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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOLUME 84
onlan ing,
[oor Bigs
> %
og A
“S N ew
ational Mus
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1938
ADVERTISEMENT
The scientific publications of the National Museum include two
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.
The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a
medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections
of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biol-
ogy, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and
revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form,
are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations
and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The
dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the
table of contents of each of the volumes.
The present volume is the eighty-fourth of this series.
The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains
separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological
groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several
volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type
specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature.
The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has
been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as
indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the head-
ing Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo
form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain
- papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum.
| ALEXANDER WETMORE,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian fasten
WasainerTon, D. C., May 2, 1938.
II
~
CONTENTS
BEQuUAERT, JosEPH. A new North American mason-wasp
from Virginia, with notes on some allied forms. No.
30045... November 24, 1936 tan.j20 este se eo oes
New varieties: Odynerus tempiferus macio, O. pratensis brumalis.
BLACKWELDER, Ricuarp E. Revision of the North Ameri-
can beetles of the staphylinid subfamily Tachyporinae—
Part 1: Genus TJachyporus Gravenhorst. No. 3001.
November (1950 762 22820 F252. lo deeee eae Soke
New species: Tachyporus rulomus, T. tehamae, T. stejnegert, T.
snyderi, T. temacus, T. oregonus, T. arizonicus, T. allent.
Bourn, Routr L. New cottid fishes from Japan and Bering
pea. No..5000. . October 10, 19386 to 2so28 eek cates
New genera: Atopocottus, Phasmatocottus, Stlegicottus.
New subgenus: Noviricuzenius.
New species: Ricuzenius nudiihorax, Atopocottus tribranchius,
Phasmatocottus ctenopterygius, Stlegicottus xenogrammus.
Byrrp, Exon E. Observations on the trematode genus
Brachycoelium Dujardin. No. 3010. April 7, 19371____-
New species: Brachycoelium mesorchium, B. georgianum, B.
ovale, B. dorsale, B. louisianae.
Criark, Austin H. A new subspecies of the nymphalid
butterfly Polygonia faunus. No. 3013. April 9, 1937 }___
New subspecies: Polygonia faunus smythi.
Criarx, Austin H., and SanpHouse, Grace A. The nest
of Odynerus tempiferus var. macio Bequaert, with notes
on the habits of the wasps. No. 3005. November 24,
CusuMman, R. A. The ichneumon-flies of the genus Brachy-
cyrtus Kriechbaumer. No. 2999. September 26, 1936 *__
New species: Brachycyrtus pretiosus, B. convergens, B. oculatus.
Revision of the North American species of
ichneumon-flies of the genus Exetastes Gravenhorst. No.
BOL.) sly o, 10d Ss222 cc eae. Soe beet ol cee at
New species: Exetastes carinatifions, E. septum, E. carinatus,
E. lasius, E. pictus, E. ridens, E. flavus, E. pallidus, E. pro-
1 Date of publication.
Pages
79-87
39-54
25-38
183-199
219-222
89-95
17-24
243-312
44440—38 lI
IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
pinquus, E. igneipennis, EH. buccatus, E. pectinatus, H. brevt-
cornis, E. callipterus, E. crassisculptus, E. concavus, E.
infumatricus, E. alticola, E. dilutipes, E. purpureus, E. ornatus,
E. subimpressus, FE. nigribasis, E. rufobalteatus, E. angustus, E.
convergens, E. angustoralis, E. ruficoxalis, E. erythrogaster, E.
concoloripes, E. coloradensis, E. alternatipes, E. bituminosus,
E. dichrous, E. corvinus, E. anthracinus, E. geminus, E.
persimilis.
New variety: Hzxetastes nervulus intermedius.
New names: Ezetastes bifenestratus, E. rugosus.
New combinations: Xenoschesis cinctiventris (Ashmead), Eury-
proctus clavatus (Provancher), Lissonota consimilis (Cresson),
Exetastes nervulus var. rufofemoratus Provancher, EH. n. var.
exploratus Davis, E. n. var. niger Cresson.
Fisuer, Wautrer Kenrick. Hydrocorals of the North
Pacific Ocean. No. 3024. March 8, 1938 !__.-__-------
New species: Stylaster elassotomus, S. cancellatus, Allopora poly-
orchis, A. campyleca, A. moseleyana, A. brochi, A. stejnegert,
A. peltrograpta, Cryptohelia trophostega, Errinopora nanneca, E.
zarhyncha, Distichopora borealis.
New subspecies: Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus, Allopora cam-
pyleca paragea, A. c. tylota, A. c. trachystoma.
New forma: Allopora moseleyana leptostyla.
Gitmore, Cuartes W. On the detailed skull structure of a
crested hadrosaurian dinosaur. No. 3023. October 12,
GREENE, Cuartes T. The pupa of Myocera tabanivora Hall
(Diptera). No. 3012: April6; 1037422 S222 ee
Haut, Davin G. New muscoid flies (Diptera) in the United
States National Museum. No. 3011. April 6, 1937 +_--
New species: Hylemya abdena, Zenillia (Sisyropa) nox, Myocera
tabanivora, Sarcophaga dentifera, S. tridentata, S. minutipenis,
S. abnormalis, S. paulina, S. dampfi, Phaonia pudoa.
Hertnricu, Cary. Moths of the genus Rupela (Pyralididae:
Schoenobiinae).' No. 3019, - July 3, 193712222 35_ see
New species: Rupela labeosa, R. liberta, R. pallidula, R. segrega,
R. gibbera, R. saeiigera, R. vexativa, R. cornigera, R. imitativa,
R. sejuncta, R. scitula, R. adunca, R. lumaria, R. horridula, R.
spinifera, R. monsirata, R. antonia, R. bendis, R. canens, R.
drusilla, R. edusa, R. faustina, R. gaia, R. herie, R. jana, R.
candace, R. lara, R. maenas, R. nereis, R. orbona, R. procula.
JACKSON, Ropert Tracy. Mexican fossil Echini. No. 3015.
eune-t2, 19301. oben eee
New species: Stomopneustes pristinus, Clypeaster marinanus, C.
topilanus, Laganum leptum, Eupatagus mexicanus, Lovenia
mexicana.
! Date of publication.
vou. 84
Pages
493-554
481-491
217-218
201-216
355-388
227-237
CONTENTS Vv
Ketioce, Remineton. Annotated list of West Virginia i
mammals. -NoO:c022.. October 7,,1937.' 2.52 25....-28 443-479
Loomis, H. F. Crested millipeds of the family Lysiopetalidae
in North America, with descriptions of new genera and
species, No 3006. May 15, 193 ia Pest eee 97-135
New genera: Diactis, Tynomma, Colactis, Heptium.
New species: Spirostrephon texensis, Diactis soleata, D. triangula,
D. frondifera, Tynomma sedecimum, T. consanguineum, Colactis
saxetana, C. baboquivart, C. sideralis, C. protenta, C. quadrata,
Heptium carinellum, H. scamillatum.
Lynceu, James E. A giant new species of fairy shrimp of the
genus Branchinecta from the State of Washington. No.
S02 oy ocember ae 1937 2222 te Ve ah a 555-562
New species: Branchinecta gigas.
Myers, GrorceS. Report on the fishes collected by H. C.
Raven in Lake Tanganyika in 1920. No. 2998. Sep-
tener 24: OSG tS eS Se a a 1-15
New species: Perissodus gracilis, Telmatochromis bifrenatus.
Notes on phallostethid fishes. No. 3007.
SAT VO wil Gorges 8k eae ee ee hs 137-143
New genus: Ceratostethus.
New species: Neostethus siamensis.
. The deep-sea zeomorph fishes of the family
Grammicolepidae. No. 3008. January 18, 1937 }_____- 145-156
OBERHOLSHR, Harry C. A revision of the clapper rails
(Rallus longirostris Boddaert). No. 3018. June 30,
I yl ee ae Py er Ny ae Sk et 313-354
New subspecies: fallus longirostris pelodramus, R. l. limnetis,
R. l. belizensis.
Ray, Evcrens. Two new beetles of the family Mordellidae
from orchids. ‘No; 3016, April 21, 1937 1?._...=..-.-- 239-241
New species: Mordellistena epidendrana, M. chapini.
Synopsis of the Puerto Rican beetles of the
genus Mordellistena, with descriptions of new species.
INOaeO20s) ouMne 26, 108T esos soo ee es eee 389-399
New species: Mordellistena angustiformis, M. varietas, M. dan-
forthi, M. humeralis, M. lineata, M. barberi, M. leat, M.
y-nigrum, M. lucidovirga, M. ephippium.
Reip, Eart D. Revision of the fishes of the family Micro-
desmidae, with description of a new species. No. 3002.
December 10; N936. Vos Se fa os sd ew skeen en 55-72
New family name: Microdesmidae.
New species: Microdesmus hildebrandi.
1 Date of publication.
VI PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
SanpHousn, Grace A. (See Clark, Austin H.)
Scnavus, Wituiam. New species of moths of the family
Notodontidae in the United States National Museum.
Wo. 3026... December 29; 1937 *:2<.---44+-—=+-e3see
New genera: Coxeya, Noctulodes.
New species: Proelymiotis rhetesa, Lepasia canola, Psilacron
panchuya, Urgedra benca, Dicentria pelialis, Misogada canota,
Coreya sinistra, Salluca oscarina, Disphragis corosina, D. avi-
cans, D. salma, D. tapperti, D. sapant, D. laosoma, D. hos-
mera, Rhuda astrida, Noctulodes porpara, Chadisra selana,
Meragisa mucidara, M. caulina, M. camiola, M. lucedia, M.
rahulana, M. sindana, Rifargia calvesta, R. alicrata, R. alania,
R. tertini, Euharpyia ahazicha, Eunotela grisellana, Hyper-
aeschra lamida, Kaseria dicolis, Hemiceras geraesa, H. benica,
H. guera, H. chabila, H. cayaba.
Smiru, Frank. New North American species of earth-
worms of the family Megascolecidae. No. 3009. Janu-
Sry 601997 '2. 222 so8 2 on Se ee
New species: Megascolides cascadensis, M. macelfreshi, M.
michaelseni, M. eiseni, Plutellus garloughi, P. oregonensis.
New subspecies: Plutellus oregonensis swiftae.
Wermore, ALEXANDER. Two new species of hawks from
the Miocene of Nebraska. No. 3003. November 3,
New species: Palaeoborus howardae, Falco ramenta.
Observations on the birds of West Virginia.
No. 3021. © August:24; 1937 *)22282. (225) 22 222e oS
Zeuirr, C. Courson. A new species of trematode from the
mud-eel (Siren lacertina). No. 3014. May 4, 19377___-
New species: Cercorchis sirenis.
1 Date of publication.
VOL. 84
Pages
563-584
157-181
73-78
401-441
223-226
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
Following
1, Telmatochromis bifrenatus, new species, and Perissodus gracilis, new P28
BOL ea a wer to oe ae mie ee EE 12
Bay CALE OMEVGCrOUCSINUS 2 22 8 oe eke ee Ne ee 64
3. Species of Diactis, Colactis, and Tynomma, new genera of millipeds_-_ 112
4. Species of Colactis and Heptium, new genera of millipeds________- 112
5. Grammicolepis brachiusculus Poey and Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi
CG hits gases es toate th See et 2 ae ces ale be: A a ee mee 150
6., Grammcolepis brachiusculus Poey 2 2222-2 Ue esl eons 150
(.. Kenolepidichthys dalgleish: Gilehristz 2s 2-2-2 2 ese eee ce 154
8, 9. Species of the trematode genus Brachycoelium Dujardin________-- 190
10. Polygoniafaunus smythi, new subspecies, and P.f. faunus (Edwards). 220
it. Cerecrehis sinents, mew species: 2. Lau .o2. ovate owe eee be ese 224
12-15. New species of Mexican fossil Echini of the genera Stomopneustes,
Clypeaster, Laganum, Eupatagus, and Lovenia__._...._-_------ 232
DOmlés LICAGS- Or rerisieg.s 2d 15g ose ee ee tee ae Lee 312
18. Ovipositors and propodea of Exetastes........._.._--.----------- 312
OM Wanes Olcbetastes. 2s se ee ee ee 312
20; Zi. Abdomens of Maretastess 2.22 22. Dee eee ee ee ee ee 312
22-28. Moths of genus Rupela: Male genitalia___.__._____._.__________- 388
29-32. Moths of genus Rupela: Female genitalia_____________________- 388
Do: dMOtS. OMPOMUS i Upele sso js Sf as oe Pia gt Dns Ls 388
34-61. Species and subspecies of Allopora and Stylaster_........-.--_--- 554
62-64. species of. Crypionelia oo ocd oases ee S52 ee aseee scleese 554
Ob-O9c-Species of Mrrimoporaskss ole cir ale oe ote ce eee 554
70. Species of Errinopora, Allopora, and Distichopora_......--------- 554
71-73. Distichopora borealis, new species___......._.._.---------------- 554
14.,Distichopora sulcata: Pourtalés..o...222.-s 2522.2 scesuse kook 554
io. Distichoporm graces Danae u ws Jeoc aslo use Sado Sas bee 554
16. Species of Allopora_.-...-=--..--02c2-ec ce ccucee nn ccecle cee 554
77-80. Branchinecta gigas, new species___________-------------------- 562
TEXT FIGURES
Page
1. Brachycyrtus pretiosus, new species: Head and propodeum_________-- 19
2. Brachycyrtus convergens, new species: Head and propodeum-_-.-.-__-- 21
3. Brachycyrtus oculatus, new species: Head and propodeum_-_-_-_-__---- 22
4. Brachycyrtus nawaii (Ashmead): Head and propodeum_-_-__--_----- 23
5. Ricuzenius nudithoraz, new species: Holotype___-__________------_-- 28
6. Altopocottus tribranchius, new genus and species: Holotype___-----_-- 31
7. Phasmatocottus ctenopterygius, new genus and species__.__-_-_-------- 34
8. Stlegicottus xenogrammus, new genus and species: Holotype_--------_- 37
Vill PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
9.
10.
Lt:
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1%.
18.
19.
. Zenillia (Sisyropa) nox, new species: Male head, terminalia, and
21.
22.
. Sarcophaga tridentata, new species: Male terminalia___...-..-------
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Outline drawings of Microdesmus floridanus (Longley), M. ionthas
(Jordan and Gilbert), M. dipus Giinther, M. aethiopicus (Chaban-
aud), M. retropinnis Jordan and Gilbert, M. hildebrandt, new species,
and M. longipinnia (Weymouth) =... ---.-22-2--~ 2-22-22 522 2 2
Heads of Microdesmus ionthas (Jordan and Gilbert), M. floridanus
(Longley), and Df. dignis Gouther. 22-2 | =
Heads of Microdesmus affinis Meek and Hildebrand, M. retropinnis
Jordan and Gilbert, and M. hildebrandi, new species_------------
Heads of Microdesmus intermedius Meek and Hildebrand, M. mulii-
radiatus Meek and Hildebrand, and M. longipinnis (Weymouth) ---
Palaeoborus howardae, new species: Distal end of tarso-metatarsus of
TT a ec a
Falco ramenta, new species: Distal end of tarso-metatarsus of type - --
Odynerus tempiferus macio, new variety: Head, fore wing, and thorax
of female; head and antenna of males = 222-2 25-2 28eE te ess ese
Species of Colactis and Spirostrephon: Gonopods and carinae__-_------
Species of Diactis and Tynomma: Gonopods and female organs- - - ---
Species of Heptium: Gonopods, legs, and carinae__.___.------------
Hylemya abdena, new species: Male terminalia, forceps, and sternites-
fORCEDSs= et te ee eee es ee
Myocera tabanivora, new species: Male terminalia____.-_.------
Sarcophaga dentifera, new species: Male terminalia___-.------------
Sarcophaga minutipenis, new species: Male terminalia_____-.-------
Sarcophaga abnormalis, new species: Male terminalia, accessory
plate;and:sternites=— 322.0 2242-2" a = ee ee
Sarcophaga dampfi, new species: Male terminalia and forceps_-------
Puparium: of Afyvocera:tabanivora; Halls 25222 a5 e Se ee
New species of Mordellistena Costa: Tibiae, tarsi, palpi, elytra, ete_--
Parietal and supraoccipital of skull of hadrosaurian dinosaur--------
Articulated squamosal, parietal, and supraoccipital of skull of hadro-
SAUTIAN CINOSAUl = == 2a se a ee eee ree ee ee
Left exoccipital of skull of hadrosaurian dinosaur__..--------------
Articulated frontal bones of skull of hadrosaurian dinosaur-_--_-------
Articulated postorbital and prefrontal bones of skull of hadrosaurian
Ginosaure... 5-2 sa ee ee a ee ee eee
Right orbitosphenoid and ethmoid of skill of hadrosaurian dinosaur_ -
VOL. 84
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1936 No. 2998
REPORT ON THE FISHES COLLECTED BY H. C. RAVEN
IN LAKE TANGANYIKA IN 1920
By Georce 8. Myers
Assistant Curator, Division of Fishes, United States National Museum
THE PRESENT paper deals with a small collection of fishes obtained
by Harry C. Raven for the United States National Museum during
the Universal Films Co. expedition to East Africa in 1920. None of
the specimens is over 3 or 4 inches in length. They were obtained
with a small seine in shallow water, chiefly at two localities, Ujiji
and Kigoma, on the east shore of Lake Tanganyika. Several of
them represent the young of larger species, while others are the
adults of the smaller, shallow-water forms.
The fish fauna of the East African lakes is of great interest. It
is composed largely of perciform fishes of the family Cichlidae,
which here present a vast and confusing array of closely related
forms, mostly autochthonous in single lakes. Particularly in Lakes
Tanganyika and Nyasa, the cichlids (see especially Regan, 1920a,
1920b, 1921, 1922, and Trewavas, 1935) form faunas so rich in genera
and species as to be scarcely comparable to any others in the world.
These two rift valley lakes are probably no older than the Pliocene,
and the present cichlid fauna of each has evidently developed from ~
two or three ancestral forms that gained access to the lakes not long
after their formation. This evolution of varied but closely related
79426—36 ?
= PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
forms from a single or few ancestors, which suddenly gained access
to a vast, deep, unoccupied lake provided with innumerable ecological
niches, has happened elsewhere, though to a lesser extent. The bar-
bine cyprinids of Lake Lanao, the cottoids of Lake Baikal, and
Orestias in Lake Titicaca are examples in point.
In lakes that give free access to the surrounding fauna, the various
ecological niches are normally filled by fishes of diverse groups.
Where access has been limited, and these niches have been filled
through the recent modification of one or a few closely related forms,
a rather peculiar situation arises. Certain of the evolved species
develop unusual modifications, body forms, and physiognomies, very
unlike those exhibited by members of the particular group elsewhere.
Among the Tanganyika cichlids the Aspro-like Asprotidapia and
Enantiopus, the Anthias-like Cyathopharynz, and the blenny-like
Telmatochromis are examples. In Lake Lanao (see Herre, 1924 and
1933), certain species of cyprinids (Afandibularca resinus, Spratelli-
cypris palata, Puntius tras) have developed very peculiar characters
and physiognomies, although all the Lanao species have probably
evolved rather recently from a single ancestral Puntius. ‘These pe-
culiarly adapted or modified lake genera present numerous difficulties
to the taxonomist. While they probably are (in Tanganyika and
Lanao at least) younger than most of the genera outside the lake,
they often far surpass the latter in the extent of their anatomical
modifications. Such matters make it difficult or impossible to re-
flect the true lines of phylogeny in any general scheme based purely
on the degree of morphological difference observed in the existing
forms.
Another peculiarity in these autochthonous lake faunas, in part
inseparable from the great divergence among closely related forms
discussed above, should be mentioned. In the evident “hurry” of
evolving forms to fit ecological niches, it frequently happens that
the change in minor characters of anatomy or color, or characters
usually found to be of only specific value, has fallen behind the
change in more striking features, usually taken to be of generic sig-
nificance. To me this indicates rather clearly that these “generic”
characters are phylogenetically young. Regan (1922, pp. 158-159)
has noted some peculiar minor characters that run through series of
genera and species of the African lakes and often enable one to
tell at a glance from which lake a certain species comes. To the
instances he cites may be added the tendency of many of the Vic-
toria cichlids to retain a few light-centered ocelli on the posterior
part of the soft anal fin. These ocelli are seldom seen in the Nyasa
or Tanganyika species, or, if present, they are usually in a different
position.
FISHES FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA—MYERS 3
Identification of the cichlids of the African lakes is rather difficult
for one who is not familiar with them and who has little or no
comparative material at hand. Not only are many of the species
very similar, but the major grouping is based on skeletal modifica-
tions that require some skill and practice for their proper use. It
is therefore with sincere thanks that I acknowledge the kind help of
Dr. Ethelwynn Trewavas, of the British Museum, in the examination
of the upper pharyngeal apophysis of a cranium‘ of Simochromis
babaultt and in the comparison of specimens of Zelmatochromis
with the types of 7’. temporalis.
Family CYPRINIDAE
ENGRAULICYPRIS MINUTUS Boulenger
Five specimens, U.S.N.M. no. 84120, 17 to 35 mm in standard
length, from Ujiji, have lost all their scales. Back brownish, sides
and opercles brilliant silvery. Anal rays 22 or 23.
Family BAGRIDAE
CHRYSICHTHYS MYRIODON Boulenger
One small specimen, U.S.N.M. no. 84131, 35 mm in standard
length, from Ujiji, seems to belong to this species.
Family CYPRINODONTIDAE
Subfamily LAMPRICHTHYINAE
Lamprichthyinae Fow er, 1916, p. 416.—Myers, 1931, p. 11.
he combination of numerous vertebrae, ctenoid scales, scaled
lunate caudal fin, connected pelvic fins, presence of the basisphenoid,
closely scaled preorbital, silvery color, and compressed, atherinid-
hke form trenchantly distinguishes the sole member of this sub-
family from all other cyprinodonts.
LAMPRICHTHYS TANGANICANUS (Boulenger)
One small specimen, U.S.N.M. no. 84107, of this interesting
endemic cyprinodont, from Ujiji, has unfortunately become dried.
Besides this, I have examined a fine adult from Mpala, U.S.N.M. no.
92962, collected by Cunnington, and two others, Musée Congo Belge
no. 2850, kindly loaned by Dr. H. Schouteden.
Body and head greatly compressed. Axis of body not angulated.
Scales ctenoid. Pectoral fins set high, upper limit of their base
above middle of depth at this point. Caudal lunate, closely covered
with fine scales for half its length. Anal fin very long, rays 27 to
30. Dorsal shorter, rays 13 to 16, its origin behind that of anal.
4. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Pelvic fins united to each other and to the abdomen by a thin mem-
brane. A genital sheath of scales about the bases of the first few
anal rays of the female. Preorbital relatively wide and armed with
many irregular rows of very closely imbricated ctenoid scales.
Premaxillaries not expanded; they are protractile and strongly
joined, the posterior processes fairly long. Dentaries firmly joined.
Teeth in both upper and lower jaws conical, in many rows, the outer
ones slightly enlarged and situated on the lips outside the mouth.
Vomerine teeth and pseudobranchiae absent. Near its widened distal
end, the maxillary is loosely connected to the outer skin of the pre-
orbital, allowing considerable freedom of movement. Vertebrae,
counting hypural, 40 or 41. Haemal arches expanded for the exten-
sion of the coelom and the large air bladder into the caudal region
as far as the twenty-fourth vertebra.. Hypocoracoid very large, ver-
tically expanded; actinosts set high on the arch, half on the hypo-
coracoid and half on the hypercoracoid. Flange of the cleithrum
extending far upward to upper end of pectoral arch.
The peculiar atherinid-like habitus and color of this fish sets it
off as one of the most interesting specializations of the cyprinodonts.
