ae ‘i | | . ay oe ; yt. . ‘ oF , i { ‘ wt i : ny 7 n ‘ ye 1 ), ‘ \ , SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 83 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1937 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biol- ogy, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The present volume is the eighty-third of this series. The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the head- ing Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Wasuineton, D.C., February 1, 1987. If CONTENTS Pages Berry, Epwarp W. Tertiary plants from Venezuela. No. BOSS dune 12) 1936 Wry eh eae Be. ee 335-360 New species: Ficus americanafolia, Anona sphaerocarpoides, Chryso- balanus venezuelanus, Cassia zuliana, Sophora marana, Hernan- dia tongi, Combretum stephensoni, Achras calcicolafolia, Pleono- toma miocenica, Bignonia zuliana. Bourn, Rotr L. Two new cottid fishes from the western Pacific, with a revision of the genus Stlengis Jordan and Sale eNO 20S Ueno, 1950, 2. eae ee 325-334 New genus: Astrocottus. New species: Stlengis distoechus, Astrocotius leprops. CuHanpuer, Asa C. Parasites of fishes in Galveston Bay. No. DO Tie UNO ly 9h OB os er py bet oe EEE St coal) Ste 123+157 New genera: Glossocercus, Atactorhynchus. New species: Rhipidocotyle transversale, Lecithochirium microsto- mum, Tentacularia lepida, Proteocephalus australis, P. elongatus, Glossocercus cyprinodontis, Cysticercoides menidiae, Contracaccum collieri, C. robustum, Amphicaecum parvum, Rhaphidascaris an- choviellae, Porrocaecum trichiuri, P. secundum, Goezia minuta, Dichelyne fastigatus, D. diplocaecum, Agamonema immanis, A. vomitor, Atactorhynchus verecundus, Arhythmorhynchus duocincius. Cuarx, Austin H. Five new genera and two new species of unstalked crinoids. No. 2982. March 14, 1936 !_______- 245-250 New genera: Annametra, Caryometra, Eomeira, Boleometra, Retio- mera. New species: Compsometra nuitingi, Retiometra alascana. Notes on the butterflies of the genus Hnodia and description of a new fritillary from Peru. No. 2983. April HAL 7198 Ghee pane ee emirates A go EO SR 251-259 New species: Brenthis hana. New subspecies: Enodia portlandia anthedon, E. p. borealis. Cour, W. Storrs. (See Vaughan, T. W.) Exuine, Harrirr I. Pyenogonids from Puget Sound. No. POON) Wye LOSG om Se ae ee ee pe 413-422 New species: Nymphon solitarium, N. turritum, Ammothea discoidea. Fisner, W. S. New West Indian cerambycid beetles. No. 2979 sappeptenmoner .O4il OGG) bute) VlbN 2h yO ey glee rie a th yale 189-210 1 Date of publication. 109422—37 ort 1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 88 Page New genus: Sciocyrtinus. New species: Pseudoeme ornata, Elaphidion monticoia, H. wickhami, Anepsyra jaumei, Haruspex insularis, H. similis, Nanilla tuber- culata, Eupogonius haitiensis, EH. wickhamt, Hypsioma insularis, Spalacopsis ornatipennis, Leptostylus monticola, L. planicollis, L. vanduzeei, L. brunneofasciatus, Cyrtinus acuniai, Sciocyrtinus elongatus, E'ssostrutha roberto. New variety: Acrepidopterum minutum apicalis. Gauan, A. B. Four new species of Chalcidoidea parasitic on cactus insects.- No. 2995: August 7; 1936 {2-4 232 ee 481-486 New species: Callimome bifasciipennis, Rileya opuntiae, Neocato- laccus moneilemae, Tetrastichus gerstaeckeriae. Gazin, C. Lewis. Fossil hares from the late Pliocene of south- > ern Idaho. No. 2976. November 14, 193841___________ 111-121 New species: Hypolagus limnetus, H. furlongi, Alilepus? vagus. A study of the fossil horse remains from the upper Pliocene of Idaho. No. 2985. June 1, 19363___________ 281-320 Giumore, Cuaries W. On the Reptilia of the Kirtland forma- tion of New Mexico, with descriptions of new species of fossil turtles. No. 2978. .June:27, 1935"... estes ae 159-188 New species: Baena ornata, Boremys grandis, Thescelus hemispher- ica, Aspideretes ovatus. GinspurG, Isaac. Review of the seahorses (Hippocampus) found on the coasts of the American continents and of Hurope... No. 2997.,, January 18, 1937. 20 eee 497-594 New subgenus: Jamsus. New subspecies: Hippocampus guttulatus multiannularis. Hartman, Ouea. New species of polychaetous annelids of the family Nereidae from California. No. 2994. July 11, 1986 7 ie hie eet. Bhs ete 8 etal tO See 467-480 New species: Nereis (Nereis) eucapitis, N. (N.) pseudoneanthes, N. (N.) neonigripes, N. (N.) eakini, N. (N.) natans, N. (Ceratonereis) tunicatae, N. (Neanthes) saltoni, N. (Eunereis) longipes. Kirk, Epwin. Corynecrinus, a new Devonian crinoid genus. No; (2972. ‘October:8.1934-0 52) wee eee ok BSE 1-7 New family: Lecythocrinidae. New genus: Corynecrinus. New species: Corynecrinus romingeri. pE Laupenrets, M. W. A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. No. 2993. July 31, 1936!. 441-466 New genera: Zetekispongia, Taboga, Fisherispongia, Plakoosa. New species: Zetekispongia zonea, Mycale cecilia, Laxosuberites zeteki, Taboga taboga, Haliclona erina, H. doria, Strongylophora santa, Fisherispongia ferrea, Plakoosa elisa. 1 Date of publication. CONTENTS V Page Loomis, H.F. Three new millipeds of the order Colobognatha from Tennessee, Texas, and Lower California, with records of previousiy known species. No. 2989. May 11, 1936 1_361-368 New species: Siphonophora limitare, Brachycybe petasata, B. pro- ducta. Macy, Ratru W. A new genus and species of trematode from the little brown bat and a key to the genera of Pleuro- genetinae. No. 2986: May 19, 19386 %.__2. 2/2222 eLe 321-324 New genus: Glyptoporus. New species: Glyptoporus noctophilus. RermnuarpD, H. J. American muscoid flies of the genera Cera- tomyiella and Paradidyma. No.2973. December 28, 1934'_ 9-43 New species: Ceratomyiella bicincia, C. orbitalis, Paradidyma obliqua, P. neomexicana, P. derelicta, P. cinerescens, P. retracta, P. crassiseta, P. aristalis, P. aldrichi, P. piliventris, P. apicalis, P. affinis, P. brasiliana, P. petiolata. Revision of the American two-winged flies be- longing to the genus Cuphocera. No. 2974. October 25, ES Saree ne eA ieee ge eee eh etc ek ee) tN 45-70 New species: Cuphocera parksi, C. scutellaris, C. conformis, C. geminata, C. flavicornis, C. buccata, C. contigua, C. beameri, C. torosa, C. incongrua. Simpson, Grorce Gaytorp. New Paleocene mammals from the Fort Union of Montana. No. 2981. October 18, TS HSS a Bhar sian i la tn lu ect SAr ND pia ih dip 221-244 New genera: Gelastops, Emperodon, Stilpnodon, Aphronorus, Eu- daemonema, Palenochtha, Deuterogonodon, Prothryptacodon, Metachriacus, Spanoxyodon, Ictidopappus, Gidleyina, Litaletes, Litomylus, Haplaletes. New species: ?Ptilodus douglassi, ?P. gidleyi, ?P. sinclairi, ?ictypo- dus grangeri, 27H. russelli, ?E. silberlingi, ?Parectypodus jepseni, Gelastops parcus, Prodiacodon concordiarcensis, Leptacodon ladae, L. munusculum, Emperodon acmeodontoides, Stilpnodon simplici- dens, Aphronorus fraudator, Palaeosinopa diluculi, Eudaemonema cuspidata, Claenodon vecordensis, Deuterogonodon monianus Gidley ex ms., Prothryptacodon furens, Chriacus pusillus, C. pugnazx, Metachriacus punitor, M. provocator, Spanoxyodon latrunculus, Tricentes latidens Gidley ex ms., Ictidopappus mustelinus, Didy- mictis tentiis, D. microlestes, Tetraclaenodon symbolicus Gidley ex ms., ?T. superior, Gidleyina montanensis Gidley ex ms., ?G. silberlingit Gidley ex ms., Ellipsodon aquilonius, Litaletes disjunc- tus, Litomylus dissentaneus, Haplaletes disceptatrix, Panielambda intermedius. SxinkeR, Mary Scott. Two new species of tapeworms from carnivores and a redescription of Taenia laticollis Rudolphi, LSio- No.2 980. October 25, 1935 1. a. eth eee 211-220 New species: Taenia lyncis, T.. taxidiensis. 1 Date of publication. Vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Page Smuuyan, M. T. A revision of the chalcid flies of the genus Perilampus Latreille occurring in America north of Mexico. INofi2990;<¢October16, 19362. 228: 1 = aes epee 369-412 New species: Perilampus carolinensis, P. regalis, P. crawfordi, P. ocellatus, P. rohweri, P. capitatus, P. gahani, P. muesebecki. New varieties: Perilampus canadensis nitidus, P. fulvicornis pro- thoracicus. TREADWELL, Aaron L. Polychaetous annelids from Amoy, @hina: No: 2984. . dune .10;.\1936: 722 Seat 22 ee ee 261-279 New species: Lepidonotus minutus, Lepidasthenia ocellata, Marphysa orientalis, Nerets (Neanthes) linea, N. (N.) orientalis, N. (N.) amoyensis, N. (Leptonereis) distorta, Cirratulus branchiatus. VauGHAN, THomas WayYLAND, and Coun, W. Storrs. New Tertiary Foraminifera of the genera Operculina and QOper- culinoides from North America and the West Indies. No. 2996.. October 8, 1936-"2. 2.2 es Sst Sond Fe 487-496 New species: Operculina tuberculata, Operculinoides advenus, O. vicksburgensis, O. semmesi, O. antiguensis, O. forrestt, O. tux- panicus. WE Ls, JoHn W. Some fossil corals from the West Indies. No. 2975:'“December"20; 1934420) 0 oa ae SY aaa 71-110 New genera: Vaughanoserts, Favioseris, Paracycloseris, Prodiploastrea. New species: Trochocyathus matleyt, Dichocoenia trechmanm, Rhab- dophyllia quaylet, Centrastrea hill, Vaughanoseris catadupensis, Favioseris anomalos, Diplaraea (?) boltonae, Cyclolites jamaica- ensis, Paracycloseris elizabethae, Synastrea (?) adkinst, Prodt- ploastrea schindewolfi, Goniopora trechmannt, Stylophora cam- bridgensis, Astrocoenia jamaicaensts, Hupsammia clarendonensis, Actinacis sawkinsi, A. barretti, Astreopora walli, Goniaraea christianiaensis. ZimMeER, Cary. California Crustacea of the order Cumacea. No. 2992... © Avg ust: 27993 Gite wt ak he ea lela 423-439 New species: Cyclaspis nubila, Campylaspis canaliculata, Hemilam- props (2?) californica, Diastylis californica, Diastylopsis tenuis, Oxyurostylis pactfica. 1 Date of publication. ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Following page 1. Corynecrinus romingert, new genus and species___------------- 4 DOr Vets aNGiaih POSSI Cones. ty Pa Pe ee ee po tO SB 106 6-12. Parasites of Galveston Bay. fishes. 2222-2 220 obese Goes 157 134, Dinosaurs from Kirtland formation.2_W. 2-2 of... 65-532 188 Lae: muriles trom Kirtland formation. 2-5 — oo taco Sete ee ce 188 Hee ine SMeCles Ol acne ao 24 ene eh SS le ee a ee 220 22. Hnodia portiandia anthedon, H. p. portlandia, EH. creola, and Brenthis CT Ce sa ase gE a a ie oe ar Re ee 256 23. Views of the Plesippus quarry, Hagerman, Idaho____.---_------ 320 Boe PLLeStP DUS. SROSNONCTUSUS — 8 = NS Fhe oars ee ee ee ee 320 34. Silengis distoechus and Astrocottus leprops......-..--------+------ 328 35-37. New Tertiary Foraminifera (Operculina and Operculinoides) -_---- 496 TEXT FIGURES Page 1. Hypolagus, near vetus (Kellogg): Fragments of mandibles____-------- 112 2. Hypolagus limnetus, new species: Skull and mandible_______-------- nS an Liypolagus\limnetus, new, species: “Leethi- 25 ihewake ae! Guess eee 115 4. Hypolagus furlongi, new species: Maxilla and mandible____--_-__--_-_- 118 5. Alilepus? vagus, new species: Fragment of mandible____.___-___---- 119 6. Supraorbital horn-core of a chasmosaurid dinosaur__--------------- 164 7. Carapace of Baena ornaia, new species_ =: 222222 2b 22 see oss 5 2 lee 166 S; Plastron of Baena ornaia, new. Speciesssas 2244 22aU es (asain aie se 167 9. Carapace of Boremys grandis, new species__....------------------- i Zall 10. Plastron of Boremys grandis, new species____-_------------------«=+ 172 11. Carapace of Thescelus hemispherica, new species____.__.------------- 175 12. Plastron of Thescelus hemispherica, new species____________-------- 176 va: Carapaceiof Basilemys nobilis Hay esi 2 asele oe 2 Ls Pad eee ae 178 jay Plastronset Basvlemys nobilis Hay = +. yhieton hls eee hype a a aera 179 15. Carapace of Aspideretes ovatus, new species____.__._--------------- 182 16: Carapace of Aspideretes vorar Hay ste. a 2stke: tk ee A ee eee eee 184 A hooth of squatinidis 2 5.4. pg sl F 22 ol esas albeigha nls eaten taesoes 185 18. New species of Lepidonotus, Lepidasthenia, and Marphysa____------- 263 wor, New. species of WVerers. __tsjehiiessj2) ark yche cause spe beungl ek oul tear 269 20: New species of Nereis and Cirratulus_ oo. 2-2 ee nee teu sues ee 274 20: Plesippus shoshonensis Gidley: Teeth... 222012) Syie sunset 297 22. Plesippus shoshonensis Gidley: Teeth... .-22.14221) jiiesucseewsen 303 23. Plesippus shoshonensis Gidley: Left trapezoid__...---.-_---------- 309 24. Plesippus shoshonensis Gidley: Left fore foot and right hind foot-- -_-_-- 310 25. Glyptoporus noctophilus, new genus and species___-----_------------- 322 26. Stlengis distoechus, new species: Scales__.__......----------.-------- 330 27. Astrocottus leprops, new genus and species: Scales_____._-_-_-------- 331 VIII PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Ficus americanafolia, new species, Cedrola jacksoniana Berry, Chry- sobalanus venezuelanus, new species, Meniscium wolfi Engelhardt___-_ Inga reissi Engelhardt, Cassia zuliana, new species, Sophora marana, new species, Piperiies cordatus Berry, and Anona sphaerocarpoides, New iBPeCless Mt St Ss Ss SP eae ch eee eee eee eee Trigonia varians Engelhardt, Hernandia tongi, new species, Tapirira trinitiana Berry, and T. lanceolata Engelhardt__.__......_------ Achras calcicolafolia, new species, Pleonotoma miocenica, new species, Bignonia zuliana, new species, and Combretum stephensoni, new SPOClES \~ nae tee em ee aes er ete ee Siphonophora limitare, new species, Gosodesmus claremontus Chamber- lin, Brachycybe petasata, new species, B. lecontei Wood, B. rosea Murray,and Boprodtucta;mew:- species! a2 =a sonata ae See . New species of Nymphon and Ammothea_-.-..-----..---2.-_------ Cyclaspis subila, new BpeCies= = a a ee ee . Campylaspis canaliculata,: new species: =*_ 2) = set as See ee : Hemilamprops californica, new specles= ia. e = nt en ee Diastylis californica, New Species. saat San es Sas Se ee eee Diastylopsisitenuis,-new SpeCles== oes 2 ee een 5 Oxyurostylis-pacifica; Mew SpeCies has tee =e ae ee eee roe eee eee . Zetekispongia zonea, new genus and species: Spicules___-__--------- . Mycale cecilia, new species? Spicules_-2-.- 2-2. 22.22... -22 eee eee . Laxosuberites zeteki, new species: Spicules___....._..._....-_------ . Taboga taboga, new genus and species: Spicules__..-_-..----------- . Fisherispongia ferrea, new genus and species: Spicules._.____-------- . Plakoosa elisa, new genus and species: Spicules___-__-.-.---------- . Nereis (Nereis) eucapitis; mew. speciesia= == 2223) 22 _ 2 wee aes . Nereis (Nereis) pseudoneanthes, new species__.....-..--------------- . Nereis (Nereis) neonigripes, new species- 22052" — 2 La ee ee . Nereis (Nereis) .eakint, newispeciess. 2.2 < 1 22 ole 8 2 eee ee . Nereis (Nereis) natans; newispecies sul) aut 2. ase ee aes . Nereis (Ceratonereis) tunicatae, new species__...-_.__._--------------- . Nereis: (Neanthes) saltont, new species#25 2-225 Sone. eee ee . Nereis: (Hunerets) longipes; new species#2c. 2222s Lee ee Exoskeleton of Hippocampus hippocampus._.-.--------------------- . Hippocampus ingens Girardass tis s pe Be SS ee eee Hippocampus guttulatus multiannularis, new subspecies- -—---------- . Hippocampus guttulatus multiannularis, new subspecies. ------------ . Hippocampus europacus Ginsburg. 2 S25 5S 2 ek See eee . Hippocampus hudsonius hudsonius De Kay-_----------------------- , Hippocampus hudsontus hudsonius. De Kay 2s 223 22922 ae eee . Hippocampus hudsonius hudsonius De Kay__---------------------- . Hippocampus hudsonius hudsonius De Kay___--------------------- . Hippocampus hudsonius punctulatus Guichenot___..---------------- . Hippocampus hudsonius punctulatus Guichenot___..---------------- . Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg . Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg . Hippocampus obtusus Ginsburg . Hippocampus hildebrandi Ginsburg . Hippocampus hildebrandi Ginsburg . Hippocampus regulus Ginsburg . Hippocampus regulus Ginsburg VOL. 83 Page 342 346 353 359 363 417 424 426 430 432 437 438 447 448 451 453 460 463 469 470 472 473 475 477 478 480 503 535 538 539 547 550 552 553 554 562 563 573 574 577 580 581 586 587 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Washington : 1934 Vol. 83 No. 2972 CORYNECRINUS, A NEW DEVONIAN CRINOID GENUS! By Epwin Kirk United States Geological Survey In THE collections of the United States National Museum was found an inadunate crinoid labeled, in Carl Rominger’s handwriting, “Poteriocrinus?, Helderberg group, Clark Co., Indiana.” It was almost completely embedded in hard crystalline limestone. The structures exposed, however, indicated a crinoid of unusual type, and preparation of the specimen proved it to be referable to a new genus, which is here described as Corynecrinus. The crinoid proves to have structural features of considerable interest, and in its relationship seems to be nearer certain European Devonian forms than any otherwise known in America. The specimen shows the greater part of the dorsal cup, about 5 mm of the proximal portion of the column, the anal tube to a length of some 15 mm, and three of the arms to the first bifurcation, having a length about equal to that of the anal tube as preserved. The exposed surface of the specimen was somewhat weathered, intensifying frac- tures in the plates and in some instances making it difficult to distin- guish the fractures from sutures. On the whole, however, the crinoid is in an excellent state of preservation. CORYNECRINUS, new genus Corynecrinus is a dicyclic inadunate crinoid here referred to the new family Lecythocrinidae, of the suborder Cyathocrinoidea. The genotype is Corynecrinus romingeri, new species. 1 Published by permission of the Director, U.S. Geological Survey. 71630—34 Z PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 The dorsal cup is obconical and made up of thin plates. The infra- basals form a low ring that is practically concealed by the column. The basals are large, particularly the posterior, which is considerably higher and broader than the others. The radials have a horseshoe- shaped arm-facet with a width about three-fifths that of the upper face of the radial. The outstanding characteristic of the arms is the large number of primibrachs. The brachials are perforated by an axial canal, and the food-groove is closed by a double series of cover- ing plates. There is no special anal plate, two of the tube plates rest- ing directly on the upper sloping shoulders of the posterior basal. The anal tube is long, slender, and composed of a few vertical series of plates. The column is large, thin walled, and quadripartite and may have had a multilocular structure. Corynecrinus is most nearly comparable to Lecythocrinus J. Miller, to which it doubtless is closely related. The dorsal cup of Coryne- crinus, obconical to subcylindrical in shape, is in marked contrast to the low bowl-shaped cup of Lecythocrinus. The most obvious differ- ence is in arm structure, the numerous primibrachs of Corynecrinus being a striking and unusual feature. The anal tube of Corynecrinus is composed of relatively few ranges of comparatively large plates as compared with Lecythocrinus. The column is relatively larger in Corynecrinus and with a thinner wall. If a multilocular structure was present the dividing partitions were much thinner. The cross section of the column in Corynecrinus is subcircular rather than quadrangular. The genotype comes from the Jeffersonville limestone (Onondaga, Middle Devonian) of Clark County, Ind., and adds another form from the Onondaga of North America that shows close relationships with the Middle Devonian crinoid fauna of Germany. CORYNECRINUS ROMINGERI, new species The dorsal cup is obconical and as preserved is slightly compressed, giving a somewhat greater breadth at the arm-bases than would be normal. This is in part compensated for by a slipping and partial overlap of the left anterior radial on the left posterior radial. As pre- served the dorsal cup has a diameter of 6 mm at the base, 9 mm at the level of the arm-bases, and a height of 7.6 mm. The infrabasals are small and almost completely concealed by the column. It is probable that the infrabasals show on the exterior as small triangular points at the lower interbasal angles and a narrow band for the rest of the circuit. The sutures do not show clearly, and it is difficult to differentiate between what might be an infrabasal ring or the proximal columnal. The posterior basal is large relative to the others, having a height of 4.8 mm as against a height of 4 mm for the adjacent basal to the left. The posterior basal is heptagonal A NEW DEVONIAN CRINOID GENUS—KIRK 3 in outline, supporting two tube plates on its upper sloping shoulders. The other basals are pentagonal in outline with a maximum width slightly in excess of the height. The radials have a width approxi- mately equal to the height. The horseshoe-shaped arm-facet has a width about three-fifths that of the upper surface of the radial. The right and left posterior radials abut laterally against the first pair of tube plates, and each supports a tube plate of the second range on its inner upper shoulder. The plates of the dorsal cup appear to have been devoid of ornamentation. Nothing is known of the arms beyond the first bifurcation. In the left posterior ray the primaxil is the tenth brachial, in the left anterior ray the ninth, and in the right posterior ray probably the tenth. The arms were apparently isotomous in their division. In the left posterior ray the primibrachs range in length from 1.3 mm to nearly 2.2 mm and have an average width of about 1.7 mm. The arms are nonpin- nulate, and the food-grooye is covered by a double row of covering plates. The brachials are perforated by an axial canal. The anal tube is subcylindrical in section with a diameter of about 3mm a few millimeters above the top of the dorsal cup. In its upper portion as preserved it is apparently composed of five vertical series of tube plates which in part are laterally apposed and in part imbricate. At the base of the anal tube two of the tube plates rest on the upper, sloping, subequal shoulders of the posterior basal without the inter- position of a special anal plate. In the second range there are three tube plates. Of these the outer pair rest in part on the upper inner sloping shoulders of the right and left posterior radials. The column is subcircular in section, with a very wide lumen. Ata distance of 5 mm from the cup the column has a diameter of approxi- mately 5mm. At this point the columnar wall has an average thick- ness of but 0.5 mm in its thinner portions. A camera lucida outline drawing of the column in cross section is given on the plate. From this it can be seen that the lumen has a tetramerous structure. The exact outline of the inner wall is obscure, owing in part to crushing and perhaps in part tosolution. There are four approximately equidistant ridges projecting from the wall into the lumen. These were grooved medially. To either side of the groove appear to have been lateral extensions, giving the ridge the appearance of a bifid column in section. It is possible that these flanges connected laterally, forming discrete camerae. If so, the encircling walls were probably very thin. The columnals are low, one of the thickest seen measuring but 0.7 mm in height. The specific name is given in honor of Dr. Carl Rominger, one of the pioneers in mid-western American Devonian paleontology, to whose collecting ability we owe the present specimen. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Horizon and locality —As noted above, Rominger’s original label reads ‘‘He'derberg group, Clark County, Indiana.” From the lithology of the matrix and the associated corals it is evident that the specimen was collected in the Jeffersonville limestone (Onondaga, Middle Devonian), probably from the lower coral zone. Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 90094. LECYTHOCRINIDAE, new family The family Lecythocrinidae is referable to the Cyathocrinoidea and is nearly related to the Gasterocomidae. Lecythocrinus has previously been placed in the Cyathocrinidae by Bather (1900) and following him in the equivalent subfamily Cyathocrininae by Springer (1913). Jaekel (1918) placed Lecythocrinus in the Gasterocomidae. Two genera are here referred to the family Lecythocrinidae, Lecythocrinus J. Miller and Corynecrinus, new genus. Eoth are from approximately equivalent horizons in the Middle Devonian. The column has a large lumen that may be divided by partitions into a central canal and four peripheral canals. There is no differentia- tion of a special anal plate, two of the proximal tube plates normally resting directly on the posterior basal. The anal tube is long and relatively slender. The family differs from the Cyathocrinidae in the character of the column and the lack of a special anal plate. From the Gasterocomidae the Lecythocrinidae differ mainly in the possession of an anal tube, although it is probable that the brachial structures also differed widely. Inasmuch as there is considerable bibliographic confusion in regard to the status of Lecythocrinus, which I have chosen as the type of the new family, it seems desirable briefly to give the history of the genus. J. Miiller (1858, p. 196) proposed the new genus Lecythocrinus with L. eifelianus, new species, as the only species referred to it. This must of necessity be the genotype. Schultze (1867) figured the original specimen of Miller and gave additional figures of other specimens. He did not recognize either the genus Lecyihocrinus or the species eifelianus of Miller, placing the genus in synonymy with Tarocrinus and the species in synonymy with his ‘‘new species” 7’. briareus. 'The excuse for the latter high-handed measure was that Miiller’s species was based on an abnormal specimen. Wachsmuth and Springer (1880, p. 313; sep., p. 88) cite Lecythocrinus as ‘‘Zittel (not Joh. Miiller)”’ and follow Schultze in throwing L. eifelianus in synonymy with Schultze’s 7. briareus. Wachsmuth (1896, p. 156) cites Lecythocrinus as “Miller, emend. Zittel’’ and in a footnote says in part: “The type-specimen upon which this genus was founded (L. eifelianus Mill.) etc. He also labels figure 261, page 157, which is a copy of Schultze’s restoration of the species, ‘‘ Lecythocrinus eifeianus Mill.” Bather (1900, p. 175) quotes Lecythocrinus as U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROGEEDINGS, VOL. 8337ART. 1. PE: 1 CORYNECRINUS ROMINGERI, NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES. 1, Analysis of plates, X2. 2, Camera lucida drawing of section of column, 4. 3, Left posterior radius, X2. 4, Posterior interradius, X2. (Magnifications approximate.) A NEW DEVONIAN CRINOID GENUS—KIRK o “Miller (1858, em. Zittel, 1879=Tazocrinus briareus, Schultze, 1866). Springer (1913, p. 221) quotes the genus as ‘Joh. Miiller (Taxocrinus briareus Schultze). It seems imperative to restcre Miiller’s Lecythocrinus eifelianus to good standing, with Tazxocrinus briareus Schultze as a synonym. As to the authority for the genus, this must rest with J. Miiller. The restoration of Lecythocrinus evfelianus Miller given by Schultze (1867) as figure 1b on plate 4 is probably a composite of two different genera. The shape of the arm ossicles and apparently the size and proportions of the anal tube seem to have been taken from the speci- men illustrated as figure 1f on the same plate, which is probably not referable to Lecythocrinus. Careful preparation of a specimen of Lecythocrinus eifelianus from Gerolstein in the Springer collection shows the anal tube to be relatively slender and probably shorter than as restored by Schultze. The presence of an anal tube in the Lecythocrinidae with apparently no special anal plate in the dorsal cup is of very great interest. Such structures possibly indicate the origin of a ventral tube by a process at variance with that commonly postulated for most of the Inadunata. Without going into the highly controversial subject of the origin of crinoid anal structures it nevertheless seems worth while to point out certain possible trends in the evolution of the ventral tube as shown by the group under consideration. To begin with it is naturally open to question whether anal z is not present as one of the plates which I call tube plates. Miiller’s original type of Lecythocrinus eifelianus as figured by Schultze (1867, pl. 4, fig. 1a) shows a posterior interradius that is essentially cyathocrinoid. Figure 12 on the same plate, with which the specimen in the Springer collection agrees, and the type of Corynecrinus romingeri all have two subequal plates resting on the upper sloping shoulders of the posterior basal. With the exception of the Gasterocomidae, I have met with but two instances among the Cyathocrinoidea where the posterior basal supports two subequal plates. These are evidently abnormal, but, as is often the case, variations from the normal may indicate possible normal evolutionary trends. Angelin (1878, pl. 23, fig. 13) figured a specimen of ‘‘Cyathocrinus glaber Ang.” in which the pos- terior interradius is much like that of Corynecrinus in that the large posterior basal supports tube plates instead of the single large anal characteristic of Cyathocrinus. Bather (1893, p. 139) states that the original of this figure could not be found. In regard to the structure of the posterior interradius he says: ‘‘The peculiarity in its structure, if we assume some degree of correctness in the figure, appears to have been the absence of anal xz, or what is more probable, its fusion with the posterior basal.’”’ With the accuracy of the drawing questioned and the original specimen misplaced, there is little use in doing other 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 than calling attention to the figure. I have seen a similar structure in Crotalocrinus cora Hall in the collections of the United States National Museum. Here instead of the normal anal plate two subequal plates rest on the posterior basal. Were the structures figured by Angelin correct, I still would not subscribe to Bather’s explanation that anal x had fused with the posterior basal. Absent it might be, but as in the case of the specimen of Crotalocrinus cora I would rather assume that a tube plate had migrated downward to a level with anal z. I agree that so far the same explanation might be given for the structures found in Lecytho- crinus and Corynecrinus. In this case Miller’s type would be con- sidered the norm and the two plate condition variants from the normal structure. I suggest, however, that the anal structures of the Lecythocrinidae may have evolved from a type essentially like those found in the Gasterocomidae, crinoids to which I believe the Lecythocrinidae are closely related. The lateral anal opening of such a form as Gastero- coma may notch the distal face of the posterior basal or be separated from it by small plates. In one specimen of Gasterocoma antiqua Goldfuss in the Springer collection two plates rest on the upper sloping shoulders of the posterior basal. A posterior view of the specimen could easily pass as a view of Lecythocrinus in which the ventral tube had been broken away. In some specimens of Gasterocoma there is a well-defined anal pyramid of small plates much like the structures to be found in certain of the early Cyathocrinoidea such as Carabocrinus. It seems to me quite reasonable that the ventral tube of the Lecytho- crinidae might have arisen as a simple prolongation of such an anal protuberance. Subsequently a single tube plate may have become centered on the posterior basal, as I conceive to be the case in Miiller’s type of Lecythocrinus eifelianus, and give a remarkable simulacrum to a true anal rt. LITERATURE CITED ANGELIN, Nits PETer. 1878. Iconographia crinoideorum in stratis sueciae siluricis fossilium, 62 pp., 29 pls. BaTuer, FRANcIS ARTHUR. 1893. The Crinoidea of Gotland. Pt. 1: The Crinoidea Inadunata. Sven- ska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 2, 200 pp., 10 pls. 1900. The Echinoderma. Pt. 3 of E. R. Lankester’s “‘ A treatise on zoology”’, 344 pp., 47 figs. JAEKEL, OTTo. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Pal. Zeitschr., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-128, 114 figs. : Mi.uer, JOHANNES. 1858. Uber einige Echinodermen der Rheinischen Grauwacke und des Eifeler Kalkes. Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, phys.-math. Klasse, 1858, pp. 185-198. Scuvuutze, Lupwia. 1867. Monographie der Echinodermen des EHifler Kalkes. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Classe, vol. 26, pt. 2, pp. 113-230, 13 pls. SPRINGER, FRANK. 1913. Cystoidea, Blastoidea, and Crinoidea, in Zittel-Eastman’s ‘‘Text- book of paleontology’’, ed. 2, vol. 1, pp. 145-243, figs. 228-346. WACHSMUTH, CHARLES. 1896. Crinoidea, in Zittel-Eastman’s ‘‘Text-book of palaeontology”’, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 124-177, figs. 219-291. (The same text and pagina- tion are to be found in the edition of 1900.) WacusMutH, CHARLES, and SPRINGER, FRANK. 1880. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. (Pt. 1: The families Ichthyocrinidae and Cyathocrinidae.) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1879, pp. 226-378, pls. 15-17. (Authors’ separate, pp. 1-153, pls. 1-3.) 7 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1934 x j » f NRAZ wry: ff 4ApPHSONS, ETP ctor SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Washington: 1934 Vol. 83 No. 2973 AMERICAN MUSCOID FLIES OF THE GENERA CERA- TOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA By H. J. Rernwarp Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Tex. Tus paper contains a discussion of the generic characters of the tachinid genera Ceratomyiella and Paradidyma, keys for separating the species in both sexes, and descriptions of 24 species, of which 15 are new to science. The material used is preserved in the United States National Museum, the Kansas University Museum, and my own collection. I am under great obligations to the late Dr. J. M. Aldrich for the privilege of studying the material in the National Museum collection, which he kindly assembled and forwarded to me, and for carrying on considerable correspondence, in which very helpful notes on the genotype of Paradidyma were supplied through the generous coop- eration of Miss Daphne Aubertin, of the British Museum. To Dr. R. H. Beamer I am indebted for permission to examine the type specimens of Lachnomma magnicornis Townsend and Atrophopoda braueri Williston, in addition to other material, in the Kansas University Museum. The genera here under consideration may be readily recognized by the row of bristles extending down the inner margin of the para- facial and the bare first vein of the wing. In the female the fore claws and pulvilli are small or atrophied. There are a number of genera sharing this combination of characters except that the first vein of the wing is beset with hairs. Among approximately 200 specimens of Ceratomyiella and Paradidyma examined in the pres- 73007—34——1 y 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 ent study, I have seen but one specimen (P. stngularis) in which the first vein is not entirely bare; this specimen has only one or two hairs present on the vein. When the persistently bare first vein is considered throughout the group, the character seems to be of generic importance, and I have included in the present genera only those forms that agree in this respect. Genus CERATOMYIELLA Townsend Ceratomyiella TOWNSEND, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soce., vol. 18, p. 379, 1891. (Geno- type, C. conica, new species.) —BRAUER and BERGENSTAMM, Die Zweifliigler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien, no. 6, p. 189, 1893.—ALpricH, Catalogue of North American Diptera, p. 427, 1905. Atrophopalpus TowNsEeNbD, Ent. News, vol. 8, p. 130, 1892. (Genotype, A. angusticornis, new species.) —CoquiILLert, Revision of the Tachinidae of America, p. 126, 1897.—ALpricH, Catalogue of North American Diptera, p. 475, 1905. Oedemapeza TOWNSEND, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 51, p. 65, 1908. (Genotype, Atrophopoda townsendi Williston.) All of the type species concerned have been examined in arranging the above synonymy. The principal character, listed among others in the description of Atrophopalpus, is the reduced size of the palpi; although somewhat smaller than in the genotype of Ceratomyiella, they are nevertheless distinctly developed, and the relative difference in size can hardly be considered of more than specific importance. Oedemapeza was established by the mere citation of a species as the type. The genus Ceratomyiella is closely related to Paradidyma, from which it differs most obviously in having the eyes bare. Generic characters (from the type species).—Eyes bare. Front not prominent at antennae, where the length of head distinctly exceeds the vibrissal axis. Antennae nearly as long as face, inserted above middle of eyes, basal segments short. Arista with short basal segments. Face receding, the depression broad and deep. Facial ridges practically bare, weakly divergent below. Parafacial with a row of bristles on the inner margin extending from the lowermost frontals to level with lower edge of eye. Vibrissae situated on the front edge of mouth. Proboscis short, labella fleshy. Palpi rather short and slender. Cheek one-third to two-fifths the eye height. Male with one pair, female with two pairs, of proclinate orbital bristles. Frontals extending below middle of second antennal seg- ment, uppermost larger, reclinate. Ocellars present, proclinate. Inner verticals developed, outer pair moderately developed in female, vestigial in male. Thoracic chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 2, 1 (postsutural pair hairlike, situated in transverse line with hindmost dorsocentrals) ; humeral, 2; CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REINHARD 11 posthumeral, 1; presutural, 1; dorsocentral, 2, 3; notopleural, 2; intraalar, 2; supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; hypopleural, 3 or 4; ptero- pleural, 1 (small); sternopleural, 1, 1; scutellum with two laterals besides one smaller decussate apical pair. Postscutellum normally developed. Infrasquamal hairs absent. Abdomen rather narrow and slightly elongate, without discal bristles. Legs long and slender; fore tarsi in female compressed and swollen, the basal segment nearly as long as tibia, claws and pulvilli minute; in male the fore tarsi normal with short but distinct claws and pulvilli. Wings normal in shape; veins bare except the third, which is setulose almost to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein short; apical cell closed with a short petiole reaching costa shortly before wing tip; costal spine developed. KEY TO SPECIES OF CERATOMYIELLA ewApICalecellcloseGds ana nUSU ally; WCTLOLAUC ee ee ee 3. PAT) CANCE MLO [TNE ee cet ee een re ee rer ah eer Seen es LeeAnn, SAR 2. 2. Male with orbitals; epaulets black; last three abdominal seg- ments largely gray pollinose, the narrow hind margins sub- shining, male only (New Jersey) —~----_-________ (5) orbitalis, new species. Male without orbitals; epaulets red; last three abdominal seg- ments shining black on apical half; third antennal segment in female very slender (Florida)______ (4) angusticornis (Townsend). Slicers DlACK ORs Bae a Ske IIE SLA Pe 2 Ee ON ea 4, Femora reddish yellow (United States, widespread)__ (1) conica Townsend. 4. Parafacial bristles reduced to small hairs in upper half of row; fourth abdominal segment polished black, usually with- out pollen; petiole of apical cell shorter than small cross vein (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona)__--_______ (3) bicincta, new species. Parafacial bristles not noticeably reduced in size above; fourth abdominal segment thinly pollinose on basal third; petiole of apical cell about one-third the length of apical cross vein, male only (West Indies) ~__________________ (2) townsendi (Williston). (1) CERATOMYIELLA CONICA Townsend Ceratomyiella conica TOWNSEND, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 18, p. 380, 1891. Male.—Front at vertex 0.3 and 0.31 of the head width (two speci- mens), gradually widening to antennae; median stripe reddish brown, hardly more than half the parafrontal width on entire length; parafrontals black and subshining, viewed from the side thinly polli- nose; face and parafrontals thinly gray pollinose; antennae reddish black, third segment broader than parafacial, six or seven times longer than second; arista brown, thickened about to middle; palpi L2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 pale yellow, slender to tip; back of head shining black above, thinly gray pollinose and sparsely pale haired downward. Thorax black, lightly dusted with gray pollen; dorsal black stripes poorly defined behind suture; scutellum black, indistinctly polli- nose, without discals; infrasquamal hairs absent; calypters trans- parent, front lobes colorless, hind ones tawny. Abdomen shining black, last three segments pruinose on basal third; first and second segments bearing a pair of median marginal bristles; third and fourth each with a marginal row of six or eight; no discals. Legs reddish yellow, tibiae more or less infuscated, tarsi black. Wings with a tawny tinge, paler on hind margins; hind cross vein perpendicular to fourth, which it joins slightly nearer bend than small cross vein; epaulets red. Female—Front at vertex 0.27 and 0.25 of the head width in two specimens; third antennal segment slender, about five times longer than second; arista thickened near the base, clothed with short hairs; cheek about one-third the eye height; front tarsi as noted under generic description. Length.—5 mm. Remarks.—Redescribed from 2 males and 2 females: 1, College Station, Tex., December 4, 1932 (H. J. Reinhard); 1, A. and M. College, Miss. (F. M. Hull); 1, Opelousas, La., without collector’s label; and the other, Dead Run, Fairfax County, Va. (R. C. Shan- non). The type locality is Carlinville, Ill. The species is easily recognized by the red femora. (2) CERATOMYIELLA TOWNSENDI (Williston) Atrophopoda townsendi WILLISTON, Trans. Ent, Soc. London, 1896, p. 356, pl. 11, fig. 93. Paradidyma townsendi AtpricH, Catalogue of North American Diptera, p. 474, 1905, Oedemapeza townsendi TowNSEND, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 51, p. 65, 1908. Male—F¥ront at vertex 0.28 and 0.27 of the head width in two specimens, widening uniformly downward; parafrontals blackish, thinly dusted with white pollen; median stripe reddish brown, slightly narrower than one parafrontal on entire length; frontal bristles about five in number, extending to level with apex of sec- ond antennal segment, uppermost pair of moderate length, reclinate, others directed inward; ocellars small but distinct, proclinate; one proclinate orbital bristle situated at middle of front; verticals one pair (inner) developed; face moderately excavated, receding, gray pollinose, its ridges bare; parafacials narrow, gray pollinose, bear- ing a row of moderate-sized bristles on inner margin, bare outside CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD 13 the main row; vibrissae situated on oral margin; antennae as long as face, basal segments yellow, third brownish, thickly covered with dense pale pubescence and about seven times longer than second segment; arista about as long as third antennal segment, thickened on proximal third, reddish, basal segments darker, short but dis- tinct; eyes bare; cheek in profile about one-fifth the eye height; proboscis short; palpi slender, pale yellow; back of head subshining above, gray pollinose and pale haired below. Thorax and scutellum black, dusted with gray pollen; mesonotum marked with two heavy black stripes, which extend from the anterior margin to base of scutellum without interruption at suture; chaeto- taxy as in C’. conica,; postscutellum thinly gray pollinose; no infra- squamal hairs; calypters transparent, faintly tawny. Abdomen rather slender, shining black; intermediate segments with bluish-white pollen bands on basal fourth above, becoming wider on the sides and venter; fourth segment pruinose on proximal third; two basal segments each with a pair of median marginal bristles; third and fourth with a marginal row; no discals; genital segments black, small, and retracted. Legs rather long and slender, blackish; front claws and pulvilli short but distinct. Wings tinged with brown on anterior margin, grayish hyaline behind; veins bare except third, which is haired to small cross vein; hind cross vein perpendicular to fourth, joining it midway between bend and small cross vein; apical cell closed, the petiole nearly one- third the length of the broadly concave apical cross vein, reaching costa shortly before tip of wing; costal spine small. Length—4 mm. Remarks.—Redescribed from two males in my collection from the West Indies, donated by D. G. Hall; labeled “ Mustique Island, May.” The species varies considerably in the degree of infuscation of the wings. Four specimens in the United States National Museum, ac- cording to Dr. J. M. Aldrich, all have the wings more distinctly infuscated than described above, agreeing better in this respect with Williston’s description. The species is closely related to coniea, from which it is readily distinguished by the black legs, longer petiole of apical cell, and other characters. I have not seen any specimens of the female. The type locality is St. Vincent, British West Indies. (3) CERATOMYIELLA BICINCTA, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.297 of the head width (one specimen), not prominent at antennae; parafrontals gray pollinose to vertex, 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 bearing a few scattered inconspicuous hairs outside of frontal rows; median stripe short, brownish black, narrower than one parafrontal on entire length; verticals two pairs, outer ones about half as long as inner, curving outward and backward; ocellars present, procli- nate; frontals about five in the row, extending about to middle of second antennal segment, uppermost pair larger and reclinate, the pair next in front of these erect, decussate at tip, others directed inward; one proclinate orbital bristle situated midway between the anterior ocellus and base of antennae; face rather long and deep, gray pollinose on reddish ground color, its ridges hardly divergent downward, practically bare; vibrissae on the front edge of the mouth; parafacials narrow, gray pollinose, bearing a row of bristles which are reduced to small hairs on the upper half; antennae red- dish yellow, as long as the face, third segment darker, about seven times longer than second, which bears one long and numerous shorter bristles on front side; arista about as long as third antennal seg- ment, finely pubescent, thickened and yellow on proximal two-fifths, black beyond, penultimate segment about twice as long as broad; proboscis short, labella fleshy; palpi slender to tip, pale yellow, bearing a few short black hairs near apex; cheek bare, gray polli- nose on red ground color, about one-fourth the eye height; pos- terior orbits broad to middle, thence narrowed upward, thickly cov- ered with gray pollen; back of head sparsely pale haired, gray pol- linose; eyes bare. Thorax black, gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with three broad pale gray and two slightly narrower opaque black stripes, which extend from the anterior margin to base of scutellum; the latter black, dusted with changeable gray pollen, bearing two lat- erals (with a large supernumerary bristle on one side), apical pair strongly decussate; other details of chaetotaxy as in conica; calyp- ters transparent, white; postscutellum normal; no infrasquamal hairs. Abdomen shining black; intermediate segments with silvery bands on basal fourth to third, extending on venter to median line; first and second segments each with a pair of median marginal bristles; third with four marginals, none below the lateral pair; fourth with a complete marginal row of about 12; no discals; genitalia small, retracted; inner forceps blackish, short and united, moderately wide at base, which is haired behind, tapering sharply to middle, slender and shining beyond, tip acute; outer forceps largely yellow, convex on outer side, tips acute and blackish, shghtly longer than inner ones; penis short, black, apex bordered with a narrow white mem- brane; fifth sternite narrowly and deeply incised, the lobes shining black, sparsely clothed behind with short, black hairs. CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD 15 Legs largely black, trochanters yellow, coxae less distinctly so; fore tarsal segments normal, the claws and pulvilli short but dis- tinct; mid tibia with a whorl of three bristles near middle, the one on outer front side stout; hind tibia with only three strong bristles on outer posterior edge. Wings with a brownish tinge on broad anterior margin, some- what paler behind; venation bare except third vein, which is setu- lose almost to small cross vein; fourth vein with a broadly rounded stumpless bend, concave beyond; hind cross vein perpendicular to fourth, joining it midway between small cross vein and bend; api- cal cell closed, petiole short, reaching costa shortly before the wing tip; epaulets blackish; costal spine developed but not very strong. Female.—F ront at vertex 0.296 of the head width (average of five: 0.3; 0.29; 0.29; 0.29; 0.29), widening uniformly to antennae; the usual two proclinate orbitals present; verticals two pairs; antennae a little shorter than face, third segment narrow but wider than para- facial below, about five times longer than the second; arista thick- ened on proximal fourth, pubescent to tip; cheek about one-fourth the eye height; fore tarsi compressed, the segments slightly swollen, claws and pulvilli minute. Length—Male, 6 mm; female, 5.5 to 7 mm. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44758, from College Station, Tex. Remarks.—Described from eight specimens. In my collection, 1 male and 38 females, College Station, Tex., September 25 and October 11, 1930, August 24, 1931, and October 19, 1933 (H. J. Reinhard). In the United States National Museum, 4 females as follows: 1, Brownsville, Tex., June (C. H. T. Townsend) ; 1, Yuma, Ariz., June 26, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich) ; 2, Las Cruces, N.Mex., one labeled “ CkIl. 2293, Aug. 1894”, the other without collector’s label. The specimen collected by Cockerell also bears Coquillett’s determination label, Paradidyma singularis Townsend. The species is strictly congeneric with the type species, conica, from which it differs in having black legs and broad, well-defined thoracic stripes; in being more robust in build; and in other characters. (4) CERATOMYIELLA ANGUSTICORNIS (Townsend) Atrophopalpus angusticornis TOWNSEND, Ent. News, vol. 3, p. 130, 1892. Male.—F¥ ront at extreme vertex 0.271 of the head width (one speci- men), widening gradually downward to antennae; sides of front, face, and cheeks gray pollinose; median stripe red, narrower than one parafrontal; outer verticals and orbitals absent; ocellars proclinate; uppermost frontal reclinate, others directed inward, extending below middle of second antennal segment; face rather deeply exca- vated, receding and concave above mouth in profile; facial ridges 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yOL. 83 moderately divergent downward, practically bare; vibrissae on level with front edge of mouth; antennae as long as the face, basal seg- ments yellow, second distinctly longer than the first and about one- sixth the length of third, which is black except at extreme base; arista brown, thickened on basal fourth, slender beyond middle, sec- ond segment short; parafacial bearing a row of bristles, which be- come longer and stronger downward, a few hairs outside the large bristles on lower extremity; cheek nearly two-fifths the eye height; palpi but little longer than thickness of proboscis at point of attach- ment, pale yellow, bearing two black hairs near apex; eyes practically bare. Thorax and scutellum black, gray pollinose; four black stripes on mesonotum, outer ones broader, stopping shortly before base of scutellum. Chaetotaxy as in conica; scutellum with two laterals (posterior pair large and divergent), one decussate apical and a weak discal pair; postscutellum thinly pollinose; infrasquamal hairs absent; calypters tawny. Abdomen shining black on broad hind margins of last three seg- ments, basal segment without, second with one pair of large median marginal bristles; third and fourth each with a complete row of about 12; no discals; inner forceps united, slender on apical half, in profile slightly bowed forward at tip; penis simple, terminating in a short pale membrane; fifth sternite with a narrow deep incision, the lobes blackish. Legs reddish black; claws and pulvill moderately elongated. Wings subhyaline; venation normal; third vein with hairs extend- ing almost to small cross vein; apical cell open shortly before the wing tip; costal spine strong; epaulets red. Female.—F ront at vertex 0.292 of the head width (one specimen) ; third antennal segment very slender, four to five times longer than second; outer verticals not developed; two pairs of proclinate orbit- als; fore tarsi rather slender, compressed and tapering outward, claws and pulvilli minute. Length—6.5 to 7.5 mm. Remarks.—Redescribed from one male and one female in the United States National Museum from Miami, Fla., October 8 and 15 (C. H. T. Townsend). (5) CERATOMYIELLA ORBITALIS, new species Male—F¥ront at vertex 0.25 of the head width (one specimen), widening gradually downward to antennae; parafrontals gray polli- nose to vertex, sparsely haired; median stripe reddish brown, as wide as one parafrontal except at antennae; one pair of weak orbitals present; outer verticals not developed; ocellars proclinate; frontal CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REINHARD 17 bristles about seven in number, descending below middle of second antennal segment, uppermost pair reclinate, hardly larger than the next preceding ones in the row; face moderately receding, rather long and deeply excavated, its ridges not strongly divergent below, bare except one or two bristles above vibrissae, which are situated on the front edge of mouth; antennae as long as face, basal segment short, second wholly yellow, about one-fifth the length of third, which is blackish beyond the narrow base; arista brown, thickened on basal fourth, second segment short; parafacials gray pollinose, bearing a row of strong bristles along the inner margin, those in lower part of row larger than any of the frontals, a few hairs extend- ing outside the large bristles on the lower extremity; cheek about two-fifths the eye height; palpi small, yellow, bearing two slender black hairs near tip; labella pale yellow, fleshy; eyes bare; back of head gray pollinose; thinly clothed with pale hairs. Thorax and scutellum black, gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with four narrow black stripes; chaetotaxy as in conica; postscutel- lum normally developed; infrasquamal hairs absent; calypters white. Abdomen black, subshining; the pollen gray, apparent on sides of first segment, thicker on the basal margins of last three and ex- tending rather thinly past the middle on each; first segment with a weak pair of median marginals; second with one pair (broken off, scars indicating strong bristles) ; third and fourth each with a com- plete marginal row; no discals on anal segment. Legs black, basal segments reddish; claws and pulvilli elongate. Wings subhyaline; veins bare except third, which is setulose two- thirds of the distance to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein short; fourth vein with a broadly rounded bend, beyond slightly concave to costa; apical cell open just before the extreme wing tip; epaulets black; costal spine developed. Length.—8 mm. Female.—Unknown. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no, 44759. Remarks.—Described from one male in the United States National Museum from Hammonton, N.J., August 23, 1903; no collector’s label. Genus PARADIDYMA Brauer and Bergenstamm Paradidyma Braver and BERGENSTAMM, Die Zweifliigler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien, no. 5, p. 382, 1891; no. 6, p. 184, 1898. (Genotype, Didyma _ validinervis Van der Wulp.)—CoquiILLerT, Revision of the Tachinidae of America, p. 126, 1897—A.LpRicH, Catalogue of North Amer- ican Diptera, p. 474, 1905. Atrophopoda TowNseEenpD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 18, p. 873, 1891 [Geno- type, A. singularis, new species (female only)]; Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 51, p. 66, 1908. 73007—34——_2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Lachnomma TOwNsEND, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 19, p. 1038, 1892. [Geno- type, L. magnicornis, new species (male only)=Atrophopoda singularis Townsend. I have examined the type specimen. ] Microchira BRAUER and BERGENSTAMM, Die Zweifliigler des kaiserlichen Mus- eums zu Wien, no. 6, p. 188, 1893. [Genotype, M. mexicana, new species (male only)=Paradidyma aperta Brauer and Bergenstamm, loc. cit., p. 187.] Lachnommopsis TOWNSEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 421, 1915. [Geno- type, L. armata, new species (male only).] Phytoadmontia TOWNSEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 626. 1916. (Geno- type, Admontia setigera Coquillett.) In arranging the foregoing synonymy, I have examined all the type species involved. Atrophopoda braueri Williston, listed as a synonym of Paradidyma by Aldrich? and Coquillett,? does not come within the limits of the genus as restricted herein. I have examined a male type specimen in the Kansas University Museum. It has the eyes practically bare, and the first vein of the wing is setulose on almost the entire length. For this species Townsend ®* estab- lished Diaphoropeza, which Coquillett? also placed in synonymy with Paradidyma. Under the rules of the International Code the genus is valid, although no description of the generic characters was given. Generic characters (from the type species).—Eyes distinctly hairy. Front in male narrowed behind and rather prominent at base of antennae. Face receding, moderately excavated, its ridges normally divergent downward, in profile concave above mouth with the front edge of latter slightly prominent between vibrissae. Antennae in- serted about on level with middle of eye, extending almost to oral margin, basal segments subequal in length in male. Second seg- ment of arista short. Parafacial with a row of macrochaetae on the inner margin extending from lowermost frontal almost to lower edge of eye. Vibrissae situated on level with oral margin. Facial ridges bearing a few bristles and hairs above the vibrissae. Pro- boscis shorter than height of head, distal segment moderately slender, labella fleshy. Palpi normal in size, slender, tips hardly thickened. Frontal rows moderately divergent beneath base of antennae, extend- ing to base of third segment. Ocellars present, proclinate. Orbitals absent in male. Cheek about one-half the eye height. Back of head densely pale haired, with a row of black hairs below the orbital fringe. Thoracic chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 2, 1 (postsutural pair well de- veloped, situated in transverse line with posterior dorsocentral pair) ; 1A catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 46, p. 474, 1905. 2The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 5382, 1910. 8 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 51, no. 2, p. 64, 1908. CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD 19 dorsocentral, 3, 3; humeral, 2; posthumeral, 1; presutural, 1; noto- pleural, 2; intraalar, 2; supraalar, 2; postalar, 2; hypopleural, 4 or 5; pteropleural, 1 (small) ; sternopleural, 2, 1 (lower anterior one small). Scutellum with two lateral, one decussate apical and a small discal pair. Postscutellum normally developed; infrasquamal hairs present. Abdomen without discal bristles on intermediate segments. Legs rather long and slender, claws and pulvilli elongate in male. Wings with first vein bare; third bristled nearly to small cross vein. Costal spine developed. Last section of fifth vein less than half as long as the preceding one. Hind cross vein oblique to fourth, which it joins a little nearer bend than small cross vein. Apical cell narrowly open, reaching costa well before extreme tip of wing. KEY TO SPECIES OF PARADIDYMA MALES PACT UC en Lips Ce CYT nc ee ee ee 4, 2. Mesonotum gray pollinose, the black stripes conspicuous and usually fused into a single broad pair, which extends to base Oy fees SCUICE U UD eee epee cet tee le ee NTE Reena Se eee 3. Mesonotum subshining, at most lightly dusted with pollen, the black stripes poorly defined or entirely obliterated behind suture; third antennal segment ordinary; arista thickened on basal two-fifths (Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, Virginia). (23) petiolata, new species. 8. Last three abdominal segments with silvery bands on basal third, the remainder of these segments including the first shining black; third antennal segment entirely black (United States, widespread) __________-_- (22) singularis (Townsend). Pollen on abdomen not in defined basal bands, first segment conspicuously pollinose on the sides above, the second with pollen extending to hind margin; base of third antennal segment yellow to insertion of arista (Brazil). (21) brasiliana, new species. 4. Last section of fifth vein one-half the length of preceding section__--_--~ 5: Last section of fifth vein distinctly less than one-half as long as WEE CCCI? | SCC EL OTe eee ee eee eee 8. 5. Acrostichals only two pairs well developed before suture__------------ 6. Three pairs of strong presutural acrostichal bristles; palpi brownish; abdomen almost wholly covered with gray pollen; fourth segment bearing a row of strong discal bristles (New IMU @Xal CO) see ee ania ecg ve areca ad (8) neomexicana, new species. 6. Second antennal segment distinctly longer than first-__-__---_---------- ae Basal segments of antennae subequal in length; pollen on thorax and abdomen tinged with brown; postsutural acros- tichals one pair; calypters tawny (Mexico). (9) derelicta, new species. 7. Last three abdominal segments with defined silvery bands on basal fourth, the remainder of these segments including the first shining black; mesonotum thinly pollinose, sub- shining; palpi pale yellow; two sternopleural bristles (Utah). (11) retracta, new species. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 Pollen on last three abdominal segments not in defined cross bands, the first pollinose on the sides; mesonotum covered with dense cinereous pollen, the black vittae very distinct behind suture; palpi brownish black; three sternopleurals (Utah) eee Pee ES i ee (10) cinerescens, new species. 8. Front narrowed behind the middle; orbital bristles absent_____-_---__ 9. Front almost uniform in width to vertex; one pair of orbitals present; arista thickened on proximal three-fourths; palpi and second antennal segment yellow; verticals two pairs developed; fourth abdominal segment without discals (Peru). (24) armata (Townsend). 9. Sides of face bare below level of arista outside main row of bristles be ee 1 Sides of face with hairs extending on lower half outside of paratacialwvOw=2222—=. 222. sa ee Ss ee eee Tee ee ee ee 10. 10. Bristles on lower half of face distinctly longer than those above and approximating the frontals in size; arista bare, thickened on proximal two-thirds; face strongly receding; palpi dark brown; small cross vein infuscated; epaulets black (Mexico, New Mexico) _--_----____ (12) crassiseta, new species. Parafacial bristles about equal in length throughout entire row, and less than half the size of frontals; arista pubes- cent, thickened hardly to middle; palpi pale yellow; abdo- men wholly gray pollinose; wings hyaline; epaulets red (New. Mexico!) (EB ee, Veen), Ee ens wee (18) aristalis, new species. 11. Fourth abdominal segment with discal bristles above__________________ 12: Fourth abdominal segment without discals above; first segment bearing a pair of median marginals; front about one-half eye width; arista distinctly pubescent (Texas, North Carolina, Guatemala 8% Seen 2 eee eat wee ee, See aeeee eee (18) apicalis, new species. 12. First abdominal segment with a pair of median marginal bristles; arista pubescent; front narrow, 0.22 of head width; third antennal segment four times length of second (Mexico) 2 20 10) SSMS Bene abies (20) validinervis (Van der Wulp). First abdominal segment without median marginals; arista bare; front rather wide, about 0.29 of head width; third antennal segment six to seven times longer than second (United States, widespread) ~_______________ (19) affinis, new species. FEMALES 1. Fore tarsal segments compressed and swollen, claws and Pulyilli minute or “atrophiedes 222. ae SEE ee eee ee 4. Fore tarsal segments ordinary, the claws and pulvilli well developed Lath. 2 Vel Sere Be) NS SAS DaRee EEN II NY Sage Br See ae ae 2. 2. Last section of fifth vein one-half as long as preceding section_-_-______ 3. Last section of fifth vein about one-third length of preceding section; third antennal segment as wide as_ parafacial and three times length of second; abdomen thinly gray pollinose, subshining; costal spine longer than small cross vein; wings hyaline (California, Arizona)____ (6) setigera (Coquillett). 3. Abdomen shining black, last three segments with pollen in defined bands on basal fifth; palpi pale yellow; sterno- pleurals, 2; no infrasquamal hairs; small species, length At mma LAN) Scr t oe eee eee eee eee (7) obliqua, new species. 10. At, CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REINHARD 21 Abdomen wholly gray pollinose; palpi dark brown; sterno- pleurals, 3; infrasquamal hairs present; larger species, ery ENS Ta ria ae esas es Dae Pash eee (8) neomexicana, new species. . Sides of face bare below level of arista outside main row of PEIStless 2 Ceres Fert Ee he A Eas 2) oe ea 5. Sides of face outside main row of bristles with coarse black hairs extending almost to cheeks; pollen on head golden; abdomen wholly pollinose (Mexico). (14) aperta Brauer and Bergenstamm. . Fourth abdominal segment with a row of discals extending ACROSS | HELE Ops Me rey ee eae tes Len hs ee Pee ae ee 2S et ee a 9. Fourth abdominal segment without median discal bristles above____-___- 6. WOULCELVeLticals notdevelopeds. 222 tee. sae ee ee ee te Outer vertical bristles almost as large as inner ones; abdomen wholly gray pollinose; arista thickened beyond middle CReru) ste BLL EE Se Oe at Bhd aS ok (24) armata (Townsend). . Venter of abdomen clothed with only short black hairs_____-__-_________ 8. Venter bearing long pale or whitish hairs; palpi black; wings strongly infuscated; antennae wholly black (Peru). (17) piliventris, new species, . Arista thickened on proximal two-thirds, bare; third antennal segment yellow on basal half, five to six times longer than second; parafacial at narrowest part but slightly wider than third antennal segment; pollen on intermediate abdomi- nal segments extending thinly to hind margin (Peru). (16) peruana (Townsend). Arista thickened at base, very slender on apical two-thirds, clothed with short hairs to tip; third antennal segment black, narrowed toward base, about two and one-half times length of second; intermediate abdominal segments with defined silvery bands on basal third (Central America, VET BS Ot Z)) eee re Re ae ek Aue ee (15) aldrichi, new species. . Apical cell of wing closed and petiolate; outer vertical bristles SLD S CM teeta a as 9 NYG pens a dae PN es tere | od ee aE AY Upodtives yas 11. Apical cell open; outer verticals nearly half as long as inner ELD near an rea ee ree SO dy ge ee Sees en ae ores pe we at 10 Epaulets reddish yellow; arista thickened on proximal fourth, distinctly short haired to tip; mesonotum covered with thick lusterless yellowish gray pollen, the dark stripes very in- conspicuous and visible only in a flat rear view; abdomen largely pollinose, third and fourth segments at most sub- shining on narrow hind margins____________ (18) apicalis, new species. Epaulets black; arista thickened almost to middle, pubescent ; mesonotum gray pollinose, the black stripes distinct, not in- terrupted at suture; last three abdominal segments shining black jonirapical half) omymores22 he as a (19) affinis, new species. Mesonotum subshining, lightly dusted with pollen, the dark stripes hardly apparent; arista thickened on basal fifth to fourth; abdomen black and shiny, basal fourth of segments 2 and 3 thinly gray pollinose at most_______ (23) petiolata, new species. Mesonotum densely gray pollinose and vittate, the black stripes usually fused into a single broad pair, which extends to base of scutellum; arista thickened about to middle; last three abdominal segments conspicuously pollinose on basal ELT CLEC pyla calf eee aren 2a oe lA (22) singularis (Townsend). 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 (6) PARADIDYMA SETIGERA (Coquillett) Admontia setigera CoquILLteTtT, Invertebrata Pacifica, vol. 1, p. 86, 1904. Phytoadmontia setigera TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 626, 1916. Female.—Closely resembles P. obliqua, from which it differs in the following characters: Front at extreme vertex 0.294 of the head width in one specimen; median stripe distinctly narrower than one parafrontal on entire length; outer verticals weakly developed; third antennal segment three times longer than second; cheek one- half the eye height. Thorax and scutellum densely gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with four black stripes, which are distinct be- hind suture; three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen subshining, the pollen gray and without definite pattern, in certain lights extending thinly to hind margin of last three segments, the first conspicuously pollinose above. Fore claws and pulvilli almost normal in size. Hind cross vein of wing not unusually oblique; last section of fifth vein one-third as long as preceding section; costal spine exceeding the length of small cross vein. Length.—5.5 mm. Male-—Unknown. Type.— Female, in the United States National Museum, from California. Remarks.—Redescribed from one female, East Verde River, Ariz., 4,500 feet; without collector’s label. Besides the type and the present specimen, kindly loaned me for study by Dr. J. M. Aldrich, no additional specimens have apparently been taken since the species was described 30 years ago. (7) PARADIDYMA OBLIQUA, new species Female.—Front at vertex 0.304 of the head width in one specimen measured; median stripe reddish brown, about equal the width of one parafrontal; ocellars small, proclinate; verticals broken off, but the scars indicating a good-sized inner pair; orbital bristles two, proclinate; frontals about five in number, extending about to middle of second antennal segment, uppermost bristle reclinate, rather short; parafrontals gray pollinose to vertex, almost devoid of hairs outside of frontal rows; face receding, moderately excavated, in profile con- cave above mouth, its ridges normally divergent, bearing only one or two bristly hairs next to vibrissae; the latter situated on oral margin but well above the lower edge of head; parafacials gray pol- linose, bare outside of the main row of bristles, which extend along inner margin from lowest frontals to level with apex of third an- tennal segment; cheek sparsely haired on lower margin, gray pol- linose, about two-fifths the eye height; antennae a little shorter than CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD 23 face, third segment black, about as wide as parafacial below and only slightly more than twice the length of second which is yellow; arista blackish, thickened on about basal fourth, penultimate segment as wide as long; palpi pale yellow, slender; proboscis short, labella fleshy ; eyes sparsely short haired; back of head gray pollinose, mod- erately clothed with pale hairs. Thorax black, thinly gray pollinose; mesonotum with four black stripes obliterated behind suture where the surface is subshining in most views; scutellum black, almost shining but lightly dusted with uniform grayish pollen; chaetotaxy as in validinervis, but with only two sternopleural bristles; postscutellum normal; no infrasquamal hairs; calypters white. Abdomen black, rather broad and flat above; last three segments with silvery bands on basal fifth, the remainder of these segments including the first polished or shining; first segment without median marginals; second with one pair, small; third also with a median pair, a wide space intervening between these and the next ones sit- uated near the sides of the segment; fourth bearing a row of rather strong discals besides a row of somewhat weaker marginal bristles; hairs on intermediate segments depressed. Legs black, trochanters yellow, coxae less distinctly so; front tarsal segments not laterally compressed, the claws and pulvilli small but distinct. Wings grayish hyaline; third vein bristly two-thirds the distance to small cross vein; hind cross vein unusually oblique to fourth, join- ing it nearer bend than small cross vein; apical section of fifth vein one-half the length of preceding section; fourth vein with a rounded obtuse stumpless bend, curving outward shortly beyond, thence almost straight to costa; apical cell very narrowly open shortly before extreme tip of wing; costal spine small. Length—4 mm. Male.——Unknown. Type. Female, U.S.N.M. no. 44760. Remarks.—Described from one female specimen in the United States National Museum, collected by W. Carter, labeled “ S. pestifer, Salmon River Crossing, Idaho, August 31, 1927.” This species, like P. setigera, has almost normally developed fore tarsal claws and pulvilli, but differs in the more oblique hind cross vein and the extremely narrow pollen bands on last three abdominal segments. There are other minor differences. (8) PARADIDYMA NEOMEXICANA, new species Male—Front before triangle 0.258 of the head width in the one specimen; parafrontals gray pollinose to vertex, clothed with moder- 24. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 ately long black hairs, which extend downward below base of antennae; frontals about six in number, descending almost to level with apex of second antennal segment, directed inward, the upper- most pair reclinate, not very long; ocellars strongly divergent, pro- clinate; orbitals absent; inner verticals strong, outer ones not devel- oped; face gray pollinose, its ridges normally divergent downward, bare except a few bristly hairs above vibrissae, which are on a level with the protruding front edge of mouth; sides of face below base of third antennal segment without any hairs between the row of bristles and margin of eye; cheeks gray pollinose, sparsely haired below, about two-fifths the eye height; antennae black, third segment reddish near base, about four times the length of second; arista black, thickened to middle; palpi brown, bearing several long black hairs near tip; eyes distinctly hairy; back of head clothed with pale hairs. Thorax and scutellum black, covered with dense gray pollen; mesonotum with four very distinct black stripes, outer pair inter- rupted at suture and stopping before base of scutellum; chaetotaxy as in validinervis, except that there are three pairs of well-developed acrostichal bristles before the suture; postscutellum normal, gray pollinose; one hair present on each side of postnotum beneath the calypters; the latter semitransparent, white. Abdomen black, covered with gray changeable pollen, which in most views extends to the hind margins of last three segments; basal segment without median marginals; second with one pair; third bearing a marginal row, the intermediate bristles poorly developed ; fourth with a discal and a marginal row of rather stout bristles; genital segments blackish, subshining. Legs black; claws and pulvilli elongated; the latter dark or grayish in color. Wings subhyaline; hind cross vein sinuous, oblique to fourth, joining it nearer bend than small cross vein; apical section of fifth vein one-half the length of preceding section; apical cell narrowly open well before tip of wing; third vein setulose as usual; costal spine developed; epaulets black. Female.—Front at extreme vertex 0.291 of the head width (one specimen) ; two pairs of strong proclinate orbitals; outer verticals about half as large as inner pair; third antennal segment moderately wide to tip, about three and one-half times as long as second; fore tarsal segments normal, the claws and pulvilli distinctly developed. Length.—Male, 7.5 mm; female, 8 mm. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44761. Remarks.—Described from one male and one female, Las Vegas, N.Mex., July (Cockerell). CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD 25 From the other forms having the hind cross vein retracted, the present species may be separated by the following characters: Male with three pairs of well-developed presutural acrostichals; female with distinct fore tarsal claws and pulvilli; and the abdomen more extensively pollinose in both sexes. (9) PARADIDYMA DERELICTA, new species Male—F ront narrowed before vertex, at narrowest part 0.238 of the head width in one specimen; parafrontals densely gray pollinose to vertex, sparsely haired outside of frontal rows; median stripe reddish brown, at antennae about as wide as one parafrontal, verti- cals one pair (inner) developed; frontals ordinary in size, uppermost bristle reclinate and hardly stouter than the preceding one; sides of face densely gray pollinose, bare outside the main row of bristles, which become longer and stouter downward; antennae black, third segment five times the length of second; arista thickened hardly to middle; palpi dark brown; cheek nearly one-half the eye height, thickly clothed with hairs on lower margin. Thorax black, covered with gray pollen, which on the mesonotum has a brownish sheen in certain lights; dorsal vittae four, outer pair interrupted at the suture; scutellum black, grayish pollinose; calypters tawny. Abdomen black; pollen on intermediate segments with a brownish tinge apparent in most views; narrow hind margin of third and apical half of fourth segment subshining; first segment without median marginals; second with one pair; third bearing a marginal row of about eight; fourth with a row of discals, which are obviously stouter than the marginals; genital segments black. Legs black; pulvilli tawny. Wings grayish hyaline; hind cross vein noticeably retracted and sinuous; last section of fifth vein one-half as long as the preceding section; third vein setulose almost to small cross vein; apical cell narrowly open, reaching costa well before extreme wing tip; costal spine developed; epaulets black. Length—T mm. Female—Unknown. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44762. Remarks.—Described from one male in the United States National Museum taken at Mound Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico, August 23, 1909, by Dr. C. H. T. Townsend. Differs from P. validinervis, which it closely resembles, in the ab- sence of median marginals on first abdominal segment, and in having the hind cross vein of wing noticeably retracted. There are other minor differences. 73007—34— 3 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 83 (10) PARADIDYMA CINERESCENS, new species Male—vVery closely resembles ?. derelicta, from which it differs in the following characters: Front at narrowest part (before vertex) 0.263 of the head width in one specimen measured; second antennal segment distinctly longer than first and nearly one-fourth the length of third; cheeks clothed with sparse black hairs on lower half; palpi brownish black. Thorax and scutellum covered with dull cinereous pollen; postscutellum membranous above; calypters white. Abdomen subshining, lightly sprinkled with gray pollen, which in most views extends to the hind margins of last three segments. Pulvilli grayish, about as long as last tarsal segment. Length.—6 mm. Female.—Unknown. Type—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44763. Remarks——One male, Promontory Point, Utah, August 5, 1929 (G. F. Knowlton). The species has a general pale-gray appearance, in contrast with the decidedly blacker aspect of P. derelicta, to which it is closely allied. The slight structural differences are mentioned in the key. (11) PARADIDYMA RETRACTA, new species Hind cross vein noticeably retracted; last section of fifth vein more than half the length of preceding; apical cell open; sterno- pleurals two; last three abdominal segments shining black on apical three-fourths or more. Male.—¥ront at vertex 0.228 of the head width in one specimen measured, hardly widened to middle, and not very prominent at antennae; cheeks, face, and sides of front gray pollinose; median stripe brownish, as wide as one parafrontal on entire length; ocellars proclinate; inner verticals developed; frontals extending about to apex of second antennal segment, uppermost pair rather weak, recli- nate; antennae nearly as long as face, black, second segment reddish, one-fourth the length of third; arista blackish, thickened on proxi- mal two-fifths; facial ridges strongly diverging downward, bare except a few hairs next to vibrissae, which are situated on oral mar- gin; parafacials bare outside of the main row of bristles; cheeks sparsely black haired below, about two-fifths the eye height; palpi pale yellow; eyes hairy; beard white. Thorax black, gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with four dis- tinct black vittae; scutellum black, subshining, hghtly dusted with changeable gray pollen; infrasquamal hairs absent; calypters semi- transparent, white; postscutellum normally developed. Abdomen mostly shining black, with silvery basal bands on last three segments, which in a favorable angle extend at most over the CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD Di. basal third of intermediate segments; first segment bearing a very slender or hairlike pair of median marginals; second with a well- developed pair; third bearing a marginal row of about six with a wide space between the median pair and the lateral one; fourth with a row of strong discals besides the usual marginal row; genital seg- ments shining black, retracted; fifth sternite black, the lobes promi- nent, narrowly and deeply incised. Legs slender, black; claws and pulvill nearly as long as the apical tarsal segment. Wings subhyaline; hind cross vein very oblique to fourth, which it joins almost midway between bend and small cross vein; apical cell narrowly open well before the tip of wing; third vein setulose three- fourths the distance to small cross vein; costal spine small; epaulets black. Length—6 mm. Female.—Unknown. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44764. Remarks.—Described from one male specimen taken at Smithfield, Utah, August 24, 1925, by G. F. Knowlton. The narrower front, retracted hind cross vein, two sternopleural bristles, and the more defined and narrower pollen bands on last three abdominal segments distinguish the species from affnis, described herein. The two species agree in most other essential characters. (12) PARADIDYMA CRASSISETA, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.23 and 0.21 of the head width in two specimens, very prominent at antennae; face strongly receding, its ridges rather flattened below, bearing bristly hairs and one or two strong macrochaetae next to vibrissae; parafrontals black, covered with reflecting grayish pollen, narrow on upper part behind middle; median stripe red, wider than one parafrontal except at antennae; frontals six to eight in number, directed inward, the uppermost nearly erect, not longer than preceding pair; orbitals absent; inner verticals strong, outer ones not developed; ocellars ordinary in size, proclinate; antennae black, about as long as face; first segment ex- tending considerably above the front and as long as the second; third segment unusually broad to tip and about equal the width of para- facial at narrowest part, six to seven times as long as the second segment; arista black, thickened on proximal two-thirds, second segment short; parafacials black, the pollen dark gray with a distinct luster, clothed with black hairs outside the row of bristles, which become successively longer and stronger downward; palpi dark w@, brown; cheek one-half the eye height; eyes distinctly hairy; beard white. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Thorax and scutellum black, gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with four black stripes in front and five behind suture, outer pair stopping before base of scutellum; infrasquamal hairs present, calypters white. Abdomen black, all segments with gray pollen, which in some views extends thinly past the middle of the last three; basal segments each with a pair of median marginals (smaller on the first) ; third with a marginal row of 10 to 12; fourth bearing a complete row of discals as large as those in the marginal row; genital segments black, retracted. Legs black, reddish near base; claws and pulvili longer than apical tarsal segment; hind tibia with a row of uneven wide-spaced bristles on outer posterior edge. Wings with a brownish tinge on the anterior margin, small cross vein infuscated ; venation normal; third vein setulose two-thirds the distance to small cross vein; apical cell open well before exact wing tip; epaulets blackish; costal spine ordinary in size. Length—9 mm. Female—Unknown. Type—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44765. Remarks.—Described from two male specimens in the United States National Museum: One (the type) labeled Sanchez, Chi- huahua, Mexico, September 2, 1909 (C. H. T. Townsend) ; the other, Las Vegas, New Mexico, August 19, 1901 (H. 8S. Barber). The prominent front, more strongly receding face, longer and broader third antennal segment, and haired parafacials readily sep- arate the species from P. derelicta, to which it is closely related. Another difference is the presence of median marginals on the first abdominal segment. (13) PARADIDYMA ARISTALIS, new species Arista densely pubescent; parafacial bristles uniform in length downward, smaller than usual; sides of face cinereous, with black hairs extending below middle outside of the main row of bristles; mesonotum with four black stripes in front and five behind suture. Male—F¥ront at vertex 0.26 of the head width (one specimen), rather prominent at antennae; parafrontals cinereous pollinose to vertex, rather sparsely clothed with short black hairs and consider- ably widened before middle; median stripe reddish brown, slightly narrowed behind; inner verticals large; ocellars proclinate; orbitals absent; frontals about six in the row, the lowermost nearly on level with apex of second antennal segment; face receding, moderately deep, and concave above the mouth; vibrissae large, on level with oral margin; facial ridges divergent downward, bearing a few bristly CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REINHARD 29 hairs on lower extremity; cheek bare above the lower margin, gray pollinose, about two-fifths the eye height; antennae as long as face, first segment rather prominently elevated above the front, third seg- ment about five times longer than second; arista black, thickened nearly to middle, proximal segments short but distinct; palpi slen- der, pale yellow; beard white; eyes distinctly hairy. Thorax and scutellum black, densely gray pollinose; three pairs of acrostichal bristles behind the suture, the median ones very weak or hairlike; other details of chaetotaxy as in validinervis; infra- squamal hairs present; postscutellum gray pollinose, membranous above; calypters semitransparent, white. Abdomen black, wholly gray pollinose; first segment without median marginals; second with a stout closely spaced pair; third with a marginal row of about 10; fourth bearing a complete row of good-sized discals, besides a row of still larger marginals; genital segments reddish black, lightly pollinose, fifth sternite deeply divided, the lobes blackish, clothed with fine hairs. Legs mostly black, the basal segments and the hind tibiae obvi- ously reddish (front pair missing) ; claws and pulvilli elongate. Wings subhyaline; venation normal; apical cell open well before tip of wing; costal spine large; epaulets red. Length—8.5 mm. Female——Unknown. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44766. Remarks.—Described from one male labeled “Animas Park, N.Mex., 6,500 feet (Townsend).” (14) PARADIDYMA APERTA Brauer and Bergenstamm Paradidyma aperta BRAUER and BERGENSTAMM, Die Zweifltigler des kaiser- lichen Museums zu Wien, no. 6, p. 187, 1893. Microchira mexicana BRAveR and BERGENSTAMM, Ibid., p. 188. Readily distinguished from all other known species by the golden pollen on the head. I have not seen any male specimens. Female.—Front at extreme vertex 0.312 of the head width (one specimen) ; pollen deep golden-yellow on parafrontals, parafacials, cheeks, and posterior orbits; face yellowish gray; outer verticals about half the size of inner ones; orbitals, two pairs; ocellars pro- clinate; frontals extending to apex of second antennal segment, directed inward, except the uppermost, which is reclinate; parafacial on narrowest part about one-half the width of facial depression, bearing a row of rather weak bristles and with black hairs on entire length outside the main row; vibrissae situated on front edge of mouth; facial ridges with one or two bristles and fine hairs next to vibrissae; cheek fully one-half the eye height; palpi yellow; 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 antennae shorter than face, mostly black, third segment rather slender and about two and one-half times the length of second; arista black, thickened on basal fourth, clothed with short hairs, penultimate segment short; eyes distinctly hairy; back of head gray pollinose, moderately pale haired below. Thorax and scutellum black, gray pollinose; mesonotum with four distinct black stripes before the suture and five behind, the outer pair not interrupted at middle and stopping well in front of scutel- lum; acrostichals, 3,3 (first two behind suture small) ; postscutellum normally developed, gray pollinose; infrasquamal hairs present; calypters white with yellow margins. Ahdomen broadly ovate, black, wholly covered with thick yellow- ish-gray pollen; first segment without median marginals; second with a closely spaced pair; third bearing a marginal row of about eight; fourth with a discal row well behind the middle besides a marginal row of weaker bristles. Legs black, trochanters red; front legs with the tarsal segments laterally compressed and swollen, claws and pulvilli minute; mid tibia with one strong bristle on outer front side near middle; hind tibia with a scattering row of uneven bristles on outer posterior edge. Wings grayish hyaline; venation normal; third vein bristly two- thirds the distance to small cross vein; apical cell open far before tip of wing; costal spine long; epaulets red. Length—10 mm. Remarks.—Redescribed from one female specimen in the United States National Museum, Atzcopotzalco, D. F., Mexico, August 31, 1922 (E. G. Smyth). (15) PARADIDYMA ALDRICHI, new species Female—Front at extreme vertex 0.25 to 0.27 of the head width in three specimens measured; parafrontals black, thinly gray pol- linose; median stripe reddish brown, about equal the width of one parafrontal on entire length; the usual two proclinate orbitals present; ocellars rather weak, proclinate; inner verticals large, outer ones not developed; frontals about five in the row, descending to middle of second antennal segment, uppermost one stouter and reclinate; antennae somewhat shorter than face, third segment black, rather narrow at base and about two and one-half times longer than the second, which is largely yellow; arista brown, thickened at base and very slender on apical two-thirds, clothed with short hairs to tip, second segment short; face moderately excavated, hardly receding but concave above mouth in profile, its ridges bear- ing a few bristly hairs next to vibrissae, which are situated on oral CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REINHARD 31 margin; parafacials blackish, covered with feebly shining gray pollen, bare below arista, except a row of weak bristles along inner margin which are reduced in size to small hairs on the upper part; palpi yellow, slender to tip; cheek one-third to two-fifths the eye height; eyes sparsely short haired; back of head gray pollinose, moderately clothed with whitish hairs. Thorax black, gray pollinose; mesonotum with four black stripes, which are sometimes indistinctly separated behind the suture; scu- tellum black, lightly sprinkled with changeable gray pollen, post- scutellum normal, thinly pollinose; infrasquamal hairs absent in two specimens and three hairs present in the other; calypters pale yellowish white. Abdomen shining black; intermediate segments with silvery bands on basal third, the fourth thinly pollinose almost to apex; first seg- ment without median marginal bristles; second with one pair; third and fourth each bearing a marginal row; fourth without discals, the broad basal margin above destitute of hairs. Legs black; front tarsi compressed and swollen, the claws and pul- villi very minute. Wings brown, paler on the posterior, margin; apical cell open shortly before wing tip; venation normal; third vein setulose half to three-fourths the distance to small cross vein; costal spine longer than small cross vein; epaulets black. Length.—7 mm. Male—Unknown. Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. no. 44767. Remarks.—Described from three female specimens in the United States National Museum as follows: 1 (the type), taken at Ingenio R.R. Station, Guatemala, April 28, 1926, by Dr. J. M. Aldrich, in whose honor the species is named; 1, labeled San Rafael, Vera Cruz (C. H. T. Townsend), and the other, Higuito, San Mateo, Costa Rica (Pablo Schild). The species has the eyes less distinctly haired and smaller para- facial bristles than any other member of the genus. It is provision- ally included here. The accumulation of better preserved speci- mens, including the male sex, seems necessary to decide the question of proper generic allocation. The relationship with Ceratomyiella seems close, but the type species of that genus has the eyes entirely bare. (16) PARADIDYMA PERUANA (Townsend) Diaphoropeza peruana TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 308, 1912. Very similar to P. singularis, from which it differs in the following characters: 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Female.—Front rather narrow, at extreme vertex 0.26 of the head width (one specimen); parafacial at narrowest about as wide as third antennal segment; cheek barely one-third the eye height. Infrasquamal hairs present; calypters with rims pale tawny. Abdo- men without defined silvery basal bands on last three segments; first thinly gray pollinose above and on sides; intermediate segments with the pollen extending thinly beyond the middle when viewed from behind; anal segment almost entirely gray pollinose, without discal bristles; venter largely covered with gray pollen. Legs brownish black. Wings with a distinctly yellow tinge on costal margin and along the veins, hind margins grayish hyaline; apical cell closed at costa, not petiolate; costal spine about as long as small cross vein; epaulets reddish black. Length—7.5 mm. Male.——Unknown. Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. no. 15147. Remarks.—Redescribed from one paratype female from Sullana, Peru, October 1, 1910, TD 3942 (C. H. T. Townsend). In the United States National Museum there are three additional female type specimens from the same locality and one female from Piura, Peru, all collected by Dr. C. H. T. Townsend. The narrower cheeks and parafacials and the absence of discal bristles on the fourth abdominal segment readily separate the species from P. singularis. (17) PARADIDYMA PILIVENTRIS, new species Distinguished from all others of this group by the presence of pale hairs on venter of abdomen. Female.—F ront at vertex 0.29 and 0.27 of the head width in the two specimens; parafrontals black, thinly gray pollinose, with more numerous black hairs on the lower part extending on the parafacials about to level with arista; outer verticals not developed; ocellars proclinate; orbitals two proclinate pairs; frontals about six in num- ber, distinctly larger than parafacial bristles, uppermost pair rather stout and reclinate, the others directed inward descending below mid- dle of second antennal segment; face blackish, gray pollinose, mod- erately receding and concave above mouth in profile; facial ridges not very prominent, bearing bristly hairs on about the lowest fourth; parafacials largely black, covered with satiny gray pollen, a row of bristles along the reddish inner margin, outside of these bare on lower half; antennae shorter than face, wholly black, third segment narrowed toward base and about two and one-half times the length of second; arista black, thickened on proximal fourth, basal segments short; vibrissae near the front edge of the mouth; cheeks two-fifths the eye height; eyes distinctly hairy; palpi black, bearing several CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REINHARD 33 long pale hairs on under side near the tip; back of head blackish, thinly gray pollinose, rather sparsely clothed with pale hairs. Thorax and scutellum black, dusted with gray pollen; mesonotum marked with four black vittae, outer pair not interrupted at suture; chaetotaxy as in validinervis; infrasquamal hairs absent; postscu- tellum normal; calypters pale yellowish white. Abdomen black and shiny; last three segments with dense grayish- white pollen bands, which are wider on the sides of the intermediate segments and narrowed at the middle above, especially on the second where the pollen is confined on the basal margin; first segment without median marginals; second with one pair; third and fourth each bearing a marginal row of about 10; fourth segment without discal bristles; venter pale haired. Legs black, basal segments reddish; front tarsal segments swollen, the claws and pulvilli minute or atrophied; hind tibia with three large and several small bristles on outer posterior edge. Wings infuscated, a little paler along the hind border; venation normal; third vein with hairs extending almost to small cross vein; apical cell open shortly before wing tip; costal spine strong; epaulets black. Length—iT mm. Male.—Unknown. Type.—F¥emale, U.S.N.M. no. 44768. Remarks.—Described from two females in the United States National Museum, collected at Huariaca, Peru, December, 1921, by Dr. C. H. T. Townsend. (18) PARADIDYMA APICALIS, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.258 of the head width (average of five: 0.24; 0.26; 0.26; 0.27; 0.26), hardly wider to middle, thence diverging to antennae where it is rather prominent in profile; median stripe reddish brown, nearly as wide as one parafrontal on most of its length; ocellars present; verticals one pair (inner) developed; orbitals absent; frontals five or six in number, the rows moderately divergent beneath antennae extending to apex of second segment, uppermost bristle stouter, reclinate; parafrontals covered with dull gray pollen to vertex, moderately clothed with rather coarse black hairs; face receding and concave above the mouth in profile, its ridges not very prominent, haired on lower fourth or less; parafacials densely gray pollinose, a row of bristles along the inner margin becoming longer and stronger downward, the largest approximating the frontals in size, bare outside the main row of bristles below level of arista; vibrissae situated on oral margin; antennae about as long as face, basal segments subequal in length, 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 third black, five or six times longer than second which is largely yellow; arista blackish, finely pubescent, thickened on proximal two- fifths, basal segments short; palpi slender, pale yellow, bearing a few long black hairs beneath on apical half; cheek bare above lower margin, gray pollinose, clothed with pale hairs; eyes distinctly hairy. Thorax and scutellum black, covered with thick gray pollen; mesonotum with four narrow dark stripes, often poorly defined, interrupted at suture and stopping far before base of scutellum; two or three acrostichal bristles usually developed behind the su- ture, other details of chaetotaxy as in validinervis; postscutellum thinly pollinose and membranous above; infrasquamal hairs pres- ent; calypters semitransparent, white with a tawny tinge. Abdomen black, largely gray pollinose; hind margins of last three segments black and subshining when viewed from above, but pollinose or subpollinose in most other views, first segment with conspicuous pollen on the sides above; one pair of median marginal bristles present on first and second segments, the third and fourth each with a marginal row, no discals on dorsal surface of fourth segment; genital segments small, black, retracted; inner forceps united, slender, clothed with brownish hairs behind near base, flattened and shining beyond middle, apex minutely notched; outer forceps shorter than inner ones, tapering uniformly to a blunt tip, tinged with yellow; penis simple, short, blackish, apex bearing a short pale membrane. Legs black, basal segments and knees yellowish; mid tibia with a whorl of three bristles near middle, the one on outer front side stout; hind tibia with a scattering row of irregular bristles on outer posterior edge; claws and pulvilli elongate. Wings subhyaline; veins yellow, bare except third, which has hairs extending almost to small cross vein; fourth vein with a rounded almost rectangular stumpless bend, beyond rather deeply concave to costa; last section of fifth vein about one-fourth as long as preceding section; apical cell open well before the wing tip; costal spine strong; epaulets red. Female.—F¥ront at vertex 0.282 of the head width (average of five: 0.28; 0.28; 0.28; 0.31; 0.26); pollen on parafrontals, meso- notum and abdomen with a distinct pale brassy tinge; outer verti- cals developed, orbitals two pairs; antennae shorter than face, third segment slender, yellow at base, about four times the length of second; arista short haired to the tip; first abdominai segment without median marginals, the fourth with discals above; fore tarsal segments compressed and swollen, claws and pulvilli atrophied. Lengih.—6 to 8 mm. CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REINHARD 35 Type—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44769, from College Station, Tex. Remarks.—Described from 14 males and 11 females in my collec- tion. All taken at College Station, Tex., September-November 1920-1933 (H. J. Reinhard), and one male from Hidalgo County, Tex., May 18, 1932 (S. W. Clark). In the United States National Museum, one female from La Providencia, Obispo, Guatemala (C. M. Rouillard). (19) PARADIDYMA AFFINIS, new species Male.