North America by a single Californian species; and Tetrodontophora, a European genus with one described species.
The forms discussed in this article are:
Onychiurus similis, new species.
Onychiurus cocklei Folsom.
Onychiurus subtenwis, new species.
Onychiurus litoreus, new species.
Onychiurus armatus Tullberg.
Onychiurus pseudarmatus, new species.
Onychiurus octopunctatus Tullberg.
Onychiurus dentatus Folsom.
Onychiurus ramosus, new species.
Onychiurus fimetarius Linnaeus, Lubbock.
Onychiurus pseudofimetarius, new species.
Tullbergia collis Bacon.
These are all the species of the subfamily that are at present known in our fauna. I expect, however, that many more species will be brought to light. In Europe armatus, fimetarius, and ambu- lans are everywhere abundant. In North America the first two species are widely distributed, but ambulans is unknown in collec- tions. Packard (’73) recorded ambulans from Washington, but his specimens are lost, and his description is broad enough to include almost any of our species with anal spines. Subsequent records of the occurrence of ambulans in this country have either followed Packard or have been based upon misidentifications. Ambulans
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 53—No. 2222, 637
638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
is to be looked for, however, especially along the Atlantic coast. In eastern Massachusetts, for example, there are many European species of Collembola that fail to appear in extensive collections from Illinois, Ohio, and New York.
Cotypes and other specimens have been deposited in the United States National Museum, Washington, District of Columbia; and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Order COLLEMBOLA Lubbock Suborder ARTHROPLEONA Borner Family PODURIDAE Lubbock
Subfamily ONYCHIURINAE Borner
Aphorurint BORNER Ola. Aphorurinae BORNER ’010. Onychiurinae BORNER ’Olc, ’06.
Pseudocelli present. Eyes absent. Postantennal organs present in most species and usually well developed. Antennal base usually present, distinguished by tubercles smaller than those of the rest of the head. Third antennal segment with a characteristic distal lateral sense organ, consisting of two or three sense clubs, a pair of sense rods, and usually outer papillae with their guard setae. Mouth parts mandibulate; mandibles with apical incisive teeth and with a many- toothed molar surface. Furcula absent, except in genus Tetro- dontophora. Anal spines present or absent. ‘Tarsi with one or two claws. Clavate tenent hairs absent. Integument tuberculate.
KEY TO GENERA OF ONYCHIURINAE.
Furcula absent. Postantennal organs almost always present. Papillae of sense organ of third antennal segment almost always present, but not more than ten. Body stout or moderately slender. Head broad. Tubercles of postanten-
nal organs usually not numerous; simple, or compound. Unguiculus
present. Sense clubs of third antennal segment two, straight or feebly
bent, smooth, granulate, or tuberculate, not curving toward each other;
papillae usually four or five (0-10), with usually the same number of
guard setae. Fourth antennal segment with subapical papilla and
usually without apical sense club. .Onychiurus Gervais, Bémer, p. 639.
Body quite slender. Head narrow. Tubercles of postantennal organs
usually numerous, always simple. Unguiculus present or absent.
Sense clubs of third antennal segment two or three, smooth, curving
toward each other, with commonly an accessory ventro-lateral isolated
sense club; papillae present (two or three), absent, or represented by a
cuticular ridge. Guard setae two to four. Fourth antennal segment
without subapical papilla, with apical sense club.........--.--....
Tullbergia Lubbock, Borner, p. 651.
Furcula present. Postantennal organs absent. Papillae of sense organ of third antennal segment 14 or 15 in number........ Tetrodontophora Reuter, p. 652.
NO. 2222, NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 639
Genus ONYCHIURUS Gervais, Borner.
Podura LinNAeEvs 1758 (part).
Iipura BurMEIstTeER 1838.
Onychiurus GervAts 1841. (See Gervais 1844, p. 397.)
Anurophorus Nico.er 1841 (part). Adicranus Bourtet 1842 (part),
Aphorura MacGILuivray 1893.
Onychiurus BORNER 1901c, 1909.
Including also the subgenera Protaphorura, Deutaphorura, and Kala- phorura (Absolon 19016), and the sections Huaphorura and Absolonia (Borner 19016).
Body stout or moderately slender. Head relatively large; broader than, or a little narrower than, the prothorax. Antennal base well defined. Postantennal organs (rarely absent) each in a transverse groove, close to the antennal base, with relatively large tubercles, occasionally about fifty in number, but usually not numerous; and simple, tuberculate, or lobed. Sense organ of third antennal segment with usually four or five (0-10) papillae, with guard setae, a pair of sense rods, and two straight or feebly bent sense-clubs, which are smooth, granulate, or tuberculate, and do not curve toward each other. Tarsus with two claws. Furcula absent; represented in a few species by an integumental fold or by a pair of rudimentary mucrodentes on the fourth abdominal segment; in the latter instance the tenaculum also may be represented. Anal spines 0-4, with or without papillae. Fourth antennal segment usually with curving sensory setae and with subapical papilla; usually without apical
sense club. KEY TO SPECIES OF ONYCHIURUS.
1. Anal spines absent. Tulercles of postantennal organs compcurd.............-
AMA PINES MTEISHGHy. eis Seis saccade ieee cinicie S's wee Ceale Seek on eee eee 3
2. Body stout. Antennal organ with four papillae and two ovate erect sense ot SR a tT eS ARO Se NI A aes a Oe eye fimetarius, p. 649 Body slender. Antennal organ with five papillae and two su’ reniform o lique BEBRE-CII Ste cui seen ee Seinen eine site eee ales Re tee pseudofimetarius, p. 650
Sa elavercios'of postantennal oreans simple: . 2 ses c= = ave cnc meas che cemee eee 4 abercles of postantennal organs compound « 22/2. -<....1..- 32s ana seem ee eee 10
4, Postantennal organs elongate-elliptical with a! out 18-44 closely set tu! ercles... 5 Postantennal organs with a out 8-14 separated tubercles.....................- 8
Dre ESeuaocelliOl AMGEN Al ASOS yo ace te cee etal rae ic tate acai clea areca eee 6 Pseudocelli of antennal hases 2+- 2 or 4+ 4......... 0... c ee eee ee cee eee en ees a
6. Tuercles of postantennal organ not crowded together. Pseudocelli of antennal base arranged in a triangle; those of the fifth a»dominal segment in a straight
line on each side. Unguiculus as long as the unguis........... armatus, p. 644
Tu ercles of postantennal organ crowded together. Pseudocelli of antennal | ase almost in a straight line; those of the fifth abdominal segment in a triangle on
each side. Unguiculus much shorter than unguis......... pseudarmatus, p. 646 7. Pseudocelli of antennal }ases 2+2. Postantennal organ with a’ out 20 tu’ er- Clpsetie hk Mes ae races ena s pees sids baweegepi esas litoreus, p. 644
- Pseudocelli of antennal bases 44-4. Postantennal organ with a‘ out 33-37 tu” er- RRC .te Roe statara Anite) e Nmap werk sxe haw mole nae Sas aioe’ 6p octopunctatus, p. 647
640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53. 8. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 24 2, rarely 3+-3................- subtenuis, p. 642 Pseudocelli of antennalshases: Ie Us ee ee 9
9. Anal spines contiguous. Sense clubs of antennal organ subovate, o lique. similis, p. 640
Anal spines separated. Sense clus of antennal organ disklike, erect .cocklei, p. 640
10. Tu >ercles of postantennal organs distinctly branched (fig. 76). Anal papillae
FABEG ues Mea weisn nis ss dame eee mes Sat SSR Cee ee eae ramosus, p. 648 Tubdercles of postantennal organs with hundreds of closely set papillae (fig. 65). Anal papillae reduced to Tings 2 ...u. tec e es ericcceee eee ene dentatus, p. 647
ONYCHIURUS SIMILIS, new species
Plate 68, fig. 1; plate 70, figs. 12-18.
White. Body slender (fig. 1). Postantennal organs (fig. 12) each with eight to ten simple tubercles. Pseudocelli of antennal bases (fig.1) 1+1. Posterior border of head without pseudocelli. Anten- nae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 13) with five slender papillae, four guard-setae, a pair of sense rods and two sense clubs, each consisting of a coarsely tuberculate ovate head attached obliquely to its stalk. Dorsal pseudocelli of body (fig. 1) successively: 0,1+1,1+1,1+1,1+1,1+4+1,1+1,2+2, 0; those of the fifth abdominal segment being in two oblique pairs. Unguis (fig. 14) slender, curving, untoothed. Unguiculus about one- half as long as unguis; basal half broadly lamellate, apical half acu- minate. Anal spines (figs. 15, 16) two, stout, arcuate, subequal to, or a little shorter than, hind ungues, on low contiguous papillae Supra-anal lobe rounded (fig. 15). Clothing (fig. 17) of sparse short curving setae and few longer and stiffer setae. Cuticular tubercles small (fig. 18). Length, 1.2 mm.
This species is close to cocklei, from which it may be distinguished by the following key:
Body slender; unguiculus one-half as long as unguis; anal papillae contiguous; anal segment as in figure 15; papillae of antennal sense organ slender, sense clus su’ ovate and o-ligqne= cuticular tybercles sivall: oc. ot wc nine ee Gases eae eee similis.
Body not slender; unguiculus two-thirds as long as unguis; anal papillae separated ; anal segment as in figure 23; papillae of antennal sense organ stout, sense clu’ s disk- like and erect: cuticular tubercles large... 21.226. seas gue oer pees ee cocklet.
Abundant under damp logs, Homer, Illinois, November 25.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20763, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHIURUS COCKLEI Folsom. Plate 68, fig. 2; plate 70, figs. 19, 20; plate 71, figs. 21-28.
Aphorura cocklet Fotsom, 1908. Aphorura montis Bacon, 1913. Aphorura lutea Bacon, 1913.
White or lemon-yellow; rather slender (fig. 2). Postantennal organs (fig. 19) with 8 to 11 simple tubercles, which are usually ovate,
1, tame
NO. 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 641
elliptical or oval. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 1+1 (fig. 20). Antennae as long as, or slightly shorter than, the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 21) with five papillae, four guard setae, a pair of sense rods, and two sense clubs, each with a stout stalk supporting a coarsely papillate disk. Dorsal pseudocelli of body segments successively: 0, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 141, 2+2, 0; those of the fifth abdominal segment being in two oblique pairs. Unguis (fig. 22) stout, feebly curving, untoothed. Ungui- culus two-thirds as long as unguis, with sublanceolate basal lamella and acuminately prolonged apex. Anal spines two (figs. 23, 24) stout, arcuate, subequal in length to hind ungues, on prominent separated papillae. Clothing (figs. 25, 26, 27) of sparse short curving setae and fewer but longer stiff setae. Cubicular tubercles large (fig. 28). Maximum length, 2 mm.
The papillae of the antennal organ vary considerably in form; they are usually stout, and rounded or subconical, though some- times reduced and toothlike; in one instance, six papillae occurred as an abnormality, with the usual four guard-setae. There is some variation in the clothing, as indicated in figures 26 and 27. The cuticular tubercles are larger than in any other of our species of Ony- chiurus.
Aphorura montis Bacon and A. lutea Bacon are synonymous with A. cocklei Folsom, as I have found from a study of several cotypes given to me by Mrs. Gertrude Bacon Chaffee.
This species was discovered by Mr. J. W. Cockle in Kaslo, British Columbia, at an altitude of 2,250 feet, where it occurred in masses so dense as to cover the snow with a carpet of gold over patches of several square yards. Some of the specimens found by Mr. Cockle were white instead of yellow.
In southern California at Bear Flats, on the slope of Mount San Antonio, at an elevation of 6,000 feet, Dr. W. A. Hilton and Miss G. A. Bacon found thousands of these insects in moist soil in a very limited area, white forms and yellow forms of all sizes occurring together; the yellow variety being, however, the more abundant.
My specimens from Oregon were taken on melting snow and under wood on moist ground.
British Columbia: Kaslo, January 31, February 23, March, J. W. Cockle.
Washington: L. Bremner (Stanford Univ.).
Oregon: Hilgard, March 4, W. A. Newcombe. Corvallis, Decem- ber 25, H. E. Ewing.
California: Mount San Antonio, April, W. A. Hilton, G. A. Bacon.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 12033, U.S.N.M.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol, 58—17——41
642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
ONYCHIURUS SUBTENUIS, new species. Plate 68, fig. 3; plate 72, figs. 29-38.
White, elongate; abdomen but slightly broader than the thorax, tapering posteriorly (fig. 3). Postantennal organs (figs. 29, 30) each with 8 to 14, usually 11 to 18, tubercles, simple or occasion- ally biramous. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 2+2 or 3+3, arranged side by side (fig. 31). Base of head without pseudocelli. Antennae shorter than the head, with segments about as 3:3:5:8 in relative lengths. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 32) with five elongate papillae, five guard setae, a pair of subclavate sense rods, and two capitate sense clubs, coarsely tuberculate. Dorsal pseudo- celli of body (fig. 3) typically 0, 1+1,1+1,1+1, 141, 0,2+2,3+8, 0. Thus pseudocelli are absent normally on the prothorax and on the third and the sixth abdominal segments. One of the two pseudo- celli is frequently absent on the first or the second abdominal seg- ment (see beyond under variation). The pseudocelli of the fourth abdominal segment are in two oblique pairs. Those of the fifth abdominal segment are sometimes 4+4 instead of 3+3, the pseudo- celli of each group being close together and in oblique alignment. Lateral and ventral pseudocelli are absent. Unguis (fig. 33) stout, curving, with inner margin unidentate one-third from the base. Ungiculus extending two-thirds as far as the unguis, subelliptically lamellate basally and acuminate apically. Anal spines (figs. 34, 35, 36) two, half as long as hind ungues, curving, on stout contiguous papillae about one-fourth as long as the spines. Supra-anal lobe (fig. 34) tapering, projecting far behind the infra-anal lobes. Cloth- ing (fig. 37) of numerous feebly-curving setae of moderate length, interspersed with fewer longer and stiffer setae. Cuticular tubercles small (fig. 38). Maximum length, 2 mm.