Evidently these little fishes have the same habits in the sealike
expanse of Tanganyika as have the atherines in the ocean.
Subfamily FUNDULINAE
APLOCHEILICHTHYS PUMILUS (Boulenger)
There are 48 specimens, U.S.N.M. no. 84158, of a small Aplochedt-
ichthys, the largest 25 mm in standard length, which are placed under
this name with strong doubt. They are labeled Nyanga, Lake Tan-
ganyika.
I think there is a distinct probability that some confusion has oc-
curred in Boulenger’s placement of the Victoria and Tanganyika
specimens of this genus (Boulenger, 1915, pp. 45-46). Aplocheilich-
thys dhonti (Boulenger, 1919, p. 17) is certainly different from what
he calls pumélus, chiefly because of the different dorsal and anal fin
contours, distinctly noticeable in the specimens of dhonti I have seen.
I have examined three specimens labeled H. pumilus from Boulen-
ger’s material. One of them (U.S.N.M. no, 94827) from the Lufuko
River (collector, Stappers) has a long peduncle and the middle dor-
sal and anal rays longest; I believe it represents A. dhonti or a re-
lated form. The second (U.S.N.M. no. 86643) is from the Lukuga
River (collector, Dhont), and the third (U.S.N.M. no. 94297) is one
of Degen’s specimens from Entebbe, Lake Victoria; both of these
have a deep peduncle and the posterior dorsal and anal rays longest;
they fall into Boulenger’s pumilus. The 48 specimens of Raven’s
collection have the long posterior dorsal and anal rays of pumélus,
FISHES FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA—MYERS 5
but they have a long peduncle, the depth entering the length 1.66
or more times, Further, they do not have the distinctly vertical
lower jaw of the Entebbe and Lukuga fishes, and they are more
slender and delicately formed. It is very likely that the Victoria
and Tanganyika pumilus are different forms and that at least two
Tanganyika species were included by Boulenger under pumilus, but
in the absence of good material and a revision of the many species
described recently by Ahi, I can do nothing toward straightening
cut the matter. If the Victoria and Tanganyika pwmilus are differ-
ent, the name pumzlus must go with the latter, since the original de-
scription was based on Tanganyika fish, the Degen Victoria examples
merely having been mentioned.
All the pumélus-like species have practically the same scale and fin
counts, and their separation is therefore difficult without careful
examination of specimens in very good condition. There is no justi-
fication for the continued use, by some authors, of the later, emended
generic name aplochilichthys.
Family SERRANIDAE
LATES MICROLEPIS Boulenger
Two small specimens, U.S.N.M. no. 84132, 36 and 43 mm in stand-
ard length, from Ujiji, are referred to this species. They have a
wide, very irregular, lateral band from eye to caudal peduncle, and
a narrower, less well developed band above this. Otherwise the
cheeks and sides are silvery; the membranes ‘of the spinous dorsal
and of the pelvics are blackish. There are 18 or 19 developed rakers
on the entire first gill arch, and some rudiments at either end.
Family CICHLIDAE
TILAPIA NILOTICA (Linnaeus)
There is a single specimen, U.S.N.M. no. 84130, 47 mm in standard
length, from Kigoma.
LIMNOTILAPIA DARDENNII (Boulenger)
Six small specimens, the largest 52 mm in standard length, are in
the collection; three are from Ujiji (U.S.N.M. no. 84105) and three
from Kigoma (U.S.N.M. no. 84104).
LOBOCHILOTES LABIATUS (Boulenger)
Two young specimens, U.S.N.M. no. 84119, 45 and 54 mm in stand-
ard length, from Ujiji. In appearance they are strikingly unlike the
adult figured by Boulenger (1915, p. 280, fig. 191). Superficially, the
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
hypertrophy of the lips is not noticeable, but on close examination
the lips show thickening, and the triangular points have Just begun
their development. The ground color is pale brownish, marked with
14 conspicuous, vertical, dark bands, the first through the eye and
the last on the base of the caudal. Each bar that abuts on the dorsal
or anal forms a basal spot on the fin. On the dorsal these basal
spots are carried outward and anteriorly on the fin as a bar. Caudal
faintly spotted. Pectorals plain. Pelvics with membrane faintly
brownish. Dorsal fin lappets tipped with brown. Both specimens
have dorsal XVIII-10, anal III-7, and lateral lines 12+ 14, while the
lateral scales are 34 and 33.
PERISSODUS GRACILIS, new species
PATE de>
Holotype —U.S.N.M. no. 84123, 46 mm in standard length, from
Kigoma, Lake Tanganyika; collected in February 1920 by H. C.
Raven.
Paratypes—U.S.N.M. no. 102111, two specimens, 48 and 55 mm in
standard length; same locality data as holotype.
Since its description by Boulenger in 1898, the genus Perissodus
has been known only through the single 100 mm type specimen of
P. microlepis in the British Museum. The discovery of three exam-
ples in Mr. Raven’s collection is therefore of great interest. These
specimens differ markedly from Boulenger’s description in a few
points. In view of our lack of knowledge of specific variation in
P. microlepis, I have hesitated to describe my examples as new, but
the differences, though small, appear to be fairly constant in the
three, and are similar in character to those that have been found
to be of specific value in other Tanganyika cichlids.
Diagnosis —Diflers from Perissodus microlepis in having a greater
number of gill rakers, smaller mouth, more slender form, more
numerous soft anal and dorsal rays, 17 instead of 18 dorsal spines,
slightly smaller scales, a different lateral line count, and longer
pelvic fins. In the peculiar dentition, the thick lips, and most gen-
eral characters, the species is similar to P. microlepis. The head
length is proportionally about the same as in P. microlepis, and since
these specimens are much smaller than the type of that species, it
might be suspected that the proportional head length in adults of
gracilis would be smaller than in Boulenger’s species.
Description—Depth of body somewhat over 4 in standard length,
length of head 3.3 to 3.4. Head 2.3 times as long as broad; snout
a little broader than long, a little longer than eye, which is 3.1 to
3.4 times in length of head and is equal to or longer than the bony
interorbital. Lower jaw projecting maxillary extending barely to
FISHES FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA—MYERS ls
below anterior margin of eye; 19 or 20 teeth in the upper jaw, 16
in the lower; 8 series of scales on cheek. Gull rakers rather long,
18 to 20 on lower limb of first arch, 5 to 7 on upper limb.
Dorsal XVII-11 or 12, spines increasing in length to the last. Anal
TII-9 to 11. Pectoral 13, two-thirds length of head. Pelvics I-5,
reaching or surpassing the vent. Caudal with 8 principal rays above
its middle and 8 below, its edge emarginate. Caudal peduncle about
1.66 times as long as deep.
Scales 67 to 70 to hypural joint. Lateral lines two in number, very
distinct, 47 to 49 scales in upper and 23 to 27 in lower to hypural
joint. Transverse scales between first scale of lateral line and base
of first dorsal spine 714, between front part of lateral line and base of
pelvics 17 or 18.
Color dull brownish, with traces of broad, dark, transverse bands
showing only along the back, the first above the gill slit, the second
over the last third of pectoral, the third above the vent, the fourth
over the anal origin, the fifth over the middle of the anal, the sixth
over end of anal, and the seventh on the caudal peduncle. A dark
blotch at middle of caudal base.
Counts and measurements in millimeters.—(Under each item, the
holotype is mentioned first.) Dorsal XVIJ-12, XVII-11, XVII-12.
Anal IIJ-11, IIJ-9, III-10. Pectoral 13-13, 13-13, 13-13. Pelvic
I-5, I-5, I-5. Caudal 16, 16, 16. Gill rakers on lower and upper
limbs (counted on excised first arch of left side) 19+5, 18+6, 21+7.
Lateral scales to hypural joint 70, 67,69. Lateral lines (lower counted
to hypural joint) 49+27, 48+23, 47+24. Transverse scales (origin
lateral line to first dorsal spine, and forward part lateral line to pelvic
origin) 714/18, 714/17, 714/18. Standard length 46, 48, 55. Depth
10.5, 11.5, 18. Head 14, 14.5,16.5. Eye 4.5,4.5,4.5. Bony interorbital
3.5, 8.5, 4.5. Length caudal peduncle 9.5, 9, 10.5. Least depth caudal
peduncle 4.5, 5, 6. Snout tip to maxillary end 5, 6, 6. Lower jaw
4.5, 5, 5.
HAPLOCHROMIS HOREI (Giinther)
We have eight specimens, U.S.N.M. no. 84127, the largest 63 mm
in standard length, from Ujiji. They have the typical long snout,
spotted fins, and barred body of this species. Sometimes there is a
single longitudinal band, sometimes two or three. The dark spot
at the upper posterior corner of the opercle is plain in all, but the
oblique streak at the junction of the interopercle and subopercle
and the spotting of the forehead are occasionally faint. Article 19
of the International Rules requires that the original orthography of
the specific name be retained.
S$ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
CALLOCHROMIS PLEUROSPILUS (Boulenger)
The genus Callochromis Regan is composed of four species de-
scribed by Boulenger (1915, pp. 421-425). The 41 examples re-
corded below are smaller than most of Boulenger’s but are large
enough (average about 40 mm in standard length) for comparison.
I have, however, experienced great difficulty in their determination
and have come to the conclusion that Boulenger’s arrangement must
be amended. Either some of the species must be synonymized or
more than four recognized.
The 41 specimens, U.S.N.M. nos. 84117 and 84125, are all from
Ujiji. On no character can I separate them into more than one
form, yet different examples would fall into C. rhodostigma and @.
pleurospilus. The variation in the extent of the mouth is consider-
able, some having the maxillary reaching slightly behind the front
of the eye, while in others it does not nearly reach below the eye.
There is every gradation between. The soft anal rays vary from 5
to 7 in number (normally 7), and the teeth in the outer row in the
upper jaw vary from 46 to over 60. Scales between the beginning
of the lateral line series and the dorsal origin 414 in most and 314
in a few.
It is possible that in Callochromis we have one of those genera
in which the species are most easily determined by the coloration
of the fresh specimens, but much of the color of my examples is
gone. All have a prominent dark opercular spot, dark tipped dorsal
lappets, and some indication of an indistinct row or connected series
of median lateral spots. In this they seem to agree with Boulenger’s
figures (Boulenger, 1906, pl. 39, fig. 2 and 2a).
CALLOCHROMIS MACROPS (Boulenger)
One small example, U.S.N.M. no. 102084, 29 mm in standard
length, was separated from the lot of C. pleurospilus from Ujiji
because of its obviously different physiognomy, greater depth, more
compressed body, wider interorbital, different color, and its longer
and more numerous dorsal spines (dorsal XVI-12). In color the
lateral spots appear inclined to form a trace of faint, wide vertical
bands, which alternate with dark areas along the base of the dorsal
fin. I place the specimen here because of its great resemblance to
Boulenger’s original figure of one of the types of macrops (Boul-
enger, 1898, pl. 3, fig. 2). After examining this fish and the series of
pleurospilus, I am inclined to doubt the specific identity of
Pelmatochromis melanostigma (Boulenger, 1906, p. 567, pl. 38, fig. 1)
with the figured type of macrops, in spite of the smaller size of
the latter.
FISHES FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA—MYERS 9
SIMOCHROMIS BABAULTI Pellegrin
Simochromis babaulti PELLEGRIN, 1927, p. 500 (Ouvira, Lake Tanganyika) ; 1928,
p. 82, fig. 1 (figure of type).
Four specimens, U.S.N.M. no. 84129, the largest 61 mm in standard
length, are from Kigoma; one has been partially skeletonized, and
another has been presented to the British Museum.
This species has hitherto been known from a single specimen of
approximately the same size as our largest one. The four examples
show the following counts: Dorsal XVI-9; XVI-9; XVII-9; XVI-9.
Anal III-8; JII-8; I1I-7; 111-7. Pectoral 16 in all four. Lateral
lines 21+10, 21412, 22+11, 21112. Lateral scales 29, 30, 29, 30.
Gill rakers on upper and lower limbs of first arch 3+7 in all four.
Bicuspid teeth in first row in upper jaw 25, 29, 28, 24. Caudal
truncated. Head about 3 in standard length.
There are 8 or 9 rather wide, vertical, dark bands on a lighter
background. Head rather dark, lightening on opercles, on throat,
and on breast. Base of pectoral rather dark. Fins nearly plain
except for a dark longitudinal streak through the membranes of
the first six dorsal spines in one example and a faint darkening of
the lappets at the fin edge.
An interesting problem has arisen concerning the systematic posi-
tion of this fish. In his review of the Tanganyika genera, Regan
(1920a, p. 35) places Stmochromis in the Tilapia group, which
is characterized by the exclusion of the basioccipital from the articu-
lar surface of the upper pharyngeal apophysis. In examining the
dentition of S. babaulti I was struck with its remarkable similarity
to that of the Nyasa Pseudotropheus tropheops (Regan, 1921, p. 681,
fig. 2a). This had, indeed, already been noted by Pellegrin. Fur-
ther, S. babaulti has much of the appearance of P. tropheops, but
Pseudotropheus is a member of the Haplochromis group, in which
the basioccipital enters the facet of the upper pharyngeal apophysis.
Examination of a cranium of S. babaulti was not wholly satisfactory,
owing to the small size of the specimen and my unfamilarity with
the group.
Dr. Ethelwynn Trewavas, of the British Museum, has been so kind
as to examine this cranium of S. babaulti (as well as a complete
specimen) in the light of her extensive knowledge of the African
Cichlidae. She writes:
I agree with you that the pharyngeal apophysis is not of the Vilapia type;
neither is it of the typical Haplochromis type. It is a young fish with the
pharyngeal apophysis very weakly developed, but it is possible to see that
the basioccipital does not contribute to the facets for the pharyngeal. Never-
theless it (the basioccipital) extends forward so as to meet the prootic at the
antero-lateral side of the facet, and the suture between parasphenoid and basi-
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
occipital forms the postero-lateral edge of the facet. This is unlike Tilapia
in which the meeting of preotic and basioccipital is at the postero-lateral side
of the apophysis, and the basioccipital not only takes no share in the facet, but
also none in the apophysis.
Comparison of this cranium with that of a young Simochromis diagranuna
shows a very close agreement between the two. Moreover, in the skeleton of
an adult S. diagramma the postero-lateral corner of each facet is formed by
the basioccipital. It seems therefore that Simochromis belongs to the Haplo-
chromis-group and not to the Tilapia-group, and the possibility of a very close
relationship with Pseudotropheus will have to be considered. Meanwhile this
species, 8. babaulii, although it so closely resembles Pseudotropheus tropheops,
is more like Simochromis diagramma in its pharyngeal dentition and in the
depth of the preorbital, and is correct!y assigned to this genus.
I defer to Dr. Trewavas’ opinion in regard to the generic position
of S. babaulti, but I wish to point out that if Boulenger’s figure of
the dentition of S. diagramma (Boulenger, 1915, p. 275, fig. 187)
can be relied on, S. babaulti differs considerably. Boulenger figures
the inner rows of small teeth in the upper jaw as running back
behind the enlarged conical lateral teeth and shows the posterior
projections of the lower dentition as composed of several rows. In
S. babaulti, on the contrary, there are three rather even rows of
small tricuspid treeth behind the main outer row of bicuspid ones
in the front of the upper jaw, but the small inner teeth are not
continued backward behind the lateral enlarged conical ones. Fur-
ther, the posterior prolongations of the lower dental patch are formed
on each side of the lower jaw by a single regular row of conical
teeth. In this, S. babaulti is practically identical with Pseudo-
tropheus and differs distinctly from Boulenger’s figure of S.
diagramma.
The difference between Simochromis and Pseudotropheus is cer-
tainly very slight, and it may be that the genera will have to be
merged, unless hitherto unknown characters are employed.. This
brings up the question of the autochthonous nature of certain of the
Tanganyika and Nyasa genera. If Simochromis and Pseudotropheus
are indeed convergent rather than identical stocks, the parallelism
is astounding.
Four very small specimens, U.S.N.M. no. 84118, 15 to 34.5 mm in
standard length, from Ujiji, are placed here with great hesitancy.
They have the posterior extensions of the dentition uniserial, but in
conical lateral teeth of the upper jaw are little developed. They
have the rounded snout of S. babaulti and the same general form,
but the body is slenderer (about 3.5 in the largest example) and the
head is shorter (3.3 in the largest). The counts of the two largest
ones are: Dorsal XVII-9 and XVI-8, anal III-7 in both, lateral
lines 23+ 9 and 22+ 10, and lateral scales 80 and 32. These examples
FISHES FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA—MYERS 11
may well be a new form close to S. babaulti, or perhaps the young
of S. diagramma, they are certainly not any other cichlid yet re-
ported from Tanganyika.
STAPPERSIA SINGULARIS Boulenger
One specimen, U.S.N.M. no. 84110, 40 mm in standard length, was
collected at Kigoma. Dorsal XIV-13. Anal III-10. Lateral scales
to end hypural fan 37. Upper lateral line 26, lower 11. Gill rakers
9 blunt, rounded knobs on lower limb of first arch, and one short,
slender raker on upper limb between the angle and the superior
fleshy lobe. Color pale brownish. This example agrees in most
characters with the accounts of Boulenger (1915, p. 450, and 1920, p.
53) and of Regan (1920a, p. 47), but the low soft anal count 1s
notable.
Besides the two types described by Boulenger, I find only one
other record of the capture of this rare fish (Pellegrin, 1927, p. 500) +
The elongate inner pelvic rays form a notable modification shared,
among cichlids, only with two other genera, Xenotilapia and EL’nan-
tiopus, both also from Tanganyika.
TELMATOCHROMIS TEMPORALIS Boulenger
Seven specimens, U.S.N.M. no. 84126, 26.5 to 50 mm in standard
length, are from Kigoma; one of these is now in the British
Museum. The other six show the following counts (given in de-
creasing order of size of examples): Dorsal XXII-7, XXII-7,
MX-7, XK X-7, XK-7,X X+7. Anal Vi-6, VI-6, V-7, VI-6, VI-6,
V-6. Lateral lines 25+2, 23+5, 2646, 2445, 2244, 2213. Lat-
eral scales 34, 33, 36, 33, 38, 33.
Dr. Trewavas has been so kind as to compare one of the Kigoma
fish with the types and other specimens of 7. temporalis in the
British Museum. She remarks that my fish has a smaller mouth
than any in the British Museum. At my request she also examined
the teeth of the types and finds that the lateral teeth of the Jaws are
all unicuspid, but that in one young example the one or two lateral
teeth immediately behind the enlarged ones have vestigial cusps.
In the Kigoma specimens, on the contrary, I find the six or seven
teeth behind the enlarged ones to be tricuspid, and the ones posterior
to these unicuspid.
The tricuspid lateral teeth, the smaller mouth, and the lower
scale count might be taken to indicate a species distinct from 7’.
1Since this was written, Borodin (1936), in a paper marred by much misspelling and
many evident egregious errors of generic and specific placement, has recorded 26 specimens
from Ujiji. Until they are re-examined by a competent ichthyologist, I question the
identification of these specimens.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 34
temporalis, but I can not believe this to be the case, for several
reasons. My specimens all show the typical coloration as figured
by Boulenger, the temporal band, the dark basal pectoral bar, the
mottled fins, and the plain brownish body color, although they all
have, in addition, a small, more or less distinct dark spot in the
middle of the caudal base. As for the difference in the lateral scale
count, I believe this to be due to the fact that Boulenger counted
some scales out beyond the hypural on the caudal base. In the six
specimens before me, the size of the mouth and the shape of the
head vary greatly. In the largest and the two smallest the maxil-
lary reaches about midway between the nostril and the eye; these
also have a less declivous snout profile. In the other three the
snout profile is more declivous and rounded and the maxillary
reaches variously almost to, just to, or slightly behind the anterior
part of the eye. The tricuspid lateral teeth form a difference of
some weight. However, the characters of 7. temporalis have been
known only through eight or nine examples taken at relatively few
localities. I feel that when this and other species are known through
large samples from an adequate number of localities, it will be found
that dental and other variations will be somewhat greater than now
suspected.
TELMATOCHROMIS BIFRENATUS, new specics
PATER oe
Holotype.—U.S.N.M. no, 84121, 40 mm in standard length, from
Kigoma, Lake Tanganyika; collected in February 1920 by H. C.
Raven.
Paratype.—U.S.N.M. no. 102112, same size and locality as holo-
type.
Only two species of this genus, first described by Boulenger, are
certainly known, although three forms of uncertain generic position
described by Steindachner (1909, pp. 400-404) in the genus Juli=
dochromis have to be considered. The present new form differs
widely, however, from each of Steindachner’s unfigured species in
one or more important characters of squamation, fin count, body
proportions, or color. Further, it cannot be Jiidochromis macro-
lepis Borodin (1931, p. 51; 1936, p. 21, pl. 1, fig. 5), which, from the
wretched figure, looks to me, as it did to Regan (1932, p. 28), like
a Lamprologus.
Diagnosis.—Closely allied to 7’. vittatus Boulenger, but differing
distinctly in having a more elongate body, a longer head, a longer
and less bluntly rounded snout, a larger and less inferior mouth,
a lower lateral scale count, a longer and more slender caudal pe-
duncle, and two lateral dark bands on the body instead of one.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
SL
Be GS eS ae AW
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84
Se
ose
PLATE 1
Both figures are inaccurate in certain details; where the figure
Holotype.
and description disagree, the description is to be taken as correct.
B, Perissodus gracilis, new species:
Holotype;
A, Velmatochromis bifrenatus, new species:
FISHES FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA—MYERS 13
Description.—Depth of body 5 in standard length, length of head
3.6. Head 2.56 times as long as broad; profile of snout descending
in a strong curve, but much less bluntly rounded than in 7’. vittatus;
snout longer than eye, which is 3.66 in length of head and nearly
a third larger than interorbital width; mouth larger than in 7’.
vittatus but not reaching to below eye. Front row of teeth of each
jaw composed of 8 to 10 enlarged, conical, and very slightly flat-
tened teeth. Backing these is a crowded band of four or five very
irregular rows of small tricuspid teeth. The posterior extensions
of both the upper and lower dentition form a single row of very
small teeth, which become progressively smaller and lose the two
outer cusps toward the end of the row. Gill rakers 5 or 6 very
short, stubby points, at and just before the angle of the upper and
lower limbs of the first gill arch.
Dorsal XXI or XXII-S8, spines increasing in length to the last,
which is not half the head length. Anal VII-5 or 6, the last spine
longer than last dorsal. Pectoral rather short, about as long as
head without opercle. Pelvics I-5, the first soft ray produced,
reaching anus. Caudal rounded, with 7 branched rays above middle
and 7 below. Caudal peduncle 1.5 times as long as deep.
Scales 36 to 38 to hypural joint. Lateral lines two, the upper very
irregular, with 26 scales, the lower with 6 or 7. Cheeks, opercles,
and nape as far as dorsal origin naked, as well as a strip between the
scales along the dorsal base and the lateral line, as far back as the fifth
or sixth dorsal spine. Body scales rather irregular in size and ar-
rangement, large on peduncle and middle of sides, growing smaller
and crowded above upper lateral line and on belly. Dorsal and
anal naked, caudal finely scaled nearly to its end.
Ground color yellowish brown. Nape and forehead irregularly
mottled with dark brown. wae te Ml Pn 4 x a tary ror Dy EN as i a 1
7 Ye. ut A is aia i athe Polieeeied ater” ‘we a
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
arn eee
eRe INCRE
issued
by the
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1936 No. 2999
THE ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF THE GENUS BRACHYCYR-
TUS KRIECHBAUMER
By R. A. CusomMan
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of
Agriculture
Onty four species have heretofore been referred to the genus
Brachycyrtus Kriechbaumer, only three I believe properly so, The
fourth, Brachycytrus (sic!) aporiae (Matsumura MS.) Okamoto,"
described in Japanese, appears to be a Hemiteles and to have been
redescribed as Hemiteles aporiae by Uchida.? The three species prop-
erly referred to the genus are the European ornatus Kriechbaumer,
the Japanese Proterocryptus nawaii Ashmead, transferred to
Brachycyrtus by Roman, and the Australian australis Roman.