—F¥ront at vertex 0.288 of the head width (average of five: 0.29; 0.28; 0.29; 0.29; 0.29), hardly widening to middle thence rap- idly so to antennae where it is moderately prominent; parafrontals gray pollinose to vertex, moderately clothed with rather coarse black hairs outside the frontal bristles; median stripe red, occupying about one-third the frontal width; inner verticals large, outer pair not developed; orbitals absent; frontal bristles extending below middle of second antennal segment, uppermost one reclinate; ocellars pres- ent, proclinate; antennae about as long as face, basal segments sub- equal in length, third segment black, six or seven times longer than second which is largely yellow; arista black, thickened about to middle, finely pubescent, second segment short; face gray pollinose, moderately excavated, receding with the lower border slightly prom- inent between vibrissae; facial ridges weakly divergent downward, bearing a few bristly hairs next to vibrissae, which are situated on the oral margin; palpi slender, pale yellow, with several long black hairs on lower edge beyond the middle; parafacial gray pollinose, bare except a row of bristles along the inner margin, those in lower part of row approximating the frontals in size; cheek reddish in ground color, thinly gray pollinose and bare above, about two-fifths the eye height; eyes distinctly haired; back of head densely gray pollinose and thickly clothed with pale or whitish hairs. Thorax black, gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with four nar- row black stripes, which are not very conspicuous especially behind the suture; scutellum black, covered with dull gray pollen, which is thinner on middle of disk; chaetotaxy as in validinervis but with three postsutural acrostichals usually present; postscutellum normal, thinly pollinose; sides of postnotum beneath calypters bearing a tuft of small black hairs; calypters semitransparent, white. Abdomen black, dusted with gray pollen, which in certain views extends thinly behind the middle on the intermediate segments; viewed from above the first segment pollinose on sides and the three following ones shining black on posterior third to half; first seg- ment without median marginals; second with one pair; third bearing a marginal row of 10 to 12; fourth with a discal and a marginal 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 row of stronger bristles; genitalia as in P. singularis, but the outer forceps more broadly rounded at the apex. Legs rather slender, black; claws and pulvilli elongated. Wings grayish hyaline; venation bare except third vein, which is setulose almost to small cross vein; fourth vein with a rounded stumpless bend and broadly concave beyond to costa; last section of fifth vein about one-fourth the length of preceding section; apical cell narrowly open far before wing tip; costal spine strong; epaulets black. Female.—Front at vertex 0.288 of the head width (five measured as follows: 0.3; 0.27; 0.29; 0.28; 0.3); outer verticals developed but smaller than inner ones; orbitals two proclinate pairs; antennae shorter than face, third segment slender, four to five times the length of second; first abdominal segment usually without median marginal bristles (two specimens with a pair present); front tarsi laterally compressed and swollen, the claws and pulvilli minute or atrophied. Length.—5.5 to 9.5 mm. Type—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44770, from College Station, Tex. Remarks.—Described from 50 specimens. In the United States National Museum: 2 males, Knoxville, Tenn., May 25 (J. M. Aldrich) ; 1 male, Birmingham, Ala., June 4, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich) ; 1 female, * Lafayette, Ind., September 12, 1918 (J. M. Aldrich); 1 female, Riley County, Kans., May 29 (Popenoe); 1 female, Manhattan, Kans., May 30, 1928 (R. C. Smith); 1 female, labeled “ Ga.” with- out additional data; 1 male and 1 female, Clemson College, S.C., October 10, 1908 (C. H. T. Townsend); 1 female, Holly Springs, Miss., September 7, 1890 (F. W. Mally); 1 male, Miami, Fla., September 6 (C. H. T. Townsend); 1 female, Washington, D.C., September 18, 1921 (J. M. Aldrich); 1 female, Rock Creek, D.C., flowers chrysanthemum, May 30, 1917 (C. H. T. Townsend); 1 male, Eastern Branch near Bennings, D.C., August 29, 1915 (W. L. McAtee); 1 male, Washington, D.C., June 27 (Townsend); 1 fe- male, Washington, D.C., October 2, 1917 (W. L. McAtee) ; 1 female, Anacostia, D.C., September 24, 1914 (R. C. Shannon) ; 1 female, at light, Plummers Island, Md., September 2, 1914 (R. C. Shannon) ; 1 female, Chesapeake Beach, Md., October 14, 1926 (J. M. Aldrich) ; 1 female, Arlington, Va., October 6, 1913 (R. H. Hutchison); 1 male, Lincoln, Nebr., July 7, 1922 (O. C. Bradbury); 1 female, Marfa, Tex., June 18, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich); 1 female, Raleigh, N.C. (C. S. Brimley). In the Kansas University Museum:1 male, Las Cruces, N.Mex., September 25, no collector’s label. In my col- lection: 9 males and 16 females, College Station, Tex., April to October, 1917-1930 (H. J. Reinhard). In the collection of D. G. Hall, 1 female, Manhattan, Kans., May 10, 1929 (D. G. Hall). CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD 37 In the material examined I have noted but one specimen (female) having the first posterior cell closed and short petiolate. In singu- daris the first posterior cell is invariably closed and usually short petiolate. Other differences may be noted in the present species: Four narrow thoracic stripes; fourth abdominal segment with discals above in male; outer verticals present in female. (20) PARADIDYMA VALIDINERVIS (Van der Wulp) Didyma validinervis VAN bER Wop, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera, vol. 2, p. 164, 1890. Paradidyma validinervis BraurrR and BrercenstAMM, Die Zweifliigler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien, no. 5, p. 404, 1891; no. 6, p. 127, 1893. Besides the characters mentioned in the generic description, the type species has the following additional characters: Male—Front narrowed before vertex, at narrowest part 0.22 of the head width in one specimen; parafrontals covered with dense gray pollen to vertex, sparsely clothed with hairs outside of frontal rows; median stripe reddish brown, at middle wider than one para- frontal; inner verticals developed; frontals ordinary in size, the uppermost bristle subreclinate and hardly stouter than the preceding one; parafacials densely gray pollinose, bare below level of arista outside of the main bristles, which increase in size downward in the row; antennae black, third segment about four times the length of second; arista pubescent, thickened about on proximal half; palpi dark brown; cheek clothed with black hairs on lower margin, about two-fifths the eye height; eyes hairy. Thorax black, gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with four black stripes, outer pair interrupted at suture; scutellum black, thinly gray pollinose; calypters whitish, the hind lobe translucent and with a slight brownish tinge. Abdomen black; segments two to four shining beyond the basal silvery band, only the second showing thin pollen more extensively in a flat rear view; basal segments each with a pair of median mar- ginals; third bearing a marginal row of six, large; fourth with a row of six discals, which are slightly stouter than the marginals; genital segments black. Legs black; claws and pulvilli elongate. Wings grayish hyaline; first vein bare, third setulose almost to small cross vein; apical cell narrowly open; last section of fifth vein less than half as long as preceding section; costal spine devel- oped. Length—7 mm. Remarks.—Redescribed from one cotype male specimen in the United States National Museum from Guerrero, Mexico. I have not seen any specimens of the female. 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 (21) PARADIDYMA BRASILIANA, new species Male—Front moderately wide, at vertex 0.29 of the head width in one specimen; parafrontals covered with gray pollen tinged with vellow along the inner margins; parafacials, cheeks, and posterior orbits cinereous; third antennal segment largely black, the base yellow to the insertion of the arista. Sides of postnotum beneath calypters with a few small inconspicuous hairs. Abdomen slender, tapering to a rather narrow apex; first segment conspicuously gray pollinose on the sides above, second almost entirely covered with changeable gray pollen, third and fourth shining black on apical third to half; genital segments black, small and retracted. Other- wise as in P. stngularis. Length—T mm. Female.—Unknown. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44771. Remarks.—Described from one male specimen collected at Itaqua- quecetuba, Sao Paulo. Brazil, September 26, by Dr. C. H. T. Townsend. I am unable to note any structural differences between the present species and P. singularis; both have the third antennal segment strikingly elongated with the anterior margin concave below the insertion of the arista. The rather slight characters separating the species are mentioned above and in the key. A second closely related species is P. peruana, known only in the female; it differs from brasiliana in having the cheeks distinctly narrower, the wings and calypters obviously tinged with yellow, and apical cell barely closed at costa. (22) PARADIDYMA SINGULARIS (Townsend) Atrophopoda singularis TowNsenp, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vol. 18, p. 8373, 1891. Lachnomma magnicornis TowNSEND, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vol. 19, p. 103, 1892. Paradidyma singularis Coqutcterr, Revision of the Tachinidae of America, p. 126, 1897.—Atpricu, Catalogue of North American Diptera, p. 174, 1905. Male.—F¥ront at vertex 0.306 of the head width (five measured as follows: 0.51; 0.31; 0.3; 0.3; 0.81), rather prominent at antennae; parafrontals, parafacials, and cheeks cinereous pollinose; face long and deeply excavated, its ridges weakly divergent downward, bear- ing a few bristles and hairs on lower extremity; antennae strikingly elongate, first segment longer than second and extending consider- ably above level of the front, third segment black, about equal the length of face with the front edge concave below insertion of arista; the latter thickened on proximal three-fourths; cheek two-fifths the eye height; parafacial bare outside the main row of bristles; palpi yellow; eyes distinctly hairy. CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD 39 Thorax black; mesonotum densely gray pollinose, the black stripes usually fused into a single broad pair, which extends to base of scutellum ; chaetotaxy as in validinervis,; sides of postnotum beneath calypters usually bare but sometimes with a few small hairs present; calypters white. Abdomen black; last three segments with silvery bands on basal third, remainder of these segments including the first polished or shining; basal segment without median marginal bristles; second with one pair; third and fourth each with a marginal row, the fourth occasionally with one or two discals on the sides but none at middle above; genital segments blackish, retracted; inner forceps black, with a slight median keel behind, moderately broad at base, the apical half narrowed terminating in an acutely tipped shining beak; outer forceps yellow, slightly shorter than inner ones, the sides bulged and clothed with short brownish hairs, tips blunt; fifth sternite with a narrow deep incision, the lobes black. Legs black; claws and pulvilli elongate. Wings grayish hyaline; third vein with hairs extending almost to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein one-third the length of preceding section; apical cell closed and usually short petiolate; costal spine well developed. Female.—Front at vertex 0.328 of the head width (average of five: 0.35; 0.32; 0.3855; 0.31; 0.31) ; the usual two pairs of proclinate orbit- als present; outer verticals not developed; antennae shorter than face, third segment slender, about one-half as wide as parafacial and four or five times longer than second; cheek two-fifths the eye height; fourth abdominal segment with a row of discals behind the middle above; fore tarsi compressed, the claws and_ pulvilli atrophied. Length—5.5 to 8.5 mm. Remarks.—Redescribed from a long series of both sexes from all sections of the United States, including the type male of Lachnomma magnicornis ‘Townsend, in the Kansas University Museum. A common North American species described from Carlinville, Ill. Readily distinguished from most other members of the genus by the two broad black thoracic stripes, which in well-preserved speci- mens are sharply contrasted on entire length by a median and lateral pale gray pollen bands. Catemophrys sequens Townsend presents about the same general appearance but can readily be separated by its bare eyes and parafacials. (23) PARADIDYMA PETIOLATA, new species Mesonotum subshining, the vittae poorly defined; arista thickened on proximal half or less; apical cell closed, the petiole about twice the length of small cross vein. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Male—F¥ront 0.252 of the head width (average of five: 0.26; 0.25; 0.25; 0.25; 0.25), hardly widening to middle, thence rapidly so down- ward; parafrontals thinly gray pollinose often blackish before vertex, clothed with sparse short hairs; median stripe reddish brown, hardly narrowed behind and extending on each side of triangle to vertex; inner verticals moderately strong, directed posteriorly, outer pair vestigial ; ocellar bristles small, proclinate, divergent; orbitals absent; frontal bristles about five in each row, descending to level with apex of second antennal segment, uppermost pair reclinate, the others directed inward; face rather long and receding, deeply excavated, ground color black, gray pollinose, its ridges bare except a few bristly hairs above vibrissae; parafacial covered with shining gray or almost silvery pollen, bearing a row of bristles along the inner margin which become longer and stouter downward; vibrissae sit- uated on level with front edge of mouth; antennae as long as face; third segment black, with the anterior edge practically straight, about seven times the length of second; basal segments tinged with red, the first longer than second and extending well above the level of the front; arista slightly shorter than third antennal segment, black, thickened on proximal two-fifths, basal segments short but distinct; cheek about two-fifths the eye height; proboscis short, labella fleshy; palpi slender, hardly thickened apically, yellow; eyes distinctly hairy; beard white. Thorax black, thinly dusted with gray pollen; mesonotum sub- shining, the vittae poorly defined; chaetotaxy as in validinervis, except that there are usually three pairs of acrostichals before the suture; scutellum black, subshining; infrasquamal hairs present; postscutellum normally developed; calypters white. Abdomen shining black, with narrow silvery basal bands on inter- mediate segments, the fourth faintly pruinose at most; first segment without median marginals; second with a single pair; third and fourth with marginal rows, the latter also with discals at the sides but none on the middle above; genital segments black; inner forceps united, flat behind, tapering from base to an acute tip; outer forceps yellowish, shorter than inner pair, tapering outward, the tips rather narrow and darker. Legs black; claws and pulvilli elongate; wings subhyaline; veins bare except third, which is setulose almost to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein at most one-third the length of preceding sec- tion; apical cell closed, with petiole longer than small cross vein; costal spine small. Female.—Front at vertex 0.252 of the head width (average of five: 0.25; 0.25; 0.26; 0.25; 0.25), widening gradually to base of antennae; parafrontals blackish, subshining; orbitals two pairs, pro- CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REIN HARD 41 clinate; outer verticals not developed; third antennal segment slen- der, yellow at base, four to five times as long as second; abdomen mostly polished black, intermediate segments silvery on the narrow basal margin, fourth with discal bristles above; fore tarsal segments compressed and swollen, the claws and pulvilli minute. Length.—5 to 6.5 mm. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 44772. Remarks.—Described from 6 males and 11 females. In the United States National Museum: 2 males and 3 females (including the type), Lafayette, Ind., August and September 1917-1921 (J. M. Aldrich) ; 2 males and 4 females, Plummers Island, Md., September 24, 1902 (Barber and Schwarz), August 1908 (A. Busck), August 3, 1912 (J. R. Malloch), 3 females labeled “at light”, September 7, 1912, without collector’s label; 1 female, Chesapeake Beach, Md., Septem- ber 19, 1915 (W. L. McAtee); 1 male, Dead Run, Fairfax County, Va., September 30, 1915 (R. C. Shannon) ; 2 females, Difficult Run, Va., September 19, 1916, and October 28, 1917 (W. L. McAtee). In the Kansas University Museum: 1 pair labeled “ Ills. Forbes.” The species is closely related to P. singularis, from which it may be readily separated by the shining black mesonotum; longer petiole of the apical cell; and narrower front in both sexes. (24) PARADIDYMA ARMATA (Townsend) Lachnommopsis armata TowNsEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 421, 1915. Front uncommonly broad to vertex and orbitals present in the male sex; parafacial bristles about uniform in length throughout the row; abdomen densely gray pollinose. Male.—Front at extreme vertex 0.33 and 0.35 of the head width in two specimens, not much wider at base of antennae; parafrontals gray pollinose to vertex, sparsely haired outside of frontal rows; median stripe red, narrower than one parafrontal on entire length; inner and outer verticals developed; orbitals one pair, proclinate; ocellars present; frontals extending to apex of second antennal seg- ment, the uppermost stronger and reclinate; face rather strongly re- ceding and concave above the mouth in profile view, not very deep; facial ridges divergent below and haired on lower fourth or less; parafacials gray pollinose, a row of bristles along the inner margin that are noticeably smaller than the lowermost frontals, bare outside the main rows below base of third antennal segment; vibrissae on level with front edge of mouth; antennae slightly shorter than face, third segment black, about four times length of second which is mostly yellow and distinctly longer than the first; arista thickened to apical fourth, basal segments short; cheek fully one-third the eye height; palpi slender, pale yellow; eyes distinctly hairy. 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Thorax and scutellum black, gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with four narrow black stripes, outer ones interrupted at suture and stopping before base of scutellum; chaetotaxy as in validinervis; postscutellum gray pollinose, pale membranous above; infrasquamal hairs present; calypters tawny, paler at middle. Abdomen black, wholly covered with gray pollen; first segment without median marginals; second with one pair; third and fourth each with a marginal row; no discals on anal segment; genital seg- ments reddish black retracted; fifth sternite prominent, narrowly and deeply incised, the lobes pale yellow. Legs black, trochanters yellow, coxae less distinctly so; claws and pulvilli shorter than the apical tarsal segment. Wings subhyaline; venation normal; third vein haired about half- way to small cross vein; apical cell open a little before the exact tip of wing; costal spine developed; epaulets red. Female.—Front at vertex 0.349 of the head width (one specimen) ; fore tarsal segments compressed, the claws and pulvilli minute or atrophied, otherwise very similar to male. Length.—6 mm. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 19442. Remarks.—Redescribed from three specimens in the United States National Museum. Two paratypes (male and female), Chosica, Peru, May 25, 1913 (C. H. T. Townsend), and one male, Matucana, Peru, April 22, 1914 (C. H. T. Townsend). There appear to be no characters of generic importance, common to both sexes, that distinguish the species from Paradidyma. The secondary sexual characters in the male, viz, the wide front and presence of orbital bristles, at once separate it from all other known forms. The female, however, agrees in the essential characters of the present genus. As usual the front tarsi are compressed and swollen, with the claws and pulvilli minute or atrophied. CERATOMYIELLA AND PARADIDYMA—REINHARD 43 UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES The following species apparently belong to Paradidyma but have not been identified in the material contained in the United States National Museum. Both species were characterized in abbreviated descriptive terms, which were kindly transcribed for me by the late Dr. J. M. Aldrich. The types are located in the Experiment Station Collection, Lima, Peru. ATROPHOPODA PERUANA Townsend Atrophopoda peruana TOWNSEND, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., vol. 31, p. 159, 1927. Body length, 5 mm.; wing length, 444 mm. 1 male, Cacaturo, Piura Province, Peru, May 22 on herbage. Blackish ; head silvery white, facial plate and facial ridges gray; parafrontals blackish by direct view, thinly pollinose; frontal stripe dark brown; first an- tennal joint brown; second joint and palpi very pale fulvous; third joint blackish; pleura silvery, mesoscutellum and scutellum less thickly so; two heavy wide black thoracic vittae unbroken and reaching scutellum; abdomen shining; median vittae and narrow bases of intermediate segments thinly silvery, fourth segment more widely on base. Legs black. Wings pale smoky yellowish on costa and veins. Squamae glassy-whitish. Apparently quite similar to Paradidyma (Diaphoropeza) peruana (Townsend), which was also described (female only) from Peru. The present form may be the male of the last mentioned species, but it seems impossible to decide without specimens available for comparison. PARADIDYMA PERUVIANA Townsend Paradidyma peruviana TOWNSEND, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., vol. 31, p. 159, 1927. Body length, 7 mm.; wing length,6 mm. One female, Chosica, Peru, 3,000 ft., Oct. 18, indoors. Differs from P. validinervis by female vertical width well over one-third head width; frontals two below base of arista; width of frontal stripe two- thirds of one parafrontal at middle; ocellars of same strength as hind proclinate fronto-orbital; facio-orbitals eight or nine in row along inner edge of para- facials; cheek two-fifths the eye length; third vein bristly halfway to anterior cross vein; apical cell closed considerably before wing tip; hind cross vein much nearer bend of fourth and hardly its own length from same; palpi yel- lowish or fulvous; four moderately wide, equal black thoracic vittae not very heavy; wing veins yellowish; ‘“ nos’ * infuscate. According to the description the species is distinct from all other members of the genus by the frontal bristles descending beneath the base of the arista. This character, the wide front, and the strong ocellars should make the species easily recognizable. 4 Meaning unknown, probably a misprint. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM NL by the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Washington : 1934 Vol. 83 No. 2974 REVISION OF THE AMERICAN TWO-WINGED FLIES BELONGING TO THE GENUS CUPHOCERA By H. J. Reryuarp Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Tex. In THE preparation of this paper I have studied the material in the United States National Museum and the Kansas University Museum, besides my own collection mainly from Texas, and a few specimens from Washington and California. I am under obligations to the late Dr. J. M. Aldrich for the privilege of examining the National Museum material, which includes the types of most previ- ously described forms, and also for his cooperation in supplying references and notes on types not seen by me. To Dr. R. H. Beamer I am indebted for the opportunity of studying the material in the Kansas University Museum collection, which contained several unde- scribed forms from Western and Southwestern United States. My thanks are due also to J. Wilcox and Charles H. Martin, who gen- erously lent specimens for study from their private collections of west-coast flies. Sixteen species are characterized in this revision; of this number, 10 are new to science. ‘The types of the new species are deposited in the United States National Museum and the Kansas University Museum. Genus CUPHOCERA Macquart Cuphocera Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1845, p. 267. (Genotype, Micro- palpus ruficornis Macquart.)—ScHinmrR, Fauna Austriaca, vol. 1, p. 427, 1862.—VAN DER WULP, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera, vol. 2, p. 35, 1888; ibid., p. 475, 1908—BravErR and BERGENSTAMM, Die Zweifliigler des 45 73008-—34——1 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien, no. 4, p. 133, 1889; ibid., no. 6, p. 144, 1893.—CoQquILLETT, Revision of the Tachinidae of America, p. 140, 1897.— ALDRICH, Catalogue of North American Diptera, p. 483, 1905.—Apams, in Williston’s ‘* Manual of families and genera of North American Diptera,” ed. 3, p. 377, 1908. Palpibraca Ronpvant, Ann. Nat. Napoli, 1845, p. 22 (Genotype, P. haemorrhoa, new species=Micropalpus ruficornis Macquart); Dipterologiae Italicae Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 63, 1856; ibid., vol. 3, p. 60, 1859. Spanipalpus TowNsEND, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 51, p. 110, 1908. (Geno- type, Trichophora miscelii Coquiliett. ) Deopalpus TOWNSEND, Idem. (Genotype, D. hirsutus, new species.) Epicuphocera TowNSEND, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 15, p. 240, 1926. (Genotype, E. andina, new species.) The type species of all the above genera have been examined in the United States National Museum. The genotype, Micropalpus rufi- cornis Macquart (of Europe), differs from most of our species in possessing rudimentary palpi but slightly larger than in australis and incongrua, the only American species showing any development of these organs. The occurrence of rudimentary palpi and the ab- sence of ocellar bristles in the genotype are characters of doubtful generic importance. Townsend has proposed the genus Deopalpus for hirsuta, which has neither palpi nor ocellars, and Spanipalpus for miscelli, which differs from the genotype, ruficornis, in possessing ocellar bristles but no palpi. These characters are subject to some variation within species of this group and are too slight to main- tain the last mentioned genera or E'picuphocera, which has been proposed on even less important distinctions. The generic characters of Cuphocera as considered herein are as follows: Propleura and eyes bare; head at vibrissae as long as the antennal axis; face somewhat bulging at middle, its ridges flat and bare; parafacial broad, haired and bearing one or more stout bristles on lower part; front broad and two pairs of verticals present in both sexes; frontal bristles in two rows on widest part of para- frontal in the male; ocellars absent in buccata, torosa, fucata, con- tigua, andina, and usually in hirsuta, present in the other known species; proclinate orbital bristles present in all females and the male of incongrua; arista thickened on most of its length, penulti- mate segment long, not geniculate; vibrissae situated considerably above lower edge of head about on level with mouth; proboscis approximating the height of head; palpi rudimentary or entirely absent; cheek usually three-fourths the eye height. Thoracic chaetotaxy varying somewhat with the species and furnishing sev- eral good characters for separating the forms; three sternopleurals invariably present and usually with three postsutural dorsocentrals; scutellum with two to four marginal bristles besides a smaller apical pair. Abdomen generally broader and more robust in female, ovi- REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD Al positor short, fleshy and retracted; genitalia of the male with a large platelike lobe on the side, inner forceps united, the outer ones uni- formly slender. Legs ordinary in length; hind tibiae with a scat- tered row of uneven bristles on outer posterior margin; intermediate fore tarsal segments sometimes dilated in the female with the pulvilli short, but moderately enlarged in the male sex. Wings uniform in shape, third vein setulose one-half or more the distance to small cross vein; first posterior cell open far before the wing tip; hind cross vein oblique to fourth, which it joins much nearer the bend than small cross vein; last section of fifth vein usually less than one-half the length of preceding section; costal spine small or vestigial. Specific characters —The American species of Cuphocera separate into two groups on the presence or absence of ocellar bristles. The characters that seem most useful in separating the species are the color of the pleural and parafacial hairs, ground color of the para- frontals, and thoracic chaetotaxy. The structure of the male gen- italia is quite distinctive for a number of forms. The width of the front in relation to the total head width appears uniform within narrow limits for most species, and details of the frontal bristles furnish several additional minor points, especially in the male, that are of some service in distinguishing the forms. Minute or rudi- mentary palpi are present in only two of the known American species. In the female the genitalia appear uniform in structure; the ovipositor is short, fleshy, and retracted. There are three genera closely related to Cuphocera: Copecrypta Townsend, aside from its slender build, is distinguished mainly by the characteristic transverse or erect apical cross vein; Chiloepalpus Townsend differs most obviously in having the propleura haired; and Peleteria Desvoidy has about the same combination of external characters, except that the palpi are well developed. Very little is known concerning the biology of the species belong- ing to Cuphocera. 'The few rearings recorded indicate that the spe- cies are parasitic mainly on lepidopterous larvae. KEY TO SPECIES OF CUPHOCERA HES O Cel arSwO Tes Grit AeA eeE RIC ce tide A, 2 ee ele Bi A ll dy De Ocellancjabsent.-25 5 a a a A et ea ee 9. 2 Pleura clothedtiwithi pale Wars Sa eeeea tft etry hd ee ee EA ea ee 3. Pleura whollyzblack; harredt: Seaver hs Ste ee OP ae Cee 5. 8. Cheek two-thirds to four-fifths the eye height____________________________ 4, Cheek one-third the eye height, with silvery pollen which is distinctly tinged with yellow; parafacial hairs white; third antennal segment strikingly enlarged, subtriangular, three times as long as second (Brazil) --------_- (3) macrocera (Wiedemann), 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 4. Parafacial hairs black; third antennal segment widest near apex with anterior margin straight, hardly longer than second segment; parafrontals without any large bristles outside MSIE LO Wei (Cai LOTT a) ese eee a es (1) miscelli (Coquillett). Parafacial hairs white; third antennal segment strongly convex on anterior margin and distinctly exceeding length of second ; a secondary row of frontal bristles outside main row on widest part of parafrontal (Texas, Arizona)_-___ (2) parksi, new species. Bye Pa POL SUS N be ae IIE a a NE ee 6. Minute palpi present; parafrontals black, subshining; face, cheeks and beard golden; apex of fourth abdominal segment orange-yellow. (Chile) 22225 20 en SS (7) australis (Townsend). 6: /Scutellum: with: three or four marginal! bristles. 222 _ iia es ee Scutellum with only two marginals; third antennal segment slightly convex or almost straight on front edge; frontal stripe narrower than one parafrontal on upper half; fourth abdominal segment red above on apical third to half (Ari- Zonas California) tei). aye Ms LE ee RE (4) seutellaris, new species. . Fourth abdominal segment red at least on upper surface________________-_ 8. Fourth abdominal segment black; frontal stripe wider than one parafrontal on entire length; cheek three-fourths eye height ; inner forceps of male genitalia moderately long, slender on apical half with a raised median line behind (Arizona). (5) conformis, new species. 8. Abdomen black, anal segment wholly red and sharply con- trasted with preceding ones; parafrontals pale or yellow in ground color, thinly pollinose; front about one and one-half times width of eye (United States, Mexico)__ (11) hirsuta (Townsend). Abdomen broadly red on sides, fourth segment entirely con- ecolorous above; ground color of parafrontals obscured by rather dense gray pollen except at vertex; front approxi- mating twice width of eye; apical segment of proboscis un- usually slender and about equal to height of head (Cal- =] DA OR) eee has Lhe Lae a ae ee ee (6) geminata, new species. Oe Pa pia Sent as = ee ee ee Oe ee ee SS 10 Rudimentary palpi present; four postsutural dorsocentrals (Pexas, VATIZO nas) iso en a Ee (16) incongrua, new species. 10. .Gheeks clothed: with black hairs or bristles 22244 4-2 sea rh ee aI Cheeks wholly pale haired, about one-third eye height ; femora yellow; intermediate fore tarsal segments in female broadly dilatecd(Cuba) ean 2 a2 So unee eae Coe aan ee (9) buccata, new species. it ‘Phreesdorsocentral. bristles = 722 ae. we eee a ee eee 12. Four dorsocentrals; male with orbital bristles. (16) incongrua, new species. 12. opaulets, reddishyjor, yellow 225 se 2s ee 2 eee 13. Epaulets black; scutellum red, bearing four marginals of unequal size, disk with 10 or 12 erect bristles besides a reclinate discal pair; fourth abdominal segment black tinged with red above on basal margin; parafrontals black in ground color before vertex; inner forceps of male genitalia strongly bowed forward (Oregon, California) ~--_______ (15) torosa, new species. REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 49 13. Parafrontals entirely pollinose, yellow in ground color at least OVUSUL TOTO CTIA PO AUT time ee a a aS a a a 14. Parafrontals shining black; scutellum black, with three mar- ginal bristles; third antennal segment but slightly longer than second; cheek three-fourths the eye height (Mexico). (18) fucata (Van der Wulp). iM ihreenstenmopleurallaibristles ee se ead = er ee eee ee 15. Four sternopleurals; inner forceps of male genitalia laterally compressed at base and unusually narrow (California). (14) beameri, new species. 15. Third antennal segment largely black; front pulvilli of male MOLMALVaelOMS Ace 4 swears res eek Bo ey ee Niee fa eee ee 16. Antennae entirely bright yellow; front pulvilli of male small hardly half entire length of apical tarsal segment (Arizona). (8) flavicornis, new species. 16. Parafrontals thinly pollinose with yellow ground color dis- CINCH] Vara WAT MM ae es Ps EE a OS Oe ie SES 17. Parafrontals with dense gray pollen obscuring ground color, which is usually blackish except near vertex; scutellum red, with four marginal bristles; abdomen broadly red on sides in male, intermediate segments black in female with fourth wholly red and contrasting sharply with preceding ones (UnitedtStates! Canada) 22a. rie See ive (10) contigua, new species. 17. Scutellum with four marginal bristles of unequal size; para- facial bearing two macrochaetae on lower part; cheek sparsely clothed with fine black hairs________ (11) hirsuta (Townsend). Scutellum with three marginal bristles; parafacial bearing only one stout bristle; cheek at middle with three or four moder- ately large bristles and a few scattered short hairs (Peru). (12) andina (Townsend). (1) CUPHOCERA MISCELLI (Coquillett) Trichophora miscelli CoQuILLETT, Revision of the Tachinidae of America, p. 139, 1897.—ALprRICH, Catalogue of North American Diptera, p. 483, 1905. Spanipalpus miscelli TOWNSEND, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 51, p. 110, 1908. Pleura clothed with pale hairs; ocellar bristles well developed; scutellum with only two lateral bristles; palpi absent. Female——Front wide, at vertex 0.41 of the head width in the one specimen; parafrontals thinly gray pollinose; median stripe yellow, about as wide as one parafrontal; verticals two pairs, large, inner ones decussate; orbitals two pairs, proclinate; frontals about eight in a single row, which diverges toward the eye on parafacial, descending almost to level with apex of second antennal segment, uppermost two or three bristles reclinate; antennae red, third segment broadened apically, the anterior edge straight, about equal the length of second; arista thickened on proximal two-thirds, penultimate segment about one-fourth as long as the third; face silvery, somewhat bulging at middle, in profile concave below the middle, the front edge of mouth 0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Qn prominent between the vibrissae; facial ridges flat, bare; parafacials about two-fifths the width of face, with one strong bristle on lower part and black hairs extending upward to lowermost frontals; pro- boscis rather slender, the apical segment exceeding the height of head; labella small; cheek silvery, clothed with black hairs, about things: fourths the eye height; back of head convex in proaie: gray pollinose, clothed with whiten hairs. Thorax black, gray pollinose; pleura clothed with pale hairs; mesonotum marked with four black stripes; scutellum yellow beyond middle, gray pollinose. Chaetotaxy: Humeral, 5; posthumeral, 2 presutural, 2; notopleural, 2; acrostichal, 3, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 3; intraalar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; sternopleural, 2, 1; ptero- pleural, 2 (broken off scars large). Scutellum with 2 lateral, 1 smaller decussate apical, and a still smaller discal pair; postscutellum normally developed, gray pollinose; calypters opaque, white. Abdomen rather narrow, black, the sides and apex reddish; cov- ered with changeable gray pollen, which in most views extends to the hind margins of the intermediate segments and to the middle of the fourth; first segment without median marginal bristles; second with one pair, large; third with one pair and three at the side; fourth with an arcuate row of large discals besides a row of smaller marginals. Legs (only the hind pair present on type specimen) black, the basal segments and tibiae reddish yellow; hind tibiae with a row of irregular bristles on outer posterior side. Wings grayish hyaline, tinged with yellow along the costa; third vein bristly almost to small cross vein; fourth saan a vectra stumpless bend, beyond which it is concave, thence straight in an eblique angle toward costa; epaulets yellow; costal spine vestigial. Length, 9 mm. Male—Unknown. Type.— Female, U.S.N.M. no. 3645. Remarks.—Redescribed from one female (type) specimen in the United States National Museum, reared from a chrysalis of Adiso- phanes miscellus in Los Angeles County, Calif., by A. Koebele. Although the single type specimen was described 37 years ago, no additional material has come to light during this period. The black parafacial hairs readily distinguish the species from both macrocera and parksi. Other differences are mentioned in the key. (2) CUPHOCERA PARKSI, new species Maile.—¥ront rather broad, at vertex 0.402 of the head width (aver- age of five, 0.39; 0.4; 0.4; 0.42; 0.4); parafrontals gray pollinose and clothed with intermixed black and white hairs; median stripe pale reddish yellow, narrower than one parafrontal on most of its REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REINHARD 51 length; two pairs of large verticals, inner ones decussate, the outer curving backward and outward; frontals in two irregular rows, the inner or main row extending below the middle of second antennal segment and diverging toward the eye, all except the uppermost one or two pairs directed inward, the latter reclinate; ocellar bristles well developed, proclinate; orbitals absent; face including cheeks pale in ground color, with white subshining pollen; parafacial rather broad, bearing a single stout bristle near the lower corner of eye (in one specimen two, but the lower one small) and sparsely clothed with pale or whitish hairs; face transversely rounded or bulging at middle, in profile concave above mouth which is moderately protuberant, its ridges flat, bearing two or three bristles above the vibrissae; the latter situated about on level with oral margin; cheek about two- thirds the eye height, clothed with fine pale and coarser black hairs; proboscis distinctly exceeding the height of the head, apical segment slender, shining brownish black, labella smail; palpi absent; antennae three-fourths the length of face, largely red, third segment unusually broad, strong convex on the anterior margin and about one and one- half times the length of second segment; arista blackish, thickened and tapering toward tip, penultimate segment long, the apical one pubescent and somewhat flattened near base; back of head gray pollinose and densely clethed with white hairs. Thorax black; mesonotum gray pollinose, marked with four broad black stripes which extend almost to base of scutellum; prosternum bare; pleura gray pollinose, clothed with fine pale hairs; scutellum reddish on apex, covered with changeable gray pollen. Chaetotaxy: Humeral, 4 or 5; posthumeral, 2; notopleural, 2; presutural, 2; acrostichal, 3, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 4; intraalar, 3; supraalar, 3; post- alar, 2; pteropleural, 2; sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum bearing two large lateral, a much smaller suberect decussate apical, and a discal pair; postscutellum normal; calypters opaque, white. Abdomen rather slender, subshining, black, the sides and apex reddish with rather thin changeable gray pollen, which extends to the hind margins of the intermediate segments; first segment pollinose above, without median marginal bristles; second with a stout pair; third bearing a median pair and three at the side; fourth segment with three irregular rows on apical half; venter gray pollinose, black- haired with pale pile on basal segment; genitalia yellow, with the usual large lobe on the side; the united inner forceps short, clothed with black hairs on base behind, laterally compressed or very thin on about apical third, in profile view uncommonly thick to apex which is broadly rounded; outer forceps blackish, with a large triangular projection near base behind, rather slender beyond and in rear view strongly bowed; penis short, the apex broadly expanded; fifth ster- 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 83 nite yellowish, with a moderately broad but not very deep U-shaped incision. Legs black, lower edge of femora, knees and tibiae reddish; mid- dle tibia with four or five stout uneven bristles on outer front side; hind tibia with about seven smaller bristles on outer posterior edge, the middle one largest; claws and pulvilli shorter than apical tarsal segment. Wings grayish hyaline; epaulets yellow; third vein setulose almost to small cross vein; fourth vein with a rectangular bend which sometimes bears a short stump, beyond the angle the vein curves inward, thence continues straight in a diagonal direction to costa, narrowly closing first posterior cell far before tip of wing; hind cross vein very oblique to fourth which it joins much nearer bend than small cross vein; last section of fifth vein less than half the length of preceding section; costal spine vestigial. Length, 10 to 12 mm. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 50558, from Bexar County, Tex. Remarks.—Described from nine males. In my collection eight specimens from Texas as follows: 1, Marathon, April 18, 1922 (C.S. Rude); 2, Moore, June 7, 1922 (C. S. Rude); 4, Bexar County, February 2, March 5, and April 4, 1923 (H. B. Parks); and 1, Brewster County, reared August 15, 1930, at San Antonio by H. B. Parks, from an unknown lepidopterous larva. In the Kansas Uni- versity collection, 1 male, from Mescal, Ariz., July 28, 1927 (R. H. Beamer). Named for H. B. Parks, who has donated many speci- mens of Diptera from the vicinity of San Antonio. (3) CUPHOCERA MACROCERA (Wiedemann) Tachina macrocera WIEDEMANN, Aussereuropiiische zweifliigelige Insekten, vol. 2, p. 290, 1830. Cuprocera macrocera SCHINER, Reise der dsterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool. Theil, Diptera, p. 330, 1868. Elachipalpus macrocera BrRAuER and BERGENSTAMM, Die Zweifliigler des kaiser- lichen Museums zu Wien, no. 5, p. 406, 1891. Cuphocera macrocera ALDRICH, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 79, art. 19, p. 24, fig. 1, 1929. Spanipalpus aldrichi TowNsEND, Revista Ent., vol. 1, p. 168, 1931. The supposed male type, from Brazil, is in the Vienna Natural History Museum. Aldrich has given a complete description of the specimen, with a figure of the head, which is readily accessible. The unusually large, subtriangular third antennal segment readily dis- tinguishes the species from all other members of the genus. Since Wiedemann’s specific name applies to antennae of uncommon size, hardly any doubt remains that the specimen represents his true type. The species, according to Greene’s figure, differs from miscelli and parksi in having the cheek barely one-third the eye height. Other REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 53 differences are mentioned in the key and descriptions. The species is not represented in the United States National Museum, and I have not seen the single type specimen. (4) CUPHOCERA SCUTELLARIS, new species Male.—F¥ ront narrower than usual, before vertex 0.322 of the head width (average of five, 0.32; 0.83; 0.31; 0.33; 0.32), widening rap- idly below; parafrontals black, covered with dense dull gray pollen to vertex; frontal stripe yellow, narrowed toward triangle and at middle hardly as wide as one parafrontal; ocellars well developed; verticals two pairs, inner ones decussate and the outer divaricate; frontal bristles about nine in a row, the upper one largest, suberect and slightly divergent, the lower one at middle of parafacial near level with middle of second antennal segment; a secondary row of four or five frontals outside the main row on widest part of front; face and cheeks yellow in ground color, covered with lusterless pale erayish-white pollen; parafacial black haired, with three or more moderately large bristles in a row on lower half nearest the eye; face with the lower border protuberant, its ridges flat bearing three or four bristles next to the vibrissae; basal segments of antennae red or yellow, the third black except at base, weakly convex or almost straight in front, distinctly longer than second segment; arista black, short, tapering uniformly to tip, penultimate segment elon- gate; cheek clothed with rather sparse longish black hairs, about three-fourths the eye height; proboscis rather slender, apical segment shining brown, tapering outward from base, labella small; palpi absent; back of head thickly pale haired. Thorax gray pollinose and when viewed from the rear with four broad subshining black stripes, the outer ones interrupted at the suture; pleura black haired; scutellum red at apex, dusted with gray pollen. -Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 2, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 3; intraalar, 2 (none near suture); supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; presutural, 2; notopleural, 2; humeral, 4; posthumeral, 3; pteropleural, 2; sterno- pleural, 2, 1; scutellum with 2 marginal, a smaller decussate apical, and a still weaker reclinate subdiscal pair; postscutellum black, dusted with gray pollen; calypters opaque, white. Abdomen reddish on the sides and apex above, subshining, with thin gray pollen, which is changeable in different angles of view; first segment without median marginal bristles; second bearing one pair; third with a marginal row of about 12; fourth with numerous bristles above on apical half or more; intermediate segments without discal bristles; genitalia reddish with the usual large platelike lobe on the sides; inner forceps rather long and united with a slightly raised median line behind, base flat, moder- 3008—34 2 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 ately wide tapering outward to a slender apex; outer forceps with a square shoulder near the base behind, beyond this moderately slender and bowed inward when viewed from the rear, tips blunt, shining black; fifth sternite deeply divided, the lobes bearing numerous long black hairs. Legs black, tibiae obscurely reddish; middle tibiae with two large bristles on outer front side; hind tibiae with a scattered row of about five uneven bristles on outer posterior edge, one or two bristles situ- ated near the middle in front and three on the inner hind margin; pulvilli tawny, the front pair noticeably longer and slightly ex- ceeding the length of the last tarsal segment. Wings gray-hyaline; fourth vein with an obtuse angular bend, slightly curved inward beyond, thence straight in a diagonal direc- tion gradually narrowing the first posterior cell which is open far before the wing tip; third vein setulose more than halfway to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein about one-fourth the length of preceding section; epaulets obscurely reddish; costal spine vestigial. Female.—Front at vertex 0.375 of the head width (one specimen) ; frontal bristles in a single row; two proclinate orbitals present; third antennal segment rather narrow, almost three times as long as broad; median frontal stripe narrower than one parafrontal on entire length; abdomen broadly ovate; first segment with the hind margin rather strikingly oblique at the sides, narrowing the lateral length of the second segment to about two-thirds its median dorsal length; genital opening broadly rounded behind and narrowed in front, ovipositor short, retracted; claws and pulvilli shorter than apical tarsal segment. Length, 8 to 10 mm. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 50559. Remarks.—Described from 5 males and 1 female. In the United States National Museum 2 males, including the type, from Cherry Creek Buttes, Ariz., September 21 (C. H. T. Townsend). In Charles H. Martin’s collection, 3 males and 1 female, Monrovia Canyon, Calif., October 1929 and September 1931 (C. H. Martin). (5) CUPHOCERA CONFORMIS, new spccies Very similar to hirsuta but slightly larger; front in male at vertex 0.339 of the head width in the one specimen; parafrontals gray pollinose to vertex; median stripe yellow, wider than one para- frontal on most of its length; verticals two pairs, strong, the inner ones decussate as usual; orbitals absent; ocellars well developed; frontal bristles extending to middle of second antennal segment, bordered by a secondary row on widest part of front; face with dense grayish-white pollen, the lower border rather prominent in REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD Ho profile, its ridges flat and practically bare; vibrissae about on level with oral margin well above the lower edge of head; parafacial nearly half as wide as face, bearing two large bristles on lower part and with coarse black hairs above extending to the lowermost fron- tals; antennae red at base; arista moderately thickened and taper- ing toward tip, penultimate segment long; cheek gray pollinose, clothed with black hairs, about three-fourths the eye height; probos- cis slender and somewhat exceeding the height of head; palpi absent; beard dense, pale gray or white. Thoracic chaetotaxy as in hirsuta. Abdomen wholly black, with rather thin changeable gray pollen on last three segments; second segment with a pair of median marg- inal bristles; third bearing a marginal row; fourth with numerous bristles on apical half; no discals on intermediate segments; geni- talia with the usual large lateral lobe; inner forceps moderately long, united, with a narrow slightly raised median line behind, taper- ing from the base to an acute tip; outer forceps slender beyond a rather prominent shoulder near the base behind; fifth sternite cleft, the lobes clothed with black hairs. Legs black, the tibiae obscurely yellow; middle tibia with four or five strong bristles on the outer front side; hind tibia bearing a row of uneven bristles on the outer posterior edge; claws and pulvilli moderately elongate. Wings gray-hyaline; venation normal, third vein setulose about half the distance to small cross vein; costal spine small. Length, 12 mm. Female.—Unknown. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 50560. Remarks.—Described from one specimen in the United States National Museum from East Verde River, Ariz., 4,500 feet, without collector’s label. (6) CUPHOCERA GEMINATA, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.44 of the head width (one specimen), widening gradually to antennae; parafrontals yellow with gray pollen extending to vertex; median stripe reddish yellow, narrower than one parafrontal on entire length; ocellar bristles present, rather weak; verticals two pairs, large; frontal bristles seven or eight in the row, the upper two largest, reclinate and divaricate, the lower one about on level with middle of second antennal segment; a secondary row of three frontal bristles outside the lower part of main row; face and cheeks yellow in ground color, grayish-white pollinose; antennae red, third segment largely dark, strongly convex in front and a little longer than the second; arista short, thickened and evenly tapering to tip, the penultimate segment about one-fourth the length of third; parafacial black haired and with two strong bristles close 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 to eye on lower part; face somewhat bulging at middle with the lower edge protuberant, its ridges flat and bare; cheek sparsely black haired, four-fifths the eye height; apical segment of proboscis more slender than in the other members of the group, about three- fourths the height of head; back of head gray pollinose clothed with gray hairs. Thorax marked with four narrow dark stripes, which are poorly defined behind the suture; pleura black haired; scutellum red on apical half, dusted with gray pollen. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 2, 3; dorsocentral, 2, 3; intraalar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; humeral, 5; posthumeral, 2; notopleural, 2; presutural, 2; pteropleural, 2; sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum with 4 marginals (one nearest base small) and a decussate apical pair; postscutellum gray pollinose; calypters opaque, white. Abdomen red, the venter and narrow hind margin of third segment black, a broad obscure dark median stripe on the intermediate seg- ments; the pollen gray, rather thin and changeable when viewed in different angles; first segment without median marginals; second with one pair and three at the side; third with a marginal row of about 10; fourth bristly on the apical half above; intermediate segments without discals; inner forceps short, united, and tapering sharply from base to apical third, the apex narrow and strongly convex behind; outer forceps nearly straight when viewed from be- hind, evenly tapering, shining black beyond the base; fifth sternite deeply incised, the lobes black, sparsely clothed with black hairs. Legs black, tibiae largely yellow; pulvilli grayish, shorter than apical tarsal segment; mid tibia with two large bristles on outer front side. Wings gray-hyaline; fourth vein with a rectangular stumpless bend, shortly beyond which it curves outward continuing in an oblique direction toward costa, narrowing the first posterior cell which is open far before the tip of wing; third vein with a series of bristly hairs extending over halfway to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein about one-fourth the preceding section; epaulets red; costal spine not developed. Length, 8.5 mm. Female.—Unknown. Remarks.—Described from one male specimen labeled Delfrey, Calif., December 27, 1930 (C. H. Martin) ; received from Charles H. Martin, to whom it is returned. The wider front and the presence of marginal bristles on the sides of the second abdominal segment readily distinguish the species from all the other forms possessing ocellar bristles. REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 57 (7) CUPHOCERA AUSTRALIS (Townsend) Spanipalpus australis TOWNSEND, Rey. Chilena Hist. Nat., vol. 31, p. 164, 1927. Closely resembles Chiloepalpus (Cuphocera) aurea Aldrich, but differs in having the propleura bare and no discal bristles on the intermediate abdominal segments. Female.—Front at extreme vertex 0.327 of the head width in the one specimen, widening rapidly to base of antennae; parafrontals black, subshining, lightly dusted with plumbeous pollen; ocellars well developed; verticals two pairs, inner ones decussate the outer divergent; orbital bristles two, proclinate; frontals about nine arranged in a single row, moderately large, the lower one close to eye about on level with middle of second antennal segment; para- facial yellow, this color sharply limited along the lower frontals and black upward, black haired with a single stout bristle on lower part; front edge of mouth strongly protuberant, face yellow, with thin subshining pale pollen, its ridges flat, bearing two or three bristles next to the vibrissae; basal segments of antennae deep yellow, the third largely black and obliquely truncate at apex, slightly exceeding the length of second segment; arista brownish black, third segment flattened near base, pubescent, penultimate segment long; cheek yellow, thinly pollinose and clothed with long black hairs, about two-thirds the eye height; proboscis moderately stout, distal segment shightly tapering toward tip, shining brownish black; minute or rudimentary palpi present, yellowish, bearing several black hairs; back of head with a ruff of golden hairs which are sparser and somewhat paler on the upper part. Thorax black, gray pollinose; mesonotum marked with four black stripes; pleura black haired; scutellum black and_ sub- shining, lightly dusted with gray pollen. Chaetotaxy: Humeral, 5; posthumeral, 2; notopleural, 2; presutural, 2; acrostichal, 3, 3; dorsocentral, 8, 4; intraalar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; ptero- pleural, 2; sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum with two marginal and a smaller slightly upturned decussate apical pair, disk sparsely haired, bearing a wide-spaced discal and a more closely approximated sub- apical pair; postscutellum black, thinly pollinose, pale membranous above; calypters opaque, white, the rims faintly tinged with yellow. Abdomen shining black, with thin gray pollen, apex of fourth seg- ment bright yellow, this color extending forward on the median line about to basal third; first segment without median marginals; second bearing a rather long stout pair; third with a row of about 12, with wider space between the median and the next bristle toward the side; fourth with a pair of discals situated before the middle and nu- merous bristles behind these on apical half; intermediate segments 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 without discals; genital opening moderately large and elongate, ovipositor short, retracted. Legs black, tibiae obscurely reddish; middle tibia with four or five large bristles on outer front side; fore tarsal segments somewhat flattened but not noticeably enlarged; claws and pulvilli shorter than last tarsal seement. Wings gray-hyaline; fourth vein with a rounded rectangular stumpless bend; third vein haired almost to small cross vein; first posterior cell open far before the exact tip of wing; hind cross vein oblique to fourth, joining it at less than one-third the distance from bend to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein obviously less than one-half as long as the preceding section; epaulets reddish; costal spine not developed. Length, 10 mm. Male—Unknown. Remarks.—Described from one female specimen in the United States National Museum labeled Puerto Blest., Chile, December 2, 1926 (Shannon). The type, a female, is in the experiment station at Lima, Peru; I have not seen it. (8) CUPHOCERA FLAVICORNIS, new species Male.—F¥ront at extreme vertex 0.413 of the head width in the one specimen, widening gradually downward; parafrontal rather broad, densely gray pollinose and distinctly wider than the yellow middle stripe; ocellar bristles absent; verticals large, the inner pair decus- sate and the outer ones divergent; orbitals none; frontals about seven in the main row with the lowermost bristle situated near the eye well below the middle of second antennal segment, the two upper- most bristles strongly divaricate and reclinate, with two supple- mentary bristles on widest part of front outside the main rows; entire face including cheeks pale in ground color with uniform dense silvery pollen; antennae entirely bright yellow, third segment about twice as long as wide with the apex broadly rounded on front side; second segment about two-thirds the length of third; arista brown, moderately thickened and tapering to tip, penultimate seg-— ment elongate; parafacial with about six small black hairs extend- ing along the margin of eye and two larger bristles on the lower part; face slightly bulging at middle, the lower border moderately protuberant, its ridges flat with one or two bristles above the vi- brissae; proboscis somewhat exceeding the height of head, apical segment rather thick at base tapering to tip, labella small; palpi absent; cheek with sparse black hairs, about four-fifths the eye height; back of head gray pollinose faintly tinged with yellow above, clothed with dense pale hairs. REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 59 Thorax black, gray pollinose, marked with four distinct black dorsal stripes; pleural hairs black; scutellum red, dusted with uni- form gray pollen. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 2, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 3; humeral, 6; posthumeral, 2; notopleural, 2; presutural, 2; in- traalar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; pteropleural, 2; sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum with 4 marginal bristles (the basal one small), besides a suberect decussate apical and a reclinate discal pair of nearly equal size, numerous erect bristly hairs on disk; postscutellum normally developed, gray pollinose; calypters opaque, white. Abdomen reddish on sides of intermediate segments, the fourth entirely so; with rather uniform gray pollen extending to the hind margins of segments two to four; first segment pollinose on the sides above, without median marginal bristles; second with a stout pair; third bearing a marginal row of about 10; fourth with numerous bristles on apical half; no discals on intermediate segments; genitalia yellow; inner forceps moderately broad at base with a slight median groove behind, united and tapering to tip; outer forceps as usual, brownish black; fifth sternite with a broad V-shaped incision, the lobes blackish bearing a few hairs along the inner margin. Legs black; middle tibia with a row of five or six large bristles on outer front side; hind tibia with a scattered row of uneven smaller bristles on outer posterior edge and others on the inner side; claws and pulvilli distinctly shorter than the apical tarsal segment. Wings grayish hyaline; fourth vein with a rectangular bend which bears a short stump, concave immediately beyond the angle thence slightly undulating in an oblique direction to costa; first posterior cell open far before the wing tip; third vein setulose nearly to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein two-fifths the length of preceding section; epaulets reddish; costal spine small. Length, 9.5 mm. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, in the Kansas University Museum. Remarks—Described from one male specimen taken in Pima County, Ariz., July 27, 1927, by R. H. Beamer. The species resembles parks?, from which it differs most obviously in having no ocellars; the hairs on pleura, cheeks, and parafrontals are entirely black; the parafacials with two stout bristles on lower part and a few scattered inconspicuous black hairs. The genitalia show additional differences. (9) CUPHOCERA BUCCATA, new species Differs from all other species in having the cheeks wholly pale haired. The intermediate fore tarsal segments are broadly dilated in the female sex. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 83 Female——F¥ront at extreme vertex 0.311 of the head width in the one specimen; median stripe reddish yellow, narrowed uniformly toward triangle, at base of antennae about as wide as one para- frontal; sides of front thinly gray pollinose to vertex, blackish in ground color; ocellar bristles absent; inner verticals moderately large and reclinate, outer ones a little smaller, divergent; frontal bristles about seven in a single row, descending hardly to the middle of second antennal segment, three anterior ones directed inward, the others reclinate, upper pair small, slightly behind these outside of the row a second pair larger and divaricate; orbitals three pairs, pro- clinate; face silvery pollinose, its lower border protuberant, the ridges very flat, bare; parafacial with two stout bristles and a few black hairs on lower part with only pale hairs above; antennae red, third segment strongly convex in front, slightly shorter than second segment; arista dark brown, thickened on proximal two-thirds, penultimate segment elongate; cheek yellow in ground color, silvery pollinose about one-third the eye height; palpi absent; proboscis moderately long, apical segment tapering from base to tip; labella small; beard grayish white. Thorax black, dusted with gray pollen; mesonotum marked with four black stripes; pleura clothed with black hairs; scutellum red on apex, gray pollinose. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 3, 3; dorsocentral, 3,3; humeral, 6; posthumeral, 2; presutural, 2; notopleural, 2; intra- alar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; pteropleural, 2; sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum with 3 lateral (median one small), 1 decussate suberect apical, besides two pairs of weak reclinate bristles on disk behind the middle; postscutellum gray pollinose, membranous above; calypters white. Abdomen black, subshining, with thin gray pollen, which is changeable in different views, anal segment except on sides near base red; first segment without median marginal bristles; second with one rather short stout pair; third with one pair and three at the side; fourth bearing a row of about eight discals besides a row of weaker submarginals with still smaller bristles along the margin; interme- diate segments without discals. Legs yellow (hind pair missing), tarsi black; mid tibia with two stout bristles on outer front side near middle; three intermediate fore tarsal segments broad and flattened, the apical segment less than one-half as large as preceding one; claws and pulvilli short. Wings gray-hyaline; fourth vein with an almost rectangular bend, beyond slightly concave, thence straight to costa narrowing the first posterior cell which is open far before the wing tip; hind cross vein oblique to fourth which it joins a little nearer bend than small cross vein; last section of fifth vein more than half the length of preceding REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 61 section; third vein with bristly hairs extending about halfway to small cross vein; epaulets red; costal spine not developed. Length, 7.5 mm. Male.—Unknown. Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. no. 50561. Remarks.—Described from one female specimen in the United States National Museum labeled Havana, Cuba (Baker), collection J. M. Aldrich. (10) CUPHOCERA CONTIGUA, new species Male—Front at vertex 0.886 of the head width (average of five, 0.38; 0.389; 0.4; 0.88; 0.88), widening rapidly below; parafrontals yellow on upper part becoming blackish downward, with rather dense gray pollen which extends to the vertex; median stripe yellow, narrower than one parafrontal on entire length; verticals two pairs, large; ocellars absent; frontal bristles descending about to apex of second antennal segment, lowermost bristle close to eye, the upper two slightly longer, divergent and reclinate; a secondary row of four or five frontal bristles outside the main row on widest part of front; face and cheeks yellow, covered with thick grayish-white pollen; antennae red, third segment infuscated, rather evenly convex from base to tip on front edge and only slightly longer than second seg- ment; arista black, moderately thick, tapering to tip, penultimate segment elongate; parafacial black-haired with two large bristles near eye on lower part; face protuberant on the lower border, its ridges flat and practically bare; apical segment of proboscis tapering outward, shining brownish black, labella small; palpi absent; cheek clothed with black hairs, about four-fifths the eye height; back of head gray pollinose, thickly clothed with pale hairs. Thorax gray pollinose, with four dark dorsal stripes which are poorly defined behind suture; pleural hairs black; scutellum red beyond base, dusted with gray pollen. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 3, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 3; intraalar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; humeral, 6; posthumeral, 8 (anterior one small); notopleural, 2; presutural, 2; pteropleural, 2; sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum with 4 marginal (one nearest base small), a decussate apical pair, and several weak bristles scattered on disk; postscutellum black, gray pollinose; calypters opaque, white. Abdomen subshining, reddish with a broad dark median stripe on the intermediate segments which expands on the narrow hind margin of the third and includes most of the first, the extreme apex of the fourth also sometimes blackish; dusted with thin gray pollen, which is changeable in different angles of view; first segment without median marginals; second with a pair and one at the side; third bearing a marginal row of 10 or 12; fourth with a discal row 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 and numerous bristles before apex on upper surface; inner forceps bowed forward near base, short and united, triangular, posterior surface near base convex, minutely punctate; outer forceps tapering rather evenly to an acute apex, shining brownish-black; fifth sternite with a narrow deep incision, the lobes clothed with fine black hairs, Legs black, tibiae obscurely reddish; middle tibia with three or four bristles of unequal size on outer front side. Claws and pulvilli elongate, the front ones obviously longer than apical tarsal segment. Wings gray-hyaline, small cross vein shghtly infuscated; fourth vein with a rectangular stumpless bend, curved inward for a short distance beyond the angle thence straight in a diagonal direction to the costa; first posterior cell narrowly open far before the wing tip; last section of fifth vein about one-fourth the length of preceding section; third vein setulose to the small cross vein; costal spine not developed; epaulets reddish. Female.—Hardly distinguishable from hirsuta, but the sides of the front are usually darker and more densely pollinose. Front at the vertex, 0.4 of the head width (average of five, 0.4, 0.41, 0.4, 0.41, 0.38); the usual two proclinate orbitals present with one or two reclinate bristles between these and the main frontal row; abdomen usually darker on the sides than in male, anal segment entirely red; pulvilli short, otherwise similar to male. Length, 8 to 13 mm. Holotype.—Male, from Giant Forest, Calif., in Kansas University Museum. Remarks.—Described from 22 males and 13 females. In the Kansas University collection 8 males and 1 female, Giant Forest, Calif., July 28, 1929 (R. H. Beamer and Paul W. Oman) ; 1 male, Big Bear Lake, Calif., July 26, 1932 (R. H. Beamer); 1 male and 1 female, Jacinto Mountains, Calif., July 21, 1929 (R. H. Beamer) ; 1 male and 2 females, Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., July 8, 1932 (R. H. Beamer) ; 2 males and 5 females, Oak Creek Canyon, Ariz., 6,000 feet, July and August (I*. H. Snow) ; 2 males and 2 females, Magdalena Mountains, N.Mex., August 1894 (Snow) ; 3 males, without locality, labeled “ Col. Snow ” and one “ Bailey Col., Aug. 90”; 1 female, Oliver, British Columbia, August 6, 1931 (lL. D. Anderson). In National Museum 1 male, Bead Lake, Newport, Wash. (M.C. Lane). In J. Wilcox’s collection 2 males, Antelope Mountain, Grant County, Oreg., August 13, 1932 (D. K. Frewing), and 1 female, Mount Rainier, Wash., White River Camp (J. Wilcox). In Charles H. Martin’s collection 1 male, Monrovia Canyon, Calif., September 18, 1931 (C. H. Martin). The specimens studied vary considerably in size, but I have been unable to find any tangible characters to separate additional forms. The species has been recorded from New York by West under the REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 63 unpublished manuscript name C. stricklandi Curran (New York State List, p. 819). The allotype female and three paratypes (both sexes) of Curran’s proposed 7richophora stricklandi are now in the Kansas University collection and were kindly loaned to me for study by Dr. R. H. Beamer. (11) CUPHOCERA HIRSUTA (Townsend) Deopalpus hirsutus TowNsEND, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 51, pp. 110-111, 1908. Cuphocera aurifrons REINHARD, Ent. News, vol. 35, p. 54, 1924. Originally described from a single male specimen from Meadow Valley, 7,300 feet, Chihuahua, Mexico. The type is in the United States National Museum. Full descriptions of the species are read- ily accessible, to which may be added the following additional items: Front in male 0.362, in female 0.884, of the head width (average of five specimens measured for each sex). Male genitalia reddish, with the usual broad lateral lobe; inner forceps united, ordinary in length with the sides tapering rather sharply to the apical third, apex narrow and rounded, hind surface on basal half usually flat or slightly convex sometimes with a narrow shallow median groove; outer forceps rather stout, tapering shortly before apex, inner sur- face concave on apical third, in profile bowed backward with a rather square shoulder near base behind; fifth sternite deeply di- vided, the lobes reddish bearing a few black hairs along the margin of the incision. The conspicuous pale or yellow ground color of the front readily distinguishes the species from fucata, with which it apparently has been confused. In Texas hirsuta is the commonest member of the genus. It has been collected at College Station from April to November. Additional locality records include Colorado, Kansas, Ohio, and Illinois. (12) CUPHOCERA ANDINA (Townsend) Epicuphocera andina TowNsEnD, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 15, p. 240, 1926. Male—F¥ront broad, at vertex 0.423 of the head width (one speci- men), yellow in ground color, the sides subshining, thinly pollinose, and clothed with black hairs; frontal stripe pale yellow, not very sharply defined; ocellar bristles absent; inner verticals large and decussate, the outer ones of nearly equal size, divaricate; frontal bristles about eight in the row, the upper one largest, suberect, the lower one at middle of parafacial near level with apex of second antennal segment; a second row of about four large frontal bristles outside the lower part of the main row; parafacial black haired with one stout bristle on lower part, yellow in ground color covered with whitish pollen; antennae red, third segment mostly black, weakly convex in front with the apex broadly rounded, about equal the 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 length of second segment; arista brown, thickened as usual and tapering toward tip, penultimate segment long; face yellow, silvery pollinose, the lower border prominent and its ridges flat and bare; cheeks silvery pollinose on yellow ground color, bearing’ three or four moderately large bristles at middle, about three-fourths the eye height; proboscis rather long and slender, apical segment taper- ing toward tip, with a small labella; palpi absent; beard white. Thorax black, gray pollinose, with four narrow black dorsal stripes, the outer ones interrupted at suture; pleura clothed with black hairs; scutellum dusted with gray pollen, apex red. Chaeto- taxy: Acrostichal, 8, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 3; humeral, 5; posthumeral, 2; notopleural, 2; presutural, 2; intraalar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 3; petropleural, 2 (large); sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum with 3 lateral, 1 small decussate suberect apical, and a discal pair situated behind the middle; postscutellum normal, gray pollinose; calypters opaque, white. Abdomen black, subshining, with thin changeable gray pollen on three basal segments, sides of the intermediate ones tinged with red; anal segment wholly red, covered with dense whitish pollen to tip; first segment without median marginal bristles; second with one stout pair; third with a still larger pair and four at the side; fourth with a strongly arcuate row of about 10 discals, behind these a submarginal and a marginal row of smaller bristles; no discals on intermediate segments; genitalia reddish with a large paler lateral lobe; inner forceps united on entire length and bowed for- ward, convex at base behind, the surface punctate clothed with fine hairs, tapering beyond middle to a narrow blunt apex; outer forceps bowed backward near base and directed inward when viewed from the rear, shining black on apical half; fifth sternite with a broad U-shaped incision, the lobes reddish, hightly sprinkled with pollen and sparsely black haired. Legs black, tibiae reddish; front claws and pulvilli shorter than apical tarsal segment; mid tibia with two stout bristles on outer front side near base; hind tibia with a row of about five wide-spaced uneven bristles on outer posterior side. Wings gray-hyaline; third vein with bristly hairs extending almost to small cross vein; last section of fifth vein distinctly less than half the length of preceding section; fourth vein with a rounded rectangular stumpless bend; the apical cross vein undulates slightly and gradually narrows the first posterior cell which is open far before the tip of wing; costal spine vestigial; epaulets red. Female.—F¥ront at vertex 0.434 of the head width in the one speci- men; orbital bristles two or three proclinate and one divergent re- clinate pair situated slightly before the uppermost frontal outside REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 65 the row; third antennal segment about one and one-half times as long as wide; otherwise very similar to male. Length, 9 mm. Remarks.—Redescribed from one male and one female in the United States National Museum, from Verrugas Canyon, Peru, 5,500 feet, July 2, 1913 (C. H. T. Townsend). The type locality is Man- tucana, Peru; type, female, in the Experiment Station collection, Lima, Peru. The species resembles hirsuta but is readily distinguished by the strong bristles on the middle of the cheek, wider front, and three marginal scutellar bristles. There are other minor differences. (18) CUPHOCERA FUCATA (Van der Wulp) Trichophora fucata VAN DER WuLP, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 35, p. 198, 1892; Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera, vol. 2, p. 476, 1903. Cuphocera fucata CoquiLLtert, Revision of the Tachinidae of America, p. 140, 1897.—ALpricH, Catalogue of North American Diptera, p. 483, 1905. Male—F¥ront at vertex 0.3 of the head width (one specimen), widening rapidly to base of antennae; parafrontals largely shining black, gray pollinose below and at outer corners of vertex; median stripe yellow narrowed toward triangle, where it is less than half the parafrontal width; ocellar bristles absent; verticals two large pairs; orbitals absent; frontal bristles on widest part of parafrontal arranged in two rows, which diverge strongly beneath base of an- tennae, descending below middle of second segment, uppermost three bristles in the main row reclinate, the remainder directly inward; face noticeably bulged at middle, silvery pollinose, in profile concave above the mouth which is strongly protuberant; facial ridges flat and bare; parafacial with two stout bristles on lower part and black hairs extending upward to lowermost frontals; cheek silvery polli- nose, sparsely clothed with black hairs, about three-fourths the eye height; antennae reddish yellow, third segment infuscated, strongly convex on anterior edge and slightly exceeding length of second seg- ment; arista blackish, penultimate segment about one-fifth the length of third which is pubescent; palpi absent; proboscis moderately slender, apical segment tapering from base to tip, labella small; back of head convex in profile, thickly clothed with pale or grayish-white hairs. Thorax black, gray pollinose, marked with four dorsal subshining black stripes; scutellum black, dusted with changeable gray pollen. Chaetotaxy: Humeral, 6; posthumeral, 2; notopleural, 2; presutural, 2; dorsocentral, 3, 4; acrostichal, 3, 73; intraalar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 3; pteropleural, 2; sternopleural, 3; scutellum with 3. laterals besides one smaller decussate apical and a discal pair; post- 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 scutellum normally developed, gray pollinose; calypters semitrans- parent, white. Abdomen black, the sides and apex tinged with red, with change- able gray pollen on all segments, apical third to half of last two shining in most views; first segment without median marginals; second bearing a rather short stout pair; third with a marginal row of 8; fourth with several rows of discals besides the usual marginal row, intermediate segments without discals; genitalia ordinary in size; inner forceps short, united, thickened at base, tapering sharply to an acute tip, yellow; fifth sternite blackish, deeply divided, the lobes clothed with short, fine hairs. Legs black, tibiae at middle and the knees yellowish; mid tibia with two large and two smaller bristles on outer front side; hind tibia with four or five bristles of varying size on the outer hind edge; claws and pulvilli normally elongate. Wings faintly tinged with yellow along the costal margin; veins bare except third which is setulose almost to small cross vein; fourth vein with a rectangular bend which bears a short appendage, beyond the bend concave to costa, which it reaches about one-half the length of the hind cross vein before the wing tip; costal spine not developed ; epaulets red. Length, 8 mm. Remarks.—Redescribed from one male (cotype) specimen in the United States National Museum from Atoyac, Vera Cruz, April (H. H. Smith). There are a number of references to the species, as “C. furcata”’, from, the United States; these are all subject to verification. The shining black parafrontals readily separate it from Azrsuta, with which it seemingly has been confused. I have not seen any specimens of the female. (14) CUPHOCERA BEAMERI, new species Distinguished from all other known species of this group in having four sternopleural bristles. In other details the species is very similar to contigua, from which it differs most essentially in having the inner genital forceps laterally compressed at the base, rather slender and uniformly tapering to a narrow apex, behind straight in profile view with a slight median keel extending from base to tip; outer forceps as usual. Front (before vertex) 0.881 of the head width (one specimen), widening rapidly downward; cheek about four-fifths the eye height, bearing rather coarse black hairs; back of head thickly clothed with pale-yellowish hairs; front pulvilli greatly enlarged, about one and one-half times the length of apical tarsal segment. Length, 12 mm. Female.—Unknown. REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 67 Holotype—Male, in the Kansas University Museum. Remarks.—One specimen collected in San Diego County, Calif., July 4, 1929, by R. H. Beamer. (15) CUPHOCERA TOROSA, new species Male.—F¥ront at vertex 0.387 and 0.3873 of the head width in the two specimens; parafrontals blackish, gray pollinose to vertex; median stripe yellow, triangular, at middle narrower than one para- frontal; ocellar bristles absent or hairlike; verticals two pairs, large; frontal bristles in a double row below the middle, the lowermost bristles near the eye almost on level with apex of second antennal segment, two or three uppermost bristles suberect or reclinate the remainder directed inward and upward; antennae red, third segment mostly black, strongly convex in front, shghtly longer than the second segment; arista black, tapering evenly to tip, penultimate segment long; face silvery pollinose, its lower border strongly pro- tuberant, the ridges flat bearing one or two bristles above the vi- brissae; parafacials broad, with two macrochaetae on lower part and clothed with numerous slender biack hairs except along the inner margin; cheek with rather dense cinereous pollen, black haired, about three-fourths the eye height; proboscis equal the height of head, the distal segment shining brown, tapering apically from base, labella small; palpi absent; beard grayish white. Thorax black, gray pollinose, with four indistinct black dorsal vittae; pleura black haired; scutellum except at base red, thinly sprinkled with gray pollen. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 3, 3; dorso- central, 38, 3; postalar, 3 or 4; intraalar, 3; supraalar, 3; presutural, 2; humeral, 6; posthumeral, 3 (anterior one small); notopleural, 2; pteropleural, 2 (large); sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum bearing 4 marginals of unequal size, a strong suberect apical pair, decussate at tip, disk with 10 or 12 erect moderately large bristles besides a stouter reclinate pair shortly before the apex; postscutellum black, gray pollinose; calypters opaque, white. Abdomen black, the sides and fourth segment above obscurely red- dish, with gray pollen which extends thinly over the upper surface somewhat denser on bases of last three segments; first segment with- out median marginal bristles; second with a large pair; third bearing a marginal row of about 10, large; fourth with a discal row and numerous erect bristles on apical half; intermediate segments with- out discals; genitalia ordinary in size, with a large reddish lateral lobe; the united inner forceps blackish, convex near base behind the surface punctate and clothed with black hairs, tm profile view strongly bowed forward beyond middle, the apex tapering to a narrow rounded tip, smooth and shiny; outer forceps red at base shining black beyond, tapering to an acute tip, strongly bowed with 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 83 the convex side in front; fifth sternite black, deeply divided, the lobes with a few black hairs. Legs black, tibiae obscurely reddish at middle; claws and pulvilli elongated; middle tibia with two or three large bristles on outer front side; hind tibia with a row of about six uneven bristles on outer posterior edge. Wings grayish hyaline; third vein setulose two-thirds the distance to small cross vein; fourth vein with an almost rectangular bend curving inward beyond thence straight in a diagonal direction to costa; first posterior cell open far before the wing tip; epaulets black; costal spine not developed. Length, 12 to 13.5 mm. Female.—Unknown. Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 50562, from Gold Beach, Oreg. Remarks.—Described from one male in the United States National Museum collected at Gold Beach, Oreg., July 12, 1924, by H. A. Scullen, and one male in the Kansas University Museum collection taken by R. H. Beamer, San Jacinto Mountains, Calif., July 21, 1929. (146) CUPHOCERA INCONGRUA, new species Readily recognized in the male sex by the presence of two strong proclinate orbital bristles; ocellars and usually the palpi absent; propleura bare; intermediate abdominal segments without discals. Male——F ront broad, at vertex 0.883 of the head width (average of three, 0.38; 0.37; 0.4), yellow in ground color, the sides thinly gray pollinose and clothed with black fine hairs; frontal stripe pale yellow, narrower than one parafrontal on entire length; verticals two pairs, large; frontals about eight in the row which is suddenly divergent beneath the antennae extending about to level with middle of the second segment; two or three extra frontal bristles situated between the orbitals and the main row; face and cheeks yellow in ground color covered with silvery subshining pollen; antennae red, third segment mostly dark, about as broad as long and distinctly shorter than second segment; arista dark brown, evenly tapering, penultimate segment about twice the length of first; parafacial broad, with two stout bristles near eye on lower part and clothed with scattered black hairs except on inner margin; facial ridges flat, bearing one or two bristles above vibrissae; face moderately bulged at middle, its lower border strongly protuberant; cheeks rather sparsely clothed with coarse black hairs, about three-fourths the eye height; proboscis about equal the height of head, distal segment narrowed toward tip, shining reddish brown, labella com- pressed not thicker than proboscis; minute palpi present in one REVISION OF GENUS CUPHOCERA—REIN HARD 69 and absent in the other two specimens; back of head thickly clothed with long pale grayish hairs. Thorax black, gray pollinose, with four dark dorsal vittae which are distinct before the suture and somewhat less defined behind; hairs on pleura black; scutellum wholly red, thinly dusted with gray pollen. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 3, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 4; in- traalar, 3; supraalar, 3; postalar, 2; humeral, 5 or 6; posthumeral, 3 (anterior one sometimes small); notopleural, 2; presutural, 2; pteropleural, 2 (large) ; sternopleural, 2, 1; scutellum with three marginal, a smaller suberect decussate apical and a reclinate discal pair situated well behind the middle; disk bearing about 10 erect bristles besides numerous smaller hairs; postscutellum black, pale membranous on upper part; calypters white. Abdomen red with a broad black dorsal stripe widening on the second segment and including most of the first; gray changeable pollen on most of the upper surface; first segment without median marginal bristles; second with one pair; third bearing a marginal row of about ten; fourth with numerous bristles above on apical half; genitalia reddish black with a large lobe on each side; inner forceps united and wider than usual, broadly sulcate on the apical third behind, apex broadly rounded or blunt; inner forceps short, very slender, terminating in an acute minute hook; penis bowed forward at middle, the apex prolonged behind and bordered with a pale membrane; fifth sternite with a broad V-shaped incision, the lobes reddish, bearing black hairs along the darker inner margins and finer brown hairs near the middle. Legs black, tibiae reddish; pulvilli tawny, the front ones distinctly longer and about equal the last tarsal segment; mid tibia with two or three stout bristles on outer front side; hind tibia with about six wide-spaced uneven bristles on the outer posterior edge, and two moderately large ones near middle on the inner side. Wings grayish hyaline, small cross vein slightly infuscated; fourth vein with a stumpless rectangular bend, shortly beyond which it curves outward, thence almost straight in an oblique di- rection to costa; first posterior cell narrowly open far before wing tip; third vein with only four or five hairs near base; last section of fifth vein about two-fifths the length of preceding section; epau- lets reddish; costal spine small. Length, 10 to 11 mm. Female.—Unknown. Paratype.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 50563. Remarks.—Described from two males in my collection taken at Balmorhea, Tex., August 4, 1922, by C. S. Rude, and one male (holotype) in the Kansas University collection from Mescal, Ariz., July 28, 1927 (R. H. Beamer). 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 In the structure of the genitalia the species is distinct from all other members of the genus and shows a rather close relationship to Peleteria. It is included here mainly on the absence of any palpi. SPECIES PREVIOUSLY PLACED IN CUPHOCERA, BUT NOT HEREIN IDENTIFIED OR REFERRED TO OTHER GENERA aurea AtpRIcH, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 69, art. 22, p. 25, 1926 (Cuwphocera). Belongs to the genus Chiloepalpus. californiensis MAcQuarT, Diptéres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus, suppl. 4, pt. 2, p. 148, 1851 (Micropalpus).—CoQuiLtETtT, Revision of the Tachin- idae of America, p. 140, 1897 (Cuphocera). I have not identified this species. The type is in J. 1. Collin’s collection, Newmarket, England. erythrostoma Biaot, Annales, no. 41, p. 95, 1888 (Hpalpus).—BrRavrEr, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. Classe, vol. 107, p. 504, 1898 (Cuphocera). This species has not been determined in the material examined. nitidifrons VAN DER WuLP, Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. 2, p. 37 (1888) and p. 477 (1903) (Trichophora).—ScHINeER, Reise der 6esterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool. Theil, Diptera, p. 380, 1868, as Cuphocera macro- cera (Wiedemann), which (in part) equals Copecrypta nitidifrons (Van der Wulp) (Aldrich, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 74, art. 19, p. 24, 1929). ruficauda VAN DER WuLP, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 10, p. 146, 1867 (Schineria) .— CoquILteTT, Revision of the Tachinidae of America, p. 139, 1897 (Tricho- phora).—WILLISTON, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 18, p. 305, 1886 (Cupho- cera), equals Copecrypta nitens (Wiedemann) (Aldrich, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 74, art. 19, p. 27, 1929). U.S. GCVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Washington: 1934 Vol. 83 No. 2975 SOME FOSSIL CORALS FROM THE WEST INDIES By Joun W. Wetts Storrow Fellow, National Research Council In tue United States National Museum are three small collections of fossil corals from the West Indies, containing a number of new or otherwise interesting forms: Two collections from the Upper Cre- taceous and Eocene of Jamaica, made by Dr. C. T. Trechmann and Dr. C. A. Matley; and one from the Scotland beds of Barbados, made by Dr. Trechmann. These collections were sent at different times to Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan for determination, but as he was unable to work on them he turned them over for report to the author during his tenure of a Storrow fellowship of the National Research Council. A preliminary study was carried on under the direction of Dr. Vaughan at the Scripps Institution of Oceanog- raphy, and the final work done at the United States National Museum. Material from a fourth lot, the Romanes collection from Barbados, was lent to the author through the courtesy of Dr. H. Dighton Thomas, of the British Museum (Natural History), and notes on this are included in the discussion of the Matley collection from Barbados. Because the collection contains corals of different ages and from different areas, the report is divided into four parts as follows: (1) The Trechmann and Matley collections from the Upper Cre- taceous of Jamaica (p. 74); (2) the Trechmann collection from the lower Eocene Richmond beds of Jamaica (p. 93); (3) the Trech- mann and Matley collections from the middle Eocene Yellow lime- stone of Jamaica (p. 94); (4) the Trechmann and Romanes collec- 73594—34—-1 71 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 tions from the Scotland beds of Barbados (p. 103). Notes on the occurrence of the corals are given preceding the first part and at the beginning of the last part. The author is deeply indebted to Dr. Vaughan for his careful guidance in the study of these collections and for his extending to him the facilities of the Scripps Institution while working there. To the authorities of the United States National Museum he is indeed grateful for the full use of the splendid collections and the library facilities, and for making the photographs used in the plates. Occurrence of the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene corals of Ja- maica.—The specimens from the Upper Cretaceous come from beds to which Trechmann has assigned a Campanian (Maastrichtian ?) age (the Catadupa beds of R. T. Hill). One series of specimens, all of Trochocyathus matleyi, new species, comes from near the top of Blue Mountain Peak from beds that have been shown by Matley (1929, p. 458) to be Upper Cretaceous. The two specimens from the lower Eocene in the Trechmann collection are from the Richmond formation, but these may be derived Cretaceous in origin, accord- ing to a note by Dr. Trechmann on the labels. The specimens in the Trechmann and Matley collections from the middle Eocene are from the Yellow limestone (the Cambridge formation of R. T. Hill). The stratigraphic relations of the Upper Cretaceous formations, the Richmond formation, and the Yellow limestone have been discussed by Trechmann in a series of recent papers (1922a, 1922b, 1923, 1924a, 1924b, 1929). The Upper Cretaceous formations of Jamaica are now known to contain the following species and varieties of corals, including those described as new herein: Paracyathus (?) sp. Trechmann, 1929," Trochocyathus matleyi, new species. Dichocoenia trechmanni, new species. Rhabdophyllia quaylei, new species. Cladocora jamaicaensis Vaughan, 1899." Dictuophyllia conferticostata (Vaughan, 1899). Dictuophyllia conferticostata columnaris (Vaughan) .* Stiboriopsis jamaicaensis Vaughan, 1899.” Trochoseris catadupensis Vaughan, 1899. Centrastrea hilli, new species. Vaughanoseris catadupensis, new genus and species. Cyathoseris haidingeri Duncan, 1865 (non Reuss) .*? Mesomorpha catadupensis Vaughan, 1899.7 Favioseris anomalos, new genus and species. 1 Not found in either the Trechmann or Matley coJlections and so not discussed in this paper. 2 A fragment from Duncan’s specimen is in the National Museum, It does not show the structure of Cyathoseris but appears to be one of the colonial Leptophylliids in the neighborhood of Sematethmos Gregory. FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS %3 Leptophyllia agassizi Vaughan, 1899.” Diplaraea (7?) boltonae, new species. Cyclolites jamaicaensis, new species. Paracycioseris elizabethae, new genus and species. Synastrea (?) adkinsi, new species. Prodiploastrea schindewolfi, new genus and species. Multicolumnastraea cyathiformis (Duncan, 1865). Goniopora reussiana (Duncan, 1865). Goniopora trechmanni, new species. The following is a complete list, so far as is known to the author, of the species of corals from the Eocene of Jamaica: Lower Eocrne (Richmond beds) : Stylophora contorta (Leymerie) fide Duncan, 1865." Stylophora species a. Siylophora species 0b. Astrocoenia duerdeni (Vaughan, 1899). ?Columnastrea eyrei Duncan, 1867." MIDDLE EOCENE (Yellow limestone) : Stylophora cambridgensis, new species. Astrocoenia jamaicaensis, new species. Antillophyllia (7?) sp. Antilloseris cantabrigiensis (Vaughan, 1899). Antilloseris jamaicaensis (Vaughan, 1899). Antilloseris (?) sp. Trochoseris (7?) sp. Hupsammia clarendonensis, new species. Dendracis cantabrigiensis Vaughan, 1899. Actinacis sawkinsi, new species. Actinacis barretti, new species. Astreopora walli, new species. Goniaraea christianidensis, new species. 1Not found in either the Trechmann or Matley collections and so not discussed in this ‘paper. CORALS FROM THE TRECHMANN AND MATLEY COLLECTIONS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF JAMAICA Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Verrill Genus TROCHOCYATHUS Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 TROCHOCYATHUS MATLEYI, new species PLATE 2, Figures 5, 6 Description —Corallum small, without basal attachment, tro- choid, straight, tapering regularly to the base. Calice shallow, with rounded margin. Wall thin, solid, formed by septal thickening. Septa slightly exsert, 48 in number, thin, regularly arranged, equal near the wall, but only those of the first two cycles extending to the columella, where they are terminated by a crown of thin, elongate pali. Septa of the third cycle terminating with a crown of pali just outside of the first palar crown. Septa of the fourth cycle very short, extending inward, but a short distance from the wall. Septal margins entire, sides eranulate. Columella poorly developed, composed of one or two processes. Dissepiments absent. Costae low, equal, subacute, corresponding to the septa and extending to the base. No epitheca. Measurements.—As follows: | | Specimen | Height | caleee | | | Mm | Mm Lu(type ie Sate alive vepale ey 3.5 4.0 2: (paratype) -=-22 3. =~ 22 2S 2 seek | 4.0 4.5 3) (paratype); 23) ee eee Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 74478. Occurrence.—In a hard, calcareous, blue concretionary mudstone 300 feet bclow the summit of Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica (Matley collection). Remarks.—This species is distinguished by its small size and need only be compared with 7’. woolmani Vaughan (1900a, p. 486) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey, a species having an attached corallum and fewer septa. Paracyathus (?) sp. Trechmann is also an attached form and has a larger corallum. 74 FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 19 Family EUSMILIIDAE Verrill Genus DICHOCOENIA Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 DICHOCGENIA TRECHMANNI, new species PLATE 2, Fiacures 7, 8 Description.—Corallum massive, tuberous or bulbous in form. Corallites protuberant above the general surface to a height of 3 mm or more, originally cylindrical in form, but usually distorted by fission to an ovate or elliptical shape. Corallites united by costae and a well-developed exotheca; on the surface of the intercorallite areas the costae are distinct, their upper margins covered by single rows of granulations. Calices shallow, varying in diameter from 3 mm in the more circular ones to 3 by 4.5 mm in the more elongate and 3 by 7 mm in those undergoing fission. Septa thick, regularly alternate in size, slightly exsert, upper margins entire, lightly gran- ulate laterally. In circular calices there are regularly three complete cycles, the first and second extending to the columella. In the distorted calices portions of the fourth cycle are often developed. Septa much thickened distally to form the corallite wall. Colu- mella spongy, well developed but not prominent, and appearing lamellar in the elliptical calices. Endotheca not abundant. Measurements.—As follows: Specimen Height Too Mm Mim DN (Gy DC) sos one oe eee 62 38 28 (DATALY PO) Soe ae eee oon en 7 44 SkQDALAGYDS) sae e eae eee 30 31 Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 74480. Occurrence.—In the rudistid limestone of the Logie Green section ; and in the limestones near Catadupa, Jamaica (‘Trechmann collec- tion). Remarks.—This species is particularly interesting because it ex- tends the range of the genus Dichocoenia back into the Mesozoic in the West Indian region. It differs from D. alabamensis Vaughan (1900b, p. 139) from the Midwayan Eocene by the lack of develop- ment of the exotheca and the resulting close union of the corallites in the latter species. D. tuberosa Duncan (1863, p. 482) from the West Indian Miocene possesses pali and is a larger species. The living West Indian species, D. stokes: Milne Edwards and Haime, 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 has calices that project but slightly and are considerably elongated, with low, rounded, strongly echinulate costae, and pali before the first three cycles of septa. Stenosmilia de Fromentel (1870, p. 383), species of which occur in the Upper Cretaceous of Europe, is very close to, if not identical with, Dichocoenia. D. trechmanni closely resembles S. proletaria Oppenheim (1930, p. 487) from the Senonian of Austria (Gosau), but the costae are not so strong, the corallites are more protuberant, and the septa are more numerous in the Jamaican form. Family FAVIIDAE Gregory Genus RHABDOPHYLLIA Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851 Gregory (1930, pp. 102-103) discusses the relationships of Rhab- dophyllia, Aplophyllia, and Cladophyilia and finds that the only difference between the first two genera lies in the incomplete costae of the second as compared with the complete costae of Rhabdophyllia. He accordingly proposes to consider Rhabdophyllia a synonym of Aplophyllia VOrbigny, 1849, because the latter has priority. Duncan (1884, p. 80) considered them identical but dropped d’Orbigny’s name for the better known Rhabdophyllia. For the present, however, I should keep the two genera separate. Rhabdophyllia is very close to Calamophyllia but possesses a better-developed columella and lacks the accretion ridges or collarettes of the latter. The species described below has occasional encircling ridges resembling collar- ettes, but they lack the regularity of Calamophyllia. RHABDOPHYLLIA QUAYLEI, new species PLATE 2, FIcuRES 3, 4 Description.