i Ag =. Pee ee j ie ‘ 9 7 ra ! inet é i ] ay ' : ee we ¥ - ae : 4 J . ¢ 7 7 : A Qn b , vy ; 7 r 4 ) a , - ¥ ; : j i ‘ : ; 5 : a i 3 7 oP : 1 j u aa . a , i . 4 ; 4 Ley : Sng » é 4 ~ 4 ; A ¥ j 1 i, 7 j . 4 2 Gt, sil 2 + . - ? ' ai ] > } }) bs ry, . ‘ bo a F 7° - | t > } ’ 2 . t un 1 AL ag ' H TA ieee ; se bi ad Ny ; i ; ’ i ve i i, f ‘ms 4 ig : 4 Arp : Pr oMiny a on r 2 : ./ oy iz Py i] 7" K at ey “ory, is ae va val , Mh ee ad ey inks io CG ean i ‘ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 54 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 bd AMULON. ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two series—Proceedings and Bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of lim- ited groups. A volume is issued annually or oftener for distribution to libraries and scientific establishments, and, in view of the impor- tanee of the More prompt dissemination of new facts, a liimted edi- tion of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of the volume. The present volume is the fifty-fourth of this series. The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more elaborate papers, issued separately, and, like the Proceedings, based chiefly on the collections of the National Museum. A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the “‘Special Bulletin,” has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was «deemed indispensable. Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as ‘‘Contributions from the National Herbarium,” and containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, have been published as Bulletins. Witiiam DEC, RAvVENEL, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary, in charge of the United States National Museum. Aprit 30, 1919. Ill 7 toowsig oT. ‘gobs ok an ot argu uate eed (6 aeciaeh cee i stig reg aa’ SR aa Seige a Meas ated a ee ™ Ped Me Lc ae me ie a pele y | wt ive mamas tani ow BT8E howeat ain dsidie Wo onaulor tet od euaih ; hiss silar mow cess a wage a ee oe ai et seat fl ree ak “aqeg tose gi bebreoss 918 ‘berbaldng bis caged ‘sivtaqes aged is -sistulay aid to elaniisos to ag sft vobion sidd to tlHaoheys it ont ef oat . eenibsoroth odt adil bor vineunqea bouesi preqeq stendals en le / aanusoeat Isnoite¥. odd 10.2n0ivolloo odd co yRoidy o on patel Vey a ak bane wtih salt. to arto prises + oa snot enoltudiakaa)” 28 awoad cain ol Xo omit ads eet aia ne TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pago. Bartscu, Paut. A new West Indian fossil land shell. No. 2254. Mibecember/ 26. 1GtS sss Ve en ele ee eee 605-0068 New species: Plewrodonte debooyt. . New marine shells from Panama. No. 2250. Deceneber 2s. OU ee ie eee ee i DLL Oho New species: Cylichnella zeteki, Odostomia (Chrysallida) zeteki, Helia- cus panamensis, Discopsis panamensts, D. argentea. Two new land shells of the Epiphragmophora traskil group. No. 2246. December 23, 1918!____._._. 523-524 New subspecies: Epiphragmophora cuyamacensis lowei, E. traskii isidroensis. Berry, Epwarp W. Fossil plants from Bolivia and their bearing upon the age of uplift of the Eastern Andes. No. BeaWar Ockoper 20 dO / Vorint icra 2. a od OB-164 New species: Discinisca singewaldi, Polystichum bolivianum, Carpo- lithus viornaformis, Pithecolobium briitonianum, Cassia singewaldi, C. cultrifoliaformis, Caesalpinia sessilifolioides, Caesalpinites poto- sianus, Copaifera potosiana, C. corocoriana, Bauhinia potosiana, Machaerium milleri, Dalbergia potosiana, Myrteola potosiana, Ter- minalia singewaldi, Apocynophyllum potosianum, Jacaranda poto- sina, Rubiacites nummularioides, Cypselitespotosianus. New names: Mimosites engelhardti, Cassia ligustrinaformis, Carpoli- thus engelhardtt. Fossil plants from the late Tertiary of Oklahoma. No 2256/°ONowemtber@OnhOtg a te oe, a os 627-636 New species: Gymnocladus casei, Sapindus oklahomensis, Rhamnus lesquereuxi, Bumelia oklahomensis. Berry, S. Stirrman. Chitons taken by the United States Fisheries steamer ‘‘Albatross”’ in the northwest Pacific in 2906... Now2225.5 Wecember.5, 19U7 1. Ne oe 1-18 New species: Leptochiton diomedeae, Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) ama- bilis, I. (L.) interfossa, I. (L.) pilsbryanus. 1 Date of publication. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Boong, Peart L. Description of ten new isopods. No. 2253. | October AG Aone ain! a ee eae ees New family: Pterisopodidae. New genus: Pterisopodus. New species: Gnathia triospathiona, Cirolana hermitensis, Excorallana berbicensis, Braga occidentalis, Pterisopodus bartschi, Sphaeroma exosphaeroma, Exosphaeroma barrerae, Astacilla californica, Philos- cia minutissima, Leptotrichus vedadoensis. Cirark, Austin H. A new genus and species of multibra- chiate ophiuran of the family Gorgonocephalidae from the Caribbean Sea. No. 2257. November 1, 19181____- New genus: Astrocynodus. New species: Astrocynodus herrerat. CocKERELL, T. D. A. New species of North American fossil beetles, cockroaches, and tsetse flies. No. 2237. oa) gts piel AC Bs es eu iP fanaa ahve pirat "
aincmaasinns$
New genera: Cobaloblatta, Ptilomylacris.
New species: Atimoblatta reducta, Phoberoblatta retrculata, Coba-
loblatta simulans, Brachymylacris bassleri, Ptilomylacris medialis,
Phthinomylacris (?) pauper, Atimoblatta(?) flexuosa, Carabites(?)
arapahoensis, Balaninus (?) beeklyi, Calandrites (?) ursorum.
Dati, Wirt1am Heatrey. Notes on Chrysodomus and
other mollusks from the North Pacific Ocean. No. 2234.
Orion MONS) {set obs Se ree es ee ee eee
New species: Turris (Crassispira) rugitecta, Plicifusus (Retifusus)
scissuratus, P. (Aulacofusus) rhyssoides, P. (Latifusus) wakasanus,
Colus (Latisipho) lepidus, C. (Limatofusus) tahwitanus, Searlesia
constricta, Ancistrolepis latus, Siphonalia lubrica, Boreotrophon
zestra, B. echinus, Anachis bartschti, Lepeta (Cryptoctenidia) lima,
Venericardia (Cyclocardia) morsei, Venericardia hirasev.
— Notes on the nomenclature of the mollusks of the
family Turritidae: No. 2238. April’5, 1918*_--. 22 -=
Dopps, Gipron S. Altitudinal distribution of Entomos
straca in Colorado. No. 2226. October 27, 1917 1_----
Dyar, Harrison G. Descriptions of new Lepidoptera
from Mexico. - No.2229. : April 5 UO1s. ts aes 2 ee
New genera: Melanchroiopsis, Eumulleria, Fotopsis, Bouda, Pu-
mora, Neophaeus, Marzigetta, Alesua, Postanita, Platygraphis,
Anarnatula, Tapinolopha.
New species: Charis craspediodonta, Ipidecla monenoptron, Thecla
bunnirae, T. viggia, T. nippia, T. janthodonia, T. vevenae, T.
muridosca, Errietas lachesis, Butleria penaea, Catia jobrea, Prenes
hemizona, Thespieus gayra, Lerema hypozona, Padraona sophistes,
Page.
591- 604
637-640
301-311
207-234
313-333
59-87
335-372
1 Date of publication.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
P. inculta, Ichoria leucopus, Pericallia pannycha, Melanchroiopsis
acroleuca, Mesembreuxoa melanopis, Euxoa discilinea, E. parsimo-
nia, Nephelestis sabatia, Eumiilleria cliopis, Tiracola nonconformens,
Hydroeciodes aspasta, H. pothen, Chabuata sygeleta, C. iota, Erio-
pyga constans, E. phanerozona, E. pansapha, E. cacoeona, Lophoce-
ramica simplicifacta, Acronycta ybasis, A. fumeola, Fotopsis spar-
ganiotis, Bouda pallipars, B. hidalgonis, Pumora hyperion, Chal-
copasta chalcophanis, C. anopis, Nocloa lamiota, N. beata, Stiria
intermixta, Neophaeus chalcospilans, Antaplaga varrara, A. alesaea,
Cobubatha rustica, Ozarba implora, O. squamicornis, Lithacodia sub-
stellata, Eustrotia delioidalis, Diastema dosceles, Margiza partitalis,
Marzigetta obliqua, Mastigophorus asynetalis, Alesua etialis, Scopt-
fera insurrecta, Taphonia testacealis, Bomolocha dicialis, Ostha
memoria, Pleonectyptera trilineosa, Parachabora pseudanaetia,
Gloveria concinna, G. rubicundens, G. obsoleta, G. sodom, G. lati-
pennis, Lepasta concordens, Symmerista odontomys, Postanita
decurrens, Psilacron eugraphica, P. monostigma, Salluca ama-
thynta, Dicentria obligata, Hemiceras obliquiplaga, Carthara crenu-
losa, Apicia aberrans, Bonatea griseolata, Sicya medungula, Cari-
peta hyperythrata, Selenia gynaecon, S. eucore, S. cacocore, Phero-
tesia dentata, Nesalcis cediopasa, Racheospila cara, Tephroclystia
analis, T, chimera, T, capitata, T. endonephella, T. microleuca, T.
supporta, T. alogista, T. pertacta, Roeselia pseudermana, Sibine
pauper, Euclea fuscipars, Triprocris rosetta, Pyromorpha aurora,
Gingla beovava, Psychonoctua poam, Hypopta actileuca, Platy-
graphis isabella, Syngamia subnebulosalis, Lygropia falsalis, Stenia
mononalis, Scoparia stereostigma, S. anadonta, S. anagantis, 8.
cyclophora, S. flexuosa, Dismidila, tocista, Anarnatula hyporhoda,
Tapinolopha variegata, Moodna inanimella.
Ganan, A. B. Four new African parasitic hymenoptera
belonging to the subfamily Microgasterinae. No. 2252.
NOVEM SE Zo, TOUS oe oS ks) ee ebtelpeceemt” operie a
New species: Microgaster fasciipennis, Apanteles pallidocinctus, A.
ugandaensis, A. gowdeyt.
GirperT, Cuartes H., and Cart Hupss. Description of
Hymenocephalus tenuis, a new Macruroid fish from the
Hawaiian Islands. No. 2231. December 14, 19171___--
New species: Hymenocephalus tenuis.
GitmorE, CHarLtes W. A newly mounted skeleton of the
armored dinosaur, Stegosaurus stenops, in the United
States National Museum. No. 2241. December 26,
ODS oe. Sete ae ee TS ae. es
GinsBuRG, Isaac. On two species of fishes from the Yalu
River, China. No. 2228. October 18, 19171_.-.2..---
New species: Rhinogobius sowerbyi.
1 Date of publication.
vu
Page.
587-590
173~175
383-390
99-101
Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Hoven, Water. The Hopi Indian Collection in the United
States National Museum. No. 2235. April 6, 19181__. 235-296
H6ézawa, Sangt. Report on the calcareous sponges col-
lected during 1906 by the United States Fisheries steamer
‘“‘Albatross’’ in the Northwestern Pacific. No.224,. Oc-
tober 1G sbO 1S. se ge ee Ne ard San Dorie, alia Bb RAG
New species: Leucosolenia albatrosst, Sycon simushirensis, Heteropia
medioarticulata, Grantia nipponica, G. beringiana, Achramorpha
diomediae, Leucandra tuba, L. poculiformis, L. foliata, L. kurilensis,
L. splendens.
Huss, Cann See Charles HH. Gilberts_ sodvenows _. aeotg7 3-175
Merrit, GrorcE P. Further notes on the Plainview,
Texas, meteorite. No. 2243. October 7, 1918!_._..._. 503-505
On the Fayette County, Texas, meteorite finds of
1878 and 1900 and the probability of their representing
two distinct falls. No. 2248. November 25, 1916 *--- -- 667_AG]
Mitier, Gerrit S., Jr. Mammals and reptiles collected by
Theodoor de Booy in the Virgin Islands. No. 2244.
October 154 LOTS 4. Lacon) siumohstordie aanneeS, BAN Bea / Olt
New species: Cyclura mattea.
OBERHOLSER, Harry C. Birds collected by Dr. W. L. Ab-
bott on various islands in the Java Sea. No. 2232. No-
vembensQclOl 6 .i.sestrdaeyerd MM a ficetabe 4 ee erie 00
New genus: Perissolalage.
New species: Perissolalage chalepa, Zosterops solombensis.
New subspecies: Cerchneis moluccensis microbalia, Muscadivores
rosaceus zamydrus, Kakatoe parvulus abbotti, Dicruropsis pectoralis
solombensis, Artamus leucoryn amydrus, Oriolus maculatus lampro-
chryseus, Haemataena melanocephala massoptera, Butreron capellet
passorhina, Pycnonotus brunneus zaphaeus, Malacocincla abbotti
sirensis, Dicruropsis pectoralis sirensis, Zosterops solombensis
zachlora.
A review of the subspecies of the leach petrel,
Oecanodroma leucorhoa. (Vieillot). No. 2230. October |
195 TOLBY oe. taint ees ees a Se oe = 165-172
Parker, R. R. New flies of the genus Sarcophaga from
Guam and the Philippines. No. 2227. October 17,
(OAR A. osccebe ieee eee aa eee eles. oe es
New species: Sarcophaya subtuberosa, S. crinita, S. orientalis, S.
knabt.
1 Date of publication.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Pierce, W. Dwient. The comparative morphology of
the order Strepsiptera together with records and descrip-
tions of insects. No. 2242. September 12, 1918 *------
New family: Callipharixenidae.
New name: Liburnelenchus.
New genera: ''etrozocera, Callipharixenos, Chrysocorizenos, Neos-
tylops, Muirixenos, Dacyrtocara, Cyrtocaraxenos, Delphacizenos,
Elenchinus.
New subgenera: Katastylops, Prostylops.
New species: Tetrozocera santchii, Callipharizenos muiri, Chrysocor-
izenos siamensis, Stylops championi, S. moestae, S. krygeri, S. bi-
salicidis, S.erigeniae, S. salictariae, S. medionitans, S. sinuatus, S.
grandior, S. diabola, S. neonanae, Neostylops shannoni, Pseu-
doxenos neomexicanus, Muirixenos dicranotropidis, M. perkinsi-
ellae, Dacyrtocara oncometopiae, D. undata, Cyrtocaraxenos java-
nensis, Delphacixenos anomalocerus, Agalliaphagus uhleri, Libur-
nelenchus heidemanni, Elenchinus heidemanni.
Riixy, J. H. Annotated catalogue of a collection of birds
made by Mr. Copley Amory, jr., in northeastern Siberia.
Naaeoen eictoler eS) TOUS: oon n iio e524 sh ea OEE
Rouwer, S. A. Descriptions and notes on some Ichneu-
mon-flies from Java. No. 2249. November 25, 1918 '--
New species: Eripternimorpha scirpophagae, E. javensis, E. dam-
mermani, Apanteles (Protapanteles) bataviensis, A. belippae, A.
javensis, Amyosoma leuzerae, Platybracon javensis, Oncophanes hes-
peridis, Hormiopterus choenobivorus.