In the three new species described herein the genus is introduced
for the first time as American. Apparently the genus is essentially
tropical and, as the fauna of the Tropics becomes better known, will
perhaps be found to be rich in species.
Exclusive of the genotype, ornatus Kriechbaumer, which I have
not seen, the genus is divisible into three well-defined groups. The
characters distinguishing these groups are not, I believe, of generic
significance, although they are much more conspicuous than many
characters that are universally recognized as of generic status. Such
characters appear in many tropical genera and even in tropical spe-
cies of genera occurring in the Temperate Zone.
1 Hokkaido Agr. Exp. Sta., Sapporo, Japan, Rep. 12, p. 65, 1921.
2 Tourn. Fac. Agr. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., vol. 25, p. 343, 1930.
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Heretofore nothing has been known of the host relations. A spec-
imen of nawazi from the Philippine Islands, however, was reared as
a parasite of Chrysopa, and it appears reasonable to suppose that
Chrysopa is the normal host of the genus, since in general form of
head and thorax the species are similar to the species of Chryso-
poctonus.
Genus BRAYCHYCYRTUS Kriechbaumer
Brachycyrtus KrixcHBAUMER, Corresp. Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg, vol.
34, p. 161, 1880. (Genotype, Brachycyrtus ornatus Kriechbaumer. )
Proterocryptus ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 174, 1906. (Geno-
type, Proterocryptus nawaii Ashmead.)
KEY TO SPECIES OF BRACHYCYRTUS
1. Malar space much reduced; occipital carina extending straight
to base of mandible; epomia absent or distinct at most below;
scutellum margined to apex, its fovea not limited anteriorly
by a Sharp carina, not foveolate; nervulus postfurcal by more
thanwits lenecth, CAmericantspecics) === == eee =O,
Malar space nearly or quite as long as basal width of mandible;
occipital carina inflexed below and joining hypostomal carina ;
epomia strong and complete; scutellum margined only at
base, its fovea limited anteriorly by a sharp carina, strongly
foveolate; nervulus postfurcal by less than its length (Old
World “Species 3222! 2s ee ee eee -
2. Eyes deeply emarginate opposite antennae; epomia developed
below; scutellar fovea narrow and deep; propodeum com-
pletely areolated, minutely punctate and densely clothed with
white pubescence; second tergite with distinct elongate gastro-
coeli; thorax largely ferruginous (Florida) —~-__--~ pretiosus, new species
Eyes barely emarginate; epomia absent; scutellar fovea broad
and shallow; propodeum uniformly shagreened, entirely with-
out pubescence, incompletely areolated, lateral carina largely
absent; second tergite without trace of gastrocoeli; body
Vellow- with: black markings <2 32 3-2 Seeks 22 ee ee 3
3. Eyes distinctly convergent below; face broader than long; pro-
podeum with all apical areas defined (Panama)-__ convergens, new species
Eyes nearly parallel; face fully as long as broad; propodeum
without apical pleural areas (Panama)—----_---__ oculatus, new species
4. Discocubitus subangulate; abscissula nearly half as long as
intercubitella; abdomen black with tergites margined with
yellow (Japan; Philippine islands) =]==2222=322s= nawaii (Ashmead)
Discocubitus arcuate; abscissula about one-fourth as long as
intercubitella; abdomen rufous with tergites more or less
blackish basally and white apically (Australia) -----__~_ australis Roman
The genotype, ornatus Kriechbaumer, is not included in the key
because none of the group characters of the first couplet is mentioned
in any description that I have seen. The species, however, is dis-
tinct from all others in its generally black body with much less
extensive yellow markings.
THE ICHNEUMONID GENUS BRACHYCYRTUS—CUSHMAN 19
BRACHYCYRTUS PRETIOSUS, new species
FIGURE 1
This species in the only known representative of a group that,
in its deeply emarginate eyes, deep scutellar fovea, and completely
areolated propodeum, is more similar to the Old World group than
to the other American group; but from the former it is amply dis-
tinct by the characters of the first couplet of the foregoing key.
Female—Length 6.0 mm; antenna 4.5 mm; ovipositor sheath
1.0 mm.
Head polished, from above distinctly less than half as thick as
broad; temples almost perpendicular, weakly convex; ocellar triangle
weakly transverse; head in front view slightly broader than long,
eyes together comprising almost exactly two-thirds of its total width;
eyes very deeply, subtriangularly emarginate; face parallel-sided, as
long as broad, distinctly narrower than frons, in profile strongly
convex, weakly and sparsely punctate; clypeus nearly twice as broad
as long, narrowly truncate at apex; malar space barely half basal
Ficurp 1.—Brachycyrtus pretiosus, new species: a, Head; 6b, propodeum.
width of mandible; occipital carina straight below and joining hypo-
stomal carina immediately behind base of mandible; antennae 29-
jointed, basal joint of flagellum hardly four times as long as thick,
not nearly twice as long as second, subapical joints twice as thick
as first joint.
Thorax as deep as long, polished, mesoscutum and propodeum
obscurely punctate, scutellum more distinctly so; epomia developed
in lower half; prepectal carina extending about halfway up ante-
rior margin of mesopleurum; mesopleural scrcbe diverging only
slightly from posterior margin; notauli entirely absent; scutellum
broader than long, weakly convex, margined to apex, its fovea very
deep and narrow but not limited anteriorly by a distinct carina; pro-
podeum densely clothed with rather long white pubescence, com-
pletely areolated, areola as broad as long, rounded anteriorly, cos-
tulae not far before apex. Intercubitus more than half as long as
space between it and second recurrent; nervulus postfurcal by a little
more than its length; abscissula fully three-fourths as long as
intercubitella.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
Abdomen shining, finely punctate and with short white pubescence;
first tergite virtually glabrous and sparsely punctate; second tergite
nearly as long as first, fully three times as long as broad at base, with
distinct elongate oblique gastrocoeli; spiracles distinctly behind
middle, tergites 2-6 with broad transparent epipleura; ovipositor
sheath about as long as first tergite.
Head and abdomen black and yellow, thorax largely ferrugi-
nous; yellow markings as follows: Broad complete orbital rings,
face, clypeus, mandibles, palpi, underside of scape, and pedicel;
broad anterior and humeral margins of pronotum, triangular spots
in positions of notauli, scutellum, and postscutellum ; broad subapical
bands on tergites 1-6, those on 4-6 divided medially, apical
lateral margin of tergite 7, and entire venter. Flagellum blackish
above, ferruginous below. Legs whitish with black or piceous mark-
ings as follows: On middle femur an elongate spot on each side
above toward apex; on hind leg large spots on inner and outer sides
of coxa below, basal joint of trochanter, elongate spots on outer and
inner sides of femur, base and apex of tibia with a connecting stripe
on outer side, and apices of the tarsal joints. Wings hyaline with
fuscous venation.
Male.—Kssentially like female, but the face broader, malar space
longer, seventh tergite black with a small yellow spot on each side.
Lype locality—Hillsboro County, Fla.
Other localities —Osceola County, Lake County, and Pinellas
County, Fla.
Type—U.S.N.M. no. 50623.
Three females and three males, all taken in bait traps in connec-
tion with the Florida Fruit Fly Survey of 1929-80. One of the
males is headless, and another lacks all the abdomen except the
first segment.
BRACHYCYRTUS CONVERGENS, new species
FIGURE 2
This and the next following species form a group differing from
both of the other groups in the barely emarginate eyes; entire lack
of epomia; broad, shallow, and smooth scutellar fovea; virtually
absent lateral carinae of propodeum; uniformly shagreened pro-
podeum; and entire lack of gastrocoeli.
Female—Length 6.0 mm; antenna 5.0 mm; ovipositor sheath
1.0 mm.
Head polished, nearly half as thick as broad, temples oblique, very
weakly convex; ocellar triangle moderately transverse, the postocel-
lar line fully twice as long as lateral ocellar line, a short deep groove
between the posterior ocelli; head in front view distinctly trans-
versely oval, the eyes together comprising distinctly less than two-
CUSHMAN 21
THE ICHNEUMONID GENUS BRACHYCYRTUS
thirds total width; eyes very weakly emarginate, distinctly converg-
ent below; face distinctly broader than long, sparsely and finely
punctate, in profile strongly convex; clypeus twice as broad as long,
truncate at apex; malar space about half as long as basal width of
mandible; occipital carina extending straight to base of mandible;
antennae 33-jointed, basal joint of flagellum about five times as long
as thick and nearly twice as long as second, subapical joints much less
than twice as thick as first.
Thorax slightly deeper than long, polished, mesoscutum and scu-
tellum very sparsely and finely punctate, propodeum very uniformly
and finely shagreened and subopaque; epomia entirely absent; pre-
pectal carina ascending about halfway up anterior margin of meso-
pleurum and ventrally approaching very closely the posterior carina
of the sternum; mesopleural scrobe very strongly oblique; notauli
represented anteriorly by small shallow pits; scutellum as broad as
long, moderately convex, margined to apex, its fovea shallow,
Ficurb 2.—Brachycyrtus convergens, new species: a, Head; 6b, propodeum.
smooth, not limited anteriorly by a carina; propodeum incompletely
areolated, the lateral carinae lacking except at apex and the areola
and petiolar area confluent, parallel-sided posteriorly, acutely
pointed basally, all five apical areas defined. Intercubitus more than
half as long as space between it and recurrent; nervulus postfurcal
by much more than its length; abscissula nearly half as long as in-
tercubitella.
Abdomen polished, with sparse minute punctation and pubescence,
first tergite virtually impunctate and glabrous; postpetiole much
broader than petiole; second tergite distinctly shorter than first and
little more than twice as long as broad at base, without trace of
gastrocoeli, spiracles distinctly behind middle; tergites 2-6 with
broad, transparent epipleura; ovipositor sheath as long as first
segment.
Head and thorax yellow with black markings as follows: Occiput
and posterior margin of vertex and temples, narrowly joined to a
triangular spot enclosing the ocelli; a medium stripe in anterior
two-thirds of mesoscutum and a U-shaped mark with its base in
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
the scutellar fovea and its arms extending forward on the lateral
lobes and narrowly confluent medially with a pyriform spot on
scutellum; a small spot on postscutellum; a large spot on each side
of propodeum at base; tegulae; an*oblique band in the mesopleural
scrobe, a small spot in prepectus, and the entire sternum and lower
pleurum; abdomen black, the tergites broadly yellow at apex, venter
entirely yellow.. Scape and pedicel black above, yellow below;
flagellum fuscous, paler at base and below, flagellar joints 18-22
yellow; legs yellow; front and middle femora each with a piceous
stripe above, middle tibia with a more or less distinct dorsal stripe;
hind coxa black at base above and below, and with a dash of black on
the outer side at apex; basal joint of trochanter black; femur with
a piceous stripe on either side, tibia blackish with a broad yellow
annulus at middle, calcaria yellow, tarsus fuscous except basal half
of first joint; wings hyaline, venation blackish.
Type locality —Cano Saddle, Gatun Lake, Panama.
Type.—uU.S.N.M. no. 50624.
One female taken by R. C. Shannon, May 8, 1923.
FIGURE 3.—Brachycyrtus oculatus, new species: a, Head; b, propodeum.
BRACHYCYRTUS OCULATUS, new species
FIGURE 3
Superficially very similar to convergens, with which it agrees
almost exactly in color pattern; but remarkably distinct from that
species in the form and detail characters of the head.
Female—Length 7.0 mm; antenna 7.0 mm; ovipositor sheath 1.5
mm. Differs from the above description of convergens only as fol-
lows: Head not so thick, temples virtually flat and less strongly
oblique; ocellar triangle more strongly transverse, the postocellar
line about three times as long as lateral ocellar ne; head in front
view very strongly transversely oval, the eyes very large and com-
prising distinctly more than two-thirds of the total width; eyes not
conspicuously convergent below, the face, although narrower than
the frons, with its sides parallel, distinctly longer than broad; malar
space nearly obliterated; antenna 35-jointed; mesoscutum more
THE ICHNEUMONID GENUS BRACHYCYRTUS—CUSHMAN 23
coarsely and distinctly punctate; notauli not at all indicated;
scutellum longer than broad, strongly convex; apical carina of pro-
podeum incomplete laterally, the apical pleural area not defined; ab-
scissula more than half as long as intercubitella; postpetiole only a
little broader than petiole; second tergite fully three times as long
as broad; ovipositor sheath nearly a half longer than first segment.
Black of posterior part of head reduced to a small median bilo-
bate spot widely separated from ocellar spot; all markings of
thorax the same as In convergens except smaller, and the U-shaped
mark of mesoscutum not confiuent with scutellar spot; abdomen with
same pattern but brown instead of black; scape and pedicel entirely
yellow, flagellum ferruginous with the apical fifth or sixth black;
front and middle legs without dark markings; hind coxa yellow ex-
cept a spot of piceous on outer lower side, basal joint of trochanter
piceous; femur yellow with outer and inner surfaces partly fer-
ruginous, fuscous at base and yellowish at middle of upper surface;
tarsus ferruginous, apices of joints shghtly darker.
Type locality—Cano Saddle, Gatun Lake, Panama.
Type.—v.S.N.M. no. 50625.
One specimen taken by R. C. Shannon on May 8, 1923.
Ficurp 4.—Brachycyrtus nawaii (Ashmead): a, Head; b, propodeum.
BRACHYCYRTUS NAWAII (Ashmead)
FIGURE 4
Proterocryptus nawaii ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 174, pl. 12,
fig. 3, 1906.
(Brachycyrtus) nawaii Roman, Ark. fiir Zool., vol. 9, no. 9, p. 5, 1915.
Proterocryptus nawaii CUSHMAN, Proce. U. §. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, p. 548, 1919.
This Japanese species was only briefly described by Ashmead, and
the following is largely a statement of characters not mentioned by
him, but by which it differs from all the species described above:
Ocellar triangle very strongly transverse; malar space nearly as long
as basal width of mandible; occipital carina curving sharply inward
to join hypostomal carina far behind base of mandible; thorax
strongly punctate throughout, propodeum rugulose apically and medi-
ally; epomia strong and complete; scutellum margined only at base,
its fovea margined anteriorly by a strong carina, foveolate; meso-
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
pleural scrobe nearly paralleling posterior margin of mesopleurum ;
nervulus postfurcal by more than its length; first abdominal segment
shghtly upcurved.
A second specimen of this species was reared at Manila, Philippine
Islands, from the cocoon of a Chrysopa. It differs from the type vir-
tually only in being slightly more extensively yellow and in having
the propodeal areola granularly roughened rather than transversely
rugulose.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1936 No. 3000
NEW COTTID FISHES FROM JAPAN AND BERING SEA
By Ror L. Bouin
Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, Calif.
Among the cottid fishes collected by the United States Bureau of
Fisheries steamer Albatross, and kindly submitted to me for study by
Dr. G. S. Myers, of the United States National Museum, are three
new forms obtained during the cruise of 1906. The figures of these
were drawn by the late William 8. Atkinson under the direction of
the late Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert. The fourth new cottid described
herein was taken by the Albatross in Bering Sea in 1900.
Genus RICUZENIUS Jordan and Starks
Genotype—Ricuzenius pinetorum Jordan and Starks.
A single specimen of a new species of fish from Yezo Strait shows
so great a degree of relationship to the type species that I choose to
include it in this genus. At the same time, the dissimilarities are so
marked that it seems advisable to establish a new subgenus for its
reception and to recharacterize the genus itself.
Description—Head and body compressed throughout, deepest un-
der anterior third of first dorsal. Maxillary extending to slightly
beyond posterior margin of pupil. Anterior and posterior nostrils
both in short tubes about 0.5 as long as nasal spines. Four short,
simple, preopercular spines, the upper one slightly the longest ; upper
spine directed upward and backward, second spine backward and
25
78935—36
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
downward, third spine downward, lower spine downward and for-
ward. No other spines on head. Pores of head moderate in size,
anterior pores of mandibular series paired, no single pore on median
line of symphysis. Gill membranes broadly united, free from isth-
mus. Branchiostegals 6. Moderately broad bands of cardiform teeth
on premaxillaries, dentaries, and vomer, narrow band on palatines.
Gills 314, gill rakers in the form of short tubercles. Pelvic fins of 1
spine and 3 rays, middle ray the longest, inner ray the shortest. Scales
of lateral line in the form of short tubes bearing strongly ctenoid
ridges dorsally and with a few moderately developed spines along
the outer posterior margin. General body scales in the form of sub-
oval plates, somewhat cupped from beneath and bearing transverse,
ctenoid ridges posteriorly.
KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES OF RICUZENIUS
a2 Maxillary scaly; scales on spines and rays of dorsal fins;
interorbital space transversely concave_-_--—----—------_-__-_ pinetorum
a2 Maxillary naked; no scales on dorsal fins ; interorbital space flat.
nudithorax
Subgenus RICUZENIUS Jordan and Starks
Mandibular branch of lateral line system composed of clusters of
small pores arranged in roughly oval patterns, the anterior pair of
pores simple, enlarged. No slit behind last gill arch. Head and
body almost completely covered with uniform scales, only lips, chin,
gill membranes, and axilla naked.
RICUZENIUS PINETORUM Jordan and Starks
Ricuzenius pinetorum JorpaNn and Starks, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 243,
fig. 5, 1904; Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 22, p. 591, fig., 1902 (1904) .—Jor-
DAN, TANAKA, and SNYDER, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 33, p.
257, fig. 193, 1913.
Diagnosis.—Body deep, the distance from origin of first dorsal to
pelvic base 4.0 (3.8-4.3) in standard length. Head large, 2.6 (2.4-
2.7) in standard length. Mouth terminal, lower jaw equal to or
slightly longer than upper. Interorbital space wide, 2.1 (1.8-2.3) in
orbit, definitely grooved; top of head slightly concave. D. IX, 15
(14-16); A. 12 (11-13) ; P. 16 (16-17). Lateral line armed with 37
(35-38) scales.
In the type description of this species Jordan and Starks made the
unfortunate error of stating that the ventral fins had ‘a concealed
spine and 2 soft rays each”, the error being introduced into the key
also. The true count, which Dr. G. S. Myers has been kind enough
to verify on the type specimen, is I, 3.
NEW COTTID FISHES—BOLIN QF
NOvIRICUZENIUS,! new subgenus
Genotype.—Ricuzenius nudithorax.
Mandibular branch of lateral line system composed of moderately
large, simple pores. A well-developed slit behind the last gill arch.
Sides of head below midline of orbit, naked; scales on ventral por-
tion of body much reduced in size and number.
RICUZENIUS NUDITHORAX,? new species
Figure 5
Description——Depth of body, measured from origin of first dorsal
to pelvic base, 4.8 in standard length, 1.6 in head; width at dorsal
end of pectoral base 2.0 in head. Dorsal body contour forming a
very gentle sigmoid curve, the ventral contour a very gentle convex
curve, from the deepest point to the caudal peduncle, the least depth
of which is 1.6 in orbit.
Head 3.0 in standard length; snout 1.1 in orbit, forming an angle
of about 67° with chin, of about 148° with frontoparietal region.
Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper, barely included. Eye rather
small, diameter of orbit 3.3 in head. Interorbital space flat, its
width about 4.0 in orbit, 1.5 in posterior width of maxillary. Top
of head flat, without any well-defined frontoparietal ridges. Nasal
spines slender, sharp, equal to about 0.6 interorbital space. Pores of
head moderate in size; a series bordering suborbitals both dorsally
and ventrally.
Origin of first dorsal very slightly in advance of upper end of
gill opening; base of fin 1.7 in head; fin of 10 spines; the first two
with approximate bases, very slightly shorter than third spine, which
is longest, being 2.2 in head. Second dorsal contiguous to first dorsal ;
base of fin 2.6 in standard length; fin of 21 rays; first ray 2.0 in
fifth ray, which is longest, being 1.9 in head. Origin of anal about
under second dorsal ray, its posterior end under second ray from
end of second dorsal; base of fin 2.9 in standard length; fin of
19 rays; tenth to sixteenth rays subequal and longest, being 2.6 in
head. Pectoral base 3.2 in head; fin of 16 rays; longest ray 1.1 in
head, extending to level of seventh anal ray. Base of pelvics behind
lower end of pectoral base at a distance equal to about 0.4 pupil;
length of fin 2.3 in head; fin extending about 0.6 distance to anal
origin. Caudal truncate; with 9 split rays; its length 1.5 in head.
Anus in advance of anal origin at a distance equal to about 0.5
orbit; located just anterior to the base of a short, bluntly conical,
genital papilla, which is about equal in length to nasal spines,
1 From novus, new + Ricuzenius.
2From nudus, naked + thoraz, breast.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Entire interorbital space and top of head above a line from mid-
dle of posterior margin of orbit to upper end of gill opening cov-
ered with small scales; these continuous posteriorly with a band of
scales of irregular size, most of them larger than those of the head,
covering the entire body above the lateral line. A triangular naked
patch under the anterior end of the lateral line, bordered ventrally
and posteriorly by a band of enlarged scales extending upward and
backward from the axilla to the arch of the lateral line; this band
merges posteriorly into smaller scales, rather widely spaced and
tending toward imbricated arrangement, which cover the posterior
portion of the body below the lateral line with the exception of a
narrow streak along the base of anal fin and ventral surface of
caudal peduncle; these scales, which near the lateral line approxi-
mate the size of the dorsal scales, become minute ventrally, A few
minute scales occur just anterior to the base of the pelvic fins and
in a narrow, irregular, median line extending from slightly behind
FIGURE 5.—Ricuzenius nudithorag, new species, holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 102104).
the base of pelvics to just in front of anus, where the line bifurcates
and is continuous with the lower band of posterior body scales. A
few scattered, minute scales occur dorsal to this line. The number
of spines on the general body scales is roughly dependent upon the
size of the scales themselves, which varies greatly. Lateral line
armed with 44 large scales.
Eyeball bearing a band of small fleshy papillae bordering the iris
dorsally and anteriorly; these evidently represent vestigial rem-
nants of scale pockets, small scales being found in the same position
in Ricuzenius pinetorum. 'Two minute cirri near lower margin of
preorbital, one just in advance of and one behind the anterior
pore. A single simple cirrus near posterior edge of maxillary; a
long slender cirrus at upper posterior margin of each orbit; two
similar cirri, of progressively smaller size, in line behind each of
these; a simple or branched cirrus midway on suborbital stay; a
simple cirrus on base of the lower two or three preopercular spines;
a minute cirrus near posterior end of opercle; a single cirrus just
behind the gill opening and midway between lateral line and upper
NEW COTTID FISHES—BOLIN 29
end of pectoral base; a cirrus on one or two of the lateral line scale
margins under the anterior part of second dorsal; one to three cirri
on about 10 scattered scale margins below the lateral line; none
above lateral line.