Variation.—One small specimen, 1 millimeter in length, had 8 postantennal tubercles on the right side; another of the same length had, however, 11.
The pseudocelli of the antennal bases are 2+2 in all the Illinois specimens that I have seen; but in some of the specimens from New York and Pennsylvania there are 3+3 (fig. 31). Furthermore, the pseudocelli of the fifth abdominal segment, typically 3+3, show the variation 4+4 in some of the material from New York and Penn- sylvania.
The pseudocelli of the first and second abdominal segments vary persistently in number, one of each pair being usually absent. The variations in 50 specimens taken at random fall into the following categories:
NO. 2222, NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 643 2 IIS SE Ne ae PS CS ee a A
Left. Right. Left. Right. Left. Right. Left. Right. Left. Right.
lca ok <tc hs at SN ats | PO 1 1 0 ] 0) 0 1 PAU it een ee ee Stee Rea toe iO | i 0 0 | 1] 0 PIXSTPNOSS <5 ..5 22 ane Sata ne ae 15 1) 7 4 ANDO est sate! jens oe eed seem ee A0) ] 0 0 | ] Uh x PAD oer e = tins at Moa ean et te ae 0 ] 0 0 0) l x PPCANIIOS =n 2, 2506 oe Chisato wane 4 l 1 1 JM) 0X0 Vd La eee ee oe ] x I ] ] 0 0 0 0 0 221010 1 gc AS ee ee x x | 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pixamples=s. causes. >= } ] ] 2 1
In a few instances pseudocelli were present in a rudimentary condition, as indicated by x in the foregoing tables.
These tables show that both pseudocelli on the left side were lacking in 30 per cent of the specimens and those of the right side in 22 per cent.
On finding these variations I examined some 80 specimens in search of the normal condition (1+1 on both segments), but failed to find a specimen that was not abnormal in material from Cham- paign County, Illinois, from several localities, some of which were 12 miles apart. Thefewspecimens that I had from New York State also showed the same kind of variation. Of 15 specimens from Penn- sylvania, however, 14 were abnormal and one was normal, having a pair of pseudocelli on each of the first two abdominal segments.
Schiffer (’96, p. 162) has recorded the fact that certain variations in the distribution of the pseudocelli appear sometimes to characterize entire colonies. He found that a large number of individuals of Onychiurus armatus from a single locality all lacked the pseudocelli of the mesothorax and of the third abdominal segment. In the case of O. subtenuis, however, the variation is not limited to a single locality, but occurs in 99 per cent of all the specimens from three States, the form regarded as “normal” being in fact extremely rare. The species exhibits primarily a strongly inherited varia- bility of the pseudocelli of the first and second abdominal segments, and secondly a wide range of individual variation in the distribution of the pseudocelli on these segments.
The tooth of the unguis varies in size and is absent in some of the specimens from Pennsylvania. The setae of the body are somewhat longer in specimens from New York than in those from Illinois.
This species occurs abundantly under logs or dead leaves on damp soil.
New York: Near Keuka Lake, October 31, C. R. Crosby.
Pennsylvania: Harrisburg, November 14, H. A. Surface.
Qhnois: Homer, April 2, 3, 9, May 7, 8, June 6, November 7, 25 Urbana, February 19, March 138, 17, April 5, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25, May 3.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20764, U.S.N.M.
644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 53.
ONYCHIURUS LITOREUS, new species. Plate 68, fig. 4; plate 73, figs. 39-42.
White. Postantennal organs (fig. 39) elliptical, each with about 20 simple tubercles. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 2+2, in pairs. Base of head with 2+2 pseudocelli, in oblique pairs. Antennae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment with five papillae, five guard setae, two ovate papillate sense clubs and probably two sense rods. Dorsal pseudocelli of body (fig. 4) 1+1 on segments one to six, inclusive; 2+2 in oblique pairs on segment seven; 3+3 on segment eight, as follows: 2+2 posterior, in oblique pairs, and 1+1 antero-lateral; pseudocelli absent on segment nine. Postero-lateral pseudocelli 1+1 on each of the first three abdominal segments. Unguis (fig. 40) long, slender, strongly curving, untoothed. Unguiculus extending less than half as far as the unguis, lamellate, with straight outer margin and short acuminate apex. Anal spines (fig. 41) two, half as long as hind ungues, stout, feebly curving, on widely separated papillae, which are half as long as the spines. Clothing of sparse minute setae, becoming longer posteriorly. Cuti- cular tubercles minute (fig. 42). Length, 1.3 mm.
Neponset, Massachusetts, May 4, October 10, 20, on the seashore between tide marks, under stones with Anumda maritima.
The cotypes of this species are in the author’s collection at present.
ONYCHIURUS ARMATUS Tullberg.
Plate 68, fig. 5; plate 73, figs. 43-51.
Iipura armata TULLBERG, 1869, 1871, 1872, 1876.—LuBBock, 1873.—REUTER, 1876, 1890, 1895.—UzxEt, 1890, 1891.—MacGittivray, 1891.—ScuH6rr, 1894 a.— Liz-PETTERSEN, 1896, 1898.— CARPENTER and Evans, 1899.—Wrttem, 1900.— Evans, 1901.
Tipura arctica TULLBERG, 1876.—ScHAFFER, 1894.—Scu6r7, 1894 a.—LiE-PETTER- SEN, 1898 —LusBsock, 1898.
Inpura ambulans MEINERT, 1896.
Aphorura armata ScHAFFER, 1896, 1897, 1900a, 1900b.—Porrr and ScHAFFER, 1897.—ScHERBAKOW, 1898.—Carb, 1899, 1901.—AsBsoLon, 1900a, 19006.— WAHLGREN, 1900a, 1900).—B6rRNER, 19010, 1901d—KravusBavEr, 1902.
Aphorura arctica SCHERBAKOW, 1899a, 1899b.—WaHLGREN, 1899, 1900a, 1900b.— AXELSON, 1900.—ScHArrer, 19006.—SxorrKow, 1900.
Onychiurus armatus BORNER, 1902a, 1907.—Voters, 1902. —Acren, 1903, 1904.— AXELSON, 1903), 1904, 1905b, 1906.—(AxELSON) LINNANIEMI, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1912.—WaAHLGREN, 1906.—SHOEBOTHAM, a
Onychiurus arcticus AXELSON, 1903b.
Aphorura ambulans GuTHRIE, 1903.
Onychiurus armatus var. arctica (AXELSON) LINNANIEMI, 1909, 1912.
White. Elongate; abdomen slightly dilated (fig. 5). Postan- tennal organs (fig. 43) elongate-elliptical, each with 18 to 44 (usually
No. 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 645
25 to 35) simple peripheral tubercles. Pseudocelli of head as follows: Antennal base, 3+3 (fig. 44) arranged in a triangle on each side; posterior border of head, 3+3, occasionally 4+4. Antennae almost as long as the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 45) with five (abnormally six) papillae, five guard setae, two sense rods, and two capitate tuberculate sense ciubs. Pseudocelli of body (fig. 5) as follows—Prothorax: dorsal, 0; lateral, (proximal pre- coxal),1+1. Mesothorax: dorsal, 2+2;lateral (proximal precoxal), t+1. Metathorax: dorsal, 3+3; lateral (proximal precoxal), 141. First, second and third abdominal segments: dorsal, 3+3. Fourth abdominal : dorsal, 3+3; postero-lateral, 1+1. Fifth abdominal: Dorsal, 3 +3; antero-lateral, 1 +1; the three dorsal on each side lying close together in a straight line. Sixth abdominal, 0. Unguis (fig. 46) curving, untoothed, or minutely unidentate one third from apex, especially on the front feet. Unguiculus gradually tapering, distally attenuate, as long as, or a little longer than, the unguis. Furcula represented by a crescentic fold (figs. 47, 48); tenaculum absent. Anal spines (fig. 49) two, large, almost as long as hind ungues, arcuate or almost straight, on prominent papillae one-third as long as the spines. Clothing. (fig. 50) of numerous short curving setae and fewer long stiff setae, becoming longer on the posterior part of the abdomen. Cuticular tubercules moderate in size (fig. 51). Length, 1.8 mm.
In one specimen the right sense organ of the third antennal seg- ment showed six papillae (fig. 45). Agren. (03, p. 128) mentions the occurrence in one specimen of seven papillae and three sense clubs.
According to European writers (see Agren, ’04, p. 12) the pseu- docelli of the antennal base are rarely four on each side; those of the posterior border of the head varying from two to four on each side; of the mesonotum, one to three; metanotum, one to three; fourth abdominal segment, three or four, rarely two; and those on the posterior part of the fifth abdominal segment, two to four on each side. These variations I have not yet found in this country.
The unguiculus varies a little in length, extending sometimes not quite as far as the unguis.
My North American specimens agree accurately with European descriptions and with European examples sent to me by Dr. Caesar Schiiffer.
The form that Guthrie (’03, p. 97) termed ambulans is armatus, as I have found by an examination of nine of his specimens, sent to me by Prof. Henry F. Nachtrieb.
Agren (’04, p. 12) found, from his study of the type material, that O. arcticus Tullberg is not specifically distinct from O. armatus Tullberg, being simply a large variety, 3.5 mm. in length (maximum length, 4.1 mm., according to Skorikow).
646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Axelson (’05b, p. 790; ’12, p. 88) has named as imermis a variety of armatus in which the anal spines and their papillae are absent.
T have taken this species on damp soil under wood or dead leaves and under the loose bark of decaying logs. In Europe, and doubtless in this country as well, the species occurs also in moss, under stones, in decaying vegetables, in flower pots, on pools of fresh water, on the seashore under stones, wood, or seaweed, and in caves.
Onychiurus armatus is very common everywhere in Europe. It has been reported also from Siberia, Greenland, and other Arctic localities, and from East Africa and Chile.
Maine: Orono, F. L. Harvey
Illinois: Homer, April 3, May 7, 8, 21, June 6. Urbana, April
12, 25. ONYCHIURUS PSEUDARMATUS, new species.
Plate 68, fig. 6; plate 74, figs. 52-60.
White, slender (fig. 6). Postantennal organs (fig. 52) elongate, elliptical, each with about 40 simple tubercles, crowded together. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 83+3 (fig. 53), arranged almost in a straight line. Posterior border of head with 2+2 pseudocelli, in oblique pairs. Antennae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 54) with five papillae; five guard setae; a pair of tapering sense rods; two capitate, coarsely tuberculate sense clubs; and a large subovate finely tuberculate accessory club (fig. 54). Dorsal pseudocelli of body segments (fig. 6): 0, 141, 1+1, 24+2, 24+2, 24+2,2+2,3+3, 0. Those of the first four ab- dominal segments are in oblique pairs; each group on the fifth abdom- inal segment forms a triangle. Unguis feebly curving, unidentate (fig. 55) or unarmed (fig. 56). Unguiculus extending more than half as far as the unguis, basally suboblong, apically tapering uniformly. Furcula represented by a fold (fig. 57). Anal spines (fig. 58) stout, almost straight, two-thirds as long as hind ungues, on well separated papillae one-third as long as the spines. Clothing (fig. 59) of sparse short setae, stiff or slightly curving, and fewer long stiff setae. Cuticular tubercles large (fig. 60). Length, 3 mm.
This species is much like the well known armatus, but shows in addition to the differences given in my key (p. 639) other differences in respect to the antennal sense organs, the length of the anal spines, the form of the rudimentary furcula, the size of the cuticular tubercles and the character of the clothing.
Alaska.—Saint Paul Island, Pribilof Group, August 6, in moss, Prof. Trevor Kaneaid.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20760, U.S.N.M.
No. 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 647
ONYCHIURUS OCTOPUNCTATUS Tullberg. Plate 75, figs. 61-64.
Lipura octo-punctata TULLBERG, 1876.—ScuHOrT, 1894. Aphorura octopunctata ScHAFFER, 1900a.—Fo.tsom, 1902.
White. Postantennal organs (fig. 61) elliptical, each with about 33 to 37 simple tubercles. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 4+4 (fig. 61); of posterior border of head 3+3. Antennae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment with five papillae (fig. 62). Unguis (fig. 63) broad, curving, unidentate near the middle of the inner margin. Unguiculus a little longer than unguis, slender, gradually attenuating into a fine filament, untoothed. Anal spines (fig. 64) two, half as long as unguis, stout, feebly arcuate, on promi- nent papillae. Body sparsely clothed with short curving setae and occasional longer stiff setae, the latter becoming more numerous toward the extremity of the abdomen. Length, 2.7 mm.
The only examples of this species that I have seen are three from Alaska, taken by the Harriman Expedition in 1899. These speci- mens agree with the original description and figures except for lack ing a tooth on the unguiculus. The pseudocelli of the body were not studied on account of insufficient material.
O. octopunctata has seldom been recorded. It was described from a single individual taken at Dudinskoe, Siberia (latitude 69° 25’ N.) by the Nordenskiéld Expedition in 1875 (Tullberg, ’76, p. 40). The Yenisei Expedition of the following year collected examples at Tschulkova (latitude 62° 45’ N.) and the Vega Expedition of 1878- 79 found a single specimen at Irkaipi, in Chukchi Land (latitude 68° 36’ N. Schétt, 94, p. 88).