—Corallites tall, cylindrical, or irregularly rounded in section, with an average diameter of 12.5 mm, dichotomous, in- creasing by fission, the new corallites projecting upward and out- ward at a slight angle from the parent corallites. Corallite walls solid, costate, without an epitheca. The costae alternate in size, cor- responding to the septa, their margins being acute and granulate. The septa are variable in number within the calices because of fission but are more or less constant within the cylindrical corallites; in a calice measuring 9 by 17 mm there are 81; in a corallite measuring approximately 10 mm in cross section there are 60. They are about equal in thickness and regularly alternate in length, so that one-half of them extend to the center and unite with the columella. They are laterally granulate and are dentate on their upper margins. The columella is well developed, spongy, formed by the entangling of FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS Th the trabeculae of the inner ends of the septa. Endothecal dissepi- ments well developed. Type.—u.S.N.M. no. 74481. Occurrence.—Four specimens are from the base of the rudistid limestone, where it overlies the Trappean shales about midway be- tween Cambridge and Catadupa in the railway cut, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—This species is distinguished by the unusually large number of septa and relatively large corallites. It is close to R. nutrix de Fromentel from the Senonian of France, a species having slightly smaller corallites and fewer septa. Gerth (1928, p. 5) has described as Rhabdophyllia sp. a form from the Upper Cretaceous of Cura- ¢ao—from beds that he considers equivalent to those from which the present species comes—which may be very close to, or identical with, the present species, although he says that an inner (dissepi- mental) wall separates it from other Upper Cretaceous species of the genus. Genus DICTUOPHYLLIA Blainville, 1830 DICTUOPHYLLIA CONFERTICOSTATA (Vaughan) Diploria conferticostata VAUGHAN, 1899, p. 239, pl. 39, figs. 1-3. Leptoria conferticostata VAUGHAN, 1919, p. 194. Leptoria conferticosta FrLix, 1925, p. 90. Diploria crassolamellosa DUNCAN, in Duncan and Wall, 1865, pp. 7, 12; 1868, p. 24. Ideotype.—U.S.N.M. no. 74477. Occurrence.—The four specimens in the Trechmann collection are from the following localities in Jamaica: Rudistid limestone, below Catadupa Station; limestone, Cambridge-Catadupa railway cut; dark limestone near igneous intrusion, Mooretown. Remarks.—This species has been adequately described and figured by Vaughan (1899). The specimens from the Trechmann collection are in close accord with Vaughan’s description and figures. They are all rounded, subglobose forms with the following measurements: Specimen Height Length Width Mm Mm Mm he. Set eae ee Sees 75 90 72 Qxctosesseseses ete 45 54 42 Seance sce se 30 56 53 BE Sie SEEN flee re OA 3 75 39 45 Vaughan noted a very close comparison between this species and L. flexuossissima (d’Achiardi) from the Eocene of San Giovanni 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Tlarione, Italy, the main differences between the two being the wider valleys, equal septa, and knoblike fused inner ends of the septa on either side of the columella in the Eocene form; but it is probably more closely related to L. reticulata (Goldfuss) from the Maastrich- tian of St. Petersburg, as it has been recently described and figured by Umbgrove (1925, pp. 107, 108). In this species the valleys are about 1 mm in width, with the same width for the collines, and the septa number 70 to 100 to the centimeter. ZL. konincki Milne Ed- wards and Haime and ZL. delicatula Reuss from the European Seno- nian are both separated from the Jamaican species by the lack of costate grooves between the walls. Family AGARICIIDAE Verrill Genus TROCHOSERIS Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 TROCHOSERIS CATADUPENSIS Vaughan PLATE 2, Figures 9, 10 Trochoseris catadupensis VAUGHAN, 1899, p. 242) pl. 39, figs. 5, 6; 1919, pp. 194, 426.—Fe.ix, 1925, p. 120. ?Trochosmilia hilli VAUGHAN, 1899, p. 233, pl. 36, figs. 1-4. Occurrence.—Specimen 1 comes from the limestone near Cata- dupa; specimen 2, which possesses two calices, the result of budding, is from a locality near Catadupa; specimen 3 is from a shale that underlies the rudistid limestone and that is the equivalent of the Providence shales near Port Antonio, in the railway cut between Cambridge and Catadupa (Trechmann collection). Vaughan’s type specimen came from near Catadupa. Remarks.—F ive specimens from the Trechmann collection are re- ferred to this species. Three of them, mentioned above, fit Vaughan’s description very well. Their measurements are as follows: Specimen Height aoe ae Calicular diameters Mm Mm Mm Wes 56. SoS ee mea Messe oes: 6h eae 17 by 17. 2. Jo sd eecesespese Le eee 20a eee 7 by 9_---| 14by17, 13 by 16. 6S ee Sy SNE GARE O_o 1G2e-eLos" Nese 14 by 21.5. Vaughan’s ty pele. 262s e es TOSS 3559: Sn ee ek Se 13.5 by 15. Notes on other specimens.—Two other specimens that almost cer- tainly belong to this species are much larger and more mature forms. The following is a description of the better-preserved specimen: FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 79 The corallum is simple, arising from a small pedicellate base, rapidly expanding, the calice flaring out unequally with an undulate margin. The outer surface is covered to the base by low, acute costae, which regularly alternate in size, marked by single rows of granulations. The wall between them is imperforate and solid, its upper margin where it meets the reflexed calice. On one side of the corallum is attached a young compressed individual, which has been budded off. The calice is convex near the outer margin, but becomes deep and concave centrally, with a very small, deep fossette. The septa are very numerous, thin, crowded, irregularly arranged in six complete cycles and part of the seventh. They are solid, laterally granulated, lightly beaded on the upper edges, unequal in length and thickness. About 18 of the thickest and longest septa reach to the center of the fossette and join the columella. The columella is very small, deep in the fossette, with a papillose upper surface. Measurements.—As follows: . : Basal Calicular Specimen Height | diameter | diameters Mm Mm Mm eR eat eS ee 43 4 42 by 50 SR aE ee ae ea sean 26 10 28 by 32 Plesiotype—U.S.N.M. no. 74491. Occurrence.—Specimen 4 comes from a locality near Catadupa; specimen 5 is from the equivalent of the Providence shales in the Cambridge-Catadupa railway cut (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—The specimen just described is illustrated on plate 2, figures 9, 10. A sixth specimen, referred with some doubt to this species, comes from the rudistid limestone in the Logie Green section. It differs from the other forms by the presence of an elongate columellar fossette, but in all other respects is like them. The corallum has been badly worn and measures 31 mm high and 37 by 63 mm in calicular diameters. Trochosmilia hilli Vaughan may be a synonym of this species, although Vaughan points out that the sides of the costae are perpen- dicular and that the columella is absent, whereas in 7'rochoseris catadupensis the costae are acute or rounded. These are the only observable differences between the two forms. The columella in 7’. catadupensis is usually very small and deep in the calice and is rarely visible even in the larger specimens. 73594—34 2 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83: Genus CENTRASTREA d’Orbigny, 1849 CENTRASTREA HILLI, new species Prat 2 MhicuRns wiles? Description.—Corallum thin, encrusting, 1 to 2 mm thick. The type specimen is 87 mm long and 21 mm wide. The corallites are small, short, and united by septo-costae, which are very short, thick, and rounded, and confluent between calices. The exotheca may fill the costal interspaces and give the appearance of a thick corallite wall when the specimen is worn. The calices are shallow, with an average diameter of 0.75 mm and a distance of 0.7 to 1 mm between centers. The septa are 12 in number, thick, laminar, and arranged in two cycles, the first of which reaches the center and joins the columella. They are much thickened near the calicular margins, and are united by a few synapticulae and well-developed endotheca. The columella is styliform, not prominent in the calices, and free within the corallites. Type—vU.S.N.M. no. 74492. Occurrence—F rom a locality near Catadupa, Jamaica (Trech- mann collection). Remarks.—The single specimen upon which the foregoing descrip- tion is based is a much-worn fragment, and the determination of the structure is very difficult. This species is distinguished from other Upper Cretaceous species of the genus by the very small, close-set calices, and it seems to be nearer to the Neocomian species C. microphyllia d’Orbigny figured by de Fromentel (1887, pl. 185, fig. 2). In that species, however, the septa number 16, octamerally arranged. VAUGHANOSERIS, new genus Generic diagnosis —Corallum simple, free, low, and depressed- conical in shape, with a shallow circular or elliptical calice having a deep, elongate central columellar fossette. Septa laminar, imper- forate, not uniting, hghtly dentate on their upper margins, and lat- erally granulate. Wall indistinct, formed by synapticulae and endo- theca, perforate. Septo-costae thin, beaded on their edges, united by exotheca and some synapticulae, covered by a very thin, easily eroded epitheca. Columella spongy, essential. LEndotheca present. Syn- apticulae present, mostly near the wall. Genotype.—V aughanoseris catadwpensis, new species, from the Upper Cretaceous near Catadupa, Jamaica. Remarks—Specimens of this genus, which groups with the Agari- ciidae, look very much like young specimens of Antillophyllia, but the perforate wall and presence of synapticulae are indicative of its FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 81 fungid nature. It is most closely related to Podoseris Duncan, 2 genus possessing the same general structure but differing by being an. attached form with uniting septa and a rudimentary papillary col- umella. It differs from Antilloseris Vaughan by having a thin epitheca, dissepiments, and a columella. Microsmilia Koby has a fasciculate columella, lacks dissepiments, has a folded or reflexed wall, as in 7vochoseris, and is sessile in habit. VAUGHANOSERIS CATADUPENSIS, new species PuLate 8, Figures 11-13; PLats 5, Figure 3 Description—Corallum simple, low, depressed conical in shape, shghtly elliptical in outline, with a small central, nipple-shaped scar of early attachment on the base. The exterior is partially covered by a thin epitheca, which is easily eroded away and through which the septo-costae are distinct. The septo-costae are acute, equal, thin, beaded on their edges, and united by a well-developed exotheca and a few synapticulae. The wall is indistinct, irregularly perforate, dis- sepimental in origin, and separated from the epitheca by the exotheca, which may be as much as 1 mm in thickness. The calice is shallow, with a central elongate columellar fossette. The septa are imper- forate, exsert, laminar, straight, not uniting inwardly, and arranged in 6 complete cycles (192 septa). Those of the first and second cycles are equal, lightly dentate on their upper margins, laterally granulated in close vertical rows and extending to the columella. The remaining septa are regularly shorter and thinner according to their cycle, with their upper margins notched by strong teeth. The columella is spongy, well developed, filling the bottom of the fossette. The synapticulae are not numerous, occurring mostly near the wall. En- dotheca present but not abundant. Measurements.—As follows: Specimen Height Calicular Depth of diameters fossette Mm Mm Mm ViCype) i sc 5 === ee ee ee 15 30 by 32 3.8 2iparatype)==-s-= 2222 nee 13 28 by 31 4.2 Lype—v.S.N.M. no. 74485. Paratype—uvU.S.N.M. no. 74486, Occurrence—Specimen 1 is from a locality near Catadupa; speci- men 2 comes from the equivalent of the Providence shales under- lying the rudistid limestone in the Cambridge-Catadupa railway cut (Trechmann collection). 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 FAVIOSERIS, new genus Generic diagnosis—Corallum massive, tuberous, pedunculated. Corallites slightly protuberant, cylindrical, or deformed by fission, united by septocostae. No true corallite wall, but a ring of well- developed synapticulae forms a perforate boundary. Septa thin, imperforate, laminar, beaded on the upper edges, thickened pe- ripherally near the thecal ring, continuous with the septocostae, which are trabeculate and perforate, the perforations tending to become filled up. The upper edges of the costae are rounded and beaded. Columella absent, the axial space being quite empty. Dis- sepiments not well developed. Reproduction by fission. Genotype.—Favioseris anomalos, new species, from the Upper Cretaceous limestones of Jamaica. Remarks.—The family position of this genus is somewhat uncer- tain because its general features are those of the Oulastreids, al- though the septal structure is close to the Anabaciids in spite of the laminar septa, which are more characteristic of the Agariciids. The Oulastreids, however, increase by gemmation, whereas fissiparity is very marked in Favieseris. The laminar condition of the septa seems to be due to subsequent filling of the original perforate trabec- ular framework—a process that has not proceeded so far in the septocostae as in the septa. No genus of the Anabaciidae seems close to this form. Sidercfungia Reis is perhaps related, but the walls of that genus are very poorly developed and the calices have the habit of Siderastrea. Crateroseris Tomes is supposed to have imperforate septa and septocostae and therefore groups with the Agariciidae, but, as Gregory (1900, p. 189) has pointed out, this apparent imperforate condition may be quite the opposite, in which case Crateroseris would be near Dimorpharaea and Polyphyllastrea. Crateroseris as it is now understood is near Favioseris, except that it increases by gemmation and has more protuberant corallites. For the present Favioseris is placed in the Agaricudae. FAVIOSERIS ANOMALOS, new species PLATE 4, Figures 19, 20 Description.—Corallum massive, tuberous, arising from a narrow base. The calices are slightly protuberant, not bounded by a true corallite wall, the margins being formed by the thickened outer ends of the septa and a ring of synapticulae, as in the Oulastreids and Sidcrastrea. They are originally circular in outline but are usually oval or elliptical, owing to the fissiparous mode of increase. The diameter of the circular calices averages 3 mm, that of the elongate FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 83 ones 2.5 by 4.5 mm. Within the calices the septal margins fall evenly but steeply to the central fossette, the bottom of which is about 1.2 mm below the calicular margins, or 1 mm below the intercorallite areas. The surface between the corallites averages 1.5 mm in width and is crossed by the confluent septocostae, whose upper margins are heavily beaded, owing to their trabeculate-fenestrate structure. The septa are imperforate, laminar, thickened peripherally, thinner to- ward the center, not extending to the center of the corallite, and laterally granulated with the upper margins dentate. In a circular calice there are regularly 24 septa, 12 of which are longer than the rest and reach to the edge of the fossette, which they bound; in larger calices up to 45 septa can be counted, all regularly alternating in length. There isno columella. The synapticulae are developed only in the peripheral region of the corallites. Between corallites there is some exotheca but there is no endotheca within them. Measurements.—The holotype is 55 mm high, 32 mm in maximum diameter, and 16 mm in diameter near the base. Holotype—U.S.N.M. no. 74484. Occurrence.—In the limestones near Catadupa, Jamaica (Trech- mann collection). Remarks.—This species may be distinguished from Synastraea (?) adkinsi by its imperforate septa, by the presence of a synapticular corallite wall, and by the fissiparous mode of increase. Family LEPTOPHYLLIIDAE Vaughan Genus DIPLARAEA Milaschewitsch, 1876 DIPLARAEA (7?) BOLTONAE, new species PLATE 2, Figures 1, 2 Description.—Corallum subcylindrical, compressed near the base, expanding upwardly, subdividing into several corallites, which re- main closely united in a single series, separated by constrictions of the corallite wall and joined inwardly by short, confluent septo- costae. Between the base and top of the corallum the exterior is marked by irregular expansions, and in the type specimen midway between base and top is a small protuberant corallite that has been produced fissiparously and has remained separate. The exterior is’ covered by a very thin, easily eroded epitheca, through which the septo-costae are seen. The latter are rounded, subequal, and beaded on their edges. Between them and extending to the wall are well- developed exothecal dissepiments. The wall is perforate, indistinct, and composed of synapticulae and dissepiments. The calices are shallow and very irregular in outline. There are three on the top 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 of the type, serially arranged, united directly by the septo-costae, any intercorallite wall being absent. The septa are slightly exsert, lam- inar, irregularly perforate as in Leptophyllia, thin, equal, laterally granulated, united by endotheca and synapticulae. In one calicular center, 8 by 10 mm, there are 60 septa, all of which extend to the columella. The columella is parietal, moderately developed, spongy in appearance in the calices but not prominent when seen in cross section. Measurements.—The holotype measures: Height, 42 mm; basal di- ameters, 8 by 10 mm; diameters 10 mm below calices, 12 by 23 mm; length and width of series, 29 by 6-12 mm. Holotype —uvU.S.N.M. no. 74479. Occurrence —V rom a locality near Catadupa, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks —This species fits the generic characters of Dermosmilia as discussed by Koby (1889, p. 546). Ogilvie (1897, p. 258) later considered Koby’s genus a synonym of Diplaraca. WKoby does not mention the condition of the wall in Dermosmilia, but Ogilvie states that a true wall is not present, but that septal thickening and exo- thecal development form an outer wall. In the present species the septal thickening is not apparent, the septa being of nearly equal thickness throughout, and the entire structure of the corallum is like Physoseris Vaughan (1905, p. 396), except for the colonial form of the corallum. All the species at present referred to Diplaraea, except D. venezuelensis Gregory, are from the Upper Jurassic, al- though its nearest relation, Haplaraca Milaschewitsch, a solitary form, occurs also in the Senonian of Europe (Oppenheim, 1930, p. 26 ff.). D. venezuelensis Gregory (1927, p. 441), from the Urgenian of eastern Venezuela, is a species with larger branches and more septa, only a part of the latter, however, reaching to the columella. Family ANABACIIDAE Duncan Genus CYCLOLITES Lamarck, 1801 CYCLOLITES JAMAICAENSIS, new species PLATE 3, Figures 1—4 Description —Corallum simple, free, circular or slightly elliptical in outline, flat on the base or slightly concave, convex above, with a circular fossette 2 to 38 mm in depth. Wall of corallum horizontal, indistinct. The base is covered by a thick, concentrically wrinkled epitheca. The septa are numerous, thin, straight, not uniting, trabeculate, and fenestrated, those of the first three cycles, which FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 85 are slightly thicker than the rest, being almost imperforate and laminar, owing to the filling up of the pores. In mature specimens there are six complete cycles of septa and a good part of the seventh. There is no columella. The synapticulae are well developed, par- ticularly in the lower part of the corallum. Measurements.—As follows: 1 \ Specimen Height. |yrageeeiies Mm | Mm 1a(paraty De) aq ae eee eee 6 23) - bys 27 2 (paratype) -._----- eee ee 9 24.5 by 28 3 (paratype))42 S23. 22234 se Td59?})38l iby 34 eeda(MaTratype)= ose a eee oe 16 32; by 3355 [SIE ype) eee ee we 14 28 by 28.5 6, (paratype) =s- so. hess eee ae 13 22.5 by 26 2 (paratype) sasSess2 22 11 22 ~=by.23 Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 74488. Occurrence.—All the specimens come from the Providence shales at Providence, near Port Antonio, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—This is the first species of this important and wide- spread Cretaceous genus to be noted from the West Indian or North American areas. It groups with C. hemisphaerica Michelin (non Lamarck, 1801)* of the Senonian of Europe, and is most closely related to C. digeriensis Milne Edwards and Haime (Fromentel, 1870, p. 360) from the French Senonian, and from which it may be dis- tinguished by its larger number of septa (about 124 in C@. ligeriensis, fide de Fromentel; 192 to 250 in C. jamaicaensis), coralla of about the same size. PARACYCLOSERIS, new genus Generia diagnosis——Corallum simple, free with scar of early at- tachment, depressed-conical to plano-convex in shape, circular in outline, the lower surface covered by a strong, concentrically wrinkled epitheca. Calice shallow or superficial, the latter condi- tion occurring in younger specimens, with an oval or elongate foss- ette. Wall of corallum indistinct. Septa numerous, uniting as in Cycloseris, trabeculate-fenestrate in structure, usually with the pores well filled, particularly in the larger septa, upper edges marked by strong, almost lacerate teeth. Columella strong, well developed, essential, composed of numerous papillae. Synapticulae present 3 Milne Edwards and Haime, aware that this species was not identical with Lamarck’s species, placed it in the synonymy of C. discoidea (Goldfuss), but Felix, in 1903, pointed out that it does not belong to Goldfuss’ species and retained Michelin’s name for it. Oppenheim, in 1930, proposed the name C. michelini for the species. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 within the corallum near the edges of the calice. Dissepiments absent. Genotype.—Paracycloseris elizabethae, new species, from the Upper Cretaceous of Jamaica. Remarks.—The septal arrangement of this form is distinctive and much the same as that of many species of /ungia (Cycloseris-form). The septal structure is no less distinctive—the septa of the lower cycles are very similar to the laminar septa of the Agariciids except for the large teeth, which are of a type more often found in the Funguds. The relationship with the Anabaciidae is shown in the structure of the septa of the higher cycles—the trabeculate-fenes- trate or latticework arrangement of the trabeculae characteristic of Anabacia and Microsolena. ‘The genus is not, however, closely re- lated to any of the simple genera of this family, except Cyclolites, from which it is distinguished by the presence of a well-developed columella and less perforate, uniting septa. Anabacia lacks an epi- theca and a columella, as does also Trochoplegma. Trocharaea has a parietal columella but no epitheca. This form may be intermediate between the Mesozoic Cyclolitids and the modern Fungiids, possessing as it does many of the char- acters of both Cyclolites and Cycloseris. PARACYCLOSERIS ELIZABETHAE, new species PLATE 3, Figures 5-10; PLate 5, Fieures 1, 2 Description—Corallum simple, free, circular in outline, flat or convex on the base, convex or concavo-convex above, with a shallow elliptical fossette in the more mature specimens. The lower sur- face is covered by a stout, concentrically wrinkled epitheca, to the central point of which, in the smaller specimen, is attached a foram- inifer. The septa are numerous, upwardly arched, uniting, mainly imperforate with the upper margin dentate, laterally spinulose or granulate. There are six complete cycles and part of the seventh. Those of the first two cycles are equal, much thicker than the rest, extending to the columella, their upper edges set with coarse, lacerate, multitrabeculate teeth, which increase in size toward the center. The septa of the third cycle, while prominent, are much smaller than those of the first two, their upper edges being set with smaller teeth, but they extend to the columella. The arrangement of the remaining cycles is distinctive. The septa of the fourth cycle, in- stead of being inwardly fused to those of the third, are fused to the septa of the fifth cycle, which are nearest the primaries and secondaries, and the remaining septa of the fifth cycle join those of the fourth near the latter’s junction with the first set of septa FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—-WELLS 87 of the fifth; the inner ends of the fifth cycle—that is, those nearest the primaries and secondaries—are fused to the third cycle near the columella; the sixth cycle fuses to the fifth, and those of the sev- enth, which are developed near the primaries, fuse to the sixth. The structure of the septa is trabeculate-fenestrate, the pores being filled up below, and perforations, except of the upper parts of the septa of the higher cycles, are rare. The columella is well developed, essen- tial, elongate, completely filling the fossette, with a papillose upper surface. Synapticulae are present mainly in the peripheral region. The wall is indistinct. There are no dissepiments. Measurements.—As follows: Specimen Height Diameter Deptt et Mm Mm Mm AN(EY DO) a tone knees Loe er 10 29.5 2:7 2 (DELTA GY De) sees see ee 3.5 26 0 Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 74489. Occurrence.—From a locality near Catadupa, Jamaica (Trech- mann collection). ; Remarks.—Specimen 2 is an immature one, in which the corallum is discoid or plano-convex (pl. 3, figs. 8, 9); the septa are much thinner and more finely denticulate than in specimen 1, upon which the foregoing description was mainly based. Genus SYNASTREA Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 SYNASTREA (7?) ADKINSI, new species PLATE 3, Fiaures 14, 15 Description.—Corallum massive, tuberous, increasing in size by superposition of concentric layers about 5 mm thick, the exposed margins of these layers being covered by a thin epitheca. The cal- ices are distinct, close-set, nearly always separated by an intercoral- lite groove. Where they are separated to any extent they are cir- cular in outline, where close-set they are polygonal. The average diameter within the margins is 2.75 mm; the distance between cen- ters varies from 5 to 6.5 mm; the maximum height of the margins above the intercorallite grooves is about 0.3 mm; the average calicu- lar depth is 0.75 mm, but is often increased by weathering. There is no corallite wall, and the septocostae are confluent. The septa, 40 to 60 in number, comprise four complete cycles and parts of the fifth. In structure they are trabeculate-fenestrate near the surface, 73594— 348 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 83 becoming more or less filled up below and appearing lamellar in longitudinal section as the trabeculae lose their individuality. The septa of the first two cycles are much thicker and more prominent than the rest. The columella is well developed, spongy, and papil- lose on the surface. The dissepiments are absent, but there is a great development of the synapticulae. Measurements —Corallum measures: Height, 51 mm; diameter near base, 15 mm; maximum diameter between base and upper sur- face, 32 mm. Holotype—U.S.N.M. no. 74483. Occurrence—Upper Cretaceous limestone in the railway cut be- tween Cambridge and Catadupa, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks—The calicular surface of this species closely resembles the typical Anabaciids, but the change in the structure of the septa from trabeculate-fenestrate to more or less laminar is very pro- nounced, resembling the structure found in Astraraea Felix, but the wall of the corallum in this genus is solid, imperforate, and costate (as it is in 7'rochoseris Milne Edwards and Haime) ; at least this is true of specimens labeled Astraraea media in the National Museum in a collection of the Gosau corals from Prof. Felix. Synastrea agaricites (Goldfuss), type of the genus, also from the Gosau beds, specimens of which are in the National Museum, agrees more nearly with adkinsi from the standpoint of structure and character of the exterior, although the filling up of the lower parts of the septa is not so pronounced. The distinct calices of this species also distinguish it from other species of Synastrea, most of which have shallow calices not bounded by a distinct groove, as in Thamnasteria Lesauvage. Family OULASTREIDAE Vaughan PRODIPLOASTREA, new genus Generic diagnosis—Corallum massive, astreiform, forming a rounded pedunculate mass. Corallites cylindrical, of medium size, projecting slightly above the common surface, united by confluent septo-costae and a thin, well-developed exotheca. Septa not numer- ous, thin, little exsert, not uniting, continuous with the septo-costae, laminar in structure, very little perforate, and lightly dentate on the upper edges. Corallite wall porous, synapticular in origin. Synapticulae poorly developed except in the thecal ring. Endotheca scanty. Columella absent or very rudimentary. No pali. Genotype.—Prodiploastrea schindewolfi, new species, from the Upper Cretaceous of Jamaica. FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 89 Remarks.—This genus is created to receive a species from the Trechmann collection that is closely related to Diploastrea Matthai, Oulastrea Milne Edwards and Haime, and Cyathomorpha Reuss, but which differs from all these, as well as from Brachyphyllia Reuss and Pseudofavia Oppenheim, by the lack of a well-developed columella. A more or less well-developed essential columella is present in the five genera mentioned. The septa and septo-costae are also unusually thin and comparatively few in number for mem- bers of this family, and there is but a slight thickening of the septa in the vicinity of the walls. The condition of the upper edges of _ the septa is not well shown in the specimen, but the septa are lightly dentate and lack pali or paliform lobes such as are found in Cyathomorpha and Oulastrea. Diploastrea has strong septal teeth or notches, but lacks pali. Brachyphyllia has numerous septa, which unite or fuse inwardly, and a well-developed columella. PRODIPLOASTREA SCHINDEWOLFI, new species PLATE 4, Figures 21, 22 Descréption.—Corallum subspherical, pedunculate. Corallites cylindrical, projecting, united by confluent septo-costae and a thin exotheca. On the surface between the corallites the septo-costae are thin, wavering, with rounded beaded edges. The calices are circular, bounded by a thin, well-defined, perforate synapticular wall, rather deep, crateriform, with an average diameter of 3.5 mm, although they may be as small as 2.5 mm. They are but slightly elevated above the intercorallite areas on the upper surface of the corallum, becoming higher on the sides and toward the base, the average distance between them being 3.25 mm. ‘The septal arrange- ment is irregular, there being 24 to 32 septa, depending on the size of the corallite. They are thin, laminar, imperforate, regularly alternating in length so that half of them extend nearly to the center of the corallite, slightly exsert, lightly dentate on their upper mar- gins, which descend rapidly to the bottom of the calice. There is no true columella, although the inner edges of a few of the larger septa may meet to form a straggly parietal axis. Endotheca scarce. Synapticulae well developed only near the wall. Exotheca well developed. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. no. 74476. Occurrence—In the limestone of the Upper Cretaceous in the Cambridge-Catadupa railway cut (Trechmann collection). 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Family ACROPORIDAE Verrill Genus MULTICOLUMNASTRAEA Vaughan, 1899 MULTICOLUMNASTRAEA CYATHIFORMIS (Duncan) Heliastraea exsculpta DUNCAN (non Reuss), in Duncan and Wall, 1865, pp. 7, 8, 11; 1868, p. 24. Heliastraea cyathiformis Duncan, in Duncan and Wall, 1865, pp. 7, 8, pl. 1, figs. la, b; 1868, p. 24. Multicolumnastraea cyathiformis VAUGHAN, 1899, p. 236, pl. 38, fig. 1; 1919, pp. 194, 486.—FELix, 1925, pp. 252-253. Occurrence.—In the rudistid limestone in the Logie Green section, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—One very poorly preserved specimen from the Trech- mann collection is referred to this species. It is a low-branching corallum with short stubby branches, which are usually compressed, with average diameters of 8 by 10 mm, closely packed together. The corallites are somewhat smaller than in the specimens described by Vaughan. Vaughan gives an average diameter of 2 mm, whereas in the specimen examined by the author they are rarely more than 1.25 mm. The intercorallite areas are crossed by the septo-costae when the corallites are close together; when they are distant the costae merge into a porous, reticulated coenenchyme. Gerth (1928, p. 3) has described a species of this genus, M. parvila, from the Upper Cretaceous of Curacao, which has calices not over 1 mm in diameter. Vaughan (1919, p. 486) states that Muliicolumnastraea is very close to Actinacis, the main point of distinction being the presence of several coarse columellar tubercles in the former. Family PORITIDAE Dana Genus GONIOPORA Blainville, 1830 GONIOPORA REUSSIANA (Duncan) PLATE 4, Figure 18; PLATE 5, Fieures 4, 5 Porites reussiana Duncan, in Duncan and Wall, 1865, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 2; 1868, p. 25.—VAUGHAN, 1899, p. 249. Goniopora jamaica 1 Bernarp, 1906, p. 159. Plesiotype—U.S.N.M. no. 74490. Occurrence.—In the Upper Cretaceous limestones in the Cam- bridge-Catadupa railway cut, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—One specimen from the Trechmann collection is a good example of this poorly known species. The form of the coral- lum and size of the calices agree well with Duncan’s description. FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—-WELLS 91 Vaughan (1899), after repeating Duncan’s original description, adds: The usual number of cycles of septa is three; the arrangement into cycles does not appear perfectly regular and uniform, so Duncan’s figures must be used with a qualification. In the best preserved portions there is no granulate area on the summit of the wall between the ends of the septa. Apparently the upper edge of the wall is acute in perfect material. Diameter of the calices 2.5 to 4 mm; the usual diameter is slightly less than 3 mm. The specimen does not permit the details of the pali (?) to be made out. It seems quite probable that the species is a Litharaea, and not Porites. Bernard in his discussion (1906) adds practically nothing to our knowledge of this species, but questions whether the supposed type in the Museum of the Geological Society of London is the same as the specimen figured and described by Duncan in 1865, adding (p. 160) : “ There is not a character in the drawing [Duncan’s] which agrees in the remotest with the calices of the specimen.” Details regarding the structure of this species can now be added from the well-preserved specimen in the Trechmann collection. The walls between the calices, where they are acute, are marked by a single row of granulations, but where there is some separation, the walls are rounded and may have 2 to 4 rows of granules. The septa are almost always 20 in number, arranged in a modification of the typical septal formula of the recent members of the genus that have 24 septa, as it is given by Bernard (1903, p. 21); this is best ex- plained by plate 5, figures 4 and 5, representing the formulas of recent Gonzopora and G. reussiana. There are three trabecular ele- ments between the wall and a palus. There are five tubercular pall. The columella consists of a single tubercle surrounded below the floor of the calice by a ring of synapticulae uniting the palar tra- beculae. The under surface of the corallum, where exposed by the superposed, laminar growth layers, is covered by a thin epitheca. Measurements.——The diameters of the branches of the specimen are 12 by 15, 11 by 13, and 11 by 15 mm. GONIOPORA TRECHMANNI, new species PLATE 3, Ficures 16, 17 Description.—Corallum massive, with a flat or concave base, grow- ing upward by the addition of superimposed layers into a hemi- spherical or subspherical mass. The corallites average 1.8 mm in diameter and are embedded in a porous reticulate coenenchyme 0.5 to 15 mm apart. There is no definite corallite wall, and the outer ends of the septa merge with the coenenchyme. The calices are polygonal in outline, of moderate depth, bounded by a rounded reticular intercalicular ridge. The septa are well developed, always az PROCEEDINGS GF TEE Watwisl MUSEUM me a 12 ia number near De columeila, but equenciy breamehing uear he pemphery => iat Ge emgmal number ef =pts may have beem a> many as 1 They are equal @ Sze. Sim, weeguiariy perforsied_ with ther inner ends ending abruptiy. leasing an awal space abeut 25 mm in Gameter. whteh is parually filed by a weak, lax columella formed by a few scageiing mds and attached t Ge mmer ends ef te septs. The interseptal leeuii ar= mostiy open. The upoer mar- Measurements A= failaws- — Heigae Bei Meee it: ans inns ee St Zz ars 23 2a =, ae Seige =z t= Les Tupe—L SNL re, ES Poraype—L_ SSM no. T2495 (specimen 2)_ eee eee lane coats be ee ee Catadnpa cabway cut (Treehmann csileetem). Speemen 2 = irom some af Prowieme= gear Port Sotemme. James (Trechmaom coilestion ) - Zenertsz—_Wen ecmens af Gis ese: leek very much ie JActnacs, Tat De pelyronal_ nenessert eslices, a= well ac the sirue- tural fstures. indicate 4 pesiion mt Genzepgerz, the number af sepia removing i& tom Porites. The species. however, shows few aiimitzes wit the Senontan and Wasastrechizan pecies at Gomagerst (Laza- ardex). Der i= t related t& € reusmama (Duncan). fom wiih & eat Ge distmemshed by Ge emailer eslice: md wer =o, wat sopareitiy oe pal. [bis probably nearer t He species umersied ftom the Cetomamnan af Hohemis by Bernard (1903, pm 136, 198). 4 summary of the saliems features of these forms. gether with te Jamaican Mestss. follows: Namie ae fcaiiees 6 ofsenra Pali ie i & wtesetint eas? EZ ms Je ae & erie (Pott ze =a tires teem, es = Nooo | CORLLS FHOM TSE TEECHWENN COLLECTION ROW TSE LOWES EOCENE SICSWOND FORMATION OF jemerTe Gennes STTLAP SO, Sopverce= 1 TTP SES gece = Bpermet.—_L BEIM uo. 456. ee eee ee ee ee eee ee a of te Eicon’ beds ot Pot Mere ond mex qpetes, EG et memed a posse bere Oe ee See ie masse... ij 2 cIrvet supeylise Segment oe mech 44 am @ bees. ws Gee ey om Te eee = mae worm. and Ge comedies of oe odie ee Se os aesne 0€735 aun 2) G@emeer, Gist 8S op im =(Sepe, fo ber, ameted op te columels: scoters: oie me pe Ghee Delow Ghee os os ae cee Gee eee SUT SEL 7 eee ¢ Syermen—_L SSM mn. 2252. Gomerens —The SpecInet ESCs WiGh Ge Weesete one. a oe ongiemm ft Ge Excheend fe &@ Pot Mens Jem (Trecmmem colesamn }- Zemria—Auier eeme om we Tresomem coliesuor = Blbses Wolb Some GOUI I tis Sanus EB = pe co 2 Geese feet oe eee os 8 com, 2 os a, os oe. ee Sumaok Dresmies Bed woo De ooelie aee So O73 we 1 mm & Semester. bounded by 2 sod cosvime vull Same. 8 @ wom. 2 ee he poder, Se es wel Ge iped a oe. SEE S rior ( _ The snes CORALS FROM THE TRECHMANN AND MATLEY COLLECTIONS. FROM THE MIDDLE EOCENE YELLOW LIMESTONE OF JAMAICA Family SERIATOPORIDAE Milne Edwards and Haime Genus STYLOPHORA Schweigger, 1819 STYLOPHORA CAMBRIDGENSIS, new species PLATE 4, FIGURES 38, 4 Description—Corallum branching, basal portion unknown. Branches small, compressed or cylindrical. Calices small, superfi- cial, ranging in diameter from 0.75 mm in the younger ones to 1 mm in older calices, spaced 0.25 to 0.5 mm apart. Septa, 12 in number, the six primaries distinct, well developed, extending to the columella, equal in size, and often exsert above the calicular margins; second- aries very short or rudimentary, present as mere ridges in the younger corallites. The columella is small, styliform, tubercular, not attaining the same height as the upper margins of the primary septa. The coenenchyme is dense, its surface covered with small tubercular granulations, which may be so arranged as to form an indistinct median ridge. The size of the branches varies from a diameter of 6.5 mm, in the more cylindrical ones, to 6 by 10 and 9 by 11 mm, in the more compressed ones. Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 44283. Occurrence.—The five specimens come from the Yellow limestone in the Cambridge district (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—This species is closely related to S. compressa Duncan (1873, p. 551), a species occurring in the upper Eocene of St. Bar- tholomew, and may be possibly only a variety, but the more closely set, nonsalient calices, separated by a more strongly granular coenen- chyme with a faint median ridge, appear sufficient to separate this Jamaican form. Duncan (1865, p. 8) identified a Stylophora from the Richmond beds of Port Maria with S. contorta (Leymerie), a European species, which might be the same as the present species, but it is certainly not identical with Leymerie’s species as it is described by Milne Edwards and Haime (1857, p. 185). Duncan’s specimen might also be identical with our Stylophora species a, which comes from the same horizon at the same locality. 94 FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 95 Family ASTROCOENIIDAE Koby Genus ASTROCOENIA Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 ASTROCOENIA JAMAICAENSIS, new species PLATE 4, Figure 12 Description.—Corallum more or less massive, upper surface irregu- larly convex, sending up short protuberances. Corallites polygonal, closely fused by their walls in the lower part of the corallum, but often becoming slightly separated and cylindrical on the apices of the protuberances. Calices shallow, polygonal or circular in shape, separated by the fused corallite walls on which the upper ends of the septa of adjoining calices meet, producing low granulations or spines. Septa, 20 in number; 10 much larger than the rest and extending to the columella, the others more or less rudimentary. They are slightly granulate laterally, and the upper margins, which slope at first gently, then abruptly, toward the columella, are very lightly dentate. The columella is styliform, appearing in the bottom of the calice as a round or slightly compressed tubercle. Dissepiments sparsely developed. Measurements.—As follows: | Calices Specimen Length | Width | Height Maximum | Minimum diameter | diameter Mm Mm Mm Mm Mm I(t) Bae as 83 59 50 4 2 ZI(DALBLY DS) sen eee eee 15 13 22 4 2 Bil(paratyipe) 22 as eee 20 12 32 3 2 Specimen 1 represents a nearly complete corallum, whereas 2 and & are protuberances from a larger specimen. Type—vU.S.N.M. no. 44284. Oceurrence.—Specimen 1 comes from the Velates schmiedeliana bed of the Cambridge formation at Spring Mount; specimens 2 and 3 are from the Yellow limestone in the Cambridge district (Trech- mann collection). Remarks.—This species is readily distinguished from the other species of this genus of the West Indian Tertiary, except A. decatur- ensis Vaughan (1919, p. 348) (lower and middle Oligocene), by the constant decameral arrangement of the septa. In A. decatur- ensis the arrangement is usually octameral, as in the other species of the West Indies, but it may be decameral occasionally. Comparison with some other decameral species follows: 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Diameter Species of Astrocoenia Horizon Locality Giicalivas Septa Mm blanfordi Duncan _.=.-.-==----- Lower Eocene-_-_------- Sindee 2 -4.5 10/10 clautensis: Dainelli=—= 2 —- -- 2 2_ f MOCANG S22. 22 aes. 0 aly eee 2. 5-3. 5 10/10 spongilla Oppenheim_____-_-_- Middle Eocene-_-__-_-_--_- Bosnias_2--- 1 -2 10/10 YOMAICAENSTS) NOWee eens Seek | eee GO2 Ss eee Jamaica..-_- 2 -4 10/10 Family FAVIIDAE Gregory Genus ANTILLOPHYLLIA Vaughan, 1932 (—ANTILLIA of authors) ANTILLOPHYLLIA (7?) species Specimen.—U.S.N.M. no, 44285. Occurrence—In the Yellow limestone at Spice Grove, Man- chester Parish, Jamaica (Matley collection). Remarks.—A single poorly preserved specimen is very doubtfully referred to this genus. It is a large corallum, subcylindrical or subcornute, curved, measuring 65 mm in length, with a maximum diameter near the top of 43 mm. The calice is filled with a tough matrix, and the upper edges of the septa are concealed for the most part, although a portion of one appears to be dentate, but the characters of the dentations cannot be determined. The exterior is devoid of an epitheca, which may have been worn away, and the costae, united by some exotheca, alternate in size and appear to be granulate or beaded on their edges. The wall is not distinct but is apparently solid. The septa are of medium thickness, laminar, imperforate, 90 to 100 in number, half of them extending to the center, where they unite with the large spongy columella. Endo- theca abundant. Family AGARICIIDAE Verrill Genus ANTILLOSERIS Vaughan, 1905 ANTILLOSERIS CANTABRIGIENSIS (Vaughan) Turbinoseris cantabrigiensis VAUGHAN, 1899, p. 245, pl. 40, figs. 5-7. Antilloseris cantabrigiensis VAUGHAN, 1919, p. 194.—Frnrx, 1925, p. 144. Ideotypes.—U.S.N.M. no. 44286. Occurrence.—In a bed of small corals in the Yellow limestone in a road cut on the Rock River main road near Beckford, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica (Matley collection). Remarks.—Twenty specimens from the Matley collection have been identified by Dr. Vaughan with his species. Their measure- ments are as follows: FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 97 Specimen Height Maxam | Mm Mm WGP Sete ssS524e' SARS 9.0 6.5 by 7.0 DUNS OSS Nes Ae 11.5 8.0 by 8.5 Be eee eye ea 17.0 6.5 by 10 pS eS ee ee be ee 18. 5 8.0 by 9.5 Bis ae bee te EE ee 20.5 9.0 by 10 Giese ee eo et 21.0 7.0 by 8.0 Menta 2 ae a ad BANE TAS 22.0 8.0 by 9.0 Sasa ee RE eae 23.0 6.0 by 11.5 be oe ee eee ee ae 25.0 6.0 by 9.0 LQ eat Pte ke ay 25.5 9.5 by 11.0 UDP a a St el 26.5 9.0 by 10.0 12 eee ee ee eer 26.0 6.0 by 10.0 1S 22 fes PA ee 27.0 7.5 by 10.5 Sa es er aed Ce saree oli 26.5 7.5 by 9.5 tL ae eee ee 27.5 10.0 by 11.5 1G Ses ek UE Le oe ee 39.0 10.0 by 11.0 Ti oe BE oe 8 22. 5? 6.0 by 11.0 it ee eee ee 24. 0? 9.0 by 12.0 OUP See eae 8 26. 0? 9.0 by 10.5 D0 eee Ls A Loran Hee 22.5? 9.0 by 12.0 (The last four specimens are imperfect, the bases having been broken off.) From this tabulation it will be seen that in this species lateral growth ceases after a maximum diameter of 9-10 by 10-11 mm has been reached, although the height may extend to as much as 39 mm. (Those specimens having diameters greater than the maxima re- corded have been laterally compressed and distorted.) ANTILLOSERIS JAMAICAENSIS (Vaughan) Turbinoseris jamaicaensis VAUGHAN, 1899, p. 246, pl. 40, figs. 8-10. Antilloseris jamaicaensis VAUGHAN, 1919, p. 194.—IWrnix, 1925, p. 144. Homeotype.—U.S.N.M. no. 44287. Occurrence——In the Yellow limestone on the Nottingham road near the turn to Gentle Hill, Manchester-St. Elizabeth boundary, Jamaica (Matley collection). Remarks.—One specimen is referred to this species. It is con- siderably larger than Vaughan’s figured specimen but fits his de- scription of the internal structure well. It is much larger than any of the specimens referred to A. cantabrigiensis and measures: Height, 47 mm; maximum diameters, 14.5 by 17.5 mm. ANTILLOSERIS species PLATE 4, Figures 8-10 Description—Corallum simple, short, conical, slightly compressed. Calice deep. Exterior of corallum costulate and devoid of an epi- 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 theca. Wall indistinct, perforate, and synapticulate. Septa nu- merous, thin, imperforate, in five complete cycles and part of the sixth, the fifth and sixth cycles often uniting, the rest free at their inner ends, their upper margins with prominent dentations and their sides granulate, united by numerous synapticulae. The septa of the first two cycles are equal, more prominent than the rest in the calice, their inner ends sometimes uniting in the center. Measurements.—The specimen measures: Height, 6.5 mm; diam- eters, 9.25 by 10.5 mm; depth of calice, 3.25 mm. Specimen.—U.S.N.M. no. 44288. Occurrence.—In the Yellow limestone on the bridle trail near Whitney Valley, 144 miles from Peace River, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica (Matley collection). Remarks.—The preceding is a description of a small coral occur- ring with Lupsammia clarendonensis in the Peace River district and of which there is one specimen in the Matley collection. It prob- ably represents a new species, but owing to the lack of other and more satisfactory specimens, it is not now named. It is distin- guished from the other species of this genus occurring in the Eocene of the West Indian region by its relatively broad, low shape and deep calice; most of the species of the genus are taller, more cylin- drical forms, except A. cyclolites (Duncan) of the upper Eocene of St. Bartholomew, which is much broader and flatter. A. antillarum (Duncan) approaches the Jamaican form but has a more compressed corallum. Genus TROCHOSERIS Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 TROCHOSERIS (7?) species Description —Corallum simple, apparently free, with a broad, sub- cylindrical, slightly convex base, becoming compressed and elliptical in outline but not flaring outward near the calice. Wall apparent- ly solid. Costae not preserved in the specimen. Calice superficial, with a long, narrow, shallow fossette. Septa, about 200 in number, strongly exsert, imperforate, unequal, laterally granulate, upper margins not preserved. The first four cycles are equal, much thicker than the rest, and extending to the center. Those of the fifth cycle also extend to the center. The remaining septa are thin and extend one-third to two-thirds of the distance to the columella. Columella thin, lamellate, spongy, papillate on top, not prominent in the fossette. Synapticulae well developed, abundant. Endo- thecal dissepiments developed in the vicinity of the wall. Measurements—The specimen measures: Height, 34 mm; basal diameters, 40 by 45 mm; calicular diameters, 30 by 59 mm. FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—-WELLS 99 Specimen.—U.S.N.M. no. 44289. Occurrence.—Probably from the Yellow limestone at Williams- field, St. James Parish, Jamaica (Matley collection). Remarks.—This specimen very likely represents a new species but it is in very poor condition as a result of much surface wear, which has almost destroyed the wall and has obliterated the upper mar- gins of the septa. The generic affinities are doubtful until better specimens can be found. Family EUPSAMMIDAE Milne Edwards and Haime Genus EUPSAMMIA Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 EUPSAMMIA CLARENDONENSIS, new species PLaATH 4, FicuRES 6, 7; PLATE 5, FIcuRE 6 Description—Corallum simple, free, small, short, turbinate or subhemispherical, with a shallow, slightly elliptical calice and a nipple-shaped scar of early attachment at the base. The exterior is not well shown by either of the specimens, but no epitheca appears to have been present. The wall is porous, synapticulate, and of some thickness. The septa are imperforate and laminar, with a few scat- tered pores. Their arrangement is characteristic of the Kupsam- mids, the septa of the first two cycles being free and straight, extend- ing to the center; the septa of the fourth cycle fusing to the third cycle near the columella, producing a delta-shaped group of septa; and the fifth cycle fusing to the fourth. About three-fourths of the sixth cycle is developed. The columella is well developed, spongy, and joined to the inner ends of the first three cycles of septa. The distal ends of the septa are lost in the synapticular tangle of the wall. The synapticulae are well developed and are most abundant near the wall. There are no dissepiments. Measurements—As follows: Specimen Height Diameters Mm Mm (UY DO) oa er ae 6.5 10.5 by 12 2i(paraty pe) ease! 6 Se or eee 6.5 9 by 10 Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 44290. Paratype—U.S.N.M. no. 44291. Occurrence.—In the Yellow limestone on Peace River, Clarendon Parish (type specimen); and on the bridle trail near Whitney Valley, 14% miles from Peace River, Clarendon Parish (Matley collection). 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 83 Remarks.—This species is readily distinguished by the low sub- hemispherical corallum with a small point of early attachment and by the septal arrangement. The only American species to which it might be related is /’. conradi Vaughan (1900b, p. 1883) from the upper Eocene of Virginia and Mississippi, which has a much thicker wall and four cycles of septa. Family ACROPORIDAE Verrill Genus DENDRACIS Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 DENDRACIS CANTABRIGIENSIS Vaughan Dendracis cantabrigiensis VAUGHAN, 1899, p. 248, pl. 41, figs. 3, 5, 6 (non 4); 1919, p. 194.—Fettx, 1925, p. 268. Occurrence.—Specimen 1 is from the Yellow limestone at Spring Mount; specimens 2 and 3 are from the same formation in the Cambridge district, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks —Two small fragments and a small block containing several fragments, all from the Trechmann collection, have been identified by Dr. Vaughan with his species. There are no notable departures from his published description. Measurements.—As follows: : : Diameter Specimen Length Diameter oficalices Mm Mm Mm Nis ee Sos Seis oe bee bas 24 4 1.0 Dek a ee soe Se 30 5 1.3 Bi Set bea eee 37 4 by 6 1.0 Genus ACTINACIS d’Orbigny, 1849 ACTINACIS SAWKINSI, new species PLATE 4, FIGURE 5; PLATE 5, FIGURE 7 Description.—Corallum massive, upper surface convex, marked by low rounded gibbosities, under surface irregularly concave, the whole being composed of superimposed laminar layers. Corallites small, 1.2 to 1.5 mm in diameter, separated by less than their own diameter of coenenchyme. The coenenchyme is composed of per- forate septo-costae, which are united by synapticulae to form a porous reticulum. Corallite walls distinct, very porous, formed by a single ring of large synapticulae connecting the thickened outer trabecular elements of the septa. The septa are straight, well de- veloped, less in thickness than the interseptal loculi; they are al- FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 101 ways 24 in number, forming three complete cycles. The septa of the first cycle are free, extending nearly to columella, two larger ones lying in the same plane and dividing the corallite. The inner ends of the third cycle fuse near or at the inner ends of the second cycle, which is equal in length to the first. The full number of pali is 12, arranged in two crowns, but several of them may be missing. The interseptal loculi are open. The columella is styliform, well developed, often slightly compressed in the same plane as that of the two directive septa. Measurements.—As follows: Specimen Length Width Pe Mm Mm Mm MG CGy pe) tesa ee 114.5 45 44 2i(DALALYDO)= see saan aaa aa 76 68 39 Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 44294. Occurrence.—Both specimens are from the Velates schmiedeliana bed of the Yellow limestone at Spring Mount, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—This species may be distinguished from A. alabamiensis (Vaughan) (1900b, p. 194; 1919, p. 486) (middle Oligocene), to which it is probably related, by the presence of three complete cycles of septa and styliform columella, A. alabamiensis having but 20 septa and a columella composed of septal processes. ACTINACIS BARRETTI, new species PLATE 4, Fiaures 1, 2 Description —Corallum branching, basal portion unknown, the branches compressed and blunt. The average thickness is 6 mm, and the width varies from 7 to8 mm. The type represents a branch that bifurcates 832 mm from the lower extremity, and each of the branches thus produced again divides. The corallites are small, not more than 1 mm in diameter, slightly projecting, and separated by less than their own diameter of coenenchyme. The coenenchyme is perforate, synapticulae uniting the perforate septo-costae to form a@ porous reticulum. Corallite walls very little developed, a few synapticulae forming a peripheral ring by uniting the swollen outer ends of the septa. Between the wall and the surrounding coenen- chyme is an interspace traversed by nothing except a very few trabecular expansions uniting the septa and septo-costae. The full number of septa is 24, arranged in three complete cycles as in A. 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 sawkinsi, except that 4 to 8 of them may be lacking in some calices. They are short, tapering rapidly from a considerable thickness at the wall to a fine inner edge. Those of the first cycle are equal and free and end in a crown of pali around the columella. The sec- ond cycle is joined near the inner ends by the third cycle and ter- minates in a second crown of pali just outside the first. The columella is a small columnar style in the center of the corallite. Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 44295. Occurrence.—In the Yellow limestone in the Cambridge district, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—This species is distinguished from A. sawkinsi, with which it occurs, by its smaller corallites, by the narrow space around the corallites, and by the subnormal number of septa in many of the corallites. Its branching rather than massive growth-form is also a distinction. Genus ASTREOPORA Blainville, 1830 ASTREOPORA WALLI, new species PLATE 4, FIGURE 13 Description.—Corallum forming branches, which may be more or less palmate in form. Palmate portions about 10 mm thick. The basal part of one branch measures about 11 by 21 mm. The calices are not preserved in the specimens. The corallites are cylindrical or slightly compressed, averaging 1 mm in diameter, spaced about 0.3 mm apart. The septa are usually 6 in number, but a few rudi- mentary ones may also be developed. They are short, rarely extend- ing more than halfway to the center of the corallite. At the periph- ery they are expanded to form the corallite wall, which is irregularly perforate. Septo-costae are present, corresponding to the septa, but not much developed and nonconfluent. There is no columella. Uniting the corallites are numerous irregular perforate tabulae forming a loose coenenchyme. Type—uU.S.N.M. no. 44296. Occurrence—In the Yellow limestone in the Cambridge district, Jamaica (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—This is the first species of Astreopora to be described from the Eocene of the West Indian region, although several have been noted from the Oligocene by Vaughan. It is distinguished from these later species by the smaller size of the corallites Ughter coenenchyme, and lack of a columella. FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—-WELLS 103 Family PORITIDAE Dana Genus GONIARAEA d’Orbigny, 1849 GONIARAEA CHRISTIANIAENSIS, new species PLATE 4, Ficure 11 Description.—The type is a small distal fragment of a branch measuring 17.5 mm in length and 4 mm in diameter. ‘The calices are diamond shaped, shallow, looking upward toward the tip of the branch, and measuring 4 mm on the long diameter parallel to the axis of the branch and 2.75 mm on the shorter. The walls are thin, with acute upper edges. The septa number 12, all reaching to the columella. The columella is small, styliform, and much thickened below the calice. No pali can be discerned. The structure of the septa is obscure, but a section across one end of the branch shows them to be perforate. Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 44297. Occurrence.—In the Yellow limestone of the Christiania district, Manchester, Jamaica (Matley collection). Remarks.—This species is very close to G. clinactina (Michelotti) of the middle Oligocene of Monte Grumi, specimens of which are in the National Museum, the only observable difference being in the shghtly larger calices of the Jamaican form. The single poorly preserved specimen upon which the species is based does not show the characters of the form so well as could be desired. The normal shape of the calices, that is, of the calices on the thicker main branches of the corallum, is probably not diamond shaped, but hexagonal or pentagonal, if we may judge from G@. clinactina. CORALS FROM THE TRECHMANN AND ROMANES COLLECTIONS FROM THE SCOTLAND BEDS OF BARBADOS Seven specimens of corals were collected by Dr. C. T. Trechmann from a fossiliferous conglomerate band (evidently Bed “b” of Trechmann’s 1925 paper) in the Scotland beds of the Island of Barbados, British West Indies. These were submitted to Dr. T. W. Vaughan for determination and by him turned over to the author for description. The material from the Romanes collection consists of four specimens—three of Madracis decactis (Liyman) and one of Trochocyathus sp. All the specimens are fragmentary, and, while at least two new species are represented and possibly a third, none has been described as such. The Scotland beds have been the subject of a paper by Dr. 'Trech- mann (1925) in which he has tentatively established them as being 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 of middle or upper Eocene age. A still more recent paper by Dr. Matley (1932) considers the question of the age of these beds, and, after a summary of the evidence offered by various authorities, gives them an upper Eocene age. He lists the following preliminary determination of the corals by Dr. Vaughan: Asterosmilia cf. hilli Vaughan, Stephanocoenia (7?) sp. Madracis (?) sp. Pavona sp. (The Stephanocoenia % sp. is discussed in the present notes as Madracis decactis.) He mentions also that R. B. Newton deter- mined the coral genera Paracyathus and Astrocoenia in the Romanes collection. (In the present notes the Paracyathus is considered as Trochocyathus and the Astrocoenia as Madracis decactis.) Though it is not the purpose here to enter any controversy regard- ing the age of the Scotland beds, the evidence given by these small collections of corals indicates an age younger than Eocene, perhaps early Miocene. Genus MADRACIS Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 MADRACIS DECACTIS (Lyman) PLATE 4, FIGURE 16 Astraea decactis LYMAN, 1859, p. 260. Madracis decactis Vrerriti, 1864, p. 45.—Grecory, 1895, p. 258, fig. 1. Specimens.—U.S.N.M. no. 44301; Brit. Mus. (N.H.) nos. R29689, R29690, R29691. Occurrence.—In a conglomerate band in the Scotland beds on the Spa Estate, 2 miles southwest of Bissex Hill, Barbados (Trechmann and Romanes collections). Remarks.—Seven specimens are referred to this species. The calicular surface is not preserved in any specimen, but the internal structure corresponds exactly to that of specimens from the Miocene of the Dominican Republic in the National Museum. The corallites average 1.5 mm in diameter and are closely packed together. There are 10 well-developed septa that reach the columella and 10 rudi- mentary septa that appear on the interior of the corallites as spines projecting into the corallite cavity. The dissepiments are well de- veloped and horizontal. The specimens represent fragments from larger coralla. M. decactis ranges from Miocene * to Recent. 4 Vaughan and Woodring, 1921, pp. 99, 183, 152, 157 (Miocene); p. 167 (Pleistocene). FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 105 MADRACIS (7?) species PLATE 4, Ficures 14, 15 Description—A fragmentary specimen is doubtfully placed in this genus. The branch is about 6.5 mm in diameter and is marked by what appears to be an axial corallite, a feature not present in Madracis. The calices are shallow, widely separated, and not pro- jecting, except the axial corallites, which occupy the tops of conical protrusions indicating the formation of a new branch. Their diam- eter varies from 1.8 mm to 2 mm. There are 10 well-developed septa, which join the broad styhform columella. Between them are 10 very rudimentary septa. The surface of the coenenchyme between the corallites is not costulate but finely striate and granulate. The coenenchyme is very dense to a depth of 0.75 mm, the interior of the branch being cellular or open in the region of the axial corallite. Snecimen.—U.S.N.M. no. 44802. Occurrence.—In a conglomerate band in the Scotland beds in the Spa Estate, 2 miles southwest of Bissex Hill, Barbados (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—tt is unfortunate that the single specimen of this inter- esting form is not more complete, because the apparent presence of an axial corallite separates it from the genera of the Seriatoporidae, the rest of the characters linking it to Wadracis. Tf the axial coral- lite is really present it would indicate a new genus bearing approxi- mately the same relation to Madracis as Archohelia does to Oculina. Trenchmann’s Stylocoenia (%) sp. (1925, pl. 24, fig. 47) appears to be a Madracis, but his figure is not clear enough to identify the species. Genus TROCHOCYATHUS Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 TROCHOCYATHUS (7) species Specimen.—Brit. Mus. (N.H.) no. R29688. Occurrence.—in a conglomerate band in the Scotland beds on the Spa Estate, 2 miles southwest of Bissex Hill, Barbados (Romanes collection). Remarks—One specimen, placed doubtfully in this genus, is a portion of a conical corallum of a caryophylld coral that has lost both calice and base. The exterior is worn away. The septa number 40 and appear to alternate regularly in size. The longer ones bear pali, which form two crowns around the columella. The columella is well developed and fascicular. {t is not unlikely that this is a species of Paracyathus, but the lack of a basal portion of the specimen prevents the settling of this point. Paracyathus henekeni Duncan (1863, p. 426) of the lower Miocene of San Domingo is a much smaller species. 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Genus ASTEROSMILIA Duncan, 1867 ASTEROSMILIA species cf. A. HILLI Vaughan, 1919 Specimen.—U.S.N.M. no. 44303. Occurrence—In a conglomerate band in the Scotland beds on the Spa Estate, 2 miles southwest of Bissex Hill, Barbados (Trech- mann collection). Remarks.—One specimen is placed in affinity with this species. The only differences between it and typical specimens from the Dominican Republic are that the wall is somewhat thicker and the costae more regularly alternating in size in the Barbados specimen. A, hilli Vaughan (1919, p. 355) occurs in the Miocene of Costa Rica, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic. Genus PAVONA Lamarck, 1801 PAVONA species PLATE 4, FIGURE 17 Description —The specimen is a single much-worn fragment of a unifacial frond, measuring 20 by 25 by 12 mm. The noncalicular surface bears alternating costae numbering 8 to 10 in a space of 2mm. The worn calicular surface bears scattered calices, which range from 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter, separated by a distance of 3.5 to 4 mm between centers, united by regularly alternating septo- costae. The centers are circumscribed by a ring of strongly de- veloped synapticulae separating them from the intercorallite areas. Within the calices there are from 20 to 24 septa, about 10 of which extend to the columella. The columella is trabecular, formed by the fused inner ends of the longer septa. Specimen.—U.S.N.M. no. 44304. Occurrence.—In a conglomerate band in the Scotland beds on the Spa Estate, 2 miles southwest of Bissex Hill, Barbados (Trechmann collection). Remarks.—This specimen probably represents a new species of Pavona, but the material is too scanty for further treatment. P. panamensis Vaughan, from the upper Oligocene of the Canal Zone, differs by having larger calices in definite series with subequal, larger septo-costae. P. pennyt Vaughan, from the Miocene of Trinidad, has larger calices with fewer main septa and a larger total number of septa as well as a compressed styliform columella. Pavona occurs in the upper Oligocene and Miocene of the Carib- bean region and is living in the Indo-Pacific. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 2 WEST INDIAN FOSSIL CORALS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 109. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 3 WEST INDIAN FOSSIL CORALS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 109. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 4 WEST INDIAN FOSSIL CORALS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 110. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 5 Ak ih ¥64 656365545526 ihe a & YW @ Z WEST INDIAN FOSSIL CORALS, FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 11 . LITERATURE CITED BERNARD, Henry MEYNERS. 1903. Catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. 4, 206 pp., 14 pls. 1906. Idem, vol. 6, 173 pp., 17 pls. DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN. 1863. On the fossil corals of the West Indian Islands, pt. 1. Quart. Journ. | Geol. Soe. London, vol. 19, pp. 406-458, 4 pls. | 1868. On the fossil corals (Madreporaria) of the West-Indian Islands, pt. | 4, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 24, pp. 9-33, 2 pls. 1873. On the older Tertiary formations of the West-Indian Islands. Quart. | Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 29, pp. 548-565, 4 pls. 1884. A revision of the families and genera of the sclerodermic Zoantharia, Ed. & H., or Madreporaria (M. rugosa excepted). Journ. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 18, pp. 1—204. DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN, and WALL, GEORGE PARKES. 1865. A notice of the geology of Jamaica, especially with reference to the District of Clarendon; with descriptions of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene corals of the island. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lon- don, vol. 21, pp. 1-15, 2 pls. FELIX, JOHANNES. 1903. Studien iiber die korallenfiihrenden Schichten der oberen Kreideforma- tion in den Alpen und den Mediterrangebieten, Theil 1: Die Anthozoén der Gosauschichten in den Ostalpen. Palaeontographica, vol. 49, pp. 163-360, 67 figs., 9 pls. 1925. Fossilium catalogus, pars 28: Anthozoa eocaenica et oligocaenica, 296 pp. FROMENTEL, LouIS HpoUARD DE. 1870. Paléontologie francaise ou description des fossiles de la France, Terrain crétacé, vol. 8, Zoophytes, pt. 25, pp. 337-884, 12 pls. 1887. Idem, vol. 8, Zoophytes, pt. 33, pp. 609-624, 12 pls. GERTH, HEINRICH. 1928. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der mesozoischen Korallenfaunen von Stida- merika. Leidsche Geol. Meded., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 1 fig., 2 pls. GREGORY, JOHN WALLER. 1895. Contributions to the palaeontology and physical geology of the West Indies. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 51, pp. 255-3812, 2 figs., 1 pl. 1900. The corals, in “ Jurassic fauna of Cutch.” Pal. Indica, ser. 9, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 1-195, 26 pls. 1927. Some Lower Cretaceous corals from eastern Venezuela. Geol. Mag., vol. 64, pp. 440-444, 1 pl. 1930. The fossil fauna of the Samana Range and some neighbouring areas, pt. 7: The lower Eocene corals. Pal. Indica, new ser., vol. 15, pp. 79-128, 6 pls. Kosy, FREDERIC LOUIS. 1889. Monographie des polypiers jurassiques de la Suisse, pt. 9. Abh. Schweiz. pal. Ges., vol. 16, pp. 457-582, 10 pls. 107 i08 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 83 LYMAN, THEODORE. 1859. [On a new species of coral (Astraea decactis).] Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, pp. 260-263. MATLEY, CHARLES ALFRED. 1929. The basal complex of Jamaica, with special reference to the Kingston district; with petrographical notes by Frank Higham. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 85, pp. 440-492, 5 figs., 3 pis. 1932. The Old Basement of Barbados, with some remarks on Barbadian geology. Geol. Mag., vol. 69, pp. 366-373, 2 figs. MILN® EpwArps, HENRI, and HAIME, JULES. . 1857. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits, vol. 2, jo0 Pp. OGILVIE, MARIA MatTirpA (Mis. Gordon). 1897. Die Korallen der Stramberger Schichten. Palaeontographica, suppl. 2, pt. 7, pp. 73-282, 12 pls. OPPENHEIM, PAUL. 1930. Die Anthozoen der Gosauschichten in den Ostalpen, xxvili--576 pp., 48 pls. 'TTRECHMANN, CHARLES TAYLOR. 1922a. The Cretaceous and Tertiary question in Jamaica. Geol. Mag., vol. 59, pp. 422-431, 3 figs. 1922b. The Barrettia beds of Jamaica. Geol. Mag., vol. 59, pp. 501-514, 3 pls. 1923. The Yellow limestone of Jamaica and its Mollusca. Geol. Mag., vol. 60, pp. 3857-367, 5 pls. 1924a. The Carbonaceous shale or Richmond formation of Jamaica. Geol. Mag., vol. 61, pp. 2-19, 2 pls. 1924b. The Cretaceous limestones of Jamaica and their Mollusca. Geol. Mag., vol. 61, pp. 885-410, 5 pls. 1925. The Scotland beds of Barbados. Geol. Mag., vol. 62, pp. 481-504, 4 pls. 1929. Fossils from the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. Geol. Mag., vol. 66, pp. 481-491, 1 fig., 1 pl. UMBGROVE, J. HERMAN F. 1925. De Anthozoa uit het Maastrichtsche Tufkrijt. Leidsche Geol. Meded., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 83-126, 2 figs., 4 pls. VAUGHAN, THOMAS WAYLAND. 1899. Some Cretaceous and Eocene corals from Jamaica. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 227-250, 6 pls. 1900a. Trochocyathus woolmani, a new coral from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1900, pp. 486-437, 3 figs. 1900b. The Eocene and lower Oligocene coral faunas of the United States, with descriptions of a few doubtfully Cretaceous species. Monogr. U.S. Geol. Surv., vol. 89, 268 pp., 24 pls. 1905. A critical review of the literature on the simple genera of the Madreporaria Fungida, with a tentative classification. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, pp. 371-424. 1919. Fossil corals from Central America, Cuba, and Porto Rico, with an account of the American Tertiary, Pleistocene, and Recent coral reefs. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, pp. 189-524, 21 figs., 85 pls. FOSSIL CORALS FROM WEST INDIES—WELLS 109 VAUGHAN, THOMAS WAYLAND, and WooDRING, WENDELL PHILLIPS. 1921. Tertiary and Quaternary stratigraphic paleontology: Chap. 6 of ‘ ‘A geological reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic.’ Geol. Surv. Dominican Republic Mem., vol. 1, pp. 89-168. VERRILL, ADDISON EiMory. 1864. List of polyps and corals sent by the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy to other institutions in exchange, with annotations. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 29-60. Fieures 1, 2. 1-4. 11-13. 14, 15. 16, 17 EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATH 2 Diplaraca (?) boltonae, new species: 1, Calicular surface of type; 2, lateral view of type. X 1. . Rhabdophyllia quaylei, new species: 3, Lateral view of para- type; 4, calice of type. X 1. . Trochocyathus matleyi, new species: 5, Lateral view of type, Xx 4; 6, lateral view of type, X 1. . Dichocoenia trechmanni, new species: 7, Corallum of type, X 1; 8, calices of type, X 2. . Trochoseris catadupensis Vaughan: 9, Calice of large specimen; 10, lateral view of same. X 1. . Cenirastrea hilli, new species: 11, Calicular surface of holotype, X* 4; 12, calicular surface of holotype, X 1. PLATE 3 Cyclolites jamaicaensis, new species: 1, Calicular view of type; 2, basal view of type; 3, lateral view of type; 4, lateral view of paratype. X 1. . Paracycloseris elizabethae, new genus and species: 5, Calicular view of type, X 1; 6, basal view of type, X 1; 7, lateral view of type, X 1; 8, lateral view of paratype, X 1; 9, calicular view of paratype, X 1; 10, calicular view of type, X 2. Vaughanoseris catadupensis, new genus and species: 11, Calic- ular view of type; 12, basal view of type; 13, lateral view OL type os 1 Synastrea (7?) adkinsi, new species: 14, Calices of holotype, X 2; 15, corallum of holotype, X 1. . Goniopora trechmanni, new species: 16, Calicular surface of paratype, X 4; 17, corallum of paratype, X 1. 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 PLATE 4 Eocene 1,2. Actinacis barretti, new species: 1, Corallum of type, X 1; 2, transverse section of corallites of type, X 4. 3,4. Stylophora cambridgensis, new species: 8, Corallum of type, X 1; 4, ealices of type, * 4. 5. Actinacis sawkinsi, new species: Transverse section of corallites of type. x 4. 6,7. Eupsammia clarendonensis, new species: 6, Calicular view of type; 7, lateral view of type. X 1. 8-10. Antilloseris (?) sp.: 8, Calicular view, X 2; 9, calicular view, X 1; 10, lateral view, X 1. 11. Goniaraea christianiaensis, new species: Holotype. X 2. 12. Astrocoenia jamaicaensis, new species: Calices of type. X 2. 13. Astreopora walli, new species: Transverse section of corallites. X 4. Tertiary 14,15. Madracis (?) sp.: 14, Fragment of corallum, X 2; 15, fragment of ecorallum, X 1. 16. Madracis decactis (Lyman): Worn fragment of corallum. X 1. 17. Pavona sp.: Worn calicular surface. X 2. Cretaceous 18. Goniopora reussiana (Duncan): Calices. X 4. 19, 20. Favioseris anomalos, new genus and species: 19, Corallum of holotype, X 1; 20, calices of holotype, X 2. 21,22. Prodiploastrea schindewolfi, new genus and species: 21, Calices of holo- type, X2; 22, corallum of holotype, X 1. PLATE 5 1. Paracycloseris elizabethae, new genus and species: Diagram of septal arrangement. X 4. . Fungia (Cycloseris) patella (Ellis and Solander): Diagram of septal arrangement (seventh cycle not shown). X 38. 3. Vaughanoseris catadupensis, new genus and species: Transverse section. x3: ; 4. Goniopora reussiana (Dunean): Diagram of septal formula. 5. Typical Goniopora: Diagram of septal formula, (After Bernard, 1903.) 6. Hupsammia clarendonensis, new species: Transverse section of paratype showing septal arrangement. X 8. 7. Actinacis sawkinsi, new species: Diagram of septal and palar arrange- ment. X 15. bo U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Jae INCRE ats ay iC E cs ( nao STV TOO, inoue SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Washington : 1934 Pastel by the Vol. 83 No. 2976 FOSSIL HARES FROM THE LATE PLIOCENE OF SOUTHERN IDAHO By C. Lewis Gazin Assistant Curator, Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, United States National Museum Amone the fossil remains of late Pliocene mammals from lake deposits near Hagerman in southern Idaho are a number of speci- mens representing leporid types. Three distinct species are recog- nized, two of which are referred to the genus Hypolagus. The third may represent Ali/epus, a lagomorph previously known from the Neocene of Asia. Comprising the material are a well-preserved skull with the atlas and right ramus of the mandible associated, four fragmentary jaws, an assortment of isolated teeth, and a few limb bones. The greater part of the National Museum material was collected by Elmer Cook, of Hagerman, from various localities south of the Plestppus shoshonensis quarry. A few specimens, however, including the Adilepus? jaw, were encountered in the quarry during operations there by Smithsonian Institution parties. A third species of Hypolagus is represented in collections made by an expedition from the California Institute of Technology at a locality near Grand View in southwestern Idaho. The fauna from Grand View is not identical with that from Hagerman, and although the difference may be attributed to the geographic separation of the localities, it seems likely that the two are of slightly different age. Presumably, the Grand View occurrence is of later date. The Grand View lagomorph material was loaned to me for study through the kindness of Dr. Chester Stock. 72738—34 111 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 88 Upper Pliocene lagomorphs are relatively little known, and hereto- fore the occurrence of these forms in the Idaho beds has not been recorded. The number of species here recognized is noteworthy, a diversity approaching that of the rabbits and hares now living in southern Idaho. The recent fauna in the vicinity of Hagerman includes the white-tailed and black-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus town- sendii townsendii and L. californicus deserticola), the sage cottontail (Sylvilagus nutialli grangert), and the pigmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). 'To the north, in the mountainous portion of the State, are found the snow-shoe rabbit (Lepus bairdii bairdii) and the pika (Ochotona princeps lemhi). A second pika (Ochotona schisticeps goldmanz) is recorded from the lava beds to the northeast of Hager- ITN. ip OR WAY Sel ABN TOM EN C Wey wy V Figure 1.—Hypolagus, near vetus (Kellogg): a, Fragment of right ramus of mandible (U.S.N.M. no. 12620) ; b, fragment of right ramus of mandible (U.S.N.M. no. 12621). Lateral views x 1, occlusal views X 2. Hagerman lake beds, Upper Plio- cene, Idaho. man. A marked diversity of lagomorphs is also found to the south in the Basin and Range province. Drawings for all the figures herein were made by Sydney Prentice. HYPOLAGUS, near VETUS (Kellogg)+ Figure 1 e Three fragmentary mandibles, a number of isolated teeth, and a few limb bones from the vicinity of Hagerman, Idaho, are recognized as belonging to a species near, or possibly identical with, Zypolagus vetus. H. vetus is the type species and was originally described from the Pliocene beds at Thousand Creek in northwestern Nevada. It appears likely that the Hagerman material is specifically distinct from the form occurring in the earlier Pliocene beds of Nevada, but the few differences observed in the incomplete material at hand do not warrant recognizing a distinct form. 1 Kellogg, L., Univ. California Pub]. Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. 5, pp. 486-437, 1910; see also Dice, L. R., Univ. California Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. 10, pp. 181-182, 1917. PLIOCENE HARES FROM IDAHO—GAZIN 113 Comparison between the Hagerman specimens and topotype ma- terial of H. vetus in the collections of the California Institute of Technology shows the Idaho form to be very nearly the same size as H. vetus, comparable in this respect with specimens of Lepus town- sendit. Two of the jaw portions appear to be somewhat more robust than in Z. vetus and in U.S.N.M. no. 12620 (fig. 1a); the lower tooth row is slightly longer and the individual teeth relatively a little wider. Moreover, several of the third lower premolars, though similar in pat- tern to those of HZ. vetus, are a little larger and somewhat more rounded antero- internally, giving the anterior portion of the tooth a relatively greater width. Two isolated P? from near Hagerman show a deep anterior re- entrant enamel fold directed postero-exter- nally and a much shallower groove ex- ternal to this, much 1 ‘ 2 Th Ficurp 2.—Hypolagus limnetus, new species: Skull pein H vewus Q and mandible, type specimen (U.S.N.M. no. 12619) ; upper molariform dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and teeth are similar to lateral view of right ramus (reversed) of mandi- : ble; X 1. Hagerman lake beds, Upper Pliocene, those in the Nevada Idaho, ; specimens. The Hagerman form appears somewhat more advanced than the Thousand Creek Hypolagus vetus, as suggested by the slightly greater relative width of the lower teeth in one of the jaws and per- haps by the greater average robustness of the jaws of the Idaho form. Tn all probability a single line of descent is represented, the Middle Pliocene form in Nevada giving rise to the larger of the late Plio- 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 88 cene types occurring at Hagerman. As to whether this line led to any of the large species of Lepus there is no certainty. As yet no types have been described from the Pliocene or Pleistocene of North America clearly bridging the seemingly trivial, yet apparently per- sistent, dental characters cited by Dice as distinguishing Hypolaqus from Lepus and Sylvilagus. Moreover, it is interesting to note that fossil materials recognized as including both Hypolagus and Lepus have been found in an early Pleistocene occurrence at Anita, Ariz.? HYPOLAGUS LIMNETUS, new species FIGURES 2, 3 Type—Skull, right ramus of mandible, and atlas, U.S.N.M. no. 12619. Locality —T. 7 8., R. 13 E., about 2 miles south of the Plesippus quarry, near Hagerman, Idaho. Horizon —Hagerman lake beds. Specific characters.—Size near that of Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri, much smaller than Hypolagus vetus. Rostrum relatively short and cranial portion elongate. Cranium shallower posteriorly and less depressed with respect to the rostrum than in S. nuttalli grangert. Posterior nasal opening dorsoventrally deep and transversely con- stricted. Bullae very large. Basi-occipital narrow and elongate. Teeth about equal in size to those of S. nuttalli grangert. Anterior upper incisors strongly recurved with anterior groove more nearly median in position. P? with two unequal reentrant folds and P; with anterior external reentrant fold relatively deep. Material—The skull (fig. 2) belonging to the type is remarkably well preserved and includes the entire dentition. However, the speci- men lacks the nasals, parietals, the left and part of the right zygoma, and the right bulla. The atlas and greater portion of the right ramus of the mandible were found in position with the skull, the ramus incomplete only in the region of the angle. In addition to the type a few isolated teeth and some fragments of limb bones are recognized as belonging to this species. Description—In size Hypolagus limnetus is only shghtly smaller than the sage cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri) now living on the Snake River Plains, although considerably larger than the pigmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). Compared with the sage cottontail the fossil skull has a relatively shorter rostrum and an anteroposteriorly longer basicranial region. The cranial portion of the skull is not so depressed posteriorly, and the supra-occipital is dis- 2Hay, O. P., Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 59, pp. 628-631, 1921; see also Dice, L. R.. Papers Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, vol. 16, pp, 379-382, figs, 8-11, 1932. 115 PLIOCENE HARES FROM IDAHO—GAZIN tinctly shorter dorsoventrally. The tympanic bulla is of consid- erable size, much larger than in S. nuttalli grangeri and nearly as large relatively as in B. idahoensis. The space between the bullae is less than in the cottontail and the basi-occipital is about one- fourth longer. The ectopterygoid fossae are about the same dis- tance posterior to the cheek teeth as in S. nuttalli grangert but much farther forward from the foramen magnum, apparently because of the greater inflation of the bullae. The posterior nasal opening is relatively deep and distinctly narrower transversely than in Sylvi- lagus, much as in Romerolagus. The palatines form a more distinct ledge or ridge inward from the posterior molars on each side than in Sylvilagus. The palatines on either side of the nasal opening are nearly parallel in the fossil, whereas in Sylvilagus the widest portion of the opening is to the front, converging posteriorly. The bony palate between the grinding teeth is short as in Sylvilagus, the palatal processes of the palatines being more reduced than in Rom- erolagus. Only a part of the right jugal is preserved in the fossil, but this portion is a little deeper than in S. nuttalli grangeri, and anteriorly the outward flare of the ventral sur- face is less pronounced. The postorbital proc- TIGURE 3. Hypola- esses are broken away, but on both sides the length of the break is short, suggesting that the process consisted only of a backward-pro- jecting spur. The upper teeth in the fossil are nearly identi- cal in size with those in Sylvilagus nuttalli gran- geri, although the diastema between the incisors and cheek teeth is much shorter. The principal gus limnetus, new species: a, Left superior denti- tion; b, right in- ferior dentition; ty pe specimen (U.S.N.M. no. 12619); occlusal views, X 2. Ha- german lake beds, Upper Pliocene, Idaho. incisors are more recurved than in the cottontail, and the groove on the anterior surface is more nearly median in posi- tion. The small posterior incisors show no differences other than being directed backward to a greater degree. The enamel pattern of P? (fig. 3a) differs from that in the recent Idaho cottontail in having only two reentrant folds on the anterior surface. Both folds are relatively shallow, the more lingual fold being the deeper. In S. nut- tall grangeri there are three distinct anterior folds, the middle fold being deeper than the others, and in addition there is a very shallow groove near the external margin. The succeeding molariform teeth in the fossil resemble very closely those in the cottontail. The erenulated medial lingual folds in these teeth extend almost as far externally as in S. nuttalli grangeri. The mandible shows about the same proportions as in Sylv- lagus nuttalli grangeri, although the diastema between the incisor 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 88 and P; is a little shorter and the anterior surface of the ascending ramus rises more steeply, placing the condyle slightly higher and a little farther forward than in the living rabbit. As is true in the upper dentition, the size of the lower teeth can be closely matched in specimens of Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri. The lower incisor shows a longer bevel, apparently accompanied by a slightly more acute cutting edge; also the posterior surface of the incisor does not show the slight longitudinal concavity or groove commonly present in S. nuttalli grangeri. P; (fig. 8b) shows the pattern typical of Hypolagus in which the posterior of the two external reentrant folds extends only about halfway across the tooth, there being no reentrant from the internal surface. The anterior external fold, however, appears more deeply impressed than is usual in Hypolagus. In Sylvilagus and Lepus the posterior external re- entrant fold extends nearly or entirely to the internal surface of the tooth, and the anterior surface of the anterior column is com- monly complicated by one or more shallow reentrant folds or grooves. The molariform lower cheek teeth of the fossil show no important characters distinguishing them from these teeth in the sage cottontail of Idaho. Comparison —Hypolagus limnetus is distinctly smaller and less robust than Hypolagus vetus, or the large Hagerman form close to H. vetus. The lower jaw is slenderer, shallower, and has teeth about one-fourth smaller. The two enamel folds on the anterior surface of P* are much shallower at the stage of wear observed than in H. vetus, whereas the lingual reentrant folds on the upper molari- form teeth appear somewhat more deeply impressed; also the an- terior external fold on P; appears to be deeper than in ZZ. vetus. Hypolagus edensis Frick,’ from the Eden Pliocene beds in south- ern California, is apparently somewhat smaller than H. limnetus. The anterior external enamel fold of P; in WH. edensis appears rather deep, but is placed more nearly on the anterior surface of the tooth. Also, the figures of the lower molariform teeth show them to be more rounded internally than in 7. “imnetus. Hypolagus browni (Hay)* from the early Pleistocene occurrence at Anita, Coconino County, Ariz., is a small species, intermediate in size between Hypolagus limnetus and Brachylagus idahoensis. The anterior portion of a skull, U.S.N.M. no. 10197, of H. browni shows few differences other than that of size from the skull of ZH. limnetus. The upper molariform teeth in the two species are similar, although the median fold in each of the teeth appears somewhat more crenulated in //. limnetus. The lower jaw of H. browni is distinc- tive in that the ascending ramus rises much less steeply than in ZH. ® Prick, Childs, Univ. California Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. 12, p. 348, figs. 52, 53, 1921. 4Hay, O. P., op. cit., pp. 630, 631, 1921; also Dice L. R., op. cit., 1932. PLIOCENE HARES FROM IDAHO—GAZIN 117 limnetus, and the condyle is considerably lower and somewhat more posterior in position. The first cheek tooth of H. brown is rather distinctive and apparently shows some variation in the enamel pattern between specimens. In three lower jaws the posterior ex- ternal fold in P, extends slightly more than halfway across the tooth and near its inner extremity shows one to three plications. A fourth specimen, that figured by Dice, shows an enamel lake near the lingual side of P;, opposite the posterior external fold. There is in the Anita collection a jaw portion exhibiting all cheek teeth except M;, a specimen not examined by Hay or by Dice since the matrix has only just been removed. The jaw corresponds closely in size with those recognized as Hypolagus browni, but P, is a little larger and the posterior reentrant fold extends completely across the tooth and is open internally. . Sey ee pciicnur. fu. L {Unidentified tapeworm larva_-_______.___- 1 Amphicaecum parvum_-_-_------------------ 1 Anchoviella epsetus....------------- L 3 | Rhaphidascaris anchoviellae__--..__-______- 3 L 2) |e eee Ree ee nee ee eet Seca eee eae eee Eee MentaculaniQuepidaes wes anal eee 1 IBOOTEMMOTIN- 252-2. o-oo <—=asa===—- U 4 |) Unidentified tetrarhynchid ---___._-_____. 1 SCOlec DICUnONeCiSe =n een eee ee ee 3 GQOCZiCNINUL OE sa onsen a esha en eae 1 Tentacwlarnia lepidd == ae eee 1 L 3 1)Gymnorhynchus gigas---.------_---.-_____- 1 Scoler; pleunonectissa—= ss2s2> nou eee 2 aCe ieigs ese tee F Tentaciulaniquepida sss: oe een 2 Gymmnorhynchus gigas: ._<-22=---22-2__=- 2 U Bul (GUANO Le Ses ee ek ee Se eee ee 1 Scoleamleunonechisesas= sme eect noe 3 Gorgorhynchus gibber_..--------.---.---.-_- 2 {Agamonema vomitor..-.-------222----2---2 1 ce ui | Dichelyne diplocaecum-------.-.-----.-_--- 1 Fundulus heteroclitus_.......------- U 20 [-Agamonema immanis — --.----------------- 3 | Contracaecum robustum_.-.--..--.--.------ 5 Glossocercus cyprinodontis_--_-.._-...-.__- 15 L 100) |\\Contnacaccwmcollieriss oat 23 so ee ae 20 Eerinotonivatiegatis’..... vsti! Atactorhynchus verecundus weoses eset 2 Agamonema immanis_-..-------------.--- 3 U 40) |\\Contnacaecwm: collieri= 2 es ee 6 Atactorhynchus verecundus-_--.-_.--.--_-_-- 10 Mollienesia latipinna_-.------------- L PAU Bs Na aa Ge A AE SS ee ee a He ene | Scolenjspazt 2-225) A cen oe eee ee 1 Paralichthys lethostigmus..-.-------- U Dal NCOninacAeciuNVUiCOLiCKt ace ae 1 Lae ieetmeies OWOCiNCLUS ee. eee 1 Rhipidocotyle transversdle_---------------_- 2; Merri ieouidt [vosrner a U 6 Wnidentified fluke. S24. -s22=2 2222-2 8s 2 Cysticercoides menidiae_.-...-.-.--..--..._- 2 Rhaphidascaris anchoviellae--.-_-_-_----__- 1 OMG Si iiss Ae he L 18 | Contracaecum robustum_...--.-.----------- 16 U Sh Bee: G02 52 eee Be ee ee 5 Polynemus octonemus-_-..---------- L 3 | Rhadinorhynchus tenuicornis__-......__-__- 1 Lecithochirium microstomum-_-_.---------- 3 MOOR INTGs eptiis...-.- 2-2. L 3 IPONNOCHECUMTIChVUNt= — «sae ae en ecee sees 2 IPS SECUNGIWI = = tate ewes on nw sneer eee 1 Rhaphidascaris anchoviellae_--.------------ 1 L 16 Eee ee eee ae ee eae aaa ee eee ene Lagodon rhomboides....-.----------- U Fi as yen ea Anh ee «Oia Archosargus probatocephalus_.------ L Deas eI en Se 2 Re ee eee a eee Se ml nee See L ace: Collierizeten. a ees ee I Sciaenops ocellatus.......----------- Dichelynefastigatuss==-2- 202 eee ree es 1 U 1 | Beare eee or eS ah ee ee ce a od ena |v ee Seinetiscaihins. _ : Rhadinorhynchus tenuicornis_.-.-.--.------ 2 L 16 | Rhadinorhynchus tenuicornis_.-.-.--------- 12 EMcropogon undulatis ns == U 7 | Gymnorhynchus gigas_.-------------------- 1 Eriscion nebulosus....-.------------ L 4 | Unidentified tapeworm larva_--._-_------- 1 1L, lower; U, upper. 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 83 Class TREMATODA Family BUCEPHALIDAE Poche, 1907 RHIPIDOCOTYLE TRANSVERSALE, new species PLATE 6, FIGURE 1 Description of immature forms encysted in Menidia.—Size 0.45 by 0.24 mm to 1.22 by 0.5 mm. Body oval with broadest region near middle. Anterior half of body covered by minute spines in transverse rows; posterior part of body with spines inconspicuous, embedded in cuticle. Anterior sucker with its forward-projecting structure cuspidor-shaped; sucker 160u to 185, in diameter, base of sucker 200 to 265 from anterior end. Very young specimens have a mass of glandular material in anterior end of body (=“ cystogen- ous organ” of Tennent, 1906, and “ penetration organ” of Wood- head, 1929). Anterior sucker develops in midst of this mass, and vitelline follicles from posterior part of it. Pharynx about two- fifths length of body from anterior end, about 90 to 100» in di- ameter, without prepharynx. Intestine egg-shaped or nearly spherical, in large specimen about 310. in diameter. Testes round or oval, side by side or diagonally situated, somewhat posterior to center of body; size variable, up to 175, in diameter. Cirrus pouch about 250 to 350u long and 70» to 125» in diameter, with a small seminal vesicle at its proximal end, about 50u long. Genital atrium large, in a large specimen 180» long and 120» in diameter, often nearly filled by the partially everted cirrus. Ovary smaller than testes, usually oval, up to 95u by 130,, situated beside or diagonally in front of anterior testis. Developing uterus present in older specimens, with several twists or loops, entering genital atrium be- side cirrus. Vitelline follicles 32 in number, arranged transversely, and not separated into two distinct groups but connected across median line just posterior to anterior sucker. Host.—Menidia menidia. Location.—In walls of intestine. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—vU.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39516; paratypes, no. 39517. Remarks.—Rhipidocotyle transversale differs from other members of the genus in the form of the anterior sucker and its forward- projecting structure and in the arrangement of the vitellaria, which in all other forms are arranged in two lateral groups. It appears to be identical with the form figured by Linton (1901, pl. 34, figs. 367, 368) as “ Gasterostomum sp. from Tylosurus marinus”, but it is not the same as the one that he recorded from this host at Beaufort, PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 127 N. C., and that Tennent (1906) erroneously referred to as Gastero- stomum gracilescens; the Beaufort form is apparently Bucephalopsis haimeana. The last-mentioned species was recorded by Tennent (1906) in a metacercarial state in washings from the stomach and intestine of Menidia. When viscera of infected Menidia were fed to carnivorous fishes, some further development of the young flukes took place. The first intermediate host of this parasite was found to be the oyster, and it is not improbable that the same is true of the species here described. The method of infection of Menidia is uncertain; the occurrence of the young flukes in the walls of the intestine makes it highly probable that the cercariae, liberated from sporocysts in a bivalve host, are swallowed by the Menidia. In the case of a re- lated fresh-water bucephalid, Bucephalus papillosus (referred to the genus Phipidocotyle by Eckmann, 1932), the cercariae liberated from fresh-water mussels (Unionidae) penetrated the flesh of young bass at the base of the fins and encysted there (Woodhead, 1929). Family HEMIURIDAE Liihe, 1901 LECITHOCHIRIUM MICROSTOMUM, new specics PLATE 6, FIGURES 2, 3 Specific diagnosis—Specimens with ripe eggs and caudal append- age retracted are 2.75 to 4.8 mm long, with maximum width of 0.875 to 1 mm. One individual with extended caudal appendage meas- ures 3.76 by 0.63 mm; appendage about 1 mm long. Cuticle without spines or rings. Maximum width at about level of vitelline glands or behind them. Oral sucker 140 to 200u in diameter, without in- ternal lateral protuberances. A deep sinus present on ventral sur- face of body between ventral sucker and genital opening, and a spe- cial small round depression, characteristic of genus, just anterior to ventral sucker. Ventral sucker 365 to 540; ratio between size of oral and ventral suckers, 1:2.5 to 1:2.8. Pharynx round, 70u to 1104 in diameter, contiguous with oral sucker, and followed by swollen, nearly spherical esophagus about same size as pharynx. Intestinal ceca pass laterally to sides of body, at right angles to long axis of body, then turn and pass posteriorly, ending at about level of retracted appendage. Disposition of genital glands as usual, testes close together and obliquely situated. Ovary farther behind testes than testes are behind ventral sucker. Yolk glands at level of or immediately behind ovary, each with three or four lobes, which are scarcely if any longer than wide. Uterus fairly voluminous, oc- cupying most of space around testes and between testes and ovary, and with loops extending posterior to ovary and yolk glands, on left 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 : side in two specimens, on right in one (pl. 6, fig. 2). Uterus forms metraterm at level of ventral sucker, the two parts separated by a well-developed sphincter (pl. 6, fig. 3). Metraterm pursues fairly straight course to sinus on ventral surface of body, then bends ven- trally and joins prostatic part of vas deferens to form thick-walled hermaphroditic duct. Prostatic part of vas deferens saclike, con- stricted into two portions and connected with large trilobed seminal vesicle by narrow duct surrounded by numerous prostate cells. Eggs 16p by 12p. Host.—Trichiurus lepturus. Location.—Stomach. Locality.—Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen —vU.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39518; paratype, no 39521. Remarks.