TABLE 1.—Measurements of holotype of Ricuzenius nudithorax
Percent of
Measurement Mm standard
length
SeAne arene Mp UMaee eke ten ee ee NYS eee ee ak Glvsie se ee
Ornigincof firstidorsal to:pelvic bases 2.222222 s1b-g2c22. 5502 12.8 20. 9
Origin: of second dorsal to anal origin =~. 2-2 =---_-.=-<- 13 19.3
east depth of caudal*peduncle: 212222222 Et va Pe. 3. 8 62
Distance between dorsal ends of pectoral bases_____________ 10. 0 16. 3
1 LBIOVEG RCO) A LEE 6 LS cee ee eC 20. 4 33. 3
POreIMGuer Ot OLDlbe espe ee ae ee ee es ASE Gri 10. 0
PenechyOtenuouyas: ee) Ale eee it. Se I ees Se 5. 4 8.8
Henet hr Orme xallary yes AOL wh Sl es eat 9.9 16. 2
Smous vororigmy ol, first, dorsals = 226220 22 Vee so oe Sk Wie 28. 9
pASO On MES HOOLSAL NS so aes es oo OE ie he ee I 12. 3 20. 1
snout tororigin of second, dorsal... 5.0 2b S22 oe 29. 2 47. 2
ISASeROIESCCONG GOTHAL Se one oe ae a eee hs ee ek 24. 0 39. 2
SHGUt CLoanalsOneine sto sa. eA te es fe fd 30. 2 49.3
DASE TOL An Alert ese ne etwas se ee cys wee et at SS 20. 8 33. 9
Snout, to:dorsal end of pectoral base...._...2. 2422.2 4-..20 18. 2 29. 7
Snout to ventral end of pectoral base___..._.__._.--._.--.-- 15. 8 25. 8
Width oismechOral pasess 2222 ses See ee ek Se 6.3 10. 3
Were POL eCLORAL S64 ays tia a 2 evens Ua eA ERIE ipa tae NL LR ¥ 19. 2 31.3
SHOWLALOGMelWICHOHSe lat. see Teg aes Meee te pa ieh Lege ll 27.9
ihenethv of pelyicesee eases ee eee abot eel | clot 8. 7 14, 2
Wencthnencalcdslmt se: Qe ween Si SI a a ee AO 13. 8 22. 5
pSES CUD) A OTA? DVS) ee ae ea SY SB Se A cr as oe 26. 7 43. 6
General body color in alcohol brownish yellow. Top of head with
a reddish-brown patch; cheeks marbled with the same color. Back
crossed by 5 reddish-brown cross bars; the first under middle of
first dorsal, extending downward and forward to upper end of
pectoral base; the second, under the anterior part of second dorsal,
extending downward to near base of anal; third and fourth bars,
under middle and posterior end of second dorsal, bifurcating at level
of lateral line and tending to merge ventrally; fifth bar on caudal
peduncle sending a branch posteriorly to base of caudal fin. First
dorsal marked anteriorly and posteriorly with prominent distal
patches of color. Second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals barred with
reddish brown. Pelvics and anal colorless.
Holotype—U.S.N.M. no. 102104; a specimen 61.3 mm in standard
length, from Albatross station 5031, Yezo Strait, Japan, lat. 44°04’
N., long. 145°32’ E., 86 fathoms. This is the only specimen known.
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
ATOPOCOTTUS,’ new genus
Genotype—Atopocottus tribranchius.
Preopercle armed with 4 well-developed spines, the upper one en-
larged and branched. Gill membranes broadly united, free from
isthmus. Branchiostegals 6. Teeth in cardiform bands on premax-
illaries, dentaries, vomer, and palatines. Gills 3; no filaments on last
gill arch and no slit behind it. Gill rakers in the form of short
tubercles. Pelvics I, 2. Scales occurring on anterior part of lateral
line only, not extending beyond end of first dorsal.
The affinities of this strange cottid are obscure. Its nearest rela-
tives are probably to be sought among the allies of Pseudoblennius.
ATOPOCOTTUS TRIBRANCHIUS,‘ new species
FIGURE 6
Body slightly compressed throughout, suboval in cross section;
deepest under anterior part of first dorsal, the distance from origin
of first dorsal to pelvic base 1.6 (1.5-1.7) in head, width at dorsal
end of pectoral base 1.8 (1.6-2.0) in head. Anterior portion of body
together with head forming a suboval mass, from which the pos-
terior portion of the body extends with almost straight dorsal and
ventral contours to the caudal peduncle. At the junction of these
two body masses, just posterior to the anus, occurs a distinct break
in body outline. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2.4 (2.2-2.7) in orbit.
Head 2.6 (2.5-2.7) in standard length; snout 1.7 (1.4-2.0) in orbit,
inoderately steep, forming an angle of 70° (63°-75°) with chin, of
184° (122°-139°) with frontoparietal region. Lower jaw somewhat
shorter than upper, slightly included; maxillary extending to some-
where between middle and posterior margin of pupil. Anterior
nostrils in short tubes; posterior nostrils without elevated margins,
indistinguishable from pores of lateral line system. Eye large,
diameter or orbit 2.5 (2.4-2.6) in head. Interorbital space flat, nar-
row, about 2.0 in posterior width of maxillary. Top of head very
gently concave. No free nasal spines and no spines on top of head.
Four preopercular spines; the upper one 1.8 (1.3-2.1) in orbit,
directed upward and backward, slightly curved, with a simple or
bifid tip and bearing one or two secondary spines on its upper mar-
gin; these, in turn, often bifid; the three lower spines simple and
sharp, their length about equal to interorbital width, the upper one
directed backward, the middle one backward and downward, the
lower one almost straight downward. Pores of head large; most
conspicuous are the series that occur along the ventral margin of
suborbital chain extending upward behind the eye, and the series
along the preopercular margin continued forward as the mandib-
3 From 4roros, extraordinary + Cottus.
4 From zpeis, th*€e€-+ Bpavxia, gills.
NEW COTTID FISHES—BOLIN 31
ular series, the anterior pores of which are paired; no single median
pore on symphysis.
Origin of first dorsal on a perpendicular about midway between
upper end of gill opening and posterior end of subopercle (“oper-
cular flap”) ; base of fin 2.4 (2.2-2.8) in head; fin of 7 (7-8) spines;
first two with approximate bases, usually subequal in length and
longest, being 3.4 (2.9-3.7) in head; third spine shorter than second
or fourth, forming a marked notch in fin outline. Second dorsal
separated from first by a wide interspace 1.6 (1.1-2.1) in orbit;
base of fin 1.5 (1.8-1.6) in head; fin of 11 (11-12) rays; first ray
2.0 (1.6-2.9) in fourth, fifth, or sixth ray, which is longest, being
2.3 (2.1-2.7) in head. Origin of anal under second, third, or fourth
dorsal ray; its posterior end under the second, third, or fourth ray
from end of second dorsal; base of fin 2.3 (2.1-2.6) in head; fin of
§ (6-9) rays; first ray 1.5 (1.1-2.2) in fourth or fifth ray, which is
Ficure 6.—Atopocottus tribranchius, new species, holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 102105).
longest, being 2.7 (2.4-2.9) in head. Pectoral base 2.7 (2.5-2.9) in
head; fin of 19 (17-20) rays; longest ray 1.3 (1.2-1.5) in head,
extending to somewhere between anus and anal origin. Base of
pelvics immediately behind lower end of pectoral base; fins rather
widely separated, the distance between them roughly equal to dis-
tance from pelvic base to lower end of pectoral base; inner ray the
longer; length of fin 1.9 (1.8-2.3) in head, extending 0.5 (0.4-0.6)
distance to anal origin. Caudal truncate with 7 (6-8) split rays, its
length 1.6 (1.41.8) in head. Anus in front of anal origin at a
distance about equal to diameter of pupil; located just anterior to
the base of a very short, bluntly conical, genital papilla, which in
the male is free, in the female surrounded by and partly embedded
in a folded fringe of skin.
Anterior part of lateral line armed with 4 (3-6) deeply embedded
scales; each scale in the form of a short simple tube pierced by
large fenestrae; posteriorly the lateral line is continued to base of
caudal by 27 to 29 minute pores, very difficult to distinguish; their
position and number may readily be determined if congealed mucus
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
can be peeled from the specimen, each pore leaving a clear-cut hole
in the mucous film. No scales other than those of lateral line. No
cirri on head or body.
Taste 2.—Measurements of Atopocottus tribranchius
Percent of standard
Measurement
Origin) of first dorsal'to pelvie base=222-- == 262-5... 25 223 24.0 (23.1-25.5)
Origin of second dorsal to anal origin_-..------------------ 15.1 (14.2-16.8)
Least depth of caudal. pedunele:.__< =... -s52ca eso oe ee 6.3 (5.5-6.8)
‘ Distance between dorsal ends of pectoral bases_----------- 21.5 (19.5-24.2)
Tench or end = e s eS S es Ah se eee 38.8 (37.2—41.3)
Diameter of orbits 223)! ee eS ee eee 15.4 (14.7—-16.6)
Length, of anoiites 2.6 eS os Bee ae ee ee 9.1 (7.7-10.9)
Lengthwot maxillary, 25.2 22,..5.22 = ee ae ea eee 16.9 (15.8-17.9)
Snout:to onem.or fret dorsal2 28 en ees 36.5 (34.7-38.6)
‘Basevofiorst: dorsalost 22 328228 ee ee ee 16.1 (13.6-17.6)
snout to origin of second dorsal. — 322-2 23 ee 58.3 (55.8-63.2)
Basevot second) dorsal 2 = 5 ee ee ee 26.4 (24.9-29.2)
Snout to anal origin: 2 see 82 ee ee 61.5 (58.8-63.2)
Baseiob an alo 22s eee ne ae ae ee eh eee ee 16.8 (15.1-18.6)
Snout to dorsal end of pectoral base-_..------------------ 36.3 (35.1-37.8)
Snout to ventral end of pectoral base_...----------------- 26.6 (25.2-28.8)
Width of pectoral: base. «ssi. ec Se ee ee ae 14.7 (13.2-16.2)
engthivor pectoral. 2 2o8. Sk ae os ee ee ee 29.4 (26.4-31.6)
Snout toypel vie bases 2 a ee ee ejegeut SU 27.5 (26.4—-28.8)
Alene chvotypelvicae =e hao lee ae ees ee eee 19.9 (17.9-21.3)
ene iorscauaal. 26 2 ae! cw ee 24.4 (21.3-27.4)
SONGS bOUnNIS! ©) soe he ok we de te on ee eee 55.0 (52.6-56.6)
General body color in alcohol brownish yellow. Body blotched
with reddish-brown spots, the anterior ones tending to merge into a
broad cross bar under the anterior dorsal. Ventral surface whitish.
A large diffuse reddish-brown blotch on posterior, distal portion of
first dorsal, second dorsal coarsely barred with brown. ae 9
Pronotum maculate or at least clouded at center_____-____--_----_-__-_- 12
9. Elytra with large scutellar black spot and last abdominal seg-
ments 1NdiStiMetly. Calker =e == elegans
Elytra without large scutellar spot, abdomen unicolorous_-_--~------__-- 10
10. Elytra marked with darker areas_____-__--_------------------------- ital
Bayt atin COLOTOUS ee nee jocosus
11. Marginal series of five punctures; no additional discal puncture
Sl fy RAUL See ee ee eee snyderi
Marginal series of five punctures; with an additional discal
puncture near the humerus__--_-~_-~--~---~---~--—-------------- temacus
12. Basal fourth of pronotum and basal half of elytra black_--------- pulchrus
Thorax maculate at center or in apical halfo2 2) e 3
13. Each elytron with sutural black spot extending to apical fourth___ oregonus
Elytra without large black discal spot_-_----------------------------- 14
14. Elytra with an additional humeral puncture just inside the
laterals SChiCS ee 2 a 15
Elytra without additional humeral puncture_-_-_------_-___-_-- acaudus
15. Marginal series of three punctures_______.~___-_---------—-_--- arizonicus
Marginal series of four punctures______-_--__-_---=-----------------—- 16
16. Elytra with median discal pair of large punctures__-_-----------_- alleni
Elytra with a single median discal puncture_---~_------------- mexicanus
The species herein described have the following characters in com-
mon; these have been omitted from the specific descriptions, but they
apply to all the species listed :
REVISION OF GENUS TACHYPORUS—BLACK WELDER 43
Size 2 to 3 mm, depending chiefly on the degree of extension of the
abdomen. Head above smooth, shining, extremely minutely and in-
distinctly punctate; beneath opaque, gula smooth, shining, and some-
what elevated. Antennae a little longer than the head and pronotum,
segments gradually expanded apically, last segment obliquely trun-
cate. Pronotum smooth, shining, impunctate except for the marginal
punctures,
TACHYPORUS NITIDULUS (Fabricius)
1781. Staphylinus nitidulus Fasrictus, Species insectorum ..., vol. 1, p. 3387.
1792. Oxyporus brunneus Fasricius, Entomologia systematica..., vol. 1,
pte 2) ps 535;
1834. Tachyporus faber Say, Trans. Amer, Phil. Soc., vol. 4, p. 468.
1877. Tachyporus scitulus Erichson, Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 6,
p. 105.
1877. Tachyporus brunneus (Fabricius) Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., vol. 6,
DaelO5:
1916. Tachyporus nitidulus (Fabricius) BeERNHAUER and ScHuBERT, Coleopte-
rorum catalogus, pars 67, p. 475.
Form depressed, narrow, and parallel. Uniformly rufotestaceous,
varying to rufopiceous occasionally, head frequently darker and the
elytra usually paler. Antennae with segments 7 to 10 wider than
long. Third segment of maxillary palpi short and expanded dis-
tally, fourth very short but conical and large at base. Pronotum
with sides regularly arcuate; slightly wider than the elytra. Elytra
very finely irregularly punctured, the punctures indistinctly or
bluntly submuricate; a row of two or three large punctures along
the suture; lateral series with four punctures, and an additional
discal puncture near the humerus. Abdomen above punctured like
the elytra or a little less distinctly; beneath with a few larger muri-
cate punctures on the apical segments. Eighth tergite of male with
a feeble, rounded lobe; eighth sternite with a triangular notch,
about as deep as wide, with the apex rounded. Eighth tergite of
female divided into four lobes equal in length, the median pair
narrower and separated one-half toward base; eighth sternite very
feebly emarginate at middle and with a group of silken hairs on
each side of the emargination.
Type locality—Not recorded in original description.
Localities represented —Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Kentucky,
Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, Louisiana,
Kansas, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Cali-
fornia, Oregon, Washington, Ontario, Lake Superior, Alberta,
Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Europe.
Remarks.—A widespread species, probably occurring throughout
our territory, though no specimens from the Southeastern States
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
have been seen. It has not been recorded from Mexico or Central
America. This species is quite distinct from any other, only nanus
being similar; it is distinguished from nanus by its pale color and
narrow, depressed form.
T. scitulus Erichson (1839) is said by European workers to be
the same as 7’. macropterus Stephens (1882). If Horn’s identifica-
tion is correct, then macropterus also may be a synonym of 7’. nitidu-
lus (Fabricius).
TACHYPORUS NANUS Erichson
1840. Tachyporus nanus ErtcHson, Genera et species staphylinorum..., p.
240.
1877. Tachyporus nanus Erichson, Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, p. 105.
Form rather parallel, convex. Black; antennae, trophi, narrow
basal margin of pronotum, apical third of elytra, legs, and apical
margins of abdominal segments rufotestaceous. Antennal segments
gradually expanding from the third, but all longer than wide, ter-
minal just less than twice as long as the tenth. Third segment of
maxillary palpi moderately expanded, fourth acicular. Pronotum
with sides regularly arcuate; not distinctly wider than elytra.
Elytra very indistinctly and not very densely submuricately punc-
tured; with.sutural row of large muricate punctures; lateral series
with four punctures. Abdomen above less distinctly punctured,
the punctures excavated behind, beneath with the excavations long
and anastomosing to form ridges between the adjacent punctures.
Eighth tergite of male evenly rounded; eighth sternite notched, the
notch small, as deep as wide, the apex narrowly rounded. Eighth
tergite of female 4-lobed, the median pair narrower, separated
almost to base; eighth sternite broadly rounded and with a con-
tinuous series of silken hairs.
Type locality —Pennsylvania.
Localities represented —Michigan, District of Columbia, Pennsyl-
vania.
Remarks —A specimen of this species from Michigan in the
LeConte collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at
Cambridge, Mass., bears a lectotype label with the number 7350!
TACHYPORUS RULOMUS, new species
Form robust and moderately convex. Rufopiceous; basal segment
of antennae, trophi, head beneath, prothorax, and legs testaceous.
Antennae with segments all longer than broad, eleventh barely one-
half longer than tenth. Third segment of maxillary palpi feebly
enlarged, fourth acicular. Pronotum with sides straight in apical
third; not wider than elytra. Elytra very finely and irregularly
submuricately punctured, the punctures frequently arranged in
REVISION OF GENUS TACHYPORUS—BLACK WELDER 45
transverse groups; with an irregular series of larger punctures along
the suture but unusually distant from it; lateral series with four
punctures and with an additional discal puncture near the humerus.
Abdomen above a little more distinctly punctured than elytra;
penultimate segment with a transverse row of large punctures; be-
neath punctures more distinctly muricate; a few of the large bluntly
muricate punctures on the apical segments. Eighth tergite of male
rounded; eighth sternite feebly notched, the notch twice as wide
as deep, the apex rounded and the angles feeble. Eighth tergite
of female 4-lobed, the median pair a little longer, narrower, and
separated two-thirds to base; eighth sternite narrowly rounded, with
a single series of silken hairs.
Type locality —Alaska, between Rapid River and Rampart House.
Types.—Holotype (a female collected from between Rapid River
and Rampart House, Alaska, June 14, 1912, by J. M. Jessup) and
19 paratypes (same data), U.S.N.M. no. 50895; 4 paratypes (same
data) in collection of the writer.
Localities represented —Sixty-seven other specimens represent the
following additional localities: Alaska (100 miles north of Ram-
part House; Porcupine River, 100 miles north of Fort Yukon),
British Columbia (Victoria, Vancouver Island), Washington (Pull-
man; Tenino), California (Humboldt County; San Francisco
County), Alberta (Banff Springs; McLeod), Saskatchewan (Swift
Current; Oxbow), Montana (Helena; Bear Paw Mountains), Wyo-
ming (National Park), Michigan (Sault Sainte Marie; Michepoc-
ten; Isle Royal; Whitefish Point; Gargantua; Pointe Aux Pins).
This is a common northern species hitherto confused in the com-
plexes known under the names jocosus and chrysomelinus.
TACHYPORUS TEHAMAE, new species
Form robust and moderately convex. Light brown, head above
and disk of pronotum somewhat darker. Antennae with segments
all elongate, apical only one-half longer than the tenth. T hird seg-
ment of maxillary palpi scarcely dilated, fourth long, acicular.
Pronotum with transverse band of basal fifth paler than the rest;
sides straight from basal third; not wider than the elytra. Elytra
very finely and irregularly but densely submuricately punctured,
punctures frequently in transverse rows; irregular sutural row of
larger punctures present; marginal row of five punctures, and with
a submarginal row of three. Abdomen above more feebly punctured
than elytra; beneath a little more distinctly than above, with a few
of the larger punctures on the apical segments. Eighth tergite of
male rounded; eighth sternite with triangular notch, the notch one-
half wider than deep, apex not rounded, angles obsolete. Eighth ter-
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
gite of female 4-lobed, the middle pair a little longer and narrower;
eighth sternite rounded and with a single series of silken hairs.
Type locality—Tehama County, Calif.
Types.—Holotype (male collected from Tehama County, Calif.,
April 27, 1918, by F. W. Nunenmacher), U.S.N.M. no. 50896; 2
paratypes (same data) in collection of the writer.
Remarks.—This species has only been collected once, but the differ-
ences between it and californicus seem constant and of sufficient im-
portance to separate it specifically.
TACHYPORUS CALIFORNICUS Horn
1877. Tachyporus californicus Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, p. 104.
Form robust and convex. Piceous; basal half of antennae, mar-
gins of pronotum, prothorax beneath, elytra, and legs slightly paler.
Antennal segments all elongate, but last four slightly expanded,
eleventh less than twice as long as tenth. Third segment of max-
illary palpi enlarged, fourth acicular. Pronotum with sides regu-
larly arcuate; not wider than the elytra. Elytra castaneous, very
finely and densely punctate and pubescent; with a row of two or three
large muricate punctures along the suture; lateral series with four
punctures, and a submarginal series of three. Abdomen above less
distinctly punctured, beneath more sparsely and with a few larger
muricate punctures on the apical segments. Eighth tergite of male
slightly prolonged in a broad lobe; eighth sternite with a triangular
notch, somewhat broader than deep and with the apex broadly
rounded. Eighth tergite of female divided into four lobes, the
median pair narrower and separated to base; eighth sternite evenly
rounded and with a single series of silken hairs.
Type locality—Hunters Point, San Francisco County, Calif.
Lectotype-—Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. no. 3139; labeled “Cal.” and
“Hunter’s Point.”
Localities represented.—The present collection includes specimens
from the following localities: California (Humboldt County, Siskiyou
County, Shasta County, Plumas County, Mendocino County, Marin
County, San Francisco County, Alameda County, Contra Costa
County, Sacramento, San Mateo County, Santa Clara County,
Santa Cruz County, Yuba County, Eldorado County, Stanislaus
County, Tuolumne County, Sierra County, San Joaquin County,
Mariposa County, Tulare County, Monterey County, Kern County,
Inyo County, Los Angeles County, San Diego County). The Horn
collection contains a specimen from Oregon and Dr. W. M. Mann
has recorded one specimen from Pullman, Wash.
Remarks.—This is a very common species throughout California.
It varies considerably in color but usually maintains the general
REVISION OF GENUS TACHYPORUS—BLACK WELDER 47
plan. The sutural series of punctures is variable, the pair at apical
third and the basal pair being the most persistent.
A specimen from San Francisco, Calif., in the LeConte collection
at the Museum of Comparative Zoology bears a lectotype label no.
7349, but a specimen in the Horn collection is herein designated the
lectotype.
TACHYPORUS STEJNEGERI, new species
1898. Tachyporus jocosus LINELL and Scuwarz (not Say), in Stejneger’s
“Asiatic Fur-Seal Islands and Fur-Seal Industry”, pt. 4, appendix 1,
p. 333.
Form robust and convex. Piceous; antennae, trophi, prothorax,
elytra, and legs testaceous; antennae darker distally, pronotum
broadly clouded on disk, elytra with sutural band, median sutural
spot and marginal band darker. Antennae with all segments longer
than wide; eleventh one-half longer than tenth. Third segment of
maxillary palpi enlarged, fourth normal but blunt and short. Pro-
notum with sides straight in apical half; not distinctly wider than
elytra. Elytra very finely and irregularly submuricately punctured ;
with sutural series of larger punctures more distant from the suture
than usual; marginal series with four punctures. Abdomen above
punctured a little more distinctly than elytra; beneath less finely
and with numerous of the larger bluntly muricate punctures on the
apical segments. Eighth tergite of male broadly rounded; eighth
sternite triangularly notched, the notch a little broader than deep, the
apex narrowly rounded, the angles not prominent. Eighth tergite of
female 4-lobed, the middle pair narrower and separated almost to
base; eighth sternite broadly truncate or very feebly emarginate, with
a continuous series of silken hairs.
Type locality —Nikolski, Bering Island, Bering Sea.
Types.—Holotype (a male collected from Nikolski, Bering Island,
1882, by Dr. L. Stejneger) and 1 paratype, U.S.N.M. no. 50897; 1
paratype in collection of the writer; paratypes collected by Dr. L.
Stejneger at same locality in 1922.
Remarks.—tThis species is very similar to cal/fornicus but appears
to be distinct. When a complete collection from the intervening areas
is available, the true status can be determined.
TACHYPORUS MACULIPENNIS LeConte
1866. Tachyporus maculipennis LeContTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 18, p. 374.
1877. Tachyporus maculipennis LeConte, Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 6,
p. 103.