Sitka, Alaska, June, Prof. Trevor Kincaid (U.S.N.M., Harriman Collection, No. 71).
ONYCHIURUS DENTATUS Folsom. Plate 69, fig. 7; plate 75, figs. 65-68; plate 76, figs. 69-75. Aphorura dentata Fousom, 1902,
White (fig. 7). Postantennal organs (fig. 65) elongate, each with hundreds of closely set papillae, which arise from about 17 tubercles, the stalks of which are shown in section in figure 66. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 2+2 (fig. 67). Antennae slightly shorter than the head, with segments related nearly as 2:5:4:5 in relative lengths. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 68) with five (rarely four) stout subconical papillae, five guard setae, a pair of slender fusiform sense rods and two papillate sense clubs. Unguis (figs. 69, 70) strongly curving, basally tuberculate, five or six toothed, as follows: paired pseudonychial teeth occur one-third from the base of the claw; a second pair of lateral teeth is present near the apex of the claw; and one or two distal teeth are situated on the outer margin.
648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Unguiculus untoothed, shorter than, or longer than, the unguis, narrowly lamellate proximally, gradually tapering or attenuating distally, tuberculate basally. Fourth and fifth abdominal segments each with 2+2 pseudocelli, in oblique pairs. Anal spines (figs. 71, 72) two, less than half as long as hind ungues, almost straight, separated basally, with papillae reduced to rings. Clothing (figs. 73, 74) of dense short curving setae, with occasional long stiff setae. Cuticular tubercles of moderate size (fig. 75). Maximum length, 4 mm.
I have here improved my original diagnosis of this species by the addition of a more precise description of the antennal sense organ and by a correction of my former statement in regard to the pseudo- celli. Almost all the structures that I described as pseudocelli are in reality cuticular pits that form the sockets of exceptionally large setae, and these sockets can be distinguished by their structure from pseudocelli by means of high magnification. Most of the setae were missing in my specimens, but the occasional setae that remained in place were sufficient in number to enable me to reconstruct the arrangement of setae as given in figure 7.
The cotypes were collected by Prof. Trevor Kincaid, of the Harri- man Alaska Expedition, from whom I received a few additional specimens after the description was published.
Seldovia, Cook Inlet, July, under stones at tide mark (No. 62). Cook Inlet (No. 60). St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, August 1. Unalaska, September, beneath stones covered with barnacles.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 5436, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHIURUS RAMOSUS, new species. Plate 69, fig. 8; plate 76, figs. 76, 77; plate 77, figs. 78-82.
White. Postantennal organs (fig. 76) each with about 13 many- lobed tubercles, of the fimetarius type. Pseudocelli behind the antennal bases 2+2, with wide ringlike borders (fig. 77). Antennae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 78) with four papillae, three guard setae, a pair of sense rods and two capitate coarsely tuberculate sense clubs. Dorsal pseudocelli of body (fig. 8): 0, 1+1, 141, 1+1, 0, 0, 2+2, 2+2, 0; those of the fourth and fifth abdominal segments being in oblique pairs. Lateral and ventral pseudocelli absent. Unguis (fig. 79) stout, curving, untoothed. Unguiculus gradually tapering from base to apex, extending half as far as the unguis. Anal spines (fig. 80) two, half as long as hind ungues, arcuate, on low contiguous papillae. Clothing (fig. 81) of sparse, short, stiff setae and a few minute curv- ing setae. Cuticular tubercles minute (fig. 82). Length, 1.3 mm,
This is the only one of our known species which has, at the same time, branched postantennal tubercles of the fimetarius type and
NO. 2222, NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 649
anal spines. I have found it rather common among grass roots and in the woods under damp logs.
Illinois: Homer, April 3, May 7, 8. Urbana, April 12, 18, October 26.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20761, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHIURUS FUIMETARIUS Linnaeus, Lubbock.
Plate 69, fig. 9; plate 77, figs. 83-86; plate 78, figs. 87, 88.
Podura fimetaria LINNAEUS, 1767.—FaBrictus, 1793.
Tipura fimetaria BuRMEISTER, 1838.—LuBBocK, 1868, 1873.—PacKarpD, 1873.— Parona, 1879, 1888.—OupEMANs, 1890.—UzeEt, 1890, 1891.—MacGruivray, 1891.—CaRPENTER and Evans, 1899.
Lipura volvator GervaAts, 1844.
Anurophorus jimetarius NicoLer, 1847 (not of 1841).
Lipura inermis TuLuBerG, 1869, 1871, 1872.—ReutTEerR, 1890, 1895.—Scuérr,
1891, 1894a, 1894b, 1896.—MacGriivray, 1894.—Liz-Perrersen, 1896.
Lipura wrightit CARPENTER, 1895, 1897.
Aphorura inermis SCHAFFER, 1896, 19006.—Canrt, 1899.—ABsoLon, 1900a, 19006 1901a, 1901b.—KrausBAvErR, 1902.—ScuH6rr, 1902.
Aphorura fimetaria Cart, 1899.
Onychiurus inermis BORNER, 1902a.—Votarts, 1902.
Onychiurus fimetarius Aaren, 1903, 1904.—AxELsoNn, 1905a, 1906.—(AXELSON) LINNANIEMI, 1907, 1912.—Contincsr and SHoEBOTHAM, 1910.—Carozt, 1914.
White. Abdomen broad, rounded behind (fig. 9). Postantennal organs (fig. 83) elongate, each with 8 to 17 branched tubercles. Pseu- docelli of head as follows: Antennal base, 2+ 2; behind antennal base, 1+1; posterior border of head, 1+ 1 or 2+2; ventral surface of head, 1+1. Antennae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third anten- nal segment (fig. 84) with four slender papillae, five guard setae, two sense rods, and two ovate erect smooth sense clubs. Pseudocelli of body (fig. 9) as follows: Prothorax—dorsal, 1+1; proximal pre- coxal segment, 2+2. Mesothorax—dorsal, 2+ 2; proximal precoxal, 2+2; antero-ventral, 1+1. Metathorax—dorsal, 2+2; proximal precoxal, 2+2; antero-ventral, 1+1. First abdominal segment: Dorsal, 3+3; lateral (base of ventral tube), 1+1; antero-lateral, 1+1. Second abdominal: Dorsal, 3+3; antero-ventral (behind ventral tube), 1+1; postero-ventral, 1+1. Third abdominal: Dorsal, 3+3; ventro-lateral, 1+1; postero-ventral, 1+1. Fourth abdominal: Dorsal aspect, 5+5 (dorsal, 3+3; lateral, 2+ 2); postero- ventral, 1+1. Fifth abdominal: Dorsal, 3+3; ventral, 1+1. Sixth abdominal: 0. Unguis (figs. 85, 86) slender, curving, untoothed. Unguiculus gradually tapering, distally attenuate, three-fourths as long as unguis. Anal spines absent. Anus ventral. Clothing (fig. 87) of sparse short setae, a little longer and stiffer on the posterior part of the abdomen. Cuticular tubercles relatively coarse (fig. 88); coarser on the head than on the body. Length, often 1.8 mm.; maximum, 2.1 mm.
650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
I sent specimens from Massachusetts to Dr. Caesar Schiffer, who informed me that they were Lipura inermis Tullberg, the equivalent of L. fimetaria Linnaeus, Lubbock; and I was able to verify his opin- ion by an examination of many European specimens which he sent to me.
In Swedish specimens Agren (03) found 3+3 pseudocelli on the posterior border of the head and found the unguiculus to exceed the unguis in length. The same author (’04) gives the number of lateral pseudocelli of each thoracic segment as 1+1; I find, however, 2+2 and record also several lateral and ventral pseudocelli not as yet mentioned by European writers.
Packard’s (73) Inpura fimetaria (Linnaeus), which I examined in the Museum of Comparative Zéology, is this species—the fimetaria of Linnaeus as redescribed by Lubbock.
The form with eight or nine tubercles in each postantennal organ, found in Europe and North America, varies into forms with a larger number of tubercles, as Carpenter and Evans (’99) have noted. The species from Japan that I referred to Aphorura inermis Tullberg (Folsom, ’99) was named A. folsomi by Schiffer (00a, p. 249), and differs from inermis in the structure of the antennal sense organ, as I have recently found (see Bérner, ’09, p. 104).
The form referred to inermis Tullberg by Guthrie (’03) is not that species’ but is the form described beyond as pseudofimetarius, as I have found by an examination of some of Guthrie’s specimens.
The Californian specimens that I have seen, collected by Miss Gertrude A. Bacon, agree with European examples.
This species is common in humus, under dead leaves, decaying logs, or loose dead bark, in moss, in flower pots in dwelling houses, and in greenhouses. In Europe it has been found also in caves and occasionally on the seashore.
Onychiurus fimetarius is common throughout Europe, is widely distributed in North America, and has been reported from Africa and Sumatra.
Massachusetts: Belmont, March 27; Cambridge (in a greenhouse), February 2, 7, March 1, July 17; Salem, A. S. Packard (M. C. Z).
Pennsylvania: Hazleton, W. G. Dietz.
Florida: E. Lénnberg (see MacGillivray, ’94).
California: G. Eisen (Cal. Acad. Sc.); Santa Barbara, February 28, Gertrude A. Bacon.
ONYCHIURUS PSEUDOFIMETARIUS, new species. Plate 69, fig. 10; plate 78, figs. 89-94. Aphorura inermis GUTHRIE, 1903.
White. Body slender; abdomen rounded posteriorly (fig. 10). Postantennal organs (fig. 89) elongate, each with about 16 branched
NO. 2222, NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 651
tubercles. Dorsal pseudocelli of head as follows (fig. 10): Antennal bases, 2+2; behind antennal bases, 1+1; posterior border of head, 3+3. Ventral pseudocelli of head as follows: Anterior, 1+ 1; poste- rior,1+1. Antennae slightly shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 90) with five slender papillae, five guard setae, two sense rods, and two subreniform smooth oblique sense clubs. Pseudocelli of body as follows—Prothorax: Pronotum, 0; proximal precoxal, 2+2; coxal, 1+1. Mesothorax and meta- thorax: Dorsal, 3+3; antero-ventral, 1+1; proximal precoxal, 2+ 2; coxal, 1+1. First abdominal segment: Dorsal aspect, 4+4; antero- ventral, 1+1; base of ventral tube, 2+2 (lateral and posterior, respectively). Second abdominal: Dorsal aspect, 4+4; postero- ventro-lateral,1+1. Third abdominal: Dorsal aspect, 3 +3; postero- ventro-lateral, 1+1. Fourth abdominal: Dorsal, 3+3; lateral, 3+3 or 2+2; postero-ventro-lateral, 1+1. Fifth abdominal: Dorsal, 3+3; postero-lateral, 1+1. Sixth abdominal: 0. Unguis (figs. 91, 92) curved, untoothed. Unguiculus extending a little more than half as far as the unguis, broadly lamellate proximally, attenuate distally. Anal spines absent. Anus ventral. Clothing (fig. 93) of short sparse setae, becoming longer and stiffer posteriorly. Cuticular tubercles relatively minute (fig. 94). Length, 1.5 mm.
Pscudofimetarius is close to fimetarius, the arrangement of most of the dorsal pseudocelli being essentially the same in the two species, though the former species differs in having no pronotal pseudocelli and in having 3+3 pseudocelli on the posterior border of the head (this latter condition occurring, however, as a variation in some Swedish examples of jfimetarwus). Pseudofimetarius differs further from fimetarius in having four pseudocelli on the ventral surface of the head and differs markedly in the structure of the sense organ of the third antennal segment.
This is the form that Guthrie (’03) referred to Aphorura inermis Tullberg, as I learned from a study of two of Guthrie’s specimens, loaned to me by Prof. Henry F. Nachtrieb.
This species occurs on damp soil under decaying logs or dead leaves.
Illinois: Homer, April 2, 3, 9, May 7, 8, November 7. Urbana, March 13, 17, April 3, 5, 11, 25.
Minnesota: April 8, J. E. Guthrie (Univ. of Minn.).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20762, U.S.N.M.
Genus TULLBERGIA Lubbock, Borner.
Tullbergia LupBock 1876. Stenaphorura ABSOLON 19000. Mesaphorura BORNER 1901a. Boerneria WitLEM 1902. Tullbergia BORNER 1902b.
652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. yor. 53.
Body extremely slender, gradually tapering toward each end. Head relatively small, narrower than the prothorax. Antennal base absent in a few species. Postantennal organs each in a trans- verse groove, a little behind the antennal base, with simple tubercles, usually numerous. Sense organ of third antennal segment with two or three papillae, or with papillae absent or represented by a cuticular ridge; with two, three, or four guard setae; a pair of sense rods; and two or three sense clubs, smooth and straight or curving toward one another; in addition there is usually an isolated ventro- lateral sense club. Fourth antennal segment with curving sense hairs, with apical sense club and without subapical papilla. Tarsus with one or two claws. Furcula absent. Anal spines 0-4, with additional spine-like tubercles in a few species. Pseudocelli rarely rudimentary.
TULLBERGIA COLLIS Bacon.
Plate 69, fig. 11; plate 78, fig. 95; plate 79, figs. 96-101. Tullbergia collis Bacon, 1914.