—Only one other species of this genus as restricted by Looss (1907) has hitherto been described from American fishes with sufficient accuracy to be specifically recognizable, namely, L. synodi Manter (1931), although some of the forms referred by Linton (1898, 1901, 1905) to Distomum monticellit may be species of Leci- thochirium and may even be identical with the form here described. L. microstomum differs from ZL. synodi in the greater relative differ- ence in size of the suckers, in the presence of a bladder in the pro- static part of the vas deferens just behind the hermaphroditic duct, and in the larger size of the eggs. These flukes were found in small numbers in two out of three specimens of 7’richiurus lepturus. UNIDENTIFIED DISTOME PLATE 6, FIGURE 4 A. few specimens of an unidentified distome, which may be iden- tical with Linton’s “ Distomwm sp. from Menidia notata” (1901, pl. 32, figs. 357, 8358), were found in Menidia menidia along with Rhipi- docotyle transversale. The specimens were extremely fragile, with a tendency to stick to glass during the process of preparation, and were so densely crowded with eggs that no organs except the suckers and pharynx could be identified. The flukes are about 0.48 to 0.7 mm long, with greatest transverse measurement from dorsal to ven- tral side through ventral sucker. Ventral sucker in large specimen (0.7 mm long) 140, oral sucker 70, pharynx 50pn. Eggs about 22 by 12n. PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—-CHANDLER 129 Class CESTODA Family TETRARHYNCHIDAE Cobbold, 1864 TENTACULARIA LEPIDA, new species PLATE 7 Specific diagnosis Head and neck very long and slender, with an annular constriction immediately behind contractile bulbs where neck joins tail-like blastocyst. Two lateral heart-shaped bothria, emarginate behind, about 550» long, and 450p to 550” wide at pos- terior end. Head and neck anterior to bulbs (pars vaginalis) 2.5 to 3mm long. Just behind bothria neck only about 135p to 170p broad in lateral view; neck flares a little in bulbar region, reaching diam- eter of 320n to 540p at postbulbar constriction. Tail-like blastocyst 1.5 to 2.5 mm long, nearly cylindrical, with diameter of 300 to 350p. Contractile bulbs about 400» to 500p long and about 120» broad, very close together, and collectively forming pear-shaped body. Each bulb with dense mass of fibers on inner wall; thickness of these muscular masses increases to a maximum at a point about two-thirds distance from anterior to posterior end, and then decreases again. A few fibers cross through central area between bulbs, holding latter together in a compact manner. Appearance and structure of bulbs as in plate 7, figures 1, 2, 5, and 6. Slender proboscis retractors at- tached anteriorly on inner wall of bulbs. Proboscides estimated to be between 1.5 and 2 mm long, cylindrical, with diameter of about 45u to 50u, armed with hooks of various kinds, form and arrange- ment of which are shown in plate 7, figure 4. Largest hooks in each spiral arranged in two groups of five hooks each, three elongate and only moderately curved, and two shaped somewhat like a cat’s claw and sheath. At point where claw joins sheath these hooks very broad dorsoventrally and very thick. On side of proboscis opposite these two sets of hooks a single row of small round plates, in a con- tinuous series, two plates to each whorl of hooks. On either side of this row of plates a close group of three slender spines, and between these and the three slender hooks of each group of five a single very slender spine. Maximum length attained by any hooks about 20y. Little difference in size or arrangement of hooks on different parts of proboscides. Proboscis sheaths coiled in characteristic manner throughout length of neck. Numerous granular bodies in neck about 20» in diameter; these begin about one-fourth length of neck behind _ bothria and continue to anterior ends of contractile bulbs, being somewhat more numerous posteriorly; granular bodies for most part apparently round and sessile (pl. 7, fig. 3) but actually attached to walls of neck by slender stalks, and closely similar to granular bodies 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 85. figured by Southwell (1930, fig. 57, B), on bulbs of his Gymnorhyn- chus malleus. Similar granular bodies are described and figured by Linton (1897) in the neck of his Rhynchobothrium speciosum (= Tentacularia speciosa). Type host —G@aleichthys felis. Location —Attached to mesenteries. Locality — Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39519; paratypes, no. 39520. Remarks—Only the encysted larvae of this form have been found; these occur in moderate numbers attached to the mesenteries of two species of catfish, Galeichthys felis and Bagre marina. The scolex and tail-like postbulbar portion appear to be free in the cysts, since when the cysts are broken and pressure is applied, the enclosed larva emerges entirely unattached. The cysts are usually pear-shaped and 2 to 4 mm long. Tentacularia lepida is closely related to 7’. speciosa (Linton, 1897) and to 7’. spiracornuta (Linton, 1907). 7’. speciosa has recently been transferred to a new genus, Lintoniella, by Yamaguti (1934), but the reasons for its establishment seem to me inadequate. If, however, this genus is accepted, both spiracornuta and lepida should be placed in it. The armature of the proboscides of depida is strikingly sim- ilar to that of spiracornuta as figured by Southwell (1930) and that of speciosa as figured by Yamaguti (1934), but depida is much smaller than either of these, with differences in the proboscis hooks, proboscis sheaths, and contractile bulbs that clearly indicate specific distinctness. GYMNORHYNCHUS GIGAS (Cuvier, 1817) PLATE 8, Figures 1-4 Southwell (1930) has shown that this is the correct name for a tetrarhynchid that has hitherto been known as Synbothrium fragile Diesing, 1850, or Syndesmobothrium fragile Diesing, 1855. Linton (1897) described a second species of Synbothrium (S. filicolle) that he obtained in the larval state from a considerable number of fishes. In 1908 he briefly described an adult tetrarhynchid from a sting ray and assigned it to the same species. This adult, however, was probably incorrectly identified, for the dimensions given for the head, contractile bulbs, and other parts do not correspond with those of the larvae. Southwell believes that Linton’s S. filicolle and Die- sing’s S. fragile, as well as S. hemuloni MacCallum, 1921, are all the same species, and with this I agree. Southwell, however, also con- siders 7’etrarhynchus platycephalus Shipley and Hornell, 1906, to be the adult of the same species. This, I believe, is a mistake, for the characters of the head of this worm are strikingly different from PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 131 those of Gymnorhynchus gigas. Further remarks on Tetrarhynchus platycephalus will be found in the discussion of Gymnorhynchus malleus. Three specimens of larval tetrarhynchids (U.S.N.M. no. 39522) from Galveston Bay fishes have been assigned to this species; two were found encysted on the mesenteries of Galeichthys felis, a single one in each of two hosts, while the third was found encysted in the body cavity of a croaker (Micropogon undulatus). When the cysts were burst the very characteristic larvae were freed; these larvae consist of a head and neck, followed by a nearly spherical vesicle into which the head and neck may be withdrawn, and then a long tail-like portion. Such larvae, probably all belonging to the same species, have been figured under the names Gymnorhynchus reptans and Anthocephalus macrourus by Bremser (1824); under the name Pterobothrium heteracanthum by Diesing (1855); as a “ Tetraboth- rium larva” by Linton (1887); as a Syndesmobothrium filicolle by Linton (1889); and as Gymnorhynchus gigas by Southwell (1930). The larvae reported by Southwell that lack a vesicle in the neck should not, I think, be referred to this species. Dollfus (1929b) con- siders Pterobothrium Diesing, 1850 (later renamed Synbothriwm and still later Syndesmobothrium) as a valid genus distinct from Gym- norhynchus, but his reasons for doing so are not clear. Since there is so much confusion with respect to this species it seems desirable to describe some of the details of the specimens found in Galveston Bay fishes, and then to point out the features actually characterizing the species. The vesicle in which the scolex lies measures, in my specimens, 2.5 to 3.5 mm in length and is about three-fourths as wide as long. The relations of scolex, vesicle, and “tail” are precisely as de- scribed by Linton in 1887. The tail is several centimeters in length and about 0.75 mm in breadth. The four bothria are mobile, spread- ing from the front of the head, each with a sucking disk; they measure about 300 in an anteroposterior direction, while the width of the head across the bothria is about 450n to 470n. The neck anterior to the contractile bulbs (pars vaginalis of Pintner, 1913) is 2.4 mm long and about 200 broad, widening out in the bulbar region to about 400, (pl. 8, fig. 1). The neck is slightly dilated just anterior to the bulbs, where the proboscis sheaths are coiled. The postbulbar region is shorter than the pars vaginalis but varies in my specimens from about 0.5 to 1.5 mm, according to the state of contraction. The bulbs are elongate and of nearly uniform width, measuring about 1 to 1.3 mm in length by about 135p in width. The total length of the proboscides, judged by the extent of the inverted spines, is about 3 mm; the diameter, exclusive of the spines, is about 604. The proboscis sheaths are straight in the 99742359 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 greater part of the neck, becoming thrown into coils just anterior to the bulbs. The spines on the proboscides, as far as observable in the everted part, are arranged in two groups of five each. Near the base of the proboscis one set of five spines in each whorl con- sists of recurved clawlike spines, tending to become straight and elongate, at first one or two in a set, in more distal whorls all of them. Many of the spines near the base have more or less well- developed prongs (pl. 8, fig. 4). After the first six or eight whorls all the spines tend to become elongate, only slightly curved, and to have their prongs flattened out (pl. 8, fig. 3). Near the base these elongate spines are about 50n to 60 long, but they gradually grow larger until they reach a length of about 110n. At about 900 from the base the spines in one series of five change rather suddenly, in the space of two or three whoris, to very stout, strongly curved, clawlike spines with stout bases, the spines in the other series re- maining broad, flat, elongate, and slightly sinuous (pl. 8, fig. 2). Examination of the inverted part of the proboscis shows that at least some clawlike spines continue nearly to the tip, but the form and arrangement of the spines in this part of the proboscis could not be made out clearly. Following are the characters that I think should be possessed by a specimen before it can be correctly assigned to this species: Larvae with “blastocyst ” divided into an anterior oval or spherical vesicle containing the head (unless pressed out) and an elongate, posterior tail-like portion. Head when pressed out of vesicle remains attached to it unless broken. Bothria four, spreading out anteriorly and each with a sucking disk directed forward. Head and neck 3 or more mm in length, and about 200 broad in narrowest region; contractile bulbs about 1 mm or more in length and about one- tenth to one-eighth as wide as long. Proboscis sheaths nearly straight in anterior half or two-thirds of length of neck, but thrown into coils just anterior to bulbs. Retractile muscles of proboscides attached near anterior end of bulbs. Proboscides about 3 mm in length. Spines on proboscides arranged in two groups of five. On basal portion of proboscides, except first six or eight rows, spines slightly curved and bladelike, frequently notched at tip, and reach- ing maximum length of about 110%. About 1 mm from base, spines in one set of five change to a stout clawlike form, which is main- tained in at least one set of spines to tips of proboscides. GYMNORHYNCHUS MALLEUS (Linton, 1924) Piate 8, Figures 5, 6 The larvae of this species were described and figured by Linton (1897) as V'etrarhynchus erinaceus. These larvae were transferred by Linton in 1905 to the genus Synbothrium, and in 1924 were as- PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 133 signed to the species S. matlewm, the adult of which he described in that year, parasitic in the ray Dasybatis centrura. The larvae were found in a number of salt-water fishes, including G‘aleichthys mil- berti. Southwell (1930) referred to this species some adult speci- mens, which he found in rays in Ceylon. Two specimens (U.S.N.M. no. 39523), which I have assigned to this species, were obtained from the mesenteries of Galeichthys felis. My specimens seem to agree fairly closely with Linton’s descrip- tion and figures of this species except for the smaller size. Unfor- tunately the proboscides are only slightly exserted, so a full compari- son of their armature with that described and figured by Linton is not possible. So far as can be seen, however, my specimens agree with Linton’s. The cysts have an enlarged egg-shaped anterior end measuring about 4 to 5 mm in length and 2.5 mm in breadth. Behind this ante- rior portion there is a long tail-like appendage. The scolex and neck, and a bulblike expansion of the body behind the neck, are contained in the enlarged anterior. portion of the cyst. The tail consists of a slender prolongation of the body covered by a loose thin sheath, which is a part of the cyst wall. The tail in one specimen is about 17 mm long and in the other about 50 mm. The bothria spread out at right angles to the long axis, giving the hammerlike appearance that has been described and figured by Linton. The breadth of the head across the bothria is about 850, and the length of the both- ridial portion of the head only about 350u. A proboscis emerges from near the outer extremity of each bothrium, but none of the proboscides are exserted far enough to show more than one or two basal rows of hooks. The visible hooks consist of very stout thorn- shaped hooks, slender recurved hooks, and numerous minute spines. The proboscides are about 2 mm in length, with a diameter at the base of about 40u. The short thick neck is about 560» in diameter. The contractile bulbs are about 1.2 mm long and 270, abroad. Shipley and Hornell (1906) described and figured under the name Tetrarhynchus platycephalus an adult tetrarhynchid that had the head shaped strikingly like @. malleus, but in which the hooks as de- scribed are like those of G. gigas. In Shipley and Hornell’s worm, however, the short proboscides are nearly straight within the head and posteriorly pass to the posterior extremity of the contractile bulbs, in which they lie coiled. In my specimens no such condition exists; the retractor muscles of the proboscides are attached to the anterior ends of the bulbs. It seems certain, therefore, that 7’. platy- cephalus is identical with neither @. gigas nor G. malleus, but should be recognized as a third species of Gymmnorhynchus, G. platy- cephalus. 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 83 Superfamily PHYLLOBOTHRIOIDEA Southwell, 1930 SCOLEX PLEURONECTIS Miiller, 1788 (S. POLYMORPHUS Rudolphi, 1819, of many writers) Larval cestodes of this species have been found in a great num- ber of different marine fishes and show a considerable variation in size and form, but the variation among the individuals in a single host and changes that are thought to take place with age make it extremely difficult, and at present impossible, to separate different species with any degree of accuracy. These worms have been consid- ered to be the larval forms of various tetraphyllidean worms by dif- ferent authors; among the supposed parent worms are species of Acanthobothrium, Calliobothrium, Onchobothrium, Echeneiboth- rium, and Phoreiobothrium. Experimental feedings of the larvae to elasmobranch hosts have been made by Monticelli (1888) and Curtis (1911). Monticelli, feeding larvae from a flounder (Arno- glossus) near Naples to a species of Zorpedo, obtained young speci- mens of Calliobothrium filicolle, which he believed to have developed from the larvae fed. Curtis, on the other hand, fed larvae obtained from Cynoscion regalis at Woods Hole, Mass., to Carcharias littoralis and obtained young specimens of Phoreiobothriwm triloculatum, which he believed to have been derived from the experimental feed- ing. Southwell (1925) sums up the situation as follows: “ There ean, I think, be little doubt that the name Scolex polymorphus does not indicate a definite species; it is a group name which includes a number of different species in the final host.” Linton in his various papers has noted the occurrence of these lar- val cestodes, which he lists under the name Scolex polymorphus, in over 60 widely diversified species of fish. In some hosts (e. g., Cyn- oscion regalis in New England) they were found in almost every specimen examined and in enormous numbers, either in the cystic duct and gall bladder or in the intestine, or in both. The forms de- scribed from various fish hosts are by no means all alike. They dif- fer in size, in the form of the sucker, or “myzorhynchus ”, at the anterior end between the bothria, in the size and shape of the both- ria, in the presence or absence of cross partitions, or “ costae”, on the bothria (one to four in number when present), and in the pres- ence or absence of red pigment patches. Linton (1905) records this parasite from Galeichthys milberti at Beaufort, N. C. Twelve specimens were obtained from the cystic duct near its junction with the intestine. Of these Linton says: “The specimens contracted freely between 4 and 8 mm in length. At rest, with bothria re- tracted, the length was about 12 mm. There was no indication of costae on the bothria nor of the red pigment patches often noted in these larval cestodes.” Similar specimens were found in the intes- tine of another host of the same species. PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 135 My specimens were found in three of five specimens of Galeichthys jelis taken at Evergreen Beach in Galveston Bay and in two of three specimens taken in the Gulf of Mexico near Bolivar Point, Galveston. Similar larvae were found in several specimens of Bagre marina. In most instances the parasites were present in moderate numbers, from 8 or 10 to 30 or 40, attached to the cystic duct, free in the gall bladder, or free in the chyle of the intestine. While living they were extremely active, extending to a length of 6 to 8 mm and becoming as slender as a thread, with a shght enlargement just behind the head, and contracting down to less than 1 mm in length. There was a very marked tendency, when the worms contracted slightly from a fully extended condition, for the body to bulge conspicuously just behind the head. After fixation the worms contracted to a length of 2 to 4.5 mm, with a maximum diameter behind the head varying from 0.1 to 0.6 mm. Across the widest region of the bothria the head meas- ures 0.4 to 0.65 mm. The bothria are 0.23 to 0.3 mm long and about half as wide. ‘The apical sucker, or “ myzorhynchus ”, is flat anteri- orly and rounded posteriorly, about as long as wide, and about 0.07 mm in diameter. Family PROTEOCEPHALIDAE La Rue, 1911 PROTEOCEPHALUS AUSTRALIS, new species PLATE 9, FIGURES 3-6 Specific diagnosis —Total length 20 to 88 em, with maximum diameter of about 1 mm when relaxed, but up to 1.8 mm in contracted regions. Head not clearly demarcated from strobila; maximum di- ameter, shortly behind suckers, about 780» (pl. 9, fig. 6). Suckers face anterolaterally and are about 285 in diameter without deep grooves between them. Anterior end with vestigial sucker. Segmen- tation begins immediately behind scolex. Narrowest part of neck about 6654 broad. Proglottids in various regions of strobila with measurements in millimeters as follows: Length Breadth OMIM OMMANLETIOT Cl Cas i ree Mel RIOT ee See 0. 045 0. 75 Lop mim; rromvanterioriends.1) ste Sao es 0.1 OR 25am trompantenlior, endsai2 Ss tn pel, ares 0.3 1 OUEmMmMy trommanterionsend s. = net 2 OG 1,33 (oMMecLOMP Anterior endas. 22222222 eee ee Me 1.8 OO AMM LrOMmamMuGri Ol eM aes sae enmes ee es 2 0. 75 MoneseseMproglottid = Sass Ale NS ee Se ee 2. 65 1 In relaxed condition all proglottids over 100 mm from anterior end longer than broad. Posterior segments split on mid-ventral line, and with tendency to pull apart at junctions, remaining attached only at lateral margins, leaving fenestrae between them. Calcareous gran- ules very numerous, angular in outline, and about 5y in diameter. 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Genital pore marginal. at bottom of well-developed sinus, irregu- larly alternating, one-fourth or less of length of proglottid from anterior end. Testes $0 to 100, about 50 to 70» in diameter, occupy- ing greater part of proglottid between vitellaria, except space oc- cupied by other organs. Vas deferens forms dense mass of coils lying median and slightly posterior to cirrus pouch (pl. 9, fig. 3). Cirrus pouch large, 450p to 530» long and 240 to 265p broad, of variable shape. Aiter entering pouch vas deferens makes about three loops, then rather suddenly enlarges to form cirrus. Retracted cirrus extends almost to proximal end of pouch and then twists for- ward and distally to junction with vas deferens; wall thick and thrown into conspicuous corrugations. Exserted cirrus extremely long, up to 1.5 mm when fully exserted, about 100u in diameter at base, tapering to diameter of 40» at truncated tip (pl. 9, fig 5). Vagina, opening just anterior to cirrus, forms crescentic curve with convex side forward, about 3800p long (pl. 9, figs. 38, 5). Distal 40p or 50u of duct with moderately thick walls, rest of curve surrounded by powerful sphincter muscle, thickest on middle of convex side of curve; maximum diameter of vagina through sphincter about 90, to 110» with narrow lumen, not more than 5p or 6p» in diameter when open. At end of curved sphincter region vagina opens into ex- panded thin-walled tube with lumen usually about 80, to 90m in diameter at junction with sphincter, sometimes bulged to diameter of 120n. This tube passes toward median line of segment, curving posteriorly, and then passes back to ovary, its direction frequently interrupted by kinky folds. When empty, diameter of this portion of vagina only about 20u to 25u but frequently expanded to a di- ameter of 40u or 50». Coils not noticeably more numerous just an- terior to ovary. Behind ovary oviduct and vagina thrown into several transverse loops, which could not be successfully followed. Ovary bilobed, usually of rather characteristic shape (pl. 9, figs. 3, 4), its posterior border almost straight, extending to vitellaria on each side; anterior border a deep-swinging curve, each end not quite reaching vitellaria, having lateral borders nearly straight and at right angles to posterior border but with anterior tips bent inward. Greatest anteroposterior diameter of ovary, from tips of anterior curve to posterior border, about 400% to 450u. Vitellaria extend from near anterior border of segment to near posterior border of ovary on aporal side, and from posterior side of cirrus pouch to pos- terior border of ovary on poral side, only rarely any follicles present anterior to cirrus pouch. Uterus spreads laterally, maintaining al- most straight lateral borders; about 15 to 20 incomplete septa on each side tend to divide uterus into lobes (pl. 9, fig. 4). PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 134 Type host—Lepisosteus osseus. Location.—Intestine. Locality.—Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39525. Remarks.—This species comes strikingly near to P. ambloplitis Leidy as described and figured by Benedict (1900), although it looks much different from specimens examined by me taken from Microp- terus dolomieu in Douglas Lake, Mich., and referred to that species by LaRue. No other member of the genus Proteocephalus except P. ambloplitis as described by Benedict has a vaginal sphincter even approaching that of the species here described (LaRue, 1914). P. australis differs from P. ambloplitis as described by Benedict in the following particulars: In P. ambloplitis all the segments, except sometimes a few square posterior ones, are broader than long; in P. australis all proglottids beyond 75 to 100u from head are longer than broad, some over two and one-half times longer. In P. ambloplitis the scolex is sharply set off from the neck, which in Benedict’s figures appears to be only 300u to 400» broad, and the suckers are separated by deep sulci; in P. australis the scolex is hardly broader than the neck, and there are no sulci between the suckers. In P. ambloplitis the inner longitudinal muscles are ar- ranged in 50 to 60 distinct bundles; in P. australis these muscles are not distinctly segregated into bundles. In P. ambloplitis the vas deferens is intricately coiled in the cirrus pouch, and the protruded cirrus measures about 500n to 700u in length; in P. australis the vas deferens has only about three loops inside the cirrus pouch, and the protruded cirrus has a length of 1.5 mm. In P. ambloplitis the vitellaria are described and figured as extending anterior to the cirrus pouch on the poral side; in P. australis they rarely do this. In P. ambloplitis the ovaries are described as retort-shaped and figured as narrow anteroposteriorly; in P. australis each lobe lat- erally is about as broad anteroposteriorly as it is transversely. So far P. ambloplitis has been recorded from various species of bass and from the bowfin (Ama calva) in fresh-water lakes and streams while P. australis was found in a gar in the highly brackish water of Galveston Bay. Two specimens were found in one of three host specimens examined. PROTEOCEPHALUS ELONGATUS, new species PiLatE 8, Figures 7, 8; PLATE 9, Figures 1, 2 Specific diagnosis —Total length about 560 mm. Head 675 to 7654 in diameter with an apical prominence, very prominent suckers and deep sulci between suckers extending back on neck to a point about 800. to 900u from anterior end (pl. 8, fig. 7). Suckers about 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 320u in diameter. Head sharply constricted behind suckers. Neck long, segmentation beginning to show faintly at 5 to 9 mm from anterior end, with minimum width of 360p to 4502. Proglottids at first much broader than long, but relative length rapidly increasing until, at a distance of 4 cm from head, they may be approximately square if in an uncontracted state. Even mature segments 10 or 12 em from head vary greatly in measurements according to state of contraction, some being broader than long (1.8 mm broad by 1.2 mm long), others longer than broad (1.2 mm broad by 2.1 mm long). Ripe segments longer than broad, varying in breadth from about 1.2 to 1.5 mm and in length from 2.8 to 4.7 mm. Genital pores marginal, without papillae, irregularly alternating, about one-fifth to two-ninths length of segment from anterior end. Testes very numerous, about 200 to 225 or more, 60% in diameter, arranged almost all in one plane, and filling in greater part of space between vitellaria anterior to ovary, although soon crowded out of middle portion of segment posterior to cirrus by developing uterus (pl. 9, fig. 1). Was deferens forms dense mass of coils lying between cirrus pouch and median line of proglottid. Cirrus pouch roughly three-eighths width of segment, measuring about 480» to 580 in length by 260 to 325 in diameter. Retracted cirrus bent upon itself in pouch; ejaculatory duct capable of great distention, which makes the walls appear thin instead of thick and muscular (pl. 8, fig. 8, A). Everted cirrus about 6004 to 650 long, with bulblike enlargement of proximal half; diameter through bulb about 180, (pl. 8, fig28,'B) Vagina opens anterior to cirrus and lies close along anterior wall of latter. It is provided with an elongated muscular sphincter, somewhat reminiscent of that of P. ambloplitis, extending from gen- ital pore to about half length of cirrus pouch. Musculature not nearly so thick as in P. ambloplitis, thickest near middle of its length and gradually disappearing instead of ending abruptly as in ambloplitis (pl. 8, fig. 8; pl. 9, fig. 1). Whole vagina, including part with muscular wall, may be greatly distended, although the sphincter causes a sheht constriction in it (pl. 8, fig. 8, A). In young mature segments vagina, after reaching middle of proglottid, passes almost straight posteriorly to ovary, although in older proglottids it has a few kinks (pl. 9, fig. 1). Over bridge of ovary vagina has shght club-shaped enlargement from which lower vagina emerges and after one or two loops enters oviduct near middle of its length (pl. 9, fig. 2). Oviduct originates in oocapt attached to bridge of ovary. Just before entering ootype oviduct is jomed by a common vitelline duet, which has a reservoirlike enlargement before it branches to go to opposite sides of segment. Shell gland surrounding ootype an PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 139 irregularly shaped mass of cells. Vitellaria arranged in two narrow lateral bands extending throughout length of proglottid on both sides. Uterus grows out from midline in form of numerous pouches separated only by wall-lke partitions; pouches 20 to 30 on each side extending laterally in ripe proglottids to vitellaria. Type host—Lepisosteus osscus. Location.—Intestine. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39526. Remarks.—This worm differs from all other members of the genus except P. ambloplitis and P. australis in the size and extent of the vaginal sphincter, but the musculature of this organ is very much thinner than in either of these species. It differs further from both these species in having a slender unsegmented neck several muilli- meters long. Three specimens of this worm were found in a specimen of Lepisos- teus osseus, along with two specimens of P. australis. In one worm some interesting abnormalities occurred. In a group of six mature segments, three abnormalities were found. Onesegment had a genital pore, cirrus pouch, and transverse portion of the vagina duplicated on opposite sides of the segment. In this case the mass of coils of the vas deferens was also duplicated, but the two transverse vaginas met to form a single tube in the middle of the segment. In another segment two cirrus pouches, each with its accompanying coil of the vas deferens, lie one immediately behind the other on the same side of the segment, but only a single vagina, anterior to the first cirrus pouch, is present. In another segment the vagina opens posterior to the cirrus instead of anterior, as is the case in every other instance. Family DILEPIDIDAE (?) Railliet and Henry, 1909 GLOSSOCERCUS, new collective group of tapeworm larvae Definition —Larval tapeworms consisting of two parts separated merely by a constriction: (1) Head and neck and (2) long, slender, tonguelike tail. Head provided with four suckers and armed rostel- lum. Posterior part of neck with an oval cavity with a ductlike extension passing into tail, where it continues as an ill-defined cen- tral cavity partially filled with loose parenchyma. A pair of ex- cretory tubes become conspicuous in posterior part of neck and pass through whole length of tail, usually becoming markedly wider just behind neck. Scolex retractile into anterior part of neck. Strong muscle fibers pass from neck back into tail. Found free in body cavity of small fish. Probably larvae of tapeworms of family Dilepididae, parasitic in fish-eating birds. 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 GLOSSOCERCUS CYPRINODONTIS, new species PLATH 10, FicurEes 1-5 Specific diagnosis —Length of head and neck about 4 to 7 mm, ac- cording to state of contraction; of body 9.5 to 12.5 mm. Maximum diameter of scolex (pl. 10, fig. 4) about 630, of neck (when relaxed) about 280 to 300n, and of tail about 0.8 to 12 mm. Suckers oval, about 175» long and 155 wide. Rostellum very muscular, when re- tracted shaped like cone with rounded sides, about 1754 wide and about the same in depth. Hooks (pl. 10, fig. 5) in two rows of 10 hooks each, the larger ones 180p long, with blade 100u long; guard (or ventral root) 554 measured from dorsal contour of hook to base, and with breadth of about 25» across base; root shorter than blade with expanded proximal end about 202 broad. Smaller hooks 130, long, with more curvature than long hooks; guard 42» from dorsal contour of hook to base, and with transverse breadth of about 30z across base; root expanded at proximal end to transverse width of about 20u. Oval cavity in posterior part of neck (pl. 10, fig. 3, A) about 500u long and 2004 wide. Longitudinal muscles in well-defined bundles (pl. 10, fig. 3, BB). Tail shaped like an elongated willow leaf, its broadest point shortly behind junction with neck, thence tapering to a rounded point at posterior end (pl. 10, fig. 1). Excretory tubes in tail are very conspicuous and may be over 100, broad. Type host—Cyprinodon variegatus. Location.—Body cavity. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39527; paratypes, no. 39528. Remarks.—These worms, up to two or three in a host, were found in about 80 percent of a dense swarm of top minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) in a pool on Galveston Island. No specimens were found in individuals of the same species taken in the upper part of Galveston Bay, but one young specimen was found in a Pundulus heteroclitus in the upper bay. The worms were found free in the body cavity of the fish, although in a few instances they were seen coiled up in a delicate membranous cyst, which burst as soon as touched. ‘The worms are extremely active, and capable of contract- ing and stretching to a remarkable extent. So far as I have been able to find, no larvae in any way resembling this one have hitherto been described, although the Gryporhynchus larvae come nearest to them. ‘The nature of the scolex suggests the probability of the adult belonging to a member of the Dilepididae, but no form with a scolex conforming with that of this species in details of structure has so far been described in fish-eating birds. The nearest approach is PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 141 Dilepis kempi Southwell, 1921, from a cormorant in Assam. In this the hooks are similar, but the scolex and suckers are markedly smaller. CYSTICERCOIDES MENIDIAE, new species Specific diagnosis.—Small oval cysticercoids 200% to 300 long and 150» to 1854 broad. Evaginated scolex about 155 broad and 1354 long, with poorly defined suckers but provided with 20 (or 187) hooks in a double row, the short hooks 50m long, the long ones about 70p. Host.—Menidia menidia. Location.—Intestinal wall and mesenteries. Locality Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specitmen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39530. Remarks.—A few of these small tapeworm cysts were obtained from a silversides along with specimens of the gasterostome Rhipi- docotyle transversale. tis probably the larvae of an avian parasite of the family Dilepididae, but I have not been able to identify the hooks with those of any North American species. Class NEMATODA Family ASCARIDAE Cobbold, 1864 Subfamily ANISAKINAE Railliet and Henry, 1912 (emend. Baylis, 1920) CONTRACAECUM COLLIERI, new species (= C. MICROPAPILLATUM?) PLATE 10, FIGuRES 6-8 Specific diagnosis —Body reddish, robust, bluntly rounded at head end, conical at caudal end. Length 18 to 26 mm, with maximum diameter of 600, to 750u. Head without distinct lips, but truncated and with pair of slight liplike elevations, one of which bears boring tooth, which is not pointed but resembles a knoblike papilla. Shortly behind head body conspicuously annulated for distance of about 2002, beyond which annulations (pl. 10, fig. 7) become indis- tinct. Diameter through posterior part of striated region about 240u to 250u. Esophagus 2 to 3 mm long with diameter of about 75, followed by appendix about 450u to 590 long. Anterior diver- ticulum of intestine 1.45 to 1.9 mm long. Anus 180» to 200u from posterior end of body. Type host—Cyprinodon variegatus. Location.—Body cavity. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39531. 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 8% Remarkse.—These relatively large worms are fairly common in Cyprinodon variegatus in Galveston Bay. Usually one but some- times two specimens occur in a single host, and in one instance two of these and one of the huge Agamonems immanis described below were found in a single Cyprinodon not over % inches in length. Four specimens were found in the body cavity of one of two Pardlichthys lethostigmus examined, Ten specimens freshly re- moved from infested Cyprinodom were fed to each of three domestic mallard ducks. When no eggs were found in the feces by the end of three weeks the ducks were killed and examined, but no trace of worms of the genus Contracaccum was found. CONTEACAECUM KOBUSTUM, new species (=C. MICROCEPHALUM?) VPriare 10, Ficures 9, 10 Specific diagnosis—Vaody blood-red, robust, tapering in anterior fourth, bluntly conical at posterior end. Length 20 to 26 mm, with maximum diameter of 1 mm. Head without distinct lips, but with conspicuous pointed boring tooth about 40p in length. Just behind head cuticle conspicuously marked with annulations, which are very close together and end rather abruptly after about 1245p to 150p, Diameter through posterior part of striated region about 3225p to 250» Esophagus about 2.5 mm long with diameter of about 160p, followed by appendix about 1.12 to 1.15 mm long. Anterior diver- ticulum of intestine 2.6 to 2.9 mm long. Anus 1235p to 150p from posterior tip. Caudal end of body indistinctly annulated and ter- minated by demarcated conical lobe. Type howe—Mugil cephalus. Locition.—¥anbedded. in kidneys. Locality. —Galveston Bay, Vex. Lype spemen-—U,5.N.M, Helm, Coll, no, 69523, Rhomarke,—Vhis worm is common in mullets during the summer months and accounts for the popular reputation of mullets being “wormy.” It is also fairly common in Mundulus heteroclitus in summer, It ig a much stouter worm than (, collieri, more tapering anteriorly, is much Jess distinctly striate’ posteriorly, and has a different boring tooth, a longer and broader esophagus, a longer esophageal appendix, and a differently shaped tail. Fourteen specimens freshly removed from infected mullets were fed to cach of two domestic mallard ducks, She feces of the ducks were then examined for ova every other day for three weeks, with nevative results, The ducks were then killed and examined, but no trace of worms of the genus Contracaccwm was found. Lhe relation of these two species of Contracaccum to the adult species known from American fish-eating birds is uncertain until PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—-CHANDLER 143 successful infection experiments have been performed. I can find no reference in descriptions of C’. spiculigerum to the deep striations in the neck region, which is a conspicuous feature of both the species described above, but these striations are mentioned by Cram (1927) in C. microcephalum of ducks and ciconiiform birds and in @,. micropapillatum of pelicans, as well as in C. multipapillatum of South American ciconiiform birds and in (’. tricuspe of similar birds in Asia and Africa. Cram considers C. guadricuspe Walton a syno- nym of @. microcephalum. In his description of C. quadricuspe, Walton (1923) mentions that the tail ends abruptly in a terminal spine, which is also a character of C’. tricuspe, but it is neither men- tioned nor figured by Gedoelst (1916) in his description of Kathleena arcuata, a species that Baylis and Daubney (1922) found to be identical with Rudolphi’s microcephalum. C. robustwm has a termi- nal papillalike structure such as Walton figures for his C. quadri- cuspe, but the esophageal appendix is longer than in Walton’s quad- ricuspe and similar to the dimensions given for mécrocephalum. C. collieri, on the other hand, has no papilla at the end of the tail and has a much slenderer esophagus, shorter appendix, and shorter cecum, in which respects it suggests the possibility of its being the young of C. micropapillatwm. As noted above, however, both species were fed to domestic mallard ducks without resulting infection. AMPHICAECUM PARVUM, new species PLATE 11, FieurE 1 Specific diagnosis—Body small and slender, 6.7 mm long, with maximum diameter of 230. Diameter fairly uniform for most of length of body, tapering in anterior fourth and more abruptly at tail end. No striations on cuticle. Head truncated, 60, across at anterior end. No larval boring spine, but mouth flanked on each side by bladderlike structure, which may be forerunner of a lip. Esophagus about 830 long, followed by a more or less spherical bulb about 15 in diameter and a large hollow appendix 1.06 mm in length. Diameter of esophagus about 56, of appendix about 80u. Intestinal cecum about 300 long and 60 in diameter. Anus 1354 from posterior end. Tail conical, ending in truncated papilla- hike structure about 10, in diameter. Type host—Dorosoma cepedianum. Location.—Intestine. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—vU.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39535; paratype, no. 39536. femarks.—In the possession of a posterior esophageal bulb in- stead of a ventricle and of a large hollow esophageal appendix, this 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 form obviously belongs to the genus Amphicaecum, which Walton erected in 1927 for some larval forms obtained by Leidy from the weakfish (Cynoscion regalis). Walton presents no measurements but gives a diagram of the digestive system of a 15 mm specimen. In this it is clear that the intestinal cecum and esophageal appendix are smaller relative to the esophagus than in my specimens, and the two are therefore believed to be specifically distinct. RHAPHIDASCARIS ANCHOVIELLAE, new species Specific diagnosis—Females 4 to 6 mm long, with maximum di- ameter of 160u to 250u. Head truncated, 60n to 72 in diameter. Esophagus, in specimens 5 to 6 mm long, about 600 to 750 long and 90 to 100% broad, with a small bulblike posterior ventriculus from which springs a posterior flattened appendix 310, to 420 long and about 25» in diameter dorsoventrally and about 60» in diam- eter from side to side. Ventriculus about 30p to 50n long and 90u broad. Vulva 1.2 to 1.5 mm from anterior end. Ovejector directed posteriorly, dividing into two posteriorly directed uteri about 630p from vulva. Uteri loop forward, but not anterior to vulva, and then pursue a wavy course backward, ending near anus. Anus about 240 to 300% from posterior end. Tail bluntly conical, ter- minating in a spine. Males about 4 to 5.8 mm long with diameter of about 165p to 235y. Esophagus 410p to 500u long and 65 in diameter, with ventriculus 30 long and 50u broad, and posterior appendix 240n to 280, long. Reproductive tube extends anteriorly to about 350 behind end of esophagus and pursues a wavy course posteriorly to cloaca, which is 902 to 120u from posterior end. Tail abruptly conical at tip and terminated by a spine. Specimens in anchovy immature with reproductive tubes present, but without adult lips and without spicules in males. Host.—Anchoviella epsetus. Location.—Intestine. Locality.—Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39537; paratypes, no. 39538. Remarks.—These immature worms correspond in the structure of the alimentary canal with members of the genus Rhaphidascaris. Their specific identity is uncertain, since they are immature, but until the adult stage can be obtained by infection experiments it seems advisable to designate this species by a new name, even though it may subsequently fall into synonymy. A few specimens of a larval form probably identical with this spe- cies from the anchovy were found in Menidia menidia, and also in a PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 145 specimen of 77ichiurus lepturus, along with the two forms of larval Porrocaecum described below. The specimens from 7richiurus are slightly larger than the Rhaphidascaris in the anchovy, with rela- tively shorter and stouter esophagus, but this might easily be ac- counted for by a slightly greater age. The specimens from 7'richi- urus (all females) are 6.4 to 7.2 mm long, with a maximum diameter of 230 to 255u. The esophagus is 700p to 735 long, with a di- ameter of 110 to 115y; and the diverticulum is 350, to 375yp long. The anus is about 265 from the tip of the tail. PORROCAECUM TRICHIURI, new species Specific diagnosis Length 6.85 to 8.4 mm, with maximum di- ameter of 135 to 180u. Head 65, in diameter; diameter at anus 65u. Tail 105u to 1830p long, conical, rounded at tip, and conspicu- ously striated, the striations about 4p apart. Esophagus anterior to ventriculus 875y to 910u long with a maximum diameter of 60 to 654; ventriculus 340» to 415y long and 90 in diameter. Intestinal diverticulum 530, to 680u long, with diameter of 50 to 60 at base, tapering to rounded point at distal end. Only larval forms found, with boring tooth present and no development of reproductive sys- tem. Enclosed in delicate sheaths. Type host.—Trichiurus lepturus. Location.—Mesenteries. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39539; paratypes, no. 39540. PORROCAECUM SECUNDUM, new species Specific diagnosis —Length 8 mm, with maximum diameter of 1604. Head 65, in diameter; diameter at anus 65p. Tail 130,» long, conical, rounded at tip, and conspicuously striated, the striations about 4 apart. Esophagus anterior to ventriculus 910» long, with maximum diameter of 85; ventriculus 820 long and 110, in di- ameter. Intestinal diverticulum 900, long, more bluntly rounded distally than in P. trichiuri. Only a single larva found, with bor- _ ing tooth present and no development of reproductive system. Type host.—Trichiurus lepturus. Location.—Mesenteries. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39541. Remarks.—This worm differs from the larval P. trichiuri in the greater length of the ventriculus (which in this species is nine-tenths _ the length of the anterior part of the esophagus, while in all of five specimens of P. trichiuri it is only about two-fifths as long) and in _ the larger size of the intestinal diverticulum. 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 GOEZIA MINUTA, new species PLATE 11, FicurEs 2-4 Specific diagnosis.—Body 3.1 mm long, nearly cylindrical, bluntly rounded at head end, bluntly conical at caudal end, and slightly narrower at end of anterior third of length than either before or behind this region (pl. 11, fig. 2). Maximum diameter 280p. Cuticle provided with rows of spines for entire length. Spines largest and rows farthest apart in second fourth of body length, where they are spaced as much as 224 apart. Just behind head annulations only 6p apart; in the middle esophageal region and again in third fourth of body length, about 154 apart; much closer in posterior region. In ~ anal region the spines minute and directed forward instead of back- ward. Lips provided with prominent lateral papillae. Diameter across lips 110u. Body constricted behind lps to diameter of 85p. Caudal appendage bluntly rounded, about 284 long and 138 broad (pl. 11, fig. 4). Esophagus 360» long, cylindrical, about 65y in diameter for two-thirds its length, then widening out to diameter of about 90u. Esophageal appendix a long, narrow tube about 850, in length (pl. 11, fig. 3). Anterior cecum of intestine about 180. long and 115» broad. Spicules approximately equal, about 345 long. Cloaca about 45y from posterior end, exclusive of caudal appendage. Host.—Bagre marina. Location.—Stomach. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no, 39542. Remarks.—Only a single specimen, a male, has been found. Four of the five species of Goezia hitherto described were described in the early days of parasitology, and the descriptions are entirely inade- quate from a modern point of view. The only well-described species is G. gavialidis Maplestone, 1930, and only a single female of this form was found. It is by no means certain that the form here de- scribed is not identical with some of the earlier species, but it would not be possible to identify it with any one of them at present. It seems best for the present, therefore, even though the name may eventually fall into synonymy, to consider it a distinct species. Family CUCULLANIDAE Barreto, 1916 DICHELYNE FASTIGATUS, new species PLATE 115 Fieurms 15-7 Specific diagnosis—Small, fairly stout nematodes, with body tapering fairly evenly in both sexes from esophageal region to tail. Cuticle in cephalic region thickened to about 30u. Female 4.6 mm PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—-CHANDLER 147 long, with maximum diameter, at posterior end of esophagus, of 390n. Esophagus 720, long, anterior portion about 320» long. Di- ameter 180 across expanded anterior end, 78 at narrow neck, where anterior and posterior parts join, 1354 across bulb. Lips 1704 broad, with finely fluted rather than serrated margins, and three papillae. Intestinal diverticulum reaches to about junction of two parts of esophagus. Vulva situated 58 percent of body length from anterior end. Anus about 180, from tip of tail. Tail conical, about 564 broad at anus, terminated by spine, which, as pointed out by Van Cleave and Mueller in the case of D. robusta, apparently has the structure of a sensory papilla. About in middle of postanal region a pair of conspicuous lateral papillae. Male 5.75 mm long, with diameter of about 380u. Esophagus 675 long, 136 broad at expanded anterior end, 70» broad at neck, and 100 broad through bulb. Cloaca 135, from tip of tail, with conspicuous lips. Caudal papillae arranged much as in PD. cotylophora. Four pairs of papillae postanal, three pairs adanal, and four pairs pre- anal. Most posterior pair of postanal papillae ventral near tip of tail, next pair dorsal, next pair lateral, and next pair ventral. Two pairs of adanal papillae large and ventral, situated on sides of genital prominence immediately in front of and behind cloacal passage; third pair small and situated laterally. First pair of preanal pa- pillae situated close to anterior pair of adanal papillae, other three pairs spaced out roughly 150, 400u, and 700» from cloaca. Ventral sucker practically absent, although its position is faintly indicated by slight flattening in curvature of body. Spicules about 1 mm long, tubular, 30% broad near base, and about 10» broad near tip. Tip beveled off like tip of a hypodermic needle. A well-developed troughlike gubernaculum present, about 120» in length. Type host.—Sciaenops ocellatus. Location.—Intestine. Locality — Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. 39543. Remarks.—Only two individuals of this species were found, a male and a young female. The species closely resembles ). cotylo- phora (Ward and Magath, 1916) but differs in the absence of the ventral sucker, in the somewhat longer spicules, in the slightly different arrangement of the caudal papillae in the male, and in the considerably greater diameter of the body relative to the length. In the thickness of the body and absence of a sucker it resembles D. robusta (Van Cleave and Mueller, 1932), but differs from that form in the length of the spicules and arrangement of caudal papillae in the male. It differs from D. fossor Jagerskidld, 1902, in its smaller size, shape of esophagus, presence of cloacal lips, form and 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 arrangement of papillae, and length of spicules. From D. mauri- tanicus (Gendre, 1927) it differs in body form and in the thickness of the cuticle. (For description see Térnquist, 1931.) Linton (1901) figured and briefly described a female cucullanid from Paralichthys dentatus, which is clearly a Dichelyne. In 1905 he reported parasites that he considered similar from Sciaenops ocel- latus, Paralichthys albiguttus, Leiostomus wanthurus, and Lophop- setta maculata, and in 1907 from Haemulon carbonarium and Neo- maenis griseus. In 1901 he described a male from Fundulus hetero- clitus and figured the posterior end, which is provided with a sucker. Barreto (1922) put all these records and figures together and called the collection Cucullanus lintont. Tornquist (1931) called attention to the improbability of a single species of cucullanid occurring in such a wide range of hosts. As remarked above, Linton’s form from Paralichthys dentatus is clearly a Dichelyne, but there is no positive evidence that the other forms are, since no mention is made of the presence or absence of an intestinal diverticulum. The measurements given by Linton for the form from Sciaenops ocellatus correspond fairly well with those of the species here de- scribed, and it is not unlikely that Linton actually had this species. His Dichelyne from the flounder is, however, distinctly different in shape of head and tail, position of vulva, and other details. His form from Leiostomus wanthurus differs in having the vulva an- terior to the middle of the body but agrees in this respect with the form from Haemulon carbonarium. The figure of a female from Neomaenis griseus, on the other hand, shows the vulva well posterior, and the shape of the body shows this form to be distinctly different from the form from Paralichthys figured in 1901. It seems evident to me that Linton’s various records do not apply to a single species but probably to several. Barreto’s “ Cucullanus lintoni”, therefore, must either be discarded as a nomen nudum or limited to some one of Linton’s forms. Barreto reproduces the fig- ures of the forms from Hacmulon and Neomaenis from Linton’s plates 2 and 3 (1907). Of these figures, Linton’s figures 11 and 11a of plate 2 (Barreto’s pl. 36, figs. 1, 3) show characters that are of taxonomic value and that would probably serve to identify the species. If Barreto’s name “Jintoni” is retained, therefore, it is suggested that it be limited to the form from Neomaenis represented in Linton’s figures 11 and lla and that forms from other hosts be ascribed to that species only when a restudy of Linton’s specimens, or additional material, shows them to be cospecific. For Linton’s form from Paralichthys dentatus, represented on his plate 7, figures 57-61 (1901) and referred to by him as “ Ascaris (?) sp.” on p. 481, the name Dichelyne cylindricus is suggested. PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 149 DICHELYNE DIPLOCAECUM, new species Specific diagnosis—Body short and thick, its widest point about one-third of body length from anterior end; head end bluntly rounded, posterior end tapering to pointed tail. Length of young female 4 mm, maximum diameter 525u. Vulva posterior to middle of body length, dividing body about 11:9. Anus 175y from pos- terior end. Tail conical, terminated by short conical spine, 105m in diameter at anus. Cuticle finely striated, 50. thick in middle eso- phageal region, 35y thick throughout most of body. Nerve ring 360. from anterior end. Excretory pore 6654 from anterior end. Esophagus 800 long, 145. broad just behind mouth, narrowing to (5p about 850» from anterior end, then club-shaped, with maximum diameter about 120n. Intestine ribbon-shaped, with transverse axis much bent and folded, and with two flat folded anterior diverticula, one dorsal and one ventral, the former somewhat the larger, reaching nearly to nerve ring. Type host.—Ictalurus furcatus. Location.—intestine. Locality —Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39544. Remarks.—Only two young females were found. This species differs from all other known members of the family Cucullanidae in having two intestinal diverticula. Tornquist (1931) erected a new genus Cucullanellus for a group of small spindle-shaped cucullanids, which differ from typical members of the genus Dichelyne in having a ventral instead of a dorsal diverticulum. The present species, with both a dorsal and a ventral diverticulum and a body form inter- mediate between that typical of Dichelyne and Cucullanellus, re- spectively, makes it appear unjustifiable to separate these two genera, and Cucullanellus is, therefore, reduced to the rank of a subgenus of Dichelyne. INCERTAE SEDIS AGAMONEMA IMMANIS, new species PLATE 11, Ficurres 11-13 Specific diagnosis —Very long, cylindrical, and blood-red except in esophageal region, which is whitish and clearly differentiated. Length 110 to 155 mm, with maximum diameter of about 900. Anterior end bluntly rounded, with no distinct lips, but with minute boring tooth. Vestibule about 200, long. Esophagus 20 mm long, about 200 broad at anterior end, gradually widening to nearly 600p, where it almost fills space inside of body. Posterior end with chitin- ous rectum about 1 mm long, 200» wide where it joins intestine, and about 40u wide at anus, which is terminal (pl. 11, fig. 18). 150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Type host—Fundulus heteroclitus. Location.—Peritoneal cavity. Locality.—Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39545. Remarks.—These relatively huge immature nematodes are fairly common, coiled up in the body cavities of both Cyprinodon varie- gatus and Fundulus heteroclitus, some of which are only about half as long as the worms. Usually one but occasionally two specimens occur In a single host. AGAMONEMA VOMITOR, new species PLATE 12, Figures 1-4 Specific diagnosis —Length 7.3 to 9.6 mm, with diameter of 165y to 250u, uniform for most of length. Cuticle finely striated except on dorsal side of tail, where there are coarse corrugations. Head 90u to 110u in diameter, capable of partial retraction so that cuticle may form a slight collarette. Two lateral lips, each with a promi- nent median papilla (pl. 12, figs. 1, 2); breadth of lips 32 to 38n. Anus 135 to 1754 from posterior end, the tail with minute knob- like termination (pl. 12, fig. 4), actually longer in small specimens, presumably males; esophagus 1.5 to 2.2 mm long, with diameter of 65 to 954, not divided into two regions; entire membranous lining of esophagus peculiar in being torn loose and turned inside out, remaining attached to mouth, when living specimen is cleared in carbolic acid and exposed to pressure under cover glass (pl. 12, fig. 3); esophageal lining when so everted has diameter of 45, in bulblike anterior expansion, then narrows to 22y, and then gradually widens to about 50u. Nerve ring 1604 to 200% from anterior end. Excretory pore about 1004 to 120» behind nerve ring. No trace of reproductive tubes present. Host —-Ictalurus furcatus. Location.—Stomach. Locality.—Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen —vU.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39547; paratypes, no. 39548. Remarks.—Several dozens of these immature nematodes were found in the stomach of a specimen of Jctalurus furcatus, a catfish ordinarily found in fresh water. The relationships of the worm are doubtful, but the lips and general appearance suggest affinity with the Physolopteridae. “ej —— — rl PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 151 Class ACANTHOCEPHALA Family NEOKCHINORHYNCHIDAE Travassos, 1917 ATACTORHYNCHUS, new genus Generic diagnosis—Body small, stout, ventrally curved, with greatest diameter behind middle. Proboscis very small, armed with about eight diagonally transverse rows of hooks, about eight in num- ber in anterior rows, about twice as many and half as large in posterior rows, the arrangement strikingly irregular. Hooks U- shaped, with large rod-shaped roots and slender spines, only tips of which project through cuticle. Proboscis sac about twice as long as proboscis. Retractor muscles of proboscis sac attached behind mid- dle of body. Lemnisci very long and large, extending about to middle of body, one containing one nucleus, the other two. Testes large, subglobular, contiguous; syncytial cement gland in contact with testes. Well-developed cement reservoir and seminal vesicle, the latter with two ducts. Type species —Atactorhynchus verecundus, new species. Remarks.—The only other genera in the family Neoechinorhyn- chidae with more than four horizontal rows of hooks on the pro- boscis are Zanaorhamphus Ward, 1918, and Pandosentis Van Cleave, 1920. Tanaorhamphus has a large, elongate proboscis with 20 or more transverse rows of large hooks, and a body that is cylindrical or enlarged anteriorly, while Pandosentis has a short cylindrical proboscis with hooks that are not U-shaped but bent at right angles, remarkably short lemnisci, and short retractor muscles. ATACTORHYNCHUS VERECUNDUS, new species PLATE 12, FicurES 5-7 Specific diagnosis—Body robust, bluntly rounded posteriorly, tapering to small proboscis anteriorly, and with maximum diameter behind middle of body. Females up to 6.5 mm in length, with maximum diameter about 0.63 mm. Males up to 4.5 long, usually smaller, with maximum diameter of 0.6 mm or less. Proboscis very small, nearly cylindrical, but slightly expanded distally, about 0.15 mm long and 0.06 mm in diameter. Hooks arranged irregularly in about eight diagonally transverse rows, the first four or five of which, occupying anterior two-thirds of proboscis, with about eight hooks each; last two or three rows smaller and with more hooks, last row having about 16, which are about half the size of anterior hooks. Hooks U-shaped, with broad, bluntly rounded roots and slender sharp points, only tips of which project through cuticle. $52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 83 Measured from top of bend both points and roots about 18p to 19p long in hooks at anterior end of proboscis and only 9p to 10p long in hooks of posterior row. Proboscis sac about twice length of proboscis. Retractor muscles of sac long and slender, attached pos- terior to middle of body, so anterior end of body can be, and fre- quently is, retracted. Lemnisci long, about half length of body, in males terminating at about anterior margin of anterior testis. Testes in posterior half of body, contiguous, 300u to 400 long and about two-thirds as wide. Syncytial cement gland just behind testes, sometimes smaller, sometimes larger, in size; number of nuclei not determined. Cement reservoir bag-shaped, just behind cement gland. Seminal vesicle rounded, dorsal to anterior end of cement reservoir, and connected with genital aperture by two ducts. Eggs in uterus of female 27, to 30 long and 12, to 13» broad. Host.—Cyprinodon variegatus. Location.—Intestine. Locality.—Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39549; paratypes, no. 695950. Remarks—This parasite was found in about 30 to 40 percent of the specimens of Cyprinodon variegatus taken in the upper parts of Galveston Bay in August and was present in fairly large numbers in some hosts. Highteen specimens of this fish taken on Galveston Island early in March yielded only two female worms, one in each of two hosts. Family CENTRORHYNCHIDAE Van Cleave, 1916 ARHYTHMORHYNCHUS DUOCINCTUS, new species PLATE 12, Ficures §, 9 Specifie diagnosis—Salmon colored when living, body spindle- shaped, quite abruptly narrowed posteriorly, 3.2 to 4.2 mm in length, with maximum diameter of 0.77 to 1.05 mm. Proboscis spindle- shaped, 6854 to 900n long, 160% to 200 in diameter anteriorly, 285 to 310u through bulged region, 200n to 240u at base. Proboscis hooks arranged in 18 or 19 longitudinal rows of 15 or 16 hooks each. Anterior hooks moderately slender, sharply bent at base, blade nearly straight, 53 long and 13» to 15 in diameter; hooks on bulged area shorter and heavier, more evenly curved, 474 long and 19, in diam- eter; posterior hooks slenderer, gently curved, 50n long and 8, to 10 in diameter. Neck unarmed, in form of truncated cone, 360, to 400u long. Anterior part of body with two bands or girdles with fine transverse striations, and armed with spines in fairly regular quincunxial arrangement; anterior band shortly behind neck, with PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—CHANDLER 153 about five or seven transverse rows of 50 to 60 spines each; posterior band of 10 to 13 transverse rows of 80 to 90 spines each. Spines all about 20n long. Anterior band 150, to 200u broad, posterior band 1802 to 300~ broad, separated by distance of about 75y to 150p. Proboscis sac very large, 1.45 to 1.75 mm long, with diameter of 250u to 300u. Lemnisci not recognizable. Testes just behind pro- boscis sac in posterior part of broad region of body, close together or separated by less than 75p, with diameter of 135p to 1454. Cement glands four, long and slender, extending from testes to near posterior end of body (about 1 mm). Host.—Paralichthys lethostigmus. Location.—Body cavity. Locality.— Galveston Bay, Tex. Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 39551; paratypes, no. 39552. Remarks —One of two specimens of Paralichthys lethostigmus examined contained eight immature specimens of this worm, attached to the mesenteries. The worms are in all probability the young of a species that matures in a fish-eating bird. Another form of strik- ingly similar general appearance, A. hispidus, was described by Van Cleave (1925) from a Japanese frog; it has been suggested by Fukui (1929) that A. fuscus Harada, 1929, obtained from Japanese night herons, may be the adult of this form. More recently Dollfus (1929a) has described an Arhythmorhynchus (A. siluricola) from two African catfishes, but I have not had access to this paper. Witenberg (1932) has erected a new genus, Southwellina, with Van Cleave’s A. hispidus as type. This genus is differentiated from _ Arhythmorhynchus by the spindle-shaped instead of cylindrical body and by having four instead of two cement glands. Since Van Cleave omits any reference to the cement glands in A. hispidus, Witenberg _ must either have re-examined Van Cleave’s material or have ac- cepted A. fuscus as a synonym of it. However, A. fuscus has the _ typical Arhythmorhynchus body form. I have seen no reference in _ the literature to the number of cement glands in members of the genus Arhythmorhynchus other than in A. fuscus, which has four. _ Lthe (1911) merely describes the cement glands as “ auserordent- _ lich lang und diinn, fadenférmig ”, but his figure of A. frassoni sug- gests more than two glands. Van Cleave (1916) in a revision of _ the genus in which he describes two new species, repeatedly refers _ to the cement glands as long and slender but makes no mention of _ their number. In my opinion the genus Southwellina cannot be considered valid in the present state of our knowledge of these forms; therefore the species here described, which would fit that genus perfectly, is 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 83 placed in the genus Arhythmorhynchus. It seems probable that the immature forms of Arhythmorhynchus found in the body cav- ities of their second intermediate hosts, frogs or fishes, differ from the adults in the relatively undeveloped condition of the posterior part of the body, which presumably elongates after the parasites have reached the intestines of their definitive hosts. The four cement glands of these young forms may possibly fuse into two when they elongate in the adults, but it is more probable that in the adult worms the attenuated glands, closely applied to each other, have not had their number accurately determined except in the case of A. fuscus. A similar error has been made in the case of Gorgorhynchus medius (see Chandler, 1934), and it would seem advisable to reinvestigate the number of the cement glands in the genera Centrorhynchus and Prosthorhynchus. GORGORHYNCHUS GIBBER Chandler, 1934 This species was found for the first time in two of three specimens of the marine catfish (Galeichthys felis) at Bolivar Point near the entrance from the Gulf of Mexico into Galveston Bay. It is a form close to H'chinorhynchus medius Linton, 1907, adults of which were found only in Mycteroperca apua, although encapsuled imma- ture specimens were found among the viscera of a number of spiny- rayed fishes. Linton’s species was transferred by me (1934) to a new genus Gorgorhynchus, of which the present species, G. gibber, was made the type. RHADINORHYNCHUS TENUICORNIS Van Cleave, 1918 This species, which Linton has recorded from a large number of species of marine fishes, was found in about 75 percent of the croakers (Micropogon undulatus), in two of three “spots” (Leio- stomus wanthurus), and in one thread-fin (Polynemus octonemus) taken in Dickinson Lake in the lower part of Galveston Bay, but it was not found in any of seven croakers or three spots taken in the upper reaches of the bay. I have published elsewhere (Chand- ler, 1934) a more complete description of this parasite than has hitherto been available. LITERATURE CITED Barreto, ANTONIO LUIS DE BARROS. 1922. Revisio da familia Cucullanidae Barreto, 1916. Mem. Inst. Os- waldo Cruz, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 68-87, 14 pls. BAYLis, Harry ARNOLD, and DAUBNEY, ROBERT. 1922. Report on the parasitic nematodes in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 263-347, 75 figs. BENEDICT, HARRIS MILLER. 1900. On the structure of two fish tapeworms from the genus Proteoce- phalus Weinland 1858. Journ. Morph., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 337-3€8, 1 pl. BREMSER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED. 1824, Traité zoologique et physiologique sur les vers intestinaux de l’homme, 574 pp., 12 pls. (atlas). CHANDLER, ASA CRAWFORD. 1934, A revision of the genus Rhadinorhynchus (Acanthocephala) with descriptions of new genera and species. Parasitology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 352-358, 1 pl. CRAM, ELOISE BLAINE, 1927. Bird parasites of the nematode suborders Strongylata, Ascaridata, and Spirurata. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull, 140, xvii+465 pp., 444 figs. CURTIS, WINTERTON CONWAY. 1911. The life history of the Scolex polymorphus of the Woods Hole region. Journ. Morph., vol. 22, pp. 819-853, 2 pls. DIesinG, KARL Moritz. 1855. Sechzehn Gattungen von Binnenwiirmern und ihre Arten. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien., math.-nat. Classe, vol. 9, pp. 171-185, 6 pls. DotiFus, Ropert PH. 1929a. Helmintha. I. Trematoda et Acanthocephala. In T. Monod’s ‘ Con- tribution & l’étude de la faune du Cameroun.” Faune Colonies Frangaises, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 73-114, 23 figs. 1929b. Sur les tétrarhynches. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 54, pp. 308-342. EcKMANN, F. 1932. Beitrige zur Kenntnis der Trematodenfamilie Bucephalidae. Zeit- schr. Parasitenk., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 94-111, 8 figs. FuxkuI, TAMAO. 1929. On some Acanthocephala found in Japan. Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 12, pp. 255-270, 36 figs. GEDOELST, LOUIS. 1916. Notes sur la faune parasitaire du Congo Belge. Rev. Zool. Afri- caine, vol. 5, fase. 1, pp. 1-90, 20 figs. HarabdA, ISOKITI. 1929. Ueber eine neue Species der Acanthocephalen. Jap. Journ. Zool., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 195-198, 1 pl. LARUE, GEORGE ROGER. 1914. A revision of the cestode family Proteocephalidae. MLllinois Biol. Monogr., vol. 1, nos. 1, 2, 350 pp., 16 pls. 155 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 LINTON, EDWIN. 1887. Notes on two forms of cestoid embryos. Amer. Nat., vol. 21, pp. 195-201, 1 pl. 1889, Notes on Entozoa of marine fishes of New England, with descriptions. of several new species. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1886, pp. 453-511, 6 pls. 1891. Notes on Entozoa of marine fishes of New England, with descriptions of several new species, pt. 2. Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1887, pp. 719-899, 15 pls. 1892. Notes on Entozoa of marine fishes, with descriptions of new species, pt. 3: Acanthocephala. Rep, U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1888, pp. 528-542, § pls. 1897. Notes on larval cestode parasites of fishes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, pp. 787-824, 8 pls. 1898. Notes on trematode parasites of fishes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 20, pp. 507-548, 15 pls. 1901. Parasites of fishes of the Woods Hole region. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 19, pp. 405-492, 34 pls. 1905. Parasites of fishes of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bull. U. 8S. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 24, pp. 321-428, 34 pls. 1907. Notes on parasites of Bermuda fishes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, pp. 85-126, 15 pls. 1908. Helminth fauna of the Dry Tortugas. I, Cestodes. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 102, pp. 157-190, 11 pls. 1924. Notes on cestode parasites of sharks and skates. Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 64, art. 21, 111 pp., 18 pls. Looss, ARTHUR. 1907. Beitraige zur Systematik der Distomen. Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. Syst.), vel. 26, no. 1, pp. 63-180, 9 pls. LUHE, MAx. 1911. Acanthocephalen, Stisswasserfauna Deutschlands, vol. 16, 116 pp. MANTER, HAROLD WINFRED. 1931. Some digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of Beaufort, North Caro- lina. Parasitology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 896-411, 25 figs. MAPLESTONE, PHILIp ALAN. 1930. Parasitic nematodes obtained from animals dying in the Calcutta Zoological Gardens, pts. 1-8. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 32, pt. 4, pp. 385-412, 38 figs. MONTICELLI, FRANCESCO SAVERIO. 1888. Contribuzioni allo studio della fauna elmintologica del golfo di Napoli. I, Ricerche sullo Scolex polymorphus Rud. Mitt. Zool. Station Neapel, vol. 8, pp. 85-152, 3 figs., 2 pls. PINTNER, THEODOR. 1918. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Tetrarhynchoideen. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Klasse, vol. 122, abt. 1, no. 2, pp. 171-253, 15 figs., 4 pls. SHIPLEY, ARTHUR EVERETT, and HORNELL, JAMES. 1806. Report on the cestode and nematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. Rep. Pearl Oyster Fisheries of Gulf of Manaar, pt. 5, pp. 42-96, 6 pls. PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES—-CHANDLER 157 SOUTHWELL, THOMAS. 1925. A monograph on the Tetraphyllidea with notes on related cestodes. Liverpool School Trop. Med. Mem., new ser., no. 2, xv + 3868 pp., 244 figs. 1930. Cestoda, vol. 1. In “The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma”, xxxi + 391 pp., 221 figs., 1 map. TENNENT, Davip HILT. 1906. A study of the life-history of Bucephalus haimeanus; a parasite of the oyster. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 49, pp. 685-690, 4 pls. TORNQUIST, NILS. 1931. Die nematodenfamilien Cucullanidae und Camalanidae. Gdodteborgs Kungl., Vet. Vitt.-Samh. MHandl., ser. B, vol. 2, no. 3, 441 pp., 14 figs., 17 pls. VAN CLEAVE, HARLEY JONES. 1916. A revision of the genus Arhythmorhynchus, with descriptions of two new species from North American birds. Journ. Parasit., vol. 2, pp. 167-174, 2 pls. 1920. Two new genera and species of acanthocephalous worms from Vene- zuelan fishes. Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, pp. 455-466, 2 pls. 1925, Acanthocephala from Japan. Parasitology, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 149-156, 11 figs. VAN CLEAVE, H. J., and MUELLER, JUSTUS FREDERICK. 1932. Parasites of the Oneida Lake fishes, pt. 1: Descriptions of new gen- era and new species. Roosevelt Wild Life Ann., vol. 3, no. 1, 71 pp., 14 pls. WALTON, ARTHUR CALVIN. 1923. Some new and little known nematodes. Journ. Parasit., vol. 10, pp. 59-70, 2 pls. 1927. A revision of the nematodes of the Leidy collection. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, pp. 49-163, 7 pls. Warp, Henry BALDWIN. 1918. Parasitic roundworms. Chapter 16 in Ward and Whipple’s “ Fresh- water Biology ”, pp. 506-552, figs. 811-855. Warp, H. B., and Macatu, THOMAS Byrpb. 1916. Notes on some nematodes from fresh-water fishes. Journ. Parasit., vol. 3, pp. 57-64, 1 pl. WITENBERG, GEORGE. 1932, Akanthocephalen-Studien. II, Ueber das System der Akanthoceph- alen. Boll. Zool. Napoli, vol. 3, pp. 253-266, 2 figs. WoopDHEAD, ARTHUR WH. 1929. Life history studies on the trematode family Bucephalidae. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 256-275, 1 pl. YAMAGUTI, SatTyv. 1934, Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Pt. 4, Cestodes of fishes. Jap. Journ. Zool., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-112, 187 figs. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1938 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 6 | 0.3 mm PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES. 1. Rhipidocotyle transversale. (a. s., Anterior sucker; c. g., eystogenous glands; g. a., genital atrium; i, intestinal sac; ov., ovary; ph., pharynx; t., testis; w., developing uterus; v., vitellaria; s. v , seminal vesicle; c. p., cirrus pouch.) 2, 3. Lecithochirium microstomum: 2, Ventral view; 3, median longitudinal section through anterior,end (€, esophagus; h. d., hermaphroditic duct; m., metraterm; p. c., prostate cells; ph., pharynx; p. p., prostatic part of vas deferens; sph., sphincter of metraterm; s. v., seminal vesicle; v. d., ventral depression; v. s., ventral sinus). 4. Unidentified distome from Mcenidia menidia. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOw. 83 PLATE 7 500 PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES: 1, Removed from cyst; 2, enlarged to show course of proboscis sheaths; 3, portion of 4, opposite views of one whorl of hooks on pro- ss sections through contractile bulbs at Tentacularia lepida: pars vaginalis, much enlarged to show granular bodies; boscis; 5, contractile bulbs (p. r., proboscis retractors); 6, cro levels indicated by A, B, and C in figure 5. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 8 1mm PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY RISHES: 1-4. Gymnorhynchus gigas: 1, Head and neck, showing attachment to spherical vesicle of blastocyst; 2, portion of proboscis about 1 mm from base, showing two whorls of spines; 3, portion of proboscis about 0.75 mm from base, showing parts of two whorls of spines; 4, spines from near base of proboscis, A, two or three rows proximal to B. 5, 6. G. malleus: 5, Entire larva in cyst; 6, head and neck. 7, 8. Proteocephalus elongatus: 7, Scolex; 8, A, vagina and cirrus pouch with cirrus retracted and vagina distended, and B, same with cirrus exserted and vagina not distended. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SS Peer a wySn to sl t Sees hee arn PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES. 1,.2. Proteocephalus elongatus: 1, Proglottid slightly past maturity; 2, female genital organs in posterior part of proglottid (/. vag., lower vagina; oc., oocapt; od., oviduct; ot., ootype; sh. gl., shell gland; ut., uterus; uw. vag., upper vagina; y. d., yolk duct; y. r., yolk reservoir). 3-6. P. australis: 3. Proglottid well past maturity; 4, ripe proglottid; 5, vagina and cirrus pouch, with cirrus exserted; 6, scolex. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 10 WwW | PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES. 1-5. Glossocercus cyprinodontis: 1, Entire specimen; 2, anterior end with scolex inverted; 3, neck region (A, median longitudinal section, showing cavity in neck and conspicuous excretory tubes; B, lateral longitudinal section, showing bands of muscle fibers); 4, scolex; 5, large and small hooks. 6-8. Contracaecum collieri: 6, Anterior end of body; 7, head; 8, posterior end of body. 9, 10. C. robustum: 9, Head; 10, posterior end of body. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PEATE 1 PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES. . Amphicaecum parvum: Anterior end. 4. 1 2-4. Goezia minuta: 2, Male; 3, male, anterior end; 4, male, posterior end. 5-7. Dichelyne fastigatus: 5, Female; 6, anterior end of male; 7, posterior end of male. 8-10. D. diplocaecum: 8, Young female; 9, anterior end; 10, posterior end of female. 11-13. Agamonema immanis: 11, Anterior end; 12, head; 13, posterior end. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 FLATE 12 PARASITES OF GALVESTON BAY FISHES. 1-4. Agamonema vomitor: 1, Head, dorsal view; 2, head, lateral view; 3, head, showing cuticular lining of esophagus ejected from mouth; 4, posterior end. PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued | SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 83 Washington: 1935 No. 2978 ON THE REPTILIA OF THE KIRTLAND FORMATION OF NEW MEXICO, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF FOSSIL TURTLES By Cuarues W. GItmore Curator, Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, United States National Musewm THE PRESENT paper records the results of a study of a small collection of reptilian specimens in the United States National Mu- seum from the Kirtland formation of New Mexico. It is a third contribution on this subject, as I have considered this fauna in two previous articles (Gilmore, 1916 and 1920). The materials were acquired (1) by a field party from the National Museum working under my direction, which spent the summer of 1929 collecting in the San Juan Basin; (2) by purchase of a small lot of turtles from C. H. Sternberg collected in 1923; and (3) by gifts from individuals or by transfer from the United States Geological Survey of a small but varied assortment of specimens. Study of these shows the presence of several new species of turtles, and other well-preserved specimens contribute to a better understanding of forms previously known. The recovery of additional though incomplete dinosaurian spec- mens is of interest in showing the presence of forms other than those previously reported. It is proposed to review briefly those dino- saurian species that are now in other museums but that have been described since the appearance of my 1920 paper. Thus all the new information relating to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the Kirtland formation is brought together in this one article. 116009—35——1 159 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 DISCUSSION OF GENERA AND SPECIES Order DINOSAURIA Since I reviewed the fauna of the Kirtland in 1920, notable ad- vances have been made in our knowledge of the Dinosauria of this period. The discovery of well-preserved specimens has shown the presence of a new genus of the Ceratopsia, of which two species, Pentaceratops sternbergit Osborn and P. fenestratus Wiman, have been named. The presence of a chasmosaurid ceratopsian appears to be indicated by a fragmentary specimen. ‘The genera Ceratops and Monoclonius, to which fragmentary specimens have previously been referred as occurring in this formation, should now be dropped from further consideration in that connection. Although it is quite evident that unrecognized ceratopsian genera are present here, better- preserved specimens are necessary before their affinities can be deter- mined. At this time those specimens referred to Ceratops and Mono- clonius have no significance except to indicate the presence of a ceratopsian with fenestrated frills. It is quite possible that some of the specimens so referred in the past may pertain to Pentaceratops. The family Hadrosauridae is represented by the two genera A7ito- saurus and Parasaurolophus; the latter is of especial interest, as its first occurrence outside of the Belly River of Canada is now recorded. | The discovery of Parasaurolophus, Gorgosaurus, and a chasmosau- rid dinosaur in the Kirtland formation known elsewhere only in the | Belly River is strong evidence in support of the idea of the equiva- | lence in age of these widely separated geological formations. Family DEINODONTIDAE GORGOSAURUS species A specimen (U.S.N.M. no. 8346) collected by Dr. J. B. Reeside, Jr., | in 1915, consisting of a left dentary, I described in a previous paper _ (Gilmore, 1916), but at that time I was unable to identify it. Com- parison of this bone directly with a dentary of Gorgosaurus libratus | Lambe from the Belly River of Canada now shows such close re- | semblances in size, shape, and other characteristics down to the small- | est details as to leave little doubt of their being congeneric. Likewise, — the number of alveoli (13) is in agreement with Lambe’s (1917) de- termination from a number of specimens that the dentary in this | genus bears 13 or 14 teeth. REPTILIA OF KIRTLAND FORMATION—GILMORE 161 Family HADROSAURIDAE Subfamily HADROSAURINAE KRITOSAURUS NAVAJOVIUS Brown Another occurrence of Avitosaurus navajovius is recorded by U.S.N.M. no. 8629, consisting of the posterior half of the skull, the left ramus, axis, and third and fourth cervical vertebrae. This speci- men was collected by Dr. J. B. Reeside, Jr., in the Kirtland forma- tion, 4 miles southwest of Kimbetoh, San Juan County, N. Mex., in 1916. It is slightly smaller than the type of the species, but agrees closely with it except in one particular—none of the teeth of the dentary show papillae, but all have smooth borders. The precise number of tooth rows in the dentary cannot be determined from this specimen, although it shows them to be more than 40. Subfamily LAMBEOSAURINAE PARASAUROLOPHUS TUBICEN Wiman PLATE 138, Figure 1 The presence of crested hadrosaurians in the Kirtland formation was recognized by me in 1919 on meager materials, but the descrip- tion of Parasaurolophus tubicen by Dr. Wiman (1931) is the first generic recognition of the Lambeosaurinae in these beds. The type specimen, now preserved in the Paleontological Institute of the University of Upsala, Sweden, consists of a partially disarticulated skull, with the posterior half of the characteristic overhanging crest formed by the frontals and premaxillaries, which leaves no uncer- tainty as to the proper assignment of this specimen. It was col- lected in San Juan County, N. Mex., in 1921, by C. H. Sternberg. U.S.N.M. no. 18492, consisting of a posterior half of the right maxillary with teeth, left femur, posterior end of the left ilium, and the almost complete articulated tail, is, on account of the tall spinous processes on the anterior caudal vertebrae, provisionally referred to this same genus and species. This specimen was collected in T. 25 N., R. 13 W., about 6 miles north of Hunter’s Store (Bisti P. O.), by N. H. Boss in 1929. The uncertainty of its reference is due to the incompleteness of the specimen on which the genus was estab- lished by Parks (1922), which had only the first four vertebrae of the tail present. Since the National Museum specimen lacks the spinous processes of these particular vertebrae, little of value remains for direct com- 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 parison. Of the two hadrosaurian genera now known from this formation, A7itosaurus may be dismissed from consideration, as the spines on the anterior caudals of a larger individual (Parks, 1929) do not have the elongated proportions of Parasawrolophus. The only other possible assignment, so far as known at the present time, is that this tail might pertain to the genus Hypacrosaurus, but more diagnostic materials are required to establish such a suggestion. Furthermore, Zypacrosaurus is an Edmonton genus, although since it has been recognized in the Two Medicine formation of Montana, no good reason exists why it might not also be found to occur in the Kirtland formation. The tail shown in plate 13, figure 1, was found articulated and is complete except for the possible loss of a vertebra or two at the distal termination. There are 68 caudal vertebrae present. These were in series with the posterior sacrals of which there are three centra preserved. The posterior end of the left ilium was retained in articulated position, as shown in plate 13, figure 1. All the verte- brae posterior to its hinder border are regarded as caudals. The spinous processes are largely missing on the first six caudals, and the chevrons on all anterior to the tenth. The first complete spine found on the eighth vertebra has a length of 481 mm (about 19 inches). The ninth is 479 mm, and as they become progressively shorter in a posterior direction, the presumption is that the missing anterior spines would progressively increase in length. Based on the progressive rate of change in the known spines it would be a con- servative estimate that the first caudal spine would have a height of 516 mm (about 2014 inches). Parks gives the length of spines in the first four vertebrae of the type of Parasaurolophus walkeri as 415, 410, 400, and 390 mm, respectively. Thus the Kirtland specimen exceeds P. walkeri in spine development, although the femur of the latter is shghtly longer, measuring 1,032 mm, as compared with 985 mm for the specimen under consideration. The great dorsoventral depth of the tail is strikingly illustrated by a vertical measurement taken across the fourteenth vertebra. Ifrom spine top to chevron tip it measures 3114 inches. The seventh caudal has a spine 875 mm and a centrum 69 mm long; the tenth vertebral centrum is 65 mm long. There are transverse processes on the first 16 vertebrae, but these are so poorly preserved as to be unworthy of description. As the principal features of this series are clearly set forth in plate 13, figure 1, further description of the tail is unnecessary. The posterior half of a right maxillary, partly filled with teeth, was found in the block carrying the sacral portion, and it is pre- GILMORE 163 REPTILIA OF KIRTLAND FORMATION sumed to belong to this same individual. The teeth of the functional series are much worn and extend but little below the alveolar border on the internal side. They have smooth borders, with strong median carinae, and none shows evidence of being papillate. In the present state of our knowledge concerning the teeth of the Hadrosauridae, the dentition of this specimen gives no assistance in its identification, especially since the teeth of the contemporary forms have not as yet been adequately illustrated or described. The left femur preserved with this specimen is in an excellent state of preservation, except for the loss of portions of the head. It is typically hadrosaurian and differs from the femur of P. walkeri in having the posterior extremity of the fourth trochanter precisely at mid length, whereas in P. walkeri it is well below the middle. Although this specimen is provisionally referred to P. tubicen, it may eventually be found to belong to a form as yet unrecognized in the Kirtland formation. Family CERATOPSIDAE PENTACERATOPS STERNBERGII Osborn PLATE 138, FIGURE 2 The genus Pentaceratops was established by Professor Osborn (1923) on a well-preserved skull found by C. H. Sternberg in the Fruitland formation. In 1929, George F. Sternberg collected a nearly complete right squamosal (U.S.N.M. no. 12002) (see pl. 13, fig. 2) in SW.V, T. 24 N., R. 18 W., San Juan County, N. Mex., from the Kirtland formation, which Lull (1933) identifies as per- taining to this species, thus recording the presence of P. sternbergii in the Kirtland formation. A second specimen (U.S.N.M. no. 12743), consisting of a supraorbital horn-core and parts of a squamosal from this same locality and formation, is quite certainly referable to P. sternbergii. The horn-core in size, shape, and curvature closely resembles that of the type specimen. The two other known speci- mens (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. nos. 1624 and 1625) are said to have come from the Fruitland formation. PENTACERATOPS FENESTRATUS Wiman This species was founded (Wiman, 1930) on a crushed but essen- tially complete skull, collected by C. H. Sternberg on the north branch of Meyers Creek, 1 mile south of Kimbetoh Wash, San Juan _ County, N. Mex., from the Kirtland formation. . Collected by A. C. Silberling.. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Similar to ?E. grangeri but slightly smaller, external cusps of M,; more numerous, and P, more elevated above M,;. P3 present. Also similar to E. cochranensis, but notch in anterior base of P, much more pronounced. Length P, (mean of 3 specimens) 5 mm. Length M, (2 specimens) 2.9 mm. Ratio length P,: length M, (2 specimens) 1.7. Ratio length M,: width M, (type) 2.4. Serra- tions P, (3 specimens) 13-15, type 14. Cusps M, (2 specimens) 10-11: 6, type 10:6. ?ECTYPODUS SILBERLINGL, new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9798, left lower jaw with incisor and P,-M2. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Pale- ocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. DNagnosis.—(Type specimen unique.) Similar to EL. musculus but smaller and more cusps on M,. Size close to ?Ptilodus sinclairi, but M, significantly longer absolutely and relative to its width and with more cusps. Length Py3.8mm. Length M,2.8mm. Ratio length P,: length M, 1.4. Length M,: width M, 2.6. Serrations P, 12. Cusps M, 9:5 (or perhaps, counting rudiments, 10:6). Crest of P, relatively low. 6 Named for Dr. Walter Granger for his work on the Paleocene of North America and Asia. 7 Named for Dr. L. S. Russell for his work on the Paskapoo. 8 Named for A. C. Silberling, who collected most of the mammals herein described. NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON Dor Genus PARECTYPODUS Jepsen * ?PARECTYPODUS JEPSENI,! new species Type-—U.S.N.M. no. 9769, left lower jaw with P,-M;. Col- lected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Pale- ocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—(Type specimen unique.) P3 absent and no notch in base of P;. Distantly suggestive of Parectypodus simpson, but very distinct, with fewer serrations on P,, absolutely and relatively longer M,, and markedly different cusp formula of M;. Length P, 4.3 mm. Length M, 3.1mm. Ratio length P,: length M; 1.4. Ratio length M,: width M, 2.2. Serrations P, 11. Cusps M, 7:6. Py, long and low. Order INSECTIVORA Family 7DELTATHERIDIIDAE Subfamily DIDELPHODONTINAE GELASTOPS,” new genus Type.—Gelastops parcus, new species. Distribution. Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—Resembling Didelphodus in the known parts but canine more erect, premolars more crowded, trigonid of M, longer relative to talonid, trigonids of M..; shorter and more elevated, M, and partic- ularly M; smaller relative to M,. M? (referred) extremely short and wide, paracone and metacone slightly more external than in Didel- phodus, metaconule vestigial, no trace of hypocone. GELASTOPS PARCUS,!! new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 6148, right lower jaw with canine, Mi, Ms, and alveoli. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Referred specimens from Gidley Quarry, type probably from same level, Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.-—Sole known species of genus as defined above. My (type) length 3.5 mm, width 2.3mm. Mz, (referred specimen) length 2.5 mm, width 2mm. M,; (type and one referred specimen) length 2.7-2.9 mm, width 1.8-1.9 mm. M7? (referred specimen) length 2.7 mm, width 5 mm. 9 Named for Dr. G. L. Jepsen for his work on the Paleocene of Wyoming. 10 Tedagrés, peculiar-+ay, aspect. 1 Parcus, thrifty, small. From its scanty remains and its small size. Gidley noted this as new but left no designation or diagnosis. 228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 88 Family LEPTICTIDAE Genus PRODIACODON Matthew and Granger PRODIACODON CONCORDIARCENSIS,"” new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9637, left lower jaw with P., P.,, M3, and alveoli. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality—Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Much smaller than Prodiacodon puercensis. Py, with paraconid projecting more anteriorly and median, talonid with 3 cusps (4 in P. puercensis). Ms with trigonid slenderer, paraconid more median, talonid less elongate, and 3 (not 4) talonid cusps. P, length 2 mm, width 1.1mm. Ms; length 1.9 mm, width 1.2 mm. (The species may not belong in Prodiacodon, but it is evidently closely allied to it, and the specimen is insufficient basis for a generic definition.) Genus LEPTACODON Matthew and Granger LEPTACODON LADAE,!3 new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9640, right lower jaw with P,-M;. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Pale- ocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Slightly larger than LZ. tener or L. packi and slightly smaller than L. siegfriedti, structurally closer to the former (subgenus Leptacodon) than to the latter (subgenus Leipsanolestes). Py, elongate, paraconid median, metaconid very small but in the same position as in L. tener, talonid as in that species. Molar paraconids smaller than in L. tener but distinct and internal. Hypoconulids of M,_3 more projecting than in L. tener. Talonid of M; more elongate and ento- conid smaller. Length M,_; in type 4.5 mm. LEPTACODON MUNUSCULUM,| new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9819, left lower jaw with M, and M3. Col- lected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Pale- ocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Slightly smaller than Leptacodon tener, paraconids more reduced and more strictly internal, talonid of Mz; relatively narrower. M, length 1.2mm. M,; length 1.1 mm. 12 Concordia, union + arz, fort + -ensis. From the Fort Union Group. 18 Ladae, Latin genitive of Adéas,a Greek (Laconian) athlete famous for his agility and speed, this species presumably having the same qualities. 4 Munusculum, a small gift. NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON 229 EMPERODON," new genus Type.—Emperodon acmeodontoides, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—P, with distinct, subequal paraconid and metaconid, a deep vertical posterior groove between the latter and the posterior crest from the protoconid, the latter crest with a vaguely cusplike swelling (smaller than in Acmeodon), external wall of protoconid concave verticallv, talonid bicuspid. Molars ieptictid, ef. Prodiaco- don, but paraconids relatively large and internal, cf. Acmeodon. EMPERODON ACMEODONTOIDES,'6 new species Type—U.S.N.M. no. 9850, right lower jaw with P,, Mo, and part of P;. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of genus. P, (type) length 2.8 mm, width 1.9 mm. M, (type and one referred specimen) length 2.9-3 mm, width 2.2-2.8 mm. M, (referred specimen) length 2.9 mm, width 1.9 mm. Family NYCTITHERIIDAE Although very distinct from any other known genus, the following form is more conveniently placed in this family than any other. STILPNODON,!’ new genus Type.—Stilpnodon simplicidens, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont... Diagnosis.—P, with very high, slender main cusp, minute rudimen- tary anterior basal cuspule, no metaconid, simple nonbasined talonid with one cuspule. Ms; reduced, distinct, low, nearly median para- conid, trigonid erect and moderately elevated above talonid, proto- conid large, trigonid nearly as long as talonid, talonid short. STILPNODON SIMPLICIDENS,|5 new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9629, left lower jaw with P3., M3, and alveoli. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of genus. P, length 1mm. Mg length 1.2 mm. 1)"Euanpos, deformed +ééots, tooth. From its peculiar Py. % Acmeodon(t) + -oides, from its resemblance to Acmeodon. 17 Lridavas, glistening +ddovs, tooth. uw Simpler, simple + dens, tooth. From the simple Px. 12697 —35——2 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Family PANTOLESTIDAE The following genus, fairly common in the quarry collections, is evidently allied to Pentacodon, but the pertinence of it and Pentacodon to the Pantolestidae is not well established. Another form is gener- ically indistinguishable from Palaeosinopa and surely belongs in the Pantolestidae, but is not closely related to Pentacodon or Aphronorus. APHRONORUS,” new genus Type.—Aphronorus fraudator, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—Generally similar to Pentacodon. P, with anterior end less produced downward than in Pentacodon, talonid more distinctly basined, with second cuspule more distinct. Mz; less reduced rela- tive to M,. Trigonid of My,» relatively shorter and entoconids relatively higher than in Pentacodon. Three talonid cusps of M3 more distinct. P* with metacone well differentiated but smaller than paracone, protoconule distinct. M! and to less degree M? slen- derer and more transverse than in Pentacodon, more leptictid in aspect. APHRONORUS FRAUDATOR,” new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 6177, left lower jaw with P.-M;. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry (one specimen from Silberling Quarry), Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of the genus. Much smaller than Pentacodon inversus. Lengths of lower teeth, in millimeters: P, (10 specimens) 3.2-3.8, M, (10 specimens) 2.8-3.1, M, (12 specimens) 2.5-2.9, M3 (7 specimens) 2.6-2.9. Genus PALAEOSINOPA Matthew PALAEOSINOPA DILUCULI,*! new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9810, left lower jaw with P,-M;. Collected by A. C. Silberling.. Paratype.—U.S.N.M. no. 9553, left upper jaw with P*-M®* (some- what broken). Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality.—Gidley and Silberling Quarries, Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Much smaller than any other known species of Palaeo- sinopa. P, strongly trenchant, with large anterior basal cusp and incipient basining of talonid. Molar cusps high and slender. M'? with smaller hypocones than in most advanced species. Metacone of M? distinct. Length M*? 6.1 mm. 19“Avpwy, crazy -+épos, mountain. From the locality; also in analogy with the many American fossils named for mountain ranges. 2 Fraudator, deceiver. From its resemblances to various different families (as Arctocyonidae, Leptic- tidae, and Hyopsodontidae), resemblances of which the majority must be deceitful. 4 Diluculi, of the dawn. From its great age. NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON 231 Family MIXODECTIDAE The following genus is so distinctive that it may not belong in this family, but it compares more nearly with Mizodectes, Cynodontomys, and their respective allies than with other genera known to me. EUDAEMONEMA,” new genus Type.—Eudaemonema cuspidata, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—Dental formula 5>-q3-° Median incisor much enlarged. Canine reduced, but larger than lateral incisor or P;. P,-, small, one rooted. Py, submolariform, comparable with Cynodontomys, with distinct paraconid, large, high metaconid, and basined, tricuspid talonid. Molar structure nearly as in Mizodectes (or Indrodon) but trigonids more elevated and all six cusps sharper and more distinct. EUDAEMONEMA CUSPIDATA,* new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9314, left lower jaw with C, P.-Ms, and roots or alveoli of all other teeth. Found by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and localityx—Gidley Quarry (and one specimen from Silberling Quarry), Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of genus as defined above. My,-3 (type) 10.9 mm. Order PRIMATES Dr. Gidley (1923, op. cit.) published thorough descriptions of the Fort Union Primates, and this is the only part of his projected memoir that can be considered as definitively completed by him. The rapid advances in knowledge during the past 12 years, nevertheless, neces- sitate reconsideration of his conclusions. These do not affect taxon- omy, the sole concern of this paper, except in requiring the generic separation of one of Gidley’s species. Gidley foresaw that this species was probably generically distinct, but with proper conservatism did not give a name that would require fuller validation by later research. The family position of these primate genera is dubious and requires more detailed discussion than can be given here. PALENOCHTHA,”™ new genus Type.—Palaechthon minor Gidley, 1923. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. E i Patty Ouse : Dragnosis.—Dental formula probably 753° Anterior lower dentition shorter than in Paromomys or Palaechthon and apparently 22 Bidarpdrnua, a piece of good fortune. Analogous with Olbodotes (“bearer of bliss’). 23 Cuspidata, cuspidate. I borrow the name from a label by Gidley, * Indrodon or new genus, cuspidatus”’, on a specimen probably of this species. There is no manuscript by him definitely referring to this form. The specimens referred to this species are highly variable—Gidley’s labels suggest that he was inclined to place them in several different genera and species—but they seem not to be clearly separable specifically. “4 Anagram of Palaechthon. 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 with one more tooth absent, probably P2. P, of about the same length relative to M, as in Palaechthon, but relatively higher, with no trace of the metaconid and only a very vague rudiment of the paraconid. M,-» similar to Palaechthon, but M; with smaller third lobe and un- divided hypoconulid. Upper molars comparable with Paromomys and Palaechthon but very slender, transverse, and more triangular, posterointernal expansion much weaker, inner base not bilobed, and M? shorter relative to M?. Order CARNIVORA Family ARCTOCYONIDAE Gidley (1919, op. cit.) placed most of the Fort Union and some of the Torrejon arctocyonines in a new genus, Neoclaenodon. Thorough restudy with greatly augmented materials shows that the separation from Claenodon is not valid. It was based essentially on one specimen of each supposed genus, and analysis of many specimens shows that a generic distinction does not exist. Among many other points this is emphasized by the fact that Gidley defines Neoclaenodon as having the premolars more reduced than in Claenodon, and Matthew (ms.) says they are less reduced in Neoclaenodon. There is a new species of this group, collected since Dr. Gidley’s death, and a new genus based on a new species recognized but not published by him. Genus CLAENODON Scoit CLAENODON VECORDENSIS,® new species Type —U.S.N.M. no. 13781, left M?