SNYDER, JOHN OTTERBEIN. An account of some fishes
from Owens River, California. No. 2233. December 13,
Ieper tee reer ee ee ee pe ee heehee
Notes on Hawaiian lizards. No. 2224. October
WF edt CN LWiuc aes te | SND eg eden eee Oe Ree ak ee Re eee eee
The fishes of Mohave River, California. No. 2236.
ON UEH GLDie IMSS eI MCI ur Sytem ee age sole ie A ge Peppa Ree ne ae ae ee
Wetmore, ALEXANDER. Bones of birds collected by Theo-
door de Booy from kitchen midden deposits in the islands
of St. Thomas and St. Croix. No. 2245. November 21,
Area kA Basra, rel eee Nee oe eo ie
New genus: Nesotrochis.
New species: Nesotrochis debooyt.
On the anatomy of Nyctibius with notes on. allied
bindss NO. 22 ole @esoper 15, TORT oo ao se yee
' Date of publication.
Page.
391-501
607-626
563-570
201-205
19-25
297-299
513-522
577-586
x TABLE OF CONTENTS.
=e 5 : F Page.
Wuerry, Epear T. Notes on mimetite, thaumasite, and
wayellite. No. 2240. December 2S pO) Staipiacaste 14! 373-38 |
Witurams, Henry Suarter. Nuculites from the Silurian
formations of Washington County, Maine. No. 2225. .
Oto Demag NSH 7s aaa tae ae ge = we 198
New species: Nuculites pholus, N. ladon, N. nessus, N. lichas, N.
subplanus, N. trescotti, N. robustus, N. crassus, N. speciosus, N.
abnormis, N. chrysippus, N. atreus, N. thyestes, N. amycus, N. bat-
tus, N. galeus, N. pelops, N. eurylochus, N. lentus.
1 Date of publication.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
1-10: . Northwest. Pacific Chitonsiuie 9% 41000. G0d Jb. Sane. TLIO3e
11-12. Nuculites from the Silurian formations of Maine. Sere. Lense
13. Lake at Semper, Colorado. Redrock Lake....-..--------------+-+------
14. Crater Lakes as seen from the Continental Divide. Ice Lake.-......-------
15-18. Fossil plants from Bolivia.........--.--.------------20 225052 e reer
19. Agricultural implements..........----------+- 2-22-2222 eee error eee
20. Sunning and sorting corn......./--------------+-+-+-22 222-2 eee ISKIOSE
21. Hars-of Hopreom ss. iiy.I2t20 822. S2U LU OSL. JO. SII EU? nae
22. Horn bell, scarecrow, dipper of gourd, and Seer sebulonels bas
23. Domestic et of potteryooout. 8622... Wore Ciel) 20i Ect ieee ett
DUG Vessels OR COUT vasevore es havenct ork procreation nae or Eioe atin ate d= to pes:
ee CTV OS ener grey ee . Tn Sener naa kK Yo ddbigt- Alin ban wate
26. Fire-making sticks and slow match. ........-...- elite) od allade heel »-
Zt Jewelry worn.by Men atid women. . 20H BUSTS IE2 DLS slo. ak.
28. Articles for hairdressing..........------ roses. eave l odie) etyayset rs
29. Footwear for children.............-- TU) ohtaved wale) ad tio wots Testes
Bor Weaving battens-and-spindles.... ..-.:..<<~---dUS05.. Mod. alos Gok We
31. Hopi loom and weaver..........-.------ aac nan rare parcnen EOE SY, BEES LA.
22 Quwillworkanklets: < => secor-rororernonv- rororncn «SU Data. seh craioo1 dea. sec
oo-o/..Wicker basket-tray- designs... cual aii most sicela fuse leee t.
oo-tl, Coiled basket- tray, GOSIQUB s 2.0.0 02020200 -CSLESES UME SOUS BURSSS
Aer HER CAMO INGE, WOO 2c screen a an ai eh on en wing ale Aen aoe
43. Soyal feather offerings and boxes for feathers............---.--.----------
at, SH PEGS OL HEO WARE CNN UA ss 50:25 oe. mye yn 3 SS soo sic 2 oe tb al ee ae etn tats
2a, DOW, AFrOWws, SHO WHISG GUATOS.. 020 o38t ee TA -tone tin tent ote nse at's
AN Sagal Wg oy ia Pa cra a2 0Y 0) Sa ae ma IS IP et Se ee er ee
24, Gales ANG COYSes seo on o's wince ais > Sec e ee beelsn LP EREREE PEED NT ERE
48. Cup-and-ball game sets. ........-.--. SER LE EE PPO IETS ee SE LEI IOI
49... Dolls and (OY 8.922 - Ecce tnaety t- Se ei
Va LST RATA SIS TACs TT 26 ec nlc ee Ele ERM ESSN SR RACES Ret ee
IPT hy poll RTSTTET’ aha ¥S) 5g TEs 01 Fs Re nae ee IEE Tee RT aE ARES
1a SET RTRTE! SOT WA rf eg Rei = aS a RA eee
PSM SENT 7 Ha LEG A sR ps Lg OTT AN 6g a a A ER a PSE
a4. Fossil cockroaches from the Pennsylvanian... ...0-5 4. 46-5 masc-i4} eee
50. Fossil tsetse fly, Glossina veterna Cockerell............-.-.----+------------
56. Crystals of mimetite, thaumasite, and wavellite...............-.----------
57. Skeleton of Stegosaurus stenops, from the right side..........----.--------
58. Skeleton of Stegosaurus stenops, oblique view.-.-.--.-----------+----------
59. Skeleton of Stegosaurus stenops, from the front.........--.----------------
60. Skeleton of Stegosaurus stenops, from the back.-...........-------------+--
61. Stegosaurus specimens as shown in the United States National Museum. . .
62. Life-sized restoration of Stegosaurus stenops in the United States National
WVTISCAEIOUS oe asa a Sede lew ae ban sign Be EN rated, a RO aliais S.Crard chia ere ae en
XII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Facing
Page
63. Model restoration of Stegosaurus stenops..........2..---2ee-eeeeeee see eee 390
64. Structural characteristics of the family Mengeidae..........-.- SNe ee 502
65. Structural characteristics of the family Mengeidae....................... 502
66. Structural characteristics of the family Mengenillidae.................... 502
67. Structure of the first larva of the family Stichotrematidae................ 502
68. Structural characteristics of the family Callipharixenidae................. 502
69. Comparison of the structure of the family Myrmecolacidae and the coleopt-
erous famaly Rhipiphoridae: (27228)... ee se SPE Tees 502
70. Structural characteristics of the family Stylopidae........................ 502
71. Structural.characteristics of the family Stylopidae........................ 502
72. Structural characteristics of the family Xenidae......................... 502
73. Wings of stylopized leaf-hoppers.. sel siseshodl . ahseelod. Sogsaoe on ok 502
74. Structural characteristics of the family Halictophagidae.................-. 502
75. Structural characteristics of the family Halictophagidae.................-. 502
76. Structural characteristics of the family Halictophagidae................... 502
77. Structural characteristics of the family Halictophagidae... 502
78. Structural characteristics of the families Halictophagidae, sDiozaceridac
and. Wlenchidae 20 3... eens Serna: Sersethe Be SoarsetOe ers ness Cia Se 502
79-80. Micro-structure of the Plainview, Texas, meteorite.............-...-. 506
iy Humert of Teusna and! Cyclura oo 2450545 san. Le 512
82. Femur and tibio-tarsus of Neseotrochis debooyi......---------------------+ cao
835 New land shells from California: . ..... 2 aien: Bee bas-achs betes: oe 524
84285. .New north Pacific calcareous sponges... esis 5). Hae see el etre g- Ys tee 556
863; The Fayette. County, "Texas, meteorite....-......2..-.-....2sosedes ade eelogs 562
87. Polished slice of the Cedar, Fayette County, Texas, meteoric stone . ...... 562
88° New marine:shells from Panama_...>...-.... -. 2sibsaee-eee asheck sivas 576
89592. New Species Of Iso POds sao oc wise ee se anise seer SSE eR ee Ee 604
93:, A new West Indian fossil land shell. j.-0 22220. - 226-4202 - ee eee 606
94295. .Fossil Tertiary. plants from Oklahoma.......... sassech 4zeci-de teed eee 636
96° Astrocynodus herrerat, Dew Species.........-..-«-Sanded> eT -eeeRB See 640
TEXT FIGURES.
Page
TSCHUGCILON CLOT CCIEN: 52 Seater US Nie AAI SEA, SON Foe eee ee omen ee ee 4
Axes of deformation in yatreties of Nuculites..=.--22o soe ees See 42
Map of Colorado showing localities where Entomostraca have been collected... 60
Map of Tolland regionsa. 0 oof ee teenie woe ee ee a eee 61
Mean precipitation by months. ee a ee 62
Isotherm map of the world, with the isotherms of Corona and Pearees drawnin 64
Mean: temperatire by monthss< ii 727 cece eee ee 64
Mean monthly Inintmium temperatwres?: 22225 Sse ee 65
Mean monthly niaximuml temp oratiireg 2 een eee 65
Curves showing the approximate distribution of surface temperature throughout
the year in'thivee sorts of lakess22 eres = emcee ener s se ermiac tee Lee eoel 3)
Drawing of net used in“wiakinecollections-----.--- 4+ - seco Oe eee 71
Graphic representation of altitudinal ranges of all species of Entomostraca known
to occur ini Colorado: Sus Fees en ee hee eee see 73
Sarcophaga subtuberosa. a. c., anterior claspers; a. p., accessory plate; f., for-
ceps; g.s.', first genital segment; g. s.?, second genital sepment; p.c., posterior
Claspers:. 9 i). Se Se Deane Sere eee a . 89
Sarcophagacrinita: ce. scesc ore ere eae ae ee Cea oreo es + Ee er 93
SGTCOPRAGGE OTLENUMLIS coe ace sene- a ace Coe ae eee aoe ee 95
Sarcophaga Crab is. 2 Ae IN Ne eee aa Ok rt en ee ere 96
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIII
Page
Sarcophaga ruficornis. ...--------+-++-2e 2s eee e reer rete eter rere 97
Map showing the existing distribution of the subgenera of Myrtea dusts) Jeans 109
Di-cini:ca singewaldi Schuchert........-----------+--+----- + e+e reece eee eee 117
Iron broad hoe of Spanish pattern..........-----------------------+eee eee 236
Hand diblie of wood 22 2. 24 2h ctx cde ii wes canine seni neice dE EEN 236
Field pit oven for roasting green corn. a, Fire pit; 0, flue........-..-------- hivn2a6
Box with buckskin cover for sacred feathers.........-..-.------------------+-- 240
Buckskin shirt of archaic style..........-------- +--+ eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 242
Archaic form of shirt of woven stuff........-..------+----+++-+----+-+++++--- 248
Shirt formed by addition of sleeves. a, 6, Forms of neck openings; c, d, method
of applying sleeve.....-.-------------- Pebeseene sede dn-ee a OES eaey= 3 244
Completed shirt... 2.2... 62.00.2522 eee ee eee eee eee eee te ee eee eee eee 244
itr ploti Cloth ssc kes soon cee eek eee aden ea ph enhe RADE Bet SUE ESTs 245
Man’s ceremonial kilt. Method of wearing........----------------+---++----- 245
Woven garter... 222.2... 2.2. ee Deeb ere eee ete ee eee ee eee eee 246
Outline of man’s legging. Legging complete...-.....-------------+-++--+-+---- 246
Outline of fringed legging. Legging complete.....--.--.-------------+---+--- 247
Outline of wrap legging. Legging applied and secured with garter.....-.---- 247
Man’s moccasin. a, Sole; b, vamp,; c, tongue......-------------------++--+-- 248
Bov’s movcasli with anklet vamp......---.---2 222-2 eee beeen ee eee eee eee 248
Woman's blanket dresat sacssec esis sects ewes becetcismseis oe She eee be 248
Mode of wearing woman’s blanket dress...............---.----2-2-22--0-0--- 248
Woman's woyen-belt...;....G 050 ono us Beso. 2 ogee th lean be apesbasie 248
Archaic hair forms of corn husk. Maiden’s hair whorls..................-.-- 249
Method of wearing the shoulder blanket. Shoulder blanket.................-- 250
White cotton wedding blanket. Wedding blanket rolled in bed mat.........- 250
Method of tieiig wonian’s hair, first stages. .6 .25l508 calusee Jo. eiedeewet 8. 251
Method of tieing woman’s hair, second stage.............-------2-----+------ 251
Method of tieing woman’s hair, complete................---.-.-+-..-------+-- 251
Slips of hardwood for ridding hair of insects..........---...-.....----------- 251
Woman’s moccasin legging. a, Sole; b, vamp; c, wrapping, d, vamp sole and
wrappiny joined; ’c, ‘complete... 2220s! .Lagaoll . 2... aoe esneb. adzew. 252
Eye shade complete. Frame of eye shade...... teibertr... nasi bib pire. fe 253
Whip féerfiiifiing é¢otton®. (222.0 eee). ston wetiaiorg sexo... tsaeer cee 253
Process ofwhipping Cobloisschte aceon sconces taste ses et eAck oreeeces ek cane 253
Blanket weavitie tool backiwiewie.4 20) Siberss Jssateb.sa lead. ms culed.ods 255
Shuttle Sf primrtivetorms! . ond: ve avai besoUseup. aedalozed atada Le afaik 255
Oak blanket ‘wéavirig tool, side view2:2--.. 2022 Joiledus sowsal wel. us odetlees 255
Stretcher and record in weaving blankets... -.............-...--2----------- 256
Sash loom with weaving in process. Weft comb...............---...-+-+---- 258
Braided svered white sksheroneup...) .clivees teehee ceweul. on. do-entellen 259
Embroidery on sash. Work stretched. Wooden stretcher..................-- 260
Large stretcher for blanket with adjustable pins. ..................-..------- 260
Old tassel stick. Tassel stick and process of making tassel... .......-...---- 261
Whirtint cord. twister eur igsmees 29. cists Sonlndne t9grel ali te ea gibesbiws 262
Wound work anklet. a, Back view showing lining; b, front view; c, complete. 263
Pump drill. Detail of affixing the strap. Detail of point..............-.---- 276
Ornaments for sides of mask. a, Front view; b, side view.........--.-.------- 277
Mask ornaments of painted gourd. a, Front view; b, side view........------ 277
Lightning frame closed. Same extended by pulling handles together......... 277
Leather waist pouch with waist cord. ............2...200-2 eee eee ee eee ee eee 281
Stone arrow used as a charm against lightning...................-2--...------ 288
Whistle of two pottery disks inclosing a leaf. .............-...--22-22-2222-- 295
XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,
Page
SC PROLCLES MOOR OV CDRS eee eee cee cb ee aie ee cet ccc Se eae 299
Pronotum of blattid, probably Atimoblatta reducta.......2...2...2--2-2-0-2--- 302
SAUIULODL CLI GO CUD ace eee N e e ae adeetoadat thlyucechnged 302
Wiha bites wOnGPANOCN SIS ee he ot aa ee inp learn, tee mee Ao ies ee ee A tea 307
TSREL UE DS ADCO act td at gee Ne RE ae Soe te Be 2 ye eee 308
Odlandrites: ursorum ... <<. ..26R. A sala ee oe. 2109. n99sa -eetiaacs 45¢ een de 308
Stylops swenki. Ventral view of triungulinid size..........2......-2.-0.--20. 405
Meloid trvungulin... Ventral: VaGWece oc scons oo eu oles obadosh te Meike 405
Myodites solidaginis. a, Triungulinid, ventral view; 6, posterior leg; c, pos-
terior coxa; d, pulvillus, lateral view; e, pulvillus, ventral view; f, mouth
parts, ventral view - Hide imeceeinGedorcrersce crore hier BECP 406
Diagram illustrating ene used in ee female cephalothorax.. - 406
Booceoprap hacalre gions tes ho see ioe ceeeg a eee ey eat av eddals ae! 486
Leucosolenia albatrossi. a, Triradiates of ascon-tube; b, quadriradiate of ascon-
tube; c, oxea of ascon-tube; c’, same seen from side; d, triradiate of the lining
layer of pseudogaster; e, quadriradiate of the lining layer of pseudogaster.... 527
Sycon simushirensis. a, Tubar triradiates; b, subgastral triradiates; c, gastral tri-
radiates; d, gastral quadriradiates; e, triradiate of oscular margin; f, quadri-
radiate of oscular margin; g, oxea of oscular margin...............-.---0--. 530
Heteropia medioarticulata. a, Subdermal triradiates; b, tubar triradiates, ¢, pwh_
gastral triradiate; d, gastral triradiate; ¢, gastral quadriradiates; e’, apical rays of
gastral quadriradiates; f, dermal oxea; g, triradiates of oscular margin; h,
quadriradiate of oscular margin; 7, oxea of oscular margin...............-.- 533
Grantia nipponica. a, Dermal triradiates; 6, tubar triradiates; c, subgastral -
triradiate; d, gastral triradiate; e, gastral quadriradiate; e’, apical ray of gastral
quadriradiate; f, quadriradiates of exhalant canals; /’, same seen from lateral
side; g, triradiate of oscular collar; h, quadriradiate of oscular collar; 7, oxea
projecting from dermal surface; j, oxea of oscular collar..........2...--.-- 536
Grantia beringiana. a, Dermal triradiates; b, tubar triradiates; c, aber trira-
diate; d, subgastral quadriradiate; e, gastral auadeeares jf, oxea; g, trira-
diate of oscular margin; A, quadriradiate of oscular margin..............--- 539
Achramorpha diomediae. a, Dermal triradiates; b, subgastral triradiates; c¢,
gastral quadriradiates; d, triradiate of oscular margin; e, quadriradiate of
oscular margin; f, oxea projecting from dermal eee g, oxea of oscular
MAT PUM. eS SE Se eee ne Se
Leucandra tuba. a, Regular dermal triradiates; b, ee) decnal triradiate; c,
triradiate of chamber layer; d, quadriradiates of the larger exhalant canal;
e, triradiate of the larger exhalant canal; f, gastral triradiates; g, triradiate of
oscular margin; h, quadriradiate of oscular margin, 1, gastral microxea ...... 544
Leucandra poculiformis. a, Dermal triradiates; b, triradiates of chamber layer;
c, triradiates of the larger exhalant canal; d, quadriradiates of the larger
exhalant canal; e, gastral triradiates; f, gastral quadriradiate. g, dermal
MICTOXKEA 5525 3N 55 esha ses wae = Be hee ee Ahi set allen) sede serts
Leucandra foliata. a, Regular dermal triradiate; 6, sagittal dermal triradiates;
ce, quadriradiates of the larger exhalant canal; d, gastral triradiate; e, gastral
quadriradiates;/, maicréxeal. .¢ jell anbwada-eeie 2608. » -~jeldas- deere 4
Leucandra kurilensis. a, Dermal triradiates; b, tubar triradiates; c, gastral
triradiates; d, oxea; e, triradiates of oscular margin; f, linear spicules of oscular
MAT ON 2--.--rncn « MOM, Hie 5. Swede derek ae. - bt Bataier Jo- epee
Leucandra splendens. a, Dermal triradiate; b, quadriradiate of chamber acon
e, gastral quadriradiate; d, triradiate of aeeatleks margin; f, larger microxea;
g, smaller microxea: 21.24. 22.2220. oe Sealopes ssa 6 ee Dnt see 553
Characteristic form of phosphatic minemli in Bluff, Fayette County, meteorite. 558
541
546
548
5a0
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV
Page.