White. Slender (fig. 11); five to six times as long as broad. Postantennal organs (fig. 95) large, oblong-elliptical, each with about 75 tubercles in four parallel rows Pseudocelli large, with wide rings. Dorsal pseudocelli of head (fig. 11) as follows: Antennal bases, 1+1; posterior border, 1+1. Antennae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 96) with four guard setae; four low blunt papillae, sometimes reduced to an irregular ridge; two clavate curving sense rods; two smooth clavate or subreniform sense clubs curving toward each other; and an inner clavate accessory sense club. Curving sensory setae of fourth antennal segment (fig. 97) as follows: Two outer, one dorsal, five inner. One pair of dorsal pseudocelli on each segment of the body except the anal segment. Unguis (fig. 98) stout, curving, untoothed. Unguiculus reduced, spiniform. Anal spines (figs. 99, 100) two, arcuate, as long as hind ungues, on large contiguous papillae. Clothing (fig. 101) of sparse short stiff setae. Length, 1.5 mm.
Tullbergia collis, the only known representative of its genus in this country, was discovered in California, in the hills near Pomona and Laguna Beach, and described by Miss Gertrude A. Bacon, who kindly sent me cotypes which have enabled me to supplement the original description.
Genus TETRODONTOPHORA Reuter.
Tetrodontophora REvTER, 1882. Tetrodontophora ABSOLoN, 1901c. Tetrodontophora BORNER, 1902a. Head and body stout. Antennal base present. Postantennal organs absent. Sense organ of third antennal segment with seven
NO, 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 653
guard setae, 14 or 15 papillae in three rows, three erect sense clubs, and two sense rods. Tarsus with two claws, the unguis being pseudonychiate (as in Tomocerus). Furcula present, normally developed, on the fourth abdominal segment. Tenaculum present. Anal and genital segments confluent. Abdomen posteriorly six- lobed, with two anal spines and four spine-like tubercles.
The genus Tetrodoniophora, which has not as yet been found on this continent, is based upon the European T. bielanensis Waga (gigas Reuter), a cavernicolous species, dark blue, and of relatively large size, attaining a length of 9.2 mm.
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Anvers.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Puate 68. . Onychiurus similis, X47. . Onychiurus cocklet, X30. . Onychiurus subtenuis, X43. . Onychiurus litoreus, X45. . Onychiurus armatus, X44. . Onychiurus pseudarmatus, X25.
Fig.
AOnr wn ee
NO. 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAB—FOLSOM. 657
PLATE 69.
Fig. 7. Onychiurus dentatus, X16. 8. Onychiurus ramosus, X62. 9. Onychiurus fimetarius, X40. 10. Onychiurus pseudo fimetarius, X61. 11. Tullbergia collis, X45. PLATE 70.
Fig. 12. Onychiurus similis, left postantennal organ, X1120.
_ 18. Onychiurus similis, left antennal sense organ, X1120. 14. Onychiurus similis, left hind foot, x 652. 15. Onychiurus similis, anal segment, X 166. 16. Onychiurus similis, left anal spine, X 652. 17. Onychiurus similis, clothing, median dorsal line of first abdominal seg-
ment, X346.
18. Onychiurus similis, cuticular tubercles of body, X 652. 19. Onychiurus cocklei, right postantennal organ, X 1232. 20. Onychiurus cocklei, left antennal base, X200.
Puate 71.
Fig. 21. Onychiurus cocklei, left antennal sense organ, X 1120.
22. Onychiurus cocklei, left hind foot, X 652.
23. Onychiurus cocklei, anal segment, X 166.
24. Onychiurus cocklei, right anal spine, 400.
25. Onychiurus cocklei, clothing, median line of metanotum, X300.
26. Onychiurus cocklei, clothing, median dorsal line of first abdominal seg- ment, X520.
27. Onychiurus cocklei, clothing, median dorsal line of first abdominal seg- ment, X346.
28. Onychiurus cocklei, cuticular tubercles of body, X 652.
PLATE 72.
Fig. 29. Onychiurus subtenuis, left postantennal organ, 1120. 30. Onychiurus subtenuis, left postantennal organ, X 1120. 31. Onychiurus subtenuis, left antennal base, X346.
32. Onychiurus subtenuis, left antennal sense organ, X 1120.
33. Onychiurus subtenuis, right hind foot, x 652.
34. Onychiurus subtenuis, anal segment, < 166.
35. Onychiurus subtenuis, left anal spine, X 260.
36. Onychiurus subtenuis, anal spines, X 260.
37. Onychiurus subtenuis, clothing, median dorsal line of first abdominal seg- ment, 346.
38. Onychiurus subtenwis, cuticular tubercles of body, x 652.
PLATE 73.
Fig. 39. Onychiurus litoreus, right postantennal organ, X504. 40. Onychiurus litoreus, right mid foot, X980. 41. Onychiurus litoreus, anal spines, X 652. 42. Onychiurus litoreus, cuticular tubercles of body, X 652. 43. Onychiurus armatus, right postantennal organ, X 1120. 44. Onychiurus armatus, pseudocellus of antennal base, X 1120. 45. Onychiurus armatus, right antennal sense organ, with six papillae as an abnormality, X 1120.
77403— Proce. N. M. vol. 583—17 42
658
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
46
47, 48. 49. . Onychiurus armatus, clothing, median dorsal line of first abdominal seg-
51.
. 52. 53. . Onychiurus pseudarmatus, right antennal sense organ, X1120. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
61. 62. . Onychiurus octopunctatus, left hind foot, 434. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68.
69. 70. a. 72. 73.
74. 75. 76. Ce
78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Onychiurus armatus, right hind foot, x 614.
Onychiurus armatus, ventral aspect of rudimentary furcula, x 652. Onychiurus armatus, left aspect of rudimentary furcula, X386. Onychiurus armatus, left anal spine, X386.
ment, <346. Onychiurus armatus, cuticular tubercles of body, X652.
PLATE 74,
Onychiurus pseudarmatus, postantennal organ, X 646. Onychiurus pseudarmatus, left antennal base, 394.
Onychiurus pseudarmatus, left fore foot, X380.
Onychiurus pseudarmatus, left hind foot, 380.
Onychiurus pseudarmatus, ventral aspect of rudimentary furcula, 652.
Onychiurus pseudarmatus, left anal spine, X226.
Onychiurus pseudarmatus, clothing, median dorsal line of first abdominal segment, X 226.
. Onychiurus pseudarmatus, cuticular tubercles of body, X 652.
PLATE 75.
Onychiurus octopunctatus, right postantennal organ, X 434. Onychiurus octopunctatus, right anntennal sense organ, X868.
Onychiurus octopunctatus, left anal spine, X 425.
Onychiurus dentatus, right postantennal organ, etc., 1120. Onychiurus dentatus, deeper structure of postantennal organ, X 868. Onychiurus dentatus, base of right antenna, X 254.
Onychiurus dentatus, left antennal sense organ, X1120.
PLATE 76.
Onychiurus dentatus, right hind foot, x346.
Onychiurus dentatus, right mid foot, concave aspect, X346.
Onychiurus dentatus, anal spines, < 400.
Onychiurus dentatus, right anal spine, x 400.
Onychiurus dentatus, clothing, median dorsal line of first abdominal seg- ment, x 166.
Onychiurus dentatus, clothing, median line of metanotum, X166.
Onychiurus dentatus, cuticular tubercles of body, X 652.
Onychiurus ramosus, left postantennal organ, X 1120.
Onychiurus ramosus, left antennal base, x 652.
PLATE 77.
Onychiurus ramosus, right antennal sense organ, X 1640.
Onychiurus ramosus, left hind foot, x980.
Onychiurus ramosus, anal spine, X 980.
Onychiurus ramosus, clothing, median line of first abdominal segment, X346. Onychiurus ramosus, cuticular tubercles of body , 652.
Onychiurus fimetarius, right postantennal organ, x 1120.
Onychiurus fimetarius, left antennal sense organ, X1120.
Onychiurus fimetarius, right hind ivot, X486.
Onychiurus fimetarius, right hind oot, X 466.
NO. 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 659
PLATE 78.
Fig. 87. Onychiurus fimetarius, clothing, median line of first abdominal segment,
«346.
88. Onychiurus fimetarius, cuticular tubercles of head, x 1120.
89. Onychiurus pseudofimetarius, right postantennal organ, x 1120.
90. Onychiurus pseudo fimetarius, left antennal sense organ, 1120.
91. Onychiurus pseudofimetarius, left hind foot, 652.
92. Onychiurus pseudo fimetarius, left hind foot, 780.
93. Onychiurus pseudofimetarius, clothing, median line of first abdominal seg- ment, X346.
94. Onychiurus pseudofimetarius, cuticular tubercles of head, x 1120.
95. Tullbergia collis, right postantennal organ, < 1120.
PLATE 79.
Fig. 96. Tullbergia collis, right antennal sense organ, x 1680. 97. Tullbergia collis, dorsal aspect of fourth antennal segment of right side, 1120. 98. Tullbergia collis, left fore foot, <652. 99. Tullbergia collis, anal spines, x 652. 100. Tullbergia collis, right anal spine, x 652. 101. Tullberaia collis, clothing, median line ot first abdominal segment, ¥ 520.
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Page. A hellnmmerncanh..t. ssc. escceue cee cate cin.c 445 Acirsa/menesthoides: - 0... 6. cece eee cctences 474 A cordulecera hicoriad:2-.2. ..2<.cc See ececenee 157 Aenoplex carpocapsae. ..........-....-0--0-- 461 MICTOSOMIA- 2 cn sce ec cee cree nmecsves 460 plesiobypush=<< co-op sases- sae seen 460 PAT ANUS UHICINGHIS: commascece<seeeceekaen's 389 A OSAISAPIGISSIMNA see tee neece lea one eeneoe 59 ATISOP MIS ANEUMOL Sreces seca tacos omar or'ecau ee 282 SASMOLSUS sae cacacocece es 283 PA MDP YSLOMIA DICT eas once 5 actos Senines cm 401 AMGLVa ADONIS = ceo cceaecs eee a aaasicceacs 275 Amethyst, the color of, rose and blue varieties GHEMAELE a6 Seta onic miaeecicieibnise oeciaacienins 553 Ammobia ichneumonea..................--. 240 ManrnsylvaniCas vs... a2 sosset essa 240
Amphibians and reptiles, Cuban, collected for the United States National Museum
PPOTMU SOS TO LOO 2 os n eiceiwetie ve weieccceeae 259 Amphisbaens cubana... =. ....c5.0-c.ccceen 5 277 Ancistrocerusucidus. <.02. 1 -scccsccccececee 235
SOXCINSUIAGUS cence cc cacauciae 235
SHULOMANUS oc Sc.o6o5s sec'ecclne 235 tahoensis..........: SS eseee ae 235
PAM ST iim Nerisesen eo cass cine edeicee Sere se an 159 TINGA VOL Ae eer 1ss ona a aeeciom este aa 160 Anguilla bostonensis................ Seats 59 SANOGONILES WYMAN 22 sce e cece cele tne se ese 382 ANGIIS AIT tACOUS ences he ago es =i-:lce = sacs ecis 271 QNEGSWCOPSerns sew ae soe w aca owe vo Ssie oe 272 STIZENCOOUS ease eens ono 5 cece wewe tre wel WRC Carlin ensisices cy ware wean on eats 272 GUISTALBN US ste Nate acted ce Sonia Bete nee 271 CONTESLTIS er ena a aeraic cloner eeicienire 268 HGOMGIECHISH soa estes oe centers 268 IGYSIAH a seet ge eeaeeee maa awn sareas 271
FUCHS LSS Bie sete ieee ccs cecccnese 270 MESUrele ee eee ee eee eee oe lesen 272
OU GH US a ete re ete aie en as eee tals iaieinta 272
SSS a eet a etal ore ee tet ee 270, 271 Anthophilus multimaculatus................ 244 PACHHCUSL YE coo eu csetnae ose ueoe 244 Anurophorus fimetarius..................... 649 Apantelendinenisige. 23 F223 sos oct ek eee 198 Aphelidoidea plutela.......................- 447 ACPHOEUED AMVUIAUS ao os e:cc temeca cnc wume de doe O44 BATCHED ccs Cow eee ta cans Biveisicml eee 644
Cocklotecm sees ose acnoies boc wee ce uue 640
MONGAtW costed actu ee ava tinn staan 647
PRNGLALIG I ete ese el oe unscget eer v 649
BHOISIIS oe ales e Mur a's ole ak ia antec 650
TELE ee BS So cds new nade snow cee 640
TNONUS ASCs ceed ec ec cletbesbas w 640 OCWOPUNGtaiaes. .teiewsccueuectoyes 647 Aporinellus californicus...................... 240
Page AYENY LON GIVING. cb vee sens sauces aanenae 286 Qpenseliis2.05 serene aoncacosaee 288 MOCUINIGMN Sp ann tnosasdawenaaee 287, 288 faeniatiumMes 22.2. passe Necrmaneea 286 VittatumMino scansscesene ones 286, 287, 288 Astichus bimaculatipennis.............-..-.- 449 Atractodes fusiformis: = <2: 5<fncicecua sine were 540 incomipletus..i.- 22sec oieiaes 541 INGLIiNes se. sees eet ewes 551 Bartsch, Paul. A monograph of West Amer- ican Melanellid mollusks.................-- 295 Bathythrix kuwange:.-..cesa-cese =n eee eee 458 pimplaess....a-c/ecseae ce csuseen= 458 tiblalis<. ccc ses es eeseoseanceee 458 Batillipes caudatussc-co-2-<.-c2cecne 252, 253, 254 mirus...... Beit eee 251, 253, 254 Bear-animalcule from the coast of North Carolina, a new species of...............-.- 251
Beard, R. E., and Thomas L. Watson. The color of amethyst, rose, and blue varieties
OL GUOTlZoecaan sp cswan Cee e nn sete oe eae 503 Belepharipus ater == 4s. oss eencesouse ee ae 243 ipembixspinolae:sec-n-sceeocee ee ees Ronee 249 Bird, passerine, fossil, from the Florissant
of Coloradoteess-<352 ass ce eaten eee: 453 Bird-louse found on three different species
of troupials, an asymmetrical.............. 231
Birds, generic names applied to, during 1906 to 1915, with additions and corrections to Waterhouse’s ‘‘Index Generum Avium”.. 565
Boethus; daeckelorr ses. (sense st pepe eee 162 HOWATOTS 265 so. Oe ee 162 scbizocert. csi hp aoe see 162
Bonellig:terebellatac.<. ssc. -csbbene daseeeee 348
Boreoscalaicondonise:.cs-h west eee eee 473
pluricostata.}.iccees pee tees keane 473 IBrevoortistiyrannusstc ote eseutsceeeak ee 59 Bufolonpinasyse. oscsse pee eee eee ee 261
peltocephalus es... — ce cbsncgase cence 261
Bulimus'terebellatus. 2.2.9 ces. cena 348
Cacicus microrhynohus..... (2S) 2530 ease 231
Cades blanoides.cs.d ost cece eee 277
Caenocryptus newcomeri..................-- 463
Calcite in silicified wood, a remarkable
OCCUTTENGA Of MSautcee = oceieh swe pees dance 227
California, a report on a collection of hymen- optera (mostly from), made by W. M.