Form robust and convex. Piceous; antennae, trophi, prothorax,
elytra, and legs testaceous, elytra with an oblique discal black spot
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
and irregular humeral band; pronotum generally vaguely clouded at
middle. Third segment of maxillary palpus feebly expanded, fourth
acicular. Antennal segments all longer than broad; eleventh one-
half longer than tenth. Pronotum with sides nearly straight in
apical half; not wider than elytra. Elytra finely irregularly punc-
tate, the punctures submuricate, though indistinct; sometimes with
two or three sutural punctures. Abdomen above more regularly
and distinctly punctured than elytra, more feebly apically; beneath
with the punctures more distinctly muricate, and with numerous
large bluntly muricate punctures on the apical segments. Eighth
tergite of male broadly rounded; eighth sternite triangularly
notched, notch a little wider than deep, the angles obsolete. Eighth
tergite of female 4-lobed, the median pair narrower and separated
almost to base and slightly longer than the laterals; eighth sternite
broadly rounded and with a single series of silken hairs.
Type locality —Louisiana.
Lectotype—Mus. Comp. Zool. no. 6494, bearing only an orange
disk and a determination label by Horn.
Localities represented—The present collections contain specimens
from the following localities: Vermont, Massachusetts, New York,
Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota,
Colorado, Utah, Manitoba, British Columbia. This species has been
recorded also from Georgia, New Mexico, and Connecticut.
Remarks.—This species is quite distinct and is readily recognized
by its color pattern. Even in very pale specimens the elytral spots
are distinguishable in the difference in transparency of those areas.
TACHYPORUS ELEGANS Horn
1877. Tachyporus clegans Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, p. 163.
Form robust and convex. Rufopiceous; head and scutellar spot
black; abdomen darker or last two segments alone black. Antennal
segments 7 to 11 expanded, but all longer than wide, eleventh almost
twice as long as tenth. Third segment of maxillary palpi only
slightly dilated, fourth acicular. Pronotum with sides straight from
middle; not distinctly wider than elytra. Elytra very finely and
irregularly submuricately punctate and without sutural row of large
punctures. Abdomen above similarly punctured, beneath more dis-
tinctly and with numerous large bluntly muricate punctures on the
apical segments. Eighth tergite of male slightly produced into a
rounded lobe; eighth sternite with a shallow triangular notch nearly
twice as wide as long, with apex broadly rounded, and lateral angles
not very distinct. Eighth tergite of female 4-lobed, the median pair
narrower, equal to the laterals, and separated nearly to base; eighth
sternite broadly rounded, with a single series of silken hairs.
Type locality —Canada.
REVISION OF GENUS TACHYPORUS—BLACKWELDER 49
Lectotype—Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. no. 3138, from “Can.”
Localities represented—The present collection contains specimens
from the following localities: Massachusetts, New York, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Michigan, Indiana,
Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Manitoba. The Horn collection contains
also a specimen from Oklahoma.
Remarks.—The extent of the scutellar spot is variable. It may
become so large as to cover the entire width of the elytra in basal
fourth and even enlarge posteriorly again along the margin.
TACHYPORUS SNYDERI, new species
Form robust and convex. Black; antennae, trophi, legs, pro-
thorax, and elytra testaceous; elytra indefinitely marked with black
at the scutellum and along the suture, with an indefinite humeral
stripe extending for two-thirds the length and an indefinite spot
near the suture just behind the middle. Antennal segments all
longer than wide, eleventh almost twice as long as the tenth, ex-
panded and obliquely truncated. Third segment of maxillary palpi
feebly expanded, fourth two-thirds as long, acicular. Pronotum
with sides nearly straight from basal third; not wider than elytra.
Elytra irregularly but not closely punctured, each puncture exca-
vated behind; no sutural series of larger punctures, lateral series
of three punctures, and with an additional discal puncture near the
humerus. Abdomen above more regularly punctate than elytra,
but similarly excavated; below more coarsely punctured and with
an apical series of six or eight large muricate punctures along the
posterior border of segments 5 to 8. Eighth tergite of male evenly
rounded; eighth sternite with triangular notch, about as wide as
deep. Eighth tergite of female 4-lobed, the median pair narrower
and separated only two-thirds to base; eighth sternite broadly
rounded and with a single series of silken hairs.
Type locality—Jacksonville, Fla.
Types.—Holotype (a male from Jacksonville, Fla., taken with
Reticulitermes sp. by Dr. T. E. Snyder) and 3 paratypes, U.S.N.M.
no. 50889; 1 paratype in collection of the writer. Paratypes from
Alabama (Selma), Washington, D. C., and Kentucky (Henderson).
Remarks.—The color pattern of this species is quite distinct and
is constant on the four specimens available. The paucity of ma-
terial is probably due to lack of collecting rather than to rarity
of the species.
TACHYPORUS TEMACUS, new species
Form robust and convex. Piceous-black; antennae, trophi, pro-
thorax, elytra, and legs testaceous; elytra darker at suture and
humeral margin, with median sutural spot; apex of abdominal
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
segments paler. Antennae with all segments longer than wide,
eleventh less than one-half longer than tenth. Third segment
of maxillary palpi moderately enlarged, fourth distinctly coni-
eal but acicular. Pronotum with sides nearly straight in apical
two-thirds; not distinctly wider than elytra. Elytra very finely but
rather evenly submuricately punctured; without sutural series, mar-
ginal series of four punctures; and with additional discal puncture
near humerus. Abdomen above very indistinctly punctured; beneath
a little more coarsely than elytra, with numerous large bluntly
muricate punctures on the apical segments. Eighth tergite of male
rounded; eighth sternite triangularly notched, the notch a little
wider than deep, apex broadly rounded, angles distinct. Eighth
tergite of female 4-lobed, the lobes about equal in length, the median
pair narrower and separated almost to base; eighth sternite broadly
rounded, with a single series of silken hairs.
Type locality —Buena Vista, Colo.
Types—Holotype (a male from Buena Vista, Colo., 4-7, collection
of Hubbard and Schwarz) and 2 paratypes, U.S.N.M. no. 50890; 1
paratype in collection of the writer; paratypes from Colorado (Red
Cliff), Nevada (Lake Tahoe), and Saskatchewan (Swift Current).
Remarks—This species also probably owes its rarity to lack of
collecting. It has been found only at considerable altitudes.
TACHYPORUS JOCOSUS Say
1834. Tachyporus jocosus Say, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 4, p. 466.
1840. Tachyporus arduus EricHson, Genera et species staphylinorum . . .,
p. 237.
1877. Tachyporus jocosus Say, Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, p. 104.
Form robust and convex. Rufotestaceous, head darker; base of
antennae, trophi, prothorax, elytra, and legs generally paler. An-
tennal segments expanded from the sixth but all longer than wide,
last about one-half longer than the tenth. Third segment of max-
illary palpi enlarged throughout its length but more apically, fourth
segment acicular but short and a little larger at base. Pronotum
with sides arcuate throughout; not distinctly wider than elytra.
Elytra very finely and rather irregularly submuricately punctured,
without sutural series. Abdomen above more sparsely punctured,
beneath more coarsely and with a few of the large bluntly muricate
punctures on the apical segments. Eighth tergite of male prom-
inently evenly rounded; eighth sternite triangularly notched, notch
a little wider than deep with the apex narrowly rounded, angles
rounded. Eighth tergite of female 4-lobed, lobes equal in length;
the middle lobes narrower and separated nearly to base; eighth
sternite prominently evenly rounded, with a single series of silken
hairs.
REVISION OF GENUS TACHYPORUS—BLACK WELDER 51
Type locality.—Indiana.
Localities represented.—The present collection contains specimens
from the following localities: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia,
North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Ohio, Michigan, II-
linois, Wisconsin, Lake Superior, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Texas,
North Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, Montana, Utah,
Nevada, Idaho, California, Oregon, Washington, Saskatchewan, On-
tario, British Columbia, Yukon Territory.
Remarks.—In Horn’s system this species was not separable from
his chrysomelinus. His series contains at least two species, besides
a specimen of elegans. This is the most uniformly pale species and
can generally be told by this character. It has a wider range than
any other American member of the genus.
TACHYPORUS PULCHRUS Blatchley
1910. Tachyporus pulchrus BLATCHLEY, Coleoptera or beetles of Indiana, p. 447.
Original description —“Reddish-yellow, strongly shining. Head,
basal fourth of thorax, basal half or two-thirds of elytra and last
two segments of abdomen, black; under surface piceous. Elytra
without visible punctures, very sparsely and finely pubescent.
Length 3 mm.”
Type locality.—Indiana.
Remarks.—This species has only been recorded once. If the de-
scription of the color of the thorax and elytra is correct, it is quite
distinct from any other species. No specimens are available to me,
and I have assumed the absence of the sutural series of punctures.
I believe it is the only species of Tachyporus described as having
the base of the pronotum black and the apex pale. This is certainly
not the same as obtusus Linnaeus of Europe, which has the pronotum
entirely pale.
TACHYPORUS OREGONUS, new species
Form robust and convex. Piceous-black; antennae, trophi, pro-
thorax, and elytra testaceous, legs somewhat darker; pronotum with
indefinite darker spot at middle, and elytra with large scutellar
spot extending to apical three-fourths and a narrow humeral stripe
nearly black. Antennae with segments all longer than wide, ter-
minal not quite twice as long as tenth. Third segment of maxillary
palpi scarcely dilated, fourth acicular. Pronotum with sides nearly
straight in apical half; not distinctly wider than elytra. Elytra
finely submuricately punctured, the punctures frequently grouped
into transverse rows of two or three; without sutural series; mar-
ginal series of four punctures, and with an additional discal punc-
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
ture near the humerus. Abdomen above less finely and more regu-
larly punctured than elytra, penultimate segment with transverse
row of larger punctures; beneath as above, with numerous large
bluntly muricate punctures on the apical segments. Male unknown.
Eighth tergite of female 4-lobed, the median incisure two-thirds
as deep as laterals, median lobes narrow, lateral triangular, equal
in length; eighth sternite broadly rounded, with a single series of
silken hairs.
Type locality —Oregon.
Types.—Holotype (a female from Oregon collected by C. V. Riley)
and 5 paratypes, U.S.N.M. no. 50892; 1 paratype in collection of the
writer. Paratypes from Oregon (Corvallis, Scio, Klamath County)
and California (Eureka).
Other specimens.—One other specimen from Placer County, Calif.,
is assigned to this species. It has the pronotum not distinctly
clouded and the elytral spot less definite and regular.
TACHYPORUS ACAUDUS Say
1834. Tachyporus acaudus Say, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 4, p. 467.
1866. Tachyporus maculicollis LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
18, p. 374.
1877. Tachyporus chrysomelinus var. maculicollis LeConte, Horn, Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., vol. 6, p. 126.
Tachyporus heterocerus LECOoNTE, MS.
Tachyporus angusticollis Fauvet, MS.
Form robust and convex. Piceous; antennae, trophi, prothorax,
elytra, and legs testaceous; apical half of antennae fuscous; prono-
tum clouded at middle. Antennal segments all longer than wide,
eleventh not quite twice as long as tenth. Third segment of maxil-
lary palpi feebly enlarged, fourth acicular and more than half as
long as third. Pronotum with sides straight in apical half; not
distinctly wider than elytra. Elytra very finely, irregularly, and in-
distinctly submuricately punctured; without sutural series; lateral
series variable but with an additional discal puncture near humerus.
Abdomen above more distinctly and regularly punctured, the punc-
tures excavated behind; beneath punctures still coarser, and with
numerous large bluntly muricate punctures on the apical segments.
Eighth tergite of male produced into an obtusely rounded lobe;
eighth sternite triangularly notched, the notch a little wider than
long, the apex rounded, angles distinct. Eighth tergite of female
4-lobed, the median pair narrower and separated two-thirds to base;
eighth sternite rounded and with a single series of silken hairs.
Type locality. Quebec, Canada.
Localities represented—The following localities are represented
in the present collections: Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York,
REVISION OF GENUS TACHYPORUS—BLACKWELDER 53
Kentucky, Michigan, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Texas,
New Mexico, Wyoming, Washington, Ontario.
Remarks.—The species named maculicollis by LeConte seems to
have been valid and not a variety of chrysomelinus as thought by
Horn. It was previously described by Say as acaudus. Both names
appear to be available, so the earlier one must be used.
TACHYPCRUS ARIZONICUS, new species
Form robust and convex. Piceous; antennae, trophi, prothorax,
elytra, and legs testaceous; distal half of antennae fuscous; pro-
notum clouded at middle; elytral suture and margin indefinitely
darker. Antennal segments all longer than wide, terminal less than
one-half longer than tenth. Third segment of maxillary palpus
feebly dilated, fourth conical but acicular. Pronotum with sides
straight in apical half; not wider than elytra. Elytra exceedingly
finely and rather densely punctate; without sutural series of large
punctures; marginal series of three punctures; with additional discal
puncture near humerus. Abdomen above indistinctly punctured;
beneath a little more distinctly, and with numerous of the large
bluntly muricate punctures on the apical segments. Eighth tergite
of male narrowly rounded; eighth sternite triangularly notched, the
notch two-thirds wider than deep, apex not rounded, angles obsolete.
Kighth tergite of female 4-lobed, the median pair a little longer
and separated to base; eighth sternite rounded and with a single
series of silken hairs.
Type locality —Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz.
Type.—Holotype (a male from Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona,
11-6, collection of Hubbard and Schwarz) and 8 paratypes,
U.S.N.M. no. 50893; 12 paratypes in collection of the writer; para-
types from Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains, Santa Rita Mountains,
and Nogales).
Remarks.—The coloration of this species is very similar to that
of several others. It is best separated by the elytral punctures. It
has not been seen from outside of Arizona.
TACHYPORUS ALLENI, new species
Form robust and convex. Piceous; trophi, prothorax, elytra, and
legs testaceous; pronotum clouded at center, elytra vaguely darker
about scutellum. Third segment of maxillary palpi moderately ex-
panded, fourth acicular. Pronotum with sides straight in apical
half; not wider than elytra. Elytra very finely, irregularly, and
somewhat indistinctly punctate, the punctures excavated behind;
without sutural series; lateral series of four punctures, and with an
additional discal puncture near the humerus. Abdomen above more
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
regularly and evenly punctured; beneath more strongly excavated,
and with numerous large bluntly submuricate punctures on the apical
segments. Eighth tergite of male feebly obtusely triangular but
rounded; eighth sternite rather strongly triangularly notched, the
notch about as wide as deep with the angles narrowly rounded.
Eighth tergite of female equally 4-lobed, the median pair narrower
and separated to base; eighth sternite broadly rounded but very
minutely notched at center, series of silken hairs apparently
continuous.
Type locality—Oswego, Clackamas County, Oreg.
Types.—Holotype (a male from Oswego, Oreg., collected by J. A.
Allen, George M. Greene collection) and 1 paratype (same data),
U.S.N.M. no. 50894; 1 paratype (same data) in collection of the
writer.
Remarks —The three specimens all lack both antennae. They
ere very similar to the specimens assigned to Sharp’s species meai-
canus from northeastern Mexico.
TACHYPORUS MEXICANUS Sharp
1883. Tachyporus mexicanus SHarp, Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. i, pt.
2 posit, pl. 7, figs:
Form robust and convex. Piceous; antennae, trophi, prothorax,
elytra, and legs testaceous; distal half of antennae infuscate; pro-
notum clouded at center, elytra with humeral stripe clouded. An-
tennal segments all longer than wide, eleventh less than twice as
long as the tenth. Third segments of maxillary palpi feebly en-
larged, fourth acicular. Pronotum smooth, shining, impunctate;
sides straight in apical half; not wider than the elytra. Elytra very
finely and irregularly submuricately punctured, punctures frequently
arranged in transverse groups; without sutural series; lateral series
of four punctures; and with an additional discal puncture near the
humerus. Abdomen above punctured a little less finely and more
sparsely and regularly than elytra; beneath similarly but with
numerous of the large bluntly submuricate punctures on the apical
segments. Eighth tergite of male rather narrowly rounded; eighth
sternite triangularly notched, notch a little wider than deep, apex
rounded, the angles rather obsolete. Eighth tergite of female 4-lobed,
the median pair narrowly separated only two-thirds to base; eighth
sternite with an exceedingly feeble emargination at middle, but with
a single continuous series of silken hairs.
Type locality —Saltillo, in Coahuila, Mexico.
Other specimens—One specimen each from northern Mexico and
western Texas have been tentatively assigned to this species. They
do not carry any other data.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
eT
ENN] by the
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
oe oooeoeeeeeeeeeeeeOOOSOS=$S$S$0S0S0S09090 ono Mlua>
Vol. &4 Washington : 1936 No. 3002
REVISION OF THE FISHES OF THE FAMILY MICRODES-
MIDAE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES *
By Earu D. Retp
Division of Fishes, United States National Museum
Giintuer described and figured the genotype of Microdesmus
(dipus), a specimen 41 inches in length, collected on the Pacific coast
of Panama by Capt. J. M. Dow. This example, now in the British
Museum, remained the sole representative of the genus until the
appearance of M. retropinnis Jordan and Gilbert, based on an ex-
ample nearly 4 inches in length, taken in a rocky tide pool at Panama,
early in the spring of 1881, by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert. The genus
Cerdale appeared in the same paper following the description of M.
retropinnis but was disassociated from Microdesmus on characters
that at that time seemed sound when one considers the limited ma-
terial at hand. Weymouth, in 1911, described an extremely elongate
form, creating for it the genus Leptocerdale, the first of the group to
be recorded from the Atlantic. This specimen, 210 mm long, was
taken June 11, 1906, at the outlet of Calcasien Lake, near Cameron,
La., by H. M. Spaulding. In 1927 Chabanaud described the first
species to be recorded from the Old World, under the name Lepto-
cerdale aethiopicum. The type, 51 mm in length, was taken at Ma-
limba Bay, Kwele-Kwele Island, in Douala Bay, Cameroons. In
1928 Meek and Hildebrand described and figured three new species
of AMficredesmus, overlooking a fourth undescribed form from material
1 Since this paper went to press, an additional species, Cerdale belineatus Clark (Proce. California Acad.
Sci., ser. 4, vol. 21, no. 29, p. 394, Aug. 12, 1936), apparently referable to the Microdesmidae, has been
described from Indefatigable Island.
78934—36——1 55
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
collected at Chame Point, Panama, by Robert Tweedlie. Cerdale
floridana Longley was described in 1934 from several specimens col-
lected at Tortugas, Fla., in water not exceeding 10 fathoms in depth.
Five of these specimens are deposited in the National Museum col-
lections, and they represent the smallest species of the genus so far
reported.
Unfortunately, the types of Cerdale ionthas Jordan and Gilbert and
of Microdesmus retropinnis Jordan and Gilbert were never received at
the National Museum, although they are recorded as having been
deposited there. M. retropinnis is represented in the National Mu-
seum collections by two examples, 85 and 99 mm in length, collected
in rocky tide pools at Chame Point, Panama. Of Cerdale ionthas we
have two specimens from Panama, one collected by Gilbert and the
other by Tweedlie.
The National Museum received a specimen of Microdesmus on
June 10, 1935, from Prof. Manuel Valerio, formerly director, Museo
Nacional, San José, Costa Rica. It was labeled ‘‘S. Lucas”, and I
assume that it was collected on the Pacific coast of the Isthmus by
the donor. This specimen, 59 mm in standard length, proved to be
Microdesmus dipus Giinther, the second record of this rare fish.
Comparison of this specimen with the “Microdesmus dipus” of Meek
and Hildebrand shows that the latter was erroneously identified, a
fact not wholly unsuspected by these authors.
Careful study of the material before me shows conclusively that
Cerdale Jordan and Gilbert and Leptocerdale Weymouth are without
generic value, merely representing extreme specific variations within
the genus Microdesmus. Since Cerdale falls as a synonym of Micro-
desmus, the family name Cerdalidae must be changed to Micro-
desmidae.
Our material shows conclusively that the characters of the branchial
openings, chiefly relied upon for differentiating between Cerdale Jor-
dan and Gilbert, Leptocerdale Weymouth, and Microdesmus Giinther,
are without generic value, being perfectly graduated between M.
floridanus on the one hand and M. longipinnis on the other. The
point of origin of the dorsal fin is likewise specific, M. aethiopicus
being intermediate between M. ionthas and M. retropinnis. The
genotype, M. dipus, is intermediate between M. ionthas and M.
longipinnis in all important external characters as well as the number
of vertebrae.
It is evident from the wide distribution of the genus that only a
very small percentage of the species of Microdesmus are known at the
present time. The only species of which we have a fair series is the
one having the greatest number of rays in the vertical fins, and it is
FISHES OF FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE—REID 57
reasonable to assume that this species represents the maximum in
variation of the fin-ray counts of the known species. In this series of
30 specimens the fin-ray counts are as follows, the figure in parentheses
representing the number of specimens:
Dorsal fin: 73 (3), 74 (4), 75 (6), 76 (4), 77 (9), 78 (4). Anal fin:
58 (9), 59 (10), 60 (5), 61 (5). Counts of body myomeres: 19 (2),
20 (19), 21 (9). Counts of caudal myomeres: 38 (1), 39 (5), 40 (15),
41 (8), 42 (1).
The myomeric impressions are counted from the base of the pectoral
fin, along flank to above vent, and to the hypural. Vertebrae counts
are from X-ray photographs.
It was found impracticable to separate the counts of the vertical
fin supports into spinous and soft ray sections, the difference between
the anterior and posterior portions being so gradual that no definite
point of differentiation can be reliably fixed.
I am indebted to Dr. George S. Myers, formerly assistant curator
of fishes, United States National Museum, for valuable assistance in
the preparation of the manuscript and key. The vertebral counts
were made possible by courtesy of the authorities of the United States
Naval Hospital and of Dr. Dirk Meindert te Groen, Lieutenant
(M. C.), U. S. Navy, in charge of X-ray.
Genus MICRODESMUS Giinther
Microdesmus GiintHER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1864, p. 26. (Type, Micro-
desmus dipus Giinther.)
Cerdale JonpaN and GiLBERrtT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 1, p. 332, 1881 (1882).
(Type, Cerdale ionthas Jordan and Gilbert.)
Leptocerdale Weymoutn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, p. 142, 1910. (Type,
Leptocerdale longipinnis Weymouth.)
Body moderate or very elongate, slender, somewhat compressed.
Vertebrae moderate or numerous. Head short, snout obtuse, usually
with swollen longitudinal ridges or muscular folds. Mouth small, not
protractile, more or less oblique. Lips thick, with pronounced flanges.
Chin strongly projecting in the anterior profile, usually with longi-
tudinal ridges. Vertical fins long and low, united with the caudal by
membrane. Gill openings restricted laterally, oblique, broadly
joined to the isthmus. Ventral fins closely approximated, rays I-3.
Teeth in the jaws in two irregular series, absent on vomer and pala-
tines. No cirrior filaments. Lateral line absent.
Small anguilliform fishes of tropical shores and tidepools, living in
burrows in sand or mud.
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MICRODESMUS
a1, Vent situated in posterior half of standard length.
bt. Upper angle of gill opening opposite lower pectoral rays.
ols Dorsal 41 to A4vanale26 to 292) aos ee eee ionthas
@: Dorsal’ 45 to 47> angli30 tolSo..-- 3 floridanus
b?. Upper angle of gill opening opposite or above base of middle
pectoral rays.
d', Origin of dorsal fin less than one head-length behind head.
e1, Dorsal fin supports 47; anal fin supports 26 to 30; origin
of dorsal fin about two-thirds head-length behind
tiplofvappressed) pectoral ae sae ee aethiopicus
e?. Dorsal fin supports 55 or more; anal fin supports 34 or
more; origin of dorsal above or before tip of appressed
pectoral.
f!. Dorsal fin supports 55; anal fin supports 34___...__.._---- dipus
f?. Dorsal fin supports 69; anal fin supports 43___________- affinis
d*. Origin of dorsal fin at least two head-lengths behind SS
shih See a SI a Ree a a ee retropinnis
a?, Vent situated in anterior half of standard length.
bl. Body moderately elongate, head contained 8 to 13 times in
standard length; depth of body 10 to 20.
cl. Predorsal region contained 5 to 7 times in standard length;
dorsal 55 to 67; anal 38 to 48.
d!. Depth about 20, preventral 10; dorsal 55; anal 38-_--_- hildebrandi
Ea Depth tom dors ale ¢cesir alc Se ee intermedius
c?. Predorsal 8 to 9 times in standard length, dorsal 76; anal
Gs 2 Sa SE ae er rs ar multiradiatus
b?. Body very elongate, head contained about 15 to 17 times in
standard, lenoth depthe2setOne === ee ee longipinnis
MICRODESMUS IONTHAS (Jordan and Gilbert)
Ficure 9, 6; Figure 10, a; PuatE 2, Ficure 1
Cerdale ionthas JorDAN and GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 1, p. 332,
1881 (1882) (Panama Bay).—Jorpan and Evermann, U. 8. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2449, 1898 (Panama).—GiLBERT and Starks, Mem.
California Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 196, pl. 31, fig. 58, 1904 (Panama Bay).
Body comparatively short, of nearly equal depth throughout,
strongly compressed posteriorly. Lower jaw strongly projecting,
with a small fleshy lump at the symphysis. Head 7.2 in standard
length; depth 8.5 to 9.2; predorsal 4.9 to 5.1; preanal 1.6 to 1.9;
caudal 2.2 to 2.4; preventral 7.2; base of ventrals to vent 2.6 to 2.9;
snout 5.4 to 5.9 in head, measured to upper end of gill opening;
interorbital 4.2 to 4.3. Dorsal 41 to 44; anal 26 to 29; pectoral 12;
ventral I-3. Kye comparatively large, lateral, about equal to length
of snout; mouth small, oblique, not quite reaching to anterior edge
of eye; lips not notably fleshy, the lateral flanges small and incon-
spicuous; longitudinal ridges of snout and lower jaw well developed.
Teeth very small, close-set, in two irregular series in the jaws, vomer
and palatines toothless. Gill openings restricted laterally, the upper
end in front of lower pectoral ray, the aperture extending obliquely
FISHES OF FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE—RBEID 59
Y i 9g
FIGURE 9.—a, Microdesmus floridanus (Longley), outline drawing of the type, natural size; 6, M/. ionthas
(Jordan and Gilbert), outline drawing, natural size; c, MM. dipus Giinther, outline drawing, X 1.5;
d, M. aethiopicus (Chabanaud), outline drawing of the author’s figure, natural size; e, M. retropinnis
Jordan and Gilbert, outline drawing, natural size; f, MM. hildebrandi, new species, outline drawing of the
type, natural size; g, M. longipinnis (Weymouth), outline drawing of paratype, one-half natural size.
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
downward and forward about as in related species to a point well below
and before the base of the fin, the opening about half width of the
pectoral base. Origin of dorsal fin above posterior third of the ap-
pressed pectoral, the fin of medium height and joined to the caudal
by membrane. Anal similar to dorsal, but much shorter, joined to
caudal by membrane. Scales very small, covering body and head
except snout and lower jaw, the rows of scales at the base of the dorsal
and anal fins diverging outward and backward on a narrow flat plane
the full length of the fin base. Scales with 33 radiating striae.
Myomeres conspicuous, 19 body and 22 caudal=41 muscular impres-
sions. Vertebrae, 20 body and 22 caudsl=42. Color brownish
above, pale below, the head and sides with small dark-brown spots,
these forming faint dark bars under the lower jaw, the dorsal fin with
faint dark spots, an indication of faint dark bars radiating from
the eye.
Two specimens, 51 and 65.5 mm in standard length, the smaller from
Panama Reef, collected by Meek and Hildebrand; the larger example
from a tide pool at Panama, taken by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert.
U.S.N.M. nos. 50396 and 82677.
This species is close to M. floridanus (Longley) but differs in fin
formula, gill opening, and proportional measurements. From
M. aethiopicus it is distinguished by the smaller gill opening and more
anterior insertion of the dorsal fin.
MICRODESMUS FLORIDANUS (Longley)
FiaureE 9, a; Fiaure 10, 6; PLate 2, Figure 2
Cerdale floridana LoNGLEy, Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book for 1933-1934,
no. 33, p. 259, 1934 (Tortugas).
Body comparatively short, compressed, the greatest depth midway
between origin of dorsal and vent; caudal portion without fin, a little
shorter than rest of body, the vent situated midway between base of
caudal fin and anterior margin of eye. Head 6 to 7.2 in standard
leneth; depth 8.5 to 9.5; predorsal 4.3 to 4.9; preventral 5.9 to 6.8;
base of ventrals to vent 2.6 to 2.9; preanal 1.9; caudal without fin
2.1 to 2.2. Snout short 5.5 to 7.7 in length of head, measured to gill
opening; interorbital 4.7 to 6.4; eye 4.1 to 6.0. The eye is compara-
tively larger in the smaller examples. Dorsal 45 to 47; anal 30 to 33;
pectoral 12; ventral I-3. Eye rather large, about equal to length of
snout, lateral in position, iris silvery. Mouth small, little oblique,
the maxillary not nearly reaching anterior edge of orbit; lower jaw
projecting, with a small fleshy conical tip forming the anterior profile
of the head. Lips small, restricted laterally, the free folds not passing
around the mouth anteriorly. Snout and lower jaw with longitudinal
ridges and muscular folds, though not so well developed as in related
FISHES OF FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE—REID 61
FIGURE 10.—a, Microdesmus ionthas (Jordan and Gilbert), detailed enlargement of head, X 4; 6, M. flori-
danus (Longley), detailed enlargement of head of type, X 4; c, M. dipus Giinther, detailed enlargement
of head, X 5.
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
species. Anterior nostril in a very minute pore at the oral end of the
outer frontal ridge; posterior nostril close above and before eye.
Teeth very small, apparently in two irregular series in the jaws,
vomer and palatines toothless. Gill openings very small, oblique,
close in front of the lower pectoral ray, the length of the aperture equal
to the diameter of the pupil. Body and head, except snout and lower
jaw, covered with minute nonimbricate scales imbedded in the skin;
rows of scales of the dorsal region following the direction of the
myomeric impressions. Scales with 30 radiating striae. Myomeres
evident, 20 body and 23 caudal=43 muscular impressions. Ver-
tebrae, 20 body and 24 caudai=44. Origin of dorsal above posterior
third of the appressed pectoral, the fin long and moderately high,
attached to caudal fin at base by membrane; anal similar but much
shorter, attached to caudal by membrane. Ventrals small, close
together, situated directly below pectoral base. Color pale straw,
fins immaculate, back and sides above with small dark-brown freckles
evenly and uniformly distributed, lower flank and belly lighter straw.
Five examples from Tortugas, Fla. Standard length 38.4 to 60
mm, of which the type, U.S.N.M. no. 102050, is the largest. Collector,
Dr. W. H. Longley.
This species is distinguished from M. ionthas (Jordan and Gilbert)
by the smaller gill openings, number of rays in the vertical fins, and
proportional measurements. From M. aethiopicus (Chabanaud) it is
distinguished by the more anterior insertion of the dorsal fin and by
the much smaller gill opening.
MICRODESMUS AETHIGPICUS (Chabanaud)
FIGureE 9, d
Leptocerdale aethiopicum CHABANAUD, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. 33, no. 3, pp.
230-234, 1927; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 58, pp. 279-285, figs. 1-4, 1928
(Cameroons).
Body elongate, compressed, the caudal portion without fin shorter
than rest of body, the vent situated about midway between the occi-
put and base of caudal fin. Head 10 percent of total length; depth
6.4; predorsal 21; preanal 54; preorbital from anterior border of eye
to tip of mandible 25 percent of length of head; diameter of eye 12;
interorbital 8; length of pectoral 50; ventral 46; caudal fin 100. The
diameter of the eye is contained slightly more than twice in the dis-
tance between the eye and the tip of the lower jaw. Thickness of
the body at the base of the pectoral fins 83 percent of the depth of the
body at the same point; depth at base of caudal fin 41. Dorsal 47;
anal 26; pectoral 12; ventrals 4. Origin of the dorsal fin about one
head-length behind the occiput, or at a point behind the tip of the
snout equal to half the length of the base of the anal fin. Vertical
FISHES OF FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE—REID 63
fins joined to caudal by membrane. Ventral fins small, close to-
gether, situated opposite base of the pectorals. Gill openings small,
restricted laterally, the upper angle attached opposite the base of
the third pectoral ray, the opening extending obliquely downward and
forward at an angle of 45° with the axis of the body to a point below
and in front of the lower pectoral ray, the aperture about equal to
width of the pectoral base. Body and head, except snout and lower
jaw, covered with minute nonimbricate scales imbedded in the skin.
Color light brown, the upper surface with small dark spots and reticu-
lations, the spots forming dark bands on the body that extend well
down on the flank following the course of the myomeric impressions.
Type taken at Malimba Bay, Kwele-Kwele Island, in Douala Bay,
Cameroons. Total length 51 mm. Paratype from near same
locality.
This species differs from M. ionthas (Jordan and Gilbert) and from
M. floridanus (Longley) in the more posterior insertion of the dorsal
fin and larger gill openings.
MICRODESMUS DIPUS Giinther
Fiaure 9, c; Figure 10, c; PLATE 2, Figure 3
Microdesmus dipus GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 2
(Panama).—LocxineTon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1881, p. 114
(La Paz, Lower California)—JorpaN and Evermann, U. 8. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2450, 1898 (Panama).—GinBerr and Starks, Mem.
California Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 195, 1904 (name only).
Body comparatively short, of about equal depth throughout,
somewhat compressed posteriorly. Lower jaw projecting, with a
small inconspicuous fleshy lump at the symphysis. Caudal portion
of body little shorter than rest of body, the vent about midway be-
tween base of caudal fin and posterior border of eye, or slightly nearer
base of fin. Head 9.2 in standard length; depth 14.7; predorsal 6.3;
preanal 1.8; caudal without fin 2.3; preventral 9.3; base of ventrals
to vent 2.2; snout 6.4 in head measured to upper end of gill opening;
interorbital 8. Dorsal 55, anal 34, pectoral 12, ventral I-3. Eye
small but larger than in related species, about equal to length of
snout, high and lateral. Mouth small, little oblique, the gape not
reaching anterior border of the eye. Lower jaw and snout with
well-defined longitudinal ridges. Lips thin, with small flanges lat-
erally, the lower slightly larger; anterior nostril a small round pore
at the oral end of the frontal longitudinal ridges; posterior nostril
porelike, above and before eye. Teeth minute, even, close-set, in
two irregular series in the jaws; vomer and palatines toothless. Gill
openings restricted laterally, extending from base of the fourth
pectoral ray obliquely downward and forward to a point in front of
lower ray of fin, the length of the opening about equal to the width
78934—36——2
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
of the pectoral base. Body covered with minute scales imbedded in
the skin, snout and lower jaw naked; a flat band of diverging scales
follows the base of the dorsal and anal fins throughout their length,
those of the dorsal region continue forward to the occiput. Scales
with 22 radiating striae. Myomeres evident, 22 body and 27 caudal
=49 muscular impressions. Vertebrae, 26 body and 27 caudal=53.
Color brownish, with many small dark spots about size of pupil, the
lighter ground color forming reticulations on the back, some dark
shades radiating from the eye and dark bars across lower jaw, dark
bars follow the course of the muscular body ridges well down on the
flank; belly and fins plain, translucent.
One specimen of this rare fish from the Pacific side of the Isthmus
of Panama. Collected by Prof. Manuel Valerio. Length 59 mm.
U.S.N.M. no. 101379.
This species is most closely related to M. hildebrandi, new species,
differing notably in the position of the vent and in fin-ray and myomeric
counts.
MICRODESMUS AFFINIS Meek and Hildebrand
Ficure 11, a; Puate 2, Ficurs 4
Microdesmus affinis MrreK and HILpEBRAND, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 3, pp. 955-6, pl. 98, fig. 1, 1928 (Chame Point, Panama).
Body elongate, of nearly equal depth throughout, somewhat com-
pressed. Lower jaw strongly projecting with a small fleshy lump at
the symphysis. Caudal without fin shorter than rest of body; vent
midway between occiput and base of caudal fin. Head 10.5 in stand-
ard length; depth 16.8; predorsal 7.4; preanal 1.9; caudal 2.1; preven-
tral 10.1; base of ventral to vent 2.3; snout 5.4 in head, measured to
upper end of gill opening; interorbital 7.7. Dorsal 69, anal 43,
pectoral 12, ventrals I-3. Eye rather small, high, not fully lateral,
the upper rim leaning a little to the median line, 1.7 in snout; mouth
small, little oblique, the gape about reaching anterior border of the eye;
snout and lower jaw with well-defined longitudinal ridges. Lips
thin, with small lateral flanges, the lower of which is slightly the
larger; nostrils placed as in related species. Teeth small, close-set in
two series in the jaws, none on the palatines or vomer. Gill openings
restricted laterally, extending from base of middle pectoral rays
obliquely downward and forward to below lower ray of fin, length of
the opening about equal to width of pectoral base. Dorsal and anal
fins long and low, similar, though the latter much shorter, both
fins joined to the caudal at base; origin of dorsal above posterior third
of the pectoral length. Body covered with minute scales as in
related species, snout and lower jaw naked. Scales with 19 radiating
striae. Myomeres evident, 30 body and 33 caudal=63 muscular
impressions. Vertebrae, 28 body and 34 caudal=62. Color uniform
olivaceous, fins translucent, caudal slightly darker.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 2
SCALES OF MICRODESMUS, 80.
1, M. tonthas (Jordan and Gilbert); 2, M. floridanus (Longley), from the type;
3, M. dipus Ginther; 4, M. affinis Meek and Hildebrand, from the type;
5, M. retropinnis Jordan and Gilbert; 6, M. hildebrandi, new species, from
the type; 7, M. intermedius Meek and Hildebrand, from the type; 8, M. mul-
tiradiatus Meek and Hildebrand, from the type; 9, M. longipinnis (Wey-
mouth), from a paratype.
FISHES OF FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE—REID 65
One example 98 mm in standard length. Collected at Chame Point,
Panama, by Robert Tweedlie. U.S.N.M. no. 84300 (type).
a.
ay sie
EM A
TCE I ET EEE EIT
FIGURE 11.—a, Microdesmus affinis Meek and Hildebrand, detailed enlargement of head of type, X 3;
b, M. retropinnis Jordan and Gilbert, detailed enlargement of head, X 4; c, M. hildebrandi, new species,
detailed enlargement of head of type, X 4.
This species seems most closely related to Af. longipinnis (Wey-
mouth), agreeing in the number of body and caudal vertebrae as well
as fin-ray counts; the difference in position of the vent, as well as
proportional measurements, is very pronounced.
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
MICRODESMUS RETROPINNIS Jordan and Gilbert
Fiaure 9, e; Fiaure 11, b; Puatrs 2, Fiaure 5
Microdesmus retropinnis JonDAN and GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 1,
p. 331, 1881 (1882) (Panama).—JorpaNn and Evermann, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 47, p. 2450, 1898.—Ginpert and Starks, Mem. California Acad. Sci.,
vol. 4, p. 195, pl. 31, fig. 59, 1904 (Panama).—Merex and HILDEBRAND,
Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 3, p. 955, 1928 (Panama).
Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed posteriorly, the
caudal portion, without fin, notably shorter than rest of body. Head
11.4 to 18 in standard length; depth 10.5 to 14.4; predorsal 3.2 to 3.7;
preanal 1.3 to 1.8; caudal 2.4 to 2.5; preventral 11.5 to 12; base of
ventrals to vent 2 to 2.7; snout 4.8 to 5 in head measured to upper end
of gill opening; interorbital 5.3 to 6.3. Dorsal 47 to 49, anal 30, pec-
toral 10, ventral I-3. Eye small, high, lateral; mouth small, little
oblique, the gape not quite reaching anterior edge of orbit; lower jaw
strongly projecting with a small fleshy prominence at the symphysis;
lips with a free flange restricted laterally, the free edge of which does
not pass around the mouth anteriorly. Snout and lower jaw with pro-
nounced longitudinal swollen muscular ridges. Anterior nostril in a
minute pore at the oral end of the outer frontal ridge; posterior nostril
in a small round opening just before and above eye. Teeth com-
paratively strong, conical, in two irregular series in the jaws; no teeth
on the vomer or palatines. Gill openings restricted laterally, adnate
to the scapular region in front of the base of the upper fourth pectoral
ray, the aperture extending obliquely downward and forward to a
point in front of the lower pectoral ray, the openings not so long as the
width of the base of the fin. Body and head, except snout and lower
jaw, covered with minute nonimbricate scales imbedded in the skin;
at the base of the vertical fins on either side of the median line of the
back the arrangement of the rows of scales is notably differentiated
in that the rows diverge outward and backward following the direction
of the myomeric impressions. Scales with 39 radiating striae. Myo-
meres evident, 31 body and 26 caudal=57 muscular impressions.
Vertebrae, 32 body and 25 caudal=57.
Origin of the dorsal fin more than two head-lengths behind the head,
or opposite a point midway between tip of lower jaw and the vent, or
a littlenearer theformer. Dorsal and anal fins long and low, similar,
but the anal much shorter, both fins joined to the caudal by mem-
brane. Ventrals very small, closely approximated and situated
slightly behind the base of the pectorals. Color brownish above
slightly paler below, upper part of sides with two longitudinal rows of
quadrate dark-brown spots; the upper series united over median line
of back and separated from the succeeding ones by light interspaces of
the ground color, forming faint cross bars on the predorsal region,
FISHES OF FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE—REID 67
shades of the upper row faintly invading the membrane of the base
of the dorsal fin; sides of the head and lower jaw indefinitely shaded
with brownish.
Two specimens, 80 and 91 mm in standard length; the smaller from
a tide pool at Panama. Collected March 21, 1912, by Meek and
Hildebrand. U.S.N.M. no. 82678. The larger example, no. 82705,
collected at Chame Point, Panama, by Robert Tweedlie.
Distinguished from all other species of the genus by the much
ereater posterior insertion of the dorsal fin.
MICRODESMUS HILDEBRANDI, new species
Ficure 9, f; Figure 11, c; Puate 2, Figure 6
Microdesmus dipus (not Giinther) Mrrx and HitpEepranp, Publ. Field Mus,
Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 3, pp. 956-957, 1928 (Panama).
Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; tail notably longer than
rest of body, its length to base of caudal fin 1.7 in total length. Head
short, 10.6 m standard length. Depth 20; predorsal 6.3; preanal 2.1;
preventral 10.2; ventral to vent 2.7; snout 4.9 in head measured to
upper angle of gill opening. Dorsal 55, anal 38, pectoral 10, ventral
1-3. Eye small, lateral, high. Interorbital rather broad, the space
between the eyes 3.7 in head. Mouth small, little oblique, reaching
about to anterior edge of the eye. Lower jaw strongly projecting;
lips fleshy, with pronounced lateral flanges, the free margin of which is
confined to the side of the head. The frontal region and lower jaw
with pronounced longitudinal swollen muscular folds or ridges; the
former extending from interorbital region to tip of snout; the latter
from tip of lower jaw to posterior end of mandible. Anterior nostril
situated in a minute round pore at the oral end of the frontal ridges;
posterior nostril slightly larger and situated above and before the eye.
Teeth small, even, close-set, in two irregular series in the jaws; vomer
and palatines toothless. Gill openings restricted laterally, extending
from base of the middle pectoral rays obliquely downward and forward
to slightly below and before the lower pectoral ray, the apertures
slightly longer than width of the base of pectoral fin. Body and
head, except snout and lower jaw, covered with minute scales im-
bedded in the skin; at the base of the dorsal and anal fins the arrange-
ment of the scales is notably differentiated in that they are imbedded
in oblique rows extending outward and backward on a longitudinal
narrow flat plane extending the full length of the fin bases. Scales
with 24 radiating striae. Myomeres evident, 20 body and 31 caudal=
51 muscular impressions. Vertebrae, 19 body and 37 caudal=56.
Vertical fins long and low, confluent with the caudal fin at base.
Origin of dorsal fin above tip of pectoral. Anal similar to but shorter
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
than dorsal. Ventral fins small, very close together and situated
slightly behind base of pectorals. Vent preceded by longitudinal
striations of the skin of the belly, indicating that the region is capable
of some distension. Color olivaceous, fins plain, translucent, the
caudal dark brown.
A single example 104 mm in standard length; taken at Chame Point,
Panama, by Robert Tweedlie. U.S.N.M. no. 86547 (type).
This species is closely related to 44. dipus Giinther but differs
greatly in the position of the vent, fin-ray, and myomeric counts.
I take great pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. Samuel F.
Hildebrand, ichthyologist, United States Bureau of Fisheries, in
recognition of his valuable work on the fishes of Panama.
MICRODESMUS INTERMEDIUS Meek and Hildebrand
Figure 12, a; PLATE 2, Figure 7
Microdesmus intermedius Meek and HiipEBRAND, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
zool. ser., vol. 15, pt. 3, p. 957-958, fig. 2, 1928 (Panama).
Body elongate, compressed, the caudal portion, without fin,
notably longer than rest of body. The body of about equal depth
throughout. Head 8 to 8.4 in standard length; depth 10.3 to 13.3;
predorsal 5.6 to 6.4; preanal 2.1 to 2.5; caudal 1.4 to 1.6; preventral
8 to 9.7; base of ventrals to vent 3 to 3.6. Snout 5 in head, meas-
ured to upper end of gill opening; interorbital 5 to 5.5. Dorsal 67,
anal 48, pectoral 12, ventral I-38. Myomeres evident, 17 body and
34 caudal=51 muscular impressions. Vertebrae, 22 body @nd 33
caudal=55. Eye minute, high, about 3 in length of snout. Mouth
comparatively large, the gape oblique, reaching to slightly past
anterior edge of orbit. Lower jaw somewhat projecting, but less so
than in related species, the fleshy projection at the symphysis little
developed; lips with conspicuous free flanges restricted to the side of
the jaws and not forming a free fold anteriorly. Snout and lower jaw
with longitudinal grooves and ridges, the latter extending well back
under the branchial region. Anterior nostril in a minute pore at the
oral end of the frontal ridges; posterior nares in a small round opening
above and before eyes. Teeth small, close-set, conical, apparently in
two irregular series in the jaws; vomer and palatines toothless. Gill
openings restricted laterally, the upper end adnate to the scapular
region in front of the middle pectoral rays, the apertures extending
obliquely downward and forward to a point slightly below the base
of the lower pectoral ray, the opening not quite so long as the width
of the fin base. Pores of the head rather small, five short vertical
rows below the eye, two horizontal rows behind and below eye crossed
by two vertical rows on the temporal region. A faint cross is formed
by rows of minute pores on the cheek, the juncture of which is about
FISHES OF FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE—REID 69
FIGURE 12.—a, Microdesmus intermedius Meek and Hildebrand, detailed enlargement of head of type,
X 3; 6, M. multiradiatus Meek and Hildebrand, detailed enlargement of head of type, X 24; ¢ M.
longipinnis (Weymouth), detailed enlargement of head of paratype, X 3.
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
midway between the eye and the lower angle of the preopercle.
Body and head, except snout and lower jaw, covered with minute
nonimbricate scales imbedded in the skin; scales of the dorsal region
following the course of the upper branches of the myomeric impres-
sions. Seales with 31 radiating striae. Origin of the dorsal fin
opposite, or a little before tip of appressed pectoral; the fin long and
low, joined to the caudal at base by membrane. Ventrals small,
closely approximated, situated below the branchial openings. Color
uniform pale olivaceous; the caudal fin dusky; other fins plain,
translucent.