Manor Vayette County school lands)... 2.5. 5-2-2 2+ .4 hacesensc-ce cee ceess 560
Diagram of the intestinal convolutions in Nyctibius griseus abbotti............ 578
Outline of liver lobes of Nyctibius griseus abbotti from the ventral surface. 7,
eee Oe ty LOL LODO 2 eye oe has Sot cnibe patlne dda ees 578
RODAUG Ole CLIDTUS PiISCUS: AD ROUTE er be tania 2 ciara n 3) S ian Sidpa ses ise: sisreigix ain/ainien 581
Tongue of Podargus strigoides. x, Line marking boundary between strong base
and: thin’ paper-like ps2 525-2 es ee wR Ae ee Pook ee eee. es 581
LORSUCTOM SLeMtOTNes CATUPENSIS!. «5-22 -cse adele we cee ebindesawiseec desea coud 582
Tongue omekalachoptius milidits 2S. .205 iene sae Saco bbs od cece Boece: 582
Toungueios Chordeiles winginiantts ooo 15525 bo Shs oe see weave docnseectea wen 584
io yi ee jaewal Br0ly
Pri 9h DE,
mb ahs “mais itsine wrk 2:
* cae aN ah Ancecae, eae ist ae
Bie: orcs (iste miguas:
_—
14
NUCULITES FROM THE SILURIAN FORMATIONS OF MAINE
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 56-58
yk
ee ee ee ee
ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA IN
COLORADO.
By Giron S. Dopps,
Of the Department of Zoology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
INTRODUCTION.
During the summers of 1908, 1912, and 1913 I made collections
of plankton Crustacea from 124 lakes and ponds in Colorado, at
elevations from 4,100 to 12,188 feet. I have also received material
from Prof. Max M. Ellis and Mr. L. C. Bragg. These collections have
yielded 55 species of Entomostraca, which form the basis of this
report. I have also made use of all other available records of species
previously reported from the State, giving a total of 71 species
(Phyllopoda, 16; Cladocera, 34; Copepoda, 21).
The following list includes the localities where fairly complete col-
lections have been made in the State.
On the plains: Feet.
La Junta (Dodds), Tl lakesafabouts.’ ats. ...<- ce oe be 4, 100
Boulder (Dodds). lakessat abouts. /sseiwles-caweh -o. pancmec eke 5, 300
Greeley (Beardsley), several lakes at about...................-- 4, 600
In the mountains:
Tolland recion (Dodds), 106 Takes® so. 2.2 Aono cow ss. encuiciasae 28 8, 100-12, 188
Twin Lakes region (Juday), several'at about.................... 9, 200
Pikes Peak region (Ward), 5 lakes at about ....................-. 11, 000
Besides these, there are a number of localities from which one or
two species have been reported—scattered records in mountains and
plains by various men, including some records by early naturalists,
chiefly with the Hayden survey.
The interest of this study lies in the fact that here, within a rela-
tively small area, we find a wide range of environmental conditions,
physiographic and climatic, with a corresponding diversity of ani-
mal and plant life. The eastern two-fifths of the State of Colorado
is included within the area of the Great Plains, with a climate, except
for its arid nature, essentially like that of the Mississippi Valley
generally, while the remainder includes the highest area of the Rocky
Mountain region, parts of which have a climate almost arctic.
1 For list of these lakes, their elevations, and the species collected in each, see Table 8, printed as a folio
at the end of the text.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEuM, VOL. 54—No. 2226,
59
60°: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 54.
7
It will be seen from the above that while collections have been
made from widely scattered representative localities in the eastern
half of the State, the greater part of my own collections are from an
area with the city of Boulder as its center, including 7 lakes on the
plains east of this city and 106 in the mountain region to the west.
This mountain area I will refer to as the Tolland region after the
town of Tolland, where, during most of my study, I made my headquar-
ters, at the summer mountain laboratory of the University of Colo-
woe ee ~~ - ee ee - + +e + - — - - — -
INIA) Zam
Sit Ans Wy
|
GN
“
°
LAUNTA | |
(Mev ale hana.
40 60 8&0 100
KILOMETERS
Fic. 1.—Map oF COLORADO SHOWING LOCALITIES WHERE ENTOMOSTRACA HAVE BEEN COLLECTED. THE
BLACK RECTANGLE INCLOSES THE TOLLAND REGION, THE AREA SHOWN IN DETAIL IN FIG. 2.
rado. The lakes of the Tolland and Boulder regions afford especially
favorable conditions for the study of altitudinal distribution, because
here, within a distance of less than 30 miles, is passed through the
whole range of climatic conditions, from temperate to subarctic.
To the east of Boulder extend the plains with elevations up to 5,400
feet, while to the west, clearly visible, 20 miles away, Arapahoe
Peak with its glacier, rising to 13,506 feet, marks the Continental
Divide.
The climatological data presented in the following paragraphs,
while in general true for any part of the State, apply particularly
to this area.
CLIMATE.
The data regarding climate presented in this paper are, for the most
part, from the annual summaries of the Weather Bureau for the Colo-
rado section, though use is also made of data collected by Francis
xo. 2226. . DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 61
Ramaley and other members of the biological staff of the University
of Colorado, all interpreted in the light of eight years’ residence at
Beaver Res.
N
1
es. Tumbleson tL
2
°
3 oa - f
5 Moonshine Eo See Peasy
Shy ee w Block UL?
By Sy
a arias: H
BALO MTN.
Gis!
So saecie 4 ae
‘ GLACIERNS; 2
Se
S.ARke oct ¢
2 \»
s
; 3 as ‘ j : ‘ Gi ee My bi ary mengye ain " 4 . pe
Con’ . ~- RONA sees aa : ety ; eae Aa a
ef eal Beh + 5 NG Tera 3 ise pili abr et aes te Sa Se Sere, SS — “
» seal \ is ney cas Ts senses 950 Cary ua ZA PF Smertwcedl A :
qT : j ite : he Rod abe sig : se o)
pworona: Res. = t ‘ P £ : et Manchester L.
\ neem By 4 . .. + = =
| L 1 DB... Co ee a he 4 xr 3 - : z
Eat Bulk é 4 ‘ aah eek y *: Plocer.Pong ‘
~ i S* Forest Lakes 3 . AOLLINSVILLE ee j
, f A %& a a EY 8500
Fi z= rae ost, ED gio
ie Ca es ro ec E oe
2 a; ae it m eer he te eae 4
Sil & WE; a eee a a melleRess at
A x ty Jétrekar’Lokes * oes Nohy “ i ~
£ x \ 5 !
; w NEBRASKA iy
‘ t x} ¢ ~ HILL rd Bed
\ ge SHB & t a
4 po. 8 3 Me
) = yeas ip
Le
\ (350% Echo L = s fet
i Jomes {Peak Liv; “Gf ">
dal
TOLLAND REGION
COLORABO
TOPOCRAPHY, AND LAKES
Past
i 2 5
a = =5 tHles
oes : = Z 3 Kilometers
“oN sggz- tiller Le
* Noe... \ Contour interval soo f@et (/52.4m)
‘ Ss. See ae ~ Qrawn from U.S.G.S. Topographic mops.
Fic. 2.—Map OF TOLLAND REGION, THE AREA INCLUDED IN THE BLACK RECTANGLE IN FIG. 1.
Boulder and of several summers spent in whole or in part in the moun-
tains of this region.
Three stations have been chosen as representative of typical condi-
tions in different parts of the area under study:
Denver (5,272 feet), in plains region, records for 41 years.
Frances (9,300 feet), mountains, records for 8 years.
Corona (11,660 feet), high mountains, records for 6 years.
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 54.
Reference to the maps (figs. 1 and 2) will show that the two moun-
tain stations lie within the Tolland region and that Denver on the
plains is also so located as to be of direct use when compared with the
other two stations. In discussing climate, special attention has been,
given to precipitation and temperature, because these two factors of
climate seem to be those most directly of interest in relation to the
fauna under study.
Precipitation.—The usual increase of precipitation with elevation is
well marked in this region and seems to contimue to the highest ele-
vations, as is shown in Table 1.
TaBLE 1.—Annual precipitation.
: Total pre- .
Stations. cipitation. Snowfall.
Inches.
WDGMVER Ss ote = 2 cians acl neinin cities enacts & cemnw ac teeramecineanaceen 14. 02 | 62.3 inches (5-+- feet).
PAN COS ie ae ae els A es achat ete ale itn afore OS es ais 24.16 | 180 inches (15 feet).
Coronas. occ s2bes cect oom eee ah aoe onan a eeenie poneceseae | 43.69 | 390.6 inches (32+ feet).
The plains are decidedly an arid region. Denver is fairly typical
of the entire eastern plains of the State, but there are places where
rt old |
SSS
rag 8 CA) as Sm) 2 ~
eet tt ter
Fig. 3.—MEAN PRECIPITATION BY MONTHS.
the rainfall is only 11 or 12 inches. The arid climate of the plains
seems, as will be pointed out later, to play the chief part in determin-
ing the nature of their entomostracan fauna. The greater precipi-
tation of the mountain region is probably of little importance directly,
but has its chief significance in the fact that a large proportion of it
comes in the form of snow. Reference to figure 3 shows that at
Corona the greater part of the precipitation comes in those months
when it is entirely in the form of snow (all months but June, July,
and August). At the higher lakes, great banks of snow accumulate
No. 2226. DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 63
on the slopes above, or extend out over the lakes on the ice, and have
a great deal to do with keeping the temperature of the lakes low
throughout the summer.
Temperature.—Temperature is probably the climatic factor which
in this region plays the largest part in determining the distribution
of animal life, and it is the factor which within our area is subject to
. the greatest variation. On the plains we have the conditions which
are prevalent throughout temperate latitudes, while in the higher
parts of the mountains there is a close approach to arctic conditions.
For purposes of comparison between different parts of the area under
study, I have made use again of the three stations—Denver, Frances,
and Corona—the elevations and temperatures of which are shown in
Table 2.
TABLE 2.—Mean annual temperature.
Elevation. Mean annual temperature.
Stations. | eee ai ; a
z Above Den- | , Nees Below Den-
Above sea. | oe | As observed. ae
|
Feet. | Feet. SAE
MEN Versa aete an sate saan. ccas cae he oe nate D275 Nace n aecye ton Eh enlaesadacenos 02
MYATICESE AGERE S24 doen a tenets pace e Sonate 9, 300 4,028 | 41.0 8.8
(Charani, ASSURE Ot aaa ee Seep a 11, 660 6, 385 | 26.0 23.8
The conditions recorded at Denver are representative of the plains
in general, and those at Corona of the highest lakes studied in this
region, so that the difference between these two stations expresses the
divergence between the two extremes of lakes. It is seen that the
mean annual difference between these two stations is 23.8° F., whicn,
allowing 1.35° F. as equivalent to 1° of latitude, corresponds to 17.2°
latitude. Thus, though Corona is distant from Denver but 40 miles,
it has an annual mean which might be expected 1, 200 miles to the
north. It is this steep temperature gradient that gives mterest to
studies in this region.
As a matter of fact, the isotherm corresponding to the temperature
of Corona does actually pass through these far northern regions
as may be seen by reference to map (fig. 4), while that of Frances,
though less extreme, also passes well to the north, at one place toucb-
ing the Arctic Circle. In this map it is to be noted that the isotherms
are drawn as reduced to sea level, so that the effect of elevation is
already felt at Denver, where the actual temperature is probably 15°
F’. below the corresponding sea-level temperature shown on the map.
An isotherm map, not reduced to sea level, would show all lines bend-
ing far southward over the Rocky Mountain system, as a result of
which the isotherm of 26° F. would actually pass through Corona,
while at Denver, only 40 miles to the east, would be that of 50° F.
The mean distribution of temperature throughout the year at these
three stations is shown in figure 5.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 54.