Gitlard sie ossec see eee ee ee eee eee 233
California Pliocene, a new species of crab TROML THO.W2c= See talnd tes cecensewcce ad eeeud 451 Cancer antennarins | u31.0c.ac<nsnunnuecesuee 452 OLDSNUSt Sons cee do che cvenuace cece men 451 Warane CLYS0G ces tacit ss ck ces edcatsuwou ents 68 Cardiodectes bellottif..................cceee0s 63, 55 MIOUNSHGUN A. so ata cece ater eass 51,52
1A specially prepared index accompanies S. A. Rohwer and M. Fagan’s paper on The type-spectes of the genera of the Cynipoidea or the gall wasps and parasitic Cynipoids (this volume, pp. 357-380) and therefore the titles in that paper are omitted from this index.
661
662 INDEX. Page. Page. Carpinusicaroliniana-2222- sc ceee cose eee 158 | Cremastus.(Cremastus) longiventris......... 517 Cassicusicristatuss.cs-cs- ene eeseate ee eee 231 MINOVaees seas ee ee 523 Catanoscala oregonensis.. ......-c0---.<---6 473 platynotae.......... 526 Celestus dela agra. 5. Sa2csinces cleclocew en cucee 275 THNCOPSepse see seeee 518 Comonus;fittardivznseccrnccnes stcactne soe oe 246 tortricidis ....... Snes Ceratophorus'teriax: 2220 o5..0-2coheseeceeee 246 Mecoratus. cess ae osteo 528 Carcerisicalifornicas - 822-24 ..cccwecasseesees 244 forbesti..sse025 5 saccueseese eee 532 Tite ee oe eee erences 244 fasiionmiss..<. s2cedessneeese eos 540 Chaeretymma ashmeadii...................- 465 eraciliventtis... «5-2. cescmeseenel 549 MIN); ans SAGS Re eee 465 pranulatus..-o-<-acscanteemaecmimeee 549 Chalcid-flies, notes and descriptions of mis- SL can ae aan erent 549 Ccellaneouss.< sss testes oa e5 te eee 445 lonpicaudus’: 3. s2<acasercheeeace 551 Chamaeleolis chamaeleonides...........--.-- 267 longinienalis—.)..-<os-necccmeee eee -510 Cheiloueurus dactylopii...............--.---. 448 Moellipes = .c2.55-ceeee eee eee oe eee 551 Chelonus phthorimaeae..........-- Hie ba Sok Se 199 MOMOLAlisys 5. sas ceca eens 550 Cheninitzia nangil; Jo ccees suse e tert ec eee 298, 337 PICOUS woes okeoacs ee Reeen ee ners 551 Chiorion cyagneum'.. Jo eo eee eesecee cats 240 Proclitus longicaudus............. 551 Chrysocharusimallochis-c.c0.s: . .2a82 2 sce 213 mellipes..... Mee eetoe caer 551 Chrysopophagus kansensis..... Stee ee see 447 TOT; jced ces eta eee 551 Cirostrema funiculata.< os sens sees tee eee ene 487 LOCHUS 32). o8s.cecws ss eae eebeeene ne 550 Cirrospilus ocellatws =... :r.cevescvece==sa-5 5° 446 TOSWTAGUS : csssttnses assess eeceees 510 Clypeaster:gatunl..(< cceicsacetieneceens= sme 489, 491 LOYL o ccisaicieass adee ee swe clasts 551 lanceolatHsS=c.<.seeseeeeee acess 489, 490 Spectator <<< accskasigseeed ames 510 Cockerell, Tf. D. A. Some fossil insects from (Zaleptopygus) anomalus......... 542 Blorissant, Colorados: -scceer vaeoe ease eee 389 bilineatus........ 545 Collipravus parvus.ccacssscee eee eee 79 cleridivorus...... 534 Colorado, fossil remains of what appears to be fuscipennis....... 543 a passerine bird from the Floris- gallaecola......... 546 Sant shales Ol: sence. ac aoe 453 hyalinipennis..... 546 Some fossil insects from Florissant. 389 incompletus...... 540 Coluber Curson. ese ssc eueeteeaereeaeeee 284 mordellistenae.... 539 Conchoderma virgatum:. .25...222-- eee oe 18 nigriclypealis..... 543 Copepods, North American parasitic, belong- obereae........-.. 548 ing to the Lernaeidae, with a revision of Orbitalis.uesesee 548 theientire familys soso oases we sence eee 1 plesiusecspeseeene 535 Coryphaena equisetus.........-..------2+--- 68 retiniae:..j.-2.-< 537 Cosmophorus pityophthori..........-.--.-.-. 163 rohweri.........-. 541 Costa Rica and Panama Canal Zone, fossil TOSAG)e Seth aes 536 echinwohe. = oo Seca ce octane ee retats 489 LOStlAbUS cone eee 532 Crab, a new species, from the California Plio- similiss ae secsne 535 CONG ree femo cet eos ose eae eee sae 451 terebratus........ 539 Crabroumputus. 2... -.ccese cece tee eee 242 tetralophae....... 537 WbIPOS sco sancucas sees cee mese sens 243 viereckil.........- 544 Var PlOR soos ceed cteeee eee bt mee cn state 243} Crocodylus'acutus:. -:cen--2--\5- een 289, 290 (Solenius) ferrugineipes..........-..- 242 rhombifer.<.<)-<in2=-.-aeeeoee = 289 (Subg?) mokonis...5202- .seeeecaceee se 242 {\sCryptus ferrugineus = sccc.senso0--6- Sees 158 VACINUS ccecls sent wc Aen eee eae eens 243 kkooebelel... 2.2 ssccse—s-ceemeneeeeee 158 Craterocerus californicus:...5.- 2. 52-22! 122-5 234 Microcryptus osculatus...........-. 457 Cremastini of America north of Mexico, a re- Cuba, amphibians and reptiles collected from, vision of the hymenopterous insects of the for the United States National Museum from trIbOs 6S c.00 ccs csc ole peee ee eee aceseeeea 503 1899) G0 1909 ooo. See ees ceaee eee erie Sc ecie 259 Cremastusiaciculatusezse...-2ecsees- =e see 548 | Currie, Bertha P. Gomphus parvidens, 2 (Cremastus) brevicauda.......... 528 new species of dragonfly from Maryland... 223 brevipetiolus........ 525 | Cushman, R. A, A revision of hymenopter- COOKIE sesssh nase 530 ous insects of the tribe decoratus.......---- 528 Cremastini of America epagoges.....------- 531 north of Mexico......-.- 503 evetriac....---2----- 530 Eight new species of reared © factlissessCgete ese 527 Ichneumon-flies, with ferrugineus...-....-- 520 notes on some other spe- flaviceps. ee eesaes 521 GlOSné~ 55S meee rree ere 457 forbeslicie: dossesee ee 532-ICy Gira CY Cura... jes. cnet =e iets 273 gracilipess:...2.200 520 | Cylindrosoma auriculatum............-.---- 413 Sracilis. coos Gestae eek 519 | Cynipoidea, or the gall wasps and parasitic graciliventris........ 522 Cynipoids, the type-species of the genera of longigenalis......... 516 th@ ss =e noscncnsaee tea eeene: rere eee Bobi
INDEX. 663 Page. Page. Cynipoids, parasitic, the type-species of the Emphytus mellipes, var. albolabris......... 152 genera of the Cynipoidea, or the gall wasps Encope annectans............. ---- 489,491, 493, 494 BNO owack. socculcccseccccceer me cee ee tauceee 357 STANGIN: .-.c.seeeeeeweee Swen awdsvaee 494 Cyprinus carassius-.-. -o-cesccccss cosas eon us 3 macrophora..... i Seneeeeue Saepcesot40t, 406 Dall, William Healey. Notes on the shells Megatrema........-secrs Vavieden ss (450,400 of the genus Epitonium and its allies of the Mmichalini!s. caunscenes Deeaen see aes 493 Pacific coast of America. ........c.s+--sce- 471 Mloroperaesuscaneusewaan opie cictepias ol) aoe Dasymutillaaureola.....<..-2.-o2cs.s-0s<<- 239 platytata. vin. cnsapcates ---- 489,494, 495 Degeeriella asymmetrica................2020- 231 tenuis! = cudsaess sone beoten ees seees 495 Dejroptyx vermiculata.............c.cccecee 268: | EXsphedrusnitidus...5>.c.cnccauvedcsacaccess 195 Dentiscala crenatotdes. .... 2... ecccceccceesss 473 | Epicratus angulifer........-.sscscccsesccns 278, 279 Crenimareinata..c.cccccssacscuues 473 SUMALDS: Se ass ceseawee wat acs -ap 278, 279
Inseulptastessiecsccccwccusscocces 473 | Epitonium, shells of the genus, and its allies MeslOliCa sc swaswcccacsccsscceecas 473 of the Pacific coast of America. 471 DMerostenuspallinessse2. soko sec caececacscetsac 214 ACAPUICANUMN:,..scavencouaessae 475 Desmognathus auriculatus...........--.----- 412 acrostephanus ....ccecscescsccns 478 brimleyorum........... 393, 394, 414 apicolatnnin. cc s-cccnsseeaceeene 480 fUSCH 22 Cocctasewcesens 393, 394, 415 appressicostatuMm .......--c.-e00 482 auriculata.2.<..--<2ssss 412 AMO esau swe se aoe eseabeeee 475 HISCR acts soaecakess 407,410 DASIGUIBG deeneesedennweceecanes 484 var. auriculata......... 413 DOILYli.; wos.c~acesecore Ue eoues 483 TUSCUIS Ste ac tenecac crates ccs 407 bislatumi-2-.2-c ceases ste ceweses 484 Naldemanni-22 so. e-4+ web eee 415 (Boreoseala) greenlandicum..... 472 MOnICOla-sseue eee eee ee eee 421 brunneopictiniz----osseesceees 474 NNO cei ec cscs ccccccucoess 401 C&amanol... cc: cseanbccesenoeos 482 MIPTA Cee eee aces oeewecees 393 Caliiormicunies=ceewebvaesce esac 482 ochrophaea carolinensis.... 394,417 Colslinagl ss cenckonoseaceenstesres 484 ochrophaea...... 415 CONtLOMINNT ante sac cc ece ene 480 quadrimaculata.... 401, 403, 421, 422 (Cirsotrema) montereyense...... 477 Desmognathus salamanders of the genus..... 393 CO) POC Fe ces neaee taemee ems 478 Pianopus HOWardilcscsi sc cssccesccocs sees ee 248 columbiannmy .. oc csncwuescesee 481 Wioctrisforissantinga.c.--s2cccse--csscnses 392 colummetlas-<.cscssesearanen ness 483 GQRYIDHIVELISso-- sacs sees cmsceee esse 392 compradora.......-s06 Saccnenee, “450 PNospilusicalitormmicus:.cessecesssceeseece ees + 164 cookeanum ..........00 aeeesoee - 475 MGOCIY tis cect suse sented senmenscns 165 erebricostatiim ss. asssesssee esas - 478 washingtonensis................0c- 163 cylindricumies<<o-se-eee See eon 480 Diplectron bidentatus..................-...- 247 densiclathratum........ seebwese 478 Diplodon, new species of South American diegense........... Sveanacuene -- 483 fresh-water mussels of the genus. 381 OMYCONGSUS - os Soda cceudoccesss AIG CHALTUANUSsesscesees sewer ceee eee TS 383 ClUtaeniuM 3.25 ccacsuseboseencce lace foliPPONGl see swesc ces cceceweun cess 381 ferminianum........... seeces Soe eae fODtIS se cccoccecee sees seteeseesee 382 ne Deedes secee se aeeme Seeeh eco preaae MHMUS> ces ccclecesentecevesenesus 383 nemphillicecscncsesne Senoeeeas = a7 poculiaris | scu.sccsasesccwscecesus 386 HexXAPOnUN Soc anccckasacs staves AUD Perplexusss-sssseceseecnce cscs ces Oot IMDICK \ascnetneaniceseseeeenanee eT AG PICOUS: cn scerecstacec ct ecen ee setns 385 imperforatum............. Sechce! TAG FUCUS cowecececatereesetervscscess 382 indianorum........ RCA 477 santa\maride: sossusccsceseseecces 386 lagunarum.......... Saeeee eae 477 SOMISTALIOSUS!=.=te seo ec ese o acer s 387 linéatom<2o> cease aa ees 471 SUPPOSILUS sa cssveceee es eseeace uses 385 mazatlanicum os. cceeeueereeses 474 brivighs!s-sccocuaesrocstecccust ses 386 MOXiCANHMe nc ~ ssp sseeeeeeeees 474 Dolichoselephus cockerelli............-..---- 508 MONLOMCVCNSE./3<6d. ccc eceeeante 471 Dragonfly from Maryland, Gomphus parvi- MUSIDOLS cmos teccaswe sone aeseae 483 dens, a new species Of......ccccccccsccccce 223 ONChOdES.........0e-eneeaceneases 476 Dromicis Cursor essere seeoc sees ee eee es 284 orcuttianum .............+--..- 484 fopitivdss ss hee se. ee 285 Pacis Bwad eaae= sesneeceeeemenenis 476 Dunn, Emmett R. The salamanders of the PAZIANUM-- 2 -<- 2222+ -ecnaseseon- 479 POTSULUTUM. 2.22. ce cc neneswece 478
genera Desmognathus and Leurognathus.. 393 :
Echini, fossil, of the Panama Canal Zone and (Pictoscala) purpuratum........ 477 CostaRicast.<.scccce Rebtewarcunswecesnese 489 POMPHOLYX ..-..-----e-ee--+0000 474 : < propehexagonum.............-- 479 Echinolampas semiorbis.............-..--- 489,498 rectiianinatein.. oto ee 482 Echiniscoides sigismundi....... SEEN SacaR bE s 251 pootivnn is. 3215, gs se ngs 484 Eleutherodactylus auriculatus..............- 262 FOU DOFOHUM Ss ues saveey ew nne 474 Cuneatus...-.-.---+------ 262 rhiytidtites. = scr cueecuce ce eran eet 486 dimidiatus..... eee ts 262 PODOEB ans tes a nee bee eee 485 ricordil: ccs ene erate sexe | 201 BAWIDGO-s ees ceontuueupweneuabn 481