This species is represented by the type, 84 mm in standard length,
U.S.N.M. no. 84301, collected at Chame Point, Panama, by Robert
Tweedlie, and two paratypes, no. 82680, 68 and 96 mm, respectively,
from the same locality, taken March 8-14, 1913, by Mr. Tweedlie.
This species is close to M. affinis Meek and Hildebrand and M.
longipinnis (Weymouth) but differs in the position of the vent, fewer
body vertebrae, and proportional measurements.
MICRODESMUS MULTIRADIATUS Meek and Hildebrand
Figure 12, 6b; Puate 2, Ficure 8
Microdesmus multiradiatus MEEK and HitpEBRAND, Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., zool. ser., vol. 15, no. 249, p. 958, pl. 98, fig. 3, 1928 (Panama).
Body very elongate, eel-shaped, the caudal notably longer than
rest of body. Head 9.7 to 12.8 in standard length; depth 20.2 to
28.0; predorsal 6.6 to 8.5; preanal 2.4 to 2.7; caudal without fin 1.6
to 1.7; preventral 9.7 to 11.6; base of ventrals to vent 3.2 to 3.6.
Snout 4.0 to 6.0 in length of head, measured from tip of lower jaw
to upper end of gill openings; interorbital 3.2 to 6.1. Dorsal 73 to
78, anal 57 to 61, pectoral 12, ventral I-38. Eye small, high, super-
lateral; mouth comparatively large, little oblique, the maxillary to
anterior edge of eye. Lower jaw projecting with a small inconspicu-
ous fleshy tip. Lips very large, restricted laterally, the free flange
above and below very conspicuous, the two membranes joined
together around the posterior end of the gape; the free folds of the
lips do not extend around the mouth anteriorly. Snout and lower
jaw with pronounced longitudinal swollen muscular ridges, those of
the lower jaw extending well back under the mandible. Anterior
nostril in a minute porelike opening at the oral end of the outer
frontal ridges. Posterior nostril in a small round opening on the
frontal ridge before and in front of the eye. Muscles of the jaws well
developed, the cheeks somewhat tumid. Teeth comparatively strong,
in two irregular series in the jaws, the lower jaw with three or four
small canines in the outer series, vomer and palatines toothless. Gill
openings restricted laterally, adnate to the scapular region in front of
the base of the upper fourth pectoral ray, the aperture extending
FISHES OF FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE—REID a
obliquely downward and forward to below and in front of the lower
pectoral ray, the length of the opening about equal to width of the
base of the fin. Body and head, except snout and lower jaw, covered
with minute nonimbricate scales imbedded in the skin; at the base
of the dorsal fin the arrangement of the rows of scales is strongly differ-
entiated in that they follow the upper branches of the myomeric
impressions. Scales with 37 radiating striae. Myomeres conspicu-
ous, 19 to 21 body and 38 to 42 caudal=57 to 63 muscular impressions.
Vertebrae, 22 body and 40 caudal=62. Origin of dorsal opposite tip
of appressed pectoral. Dorsal and anal fins long and low, both
attached to the caudal at base by membrane, the fins similar, but the
anal much shorter. Ventrals small, short, closely approximated,
their insertion directly below the pectoral base. Pores of the head
small and not of very definite arrangement; four rows of pores radiat-
ing from the eye across cheek, two rows across interorbital region, and
several short lines of pores on temporal region and gill covers. Color
brownish, the caudal slightly darker, fins immaculate.
We have 30 specimens of this fish ranging from 77 to 203 mm in
standard length, of which the type, U.S.N.M. no. 82682, is 191 mm in
standard length. Collected at Chame Point, Panama, by Robert
Tweedlie. The paratypes (nos. 82704, 85766) are from the same
locality.
This form is distinguished from all other species of the genus by
the greatly increased number of rays in the vertical fins and the fewer
abdominal vertebrae.
MICRODESMUS LONGIPINNIS (Weymouth)
FicureE 9, g; Fiacure 12, c; Puats 2, Figure 9
Leptocerdale longipinnis WrEyMoutH, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, pp. 142-144,
figs. 1-2, 1910 (Louisiana).
Body extremely elongate, slender, somewhat compressed and of
nearly equal depth throughout. Head moderately long, the lower
jaw strongly projecting with a prominent conical fleshy projection at
the symphysis. Snout and lower jaw with well-defined longitudinal
ridges. Lips thin with rather small flanges or folds confined to the
side, the free margin of which does not continue around the front of
the mouth. Eye small, high, about 2 in interorbital width. Head
15.3 to 16.8 in standard length; depth 28.3 to 34.4; predorsal 10.1
to 10.4; preanal 2.1; caudal 1.8; preventral 15.5 to 15.9; base of
ventrals to vent 2.2 to 2.6; snout 6.4 to 8.1 in length of head, measured
to upper end of gill opening; interorbital 7.1 to 7.5. Dorsal 66 to 71,
anal 41 to 45, pectoral 12, ventral I-3. Teeth very small, close-set,
in two irregular series in the jaws; vomer and palatines toothless.
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Gill openings restricted laterally, the upper end in front of upper
pectoral ray, extending obliquely downward and forward to below
base of lower pectoral ray, the aperture longer than width of the base
of the pectoral fin. Origin of dorsal fin above tip of appressed pec-
toral, the fin of medium height and joined to caudal at base. Anal
similar to dorsal but much shorter, also joined to caudal by membrane.
Seales very small, covering body and head except snout and lower
jaw; the rows of scales at the base of the vertical fins diverging out-
ward and backward following the course of the upper myomeric
depressions. Scales with 25 radiating striae. Myomeres evident,
31 body and 37 caudal=68 muscular impressions. Vertebrae, 28
body and 34 caudal=62. Color plain light brownish, fins translucent.
Two specimens, 174 and 207 mm in standard length; taken with a
jacklight at night in the outlet of Calcasien Lake, Cameron, La.
U.S.N.M. no. 64157 (type) and no. 64158 (paratype).
This species is most closely related to M. affinis Meek and Hilde-
brand, agreeing in the number of body and caudal vertebrae as well
as fin rays, but differs notably in the position of the vent and in pro-
portional measurements.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1936 No. 3003
———— nn ————————————_—_—_ LTE
TWO NEW SPECIES OF HAWKS FROM THE MIOCENE
OF NEBRASKA
By ALEexANDER WETMORE
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution
From collections made by Ted Galusha, the United States National
Museum recently has obtained two fragmentary metatarsi that repre-
sent, respectively, new species in the families Accipitridae and Fal-
conidae. Both are of more than usual interest, the first because it
reveals an additional American species of the subfamily Aegypiinae,
whose living representatives are found only in the Old World, and
the second because it carries the group of falcons in America back
into the Miocene.
In connection with work on the falcon I have had the benefit of
examination of the type of Falco falconellus Shufeldt, of uncertain
status, through the kindness of Dr. Richard 8. Lull and Dr. Malcolm
R. Thorpe, of the Peabody Museum, Yale University. The drawings
herein were made for me by Sidney Prentice.
Family ACCIPITRIDAE
Genus PALAEOBORUS Coues
PALAEOBORUS HOWARDAE, new species
Characters—Distal end of tarso-metatarsus (fig. 13) similar to
that of Palaeoborus umbrosus (Cope)? but slightly larger; outer
intertrochlear sulcus broader; middle trochlea relatively larger;
1 Cathartes wmbrosus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 26, Oct. 10, 1874, p.
151. Metatarsus illustrated in Cope, Rep. U. S. Geogr. Surv. West 100th Merid., vol. 4,
pt. 2, 1877, pl. 67, figs. 15, 15a, 15c.
73
92744—36
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 84
tendinal impression on inner posterior angle narrower and more
heavily impressed on the shaft in its upper portion.
Description—Type, U.S.N.M. no. 13897, distal end of right tarso-
metatarsus, from Miocene of Quarry A in sec. 29, T. 31, R. 47, Dawes
County, Nebr., collected in 1934 by Ted Galusha. Outer trochlea
narrow, compressed laterally, with a thin plate projecting posteriorly,
elliptical in outline when viewed from the side; inner face much
excavated, intertrochlear sulcus separating it from middle trochlea
distinctly wider than that between internal and middle trochlea;
middle trochlea nearly circular in outline when viewed from the side,
relatively strong and robust; distinctly elevated from the level of the
shaft both posteriorly and anteriorly, with a pronounced groove
extending completely around the articular surface; both faces much
excavated ; inner trochlea
compressed, with a dis-
tinct impression in cen-
ter of outer face, beyond
which the bone extends
as a narrowed projection
triangular in general
outline; inner face much
excavated ; intertrochlear
sulcus between it and
middle trochlea decided-
} : ly narrowed; lower end
Ficurp 13.—Palaeoborus howardae, new species: Distal c
end of tarso-metatarsus of type (U.S.N.M. no. 18897). of shaft flattened and
About natural size. expanded, forming a
broad base from which project the trochlea; inferior foramen of good
size, located relatively low on the shaft, with a slight depression
around it behind, and a distinct groove leading into it from above
on the anterior face; body of shaft strong and robust, with outer
face plain, the boundaries being sharp-ridged both in front and in
back; a strongly impressed tendinal groove on inner angle; posterior
face of shaft with a broad, shallow groove above; impression for
articulation of hallux strongly marked; anterior face of shaft a
somewhat irregular plane sloping toward the inner margin. Bone
well fossilized, dull gray in color, whiter on the trochlea.
Measurements.—Smallest transverse breadth of shaft, 9.7 mm;
transverse breadth across trochlea, 20.4 mm.
Remarks.—This species seems to have been one with strong and
robust foot, indicating a distinctly predatory type of life. The short,
heavy form of the inner trochlea, with the relatively slightly project-
ing wing, and the relatively large size of the middle trochlea com-
TWO NEW FOSSIL HAWKS FROM NEBRASKA——-WETMORE 15
pared with the others, place it in the subfamily Aegypiinae, adding
another species to this group in the New World. It has the strong,
robust form of Veogyps errans, but in detail of structure it is more
similar to the more slightly built Veophrontops americanus.
From Neophrontops americanus, in addition to its much larger
size, P. howardae differs in having the larger and more robust middle
trochlea projecting abruptly on the anterior face, instead of merging
gradually into the shaft; the external intertrochlear sulcus much
wider; the axis of the ala interna of second trochlea making a right
angle with axis of shaft, so that its point is elevated above lower
margin of trochlea instead of nearly on the same level; the inferior
foramen less elevated; and a strongly impressed tendinal groove on
posterior face ef outer margin of shaft.
Neophrontops dakotensis Compton ?, described from the lower
Pliocene of South Dakota, is decidely smaller.
Palaeoborus howardae agrees so closely with P. wmbrosus, which
Dr. Hildegarde Howard * has included in the subfamily Aegypiinae,
that after some consideration, including a careful study of Cope’s
figures, it is described in the genus Palaeoborus. I have not been
successful in locating Cope’s type material, but should this subse-
quently be found comparison of the actual specimens may indicate
that the species here named should be placed in a separate genus.
I have pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Hildegarde Howard
in recognition of her excellent work on the eagles and eaglelike
vultures of the Pleistocene deposits of California.
Family FALCONIDAE
Genus FALCO Linnaeus
FALCO RAMENTA, new species
Characters—Distal end of tarso-metatarsus (fig. 14) generally
similar to modern Falco columbarius Linnaeus* but decidedly
smaller; inferior foramen viewed from posterior surface more
elevated on shaft.
Description —Type, U.S.N.M. no. 13898, distal portion of right
metatarsus, from Miocene of Merychippus quarry, in southwest corner
of NW1, sec. 14, T. 31, R. 47, Dawes County, Nebr., collected in
1934 by Ted Galusha. Shaft slender but strong; anterior face with
a faintly impressed, very shallow groove toward inner margin that
disappears completely well above trochlea, the surface becoming
smoothly curved at that point; opening for anterior foramen very
2 Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 30, Oct. 1935, p. 344, fig. 1.
3 Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 429, Oct. 1932, p. 70 et seq.
4Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 90 (South Carolina).
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 84
small, located in a slightly indicated, narrow groove; posterior sur-
face of shaft with raised margins, making a broad, shallow trough;
facet for articulation of first toe well marked, rather elevated on side
of shaft; supporting base for trochleae broad and flattened, with
the curve of the trochlea open; inner trochlea with distal margin
even with middle trochlea, rounded, with internal face somewhat
excavated, anterior surface smoothly rounded, with a flattened plate,
most of which has been broken away, projecting from its free mar-
gin; internal intertrochlear sulcus open, but relatively narrow; middle
trochlea small, projecting somewhat anteriorly beyond those on
either side, nearly round in lateral outline, its free margin deeply
grooved, on the posterior face descending abruptly into shaft; the
entire trochlea distinctly smaller than those on either side; outer
trochlea viewed from outer face a flat, crudely elliptical plate, its
margin not extended quite so far
as the end of the middle trochlea;
outer trochlea posteriorly de-
veloped in an angular plate that
extends much farther back than
the other two, the plate in ques-
tion much narrowed, being less
than half the width of the main
: Fi) part of the trochlea; external in-
Ficurp 14.—Falco ramenta, new species: tertrochlear sulcus narrow and
Distal end of tarso-metatarsus of type shallow ; inferior foramen on pos-
(U.S.N.M. no. 13898). Twice natural 3 2
oes terior surface a tiny rounded
opening, located at a point above the base of the outer trochlea.
Specimen well fossilized; color dull ivory, mottled with gray.
Measurements —Greatest transverse breadth across trochlea, 5.3
mm; smallest transverse breadth of shaft, 2.8 mm.
Remarks—The species here described, from the evidence to be
found in the lower end of the metatarsus, was about the size of the
male of the small race of sparrow hawk resident in Florida, Falco
sparverius paulus (Howe and King). The elevation of the inferior
foramen on the shaft is similar to what is found in the sparrow
hawks, the pigeon hawks having this opening nearer the base of the
outer trochlea. The metatarsus in the fossil, however, is distinctly
heavier, and the facet for the articulation of the first digit is ex-
tended farther up the shaft, characters that distinguish 7’. columba-
rius and F. sparverius as species. It seems, therefore, that /. ra-
menta was related more nearly to the pigeon hawks, being dis-
tinguished from any of the living forms in this group by decidedly
smaller size. This difference is more evident in the smaller, more
TWO NEW FOSSIL HAWKS FROM NEBRASKA——-WETMORE Gi
delicate form of the trochlea than from measurements and is readily
apparent on comparison of specimens.
Ted Galusha, from whom the type of Falco ramenta was obtained,
informs me that his “Merychippus quarry”, where the specimen was
found, is characterized by remains of Merychippus primus, Hypo-
hippus, Merycodus, and Mylogaulus, among other mammals. He
considers it probably equivalent to the Sheep Creek beds. The exact
level in the Miocene of this deposit remains to be definitely estab-
lished, but it seems probable that it is located in the middle or lower
upper Miocene.
Other pigmy species related to forms still living have been found
in the same general period of geologic time. These include Ortalis
tantala, a chachalaca less than half the size of the modern species
in this group; Paractiornis perpusillus, an oystercatcher with the
stature of a sanderling; and Conuropsis fratercula, which resembles
the Carolina paroquet but is only three-fourths as large. It would
appear that the latter half of Tertiary time was highly favorable to
diversity of form among birds, so that there were developed many
size types that with the incidence of more rigorous conditions in
Pleistocene and Recent times became extinct.
STATUS OF FALCO FALCONELLUS SHUFELDT
In considering the affinities of Falco ramenta, I have had the
privilege of examining the type material of 7. falconellus Shufeldt
through the kindness of Dr. Richard S. Lull and Dr. Malcolm R.
Thorpe. This species, described as Falco falconella*® was named ac-
cording to Shufeldt from “five (5) fossil bones or fragments of
bones which, in life, evidently belonged to either a small Owl or a
small Falcon or Hawk.” The specimens come from the Bridger
Eocene of Wyoming. The type material, all of which is fragmentary,
includes the following:
(1) A bit of an articular surface or process that is not avian;
without comparing it definitely I consider it mammalian.
(2) A phalanx from the foot of some small bird.
(3) A much compressed unguis from the foot of a larger bird
than no. 2.
(4) Head of the left coracoid of a small bird.
(5) Distal end of the left humerus of a small bird.
After prolonged and careful examination and many comparisons
with modern birds, I am forced to the conclusion that /. falconellus
cannot be identified. The material includes representation from at
least three orders of birds. The fragmentary humerus is the only
5 Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 19, Feb. 1915, p. 40, pl. 15, figs. 189-143.
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 84
bone of the five that might offer characters to indicate relationship,
but this is so crushed and broken that I have not been able to estab-
lish the family, or even the order, to which it belongs. The only
pertinent character evident is that of reduction in the radial condyle,
which has the articulating surface cut away. There is little else that
may be said about it, except to indicate that it is not from a species
of the order Falconiformes. With considerable reluctance I am
forced to the conclusion that it is necessary to relegate Falco fal-
conellus Shufeldt to the limbo of those species that may not be given
a place in our systematic classification.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1936 No. 3004
A NEW NORTH AMERICAN MASON-WASP FROM VIR-
GINIA, WITH NOTES ON SOME ALLIED FORMS
By JosrrH Brquarrt
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
A MASON-wasp, recently discovered in Virginia, belongs to an ap-
parently undescribed form of Odynerus tempiferus Viereck, a species
related to O. pratensis H. de Saussure. Both these species differ
from the other North American Odynerus in having the entire first
and the greater part of the second tergite (except for a preapical
zone of coarse punctures) practically impunctate. The two species
may be separated as follows:
Lateral angles of propodeum prominent, broadly triangular, with
sharp apex. Clypeus (9 ¢) scarcely or not wider than high,
the apical margin slightly curved inward and with prominent,
sharp lateral teeth. Humeral margin of pronotum with a low
carina, which is narrowly interrupted in the middle; dorsal
face of pronotum evenly rounded off into the lateral, vertical
LETS hoba xy Shonrtrand .hiCKSete sae ee en eee ee tempiferus
Lateral angles of propodeum broadly and evenly rounded off.
Clypeus (2 ¢) nearly one and one-third times as wide as high,
the apical margin straight, its lateral angles not toothlike.
Humeral margin of pronotum with a high carina, continuous
across the middle; dorsal face of pronotum separated from
the lateral, vertical areas by a ridge, particularly prominent
and often somewhat carinate at the humeral angles. Thorax
LONE aC eee ee ee ee ee ee eee pratensis
9274236 79
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Genus CDYNERUS Latreille
ODYNERUS TEMPIFERUS Viereck
Odynerus (Stenodynerus) tempiferus Virreck, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 33,
p. 392, pl. 12, fig., 1908 (¢; Thomas Ranch, Oak Creek Canyon, 20 miles
southwest of Flagstaff, Coconino County, Ariz.).
Odynerus trichiosomus CAMERON, Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 1, p. 127, 1909 (6;
Gallinas Canyon, N. Mex.).
Viereck’s description mentions only the color markings, although
he adds that except for the length of the thorax his species agrees
in size and structure with de Saussure’s description of O. iiurbidi,
from Mexico. O. tempiferus may, however, be recognized from
Viereck’s figure, which represents a male, not a female as marked.
O. trichiosomus seems to be the same species, as suggested by the
following excerpts from Cameron’s description: “Clypeus pyriform,
slightly but distinctly longer than wide, the apex with a shallow
rounded incision * * *, First abdominal segment cupshaped,
smooth, the second as wide as long, the basal two-thirds smooth, the
apical deeply irregularly, but not very closely punctured.” The
length (11 mm) was probably measured from the frons to the apex
of the second tergite.
Although in coloration the typical form of O. tempiferus, as here
recognized, is strikingly different from the variety macéo, both agree
structurally in every detail. In addition to the characters mentioned
in the key, O. tempiferus differs from O. pratensis in several other
structural peculiarities, which may be found in the lengthy account of
macio given below. For instance, the basal two-thirds of the second
tergite are not so completely devoid of punctures in O. tempiferus,
that area appearing much smoother in O. pratensis. The antennal
hook of the male is shaped quite differently in the two species. O.
pratensis does not appear to reach the size of the largest O. tempiferus.
Female (undescribed) —Black. Clypeus, transverse flattened
hexagonal spot above interantennal ridge (sometimes including the
ridge), broad margins of inner orbits from clypeus to bottom of
ocular sinuses, spot at base of mandible, major part of cheeks, a
streak on under side of scape, anterior half of dorsal face of pro-
notum, two spots on scutellum, usually most of transverse ridge of
postscutellum (sometimes lacking), spots on dorsal areas of pro-
podeum, tegulae (except median ferruginous spot), large spot on
upper plate of mesepisternum (beneath base of fore wing), most of
horizontal dorsal area of first tergite (except a median spot, pro-
duced posteriorly into a line), broad apical margins on succeeding
tergites and sternites, lateral spots on anterior half of second tergite
‘sometimes very small, or connected with the apical margin), spots
urbidi is unknown to me. H. de Saussure’s description does not mention clearly
~st and basal two-thirds of the second tergite are impunctate.
A NEW MASON-WASP FROM VIRGINIA—-BEQUAERT 81
on coxae, apices of all femora and outer sides of all tibiae, bright yel-
low or more or less orange-yellow. Scape, base of flagellum, mandi-
bles, most of legs, and lateral spots on second tergite ferruginous. The
edges of all yellow markings are usually more or less ferruginous,
particularly on the cheeks, pronotum, second and sixth tergites, and
most sternites. In one specimen the mesonotum has two ferruginous
stripes. Wings subhyaline, tinged with amber-yellow, more russet
toward costa, and with slight purple reflections. In one specimen the
clypeus has a median blackish spot and is partly ferruginous.
Maie.——Much like the female and equally variable in the relative
extent of yellow and ferruginous markings. In one specimen the
second tergite is mostly yellow, shading into orange toward the
middle, while several other pale markings of the body are orange
rather than yellow. The mandibles, tibiae, and tarsi may be more
extensively yellow than in the female.
Length (h.+th.+t.1 and 2): 9,12.5 to 14 mm; ¢, 11 to 12 mm;
of fore wing: ?,14to15mm; ¢, 11.5 to 12.5 mm.
Specimens examined.—Colorado: Clear Creek, 6,000 to 7,000 feet,
Jefferson County, female allotype, June 29, 1922 (George P. Engel-
hardt, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Boulder County, female, bred from a
mudnest (C. H. Hicks) ; Golden, 6,000 to 7,000 feet, Jefferson County,
female (H. H. Newcomb); Chimney Gulch near Golden, Jefferson
County, male; Custer County, female (T. D. A. Cockerell).
New Mexico: Jemez Mountains, Sandoval County, male (Wood-
gate); Las Vegas, female (Deacy).
Wyoming: Sheridan, Sheridan County, female (Cornell Univer-
sity).
Utah: Eureka, Juab County, female (T. Spaulding) ; Beaver Val-
ley, two females; Beaver Creek Hills, two males; Wildcat Valley,
male; South Creek, male; ali Beaver County (George P. Engel-
hardt); Buckskin Valley, Iren County, male and female (George P.
Engelhardt).
Oregon: Horse Lake, High Cascade Mountains, Lane County,
male (J. C. Bridwell).
Mexico: Meadow Valley, State of Chihuahua, female (C. H. T.
Townsend).
According to C. H. Hicks’ observations, the typical form of O.
tempiferus has habits similar to those of the variety macio.
ODYNERUS TEMPIFERUS MACIO, new variety
Characters—Similar to O. tempiferus, differing principally in
having bluish-black wings, darker bases of legs, and considerable
reduction of the light color markings on the head, pronotum, and
abdomen, which are ivory-white instead of bright yellow or some-
what orange-yellow.
$2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Since the typical form of O. tempiferus was incompletely
described, I feel justified in describing fully the variety macio.