Though the annual mean gives a ready basis for comparison, and
furnishes an index of general climatic conditions, it is probably not of
itself as effective in determining distribution of aquatic animals as
Fic. 4.—ISOTHERM MAP OF THE WORLD, WITH THE ISOTHERMS OF CORONA AND FRANCES DRAWN IN.
other peculiarities of temperature, such as maximum and minimum
temperature at certain seasons. Figure 6, a graphic representa-
or e mean a minima for the three ee oe shows that at
- 2 ; ; ~
-
od s
-- | .
Ea ee PR x
Se te SS
ia cS
pa ctetobolba IS
Fic. 5.—MEAN TEMPERATURE BY MONTHS.
Corona there are six months in the year during which zero F. is
commonly reached, and that further, during all montee freezing tem-
peratures may be expected. Asa matter of BbSenvaniee frosts are not
uncommon during the entire summer in the higher parts of this region.
NO. 2226. DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 65
Figure 7, showing mean monthly maxima, indicates in another way
the difference between these three stations. It isseen that at Corona
Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Ock Nov. Dec,
pa a i a a
- |
°
7m
Ea as ch
1
a eeBe sib al pb hip sid Nae DR
Pa a
Fic. 6.—MEAN MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURES.
there are three months—December, January, and February—during
which the temperature remains constantly below freezing, while at
Jan. Feb. War. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Ock. Nov. Dec.
in TT eR a Oo
a A ee i 9
pez
0 a ee
Fn is ed
Fic. 7.— MEAN MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES.
Denver during the same months it commonly reaches 65° F., a
higher figure than the average maximum at Corona during the summer
3343—19—Proe.N.M.Vol.54—6
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voL. 54.
months. These studies of maxima and minima show more clearly
than does the annual or monthly mean the rigorous nature of the
climate and short duration of the summer season in the region of the
highest lakes.
The above data regarding climate do not touch directly on the
medium inhabited by the Crustacea—the water. To an aquatic
animal climate means water temperature, not air temperature, and
the data just given are of importance only because the temperature
of the water is determined by that of the air and by general climatic
conditions. Nevertheless it is desirable that data be given concern-
ing the temperature of the water during the summer, the length of
time free from ice, etc. Such records will be presented as a part of
the account of the lakes themselves.
TOPOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION OF LAKES.
The eastern portion of Colorado lies in the region of the Great Plains,
with an elevation of from 4,000 to 5,000 or 6,000 feet. The plains
have a gradual slope toward the east, the valleys are broad, and
the hills gently rolling. In this region natural bodies of water are
few and small, bemg limited almost entirely to transient pools and
ponds which are dry for a considerable part of the year. In addi-
tion to these natural ponds there are many pools, ponds, and reser-
voirs which owe their existence to irrigation and are filled periodi-
cally from ditches. The largest of these are reservoirs a mile or
two in the largest dimension, contaming water throughout the year,
but subject to great fluctuation in level. Another quite frequent
type includes the cattle ponds, depressions 2 to 4 feet deep and 50
to 100 feet across, scooped out to hold water for stock. The water
is commonly muddy from the clay bottom, is frequently very foul
with the droppings of the stock which water there, and seldom con-
tains much plant growth of any kind. There are long periods with
neither outflow nor inflow and they may be entirely dry for con-
siderable periods. Some of these have a very rich fauna.
In drawing conclusions about distribution it must be borne in mind
that these artificial bodies of water are of recent origin, and it is en-
tirely probable that their development has been more rapid than the
migration of plankton Crustacea, so that an equilibrium has prob-
ably not been reached. This condition may account for the absence
of certain species from the plains which might be expected there.
The climatic conditions of these lakes present no facts of great inter-
est, being essentially like similar bodies of water in other parts of
the Mississippi Valley. During the winter months, from the last of
November till the close of February, they may be covered with ice,
and the water temperature only a little above the freezing point.
From May to September the temperature during the day commonly
NO. 2226. DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 67
rises to 90° F. in small bodies of water and probably at times to 100° F.
Upper figure, plate 13, illustrates a typical lake of the plains.
A description of the lakes in the mountain region is not so simple
a matter, and, in view of the fact that the greatest interest of the
present studies centers in the alpime fauna, must be given in greater
detail.
At their western border the plains pass, for the most part, abruptly
into the mountains, so that the first rank of foothills often rises
within a distance of a mile or two from one to three thousand feet
above the plains. In sharp contrast to the topography of the plains,
the relief in the mountains is great and the streams run in narrow
valleys a thousand or more feet in depth. The highest part of the
mountains, the Continental Divide, crosses the State from north to
south, in much of its course beng from 11,000 to 13 000 feet in
i sees with peaks rising to 14,000 feet.
In the mountain region west of Boulder there are very many small
lakes, from 106 of which I have made collections. Inasmuch as nearly
all of these lakes are of glacial origin, some account of glaciation and
glacial topography is necessary. Though no part of Colorado was
covered by the continental glacier there were in the higher moun-
tains at the same time very many glaciers, only a few remnants of
which remain. In the Tolland region these extended downward
from the Continental Divide to an elevation of 8,000 to 9,000 feet,
reaching eastward in the valleys as tongues of ice a distance of 5 to
10 miles. On the western slope glaciation in this region was less
extensive.
The cirques in which these glaciers had their origins, just below
the divide, are now one of the conspicuous topographic features of
the higher parts of the mountains. Each cirque, separated from
those adjacent to it by high, narrow ridges extending outward from
the divide, is shut in on three sides by steep rock walls a thousand
feet or more in height. In nearly every cirque is a lake fed by water
from the huge snow banks, some of them perennial, which accumu-
late on its walls in the winter.
These lakes in the cirques at the heads of streams are the highest
bodies of water to be considered and present the most extreme alpine
conditions. They le just at or above the upper limits of timber,
nearly all of them at elevations above 11,000 feet, the highest one
studied being Ice Lake at 12,188 feet. I have designated these as
alpine lakes, and those at lower elevations in the mountains will
be spoken of as montane, the division, as will be explained later,
being made on the basis of faunal as well as physical peculiarities.
I have made collections from 24 alpine lakes.
None of these is more than one-fourth mile in length, and, while
they are considered locally to be very deep, I suspect that few, if any
of them, are over 50 feet, though as boats are not available it can
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 54.
not be determined certainly. One of them (Yankee Doodle Lake),
reputed locally to be ‘‘bottomless,’’ I found to measure about 25
feet. The rugged inclines surrounding these lakes are covered with
large angular fragments of rock, and the bottoms of the lakes are
largely of the same material and usually practically devoid of silt
and entirely without vegetable mold. The water, derived from
melting snow on the slopes above, is very clear, and in many lakes,
when viewed from above, presents a brilliant green color.
A striking feature of these lakes is the great amount of snow which
accumulates on the cirque walls above, in some of them extending
well out over the ice cover of the lake. A lake so covered is long in
becoming free from ice and the water remains at a low temperature all
summer, so that climatic differences between alpine lakes are deter-
mined by the size and position of such snowbanks rather than by
elevation.
At the beginning of June, even in warm seasons, all of these lakes
are completely covered with ice, and in 1912, a season of heavy snow-
fall and delayed spring, the breaking up of the ice did not begin until
early in July. In those where much snow extends over the ice the
process is greatly delayed, as an extreme of which we have Ice Lake
(12,188 feet), which on August 28, 1912, was still about half covered
with ice and had a temperature of 40°F. (See lower fig., pl.14.) It
is probable that the ice did not entirely melt during the summer and
that the temperature did not rise above 45°. I have made no obser-
vations of the time of freezing of these lakes in the autumn and have
been unable to get definite information, but, judging by general
weather conditions in this region, the temperature of the water must
begin to decrease early in September and it is probable that by the
end of the month they are frozen over. By records made at times
of studying each lake it has been learned that, at the time of breaking
up of the ice, the surface temperature is 35° to 37° F. and by the
time the last floating pieces have melted it has reached about 44.°
It then rises rapidly to about 52°, where it remains without much
change as long as any considerable mass of snow persists on the cirque
walls above to furnish cold water. In all alpine lakes except the
few where there is insufficient snow to last well through the summer
52° F. is about the maximum temperature.
The striking conditions then, which characterize the alpine lakes
are short season (two to three months free from ice) and the low
temperature even during the warmest part of the year (a maximum
of about 52° F.). (See fig. 8.)
Though it is not in all cases possible to assign a given lake definitely
to one group or the other, yet, for the most part, the alpme lakes
form a well-defined group, quite distinct from any of the kinds of
lakes which must be included in the montane group.
NO. 2226. DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 69
The lakes which I have designated as montane are of two main
types: (1) Rock-basin lakes on the upper courses of the streams,
just below the cirques; (2) morainal lakes inclosed by the morainal
ridges in the valleys and on the lower hillsides These lakes are
similar to each other and different from the alpine lakes in that they
are surrounded by forests (pine, fir, and spruce), and that there is
an abundance of other vegetation growing about them and at the
water’s edge, as a result of which there may be much plant débris
and considerable silt on the bottoms of the lakes. There may also be
a considerable growth of algae and other aquatic plants. These
features, together with the longer season and warmer temperatures,
Fig. 8.—CURVES SHOWING TIE APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE THROUGHOUT
THE YEAR IN THREE SORTS OF LAKES,
set them off distinctly from the lakes of the preceding group, and
we shall see later that the fauna is also quite distinct.
The rock-basin lakes on the upper stream courses are about the
same size, on the average, as the alpine lakes in the cirques above
but probably have less depth. There may be one or more of these
lakes on a stream, which between the lakes usually descends over a
steep terrace often several hundred feet high. (See upper fig., pl. 14.)
The temperature conditions here are somewhat less rigorous than in
the alpine lakes. The cold water flowing out from the higher lakes
beccs-es somewhat warmed, and temperatures from 55° to 60° F.
are -ommon, the latter figure about corresponding to 52° in the higher
lakes. The time of breaking up of the ice in the spring is about a
month earlier than in the higher lakes. Though most of the lakes
of this type are above 10,500 feet, and there are none to correspond
to them at lower elevations, it seems. probable that, if lakes were
present onthe stream courses lower down, the difference in elevation
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 54.
would not give to the lakes a decided faunal peculiarity to differ-
entiate them from those just described.
Morainal lakes, from about 40 of which I have made collections,
are-most abundant between 9,000 and 10,500 feet. These lakes,
very numerous in some localities, are inclosed by a network of
morainal ridges, usually timbered, varying from a few feet to about
100 feet in height. Most of them are small, many of them mere
ponds, and few are more than a few feet deep. They represent
all stages of filling with silt and obliteration by growing vegetation.
At one extreme are those with clean gravel bottoms and at the other
marshes, where the water is entirely hid by plant growth, or meadows
and thickets where the process of filling has produced dry land.
None of these lakes are on large streams and most of them receive
only the surface water from the small basin bounded by the sur-
rounding ridges. Many never have any outflow and others only
at times of high water. They are chiefly of a stagnant character,
in strong contrast to those on the direct course of the streams, and
the water is frequently of a dark brown color, due to the decaying
organic matter on the bottom. (See lower fig., pl. 13.)
Climatic conditions are much less rigorous than in the lakes at
higher elevations. I have not observed the time of the melting of
the ice in the spring, but inquiries among people living in this region
place it at about the last of April, and freezing in the fall is probably
in-October or November. Water temperatures of 55° to 65° F. are
common in June, July, and August, while in some of the lower ones
70° or exceptionally 80° have been recorded. (See fig. 8.)
It is to be noted that all of these lakes are included in the western
or higher half of the area between the Continental Divide and the
plains, and that in the eastern portion (the foothill area), to which
glaciation did not extend, there are very few bodies of standing
water of any sort. Accordingly data from elevations between 5,400
and 8,000 feet are wanting.
METHODS.
In the plains region no special difficulties are experienced in col-
lecting, but in the mountains, especially in the higher and rougher
portions, the work involved in getting from lake to lake is great.
Many of them can be reached only on foot, and my practice was to
make trips of two or three days, carrying food, blankets, and the
necessary collecting materials. For such work I reduced the col-
lecting outfit to a size which was carried in an Army haversack with
special pockets sewed in for vials, etc.
A conical net of No. 10 bolting cloth was used. It was 16 inches
long, with an opening of 5 inches, supported by a stout wire ring,
to which a long cord was attached by three shorter ones. In the
bottom of the net, instead of the screw cup of Dr. E. A. Birge, I em-
NO. 2226. DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. wl
ployed a small copper funnel of about 40 cc. capacity, which may be
stopped with a cork and easily discharged into any suitable vessel.
The funnel was loaded with about 2 ounces of lead to give weight
to throw the net out from shore and to cause it to sink below the
surface of the water. Such a net may be thrown out 50 to 75 feet —
from shore, or, by means of a long cord, drawn across small lakes
or arms of larger ones. In practice I commonly threw out from
several places on the shore and made surface
collections by drawing the net in promptly, or
deeper ones by allowing it to sink to the desired
depth before drawing it in (fig. 9).
During three seasons of collecting by this
method the question often presented itself
whether there is a considerable chance that 1m-
portant species may be overlooked, rendering
unreliable any conclusions based upon such ma-
terial. Comparisons of collections made at dif-
ferent times and at different points on the shore
at the same time lead me to believe that there
is little danger that any but some of the most
infrequent species are likely to be overlooked.
One weak point in my collections is that they
were all made in the summer, which, while secur-
ing the majority of species resident in the lake,
fails to get those which may be winter residents
only. It is probable that in some lakes in lower 4. 9 jnawine oF
2 De AWING OF NET
altitudes there exist species as winter forms that — vsep m maxrne cottec-
are part of the summer fauna in the higher ™%*
ones. From some of these lakes only one collection was made,
while from others material was secured at frequent intervals during
one or two summers. It seems that in the higher lakes, where the
summer season is short, one good collection at the proper time may
be relied upon to contain all species; but in those at lower altitudes,
where the season is longer, and seasonal succession is more marked,
frequent collections are necessary.
THE FAUNA OF THE AREA STUDIED.
General nature and distribution —A tabulated summary of the
results of my collections, by groups of lakes, is given in Table 4,
page 76. From this it will appear that they contain 55 species
including: Phyllopoda, 10; Cladocera, 28; and Copepoda, 17. As
noted in the introductory paragraph, when we add to these species
those recorded by other students, we have a list of 71 known for the
State. So far as possible I have considered all these records in
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 54.
drawing conclusions. Figure 10 includes the total list for the State,
with a graphic expression of the known range of each. The solid
black part of the line represents the range as it appears from my col-
lections and the open part the extension of range from other Colorado
records. The broken lines indicate probable extensions of range into
elevations not covered by the present records and are based upon the
facts of general distribution of each species. The downward exten-
sion of many species below the Colorado records means that these are
common lowland forms in temperate latitudes and do not in Colorado
find their lower limit, inasmuch as even the lowest portions of the
State have considerable elevation.
It is at once evident from the above chart that the species in this
list fall into three groups—(1) those confined to the plains; (2) those
limited to the mountains; (3) those that are not so restricted, but are
found at all elevations. The first two of these groups include the
stenothermic species, those unable to live except within rather nar-
row extremes of temperature. The two stenothermic groups differ
from each other in that while one of them is unable to withstand high
temperatures, the other can not tolerate low. The third group in-
cludes the euthermic species—those not so limited by temperature
conditions, but able to live about equally well within wide limits, such
as those between mountains and plains or between arctic conditions
and tropical. In comparing vertical and latitudinal distribution, the
first of these groups represents the arctic, or far northern, fauna; the
second the more southern forms; while the third is typical of the
species which have a wide north and south range. A brief analysis
will show to what extent this parallel holds and will also point out
that the stenothermic groups are in various respects more narrowly
limited than the euthermic.