WEEIBUS! ccuscccncceuntcdca) “O08
664 INDEX.
Page. Page. Epitonium, spongiosum...........-.-..----- 474 | Eusandalum acmaeorerae..........-.-....--- 171 statuminatum.. 2-5. ase sseee..- - 484 | Eutelus bruchophagi............-...--...--. 212 subcoronatum ......-...-.------ 478 | Fagan, Margaret M.,and S.A. Rohwer. The TADOZENSA—- 2 - cass emcees eens 484 type-species of the genera of the Cynipoidea, tabulatum: scs-sancse see ceo. sei 482 or the gall wasps and parasitic cynipoids.... 357 thylax Wc sse2. se eeee eee. =e 487, |, Kelis leo massaica.: = 5-.-2/So.54. See scmeseneee 177 MIATA Seca cietio ease See eee 480 Ny ans <:-k.t. 5.4 eee ee 183 tinctum ..... Sass eaeessesane 477 rooseveltizc cus casitveeselseectcons 186 XANILSIGH SS: Sos. cate ss eee 475 | Florissant, Colorado, some fossilinsects from. 389 Zepby TUM. - socnceee see ace 484 | Folsom, Justus W. North American Collem- wetekiosten Ssacecs seccee see 486 bolous insects of the subfamily Onychiu- Rquusicaballas=s.ss>son.ses. seoeeeee 437, 439, 442 Finde oes oSeS ae ees ober 637 complicatus.......... ease aeons 439 | Fossil echini of the Panama Canal Zone and francisels see ec eas 439 Costa Ries 224)-<2535s 5522 see eee 489 Hatcherisin25 Pegs ee ee ee 437,439 | Fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado...... 389 TAMEDOUs soe enas eee eee 437, 441, 442,443 | Fossil passerine bird from the Florissant of Equus lambei, description of a new species of Colorado s2st ee Soe ese Be eee eee 453 extinct horse, from the Pleis- BMundulus heteroclitws 4 ageeen cee ew ceneeaern 59 tocene of Yukon Territory.. 485 | Gahan, A.B. Descriptions of some new PASC 34a eine eee eee eae 439 parasitic hymenoptera............-.-...2- 195 MIOHLALCNSIS =< ./s)5--eaeeeem Eee 437,439 | Gall wasps and parasitic Cynipoids, the type- SASKAG seeesaewe ssn eee 439 species of the genera of the Cynipoidea or SCObldaeaes aaa elles meee oe ete 439 the a pes sc Rae a eee 357 Eriocampoides aethiops.........-.-...------ 390 | Giffard, W.M. A report ona collection ofhy- CASTSNOaGe deat ena aeenes cea 152 menoptera made by. 22 2s2see se oe wien se cees 233 micrarch@=. .2.c-o-2se0s--5~'2 390 | Girault, A. A. Notes and descriptions of WUMUSScaseascen essen eee ae 390 miscellaneous Chalcid-flles (Hymenop- Eubadizon schizoceri................-------- 162 COTA) 25h 2208 webceneeCaeeeceeeeccees 445 Eucope parasitica .................2.-------- 18,19) |SGlypta evetwiaest)- <= ssaseo seco ncie-e claws 469 oli a ACUIAS ae ae oe ee eee eee 296,299,347 | Gomphotherium elegans, description of a new adamantina. .- ...2-senec-e"=- 298, 299, 331 species of mastodon from the Pleistocene of IPSUM GAs anatase een 297,299 IKANSAG: 1 oe cnisnieneceeine tae ae ee cee 219 bistorta $e 2242s ae ee eee eels 300,323 | Gomphotherium elegans...........-.-.---.. 220 COMPACtAsaccscseceeecen eee 297, 299, 300,314 floridanum cc ec cece esas 220 (Piven) CoOmpaciassaaceses-e-acee 298 , humDpolditect=s2¢2e=--<c~ 221 MiStOTiWas stables nweniesie tae =a — 297, 330 fropicuni2 ass 52- wc sneer 220 elegantissima..........-.--..- 298, 299,346 | Gomphus parvidens, a new species of dragon- Clodia= ce ssescassceesewadeasecaaee 298, 299 fiy.from:. Maryland 7222S 225 sectecinic ote nlemre 223 PAICRLD sae ses een eee ae eeanne nee 329 | Gomphus abbreviatus..........-.......--- 225,226 . fuscostriate =o. ease teanceeaneaes 298 343 DLGNIS jac Step oe oe eee eee 225, 226 PiDNAsecamar e-em es aeneee ees 298, 299, 332 Viridilrons). ose oer ee eee see 225, 226 hastata.< <<. <cssscc-s= 296, 297, 298, 299,317 | Gonatocerus utahensis..............-.------- 446 imbricata 25-50 eee 296,351 | Gonatodes albogularis...........- oc 264, 265 PHLOITUDA ace s-cistetoa see ee eee 296, 349 TUSCHS snc ceaseceaneseeaae een 264, 265 LOtaeee ees cee eee eee 298, 299, 332 MOtAiS= sl ses snes saae meee - 264, 265 JiCANS he pope asceecn eee eee erase 299 WibtAtU Sec ne sine wa seh ee eee 264, 265 (2) DOMana ie eneee ee eee ee eee 300,337 | Gymnodactylus maculatus..........-------- 264 lowell eateries emer eneeee see: 300,323 | Gyrinophilus danielsi....... Sees aaa Semin) nao, MmiGANIS Mace. ateee Sadeere 297, 298, 300,303 | Haemobaphes cyclopterina........- asaenosne 95 Op atinse eames etelaials hte eae 298, 299, 334 GICOrAUS ses s=erasen eee sees 98 PATVA .cicneccseeeesnes aces coe 298, 299 ' enodis..... sedeeoaticcuceiomenes 97 PTOCA se eeeae- acess sees eae aae 298,299 | Haemobaphoides ambiguus. .........-.----- 101 DLUoerinicola ssc. ce oe = 300,335 | Halechiniscus guiteli....... Socce eee aeae aaa 251 GSH Bee ctecsicesioe ee eee 296, 298,317 | Haliella abyssicola...........-..cc-cecesene sou eae: randolphicew.-.-cikiecs esa eee soe ae 300, 312 GhilenSis=2ess- es seee ase aeheteeeeeene 336 TANG <3 os2 se see eseeecsesencesewes 299 lomana-ssseteconnas coe ipewdnenecens 337 TOCtA et ee eee een oee ae 297,299,311 | Hay, Oliver P. Description of a new species Putilies = cess eases 297, 298, 299, 300, 306 of extinct horse, Equus solitaria........ steminsisteniecmaccceas 308 lambei, from the Pleisto- splendiddla. ope see aie ne- nies ss an 296, 348 cene of Yukon territory.. 435 CHOLSIteS -). <<< ccsieise decceice 297, 298, 299, 323 Description of a new species WArlaNns «6 a5 oa sacsdetenacmseecs 296, 299, 345 of mastodon, Gomphothe- Malimelis gabbiana =<. sssessectnceenesiss— asc 316 rium elegans, from the Ple- Eulimostraca galapagensis....... aise Sawa tens 333 istocene of Kansas........ 219 Pilopios californics=~scsacceee sees aen ee 446 | Hay, W. P. A new species of bear-animal-
Eupteromalus tachinae.............-....---- 211 cule from the coast of North Carolina...... 251
INDEX 665 Page. Page. Hemidactylus mabouia................-.-- Saat SD OrNnes MArMiMmt 3 sone pn peemee ents eeeane 25 Hessian fly, a new American parasite of the, IDAStOt en ne ae neneweneeeessaseca 39 (Mayetiola destructor Say) .............- -- 255 DYANOMIGUSS chap cvinsn cecmceteen ss 5, 19,85 Hollister, N. Some effects of environment ClerhOgd Soci tae nc pene ean nee eas 119 and habit on captive lions...............-.- 177 OlOVAIR ccnp neat see ves neon en neHe 46 HMopann Atturons. ccctcecuccacsdnucernecnasan (245 CVUMAtE =o 0. se os0.cne bean Res hase 19 NAMCNS coc cceeenecen ccs ae See ee aa eee GiGdONTIS IOC. ade sine en sce acto eews 113 Horse, extinct, Equus lambei, description OXOCUOELA vose hndates not seeomeae tae 111 of a new species of, from the Pleistocene BACiNaecet scat ecenaes de eneoete 85 OfevuUkon torritorys esses ceca eee ese se et 40D. Padus-mintityssse:sccsceccsseoseecus 40 yla sepientronalis ==: on. cecenesscanecccenn 263 haplocephala: =. -sass-: soc. + eae 19 Hymenoptera, descriptions of thirty-one new LOG cots tee eer ee a tec ec aneoeie 40 species of........ eee 151 MIGIICOMNIR She caetee a 5 eee seen dames 40 descriptions of some new TAOIBLA eee ct aisisciond sna de seater 59 MATASIWUCHsawcccucccessvess 195 Salmonis so... ccesenocscccsamneenes= 5 the Giffard collection of, UNCIALAL cc ee coda a ene eee 5 mostly from California..... 233 | Lernaeenicus affixus..................-----.- 11, 64 Ichneumon-flies, new species of reared....... 457 longiventris:.e stance~cescseesss 66 WRoOcH Ma TUMDIAtars cose. ceceaccenceneeacos= 391 MOGUSHOUBS-vecctcccce se tecceaas 51 Insects, Collembolous, of the subfamily OLY COlAUS ten-oac cece e aeons ee 62 Opychinwinsess cc .cceccecsn cas cccascecn ccs 637 DIOCOMUS. ceucweweneoana ceases 69 Insects, fossil, from miiceane: Colorado..... 389 TACIAGIS. onsets son seer 21, 51, 57,59 Insects, hymenopterous, of the tribe Cre- Sardinagien.ecsece ss cee eens 8 mastini of America, north of Mexico, a SPYStine se seteseecaess os teense 22 revision of........ Secseesesaseaas eee 503 | Lernaeidae, North American parasitic cope- Ischnura posita =< 2. <5 s.sosce5.255 Feo eee stain 223 pods belonging tothe... -05.--s secs rene ce ne 1 Tsodyctium subgregarium. ...............--+ 154 | Lernaeocera branchialis................-.--- 2,9, 85 TtOplecusia@lLGMnans-onaseseecccecesmccscnse= = 469 CYGIODLOMUS .saee- eaeae eee eens 95 DONNA swecescesccceuasasccssecene | 1400) radiata 22.0 30 2. ceetc eee eese ne 59 obesus......-. Beene sores 467 | Lerneoceropsis septemramosus....-.---.----- 59 Jackson, Robert Tracy. Fossil echini of Lernaeolophus sultanus..............---..-- 91 the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica.. 489 | Lernaeopenna blainvillii-.............-.-.- 110, 115 Kansas, description of a new species of masto- brachiata..........-.-.----- 111, 113 don, Gomphotherium elegans, from the holteni...--.-.-.-+-++---+-- 111, 115 Pleistocanelols-acsass eset scons ce sesecescese 219 Sagitta...-.--+++e-+--+2seeeeee 113 Lambertia cookeana........----------eee--e= 354 | Lerneaasellina......-.--...-+-++--+--++++-+-+ 3 Larropsis greenei........-.------+ Pee a 4 173 cauda duplici TBLOtle ssn oneness 3 ae TE NSai se eres 244 eyclopterina....-.-.-----------+++-+- 4 . CYPMMNACHA ssecesceeseecesemeeeaaacee= 3,4 Laspeyresia toruta. ......-- Wer TRA oe oe a se Lentaculs'Quatuor=.t.-cssensacs ones = 3 Leimadophis andreae........-.-------+++---- 283 | Lerneonema procera........-2-++-+++ese-e00- 19 andreae.....---++----- 285 TACIBTA Los ceca ceavanccecsousce 59 nebulatus......-.+++-- 285 | Leurognathus marmorata.........---- 394, 420, 422 nebulatus......... oreececeees 283, 284 salamanders of the genus...... 393 Leiocephalus carinatus.......... Seale teaetelatar ets 273 | Lindenius columbianus......-...-.--------- 241 . CHVENSIS=: se sase nescence 278,274 | Liodontomerus insuetus-.........-.-.------- 208 loxogrammus.........-.-.-.--- 274 PerplexUS.....---csccnwseens 208 MIGCKOPUSse- 2-2 scp scewansee sees 274 SOCUNUUN-. cee aseeumce esac 208 TAVICODS see as seo ewensae eee 274 | Lions, effects of environment and habit on Molosiracd ACUtH=.- 2-22. eeeea ne ane eee 298, 347 Captive. ..-.---------- +2 +22 seen eee eee n eee 17 ? distorta, var. yod..........-..--.- 297 | Lipeurus asymmetricus............-..--.--- 231 Div GlUta? Ocoee ee eee 297 quadrimaculatus.................- 231 (i Se eae (4 Ee OK 330 | Lipura ambulans Gece na tete nese esac cuiwaees 644 WRI LOLOK CA were bolsen sew cen 297,317 TOUCH: sen abunbnshe tn stand es) een Ens Gas icles ee as kes 297. 310 armata . ae caobwedeuckhtwnaweneueens 644 : Fmpetarianvesahs> cen nky cen dena ee 649, 650 PLOGUCLS cacep erect eae tee aseee = 297,318 Tacemila ns Aree doe en eee 649 TOCtA~..----- +--+ 2-2 e ee eee nese 297, 208 ooto-purictatas-sec<c<c.cennnskbenniens 647 Tetexta.-.---+-++-++----eeeeeee eee 317 | wacrobiotus BPPAl Ofiassadc aan co voukaasaeanac 251 solitaria.......-------------+--- 297, 318 ALON GSLOUNIS dada aks ckna eas ceee 251 Varias....-.-++--++++--+--2--++ 298,345 | Macroneura consobrinus........-.---++++-+++ 166 WOU Uren on agess seme ce oe asa 330 TIP ROU SG Se see ehiekearwa nice in 166 Leiostomus xanthurus......-.------++---++-- 59 | Macrophya castaneae.........-.-.----------- 151 Leptopygus harpurus.......-.---.-----+-+-+- 510 | Marshall, William B. New and little-known ORDGS ce venccse see cmc ew inawaahns w 550 species of South American fresh-water mus-