*. Collected by A. C. Silberling and G. G. Simpson, 1932. Horizon and locality —tLocality 9, 300 feet above base of the recognized Fort Union, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. (This is about 900 feet below the Gidley Quarry, but probably still in the Middle Paleocene.) Diagnosis —M? similar to that of C. silberlingi in outline but 10 to 20 percent larger, somewhat more transverse, hypocone vestigial, and strong, crenulated internal cingulum. M4! relatively as large as in C. ferox and similar, but metacone smaller, external border more evenly rounded, and hypocone present although rudimentary. M? length 9mm, width 13.5 mm. M? length 6.7 mm, width 10 mm. DEUTEROGONODON,” new genus Type.—Deuterogonodon montanus Gidley, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. % Vecors, crazy+—ensis, geographical adjectival suffix. 26 Aeirepos, second, subsequent +ywvia, angle +ddovs, tooth. Named in analogy with Protogonodon. IER SaaS RS SEES carer ae NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON 233 Diagnosis —Dentition basically arctocyonid and resembling Proto- gonodon and Claenodon. Distinct, small hypocone on M?-° (at least), cingula almost completely circling these teeth. Small but well- defined mesostyle present. Parastyle of M? a distinct, strongly projecting cusp. Lower molars with trigonid only slightly higher than talonid, metaconid smaller than but as high as protoconid. Paraconid very small, subconical, on anterior slope of metaconid. Talonid basin open with continuous crescentic lophid differentiated into three apices. Enamel wrinkled, but little or no tendency to form accessory cuspules. DEUTEROGONODON MONTANUS Gidley, new species, ex ms.27 Type.-—U.S.N.M. no. 6160, part of right maxilla with M?® com- plete and broken M'~?, and left lower jaw fragment with talonid of M, and most of M,. If these should prove not to be of one individual, the upper jaw is to be taken as type and the lower as a paratype. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Paratype.—U.S.N.M. no. 6161, isolated right Mo. Horizon and locality —Locality 25, about 400 feet below Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis —Gidley: ‘Somewhat larger than P. [Protogonodon] pentacus (Cope).” Simpson: Sole known species of genus as defined above. M7? median width 14.6 mm. M? length 10 mm. Mz, (paratype) width 10.5 mm, length 12.6 mm. The following new genus is in several ways transitional between the so-called arctocyonine and oxyclaenine creodonts. It helps to emphasize the fact that a separation of more than subfamily rank, at most, is unjustified between these two groups. Among the smaller and more strictly carnivorous forms, the oxyclaenines proper, there are two new sharply distinct species of Chriacus, two new genera probably allied to Chriacus, and a species related to Yricentes and tentatively retained in that genus but so distinctive that it may be necessary to create another genus for it when it is better known. PROTHRYPTACODON,”’ new genus Type.—Prothryptacodon furens, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis —Canine semiprocumbent, root extending beneath pre- molars (as in Thryptacodon). Py. spaced widely. Py, similar to 37 Dr. Gidley’s notes contain two drafts of a description of this species, in both of which it is referred to Protogonodon. On one the words ‘‘new genus’’ have later been written under ‘‘ Protogonodon,” but there is no generic name or diagnosis. Dr. Gidley thus recognized both genus and species as new, but only the Jatter can be published as by him. 28 IIpo, before + Thryptacoden. 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Thrypiacodon. Molar trigonids higher than in Thryptacodon, para- conids reduced and in nearly same position as in Thryptacodon, but more distinct, higher on crown, trigonids less basined and with fewer accessory cuspules. Only one distinct inner talonid cusp, the ento- conid (two in Thryptacodon). PROTHRYPTACODON FURENS,” new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9260, right lower jaw with P,-M; and alveoli. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry (referred specimen from Silberling Quarry), Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of genus. Measurements of type in millimeters: P, M; M2 M3; Length | Width | Length | Width | Length | Width | Length | Width Genus CHRIACUS Cope CHRIACUS PUSILLUS,*! new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9270, right lower jaw with P,-M,. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality.—Gidley and Silberling Quarries, Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Much smaller than C. pelvidens, lower premolars high and slender. Anterior basal cusp and talonid of P, relatively small. Trignoid of M, short. Ms; slightly reduced. Measurements of type in millimeters: 2% Furens, raging. 80 Pusillus, puny. rt eS ee ee Sib iy 4 4 2 a i 5 ai Seem de at NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON 935 CHRIACUS PUGNAX,3! new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 13782, right lower jaw with M,_, and alveoli. Collected by A. C. Silberling and G. G. Simpson, 1932. Horizon and locality —Locality 78, Fort Union, probably Middle Paleocene (older than Gidley Quarry), Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Much larger than C. pusillus, about the size of C. pel- videns, but molars markedly wider, trigonids less elevated, talonid of M, notably wider than trigonid. M, length 7 mm, width trigonid 4.9 mm, width talonid 5.9 mm. METACHRIACUS,” new genus Type.—Metachriacus punitor, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis —Premolars like Chriacus. Molar trigonids less ele- vated, paraconids reduced but near metaconids, trigonid basin with crenulated anterior margin, accessory cuspules also tending to develop elsewhere, especially on notched metaconid-entoconid crest. Molars wide and heavy, especially M3. METACHRIACUS PUNITOR,® new species Type.-—U.S.N.M. no. 9288, left lower jaw with M,-3. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Paratype-—U.S.N.M. no. 9286, right lower jaw with P;—-M; (M, and M; broken). Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality—Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis—Heel of P, squarely truncated, inner side nearly basined, with two cuspules. Molars relatively weak, crenulation moderate. Measurements of type in millimeters: M, M; M; Length | Width | Length | Width | Length | Width METACHRIACUS PROVOCATOR,* new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9278, left lower jaw with P.-M;. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality——Locality 51 (probably referable specimen from locality no. 24, near same level, both below Gidley Quarry), Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis—Heel of P, more pointed, only one distinct cusp. Molars very broad and heavy, crenulations pronounced. Measure- ments of type in millimeters: 31 Pugnaz, combative. 383 Punitor, avenger. 32 Mera, prefix of change of condition, etc. +-Chriacus. 34 Provocator, one who challenges to combat. 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 82 P, | M; M, M3 Length Width | Length | | Width | Length | Width | Length | Width | | Ont 5. 2 ca. 6.5 4,0 | SPANOXYODON,*» new genus Type.—Spanoxyodon latrunculus, new species. Iistribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—Symphysis long, subcylindrical, with procumbent canine. P,, absent. P;-M, closely similar to Chriacus but meta- conid of P, larger and paraconid of M, more median than in the geno- type and probably other species of Chriacus. SPANOXYODON LATRUNCULUS, * new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9287, left lower jaw with canine alveolus and P;-M,. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality.—Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of genus. Measurements of type in millimeters: P; P, M, M, Length Width | Length | Width | Length | Width | Length | Width 3. 8 2.3 5. 0 2. 8 5. 2 3. 9 5. 8 4.5 | Genus TRICENTES Cope TRICENTES LATIDENS # Gidley, new species, ex. ms. Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9269, left lower jaw with canine and P.—Ms3. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. 35 Saves, few +dtds, pointed +68ovs, tooth. From the reduced premolars. 3% Latrunculus, a small bandit. 47 Latus, wide + dens, tooth, in allusion to the wide talonids, Dr. Gidley’s notes are sketchy and were clearly only preliminary, but they plainly distinguish the species and apply a name toit. I designate as type a specimen surely conspecific with that suggested in the notes and much better preserved. It seems almost certain that this change was intended by Gidley, although not clearly made in his notes. ee ee ee eee ee a OR ee SS Se ee a” et) ee ee er ee ee NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON 237 Diagnosis.—Gidley: ‘‘About the equivalent of 7. subtrigonus in size but presents the following differences: (1) The teeth are more massive, (2) the molars are relatively wider especially in the region Ol piney wneelin yt aut (sie t, ebuthe q ore) ict => cS Pe as oe ae a ie ere le late oO oO ces o o kK o o Wyeast = 4 Bey Relist nee dpe ee eveinta ee P| el Family MIACIDAE There are at least four very distinct species of miacids in the collec- tion. One is poorly known and near Didymictis haydenianus, from which it cannot properly be distinguished. Of the others, one cer- tainly represents a new genus and the other two may be referred to Didymictis, although sharply distinct from other species of that broadly drawn genus. ICTIDOPAPPUS,* new genus Type.—Ictidopappus mustelinus, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—Differing from Didymictis in the relatively smaller and much simpler P3.4 and relatively lower and longer trigonid of M,, from Viverravus in the wider and more triangular P, and more definitely basined talonids, and from other miacids in the absence of M3. P, shorter than M, but nearly as high, relatively wide, subtriangular, not markedly trenchant, paraconid and metaconid barely indicated, talonid very short, vaguely cusped, no other cuspules and no cingulum. ICTIDOPAPPUS MUSTELINUS,® new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9296, right lower jaw with P;—M, and talon- id of M,. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis—Sole known species of the genus as defined above. Measurements of type in millimeters as follows: 38 ?'Ixris, weasel-+-pamzos, grandfather. Also in analogy with Viverravus. ® Mustelinus, relating to or resembling a weasel. 238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83. , P; P; M, Length | Width | Length | Width | Length | Width Genus DIDYMICTIS Cope DIDYMICTIS TENUIS,‘) new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9297, part of left lower jaw with broken P, and complete M,. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis —Much smaller than any comparable miacid. Py, with short high main cusp and single posterior cusp, both subconical, M, with very elevated trigonid, hypoconid and entoconid about equally high and distinct. M, length 2.9 mm, width 1.8 mm. DIDYMICTIS MICROLESTES,#! new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9301, left lower jaw with P,-M;. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry (and one referred specimen from Silberling Quarry), Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, -Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Generally similar to D. haydenianus but much smaller, anterior cusp of P, higher and more trenchant, heel of P, with one central cuspule and one very small marginal posterior cuspule, posterior end of P, relatively wider and more transverse, talonid of M, almost as wide as trigonid. Measurements of type in millimeters as follows: Py M, M2 Length | Width | Length | Width | Length | Width Order CONDYLARTHRA Family PHENACODONTIDAE Most of Dr. Gidley’s manuscript notes refer to this group, and he evidently planned a preliminary paper onit. There are three separate 40 Tenuis, feeble. Gidley notes that two or three new species of this genus or family are present, but his records contain no exact reference to these species. 41 Mixpés, small+Ansrns, plunderer. NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON 239 drafts of part of his brief account of the phenacodonts. None is com- plete, it is not certain which is most recent, they are not consistent with each other, and they have notations for further study never made or, at least, recorded. It is thus improper to publish these notes as they stand and impossible to edit them in such a way as to be sure of representing Dr. Gidley’s views correctly. I have therefore studied the group de novo, but have incorporated as many of Gidley’s names and diagnoses as possible. Genus TETRACLAENODON Scott TETRACLAENODON SYMBOLICUS Gidley, new species, ex ms. Type—U.S.N.M. no. 6169, part of right lower jaw with M, and alveoli of P3., and M,. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Paratype—(Added by Simpson.) U.S. N.M. no. 6168, jaw fragment with right M,.. and an isolated left P;. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Diagnosis.—Gidley: ‘This species is smaller than FE. [ Tetraclaenodon] puercensis, being about intermediate in size between that species and E. minor [Tetraclaenodon pliciferus|. The lower molars are propor- tionately narrower transversely than those of the former species and the lower jaw is much shallower. This last character may be due in part, however, to a less mature condition of the specimen which rep- resents a young individual with the first true molar just coming into use. The striking similarity in detail of the lower molars with those of E. [T.] puercensis is a notable feature of the species and separates it clearly from E. minor [T. pliciferus]. The more notable points of similarity are the slight roughening and wrinkling of the enamel sur- face and a tendency of the teeth to break up into small cuspules.” # Simpson: Intermediate between Tetraclaenodon pliciferus and T. puercensis in size but nearer the former both in size and structure. The only constant difference from T. pliciferus is greater size, inade- quate for specific differentiation were it not correlated with wide geo- graphic separation. Crenulations perhaps slightly more pronounced and paraconid weaker than in 7. pliciferus, but these are highly vari- able characters of doubtful taxonomic value. M,, 3 specimens, length 7.5-7.9 mm, width 6.3-6.4 mm. Mb, 2 specimens, Jength 7.8—8.2 mm, width 7mm. Ratio trigonid width : talonid width M, 1.01-1.06. ?TETRACLAENODON SUPERIOR, “ new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 11918, part of left lower jaw with talonid of M,, unworn M2, and M;in capsule. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Locality 11 or 13, about 3,000 feet above the Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle or perhaps Upper Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. 42 This appears to be a good distinction from figures of 7’. pliciferus, but actual specimens of the latter do not differ markedly from 7. symbolicus in this respect.—G. G. S. 4 Superior, higher, in reference to its stratigraphic position. 240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Diagnosis.—Molars about as long as in T. symbolicus, but markedly narrower. Crenulation slight. Paraconid vestigial, trigonid broadly basined with crenulated anterior margin. External cingulum absent. M, length 7.7 mm, width 6.2 mm. Ratio trigonid width: talonid width M, 1.13. This species may belong to Gidleyina (infra). GIDLEYINA, new genus “4 Type.—G. montanensis Gidley, new species. Distribution.—Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—Closely resembling Ectocion, but upper premolars with much smaller metacones, first and second molars with smaller mesostyles and hypocones, protoconules of P?~* and M'~? slightly more united by lophs to protocone. Among Middle Paleocene genera closest to Protoselene, but sharply distinguished by large postero- internal protocone on P*, distinct conules on P*, and other details. GIDLEYINA MONTANENSIS Gidley, new species, ex ms. Type.—Princeton no. 12048, part of left maxilla with P°-M? and a probably associated right P?. Horizon and locality.—Locality 68, about 1,000 feet above Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Gidley:* ‘‘Parastyle and mesostyle prominent, meso- style angular and continuous with the ectoloph; P* with internal cingulum and with low but well-defined lophs connecting the summit of the protocone with the protoconule and base of the metacone, respectively.” Simpson: Measurements in millimeters as follows: pe re ps M! M? Length | Width | Length | Width! Length | Width | Length |Width | Length | Width ——_——| | | | |. |_|. | | 4.5 3.1 5.9 5.8 7.0 9.0 6.9 9.9 ?GIDLEYINA SILBERLINGI Gidley, new species, ex ms.‘6 Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 6166, partial left lower jaw with P;—Ms. (Three other fragments are included in the same lot and probably are 44 In one draft of Gidley’s notes the genotype is referred to Huprotogonia, in another to Ectocion, and in another to a new genus. Even supposing the last to be his latest opinion, as it probably was, I cannot validate Gidley’s authorship of the genus as the name he uses is preoccupied. It is appropriate that a genus that he recognized and one of the most important in the collection that he worked on for so long should be named for Dr. Gidley. (Gidleya Cossman, 1907, is a fossil bovid.) 46 Much of the diagnosis consists of measurements, which I replace with new figures. 45 This species was at first referred to Muprotogonia and then to Ectocion by Gidley. Probably he finally recognized its probable pertinence to the genus I have called Gidleyina, but this does not appear in his notes. Only enough of his diagnosis is quoted to validate his authorship of the species; it is based on reference to Euprotogonia [ Tetraclaenodon] and is therefore not fully apropos. NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON DAL conspecific, but more than one individual is present, and I exclude all but the principal specimen from the type material.—G. G. 5.] Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Locality 27, about 500 feet above the Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis—Gidley: ‘““* * * Jaw relatively long and slender, especially anteriorly; the teeth proportionately narrow transversely * %* * with a decided tendency to selenodonty * * *. The paraconid in the molars is vestigial or lacking, and P, is submolari- form * * * the heel * * * having the crescentic form of that of the molars, while the metaconid is large and as high as the protoconid.” Simpson: Not directly comparable with Gidleyina montanensis.” Generically distinct from any other described lower jaws. Differing from all species of Hctocion in the crescentic talonid crest of P3, less molariform P,, and some details in the molars, from Tetraclaenodon in the talonid basin and crescent of P3, somewhat less distinct molar paraconids, smoother enamel and fewer crenulations, and from Protoselene in the much more molariform P3_,. Measurements in millimeters as follows: P; P, M, M2 M; Length |Width| Length |Width| Length |Width| Length |Width| Length | Width Family HYOPSODONTIDAE Hyopsodontids are very abundant in the quarry collections. The most typical and common Torrejon genus, Mioclaenus, has not been identified in the collection, but there is a distinctive species tenta- tively referable to the Torrejon genus Ellipsodon, and there are three new genera. All these, even including the species placed in Ellipso- don, show a more marked resemblance to the later hyopsodontids, or to the hyopsodontines as opposed to the mioclaenines, than do the Torrejon forms. They thus tend in a very important way to corrob- orate Matthew’s union of the frequently separated supposed fam- ilies Mioclaenidae and Hyopsodontidae, and they make even a sub- family distinction between the two groups impractical on present data. 47 This may be the lower dentition of G. montanensis, but this cannot be demonsirated, and there is some indirect evidence against it, making even generic identity uncertain. In view of these doubts it seems practical and warranted to follow Gidley and list this important form as a species. 242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Genus ELLIPSODON Scott ELLIPSODON AQUILONIUS,‘5 new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9280, right lower jaw with P;-M; and alveoli. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Paratype-—U.S.N.M. no. 9567, right upper jaw with P?-M ?. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality —Gidley and Silberling Quarries, Fort Union, Middle Paleocene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Closest to Ellipsodon acolytus among previously named species. Teeth in general somewhat slenderer in build. Metaconid of P, more distinct. Talonid of M; more elongate and narrow. Re- sembles Litaletes in the advancing molarization of Py, but generally nearer to Ellipsodon. Measurements of type in millimeters: P; P, M, M, M; Length | Width} Length} Width| Length| Width} Length} Width! Length; Width LITALETES,*” new genus Type.—Lutaletes disyunctus, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—Resembles the most primitive species of Hyopsodus (oe. g., H. simplex) in the molarization of P44 and presence of a small, distinct hypocone separate from the protocone. Differs in the rela- tively larger M%, rudimentary protocone of P, smaller hypocones than any typical Hyopsodus, protoconid-metaconid crest less oblique, and paraconid generally less reduced. LITALETES DISJUNCTUS,* new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9323, right lower with C—M; (M; broken). Collected by A. C. Silberling. Paratype —U.S.N.M. no. 9324, right upper jaw with P®-M?. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of genus. Measurements of type in millimeters: ‘8 Aquilonius, northern. Dr. Gidley recognized this species, and there is a rough draft of a diagnosis probably of this form, but the diagnosis and designation of type are ambiguous, and as there is no name in his notes or labels he cannot be quoted as author. 9 Airds, simple +4Aérys, grinder. From the simple molars and in analogy with Haplomylus, Litomylus, and other genera. 50 Disjunctus, disconnected. From its deviation from other members of the family. NEW PALEOCENE MAMMALS—SIMPSON YAZ LITOMYLUS,*! new genus Type.—Litomylus dissentaneus, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—Lower teeth generally similar to Protoselene but rela- tively narrower and more lightly built. P, with sharp anterior blade, rudimentary anterior cuspule low on the crown, low well-defined metaconid separated from protoconid by a distinct pocket, talonid relatively shorter and lower than in Profoselene. 'Talonid of Mz; less elongate. Molar paraconids vestigial and median as in Protoselene; unlike Ellipsodon or Litaletes. LITOMYLUS DISSENTANEUS,®*? new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9425, left lower jaw with P;-M;. Collected by A. C. Silberling. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of genus. Measurements of type in millimeters: P3 Py M, M, M3 a a ct a 3 el eal clas eee ce eel es a = o a irs Ses a te =i ro o iS o = o o o = na S Bese MnP een eR J ea aS S HAPLALETES,*® new genus Type.—Haplaletes disceptatrix, new species. Distribution.—Middle Paleocene, Fort Union, Mont. Diagnosis.—P3 with small basal paraconid and rudimentary meta- conid. (P, unknown.) Protocone distinct on P* and large on P*. Rudimentary metacone on paracone slope of P*. M,_» and particu- 51 Airds, simple +nbdos, millstone. From the simple molars and in analogy with Haplomylus, Litaletes, and others. 82 Dissentaneus, disagreeing. From its disagreement with the more common mioclaenines. 83 ‘Ardéos, Simple +déXérns, grinder. From the single molars and in analogy with Haplomylus, Litaletes, and others. 244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 82 larly M; short and broad, with very slightly elevated trigonids and low blunt cusps, paraconids vestigial, median, not fusing with meta- conids, external cusps lower than internal. M!'~' similar to Litaletes, but protocones relatively smaller and hypocones relatively larger. HAPLALETES DISCEPTATRIX,* new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 9500, right lower jaw with P;-M;. Collected. by A. C. Silberling. Paratype.—U.S.N.M. no. 9555, right upper jaw with P?-M?’. Col- lected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Sole known species of genus. Dimensions of type in millimeters: P; Py M, M, M; Length | Width | Length | Width| Length | Width} Length | Width} Length Wiath | f f Order AMBLYPODA The only periptychid so far found is an anisonchine apparently indistinguishable from the Torrejon Anisonchus sectorius. The ab- sence of Periptychus, so abundant in contemporaneous beds elsewhere, is striking and emphasizes the poor representation of the macrofauna. in contrast with the remarkable variety of the microfauna. Family PANTOLAMBDIDAE Genus PANTOLAMBDA Cope PANTOLAMBDA INTERMEDIUS, new species Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 8384, left lower jaw with M,.. and alveoli of C-—P,, associated with symphysis fragment with right I,.. and alveoli of left I,.3. Collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. Horizon and locality —Gidley Quarry, Fort Union, Middle Paleo- cene horizon, Crazy Mountain Field, Mont. Diagnosis.—Intermediate in size between P. bathmodon and P. cavirictus. P, with one large root, close to canine, followed by short diastema. P2.4 2-rooted. Lower molars closely resembling those of P. cavirictus but entoconid more distinct. M, length 13.2 mm, width 11.2 mm. M, length 14.8 mm, width 12.1mm. (The widths may have been reduced somewhat by corrosion.) 4 Disceptatriz, one who decides. From its apparently decisive evidence of union between the hyope sodonts and mioclaenines. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1938 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM a Az WHOS, 457 HSO) Or p Noe SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 83 Washington : 1936 No. 2982 FIVE NEW GENERA AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF UNSTALKED CRINOIDS By Austin H. Ciark Curator, Division of Echinoderms, United States National Museum sr In revising the genera and species of the large comatulid family Antedonidae, it was found that a more precise definition of certain generic groups was desirable. This is made possible by the creation of three additional genera the recognition of which will assist in bring- ing out more clearly the true interrelationships of the species in the groups concerned. In addition to these three genera there are de- scribed herein a new genus based upon a hitherto undescribed species from the northeastern Pacific and a genus that has long been used by the author but never formally diagnosed. A small West Indian comatulid recorded from the Blake collection by Dr. P. H. Carpenter as Antedon hagenii was for a long time a mystery, as none of the specimens were received by Hartlaub when, after Carpenter’s death, the Blake collection was sent to him. This now turns out to be a species quite different from Coccometra hagenit, and it is described below as Compsometra nuttingi. It is assigned to the genus Compsometra with some misgivings, but until more adequate and more extensive material is available it seems better to place it here than to create a new genus for it. 46083—36 245 246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Genus COMPSOMETRA A. H. Clark COMPSOMETRA NUTTINGI, new species Antedon hagenii (part) P. H. Carpenter, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 154-156 (pp. 4-6 of separate), 1881 (Dominica to Grenada; 75-291 fathoms; Barbados; Grenada). Antedon hageni (part) P. H. Carpenter, Challenger Reports, Zoology, vol. 26, pt. 60, pp. 22, 54, 207, 367, 368, 373, 377, 1888 (Caribbean Islands).—A. Aaassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 15 (reprinted as ‘‘Three Cruises of the Blake’’), pt. 2, p. 124, 1888 (Dominica to Grenada; 75-291 fathoms). Coccometra hagenti (part) A. H. Cuarx, Univ. Iowa Studies in Nat. Hist., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 8, 26, 27, 1921. Description.—The centrodorsal is hemispherical, or low and broadly rounded conical, with a broad area free of cirri and covered with relatively large papillae from the center of which the low, rounded, conical, dorsal pole protrudes. The cirri are XXV-XXX, 9-11, 3.5 to 5 mm long. The first segment is not so long as broad; the second is longer than broad, strongly constricted centrally with the distal end prominent; the third is about four times as long as the median width with the terminal fourth expanded; the fourth is the longest, about five times as long as the median width; the fifth is about as long as the third; and the sixth is about three times as long as the median width. The seg- ments following decrease in length to the second before the last, which is twice as long as the median width, the antepenultimate, which is half again as long as broad, and the terminal, which is slightly longer than broad and bears a blunt opposing spine. The distal ends of the third and following segments are expanded and produced all around into a thin transparent border that overlaps the base of the segments succeeding; this becomes less prominent on the short distal segments. The 10 arms are 25 to 40 mmin length. The earlier brachials have the central portion of the distal edge strongly produced and armed with several stout webbed spines. Beyond the second syzygy the brachials are constricted centrally and have produced and spinous distal ends. The distal brachials are much elongated and very strongly constricted centrally; the syzygial unions are also much swollen. The distal intersyzygial interval is usually two muscular articu- lations. P, is long and slender, evenly and gradually tapering and becom- ing very delicate distally. It is composed of 18 to 20 segments of which the first is about as long as broad, the second is slightly longer than broad, the third is twice as long as the median width, strongly constricted centrally, and the remainder are much elongated, four or five times as long as the median width, with swollen proximal ends and the distal ends strongly flaring and spinous. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK 247 P, is about two-thirds as long as P; and is much stouter basally, though becoming very slender in the distal half. It is composed of 11 to 12 segments of which the first is short, the second is longer than broad, and the third and following are much elongated with expanded and spinous distal ends. There is a long ovate gonad on the third— fourth or third—-fifth segments. The following pinnules are similar. The lower and middle pinnules have the distal ends of the segments strongly produced and armed with prominent spines. The distal pinnules are very slender. Type.—From the University of lowa’s Barbados—Antigua Expedi- tion station 15; Barbados. U.S.N.M. no. E. 4289. Range.—West Indian Islands, from Cuba to Grenada; from shallow water to 532 meters. Remarks.—This new species, which heretofore has been confused by the author and others with the very different Coccometra hagenii, appears to be most closely related to Compsometra parviflora of the East Indies. ANNAMETRA, new genus Annametra A. H. Cuark, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 82, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 618, 647, 648, 681, 723, 1921; The Danish Ingolf-Exped., vol. 4, no. 5, Crinoidea, p. 41 (range), p. 52 (in key), 1923. Diagnosis.—-A genus of Antedoninae in which P; is of the same length and character as the succeeding pinnules; P, and P, have 18 to 32 segments; P, is shorter than P, though similar to it; and the cirri are short and stout, strongly recurved distally, resembling the cirri of Antedon petasus, with 10 to 16 segments. Genotype.—Cominia occidentalis A. H. Clark, 1915. Range.—Cape of Good Hope; southern Japan; 0-47 meters. Included species —Annametra occidentalis (A. H. Clark); A. minuta (A. H. Clark). CARYOMETRA, new genus Diagnosis.—A genus of Zenometrinae in which the centrodorsal is elongate conical with its sides not divided into radial areas, bearing beneath each radial three columns of cirrus sockets of which the median ends at about the middle of the centrodorsal; the cirri are long but delicate with rather numerous (30-35) segments of which the longest proximal are two to three times aslong as broad and the fifteenth and following are about as broad as long, or broader than long, with small terminal dorsal spines; the elements of the IBr series and the lower brachials are not in lateral contact, and their edges are smooth; and all the pinnules are present. Genotype.—Adelometra tenuipes A. H. Clark, 1908. Range.—Off Habana, Cuba; 386 meters. Included species.—Caryometra tenuipes (A. H. Clark). 248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 EOMETRA, new genus Diagnosis.—A genus of Zenometrinae in which the centrodorsal is small, conical with somewhat swollen sides, about as high as broad at the base, almost completely covered with cirrus sockets, which are arranged in 10 closely crowded columns of 2 or 8 each; the cirri are slender and only slightly curved distally, gradually tapering to a fine point, with all the segments except the basal much elongated and without dorsal processes; the elements of the [Br series and lower brachials are smooth and not in lateral contact; all the pinnules are present; P; and P, are similar, the latter the longer; P; and the pinnules following are much longer than P». Genotype.—Psathyrometra antarctica A. H. Clark, 1915. Range.—Antarctic; 2,725 meters. Included species.—Eometra antarctica (A. H. Clark). BOLEOMETRA, new genus Diagnosis.—A genus of Bathymetrinae in which the first six or seven segments of P; are as broad as, or broader than, long; there are not more than 30 cirrus segments; and the brachials and pinnule segments have smooth distal edges. Genotype.—Antedon clio A. H. Clark, 1907. Range.—Southwestern Japan; 195 meters. Included species.—Boleometra clio (A. H. Clark). RETIOMETRA, new genus Diagnosis.—A genus of Bathymetrinae in which P, is much elon- gated, about twice as long as P2, and composed of 20 to 30 segments; P, resembles the succeeding pinnules and bears a large gonad; the brachials have slightly produced and spinous distal ends; the centro- dorsal is low hemispherical; and the cirri are short with 11 to 20 segments of which the longest are not more than three times as long as broad and the distal do not bear dorsal spines. Genotype.—Retiometra alascana, new species. Range.—Southeastern portion of Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska; vicinity of Marion Island (southeast of the Cape of Good Hope); 91-1,270 meters. included species—Retiometra alascana, new species; Retiometra exigua (P. H. Carpenter). RETIOMETRA ALASCANA, new species Description.—The centrodorsal is very low with a broad bare dorsal pole about one-third the diameter of the centrodorsal in width; the 45 to 60 cirrus sockets are closely crowded and increase slowly in size from the vicinity of the bare dorsal pole to the periphery. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK 249 The cirri are XLV-LX, 11-12, 7 or 8 mm long. The first segment is half again to twice as broad as long; the second is nearly twice as long as broad; the third and fourth are nearly three times as long as the median width, slightly constricted centrally; and those following slowly decrease in length so that the antepenultimate is not quite twice so long as broad, at the same time losing the median constriction so that they appear slightly broader in lateral view. The penultimate segment is half again as long as broad. The opposing spine is small, terminal, and directed obliquely forward; its dorsal profile makes practically a straight line with that of the penultimate segment. The terminal claw is about as long as the penultimate segment, rather stout at the base, evenly tapering, and evenly and strongly curved. The distal edges of the radials are even with the rim of the centro- dorsal. The IBr, are extremely short, about six times as broad as long in the median line, just in contact basally, with the lateral edges so strongly convergent as to make almost a straight line with those of their neighbors. The IBr, (axillaries) are triangular, broader than long, the anterior angle, which is not produced, approximately a right angle, the anterior sides only slightly concave, the lateral angles extending far beyond the anterolateral angles of the IBr,, yet widely separated from those of the adjacent axillaries, and with a slight well- rounded process in the median portion of the proximal border. The 10 arms are 55 to 75 mm in length. The first brachials are very short, twice as long exteriorly as interiorly, with the proximal half of the inner edges of those of each arm pair in contact and the distal halves diverging at first in a straight line, which later turns abruptly upward in a slightly rounded right angle. The second brachial is much larger and is irregularly quadrate. The first syzygial pair (formed of the third and fourth brachials) is slightly longer interiorly than exteriorly, and about as broad as the median length. The next five brachials are almost oblong, and about half again as broad as long. The following brachials become almost or quite triangular, about as long as broad, and gradually wedge-shaped and elongate distally. The distal edges of the brachials are slightly produced and finely spinous, giving the profile of the arm a regularly serrate appearance. Syzygies occur between brachials 3+4, 9+10, and 14+15, and distally at intervals of 2 (rarely 3) muscular articulations. In the type specimen P, is 10 mm long with 20+ segments, slender but not attenuated; the first segment is short, the second is about as long as broad, the fourth and fifth are twice as long as broad, and the distal are about four times as long as broad. The elongated segments have somewhat abruptly produced and overlapping distal ends, which are armed with very fine spines. P, is 8 mm in length with 13 250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 segments of which the first is broader than long, the second is about as long as broad, the third is twice as long as broad, and the remainder are much elongated with produced and finely spinous ends. P3 is similar to P,, and the pinnules following are similar. After P; the gonads gradually become smaller, disappearing after Pip. Type-—From Albatross station 3330; north of Unalaska (lat. 54°00/45’’ N., long. 166°53’50’’ W.); 642 meters; bottom tempera- ture 3.22° C.; black sand and mud; August 21, 1890. U.S.N.M. no. EK. 1141. Range.—Southeastern Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska; 291 (?197)-1,270 meters. This species is usually found associated with the very much larger Florometra asperrima. U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936 , PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 83 Washington : 1936 No. 2983 NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS ENODIA AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FRITILLARY FROM PERU By Austin H. Ciark Curator, Division of Echinoderms, United States National Museuin THe capture at Virginia Beach and at Princess Anne, in Princess Anne County, Va., on September 23 and 24, 1934, of a series of about 380 specimens of a satyrid butterfly belonging to the genus Enodia brought up the question of the proper application of the names that have been proposed for the species of this genus. In 1781 Johan Christian Fabricius (Species insectorum, vol. 2, p. 82, no. 363) described Papilio portlandia in the following terms: Portlandia 368. P. N. G. alis dentatis fuscis, posticis supra ocellis quinque coecis, Subtus septem pupillatis. Habitat in America meridionali. Mus. Dom. Yeats. Paruus. Alae anticae fuscae versus apicem fascia flauescente maculis tribus ocellaribus atris. Posticae fuscae maculis quinque atris iride flauescente absque pupilla. Subtus fuscae strigis obscurioribus. Antiecae versus apicem fascia lata apice bifida alba et in hae ocelli quatuor atri iride flaua, exterioribus pupilla alba. Posticae fascae versus apicem alba et ocello vnico ante fasciam, sex pone fasciam atris vltimis duobus connatis iride flaua pupillaque oblonga argentea. This may be translated: P. N. G. with brown dentate wings, the posterior above with five blind ocelli, below with seven pupiled ocelli. Habitat in southern America. In the [John Pattison] Yeats collection. A small species. Fore wings brown, toward the 46082—36 251 Zoe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM You. 83 apex with a yellowish band with three black eye-spots. Hind wings brown with five black spots tinged with yellowish and without pupils. Beneath brown with darker stripes. Fore wings toward the apex with a broad white band bifurcated apically in which are four black eye-spots tinged with yellow, the outer with a white pupil. Hind wings with a white band toward the apex, a Single eye-spot in front of the band, and behind the band six, the last two twinned, tinged with yellow and with an oblong silver pupil. Fabricius listed portlandia between (Vanessa) itea from New Zea- land (362) and (V.) cardui (364), indicating that he regarded it as a nymphalid related to these two species. In its general appearance it certainly does resemble a nymphalid more than it does most satyr- ids. The locality “America meridionalis” given by Fabricius means simply “southern America.” In 1787 Fabricius (Mantissa insectorum, vol. 2, p. 45, no. 439) changed the name portlandia to iortlandia, This was probably merely a typographical error. Jacob Hiibner did not mention Fabricius’ portlandia, which he seems to have been unable to identify, possibly having been misled by the position between two species of Vanessa in which it was placed by that author. Sometime between 1806 and 1818 (Sammlung exotischer Schmet- terlinge, vol. 1) Hiibner described and figured Papilio (Oreas Mar- morata) andromacha. This appears to differ in no way from Fabricius’ portlandia, of which it is generally conceded to be a synonym. In 1818 (Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge, p. 61, no. 587) Hiibner listed this species as Hnodia andromacha. In 1821 (Index exoticorum lepidopterorum, p. 1) Hiibner substi- tuted the specific name androcardia for andromacha, giving no expla- nation for the change. He wrote simply “Andromacha Pap. nym. f. Oreas marmorata: Enodia Androcardia.” It is possible that the name was changed because of an earlier Papilio (Parnassius) andromacha of Fabricius (Systema entomologiae, p. 466, no. 102, 1775), which is Acraea andromacha of the Australian region. Thomas Say in 1859 (American entomology, vol. 1, p. 81, pl. 36) published a detailed description and colored figures of a specimen of Hipparchia andromacha from Arkansas. In 1878 Ferdinand Heinrich Herman Strecker (Butterflies and moths of North America, p. 148, no. 299) described a specimen from Texas as ab. a. ¢—Spots on upper surface of primaries very small and almost obsolete, the transverse lines entirely wanting. In the cells (excepting the discoidal) accompanying the veins are broad furry fuscous lines connected inwardly, open outwardly, leaving sagittate spaces of the brown ground colour in the middle of each cell. Mus. Strecker. In 1888 W. H. Edwards (The butterflies of North America, ser. 8, pt. v, Debis 1) published a detailed account of the life history of BUTTERFLIES OF GENUS ENODIA—CLARK 253 Debis portlandia with colored figures of both surfaces of each sex and of the early stages, and gave a survey of the occurrence, habits, and distribution, which covers all the forms. His figures of adults represent the form found in the mountains of West Virginia. In 1897 (Ent. News, vol. 8, no. 10, p. 236) Dr. Henry Skinner de- scribed Debis creola from specimens sent to him by G. R. Pilate, who had captured them at Opelousas, La., on July 3, 1897. He said that this was probably what Dr. Strecker described as aberration a, based on a specimen from Texas, and added that Dr. A. G. Butler had recognized this species and that there were specimens in the British Museum from the Godman and Salvin collection, and that the great development of the male sexual patch seemed to him to be of specific importance. Dr. Skinner compared his new species with porilandia. In 1926 (Ent. News, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 42) Dr. Skinner said he knew of ercola only from the type and allotype in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy and the perfect figure in Holland’s Butterfly Book. He said that typical portlandia was well figured by Edwards and that the Academy had some nice specimens from as far north as Miniota, Manitoba. The form occurring at Gainesville, Fla., Mobile and Chickasaw, Ala., and Macon, Ga., he called andromacha. In 1982 (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 234-255) Dr. A. Glenn Richards, Jr., considered in some detail E'nodia portlandia, E. p. andromacha, and FE’. creola. He examined the male genitalia of all three and found no constant morphological differences. “Any two slides, even of the same form,” he said, “will show a number of small differences, but these minute gaps are all bridged over in a series of preparations so that we can account for all differences on a basis of individual yariation.” He remarked: “The distinctions between the northern and southern races of portlandia are slight and intangi- ble, southern specimens being larger and presenting a somewhat dif- ferent aspect (the value of a separate racial name seems superfluous). Creola, however, is separated in the male by the sex scaling and more triangular fore wing, but I can not separate possible females of this species from large females of andromacha, and know no one who can distinguish them in this sex.” He wrote that he found ecreo/a and andromacha flying together along a shady river trail southeast of Athens, Clarke County, Ga., and from a single “play-group” several times took a series of andromacha along with a single specimen of creola. In 1935 I recorded (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 115-116) a typical male of Hnodia creola from the Edward T. Owen collection in the United States National Museum that had been taken in Michigan by David Bruce, of Brockport, N. Y., a female of this form from Palos Park, Il., dated July 9, 1911, and another female without data. These individuals are smaller than those from 254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 83 Georgia in the National Museum collected by Dr. Richards and are also smaller than the two figured by Dr. W. J. Holland, which I have been permitted to examine through the courtesy of Dr. Hugo Kahl, of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh, Pa. On September 1-38, 1935, I found Hnodia creola fairly common along the western border of the Dismal Swamp (Nansemond escarp- ment) in Nansemond County, Va., from Suffolk southward, and also farther west. Here it occurs in company with /#. portlandia, in some places in about equal numbers. East of the Dismal Swamp, and in the wetter woods generally, only £. portlandia was found. In life both sexes of 2. creola are easily distinguishable from the correspond- ing sexes of /’. portlandia at some distance. Belligerent males of £. creola are extremely quick in their movements, resembling vanessids. The specimens from Princess Anne and Virginia Beach (pl. 22, figs. 8, 4) agree so closely with portlandia as described by Fabricius, and with andromacha as figured by Hiibner, as to leave no doubt of their identity. Twenty additional specimens in the collection of the United States National Museum (of which 13 are in the Barnes collection) agree with them. These are from the following localities: MISSISSIPPI: Vicksburg, George Dorner, September 1908 (1). ALABAMA: Chickasaw, Mobile County, W. C. Dukes, May 21, 1921 (1); June 19, 1921 (4) ; 20, 1922 (2) ; 25, 1922 (2) ; August 1, 1920 (1) ; 8, 1920 (2); 15, 1920 (1) ; October 22, 1922 (1). Froripa: Gainesville, May 1922 (2). SourH Carontina: Charleston (1). New Jersey: Palisades, George P. Engelhardt, July 20, 1908 (1). AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE: From the Boisduval collection (1). The form called E'nodia portlandia andromacha by Richards is the same as that represented by these specimens. A quite distinct form is that referred to as ab. a 6 by Strecker, as Debis creola by Skinner, and as H’nodia creola by Richards (pl. 22, figs. 5,6). This form is now known to range from northern Tlinois, Michigan, and Virginia southward to northern Georgia, southern Louisiana, and Texas. It is still rare in collections. A third form, occurring in the East from southern New Hamp- shire southward to the higher altitudes of North Carolina and pos- sibly farther (pl. 22, figs. 1, 2) is lighter, less brightly marked, and usually smaller than true portlandia. This is the form referred to as portlandia by Skinner and Richards, and by American authors generally. It is locally frequent in the mountains of Virginia, where its quick and active movements and its habit of keeping gen- erally low down in the underbrush distinguish it rather sharply from the less active and commonly high flying true portlandia of the coastal region. Since none of the names that have been pro- posed for species of this genus is applicable to it, it may be known as en ae ee be ee BUTTERFLIES OF GENUS ENODIA—CLARK 255 ENODIA PORTLANDIA ANTHEDON, new subspecies PLATE 22, Ficures 1, 2 Diagnosis—In general similar to 2. p. portlandia (Fabricius) ; wings beneath without white; ocelli of fore wings beneath in a straight line; ocelli of hind wings beneath each with a circular white pupil. From /’. creola (Skinner) it differs in the absence of white beneath; in having the post-medial line on the under side of the fore wing with a single angle, at vein 4; in the somewhat less produced primaries, especially of the male; and in the absence of the broad furry band on the upper surface of the primaries in the male. Type—U.S.N.M. no. 51137 (William Barnes collection), from Lava, Sullivan County, N. Y., taken in June. A fourth form, ranging from central Maine and Quebec westward to Manitoba seems to be worthy of recognition. It may be known as ENODIA PORTLANDIA BOREALIS, new subspecies Diagnosis —Closely resembling #. p. anthedon; upper surface darker, with the dark margin of the hind wings broader and more uniform; lower surface darker and more brownish, usually with the ground color less varied and sometimes quite uniform, with only faint indications of a narrow lighter line enclosing the rows of spots on the fore and hind wings; on the hind wings the dark band be- tween the light line enclosing the row of spots and the fine sub- marginal light line is, beyond the fourth and fifth spots, broader— usually much broader—than the distance between the submarginal line and the edge of the wing. Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51138 (William Barnes collection), from Hymers, Ontario, July 1-7. Twenty-two specimens are at hand from the following localities: MANITOBA: Miniota, June 17, 1928, H. Gibbon (1); July 1, 1922 (1); July 10, 1920 (12). Winnipeg, July 1-7 (1); no date (1). OnTARIO: Hymers, July 1-7 (2). QuEBEC: Meach Lake, Ottawa County (1); somewhat intermediate between this and the preceding form. MAINE: Sebec Lake, July 16-23 (1); July 24-31 (2) ; more or less intermediate between this and the form preceding. Enodia portlandia borealis is very variable, but it seems always to be distinguishable by the broader dark border on the hind wings above and by the relatively broad dark area between the row of spots and the submarginal light line on the hind wings below. The interrelationships of the forms included in the genus E'nodia are shown in the following key: 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 KEY TO THE FORMS INCLUDED IN THE GENUS ENODIA @. Male with the fore wings more pointed than those of the female, above with a broad furry band interrupted at the veins and by long triangles in the interstices; under side of fore wings with post-medial line irregular, interrupted above vein 6, out- wardly oblique between veins 6 and 4, and usually slightly in- dented on vein 5; on hind wings below the fourth ocellus is smaller than theyfifth 22-222 wf teh ne eee creola (pl. 22, figs. 5, 6) a’, Sexes practically alike; under side of fore wings with post- medial line more or less oblique from costa to vein 4, or just above it; on hind wings below the fourth ocellus is larger than the flth= 258s Ss ee ee ee ee ee ee ae portlandia b*. Wings beneath with the rows of ocelli edged with white inte- riorly and more or Jess completely exteriorly; on the fore wings a white band runs from the costa to the region of the second ocellus, and beyond this a narrower white band runs from the costa to the upper part of the first ocellus; row of ocelli on under side of fore wings curved; second and third ocelli on under side of hind wings with elongate pupils, and fourth usually without a pupil. portlandia portlandia (pl. 22, figs. 3, 4) b*. No white on wings beneath; row of ocelli on under side of fore wings below straight; all the ocelli on hind wings below have similar circular pupils. c¢. Dark border on hind wings above narrow and tapering anteriorly; on the hind wings below the dark band be- tween the light line bordering the fourth and fifth spots and the submarginal light line is little, if at all, broader than the distance between the submarginal light line and the margin of the wing___-portlandia anthedon (pl. 22, figs. 1, 2) @. Dark border on hind wings above broader and more uni- form, not narrowing appreciably anteriorly; on the hind wings below the dark band between the light line bordering the fourth and fifth spots and the submarginal light line is broader, usually much broader, than the distance between the submarginal light line and the edge of the wing; ground color below browner and usually more) uniform .2 232 sul Ce be ee ee portlandia borealis Although when typically developed the four forms included in the genus H'nodia are quite different, three of them are very closely related. On the basis of the available material it appears that typical portlandia intergrades more or less with anthedon, and the latter intergrades with borealis, the relations between the three suggesting the relations between Cercyonis alope pegala, C. a. alope, and C. a. nephele occurring in the same general regions. Richards said that creola intergrades with portlandia. It agrees, however, more closely with anthedon, as is evident from the straight- ness of the row of ocelli on the under side of the fore wings, the absence of clear white beneath, and the fact that all the ocelli on U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 22 1, 2. Enodia portlandia anthedon, new subspecies, 3, type specimen. Lava, Sullivan County, N. Y., taken in June. U.S.N.M. no. 51137 (William Barnes coll.); upper (1) and under (2) sides. 3, 4. Enodia portlandia portlandia (Fabricius), 9, Princess Anne, Va.; A. H. Clark, September 24, 1934. U.S.N.M.; upper (3) and under (4) sides. 5, 6. Hnodia creola (Skinner): 5, 3, western edge of Dismal Swamp, about 8 miles south of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va., A. H. Clark, September 1, 1935, under side, U.S.N.M.; 6, 2, western edge of Dismal Swamp, near Suffolk, Va., A. H. Clark, September 2, 1935, under side, U.S.N.M. 7, 8. Brenthis hana, new species, 2, type specimen. Chanchamayo, Peru, on the eastern slope of the Andes. U.S.N.M. no. 51139 (William Schaus coll.); upper (7) and under (8) sides. BUTTERFLIES OF GENUS ENODIA—CLARK 257 the under side of the hind wings are pupiled (compare figs. 2, 5, and 6, pl. 22). Judged from the specimens at hand, and from my experi- ence with it in life, creola is readily distinguishable in both sexes from portlandia and its two forms and is a perfectly valid species. For the privilege of studying the material in the National Museum collection I am under deep obligations to the late Foster H. Benja- min, who also was so good as to go over the literature with me and to assist me in other ways. Dr. William Schaus has called my attention to an apparently new fritillary from Peru in his collection, now in the National Museum, and has been so kind as to suggest that I describe it. This new frit- illary may be known as BRENTHIS HANA, new species PLATE 22, Ficures 7, 8 Description—Expanse, 41 mm. Distance from tip of fore wing to center of thorax, 24mm. Antennae, 12 mm long. Head thickly beset with long golden-brown hairs, becoming silky white on the frons and beneath and behind the eyes. Sides of palpi with a broad band silky white, heavily scaled and without hairs. Upper, inner, and lower sides of the palpi with very long golden- brown hairs, darkest above, lighter below, becoming whitish toward the base below. Antennae yellowish brown, the club darker. Thorax black with numerous long golden-brown hairs. Abdomen above black with a sparse investiture of long golden-brown hairs, which laterally become brownish-gold scales; beneath the scales become more densely packed and lighter, and are interspersed with numerous long whitish hairs. Fore wings roundedly pointed, the outer border convex in the apical third, becoming straight in the lower two-thirds. Hind wings well rounded, curving slightly more sharply around the end of vein 4 than elsewhere, and with a slight indication of an anal lobe. Wings above dull yellowish fulvous, in the basal portion slightly infuscated and with numerous long golden-brown hairs, the veins and markings uniform dark yellowish brown. Costal border of fore wings brown, with numerous fulvous scales in the proximal half. Outer margin of wings narrowly dark brown. Parallel to the dark border and near it on the hind wings is a narrow dark brown scalloped line, these two dark lines being separated by a fulvous line slightly wider than the inner dark line interrupted by the dark veins. This is repeated on the fore wings, but here the brown is more extensive so that the effect is that of a broad brown border with rather small crescentic fulvous spots that become still 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 83 smaller and more triangular apically. Each interspace, except the uppermost on the hind wings, bears a conspicuous oval dark spot dis- tant from the inner dark line, in the middle of the interspace, about as far as that is from the outer edge of the wing. On the fore wing the spot between veins 2 and 3 is the largest, those on either side of this being slightly smaller, and the three nearer the apex much smaller, the middle one larger than the other two. On the hind wings the most anterior spot is very small, the next is larger, the following is small, though larger than the first, the two succeeding are large again, and the last is very small. Beyond the inner ends of these spots and the same distance from them as the submarginal line is a moderately broad continuous line, broadened at the veins and narrowed in the middle of the interspaces so that the dark submar- ginal spots lie each in the center of a ight oval patch bordered by the dark veins and the concave borders of the lnes on either side of them. On the fore wings from the costal border somewhat beyond the middle a rather broad dark line runs directly inward to vein 5, then diagonally outward to vein 4, where it meets the line just described in a rather narrow point. Midway between the inner end of this line and the end of the cell a heavy dark line crosses the interspace between veins 4 and 3; just beneath the end of the cell a similar line crosses the interspace between veins 3 and 2; just touching the inner side of the lower end of the last a similar lne, turning out- yard in its lower half, crosses the interspace between veins 2 and 1; just below the origin of vein 2 a similar line, turning inward in- stead of outward in its lower half, runs between veins 2 and 1. The two lines crossing the interspace between veins 2 and 1 are con- nected by a line parallel to the veins in the middle of the inter- space. The end of the cell is crossed by a broad dark bar, broadest at the ends, with some light scales in the middle of its basal portion. In the outer half of the cell, touching the costal border though not quite reaching the vein below, is a broad 8-shaped figure with a few light scales in the middle of its lower half. On the hind wings a well-defined, narrow, almost straight dark line runs from the basal third of the costal border parallel to the inner margin to vein 4, where it approaches very near the line within the row of submarginal spots; at this point it turns at approximately a right angle and runs toward the inner margin of the wing as far as vein 1. Within this line the markings of the wing are obscured by dark infuscation and long hairs; but the dis- tal portion of the cell and the inner ends of the interspaces above and below the cell are light. On the under side the fore wings are lighter and more yellowish than above, becoming pale reddish cinnamon apically. The markings BUTTERFLIES OF GENUS ENODIA—CLARK 259 of the upper side are for the most part only very faintly indicated in slightly darker fuscous yellow; but the post-medial line is nar- rowly and sharply defined in dark brown, the spots in the three lowest interspaces are reproduced in dark brown, there is a narrow brown band across the end of the cell with a very fine curved line beyond it, and there is a chevron-shaped mark or incomplete circle in the middle of the outer half of the cell. The outer half of the costal margin, a narrow marginal line on the outer border, and the veins where they cross the pale reddish cinnamon apical area are silky white—almost silvery. A narrow but conspicuous line of the same silky white color runs from near the apex downward and sharply inward nearly to vein 6. Hind wings beneath pale reddish cinnamon with the veins and a narrow marginal line conspicuously silky white and the costal margin light silky grayish. The markings of the upper side appear very faintly indicated on the lower. A long light fuscous-yellow band occupies the interspace beyond the end of the cell, running from near its outer end to just within the cell. The inner ends of the two interspaces beneath the end of the cell are dark brown, and the inner ends of the two interspaces above the end of the cell are obscurely dark brown. Type—U.S.N.M. no. 51139, from Chanchamayo, Peru, on the eastern slope of the Andes. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 83 Washington : 1936 No. 2984 POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS FROM AMOY, CHINA By Aaron L. TREADWELL Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. C.C. A. Monro (1934) has listed 40 species of polychaets from the coast of China, most of which were from Amoy and collected by Dr. T. Y. Chen, of the University of Amoy. The following report is upon a smailer coijlection of annelids, also made by Dr. Chen, from the neighborhood of Amoy and presented by him to the United States National Museum. It comprises but 31 specimens yet represents 21 species. Eight are apparently new: Two species of polynoids, Lepidonotus minutus and Lepidasthenia ocellata; a leodicid, Marphysa orientalis; four nereids, Nereis (Neanthes) linea, N. (Neanthes) orientalis, N. (Nereis) amoyensis, and N. (Leptonereis) distorta; and a cirratulid, Cirratulus branchiatus. Only five-—Chloeia flava, Lysidice collaris, Marphysa sinensis, Nereis (Neanthes) oxypoda, and Nephthys sinensis-— are common to both collections. The material on the whole is well preserved, but since in most cases only one individual of a species is present, there is a degree of un- certainty in the diagnosis of new species. Monro made similar comment on the collections he studied. Family AMPHINOMIDAE Genus CHLOEIA Savigny CHLOEIA FLAVA (Pallas) Aphrodita flava Pallas, 1766, p. 97-102, pl. 8, figs. 7-11. One specimen (Chen no. 21). 49206—36——1 261 262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Family POLYNOIDAE Genus LEPIDCONOTUS Leach LEPIDONOTUS MINUTUS, new species Two very small specimens, both tightly coiled so that measure- ments are hard to get, but they are about 7 mm long and 2.5 mm wide. From their small size I at first thought that they must be young, but since one contains mature eggs they obviously are adult. There are 12 pairs of elytra, completely covering the body. The prostomium is longer than wide, its posterior margin over- lapped by the nuchal fold, and is unusual in having no lateral bulgings or curves, the posterior diameter being only a little greater than the anterior. There are two pairs of subequal eyes, both pairs visible from above and situated rather in front of the middle of the prosto- mium (fig. 18, a). The cirrophore of the median tentacle is a trifle larger than those of the lateral, and its style extends only a short distance beyond the lateral ones. All are of uniform diameter except at the ends, where they narrow to form very delicate tips, those of the lateral ones being longer than that of the median. The basal two- thirds of each style is darker than the apex, but there is no definite pigmentation. The palps are not very large and reach to only a short distance beyond the tentacles. The tentacular cirri are very similar to the tentacles. In the parapodium (fig. 18, 6) is a heavy dorsal cirrus that extends beyond the setal lobe. The notopodium is recognizable only by the position of the acicula and the small tuft of setae arising direct from the body wall. The posterior lip of the neuropodium is truncate at the end, and from there its ventral margin extends downward as also a straight line, making an angle of about 45° with the end. The anterior lip, into which the acicula extends, is more conical. The ventral cirrus is slender and does not reach the end of the parapodium. In the notopodium are two kinds of slender colorless setae. Both have slender stalks and carry two rows of fine-toothed plates. In one kind the stalk is short and ends in a rounded apex, being free from plates for an appreciable distance from the end. In the others, which are more than twice as long as the first, the stalk is drawn out into an exceedingly fine point, and toothed plates extend nearly or quite to the end. This point is difficult to determine with accuracy, since the stalk becomes very slender and the plates exceedingly small. It is quite possible, in fact, that the terminal denticulations are, as have been described in other species, fine teeth and not toothed plates. It may be that the shorter of these setae are really broken specimens of the longer type, but the ends seem too well rounded and entire for that. The neuropodial setae are of only one kind, all much heavier than the notopodial (fig. 18, c). They widen near the ends and then POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS FROM CHINA—TREADWELL 263 narrow to a blunt point. On the concave surface of the terminal portion are about six toothed plates. The elytra overlap on the mid-dorsal line of the body. They are oval in outline, and the greater part of the surface is covered by pig- K m 0 FIGURE 18.—New species of LEPIDONOTUS, LEPIDASTHENIA, and MARPHYSA. a-d, Lepidonotus minutus: a, Prostomium, X 20; 6, parapodium, X 27; c, seta, & 185; d, elytron, x 465. e-h, Lepidasthenia ocellata: e, Prostomium, X 10; f, parapodium, X 15; g, slender toothed seta, X 185; h, ventral seta, < 68. i-o, Marphysa orientalis: i, Anterior end, X 4; j, first parapodium, X 22.5; k, tenth parapodium, X 22.5; 1, middle parapodium, X 18; m, compound seta, X 185; n, maxilla, X 9; 0, half of mandible, X 9. ment patches, which are denser near the point of attachment and extend to the outer lateral margin, leaving the other margins clear (not shown in fig. 18, d). Blunt spines are scattered at about equal 264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 distances over the entire surface (fig. 18, d@). On the posterior margin is a row of papillae of varying sizes, but the rest of the margin is entire. Type-—U.S.N.M. no. 20112 (Chen no. 19). Genus LEPIDASTHENIA Malmgren LEPIDASTHENIA OCELLATA, new species The type and only specimen is 85 mm long and has a prostomial width of 1 mm. From here the body widens to the tenth somite, which is 5 mm wide. The somites immediately behind the tenth show a slight narrowing, and this narrower width is retained through- out the greater part of the body, the narrowing at the region of the pygidium being rather abrupt. Remains of three very slender anal cirri persist in the specimen. The head region is covered by two translucent white elytra, which extend from their attachment on the second setigerous somite to about half the length of the terminal joints of the tentacles. Each half of the prostomium is flask-shaped, the ‘‘sheulder’” of the flask being a little higher on the inside than on the outside (fig. 18, e) and each half is continued to form a cirrophore for the corresponding tentacle. The tentacular style is slender, about twice as long as the prostomium, and acuminate at the tip. The cirrophore of the median tentacle is a little stouter than that of the laterals, and the style is somewhat longer. The palps are relatively rather slender. The tentacular cirri are very similar to the median tentacle in size and form. All cirri are slender and sharp-pointed and somewhat of a translucent white in color, although especially toward the ends they carry patches of porcelain white. Ventrolateral to a line drawn from one eye to the other on either side (in preserved material) is a brownish pigment patch, and the entire dorsal prostomial surface as far as the cirrophores has a faint brown tint. On the inner side of the first parapodium where this parapodium comes into contact with the side of the prostomium are a number of fine dark lines forming a definite pigmented patch. 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S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS; VOL. 83) (PEATE 23 1. View of Plesippus quarry and fossil-bearing beds to the south as seen from the desert rim near Hagerman, Idaho. 2. View of the quarry during removal of plaster-encased blocks of Plesippus bones. Material can be seen in place in right foreground. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83, PLATE 24 PLESIPPUS SHOSHONENSIS. Skull and mandible, type specimen, U.S.N.M. no. 11986: 1, Dorsal view; 2, lateral view. About two- elevenths natural size. Hagerman lake beds, upper Pliocene, Idaho. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 25 PLESIPPUS SHOSHONENSIS., Skulls: 1, U.S.N.M. no. 12542, lateral view; 2, U.S.N.M. no. 12542 ’ palatal view. About two-elevenths natural size. » palatal view; 3, U.S.N.M. no. 12573, Hagerman lake beds, upper Pliocene, Idaho. U S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 26 PLESIPPUS SHOSHONENSIS. Skull (immature), U.S.N.M. no. 12494: 1, Dorsal view; 2, lateral view; 3, palatal view. About one-fifth natural size. Hagerman lake beds, upper Pliocene, Idaho. eae ae } U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL 83 PLATE 27 PLESIPPUS SHOSHONENSIS. Mandibles: 1, U.S.N.M. no. 12560 (immature); 2, U.S.N.M. no. 12558; 3, U.S.N.M. no. 12573. Lateral views. About one-fifth natural size. Hagerman lake beds, upper Pliocene, Idaho. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 28 PLESIPPUS SHOSHONENSIS. Mandibles: 1, U.S.N.M. no. 12560 (immature); 2, U. S.N.M. no. 12553; 3, U.S.N.M. no. 12573. Occlusal views. About one-fifth natural size. Hag german lake beds, upper Pliocene, Idaho. 83 PLATE 29 VOL. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘ouRp] ‘ 3Ued DOT Jeddn ‘speq exe] UBIMIESe A “azIs [eINyeU J[RY-8U0 JNoGy ‘s[BAYOIAY] pUR [BAYISeq PaSNy JO SMTA TesIOpP puR S[PAYOJLIGD PUB S[VAYOTAJS JO SMOTA [RIOYwT “ErezT ‘ou ‘WHN'S'2 “SISNANOHSOHS SNMddiSaqd ba be GG eT OU IW'N §"/n ‘T :sauog ploAy en “ouept ‘guas0l[g Jeddn ‘spoq oye] URUIESeH] “AZIS [PANIVU SYIWIE4XIS-8eIY] INOGW ‘“SMOIA [VIOYwT “Z6LET “OU TW NSA ‘Z ‘POLET “OU INN'S" ‘T :0B1G9}10A [esIOd *“SISNAHNOHSOHS SNMddISA1d PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 30 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 31 U.S NATIONAL MUSEUM auo ynoqy ‘oyepy ‘auso01[g Jeddn ‘spaq oye] UBUIese yy ‘OU TANS" ‘0BIqozI0A [RIOVS PUR IequINy ‘Z “OZIS [BIN}eU ‘MBIA [RIO}R] “SISNANOHSOHS SNMddIS3A1d SL9¢T “OU “TA N’S' U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83' PLATE 32 6 PLESIPPUS SHOSHONENSIS. Limb bones: 1, Femur, U.S.N.M. no. 13795; 2, femur, U.S.N.M. no. 13815; 3, humerus, U.S.N.M. no. 13795; 4, humerus, U.S.N.M. no. 13814; 5, tibia and fibula, U.S.N.M. no. 13795; 6, tibia and fibula, U.S.N.M. no. 13791; 7, radius and ulna, U.S.N.M. no. 13795; 8, radius and ulna, U.S.N.M. no. 13791. Views of humerus are posterior; all others are anterior. All about one-sixth natural! size. Hagerman lake beds, upper Pliocene, Idaho. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOE.83. PLATE 33 PLESIPPUS SHOSHONENSIS. Limb bones: 1, Femur, U.S.N.M. no. 13795; 2, femur, U.S.N.M. 13815; 3, humerus, U.S.N.M. no. 13795; 4, humerus, U.S.N.M. 13814; 5, tibia and fibula, U.S.N.M. no. 13795; 6, tibia and fibula, U.S.N.M. no. 13791; 7, radius and ulna, U.S.N.M. no. 13795; 8, radius and ulna, U.S.N.M. no. 13791. All lateral views All about one-sixth natural size. Hagerman lake beds, upper Pliocene, Idaho. PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued | \3 PI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM _ | Vol. 83 Washington : 1936 No. 2986 A NEW GENUS-AND SPECIES OF TREMATODE FROM THE LITTLE BROWN BAT AND A KEY TO THE GENERA OF PLEUROGENETINAE By RaupH W. Macy College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minn. Amone the intestinal parasites of a little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), collected on February 12, 1934, at St. Peter, Minn., by Gustav Swanson, were 11 specimens of a hitherto undescribed trematode, which was found to belong to a new species of a new genus of Lecithodendriidae. Although the species appears to be more closely related to the members of the Pleurogenetinae than to those of any other group, it can not be referred to any of the existing genera of that subfamily. GLYPTOPORUS, new genus Diagnosis.—Pleurogenetinae: Suckers subequal; testes entire, situated at level of ventral sucker; intestinal ceca short, reaching only to testes; cirrus sac large, mostly lateral and anterior to ventral sucker; genital pore anterior to ventral sucker and slightly to left of median line of body. Seminal receptacle present. Ovary entire, pre-equatorial, and on opposite side of acetabulum to cirrus sac. Vitellaria pretesticular, follicles large and filling region between ceca and oral sucker, with tendency toward a single field. Uterus filling large portion of body. Excretery vesicle V-shaped. Genotype.—Glyptoporus noctophilus, new species. This genus may be distinguished from other genera in the subfamily as shown in the key (p. 323). 49207—36 321 322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 GLYPTOPORUS NOCTOPHILUS, new species Specific diagnosis.—Body elliptical, posterior extremity sometimes attenuate, 0.45 (0.48, 0.53) ! mm jong and 0.32 (0.29, 0.38) mm wide. Cuticula without spines. Oral sucker subterminal, 0.075 (0.066, 0.08) mm long and 0.097 (0.088, 0.09) mm wide. Pharynx 0.03 (0.03) mm long and 0.04 (0.039) mm wide. Esophagus evidently very short (possibly absent). Intestinal ceca short, simple, extend- vit 0.17172 FiGuRE 25.—Glyptoporus noctophilus, new genus, new species: Dorsal aspect, camera lucida. vit, Vitel - laria; c, cecum; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle. ing laterally to anterior margins of testes. Ventral sucker 0.07 (0.07, 0.073) mm long and 0.076 (0.08, 0.078) mm wide, pre-equatorial. Testes ovate to pyramidal, average length 0.066 (0.066, 0.057) mm, average width 0.062 (0.049, 0.049) mm, placed near body margins and at level of ventral sucker. Cirrus sac large, usually about a third as long as entire body, length 0.153 (0.156, 0.145) mm (distance between extreme anterior and posterior levels rather than actual total length), width 0.056 (0.066, 0.063) mm, mostly anterior and lateral to ventral sucker, strongly recurved. Seminal vesicle volumi- nous, much convoluted, and ending in a narrow ejaculatory duct. Genital pore anterior to ventral sucker and slightly lateral to mid line of body, closer to ventral sucker than to pharynx. Region 1 The first measurement given is of the type; the next two are of the paratypes. NEW TREMATODE FROM LITTLE BROWN BAT—MACY 323 immediately surrounding genital pore with minute radiating lines, thus resembling a small genital sucker. This character, however, is more evident in some examples than in others. Ovary oval to pyriform, entire, 0.071 (0.06 0.082) mm long and 0.072 (0.06, 0.063) mm wide, situated on right side of mid line of body and at level of ventral sucker and testes. Seminal receptacle posterior to ventral sucker, 0.035 (0.034) mm in diameter. Vitellaria consisting of coarse follicles, fields reaching from testes to oral sucker, arranged either in slightly separated bilateral groups or in a single field entirely across the body dorsal to the pharynx. Uterus extensive, filling posterior two-thirds of body. Eggs 0.018 to 0.02 mm long and 0.011 to 0.012 mm wide. Excretory bladder V-shaped. Host.—Myotis lucifugus (LeConte). Location.—Intestine. Locality —St. Peter, Minn. Specimens.—Type, U.S.N.M. no. 8947; paratypes in author’s collection. KEY TO THE GENERA OF PLEUROGENETINAE 1. Ceca long, uterus usually both post- and pre-acetabular_-___-_____-_-_-- 2 Ceeaishorts uterus postacetabulars.. 2 222022550 Pe ee eee 4 2. Genital pore marginal and pre-acetabular__----- Pleurogenes Looss (1896) Genital. pore yatiside ofacetabulum:.2 222025 = =e te Se 3 Genital pore somewhat lateral, pre-acetabular. Loxogenes, in part (see Krull, 1933) 3. Cirrus sac club-shaped, extending around acetabulum; acetabulum twice as largerasroralksuckenun. sae see St ie ee Parabascus Looss (1907) Cirrus sac oval; suckers subequal___---_-_- Postorchigenes Tubangui (1928) PaiGenivalipore marpinal 249 et aed ye bh kek eos ee 5 Genital poreimac mareinaliy fe ee ey ee Bee ee ke 8 Sam Genitaljporespretesticulare sie ee YES eh eh Se i el ee 7 Genwalunore postiesticulame: as sey 288) eis Ss ee ee sd ok 6 6. Genital pore pre-acetabular__________-_-----=-- Prosotocus Looss (1899) Genital pore: postacetabular: 2255. se ose Brandesia Stossich (1899) (eaOvanye postacetayWlans ee. lee wove ete Cryptotrema Ozaki (1926) Ovaryapre-acetabulars = S22 a) oe ese Pleurogenoides Travassos (1921b) 8. Genital pore lateral to acetabulum ____-_-__--- Limatulum Travassos (1921b) Genitalipore mou lateral to acetabulum: 522° 52 oho 22ers 9 9. Genital pore at posterior tip of pharynx and not in vicinity of acetabulum, Phaneropsclus Looss (1899) Genital pore closer to acetabulum than to pharynx_--_---_-_---------- 10 10. Acetabulum equatorial or postequatorial. Loxogenes, in part, Stafford (1905) Ncetapulumupre-equatorialss 2202 82252 2s eee ee eee ae 11 11. Testes and ovary lobed; ovary on same side of acetabulum as cirrus sac, Mosesia Travassos (1928) Testes and ovary entire; ovary on opposite side of acetabulum to cirrus sac. Glyptoporus, new genus The long ceca of Loxogenes bicolor Krull (1933) appear to me to be sufficiently unique in this group to require a division of the genus on that character. 324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 LITERATURE CITED KRULL, WENDELL HENRY. 1933. Loxogenes bicolor, a new pigmented fiuke from the frog, Rana clamitans Latr. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 47-50, 1 pl. Looss, ARTHUR. 1896. Recherches sur la faune parasitaire de Egypte. Premiére partie. Mem. Inst. Egypt., vol. 3, fase. 1, pp. 1-252, 16 pls. 1899. Weitere Beitrige sur Kenntniss der Trematoden-Fauna Aegyptens, zugleich Versuch einer natiirlichen Gliederung des Genus Distomum Retzius. Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. Syst.), vol. 12, pp. 521-784. 9 pls. 1907. Notizen sur Helminthologie Aegyptens, VII. Ueber einige neue Trematoden der agyptischen Fauna. Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit., und Infekt., abt. 1, vol. 48, pp. 478-490, 7 figs. Ozaki, YOSHIMASA. 1926. On two new genera of frog trematodes, Cryptotrema and Microlecithus, and a new species of Pleurogenes. Journ. Fac. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, sect. 4 (Zool.), vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 33-44, 8 figs. STAFFORD, JOSEPH. 1905. Trematodes from Canadian vertebrates. Zool. Anz., vol. 28, pp. 681— 694. Stossicu, Micuéue. 1899. Los membramento dei Brachycoelium. Boll. Soc. Adriatica Sci. Nat., vol. 19, pp. 7-10. Travassos, Lauro. 1921a. Contribuigées para o conhecimento da fauna helmintolojica brasileira, XII. Sobre as especies brasileiras da sub-familia Brachycoelinae. Arch. Ese. Sup. Agr. Med. Vet., vol. 5, no. 1-2, pp. 59-67, 3 pls. 1921b. Contribuigées para o conhecimento da fauna helmintolojica brasileira, XV. Sobre as especies brasileiras da familia Lecithodendriidae Odhner, 1911. Arch. Esc. Sup. Agr. Med. Vet., vol. 5, no. 1-2, pp. 73-79, 5 pls. 1928. Contribuicio para o conhecimento dos Lecithodendriidae do Brasil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 21, fase. 1, pp. 189-199, 3 pls. TuBANGuI, Marcos A. 1928. Trematode parasites of Philippine vertebrates. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, pp. 351-371, 5 pls. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 193€ PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 83 Washington : 1936 No. 2987 TWO NEW COTTID FISHES FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC, WITH A REVISION OF THE GENUS STLENGIS JORDAN AND STARKS By Rour L. Bouin Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, Calif. THE EXTENSIVE collections made by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in the northwestern Pacific during the cruise of 1906 contain several new species of cottid fishes, two of which are herein described. The drawings for the plate were made by the late William Sackston Atkinson under the direction of the late Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert. The text figures of scales were drawn by me. I am greatly indebted to Dr. George S. Myers, of the United States National Museum, for detailed information con- cerning the type and only known specimen of Stlengis osensis. In their review of the Cottidae of Japan, Jordan and Starks! described two rather closely related species under the names Stlengis osensis and Schmidtia misakia. The two new genera to which these fishes were allocated were distinguished from each other by the character of the squamation alone, there being three longitudinal scale bands in Silengis and one in Schmidtia. Stlengis distoechus, the new species described below, is an intermediate form having two bands of scales. While the three fishes show marked differences in squamation, the strong tendency to reduce and modify scales, which is expressed by 1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, pp. 231-335, 43 figs., 1904. 48592—36 325 326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 the bewildering variation in this regard throughout the entire family, lessens the apparent evolutionary significance of changes in these structures. Stlengis osensis, with its three bands of scales, approxi- mates most closely the hypothetical, completely scaled, ancestral type. The differences that have occurred in the squamation of the other two species have been loss variations of a type that may occur readily and are of comparatively minor importance. Indeed, in the course of extensive studies on the Cottidae, I have found several instances where such loss variations result in striking reductions of sealed areas with the increase in age of the individual. Orthonopias triacis Starks and Mann and Clinocottus analis (Girard) present excellent examples. In spite of the marked differences in squamation, the many simi- larities of the three species point to their rather close relationship and indicate that they form a circumscribed evolutionary line com- parable in all respects to such genera as Icelus, Myoxocephalus, and Gymnocanthus. It seems advisable, therefore, to group these three fishes together in the single genus Silengis. Genus STLENGIS Jordan and Starks Stlengis JORDAN and Starks, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 236, 1904. Schmidtia JORDAN and Starks, zbid., p. 237. Schmidtina JORDAN and SraRks, zbid., p. 961. Genotype.—Stlengis osensis Jordan and Starks. Diagnosis.—Dorsal and ventral body profiles forming almost straight lines from anterior end of first dorsal (deepest point of body) to caudal peduncle but bulging slightly under each of the median fins. Head markedly depressed, its width at base of upper preopercular spines much greater than depth at same point. Jaws about equal; maxillary extending to or slightly beyond middle of pupil, its pos- terior width exceeding that of narrow suborbitals. Anterior nostrils in short tubes; posterior nostrils with borders little if any elevated, difficult to distinguish from mucous pores. Orbit large, its diameter greater than length of snout. Interorbital space flat or slightly convex; top of head gently concave, with a pair of low, rounded, parieto-extrascapular elevations at the posterior border of the shallow depression. Nasal spines sharp, slightly curved, their length equal to a little more than 0.5 posterior width of maxillary. Preopercle armed with 4 spines, the upper one long, extending to or very slightly beyond subopercular margin, with a simple or bifid tip and 8 to 5 recurved barbs along its upper margin; lower preopercular spines simple, about as long as barbs of antlerlike spine; the upper one of these simple spines directed backward, the middle one backward and downward, the lower one downward and forward. A minute spinous point at lower angle of subopercle and another at posterior NEW FISHES FROM WESTERN PACIFIC—BOLIN 327 angle of interopercle; these spines frequently difficult to see but readily located by touch in alcoholic specimens. No other spines on head. Pores of head well developed; those on suborbitals divided into two almost equally prominent series bordering the suborbital chain dorsally and ventrally; anterior pore of the mandibular series unpaired, opening on the median ventral surface of the symphysis. Gill membranes broadly united, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 6. Teeth in moderately broad, villiform bands on premaxillaries, dentaries, vomer, and palatines. No slit behind the last gill. Gill rakers in the form of short tubercles. Origin of first dorsal directly over or very slightly behind dorsal end of gill opening; first two spines with approximate bases. Second dorsal separated from first by a narrow but definite interspace. Origin of anal under first, second, or third dorsal ray. Pectorals extending to perpendicular from first or second anal ray. Pelvic base very slightly behind lower end of pectoral base; fin of 1 spine and 2 rays, the imner one the longer. Caudal slightly rounded. Anus in front of anal origin at a distance about equal to diameter of pupil, located just anterior to a very small, bluntly conical, genital papilla. Sides of body with 1, 2, or 3 longitudinal bands of large ctenoid scales, each band only one scale in width. No cirri present. Remarks.—It is difficult to estimate the exact degree of relation- ship of the three fishes comprising this genus. However, the fact that Stlengis misakia has progressed farthest in the reduction of scales, and that in this species the pores of the lateral line system on the head have remained small and those of the mandibular series become encircled by small supernumerary openings, while in the other two species they have become markedly enlarged and remained simple, indicates that S. misakia is the most isolated form. While this species was probably the first to split from the ancestral stock, the pronounced differences occurring in the other two species suggest that they were derived from a branching of the primitive line soon after the splitting off of S. misakia. The preopercular armature, the ventral fins, and the structure of the scales indicate that this genus is most closely related to Icelinus Jordan, of the western coast of North America. KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES OF THE GENUS STLENGIS a!. Sides of body armed with a single band of scales; main pores of mandibular series surrounded by small supernumerary ODENIN Smarr ek teloy pups ale oe Ne AL ie Dyes ee Et ayy pie ei. Lie eye crt misakia a. Sides of body armed with 2 or 3 bands of scales; pores of mandi- bular series simple. b!. Sides of body with 2 bands of scales; anal fin with 10 or 11 ELS eee ee eee Ret ee Tele ei ere ese Ee en ene the distoechus b?. Sides of body with 3 bands of scales; anal fin with 14 rays___-_-.-- osensis 328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 STLENGIS OSENSIS Jordan and Starks Stlengis osensis JORDAN and Srarks, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 236, fig. 1, 1904; Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, p. 590, fig., 1902 (1904). —Jorpan, TaNAKA, and SnypxER, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 38, p. 255, fig. 189, 1913. Diagnosis.—Orbit 3.0 in head. Pores of head large and promi- nent, those of mandibular series simple. Dorsal VIII, 15; anal 14; pectorals 20. Sides of body with 3 longitudinal bands of strongly ctenoid scales; the dorsal band extends from level of sixth dorsal spine to caudal base and contains 27 scales; the middle band, follow- ing the lateral line, extends to just beyond end of second dorsal and contains 27 scales; the ventral band extends from just anterior to anal origin to caudal base and contains 24 to 25 scales. Unfortunately the values given in the type description for the fin ray and scale counts are in error. The figure is correct with regard to these structures. STLENGIS DISTOECHUS,? new species Fiaure 26; Puate 34, A Diagnosis.—Orbit 2.6 (2.5-2.6) in head. Pores of head large and prominent, those of mandibular series simple. Dorsal VIII (VITI-IX), 16 (146-17); anal 11 (10-11); pectorals 17 (16-18). Sides of body with 2 bands of ctenoid scales; the dorsal band extends from level of fifth or sixth dorsal spine to near base of upper caudal rays and contains 26 (23-28) scales; the band along lateral line extends to caudal base and contains 36 (34-37) scales. Body slightly depressed anteriorly, slightly compressed posteriorly ; distance from origin of first dorsal to pelvic base 2.1 (2.0—-2.1) in head; width at upper end of pectoral base 2.0 (1.9-2.0) inhead. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 (2.2—2.4) in orbit. Head 2.9 (2.8—2.9) in standard length; snout short, 2.0 (1.9-2.1) in orbit, forming an angle of 133° (129°-139°) with frontoparietal region, of 67° (60°-72°) with chin. Maxillary extending slightly beyond middle of pupil. Eye large, diameter of orbit 2.6 (2.5-2.6) in head. Interorbital width about equal to width of suborbitals. Upper preopercular spine with a simple or bifid tip and 3 or 4 re- curved barbs along its upper margin. The variation in the tip of the spine, together with the well-known facts of spine development in other genera, leaves no doubt that the number of barbs is a function of age. The three lower preopercular spines are all simple except in one specimen, where the middle one is narrowly bifid on both sides. Pores of head large, 3 prominent ones along dorsal border of suborbi- tals between anterior margin of orbit and base of suborbital stay; pores of mandibular series simple, without circlet of supernumerary openings. 2 From dloro:xos, two-rowed. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 83 PLATE 34 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘sotloods pue snued Mou \ ‘ aN KX Ds? sdoida] 897000198 ‘ x NIN N CS NNW Nx ox SS nC yA ~ ) SS \ SN SS \A . _ ‘seloods Mau ‘si yov0}sip stbUa]IS ‘VW NEW FISHES FROM WESTERN PACIFIC —BOLIN 329 Base of first dorsal 2.3 (2.0-2.5) in head; fin of 8 (8-9) spines; first spine 1.5 (1.3-1.7) in fourth or fifth spine, which is longest, being 2.6 (2.3-3.0) in head. Base of second dorsal 1.1 (1.0—1.1) in head; fin of 16 (16-17) rays; first ray 1.9 (1.5-2.3) in sixth ray, which is longest, being 2.0 (1.9-2.1) in head. Anal origin under second or third dorsal ray, its posterior end under fourth ray from end of second dor- sal; base of fin 1.5 (1.4-1.6) in head; fin of 11 (10-12) rays; first ray 1.8 (1.6—1.9) in sixth or seventh ray, which is longest, being 2.8 (2.6-2.9) in head. Pectoral base 3.1 (3.0-3.3) in head; fin of 17 (16-18) rays; longest ray 1.4 (1.4-1.5) in head. Pelvics extending to or slightly beyond anus, their length 1.7 (1.7-1.9) in head. Caudal with 8 (8-9) split rays; length of fin 1.4 (1.3-1.4) in head. A single series of 26 (23-28) large scales forming a band along base of dorsal fins, having its origin under fifth or sixth dorsal spine and extending on the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle to or almost to base of upper caudal rays. Each of these scales in the form of a roughly oval, deeply embedded plate from which rises another smaller strongly ctenoid plate inclined posteriorly. Lateral line armed with 36 (34-37) deeply embedded scales in the form of short tubes, their free posterior margins strongly ctenoid. TaBLE 1.—Measurements of Stlengis distoechus Percent of standard Measurement length Grigia: on first dorsal to pelvic base..-- 2-2 17. 2 (16. 7-17. 5) Origin of;second) dorsal. to anal origin. 2. 2-22-2222. 13. 6 (13. 1-14. 6) beast depth of caudal peduncle. 2. 0 2 5. 8 ( 5. 5 6. 0) Distance between dorsal ends of pectorals____.---____- 18. 0 (17. 6-18. 3) Head (snout to tip of subopercular flap) ________----_-- 35. 2 (34. 6-36. 3) DIATE SEAOL: OTL ey oo sae se oer plies my ae a 13. 6 (13. 1-14. 2) Snout (tip of premaxillaries to edge of orbit)._________- 6.7 ( 6. 3— 7. 2) Maxillary (from median line just above upper lip) _____-_ 13. 4 (12. 9-14. 0) Shout. to origin ofefirstydorsal soe ys ee 31. 7 (30. 4-82. 6) Base of first dorsal (from first to last spine)____________ 15. 3 (18. 8-17. 2) SHout toroligin Ol/second dorsal 72a ee, eS 50. 5 (49. 8-51. 5) BASCTOMSECOM GN COTS) aeereathas es a a eet Me ES ee ea OA 33. 5 (32. 7-34. 3) DSOUb COAT al Oia = coer se ean he) Oe Decca I a as els 52. 5 (51. 1-53. 8) NES ASSL O bes any [oe maa ta Oey esate atta ee ht ee a LR aa a ce 24. 2 (22. 0-25. 8) Snout to dorsal end of pectoral base________________-_- 34. 6)(33. 5—35. 5) Snout to ventral end of pectoral base____.___________- 26. 6 (26. 0-27. 4) Wigthrofypectoral base tae h eee AAO koran 11. 3 (11. 1-11. 8) engi ofspectorala(longest ray) see Ps Pe 24. 4 (23. 8-25. 6) SNOUieorpCivAe DASE: c..BiAtu Ge. LOT. a LOIRE 26. 9 (26. 6-27. 5) henothrotnpelwacs: wet ei loesk repairer. POE wiih i euey eat! 20. 4 (19. 0-21. 6) enptihvwoamenu dala t innate fe uN an Coos oe 25. 4 (24. 8-27. 0) STOU GEL ORS TNS ema nei ver tras MEENA va ag gp See yp ce 47. 0 (46. 4-48. 0) 330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 The color of all the specimens has bleached out during their quarter of a century in alcohol to a pale brownish yellow. The dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins show faint indications of darker markings, while the pelvics and lower rays of the pectorals seem to have been silvery white. Holotype-—U.S.N.M. no. 94728, 52 mm in standard length, 65 mm in total length; from Albatross station 4968, off the coast of Waka- yama, Japan, lat. 33°24’50’’ N., long. 135°38’40”’ E., in 253 fathoms. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. no. 94729, 3 specimens, 48.5-51.5 mm in standard length; from the same station. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford Univ. no. 28727, 1 specimen, 50.5 mm in standard length; from the same station. FIGURE 26.—Stlengis distoechus, new species: a, External, and 6, internal view of lateral line scale; c, scale from dorsal band. STLENGIS MISAKIA (Jordan and Starks) Schmidtia misakia JoRDAN and Starks, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 237, fig. 2, 1904. Schmidtina misakia JoRDAN and Starks, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 961, 1904; Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, p. 590, fig., 1902 (1904).—Jorpan, TANAKA, and SnyprER, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 33, p. 255, fig. 190, 1913. Diagnosis.—Orbit 3.1 (3.0-3.4) in head. Pores of head moderate in size; the main ones of the mandibular series surrounded by a circlet of small supernumerary openings. Dorsal IX (IX—XI), 16 (15-17); Anal 13 (12-14); Pectoral 17 (15-18). Lateral line armed with 36 (36-37) scales, the scale band extending to base of caudal fin. No other scales present. ASTROCOTTUS,? new genus Genotype.—Astrocottus leprops, new species. Diagnosis.—Preopercle armed with 3 short simple spines. Gill membranes broadly united, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 6. Teeth in broad villiform bands on premaxillaries, dentaries, and 3 From &orpov, constellation + Cottus. NEW FISHES FROM WESTERN PACIFIC—BOLIN Sal vomer; none on palatines. No slit behind last gill. Gill rakers in form of short tubercles. Anal fin longer than second dorsal; pelvics I, 3. Head and body almost completely covered with strongly ctenoid scales. This monotypic genus appears to be quite isolated. In some re- spects it resembles Ricuzenius Jordan and Starks, in others Stelgistrum Jordan and Starks; but in each case the relationship is remote. ASTROCOTTUS LEPROPS,! new species FiaurEe 27; Puate 34, B Diagnosis.—Body depressed throughout, deepest at base of pelvics, the distance from origin of first dorsal to pelvic base 1.9 in head, width at dorsal end of pectoral base 1.6 in head. Ventral body con- tour practically straight, dorsal contour forming an even gently convex C b FIGurRE 27.—Astrocottus leprops, new genus, new species: a, External, and 6, internal view of lateral line scale; c, scales from dorsal part of body. curve from deepest point to very slender caudal peduncle, the least depth of which is 2.7 in orbit. Head 3.3 in standard length; snout 1.2 in orbit, moderately steep, forming an angle of about 65° with chin. Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper, barely included; maxillary reaching slightly beyond anterior margin of pupil. Anterior and posterior nostrils both in short heavy tubes about equal in length to nasal spines. Size of eye moderate, diameter of orbit 3.2 in head. Suborbital width moderate, 3.0 in orbit. Interorbital space flat, narrow, about 2.0 in posterior width of maxillary. Top of head gently concave. Nasal spines small, their length equal to 0.5 interorbital space. Three simple preopercular spines, all very short; the upper one slightly curved upward; the middle one broad and triangular; the lower one a simple obtuse expansion of the preopercular border. No other spines on head. Pores of head inconspicuous; those of suborbital series in a fairly definite row along the ventral margin, with small supernumerary pores just above; a wide band of numerous small pores on preopercle 4 From \empés, scaly + oy, face. 332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 with a large pore on the margin below each spine; mandibular series made up of groups of small irregularly placed pores; the anterior one on the median line of the symphysis large, simple, and unpaired. Origin of first dorsal very slightly behind a perpendicular from the posterior end of subopercle (“‘opercular flap’’); base of fin 1.6 in head; fin of 10 spines, the first two with approximate bases; first spine 1.8 in fourth spine, which is longest, being 2.2 in head. Second dorsal separated from first by an interspace about equal to diameter of pupil; its posterior end over base of third ray from end of anal; base of fin 3.0 in standard length; fin of 15 rays; first ray 1.2 in fifth ray, which is longest, being 2.2 in head. Origin of anal about under origin of second dorsal, base of fin 2.7 in standard length; fin of 17 rays; first ray 1.2 in middle rays, the fourth to thirteenth rays subequal and longest, being 2.9 in head. Pectoral base 2.7 in head; fin of 20 rays; longest ray 1.1 in head, extending to level of third anal ray. Base of pelvics behind lower end of pectoral base at a distance about equal to diameter of pupil; middle ray longest, outer ray shortest; length of fin 2.6 in head, extending about 0.5 distance to anal origin. Caudal truncate; with 9 split rays; its length 1.4 im head. Anus in front of anal origin at a distance 1.5 in diameter of orbit; located just anterior to the base of a short, heavy, bluntly conical genital papilla, which is depressed in an abrupt pit extending 0.5 distance to anal origin. Head and body almost completely scaled; many small scales occur- ring on anterior, dorsal, and posterior portions of eyeball. Small naked areas surround the anterior nostrils, others occur between nasal spines and posterior nostrils. Lips, chin, lower half of suborbitals, interopercle, lower portion of preopercle and subopercle, and branch- iostegal membranes naked. A narrow naked strip surrounds the dorsal fins and extends along the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle. A similar naked strip occurs ventrally, extending from just anterior to pelvic base to base of caudal fin. The portion of the body below the lateral line, which is covered by the pectoral fins, is naked; this area is separated from the ventral one by a narrow band of scales. The general body scales are in the form of more or less oval, deeply embedded plates from which arise V-shaped or semicircular ctenoid ridges inclined posteriorly. The scales above the lateral line are very irregular in size and position. Below the lateral line the arrangement is more regular, with a tendency toward imbricated rows, larger scales occurring near the lateral line, smaller ones ventrally. Lateral line armed with 34 large scales, each in the form of a short tube with large dorsal and ventroposterior expansions, the outer arch of the tube with a strongly ctenoid dorsal ridge and posterior margin. A long 5 Additional specimens of this species, recently discovered in the unworked collections of Stanford Univer- sity, show that the first two dorsal spines are entirely detached from the rest of the fin. Both the artist and I had mistaken the lack of membrane between the second and third spines of the type specimen for 4 tear in the fin. The membrane between these spines is, however, normally absent, and the figure errs in this respect. NEW FISHES FROM WESTERN PACIFIC—BOLIN 333 slender cirrus, its length about equal to diameter of pupil, at upper posterior margin of each orbit; a pair of similar cirri on top of head in line with the supraorbital cirri and just anterior to dorsal end of gill opening. TABLE 2.—Measuremenis of the holotype of Astrocottus leprops Measurement Mm Stame@ancalen gb lieyecte te = eye ace nies cere te ees te ay Pe ey elas 48. 0 NIL plet Gh eal ee a er ee eee oll 58. 4 Originrol first ‘dorsaluto pelvic base=-=22 2 2 So ee eee den Oniginiof second dorsal topanal origin: 22.2 2-— 2222223222. 222.22 -- 6. 4 ieast;depth of caudal peduncles !* <2 222 2 ke Sek Lee So See 3 1.9 Distance between dorsal ends of pectoral bases______------------- 9. 0 TFET a ol ean serps eevee O0y Neepawa My reat afl ey eg aE ahs Daw Des 14. 6 Diameteroorpitysas sae oe ee eee ee een 4.6 SST UU Ge te are ea alee ett Ec eRe AY aye ANNI Pe hs ee A gh ne ta 4.0 AN eassol egy et ee ena Scart ee NU ee eS cere Sel he a 5. 2 SuouLtoOOniein Otirst Gotpals Wie Ja ek ee 14.8 IB ASCO Le tUGS UHC OTS Late sated reat ae eager ee 9. 