In the group confined to the mountains there are 16 species, and
3 others, which, though they do extend to the plains, belong pri-
marily in the higher area, making 19 in all. These 19 species fall
into two groups: (1) Ten species with a wide range in arctic and
subarctic regions (all but one in both old and new worlds), which
here range southward along the higher parts of the Rocky Moun-
tains, a true southward extension of a northern fauna ; and (2) nine
species (some with very narrow ranges), pretty strictly confined to
the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, a purely mountain
fauna having the characteristics of an arctic fauna but including
different species.
The group confined to the plains has somewhat similar components.
Of the 28 species assigned to this group (the position of 3 is some-
what doubtful) 5 are found also in the old world and 6 others have
quite a wide range in the United States. The remaining 17 species
have a rather restricted range on the plains of the western part of
the United States, some few extending into Mexico and southern
NO. 2226, DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 73
Canada. The two stenothermic groups have the common charac-
teristic, that each has a considerable proportion. of species with a
very restricted range. ;
Elevations. feet
NAMES.
WtADLOMUS, SLOSRONG= — oe ee ee
Diaptomus arapahoensis ___~----~------~-----~
Diaptomus coloradensis _______-_____--—____-
DrInvomus invent ===
[Rath ON TE WOO Ea Se
MACLOLIA?) MNOUCONGiaee eee Se Se eee
TAMRC TST GOWN Se ee a ee ee
WiGtOwa- (Seti CY Oa ee oe oe ee
OLOpeCatim. OLtv0erTum_—— =— 53
Hur ycenis Lamellatue——— = ee ee
Alcropenusimarpaesi = — es. eth ss ees eer
Mevanothriac dentata= shes st Sse eee
WAMPLOCETCUS TEClITGStMms —-=4 "== ss ss Va
Pleurocusprocurvatusa— 222 Ss
Aone anecigie 2— | = Sees ee oe ee
VAT OU CLLCAL ER CLS Oats De ek ed ee
Streptocephalus coloradensis_________--_-----~
Branchinecta coloradensts = 3 se es
aptomus NUudus A Loe Sa ee
DD Lentonis, var ipiecinmes tts 2 ti te te eS
Canthocamptus staphylinoides __-___-------~.--
Niveblocerussserricaudatus—— 2
MCCTOULTAD” WICSUUtCOTNIS 2a ~~ oe ee et es
ALO UAC OR ae eB At Ree ee ES
ALON RO MULOL ee eee eee ae eee ee
Ailonmonectangula@as 2 sees 22k ee ebak Age
DTM LOT OLS TL me re ee re
Dephnignypulegt ss. Pere a SEE
Cemogapiinia, TEuCchlatg— 2 = =~
Gertedaphnia- pulehetia~2o~ se
OTLULOTALR SS LCE NA CM ate ne ee ee ee
Oyclops allidws ate Be ee
CYUCLODSADICUSDIAGLUS — 2-8 a eee
Oyciona: sennwlatusist ees Vela eA ee TEA
COUCLODSRUUGIC TR ae eee ee ee
Grapvoleberts ‘testudinarias == 22 i ee
puUNnocepialns serrnulalyss— 2-2-3 22 s
Stmocephalus vetuluse > 5 22) ei FP eee
Scaphoteberis. mucronata____ ==
BOsmina longinostrigs eer are rae Nea .
Canthocamptus minutiso———_--..
Dania nyaunassar 282 tawe “een eter Yr
DaOnnnra wusitlaceawe ae Bat ees Fa a
Dwnhevediatcnassate. “Vari rigs Mois win,
iemidunus sOvlobatU spa 8 ee Se
Diaptomus signicaida Se) 2 Re La” sy
DAUD TONUWS USICULES Ses asap eA We ed Fn Beene
icurorus qaunuctisn ts FIV he
RICUnOUUS Centiculatyus, = -— = ee
Leydigea quadrangularis
Kurzia latissima
Moma trachiatat 05. IORI Was us
Mommaxaiinis = eats TAS OT «Pek a ae et
y I y
L i
AMDT RECUAI GL tee TSE o .
ApUs*nNewberryins 2 ee) OLDS _ B88
Apus longicaudatus
Eulimnadia texana
BHstheria morsei
Fic. 10.—GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF ALTITUDINAL RANGES OF ALL SPECIES OF ENTOMOSTRACA KNOWN
TO OCCUR IN COLORADO. SOLID BARS INDICATE THE RANGE AS SEEN IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE
WRITER: OPEN PORTIONS, EXTENSIONS OF RANGE FROM OTHER RECORDS; DOTTED PORTIONS, PROBABLE
5X TENSIONS OF RANGE INTO ELEVATIONS NOT COVERED BY COLORADO RECORDS, ESPECIALLY INTO
LOWER ELEVATIONS THAN THOSE FOUND IN THE STATE, ;
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 54.
In strong contrast is the third group, including 24 species which
seem about equally.at home in either mountains or plains. Of these
there are 22 common to both old and new worlds, and only two have
a range restricted to the western United States.
Table 3 summarizes the facts presented in the preceding para-
graphs.
TaBLE 3.—Dvstribution of species by groups.
|
eR ; Mountains
Mountains. Plains. and plains.
INMMbeRIS Peles ti EAGlsON OUP Saja, pm anit po sre nia ae ol nlain on oe ninlaieie alalaieclnlalm 19 28 24
Confined tojavestoumsWmited (StAleSe te. ose a eeieewie ce
es | 8 i a i \ititudinal
r ¥ Peay ae | fAL t
Be as |lee|2e/3 8 | range (leet).
boh=) Miry Cpeel ere obs
aS |S) us| 2 2
Si | a | g3 | a |
Be | Her | Saemitionyy
os 50 | EB 44 | oO
4 | & n i} SS a, I
5 ag |o | s
} lo)
Branchinecta coloradensis Packard ..........---.--- 1 Let seateaks 3 Od 5, 100-11, 200
Be PackandtReassenee. = ee eer ges sence Saunas tioneniee 2 2 4, 100-5, 100
Thamnocephalus platyurus Packard....-.-...-.--- 1 1 4,100
Streptocephalus coloradensis Dodds.-.........-.-.-- 1 4 4, 900-8, 850
Sateranus Packer - Ss0 i). Sees saccade sheen 2 2 5, 100-5, 300
Apus aequalis Packard TUBE eee Season |Seeeod Mesos 1 _ 4,100
Aj lucasanus Packard’: 7. 2.255. 22- see eee Se eee Pia eee ASA ee 2 8 | ee eae 2 4, 900-5, 300
Estheria complerimanus Packard.......-..--.-.--- ‘tly eae ER pat le Sees | roots 1 4,900
ESmorseiiPackard “S83 (128. ee eS EI SET CE Ae. Aa Ee CPCS 2 4, 100-5, 100
Dimmnetgs/gouldti arden oat -settoaeis eee teen | Pal gee | ears Ieee ele 2 8, 500-9, 500
LatonaisetiferaOse sie) le Eeee Rees sat EE eer ey a 1h || Be SVS So oe NES De 1 8, 850
Holopedium gibbermm Zaddach. -..222.22222-2.2225.|.2)2_22) 9 1 1 Hod (SRR 11 9, 500-10, 950
Daphnia hyatinaiLeydige: -F38iS fle. SSee HRW NCE) HER Se) SES 1 5,
Dilongisping ©. WaMeees cs ccce cic cebee cece se 1 39 Eu | seach eae Se 48 5, 250-11, 350
‘Dipsitiaceatbairda: te. Se Vas. oA ee eee Ghiss. SIAL EEE SARS 6 4,100
DxpulerhDe Geer secre vases cee eee ceo eececee 3 14 4 20 7| 48 4, 100-11, 650
Scapholeberis mucronata (O. F. M.)..-.-.........- 1 12 UGE GPSS oe 14 5, 400-9, 650
Simocephalus vetulus (O. F. M.)-....--.-.-..--.-.- 3 22 ip ee \ eects 26 4, 100-10, 350
Ceriodaphnia reticulata Jurine.......-.----.-..---- 3 17), S54 22 1 | 1 | 22 4, 100-11, 185
Moinaorachiaia urine) eee. Joc eee eae eee oe fl Seed Seas | rere Fett 7 4,100
Bosmina longirostris (O. F. M.).--...-....----.-.- S| _ SER See 3 4, 100-5, 400
Streblocerus serricaudatus (Fischer).....-.........- 9, 500
Macrothrizx hirsuticornis Norman and Brady.....-. 5, 400-11, 250
Hurnyeernus lamellatusi(Os Be Me) fecha. 2-jncee ----- 0 8, 100-10, 850
Camptocercus rectirostris Schoedier.......-.-.-.--- 8, 880
Alcroperus harpae Bande wecene oa. nas feo eee 8, 100-10, 950
Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fischer)...-.......-.-.- 5, 200-10, 800
Leydigea quadrangularis (Fischer)....-.....--.---- 5,200
AlonainectangulalSars: tess. esate eee - ee aoe 5, 250-11, 250
Amaninis\(Meavdiz)s scene ee eae 8, 100-11, 185
Avgutiota Sars) 49.0 PO esa h itt eh PVT 8, 100-9, 500
Dunhevedia.crassaskeing see oe ee eee eee 5, 400-8, 675
Pleurorus procurvatus Birge........--..--.---.--- 8, 150-9, 500
Ps Gow netus TUTINGls 25 - tee aeeeatek evecare 5, 250
Pidentaculatiws Birge. 2822. 132 Fee Oe Tyas 5, 250-5, 400
Alonelia excisai(Hischer)\a-aacenee eee eee eeeeeeres 8, 100-8, 475
Anetigua GLAlljebore) a: sees ceeeeee see cee ne eel eceeeoe See eee oe Se 1 9, 500
Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. M.)..-.-...-.-..------ 6 32 9 15 9| 71 4, 100-12, 188
Diaptomus albuquerquensis Herrick..-...........- ShISUELE | SES OME eee eae 8 4, 100
D fargpahoensis\D OGAS® a8252 sescose eee eee ees eee enn omlcreee AN Re Bo 4 10, 750-11, 165
Delaviceps: Schacht: Seem. fo-e ee ese cee cheer ON Reree Sa NS SSE Ae | ae 2 4, 100-5, 400
DyeoloradensisMarshis poe eee oe oe eee cee ee eal eae e eee 19 1 8 1/29 8, 675-11, 350
D. leptopus, var. piscinae Forbes... --..-...-.-.--- (*) Die SAAS |S ASA AS 27 8, 100-10, 950
D:liptoni:Borbes.. 2 2260200 see. pees sae 2 9,575
D. niadis Marsh ss ee eee = 7 5, 200-9, 300
D. pallidus Herrick 1 4,100
D. shoshone Forbes 39 9, 250-12, 188
D. siciloides Lilljeborg 2 4,100
Cyclops albidus Jurine 16 4, 100-11, 000
CabicuspidatusiClquseci £2 eae tee ot ne eee ee 38 4, 100-11, 900
Cxserrulatus Wischer, ..hece! Sate ate tee sa eee 30 4, 100-11, 150
CxO swUNrine = eee esses asec ne- eee eee ne 45 4, 100-11, 600
Marshia albuquerquensis Werrick.-............-.--- MN eS Shara ere tae | ee a 1 4,100
Canthocamptus minutis Claus..-....--.-----.----- (G3) eel! eSetie| [oe Seals ase e Py al 10, 200
CxsiaphylinoidestPearse:s Psi 22222. eth nee cede ease Bel dew ae [2 ess 4 9, 250-11, 350
An (*) indicates that the species has been coilected in the zone by other investigators though not appear -
ing in the collections of the writer.
One species in my collections, Diaptomus arapahoensis four lakes),
is confined to the zone, though its frequency is insufficient to be of im-
portance as a characteristic species.
Diaptomus shoshone, though not
NO. 2226. DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. CT
strictly confined to the zone, belongs primarily here and is the chief
differential form. It was found in 33 out of the 43 bodies of water in
the alpine zone and only in 6 of the 63 lakes of the montane zone. It
was first described from Yellowstone Lake by Forbes, and has since
been collected at Pikes Peak by Ward at 11,000 feet, and in the Tol-
land region, and may be taken as a typical alpine form. I have not
found it below 9,250 feet. The species of second importance is
Daphnia pulex (27 lakes), which, though present in all zones, and havy-
ing a general distribution throughout the world, seems to have a par-
ticular significance in this zone. The variety found here is a very
large form with long straight spine and more than the usual number
of anal spines and_of teeth in the pecten. The striking condition is
the frequency with which these two species, Diaptomus shoshone and
Daphnia pulex, are associated together in this zone, so that the two
rather than eithcr one may be said to characterize the fauna of the
zone. In 39 out of the 43 lakes assigned to this zone, one or both of
these species are found, and in 22 cases both of them. This association,
as we shall see presently, gives place, in the montane zone, to another
equally stable one. ‘Third in frequency of occurrence is Chydorus
sphaericus (24 lakes), but as it is common in all zones and in all parts
of the world it does not seem to have any special significance in this
zone. Next in importance comes Diaptomus coloradensis (nine lakes),
which appears to belong in the lower part of this zone, whence it ex-
tends into the montane zone, where it has its greatest abundance.
This species, said by Marsh to be common in the mountain lakes of
Colorado, is closely related to D. tyrelli, a common mountain form in
the western United States. Only one other species need be men-
tioned particularly, Branchinecta coloradensis (five pools). This
phyllopod characterizes the pools of this zone and in them makes
a third member of the pulez-shoshone combination. This species,
common in the pools of the alpine region, has only once (9,575 fect)
appeared in my collections from the montane zone, and this was in
a pond where were also the two primary members of the alpine fauna.
The species was described from material near Grays Peak at 12,000
feet, has been collected near Leadville at 12,500 feet, and on the slopes
of Pikes Peak at 11,000 feet, and ranks as a typical example of a moun-
tain species with a restricted range. One record, however, necessi-
tates somewhat of a changed notion on this point. I have recently
received from Prof. Max M. Ellis a collection from St. Vrain, Colorado
(5,100 feet), dated May 30, 1912, in which are a considerable number
of specimens of this species. This record at once extends its range to
the plains, where it is possible that it is found in the early spring,
though not during the entire summer. The record does not, however,
take away from its significance in the alpine zone, where it is much
more common than at any other elevation. The remaining species of
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 54.
this zone, as may be seen from Table 4, are, for the most part,
euthermic forms ranging up from the plains.
Montane zone.—To this zone I have assigned 63 bodies of water,
nearly all below 11,000 feet (the great majority below 10,500 feet).
In spite of peculiarities of different types of lakes, the faunal char-
acters of this zone are well defined and quite distinct from. those
of either of the others. In this zone I have collected 35 species, 11
of which are confined to the zone, though on the basis of general
distribution 3 of these may be expected in the plains. Three
other species, evidently belonging primarily to this zone, are found
in one or two lakes each, at Boulder, just at the edge of the plains,
but not in plains lakes more remote from the mountains. In addi-
tion to these species there are the usual euthermic forms, common
at all altitudes, which make a large part of the fauna of all zones.
On account of the absence of lakes in the foothill region of the moun-
tains (between 5,400 and 8,100 feet) there are certain points about
the fauna of this zone in doubt, especially the nature of the transi-
tion between montane and plains zones. In describing the fauna of
this zone it will be well to treat first the 49 lakes of the morainal
type, more or less stagnant in their nature, and later those directly
on the stream courses (14 in number).