sels of the genus Diplodon..............-.- 381
666 INDEX.
Page. Maryland, Gomphus parvidens, a new species of dragonfly from! 2-22-82 eot ce ees se eecee 223 Mastodon, description of a new species, Gomphotherium elegans, from the Pleisto-
cone Of Kansas.ic c2ccecenccceccsmecneccccce 219 Mayetiola destructor Say, a new American
parasite of the Hessian fly.......-......... 255
Melanella (Balcis) adamantina.............. 331
aMOMis 22 seco ee eehe 322
DOVEYL ss ssc cohl eet coe 326
eatalinensiss...cs-es=-ccas 329
columbignal +. ..c eee ee cs 324
cComoxensisssceunch scence. 325
COSMIAt: ee see ee eens Ys 322
draconist.tsc2- esses escns 319
falcataiss .rseee eee sane we 329
sib bays ohk a Sa eeeseoeeee ee 332
Pripplscs-. eessesotesene 327
alia as ees oeseees Sec see 322
LOtA scabies ote ee ae eee ale 332
lastracsceneesesccese osces 321
MACKA cases sacs eeceice Sees s 326
montereyensis............ 320
peLnimMsularisesccse assem 320
prefalcatar. se sme..<ccc=--% 327
baravalic sco ccuseece tes 328
thersifesst ..n-sse soca ne 323
Lownsendl ss ee0 oe see 323
VOC cotvecesoressussekeciece 330
pistortaace ste Sass eee occ ssacss ee 323
columbianaes-to cesses sae sense 326
Compactaicesnccsecceen meta ee eee 315
loweliviscsn-accancacete niece cncmares 323
(Melanelia) abreojosensis.......... 315
baldras. 2. ane eee nee 314
californica. cc .ccsecec.- 313
compacta.........-... 314
Galli. sos enskodeccas oe 302
Old «asa aaron s 318
gabbiana-2.cccacec ac. s 316
hastatac.J..5.6 s2tescess 317
hemphillic ce. s-c...n se 313
linearisiseisestece cess 310
MOXIGANG 2. ssoscees ee 315
MicanS~. cs ss<siccscee 303
borealis. <=. 5-2: 305
MIONICEUSIS ce eceser aes 309
necropolitana......... 309
OCDSHGL.. osiccecenscee = 305
oldroydl.-<.55-<--essce 309
panamensis........... 311
products; -.jjs-s-2-55< 318
pusillac: oceuesccceke 317
randolphit -52222.-- 312
TOCtS.. c's cdSeisecesewiasd 311
retoxta. . js asses cco 317
Tutila sess ee seek. 306
solitariae Hocs.60%0s6de5 308
tacomaensis........... 316
micans'53 i525 .8o sess Sad ee 305
peninsularig\s.-2 --tee ese eaus ces 321 Melanellidae, a monograph of West American
mollusks of the family..................... 295
Meleborus laspeyresiae..............-------- “5 161
Mellita sexiesperforata....................--- 493
Mesoleptus incompletus.................--.- 540
Page. Metrobates aeternalis.............-...2.-ce00 391 Microbracon sanninoideae....... seeveeneecce 196 Microzadus tomcod:+-2-.--2sesccc cs neice 59 Microgaster epagoges....-.......- Sse asia econ Microlyda‘dujardinis.--2- ss osees ose eee ee 27) 2b! Mollusks, Melanellid, 2 monograph of West Arnierican se eeee ket coe ee eee eee 295 Mucronalia (?) bathymetrae................. 353 Mopil cephalugyss2 20.0 9 see ca eee 68 Mussels, fresh-water, new, of the genus Dip- lodons: ci ce2h SSeS eee ene eae 381
Myers, P.R. An American species of the hymenopterous genus Wes- maelia of Foerster.......... 293 A new American parasite of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola
destructor Say)-.......-.... 255 Neocly tus Capra wu... corte see ee eee eee 165 Neocremastus stigmaterus............-....-- 509 INeopius carinaticeps<-..-+e-sce.eeeeteoeee 203, 204 Nepiera benevola, var. fuscifemora........... 208 Nirmusfrancisci.css-- secs ee eae eee noe ee 231 INisoi(?)antiselli-=: 322.5222 n een eee eee 351 CDUINGS = <2 assent coe nn assets spies eee 348 OXCOlPAC Sek ose nese eee eee ce eeae re 348 hipolitensisvyscs cesses cca Sraiclemion seen 350 imbricata seu. eee cece wee 298, 299, 351 INCSETUPtA. seo a eee eect cee tee 298, 299, 349 lomanays fiancee bce ocesecosene noes 350 splendidular 222) ae season cess 298, 299, 348 Norops ophiolepiss: sseee ses eee eeeeree eres 273 North Carolina, a new species of bear-animal- cule fromthe CoastiOl.s 25-2 se-euee oenmee 251 Notanisomorpha meromyzae.............-.. 216 Nysson (Brachystegus) pacificus............ 249 (Hyponysson)ranicss2- ss aseeeseceae 176 FuSHCUS.-/.-- 5220 scesess cea seeees ee 248 Obelia'geniculata:: woo. 222. osc eceeeneare 19 Odontaspisilittoraliss2 2.2) s-ceeesaseeee ene 19 Odontobracon californicus...............---- 169 elaphidiovorus?. sc scuse scene 168 OOMCOVOLUSEt Lee sient 167 Odontomerus strangaliae...................- 158 Odostomia (Scalenostoma) babylonia...... 300, 335 rangil cess. =< 300, 337 Odynerus blandinus:<. 22. .--~ secs eseceoeeeee 236 eldoradensis: <= s<- 225... se socee ee 238 giflardie Jose soc c ce wen ceee eee eee 237 TODUSUUS'..)5-23elocccwco/eseecesestee 238 truncatus 622s a see ctee ee ecere 236 Onychiurinae, North American Collembolous insects of the\subfamilys:.J222----sseeeence 637 Onychiurus arcticusessseeesases. cess coe enees 645 ALMIALUS ae sees se see 637, 643, 644, 645 Varcarclicases cesses 644 Cocklei 22. <5... see eeeeessee 637, 640 COM Seca ese a aeet 637 Gentatuses< Hoses eniemeeenes 637, 647 HIMCLATIUS ese eeteeasieee 637, 649 inermis): os .cessccccunsee ae sce 649 litoneus.<é<c-- secs esac eee 637, 644 octopunctatus...............- 637, 647 pseudarmatus.....-.....-..---.- 637 pseudofimetarius.............. 637,650 FAMOSUS oessesea oe sec aaeeenee 637, 648 similis; <ccoscrcascsscocdsseecs 637, 640 subtenuis....... poeeene aie 637, 642, 643
INDEX. 667 Page. Page. Opaliatanomala: =... -seusseecestcees Seoces 473 | Phasgonophorasulcata.................- cuaeienlal THeilerayasscdaceeaenuecerees Jeans peel 4aro) | enilopterus am DIguns sos. <ccees as ceen> cone e 231 WARICICOSTALA son ccaeeeeck ces cansasecies 473 | Phrixocephalus cincinnatus................. 75 varicostata.........- Moen cece se nnene 473 GIVSISURS. ospe cscs uerens aes . 77 WILODIGWHELa ove auesccntceeeeanese coos 472 EXIAnCOIDE bccn cenceeceeeean 76 OPUS COMACAUS ca iccycecaceccesacceseerex es 20121) Platy raster win tssss ccs «cesses sess ces sare 255 OidOSIS ccciehede veteran cces were eee 202 POSING ESS «owen nines nts eo aee ee 255 POLOMNVIRO sa. seeks eee Sob oee ee sete ans 201)? Blecian decapitate- 22. csnna-scees nen casaen ans 391 Orfhagorisous mola 2. -ccse cece ace n= = aeicle 19 | Plethodon auriculatum.................-.--- 413 OSMOMs MOTGAK oc. ~ cas. cocss eee ore ters as 59 fuSCWIME =. pacers eve ce ewae es 407 Ostinops decumanus..............2.-...2.000 231 NIP cone conde anen a oe eee aera 407 Oxybelusiquadninotatus......<..c..scsceeaseee 241 | Pleurotropis (Entedon) epigonus............ 255 Paine, John Howard. Anasymmetrical bird- Podogasterradiolata,-...<-c0scncunencocsvae 508 louse found on three different species of Podnra time tavias>- 42-05 ss tecsaseceene esas 649 RNOUPIAIS Hos oss ae dae tess setae nie hnre vei ninin' wie 251 PE OlLyenoOtus DUNKOl-a-4c<ounetnaatesetees sues 170 Paleotaxonus trivittatus............----.-<- 390 hiemalis: <2 oceh seep ne eee 256 WO LUS skin acasicioonie swe seeee aicle 390 (Platygaster) minutus........... 255 Palmodes laeviventris=<-.-. .s.ccce~ccesseces 240 VOIALIS= 9 Syne sie shane teen ee 256 Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica, fossil Polymecus lasiopterae. ...........-+-----e+0- 217 echinivOLtne s «ios ssa cea geeks eate wees 489 | Polypterus senegalis...............---.--+--- 19 Parasite of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola de- Pomatomius saltatrizecssssssees tee cece bees 59 structor Say), anew American............ Z5p) ls EOMOolODUS SeSiLVBLS: 522+ ae eetin oases see eee 59 EOCICMIUSSALMONIS sec e ee eaisie ce aeacecisetele s 4 pseudoharengus...........-..--- 60 Pemphredon nearcticus..............------- 246} Porizon albipennis: .. . .<..<s<<cscevcsecsessee 548 Penellaantarctica =. s+ secs sass ae<issicc so > 116 Gelicatus. 22s s.s<2 0a seeeee species 537 COStaI SS Po vastesde toes vote esdetecine sos 111 faCilis 222. roe sen ncnoneeseeeo eee es 527 OXOCOOHL tee nace ria sea e es sticiceeceeee 115 fIscinennis: 2c sa5e- = seen e eae oes 543 SLOSA Rae aaa e Sameton man toe a's renicieinwinis 119 Dyalinipennis. <i... seccueeseee essa = 546 HOM VU Oi sa secccceee cote osc ceses 116 MACOlS sass ccea niece nee oe 527 PIIMOSH ees sect eseakee es sess aa 111 OLDICAlIS- ooo ween sane eae ents 510, 548 TPRINOTAR LE ce eee eons as cle wcicicineie nee ill StIZIMALOTUSS aes naw oseaxenerecone 509 Penelins DlamMVEWH os chasse <cn since sccccscisess 115 WiGTeCKlis. Joscce ncaa aukaneunoence coe 544 Sollanamccn s-essenceceteaescencces 91 (Zaleptopygus) orbitalis............- 548 Peniculisa furcata......... Geeta cae aise sce 45. | Pristaulacus flavicrurus ..............--....- 157 PeMCMUS ClAVAGUS \ ac seesnaee aster sees cnc 46 strangaliae ... =. 2esssseceeencase 157 ASSIDOS maces soe set ere cnices se Af | Proclitus grandis. <...+e+=snenadereeerenados 551 AStalas Mork s4 seacoast eee eae 44 | Psammochares aethiops......- 4s tameeeiee chor 239 Pennatiis Decconiies.~ 7. 1-<-secereeacs s6 110, 113 liietuosus? >. ces. sae eee 239 filosasss.s aaetels Natelace sao eaees 1195121) ePsammophilaluctuosa...c:-- sees eee oe eee 241 Sacittals coc cesses sass eesan eeeeose 113 violaceipennis................. 241 Pennell a, aTitarchicatw..n<<cccencmniteaceaccleis 116.}) Pseudagenia metallica... ......-<c0s<sces--- 239 BNGHONY Isis cla sacaeiss oe Solloctcnmececis 110!"|/“Pseudentys palustris:;.....sccsscncseaseeaecs 291 Cettels: J.20F.c Sees e reset ceteissice ae 110 | Pseuderipternus brevicauda............-.... 506 Giodontisa:<..ccssesses cesses 110, 111, 113 gracilipes:5.22<~.<ssenescsas 507 OXOCOGH co soiciccrsecseccvieenneccss 108, 115 radiolatus.;..<.sc-ns«scep 508 MIOSA Sees cw adaceneccecesss wes 110,119,121 | Pseudomasaris albifrons..................... 234 STACIIS = co Sse ce aac sna snc eeu fib |S SPterochilus morrisoni.:-.