4 Snout, covorgin Of second: dorsals. =. 2220S See a ee Le 25. 5 IBascroisecondid orga ea wer si as eae ee See ae Se 16.5 SHOULECORAT AINONI Gare Art tape rea EE Oe 24. 5 IBASerOlga my Diner epe eee ee ee ae ee ee ae ee eae A i iS Snomtitororsal endiof pectoral baseso-- 22. a a eee see 13. 9 Snout vonventralvend ob pectoral bases 2.20 2— ee ee eee 9.9 Wadthotepectoralibase es ean - ee meee oo ene ee aes ce ae D:D Wenepia@ne Pecloraleccs £ Ji ks 8a Uses bee i es ele Bee Ou ee 13. 5 Sroltistorpenvic paseae pae Boe sek ee oe aS ee 13. 0 MBE et Tim Ese Vlas eres ea ae ee oe Ns ak ee Se 5. 7 Meni Ol CANM ale == in ae el ee ee a as ee a eee 10. 4 SHOULICORATIUS Serre ee eam nus Same, RE me Ne Oe LEDS ERE il 21.0 General body color in alcohol, brownish yellow. A broad reddish- brown bar extends downward and backward from eye. A patch of similar color on top of head, traversed by a narrow whitish cross band, which gives off a short median extension anteriorly. Back crossed by 4 wide reddish-brown cross bars; the first one, under the posterior half of first dorsal, extending downward and forward toward axilla; the second one, under middle of second dorsal, bor- dered dorsally by whitish anteriorly and posteriorly, extending to halfway between lateral line and anal; third bar, under posterior part of second dorsal, interrupted at lateral line, extending to near anal; fourth bar covering posterior half of caudal peduncle. There is a slight indication of an additional bar under the anterior end of first dorsal; only its posterior margin can be made out, the bar fading 334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 into the general ground color anteriorly. Belly silvery. Dorsals and caudal faintly barred with pale, reddish brown. A brownish patch on base of upper pectoral rays, which are coarsely barred with pale brown, a silvery spot on base of middle rays, and streaks of white onlowerrays. Pelvics and anal colorless. Holotype —U.S.N.M. no. 94730; from Albatross station 4808, Tsugaru Strait, Japan, lat. 41°35’50’’ N., long. 140°36’45’’ E., in 47 fathoms. ‘This is the only specimen known. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 83 Washington: 1936 No. 2988 TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA By Epwarp W. Berry Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. In 1920 and 1921 I published brief papers on Tertiary Venezuelan plants’ that had been collected by Charles F. Bowen in 1919. Sub- sequently I received collections from the same and additional locali- ties made by Harold F. Crooks and R. A. Liddle in 1921, by Dr. L. W. Stephenson and Dr. James A. Tong in 1923 and 1925, and by H. G. Kugler in 1925. These received preliminary study and were reported upon at the time, but no mention of them has appeared ‘im print. Although they do not add greatly to the Tertiary floras of Venezuela, they include a number of new and interesting forms, and since large or well-preserved collections of fossil plants from this region are not apt to be accessible in the near future, it is im- portant that the known occurrences be available as an aid in solving the problems of correlation in this and other regions in northern South America and the Antilles. In the present paper fossil plants are discussed from localities as follows: KOCENE In 1920 I described a remarkable fruit of Hntada—the sea-bean— from dark shales. This was collected by C. F. Bowen at Mesa Pablo about 8 kilometers southwest of Escuque, State of Trujillo. Beds of similar age in the District of Sucre, State of Zulia, contain leaves 1 Berry, E. W., Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 50, pp. 310-3138, fig. 1, 1920; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 59, pp. 5538-579, 4 figs., 3 pls., 1921. 50992—36——1 335 336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vonuea of several species of terrestrial plants preserved in a soft reddish sandstone. These are described herein; they were collected by Drs. L. W. Stephenson and J. A. Tong. MIOCENE LOCALITY 1: PALMAREJO This locality is in the District of Mara, State of Zulia. It is on the west side of the lake, 20 kilometers north of the city of Maracaibo, the exposures being in the lake cliffs. The matrix is a somewhat sandy laminated clay. The collectors were H. F. Crooks and R. A. Liddle. The age of the plants is Miocene and is perhaps shghtly younger than the others. LOCALITY 2: ZAPAYARI—EL PLAN ROAD About 114 kilometers south of Rio Grande, District of Bolivar, State of Zulia. Yellowish to red soft argillaceous fine-grained sandstone, often highly ferruginous. Collected by Dr. L. W. Ste- phenson, Dr. J. A. Tong, and W. D. Miller, December 5, 1923. LOCALITY 3: RIO PALO NEGRO North of Hato Venado, District of Bolivar, State of Zulia. Gritty yellowish sandstone. Collected by Dr. L. W. Stephenson, Dr. J. A. Tong, and W. D. Miller, December 3, 1923. LOCALITIES 4 AND 5: LA VICTORIA This covers two localities in the District of Miranda, State of Zulia, both in a yellowish to reddish sandstone matrix. One on the La Victoria-Catanaja Road, about 214 kilometers north of La Vic- toria (locality 4), and the other 314 kilometers south of La Victoria and half a kilometer southwest of El Rudal ranch house (locality 5). The age indicated is lower or middle Miocene. The collectors were Drs. L. W. Stephenson and J. A. Tong. LOCALITY 6: EL MENE This is in the District of Acosta, State of Falcon. The exact locality is 2 kilometers northeast of El Mene. The matrix is a slightly brownish, finely sandy, and relatively hard clay. The plant material is abundant and matted in certain thin layers and inclined to be fragmentary and poor. It was collected by H. G. Kugler in 1925. This horizon is said to belong to the sandy part of the lower Salada series of Wiedenmayer’s paper of 1924 and is considered by Liddle (1928) a part of the Cerro Pelado formation and lower Miocene in age. TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 337 LOCALITY 7: BETIJOQUE This is in the District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo. The exact locality is 100 meters east of the Sabana de Mendoza Road in the northern outskirts of the town and about 600 meters north 2° east of the main church steeple in Betijoque. The matrix is a soft light- colored clay, and the plants are on the whole well preserved. Nine species collected by Bowen were described from here in the 1921 paper, and the present contribution adds about as many more. There has been some difference of opinion regarding the age, but so far as I know it has not appeared in print, and there cannot be the slightest doubt that the plant horizon is lower or middle Miocene In age. LOCALITY S: LA SALVADORA This locality is along the trail 4 kilometers northwest of La Salva- dora and between 40 and 48 kilometers south of Betijoque in the State of Trujillo. The matrix is a yellowish sandy micaceous clay from which seven species were described in 1921 and is of approxi- mately the same age as the preceding. Of these eight localities in Venezuela from which determinable fossil plants of Miocene age have been collected, one is in the State of Falcon, two in Trujillo, and five in Zulia. None has yielded a prolific flora, the number of species varying from 2 at Rio Palo Negro and south of La Victoria to 12 at La Salvadora and 18 at Betijoque. The last is not only the most prolific but also represents the best preservation, and more extensive and careful collecting prob- ably would at least triple the number of forms recognized. Because the present collections do not represent a greater number of forms and so can not be considered a reasonable sampling, it is impossible to deduce any reliable ecologic considerations or to insti- tute any adequate comparisons between localities. The only ferns recognized comprise two species, and these both come from Betijoque and have not been collected at any of the other Venezuelan localities, although one of these was first described from the Cauca Valley in Colombia. The total number of species from the Miocene of Venezuela re- corded herein is 40, and some of these are based on scanty and frag- mentary material. Twenty-one, or more than half, of these have not been found outside of Venezuela. Of these 21 only the follow- ing are confined to a single locality in Venezuela: 338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 SPECIES LOcALITY A GREAS CAICICOlIOiOUM = 22 = ee eee 4 Anthouthus: venecuelensis—— 2 2- eee BiGnONMiarGulend 2 = a ae ee eee Blechnun DELIjOQUWenstsa =~ = == s ke ee ae eee IBULSCINECS, VENCCUCLONG == ee ee Lequnnosites. entadajormis= === ee Leguminosites venezuelensis’ ___--=_=- = ek Hecuminous pod.) Se ee eee a PLCONOCOMD NLOCEN TCO 2 2 ss a2 see ee ee POGGCiLES SW Mia eee a a ee RRAZOPNON Gs CO OWCT Ss 2 = aa 2 ee ee See ee SWNAGUOG. NO GOIN CWa 5 se ee eee SODMORG SQLUEEOTON = 2 os ee eee eee ZOMG a PS eee ae Lee ee eee a ee) 2 ee ae AartIAPrP AN ADWMDWANAK EH Of these 14 forms, several—such as the flower Antholithus, the fern Blechnum, the grass fragment Poacites, the leguminous leaflets Leguminosites and Sophora and pod, and the supposed fragment of a cycad pinnule (Zamia)—are the sort of things dependent for their presence as fossils largely on accidents of preservation, and therefore they are of slight value in questions of composition, ecology, or age. The following 21 species, or half the total number known from the Miocene of Venezuela, are not known from other regions: SPRCIES LOCALITY AGKT AS) (GALCIGCOLE ONC == ee ee ee eS ANONG "SPNGCTOCOMPOILES = ee Antholithwus veneZuelensis Se ee ee eee Apocynophyllum salvadorensis_____-----------+---- ad BIGNONIG. CUONGS SS See ae eS Blechnum:s UVGtiyjoqduensis 2-22 = ae Se Burserites, Venezuelan ==— === 2 See eee Chrysobalanus venezuelanus______________--.___-— 6 Combretum: StepNensoniz2 a == ee 4, TUG GS IS pps ee Wea Sa Ce Es ee ee eee 1 Leguminosites entadaformisa2 2 ee Leguinunosites venezuelensisa 2 DLesuminous pod=+ 22324924242 =e See eee Perse@ ‘SPai-o 22 a ee ee ee ee ee 1 ‘Pleonotoma-miocenied == 222. se ee POdCitES TSpL ahs. te 28 ee eee RiZOphOT@ “COW Naas ee a ee ee SiIMNGrwod NOGeNi CO =. = ee ee SODNOTOxMNOTONG === =e he ee eee 1, 6, Sophora: salwadoranag.___ oe LGOMia: Wo) asp eas 2.2 =e Ee eee ~ 2S ADNAN ARPNDHATNADARDADAHK Some of these, as the Znga, Persea, Poacites, and Zamia (7%), are of slight significance because of incompleteness, and the first three rep- resent widespread types. Twenty-three of the 40 species recorded from the Miocene of Venezuela have been found at but a single Venezuelan locality, al- TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 309 though 10 of these are known from localities in adjoining regions. Those from a single locality are distributed as follows: 1 each at localities 1 and 2; 2 at locality 6; 4 at locality 4; 10 at locality 7; and 5 at locality 8. The large number at locality 7 is due in part to the larger total of species from there and to the presence of rare things like the flower and small leaflets, which are in part due to the finer matrix. Five of those recorded from this locality have an outside distribution. Eleven are recorded from two Venezuelan lo- ealities, and six of these have an outside distribution. Four are known from three Venezuelan localities, and two of these have an outside distribution. One is recorded from four Venezuelan locali- ties, and this is found also in Colombia and northwestern Peru. Two species are present at five Venezuelan localities; one of these, Anona guppy, is also present in Colombia, and the other, Zrzgonia varians, is present also in Colombia and Peru. There seems to be no question but that these Venezuelan floras are of Miocene age. Whether they are lower Miocene, as Dr. L. 5. Ste- phenson and others believe, or whether they are slightly younger and possibly middle Miocene, as I have been inclined to think, or whether all eight localities are of the same or different ages is impossible to determine with the present material. A glance at the accompanying table of distribution (table 1) shows that only 14 of the 40 species have been found at but a single local- ity. The other 26 occur at two or more Venezuelan localities, and 19 of them at localities outside of Venezuela. The details are given in the table, but a summary may be useful: Eleven species are recorded from locality 1, and seven of these are known from Trinidad, Colombia, Central America, Ecuador, Peru, or Puerto Rico. Six species are recorded from locality 2, and four of these are known from Colombia, Central America, Ecuador, or Peru. Two species are recorded from locality 3, and both are known from Colombia and one from Peru. Nine species are recorded from locality 4, and three of these are known from Colombia and a fourth from Trinidad. Two species are recorded from locality 5, and one of these occurs in Colombia and the other at four Venezue- lan localities. Twelve species are recorded from locality 6, and eight are known from Colombia, Ecuador, Trinidad, Peru, or Puerto Rico. Eighteen species are recorded from locality 7, and 11 of these are known from Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, or Puerto Rico. Seven species are recorded from locality 8, of which five are peculiar to this region, one is also from localities 1 and 6, and one occurs in Colombia and northwestern Peru. Locality 8, therefore, is the only one in Venezuela that might be of different age from the other seven. My impression is, and in the absence of more data it can not be considered other than such, that 340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 all the localities, although not precisely synchronous, are not very different in age and might range, say, through the lower Miocene (Burdigalian) or through a part of the lower Miocene and into the lower middle Miocene (Helvetian). TABLE 1.—Distribution of Miocene plants from Venezuela recorded in this paper Species Achras calcicolafolia______- Anona guppyi-_--_-------- Anona sphaerocar poides__- Antholithus venezuelensis -.. Apocynophyllum salvador- Bignonia zuliana________-- Blechnum betijoquensis . -_- Burserites venezuelana_-___- Cassia longifolia_____--___- Cassia-zuliangs 2-22 Chrysobalanus venezue- Combretum stephensoni___- Condaminea grandifolia (?)- Coussapoa villosoides Ficus betijoquensis_.______- Heliconia elegans_________- Flernandia tongi_____-_____- Pg ar eisste ee inga:sp l=: <3 AE Sarno = See Leguminosites entadaformis_| --- Leguiminosites venezuelen- S15) ep ee eee Leguminous pod .-_---_---- Meniscium wolfi Nectandra areolata___.____- x Palmophyllum sp_-_.----- x Persemicoriaceds_<.2 2. no ie PerseaiSp 2 eee x Piperites cordatus____.-_-- — Pleonotoma miocenica P0acites'Sp-4.. 225 = Rhizophora boweni____-__- Sabicea asperifolia________- Simaruba miocenica_-_---- Sophora marana__...------ Sophora salvadorana__-_---- Styrax lanceolata__._------ Tapirira lanceolata____---- Tapirira trinitiana__------ Trigonia varians_....-.---- Zomia(%) | SPsa2<2see ses 3| seen ease Pea Venezuela Colombia ‘ a Locality & 2 : 3 abc g| |e gules ae al|/a 2 = sc ma S a s 8 pales o Qe Sea WSS: eS al eat ett S/EIS |e] a sle|/Slel/B/slalel3 o a 3 o 5 5 2 Oullces Ad allo aiiSua scales aires iets SA ig eS ee PS | | a ee EY en [ KEN el see Mlle AP | AEE | ee ee ee 5 teal as ee oo Ale ee eae | Be S| Ia oS a a | | | be eee ene |ales | sok Ne All | eae aa |e a | eee Pete Se teeta Xe [ease | OE ese ales ea [ono] eS ee ee ee poe piss al Xe ile 2] ee ee ee Oe ea ee ee (ee La LR SN Cee eta ok | ee AY oe Ae |S | | Re ee Joe e|en oleae ale alee lies || eel ee | Ne es | ee RPE ALN [be 0 | ae eee eg || a || ecg | ieee De aT x ee |b? Al eam | een [ees | Nand EAE ed Sie ea x we Nes a Soe Sete] rs Peace St Oe SN | | Sa | xe Pe ee Se ee EE 2 SS oe eee | eee | SD xh NaS Bee LE DPS AES Ss eal xed Leelee ER oxg eae a Dae ee Beis td ps ha | ae | Kiplise csi Stren eee eee la) ee | eee | ee Soe ae | oe A ee ER TT PR aU te es | a | De, Sige ee te iceman a | ee x He | See Fal AN SS AHN Sra Cee | occ eer | eae | | ee PBS | ES Se So 7 a am | oes |e oe | | | ee | legen Manse eee eae eT a lle] ON a 2 eee |e | | AN Nee S| mre Ns NN eal PRN TL eee ae Te | ee eee | Sewell ee oe Ne SEINE Se a lap ig ee | ee Ky eee Se See eee oes) eno eee eal | Pe |e A Nai cl] Ba Se se Ua ae es | (| ee Tag Stes 2. Sal at al aa Me NN Sel allt | Re Xl Peay | oe SMe essel| x eel eee Reo ha Oe eK Lees | | | S| SN | ae a RE a ie) NE 7 er Seen | | ee ee pay RT ei Mh Ea SM Ns ee a || a ee Pid | ee ee pee a fee eee eS eee | eae | | ee | ee x ? ae a |e ee Se RN ree aI LE SE | aa |e | ae | | Nae Pe a | Sa ad a | ee ee SE) EU elke IT |S A Pe NE ee | ie | | ee XP |e eat eee ee a | a ee eke fo] ene RA poe ee = |e SNe Se a oA | ars Sao Ae Be af | | a pe Lager | Se) (ee | Mei if Ke |e ae ol a ee a ee | |e | ee SP ees |e eS eae xe PRE a ds Sole Sele. ol ee ee eee pea Ee en Ki (i Ses seca oe] SER eo Selim RG | reer ice lie Kees |e ee oa a ae le Xs |x| S Sos eee | eee aera mee Df eee) pene see Ves] | |) ea ey es Ar ec etl ee X focal), oP Nh se ie 4] eee ee aS | Bes asa ee ee eee Ee ee =| Me STI eA fae | | | a | | ee | TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 341 THE EOCENE PLANTS The fossil plants from the Eocene of Venezuela, aside from the seed of Entada already mentioned, come from two outcrops close together about three-fourths of a kilometer south of Santa Barbara and 214 kilometers east of Los Barrosos, District of Sucre, State of Zulia. In addition to undeterminable species of leguminous leaflets, a fan palm, a small lauraceous leaf, and a Hugenia, the following have been identified : Apocynophyllum cf. texensis Berry. Burserites fayettensis Berry (?) Cedrela jacksoniana Berry (fig. 28, b). Chrysophyllum preoliviforme Berry (7). Ficus americanafolia, new species (fig. 28, a). With the exception of the last, which is new, these are late Claiborne or Jackson species in southeastern North America and appear to indicate an upper Eocene age, probably corresponding with lower Jackson. This Eocene florule is much more like that of North America than is the case with the Miocene flora of Venezuela. The obvious explanation is that in the upper Eocene there was a considerable extension of more equable and warmer climate north of the equa- torial zone. FICUS AMERICANAFOLIA, new species FIGURE 28, a This is based upon the single specimen figured, but this shows the complete leaf and lacks only the petiole. It is named from its ereat resemblance to the existing Ficus americana Aublet. Whether this specimen is typical of the botanical species represented cannot be determined from a single specimen. With this limitation it may be described as follows: Leaves small, lanceolate or slightly ovate-lanceolate in oytline. Apex somewhat more acute than base. Length about 8 cm. Maxi- mum width about 2.25 cm. Texture coriaceous. Petiole missing, obviously stout, presumably short. Mid vein stout and straight, prominent on under side of leaf. Secondaries numerous, rather thin, prominent on under side of leaf. There are about 15 pairs, opposite to alternate, more widely spaced and sub- tending a smaller angle in upper part of leaf; they diverge from the mid vein at angles of 55° to 70°, are relatively straight and sub- parallel, and are abruptly camptodrome in marginal region. The tertiary venation is obscured by the coarseness of the matrix; a few intermediate, rather thin veins can be seen diverging from the mid vein, subparallel with secondaries, and these appear to show 342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 ficoid connections with secondaries, but these are not clear, probably because it is the upper surface of the leaf that is exposed. Ficvry 28.—a, Ficus americanafolia, new species (near Santa Barbara) ; 0, Cedrela jack- soniana Berry (near Santa Barbara) ; e¢, Chrysobalanus venezuelanus, new species (Be- tijoque) ; d, Meniscium wolfi Engelhardt (Betijoque) ; e, same enlarged to show venation. Others about three-fourths natural size. Among previously described fossil species the present form shows similarities to Picus laqueata Engelhardt from Santa Ana, Colombia, which is a much younger form; and to F. pseudomediafolia Berry TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 343 and F. wilcorensis Berry from the lower Eocene of southeastern North America. It is also much like /. jynaw Unger from the Oligo- cene of the Tyrol in Europe. Among recent species, as already stated, it is much like 7. ameri- eana Aublet from equatorial America. It is also similar to the leaves of Pseudolmedia Trecul, a Caribbean genus of Moraceae. Type.—Upper Eocene: About three-fourths of a kilometer south of Santa Barbara and 214 kilometers east of Los Barrosos, District cf Sucre, State of Zulia. U.S.N.M. no. 39282. THE MIOCENE PLANTS Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA Order POLYPODIALES Family POLYPODIACEAE Genus MENISCIUM Schreber MENISCIUM WOLFI Engelhardt FIGURE 28, d, e Meniscium wolfi ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., vol. 19, p. 38, pl. 3, figs. 12-17, 1895. This handsome species was described from the Cauca Valley, Co- lombia, by Engelhardt, who compared it with the living A/eniscowm reticulatum Swartz, a form that ranges from Jamaica to Peru and Brazil. After comparison with a large quantity of recent material, I am satisfied that Engelhardt’s comparison is as good as any that could be made, although I find M/. palustre Raddi to be equally close. The latter ranges from Central America through northern South America to Brazil. There is considerable fossil material from Betijoque, and the accompanying enlarged sketch (fig. 28, ¢) shows clearly the venation and also the shallow marginal sinuses between the denticulations that mark the endings of the lateral veins. The genus Menisciwm is confined to the American Tropics. Sys- tematic students of modern ferns usually follow Christensen’s ad- mirable monograph? in considering it a subgenus of Dryopteris. For geological purposes, where dependence has to be placed on form and venation, it is preferable to give generic rank to several of these subgenera, such as Lastrea, Goniopteris, and Meniscium, since they go back certainly to the dawn of the Tertiary and contain a large number of forms and are not a compact or closely enough related series either biologically or geographically to fall within 2 Christensen, Carl, Saertryk af. Biol. Arbej. tilegnede Eug. Warming, 1911. 50992—36 2 344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 the limits of a single generic concept. Witness Diel’s impossible treatment of them under Nephrodiwm in Die Pfianzenfamilien. Occurrence.—Betijoque, District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo. U.S.N.M. no. 39283. Phylum CYCADOPHYTA Order CYCADALES Family CYCADACEAE Genus ZAMIA Linnaeus ZAMIA (7) species What appears to be a fragment of a pinnule of Zaméa is found in the collection from Betijoque in the State of Trujillo. The genus has been detected at a number of localities in the American Tertiary in recent years, and although the present specimen is wholly inade- quate for purposes of characterization or comparison it probably indicates the presence of this type of plant. Phylum ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA Class MONOCOTYLEDONAE Order ARECALES Family ARECACEAE Genus PALMOPHYLLUM Conwentz PALMOPHYLLUM species Fragments of palm rays are not uncommon in the Tertiary floras of equatorial America, but they are usually too incomplete for gen- eric determination, as is the case with those found in the Venezuelan Miocene. Occurrence—Palmarejo, District of Mara, State of Zulia; El Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon; Betijoque, District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo. Order POALES Family POACEAE Genus POACITES Brongniart POACITES species Fragments of a large grass too incomplete for identification and therefore referred to the form genus Poacites, but probably a species BERRY 345 TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA of Chusquea, are present at the locality 214 kilometers north of La Victoria, District of Miranda, State of Zulia. An undoubted species of Chusquea has been described * from La Virginia, about 15 kilometers from Girardot, Department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Class DICOTYLEDONAE Order PIPERALES Family PIPERACEAE Genus PIPERITES Goeppert PIPERITES CORDATUS Berry FIGURE 29, g Piperites cordatus Berry, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 59, p. 171, pl. 22, fig. 1, 1921; Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in Geol., no. 6, p. 85, pl. 18, fig. 9, 1925. This species was described in 1921 from the middle Miocene of southern Costa Rica. Subsequently incomplete material from the Forest sand of the island of Trinidad, British West Indies, was tentatively referred to it. Recently a somewhat similar form from the Miocene of the De Mares Concession in the State of Santander, Colombia, has been referred to Dioscorea. There is some doubt as to whether the pres- ent fossil is nearer to Piper or to Dioscorea, but there is not the slightest doubt of its botanical identity with the type of this species from Costa Rica. Occurrence.—Betijoque, District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo. U.S.N.M. no. 39289. Order ANONALES Family ANONACEAE Genus ANONA Linnaeus ANONA GUPPYI Berry Anona guppyi Berry, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 59, p. 567, fig. 3, 1921. This species was described from the Miocene of Betijoque, Vene- zuela, in 1921. Later collections have shown it to be present at additional localities in Venezuela and also in beds of approximately the same age on the De Mares Concession in the Magdalena Valley, Department of Santander, Colombia. 3 Berry, E. W., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 75, art. 24, p. 2, 1929. 346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Occurrence-—Rio Palo Negro north of Hato Venado, District of Bolivar; about 314 kilometers south of La Victoria and half a kilo- meter southwest of El Rudal ranch, and La Victoria—Catanaja Road Ficurn 29.—a, Inga reissi Engelhardt (Palmarejo) ; b-e, Cassia euliana, new species (0, Palmarejo; c-e, El Mene); f, Sophora marana, new species (Palmarejo) 9g, Piperites cordatus Berry (Betijoque); h, Anona sphaerocarpoides, new species (Betijoque). All about three-fourths natural size. about 214 kilometers north of La Victoria, District of Miranda, State of Zulia; Betijoque, District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo; El Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon. TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 347 ANONA SPHAEROCARPOIDES, new species FIGURE 29, h Leaves of medium size, obovate in general outline. Apex harrow- ing abruptly and incurved, but instead of being acuminate or cus- pidate it terminates in a bluntly rounded apiculation. Base cuneate or broadly acute. Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Length about 14 cm. Maximum width, above the middle, about 6.5 cm. Petiole very stout, its length unknown. Mid vein stout, prominent on under side of leaf. Secondaries stout, prominent, about 10, mostly alternate pairs; they diverge from mid vein at angles approaching 90°, are slightly but regularly curved and subparallel, and are abruptly camptodrome well within the margins. Tertiaries thin, forming a transversely elongated mesh within the secondaries and reg- ularly camptodrome arches outside the secondaries along the margins. This handsome species is known from only fragmentary specimens. Among existing species of this large tropical and subtropical genus, it is much like A. sphaerocarpa Splitg, which ranges from Panama through northern South America to Brazil. The fossil is named from its resemblance to this existing species, both having the same form but differing slightly in venation, Another similar existing form with the same tip but otherwise less close is A. montana Mactadyen of Puerto Rico. Still another similar form showing only shght differences in vena- tion is A. macgravii Martius, which ranges from Venezuela to about Bahia, Brazil. Among previously described fossils the present spe- cies is something lke a form from Santa Ana, Colombia, which Engelhardt called Citharexylon retiforme. A number of fossil spe- cies of Anona have leaves of this general type, especially as to vena- tion, but they are either elliptical or broadly lanceolate in form and lack the apical features of sphaerocarpoides. Oceurrence.—Betijoque, District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo; Zapayari-E] Plan Road, 114 kilometers south of Rio Grande, Dis- trict of Bolivar, State of Zulia. Type—vU.S.N.M. no. 39295. Order ROSALES Family ROSACEAE Genus CHRYSOBALANUS Linnaeus CHRYSOBALANUS VENEZUELANUS, new species FIGURE 28, ¢ Leaves of medium size, suborbicular in outline, the apex slightly less full and broadly rounded than base. Margins entire. Texture 348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 subcoriaceous. Length about 6 cm. Maximum width about 5.4 cm. Unfortunately the material is limited to the type specimen, so that nothing can be said of the possible limits of variation of the species. Petiole stout, somewhat inflated, and about 5 mm in length. Mid vein stout, very prominent on lower surface of leaf, and slightly curved. Secondaries three or four irregularly spaced pairs, stout and prominent; they diverge from mid vein at wide angles, sweep upward in regular curves, and have camptodrome endings. Ter- tiaries well marked and almost identical with those in the existing Chrysobalanus icaco Linnaeus. (. icaco is a small coastal tree ranging from southern Florida to southern Brazil, and its leaves are scarcely distinguishable from those of the fossil species @. venezuclanus. Leaves of this type appear in fossil record as early as the lower Eocene in southeastern North America‘, where they are accompanied by characteristic fruits. Two species have been described from the Phocene of Bahia, Brazil, and one of these, (. preicaco, has been considered ancestral to the living C. teaco, fruits of which occur in the Pleistocene of Cuba. The genus is a small one in the recent flora, confined to the At- lantic coastal regions of the Americas and West Africa. The present Venezuelan species is very similar to the Brazilian fossil species mentioned above, but it is relatively wider and rounder, the latter being almost identical with the leaf of the recent species. Occurrence.—Betijoque, District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo; El Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon. Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 39296. Family MIMOSACEAE Genus INGA Willdenow INGA REISSI Engelhardt FIGuRE 29, a Inga reissi ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., vol. 19, p 36, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2: pl. 9, fig. 8, 1895. This species was described by Engelhardt from Santa Ana, Colom- bia. Identical material is present in the collections from Palmarejo, Venezuela. Leaflets sessile or short-petiolulate, variable in size, ovate in gen- eral outline, widest at or below middle, inequilateral. Apex acute, sometimes but rarely slightly produced. Base generally broadly rounded. Margins entire, evenly rounded. Texture subcoriaceous. Length 3.25 to 7 em. Maximum width 1.5 to 3.25 em. Mid vein stout, generally curved. Secondaries thin, five to seven subopposite to alternate pairs, diverging from mid vein at angles of over 45°, 4 Berry, BE. W., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 91, p. 220, pl. 44, figs. 8-10, 1916. TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 349 regularly curved, subparallel, and camptodrome. Tertiaries more or less obsolete. Although /nga reissi resembles the leaflets of various leguminous genera, as for example some species of Andira, Erythrina, Pithe- colobium, and Inga, it is more entirely similar to the closely related genera Pithecolobium and Inga, which are abundant in the existing flora of tropical America. In general, Pithecolobium has smaller leaflets with less ascending secondaries, whereas a considerable num- ber of modern species of Znga are very similar to the fossil. Among these may be mentioned /. pinetorum Pittier, /. tetraphylla Martius, and J. flagelliformis Martius. Engelhardt compared the fossil species with the existing 7. alba, I. fagifolia, and I. fastuosa, of Willdenow. Occurrence—Palmarejo, State of Zulia. U.S.N.M. no. 39297. INGA species Fragments of what appear to be rather large and inequilateral leaflets of Jnga, too incomplete for identification, are present at two localities in Venezuela. The genus is common in the Tertiary floras of equatorial America. Occurrence.—Palmarejo, District of Mara, State of Zulia; El Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon. Family CAESALPINIACEAE Genus CASSIA Linnaeus CASSIA LONGIFOLIA Engelhardt Cassia longifolia ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., vol. 19, pp. 19, 24, pl. 2, figs. 14-16, 1895.—Berrry, Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in Geol., no. 4, Del 2S Plo eheS Das. LOD: Leaflets sessile, somewhat variable in form and size, relatively small, Apex and base nearly equally rounded, base tending toward cuneate in some specimens and generally more inequilateral than apex. Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Mid vein stout and prominent, usually somewhat curved. Secondaries numerous, closely spaced, relatively stout, and camptodrome. Length 2 to3 cm. Max- imum width 0.75 to 1.1 cm. This species was described by Engelhardt from the Loja and Tablayacu coal basins in southern Ecuador, and subsequently re- corded from the lower Miocene of Lota and Coronel in Chile and the porcellanite at Siparia, Trinidad. Among recent forms it is much like certain species of Sweetia, Caesalpinia, and Cassia, as for example Cassia spectabilis De Candolle and Cassia eaxcelsa Schrad. It appears most like Cassia but may represent some other genus of the Caesalpiniaceae. It is perhaps doubtful whether the recorded occurrences represent a single botanical species, although 350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 83 the rather uniform climatic conditions in South America during the earlier half of the Miocene render such a conclusion not im- probable, and certainly no criteria for differentiation are apparent. The genus Cassia is a wide-ranging type in the existing flora of the warmer temperate and tropical regions of the world, with upward of 400 species. The geologic history of the genus goes back to the Upper Cretaceous, and more than 100 fossil species are known. Occurrence.—Near Betijoque, State of Trujillo. CASSIA ZULIANA, new species FIGURE 29, b-e Leaflets small, petiolulate, ovate, slightly inequilateral, widest below middle, tapering upward to acute tip which may be extended, and curving downward to the broadly cuneate to rounded inequiiat- eral base. Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Length 2.25 to 3.5 cm. Maximum width about 1.25 to 1.5 cm. Petiolule stout, curved, about 3 mm long. Mid vein stout, promi- nent. Secondaries thin, about eight opposite to alternate pairs di- verging from mid rib at wide angles, pursuing subparallel courses, and camptodrome in marginal region. There is considerable resem- blance to the leaves of the rutaceous genus /agara, but I have been unable to observe the punctations that would be decisive for the latter. Occurs also in porcellanite of Trinidad. Occurrence.—Palmarejo, State of Zulia; El Mene, State of Falcon. Types.—U.S.N.M. nos. 39298, 39299. Family PAPILIONACEAE Genus SOPHORA Linnaeus SOPHORA MARANA, new species Figure 29, f Leaflets small, sessile, elliptical in outline, slightly inequilateral, widest in middle, with broadly rounded apex and base—the latter shghtly more broadly rounded than former. Texture subcoriaceous. Margins entire, evenly rounded. Length about 2.1 cm. Maximum width 1.4 em. Mid vein stout, mediumly prominent. Secondaries thin and largely immersed, five or six camptodrome pairs. Ter- tiaries obsolete. This small leaflet is of a type commonly referred to Sophora and readily matched among existing species of that genus. There is no certainty, however, that it does not represent.some other leguminous. genus with similar leaflets. Occurrence.—Palmarejo, State of Zulia. Type—U.S.N.M. no. 39300. TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 351 LEGUMINOSAE INCERTAE SEDIS LEGUMINOUS POD In the collection from locality 2 there is a specimen of a large pod obviously belonging to the leguminous alliance but not complete enough for identification. It is about 7 cm long, the proximal part missing, and about 3.5 cm in maximum width. The distal end is broadly rounded. The pod is compressed, shows no distinct outline of the contained seeds, and has a thickened margin and a faintly reticulate surface. Occurrence.—Stream bank below the crossing of the Zapayari-El Plan Road, about 114 kilometers south of Rio Grande, District of Bolivar, State of Zulia. Order GERANIALES Family TRIGONIACEAE Genus TRIGONIA Aublet TRIGONIA VARIANS Engelhardt Ficure 30, a, b Trigonia varians ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges. vol. 19, p. 35, pl. 7, figs. 4-6; pl. 9, fig. 9, 1895.—?Bmrry, Pree. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, p. 290, 1919; vol. 59, p. 575, pl. 107, fig. 8, 1921. This species was described by Engelhardt from several different- sized specimens collected from tuffs near Santa Ana in the Magda- fena Valley, Colombia. Rather poor material from the lower Mio- cene of northern Peru was tentatively identified as this species by me in 1919. Leaves of variable size, ovate to obovate in general outline. Apex and base usually about equally pointed; sometimes apex is acuminate. Margins entire, slightly undulate. Texture subcoriaceous. Length 6 to 138 cm. Maximum width, at or shghtly above middle, 3 to 5.25 em. A maximum-sized specimen from Betijoque is shown in figure 30. Petiole stout, its length unknown. Mid vein stout, prominent on under surface of leaf, usually curved. Secondaries stout, prominent on under surface; 9 to 12 opposite to alternate pairs diverge from mid vein at fairly regular intervals and at angles of 55° or less, ascending subparallelly, becoming camptodrome in marginal region. Tertiaries thin but well marked on under side of leaf, consisting of rather closely spaced percurrent nervilles, which may be all that can be made out if the preservation is not good; these are connected by anastomosis, so that their course is usually not straight, the whole forming a relatively open, isodiametric areolation. The genus 7'rigonia, not otherwise known in the fossil state, com- prises about 30 existing species of reclined or climbing shrubs, which 352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 are confined to the region between Central America and southern Brazil. Oceurrence—Palmarejo, District of Mara; La Victoria—Catanaja Road about 214 kilometers north of La Victoria, District of Miranda, State of Zulia; El Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon (doubt- ful material) ; Betijoque, near La Salvadora, District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo. U.S.N.M. nos. 39301, 39302. Order SAPINDALES Family ANACARDIACEAE Genus TAPIRIRA Aublet TAPIRIRA LANCEOLATA Engelhardt FIGurE 30, e, f Tapirira lanceolata ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., vol. 19, p. 15, pl. 9, fig. 4, 1895.—-Brrry, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, p. 291, pl. 15, fig. 1, 1919. The specimens from Palmarejo are slightly smaller and more acuminate than the type, but it is legitimate to expect such slight variations in size and form in the leaflets of pinnate leaves. The general form and venation are identical. The species was described by Engelhardt from the inter-Andean basin of Loja in Ecuador and recorded by me from the Zorritos formation (lower Miocene) of the north Peruvian oilfield. It is also represented in collections from the De Mares Concession in Colombia. Occurrence.—Palmarejo, District of Mara; Zapayari-El Plan Road 114 kilometers south of Rio Grande, District of Bolivar, State of Zulia; El] Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon. U.S.N.M. no. 39303. TAPIRIRA TRINITIANA Berry F1cureE 30, d Tapirira trinitiana Berry, Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in Geol., no. 6, p. 103, pl. 14, fig. 4, 1925. This species was described from the Forest sand of Trinidad, British West Indies. The genus is shrubby or arborescent, with not more than six or eight existing species confined to tropical South America. Miocene or Pliocene species have been recorded from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Occurrence —La Victoria—Catanaja Road, about 214 kilometers north of La Victoria, District of Miranda, State of Zulia. U.S.N.M. no. 39304. TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 353 \— \\) i \ Z» Ficurn 30.—a, b, Trigonia varians Engelhardt (a, La Victoria; b, Palmarejo) ; ¢, Her- nandia tongi, new species (21%4 kilometers north of La Victoria) ; d, Tapirira trinitiana Berry (2% kilometers north of La Victoria); e, f, Tapirira lanceolata Engelhardt (Palmarejo). All about three-fourths natural size. 354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Order LAURALES Family HERNANDIACEAE Genus HERNANDIA Linnaeus HERNANDIA TONGI, new species Ficure 380, ¢ Leaves of medium to small size for this genus, ovate in outline, with a broadly rounded base and an acuminate tip. Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Length 10.5 to 17 cm. Maximum width, at or below middle, 4.5 to 9 em. Petiole not preserved. Mid vein stout and prominent on under side of leaf. Lateral primaries one on each side, opposite, stout, and prominent, diverging from mid vein at acute angles at a greater or less distance above its base, as- cending and dying out subparallel to lateral margins one-half to two-thirds distance to tip. Secondaries mediumly stout, alternate to subopposite, three to five pairs, diverging from mid vein at angles of 45° or less, ascending in regular sweeping curves, camptodrome. From outer side of lateral primaries there are numerous stout, regularly and closely spaced, camptodrome secondaries, which di- verge at acute angles and are subparallel. Tertiaries well marked, comprising closely spaced and mostly simple veins at right angles to primaries and secondaries. This is a type of Tertiary leaf that has frequently been referred to the genus Ficus, as in the case of the /. mississippiensis group of the Eocene in the United States,° but that probably is not related to Ficus. It is also very similar to the leaves of entire Sterculias. Several of these may profitably be compared with the modern species of Hernandia. This species is present in the Miocene of the De Mares Concessioit in the Magdalena Valley, Department of Santander, Colombia. Occurrence —La Victoria—Catanaja Road, about 214 kilometers north of La Victoria, District of Miranda; Zapayari—El Plan Road, 114 kilometers south of Rio Grande, District of Bolivar, State of Zulia. Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 39305. Family LAURACEAE Genus NECTANDRA Roland NECTANDRA AREOLATA Engelhardt Nectandra areolata ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., vol. 19, p. 29, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 1895.—BeErry, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 59, p. 177, pl. 27, 1921; vol. 62, art. 19, p. 19, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1923; vol. 75, art. 24, p. 9, 1929. 5 See Berry, B. W., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 131, pp. 9-12, 1922. TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 355 This rather large and coarse form was described originally from Santa Ana, Colombia, and has since been recorded from Leiva, Colombia; Oaxaca, Mexico; and Costa Rica. Occurrence.—Palmarejo, District of Mara; Zapayari-El Plan Road, about 114 kilometers south of Rio Grande (a doubtful speci- men), District of Bolivar, State of Zulia. Genus PERSEA Gaertner fils PERSEA CORIACEA Engelhardt Persea coriacea ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., vol. 19, p. 26, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4, 1895.—Brrry, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 75, art. 24, p. 9, pl. 5, fig. 3; 1829. Another large and coarse lauraceous leaf, distinguished with diffi- culty from Nectandra areolata. It was described originally from Santa Ana, Colombia, and has since been recorded from Leiva and the De Mares Concession of that country. Occurrence —E] Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon. PERSEA species Similar to P. coriacea from El Mene in Venezuela and from Santa Ana and Leiva, Colombia, but somewhat less coarse, with more numerous secondaries. Occurrence —Palmarejo, District of Mara; La Victoria—Catanaja Road, about 21% kilometers north of La Victoria, District of Mi- randa, State of Zulia. Order MYRTALES Family COMBRETACEAE Genus COMBRETUM Linnaeus COMBRETUM STEPHENSONI, new species Ficure 31, @ Leaves broadly elliptical or elliptical-ovate. Tip rounded. Base broadly cuneate to rounded. Margins entire. Texture coriaceous. Length about 11 cm. Maximum width about 6.5 cm. Petiole missing. Mid vein mediumly stout, channeled on upper surface, prominent on lower surface. Secondaries mediumly stout, numerous, mostly alter- nate, somewhat irregularly spaced; they diverge from mid vein at wide angles, are regularly curved and subparallel, and are campto- drome in marginal region. Tertiaries mostly percurrent, especially over short distances, mostly immersed in the leaf substance. 356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 This species is represented by a considerable quantity of material, but all is in a much broken condition. It is, of course, hazardous to base species on limited material, since the leaves of existing species are inclined to variability, and in the only fossil species of which I have seen a large quantity of good material, 1. e., Combretum petraflumensis Berry ® from the middle Eocene of the Mississippi embayment, the leaves are extraordinarily variable. There is, however, a generic facies not easily mistaken. Leaves of this type are not uncommon from the Eocene onward; indeed they are foreshadowed during the Upper Cretaceous. Among previously described forms the present species is much like C. incertum Berry * from the Miocene porcellanite of Siparia, Trinidad, British West Indies. The genus contains about 150 existing tropical and often coastal species, at least a third of which are natives of South America. Occurrence —La Victoria—Catanaja Road, about 214 kilometers north of La Victoria, and 314 kilometers south of La Victoria, one- half kilometer southwest of E] Rudal ranch, District of Miranda, State of Zula. Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 39306. Order EBENALES Family STYRACACEAE Genus STYRAX Linnaeus STYRAX LANCEOLATA Engelhardt Styraxz lanceolata ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., vol. 19, p. 32, pl. 5, fig. 9, 1895. This small leaf was described by Engelhardt from Santa Ana, Colombia, and has not been detected elsewhere until now. Occurrence.—E] Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon. Family SAPOTACEAE Genus ACHRAS Linnaeus ACHRAS CALCICOLAFOLIA, new species Figure 31, a Leaves large, oblong, widest medianly and tapering about equally distad and proximad. Apex and base shortly obtusely pointed. Mar- gins entire, full and evenly rounded. Texture coriaceous, Length about 20 cm. Maximum width about 7.5 cm. Petiole missing. 6 Berry, E. W., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 92, p. 85, pls. 45, 58, 59, 1924. ™Berry, E. W., Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in Geol., no. 6, p. 117, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1925. TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 357 Mid vein stout, channeled on upper surface, prominent on lower surface. Secondaries thin, immersed in the leaf substance; they are numerous and subparallel, diverging from the mid vein at angles of 70° to 80°, pursuing almost straight courses, and are abruptly camptodrome within the margins. Tertiary venation obsolete. Leaves of this sort are represented in many families, notably in the Moraceae and Apocynaceae and by such genera as P'icus, Alla- manda, and Plumeria. After extended comparisons with recent material I find the fossil leaves to be most like the leaves of Achras, especially A. chicle Pittier of Guatemala and A. calcicola Pittier of the rain forest of Panama. These two are much closer than the leaves of South American species of Achras that I have seen. Occurrence.—La Victoria—Catanaja Road, about 214 kilometers north of La Victoria, District of Miranda, State of Zulia. Type.—uU.S.N.M. no. 39307. Order GENTIALALES Family APOCYNACEAE Genus APOCYNOPHYLLUM Unger APOCYNOPHYLLUM SALVADORENSIS Berry Apocynophyllum salvadorensis Berry, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 59, p. 579, pl. 107, fig. 6, 1921. This species was based upon three specimens collected by C. F. Bowen in 1919 from the sandy clays 214 miles northwest of La Salvadora, Venezuela. It was described as follows: Leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, about 13 cm in length and 9.4 em In maximum width, with a somewhat narrowed rounded base. Apex missing, so that the total length as given may be slightly overestimated. Margins entire, even. Petiole missing. Mid rib thin on upper surface of leaf, stout and prominent on lower surface. Secondaries numerous, thin, regularly spaced, subparallel, and camptodrome. This species is of a somewhat uncertain botanical affinity, since it exhibits no conclusive diagnostic characters. It approaches near- est to the various fossil species that have been referred to the form genus Apocynophyllum and that suggest various existing tropical genera of the family Apocynaceae, such as Plumeria, Prestonia, and Thevetia. This same species is contained in later collections from Venezuela, Occurrence.—Palmarejo, District of Mara, State of Zulia; El Mene, District of Acosta, State of Falcon; near La Salvadora, State of Trujillo. 858 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Order PERSONALES Family BIGNONIACEAE Genus PLEONOTOMA Miers PLEONOTOMA MIOCENICA, new species Ficure 31, 6 Leaflets small, subelliptical, slightly inequilateral, about equally narrowed and rounded at both ends. Margins entire. Texture sub- coriaceous. Length about 4.5 em. Maximum width about 1.8 cm. Apparently sessile. Mid vein stout, prominent, curved. Secondaries stout, prominent, four or five pairs, irregularly spaced, ascending, camptodrome, connected by mostly simple transverse tertiaries, This species appears to represent the genus Pleonotoma, not hith- erto known as a fossil. The genus contains six or eight recent spe- cies of climbing shrubs in the region between the Caribbean and southern Brazil. Among these, P. jasminifolium (H. B. K.) Miers of the Venezuelan region appears to be most like the fossil. There is also considerable similarity to the Brazilian species P. tetraque- trum, the Bignonia triphylla of Miers. The first is bipinnate and the second trifoliate in habit. Occurrence.—Betijoque, District of Betijoque, State of Trujillo. Type—vU.S.N.M. no, 39308. Genus BIGNONIA Linnaeus BIGNONIA ZULIANA, new species FIGURE 31, ¢ Leaflets petiolate, ovate, medium sized, widest medianly, sharply pointed but not extended distad, pointed and slightly decurrent proximad, Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Length about 11.25 cm. Maximum width about 5.25 cm. Petiole mostly missing. Mid vein stout, prominent, slightly curved. Lateral primaries one on each side, suprabasilar, stout, diverging at acute angles and ter- minating camptodromely in upper half of leaflet. There are three or four regularly curved, prominent, camptodrome secondaries in upper half of leaflet. Tertiaries thin but well marked, numerous, and camptodrome within the margins, transverse, simple, and curved or sometimes inosculating. Ultimate areolation indistinct. This species, which suggests comparisons with certain lauraceous forms, agrees more closely with various existing species of the large tropical genus Bignonia and is approximated by existing forms from various parts of South America. Among those seen the follow- TERTIARY PLANTS FROM VENEZUELA—BERRY 359 ing are the most similar: B. barbinervis, B. eximia, and B. cujabamba. FicurE 31.—a, Achras calcicolafolia, new species (24% kilometers north of La Victoria) ; b, Pleonotoma miocenica, new species (Betijoque); ce, Bignonia zuliana, new species (2% kilometers north of La Victoria) ; d, Combretum stephensoni, new species (2% kilometers north of La Victoria). All about three-fourths natural size. Occurrence.—La Victoria—Catanaja Road, 2% kilometers north of La Victoria, District of Miranda, State of Zulia. Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 39309. 360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Order RUBIALES Family RUBIACEAE Genus CONDAMINEA De Candolle CONDAMINEA (?) GRANDIFOLIA Engelhardt Condaminea grandifolia ENGELHARDT, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., vol. 19, p. 34, pl. 7, fig. 2; pl. 9, fig. 1, 1895.—Brrry, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, p. -93, DUEL, 1919: Fragments of a large leaf with the characteristic venation of this species occur at Palmarejo. I have no doubt that they represent the same species, which was described by Engelhardt from Santa Ana, Colombia, and which is abundant in the Zorritos formation (lower Miocene) of the north Peruvian oilfield. As I have pre- viously stated (op. cit., p. 294), I much doubt their reference to this. genus. Occurrence. Palmarejo, State of Zulia. Genus SABICEA having many rather long though simple filaments. I also found filaments present in variable numbers in all species of which well-preserved specimens were available, and this is probably true of all species of Hippocampus (p. 511). It is evident that ramulosus cannot be distinguished definitely on the basis of the original account, and the difficulty of its final deter- mination is increased by the absence of a definite locality record. Risso cites Leach’s species 3, or ramulosus, in the synonymy of his anti- quus, which, in turn, is a synonym of hippocampus (see p. 521), but this action does not seem to be well taken. The original figure of ramulosus shows a rather deep body, more as in hippocampus, but the tubercles are distinctly higher than in hippocampus and more nearly resemble those of guttulatus. The depth, and length of the snout, would also not absolutely preclude it from being a guttulatus. Rauther (see preceding paragraph) figures a specimen of guitulatus having filaments nearly to the same extent as shown on the figure of ramulosus, although in Rauther’s fish the filaments were not branched. When the original account of ramulosus is considered in connection with the specific characters of the common European species as estab- lished here, the probabilities favor the conclusion that ramulosus was based on a specimen of guttulatus, and Leach’s name is here placed in the synonymy of guttulatus. This action should be consid- ered final, unless, of course, a restudy of the type should prove other- wise; the question must be left open for those who may have a chance to reexamine the original specimen. The third species established by Leach, trimaculatus, falls outside the scope of this paper. The next author whose work has a bearing on the nomenclature of the seahorses is Cuvier,”® who also established Hippocampus, as a subgenus, possibly again independently, since he does not refer that name to any previous author. After describing his subgenus, he states: % Die Syngnathiden des Golfes von Neapel, pl. 16, fig. 173, 1925. % Ibid., pl. 2, fig. 12. 2% Le régne animal. . ., vol. 2, p. 157, 1817. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 519 “Tl s’en trouve dans nos mers une espéce 4 museau plus court, pointillée de blane. (Syng. hippocampus L.) Bl. 109, fig. 3. Et une autre 4 museau plus long, Will. I. 25, f. 4, qui n’ont toutes deux que quelques filaments sur le museau et sur le corps.” Cuvier thus differentiates two species in ‘‘nos mers’’, correctly giving one striking character that distinguishes them. For one he cites the name Syngnathus hippocampus, but leaves the other un- named. (This was later named by Schinz.) We must digress here from the regular chronological arrangement of this review and turn briefly to Willughby.” This author is pre- Linnaean and largely nonbinomial, and his work need not be consid- ered by itself. In the preceding quotation, however, Cuvier cites one of Willughby’s figures, and this account by Cuvier later formed the basis of Schinz’s longirostris. Also, Cuvier still later established three species citing Willughby’s three figures, one for each of his species. The accounts of these two post-Linnaean authors are very inade- quate, and in order to dispose of their names properly a consideration of Willughby’s account becomes important. The section in Willughby’s book dealing with the seahorses is headed: “Hippocampus Rondeletii & aliorum. . .” No other species is mentioned by name in the letter-press account, which is largely generic and insufficient to distinguish separate species. His work also includes a plate containing, among others, three crude figures of supposedly distinct species of seahorses. Figure 3 is labeled ‘““H Rond.”’, while figures 4 and 5 are named polynomially, but the alleged specific characters implied in these polynomial desig- nations are insufficient to distinguish the species. Figure 3 shows a short snout and is probably a poor representation of the common short-snouted Mediterranean species. Figure 5 shows a medium long snout, while figure 4 shows a notably long snout, but neither figure is definitely recognizable. As to localities, for figure 5 “India Ocidentalis {sic]” is given on the plate after the polynomial desig- nation. No localities are given on the plate for the other two figures. In his letter-press account the only localities he mentions are Mediter- ranean, and his intention apparently was for figures 3 and 4 to repre- sent Mediterranean species, but this is not altogether certain. Since a knowledge of the locality to be assigned to figure 4 is of importance in disposing of the names later based on that figure, it may be noted that Cuvier first cited (see above) that figure under a species from ‘‘nos mers’’, which he characterized but did not name. Whatever Wil- lughby’s intention was, this citation by Cuvier evidently restricted Willughby’s figure 4 to a French species. 7 Historia piscium . . ., pp. 157-158, tab. I 25, figs. 3-5, 1686. 520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 To return to the chronological arrangement of the post-Linnaean authors, we next take up Schinz.** The account of the seahorses by this author, which was neglected by most later writers, is as follows, in full: “Das Seepferdchen, Hyppocampus_ brevirostris./Syngnath. hip- pocampus. Bl. 109. F. 3./Der Rumpf sieben, der Schwanz viereckig, der Riissel vollkommen walzenformig, weiss punktirt. Im Mittelmeer und andern Meeren**).” In a footnote, as indicated, he adds, “«*Fyppocamp. longirostris. Will. I. 25. F. 4. Beide arten haben nur einige Muskelfasern am Korper.”’ Evidently Schinz merely supplied names to the two species found in “nos mers’’, as differentiated by Cuvier (1817), although the local- ity Schinz gives is somewhat different from that given by Cuvier, ‘“‘Mittelmeer und andern Meeren’’ instead of “‘nos mers.”’ There is no question as to the disposition of Schinz’s name brevirostris. Since he cites S. hippocampus in the synonymy of that species, he evidently substituted brevirostris for hippocampus to avoid tautonymy. There- fore, Schinz’s brevirostris must be suppressed as a synonym of hip- pocampus. The latter name is thus restricted by Schinz to a short- snouted species, and since it was previously restricted by Leach to a Mediterranean species, it must be used for the common short-snouted Mediterranean seahorse, a conclusion to which we previously arrived (p. 518). There may be some question as to the disposition of the name longirostris. Did Schinz intend to apply the locality ‘“Mittelmeer und andern Meeren”’ to brevirostris only, or to longirostris as well? And if the latter is answered affirmatively, did Schinz intend to include all long-snouted seahorses in one species, or to apply longi- rostris only to those found in French waters? It is futile, however, to speculate now regarding his intention. The question must be de- termined by the available evidence. Schinz’s work is virtually a translation, or at least a rendering closely following that of Cuvier (1817), including the account of the seahorses, with the exception noted in the preceding paragraph. The chief characters that Cuvier used to distinguish his two species are now employed by Schinz to coin the Latin names of those species. Schinz, as well as Cuvier, cites Willughby’s figure 4, and that figure, outside the structura! character implied in Schinz’s name, is practically the sole basis of his longirostris. Schinz’s account, therefore, is virtually based on that of Cuvier, and the name longirostris must be applied to a species from “nos mers” or to a long-snouted seahorse occurring in French waters. It will be shown hereafter that the long-snouted seahorses on the coasts of France consist of two subspecies, one in the Atlantic and another in the Mediterranean, and it becomes necessary further 28 Das Thierreich von Cuvier, vol. 2, p. 262, 1822. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 524i to restrict Schinz’s longirosiris. As far as I know this was not done by any previous author, and the name longirostris, therefore, is here formally restricted to a seahorse from the Mediterranean. Risso * described two species of seahorses, H. antiquus and H. rosaceus. ‘The descriptions are evidently erroneous in some important particulars, somewhat conflicting in their statements when compared with specimens of the common species, and he apparently relied on the color to a large extent to distinguish the species. A comparison of his two descriptions, however, allows the identification of Risso’s species with some measure of confidence. For the first-named species he states: ‘‘Angulis subtuberculatis; * * * la queue présente quatre faces longitudinales avec quartre rangées d’anneaux ornés d’une houppe de filaments déliés; la téte est grande, le museau étroit * * * couleur générale d’un vert obscur varié de teintes brunes’’; while for the second species he states, ‘la téte est plus grosse, le museau un peu plus large * * * sa surface est d’un beau rose tendre, pointillée de blanc et d’azur* * *.’’ A comparison with the two common Mediterranean species will show that these state- ments give a fair although incomplete characterization by which the two species may be distinguished. Therefore, as far as the original accounts are concerned, antiquus becomes a synonym of hippocampus, and rosaceus has been anticipated by longirostris Schinz. The rose color, which Risso describes for his rosaceus, is a certain color phase sometimes found in either species, according to Rauther.” As mentioned, Risso’s statements are rather conflicting, as when he describes antiquus in his Latin diagnosis as having “‘angulis sub- tuberculatis”, and farther on, in the description, states, “‘le corps * * * ceint de treize anneaux garnis de tubercules pointus.”’ As far as the adults are concerned the presence of pointed tubercles would apply more nearly to the long-snouted species, but also to young specimens of the other species, H. hippocampus, and Risso may have drawn that statement from young fish. It is also quite possible that he did not properly separate his material, having relied on color to a large extent, and that his antiquus is a composite of two species, but on the basis of the original descriptions the best dispo- sition of his two names is as indicated. In any case, the disposition of his names does not affect the nomenclature and merely relates to the proper segregation of the synonymy, since Risso has been anti- cipated and earlier names are available for both common Mediter- ranean species. Cuvier *! introduced three names for seahorses, as follows: ‘‘Il s’en x trouve dans nos mers une espéce & museau plus court (Hipp. brevi- 29 Histoire naturelle des principales productions de |’ Europe méridionale et particuliérement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes, vol. 3, pp. 183, 184, 1826. 30 Die Syngnathiden des Golfes von Neapel, pl. 2, figs. 15-16, 1925. 31 Lerégne animal . . ., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 363, 1829. 522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 rostris, N.), Will., pl. J. 25, fig. 3. Et une autre 4 museau plus long (Hipp. guttulatus, N.), Will. J. 25, f. 5, quin’ont toutes deux que quel- ques filaments sur le museau et surle corps. Il y en a aussi de voisines dans les deux Indes.!” In a footnote, as indicated, he adds: ‘“Synq. longirostris, N., Will., J. 25, f. 4, et d’autres espéces que nous ferons connaitre dans notre grande Ichtyologie.”’ Comparing this with Cuvier’s account in his first edition of ‘‘Le Régne Animal” (see p. 519), we note that both accounts are essentially the same. He even employs the same phraseology in describing the two French species that he recognized. He now supplies the two French species with names and also names a third species from “‘les deux Indes.’”? However, while his description is essentially the same in both editions, he makes some important changes in his citations. For the short-snouted French species he substitutes the reference to Willughby’s figure 3 for that to Bloch; for the long-snouted French species he now cites Willughby’s figure 5 instead of figure 4, although Willughby assigns figure 5 to a West Indian species; and he intro- duces a third species, longirostris, from “les deux Indes”’, for which he cites figure 4, although previously, in 1817, he assigned figure 4 to a species from ‘“‘nos mers.”’ A study of the species and a comparison with the figures of Willughby and Bloch make Cuvier’s intention apparent. The snout in Willughby’s figure 3 is approximately the same as in either one of the two short-snouted French species; figure 5 instead of figure 4 has the snout more nearly like the long-snouted French species, while seahorses with snouts more or less the same length as in figure 4 are present in the Indo-Pacific region. Cuvier apparently now examined specimens of this notably long-snouted species and changed his citations to accord more nearly with his newly acquired material. His intention then was to cite Willughby’s figures as examples of what the material he examined looked like, rather than to accept Willughby’s account in full. Evidently, for this same rea- son, his first reference to Bloch’s figure under the short-snouted sea- horse is omitted in the second edition, because that figure shows a rather long-snouted species, and this was, consequently, also a neces- sary correction. Such an explanation becomes apparent after one becomes familiar with the appearance of the species. Comparing Cuvier’s account with that of Schinz makes it evident that the brevirostris of both is the same species and is to be replaced by hippocampus, as already shown. Like other early authors, Cuvier, being opposed to tautonymy, changed the name of a species when it corresponded with the generic name, and evidently adopted the name first proposed by Schinz for that species. However, for his other French species, the one having a ‘“‘museau plus long” and inhabiting ‘‘nos mers’’, Cuvier does not adopt Schinz’s name longi- rostris, probably regarding it as inappropriate, since he apparently REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG ao now had a species with a still longer snout from ‘‘les deux Indes’’; and he consequently introduces a new name, gutiulatus, for the French species. Although he does not definitely state so, his guttu- latus must be regarded as a substitute for Schinz’s longirostris on the basis of available evidence, both of those names having been based on the same account, in the first edition of Cuvier’s ‘‘Le Régne Animal.” Since two subspecies of long-snouted seahorses exist on the coasts of France, one in the Atlantic and another in the Mediterranean, it becomes necessary to restrict the name guttulatus also. It seems that no previous author made this restriction, although I do not have all the literature readily available for consultation. Since the name guitulatus was evidently proposed as a substitute for longirostris Schinz, the two names must go together. Anyway, guttulatus is herewith formally restricted to the population of the common long- snouted species, which occurs on the northern Mediterranean coast. Cuvier’s statement ‘‘museau plus long’’ also applies more nearly to the Mediterranean seahorse, which averages a longer snout than its Atlantic close relative designated below as multiannularis (see table 2). Furthermore, the best and most adequate current accounts of guitulatus are based largely on Mediterranean specimens. I follow general usage and continue to employ Cuvier’s name gutiulatus for that subspecies rather than Schinz’s earlier name longirosiris (p. 546). Cuvier’s longirostris from “les deux Indes’ was evidently not intended to be the same as the longirostris of Schinz, although both refer to Willughby’s figure 4. That figure was previously restricted by Cuvier (1817) to a French species for which Schinz subsequently proposed the name longirosiris. Cuvier’s later (1829) assignment of the same figure to a species from ‘“‘les deux Indes’’, therefore, must be held nomenclatorialiy untenable, although zoologically it was an appropriate emendation, the long-snouted seahorses from the Indo- Pacific region having their snout more nearly as shown in Willughby’s figure 4. Consequently, the longirostris of Cuvier is a composite of two things: (1) A figure, nomenclatorially at least, belonging to a French species, and (2) a locality belonging to a different species. If we exclude the figure, longirostris of Cuvier becomes a nomen nudum, and if the locality is excluded, it must be regarded nomencla- torially to be the same as longirosiris Schinz. Moreover, it is pre- occupied by longirostris Schinz. In any case, therefore, it is unten- able. The name H. longirostris Cuvier was later used for two dis- tinct species of seahorses in different parts of the world, first by Schlegel * for a Japanese species and later by Kaup * for a West Indian species. The West Indian species has been renamed as a 32 In Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, Pisces, p. 274, 1842. 33 Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum, p. 12, 1856. 524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 result of the present study (see p. 572), while the Japanese species was supplied with a name by Jordan and Snyder.** Finally, it is necessary to discuss a short note on Hippocampus published by de la Pylaie.*® His account is as follows: ‘“‘Parmi les petites espéces qui complétent cette classe, nous avons encore les Syngnathes proprement dits, Syng. Acus. Pelagicus Linn. ou Aciculus Dep., S. Rondeletw, Ophidion, auxquels il faut ajouter VHippocampe, Hippocampus, dont lespéce de l’océan, H. atrichus, N., est distircte d’une autre, H. Jubatus, ainsi nommé d’aprés des filaments qui composent, le long de sou cou, une espéce de criniére peu fournie.”’ This author based his new species, atrichus, entirety on the differ- ence in the relative development of the filaments, a character that does not distinguish any one species. Probably in all species of Hippocampus the relative development of the filaments or even their entire absence is due to individual variation, and to a certain extent it is dependent on age, as has been discussed at greater length (p. 510). Since this is the only character mentioned by de la Pylaie, his descrip- tion of atrichus is applicable to every species of Hippocampus and can be regarded practically as nothing more than a nomen nudum, or at the most as an unidentifiable species. What de la Pylaie understood as ‘H. Jubatus’’ is not clear to me. I do not know of any other post-Linnaean writer who applied that name to a seahorse; it is probably cited from some pre-Linnaean author. Perhaps he had the following statement by Willughby * in mind: ‘‘Vidimis Venetiis hujus generis jubatum, nescimus an specie diversum, an aetate aut sexsu tantum.” If de la Pylaie cited jubatus as the name of a pre-Linnaean writer, it evidently cannot be recognized in nomenclature; even if it had been established by that author, it is a nomen nudum and of no standing in nomenclature. To dispose of de la Pylaie’s two names, they are here placed doubt- fully in synonymy, jubatus in that of hippocampus and atrichus in that of the new subspecies multiannularis, here described from the Bay of Biscay. The name of de la Pylaie is not adopted for the new subspecies because it was based on a misapprehension and would give an incorrect description of the species. While any legitimately established name stands even though it erroneously describes the species, in the present case we are not obliged to perpetuate de la Pylaie’s error. 24 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, p. 14, pl. 8, 1901. 35 Recherches en France sur les poissons de l’océan pendant les années 1832 et 1833. Congr. Sci. France, Poitiers, 1834, 2d sess., p. 528, 1835. Dr. Carl L. Hubbs kindly called my attention to this reference, and the quotation given is taken from Dr. Hubbs’ letter, the original account not being available for consultation. 86 Historia piscium..., p. 158, 1686. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 525 To sum up briefly the foregoing review of the literature, hippo- campus Linnaeus must be applied to the common short-snouted Mediterranean species as restricted by Leach. The specific names heptagonus Rafinesque, antiquorum Leach, and brevirostris Schinz, having been proposed as substitutes for hippocampus, must be reduced to the synonymy of that species. The names proposed for the long- snouted European species are longirostris Schinz (1822) and guttu- latus Cuvier (1829). The latter is a substitute for the former, and both names must go together. The later name is here employed, in accordance with universal usage. Since the Mediterranean long- snouted seahorse is now shown to be subspecifically distinct from that of the Atlantic, the name longirostris and its substitute guttu- latus are here restricted to the Mediterranean subspecies, to accord with general usage. Risso’s two names, antiquus and rosaceus, are referred to the synonymy of hippocampus and guttulatus, respectively. De la Pylaie’s atrichus is unidentifiable, while his jwbatus is unavail- able either because it is pre-Linnaean or else because it represents a nomen nudum. These names are disposed of by placing them in the synonymy of multiannularis and hippocampus, respectively. The specific names erectus Perry, 1810, and ramulosus Leach, 1814, are doubtfully referred to the synonymy of punctulatus Guichenot, 1853, and guttulatus Cuvier, 1829, respectively. I have based this discussion entirely on the published accounts, not having opportunity to examine original material. Since the original material, in some cases at least, evidently represented com- posites of more than one species, and since the early writers were not in the habit of designating ‘“holotypes”, the conclusions drawn from the original accounts will probably have to stand; but it may be necessary to modify these conclusions if it is ever possible to examine some of the original material. Genus HIPPOCAMPUS Rafinesque Head forming an angle with the trunk, movable up or down for a considerable distance, with the ‘throat’? region as its axis. Brood pouch an enclosed naked sac under anterior part of tail. Pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins present, caudal absent. Tail prehensile; quad- rangular; except first segment, normally hexangular in nearly all species; sometimes quadrangular (as a rather infrequent individual variation, in most species, and becoming the dominant condition in the subgenus Jamsus). Trunk septangular, except the posterior segments; last segment typically octangular (often hexangular in zosterae); penultimate trunk segment usually septangular, sometimes novemangular (as an infrequent individual variation in most species, becoming nearly dominant in ingens and being the normal condition 526 * PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 in the subgenus Macleayina). Extra plates on top for support of dorsal usually two, varying one to three; usually on first caudal and last trunk segments, sometimes also on penultimate trunk segment, sometimes either on last trunk or on first caudal segment only. Upper ridge of trunk discontinuous with upper ridge of tail, the two ridges usually overlapping on two segments, varying one to three, on those segments having extra plates for support of the dorsal. (For a full discussion of the correlation between the extra plates, the modified segments, and the overlap of the ridges, see pp. 505 to 507.) Median ridge of trunk continuous with lower ridge of tail; lower lateral ridge of trunk ending on last segment; midventral ridge of trunk ending on penultimate segment. A lateral expansion or wing extending from lower plate of last trunk segment, converging with its fellow from the opposite side and uniting behind base of anal fin. Points of inter- section of transverse and longitudinal ridges bearing pointed spinous processes in the very young, usually persistent as short tubercles in grown specimens, in some species becoming nearly obsolescent or reduced to low stumps, the tubercles usually somewhat better devel- oped in females. Lateral line present, indicated by a series of paired, minute, pimplelike appendages, each pair forming tiny lips for a minute slitlike pore; a pair of lips on transverse ridge of each segment, the series of pairs arranged regularly in a nearly straight longitudinal line, running on trunk nearer to median lateral than to upper ridge continued in a nearly straight line on the tail, situated there nearer to upper than to lower ridge. Appendages on tubercles and coronet often present, often branched, often altogether absent, depending on individual variation and to a certain extent on age and on the species (see p. 510). REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 527 KEY TO THE SUBGENERA AND THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN SPECIES OF HIPPOCAMPUS *” a1. Dorsal rays 16 to 31. Pectoral rays 13 or mere. Upper ridges of trunk and tail usually overlapping on two or three segments, infrequently on one (in hudsonius as an individual variation). First caudal segment hexangular, infrequently quadrangular as an individual variation. Base of dorsal over 3 to 6 segments, usually including first caudal segment. b!. Dorsal rays 26 to 31. Caudal segments 44 to 49. Upper ridges of tail and trunk usually overlapping on three segments. Dorsal usually over 6 seg- ments. Trunk segments 12 or 13_-.-Subgenus MACLEAYINA (p. 529) b2?. Dorsal rays 16 to 21. Caudal segments 33 to 40. Upper ridges of tail and trunk usually overlapping on two segments, infrequently on one or three as an individual variatior (with exception of ingens about as often on three as on two). Dorsal usually over 3 segments, sometimes partly or wholly on a fourth segment___._Subgenus HIPPOCAMPUS (p. 530) cl. Trunk segments normally 11, sometimes 12, rarely 10 as an individual variation (10 segments in one specimen of hudsonius out of entire number studied). d'. Tubercles on upper ridge either well developed and more or less pointed or at least narrowly rounded above, or else nearly obsoles- cent, not in the form of broad and low stumps. el. Tubercles on upper ridge comparatively well developed and con- spicuous, at least in specimens up to about 150 mm long (except usually obsolescent on trunk in large males of punctulatus and kincaidi less than 150 mm long). f}. Trunk without dark transverse lines or large blotches; white dots on side of trunk numerous. Northern Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic, and eastern Pacifie coasts. g'. Snout in medium-sized females (118 mm or less) long, more than 10 percent of length; relatively long also in males when like sizes are compared; trunk comparatively slenderer when like sizes are compared (see table 2). Whitish dots often very profuse, minute, and subequal all over, tending to form very fine white streaks. Profusely covered with small dark spots. Penultimate trunk segments about as often novem- angular as septangular (slightly oftener novemangular in the specimens examined). Attains to a large maximum size. Pacific coast of North and South America_-_-ingens (p. 534) g?. Snout not more than 9.9 percent of length in both sexes in medium and large specimens. Trunk averages deeper. Whitish dots usually not so profuse, coarser on trunk and head, often coalescent there to form short irregular bands or 37 The purpose of this key is twofold: (1) To give a synopsis of the most important specific characters in concise form, and (2) to facilitate the identification of specimens. The student is warned, however, not to expect to be able to “‘run down” specimens in every case by the use of this key. It is impossible to con- struct such an ideal key for the species of Hippocampus. One important drawback to the construction of such a key in this genus is the necessity of using the structure of the tubercles for specific distinctions. While the differences may be appreciated readily when specimens are directly compared, it is impossible to convey in descriptive phrases an adequate picture of these differences. Moreover, the structure of the tubercles differs considerably with size and sex in the same species, and human language is not gradated finely enough to express these differences and their variation, except in general terms. This key, therefore, may be used to full advantage only in connection with authentic specimens for comparison. However, at least full-grown or medium-sized fish may be identified by the use of this key, together with the tables giving the frequency distributions of the meristic characters and the ranges of proportional measurements, and with a knowledge of the locality of capture of the specimens to be identified. 528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 elongate spots. Many small dark spots typically absent. Penultimate trunk segment septangular in a decidedly pre- dominant number of specimens, sometimes novemangular. Attains to but a medium maximum size. hi. Snout 7.7 to 9.9 percent of length in medium-sized and large specimens of both sexes. Pectoral rays 15 to 18. a, Caudal segments modally 39, varying 38 to 40; dorsal rays modally 20, varying 19 to 21. Snout averaging shorter, postorbital longer, trunk longer and slenderer (see table 2). White dots coarser and more numerous. Atlantic coast of Europe___-guttulatus multiannularis (p. 540) 7. Caudal segments modally 38, varying 36 to 39; dorsal rays modally 19, varying 18 to 21. Mediterranean coast of Muro pe. os sae ees guttulatus guttulatus (p. 548) h2. Snout 5.9 to 7.3 percent of length in medium-sized specimens of both sexes. Pectoral rays 13 to 15. Caudal segments 36 to 38. Dorsal rays 17 to 19. Atlantic coast of Europe. europaeus (p. 546) f?. Trunk with large yellowish or whitish or variegated blotches in young, usually partly or wholly replaced with brownish lines in full-grown specimens. White dots on side of trunk very sparse. Western Atlantic. g'. Caudal segments usually 36 to 38, varying 35 to 39; dorsal and pectoral rays in comparatively smaller average numbers; trunk in full-grown specimens rather deep; tubercles well developed; snout medium; white dots usually not profuse. Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, north and west of Wlorida4 2525 33 eae hudsonius hudsonius (p. 551) g?. Caudal segments usually 35 to 37, varying 33 to 37; dorsal and pectoral rays in comparatively larger average numbers; trunk in full-grown specimens notably deep; tubercles compara- tively not so well developed, sometimes nearly obsolescent in full-grown males; snout rather long; white dots usually profuse except on side of truak. Florida and Cuba. hudsonius punctulatus (p. 561) g®. Caudal segments usually 35 or 36, varying 33 to 36; dorsal rays in comparatively smaller average numbers; pectoral rays in medium numbers; trunk of medium depth; tubercles usually rather low, tending to become nearly obsolescent in large males; snout medium. Bermuda_-_-_-_-_- hudsonius kincaidi (p. 568) e?. Tubercles on upper ridge in medium-sized and large specimens ob- solescent or nearly so, or very low and narrowly rounded above, not pointed, not forming broad stout stumps. Typically covered profusely with small brown spots. f!. Snout 6.1 to 7.9 percent of length and depth 16.4 to 19.4 in speci- mens 68 to 104 mm long. Pectoral rays modally 14, varying 13 to 15. Coronet blunt but not low. Tubercles on upper ridge of trunk usually evident as low rounded elevations. Mediterranean! Stes ae ane ae eee hippocampus (p. 570) f?. Snout 10 to 12.7 percent of length and depth 12 to 15.3 in speci- mens 58 to 137 mm long of both sexes. Pectoral rays usually 15 or 16, varying 15 to 17. Coronet very low. Tubercles on upper ridge of trunk mostly obsolescent in large specimens. Paar COMES Sr VC se eee eee reidi (p. 572) REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 529 d?. Development of tubercles on upper ridge peculiar, low, stout, and blunt, not pointed, not obsolescent; in form of low knoblike stumps. Slender, depth in medium-sized specimens not over 13.7 percent. e!. Dorsal rays 17; caudal segments 35. Atlantic coast of United RS RAILCS: eee crease ee RE Ae i obtusus (p. 576) e?. Dorsal rays 20 to 21; caudal segments 39. Pacific coast of Panama. hildebrandi (p. 579) c. Trunk segments 10 (one specimen examined). Tubercles well developed and pointed. With large blotches. Trunk deep__-_-_villosus (p. 582) «?, Dorsal rays 10 to 14. Pectoral rays 10 to 12. Upper ridges of trunk and tail normally overlapping on one segment, infrequently on two, rarely on none. First caudal segment oftenest quadrangular, sometimes hexan- gular (an infrequent individual variation in regulus, frequent in zosterae). Base of dorsal normally over two segments, usually the last two trunk segments, sometimes over the first caudal and last trunk segments. Trunk segments usually 10, sometimes 9, infrequently 11. Caudal segments 28 TORS Ame eye cree Rs Moe NE ad es iret Se Si Subgenus JAMSUS (p. 584) b'. Dorsal rays with mode decidedly at 11, varying 10 to 12. Caudal segments usually 29 to 31, varying 28 to 32. Trunk segments nearly always 10. Maximum size 34 mm. Mississippi and Texas coasts; Campeche, INEGXEC OL p Pet lire ss UE MEL ae OME POURED See eee ia aE regulus (p. 584) b?. Dorsal rays with mode decidedly at 12, varying 11 to 14. Caudal segments usually 31 to 33, varying 30 to 34. Trunk segments 9 or 10 (depending on the racial stock), sometimes 11. Maximum size 44 mm. Florida, Biscayne bay ito Pensacola. 2o2. 20L A ae ee os zosterae (p. 589) Subgenus MACLEAYINA Fowler Macleayina FowuER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 59, p. 426, 1907. (Genotype: Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson=H. bleekeri Fowler by original designation.) This subgenus was originally established on the basis of the in- creased number of dorsal rays. Correlated with this is the position of the dorsal base, usually on one caudal and five trunk segments. It also differs in having the upper ridges of tail and trunk overlapping normally on three segments instead of on two, the dominant condition in the subgenus Hippocampus. While this difference may seem slight, it is correlated with a more fundamental difference in structure, each segment on which the two ridges overlap also having an extra plate on top for the support of the dorsal (see pp. 505 to 507). In this respect the species ingens is somewhat intermediate between Macleayina and Hippocampus. Macleayina also has an increased number of caudal segments and a higher average number of trunk segments. According to McCulloch * it contains five species. Of the species listed by McCulloch, however, bleekeri and agnesae have been synonymized with abdominalis by Fowler,®® while graciliformis has been placed in the synonymy of the same species by Waite and Hale.” The one or 38 Mem. Australian Mus., vol. 5, p. 97, 1929. 39 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, p. 446, 1921. 40 Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 1, p. 319, 1921. 73864—36 3 530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 more species comprising this subgenus are geographically outside the scope of the present paper, and, moreover, sufficient material for comparison is not available. Consequently, the species are not treated further here. Subgenus HIPPOCAMPUS Rafinesquet Hippocampus RaFINEesQuE, Caratteri di aleuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia . . ., p. 18, 1810. [Genotype: H. hippocampus (Linnaeus) =Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus=H. pentagonus Rafinesque by absolute tautonymy.] Hippocampus Leacu, The zoological miscellany, vol. 1, p. 103, 1814. [Genotype: H. hippocampus (Linnaeus) = H. antiquorum Leach by absolute tautonymy. ] Hippocampus Cuvier, Le régne animal .. ., vol. 2, p. 157, 1817. [Genotype: H. hippocampus (Linnaeus) =Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus by absolute tautonymy and by monotypy.] Farlapiscis Wuittny, Australian Zool., vol. 6, p. 318, 1931. (Genotype: H. breviceps Peters by original designation.) The species of this subgenus that were studied form a compact group, which may be sharply distinguished from the subgenus Macleayina on the one hand and from Jamsus on the other as indicated in the key. Whether this sharp distinction will hold when the other species of seahorses are studied in detail remains to be seen. The necessity for the new generic name introduced by Whitley is not clear, and he gives no reason for establishing it. As far as I can judge by current descriptions, H. breviceps, the genotype of Whitley’s Farlapiscis, belongs to the typical subgenus Hippocampus. Tasie 1.—Frequency distribution of the number of caudal segments and fin rays in nine species or subspectes of the subgenus Hippocampus Caudal segments Dorsal rays Pectoral rays Species and locality 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 33) 39] 40 |) 15] 16)17)18]} 19 | 20} 21 |} 13] 14)15] 16 }17]| 18] 19 UNG ENS Sens ee ee | | aren | eee a a NO fine oil ef eed fis se | Seal Ua SS In lef eae cen tee | ee multiannularis: At- lantic coast of Eu- guttulatus: Mediter- ranean coast of MNTOPeC. sae ae sou -ee eases DB TG Gg) 25) Se S| ea ee SS QU OSM iitigy) deal see | sofia ou aeia| aden | een CUTOPUCUSE Ronee eee eee (eee aoe 3/3 A ae | ee eS ee Busse isee de Sas ee eee ee ee hippocampus..------|--- MWe sor |zecs ee tes ele S| len LOM ee ees ce ae 2) eS. ele leaeel sealant see NE1dd =a eno ee ae esos P63 23) s28|sea| ace LOL Oo ola esos es] Set ee 4 dene Se hiztcaidi Bermuda | ln eae) eee eee ae ee | ec | Affe reset he lt ee a 4 | N e ee punctulatus: Florida andi @ubaz 2 2--- = A SSe RS On ve lleoe | ante en || aee tee ee eon elie eee eed | cee 3/14)9]/1/]1 hudsonius: North and South Caroling sa ase e SO eae Le peed a] cee | oe tee Fae Ca | eee | ees | ere 28 ia | ee ee Mississippi to NOxes #222 so se55| Seale es Mai Bui LO) [27 Se ee ae ee te ee en ONS trea | enced IL ie Suh a an eee ee Virginia to Maine_}---]---| 3 | 7 | 15 | 7 | 4 |---|/--- 2) UALS LSet | ee ce BaMLGa|) 2a 2) | ees ee 41 See also p. 515 for a discussion of Perry’s use of this generic name. 531 REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG *(IZg pus ogg ‘dd oes) ATUo 9zIs Aq SI poqe[nqe, suoutpoeds O44 Jo UOTeZaIZ0S OY} PUB ‘eTO JO JUSUIIPNA B ysvoT 48 IO YONod poolq B py Joye peulmexe suoupeds [[e A[IVON z ‘Og ‘d UO pessnosip sv ‘7091109 AJojNjosqB you A[qeqoid sT xes 04 SUTP1090B [VIIO}VU OY} JO MOTVSeISeS SY, “60 04 L0G ‘dd ees ‘s}UsUIEINSvEUT ZUTHeI JO Poyyou Jo UOTdIIOSep 10 1 Ly 6 F-£'F || 0°89 $9-6'T9 || 9 GE T€&-1 ZE || 60 F'1Z-9 02 || 0 'OT T‘OI-0 OT || T°2 €°L-6°9 || OFT OPP ERS Pa U Gi oe fis |fercetre lease mote aio ses 88-48 0% oP-8'E || F€9 G°S9-T SO || TCE T €&-L "6% |) €°6T L°6I-L'8T || 2°6 & OI-1 6 ¥9 69-6 'S || 9 °ST LOT-L"8I | @)etieseaercas ame ce SII-€6 snandoina sndurnv0d dipy 8 °F T'S-9'F || 6°89 6 €9-F 19 || 9 CE T ‘F&-6 OE || T'& 9 °F2-1 GS || GOT 8 0I-8 6 6 6°6-8°S || 6 °ET G°OT-€ CE | 9 Oia [Frans mak ie 88-82 0°¢ ¥'G-L"b || 0°89 9 °F9-Z SO || L°SE G'EE-8 TES || 1° G"FS-0 GS || POT 801-2 6 £6 6°6-6°8 || 2°41 8°OT-S CT | ZL Oy ees Slee ee as 88-ZL tT 9'F-G'F || 9 °E9 T G9-€ 29 || € SE 9 °ZE-8 ‘TE || 8°TS 222-6 0G || 6°6 g 01-26 06 ¥6-8°8 || & FL P'OI-8 CI | F OES limeney cas ee “"“OTI-96 9'F 6°F-2'F || 9 F9 8°99-€'E9 || OTE 6 TE-L 6S || 0'%% L°@-¥ TS || 86 TOT-€ 6 68 66-98 || TOL vLI-¥ $I | 9 oy eee eres £01-06 edoing Jo 4svoo UveURIIOJIPI—sn7}0)NIING snjojnznb sndwvo0dd1yyy i 8'b-F F || 6°29 O'F9-L‘T9 || F°Eé G GE-G SE || 9 °%S 9°€-L ‘TZ || 9°OT 6 OT-T OL || F'8 G6-1'8 || 6 OI T¥I-0 CT | 2 (C04 | Gosiapeelng Sane ~~ §TI-80T bP LY-1'F || 3°49 Z°99-9'€9 || €°ZE F§E-9 TE || 13s 9 €-6 0 || F°OT 0'TI-8 6 €°8 0°6-L°2 || TST v OTF eI | 2 ee eer eee a Sy sLSIS10F edoing Jo 4svod O1JURLy W—SstDpnUUDIZINW §nzDjNBNH sndwups0d dry bP G't-<2'F || 619 @ 29-9 19 || 2 8E G EE-1 EE || 9 ES 6°€Z- &@ || 2 'OT 9 01-26 £0 F'OI-Z'01|| 0ST €CI-9 IT | Orr eg ete ce ~~" @6-18 Gir ec e ae = ve OSD yu | peer ORCE re Ao = Ge CAG iiees | ok eee nae OG iene eer ae PAG ei ae CAG ieee ares T iOS erste Seen GPE Les 0'F-*F'E || 9°19 G €9-Z 09 || FEE F 'PE-E SE || FSS L°@Z-6 TS || £6 66 9°83 201 9 OI-¥ 6}| T&T 8SI-2 SI | 9 Ops ae eras SoT-8IT Z's €€-1'€ || 8°49 £°99-Z 'F9 |) 6 TE 6 'TE-8 ‘TE || $°0Z 1 -02 || 06 T6 -6°8 £6 $6 - 6!) FT VSI-F st | @ 125 eer Soar ora T0Z-L9T suabur sndwuno0ddipyy 028 38 938 938 ose 038 3B -IOAV esuBy -10AV esuLy -10AV suey -10AV esuey -10AV suey -I0AV esuLy “I0AV suey oe a eno bce nse see ee ee | Pe (Se le Pe ea eee eee ea | Eee |e tee (aru) q4Ssue'T -TNnN HIGIO TeL yunIy, peo Teq1qi0jsog ynous yided 1 Y78ua? ay) fo sabnzuaouad sp passaidxa ‘xas pun az1s fig paynbosbas ‘unauniiaypeyy ay) pun ‘o1uun)y usajsna ay} ‘oxfravq Uiajspa ay? wouf sndureooddiy fo sazvadsqns wo sawads aay fo splamaunspawu jouonjwiodo.d fo sabpiaaw puv sabuny—% Wav, oD ao a ° a PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 532 On Orr aera es OG Sim eerngearas DESIR ara Sis POG | aati ie Soa Hl peaee eso Of sass © [peeall eatin heat T Or Glign shee a ae ee og AS naa GRO Giza agg = ta = PAL Gill are os GOCE | EF Se ey Teel eee esas ESET ideee | aioe SULT de | Gatieeiesets I ie ae ees Be Res oF 6h 69-9'F || 8°89 6S-G "8S |] 6'9 6 SE-8 "SE 1% T°L0-6 92 || 8°IT T'GI-¥'IT || 6 Cr LGI-L IT}! 6 FL TST-8 ST | @ Eee eee eee £6-89 9° 84-8 F || 109 19-@ ‘69 || &°SE &'9E-E FE || €°9S ¢$'9C- FZ || 8 OT O'TI-G OT || 2°01 GIT-@ OT)! £°FT oSI-1 FI | @ OT et os Lae pee C8-FL 6° 6 &-8's || T°19 0°89-G 6S || F'SE 898-6 FE || 3 °& 9 °E2-L ‘GS || OOF T ‘01-8 6 9 OT OIT-@ OT)! 2 er PCI- C1 | @ O; S| Pangea ae ee, LEI-Ler ORES [eat toe oes CnC Olea anewiatin sions Pao hoses > Eon ON COs | fine rte Tea tek i}t ao lec ame be OSO Te ie ic Cs | Sai |S ose emai (| a en ne, aoe eat I@r tpias snduno0ddiyy O58 es8 ese O38 938 o38 A anu i “10AV osUBy “IQA OsUBY -IOAV esuey “IAW esuey -IOAV esuRy “I0AY esuvy -10AW esuLey pe Ee Eco Seat a HA a mca Lm lL See | cr ee rc | |S ae | 6 Sn a eed La X9S (aur) y4ysuUe'T -unN HIGIO 8b yuniy peo [8}1q104S0g ynous qideq ,sntuospny sndurvooddipy fo suowynjndod pup saedsqns ay}? pup tpror sndureooddiy fo sjuawmainsnaw jouo10dolg—¢ GIAV J, (ILG pue 0¢¢ ‘dd oes) Ayuo ozIs Aq SI poye[Nqe} suotpeds 944 Jo WOIWBSaIFes 94} PU ‘9UO Jo YUOIHIPNA B 4svoT 4B JO YONod poolq B py J0Yy!e PpeulUIBxd sueurtoeds [[B ATIVAN ¢ Se Sees eet = 3 S00 Riayat eae OG Eiec |e niente any gry Mil aaron he OG Tas | ener ck: (opichiece, | a pees CUO lates eaaes Tg eae ol Seen ene tages sg 8'F T'S-L °F || 0°89 T'$9-L ‘09 || €°SE L’€E-S “TE || 6 US G°EZ-T TS || 211 €‘1T-6 OT || &°2 6°2-L°9 || B71 BAST eps OTe cl Sneae Pecan ie nara 68-89 I? FF-6°E || O'F9 8°S9-@ 19 || € 0 8 08-9 62 || 2°61 ¢ ‘02-2 61 || 2 OL €'OI-1T Or || *'9 6'9-1'9 || 8°81 F'6I-L ‘LT | & (Oia a rene eee FOT-86 sndupooddiy sndwni0d dizzy ea a a ee Se ES SS EO SS ese eye e238 asB 968 ase & ase8 oon a58 : “OAV esuBy “OAV ecury “1QAV esuey -IOAW asuBy -10AV esuBy “10AV asuvy “OAV esUBYy ee 700 x39 (urut) q3sue'T ae eS Sd ee | |e Ee, | eee ee EEE ESS | q -mnN FGIO ISL yUunLL peo [T84q104sOg ynous qyideq a eee eee ee ess ee ee —————— ponuryu0g— y476ua7 247 fo saBoquaoiad sv passaudaxa ‘xas pup azis fq payba.bas ‘uvouniieyipa py ay) puv “ovUDny udajsna ay) ‘oyfrong udsajsva ay) wouf sndureooddryy fo savadsqns 10 sarsads aay fo syuamainsvaw pouoryiodoud fo sabviean pun sobuny— GF AIAV L, 533 REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG °Z Q[GVI 0} T 0J0UY00] eag | 0°S ¢’c-F'P || 809 9 ‘T9-8'°8¢ || 9 'EE 8°E8-Z SE || FES 9 "F2-8 1% || TIT 0 ZI-Z OT || 6°8 9°TI-L°L || 9 FT 9 ST-€ SE | 9 Oy |itaae ae hee RES OG, og 6°S-6'°F || 0°69 6 °€9-Z 09 || 0°€E 6 PEF TE || P&S $°9-8 TS || IT € GI-G OT || F'8 €°6 -L°L || 9°ST O°LT-€ FT | LOL | nr a ceaeeatenaas =n 0L-09 vt 8'F-0'F || 709 0°€9-8°LS || 6 FE 6 SE-0 EE || 8°Cs G6 PE-8 TS || € OL € TIl-2'6 66 9°OI-€'8 || S’ST TAT Shas tslic9 Ophul|tt aaa te lees 26-08 Lar, L'$-9'S || 2°€9 2°99-L°19 |} LOE 898-9 6% || 1S ¥Z2-% 0G || € OT & ‘11-66 872 §°8 -0°L || F'8T € ‘0Z-€ ‘OT | 6 | & | Nese niemn aiaies ae Saket “OST-96 SUIVIL 0} BVIUISITA—sniwospny sniuospry sndwoo0ddizy CO | aoe oe BBO eli geaneboe rot LAG | en pec mene | OG so i | Becca eee OCS | atc cen DO aa ONO Tira aareaerecrn near T Onn | ates a Se Rome eat oF CRO mae ea ceae cee SF OC aes rate. 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Y—snpo)npound sniuospny snduvsod dry | T¢ €°S-6'F || 169 86-7 8S || PLE 9°LE-Z LE || 1°S% T °Se-0 92 || LOT 8 °OI-S ‘OL || TOL € 01-86 || 0 FT O'FI-6 ST | @ Or Re ae. ae, ae é9-19 6% @°S-9'F || 6°39 GE9-L 29 || 9 SE G EE-0 ZE || 92S 8 bZ-F 02 || TOT 9 ‘01-8 6 26 66 -4°8 || 8°LT 6 °SI-Z'9T | & alee cans ee eet 88-GZ CEP en Po ae OES Or Rl ime nema, iri RONG Geer, | peg eta age SECO malta ee year Shi Te ae iar eae nie Ss | Seis cieiens OUST Sa ee aeS T lear ee a SG epnuieg—ipwoury sniuospny sndwpooddiyy 534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 HIPPOCAMPUS INGENS Girard Figure 55 tain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, vol. 10, pt. 4, Fishes, p. 342, 1859. (San Diego, Calif.) Hippocampus gracilis Grit, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 283. (Cape St. Lucas, Calif.) Hippocampus ingens JoRDAN and Evrermann, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 776, 1896. (H. gracilis placed in synonymy of ingens.) Hippocampus ecuaderensis FowumR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, p. 446, fig. 2, 1921. (Bahia, Ecuador.) Hippocampus ingens MEEK and HILDEBRAND (in part), Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 256, 1928. (Chame Point and Panama City market, Panama.) Diagnosis —First caudal segment hexangular® (in 10 specimens studied, injured in one); last trunk segment octangular; penultimate trunk segment septangular or novemangular (completely septangular in four and novemangular in four, incompletely novemangular in two); antepenultimate and the preceding trunk segments septangular. In other words, an extra plate on first caudal and last one or two trunk segments; or, upper ridges of tail and trunk overlapping on two or three segments. Trunk segments usually 11 (in seven), sometimes 12 (the twelfth segment complete in one specimen, incomplete * in two; all these three specimens having the penultimate trunk segment with an extra plate). Caudal segments 38 to40. Dorsal rays modally 19, varying 19 to 21. Pectoral rays modally 16, varying 15 to 17. Tubercles well developed in medium-sized fish, usually pointed, sometimes rather stubby but high; becoming almost obliterated in largest males, somewhat better developed in large females. Coronet of medium height in medium-sized fish of both sexes and in large females, somewhat lower in large males. Trunk notably slender; snout long. Filaments very few and rather short (present only in the medium-sized specimens examined). Profusely covered with many small rounded brown spots, somewhat as in reidi; small whitish or silvery dots often unusually profuse, characteristically tending to an arrangement into irregular rows and often tending to coalesce into fine white streaks irregularly spreading over nearly en- tire tail, trunk, and head. Dorsal with a submarginal dark streak typically present, often obscure; margin over dark streak hyaline, more or less dusky or diffusely spotted below the streak; sometimes entire dorsal nearly colorless. (For counts and measurements see tables 1 and 2.) 42 For a discussion of the modification in the structure of the first caudal and posterior trunk segments in the species of Hippocampus and of the various ways in which this modification may be expressed, see pp. 505 to 507. 43 See p. 504 for explanation of an incomplete trunk segment. Hippocampus ingens GrRARD, in Reports of explorations and surveys to ascer- REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG joo FIGURE 55.—Hippocampus ingens, drawn from a male, 201 mm long, from Panama; U.S.N.M. no. 79683. I Length of specimen as drawn, 127 mm. (The latter stated length in this and other figures refers to the distance between two horizontal lines forming the boundaries of the specimen as drawn, a tangent through the outermost coil in the tail and a horizontal through the uppermost point on the head or “neck.’’) 536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Distinctive characters and relationships.—In practice no difficulty will be found in identifying specimens belonging to this species. Only one other species, haldebrandi, is now known to occur within the range of ingens. The differences between the two are discussed under the account of hildebrandi (p. 579), which is saliently distinct from ingens. This species differs from all others of its subgenus treated herein in its large size and in the fact that the upper ridges of the tail and trunk overlap on three segments as often as on two, possibly even oftener on three, whereas in the other species the normal overlap is on two segments with an overlap on three as a rather infrequent individual variation. In this respect ingens forms a transition between Hippocampus proper and the subgenus Macleayina. While there is no doubt that ingens is quite distinct and no author ever questioned its distinctive nature, it is remarkable that it shows no structural characters by which it may be sharply delimited from some other American or European species of Hippocampus, which possibly are not even closely related to it. This furnishes an illus- tration of the difficulties encountered in properly distinguishing the species of Hippocampus by the ordinary morphological methods. In its slender body, long snout, color pattern, and tendency for the tuber- cles to become obsolescent with age it closely approaches or agrees with reidi, differing in having more numerous caudal segments and dorsal rays; but the two species closely approach each other in those characters even in the comparatively few specimens studied. When a large specimen of reidi is compared with specimens of ingens of similar size—specimens of such length may be considered to be only of medium size in ingens—the former appears markedly different on account of its obsolescent tubercles; but in full-grown specimens of ingens the tubercles on the trunk also become rather obsolescent, especially in full-grown males. As far as the structural characters are concerned, ingens is even nearer to guttulatus from the Mediterranean, or multiannularis from the Atlantic coast of Europe, closely agreeing with those two sub- species in the number of caudal segments, pectoral rays, and dorsal rays and being nearer to the former in its dorsal rays and nearer to the latter in its caudal segments. It differs from both in having a longer snout and, on the average, a slenderer body and a characteris- tic profusion of small dark spots. The length of the snout possibly will also be found to intergrade when larger series are measured. It is also closely related to hudsonius from the Atlantic coast of North America, ingens differmeg chiefly in the color pattern, but in structural characters the two species more or less overlap, although the averages or frequency distributions are decidedly different. While ingens, in general, differs from hudsonius in its structural characters in approxi- REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG Env mately the same manner as it differs from guttulatus or multiannularis, in the frequency distribution of its meristic characters it is nearer to the Kuropean species than to the American hudsonius (see table 1). As stated, it differs from hudsonius, guttulatus, multiannularis, reidi, and others in tending strongly to have an extra plate on the penulti- mate trunk segment, and as a consequence the upper ridges of the tail and trunk overlap on three segments about as often as on two, or, in other words, the penultimate segment is novemangular nearly as often as septangular. Quite likely this character is an important and suggestive indicator of phylogenetic relationship, in spite of the fact that it is shown only by half, or slightly more than half, of the popula- tion. Material examined and geographic distribution —San Diego, Calif.; A. Cassidy; four cotypes (982).