In the morainal lakes there have been found 34 species (including
all but one of those found in the zone), and in this region I think of
the morainal lakes as beirg typical of the zone. The characteristic
species, Diaptomus leptopus, var. piscinae (27 of the 49 lakes), is
confined to the zone except for one record by Marsh of its occurrence
in the lake on the university campus at Boulder. The most abun-
dant species is Daphnia longispina (39 lakes), which, though it is a
widespread species in temperate lowlands throughout the world, in
our region seems to belong, primarily, to the montane zone, for it is
not found at all in the alpine lakes, and on the planes of the State
it has so far been found in only one lake near Boulder, close to the
mountains. Here, as in the alpine zone, the frequent association
of two species (a copepod and a cladoceran) is conspicuous, and
- the two above mentioned form a pair which, in the montane zone,
replaces the pulex-shoshone group of the alpine zone. In 43 lakes
one or both are found and in 23 both. Though neither member ot
this pair has been found in any alpine lake, the members of the
alpine pair have been found in this zone, Daphnia pulex (14), Diapto-
mus shoshone (5 times), but there is only one case where all four
species have been collected from the same lake.
In spite of this ard other cases of partial mixing of these two faunas
the fact is quite evident that the two arrangements (pulex-shoshone
and longispina-leptopus) are very much more frequent than either
of the other possible combinations of these four species, and it is
NO. 2226, DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 79
equally clear that one pair belongs primarily to the alpine and the
other to the montane zone. These two sets of species are nearly
mutually exclusive, the conditions necessary for the one being so
different from those demanded by the other that it amounts essen-
tially to mutual repulsion. This is especially true of the two species
of Diaptomus and to a marked degree also of Diaptomus shoshone
and Daphnia longispina. A third species of importance is Diaptomus
coloradensis (19 lakes), found also in the alpine zone, which seems
about equally well at home in either zone and to have about equal
relations to each of the two combinations. It is to be noted, how-
ever, that in neither zone is it so abundant as the definitive Diap-
tomus of that zone.
The significance of such combinations of species as the above is
that they may be used as a measure of ecological conditions. In
our area Diaptomus shoshone and Daphnia pulex are ecologically
similar, as are also the corresponding members of the montane pair,
and the two pairs are ecologically dissimilar, though the lack of
similarity is not the same in degree between all of these species.
Though we are unable to measure in physical and chemical units
the complex of conditions required for any of the above species, the
frequency of their association together gives us an index for the
measurement of the similarity of the conditions demanded. Con-
ditions required by two species may be so similar that one is seldom
found without the other, or they may be so unlike that they are as
mutually exclusive as if one actually repelled the other. I have
reduced to percentages the frequency of association of the members
of these two pairs and also of Diaptomus coloradensis, which is a
frequent associate of both. In Table 5 are shown the association
percentages of each of these species in the alpine and montane zones.
It is read as follows: Daphnia pulex is found in 45 lakes, in 27 per
cent of which Daphnia longispina is found, in 20 per cent Diaptomus
leptotus, etc.
TABLE 5.—Association percentages.
._ | Daphnia | Diapto- | Diapto- | Diapto-
Name. D aan longi- | mus lep- | mus sho-| mus colo- ee
P ; spina. topus. shone. | radensis. 5
POPIVRUY TULEL cee con. Saleen nue aekee veces alaet decane S 27 20 58 25 | 45
Daphnia longispina............-.2+--+2+--- D5 eka Sune 49 8 34 47
Dia DiOMUs LEPLOPUS —< ee ne docs cet cent 33. | atl ba ae 4 26 | 27
PADIONULS SROSHONE: - 22. =ta-e eee ake ee 66 | 10 Salever so shes 30 | 39
Diaptomus coloradensis..........---.------ 38 55 24 ADD etn sacas 29
From the above table the high association percentages between
the two members of each pair are evident as well as the low correla-
tion between the two species of Diaptomus or between Diaptomus
Shoshone and Daphnia longispina. Such figures as the above are
useful in giving other sorts of information about the inter-relations
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 54.
of the several species, as for instance, the less restricted nature of
Daphnia pulex and Diaptomus coloradensis, evidenced by their more
uniform correlation percentages, contrasted with the wide variability
of correlation of each of the other three species. In using such figures
care must be exercised not to attach to them greater significance
than is justified on the basis of the number of localities collected and
the frequency of occurrence of the various forms, but in this table
I suspect that the significance of the figures is less, rather than
greater, than the actual facts, because, in some cases, two species
are computed as living in the same lake when one of them is plainly
the dominant form and clearly belongs there, while the other one is
present in small numbers and barely manages to exist.
In a similar manner I computed correlation percentages between
all the species in my collections, and though such figures when ar-
ranged in the form of a table were useful in the analysis of my data
they do not seem of sufficient importance to publish. I merely sug-
gest this as a possible means of analysis for other data of this sort.
The following northern species, which range southward along the
mountain range, are entirely or nearly confined to these lakes, and
belong primarily to the montane zone: Limnetis gouldii (3 lakes),
Latona setifera (1), Holopedium gibberum (9), Eurycerus lamellatus
(8), Acroperus harpae (11), Camptocercus rectirostris (2), Alonella
excisa (2), and Alonella exigua (1). Two other species worthy of
mention are Diaptomus lintoni (2), described from the Yellowstone
region, and Diaptomus nudus (5), described from lakes at Pikes Peak
at 11,000 feet, apparently under alpine conditions, but in the Tolland
region not found above the montane zone. Simocephalus vetulus
(22), the dominant Cladoceran in marshes and weedy pools of this
zone, is widespread and common in all zones except the alpine, from
which it may be shut out by the lack of plant growth rather than
by extreme climatic conditions, an indirect rather than a direct effect
of altitude. Chydorus sphaericus and four species of Cyclops are
common here but have no significance as they are met with every-
where. Other species not of special significance may be learned by
reference to Table 4.
Of the other lakes of this Zone, the 14 on stream courses, it is
difficult to give a good characterization. At first I was inclined to
place them in a separate zone, the subalpine, but because of the lack
of lakes of this type in elevations below 10,000 feet it is not possible
to tell which of their faunal characters are due to altitude. Barker
Reservoir (8,200 feet), a lake of the same sort, has somewhat similar
faunal characters, a fact which leads me to suppose that their fauna
does not give place to a different one in lower altitudes.
That these lakes are definitely distinct from those of the alpine
zone is clearly indicated by the fact that while the dominant forms
No. 2226. DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 81
of the alpine lakes are constantly being carried into these lakes by
the streams, yet they do not find a footing here, Daphnia pulex
being found in small numbers in three of them and Diaptomus
shoshone in but one. It is equally conspicuous that not only the
definitive species, but also other important and common forms of the
montane morainal lakes are either wanting or very scarce here,
Diaptomus leptopus being wanting and Diaptomus longispina, though
found in 8 of the 14, was never abundant. On the positive side we
may say that the fauna of these lakes comprises 18 species, usually
present in very small numbers, most of which are euthermic forms,
found at all altitudes. The only species which attains anything like
abundance is Cyclops bicuspidatus, found in 10 of the 14 lakes, in 5
of which it is abundant. Not only does it seem more at home here
than does any other species, but it is more abundant here -than in
any other type of lake studied. The reasons for assigning these lakes
to the montane zone are unwillingness, on the basis of the present
data, to constitute them a separate zone; evident separateness from
the alpine lakes; their geographical relations; and the fact that most
of their species are also found in the morainal lakes of the montane
zone.
These two kinds of lakes I have taken as constituting the montane
zone, and because those of the morainal sort are more abundant I
have come to think of them as the representative type of the zone,
to which I have referred the others. If the latter kind were the
more abundant the faunal characters of the zone would be defined
quite otherwise than they have been; but in either case, the dis-
tinctness from those above and from those on the plains would
remain, and the differences seem in either instance to be due to
altitude rather than to peculiarities which might equally well be
duplicated at any elevation.
As already pointed out, the absence of lakes in the lower portion
of the mountain region, a strip about 12 miles wide, makes it impos-
sible to get data to show the nature of the fauna in the foothill
region and the transition between montane and plains faunas. The
small evidence we have bearing on this question seems to indi-
cate that probably the chief species of the montane zone continue
to be the dominant forms through the foothill area, wherever there
are bodies of water. The finding of Diaptomus leptopus, var. pis-
cinae (1), D. nudus (2), and Daphnia longispina (1), montane forms,
in lakes near Boulder, just at the edge of the plains, though not in
plains collections more remote from the mountains, seems to indicate
that these species, in the foothill region as in the higher lakes, may
continue to be important forms.
Plains zone.—My own data concerning the plains lakes are some-
what meager, due to the loss, before I had studied them, of a con-
3343—19—Proe.N.M.vol.54——7 caw
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 54.
siderable number of collections. My records are from only 7 lakes
in the Boulder region and 11 near La Junta. To get a fairly ade-
quate notion of the fauna of the plains I have, accordingly, had to
supplement my own records with all others available, chiefly those
of Beardsley from the Greeley region, and still our knowledge of
the plains fauna is less complete than of that of the mountains.
My own collections from lakes on the plains include 36 species. The
total list is 50, and 5 others, though collected only in the mountains,
are to be expected also on the plains, making a total considerably
larger than that of both mountain zones combined. Of these 55
species, 28 have been collected only in the plains, though a few of
these, on the basis of general distribution, are to be expected in the
mountains also. The remaining 27 range upward into mountain
zones. The few lakes collected in the Boulder region, just at the
border between mountains and plains, but really in the plains, seem
to have a fauna somewhat resembling that of the montane zone,
indicating, as is to be expected, that there is not a sharp dividing
line, and that these lakes belong as much to the mountains as to the
plains.
Concerning the composition of the fauna it is unnecessary to go
into detailed description, as it is made up chiefly of species which
are common members of lowland faunas in America and to a con-
siderable extent in Europe and other Old World areas. This is
particularly true of the euthermic members of this fauna, but as
pointed out previously (Table 3), it is not true to a large extent of
the stenothermic members, those 28 species found only in the plains
area, of which 17 are confined to the western part of the United
States and 6 others to North America. This condition indicates
that like the fauna of the mountain lakes, that of the plains is also
considerably specialized. This is a condition contrary to expecta-
tion, for we are accustomed to think of the plains conditions as the
‘‘ordinary” and the mountains as the ‘‘exceptional” and so cal-
culated to produce the exceptional fauna. It appears, however,
that in the great plains of this country, especially their western
portion (probably on account of their arid climate) there exist con-
ditions of a quite specialized nature, differing decidedly from those
of lowland countries in general. This may furnish an explanation
for the restricted range of a considerable proportion of the species
of the plains zone in Colorado. A conspicuous feature of this fauna
is the large proportion of Phyllopods (12 species) confined exclu-
sively to the plains zone, none of which has a range extending beyond
the semiarid plains of western United States, northern Mexico, and
southern Canada, and most of them are much more restricted than
that. Though Phyllopods are universally distributed and every
portion of the world is likely to have the group represented in its
NO. 2226, DISTRIBUTION OF ENTOMOSTRACA—DODDS. 83
fauna, it is very unusual for so large a proportion of a fauna to fall
within this group. Of the 42 North American species of Phyllopods,
16 have been found in Colorado (12 confined strictly to the plains)
and 25 are confined to the area west of the meridian of Kansas City.
These species are the part of the fauna which differentiates it from
that of most lowlands in temperate regions. This type of fauna finds
a suitable home in the transient pools of the arid plains, from which
the species unable to endure these conditions are excluded. Because
other types of lakes and ponds were almost unknown here until the
development of irrigation produced them, the more generalized por-
tion of the fauna has not had the same chance to develop, and it is
probable that even with the facility of dispersal which characterizes
plankton organisms, an equilibrium has not yet been reached, so that
we may expect the next period of years to produce considerable changes.
Though the exploration in no part of the area studied has been
anything like complete (especially deficient in the plains area) it is
pretty evident that three well-defined zones exist, and while farther
investigations may change many details, it seems safe to assume that
what has been presented here expresses fairly weil the main facts.
Table 4, page 76, expresses briefly the facts about zonation. It would
be of interest to learn how far this zonation may be applicable to
other portions of the Rocky Mountain region, and to what extent the
dominant species may be the same in other localities, but up to the
present, in other mountain areas in this country, insufficient work has
been done to give a very definite notion of its plankton Crustacea.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER MOUNTAIN FAUNAS.
Though no extensive work on mountain plankton Crustacea has
been done in this country, there has been accomplished in Europe
some work of considerable importance, notably in two regions, the
Alps and the mountains of the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Important among work in the Alps is that of Zschokke (1900)
treating other European mountains as well. Much of his descriptive
matter dealing with the nature of lakes and streams, and his photo-
graphs of lakes in the Alps, might well be used to illustrate conditions
in the higher part of the mountains of the Tolland region. His
description of a typical alpine lake essentially describes lakes of our
own alpine zone, so that we are justified in making a direct compari-
son of the fauna. The only conspicuous difference is that in the Alps
corresponding conditions are reached at a lower elevation than in the
Colorado Rockies. A comparison of the plankton Crustacea beings
out a striking similarity also, for though so far separated geographi-
cally, a comparison of the 63 species from the Alps with the 44
reported from our own mountains shows 19 species in common
(Table 6). Zschokke’s data are not presented in such a way as to
84 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUUH. VOL. 54,
make it possible to determine if there is a zonation similar to that
just described for our own mountains, and a comparison of the greatest
recorded elevations for each of the 19 common species, while showing
a general agreement, also presents some striking differences which
make comparisons on this basis of little direct use. The average
difference in greatest elevations is approximately 3,500 feet, which
probably expresses the relative values of altitude in the two regions
as affecting plankton Crustacea.
TABLE 6.—S>pecies common to the three mountain regions.
Cae 2 Seed: sole, 2 Swed-
rado | Swiss| is rado | Swiss} ish
Name. Moun-| Alps. | Moun- Name. Moun-| Alps. | Moun-
tains. tains. || tains. tains.
Holopedium gibberum....-...- * * * Alona guitata:.2..2.-......-- * * *
Daphnia longispina.......--- * * * Alona quadrangularis.......-|..-..-- * *
Daphnia pulex.......-------- * * * Alonella excisa...-..-.-.----- E Mee Sacer *
Dapiiahyqung S72 ee s-\0 a Tent) Fee erase Alonella exigua.......--..--- OU lsc cceceleees
Simocephalus vetulus.......- ae viel|h Se * Pleurozus truncatus .......-- once ale * *
Ceriodaphnia pulchelia.......| * | * |..--..- Chydorus sphaericus ........- * * *
Ceriodaphnia quadrangula...|..--..- [epi se * Cyclops albidus............-- * ton DS SERS
Scapholeberis mucronata....- ae * C, bicuspidatus .......:5-2- ipl ipa eat . ar 38 Le evs eae sn Oe
, ma . ’ Seat oo Cee Pree Peace chet tet) rie die
. se pan Sen Oreity Cant Cet AOA: Cnt Net
. . . . Ge 6h oo coe) scp eeererie, 7
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Fe * Amer . Te le) ass Tee eee ates ay eis
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Taare 8.—List of lakes, with the elevation and fauna of each.
uP fai ea, lal | dala alal leah] TI J TT eee
aE lFialalél a] elele be be rele|a le) tameet | | | a eae ai, | |
ee Bs j 3 p19 18/2) ef 1g S|8i1eig ae 8 8 is ea Big] 5 2/3 5 : ’ | i
= ap UP LAU APE DESE UD OE OPaR AEP APaRAD OPAETEOrAE | Parthia gl tleleig betel ils Aediady ri lily
| EI i | 2 z 3 2 | ae 5 He Fd 3 S/\/eE/E Ke se a Hee ce Eo) 8 |e 2 13 | S \elels |: 3 3 i ia i 2 § | i a i
POE UE UEULUH AT AEGeceaEAP EOP OD OPAPP AEE TCU FUE aL OPO ara TC aE Or THe
PEP URGE eee
lonny Pool No, 1. + Cee
Feteettte
4) +444
++
+ettetetee
=
)
Low Arapahoe Lako (North.