<.seccssnw oh acoucee 239 ANSTTUCUS we ic os een een wee ae 122 | Pteromalus hemileucae....................- 210 IntriCatas.Jo..so- cone eens coe eeeee Ji) Pyracmon Conccula: ...s.<.c-sawonsemaeekeeees 159 Mouvilele ssn. cae eeereeeatanene 116 | Quartz, colored varieties of.................. 553 OLUUSPOLISC! . co ae seas etaaa cen eeeeis 124 | Rathbun, Mary J. Description of a new spe- TODS eevee scene nsemee Cicenr eos 112, 119 cies of crab from the California Pliocene... 451 SASIELA ances acbaesenisoneocse 107, 109,113 | Reptiles and amphibians, Cuban, collected for SOAS ace eeeee eee eas eaten e me 112 the United States National Museum from PEDSISUOTMIOSG osv.n nose cea setae ae eae setae 239 1809 to/1002. oss - eos Soccieee us ds wpoecentn 259 Periclista californica... .......2..cccsss-00e- 154 | Richmond, Charles W. Generic names ap- diluta .-....+-.------e2eeee sees eee 154 plied to birds during the years 1906 hicoriae .-.-..+-++++++e-e sees eee 154 to 1915, inclusive, with additions and cor- mutabilis....-+.+++-+eeeeeereeeees 154 rections to Waterhouse’s “Index Generum Simian sso scantaseennue sone cl eew 155 Mi Oj hm EY, GAS en ray ae eRe 565 en ww cece ncsaccnc cnecccaseucsaucese ATIBUOPMA GUE em actcam pe assess 156 R 1 205 Peridroma margaritosa............-.-+--+-+- BOF ereee snare eee tre een races Peroderms, pelOthieccnen. entexeacsmcckoc ace 51 POliticeps...-..-..-0-+--senaseneene = a eylindricunic. --0secosecencesesoe 50 rufocoxalis.......-+++++-+++++-++-0+* -- 07 Phadroctonus argyresthiae............-.---- 162 | Rohwer,S. A. A report on a collection of Phanerotoma erythrocephala.......-.---.--- 166 hymenoptera (mostly from Praniklinieem yet ores dene eee 200 California) made by W. M. TIDIAUISs ss senveos Gescere Rem seewe ly L200 Giffard ..eeeseeeeeeeeeeee. 233
668 INDEX. Page, Page. Rohwer, S. A. Descriptions of thirty-one Spelerpes maculicaudus......--...--......-. 410. new species of hymenop- Sphaerodactylus cinereus...............---.- 266 teras.2.560 a daSe emcees 151 elegans. 2 cs soadasedeseesses 266 and Margaret M. Fagan. NOtATUS = ~ == ssse~ sees aee 267 The type-species of the gen- Sphecius Speciosus=.. 5). - ices. aceaeewe sace eee 249 era of the Cynipoidea, or PPROXSAOVO ano ceerenasaaccec ese sce peeeeomes 241 the gall wasps and para- WUOUSATIS oo. cos se miaciciee ween aiee tee 241 sitic Cynipoids............ 357 | Spilocryptus polychrosidis................... 461 Sabinellabakericc.ccc cio ee et 334 | Stejneger, Leonhard. Cuban amphibians chathamensis........ bi iceewecaces 333 and reptiles collected for the United States moeridionalig. et oeccw ce deseaeosas 335 National Museum from 1899 to 1902........ 259 opaling so. ce sessessse sec SES 354. | *Steniols duplicata.. 5... 4-ss-esseesssenteecene 249 ptilocrinicola .....¢s2sod.c0teccese 335 | Sthenorytis turbinum..................----- 477 Salamanders of the genera Desmognathus and Stigmus fulvipes coquilletti.................. 247 Leurognathuss ca c.cwsacnsseesedaeueees 393 fulvines= 20... -cees asec 247 Salamandra auriculata................-c-.0es 412 || Stilifer astericola:2-22-..sestastaase ccseeeceies 352 TUSGR Stes ee encteneesac scenes 393 astericolus=-=-=---2sseaeene-cesebee 296 intermixta.;.).scccdese scenes mesial (Mucronalia) bathymetrae......... 300, 352 maculato-quadrata.............. 401 thomasia6- <2... <)o<c= 353 NIST oc Poe wene seo soe ee oto 404 }\-Strombiformis acutas.. <<. .0<nicnosceses cece 347 quadrimaculata...4: 222. ceeees ae 401 aliskensisiadaot 2. gestae 339 Sarcotretes eristaliformis.................--.- 72 almoe S254 Jae oes eeeenee es 342° MODStIS 5 ao Oeue esas cee sae sees 72 (Balcis) bipartita............. 331 Scopolinccoo owe aces cceee ee wee 70 bartholowil22.2.532 22 sa—e se 344 Sealariaaciculinas <5 os hieeee reas cae 487 DULragel. --6 6 eee ee seseeee 345 eOlMastriata. sos ccoseese ceed asdes sees 475 califormica=s--ea-n-ssseeeeeone 340 DOPeaIS Hoc aesaaassecasees ccissi eel 472, 474 elegantissima...-.-..-<=-----< 346 COSMMATA sue nic Sonsuaecoteoene deesces 488 fuscostrigata-. = <> <<i0ceis soe 343. Crassilapris!...ceccsacesseaweoses<mse 487 hemphiliies=.o--s4-sesese ose 344 Cumin gies ee ee ee otcieae 488 [apazans oes. ss. aee eee aa 341 GiAGEMA .,. ccc wocsusecenvacecses wee aoe PANAMONSIS! eae aeae ee ee 343 elenensis........ weepeweddcisewau bound 488 PLOCA.Hnoc5 a seeaeee steers 346 eschrichtilé j.ucascceussseee aecsacce 474 Tiversiy- ces - eRe eeree 339 STACHISS cise Ces eeat sae ceoewuene 487 tOWNSeNA LS .- «cise siscee cess 340° Indistincta +)... \Jee seed se soos owen Se 487 Varlans-- 2) s2eseececeeeeaeee 345 MUtraeloOrmis seasscsceet ese sesees 487 | Strongylogaster pacifica..........-..-----.-- 233 ODA Sooo ees an ee Ce bee osc 488. leStylifer astericola. 22 022-) ase s\taseee emcee 299 Olita oleate eee eee ea eees 488 astericolsc..cccsesseaeeeeeeeeeenes 299 PHNCIPAlS. seca eoe ise sae wea eeee 488 | Sympiesus substigmatus .........------------ 447 PATICOSGAG Bin ata sietete aie le alee ain wrel'si= === 488 | Synapta inhaerens........------------------ 251 PONG Reece eee aaa pater 488 | Synomorphus debilis......-..--.------------ 234 TOPUIATIS Hodsceniesscke eet eon coer emae 488 | Systellogaster ovivora....--.-.-------+------ 209 Statuminata.......--..--....2e02--n- 488 | Tachysphex eldoradensis...-.--.------------ 245 SOpPrasitiahteasee ses sseec senate. aa 488 giffardi ....2.---..ss<e-s-s+-=--- 244 SUG ULL PEND Ea oh pore aoe ele eal alia else iete ales ea 487 plesia......-----------s2----2-6 245. Scalenostoma babylonia...<. .......-----.-- 338 fOrMinAtUs-\so-seh = ss seeeeeen ae 244 TANGU. \-/5~ 5 <)c/oviwic win tine eisie oe =)sl= 337 washingtoni.......-.-.-...----- 172 Scambus ephialtoides.........- eR es Cl oe 466: i'Tarentola Cubana ~~. cccalcs -scaeaceeeeeee ees 266. pceliphron‘Servillil ce--cenose ese ees eee es 241 | ‘Temelucha plutellae.-:=.-...-cscccccecs-<nee 528 Schisturus cyclopterinus.............-------- 95 .|( Donthredella.avia-...<ccos-cetsse cease esses 389 Schizaster'armigen=\.o. <..s5e-/2. sac se sensenes 490, 498 birmensis....-..-----------+---- 151 CRISTA GUS owecias aan se ates cl ecttar 490, 499 Oblitaccccontenemceaeesmeeeeeet 389° PANAMENGISS 2222s c ese se ee Sa eee 490, 500 SAXOLUM 2-6 cease eee 389 Scopelus glacialis: J) 34s. 4 yssse. be cakes 55 TATIAD chiooc eee ae eee eee eee cose 233 Selandria (Monophadnus) diluta..........--. 154 | Tenthredo gribodoi-.......----------seeceee- 151 Sequoia magnifica .......-....-.-.++----+--++ 227 | Tetrakentron synaptac..-------------+++---- 251 Shells of the genus Epitonium and its allies Tetrastichus ainsliei........-----.---------+- 214 of the Pacific coast of America.........---- 471 OlOSUS eis oc ee 215 Shufeldt, R. W. Fossil remains of what ap- Guplectrh: 2... oes eae 215. pears to be a passerine bird from the Floris- brhhertliiirias seirranid otek ee 41 ge shales it Oolorad Ove seen cee cioeete 453 hrf poubeniis amerloankid 2.1/0. ceeeseuee 448 MSO RIAs 2. 52S cocccs ce bcatetteecee ass e 247 . 2 ‘abili AGRI TIBAGR eS ra EOL Ego oR ye ems 247 retanorhinus variabilis...-.-.---------- a Solenius (Hypocrabro) giffardi ............-. 242 | Trichogramma retorridum.....------+----+-- on SPH oe oe tees 942 | Trifur tortuosus.......-------------+-+-e2-2° ne TGKOWIS ro see oe 242 | Trigonura californica........-+---+--eeeeeeee 171 septentrionalis..........---e.s..+e0+ 943) Triton niper---.---+. esseee eee aoe 401, 407
ll aan
INDEX. 669 Page. Page. SRRIUUUIS LUSCUSascdvic cece wssesacese <a- nent 393,407 | Watson, Thomas L.,and Beard, R.E. The Tropidophis bucculenta.........--..-------- 279 color of amethyst, rose, and blue varieties BS UAMGS nie eninn 6 canoe bodes 280 QUQUSTI: occcccav sccvondesaesuenenceceness 653 TTIDCTUAUR <2 oe oe antes ae orloteeae 279 | Wesmaelia of Foerster, an American species of MBCUIALUIS seca ce ecense scenes eos 281 the hymenopterous genus.................- 293 WIGMANUTA Ss eo eee ae 279 | Wesmaeliaamericana.............20---eeceee 293 MOTOGP. aes eet eect cone cee 281 GROMBSL A sie cecis anew a see cee sore 293 mpardalig.socce. cocceen choc cest 280 | Wherry, Edgar T. A remarkable occurrence RBIMNCINCEIS eres es eee eee 281 of calcite in silicified wood................. 227 Tropidurus (Leiolaemus) cubensis. .......--. 973 | Wilson, Charles Branch. North American Troupials, an asymmetrical bird-louse found parasitic copepods belonging to the Ler- on three different species of...........----- 231 naeidae, witha revision of the entire Trydymus aphidis. ...-...<.-.c-0c-----c-o22. 450 family........-.+--- Peet tent te reece eee ee eee 1 MITEL eRe eee 449 Xiphosurus homolechis shvatere bapa hea erate 268 biguttati rt Xylocelia beulahensis.--..05...cssasescsccese 174 guttatipennis-<. 020.0 J5sc.--52 = : Try 1 5 ce 246 metathoracicus Be Sits aiecatete steerer 175 ‘ypoxylonjiarizonense.-.<.>..-.=..+-<-s<s ‘ pe MICK su si cccastasase teens 175 ; _ _ frigidum......-.-.-.-----+--+--- 7A6 GIPPIMANIA Ce Secchi 175 Tullbergia bielanensis.......-..---+++++--++-+++ Gnas |) laconaarpifer:.nakee Sek oA ae 249 Collis. ..... 2-22-2222 2 eeeee estes 652 | Yukon territory, description of a new species Tumidiscapus oophagus..........----------- 445 of extinct horse, Equus lambei, from the PNPDO)|SCAIFIS 20 268%) 52 Saved dee osiacsaneacta 471 Pleistocene Ofice ache ee soso eee aaa 435 rophycispenisesns. soe ccocc nn a< ota nseeet ek 59 | Zaleptopygus obereae............-2.e-e-eeee- 548 IMORISIOIMNOTICALL Sto setr ss ee Se neces SAR (Zar vnchus WACOM sac cc seniele’stnclecciesteictrme ee 231
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