*4 Mazatlan, Mexico; J. G. Ortega (86239). Chame Point, Panama; March 8-14, 1913; R. Tweedlie (82038). Panama City market; Meek and Hildebrand (79682, April 1912; 79683, 1912; 79684, March 22, 1912). Panama Bay, lat. 7°57’ S., long. 78°55’ W.; March 5, 1888, Albatross (43404). Salinas, Ecua- dor; September 17, 1926; Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt (88833, in bad condi- tion but evidently the present species). Total number of specimens studied, 11; three with a brood pouch, 113 to 201 mm long, seven without any trace of a brood pouch, 87 to 158 mm (one specimen broken, sex and length indeterminable). The localities from which specimens were examined represent a range from San Diego, Calif., to Salinas, Ecuador. Synonymy.—t follow previous authors in placing H. gracilis in the synonymy of ingens, although the original description is not sufficiently detailed to be certain of such reference. Since the type is evidently lost this is probably the best course to take, unless another species turns up from that region. The account of H. ecuadorensis shows that it was apparently based on a specimen of ingens. Fowler states that his new species ‘differs from H. ingens in more dorsal rays, larger eye, blunt body and tail rings, and the absence of dermal flaps.”” The 11 specimens examined have 19 to 21 dorsal rays, and it is consequently reasonable to expect that 22 rays, as in the type of ecuadorensis, falis within the range of variation; the blunt rings and the absence of der- mal flap are usual in large specimens. The size of the eye is too vari- able to be employed by itself in distinguishing species. The color pattern, as indicated by the description and figure, is typical of ingens. 44 Unless otherwise specified, the numbers given in parentheses throughout this paper are U. 8. National Museum eatalog numbers. Data without numbers refer to specimens in the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. i| 038 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 FIGURE 56.—Hippocampus guttulatus multiannularis, new subspecies, drawn from a paratype; Univ. Michigan Mus, no. 111748, 110 mm long. Length of specimen as drawn, 63 mm. ‘The long appendages are fleshy filaments, not spines. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 539 FiGuRE 57.—Hippocampus guttulatus muitiannularis, new subspecies, drawn from a female paratype 113 mm long. Length of specimen as drawn, 62 mm, 540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL 83 HIPPOCAMPUS GUTTULATUS MULTIANNULARIS, new subspecies Fiaures 56, 57 Hippocampus atrichus pr LA Pyare, Congr. Sci. France, Poitiers, 1834, 2d sess., p. 528, 1835 (see p. 524). Hippocampus antiquorum Day (not Leach), The fishes of Great Britain and Ire- land, vol. 2, p. 265, pl. 144, fig. 7, 1880 (the figure has a rather long snout and was probably drawn from a specimen of the present subspecies). Hippocampus guttulatus DUNcKER (not Cuvier, as here restricted, see p. 546), Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee, pt. 12g, p. 23, 1926 (the description and the figure agree fairly well with the present subspecies, and if that account in- cludes Atlantic coast specimens they should probably be referred to it). Diagnosis.—First caudal segment hexangular and last trunk seg- ment octangular (in all 16 specimens examined); antepenultimate segment nearly always septangular (incompletely novemangular in only one of the 16 specimens examined). In other words, nearly always extra plates on first caudal and last trunk segments only; or upper ridges of tail and trunk overlapping on two segments only (with the single exception noted). Trunk segments 11 (in all 16 specimens examined). Caudal segments modally 39, varying 38 to 40. Dorsal rays usually 19 or 20, varying 19 to 21. Pectoral rays oftenest 16 or 17, varying 15 to 18. Tubercles rather low but con- spicuous. Coronet of medium height, preceded by a double bony hump of nearly same height and almost fused with it, producing the effect, when viewed from the side, of an unusually wide and comparatively low coronet. Trunk rather slender, snout of medium length. Most specimens, both males and females, with a few short filaments on coronet and postorbital spines, sometimes also a few on anterior spines of upper ridge of trunk. Specimens having the color fairly well preserved nearly uniformly colored, rather dark, profusely sprinkled with small white dots, comparatively coarse, especially on head and trunk, sometimes a few white dots coalescing there to form elongate spots or short irregular lines. (See tables 1 and 2 for counts and measurements.) Distinctive characters and relationships——As already noted, the common seahorses occurring on the Atlantic coast of Europe have hitherto been generally regarded by authors as belonging to one species and referred to either one or the other of the two common Mediterranean species. If the locality of the specimens forming the basis of the present account is correct, however (see p. 541), it shows that on the coasts of Europe two common species occur in the Atlantic as well as in the Mediterranean. The two Kuropean Atlantic coast seahorses may be distinguished chiefly by the correlation of a shorter snout and fewer caudal segments in one, while the other has a longer snout in combination with more numerous caudal segments. The apparent reason for the prevalent ‘‘opinion”’ that only one species REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 54] exists on the Atlantic coast is the greater difficulty of distinguishing the two forms occurring there, while the two Mediterranean species are more readily distinguishable and were consequently recognized by nearly all more recent authors. The Atlantic short-snouted seahorse differs specifically from the short-snouted Mediterranean species and is treated herein under the name of H. europaeus. The other Atlantic seahorse is rather long-snouted and is apparently specifically identical with the long- snouted Mediterranean species, guttulatus, but the Atlantic coast population diverges sufficiently to be recognized as a distinct sub- species and is here described as multiannularis. The differences between the subspecies guitulatus and multiannu- laris may be readily appreciated by a study of tables 1 and 2. It will be noted that multiannularis has a distinctly higher caudal segment count, the mode being at 39 instead of 38. To a lesser extent it also averages a higher dorsal ray count and possibly a higher pectoral ray count. In proportional measurements multi- annularis has, on the average, a slenderer trunk, a slightly shorter snout, a rather longer postorbital distance, and a slightly longer trunk and shorter tail, although there are usually more tail seg- ments. The white spots in multiannularis are usually somewhat coarser and more numerous. The tubercles and coronet are perhaps not so well developed as in guttulatus, but these structures vary ereatly with age, and their variations in both subspecies remain to be established more definitely. The two subspecies differ some- what as hudsonius and punctulatus differ on the American coasts. The difference between multiannularis and its congener occurring in the same region, europaeus, may also be gathered by a study of tables 1 and 2, europaeus saliently differing in having fewer caudal segments and dorsal and pectoral rays and a shorter snout, but the exact degree of divergence between the two Atlantic seahorses remains to be determined. Out of 24 specimens examined, representing both forms, all were readily referred to their proper species or subspecies, except one somewhat doubtful specimen, which is described in some detail on page 542. Material examined and geographic distribution.—The origin of the specimens on which the foregoing account is based is to some extent uncertain and is here explained in detail. Dr. Carl L. Hubbs kindly sent me a lot of 20 seahorses from the collection of the Michigan University Museum of Zoology for study, three of them more or less damaged, the other 17 in fair or good condition. This lot was originally kept alive on exhibition in the New York Aquarium and according to Dr. Hubbs came ‘‘supposedly from the Bay of Biscay.”’ In order to trace their origin more definitely I wrote to C. M. Breder, Jr., associate director of the New York Aquarium, who replied that 542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 the seahorses were presented to the aquarium by E. O. Freund. of Chicago, that Mr. Freund purchased the specimens from Dagry Fréres of Paris, and that they were said to have been caught in the Bay of Biscay. I then wrote to Dagry Fréres, who replied as follows: “Tous les cheveaux marins qui sont fournis par notre Maison provien- nent du Bassin d’Arcachon dans l’Océan Atlantique.” A detailed study shows that irrespective of whether the specimens from Dagry Fréres were mixed with those from other sources somewhere along the line of transfer from one party to the other (see next paragraph), it is highly probable that 16 came from the Bay of Biscay. At any rate, there is hardly any question that all 16 belong to one subspecies, which is most closely related to guttulatus, and that they are subspecifically distinct from typical guttulatus from the Medi- terranean. One of the specimens in the lot possibly did come from another source. It is apparently a hippocampus, a Mediterranean species. This specimen is discussed at greater length on page 572. Briefly, the present subspecies is based on eight specimens with a brood pouch, 101 to 131 mm long, and eight without a brood pouch, 103 to 113 mm long (one male and one female with the tail broken off at the end, the female possibly somewhat longer than the largest female with an unbroken tail). The locality of capture, Bay of Biscay, while apparently correct, needs to be verified. The difference in geographical distribution between multiannularis and the typical subspecies of guttwlatus remains to be worked out. Holotype-—Univ. Michigan Mus. no. 111747; the brood pouch of medium development; caudal segments 40, dorsal rays 20; pectoral rays 18; length 108 mm; depth 15.5, snout 9, postorbital 11, trunk 33, tail 63.5 and orbit 4.5 percent of length (these measurements and counts are included in the tables and in the foregoing diagnosis). The locality of the type indicated above. Paratypes.—Univ. Michigan Mus. no. 111748; 15 specimens in same lot with the type. Uncertain specimen.—A single specimen (93733), somewhat doubt- fully referred to multiannularis, may be described as follows: Without a brood pouch; trunk segments 11, caudal segments 39, dorsal rays 20, pectoral rays 16; length 130 mm, depth 13, snout 7.5, postorbital 11.5, head 21, trunk 33 and tail 63 percent of length. When these data are compared with tables 1 and 2, it will be noted that the counts of the meristic characters are more as in multiannularis, but possibly the specimen represents an extreme variant of europaeus. The length of the snout is rather intermediate between the specimens of europaeus and multiannularis that were measured, but nearer to the latter. Moreover, it is a large specimen, and the relative length of se REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 543 the snout decreases with size; consequently, it is more likely that this specimen represents a muliiannularis. The depth, and length of the head, are also somewhat nearer to multiannularis. Itis one of a lot of three originally carried in the United States National Museum as no. 16454, with the locality entered as ‘England’ with a question mark. The two smaller specimens in this lot are entirely typical of europaeus and are included here in the account of that species, but the specific relation of the present specimen is somewhat uncertain for the reasons stated, and is treated here separately. It may be possible to place this specimen with greater assurance after the range of variation of both species is more definitely determined by a study of larger numbers of specimens. HIPPOCAMPUS GUTTULATUS GUTTULATUS Cuvier Hippocampus non aculeatus, incisuris raris Wi1LLUGHBY, Historia piscium . . ., Tab. I 25, fig. 4, 1686 (no definite locality indicated, restricted by Cuvier, 1817, to a species from ‘‘nos mers’”’ and Cuvier’s account later formed basis of Schinz’s longirostris). Syngnathus hippocampus Buocu (in part), Naturgeschichte der auslindishen Fische, pt. 1, p. 7, pl. 109, fig. 2, 8 ed., 1786 (the figure and only part of written account apparently refer to this species). Hippocampus ramulosus Leacu, The zoological miscellany, vol. 1, p. 105, pl. 47, 1814 (locality unknown; possibly based on a specimen of the present sub- species, see p. 518). Hippocampus [“‘a museau plus long’”] Cuvier, Le régne animal .. ., vol. 2, p. 157, 1817 (‘‘nos mers’’; refers to Willughby’s figure 4; distinguished but not named). Hippocampus longirostris Scu1nz, Das Thierreich von Cuvier, vol. 2, p. 262, 1822 (based on Cuvier’s preceding account; herewith formally restricted to the Mediterranean population). Hippocampus rosaceus Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’ Europe méridionale . . ., vol. 3, p. 184, 1826 (most likely refers to present subspecies, see p. 521). Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, Le régne animal . . ., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 363, 1829 (evidently a substitute for longirostris Schinz, generally employed by authors to designate the common Mediterranean long-snouted seahorse and herewith formally restricted to the Mediterranean population). Hippocampus ramulosus GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, vol. 8, p. 201, 1870 (account includes type of ramulosus). Hippocampus guttulatus RautHer, Die Syngnathiden des Golfes von Neapel, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 12, 14, 15, 1925 (the figure 13 is not typical of the present species, having the spines too low, the snout intermediate, and the color more as in H. hippocampus; Rauther gives an extensive account of the biology and anatomy of the Mediterranean species). Diagnosis. —First caudal segment hexangular, last trunk segment octangular, and penultimate segment septangular (constant in all 24 specimens examined). In other words, first caudal and last trunk segment only bearing extra plates for support of the dorsal; or, upper ridges of tail and trunk overlapping on two segments. ‘Trunk seg- 544. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 ments 11 (in all 24 available specimens). Caudal segments modally 38, varying 36 to 39. Dorsal rays modally 19, varying 18 to 21. Pectoral rays modally 16, varying 15 to 18. Spines on upper ridge of trunk fairly well developed in full-grown fish, only slightly better developed in female. Coronet fairly well developed; a humplike bony elevation preceded by a spinelike tubercle in front of coronet, the spine often becoming obsolescent, producing an effect of a double hump, the latter usually fairly discontinuous and separated from coronet, often nearly fused and having the effect of a very broad coronet when viewed laterally (resembling then that of multiannularis, see p. 540). Trunk of medium depth; snout of medium length. Fila- ments present in some of the specimens examined, relatively not numerous, sometimes rather long (many long filaments shown on one of Rauther’s figures). Color (somewhat faded in the material ex- amined) more or less profusely peppered with white dots; somewhat coarser, in form of very small white spots, on side of trunk and opercle ; often coalescent there to form short, somewhat irregular elongate spots or white lines showing a tendency to a vertical arrangement on trunk and on opercle. Dorsal with a dark submarginal band, dusky below but of a lighter shade than the band. (See tables 1 and 2 for counts and measurements.) Distinctive characters and relationships.—H. guttulatus is composed of two subspecies, the typical subspecies in the Mediterranean, and a, second subspecies, multiannularis, on the Atlantic coast, which has already been described. The difference between the two is discussed on page 541. The subspecies H. guttulatus may be readily distinguished from the other common seahorse occurring within its range, H. hippocampus, by its more numerous caudal segments and dorsal and pectoral rays and by its longer snout and slenderer trunk. All these characters are discontinuous or nearly so (see tables 1 and 2), and there should be no trouble in properly placing even individual fish. Furthermore, these differences are reinforced by guttulatus having notably better developed tubercles and a different color pattern, consisting of white dots and spots against a darker nearly uniform background, instead of the typical dark spots against a lighter background in hippocampus. H. guttulatus is close to hudsonius from the American coast. In fact, as far as the structural characters are concerned, they may well be regarded as subspecies. The greatest divergence between guttula- tus and hudsonius is in the average greater number of caudal segments in the former, but there is much intergradation between the two (see table 1). The trunk in guttulatus averages somewhat slenderer, and there are other smaller differences (see tables 1 to 3). HZ. gutiu- latus, too, shows some color peculiarities. It has neither the brown lines on the trunk and opercle, which are characteristic of the full- grown hudsonius and its subspecies punctulatus and kincaidi, nor the REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 545 large blotches on the trunk, which are especially developed in medium- sized and often persist in large specimens of these American seahorses. The white dots on the trunk of hudsonius are very sparse and of the same small size as those on the tail, while in gutiulatus the white spots on the side of the trunk are characteristically larger than those on the tail, are quite profuse, and tend to coalesce, forming somewhat irregular short lines or elongate spots. Because of the different color pattern in combination with the structural differences and their widely discontinuous distribution, hudsonius and guttulatus are recog- nized as independent species rather than subspecies. H. hudsonius is nearer in the average number of caudal segments, the most divergent character, to the typical guttulatus from the Mediterranean than to its subspecies muliiannularis from the Atlantic coast of Europe. Consequently, it is quite possible that hudsonius and guttulatus are not so closely related as the specific characters in- vestigated during this study would indicate. Attention has been called to the remarkable similarity in structural character between guttulatus and ingens (see p. 536), although there is no question as to the distinctness of these two species. Material studied and geographic distribution.—Adriatic Sea; J. Smolinsky (44438, more definite locality not given). Venice; D. 5. Jordan (23427 and 34356). Sicily (21164). Naples (21121 and 28550). Bay of Naples; S. E. Meek; April 1897 (48326). Genoa; D. S. Jordan (29732). Europe (93744; five specimens, more definite locality not given, but without doubt belonging to present subspecies). Total number of specimens examined, 24, nine without a brood pouch, 78 to 110 mm long, 15 with a brood pouch or at least a rudi- ment of one, 72 to about 110 mm long (the largest male dried and accurate length not determinable). The material examined comprises localities ranging from Venice to Genoa (see also discussion of specimen from Greece, p. 546). From accounts in the literature, and from the material examined, it seems evident that this subspecies is widely distributed and common on the northern coast of the Mediterranean, including the Adriatic Sea, but its more precise geographical limits still remain to be worked out. At least some of the records of “‘guttulatus” from the Atlantic coast of Europe refer to the new subspecies here described as multiannularis; while extant records of ‘“‘guttulatus’” from other places no doubt refer to various other species. Nomenclature and synonymy.—Because of its markedly longer snout and other salient differences as compared with the other common seahorse on the northern coast of the Mediterranean, the subspecies guitulatus appears to have been correctly distinguished from hippo- campus by nearly all authors, and Cuvier’s name guttulaius has been employed most generally to designate it. Cuvier, however, was 73864—36-——4 546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 anticipated by Schinz and possibly by two other previous authors. The name longirostris Schinz, 1822, certainly, and possibly ramulosus Leach, 1814, and rosaceus Risso, 1826, if the last two were based on specimens of the same species, have priority over guttulatus Cuvier, 1829. According to the strict application of the rules the later name guttulatus should be suppressed. Nevertheless, since it has become so well established general usage is here followed and the name gutiulatus continued. This course is more expedient also for two reasons: (1) The proper application of the name ramulosus, which has priority over longirostris, must remain uncertain until the type is reexamined, and (2) a name earlier even than ramulosus may be discovered as applying to the form. While I attempted to examine and review all the early publications bearing on the nomenclature of the seahorses, it is quite possible that I missed some pertinent publi- cation. Asa matter of fact, I came across Schinz’s name longirostris, which has been left cut of all general lists, by mere chance. Further search may reveal a still earlier designation for this species, which would necessitate another change of name. Therefore, the use of the well-established name guttulatus is continued. As stated previously, my study has shown that the populations of this species from the Atlantic and from the Mediterranean coasts are subspecifically distinct. Consequently, it becomes necessary to restrict further the application of the early names, and the name longirostris Schinz, as well as the later substitute name guttulatus, has been formally restricted to the Mediterranean population (see p. 525). Uncertain specimen.—A single specimen in bad condition from Greece (45041) probably belongs to this subspecies. The dorsal and pectoral are injured and the number of rays cannot be accurately determined. Trunk segments 11, caudal segments 38, the two upper ridges overlapping on two segments; without a brood pouch; length 91 mm; depth 13, snout 11, postorbital 11, head 25.3, trunk 32.7, tail 63, and orbit 5.3 percent of length. From table 2 it may be noted that these measurements agree fairly well with guttulatus except in the unusually long snout. This may represent an extreme variant in that respect, or it may have some taxonomic significance, a question to be determined only by a study of more numerous specimens from Greece. It is possible that guttulatus is divisible into distinct popula- tions, as are hudsonius or zosterae (see under their accounts). HIPPOCAMPUS EUROPAEUS Ginsburg Figure 58 Hippocampus brevirostris YARRELL (not Schinz, 1822), A history of British fishes, vol. 2, p. 452, 1836 (England; the rather short snout shown by the figure indicates that the account is probably based on the present species). Hippocampus europaeus GINSBURG, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 23, p. 561, 1933 (La Rochelle). ee es eee i, PO Aap. ee REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 547 Diagnosis —First caudal segment hexangular and last trunk segment octangular (in all eight specimens examined); penultimate trunk segment usually septangular, often novemangular (completely FIGURE 58.—Hippocampus europaeus, drawn from the type, a male 95 mm long from La Rochelle, France U.S.N.M. no. 28544. Length of specimen as drawn, 55mm, Color faded. septangular in five and novemangular in two, incompletely novem- angular in one). In other words, an extra plate always present on first caudal and last trunk segment, often also on penultimate trunk 548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 segment; or, upper ridges of tail and trunk usually overlapping on two segments, often on three. Trunk segments usually 11 (in six), sometimes 12 (in the two specimens noted above as having the penultimate trunk segment completely novemangular). Caudal segments usually 36 or 37, varying 36 to 38. Dorsal rays usually 18 or 19, varying 17 to 19. Pectoral rays usually 14 or 15, varying 13 to 15. Tubercles on upper ridge of trunk conspicuous, but rather short, intermediate in development between guttulatus and hippo- campus. Coronet variable, medium to rather low, double bony hump in front of it usually lower than and distinctly not continuous with it. Trunk of medium depth; snout conspicuously short. Avail- able specimens without any filaments. Color faded in available specimens, traces of white elongate spots or short lines on opercle and trunk of two specimens. (See tables 1 and 2 for counts and meas- urements. ) Distinctive characters and relationships—H. europaeus is likely to be confused with multiannularis, which occurs in the same region with it, and the two have apparently been so confused by most authors. The difference between them has been pointed out under the account of the latter (p. 541). This species is also near to hippo- campus from the Mediterranean, agreeing with it in the short snout but differing in having more numerous caudal segments and dorsal rays, a slenderer body (see tables 1 and 2), and conspicuously better developed tubercles. In the two meristic characters they intergrade, but in the relative depth there are no intergradients in the specimens measured, although such may be found when larger numbers are measured. The range of variation of each species and the relation between europaeus and hippocampus still remain to be determined. It is possible that their geographic ranges overlap and that in the region where both occur some difficulty may be found in referring occasional specimens to their proper species (see discussion of uncer- tain specimen on p. 572). H. europaeus is even nearer, in its structural characters, to hudsonius from the American coast, especially to its northern population, than to any European species or subspecies. It differs chiefly from hudsonius in having a shorter snout, and to a lesser extent in a slen- derer trunk and fewer pectoral rays; but in the latter two characters there is more or less intergradation (see table 1 and compare tables 2 and 3). The typical color pattern of europaeus is apparently 45 In the brief description of the type specimen I stated that it has 39 caudal segments. A reexamination of the specimen after I gained considerably more experience in counting the caudal segments shows that 38 is probably the correct number, but it is difficult to determine with absolute accuracy whether it has 38 or 39 unless the specimen is to be dissected. Since what appears to be the last segment is slightly longer than usual, it was thought to represent two segments. However, according to the method herein employed in counting the segments, it should be recorded more properly as having 38 caudal segments (see p. 504), | } REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 549 nearly the same as in guwttulatus and unlike that of hudsonius (see discussion on p. 544), but in the available specimens of europaeus the color is not sufficiently well preserved to determine this difference more definitely. The relationship of europaeus to the other species and subspecies of Hippocampus nearest it is quite obscure and may be interpreted in more than one way, depending on the assumption made at the start. In its short snout europaeus agrees closely with hippocampus from the Mediterranean, but in the counts of the caudal segments and dorsal and pectoral rays, as well as in the relative development of the tubercles, it is about intermediate between hippocampus and multiannularis. If we assume that europaeus is the more primitive form, it may follow that hippocampus and multiannularis diverged from it in different directions, one in the direction of having fewer fin rays and caudal segments and the other in the direction of having higher counts of the same characters. Also, hippocampus diverged in the direction of the tubercles becoming obsolescent, retaining the primitive condition of the short snout of the parent species; while multiannularis diverged in the direction of an increasing length of snout and a better development of the tubercle. Again, we may assume that multiannularis is the more primitive form and argue that europaeus diverged from it in the direction of a diminishing number of segments and fin rays, a decreasing promi- nence of the tubercles, and a decreasing length of snout. As a further intensification of this same developmental tendency, it may be argued that hippocampus developed from europaeus. Or we may assume that hippocampus, or guttulatus, or hudsonius from the American coast is the more primitive form. In fact, each assump- tion will lead us to a different interpretation of the close relation- ship of these species and subspecies. The apparent relationship of europaeus to guttulatus, to hudsonius, and to hippocampus seems to indicate that europaeus is the more primitive form and that with it as a focal center the other three species diverged in different di- rections, but the evidence does not justify the unquestioned acceptance of this. Marked features of europaeus are the decided tendency shown by the penultimate trunk segment to have an extra plate on top and the frequency of occurrence of 12 trunk segments. These fea- tures are shown also by ingens and to a much more pronounced degree than by europaeus. They also may indicate a more primitive condition. Material studied and geographic distribution.—La Rochelle, France (28544, the type; 93217 and 21122). Also two specimens without certain locality but evidently belonging to europaeus (16454); they 550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 are recorded in the National Museum as coming from ‘‘England” but with a question mark. A third and larger specimen of the same FIGURE 59.—Hippocampus hudsonius hudsonius, drawn from a specimen about 7 mm long from coast of North Carolina lot agrees more nearly with multiannularis and is de- scribed above (p. 542); it is the only specimen out of a total of 25 examined from the Atlantic coast of Kurope the relationship of which is in doubt, whether it belongs to the present species or to multiannularis. Total number of speci- mens examined, 8, 84 to 113 mm long (tail in one specimen broken and its leneth unknown but evi- dently falling within the given range of lengths). Since europaeus obviously has been confused with other species, the only defi- nite locality to which it may be assigned must be based on the material examined, namely, La Rochelle, and its precise geographical distribution still remains to be deter- mined. All the specimens examined had either a fully developed brood pouch or at least a rudiment of one represented by an oval fold of skin or an oval pigment- ed area under the anterior part of the tail. It is possi- ble therefore, that in euro- paeus, as in hippocampus, this structure does not definitely indicate the sex (see p. 510). REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 551 HIPPOCAMPUS HUDSONIUS HUDSONIUS De Kay Fieures 59-62 Hippocampus hudsonius Dr Kay, Zoology of New York, pt. 4, Fishes, p. 322, pl. 53, fig. 171, 1842 (New York). Hippocampus laevicaudatus HpcKEL, in Kaup’s Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1856 (North America). Hippocampus hudsonius Yarrow, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 29, p. 204, 1877 (Fort Macon, N. C.). Hippocampus antiquorum GooprE (not Leach), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 1, p. 45, 1878 (St. Georges Banks). Hippocampus antiquorum Goopr and Bran, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, vol. 17, p. 39, 1879; also in Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 11, no. 1-8, p. 4, 1879 (Georges Bank, possibly refers to same specimen as preceding record). Hippocampus hudsonius JORDAN and GILBERT, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 907, 1882 (Beaufort, N. C.). Hippocampus punctulatus Bran (not Guichenot), Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 7, p- 1384, 1889 (Ocean City and Somers Point, N. J.). Hippocampus hudsonius JORDAN and EvERMANN, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 777, 1896 (lacvicaudaius placed in synonymy of hudsonius). Hippocampus hudsonius Smitu, The fishes of North Carolina, p. 172, fig. 67, 1907 (Beaufort, N. C.). Hippocampus punciulatus Smitu (not Guichenot), ibid., p. 173 (Beaufort, N. C.). Hippocampus hudsonius EVERMANN and HILDEBRAND, Proc. Bicl. Soc. Washing- ton, vol. 23, p. 160, 1910 (Cape Charles City). Hippecampus hudsonius Hr.pEBRAND and ScHROEDER, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., * vol. 48, pt. 1, p. 185, fig. 100, 1927 (Chesapeake Bay localities). Diagnosis —First caudal segment nearly always hexangular, infrequently quadrangular (completely hexangular in 71, incom- pletely hexangular in one, quadrangular in four specimens); last trunk segment always octangular; penultimate trunk segment nearly always septangular (in 73), infrequently novemangular Gn three). In other words, last trunk and first caudal segment only having extra plates in nearly all specimens, infrequently an extra plate missing on first caudual segment or present on penultimate trunk segment; or, upper ridges of tail and trunk nearly always overlapping on two segments, infrequently on one or on three segments. Trunk seg- ments nearly always 11, infrequently 10 (11 complete segments iu 73 specimens, the eleventh segment incomplete in one, and 10 seg- ments in only one specimen). Caudal segments usually 36 to 38, varying 35 to 39. Dorsal rays usually 18 or 19, varying 16 to 20. Pectoral rays usually 15 or 16, varying 14 to 17. (The counts differ with the populations; see discussion below.) Spines unusually long in the young, often very conspicuous in medium-sized specimens taken in deep water, relatively well developed in full-grown fish. Coronet well developed. Trunk becoming moderately deep in full- grown specimens; snout of medium length. Filaments usually present, sometimes quite profuse, often absent. Color pattern 552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 typically changes markedly with age; juvenile color pattern consisting chiefly of light-colored blotches around the base of the spines usually more or less coalescent; in large specimens the blotched color partly or wholly replaced by a striped pattern (see below regarding change FIGURE 60.—Hippocampus hudsonius hudsonius, drawn from a specimen 17 mm Jong from Beaufort, N. C. Length of specimen as drawn, 12 mm excluding spines. The long spines are characteristic of specimens of that size. and variability of color with size and individual fish); tail typically peppered with small light-colored dots, whitish or bluish in preserva- tive, these dots usually present also on head, back of trunk, and base of dorsal, and much more sparsely on side of trunk; similar dots often REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 558 forming radiating rows around eye, sometimes coalescing there to form radiating lines. Dorsal margined with a hyaline band, under- FIGURE 61.—Hippocampus hudsonius hudsonius, drawn from a male 50 mm long from Norflok, Va.; U.S. N. M. no. 91381. Length of specimen as drawn, 34mm. Color pattern represented nearly typical of specimen of that size. Development of tubercle nearly typical of males of that size. laid by a dark band broadening anteriorly to form a dark or black diffuse blotch, the dark band and blotch merging gradually with the SaaS 554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 dusky shade of the basal part of the fin. According to Bean (1889) the dorsal, in life, is margined with yellow in the female and orange FIGURE 62.—Hippocampus hudsonius hudsonius, drawn from a male 130 mm long from Horn Island, Miss.; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 16191. Length of specimen as drawn, 72mm. Color pattern nearly typical of specimens of that size but more sharply marked than usual. Tubercles somewhat better developed than in most males of that size. in the male. (See tables 1 and 3 for counts and measurements and table 4 for averages. ) REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 590 Variability of color, spines, and appendages with age, sex, habitat, and individual fish.—The development of filamentous processes varies primarily with the individual and to a minor extent possibly with age. Filaments, either simple or branched, are usually present in moderate numbers on the postorbital spines and those of the coronet and the upper ridge of the trunk; at least a few are present. Sometimes they are quite profuse (fig. 64) or altogether absent. When few they sometimes take the form of short chunky appendages. Specimens with a profusion of filaments were relatively more numerous in the smaller size group, while specimens with a total absence of filaments were comparatively more numerous among the larger fish; but this difference is not pronounced. In either small or large specimens filaments were sometimes profuse and sometimes altogether absent. No appreciable difference with sex in the development of filaments was noted. Small specimens often have very many tablike skinny processes, pimplelike excrescences, and short filaments, besides those on the spines, generally distributed on the head, trunk, and to a lesser extent on the tail. With growth the tabs, pimples, and shorter filaments mostly disappear. The spines in the young (three specimens 17 to 24 mm from North Carolina examined; fig.60) are strongly and very unequally developed; generally every alternate spine on the trunk and every third or fourth spine on the upper margin of the tail are inordinately long. These greatly elongate spines rapidly decrease in length with growth (in two specimens 32 and 33 mm the spines are considerably shorter but still relatively somewhat longer as compared with larger specimens). The relative decrease in the length of the spines with growth is some- what unequal in the two sexes. In general, in seahorses taken in comparatively shallow water, the spines are appreciably but not strikingly unequal in males of about 50 mm long (fig. 61) and females of about 60 mm long. In full-grown specimens the spines are gener- ally reduced to form shorter tubercles, which are either subequal or not strikingly unequal and rather short although usually well devel- oped as compared with most other species or subspecies of Hippo- campus. HKven in full-grown specimens the tubercles are relatively somewhat better developed in females than in males, this condition being more or less evident also in the other species (see p. 509). Development of the spines or tubercles varies to a large extent with individual fish at any given size. Consequently, the foregoing remarks apply only in a general way, with frequent exceptions. Medium-sized specimens frequently occur with unusually well developed tubercles or rather long spines (fig. 64). Such specimens occur all along the coast including the geographic range of both 556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 subspecies, hudsonius and punctulatus. In the early part of my study such specimens were tentatively identified as stylifer because of their rather long spines. In putting my rough data in presentable form, however, I noted that all such specimens, with one exception, lacked any trace of a brood pouch, apparently being females or sexually undeveloped males. None were over 95 mm, and nearly all were taken in comparatively deeper water or as pelagic specimens. So far I have been unable to discover any other characters to cor- relate with these unusually well developed spines. In the characters chiefly relied on for the separation of the species and subspecies, counts and measurements, these specimens apparently differ in a north and south direction, on a par with the difference between the subspecies hudsonius and punctulatus. At any given latitude they agree generally in these characters with the respective populations taken in shallow water. The best explanation I have to offer is that they represent the persistence of a juvenile condition with respect to the development of the spines or tubercles. The absence of any trace of a developing brood pouch in nearly all such specimens also suggests the persistence of a juvenile condition in general. The color varies greatly with individual fish, but a characteristic color pattern may be recognized, wholly or partly, in most fish with color well preserved. The typical color pattern differs also with age. Smaller and medium-sized fish, about 50 to 85 mm long, have a characteristic blotched appearance, with lighter blotches against a darker background (fig. 61). The light blotches are generally formed around the tubercles and are more or less coalescent. The blotches are often mottled with lighter and darker shades, sometimes with strongly contrasting nearly white and black shades. Sometimes they form figures somewhat resembling hourglasses in shape. In larger specimens the typical, juvenile, blotched color pattern is usually replaced, partly or wholly, by a striped pattern (figs. 62, 63). The trunk has narrow dark brown or black transverse lines against a lighter background. Similar lines are often present and arranged lengthwise on opercle and are continued in a longitudinal direction on the anterior part of the trunk, oftener at its lower anterior corner, where they contrast sharply with the transverse lines. Sometimes these typical lines on the trunk and opercle are broken up to form rows of elongate spots. In most of the available full-grown specimens having the color preserved, at least traces of the juvenile blotches may be discerned, but in some the striped pattern entirely replaces the blotched pattern of the young (as in fig. 62). Often large specimens have the blotches very sharply marked, large in extent but few in number. A pair of such large blotches, one above and one below, may be somewhat confluent, forming a figure roughly suggesting an hourglass (fig. 63). REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 557 Preserved specimens often do not show the typical color pattern. Some are very dark, the color pattern being then much obscured or nearly obliterated, and some are very light all over, the pattern then being very faint or nearly absent. Often specimens are irregularly mottled without any definite color pattern. However, although not always well marked and varying greatly with the individual, the typical color (consisting of a blotched pattern in the young, partly or wholly replaced by a striped pattern in large specimens) is charac- teristic of hudsonius as well as its subspecies punctulatus and probably also kincaidi. It was not observed in any of the specimens of the other species studied, except the single specimen tentatively identified as villosus (p. 582), which to some extent has the blotched appearance of hudsonius, although not so well marked as in typical specimens of the latter species. Distinctive characters and relationships.—The relation of the com- mon large seahorse of the more northern States to the one from Cuba and Florida apparently has never been definitely established, but it becomes clear by referring to tables 1 and 3. After reviewing cur- rent general works on American fishes one gets the idea that two common species of seahorses, hudsonius and punctulatus, occur on the Atlantic coast of the United States, the former ranging farther north and the latter being more southern in its distribution. Accord- ing to some authors “ both of these common species may be found at the same locality. This assumption is certainly an error, as the data presented herewith prove. Table 1 shows that fish from Chesa- peake Bay as compared with those from Florida and Cuba average more caudal segments, fewer pectoral rays, and fewer dorsal rays (not a greater number of dorsal rays, as erroneously stated in current descriptions). As the proportional measurements of the different parts of the fish differ with age and sex, no adequate picture of the frequency distribution of these measurements could be shown by the available material, but the ranges and the averages are given in table 3. This shows that when large specimens of the same sex are compared, northern fish, on the average, have a slenderer trunk and a shorter head, shorter subdivisions of the head (snout and post- orbital), slightly shorter trunk, and somewhat longer tail; although the differences in proportional measurements nearly disappear in smaller fish. However, while tables 1 and 3 show distinct and sta- tistically measurable differences in the seahorse populations from the extreme geographical ranges, they also show a high degree of intergradation. Furthermore, this intergradation in the structural characters is evidently gradual with geographic distribution or latitude, and fish from North and South Carolina and from Missis- 48 Smith, The fishes of North Carolina, pp. 172-173, 1907; and Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, p. 244, 1930. 558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 sippi to Texas are intermediate between the extreme northern and the extreme southern fish. In view of the high degree of inter- eradation in all the characters studied and the evident gradual change in these characters with latitude, there may seem to be good reasons for treating them all under a single heading. Nevertheless, while they do intergrade, the difierences between the populations are numerous, and typical large specimens from the extremes of their geographical range may usually be identified without recourse to locality records. Also, among the species of Hippocampus there exists a general condition of nearness of approach or even of over- lapping. The populations from the extremes of the geographic range should therefore be recognized as subspecies, punctulatus and hud- sonius, the latter for the large seahorses occurring on the coast of the United States north of Florida. Only one other species of seahorses, regulus, occurs within the geographic range of hudsonius as limited in the present paper, and it is easy to distinguish the two, regulus having much fewer segments and fin rays (see p. 589). HH. hudsonius is also very near to the Euro- pean species guttulatus and europaeus. The differences between them are discussed under the accounts of those species; in actual practice hudsonius may be distinguished from the European species by locality. TABLE 4.— Averages of the numbers of caudal segments and fin rays of the subspecies kincaidi, punctulatus, and hudsonius and the populations of hudsonius, cal- culated from the frequency distributions given in table 1 : : Caudal Dorsal Pectoral Subspecies and population segments rays rays kincauli? Bermudas >. tos. one eae Sees BEE oe Sen eee eet ee 34.8 18.3 16.0 auncLulaties:| Plorida andi@ basses a ts ee ee ae 35.9 19.3 16.4 hudsonius: North;:and. South Carolina: —- =2.- 25 see ee een oe 36.5 18.6 15.8 Mississippl tol OX8S! 2s =e ease eee 36.7 18.7 16.1 VirziniattouMaine > = seer Ses ee eee a ee eee eee af. 18.5 15.3 Populations.—While the material studied is insufficient for a thor- oughgoing racial analysis, a comparison of the averages of the caudal segment and fin ray counts is highly suggestive and indicates that the subspecies hudsonius is composed of three distinct stocks. This is shown in table 4, which conveniently includes also the two related subspecies, punctulatus and kincaidi, for comparison. A study of table 4 together with table 3 shows that the population of hudsonius from the coast of North and South Carolina differs from that of Chesa- peake Bay and northward in averaging fewer caudal segments, more numerous dorsal and pectoral rays, a deeper trunk, and a somewhat longer snout. The Gulf coast population, that from Mississippi to SSS REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 559 Texas, has the caudal segments somewhat intermediate between the two foregoing populations but nearer to that from North and South Carolina, while the dorsal and pectoral ray counts diverge from the northern population to an even greater extent than the population from the Carolinas. The Gulf coast population also has a deeper trunk and longer snout than the northern population. In all these differences the two southern populations are intermediate between the northern population of the subspecies hudsonius and the subspecies punctulatus. It is evident that we are dealing here with a species consisting of at least five distinct populations, three of which may be regarded as populations of one subspecies while the other two diverge sufficiently to constitute distinct subspecies. Attention may here be called to the discussion of the geographic distribution of the species of Hippocampus (p. 511). Geographic distribution—The foregoing account and a study of tables 1, 3, and 4 show that the change in the structural characters is gradual with respect to latitude. Consequently, it is evident that geographically as well as morphologically an arbitrary line must be drawn between the subspecies hudsonius and punctulatus. While the most suitable boundary will need to be determined by a study of more fish from intermediate points, it seems not far fetched to assign tenta- tively those west of Florida as far as the Rio Grande on the Gulf coast, and those north of Florida on the Atlantic coast, to the sub- species hudsonius and those from Florida and Cuba to the subspecies punctulatus. An inspection of tables 1, 3, and 4 shows that on the whole fish from North and South Carolina and from Mississippi to Texas approach in their structural characters northern seahorses more than those from Florida and Cuba. Consequently, the geographical limits proposed are not altogether arbitrary but are based to a certain extent on morphology. The arbitrary limit suggested would also agree approximately with the general zoogeographical distribution of the boreal and tropic piscine faunas in the western Atlantic. Material studied—Off Seguin, Maine; October 1881; schooner Charles Haskell (38900). St. Georges Banks; G. Brown Goode (13110). Narragansett Bay, R. I.; August 138, 1880 (25792). Newport Harbor, R. I.; September 1, 1880 (26040). Off Block Island, R. I.; August 3, 1880; schooner W. M. Goffney (38950). Patchogue, Long Island, N. Y.; September 14, 1884 (36087). Off Long Island; lat. 40°01’ N., long. 68°54’ W.; surface (31876). Somers Point, N. J.; September 13, 1887; T. H. Bean (45102). Great Ege Harbor Bay, N. J., August 23, 1887; T. H. Bean (45103). Ocean City, N. J.; August 1, 1887; T. H. Bean (45104). Chinco- teague, Va.; July 1913; J. B. Henderson (76979). Off Virginia, lat. 37°27’ N., long. 73°33’ W.; surface; October 26, 1886; Albatross (38189). Cape Charles City, Va.; October 1, 1897 (67885). Cape 560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Charles, Va. (91377, W. H. Sterling, July 22, 1897; the following three specimens taken by W. C. Schroeder in 1921: 91376, Sept. 22; 91378, Sept. 23; 91379, Nov. 23; one specimen in Bureau of Fisheries, Oct. 1894, Fish Hawk). Cherrystone, Va. (29108, Aug. 1881, M. McDonald; 30399, 1882, Fish Hawk). Britton Bay, Md.; September 29, 1911; P. Butter (77909). Potomac River, 4 miles north of Colonial Beach, Va.; summer 1915; J. J. Maxwell (76790). Hooper Island to Cedar Point, Md.; March 31, 1921; Fish Hawk (913875). Crisfield, Md.; August 1, 1879; T. B. Ferguson (23533). Yorktown, Va., in York River; October 11, 1921; W. C. Schroeder (91382). Old Point, Va.; Farragut (8451). Off Ocean View, Va.; September 22,1893; Fish Hawk. Norfolk, Va., James Fishery; W. C. Schroeder; 1921 (91380, September 19; 91381, September 30). Off North Carolina, taken by the Albatross as follows: Lat. 35°01’ N, long 75°12’ W.; surface, October 17, 1885 (92735); lat. 34°45’20’’ N.., long. 75°38'10’’ W., surface October 18, 1885 (92629); lat. 34°38’ N., long. 76°12’ W., October 19, 1885 (92746); lat. 34°35’30” N.., long. 75°45’30’’ W., October 18, 1885 (93679). Beaufort, N. C.; H. C. Yarrow (15015 and 19520). Beaufort, N. C.; June 3-20, 1904; Bean and McKnew (51871 and 51872). Beaufort, N. C., several localities in vicinity; taken by staff of Fisheries Biological Station. Wilmington, N. C.; A. Ruse (92788). South Carolina coast (4316). Charleston, S. C.; steamer McCulloch (80728). Horn Island, Miss. ; S. Springer (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. nos. 16191 and 16192). Cat Island, Miss.; S. Springer (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 21605). Louisiana; H. Adam. Barataria Bay, La.; 3 specimens taken by author in shrimp trawl; November 24, 28, and 29, 1931. Harbor Island, Tex.; December 1, 1926; J. C. Pearson. Aransas Bay, Tex., near south end; in shrimp trawl; November 2, 1931; K. H. Mosher. Corpus Christi, Tex.; C. T. Reed (93595). Rio Grande, Tex.; March 20, 1883; C. M. Scammon (32558). Total number of specimens studied, 76; 5 specimens 17 to 33 mm long; 39 specimens 43 to 150 mm long, with a brood pouch or at least a rudiment of one; 32 specimens 42 to 116 mm long, without any trace of a brood pouch. Synonymy.—The name H. laevicaudatus has been placed by previous authors in the synonymy of hudsonius, and this action is followed here. There is nothing in the original description to in- dicate whether it refers to the present subspecies or to punctulatus, and the given locality, ““North America’’, does not help to decide the question. In either case it does not affect the nomenclature, since it is a later name than either hudsonius or punctulatus. The length of the snout shown on the figure of laevicaudatus is more nearly like that of hudsonius. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 561 HIPPOCAMPUS HUDSONIUS PUNCTULATUS Guichenot Ficures 63, 64 Hippocampus erectus Perry, Arcana; or The museum of natural history, pl., May 1, 1810 (‘native of the American Seas, and of the coasts adjacent to Mexico and the West Indies’’; agrees most nearly with present subspecies, but may also apply to other seahorses). Hippocampus punctulatus GuicHENoT, in de la Sagra’s Historia fisica, politica y natural de la isla de Cuba, vol. 4, Reptiles y peces, p. 239, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1853 (Cuba). Hippocampus marginalis HecKkeL, in Kaup’s Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum, p. 15, 1856 (Mexico). Hippocampus fascicularis HecKEL, idem (Mexico). Hippocampus punctulatus Dumi&RiL, Histoire naturelle des poissons. . ., vol. 2, p. 508, 1870 (type of pwunctulatus redescribed). Hippocampus stylifer JoRDAN and GiLBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol 5, p. 265, 1882 (Florida, based on young female). Hippocampus punctulatus JoRDAN and EvrerMaNn, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 1, p. 777, 1896 (marginalis and fascicularis placed in synonymy). Hippocampus punctulatus EVERMANN and KmNnpDALL, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1899, p. 63, 1900 (Tarpon Springs, Fla.). Hippocampus poeyi Hownit Rivero, Mem. Soc. Poey Univ. Habana, vol. 8, p. 32, fig., 1934 (off the coast of Habana in algae; probably based on speci- men of present species). Diagnosis.—First caudal segment nearly always hexangular (in 28), infrequently quadrangular (in one); last trunk segment always oc- tangular; penultimate trunk segment usually septangular like the segments in front of it, sometimes novemangular (of 29 specimens examined two completely and one incompletely novemangular.) In other words, extra plates for support of dorsal normally present on first caudal and last trunk segments only, infrequently absent on first caudal and sometimes present on penultimate trunk segment (the single specimen lacking the plate on the first caudal had one on the penultimate trunk segment); or, upper ridges of trunk and tail nor- mally overlapping on two segments, sometimes on three. Trunk segments nearly always 11 (in 28), infrequently 12 (in one, this being the same specimen having a quadrangular first caudal segment). Caudal segments usually 35 to 37, varying 33 to 37. Dorsal rays usually 19 or 20, varying 18 to 21. Pectoral rays usually 16 or 17, varying 15 to 19. Spines long or moderately long in the young fry, very conspicuous in medium-sized specimens, especially in females, usually rather well developed in adults, those on trunk sometimes nearly obsolescent in full-grown males. Coronet well developed, sometimes low in full-grown males. Trunk becoming conspicuously deep in full-grown specimens, snout rather long. Filaments usually present, sometimes profuse, often absent. General color pattern about the same as in hudsonius; medium-sized specimens generally with light-colored or variegated blotches around the bases of the 73864—36——_5 562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 FIGURE 63.—Hippocampus hudsonius punctulatus, drawn from a male 107 mm long from Cuba; U.S.N.M. no. 87385, Length of specimen as drawn, 74 mm. Note the obsolescent tubercles. This seems to be characteristic of males of the Cuban population and of that from Bermuda (the subspecies kincaidi). In the Florida population the tubercles are usually better developed in males of the same size, and they are best developed in the northern populations (the subspecies hudsonius). The spots on the trunk represent an individual variation and the persistence in part of the juvenile color pattern. This variation in the adult color pattern seems to be commoner in the Cuban population but is also often present in the sub- species hudsonius and kincaidi. The spots are sometimes larger. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 063 FIGURE 64.—Hippocampus hudsonius punctulatus, drawn from a specimen, witha rudimentary brood pouch, 91mm long from Tampa Bay; U.S.N.M. no. 49714, Length of specimen as drawn,63mm. Three varia- tions from the usual shown: (1) Spines notably longer for a specimen of its size; (2) filaments profusely developed and branched; (3) Persistence in part of the juvenile spotted color pattern, shown also in figure 63, except that in this specimen the spots are not mottled. This specimen happens to show all three variations; usually they are not correlated. All three variations occur also in the subspecies hudsonius and kincaidi. 564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 spines, against a darker background; full-grown specimens typically with narrow lines partly or wholly replacing the blotches, transverse on trunk, lengthwise on head and anterior part of the trunk, the con- trasting directions of the lines usually striking along the boundary where they meet; white lines sometimes alternating with the brown lines on the opercle; bluish or whitish dots quite profuse, except on the side of the trunk, radiating rows of such dots or radiating white lines often present around eye; dorsal with a submarginal dark band. (See tables 1 and 3 for counts and measurements and table 4 for averages.) The variability and development of the filaments, spines, and the color pattern are quite similar to the subspecies hudsonius. In gen- eral, the spines are usually somewhat shorter than in hudsonius when specimens of approximately the same size and the same sex are com- pared. As in hudsonius, specimens sometimes have the brown lines on the trunk and head broken up into series of spots. These spots sometimes lose their rowed arrangement and such specimens approach individuals of reidi in color. Four specimens were examined from Cuba. Two large males have the spines on trunk and coronet very low, almost obliterated in the largest male, 107 mm long (fig. 63), being nearly like specimens of reidi or hippocampus in this respect; but the tubercles on the tail are con- spicuously better developed than in those two species. A young specimen 23 mm long also has the spines notably short for its size, strikingly shorter than in a specimen of similar size from Key West. The fourth specimen, a female 56 mm long, has the tubercles nearly as well developed as specimens of similar size from Florida. From these four specimens, therefore, it seems that the Cuban population has, on the average, the tubercles not so well developed as the Florida population. However, in the counts and measurements these four agree well with those from Florida, and the difference between the two populations apparently is of no more than racial magnitude. Distinctive characters and relationships.—The relation of this sub- species to hudsonius has already been discussed (p. 557). Typical full-grown specimens have a strikingly different appearance from hudsonius on account of their deeper body, longer snout, and somewhat lower tubercles and coronet. It also has a lower average caudal- segment count and higher fin-ray count. The bluish or whitish dots are generally more profuse and more prominent, the brown lines on the head and trunk are oftener better defined, and the opercle some- times has white lines alternating with the brown; but there is con- siderable intergradation between the two subspecies, as noted. The differences between this subspecies and reidi are discussed under the account of reidi (p. 575). REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 565 Geographic distribution.—It was suggested (p. 559) that the geo- graphical limits of the State of Florida be arbitrarily considered as the northern geographical limit of punctulatus. The specimens examined from Florida represent the range from Biscayne Bay to Pensacola. South of Florida specimens were examined from Cuba. This must stand for the present as the known range of punctulatus, and its precise distribution remains to be determined; but in any case its geographical limits on the coast of the United States will have to be arbitrary. Whether the seahorses from islands adjacent to Florida and Cuba are referable to punctulatus or to some other species or subspecies remains to be learned. Records in the literature of ‘‘punctulatus”’ from other West Indian islands or the coast of South and Central America appear doubtful or are evidently erroneous. On account of the general failure of authors to discriminate properly between the species of Hippocampus, it is not possible to state to which species a given record belongs unless the specimens on which the record is based are reexamined. Material studied.—Biscayne Bay, Fla; December 5, 1902; H. F. Moore (67596). Key West, Fla. (89786, Pinchot expedition, April 10, 1929, and 38689, Albatross, January 14, 1885; also, a very small specimen in Bureau of Fisheries collection, June 10, 1919). Off southern Florida; lat. 26°19’ N., long. 83°33’ W.; March 18, 1889, Grampus (43579). Captiva Pass, Fla.; O. P. Hay (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 32829). Tampa Bay, Fla.; Fish Hawk (49714; 49715; 49716; 49717). Port Tampa; January 19, 1898; Fish Hawk (84598). Tarpon Springs, Fla. (93758, D. Melisas, April 11, 1930; also one specimen in Bureau of Fisheries, Evermann and Kendall, November 7, 1896). Off Cedar Keys, Fla.; lat. 28°56’ N., long. 82°55’ W.; April 3, 1887; J. F. Mosher (89361). Cedar Keys, Fla. (86117, C. R. Aschmeier; 22213; the two larger specimens in the last bottle ap- parently belong to hudsonius and may have been added later, since the register records only one specimen for that number). Pepperfish Key, Fish Hawk (73240). Apalachicola Bay, Fla.; shrimp trawl; June 22, 1932; collected by the author. Off Cape San Blas, Fla.; lat. 29°11’30’’ N., long. 85°29’ W.; February 7, 1885; Albatross (93678). Pensacola, Fla. (30876, Jordan and Stearns, type of H. stylifer; 30788, S. Stearns). Cuba, near western end, obtained by Tomas Barrera expedition in 1914, as follows: Cape Cajon, submarine light, May 26 (82386); Punta Colorado, submarine light, May 21 (82385); Ensenada Santa Rosia, 23 mm, dredged in 1-3 fathoms, May 18 (82388); Esperanza (82387). Total number of specimens studied, 29; 13 specimens with a brood pouch or the rudiments of one, 60 to 162 mm; 13 specimens without a trace of brood pouch, 49 to 142 mm; also three small specimens, 23-32 mm. 566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Nomenclature and synonymy.—The account of H. erectus possibly represents this subspecies, as stated on p. 517. The only relevant matters contained in that account that may be of some aid in deter- mining what species was meant to be represented are: The depth of the trunk and the length of the snout as shown by the figure, and the size and color, which are described as ‘‘“* * * its size varies from seven inches to nine * * *. The colour of the body is of a pale amber, shaded with brown, and which is divided into ribs trans- versely placed, and continued in a closer manner upon the neck and tail * * *.’ Of the known species occurring in the region com- prised in the geographical range of erectus as given by Perry the description of the size and the “ribbed” color pattern, and the deep trunk and the comparatively rather long snout shown on the plate, agree most nearly with the form later described by Guichenot as punctulatus. The next best form to which the account approaches is hudsonius, with which it agrees fairly well, and if part of Perry’s material comes from the coast of the United States, north of Florida, he probably had a mixture of these forms. However, it is quite pos- sible that Perry’s specimens represented still another species or sub- species, such as kincaidi. While the name erectus is here synonymized with punctulatus, I continue to use the latter name, although it was established at a later date, for two reasons: (1) It is a well-established name that has been used for this southern seahorse for three quarters of a century (remarks made on p. 516 in regard to generic name apply also to specific name); and (2) there is no means now of determining with absolute certainty what erectus actually represents. There is no question that Guichenot had material of the present subspecies when he described his fish, and the name punciulatus belongs to it rather than to the other common West Indian seahorse, which is here designated as reidi. The deep body shown on the plate and the comparatively well developed spines as described and figured indicate without a doubt that the name punctulatus belongs to the subspecies described herewith. The spots he describes as ‘una mancha morena, jaspeada de blanco, de cada lado del lomo y de la base de la cola” are often developed in various positions on the trunk, and are sometimes nearly all white. These characteristic spots are often present also in the subspecies hudsonius and kincaidi. However, while characteristic of the three subspecies, these spots are more often faint or entirely absent in large specimens. The discussion following gives the reasons for adopting the syn- onymy as here given. While the type of stylifer only has been ex- amined, the variability of the species as worked out on the available material indicates that this synonymy is most probably correct. It has been partly suggested also by previous investigators. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 567 H. marginalis and H. fascicularis, judged by the description of the color, were apparently based on specimens of the present subspecies. The longitudinal lines on the front part of the trunk contrasted with transverse lines posteriorly, as described for marginalis, is especially characteristic of punctulatus, although specimens often occur in which this color pattern is obscured. Substantially the same color pattern is described for fascicularis, but the specimen for which this name was proposed evidently had the alternating white lines on the opercle and the lower anterior corner of the trunk very prominent, which attracted Heckel’s attention (see above color notes on punctulatus and hudsonius). H. stylifer was based chiefly on the strong development of some of the tubercles, assuming the form of rather long spines. The type of stylifer is a small specimen, 55 mm long, without any trace of a brood pouch, taken in deep water, which would account for the rela- tively long spines, longer than usual in specimens of that size (see p. 556). It has 18 dorsal rays, not 16 as stated in the original description. H. poeyi, based on a single small *’ female, seemingly a young speci- men, is apparently another name to add to the synonyms of punctu- latus. The counts of the segments and fin rays given in the original description distinctly fall within the range of variation of this sub- species. The figure of the type shows the spines somewhat lower than usual in females of punctulatus of about that size; but the development of the spines in punctulatus varies greatly with indi- vidual fish, some specimens assuming the adult condition when small. If the figure is correctly outlined, it may represent a young reidi, but it remains to be seen whether that species occurs on the coast of Cuba, and it is more likely that it is a young punctulatus. If poeyi is differ- ent from either of those two, there is nothing in the original description to show it. Howell states in regard to his type: ‘Este ejemplar es cercano al Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot del que difiere por las propor- ciones generales, la posicién de la dorsal y la coloracion.”” The posi- tion of the dorsal as shown on the figure is about that usual in punctu- latus, and besides there is a certain degree of variation in that respect. The proportional measurements and the color vary much with individ- ual fish and to a still more marked extent with age, the typical condi- tion not being developed except in full-grown or nearly full-grown specimens. 47 After becoming familiar with the variability and the age, sex, and specific differences shown by the species of Hippocampus, I think it is worse than useless to attempt to base a new species of seahorse on a single specimen, especially a juvenile, unless it shows some salient specific character; at least not until after the range of variation of closely related species is determined by a study of series of specimens of like size and in thesame sex. This is true to a certain extent in other groups as well, but it is especially true of sea- horses. An attempt to describe a new species of seahorse without at least a series of specimens of closely related species for comparison cannot but result, in most cases, ina distinct disservice to the cause of science. 568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 HIPPOCAMPUS HUDSONIUS KINCAIDI Townsend and Barbour Hippocampus antiquorum Goopve (not Leach), Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 14, p. 291, 1877 (Bermuda). Hippocampus kincaidi TowNsEND and Barsour, New York Zool. Soc. Bull. 23, p. 304, fig., 1906 (Bermuda). Hippocampus brunneus BEAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, p. 32, 1907 (Bermuda). Hippocampus punctulatus BEEBE and TrE VaN (not Guichenot), Zoologica, vol. 13, p. 40, 1983 (Bermuda). Diagnosis.—First caudal segment hexangular (incompletely hex- angular in one out of six specimens); last trunk segment octangular; penultimate trunk segment usually septangular (in five), sometimes novemangular (in one). In other words, extra plate for support of dorsal usually on first caudal and last trunk segments only, some times also on penultimate trunk segment; or, upper ridges of trunk and tail usually overlapping on two segments, sometimes on three. Trunk segments 11 (in all six examined). Caudal segments 33 to 36. Dorsal rays 18 or 19. Pectoral rays usually 16, varying 15 to 17. Tubercles and coronet well developed in young specimens, becoming notably low in large fish, frequently obsolescent on upper ridge of trunk in large males. Trunk of medium depth; snout of medium length. Filaments rather profuse in young, absent in the few large specimens examined. Color not well shown in the few available specimens; large whitish or variegated blotches shown on trunk of two specimens, largest specimen shows traces of transverse dark lines on trunk; white dots usually quite profuse on tail, sparse on side of trunk; general color pattern apparently the same as in hudsonius and punctulatus. (See tables 1 and 3 for counts and measurements and table 4 for averages.) The figure of kincaidi and the color description of “brunneus’’, combined with the specimens examined, make it evident that the variability of the tubercles, filaments, and color with age is approxi- mately the same as already described for hudsonius or punctulatus (see pp. 555 and 564). Distinctive characters and relationships—The Bermuda population of this seahorse evidently forms a subspecies of equal rank with hudsonius and punctulatus. The relation between these latter two has been discussed under their accounts, and kincaidi may now be compared with them. The differences between the three subspecies become apparent by a study of tables 1, 3, and 4. H. kincaid is characterized by a combination of characters: A low caudal segment count; the low tubercles in large males tending to become obsolescent ; a trunk of medium depth; a snout of medium length; a rather low dorsal ray count; a medium pectoral ray count. In its low caudal segment count and low tubercles it is nearest to punctulatus, especially REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 569 to the Cuban population of that subspecies; in the depth of its trunk, the length of the snout, and the pectoral ray count it is nearest to the southern populations of hudsonius, while in the dorsal count it is nearest to the northern population of that subspecies. Although the number of specimens from Bermuda studied are few and the precise range of variation of this population remains to be worked out, it seems apparent that if hudsonius and punctulatus are to be recognized as subspecies, kincaidi also should be recognized as having equal rank with them. In its comparatively lower tubercles, fewer caudal segments, and slenderer body kincaidi approaches reidi, and the differences between them are discussed under the latter (p. 575). Material studied and geographic distribution—Bermuda (23795, F. M. Hamlin, 1879; 23805, G. Brown Goode, 1877; also Field Mus. Nat. Hist. nos. 5064, 5065, 5066, and 5495, T. H. Bean). Total number of specimens examined, 6; 4, with a brood pouch, 75 to 118 mm long; 2, without any trace of a brood pouch, 61 and 62 mm. Apparently kincaidi is now known only from the coast of Bermuda. Nomenclature and synonymy.—Although the types of kincardi and brunneus were not examined, they unquestionably pertain to the subspecies here described. Apparently the former was based chiefly on the strongly developed tubercles and their long, branched fila- ments, while brunneus was based chiefly on color, the presence of large blotches in the form of hourglasses. The present study definitely determined that in hudsonius, as well as in punctulatus, the high tubercles, the profuse filaments, and the blotches are normally juvenile characters that often persist in medium-sized or even nearly full-grown specimens (see pp. 511 and 555). Evidently the same varia- tion occurs in kincardi, although I do not have sufficient specimens to determine this definitely. The tubercles and filaments of kincaidi indicated on the published figure and the color of brunneus as described show that neither was based on specimens of reidi, the other large seahorse occurring at Bermuda. Both kincaidi and brunneus were established on misapprehensions, since the characters that apparently induced their describers to estab- lish the names are well shown by the subspecies hudsonius and punctu- latus during certain stages of growth or as an individual variation. However, since the Bermuda population is subspecifically distinct from hudsonius and punctulatus on the basis of other differences, the names kincaidi and brunneus, the former having priority, are available for that population. 570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 HIPPOCAMPUS HIPPOCAMPUS (Linnaeus) Syngnathus hippocampus LinnaEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 338, 1758 (as restricted by Leach, 1814; originally a composite species). Hippocampus heptagonus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di aleuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia, p. 18, 1810 (substitute for S. hippo- campus Linnaeus to avoid tautonymy). Hippocampus antiquorum Lreacu, The zoological miscellany vol. 1, p. 104, 1814 (Mediterranean only locality mentioned; substitute for S. hippocampus Linnaeus to avoid tautonymy; seahorses split up into more than one species and this name restricted to a Mediterranean species). Hippocampus brevirostris Scu1nz, Das Thierreich von Cuvier, vol. 2, p. 262, 1822 (substitute for S. hippocampus Linnaeus to avoid tautonymy, the latter name being previously restricted by Leach to the Mediterranean species having blunt tubercles). Hippocampus antiquus Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de V Europe méridionale. . ., vol. 3, p. 188, 1826 (description most likely refers to present species, see p. 521). Hippocampus brevirostris Cuvier, Le régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 363, 1829 (name anticipated by Schinz, 1822). Hippocampus brevirostris Gu&RIN-Mf&NEVILLE, Iconographie du régne animal du G. Cuvier, vol. 2, Poiss., pl. 65, fig. 2, 1829-38. Hippocampus jubatus DE LA Pyuars, Congr. Sci. France, Poitiers, 1834, 2d sess., p. 528, 1835 (either a pre-Linnaean name or else a nomen nudum, see p. 524). Hippocampus brevirostris RaurHEeR, Die Syngnathiden des Golfes von Neapel, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 11, 16, and 18, pl. 16, fig. 173, 1925 (gives also extensive account of biology and anatomy of species). Diagnosis.—First caudal segment usually hexangular, often quad- rangular (completely hexangular in seven, incompletely hexangular in one, quadrangular in three) ; last trunk segment octangular; penulti- mate trunk segments usually septangular like segments preceding it (in eight), often novemangular (in the three specimens having a completely quadrangular first caudal segment noted above). In other words, first caudal and last trunk segment usually with an extra plate on top; when extra plate is absent on first caudal segment it is present on penultimate trunk segments; or, upper ridges of tail and trunk overlapping on two segments, usually on the first caudal and last trunk segment, sometimes on last two trunk segments. Trunk segments 11 (in all 11 specimens examined). Caudal segments modally 35, varying 34 to 36. Dorsal rays usually 17, sometimes 16. Pectoral rays modally 14, varying 13 to 15. Tubercles low in medium-sized fish, becoming nearly obsolescent in large specimens, or at least very low and narrowly rounded above, not pointed, not abruptly stubby. Coronet rather high and blunt, bony tubercles in front of it obsolescent. Trunk deep; snout short. Filaments few, rather short, or entirely absent (highly variable as in related species shown on one of Rauther’s figures, plate 16, to have many rather long and branched filaments). Color dark, numerous small brown spots of deeper intensity than ground color more or less evident, some- times coalescing to form short lines or elongate spots on lower side REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 571 of head, often very dark all over and definite spots hardly evident; minute white dots present or absent, often coalescing to form irregular lines or a fine network, especially marked on head and to a lesser extent on trunk, often fine white lines radiating from eye. Dorsal with a whitish marginal band, underlaid by a dark brown submarginal band, basal part more or less dusky, sometimes nearly uniformly dark below marginal whitish band. (See tables 1 and 2 for counts and measurements. ) Distinctive characters and relationships —H. hippocampus is appar- ently related both to europaeus and to reidi, as discussed under the accounts of those species. It has a distinctive appearance, owing to its very low or obsolescent tubercles, short snout, and rather deep body. In the low or nearly obsolescent tubercles it somewhat re- sembles reidi but differs markedly in its conspicuously deeper trunk and shorter snout and in having fewer pectoral rays, although there is a small degree of intergradation in the latter character. It may be sharply distinguished from guttulatus, its congener occurring in the same region with it, by a number of characters, as pointed out on page 544. A fair percentage of the specimens tend to have the first caudal segment quadrangular. This deviation occurs less frequently in hudsonius and punctulatus, while in the subgenus Jamsus (see p. 584) it becomes the dominant condition. In hippocampus this variation is apparently correlated with a novemangular antepenultimate trunk segment. Material examined and geographic distribution—Bay of Naples, S. E. Meek, April 1897, four specimens (48325). Also seven speci- mens from the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, as follows: Two from the Zoological Station, Naples, Dr. Hovey (1082), and five purchased from the Zoological Station, Naples (5042) without further data. All these no doubt belong to the same species. Total number of specimens studied, 11, 55 to 104 mm long (one specimen with the tip of the tail broken possibly somewhat larger than the longest specimen recorded here). All the specimens, except the smallest one, have a brood pouch or at least a rudiment of one. According to Rauther most of the females of this species have a brood pouch more or less developed; apparently the sexes cannot be distinguished by that character. Nomenclature and synonymy.—This species has been designated most generally by the name of brevirostris, but the review of the literature (pp. 520 to 522) shows that that name has been proposed as a substitute for the earlier name hippocampus, of which it consequently becomes a synonym. In this case there is greater advantage in following the rules rather than general usage and sinking the name 572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 brevirostris to synonymy, since that name was employed often to designate other species as well, such as ewropaeus and species in other parts of the globe. Furthermore, there is no possibility that the name hippocampus will have to be changed again. Therefore, it is a fortunate coincidence that sinking the name brevirostris as a synonym of hippocampus will serve the triple purpose of complying with the code, clearing away the existing confusion implied in the name brevirostris, and fixing the name of this species with finality. Uncertain specimen.—A single specimen in the University of Michigan Museum (111750), found in the same lot of seahorses forming the basis of multiannularis (see p. 542), probably belongs to hippocampus. Trunk segments 11; caudal segments 37; dorsal rays 18; pectoral rays 15; first caudal segment hexangular; penultimate trunk segment septangular, tubercles nearly obsolescent. Length 102 mm, with a brood pouch; depth 18, snout 6.7, postorbital 10.5, head 20.5, trunk 30.5, tail 67.5, and orbit 4 percent of length. If these measurements are compared with table 2, it will be noted that by the length of its snout this specimen is either a europaeus or a hippocampus, but its general physiognomy is more like hippocampus and agrees more with the latter species in the depth of the trunk and the appearance of the tubercles. The number of caudal segments and dorsal rays falls just outside the frequency distribution of hippocampus as determined (compare with table 1); but it seems to fit well in that distribution as an extreme variant. If this specimen was one of the original lot from Dagry Fréres (see p. 542) and came from the Bay of Biscay, it seems possible that hippocampus, like guttulatus, is repre- sented on the Atlantic coast of Kurope by a distinct subspecies. However, that remains to be determined. It is more likely that it came from the Mediterranean and represents a variant of its species with respect to the number of caudal segments and dorsal rays. HIPPOCAMPUS REIDI Ginsburg Fiaures 65, 66 Hippocampus longirostris Kaur (not Schinz, 1822, a French species; not Cuvier, 1829, see pp. 520 to 523 for discussion), Catalogue of the lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Musuem, p. 12, pl. 3, figs. 2, 2a, 1856 (Martinique and St. Lucia; recognizable figure of this species published). Hippocampus guttulatus Goopr (not Cuvier), Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 14, p. 291, 1877 (Bermuda). Hippocampus punctulatus Mrrx and HiLpEBRAND (in part), Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 255, 1923 (specimens from Porto Bello only belong to present species). Hippocampus reidi GinsBuRG, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 23, p. 561, 1933 (Grenada, British West Indies; Porto Bello, Panama; Jamaica, W. I.; Haiti). Diagnosis.—F¥irst caudal segment hexangular (incompletely hex- angular in one out of 12 specimens examined); last trunk segment REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 573 always octangular; penultimate trunk segment usually septangular, sometimes novemangular (completely novemangular in two speci- mens and incompletely so in one out of 12 examined). In other words, usually first caudal and last trunk segments only with an extra plate for the support of the dorsal, infrequently miss- ing on first caudal seg- ment and sometimes present on penultimate trunk segment; or, upper tidges of tail and trunk usually overlapping on two segments, sometimes on three. Trunksegments normally 11 (in 11), some- times 12 (an incomplete twelfth segment in one). Caudal segments usually 35 or 36, varying 34 to 37. Dorsal rays modally ie varyane. 15) “toy - 8: Pectoral rays usually 15 or Loy Pvanyane. 15) to) .17. Tubercles on upper ridge of trunk evident in small specimens (one male 46 mm long and two females 50 and 58 mm examined), but quite low, compara- tively much lower than usual in specimens. of hudsonius or punctulatus of similar size; in large or medium-sized specimens obsolescent or nearly ob- solescent, being sometimes indicated asaslight, broad- FIGURE 65.—Hippocampus reidi, drawn from the type, a male ly wavelike rise (next sizes 121 mm long from Grenada, British West Indies; U.S.N.M. no. 86590. Length of specimen as drawn, about 91 mm. examined after the small specimens are a male 74 and a female 93 mm). Coronet medium in small and medium-sized specimens, very low in large ones. Trunks unusually slender; snout conspicuously long. Filaments absent on tubercles and coronet of large and medium-sized specimens; present 574. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 in small fish of about 50 mm long but few and short; very small tablike processes or minute pimples rather profuse and usually per- sistent in largest specimens, sometimes short filaments present on back (not on tubercles) of large specimens. Color pattern char- acteristic; covered more or less thickly with small brown spots against a lighter background, the spots often differing in size, somewhat larger and more prominent spots interspersed with smaller ones, ground color sprinkled profusely with minute, almost microscopic whitish dots (color evident only in the larger specimens, the available smaller ones nearly uniformly colored without any definite color pattern, possibly faded). Dorsal hyaline with a submarginal brown streak and sprinkled at the base with small brown dots. (See tables 1 and 3 for counts and measure- ments.) Distinctiwe characters and relationships.—H. reidi agrees most nearly with hippocampus from the Mediterranean in its obsolescent tubercles and number of caudal seg- ments and dorsal rays, as well as in its color pat- tern, but differs sharply FIGURE 66.—Hippocampus reidi, drawn from a female 127 mm 10 having a conspicuously long taken with the type. Length of specimen as drawn, slenderer trunk and long- 89 mm. . er snout, while the fre- quency distribution of the pectoral rays is quite different, although the two species overlap in that respect. The similarity in the structure of the tubercles, the number of caudal segments and dorsal rays, and the color pattern of reidi and REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 515 hippocampus may be a case of parallelism, and it is possible that reida is more nearly related to kincaidi and punctulatus. In any case, whatever is the true relationship of reidi, for the practical purpose of identification it is necessary to compare it with them, since its geo- graphic range overlaps with that of kincaid: and possibly also with that of punctulatus. Full-grown or nearly full-grown specimens of reidi may be sharply distinguished from punctulatus by their markedly slender trunk (see table 3) along with the difference in the color pattern, reid: being profusely spotted with small spots, while large specimens of punctu- latus are marked generally by narrow lines or sometimes by large blotches. H. reidi also has the tubercles obsolescent, while in punc- tulatus they are in most specimens fairly well developed, although full-grown males sometimes closely approach reidi in that respect. Small specimens are not readily distinguished by depth, but may be separated on direct comparison by the difference in the structure of the tubercles, in most, but not all cases, some small specimens of punctu- latus having the tubercles rather low. As further aids in separating the two, reidi has a distinctly lower dorsal fin ray count and a longer snout than punctulatus, but there is more or less intergradation in those two characters (see tables 1 and 3). The present species differs from kincaidi in the same characters, namely, in having a slenderer trunk, obsolescent tubercles, fewer dorsal rays, a longer snout, and a different color pattern. It has been noted that kincaid? has a slenderer trunk and generally lower tubercles than punctulatus, and it consequently approaches nearer to reidi in those two important characters. However, to offset this conver- gence, kincaidi has a somewhat shorter snout than punctulatus, and it consequently diverges more from reidi in this character. While kincaidi converges toward reidi in the depth of the trunk, there was no intergradation in the few specimens measured (see table 3). When all the characters are taken into consideration there should be found no difficulty in most cases in distinguishing reidi from kin- caidi, as well as from punctulatus. At least, I did not find it difficult. It is reasonable to expect some difficulty, however, in referring occa- sional extreme variants of kincaidi and reidi in places where both occur, as in Bermuda. Out of seven specimens of seahorses from Bermuda available, only one may be referred to reidi and six to kin- caidi, and the latter is probably the commoner seahorse on the coast of Bermuda. The single specimen of reidi from that coast is for- tunately a nearly full-grown individual having the important char- acters typical of its species, and there is no question as to where it belongs. Material studied and geographic distribution.—Porto Bello, Panama; Meek and Hildebrand (79685, March 19, 1912; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 no. 8284). St. George, Grenada, British West Indies; W. O’Brien Donovan (86590, two specimens including the type). Port-au- Prince, Haiti; C. Bencomo (85958; three large specimens, dried and hence could not be accurately measured, nor the fin rays counted, but the count of the segments included in the above account; form, tubercles, and color typical of the species). Jamaica, West Indies; Albatross; March 1-11, 1884 (92684). Kingston, Jamaica; Albatross, 1884 (93732). Bermuda; G. Brown Goode; 1876-77; 1 female, 137 mm long (21933). Total number of specimens examined, 12; 6 with a brood pouch or at least a rudiment of one, 46 to about 150 mm long (the largest male dried, and exact length cannot be determined); 6 specimens 50 to 137 mm long, without any trace of a brood pouch. From the material examined it is evident that this species is common in the West Indies and ranges from Panama to Bermuda, but its pre- cise geographical limits remain to be determined. Among all the available specimens from Florida and Cuba not a single reidi was found. Extant records in the literature, of seahorses from the West Indies, no doubt refer partly or wholly to this species, but on account of the failure of previous authors except Kaup to distinguish reidi it is not possible to place such records properly in the synonymy unless the specimens are reexamined. The figure published by Kaup shows the slender body, the low tubercles and coronet, and the char- acteristic color pattern and is readily identifiable as drawn from a specimen of reidi. In view of Kaup’s evident failure to distinguish the species of Hippocampus in many cases, it is doubtful whether all his material was referable to the present species; but one of his speci- mens from St. Lucia and one from Martinique for which he describes the color apparently belonged to reidi. These two localities fall within the geographic range represented by specimens examined during my study. HIPPOCAMPUS OBTUSUS Ginsburg FIGURE 67 Hippocampus obtusus GINsBuRG, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 23, p. 562, 1933 (off Cape Hatteras, N. C.) Diagnosis.—First caudal segment hexangular, last trunk segment octangular, penultimate trunk segment septangular. In other words, first caudal and last trunk segments only bearing an extra plate for the support of the dorsal; or, upper ridges of trunk and tail over- lapping on two segments. Trunk segments 11; caudal segments 35; dorsal rays 17; pectoral rays 16. Every third or fourth tubercle on trunk and anterior part of tail very stout and bluntly obtuse, reduced to stout, knoblike stumps, their appearance very characteristic; REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG DEE FIGURE 67.—Hippocampus obtusus, drawn from the type, a male 70 mm long from off the coast of North Carolina; U.S.N.M. no, 84527. Length of specimen as drawn, 55 mm. 73864—36——6 578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 tubercles on head, at base of pectoral, and on nape similarly stumpy. Coronet of medium height. Trunk conspicuously slender; snout rather long. First two enlarged spines on tail having short somewhat chunky stumpy appendages, no other filaments, profusely covered with pimplelike excrescences on skin; smaller on side, larger on back. Color nearly uniformly yellowish (probably faded). Measurements.—Length 70 mm, with the brood pouch just begin- ning to develop. Depth 12, snout 10.5, postorbital 11, head 24.5, trunk 35, tail 61, and orbit 4.5 percent of length. Distinctive characters and relationships——When I first found the specimen forming the type of the present species, I immediately recognized its striking appearance and set it aside as being distinct from hudsonius, but I hesitated to describe it as a new species on the bare chance of its being an abnormal specimen of that species, since it was taken within the geographic range of that species and the counts of its meristic characters also fall within the range of variation of the subspecies hudsonius. Any doubts as to its distinctive nature were dispelled, however, after I found the three specimens from the Pacific coast that form the basis of hildebrandi. As later noted (p. 582), there is no question that hildebrandi is a distinct species. The most distinctive and striking character of hildebrandi—the structure of the tubercles—is nearly duplicated in the type of obtusus, which is evi- dently the Atlantic coast counterpart of hildebrandi, obtusus differing chiefly in its fewer caudal segments and dorsal rays. H. obtusus differs from the other species occurring within its geo- graphic range, hudsonius, as well as from all other American species except hildebrandi, chiefly in the structure of the tubercles, which is very striking. It is one of those characters hard to describe but may be appreciated fully by direct comparison of material. The tubercles in obtusus are very stout and blunt, but they are also low, being reduced to mere stout blunt stumps or knobs. They are unlike the rather slender and notably higher tubercles of hudsonius, or the more or less obsolescent tubercles of hippocampus and reidi. H. obtusus differs further from hudsonius in having a notably slenderer trunk and a longer snout, more so than even the extreme variants of hudsonius of similar size (compare with table 3). The paucity of specimens of obtusus in collections, only the type being known, may possibly be explained by its probable offshore habitat, as discussed in the next paragraph. Material studied and distribution—Off Cape Hatteras, N. C.; Albatross; June 5, 1885 (84527, the type); the only known specimen. This species possibly has more of an offshore habitat, while hudsonius is common in shallow water inshore and is also taken offshore. There are no available data as to the habitat of the type, but on the day on which it was captured the Albatross was engaged in line fishing REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 579 offshore in 50% to 123 fathoms.*® While this fact is suggestive, it is not conclusive. It may have been taken at the surface either off- shore or inshore. The vertical as well as the geographical distri- bution of this species remains to be determined. HIPPOCAMPUS HILDEBRANDI Ginsburg Fiaurss 68, 69 Hippocampus ingens Meek and HiLpEBRAND (in part), Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 256, 1923 (three specimens from Chame Point, Pacific coast of Panama, referred to the present species). Hippocampus hildebrandi Ginspure, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 23, p. 562, 1933 (Chame Point, Panama, based on specimen of preceding record). Diagnosis.—First caudal segment hexangular; last trunk segment octangular; penultimate trunk segment septangular, sometimes novemangular (in one specimen out of three penultimate trunk seg- ment incompletely novemangular). In other words, extra plate for support of the dorsal usually present on first caudal and last trunk segment only, sometimes also on penultimate trunk segments; or, upper ridges of tail and trunk usually overlapping only on two seg- ments. ‘Trunk segments 11, caudal segments 39 (same count in all three specimens examined). Dorsal rays 20 (in two) or 21 (in one). Pectoral rays 16 (in one) or 17 (in two). Tubercles on upper ridge not at all pointed, every third or fourth strikingly stout but low, forming characteristic stout, blunt, knoblike stumps (very similar in appearance to those of obtusus). Coronet well developed, of medium height. Trunk slender; snout rather long. No slender filaments, but fleshy, short appendages present on some tubercles; profusely covered with pimplelike projections. The three available specimens nearly uniformly dark, without any well-marked color pattern; sometimes with small brown spots irregularly scattered on opercle, trunk and tail. Rays of dorsal dark brown at bases gradually becoming lighter distally; a narrow, longitudinal hyaline streak, a little below middle, interrupting the conspicuous brown color on the rays; interradial membrane hyaline. Measurements.—Two, without a brood pouch, 46 and 68 mm long; depth 12 and 13.5, snout 10 (in both), postorbital 11.5 and 10.5, head 25 and 24.5, trunk 31.5 and 30, tail 63.5 and 65.5 and orbit 6 and 4.5 percent of length, respectively; one with a rudimentary brood pouch 49 mm, depth 9, snout 10, postorbital 11, head 25.5, trunk 32, tail 61.5, and orbit 6 percent of length. Distinctive characters and relationships——The three specimens forming the basis of the foregoing account unquestionably represent a distinct species. There is only one other species, ingens, now known from the Pacific coast of Panama, and hildebrandi should be compared 48 Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish. for 1885, p. 80, 1887. 580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 88 with that. The two have approximately the same number of seg- ments and fin rays (compare with table 1). Hence, it may be sug- gested that hildebrandi represents the young of ingens, but it is evident FIGURE 68.—Hippocampus hildebrandi, drawn from the type, a female 68 mm long from the Pacific coast of Panama; U.S.N.M. no. 82036. Length of specimen as drawn, 39 mm. that such is not the case, although I did not have specimens of the same size in both species for comparison. In the species of Hippo- campus examined by me, the tubercles are notably better developed REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 581 and pointed in smaller fish. This is the invariable rule in all the spe- cies examined (except possibly obtusus and hildebrandi for which no FIGURE 69.—Hippocampus hildebrandi, drawn from a male 49 mm long; U.S.N.M. no. 82039. Length of specimen as drawn, 35mm. Note the very rudimentary tubercles in a male of this size, although in other species the tubercles are well developed in such small specimens. A smaller female, 46mm long, U.S.N.M. no. 82037, has the tubercles better developed but stumpy, essentially as in figure 68. series of specimens in graduated sizes are available), and is also true of mgens. The smallest available specimen of ingens is 113 mm long and the largest 201mm. The tubercles in ingens are notably better devel- 582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 oped in the smaller specimens, being distinctly higher and spinous, as in the other species of Hippocampus, while in the three specimens here assigned to hildebrandi the tubercles are much broader and lower, al- though these three are considerably smaller than the smallest specimen of ingens examined. The difference in appearance is very striking, but it is hard to convey an adequate verbal picture, and this difference may be appreciated fully only by a direct comparison of material. After familiarity is gained with the change in the appearance of the tubercles on account of growth in the species of Hippocampus, a comparison between the available specimens of ingens and hildebrandi will force the conclusion that they represent distinct species. H. hildebrandi is evidently most nearly related to obtusus from the Atlantic coast, differing sharply in having more caudal segments and dorsal rays. Material examined and distribution—Chame Point, Pacific coast of Panama; Robert Tweedlie (82037; 82039; 82063, the type); two specimens, 46 and 68 mm long without any trace of a brood pouch, 1 specimen 49 mm long with a rudimentary brood pouch. All three specimens were captured by Robert Tweedlie, whose methods of collecting are described by Meek and Hildebrand,* as follows: ‘‘* * * most of his specimens were either dipped up by the sand dredge * * * or taken with the dip-net * * * in the vicinity of the dredge. * * * the position of the dredge * * * was located at the end of Chame Point, a long and very narrow neck of land projecting a distance of about thirty miles into the sea.’”’ Therefore, it is possible that this species has an offshore habitat as was discussed for its close relative obtusus (p.578). A fourth specimen obtained by Tweedlie is a true ingens and was included in the account of that species. The two Pacific coast species, therefore, apparently overlap in their ranges, even though they may be found to differ in their vertical distribution. HIPPOCAMPUS VILLOSUS Giinther Hippocampus villosus GUNTHER, Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, vol. 1, pt. 6, Fishes, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. D, 1880 (off Bahia). Hippocampus punctulatus Merk and HitpEBRAND (in part), Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 255, 1923 (the specimen from Fox Bay, Colon, Panama, here referred provisionally to villosus.) Diagnosis.—First caudal segment hexangular, last trunk segment octangular, penultimate trunk segment septangular like the segments preceding it. In other words, an extra plate for the support of the dorsal on last caudal and first trunk segments only; or, upper ridges of tail and trunk overlapping on two segments. Trunk segments 10; caudal segments 34; dorsal rays 16; pectoral rays 15. Tubercles on upper ridge of trunk well developed and pointed. Coronet high. 49 Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 6, 1923. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 583 Trunk deep; snout of medium length. Filaments short, more or less branched, present on spines of head and of upper ridge of trunk and anterior part of tail. Brown, with lighter blotches around bases of spines of trunk, the blotches coalescent (the color pattern somewhat as in specimens of hudsonius or punctulatus of similar size); white dots present, but scanty; dorsal with obliquely longitudinal rows of rather faint brownish spots near base, no submarginal band. Measurements —Length 68 mm, without any trace of a brood pouch; depth 17, snout 8.5, postorbital 12, head 24, trunk 38, tail 56.5, and orbit 4.5 percent of length. Distinctive characters and relationships.—The foregoing account is based on a single specimen that I refer with considerable doubt to Ginther’s species, which is also known from but one specimen. The species of Hippocampus are so variable intraspecifically, and so closely approaching or even overlapping interspecifically, that it seems fool- hardy to base a species on a single specimen, except where it shows some salient character unmistakably distinguishing it. There must be even greater uncertainty to attempt to identify a single specimen with a poorly established species without comparing it directly with the type. However, this specimen is evidently of a different species from any of the others from the American coasts described in the present paper, and it agrees fairly well with the inadequate account of villosus, except that Giinther’s specimen apparently had a longer snout. Not wishing to establish a new species on a single specimen in this case, I provisionally refer it to villosus. Judged from the species from the American coasts known at present, this specimen belongs to a species nearest to reidi on one hand and to punctulatus on the other, but it apparently differs from both. The most striking feature is its relatively small number of segments, both trunk and caudal segments. The 10 trunk segments represent the most usual number found in the subgenus Jamsus. Of the other species described herein, only one specimen of hudsonius, out of 76 examined, had this number, while in all the rest of the species not one specimen was found with 10 trunk segments. It is possible that the specimen here referred to villosus represents a rare variant, but the probabilities are much more strongly in favor of its representing a species that normally has fewer trunk segments. The number of caudal segments is also near to the normal condition in the subgenus Jamsus, but it also falls at the extreme of the frequency distributions of reidi and punctulatus (compare with table 1). This specimen further differs from reidi in its deeper body and strikingly better developed tubercles, and from punctulatus in having a deeper body when speci- mens of approximately the same size are compared (see table 3). From the two species belonging to the subgenus Jamsus it differs 584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 strikingly in its larger size and also in having more numerous dorsal and pectoral rays. Material studied —Fox Bay, Colon, Panama; Meek and Hilde- brand; March 25, 1911 (81727); one specimen without any brood pouch. JAMSUS, new subgenus Genotype.—Hippocampus regulus Ginsburg. Definition.—Dorsal rays 10 to 14. Pectoral rays 10 to 12. Trunk segments usually 10, often 9, infrequently 11. Caudal segments 28 to 34. Upper ridges of tail and trunk usually overlapping on one segment, sometimes on two, rarely on none; usually on last trunk segment, often on first caudal. First caudal segment usually quad- rangular; last trunk segment usually octangular (last trunk and first caudal segments often both hexangular in zosterae, in those specimens having nine trunk segments, see p. 590). Penultimate trunk segment, hike the segments in front of it, usually septangular, infrequently novemangular. Base of dorsal on two segments, usually on last two trunk segments, often on last trunk and first caudal segments. Size notably small. Relationships —Jamsus is evidently related to the typical subgenus but differs from it chiefly in having fewer fin rays, fewer trunk and caudal segments, and normally one instead of two extra plates for the support of the dorsal. In the number of dorsal and pectoral rays there are no intergradients between the two subgenera in the species studied. Jamsus contains two species, which are notably small in size, and their smaller size is correlated with a lesser number of fin rays and segments. Etymology—An arbitrary combination of two Biblical Hebrew words: jam °=sea, and sus ”’=horse, nouns in masculine gender according to the rules of Hebrew grammar; transliterated into the Latin alphabet according to the rules of the Library of Congress,*! except that the Hebrew letter ‘‘yod”’ is rendered into “‘j’’, equivalent to the Cbnay, . . . ° ae old Latin consonantal “1’’; the ‘j’”’ pronounced like the English ‘y.”’, HIPPOCAMPUS REGULUS Ginsburg Ficures 70, 71 Hippocampus regulus GinsBurRG, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 23, p. 563 1933 (Mississippi; Texas; Campeche, Mexico). DPiagnosis.—First caudal segment nearly always quadrangular (in- completely hexangular in one out of 24 specimens examined), last trunk segment always octangular, penultimate trunk segment nearly 50 See, for instance, Exodus 15:1. 5| See also Funk & Wagnalls Jewish Encyclopaedia, vol. 2, p. Ix. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 585 always septangular (incompletely novemangular in one out of 24 specimens). In other words, an extra plate for support of the dorsal normally on last trunk segment only, infrequently also on first caudal or penultimate trunk segment (on one side only of each one of two specimens out of 24 examined); or, upper ridges of tail and trunk normally overlapping on one segment only (with the exception noted). Trunk segment 10 (in 23), sometimes 9 (in one specimen from Campeche). Caudal segments usually 29 to 31, varying 28 to 32. Dorsal rays modally 11, varying 10 to 12. Pectoral rays modally 11, varying 10 to 12. Base of dorsal on last two trunk segments. Tubercles on upper ridge fairly well developed and pointed, some- times low in full-grown males. Coronet comparatively high. Fila- ments usually present, relatively not long, their numbers varying greatly with individual fish and to some extent with age, sometimes profuse and more or less branched, often absent or nearly absent, especially in full-grown specimens; minute pimples usually profuse. Color variously mottled with yellowish of contrasting intensity or with brownish, without any definite color pattern; basal two-thirds of dorsal with lengthwise rows of small diffuse spots, often more or less coalescent, forming a diffuse network, sometimes nearly uniformly pigmented but increasingly darker proximad; sometimes with a distinct submarginal dark band, sometimes nearly hyaline. (See table 5 for counts.) Measurements —A male, 30.5 mm long, depth 18.5, snout 7, postorbital 12, head 22.5, trunk 34, tail 62.5, and orbit 6 percent of length. A female, 26.5 mm long, depth 17, snout 8.5, postorbital 13, head 25.5, trunk 36.5, tail 55.5, and orbit 7.5 percent of length. Distinctive characters and relationships ——This species is evidently closely related to zosterae. The greatest divergence is in the number of dorsal rays, although there is a certain degree of intergradation between the two species (see table 5). There is also a decided diver- gence in the number of caudal segments, but the intergradation in that character is even more pronounced than in the number of dorsal rays. The individuals comprising the species regulus seem, from the ma- terial examined, to form a comparatively homogeneous and compact mass with reference to their structure, shown especially by the relative stability in the number of trunk segments and the almost constantly quadrangular first caudal segment. Of the 24 specimens examined only one from Campeche has nine trunk segments, and only one from Cat Island has an incompletely hexangular first caudal segment. The specimens from Campeche otherwise differ but slightly from those of the northern coast of the Gulf. The frequency distri- butions of the fin rays in the Campeche lot correspond exactly to 586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Fiaure 70.—Iippocampus regulus, drawn from the type, a male 30.5 mm long from Harbor Island, Tex.; U.S.N.M. no. 92950. Length of specimen as drawn, 19.5 mm. REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 587 those from Mississippi and Texas. The number of caudal segments is also nearly the same, averaging slightly greater in the Campeche lot, but this slight difference may disappear when more specimens FIGURE 71.—Hippocampus regulus, drawn from a female 29.5 mm long from Harbor Island, Tex. Length of specimen as drawn, 17.5 mm. are examined. The presence of these two variants in a widely sep- arated population emphasizes the relative homogeneity of regulus and is in strong contrast to the high degree of variability shown by 588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 zosterae, which tends to break up into distinct stocks as discussed hereafter (p. 592). Of the two variants of regulus, the one with the nine trunk seg- ments has a quadrangular first caudal, while the one with an incom- pletely hexangular first caudal segment has 10 trunk segments. It will be shown (p. 591) that in zosterae nine trunk segments are always correlated with a hexangular first caudal segment. In regulus these variations are not only infrequent but when they do occur they are not correlated. Another point of considerable interest is that regulus, in two important characters—number of trunk segments and number of pectoral rays—approaches much more the Key West population of zosterae than its Pensacola population (see table 5). There are legitimate grounds for difference of opinion in regard to the taxonomic status of regulus, whether it is to be considered as a full species or as a subspecies. According to the data presented, it may be regarded, within reason, as a subspecies of zosterae. How- ever, while the degree of intergradation in the characters investigated is greater than usual between distinct species of fishes in general, it is also of a lesser degree than the usual intergradation between sub- species of fishes. Furthermore, speciation in the genus Hippocampus is quite unlike that usual among fishes. A condition of very near approach or even of overlapping is evidently normal in Hippocampus (see, for instance, discussion of relationship of ingens, p. 536). A com- parison between tables 1 and 5 shows that the divergence between regulus and zosterae, in the number of dorsal rays and caudal segments, is much more pronounced and of a much higher degree than that between the subspecies hudsonius and punctulatus, for instance. It was also shown that regulus is nearer to the Key West population of zosterae, whereas if regulus were a mere geographical subspecies of zosterae, it would be reasonable to expect it to differ in a regular latitudinal direction and to be nearer the Pensacola population of zosterae. All available evidence considered, therefore, it seems best to assign full specific rank to regulus, although this opinion may have to be changed by a study of more material and specimens from intermediate localities. As compared with all other American species of Hippocampus except zosterae, regulus is readily distinguished by the number of trunk and caudal segments, the number of fin rays, and its small size. Material studied and geographic distribution—Cat Island, Miss., collected by the author November 15, 1931. Harbor Island, Tex., J. C. Pearson (92950, the type, May 1927; also in the Bureau of Fisheries, collected on the following dates: 1 specimen with the type; 2 on April 3, 1927, 1 on October 20, 1926, 2 on October 25, 1926, 2 on November 12, 1926). Hog Island, Tex.; J.C. Pearson. Champoton, REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 589 Campeche, Mexico, A. S. Pearse; July 13, 1932 (Univ. Michigan Mus. no. 102819). Total number of specimens studied, 24; 13, with a broad pouch or at least a rudiment of one, 21 to 34 mm long; 11, without any trace of a brood pouch, 17 to 30 mm long. Some of the larger specimens have the brood pouch fully developed. Judged by the material examined, the maximum size attained by regulus is considerably below that of zosterae. All the specimens I obtained at Cat Island were picked out from seaweed landed by a small drag seine in shallow water on a sandy shore. TABLE 5.—Frequency distribution of some meristic characters of Hippocampus zosterae and regulus according to locality Trunk Pectoral Dorsal rays Caudal segments segments ? rays Species and locality 10] 11 | 12 | 13] 14 }} 28 | 29} 30] 31} 32 | 33] 384]) 9 | 10 | 11]) 10) 11 | 12 zosterae: Biscayne Baya ss ee ees |e e| eeee ie ae | S| FP nT ihe Ae | eo em oot | 1 1 OY, WiGS tiles ee ee eee eS ZA) | ENT Ta I Ey | eee ee | ee | rene Dea baer tee 4] 16 SP 9 Captivacbasss se ee a ese ee ANG 4 | pod) | | ee iS CEA aL 5 | 12) 1 3 6 9 Rensacolasbaese ese sae eee ese 2a LO} eee ele eee leno Del Ont ae ees) eget Oral | ee te As tee ss regulus: IMississippiiand Dexas=--s---si2) | 15 1 jean |ee A Gina eee | ee || | eee 19 Eee | Anton 2, Campeche, Mexico-_-----------|--- hg | Bee | a oe | Bors Tg RSE se 1 4 1 45/553 1 Including four specimens from Newfound Harbor Key. 3 Including one specimen from Apalachicola. 3 Two specimens from Captiva Pass and two from Pensacola had 10 incomplete trunk segments and are included with the others having 10 segments. HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTERAE Jordan and Gilbert Hippocampus zosterae JORDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 265, 1882 (Laguna Grande, Pensacola, Fla.) Hippocampus zosterae BEAN, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 27, p. 4380, 1883 (Pensaeola, Fla.). Hippocampus rosamondae Boropin, Bull. Vanderbilt Oceanogr. Mus., vol. 1, art. 1, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1928 (Cuba). Diagnosis.—First caudal segment usually quadrangular, very often hexangular; last trunk segment usually octangular, often hexangular (when last trunk segment is hexangular the first caudal in the same specimen is also usually hexangular); penultimate trunk segment nearly always septangular (incompletely novemangular in two out of 59 specimens examined). In other words, usually only one extra plate for the support of the dorsal, in most cases on the last trunk segment, often on the first caudal segment, infrequently two extra plates (on one side only of the two specimens noted); or, upper ridges of trunk and tail overlapping on one segment, infrequently on two, rarely on none (in one out of 59 examined, this specimen being without extra plates). (The variation in the structure of the first caudal 590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 83 segment is closely correlated with the variation in the structure of the last trunk segment and the number of trunk segments. The frequency of occurrence of these variations differs with the local stock. These points are discussed below.) Trunk segments usually 10, often 9, sometimes 11. Caudal segments usually 31 to 33, varying 30 to 34. Dorsal rays modally 12, varying 11 to 14. Pectoral rays 10 to 12. Tubercles usually quite conspicuous, often becoming very low in full-grown males. Coronet comparatively high. Trunk rather deep; snout usually quite short. Presence of filaments vary- ing with the individual and evidently also with age, oftener absent, the specimens having filaments usually belonging to the smaller size groups, filaments when present relatively short, often branched. Color variously mottled with contrasting yellowish shades, often with white and brown, without any definite color pattern, sometimes quite dark all over, sometimes with whitish cross bands on tail; dorsal with a submarginal brown streak typically present, usually with one or two rows of diffuse spots at the base; often entire fin nearly colorless. (See table 5 for counts.) Variability in structure of region where trunk and tail meet, and its correlation.—H. zosterae shows two main trends of variation which are correlated with locality to a considerable extent. In the majority of specimens of the entire available lot representing all localities, the first caudal segment is quadrangular and the last trunk segment octangular. All such specimens have the single extra plate on the last trunk segment, while the dorsal is situated on the last two trunk segments and the number of trunk segments is 10, infrequently 11. Very often the following important variation in structure occurs: The first caudal segment is hexangular, and the last trunk segment is also hexangular; in other words, the extra plate is on the first caudal instead of on the last trunk segment. In all such specimens the base of the dorsal is situated over the last trunk and first caudal instead of over the last two trunk segments, and the number of trunk segments is 9 instead of 10. This latter variation may be easily conceived as having been derived from the former by the last trunk segment losing the last lowermost point of intersection and thus having changed to a caudal segment. The probability that this is the correct explanation is increased by the fact that in regulus, the near relative of zosterae, the former condition is normal for the species almost without any exception. Further- more, four specimens of zosterae out of 59 examined are asymmetrical, one side of the fish showing one of the two general variations described and the other side showing the other variation, the probable manner in which the change occurs thus being shown by the same individual fish (see p. 592). In other words, in zosterae there is a very decided REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 591 tendency for the last trunk segment to change to a caudal segment by the loss of the last point of intersection on the lower lateral ridge. As a result the number of trunk segments is reduced by one; the first caudal, instead of the last trunk segment, now bears the extra plate for the support of the dorsal, and the base of the dorsal is placed over the last trunk and first caudal segments instead of over the last two trunk segments. This important trend of evolution shown by a comparatively large percentage of specimens evidently indicates a more recent development. The frequent presence of a hexangular caudal segment in this species may appear to show a more primitive condition, since this occurs also in the subgenus Hippocampus. However, in zosterae a hexangular caudal segment is correlated with a hexangular last trunk segment, and the latter condition, in its turn, is unique and apparently represents a more recent development. Consequently, the hexangular first caudal segment in zosterae prob- ably represents a pseudoreversion and not a primitive condition; that is, it is caused by the last trunk segment changing to a caudal seg- ment as a consequence of a shortening of the lower ridge on the trunk. The evidence strongly favors the conclusion that zosterae is now under- going a gradual change, which, if carried far enough, will result in the formation of a distinct species, or even subgenus, having nine trunk segments. The tempo of the change evidently differs with the population (see p. 592). For convenience, the individual variability, besides the main trends of variation, may be indicated as follows: Altogether 59 speci- mens were examined, in which the number of trunk segments were: 19 with 9 complete segments; 34 with 10 complete segments; 4 with 10 incomplete segments; and 2 with 11 complete segments. Of those having 9 segments 14 have an extra plate on the first caudal segment only; three have an extra plate on the last trunk and first caudal segments; in one an extra plate is present only on one side of the first caudal segment; and in one an extra plate is present only on one side of the last trunk segment and on both sides of the first caudal seg- ment. Counting the variants showing asymmetry as though they were bilaterally symmetrical, and combining the above figures, we get 15 specimens having an extra plate on the first caudal segment only and four having extra plates on the last trunk and first caudal segments. These figures consequently show that nine trunk seg- ments are always correlated with a hexangular first caudal segment and decidedly correlated with a hexangular last trunk segment. Of the 34 specimens having 10 trunk segments, 30 have an extra plate on the last trunk segment only; one has an extra plate on one side of the penultimate trunk segment on both sides of the last trunk seg- ment and none on the first caudal; one has an extra plate on one side only of the last trunk segment and on both sides of the first caudal 592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 segment; one has an extra plate on both sides of the last trunk and first caudal segments; one lacks extra plates (this being the only one of all the specimens examined, including all the species, which en- tirely lacked extra plates for the support of the dorsal). Again com- bining the specimens showing asymmetry with the others, as above, omitting the specimens entirely lacking plates, and not taking account of the extra plate on the penultimate trunk segment of one specimen, we get 31 specimens having an extra plate on the last trunk segment only and two having extra plates on the last trunk and first caudal segments. Consequently, these figures show that 10 trunk segments are nearly always correlated with an octangular last trunk segment and nearly always with a quadrangular first caudal segment. The two specimens with 11 trunk segments have an extra plate on the last trunk segment only, like the dominant condition in those specimens having 10 trunk segments. Four specimens, two from Pensacola and two from Captiva Pass, have 10 trunk segments with the last one incomplete (see p. 504 for explanation of an incomplete trunk segment). Each one of these four has the extra plate on both sides of the tenth or last incomplete segment, one also having an extra plate on one side of the penultimate segment. If each side is considered separately in these four asymmetri- cal specimens, one side will have nine trunk segments and the extra plate on the first caudal segment, while the other side will be found to have 10 trunk segments with the extra plate on the last trunk and none on the first caudal. The two chief trends of variation in zosterae are thus indicated on either side of each one of these four variants, the last trunk segment having had the lower lateral ridge shortened on one side only, the last trunk segment thus having changed to a caudal segment on that side. Population divergence.—The relative frequency of occurrence of the two chief variations as described in the preceding paragraphs differs markedly with locality and may be used in racial or varietal distinc- tion as follows (for the sake of brevity these differences may be indi- cated by reference to the number of trunk segments, but the other correlated differences also occur as described): By reference to table 5, it will be noted that nine trunk seements are possibly the dominant condition at Pensacola, although the number of specimens studied is not sufficient to be certain. Anyway, the per- centage of such specimens must be high. In the Captiva Pass lot a little less than a third of the specimens have nine trunk segments, while in the Key West population a little less than a fifth have nine trunk segments. Among the specimens enumerated as having 10 trunk segments in table 5, two from Pensacola and two from Captiva Pass have the last segment incomplete and may be counted as having REVIEW OF HIPPOCAMPUS—GINSBURG 593 nine segments on one side. Consequently, the decided or predominant tendency shown by the more northern populations of having one seg- ment less than the population from Key West is actually more pronounced than indicated by the figures in table 5. Besides the decided difference in the number of trunk segments, table 5 also shows a less decided but apparently significant difference in the frequency distributions of the number of pectoral rays. While the number of specimens studied is too small for a thoroughgoing racial analysis, it seems evident that zosterae tends to break up into distinct stocks in spite of its comparatively restricted geographic range. Distinctive characters and relationships ——H. zosterae may be dis- tinguished easily from its congener occurring in its range, punctulatus, by the smaller number of fin rays and trunk segments and its much smaller size. The number of caudal segments is also generally less, but there is a small degree of intergradation in this character. This species is closely related to regulus and the difference between them has been discussed (p. 585). Material examined and geographic distribution.—All localities on the coast of Florida, as follows: Cape Florida (67658, three dried specimens). Biscayne Bay at Bonefish Banks, November 27, 1906 (57236). Newfound Harbor Key, Pine and Bean, December 7, 1906 (57453). Key West (92717, April 15-27, 1884, Albatross, 1 specimen; also 15 specimens collected on seven different dates by the staff of the Bureau of Fisheries Biological Station). Boca Chica, April 11, 1922. Captiva Pass; O. P. Hay (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 2131). St. Martins; January 17, 1902; Fish Hawk (73242). Pepperfish Key; November 21, 1901; Fish Hawk (73241). Apalachicola Bay; S. Stearns; 1880 (26595, this specimen found inseparably mixed in same bottle with 30753). Pensacola; S. Stearns (30753, mixed with the preceding specimen as noted; also 31920). Total number of specimens examined, 59; 29, with a brood pouch or at least a rudiment of one, 25 to 44 mm long; 30, with no trace of a brood pouch, 24 to 44 mm long. Biscayne Bay to Pensacola, there- fore, must be regarded now as representing the geographic range of this species, and unquestioned records from other places that may be referred to the present species are not known to me. The refer- ence of rosamondae, from Cuba, to the synonymy of zosterae, as noted in the next paragraph, must remain in doubt until the type is reexamined and compared with authentic specimens of zosterae. Synonymy.—In the description of H. rosamondae, Borodin states that it differs from zosterae ““ * * * by having longer dorsal, longer snout and very scarce and small filaments on the head and by the absence of body’s spines.”” The dorsal in rosamondae (14 rays) 73864—36——7 594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 has more rays than usual for zosterae, but it falls within its range of variation (see table 5). The number of filaments in zosterae as well as all other species of Hippocampus depends on individual variabil- ity (see p. 511). The spines as shown on the figure are not strikingly different from those in zosterae. Besides the relative development of spines differs markedly with age and sex. That leaves only the longer snout to be considered. The figure of rosamondae does show the snout longer and the eye smaller than usual in zosterae, but there is considerable individual variability in that respect, and in females it is usually somewhat longer than in the males. Some of the speci- mens of zosterae examined have the snout nearly as long as in the figure of rosamondae. On the basis of the available evidence, there- fore, it seems that rosamondae was based on a specimen of zosterae. At any rate, the allegedly specific differences given in the original description fall within the range of variation of zosterae. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936 INDEX (New genera, species, ete., are printed in italics) abdominalis, Hippocampus, 529. Acanthobothrium, 134. Acanthocephala, 124, 151. acanthodes, Makrokylindrus, 435. accessor, Castor, 285, 288. Achaetonura euchaetiae, 382, 411. melalophae, 382, 411. Achras, 356. ealcicola, 357. calcicolafolia, 338, 340, 356, 359 (fig: )). chicle, 357. aciculatus, Perilampus, 370, 380. Acmeodon, 229, acmeodontoides, Emperodon, 223, 229. Acoetidae, 265, acolytus, Ellipsodon, 242. Acraea andromacha, 252. Acrepidopterum minutum, 197. minutum apicalis, 197. Acroporidae, 90, 100. Actinacis, 90, 92, 100. alabamiensis, 101. barretti, 73, 101, 110. sawkinsi, 73, 100, 110. acunai, Cyrtinus, 206. adareanum, Nymphon, 418. Adelometra tenuipes, 247. Adisophanes miscellus, 50. adkinsi, Synastrea, 73, 88, 87, 109. admirabilis, Ptilodus, 225. Admontia setigera, 18, 22. Adocia, 444, 445. cinerea, 445, 455. Adocus bossi, 181, 186, kirtlandius, 186. advenus, Operculinoides, 487, 489, 495. affinis, Paradidyma, 20, 21, 27, 35. Agamonema immanis, 125, 142, 149. vomitor, 125, 150. Agariciidae, 78, 96. agaricites, Synastrea, 88. agassizi, Leptophyllia, 73. agnesae, Hippocampus, 529. alabamensis, Dichocoenia, 75. alabamiensis, Actinacis, 101. alascana, Retiometra, 248. alaskensis, Ammothea, 414, 421, alba, Inga, 349. albertensis, Boremys, 170-178. albiguttus, Paralichthys, 148. Aleyonium aurantium, 462. aldrichi, Paradidyma, 21, 30. aldrichi, Spanipalpus, 52. 107443—36 1 alexinus, Perilampus, 370, 410, 411. Alilepus, 111, 120. annectens, 119. vagus, 119 (fig.), 121, 285, 288. Allamanda, 357. alope, Cercyonis alope, 256. alticuspis, Palaechthon, 223. ambloplitis, Proteocephalus, 187-139. Amblypoda, Fort Union, 224, 244. Ambrosia, 405. americana, Ficus, 341, 343. Rileya, 483. americanafolia, Ficus, 341, 342 (fig.). americanus, Mastodon, 286. Amia ecalva, 137. Ammothea, 414, 418. alaskensis, 414, 421. discoidea, 414, 417 (fig.), 418. latifrons, 420, 421. Ammotheidae, 414. Ammothella, 414, 421. longicaudata, 414, 421. Amorpha fruticosa, 407. Amoy, China, polychaetous from, 261. amoyensis, Nereis (Neanthes), 261, 269 (fig.), 272. ampelus, Ernestia, 382, 411. Amphibia, fossil, from Hagerman, Ida- ho, 285. Amphicaecum parvum, 125, 143. Amphicyon sp., 288. Amphinomidae, 261. Anabacia, 86. Anabaciidae, 84. Anacardiaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 352. analis, Clinocottus, 326. Anaptomorphidae, 223. Anchoviella epsetus, 125, 144. anchoviellae, Rhaphidascaris, 124, 125, 144. Ancylis comptana, 401. andina, Cuphocera, 46, 49, 63. Epicuphocera, 46, 63. Andira, 349. androcardia, Enodia, 252. Andrognathus, 364. ecorticarius, 364, andromacha, Acraea, 252. Enodia, 252. Enodia portlandia, 253, 254. Hipparchia, 252. Papilio (Oreas Marmorata), 252. Papilio (Parnassius), 252. 595 annelids 596 Anepsyra jaumei, 193. Angiospermophyta, fossil Venezuelan, 344. angulosa, Mycale, 448. angusticornis, Atrophopalpus, 10, 15. Ceratomyiella, 11, 15. angustifolia, Sphaeralcia, 407. angustus, Sympherobius, 395, 411. Anisakinae, 124, 141. Anisonchus sectorius, 224, 244, Anisota senatoria, 378. Annametra, 247. minuta, 247. occidentalis, 247. annandalei, Clymene 2 Eyciymene, 277. annectens, Alilepus, 119. Lepus, 119, 120. Annelids, polychaetous, China, 261. polychaetous, new species of Nerei- dae from California, 467. anomalos, Favioseris, 72, 82, 110. anomocerus, Perilampus, 370, 371, 375, 398. Anona, 345. guppyi, 339, 340, 345. macgravii, 347. montana, 347. sphaerocarpa, 347. Sphaerocarpoides, (fig.), 347. Anonaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 345. Anonales, 345. Anseriformes, fossil, from Idaho, 285. antarctica, Eometra, 248. Psathyrometra, 248. Antedon clio, 248. hageni(i), 245, 246. petasus, 247. Antedonidae, 245. Antedoninae, 247. Antennarius, 512. anthedon, Enodia portlandia, 255, 256. Anthocephalus macrourus, 131. Antholithus venezuelensis, 338, 340. antiguensis, Operculinoides, 487, 488, 492, 496. antillarum, Antilloseris, 98. Elaphidion, 192. Antillia, 96. Antillophylia, 80, 96. SD.,. (a, 90. Antilloseris, 81, 96. antillarum, 98. cantabrigiensis, 73, 96. cyclolites, 98. jamaicaensis, 738, 97. gp;, (3, 97, 110: antiqua, Gasterocoma, 6. antiquorum, Hippocampus, 517, 518, 525, 530, 540, 551, 568, 570. antiquus, Hippocampus, 518, 521, 525, 570. apachensis, Hypolagus, 117. (Huclymene), from Amoy, 338, 340, 346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 83 Apanteles hyphantriae, 382, 411. melanoscelus, 382, 411. sp., 408, 411. aperta, Paradidyma, 18, 21, 29. Aphrodita flava, 261. Aphronurus, 230. fraudator, 223, 230. apicalis, Acrepidopterum minutum, 197. Paradidyma, 20, 21, 33. Aplophylia, 76. Aplysilla, 4438. glacialis, 442, 448. lendenfeldi, 4438. Apocynaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 357. Apocynophyllum, 357. salvadorensis, 338, 340, 357, 360. texensis, 341. apua, Mycteroperea, 154. aquilonius, Ellipsodon, 224, 242. Arachnida, pycnogonids from Puget Sound, 418. Archaeolagus ennisianus, 117. macrocephalus, 117. primigenius, 117. Archohelia, 105. Arctocyonidae, 223, 252. arcuata, Kathleena, 1438. Arecaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 344. Arecales, 344. arenarum, Camelops, 285, 288. areolata, Nectandra, 340, 354. Arhythmorhynchus, 153, 154. duocinctus, 125, 152. frassoni, 1538. fuscus, 158, 154. hispidus, 153. siluricola, 1538. aristalis, Paradidyma, 20, 28. armata, Lachnommopsis, 18, 41. Paradidyma, 20, 21, 41. Arnoglossus, 134. Artiodactyla, fossil, from Blanco, Texas, 288. fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285, 288. Ascaridae, 141. Asearis sp., 148. Ascogaster sp., 403, 411. aspera, Sabicea, 360. asperifolia, Sabicea, 340, 360. asperrima, Florometra, 250. Asphondylia opuntiae, 483. Aspideretes austerus, 185. fontanus, 185. ovatus, 182 (fig.), 183, 186. vegetus, 185. vorax, 183, 184 (fig.), 185, 186. Assilina, 489. Asterosmilia, 106. hilli, 104, 106. Astraea decactis, 104. Astraraea, 88. media, 88. Astreopora, 102. walli, 73, 102, 110. INDEX Astrocoenia, 95, 104. decaturensis, 95. duerdeni, 73. jamaicaensis, 73, 95, 110. Astrocoeniidae, 95. Astrocottus, 330. leprops, 330, 331 (fig.). Atactorhynchus, 151. verecundus, 123, 125, 151. Atlantie Ocean, sponges from near Pan- ama Canal, 455. atrichus, Hippocampus, 524, 525, 540. Atrophopalpus, 10. angusticornis, 10, 15. Atrophopoda, 17. braueri, 9, 18. peruana, 48. singularis, 17, 18, 38. townsendi, 10, 12. atrosanguinea, Microciona, 442, 448. aurantia, Tethya, 462, aurantium, Aleyonium, 462. aurea, Chiloepalpus (Cuphocera), Cuphocera, 70. aurifrons, Cuphocera, 63. auritus, Phalacrocorax, 285. austerus, Aspideretes, 185. australis, Cuphocera, 48, 57. australis, Proteocephalus, 125, 135, 139. australis, Spanipalpus, 57. Aves, fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285. azteca, Felis concolor, 214. Baena, 169, 170, 174, 177, 187. fluviatilis, 177. hatcheri, 172. nodosa, 166, 168, 169, 186. ornata, 165, 166 (fig.), 167 (fig.), 186. sp., 186. Baenidae, 165, 186. Bagre marina, 125, 180, 135, 146. bairdii, Lepus bairdii, 112. bakeri, Perilampus, 386, 388. Barbados, fossil corals from, 103. barbara, Spongia, 455. barbinervis, Bignonia, 359. barretti, Actinacis, 73, 101, 110. Basilemys, 178, 181, 187. nobilis, 178 (fig.), 179 (fig.), 180, 186. praeclara, 180, 181. sinuosa, 180, 181. variolosa, 180, 181. Bat, little brown, new trematode from, 321. bathmodon, Pantolambda, 244. Bathycuma longicaudata, 423. Bathymetrinae, 248. baueri, Neurankylus, 165, 186. beameri, Cuphocera, 49, 66. Beetles, new Cerambycidae from West Indies, 189. belli, Chasmosaurus, 164. Marphysa, 266. beringi, Lamprops, 431. 597 Berry, Edward Wilbur, on Tertiary plants from Venezuela, 335. betijoquensis, Blechnum, 338, 340. Ficus, 340. biaculeatus, Gastrotokeus, 515. Syngnathoides, 515. Bibliography (Literature Cited), on West Indian fossil corals, 107. on Tertiary Foraminifera, 494. on parasites of Galveston Bay fishes, 155. on Chinese Polychaeta, 279. on Puget Sound Pyenogonida, 422, ore of Kirtland formation, on Panama sponges, 465. on tapeworms from carnivores, 220. on trematodes of subfamily Pleuro- genetinae, 324. on fossil vertebrates from Hager- man, Idaho, 315. bicalearatus, Platygonus, 288. bicincta, Ceratomyiella, 11, 13, bicolor, Loxogenes, 323. bifasciipennis, Callimome, 481, Bigelovia, 407. Bignonia, 358. barbinervis, 359. cujabamba, 359. eximia, 359. triphylla, 358. zuliana, 338, 340, 358, 359 (fig.). Bignoniaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 358, biustus, Leptostylus, 204. Blanco, Texas, fauna, 288. Blarina gidleyi, 285. Blechnum betijoquensis, 338, 340. bleekeri, Hippocampus, 529. Bloch, Mare Elieser, his account of seahorses, 514. Boleometra, 248. clio, 248. Bolin, Rolf Ling, on new cottid fishes from western Pacific and revision of genus Stlengis, 325. boltonae, Diplaraea, 73, 83, 109. borealis, Enodia portlandia, 255, 256. Boremys, 169, 170, 173, 187. albertensis, 170-173. grandis, 170, 171 (fig.), 172 (fig.), 178, 186. pulchra, 169-173. Borophagus, 287. diversidens, 288. sp., 285, 288. bossi, Adocus, 181, 186. boweni, Rhizophora, 338, 340. Brachycybe, 361, 364. lecontei, 368 (fig.), 365, 366. lecontii, 366. petasata, 363 (fig.), 365. producta, 363 (fig.), 365, 367. rosea, 368 (fig.), 365, 367, 368. Brachylagus idahoensis, 112, 114-116, Brachyphyllia, 89. branchiatus, Cirratulus, 261, 274 (fig.), 276. 598 Brandesia, 323. brasiliana, Paradidyma, 19, 88. braueri, Atrophopoda, 9, 18. Brenthis hana, 257. breviceps, Hippocampus, 530. brevirostris, Hippocampus, 520-522, 525, 546, 570, 571. briareus, Taxocrinus, 4, 5. browni, Hypolagus, 116, 117. brunneofasciatus, Leptostylus, 205. brunneus, Hippocampus, 568, 569. buccata, Cuphocera, 46, 48, 59. Bucephalidae, 126. Bucephalopsis haimeana, 127. Bucephalus papillosus, 127. Burserites fayettensis, 341. venezuelana, 338, 340. Butterflies, genus Enodia and new fritillary from Peru, 251. caballus, Equus, 292, 294, 301-303, 305— 309, 311-814. Gactus insects, new Chalcidoidea para- sitie on, 481. Caesalpinia, 349. Caesalpiniaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 349. Calamophyllia, 76. calcicola, Achras, 357. calcicolafolia, Achras, 338, 840, 356, 359 (fig.). California, Cumacea from, 425, new annelids (Nereidae) from, 467. californica, Chrysopa, 395. californica, Diastylis, 481, 482 (fig.). Hemilamprops, 424, 429, 480 (fig.), 439. ealifornicus, Lynx rufus, 214, 217, 219. Platydesmus, 367. californiensis, Cuphocera, 70. Callimome, 481. bifasciipennis, 481. Callimomidae, 481. Calliobothrium, 134. filicolle, 134. calva, Amia, 137. cambridgensis, Stylophora, 73, 95, 110. Camelops arenarum, 285, 288. campana, Hireinia, 456. Spongia, 457. Camptisoecale, 460. Campylaspis, 427. canaliculata, 426 canadensis, Lynx, 219. Perilampus, 370, 371, 374, 392, 411. canaliculata, Campylaspis, 426 (fig.), 427, 488. Canimartes cumminsii, 288. Canis lestes, 217. cantabrigiensis, Antilloseris, 73, 96. Dendracis, 73, 100. Turbinoseris, 96. capitatus, Perilampus, 371, Carabocrinus, 6. carbonarium, Haemulon, 148. Carcharias littoralis, 134. cardui, Vanessa, 252. Caribbean Sea, sponges Panama Canal, 441. PROCEEDINGS OF 499, 510, (fig.), 427, 4388. 375, 397. from near THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 caribboea, Cliona, 461. earinata, Cyclaspis, 427. Lamprops, 481. earinifrons, Perilampus, 370, 378, 388. Carnivora, fossil, from Blanco, Texas, 288. fossil, from Fort Union of Mon- tana; ‘2235 232. fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285, 288. new tapeworms from, 211. carolinensis, Perilampus, 370, 373, 376, 410. Carpolestidae, 223. Caryometra, 247. tenuipes, 247. Caryophylliidae, 74. Cassia, 349. excelsa, 349. longifolia, 340, 349. spectabilis, 349. zuliana, 340, 346 (fig.), 350. Castor, 283. accessor, 285, 288. Castoroides, 286. catadupensis, Mesomorpha, 72. Trochoseris, 72, 78. catadupensis, Vaughanoseris, 72, 80, 81, 109, 110. Catemophrys sequens, 39. cavirictus, Pantolambda, 224, 244. Ceanothus, 382. cecilia, Mycale, 447, 448 (fig.). Cedrola jacksoniana, 341, 342 (fig.). celata, Cliona, 461. Centrastrea, 80. hilli, 72, 80, 109. microphylla, 80. Centrorhynchidae, 152. Centrorhynechus, 154. Centrosaurus, 164. centrura, Dasybatis, 183. cepedianum, Dorosoma, 125, 143. cephalus, Mugil, 125, 142. Cerambycidae, new West Indian, 189. Ceratomeryx prenticei, 285, 288. Ceratomyiella angusticornis, 11, 15. bicincta, 11, 18. eonica, 10, 11, 18-17. orbitalis, 11, 16. review of genus, 9, 10. townsendi, 11, 12. Ceratops, 160. Ceratopsia, 160. Ceratopsidae, 163, 185. Cereyonis alope alope, 256. alope nephele, 256. alope pegala, 256. Cervus, 283. Cestoda, 129. new species from carnivores, 211. Chalcid flies of genus Perilampus, 369. Chalecidoidea, 371. new, parasitic on cactus insects, 481. Chalecis violacea, 371. INDEX 599 Chandler, Asa Crawford, on parasites | Clymene, 277. of fishes in Galveston Bay, Tex., 123. Chasmosaurus belli, 164. kaiseni, 186. sp., 164 (fig.), 185. Chelonia, 165. Chen pressa, 285. chicle, Achras, 357. Chiloepalpus, 47, 70. (Cuphocera) aurea, 57, 70. China, polychaetous annelids Amoy, 261. Chisternon, 171. undatum, 172. Chloeia, 261. flava, 261. chloropus, Gallinula, 285. Chondrilla, 464. nucula, 464. Chriacus, 233, 234, 236. pelvidens, 2384, 235. pugnar, 223, 235. pusillus, 223, 234, 235. christianiaensis, Goniaraea, 73, 103, 110. Chrysobalanus, 347. icaco, 348. preicaco, 348. venezuelanus, 338, 340, 342 (fig.), 347. Chrysopa californica, 395. sp., 395, 411. chrysopae, Perilampus, 371, 374, 394, 410, 411. Chrysophyllum preoliviforme, 341. Chusquea, 345. cinerea, Adocia, 445, 455. Reniera, 445. Spongia, 444, 445. cinerescens, Paradidyma, 20, 26. Cirratulidae, 276. Cirratulus, 276. branchiatus, 261, 274 (fig.), 276. Citharexylon retiforme, 347. Cladocera jamaicaensis, 72. Cladophyllia, 76. Claenodon, 2838. ferox, 223, 232. latidens, 223. montanensis, 223. silberlingi, 223, 232. vecordensis, 223, 232. claremontus, Gosodesmus, 364. clarendonensis, Eupsammia, 73, 98, 99, 110. Clark, Austin Hobart, on butterflies of genus Enodia and new fritillary from Peru, 251. on new genera and species of un- stalked erinoids, 245. clinactina, Goniaraea, 103. Clinocottus analis, 326. clio, Antedon, 248. Boleometra, 248. Cliona, 461. caribboea, 461. celata, 461. from 363 (fig.), (Euclymene) annandalei, 277. Coccometra hagenii, 245-247. cochranensis, Ectypodus, 226. cockburnensis, Nereis, 469. coerulescens, Haliclona, 444, 445. Reniera, 444. Coleoptera, new West Indian Ceram- bycidae, 189. Cole, W. Storrs. T. W.) collaris, Lysidice, 261, 266. collieri, Contracaecum, 124, 125, 141, 142. Colobognatha, new species of, 361. columbia, Trypespongia, 456. eolumnaris, Dictuophylia conferticos- tata, 72. Columnastrea eyrei, 73. Solurostylis, 489. occidentalis, 423, 481, 439. Colymbiformes, fossil, from Idaho, 285. Jolymbus sp., 285. Combretaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 355. Combretum, 355. incertum, 356. petraflumensis, 356. stephensoni, 338, 340, 355, 359 (fig.). Cominia occidentalis, 247. comma, Conoryctes, 228. complanata, Operculina, 489. Compsilura concinnata, 382, 411. Compsometra, 245, 246. nuttingi, 245, 246. parviflora, 247. comptana, Anecylis, 401. concinnata, Compsilura, 382, 411. concordiarcensis, Prodiacodon, 223, 228. Condaminea, 360. grandifolia, 340, 360. Condylarthra, Fort Union, 224, 238. conferticosta, Leptoria, 77. conferticostata, Dictuophyllia, 72, 77. Diploria, 77. Leptcria, 77. conformis, Cuphocera, 48, 54. conica, Ceratomyiella, 10, 11, 13-17. Conoryctes comma, 225. conradi, Eupsammia, 100. contigua, Cuphocera, 46, 49, 61, 66. contorta, Stylophora, 73, 94. Contracaecum, 142. collieri, 124, 125, 141, 142, quadricuspe, 145. robustum, 125, 142. microcephalum, 142, 143. micropapillatum, 141, 145. spiculigerum, 143. tricuspe, 145. cooki, Cremastus, 403, 411. cookii, Lutravus, 285, 288. Copecrypta, 47. nitens, 70. nitidifrons, 70. cora, Crotalocrinus, 6. Corals, fossil, from West Indies, 71. cordatus, Piperites, 340, 345, 346 (fig.). Cordillerion tropicus, 288. (See under Vaughan, 600 coriacea, Persea, 340, 355. Coriphagus montanus, 224. corticarius, Andrognathus, 364. Corynecrinus, new Devonian crinoid genus, 1, 4. romingeri, 1, 2, 5. costata, Cyclaspis, 427. Cottidae, from western Pacific, 325. Cottontail, sage (Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri), 112, 114. cotylophora, Dichelyne, 147. Coussapoa villosoides, 340, crassicollis, Taenia, 217, 218. crassiseta, Paradidyma, 20, 27, crassolamellosa, Diploria, 77. Crateroseris, 82. crawfordi, Perilampus, 370, 373, 384. Cremastus, 398, 411. cooki, 403, 411. creola, Debis, 253, 254. Enodia, 253-257, Cretaceous, Upper, corals of Jamaica, 72, 74. Crinoids, fossil, new genus of, 1. unstalked, new genera and species of, 245. Crocodilia, 187. Crotalocrinus cora, 6. Crustacea, California Cumacea, 423. Cryptotrema, 323. Cucullanellus, subg., 149. Cucullanidae, 146. Cucullanus lintoni, 148, cujabamba, Bignonia, 359. Cumacea, California, 423. cumminsii, Canimartes, 288. Equus, 289. Plesippus, 288. cunctatrix, Spirastrella, 461. cunea, Hyphantria, 382. Cuphocera andina, 46, 49, 63. aurea, 70. aurifrons, 63. australis, 48, 57. beameri, 49, 66. buccata, 46, 48, 59. ealiforniensis, 70. conformis, 48, 54. contigua, 46, 49, 61, 66. erythrostoma, 70. jlavicornis, 49, 58. fucata, 46, 49, 63, 65. geminata, 48, 55. hirsuta, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62, 63, 65, 66. imcongrua, 46, 48, 68. macrocera, 47, 50, 52, 70. miscelli, 48, 49, 52. nitidifrons, 70. parksi, 48, 50, 52, 59. revision of American species of, 45. ruficauda, 70. scutellaris, 48, 53. stricklandi, 63. torosa, 46, 48, 67. cuspidata, Hudaemonema, 223, 231. Cuvier, Georges, his account of sea- horses, 518, 521. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 i cyaneus, Perilampus, 370, 410. cyathiformis, Heliastraea, 90. Multicolumnastraea, 73, 90. Cyathocrinidae, 4. Cyathocrinoidea, 1, 4-6. Cyathocrinus, 5. glaber, 5. Cyathomorpha, 89, Cyathoseris, 72. haidingeri, 72. Cycadaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 344. Cycadales, 344. Cycadophyta, fossil Venezuelan, 344. Cyclaspis, 423, 424. carinata, 427. costata, 427. levis, 425, 427. longipes, 427. nubiia, 424 (fig.). picta, 427. pusilla, 427. Sibogae, 427. unicornis, 427. varians, 427. Cyclolites, 84, 86. discoidea, 85. hemisphaerica, 85. jamuaicaensis, 72, 84, 109. ligeriensis, 85. michelini, 85. eyclolites, Antilloseris, 98. Cycloseris, 85, 86. Cygnus sp., 285. eylindricus, Dichelyne, 148. Cynipsillum, 371. Cynodontomys, 231. Cynoscion regalis, 134, 144. Cyprinodon, 124, 142. variegatus, 123-125, 140-142, 150, 152. cyprinodontis, 140. Cyrtinus acunai, 206. eugeniae, 207. Cysticercoides menidiae, 125, 141. Dasybatis centrura, 133. Dasychone, 278. orientalis, 278. Datana integerrima, 3878. dawsoni, Diastylopsis, 423, 486, 487. Debis creola, 253, 254. portlandia, 253. decactis, Astraea, 104. Madracis, 103, 104, 110. decaturensis, Astrocoenia, 95. decipiens, Glycera, 275. Deinodontidae, 160, 186. delauneyi, Nanilla, 197. deliculata, Leptoria, 78. Deltatheridiidae, 223, 227. Dendracis, 100. cantabrigiensis, 73, 100. dentatus, Paralichthys, 148. Deopalpus, 46. hirsutus, 46, 68. depressidens, Paromomys, 228. derelicta, Paradidyma, 19, 25, 26, 28. Glossocercus, 123, 125, INDEX 601 Dermatemydidae, 165, 178, 186. Dermosmilia, 84. deserticola, Lepus californicus, 112. Deuterogonodon, 232. montanus, 223, 232, 283. Devonian, Clark County, Ind., new cri- noid genus from, 1. dia, Operculinoides, 493, 494. Diaphoropeza, 18. peruana, 31. Diastylis, 481. californica, 481, 432 (fig.). Diastylopsis dawsoni, 423, 436, 437. tenuis, 486, 437 (fig.). diazi, Romerolagus, 120. Dichelyne, 149. cotylophora, 147. cylindricus, 148. diplocaecum, 125, 149. fastigatus, 125, 146. fossor, 147. mauritanicus, 148. robusta, 147. Dichocoenia, 75. alabamensis, 75. stokesi, 75. trechmanni, 72, 75, 109. tuberosa, 75. Dicotyledonae, 345. Dictuophyllia, 77. conferticostata, 72, 77. conferticostata columnaris, 72, Didelphodontinae, 227. Didelphodus, 227. Didyma validinervis, 17, 387. Didymictis, 287, 288. haydenianus, 224, 237. microlestes, 224, 238. tenuis, 224, 238, Dilepididae, 139. Dilepis kempi, 141. diluculi, Palaeosinopa, 2238, 230. Dimorpharaea, 82. Dimorphostylis, 435. Dinosauria, 160, 185. Diopatra, 266. neapolitana, 266. Dioscorea, 345. Diplaraea, 83. boltonae, 73, 83, 109. venezuelensis, 84. Diploastrea, 89. diplocaecum, Dichelyne, 125, 149. diploderma, Tethya, 451. Diplolepis violacea, 371. Diploria conferticostata, 77. crassolamellosa, 77. Diprion, 382. dissentaneus, Litomylus, 224, 243. distoechus, Stlengis, 325, 327, 328-330, (fig.). Distomum monticellii, 128. sp., 128. distorta, Nereis (Leptonereis), 261, 273, 274 (fig). diversidens, Borophagus, 288. Dolichohippus, 294, dolomieu, Micropterus, 137. doria, Haliclona, 458. Dorosoma cepedianum, 125, 143. Douglass, Earl, work in Montana, 221. douglassi, Ptilodus, 223, 225. Dryopteris, 343. duerdeni, Astrocoenia, 73. duocinctus, Arhythmorhynchus, 125, L528 durissima, Strongylophora, 459. eakini, Nereis (Nereis), 468, 472, 473 (fig.), 476. Ebenales, 356. EKcheneibothrium, 134. Eichinorhynehus medius, 154, Hetocion, 240, 241. Hetypodus, 226. cochranensis, 226. grangeri, 228, 226. musculus, 226, russelli, 223, 226. silberlingi, 223, 225, 226. ecuadorensis, Hippocampus, 534, 5387. edensis, Hypolagus, 116. Edentata, fossil, from Blanco, Texas, 288 fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285, 288 egle, Euchaetias, 382. eifelianus, Lecythocrinus, 4-6. Elachipalpus macrocera, 52. Elaphidion antillarum, 192. lanatum, 192, 193. manni, 193. monticola, 191. wickhami, 192. elegans, Heliconia, 340. elisa, Plakoosa, 463 (fig.). elizabethae, Paracycloseris, 73, 86, 109, 110. Ellipsodon, 241, 242, 243. acolytus, 242. aquilonius, 224, 242, elongatus, Proteocephalus, 125, 137. Sciocyrtinus, 208. Elphidotarsius florencae, 223. Fimperodon, 229. acmeodontoides, 223, 229. ennisianus, Archaeolagus, 117. Diptera, review of flies of genera Cera- | Enodia androcardia, 252. tomyiella and Paradidyma, 9. revision of American Cuphocera, 45. hosts of Perilampus, 411. disceptatriz, Haplaletes, 224, 248, 244. discoidea, Ammothea, 414, 417 (fig.), 418. discoidea, Cyclolites, 85. disjunctus, Litaletes, 224, 242, andromacha, 252, creola, 253-257. notes on butterflies of genus, 251. portlandia, 253, 254, 256, 257. portlandia andromacha, 253, 254, portlandia anthedon, 255, 256. portlandia borealis, 255, 256. portlandia portlandia, 255, 256. 602 Entada, 335, 341. entadaformis, Leguminosites, 338, 340. entellus, Perilampus, 370, 410, 411. Eocene, corals of Jamaica, 72, 93, 94. Venezuelan plants, 335, 341. Eometra, 248. antarctica, 248. EHpalpus, 70. Epiblema strenuana, 405. Hpicuphocera, 46. andina, 46, 68. epsetus, Anchoviella, 125, 144. Equus, 281, 283, 286, 289, 290, 293, 295, 298, 299, 310-3138. caballus, 292, 294, 301-3808, 305-309, 311-314. cumminsii, 289. excelsuS, 283, 292. grevyi, 294, 295, 300-803, 305-309, 311-314. idahoensis, 283, 291, 292. pacificus, 291. seotti, 282, 316-820. erectus, Hippocampus, 516, 525, 561, 566. Syngnathus, 516, 517. erina, Haliclona, 457. erinaceus, Tetrarhynchus, 132. Ernestia ampelus, 382, 411. ruficauda, 382, 411. Erythrina, 349. erythrostoma, Cuphocera, 70. Essostrutha ramsdeni, 210. roberto, 209. eucapitis, Nereis (fig.). euchaetiae, Achaetonura, 882, 411. EKuchaetias egle, 382. EKuclymene, 277. annandalei, 277. Eucosmodon sp., 2238. Eudaemonema, 231. cuspidata, 223, 2381. Eugenia, 341. eugeniae, Cyrtinus, 207. Kulimneria valida, 382, 411. sp., 382, 411. Eulophidae, 485. Rulophus, 407. Eupatorium serotinum, 395. Kupogonius haitiensis, 197, 199. pilosulus, 198. wickhami, 199. Euprotogonia, 240. minor, 239. puercensis, 239. Eupsammia, 99. clarendonensis, 73, 98, 99, 110. conradi, 100. Eupsammidae, 99. europaeus, Hippocampus, 499, 510, 511, 528, 530, 531, 541-548, 546, 547 (fig.), Oa ia Europe, seahorses of, 497. EKurytomidae, 482. Husmiliidae, 75. excelsa, Cassia, 349. excelsus, Equus, 283, 292. (Nereis), 468, 469 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 exigua, Retiometra, 248. eximia, Bignonia, 359. Exline, Harriet I., on pyenogonids from Puget Sound, 413. exsculpta, Heliastraea, 90. eyrei, Columnastrea, 73. Fagara, 350. fagifolia, Inga, 349. falconeri, Rhynchotherium, 288. Farlapiscis, 530. Farr, Marcus Stults, work in Montana, oe fasciatus, Lynx, 217, 219. Lynx fasciatus, 217, 219. Lynx rufus, 214. fascicularis, Hippocampus, 561, 567. fastigatus, Dichelyne, 125, 146. fastuosa, Inga, 349. Faviidae, 76, 96. Favioseris, 82. anomalos, 72, 82, 110. fayettensis, Burserites, 341. Felis concolor azteca, 214. coneolor hippolestes, 212, 214. concolor oregonensis, 214. hillanus, 288. lacustris, 285, 288. lynx, 217, 219. felis, Galeichthys, 125, 130, 131, 188, 135, 154. femoratum, Nymphon, 421. Phoxichilidium, 414, 421. fenestratus, Pentaceratops, 185. ferox, Claenodon, 223, 232. ferrea, Fisherispongia, 460 (fig.). Ficus, 357. americana, 841, 3848. americanafolia, 341, 342 (fig.). betijoquensis, 340. jynx, 348. laqueata, 342. mississippiensis, 354. pseudomediafolia, 842. wilcoxensis, 348. filicolle, Calliobothrium, 134. Synbothrium, 1380. Syndesmobothrium, 131. Fisher, Warren Samuel, on new West Indian cerambycid beetles, 189. Fisherispongia, 460. ferrea, 460 (fig.). Fishes, new cottid, and revision of genus Stlengis, 325. Galveston Bay, parasites of, 123. review of seahorses (Hippocam- pus) of American and Huropean coasts, 497. flagelliformis, Inga, 349. flava, Aphrodita, 261. Chloeia, 261. flavicornis, Cuphocera, 49, 58. flexuossissima, Leptoria, 77. Flies, American, of genus Cuphocera, 45. muscoid, review of genera Para- didyma and Ceratomyiella, 9. 160, 163, INDEX florencae, Elphidotarsius, 2238. floridensis, Nummulites, 489. Florometra asperrima, 250. fluviatilis, Baena, 177. Thescelus, 177. foliatus, Hippocampus, 515. Syngnathus, 515, 516. fontanus, Aspideretes, 185. Foraminifera, Tertiary, of genera Operculina and Operculinoides from North America and West Indies, 487. forresti, Operculinoides, 488, 493, 495. Fort Union of Montana, new Paleocene mammals from, 221. Fossils, corals from West Indies, 71. new Devonian crinoid, 1. new Tertiary Foraminifera from North America and West Indies, 487. hares from late Pliocene of south- ern Idaho, 111. horse remains from upper Pliocene of Idaho, 281. new mammals from Fort Union (Paleocene) of Montana, 221. Tertiary Venezuelan plants, 335. Reptilia of Kirtland formation of New Mexico, 159. fossor, Dichelyne, 147. fragile, Synbothrium, 130. Syndesmobothrium, 130. francescana, Pliohippus, 289. frassoni, Arhythmorhynchus, 153. fraudator, Aphronurus, 223, 230. Fritillary, new species from Peru, 251. fruticosa, Amorpha, 407. fucata, Cuphocera, 46, 49, 63, 65. Trichophora, 65, fulvicornis, Perilampus, 370, 371, 376, 402, 411. Fundulus, 124. heteroclitus, 125, 140, 142, 148, 150. Fungia, 86. (Cycloseris) patella, 110. furcatus, Ictalurus, 125, 149, 150. jurens, Prothryptacodon, 223, 233, 234. furlongi, Hypolagus, 118 (fig.), 121. fusca, Sabella, 278. Sabellastarte, 278. fuscus, Arhythmorhynchus, 153, 154. Gahan, Arthur Burton, on new Chalci- doidea parasitic on cactus insects, 481. gahani, Perilampus, 371, 375, 401. Galeichthys felis, 125, 130, 131, 133, 135, 154. milberti, 133, 134. Gallinula chloropus, 285. Galveston Bay, Tex., parasites of fishes from, 123. Gasterocoma, 6. antiqua, 6. Gasterocomidae, 4-6. Gasterostomum gracilescens, 127. sp., 126. Gastrotokeus biaculeatus, 515. gavialidis, Goezia, 146. 603 Gazin, Charles Lewis, on fossil hares from late Pliocene of southern Idaho, 111. on fossil horse remains from upper Pliocene of Idaho, 281. Gelastops, 227. parcus, 223, 227. geminata, Cuphocera, 48, 55. Gentialales, 3857. Geodia, 454. gibberosa, 454, 455. Geraniales, 351. Gerstaeckeria porosa, 486. gerstaeckeriae, Tetrastichus, 485. gibber, Gorgorhynchus, 125, 154. gibberosa, Geodia, 454, 455. Gidley, James Williams, work in Mor tana, 221. Gidleya, 240. gidleyi, Blarina, 285. gidleyi, Ptilodus, 223, 225. gidleyi, Thomomys, 285, 288. Gidleyina, 240. montanensis, 224, 240, 241. silberlingi, 224, 240. gigas, Gymnorhynchus, 125, 130, 133. Gilmore, Charles Whitney, on Reptilia of Kirtland formation of New Mex- ico, with descriptions of new species of fossil turtles, 159. Ginsburg, Isaac, on review of seahorses (Hippocampus), 497. glaber, Cyathocrinus, 5. glacialis, Aplysilla, 442, 443. Simplicella, 448. Glossocercus, 124, 139. cyprinodontis, 123, 125, 140. Glycera, 275. decipiens, 275. rouxii, 275. Glyceridae, 275. Glyptoporus, 321, 323. noctophilus, 321, 322 (fig.). Glyptotherium texanum, 288. Goezia gavialidis, 146. minuta, 125, 146. goldmani, Ochotona schisticeps, 112. Goniaraea, 103. christianiaensis, 73, 103, 110. clinactina, 103. Goniopora, 90, 110. jamaica, 7, 90. reussiana, 738, 90, 110. trechmaunri, 73, 91, 109. Goniopteris, 343. Gorgorhynchus, 154. gibber, 125, 154. medius, 154. Gorgosaurus, 186. libratus, 160. sp., 160, 186. Gosodesmus, 364. claremontus, 863 (fig.), 364. gracile, Nymphon, 418. gracilescens, Gasterostomum, 127. gracilis, Hippocampus, 534, 537. Ptilodus, 225. PROCEEDINGS 604 grandifolia, Condaminea, 340, 360. grandis, Boremys, 170, 171 (fig.), 172 (fig.), 173, 186. grandis, Spalacopsis, 201. grangeri, Eetypodus, 223, 226. grangeri, Sylvilagus nuttalli, 111, 114- 116. granulosus, Perilampus, 371, 375, 399. grevyi, Equus, 294, 295, 800-303, 305- 309, 311-314. griseus, Neomaenis, 148. Gruiformes, fossil, from Idaho, 285. Gryporhynchus, 140. guppyi, Anona, 3389, 340, 345. guttulatus, Hippocampus, 499, 500, 510, 514, 518, 521, 528, 525, 586, 537, 540-544, 548, 549, 571, 572. Hippocampus guttulatus, 528, 530, 581, 543. Gymnocanthus, 326. Gymnorhynchus, 131. gigas, 125, 180, 133. malleus, 125, 130-182. platycephalus, 133. reptans, 131. Hadrosauridae, 160, 161, 185. Hadrosaurinae, 161. haemorrhoa, Palpibraca, 46. Haemulon, 148. carbonarium, 148. hageni(i), Antedon, 245, 246. Coccometra, 245-247, Hagerman, Idaho, fossil fauna, 288. haidingeri, Cyathoseris, 72. haimeana, Bucephalopsis, 127. haitiensis, Hupogonius, 197, 199. Halichondria, 449, 457. panicea, 442, 449, 455. Haliclona, 444, 445, 457. coerulescens, 444, 455. doria, 458. erina, 457. permollis, 442, 444, 445, halieus, Pelecanus, 285. Halina, 462. Halinidae, 462. Halisarca lobularis, 455. hana, Brenthis, 257. Haplaletes, 248. disceptatrix, 224, 248, 244, Haplaraea, 84. Haplomylus, 242, 243. hardyi, Nereis (Eunereis), 480. Hares, fossil, from late Pliocene of southern Idaho, 111. Hartman, Olga, on new polychaetous annelids of family Nereidae from California, 467. Haruspex inscriptus, 195, 196. insularis, 195, 196. similis, 196. hatcheri, Baena, 172. haydenianus, Didymictis, 224, 237. Heliastraea cyathiformis, 90. exsculpta, 90. Heliconia elegans, 340. OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 Hemilamprops, 424, 429. californica, 424, 429, 480 (fig.), 439. uniplicata, 431. hemionus, Odocoileus, 214. Odocoileus hemionus, 214. hemisphaerica, Cyclolites, 85. hemispherica, Thescelus, 174, 175 (fig.), 176 (fig.), 177, 186. Hemiuridae, 127. hemuloni, Synbothrium, 130. henekeni, Paracyathus, 105. heptagonus, Hippocampus, 515, 525, 570. Hernandia, 354. tongi, 840, 353 (fig.), 354. Hernandiaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 354. hesperus, Machairodus, 285, 288. lLeteracanthum, Pterobothrium, 131. heteroclitus, Fundulus, 125, 140, 142, 148, 150. heteropoda, Lumbriconereis, 266. Lumbrinereis, 266. hiemale, Nymphon, 416. hildebrandi, Hippocampus, 511, 529, 536, 578, 579, 580 (fig.), 581 (fig.). hillanus, Felis, 288. hilli, Asterosmilia, 104, 106. hilli, Centrastrea, 72, 80, 109. hilli, Trochosmilia, 78, 79. Hipparchia andromacha, 252. Hippocampus abdominalis, 529. agnesae, 529. antiquorum, 517, 518, 525, 530, 540, 5d1, 568, 570. antiquus, 518, 521, 525, 570. atrichus, 524, 525, 540. bleekeri, 529. breviceps, 530. brevirostris, 499, 510, 520-522, 525, 546, 570, 571. brunneus, 568, 569. ecuadorensis, 534, 537. erectus, 516, 525, 561, 566. europaeus, 499, 510, 511, 528, 530, 531, 541-543, 546, 547 (fig.), 571, 572. fascicularis, 561, 567. foliatus, 515. gracilis, 584, 587. guttulatus, 499, 500, 510, 514, 518, 521, 528, 525, 5386, 537, 540-544, 548, 549, 571, 572. guttulatus guttulatus, 528, 530, 531, 543. guttulatus multiannularis, 499, 501, 523-525, 528, 530, 531, 536-538 (fig.), 589 (fig.), 540, 544, 545, 548-550. heptagonus, 515, 525, 570. hildebrandi, 511, 529, 536, 578, 579, 580 (fig.), 581 (fig.). hudsonius, 499, 500, 510, 512, 518, 527, 586, 537, 544, 545, 548, 549, 551, 564, 566, 578, 583. hudsonius hudsonius, 528, 530, 533, 550 (fig.), 551, 552 (fig.), 553 (fig.), 554 (fig.), 569. INDEX Hippocampus hudsonius kincaidi, 528, 580, 533, 544, 557, 566, 568, 574. ingens, 506, 527, 529-531, 5384, 535 (fig.), 549, 579-582. jubatus, 524, 525, 570. kineaidi, 501, 511, 568. laevicaudatus, 551, 560. longirostris, 519-523, 525, 548, 546, 572. marginalis, 561, 567. non aculeatus, incisuris raris, 543. obtusus, 511, 529, 576, 577 (fig.), 579, 581, 582. pentagonus, 530. poeyi, 561, 567. punctulatus, 499, 500, 517, 518, 525, 527, 551, 561, 568, 572, 575, 582, 583, 598. ramulosus, 511, 517, 518, 525, 543, 546. regulus, 506, 529, 558, 584, 586 (fig.), 587 (fig.), 590. reidi, 528, 580, 532, 586, 537, 564, 566, 569, 571-5738 (fig.), 574 (fig.). review of genus, 497. rondeletii, 519. rosaceus, 521, 525, 548. rosamondae, 589, 593, 594. stylifer, 499, 561, 566, 567. trimaculatus, 517, 518. Villosus, 529, 582, 583. zosterae, 502, 506, 512, 525, 529, 585, 588, 589. Hippocampus, subg., 527, 529, 530. hippocampus, Syngnathus, 513-520, 525, 530, 543, 570. hippolestes, Felis concolor, 212, 214. Hircinia, 456. campana, 456. variabilis, 457. hirsuta, Cuphocera, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62, 68, 65, 66. hirsutus, Deopalpus, 46, 63. hispidus, Arhythmorhynechus, 153. Hooks, method of measurement of in cestodes, 211. Horses, fossil, from upper Pliocene of Idaho, 281. hudsonius, Hippocampus, 499, 500, 512, 518, 527, 5386, 537, 544, 548, 549, 551, 564, 566, 578, 583. Hippocampus hudsonius, 528, 530, 5335 (550) (figs) Soll 552. (igs), 553 (fig.), 554 (fig.), 569. Hyaenognathus, 287. Sp., 285, 288. hyalinus, Perilampus, 369, 370, 380, 410, 411. Hymenoptera, chalcid flies of Perilampus, 369. hosts of Perilampus, 411. Hyopsodontidae, 224, 241. Hyopsodus, 242. simplex, 242. Hypacrosaurus, 162. 510, 545, genus 605 Hyphantria cunea, 382. hyphantriae, Apanteles, 382, 411. Meteorus, 382, 411. Hypolagus, 111, 114, 116, 119, 120. apachensis, 117. browni, 116, 117. edensis, 116. furlongi, 118 (fig.), 121. limnetus, 113 (fig.), 114, 115 (fig.), 118, 121, 285, 288. vetus, 112 (fig.), 114, 116, 117, 119- 121, 285, 288. Hypsioma imsularis, 199. picticornis, 200. icaco, Chrysobalanus, 348. Teelus, 326. Ictalurus furcatus, 125, 149, 150. Ictidopappus, 287. mustelinus, 224, 287. Idaho, fossil hares from late Pliocene, ital fossil horse remains from upper Pliocene of, 281. idahoensis, Brachylagus, 112, 114-116. Equus, 288, 291, 292. Ischyrosmilus, 2838. Lutravus, 285, 288. Phalacrocorax, 285. Pseudemys, 285. ignis, Tedania, 459. Thalysias, 459. immanis, Agamonema, 125, 142, 149. imperfecta, Mycale, 448. incertum, Combretum, 356. incongrua, Cuphocera, 46, 48, 68. Indrodon, 2381. Inga, 348. alba, 349. fagifolia, 349. fastuosa, 349. flagelliformis, 349. pinetorum, 349. reissi, 340, 346 (fig.), 348. sp., 3388, 340, 349. tetraphylla, 349. ingens, Hippocampus, 506, 527, 529- 531, 534, 535 (fig.), 549, 579-582. inscriptus, Haruspex, 195, 196. Insectivora, fossil, Fort Union, 228, 2s fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285. Insects, butterflies of genus Enodia and new fritillary from Peru, 251. chalcid flies of genus Perilampus, 369. new Chalcidoidea parasitic on cac- tus insects, 481. new West Indian cerambycid bee- tles, 189. insilens, Thescelus, 174-177. insularis, Hypsioma, 199. Haruspex, 195, 196. integerrima, Datana, 378. intermedia, Placospongia, 454, 455. intermedius, Pantolambda, 224, 244. inversus, Pentacodon, 2380. 606 jortlandia, Vanessa, 252. Ischyrosmilus idahoensis, 283. Isodictya permollis, 444. itea, Vanessa, 252. jacksoniana, Cedrola, 341, 342 (fig.). Jamaica, fossil corals from, 72, 74, 95, 94. jamaica 1, Goniopora, 90. jamaicaensis, Antilloseris, 73, 97. jamaicaensis, Astrocoenia, 73, 95, 110. jamaicaensis, Cladocera, 72. jamaicaensis, Cyclolites, 73, 84, 109. jamaicaensis, Stiboriopsis, 72. Turbinoseris, 97. Jamsus, subg., 525, 529, 571, 583, 584. japonicus, Thelepus, 278. jasminifolium, Pleonotoma, 358. jaumei, Anepsyra, 195. jepseni, Parectypodus, 223, 227. jubatus, Hippocampus, 524, 525, 570. jynx, Ficus, 348. kaiseni, Chasmosaurus, 186. Kathleena arcuata, 143. kempi, Dilepis, 141. kincaidi, Hippocampus, 501, 511, 568. Hippocampus hucsonius, 528, 530, 5833, 544, 557, 566, 568, 574. Kirk, Edwin, on Corynecrinus, a new Devonian crinoid genus, 1. Kirtland fauna and its geological age, 185. Kirtland formation of New Mexico, Reptilia from, 159. kirtlandius, Adocus, 186. koninecki, Leptoria, 78. Kritosaurus, 160, 162, 186, 187. navajovius, 161, 185, Lachnomma, 18. magnicornis, 9, 18, 38, 39. Lachnommopsis, 18. armata, 18, 41. lacustris, Felis, 285, 288. ladae, Leptacodon, 223, 228. laevicaudatus, Hippocampus, 551, 560. laevicephalus, Perilampus chrysopae, 394, 395. laevis, Perilampus, 370, 411. Lagomorpha, fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285, 288. Lambeosaurinae, 161. Lamprops, 424, 481. beringi, 431. carinata, 431. lanatum, Elaphidion, 192, 198. lanceolata, Styrax, 340, 356. Tapirira, 340, 352, 353 (fig.), 360. laqueata, Ficus, 342. Lastrea, 3438. laticollis, Taenia, redeseription of, 211, 216. latidens, Claenodon, 223. latidens, Tricentes, 224, 236. latifrons, Ammothea, 420, 421. latrunculus, Spanoxryodon, 224, 236. Laubenfels, Max Walker de, on Panama sponges, 441. Lauraceae, fossil Venezuelan, 354. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 83 Laurales, 354. Laxosuberites, 450. eeteki, 450, 451 (fig.), 455. Leach, William Elford, his account of seahorses, 517. Lecithochirium microstomum, 125, synodi, 128. lecontei, Brachycybe, 363 (fig.), 366. lecontii, Brachycybe, 366. Lecythocrinidae, fossil crinoid family, dA. Lecythocrinus, 2, 46. eifelianus, 4-6. Leguminosae, fossil Venezuelan, 351. Leguminosites entadaformis, 338, 340. venezuelensis, 338, 340. Leiostomus xanthurus, 125, 148, 154. Leipsanolestes, subg., 228. lemhi, Ochotona princeps, 112. lendenfeldi, Aplysilla, 4438. Leodicidae, 266. lepida, Tentacularia, 125, 129. Lepidasthenia, 264. ocellata, 261, 263 (fig.), 264. Lepidium, 407. Lepidocyclina macdonaldi, 490. mantelli, 494. tobleri, 490. trinitatis, 490. Lepidonotus, 262. minutus, 261, 262, 2638 (fig.). Lepisosteus, 124, 185. osseus, 125, 137, 139. Leporidae, fossil, from southern Idaho, eal lepreos, Perilampus, 370, 411. leprops, Astrocottus, 330, 331 (fig.). Leptacodon, 228. ladae, 223, 228. munusculum, 223, 228. packi, 228. siegfriedti, 228. tener, 228. Leptictidae, 223, 228. Leptonereis, subg., 275. leptonyx, Megalonyx, 285, 288. Leptophyliia, 84. agassizi, 73. Leptophylliidae, 83. Leptoria conferticosta, 77. conferticostata, 77. deliculata, 78. flexuossissima, konineki, 78. reticulata, 78. leptostomus, Megalonyx, 288. Leptostylus biustus, 20+. brunneofasciatus, 205. maculifer, 205. monticola, 201. ornatus, 203. planicollis, 208. pygmaeus, 206. vandueeei, 204. lepturus, Trichiurus, 125, 128, 145. 12%. 365, 77. INDEX Lepus, 114, 116, 117, 120, 286. annectens, 119, 120. bairdii bairdii, 112. californicus deserticola, 112. townsendii, 118, 120. townsendii townsendii, 112. lestes, Canis, 217. lethostigmus, Paralichthys, 124, 125, 142, 155. levis, Cyclaspis, 425, 427. libratus, Gorgosaurus, 160. ligeriensis, Cyclolites, 85. lignea, Spongia, 455. Limatulum, 323. limitare, Siphonophora, 362, 363 (fig.). limnetus, Hypolagus, 118 (fig.), 114, 115 (fig.), 118, 121, 285, 288. lindgreni, Neotragoceras, 285. linea, Nereis (Neanthes), 261, 268, 269 (fig.). Linnaeus, Carolus, his account of sea- horses, 513. lintoni, Cucullanus, 148. Lintoniella, 130. Lissodendoryx, 446, 447. Litaletes, 242-244. disjunctus, 224, 242. Litharaea, 91, 92. Litomylus, 245. dissentaneus, 224, 243. littoralis, Carcharias, 154. Littorina sp., 124. lobularis, Halisarea, 455. Osearella, 442, 455. longicaudata, Ammothella, 414, 421. Bathyeuma, 423. longifolia, Cassia, 340, 349. longipes, Cyclaspis, 427. longipes, Nereis (Eunereis), 467, 479, 480 (fig.). longirostris, Hippocampus, 519-528, 525, 543, 546, 572. Syngnathus, 522. Loomis, Harold Frederick, on millipeds of order Colobognatha, 361. Lophopsetta maculata, 148. Loxogenes, 323. bicolor, 328. Lower California, millipeds from, 361. lucifugus, Myotis, 321, 323. Lumbriconereis heteropoda, 266. Lumbrinereis, 266. heteropoda, 266. Lutra (Satherium) piscinaria, 285, 288. Lutravus, 287. eookii, 285, 288. idahoensis, 285, 288. lyncis, Taenia, 211, 212. Lynx canadensis, 219. fasciatus, 217, 219. fasciatus fasciatus, 217, 219. lynx, 217, 219. rufus, 215, 217, 219. rufus californicus, 214, 217, 219. rufus fasciatus, 214. rufus rufus, 214. rufus uinta, 214. 607 lynx, Felis, 217, 219. Lynx, 217, 219. Lysidice, 266. eollaris, 261, 266. lyttoni, Siphonacme, 364. macdonaldi, Lepidocyclina, 490. macgravii, Anona, 347. Machairodus hesperus, 285, 288. Macleayina, subg., 506, 526, 527, 536. Macremphytus, 598. Macrocentrus pallisteri, 403, 411. sp., 405, 411. macrocephalus, Archaeolagus, 117. macrocera, Cuphocera, 47, 50, 52, 70. Elachipalpus, 52. Tachina, 52. macrocystis, Taenia, 214, 217, 219. macrourus, Anthocephalus, 131. Odocoileus virginianus, 214. maculata, Lophopsetta, 148. maculifer, Leptostylus, 205. Macy, Ralph W., on new from little brown bat, 321. Madracis, 104. decactis, 103, 104, 110. sp., 104, 105, 110. magnicornis, Lachnomma, 9, 18, 38, 39. Makrokylindrus, 435. acanthodes, 485. malacosomae, Tetrastichus, 485, 486. Maldanidae, 277. malleum, Synbothrium, 133. malleus, Gymnorhynchus, 125, 1380-182. Mammals, fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285. fossil hares from late Pliocene of southern Idaho, 111. new Paleocene from Fort Union of Montana, 221. manni, Elaphidion, 195. mantelli, Lepidocyclina, 494. marana, Sophora, 338, 340, 346 (fig.), 350. marginalis, Hippocampus, 561, 567. mariannensis, Operculina, 489. marina, Bagre, 125, 130, 185, 146. marinus, Tylosurus, 126. marmorata, Oreas, 252. Marphysa, 266. belli, 266. orientalis, 261, 263 (fig.), 266. sinensis, 261, 266. Mastodon, 283. americanus, 286. mirificus, 283. Matley, Charles Alfred, his collections of fossil corals, 74, 94. matleyi, Trochocyathus, 72, 74, 109. matthewi, Pronothodectes, 228. maturus, Paromomys, 223. mauritanicus, Dichelyne, 148. media, Astraraea, 88. mediator, Nereis, 469, 471. medius, Echinorhynchus, 154. Gorgorhynechus, 154. Megalonyx leptostomus, 288. leptonyx, 285, 288. trematode 608 Megopterna minuta, 224, melalophae, Achaetonura, 882, 411. melanoscelus, Apanteles, 382, 411, Melittia, 384. Menidia, 127. menidia, 125, 126, 128, 141, 144. notata, 128. menidia, Menidia, 125, 126, 128, 141, 144. menidiae, Cysticercoides, 125, 141. Meniscium, 343. palustre, 343. reticulatum, 343. wolfi, 340, 342 (fig.), 348. meridionale, Nymphon, 416. Mesomorpha catadupensis, (2, Metachriacus, 235. provocator, 224, 235. punitor, 223, 235. Meteorus hyphantriae, 382, 411. sp., 411, mexicana, Microchira, 18, 29. Miacidac, 224, 237. michelini, Cyclolites, 85. microcephalum, Contracaecum, 148. Microchira, 18. mexicana, 18, 29. Microciona, 448. atrosanguinea, 442, 448. microlestes, Didymictis, 224, 238. Micropalpus, 70. ruficornis, 45, 46. micropapillatum, Contracaecum, 148. microphyllia, Centrastrea, 80. Micropogon undulatus, 125, 131, 154. Micropterus dolomieu, 137. Microsmilia, 81. Microsolena, 86. microstomum, Lecithochirium, 125, 127. milberti, Galeichthys, 183, 184. Millipeds, new species of order Colo- bognatha, 361. Mimomys, 287. primus, 285, 288. Mimosaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 348. miniata, Patiria, 474. minor, Wuprotogonia, 239. Ondatra idahoensis, 285, 288. Palenochtha, 223, 231. minuta, Annametra, 247. minuta, Goezia, 125, 146. minuta, Megopterna, 224. minutum, Acrepidopterum, 197. minutus, Lepidonotus, 261, 262, 263 (fig.). Miocene, Venezuelan plants, 336, 345. miocenica, Pleonotoma, 338, 340, 358, 359 (fig.). miocenica, Simaruba, 338, 340. Mioclaenus, 241. mirificus, Mastodon, 283. misakia, Schmidtia, 325, 330. Schmidtina, 330. . Stlengis, 327, 330. 142, 141, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 83 miscelli, Cuphocera, 48, 49, 52. Spanipalpus, 49. Trichophora, 46, 49. miscellus, Adisophanes, 50. mississippiensis, Ficus, 354. Mixodectes, 2381. Mixodectidae, 223, 231. Moneilema ulkei, 485. moneilemae, Neocatolaccus, 484. Monoclounius, 160. Monocotyledonae, 344. Montana, new Paleocene mammals from Fort Union of, 221. montana, Anona, 347. montaneusis, Claenodon, 223. montanensis, Gidleyina, 224, 240, montanensis, Myrmecoboides, 223. montanus, Coriphagus, 224, montanus, Deuterogonodon, 225, 233. montanus, Ptilodus, 228, 225. monticellii, Distomum, 128. monticola, Elaphidion, 191. Leptostylus, 201. Mosesia, 328. muesebecki, Perilampus, 371, 376, Mugil cephalus, 125, 142. multiannularis, Hippocampus guttula- tus, 499, 501, 523-525, 528, 530, 531, 536-538 (fig.), 5389 (fig.), 540, 544, 545, 548-550. Multicolumnastraea, 90. eyathiformis, 73, 90. parvula, 90. multifragum, Psittacotherium, 228. Multituberculata, Fort Union, 223, 224, munusculum, Leptacodon, 223, 228. Muscidae, review of flies of genera Ceratomyiella and Paradidyma, 9. musculus, Hctypodus, 226. mustelinus, Ictidopappus, 224, 237. Mycale, 447. angulosa, 448. cecilia, 447, 448 (fig.). imperfecta, 448. phyllophila, 448. Mycteroperea apua, 154. Myledaphus, 185. Mylodon sp., 288. Myotis lucifugus, 321, 323. Myoxocephalus, 326. Myriapoda, new millipeds of order Col- obognatha, 361. Myrmecoboides montanensis, 223. Myrtales, 855. Myxilla, 446. Nanilla delauneyi, 197. tuberculata, 196. Nannippus phlegon, 288. natans, Nereis (Nereis), 468, 474, 475 (fig.). navajovius, Kritosaurus, 161, 185. neapolitana, Diopatra, 266. Nectandra, 354. areolata, 340, 354. Nematoda, 141. 241. 232, 407. INDEX Neocatolaccus, 484. moneilemae, 484. tylodermae, 484, Neoechinorhynchidae, 151. Neohipparion sp., 288. Neomaenis, 148. griseus, 148. neomecxicana, Paradidyma, 19, 21, 23. neonigripes, Nereis (Nereis), 468, 471, 472 (fig.), 474, 476. Neotragoceras lindgreni, 283. nephele, Cercyonis alope, 256. Nephthydidae, 276. Nephthys, 276. sinensis, 261, 276. Nereidae, 268. new species from California, 467. Nereis, 268, 467, 468. (Neanthes) amoyensis, 261, 269 (figs) 272) cockburnensis, 469. (Leptonereis) distorta, 261, 273, 274 (fig.). (Nereis) eakini, 468, 472, 473 (fig.), 476. (Nereis) euwcapitis, 468, 469 (fig.). (EKunereis) hardyi, 480. (Neanthes) linea, 261, 268, 269 (fig.). (Eunereis) longipes, 467, 479, 480 fig.) mediator, 469, 471. (Nereis) natans, (fig.). (Nereis) neonigripes, 468, 471, 472 (fig.), 474, 476. (Neanthes) orientalis, 261, 269 (fig.), 270. (Alitta) oxypoda, 268. (Neanthes) oxypoda, 261, 268. pelagica, 467, 472. procera, 468, 471. (Nereis) pseudoneanthes, (fig.). (Neanthes) saltoni, 477, 478 (fig.). (Ceratonereis) tunicatae, 476, 477 (fig.). vexillosa, 469-471. (Neanthes) virens, 479. Neurankylus, 187. baueri, 165, 186. Neuroptera, hosts of Perilampus, 411. New Mexico, Reptilia from Kirtland formation of, 159. nitens, Copecrypta, 70. nitidifrons, Copeecrypta, 70. Cuphocera, 70. nitidus, Perilampus canadensis, 374, 398. nobilis, Basilemys, 178 (fig.), 179 (fig.), 180, 186. noctophilus, (fig.). nodosa, Baena, 166, 168, 169, 186. 468, 474, 475 470 371, Glyptoporus, 321, 322 609 North America, chalecid flies of genus Perilampus north of Mexico, 369. new Foraminifera from Tertiary of, 487. North and South America, seahorses of, 497. notata, Menidia, 128, nubila, Cyclaspis, 424 (fig.). nubriterrae, Peromyscus maniculatus, 214. nucula, Chondrilla, 464. Numunilites floridensis, 489. sp., 490. willcoxi, 489. nutrix, Rhabdophyliia, 77. nuttingi, Compsometra, 245, 246. Nyctitheriidae, 223, 229. Nymphon, 414. adareanum, 418. femoratum, 421, gracile, 418. hiemale, 416. meridionale, 416. solitarium, 414, 417 (fig.). tridentatum, 418. turritum, 414, 416, 417 (fig.). Nymphonidae, 413. obliqua, Paradidyma, 20, 22. obtusus, Hippocampus, 511, 529, 576, 577 (fig.), 579, 581, 582. occidentalis, Annametra, 247. Colurostylis, 423, 481, 489. Cominia, 247. ocellata, Lepidasthenia, 261, 263 (fig.), 264. ocellatus, Perilampus, 370, 373, 390. ocellatus, Sciaenops, 124, 125, 147, 148. Ochotona princeps lemhi, 112. schisticeps goldmani, 112. octonemus, Polynemus, 154. Oculina, 105. Odocoileus columbianus scaphiatus, 214. hemionus, 214. hemionus hemionus, 214. virginianus, 214. virginianus macrourus, 214. Oedemapeza, 10. townsendi, 12. Onchobothrium, 134. Ondatra idahoensis minor, 285, 288. operculella, (Phthorimaea) Gnorimo- Schema, 401. Operculina complanata, 489. mariannensis, 489. new Tertiary North American and West Indian, 487, 488. tuberculata, 487, 488, 495. Operculinella, 489. venosa, 489. Operculinoides advenus, 487, 489, 495. antiguensis, 487, 488, 492, 496. dia, 493, 494. forresti, 488, 493, 495. new Tertiary North American and West Indian, 487, 489. 610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 83 Operculinoides semmesi, 487, 488, 491, | Pantolambda, 244. 495, 496. tuxpanicus, 488, 494, 495. vicksburgensis, 487, 490, 495. Ophlitaspongiidae, 460. Opuntia, 482. opuntiae, Asphondylia, 483. opuntiae, Rileya, 482. Orasema viridis, 372. orbitalis, Ceratomyiella, 11, 16. Oreas marmorata, 252. oregonensis, Felis concolor, 214. orientalis, Dasychone, 278. orientalis, Marphysa, 261, 263 (fig.), 266. Nereis (Neanthes), 261, 269 (fig.), 270. ornata, Baena, 165, 166 (fig.), 167 (fig.), 186. Pseudoeme, 189. ornatipennis, Spalacopsis, 200. ornatus, Leptostylus, 203. Orthonopias triacis, 326. osborni, Pliohippus, 289. Osearella, 455. lobularis, 442, 455. osensis, Stlengis, 825-828. osseus, Lepisosteus, 125, 137, 189. Oulastrea, 89. Oulastreidae, 88. ovatus, Aspideretes, 182 (fig.), 183, 186. oxypoda, Nereis (Alitta), 268. Nereis (Neanthes), 261, 268. Oxyurostylis, 428, 437. pacifica, 429, 487, 488 (fig.). smithi, 423, 437, 4388. Pacific Ocean, sponges Panama Canal, 448. western, new cottid fishes from, 325. pacifica, Oxyurostylis, 429, 4387, 438 (fig. ). pacificus, Equus, 291. packi, Leptacodon, 228. Palaechthon, 231, 232. alticuspis, 223. Palaeolagus, 117. Palaeosinopa, 230. diluculi, 223, 230. Palenochtha, 281. minor, 223, 231. Paleocene, new mammals from Fort Inion of Montana, 221, pallisteri, Macrocentrus, 4038, 411. Palmophyllum, 344. sp., 340, 344. Palpibraca, 46. haemorrhoa, 46. palustre, Meniscium, 348. Panama Canal, sponges from, 441. panamensis, Panthalis, 265. Pavona, 106. Pandosentis, 151. panicea, Halichondria, 442, 449, 455. Spongia, 449. Panthalis, 265. panamensis, 265. from near bathmodon, 244. eavirictus, 224, 244. intermedius, 224, 244. Pantolambdidae, 224, 244. Pantolestidae, 223, 230. Papilio (Parnassius) andromacha, 252. (Oreas Marmorata) andromacha, 252. portlandia, 251. Papilionaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 350. papillosus, Bucephalus, 127. Parabascus, 323. Paracyathus, 104, 105. henekeni, 105. Spue (24 0a: Paracycloseris, 85. elizabethae, 73, 86, 109, 110. Paradiastylis, 435. Paradidyma affinis, 20, 21, 27, 35. aldrichi, 21, 30. aperta, 18, 21, 29. apicalis, 20, 21, 33. aristalis, 20, 28. armata, 20, 21, 41. brasiliana, 19, 38. cinerescens, 20, 26. crassiseta, 20, 27. derelicta, 19, 25, 26, 28. neomexicana, 19, 21, 23. obliqua, 20, 22. peruana, 21, 31, 38. (Diaphoropeza) peruana, 43. peruviana, 43. petiolata, 19, 21, 39. piliventris, 21, 32. retracta, 19, 26. review of genus, 9, 17. setigera, 20, 22, 23. Singularis, > 10,15; “195 215631, 32, 36-38, 41. townsendi, 12. validinervis, 20, 28, 25, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43. Paralichthys albiguttus, 148. dentatus, 148. lethostigmus, 124, 125, 142, 153. Parasaurolophus, 160, 162, 186. tubicen, 161, 185. walkeri, 162, 1638. Parasites, chalcid flies of genus Peri- lampus, 869. Chalcidoidea on cactus insects, 481. of fishes in Galveston Bay, Tex., 123. Paraxiothea, 277. pareus, Gelastops, 223, 227. Parectypodus, 227. jepseni, 223, 227. simpsoni, 227. tardus, 225. parksi, Cuphocera, 48, 50, 52, 59. Paromomys, 231, 232. depressidens, 228. maturus, 223. parviflora, Compsometra, 247. 29, 33-35, LT INDEX parvula, Multicolumastraea, 99. parvun, Amphicaecum, 125, 143. patella, Fungia (Cycloseris) , 110. Patiria miniata, 474. Pavona, 106. panamensis, 106. pennyi, 106. sp., 104, 106, 110. pegala, Cereyonis alope, 256. pelagica, Nereis, 467, 472. Pelecaniformes, fossil, from Idaho, 285. Pelecanus halieus, 289. Peleteria, 47, 70. pelvidens, Chriacus, 234, 235. pennyi, Payona, 106. Pentaceratops, 160. 163, 186. fenestratus, 160, 163, 185. sternbergil, 160, 168, 185. Pentacodon, 230. inyersus, 280. pentacus, Protogonodon, 233. pentagonus, Hippocampus, 5380. Perilampidae, 371. Perilampus aciculatus, 370, 380. alexinus, 370, 410, 411. anomocerus, 370, 3871, 375, 398. bakeri, 386, 388. canadensis, 370, canadensis nitidus, 371, 374, capitatus, 871, 375, 397. earinifrons, 870, 373, 388. carolinensis, 370, 378, 876, 410. chrysopae, 371, 374, 394, 410, 411. chrysopae laevicephalus, 394, 395. crawfordi, 370, 378, 384. cyaneus, 370, 410. entellus, 370, 410, 411. fulvicornis, 370, 371, 376, 402, 411. fulvicornis prothoracicus, 371, 376, 403. gahani, 371, 375, 401. granulosus, 371, 375, 399. hyalinus, 369, 370, 380, 410, 411. laevis, 370, 411. lepreos, 370, 411. muesebecki, 371, 376, 407. ocellatus, 370, 373, 890. platigaster, 3883. platygaster, 369, 370, 373, 383, 410. regalis, 370, 372, 378. revision of genus (in America north of Mexico), 369. rohweri, 371, 875, 3896. robertsoni, 871, 376, 409. similis, 371, 376, 406. stygicus, 371, 376, 404, 411. subearinatus, 370, 373, 386. triangularis, 411. Periptychidae, 224. Periptychus, 244. 371, 374, 392, 411. 395. Perissodactyla, fossil, from Blanco, Texas, 288. fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285, 288. permollis, Haliclona, 442, 444, 445. Tsodictya, 444. 107443—36 2 61l Peromyscus maniculatus nubriterrac, 214. Perry, George, his account of seahorses, Bild; Persea, 355. eoriacea, 540, Personaies, 358. Peru, new fritillary from, 251. peruana, Atrophopoda, 43. Diaphoropeza, 31. Paradidyma, 21, 31, 38. Paradidyma (Diaphoropeza ), 48. peruviana, Paradidyma, 48. netasata, Brachycybe, 363 (fig.), 365- petasus, Antedon, 247. petiotata, Paradidyma, 19, 21, 39- petra flumensis, Combretum, 356. Phalacrocorax auritus, 285. idahoensis, 285. sp., 285. Phaneropsolus, 323. Phenacodontidae, 224, 238. phlegon, Nannippus, 288. Phorbasidae, 446. Phoreiobothrium, 134. triloculatum, 154. Phoxichelidiidae, 414. Phoxichilidium, 414, 421. femoratum, 414, 421. (Phthorimaea )} Gnorimoschema oper- culella, 401. Phyllobothrioidea, 134. phyllophila, Mycale, 448, Phyllopteryx, 516. Physoseris, 84. Phytoadmontia, 18. setigera, 22. Phytophaga sp., 482. Picrodus silberlingi, 224. picta, Cyclaspis, 427, picticornis, Hypsioma, 200. Pika (Ochotona princeps lemhi and O. schisticeps goldmani), 112. piliventris, Paradidyma, 1382! pilosulus, Eupogonius, 198. pinetorum, Inga, 349. Piper, 345. Piperaceae, fossil Venezuelan, Piperales, 345. Piperites, 345. cordatus, 340, 345, 346 (fig.). Pisces, fossil, 185, 187. fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285. (See also under Fishes. ) piscinaria, Lutra (Satherium), 285, 288. Pithecolobrium, 349. Placospongia, 454. intermedia, 454, 455. Plakoosa, 462. elisa, 463 (fig.). Plakortis, 462. planicollis, Leptostylus, 205. Plants, Tertiary Venezuelan, 335. Plastomenus robustus, 186. sp.. 186. platigaster, 345. Perilampus, 383. 612 platycephalus, Gymnorhynchus, 133. Tetrarhynchus, 130, 131, 183. platygaster, Perilampus, 369, 370, 373, 383, 410. Platydesmus, 367. californicus, 367. Platygonus bicalcaratus, 288. sp., 285. texanus, 288. Pleonotoma, 358. jasminifolium, 358. miocenica, 338, 340, 358, 359 (fig.). tetraquetrum, 358. Plesiadapidae, 223. Plesippus, 281, 287-289. cumminsii, 288. proversus, 298, 294. shoshonensis, 110, 111, 281, 284, 285, 288-814 (figs.), 816-320. simplicidens, 282, 288, 289, 292, 298, 316, 318-320. Plesippus quarry, near Hagerman, Idaho, fossil hares from, 114, 119. Pleurogenes, 323, Pleurogenetinae, key to, 3238. Pleurogenoides, 323. pleuronectis, Seolex, 125, 134. Pleurosternidae, 165, 186. Pliauchenia spatula, 288. pliciferus, Tetraclaenodon, 239. Pliocene, late, fossil hares from south- ern Idaho, 111. upper, of Idaho, fossil horse re- mains from, 281. Pliohippus, 289, 290, 292. francescana, 289. osborni, 289. proversus, 289. Plumeria, 357. Poacites, 344. sp., 338, 340, 344. Poales, 344. Podoseris, 81. poeyi, Hippocampus, 561, 567. Polychaeta, new species of Nereidae from California, 467. from Amoy, China, 261. polymorphus, Scolex, 134. Polynemus octonemus, 154. Polynoidae, 262. Polyphylastrea, 82. Polypodiaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 343. Polypodiales, 343. poolei, Pseudoeme, 190. Populus, 382. Porifera, Panama, 441. Porites, 91. reussiana, 90. Poritidae, 90, 103. porosa, Gerstaeckeria, 486. Porrocaecum, 145. secundum, 125, 145. trichiuri, 125, 145. portlandia, Debis, 253. Fnodia, 2538, 254, 256, 257. Enodia portlandia, 255, 256. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83 portlandia, Papilio, 251. Vanessa, 252. , Postorchigenes, 323. Poteriocrinus, 1. praeclara, Basilemys, 180, 181. praecursor, Serridentinus, 288. preicaco, Chrysobalanus, 348. prenticei, Ceratomeryx, 285, 288. preoliviforme, Chrysophyllum, 341. pressa, Chen, 285. Prestonia, 357. Primates, Fort Union, 2381. primigenius, Archaeolagus, 117. primus, Mimomys, 285, 288. Proboscidea, fossil, from Blanco, Texas, 8 fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285, 288 Procamelus, 283, 285, 288. Procampylaspis, 423, 429. sp., 429. procera, Nereis, 468, 471. Prodiacodon, 228, 229. concordiarcensis, 223, 228. puercensis, 228. Prodiploastrea, 88. schindewolfi, 73, 88, 89, 110. producta, Brachycybe, 363 (fig.), 365, 367. Pronothodectes matthewi, 223. Prosotocus, 323. Prosthorhynchus, 154. protelaria, Stenosmilia, 76. Proteocephalidae, 135. Proteocephalus, 124. ambloptitis, 137-139. australis, 125, 135, 1389. clongatus, 125, 137. prothoracicus, Perilampus fulvicornis, 371, 376, 403. Prothryptacodon, 238. furens, 223, 233, 234. Protogonodon, 232, 233. pentacus, 233. Protohippus, 283, 289. Protoselene, 240, 241, 243. proversus, Plesippus, 293, 294. Pliohippus, 289. provocator, Metachriacus, 224, 235. proxima, Toxadocia, 442, 445. Psathyrometra antarctiea, 248. Pseudemys idahoensis, 285. Pseudoeme ornata, 189. poolei, 190. Pseudofavia, 89. Pseudolmedia, 3438. pseudomediafolia, Ficus, 342. pseudoneanthes, Nereis (Nereis), 470 (fig.). Pseudosuberites, 449. suleatus, 442, 449. Psittacotherium multifragum, 223. Pteridophyta, fossil Venezuelan, 343. Pterobothrium, 131. heteracanthum, 131. Pteromalidae, 484. INDEX Ptilodontidae, 224, Ptilodus, 225. admirabilis, 225. douglassi, 223, 225. gidleyi, 223, 225. gracilis, 225. montanus, 223, 225. sinclairi, 223, 225, 226. trovessartianus, 225. puercensis, Euprotogonia, 239. Prodiacodon, 228. Puget Sound, pycnogonids from, 415. pugnaz, Chriacus, 223, 235. pulchra, Boremys, 169-173. punctulatus, Hippocampus, 499, 500, 517, 518, 525, 527, 551, 561, 568, 572, 575, 582, 583, 593. punitor, Metachriacus, 223, pusilla, Cyclaspis, 427. pusillus, Chriacus, 223, 234, 235. Pycnogonids, from Puget Sound, 413. pygmaeus, Leptostylus, 206. Pylaie, de la, his account of sea- horses, 524. quadricuspe, Contracaecum, 143. quaylei, Rhabdophyllia, 72, 76, 109. Querquedula sp., 285. Rabbit. black-tailed jack (Lepus cali- fornicus deserticola), 112. pigmy (Brachylagus idahoensis), 112, 114. snow-shoe (Lepus bairdii bairdii), mel D: white-tailed jack (Lepus townsendii townsendii), 112. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, account of seahorses, 515, ramsdeni, Essostrutha, 210. ramulesus, Hippocampus, 511, 517, 518, 525, 548, 546. rapiens, Thescelus, 174, 175, 177. regalis, Cynoscion, 134, 144. regalis, Perilampus, 370, 372, 378. regulus, Hippocampus, 506, 529, 558, 584, 586 (fig.), 587 (fig.), 590. reidi, Hippocampus, 528, 530, 532, 536, 537, 564, 566, 569, 571-573 (fig.), 574 (fig.). Reinhard, Henry Jonathan, on revision of American Cuphocera, 45.. on American muscoid flies of gen- era Ceratomyiella and es yma, 9. reissi, Inga, 340, 346 (fig.), 348. Reniera cinerea, 445. coerulescens, 444. reptans, Gymnorhynchus, 131. Reptilia, fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285. fossil, from Kirtland formation of New Mexico, 159. reticulata, Leptoria, 78. reticulatum, Meniscium, 348. retiforme, Citharexylon, 347. Retiometra, 248. alascana, 248. exigua, 248. 223, 235. his 613 retracta, Paradidyma, 19, 26. reussiana, Goniopora, 78, 90, 110. Porites, 90. Rhabdophyliia, 76. nutrix, 77. quaylei, 72, 76, 109. sp., 77. Rhadinorhynchus tenuicornis, 128, 125, 154. Rhaphidascaris, 144, 145. anchoviellae, 124, 125, 144. Rhinoceros, 283. Rhipidocotyle transversale, 125, 126, 128, 141. Rhizophora boweni, 338, 340. Rhynchobothrium speciosum, 130. Rhynchotherium falconeri, 288. Richmond formation of Jamaica, lower Hocene, corals from, 93. Ricuzenius, 331. Rileya, 482. americana, 483. opuntiae, 482. similaris, 482, Risso, Antoine, his account of seahorses, 521. roberto, Essostrutha, 209. robertsoni, Perilampus, 371, 376, 409. robusta, Dichelyne, 147. robustum, Contracaecum, robustus, Plastomenus, 156. Rodentia, fossil, from Hagerman, Idaho, 285, 288. rohweri, Perilampus, 871, 375, 396. Romanes collection of fossil corals from Barbados, 103. Romerolagus, 115, 120. diazi, 120. vnomingeri, Corynecrinus, 1, 2, 5. rondeletii, Hippocampus, 519. Roosa zyggompha, 462. Rosaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 347. rosaceus, Hippocampus, 521, 525, 543. Rosales, 347. rosamondae, 593, 594. rosea, Brachycybe, 363 (fig.), 365, 367, 368. rouxii, Glycera, 275. Rubiaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 360. Rubiales, 360. ruficauda, Cuphocera, 70. Ernestia, 382, 411. ruficornis, Micropalpus, 45, 46. rufus, Lynx, 215, 217, 219. Lynx rufus, 214. russelli, Ectypodus, 223, 226. Sabella, 278. fusea, 278. Sabellastarte, 278. fusca, 278. Sabellidae, 278. Sabicea, 360. aspera, 360. asperifolia, 340, 360. saltoni. Nereis (Neanthes), 4 (fig.). 125, 142. Hippocampus, 589, PROCEEDINGS OF 614 salvadorana, Sophora, 338, 340. salvadorensis, Apocynophyllum, 338, 340, 357, 860. santa, Strongylophora, 459. Sapindales, 352. Sapotaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 556. sawkinsi, Actinacis, 738, 100, 110. scaphiatus, Odocoileus columbianus, 214. schindewolfi, Prodiploastrea, 73, 88, 89, 110. Schineria, 70. Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf, his account of seahorses, 520. Schmidtia, 325, 326. misakia, 325, 330. Schmidtina, 326. misakia, 330. schmiedeliana, Velates, 95, 101. Sciaenops ocellatus, 124, 125, 147, 148. Sciocyrtinus, 207. elongatus, 208. Scolex, 124. pleuronectis, 125, 184. polymorphus, 184. Scotland beds of Barbados, corals from, 1038. scotti, Equus, 282, 316-820. scutellaris, Cuphocera, 48, 53. Sea-bean (Entada), 335, 341. Seahorses, review of Hippocampus of American continents and Europe, 497. sectorius, Anisonchus, 224, 244. secundum, Porrocaecum, 125, 145. Sematethmos, 72 semmesi, Operculinoides, 487, 488, 491, 495, 496. senatoria, Anisota, 378. sequens, Catemophrys, 39. Seriatoporidae, 94. serotinum, Eupatorium, 395. Serpentes, fossil, from Idaho, 285. Serridentinus praecursor, 288. setigera, Admontia, 18, 22. Paradidyma, 20, 22, 23. Phytoadmontia, 22. shoshonensis, Piesippus, 110, 111, 281, 284, 285, 288-314 (figs.), 316-320. sibogae, Cyclaspis, 427. Siderastrea, 82. Siderofungia, 82. siegfriedti, Leptacodon, 228. Silberling, Albert C., work in Montana, 221, silberlingi, Claenodon, 223, 232. silberlingi, Eetypodus, 293 225, 226. ridleyina, 224, 240. silberlingi, Picrodus, 224. siluricola, Arhythmorhynehus, 1538. Simaruba miocenica, 338, 340. Similaris, Rileya, 482. similis, Haruspex, 196. similis, Perilampus, 371, 376, 406. simplex, Hyopsodus, 242. Simplicella glacialis, 448. THE NATIONAL MUSEUD VOL. 83 simplicidens, Plesippus, 282, 288, 289, 292, 295, 316, 318-320. muvee, simpticidens, Stilpnodon, 223, 229. Simpson, George Gaylord, on new Paleocene mammals from Fort Union of Montana, 221. simpsoni, Parectypodus, 227. sinclairi, Ptilodus, 223, 225, 226. sinensis, Marphysa, 261, 266. Nephthys, 261, 2 singularis, Atrophopoda, 17, 18, 38. Fe LOMAS V AG 21 Se S2, 36-38, sinuosa, Bees 180, 181. Siphonacme, 364. lyttoni, 364. Siphonophora, 361, 362, 364. limitare, 362, 363 (fig.). Sisymbrium, 407. Skinker, Mary Scott, on worms from carnivores seription of Taenia laticollis dolphi, 211. smithi, Oxyurostylis, 423, 487, 488. Smulyan, Marcus Thomas, on chalcid flies of genus Perilampus, 369. solitarium, Nymphon, 414, 417 (fig.). Sophora, 350. marana, 338, 340, 346 (fig.), 350. saivadorana, 228. 340. Southwellina, 153. Spalacopsis grandis, 201. ornatipennis, 200. Spanipalpus, 46. aldrichi, 52. australis, 57. miscelli, 49. Spanoxyodon, 236. latruncuius, 224, 236. spatula, Pliauchenia, 288. speciosa, Tentacularia, 130. speciosum, Rhynehobothrium, 130. spectabilis, Cassia, 349. Sphaeraleia angustifolia, 407. sphaerocarpa, Anona, 347. sphaerocarpoides, Anona, 338, 340, 346. (fig.), 347 spiculigerum, Contracaecum, 1438. spiracornuta, Tentacularia, 1380. Spirastrella, 461. cunctatrix, 461. Sponges, shallow-water, Panama Canal, 441. Spongia, 455. barbara, 455. campana, 457. cinerea, 444, 445. lignea, 455. panicea, 449. Squatinidae, 185 (fig.). Stegomastodon successor, Stelgistrum,: 3381. Stenosmilia, 76. protelaria, 76. Stephanocoenia sp., 104. | | new tape- and rede- Ru- from near 288. INDEX stephensoii, Combretum, 338, 340, 355, 359 (fig.). sternbergii, Pentaceratops, 160, 163, 185. Stiboriopsis jamaicaensis, 72. Stilpnedon, 229. simplicidens, 223, 229. Stlengis distoechus, 325, 327, 328-330 (fig.). misakia, 327, 330. osensis, 325-328. revision of genus, 325, 326. stokesi, Dichocoenia, 75. strenuana, Epiblema, 405. stricklandi, Cuphocera, 63. Trichophora, 638. Strongvlophora, 459. durissima, 459. santa, 459. stygicus, Perilampus, 371, 376, 404, 411. stylifer, Hippocampus, 499, 561, 566, 567. Stylinodontidae, 223. Stylocoenia, 105. Stylophora, 93, 94. cambridgensis, 73, 95, 110. contorta, 73, 94. sp. a and 8, 73, 93. Styracaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 356. Styrax, 356. lanceolata, 340, 356. subcarinatus, Perilampus, 370, 378, 386. Suberites sulcatus, 450. subtriangularis, Thalysias, 458. subtrigonus, Tricentes, 237. successor, Stegomastodon, 288. suleatus, Pseudosuberites, 442, 449. Suberites, 450. superior, Tetraclaenodon, 224, 239. Sweetia, 349. Sylvilagus, 114-117, 120. nuttalli grangeri, 111, 114-116. symbolicus, Tetraclaenodon, 224, 239, 240. Sympherobius angustus, 395, 411. Synastrea, 87. agaricites, 88. adkinsi, 73, 83, 87, 109. Synbothrium, 130, 132. filicolle, 130. fragile, 130. hemuloni, 180. malleum, 138. Syndesmobothrium, 131. filicolle, 131. fragile, 130. Syngnathoides biaculeatus, 515. Syngnathus erectus, 516, 517. foliatus, 515, 516. hippocampus, 513-520, 525, 5380, 548, 570. longirostris, 522. tetragonus, 515, synodi, Lecithochirium, 128. Taboga, 452. taboga, 452, 453 (fig.). Tachina macrocera, 52. 615 Taenia crassicollis, 217, 218. laticollis, redeseription of, 211, 216. lyneis, 211, 212. macroeystis, 214, 217, 219. taeniaeformis, 217, 218. taxidiensis, 211, 215. taeniaeformis, Taenia, 217, 218. Taeniodonta, Fort Union, 223. Tanaorhamphus, 151, Tanupolama, 285, 288. Tapeworms, new species from carni- vores, 211. Tapirira, 352. lanceolata, 340, 352, 353 (fig.), 360. trinitiana, 340, 352, 353 (fig.). tardus, Parectypodus, 225. Taxidea taxus taxus, 215. taxvidiensis, Taenia, 211, 215. Taxocrinus, 4. briareus, 4, 5. taxus, Taxidea taxus, 215, Tedania, 459, ignis, 459. tener, Leptacodon, 228. Tennessee, millipeds from, 361. Tentacularia lepida, 125, 129. speciosa, 130. spiracornuta, 130. tenuicornis, Rhadinorhynchus, 123, 154. tenuipes, Adelometra, 247, Caryometra, 247. tenuis, Diastylopsis, 436, Didymictis, 224, 238. Terebellidae, 278. Tertiary, new Foraminifera of genera Operculina and Operculinoides from North America and West Indies, 487. Venezuelan plants from, 335. Testudinata, fossil, from Idaho, 285. Tethya, 451, 452, 462. aurantia, 462. diploderma, 451, Tethyidae, 452. Tetraclaenodon, 239-241. pliciferus, 239. superior, 224, 239. symbolicus, 224, 289, 240. tetragonus, Syngenathus, 515. tetraphylla, Inga, 349. tetraquetrum, Pleonotoma, 358, TYetrarhynchidae, 129. Tetrarhynchus erinaceus, 132. platycephalus, 180, 131, 183. Tetrastichus, 485. gerstaeckeriae, 485. malucosomae, 485, 486. texanuin, Glyptotherium, 288. texanus, Platygonus, 288. Texas, millipeds from, 361. parasites of fishes from Galveston Bay, 123. texensis, Apocynophyllum, 341. Thalysias ignis, 459. subtriangularis, 458, 125, 30 (figs). 616 PROCEEDINGS OF Thamnasteria, S8. Thamnophis sp., 285. Thelepus, 278. japonicus, 278. Theivetia, 357. Thescelus, 170, 172, 175, 187. fluviatilis, 177. hemtspherica, 174, 175 (fig.), 176 (fig.), 177, 186. insilens, 174-177. rapiens, 174, 175, 177. Thomomys gidleyi, 285, 288. Thryptacodon, 233, 234. tobleri, Lepidocyclina, 490. tongi, Hernandia, 340, 353 (fig.), 854 torosa, Cuphocera, 46, 48, 67. Torpedo, 1384. townsendi, Atrophopoda, 10, 12. Ceratomyiella, 11, 12. Oedemapeza, 12. Paradidyma, 12. townsendii, Lepus, 118, 120. Lepus townsendii, 112. Toxadocia, 445. proxima, 442, 445. transversale, Rhipidocotyle, 125, 126, 128, 141. Treadwell, Aaron Louis, on polychaet- ous annelids from Amoy, China, 261. Trechmann, Charles Taylor, his collec- tion of fossil corals, 74, 98, 94, 103. trechmanni, Dichocoenia, 72, 75, 109. Goniopora, 73, 91, 109. Trematoda, 126. new genus and species from little brown bat and key to Pleuro- genetinae, 321. triacis, Orthonopias, 326. triangularis, Perilampus, 411. Tricentes, 233, 236. latidens, 224, 236. subtrigonus, 237. trichiuri, Porrocaecum, 125, 145. Trichiurus lepturus, 125, 128, 145. Trichophora, 70. fucata, 65. miscelli, 46, 49. stricklandi, 63. tricuspe, Contracaecum, 143. tridentatum, Nymphon, 418. Trigonia, 351. varians, 339, 340, 351, 353 (fig.). Trigoniaceae, fossil Venezuelan, 351. triloculatum, Phoreiobothrium, 134. trimaculatus, Hippocampus, 517, 518. trinitiana, Tapirira, 340, 352, 353 (fig.). trinitatis, Lepidocyclina, 490. Trionychidae, 165, 182, 186. triphylla, Bignonia, 358. Trocharaea, 86. Trochocyathus, 74, 104, 105. matleyi, 72, 74, 109. SD., 103; 105. woolmani, 74. Trochoplegma, 86. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 83: Trochoseris, 78, 81, 88, 98. catadupensis, 72, 78. sp., 78, 98. Trochosmilia hilli, 78, 79. tropicus, Cordillerion, 288. trovessartianus, Ptilodus, 225. Trypespongia, 456. columbia, 456. tuberculata, Nanilla, 196. Operculina, 487, 488, 495. tuberosa, Dichocoenia, 75. tubicen, Parasaurolophus, 161, 185. tunicatae, Nereis (Ceratonereis), 476, 477 (fig.). Turbinoseris cantabrigiensis, 96. jamaicaensis, 97. turritum, Nymphon, 414, 416, 417 (fig.). Turtles, fossil, from Kirtland formation of New Mexico, 15S. tuxpanicus, Operculinoides, 455. tylodermae, Neocatolaccus, 484. Tylosurus marinus, 126. uinta, Lynx rufus, 214. ulkei, Moneilema, 485. undatum, Chisternon, 172. undulatus, Micropogon, 125, 131, 154. unicornis, Cyclaspis, 427. Unionidae, 127. uniplicata, Hemilamprops, 481. Ursus, 286. vagus, Alilepus, 119 (fig.), 121, 285, 288. valida, Eulimneria, 382, 411. validinervis, Didyma, 17, 37. Paradidyma, 20, 28, 25, 29, 33-35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43. vanduzeei, Leptostylus, 204. Vanessa cardui, 252. iortlandia, 252. itea, 252. portlandia, 252, variabilis, Hircinia, 457. varians, Cyclaspis, 427. Trigonia, 339, 340, 351, 353 (fig.)- variegatus, Cyprinodon, 123-125, 140- 142° 150, 152. variolosa, Basilemys, 180, 181. Vaughan, Thomas Wayland, and Cole, W. Storrs, on new Tertiary Foramini- fera from North America and West Indies, 487. Vaughanoseris, 80. catadupensis, 72, 80, 81, 109, 110. vecordensis, Claenodon, 2238, 232. vegetus, Aspideretes, 183. Velates schmiedeliana, 95, 101. Venezuela, Tertiary plants from, 335. venezuelana, Burserites, 338, 340. venezuelanus, Chrysobalanus, 338, 340, 342 (fig.), 347. venezuelensis, Antholithus, 338, 340. Diplaraea, 84. Leguminosites, 338, 340. venosa, Operculinella, 489. verecundus, Atactorhynchus, 123, 125, Lo. 488, 494, INDEX vetus, Hypolagus, 112 (fig.), 114, 116, 117, 119-121, 285, 288. vexillosa, Nereis, 469-471. vicksburgensis, Operculinoides, 487, 490, 495, villosoides, Coussapoa, 340. villosus, Hippocampus, 529, 582, 583. violacea, Chalcis, 371. Diplolepis, 371. virens, Nereis (Neanthes), 479. virginianus, Odocoileus, 214. viridis, Orasema, 372. vomitor, Agamonema, 125, 150. vorax, Aspideretes, 183, 184 (fig.), 185, 186. walkeri, Parasaurolophus, 162, 1653. walli, Astreopora, 73, 102, 110. Washington, pycnogonids from Puget Sound, 4138. Wells, John West, on fossil corals from West Indies, 71. West Indies, new cerambycid beetles from, 189. new Foraminifera from Tertiary of, 487. fossil corals from, 71. wickhami, Elaphidion, 192. EKupogonius, 199. wilcoxensis, Ficus, 343. willeoxi, Nummulites, 489. Willughby, Francis, his account of sea- horses, 519. 617 wolfi, Meniscium, 340, 342 (fig.), 343. woolmani, Trochocyathus, 74. Worms, parasites of Galveston Bay fishes, 123. polychaetous annelids from Amoy, China, 261. new polychaetous annelids (Nerei- dae) from California, 467. new tapeworms from carnivores, Dill new trematode from little brown bat and key to Pleurogenetinae, a2 xanthurus, Leiostomus, 125, 148, 154. Zamia, 344. sp., 3388, 340, 344. Zenillia (Exorista) sp., 3938, Zenometrinae, 247, 248. zeteki, Luxosuberites, 450, 451 (fig.), 455. Zetekispongia, 446. zonea, 446, 447 (fig.). Zimmer, Carl, on California Crustacea of order Cumacea, 425. zonea, Zetekispongia, 446, 447 (fig.). zosterae, Hippocampus, 502, 506, 512, 525, 529, 585, 588, 589. 403, 411. culiana, Bignonia, 338, 340, 358, 359 (fig.). zuliana, Cassia, 340, 346 (fig.), 350. zyggompha, Roosa, 462. NENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936 ON LIBRARIES NSTITuTI == = Ss; Oo ” Ae 7 e te == I ! | 0 9647 | | | Il | 2 | 4 y tt Hy; Gy g CHHyyyey HH. ty Z Yyyyywy$yiy3: CPreéMmnnmmmeysre=eq”Y]Y@ v#@40 g —Y Hv); tj tt—$;; tj) tj ty ty Z typ y Loy Z Y, CY Sy Z tYsy—jj tz pY,II(U_(@@wUWw@@@@??— P?7??-—z—}} }—7”'t_ Ysmmmmmsee@ MMH#pi Bha nmmsmese@_ LYX@t=