North Rename I ake, y i
Od iia eee ne eee cieened NAUKA ese iia- =7poan a s|tee gen [orien sine t ai Smt os] Semen |a see se] denne emmenbne dened ots |veaneunecmpabewes|aeecer|sererelycnseclacexaelasnnbnwants
FFF eeettt! Het
t$tt+
+4444!
b4eetbtt +
+:
Reynolds Lak
Trost Tomond
pee arate Pee 10, 800 |
er Triple Lake. ae Sod = al ae Sas Pen ee eras Sosees Nenad Peceedl harman fect |) oka Rerres Wancad Ca ens coed |b So leet ig eae asi ieee babe eich eit SOCEOY bain
fel ieee aeepr. eeree omer | Cc (BEES Baaoe maps Rane ol ie teeta bc Betas pce Uc cee es Me ET
Porker Reservoli 8, 200 6 SET atest se eenesleseveelsevessicesaselsisescisacses|sneveyleveneelssenes senses!
Double Lake aioe
East Buck Lake
East Forest Lake.
North Forest Lake
Triple Pool No.
Triple Pool No.
Hummock Pool,
+i tttetttes
FEEtHH+t+
ae ane
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 54 PL. 13
LAKE AT SEMPER, COLORADO (5,400 FEET)
A lake of the plains with the mountains in view in the background
REDROCK LAKE (10,000 FEET)
A montane lake of the morainal type
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 54 PL. 14
CRATER LAKES AS SEEN FROM THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE
Shows an alpine lake in a cirque at timber line (11,000 feet) and several Montana lakes at lower
elevations
IcE LAKE (12,188 FEET)
A lake of the alpine zone. Photograph taken August 1, 1914
NEW FLIES OF THE GENUS SARCOPHAGA FROM GUAM
AND THE PHILIPPINES.
R. R. Parker,
Of the State College, Bozeman, Montana.
This paper, containing descriptions of four new species of Sar-
cophaga, is based on material from the Philippine Islands and Guam
belonging to the United States National Museum.
SARCOPHAGA SUBTUBEROSA, new species.
Holotype.—Male, United States National Museum (No. 21497).
Bears number 1255; collector, D. T. Fulloway, Guam.
Allotype.—Female, United States National
Museum (No. 21497). No record number;
collector, D. T. Fulloway; Guam.
Paratypes.—United States National Mu-
seum, one male, four females.
Length.—8 to 12 mm.
(Male) Head.—Viewed from side para-
frontals and genae with dark reflections, not
intensified on transverse impression. Breadth
of front at narrowest part varies from slightly
less to slightly greater than one-half eye
width; cheek height approximately one third yy¢. 1. sarcopHaca suBTUBER-
that of eye. Front prominent; frontal vitta — 0sa. @.¢., ANTERIOR CLASPERS;
: a. p., ACCESSORY PLATE; f., FOR-
at narrowest part of front nearly orfully twice cups. 9. 5, rImst GENITAL SEG-
as wide as each parafrontal, its sides parallel — =z; 9. 8.2, szconD GENITAL
or slightly converging backward. Second — SVQuiNt P: t Bosmmnton
antennal segment dark; third about twice
length of second; arista plumose to beyond middle. Back of head
somewhat convex, with one row of black cilia behind eyes, other-
wise clothed with whitish or yellowish-white hair that completely
covers metacephalon and extends on to posterior part of cheek.
Anterior part of latter clothed with black hair. Gena with a row
of hairs near lower eye orbit; other hairs, if present, very minute.
Palpi dark.
Chaetotacy—Lateral verticals absent; vibrissae inserted just
above line of oral margin; each row of frontals extends below base
of vitta and diverges from inner edge of gena.
PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 54—NoO. 2227.
90 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou, 54.
Thoraz.—Mesonotum clothed with rather short, reclinate bristles.
Hairs covering anterior spiracle light yellowish except at very
base; those of anterior margin of posterior spiracle mostly dark
brownish but faintly lighter at very tips; those of spiracular cover
light yellowish throughout.
Wings.—Bend of fourth vein a right or very slightly acute angle;
anterior cross-vein more basal than end of first longitudinal; third
vein bristly; costal spine vestigial; section III of costa about one
and one half times section V; alulae fringed with hair; calypters
whitish, margins fringed with whitish hair.
Legs.—Dark. Posterior femur clothed beneath with fine hairs
that do not become longer and beard-like posteriorly; anterior face
with three rows of bristles, those of intermediate row shortest and
absent distally; posterior face without ventral row of bristles; tibia
straight or shghtly curved, only the posterior face with a weak beard
of long, coarse hairs on distal two-thirds to three-fourths; tarsus not
shorter than the tibia. Middle femur clothed beneath on posterior,
proximal half with beard-hke growth of long hairs; anterior ventral
row of short bristles complete, posterior row represented by ‘‘comb”’
only, which extends back to the long hairs: submesotibial bristle
present. Ventral surface of anterior coxa with an irregular row of
bristles at each side only.
Chaetotary.—Anterior dorsocentrals not weaker than anterior
postsuturals and longer than vestiture of prescutum; acrostichals
absent; immer presuturals very weak: last two pairs of posterior
dorsocentrals much the stronger, anterior to these two or three
pairs scarcely longer than vestiture of scutum; prescutellar acros-
tichals present; scutellar apicals present; three sternopleurals; lower
sternopleura with a single row of bristles, otherwise clothed with hair.
Abdomen.—Somewhat conical or slightly oval, clothed above
with short, reclinate bristles, beneath with longer, more erect hair
that becomes much longer on fourth notum. Vestiture of fourth
ventral plate very short and strongly reclinate or decumbent.
Chaetotaxy.—Second segment without marginal bristles; third
with two, and with two or three laterals on each side; fourth with a
complete row ending ventrally in long hairs.
Genital segments.—Not prominent, usually only second segment
and membranous band between it and first showing, ground color
usually black or blackish but sometimes brownish. First, some-
times faintly grayish pollinose, in profile slightly arched, marginal
bristles absent; second, rotund, very slightly flattened, vestiture
slightly longer than that of first; anal area small. Forceps black or
blackish, base with long, slightly curly hairs a little longer than
vestiture of second segment; prongs approximated for about half
their length, tips bare. Connecting membrane, on each side just
anterior to “humps,” with a row of long hairs.
No. 2227. FLIES FROM GUAM AND THE PHILIPPINES—PARKER. 91
Genitalia.—Similar to those of S. tuberosa Pandellé, S. sarrace-
nioides Aldrich, ete. Accessory plates hairy. Fifth ventral plate
not distinguishable from that of S. harpax Pandellé; base with sharply
angular median ridge, in profile its posterior extremity not upturned;
lamellae expanded, their inner edges with prominent fringe of bristles.
Female.—These differ from males in the following important
characters:
Head.—Breadth of front at its narrowest part equal to or slightly
less than eye width. Frontal vitta a little wider than each para-
frontal.
Thoraz.—Vestiture of scutellum very short, strongly reclinate.
Legs.—Posterior trochanter with slender, apical bristle; bristles
of intermediate row of anterior face of femur lacking or a few scarcely
differentiated bristles proximally; posterior face usually with two
ventral, proximal bristles. Middle femur with complete posterior
ventral row of short bristles, ‘‘comb”’’ not differentiated.
Chaetotaxy.—Three or four sternopleurals, rarely five.
Abdomen.—Oval; vestiture throughout of short reclinate bristles
except that of ventral surface of fourth notum, which is erect and
hairy.
Genital segments.—Not protuberant, not visible from above.
First segment not divided into two lateral lips but often very
slightly carinated (anterio-posteriorly) along the mid-dorsal line,
ground color varies from that of abdomen (blackish) to orange
brown; often with same pollinose colors as abdomen; spiracles
central, but usually concealed by edge of fourth notum. Fifth
and sixth ventral plates fused, wider than fourth; fifth usually
grayish pollinose, much broader than long, its posterior margin
with a few bristles (one or two) at each side; the heavily chitinized
portion of sixth polished, consistmg of a short, anterior part and
two rounded posterior lobes (one on each half), each lobe with
apical bristles.
Described from three male and eight female specimens.
Range.—Guam, Philippine Islands.
This fly is of interest primarily as a subspecies of Sarcophaga
tuberosa Pandellé. It is at once distinguished from other described
subspecies by the presence of but a single row of black cilia behind
the eyes and the white vestiture on the posterior portion of the cheek.
All other subspecies known have three rows of black cilia and the
cheek vestiture black. The tip of the forceps prongs of subtuberosa
are attenuated. At least another subspecies, S. tuberosa harpaz
Pandellé occurs in the Orient.1_ A male and female were included
in the material from the Philippines.
1 Bottcher (Ent. Mitt., vol. 1, 1912, p. 164) reports it from Formosa.
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 54..
S. subtuberosa is also interesting as an apparent lnk connecting
the tuberosa and haemorrhoidalis groups of Béttcher.1 The penis
and genital segments are similar to those of the tuberosa subspecies
of the tuberosa group and the fifth ventral plate is like that of harpax
and tuberosa. The single row of black cilia behind the eyes, the
white vestiture on the posterior portion of the cheek, and the undi-
vided nature of the first genital segment of the female all suggest
the haemorrhoidalis group (S. haemorrhoidalis Fallen, S. ruficornis
Wiedemann, S. falculata Pandellé, 8. securifera Villeneuve, etc.)
Three of the female paratypes are from the Philippme Islands,
two bear the accession number 1312 (B. Arce, collector), and the
other 1306. The allotype is also from the Philippmes and is labeled
“Acc. No. Bur. Agr. P. I.”’ The remaming female paratypes are
from Guam (collector D.T. Fulloway). Females from the Philippines
have the first genital segment a dull brownish orange (possibly due to
imperfectly hardened reared material), those from Guam have this
segment deep brown or blackish.
SARCOPHAGA CRINITA, new species.
Holotype.-—Male, United States National Museum -(No. 21498).
Acc. No. 1537; collector, B. Arce; Philippine Islands.
Allotype.—Female, United States National Museum (No. 21498).
Acc. No. 1431; collector, B. Arce; Philippe Islands.
Paratype.—United States National Museum, one male.
Length.—9-10 mm.
Male, head.—Viewed from side parafrontals and genae with
dark reflections, transverse impression with a brownish tinge.
Breadth of front at narrowest part about three-sevenths that of
eye (exactly in three specimens measured); cheek height approxi-
mately one-fifth that of eye. Front prominent; frontal vitta at
narrowest part of front about twice as wide as each parafrontal,
its sides very slightly converging backward. Second antennal
segment dark; third about three times length of second; arista
plumose on basal half or slightly more. Back of head almost flat
or somewhat convex, with three rows of black cilia behind eye, other-
wise clothed with silvery-white hair that completely covers meta-
cephalon. Cheek vestiture black except possibly for a few scattered
white hairs posteriorly. Gena with a row of bristly hairs near lower
eye orbit, other hairs if present very minute. Palpi dark.
Chaetotacy.—Lateral verticals absent; vibrissae inserted on line
with oral margin; each row of frontals extends below base of vitta
and diverges from inner edge of gena.
Thoraz.—Mesanotum clothed with rather short, reclinate bristles.
Hairs covering anterior spiracle dark brown or blackish, though some-
times faintly light colored at tips; those of anterior margin of
1 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 1912.
no. 2227. FLIHS FROM GUAM AND THE PHILIPPINES—PARKER. 93
posterior spiracle dark brown or blackish; those of spiracular cover
dark colored, sometimes faintly yellowish at tips forming a narrow,
yellow border.
Wings.—Bend of fourth vein a right or a very slightly acute angle;
anterior cross-vein slightly more basal than end of first longitudinal,
third vei bristly (about two-thirds or three-fourths of distance to
anterior cross vein); costal spine vestigial; section III of costa
equal to or slightly greater than section V; alulae fringed with
hair; calypters whitish, margins fringed with white hair,
Legs.—Dark. Posterior femur clothed beneath with short hairs;
anterior face with three rows of bristles, those of intermediate row
shortest, weak and absent distally, those of lower row few and
scattered; posterior ventral row of bristles present
on proximal half only: tibia straight or slightly
curved, beards absent: tarsus approximately same
length as tibia. Middle femur with short, scattered
hairs beneath; anterior and posterior ventral rows
of bristles complete, bristles of their distal halves
weak and inconspicuous, “comb’’ not developed:
submesotibial bristle present. Ventral surface of .
anterior coxa with an irregular row of bristles at "oN (arn
each side only. s LETTERING AS IN
Chaetotaxy.—Dorsocentrals strongly reclinate. An- ™* 1)
terior dorsocentrals quite long, slightly longer than anterior pairs of
postsuturals; acrostichals present; inner presuturals absent: four
pairs posterior dorsocentrals, the two anterior pairs much the weaker
though considerably longer than vestiture of scutum; praescutellar
acrostichals present; scutellar apicals present: three sternopleurals:
lower sternopleura with bristles only.
Abdomen.—Somewhat conical or slightly oval, clothed above
with short, reclinate bristles, beneath with longer, more erect hair
that does not become longer on fourth notum. Vestiture of fourth
ventral plate shortest and strongly reclinate or decumbent.
Chaetotaxy.—Second segment without marginal bristles; third with
two; fourth with complete row.
Genital segments ——Not prominent, usually only second segment
and membranous band between it and first showing. First, ground
color, brownish, faintly grayish pollinose, in profile slightly arched,
marginal bristles absent, vestiture short and sparse: second, very
noticeably flattened, blackish, vestiture longer than that of first;
anal area small and extending above middle of posterior surface.
Forceps black or blackish, base without upward flap-like extensions
or at most these are short and inconspicuous, vestiture shorter than
that of second segment; prongs approximated for about two-thirds
their length, then separated and bent prominently forward, each tip
with a minute tooth.
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 54.
plate concealed in specimens examined by overlapping of ventral
edges of fourth notum. Claspers short and slender; anterior pair
curved forward and slightly expanded at very tip.
Female.—These differ from males in the following important
characters:
Head.—Breadth of front at its narrowest part slightly greater
than one-half eye width. Frontal vitta equal to or slightly wider
than each parafronital.
Legs.—intermediate row of bristles of anterior face of posterior
femur at most represented by a few slender, weak bristles proximally.
Abdomen.—Oval; vestiture throughout of short, reclinate bristles.
Genital segments.—Not protuberant, not visible from above.
First genital segment divided into two lateral lips, ground color,
black or blackish and more or less grayish pollinose.
Described from three male and two female specimens.
Range.—Philippine Islands.
In all three male specimens examined the lower row of bristles of
the anterior face of the third femur consisted of four bristles, two
near the center and one distal and one proximal to these that were
farther from the central bristles than these were from each other.
SARCOPHAGA ORIENTALIS, new species.
Holotype.—Male, United States National Museum (No. 21499).
Length —14 mm.
Male, head.—Viewed from side parafrontals and genae with dark
reflections, not intensified on transverse impression. Breadth of
front at narrowest part about one-half eye width;. cheek height
approximately one-third that of eye. Front prominent; frontal
vitta at narrowest part of front about same width as each parafrontal,
its sides slightly converging backward and the margins somewhat
effaced below ocellar triangle. Second antennal segment dark;
third at least twice length of second; arista plumose to beyond middle.
Back of head slightly convex, with three rows of black cilia behind
eyes, otherwise clothed with whitish hair that completely covers
metacephalon. Cheek vestiture black. Gena with row of short
hairs close to lower eye orbit, continued as very minute hairs up on to
parafrontals. Palpi dark.
Chaetotary.—Lateral verticals present; vibrissae inserted on line
with oral margins; each row of frontals extends below base of vitta
and diverges slightly from inner edge of gena.
Thorax.—Mesanotum clothed with short reclinate bristles. Hairs
covering anterior and posterior spiracles dark except at tips.
Wings.—Bend of fourth vein a slightly acute angle; anterior cross-
vein nearer end of first than end of second longitudinal; third vein
No. 2227. FLIES FROM GUAM AND THE PHILIPPINES—PARKER. 95
bristly; costal spine vestigial; section Ili of costa slightly greater
than section V; calypters whitish, margins fringed with whitish hair.
Legs.—Dark. Posterior femur clothed beneath with long, fine
hairs, that become longer and beard-like posteriorly; anterior face
with well-developed upper and intermediate rows of bristles, lower
row represented by only two bristles at distal end and with longer,
slender, bristle-like hairs proximal to them; posterior face without
ventral row of bristles: tibia with long, well developed anterior and
posterior beards, latter the longer and more dense; anterior face
with a single slender, median bristle (besides those near median dorsal
ridge) on distal portion: tarsus not shorter than tibia. Middle femur
clothed beneath on posterior, proximal half with pro-
nounced beard-like growth of long hairs; anterior,
veniral row of short bristles present only on distal
half, posterior row represented only by strong ‘‘comb”’:
tibia clothed beneath on distal half with long hair
that tends to become beard-like anteriorly and pos-
teriorly; submeso-tibial bristle absent. Ventral sur-
face of anterior coxa with a row of bristles at each
side only.
Chaetotaxry.—Anterior dorsocentrals short, but “"3.° 7 SARCOPRA
longer than vestiture of praescutum; acrostichals and (Same Lerreria
inner presuturals absent: only last two pairs postsu- “*™ "°°"
tural dorsocentrals well developed; prescutellar acrostichals present:
scutellar apicals present: three sternopleurals, strong: lower sterno-
pleura with long bristle-like hair.
Abdomen.—Clothed above with short reclinate bristles, beneath
with longer erect hairs that become still longer on fourth notum.
Chaetotaxy.—Second segment without dorsal, marginal bristles;
third with two dorsal and on each side two lateral.
Genital segments.—Second segment shining black, first dull and
brownish. First, in profile slightly arched, marginal bristles absent,
vestiture shorter and finer than on second; second, rotund, slightly
flattened, vestiture on center long and somewhat bristle-like, anal area
small. Forceps black, separated from slightly beyond base, tips bent
forward and a little convergent; base with long, fine hairs; at forward
bend near tip of prongs cach with a tuft of prominent bristles (see
in profile).
Genitalia.—Claspers blackish, anterior pair very broad. Distal
portion of penis brownish, with very large, lateral, chitinous processes
extending anteriorly.
Described from one male specimen collected by B. Arce and
bearing label, ‘‘Acc. No. 1317, Bur. Agr. P. I.”
Range.—Philippine Islands.
The parafrontals, genae, and posterior eye orbits are golden
pinollose. The abdomen of the type-specimen is so distorted that
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 54.
the ventral plates can not be seen. The genital segments are mounted
on a cardboard point and pinned with the specimen.
SARCOPHAGA KNABI, new species.
Holotype.—Male, United States National Museum (No. 21500).
Paratype.—United States National Museum (No. 21500), one male.
Length.—10-12 mm.
Male, head.—Parafrontals and genae dull brassy to bright golden
pollinose, also posterior eye orbits. Breadth of front at narrowest
part slightly more than one-half eye width; cheek height approxi-
mately two-fifths that of eye. Front not prominent; frontal vitta
at narrowest part of front about twice width of each parafrontal, its
sides slightly converging backward. Second an-
tennal segment dark; third about twice length of
second; arista plumose to beyond middle. Back of
head somewhat convex, with one row of black
cilia behind eyes, otherwise clothed with whitish,
yellowish hair that completely covers metacephalon.
Cheek clothed with whitish or yellowish hairs.
Gena with row of small hairs close to lower eye
Fic.4.—SARCOPHAGA orbit. Palpi dark.
ce pee Chaetotary.—Lateral verticals may be weakly
TERING AS IN FIG. 1.) F 3 : 4 :
developed; vibrissae inserted on line with oral mar-
gin; each row of frontals scarcely if at all extending below base of
vitta, the lowermost pairs a little divergent.
Thoraz.—Mesonotum clothed with short reclinate bristles. Spi-
racular cover very light colored.
Wings.—Bend of fourth vein a right or slightly acute angle;
anterior cross-vein under middle of section III of costa; latter
equal to at least sections V and VI; third vein bristly; costal spine
vestigial; calypters whitish, margins fringed with white hair.
Legs.—Dark. Posterior femur clothed beneath with short, fine
hair that ends posteriorly in a row of bristle-like hairs; upper row of
bristles of anterior face complete, intermediate row represented by a
few bristles centrally, lower row of short, well separated bristles;
tibia with anterior and posterior beards of long, slender hairs, latter
somewhat the stronger; anterior face without bristles (except near
median dorsal ridge); tarsus shorter than tibia. Middle femur
clothed beneath with short, fine hair; anterior, ventral row of short
bristles complete, posterior row represented only by ‘‘comb”’; sub-
mesotibial bristle present; anterior coxa with irregular row of
bristles at each side only.
Chaetotazy.—Anterior dorsocentrals weak, about as strong as
anterior postsuturals; acrostichals and inner presuturals absent;
only last two pairs posterior dorsocentrals strong, anterior to these
no. 2227. FLIES FROM GUAM AND THE PHILIPPINES—PARKER. 97
two or three very weak pairs (probably two usually); prescutellar
acrostichals present; scutellar apicals present; three sternopleurals;
lower sternopleura with bristles and bristle-like hairs.
Abdomen.—Clothed above with short, reclinate bristles, beneath
with slightly longer more erect hair. Vestiture of fourth ventral
plate short and decumbent. Fifth ventral plate
divided, basal portion ridged.
Chaetotary.—Second segment without mar-
ginal bristles, third with two and with two lat-
erals on each side, fourth with complete row
ending ventrally in long hairs.
Genital segments.—First dark pollinose (not
normally visible); second blackish or brownish,
subshining. Second, slightly flattened, vesti-
ture of fine hair and shorter than that of base
of forceps. Forceps-prongs shining, brownish,
and becoming blackish toward tips, each of
latter ending in a small, claw-like tooth directed
forward; base clothed with long, dense hair. SAS aay ONCE ae ean
Described from two male specimens. Nis. (SAME LETTERING AS
Range.—Philippine Islands. in le
The holotype bears the following label: ‘“‘Acc. No. 108, Bur. Agr.,
P. I.,” the paratype, “Acc. No. 136, Bur. Agr., P. I.”
Among the material examined is one female specimen which may
be the female of this species and bears the label, ‘‘ Probably female of
Sarcophaga knabi R. Pkr.” The original label reads as follows:
‘Acc. No. 146, Bur. Agr., P. I.”’
Among the described species included in the lot from the Philippines
were a male and female, probably of Sarcophaga ruficornis Wiedemann.
a male and female of S. tuberosa harpaz Pandellé, and a male of S.
orchidea Béttcher. S.ruficornis has been known only from India; and,
since no figure of the genital segments now exists in the literature, one
presented in this paper (fig. 5). S. orchidea was described from
Formosa. r
3343—19—Proc.N.M.vol.54——8
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ON TWO SPECIES OF FISHES FROM THE YALU RIVER,
CHINA.
By Isaac GINSBURG,
Aid, Division of Fishes, United States National Museum.
The United States National Museum has received, through the
kindness of Mr. Arthur de C. Sowerby, a very desirable and repre-
sentative series of fresh-water fishes from Manchuria collected by
himself. The following descriptions of two species from the Yalu
River are deemed of sufficient interest to ichthyologists to warrant
their publication.
HEMIBARBUS LONGIROSTRIS (Regan).
Acanthogobio longirostris Reaan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 60, pl. 3,
fig. 3.
Hemibarbus labeo Bera, Faun. Russ. Poiss., vol. 3, 1914, p. 631 (in synonymy).
Two specimens 105 and 155 mm. long are evidently this species.
Berg places it in the synonymy of Hemibarbus labeo Bleeker with a
query. However, it seems to be a valid species. Compared with
specimens of the same size of H. labeo and H. maculatus, the following
differences are found. The scales are larger, the formula being
41-44, = while in the older species it is 47-52; a The sub-
orbital ring and preopercle are much wider, and contain large mucifer-
ous cavities. The exposed muscular part of the cheek at the angle
of the preopercle is one-half or less the vertical diameter of the pupil,
while in the other species it is equal to the vertical diameter of the
pupil or more than that. In coloration the present species is nearest
to H. maculatus. The dorsal and caudal fins are spotted with black,
but there is no regular row of large black spots on the sides. The
sides are dotted irregularly with small black spots which, in the
smaller specimen, are connected with more or less indistinct lines
forming reticulations.
Regan records the pharyngeal teeth as being in two rows, and on
that account placed the species. in Acanthogobio. However, the
pharyngeal bone from one side of the large specimen was dissected
out and the teeth were found to be 5. 3. 1. The small tooth of the
PRGCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 54—No. 2228.
99
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 54.
inner row of the type was probably broken off in dissecting, or else
the pharyngeal teeth in this species are subject to variation. Since
the other species of Hemibarbus uniformly have three rows of pharyn-
geal teeth the first assumption is probably correct.
RHINOGOBIUS SOWERBYI, new species (Gobiidae).
D. VI, 9; A 9; Se. 35-36/9-10.
Body elongate, cylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly.
Head depressed, longer than wide and wider than deep. Snout
blunt, rounded, gibbous. Mouth somewhat oblique, medium;
maxillary reaches to a vertical through anterior third of eye. Lips
thick, cheeks tumid. Interorbital space concave, about as wide as
horizontal diameter of eye. Teeth in three rows in each jaw, erect;
outer row somewhat enlarged, compressed, usually truncate, slightly
bent backward. Outer row extends to somewhat less than an eye
diameter before the angle of mouth, inner rows end considerably
before. Tongue entire, rounded. Anterior nostril with a very short
tube placed in a slight depression; it is almost but not quite on a
level with the lower margin of the eye, and is nearer the posterior
margin of the upper lip than the anterior margin of the eye. Posterior
nostril without raised border placed in front of eye and on a horizontal
through its middle. Cheeks, opercles, top of head, and nape, scale-
less and without raised muciferous papillae, the naked area extending
to a vertical through insertion of pectoral; 6-8 embedded cycloid
scales on dorsum before spinous dorsal. At the sides of the dorsum
directly over opercle two rows of embedded scales extend further
forward, to the cheeks. Belly entirely naked to origin of anal.
Scales on body well developed, imbricated; all are ctenoid and of
nearly the same size, except those on the dorsal aspect anterior to the
origin of the spinous dorsal. 35-36 scales from upper, posterior angle
of the opercle to base of caudal. 9-10 rows from origin of anal to
second dorsal, counting upwards and backwards. Gill openings
restricted; isthmus wide, the insertion of the gill membrane on the
isthmus on a vertical through about the middle of opercle. Outer
edge of shoulder girdle with neither a fleshy ridge nor papillae.
Pectoral fins with a scaleless, somewhat muscular base; the fins
rounded, reaching vent; the upper rays connected by membrane,
not silklike. Ventrals completely united, infundibuliform, the inter-
spinal membrane well developed, emarginate; the disk is broader
than long and reaches midway between its origin and vent. Dorsal
fins separated by a space about equal to diameter of eye. The fourth
spine the longest, about two in head, the second, third, and fifth spines
nearly as long as fourth, first spine considerably shorter, last spine
shortest. The posterior rays of second dorsal and anal longest; they
reach the base of the rudimentary caudal rays in the paratype, but
NO. 2228, TWO SPECIES OF CHINESE FISHES—GINSBURG. 101
do not quite reach so far in the type. Origin of anal fin slightly
posterior to that of second dorsal, both fins ending on same vertical.
Caudal rounded, not prolonged. Anal papilla oblong, triangular,
slightly bifid in type, truncate in paratype, its length about equal to
half diameter of eye.
Head brownish, nape marbled with darker. One or two very in-
distinct longitudinal lines on upper part of opercles, two or three such
lines on nape directly over opercle, more distinct. The exposed part
of every scale with a large brown spot anteriorly, the margin yellow-
ish. Fins dusky, the spinous dorsal darkest. Dorsals, anal and
caudal margined with light yellowish; a rather indistinct yellow band
at base of pectoral. Five very indistinct crossbars on body behind
pectorals. An oblong spot more or less distinct at base of caudal.
The entire body and fins are stippled with very minute dark spots.
Two specimens from the Yalu River collected by Arthur de C. Sow-
erby.
Holotype.—68 mm. long. Cat. No. 76734, U.S.N.M.
Paratype.—65 mm. long. Cat. No. 76734—A, U.S.N.M.
This species is very near Rhinogobius nagoyae, Jordan and Seale,'
rom Nagoyae, Japan. It differs from that species in that the fourth
‘dorsal spine is the longest instead of the second. ‘The longest spine
in the present species is about one-half the head instead of nearly
equal to it. The soft dorsal and caudal lack the regular rows of spots
present in the older species.
Measurements. | Holotype. Paratype.
Mm. | Per cent.| Mim. | Per cent.
Motaliencthts. 2 She. 2. ae ora See Mee ceils asec eee osemtceiee 689 no eeeesecien Gon Riceeae cae
Mengthwwithout: caudalt tscccms-ccscnsccsssbeccacsececsoae Wee eae (WROSiIm Nl Seaseercns Gy ae PeSeoeeees
ength Olhead: «2. ..<.- saseceitessinaciew actses cstsjs sos ovitg- os Sees -e see 17.5 31.8 | 15.75 30.3
Width ofihead (directly beind"eyes) = Me ie a eee eee | 12 68.6 | 10 63.5
Depth of head (directly behind eyes)................-..------------ ee 42.8 7.25 46.1
ILGyia a (SOO es 12 ose so oes aae Sb ce Soe Cana nEenenade ssedoRSsconee 6 33.0} 5.5 | 34.9
Eornizontal'diameterioneye)..---<--ceccccecec ss ccs sche cciccscacs sesh 3 17.1 3 19.0
COPONtOSNGIOHE J. coco aace tew maton clewine cfajse sae ele avis otetewectesiemetds 11.5 20.9 9.5 18.3
Wersiineigiteerrocetescr ence cto cece ck sie cisce eee tees setae 7 2 | eG 11.5
Length of caudal peduncle (end ofanal to base of caudal on mid line).| 13 23,6))\\epll..5 22.2
MU PLONSHOUL TOS PITOUS GOLSal ene nna ae ce stnser cence ce eeet et stiene 36.4 | 20 38.5
End of second dorsal to rudimentary rays of caudal b 17.3 | 10 | 19.3
PL ONSMOUL GORY OLN Gs sc \~c75 sis nic miaie la wie eiciats s aereisicicleieia/aiele ele dlaiwisisicisis eisicjele 3 59:0) 2955" | 56.7
Wentitomudimentary rays Of Cad allt ej.