Female.—Head (fig. 15, A) in front view broadly elliptical, slightly
wider than high; seen from above, transverse, two and one-half times
as wide as long, as wide as thorax; occipital margin slightly
curved inward. Vertex and cheeks margined throughout by a sharp
uniform carina. Cheek wide, in profile as wide as upper half of eye,
gradually narrowed from middle to mandibular condyle, where it
forms a narrow groove. Inner orbits at vertex one and one-fifth times
as far apart as at clypeus. Upper half of frons little swollen, with
distinct but shallow median saddlelike depression between anterior
ocellus and interantennal ridge. Ocelli in a flattened triangle, poste-
FIGURE 15.—ODYNERUS TEMPIFERUS MACIO, new variety
A-C, female: A, Head in front view; B, apical half of fore wing; C, hind portion of
thorax in side view.
D-F, male: D, Head in front view; E, tip of antenna from below; F, tip of antenna in
side view.
rior pair twice as far apart as from the anterior, slightly less than
from eyes, about as far from eyes as from occipital margin. Inter-
ocellar area flat with median longitudinal linear groove. Vertex medi-
ally with two minute hairy foveae, close together and slightly nearer
occipital margin than posterior ocelli. Antennae twice as far apart
as from eyes; ridge between them low. Clypeus very broadly pear-
shaped, scarcely wider than high, disk slightly flattened, upper part
moderately convex, with weak preapical concavity; lower subocular
portion about as long as interocular part; truncate apex about one-
fifth greatest width of clypeus, very slightly incurved with short but
sharp, toothlike lateral edges. Antennae rather long and slender,
flagellum scarcely swollen apically; scape slender, distinctly curved,
A NEW MASON-WASP FROM VIRGINIA—-BEQUAERT 83
much less than half length of flagellum; third segment about one
and one-half times as long as fourth; fourth to sixth longer than
wide; seventh and eleventh almost square; eighth to tenth shghtly
wider than long; twelfth about as long as basal width. Mandible
straight, nearly as long as eye; apex blunt, hardly curved; in-
ner margin with four narrow notches producing broad, bluntly
rounded teeth. Maxillary palpi 6-segmented; four basal segments
gradually shorter, three terminal segments combined much longer
than third; labial palpi 4-segmented. Thorax (fig. 15, C) short
and very stubby, sides almost parallel, narrowed slightly ante-
riorly; seen from above little longer than greatest width, in
profile almost as high as long. Humeral margin of pronotum slightly
curved inward, margined dorsally by a very fine carina, interrupted
medially, on sides more sharply carinate to anterior coxae; humeri
very broadly rounded; pronotum without carina between dorsal hor1-
zontal and lateral vertical areas. Mesonotum about as wide as long,
nearly pentagonal in outline, with broadly rounded anterior margin,
very slightly convex, with mere traces of notauli and parapsidal fur-
rows posteriorly, anterior fourth with fine, impressed median line.
Tegula semielliptical, nearly twice as long as wide, with somewhat
carinate margins; posttegula forming a broad lobe, somewhat curved
upward, with blunt apex. Scutellum rectangular, about three times
as wide as long, very slightly raised, disk somewhat flattened, with a
fine median longitudinal impressed line, deep mesonotal suture foveo-
late, with longitudinal riblets; postscutellar suture moderately im-
pressed, not foveolate. Postscutellum convex, with a short anterior
horizontal area and much longer, posterior, vertical portion (part of
the concavity of propodeum), separated by a sharply crenulate, trans-
verse crest (of 8 to 10 irregular teeth), narrowly interrupted medially
by agroove. Median mesepisternal groove very deep, complete, trans-
versely ribbed; prepectal suture present in lower part only as a fine
carina, running obliquely to near base of mid coxa. Propodeum
very short, squarely and vertically truncate behind, swollen laterally ;
dorsal areas very broadly separated medially by vertical face of post-
scutellum; concavity wide and deep, divided by a low, broad, smooth
longitudinal ridge, which expands suddenly into a broad triangle
along hind margin of postscutellum; no superior ridges; inferior
and lateral ridges bluntly rounded, without carinae or teeth; lateral
angles prominent, broadly triangular, with sharp apex; lateral areas
slightly concave. Abdomen short and very stubby. First tergite
short, transverse, with faint trace of median impressed line poste-
riorly, as broad as thorax and scarcely narrower than second; seen
from above, broadly semielliptical in outline, width of hind margin
little over median length; transition between vertical and horizontal
areas evenly but strongly convex and rounded off; hind margin
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 84
translucent, not thickened or raised. Second tergite about twice as
wide as long, moderately and evenly convex; hind margin slightly
thickened but not raised or translucent; preapical, coarsely punctate
area depressed, more strongly laterally. Apical margins of succeed-
ing tergites normal, of third very slightly thickened. Second ster-
nite evenly and rather markedly convex toward base, with basal
median furrow; deep basal transverse groove with irregular longi-
tudinal riblets. Apical margins of sternites simple. Legs normal.
Wings with usual type of venation (fig. 15, B); radial cell rather
elongate, broadest before middle (at second intercubitus), apex nar-
rowly truncate, with short appendicular vein; second cubital more
than four times as long on cubitus as on radius; third cubital much
shorter than second, much higher than long, slightly wider on radius
than on cubitus; third intercubitus very wavy.
Vertex and cheeks fairly uniformly covered with scattered medium-
sized punctures, those on frons much coarser and closer. Mandibles
almost impunctate. Disk of clypeus with uniformly scattered small
punctures and traces of irregular longitudinal folds; sides and base
more finely and densely punctate. Pronotum, mesonotum, and scu-
tellum rather densely covered with a mixture of medium-sized and
small punctures; those of mesopleura very much coarser, producing a
reticulate or somewhat striolate appearance; upper half of meta-
pleura transversely striolate, lower half almost smooth; postscu-
tellum coarsely punctate, except the smooth posterior portion. Pro-
podeum: Dorsal areas coarsely punctate, subreticulate; lateral areas
strongly obliquely striate; concavity obliquely striate laterad of
median ridge. Tegulae with few minute punctures anteriorly and
posteriorly. Abdomen: First tergite (under a hand lens) impunc-
tate; basal three-fourths of second tergite with widely scattered mi-
nute punctures, coarsely and densely punctured, depressed preapical
area extending forward laterally; remaining tergites coarsely punc-
tate but gradually decreasing to sixth, which bears only a few small
and many fine punctures; punctures of sternites small and much
scattered, but larger and closer before apex of second. Pubescence
short and rather inconspicuous, mostly brownish black or black, more
grayish on frons and sides of propodeum.
Black. An elongate spot on base of mandible, extreme upper
sides of clypeus, narrow inner orbits from clypeus to near base of
ocular sinuses, narrow streaks in upper half of cheeks along outer
orbits, anterior half of dorsal area of pronotum, tegulae, except for
a brownish median spot, small spot on upper plate of mesepister-
num, two spots on scutellum, large spots covering most of dorsal
areas of propodeum, most of dorsal area of first tergite (except a
large median pentagonal black spot, produced posteriorly into a
—_——"
A NEW MASON-WASP FROM VIRGINIA——-BEQUAERT 85
linear point), narrow apical margins of second and third tergites
(sometimes faint or absent on third), spots near apices of fore and
mid femora, and outer sides of all tibiae, ivory-white. One female
has also an ivory-white spot on frons above interantennal carina,
while another has two obscure preapical spots on clypeus. Knees,
inner side of tibiae, most of tarsi, claws, and tibial spurs, russet.
Wings uniformly strongly infuscate, bluish black with purplish
reflections; veins and stigma black.
Maile.—Similar to female except as follows: Head (fig. 15, D),
seen in front, subcircular, only slightly wider than high. Frons
scarcely depressed above interantennal ridge. Vertex without foveae.
Clypeus relatively shorter and wider; its truncate apex nearly one-
third of the greatest width of clypeus, distinctly though shallowly
curved inward, with blunt lateral edges. Antennae (fig. 15, E-F)
somewhat more swollen apically; fourth to eighth segments longer
than wide; ninth to eleventh about as long as wide and somewhat
swollen; twelfth very long; thirteenth long, slender, strongly curved,
with blunt, rounded tip; twelfth and thirteenth folded under, the
twisted apex of thirteenth reaching to near base of tenth. Mandible
much shorter than eye.
Sculpture much as in the female, but frons less coarsely punctate;
clypeus smooth with a few scattered, small punctures.
Coloration as in the female, but clypeus and labrum entirely, most
of outside of mandibles, under side of scape, triangular interantennal
spot and ventral spots on mid coxae ivory-white. Spots of scutellum
and dorsal areas of propodeum small or lacking.
Length (h.+th.+t.1 and 2): @, 12 to 18 mm; ¢, 11 to 12 mm;
of fore wing: 9,138.5 to 14mm; 6,10 to 11 mm.
Specimens examined.—Virginia: Mouth of Tobacco Creek, about
25 miles from Fredericksburg (between Essex County and Carolina
County), seven females (holotype and paratypes) and five males
(allotype and paratypes) bred from a mudnest collected by David I.
Bushnell, Jr. The nesting habits are described elsewhere.? Holo-
type (U.S.N.M. no. 51697), allotype, and some of the paratypes at the
United States National Museum; other paratypes at Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., where there is also a female
paratype, from an old collection, without locality.
In coloration, the variety macio resembles somewhat Odynerus
bidens de Saussure, Ancistrocerus quadrisectus (Say), and Aonobia
guadridens (Linnaeus), which occur in the same territory. There
are, however, differences among the four species in the arrange-
ment of the ivory-white markings, and structurally they are not in
the least related. The variety macio differs from all the others in the
impunctate first and basal two-thirds of second tergite. From the
2Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, p. 89 ff., 1936.
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Monobia it is separated also by having 4-segmented labial and 6-
seomented maxillary palpi. It lacks the transverse carina on the
first tergite of the Ancistrocerus. O. bidens has a differently shaped
clypeus, the cheeks considerably widened behind the eyes, the post-
scutellum without a crenulate transverse ridge, and the concavity
of the propodeum separated from the dorsal areas by a more or less
distinct carina (forming an upper tooth divided by a notch from the
sides of the postscutellum).
ODYNERUS PRATENSIS H. de Saussure
Odynerus pratensis H. p—E Saussure, Rey. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 22, p. 61, 1870
(236; “America borealis”); Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 14, no. 254,
p. 292, 1875 (2 from Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; ¢ from New
Mexico).
Odynerus clusinus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vol. 4, p. 234, 1872
(2 4; Texas; types collected by Belfrage, therefore probably from Bosque
County).
Cresson’s clusinus and de Saussure’s pratensis were based upon the
same species, even though de Saussure’s description does not mention
that the first and most of the second tergites are smooth and im-
punctate.
The typical form of O. pratensis is mostly ferruginous, with a few
black blotches or spots, particularly on the vertex and mesonotum,
and with many yellow markings, most of the tergites and sternites
having broad apical yellow margins, always widened anteriorly on
the first and sometimes also on the second tergite. Wings subhyaline,
tinged with amber-yellow and very slightly violaceous. Length
(h.+th.+t.1 and 2): ¢, 11.5 to 12.5 mm; ¢, 8.5 to 10.5 mm; of fore
wing: 2,10.5to11.5mm; 4, 8.5 to 11.5.
Specimens examined.—Texas: New Braunfels, Comal County;
Ozona, Crockett County; Devils River near Comstock, Val Verde
County; Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County; Valentine, Presidio County ;
Fedor, Lee County.
New Mexico: Rio Grande Canyon, south of Taos, Taos County.
Arizona: Flagstaff, Coconino County; Post Creek Canyon near
Fort Grant (Pinaleno Mountains), Graham County; Congress
Junction, Yavapai County.
Many females and males.
ODYNERUS PRATENSIS BRUMALIS, new variety
Male.—Mainly black, extensively marked with yellow and with a
few ferruginous blotches. Clypeus, frons to upper margin of ocular
sinuses (except two black oblique spots above antennal sockets), most
of cheeks and mandibles, under side of scape, anterior portion of
dorsal face of pronotum wholly or only medially, ridge of postscutel-
A NEW MASON-WASP FROM VIRGINIA—BEQUAERT 87
lum broadly, tegulae anteriorly and posteriorly, spot in upper plate
of mesepisternum, broad apical margins of tergites 1 to 6, most of
sternites 1 to 6, under sides of coxae, tips of femora, and outer side of
tibiae, bright yellow; margins of first and second tergites consider-
ably widened laterally, that of second connected with rounded lateral
spots. The ferruginous color is never extensive; it may cover most
of the scape, base and hook of flagellum, most of dorsal face of
pronotum, two spots on scutellum, much of sides of propodeum, most
of legs (except where yellow), sides of first and second tergites bor-
dering yellow markings, and seventh tergite and sternite; elsewhere
the yellow is often edged with ferruginous. Wings subhyaline, with a
slightly yellowish tinge, veins brownish, more russet anteriorly, radial
cell slightly infuscate and somewhat violaceous.
Length (h.+th.+t.1 and 2): 9.5 to 11 mm; of fore wing, 9.5 to
11.5 mm.
Specimens examined.—Washington: Wawawai, Whitman County,
three males (holotype and paratypes) (W. M. Mann) ; Almota, Whit-
man County, one male (paratype) (A. L. Melander). All at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
U. 8. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
pan
Naat, f
45h INGTON
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1936 No. 3005
THE NEST OF ODYNERUS TEMPIFERUS VAR. MACIO
BEQUAERT, WITH NOTES ON THE HABITS OF THE
WASPS?
By Austin H. Criark
Curator of Echinoderms, United States National Museum
and
Grace A. SANDHOUSE
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of
Agriculture
AutHoucH much has been written on the habits of various solitary
wasps, nearly all the available information has to do with the con-
struction and storing of the cells and the capture of the prey. Little
has been recorded concerning the habits of the insects immediately
after reaching the adult stage.
The rearing of a series of individuals of both sexes of Odynerus
tempiferus var. macio Bequaert * from a nest. brought to us by David
I. Bushnell, Jr., gave us an opportunity for making notes upon the
habits of this wasp based upon individuals the entire history of
which, as adults at least, was known. As the nest was too fragile to
send to Dr. Bequaert for study after the emergence of the wasps, a
description of it is included herein.
Locality —At the mouth of Tobacco Creek, between Essex and
Caroline Counties, Va., 25 miles from Fredericksburg. The nest was
collected by David I. Bushnell, Jr., on October 15, 1935.
Nest.—The nest was constructed about a fork in a slender alder
(Alnus rugosa) twig that is 4 mm in diameter just beneath the nest.
1The studies recorded herein of the reactions of these wasps to light were made in co-
operation with Dr. E. D. McAlister, Division of Radiation and Organisms, Smithsonian
Institution.
2Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, pp. 79-88, 1936.
92743—-36 89
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
The weight of the nest (3.5 ounces with the surface dry) bowed the
twig so as to bring it within 4 or 5 feet of the ground.
The nest consists of a large, somewhat irregular mass, with large,
low, broadly rounded humps. It is constructed chiefly of coarsely
sandy clay. On the surface are embedded a few large quartz grains
up to 2.5 mm in diameter. In one place there is a rounded patch or
overlay about 10 mm in diameter of finer and lighter-colored clay.
The length in the direction of the supporting twig is 60 mm; the
greatest diameter, at right angles to the length, is 60 mm; and the
Jeast diameter is 55 mm.
There are 21 included cells. These are kidney-shaped, with the
concave side toward the twig, 12 to 15 mm long and 7 to 9 mm high
in the middle. They are somewhat broader than high. In transverse
section the floor, always toward the twig, is seen to be straight, the
sides and top strongly and evenly arched. The partitions between
the cells are 3 to 5 mm thick in the thinnest place.
The first cell is placed in the fork with the long axis at right angles
to the plane of the diverging branchlets and the sides almost touch-
ing them. The concave side, or floor, is toward the fork and 10 mm
distant from it. The second and third cells are on either side of the
fork, on the outer side of the diverging branchlets. The other cells
are arranged concentrically about the fork as a center, all evenly
spaced from one another, the long axes running in any direction.
The nest was brought to us in the middle of October and was kept
indoors during the winter. It probably was not exposed to a tem-
perature of less than 65° F. during that time. It was placed in a
cloth-covered glass jar with about an inch of saturated newspaper
in the bottom, and the surface was thoroughly soaked under the tap
once or twice a week.
This soaking of the surface had the effect of washing out the col-
loidal material, so that by the time the wasps were ready to emerge
the surface had become very friable, fine sand falling from it at the
slightest touch or jar. The effect of this would be greatly to facili-
tate the emergence of the insects.
A thorough search was made for the remains of the insects with
which the cells had been stored, but no trace of any was found.
The cocoon, formed of a rather sparse layer of silk supporting a
continuous sheet of gummy substance, is thin and delicate.
Emergences——Two males, March 4; two males, March 5; the
emergence of the males occurred before 9 a. m., except in one case in
which the emergence was not completed until shortly after that time.
One female, March 15; one female, March 17; on March 18 the nest,
which had become very dry, was thoroughly wetted about 10 a. m.,
and within 15 minutes a female emerged; one female, March 19; one
NEST OF ODYNERUS—CLARK AND SANDHOUSE 91
female, March 23, at 9:15 a. m. and another on the same date at
10 a. m.
Total, 4 males and 6 females.
The male that emerged shortly after 9 a. m. was assisted by the
wetting of the nest. Not long after emergence he retreated within
the cell and remained looking out. The female that emerged after
the wetting of the nest retired into a cell about 1 p. m. and spent the
rest of the day there.
The emergence holes of the males are 4 mm in diameter and those
of the females are 6 mm in diameter.
Parasite-—One of the cells that was opened before the emergences
began contained a dead larva and a dead adult tachinid, with its pupal
aa The tachinid was very moldy. It was dotermaned by David G.
Hall as one of the Miltogrammini.
Contents of other cells —Dead larvae, 4; dead male, 1; dead female,
1; crippled female, 1; male ready for emergence (March 3), 1; living
larva (February), 1; empty, except for mold, 1.
Habits. —Immediately after emerging most of the wasps were nerv-
ous and suspicious, and if a hand was brought within 4 or 5 inches
of them they faced it and took a defensive attitude. But none of
them were in the least aggressive, and the female that emerged on
March 23 paid no attention to a finger within half an inch. The
suspicious attitude on the part of the others was soon lost, and they
showed no concern when objects in their jar were eee! with
the hand or when a finger came within an inch or less of them. How-
ever, they were not disturbed on sunny days when they were flying
about.
In sunlight they are very active, but if it becomes cloudy they
cease flying at once, crawl about for a while, and come to rest, no
matter how warm it may be.
The flight of the females is direct and clumsy. The flight of the
males is more agile than of the females, with frequent quick turns
and much hovering, accompanied by an oscillation from side to side
covering a distance of about an inch and a half. The females occa-
sionally hovered, remaining stationary in the air with the body at
an angle of about 45°.
When resting the wings are held parallel close down upon the back,
and usually the fore legs are drawn up from the supporting surface,
sometimes with the tips of the tarsi crossed. The antennae diverge
at an angle of 90° and are slightly ascending. In the females the
antennae are straight, but in the males the distal fourth is recurved
so that the tip points backward at an angle of about 45° with the
body axis. When completely at rest the head is tilted forward and
the antennae are depressed so that they almost or quite touch the
supporting surface.
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THI NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
Two tall corks placed in the jar were greatly appreciated, and at
least one or two of the wasps could always be seen resting upon them.
‘The first female to emerge had a very characteristic defensive atti-
tude. She stood with the body making an angle of about 45° with
the direction of the annoying finger, head to the left, the body tilted
to the right side and the abdomen turned slightly to the left. The
legs of the first pair were drawn up close against the body, and the
tarsi twitched constantly, about once a second, sometimes simul-
taneously and sometimes alternately, or changing from one to the
other. This female was irritable and bad tempered. If any of the
others approached her when she was resting she would make a lunge
at them, without moving her feet, and menace them with her jaws.
For resting she always chose a place near the bottom of the jar on the
dark side of one of the corks. She was never able to climb up the
glass side of the jar. Her never-failing bad temper, combined with
her small size and other features, made her always readily
identifiable.
The second female to emerge, which was considerably larger than
the first—in fact the largest female of all—was of a very placid dis-
position. At first she was mildly startled at the appearance of a
finger close to her, but only to the extent of facing it and watching
it closely. She never assumed a defensive attitude, and never, except
when resting, drew up the fore legs. She was able to climb up the
glass without difficulty and at once chose the cloth covering of the
jar as a resting place (as one of the four males had done), on the
first day spending a large part of her time trying to bite through
it. Two of the females that emerged later often joined her on the
cloth.
All the females but the first were good tempered and, though not
particularly sociable, never menaced one another.
At the time the first female emerged the only surviving male
seemed entirely inert, spending all his time resting on the dark side
of a large cork. But with the introduction of two females into the
jar he immediately became very lively.
Having been in the jar for many days he knew it well and flew
about without hitting the glass sides or falling into the water dish.
The females frequently bumped into the glass and often, rebounding
from the glass, fell into the water back downward. One of them
always extricated herself without difficulty, but on the first day of
their imprisonment the others had to be lifted from the water several
times. But in less than two days they too learned the limitations of
the jar and how to avoid the hazards of the water dish.
The wasps were fed on honey and water, which they ate readily.
They would not eat sugar and water. Only one displayed any
interest in cherry flowers.
NEST OF ODYNERUS—CLARK AND SANDHOUSE 93
On March 26 a female was placed in a large jar with a heap of
mud at one side of the bottom on which was a small pool of standing
water, a sprig of flowering cherry, and a forked privet twig. The
day was cloudy, and after moving about the jar in a desultory way
for about an hour the wasp came to rest behind the bottle of water
holding the twigs. The next day was rainy, and the wasp spent the
day at the top of the privet twig resting with the tip of the abdomen
touching the twig and the body making an acute angle with it, and
the forelegs drawn up close to the body.
On the day following the wasp came to the mud at 9 a. m., rested
on it for about half an hour, then crawled up the privet twig to the
cloth. When sunlight entered the jar the wasp became very active,
but spent most of its time on the sunny side of the jar, showing no
interest in the mud. It died the next day.
The four remaining females were transferred to the large jar on
March 30. None of them showed any interest in the mud.
The first female to emerge died on March 31; she retained her
bad disposition to the end, from time to time hovering near and
pouncing upon the others.
The last surviving male died on March 26.
The three remaining females were transferred to petri dishes on
March 31 for the purpose of subjecting them to experiments with
light. All three were found dead on April 3.
After being placed in a petri dish 150 mm in diameter and 20 mm
high with white blotting paper covering the bottom, each of three
females at the first opportunity (two days later) made a complete
examination of the container, running rapidly and irregularly about
and investigating every portion of the bottom, top, and sides.
In one petri dish there was on the blotting paper a small blackish
spot with a light border about 2 mm in diameter situated 50 mm from
the edge. This was promptly discovered by the wasp, which sud-
denly stopped and whipped down the antennae so that the tips almost
or quite touched it, remaining motionless for a second or two. It
then started off again but soon returned to the spot, remaining for a
short time motionless as before. Every few seconds, after running
irregularly about over the blotting paper, it would rush directly to
the spot, depress its antennae, and remain motionless. The intervals
between the examinations of the spot gradually became longer, but
not until it had approached the spot from every direction did it cease
making occasional dashes to it.
After the wasp had thoroughly and completely studied the loca-
tion and nature of the spot, it developed an interest in a small area
at the edge of the dish where the blotting paper was turned upward
and frayed. Previously it had paused here a few times in passing;
but now it turned its entire attention to this region, occasionally leav-
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
ing for an irregular circuit of the petri dish, but soon returning. It
turned its head down so that the front of the head was parallel with
the plane of the paper and tore at the fibers with the serrate anterior
edge of the mandibles, frequently turning on its side to work to
better advantage.
It paid no attention whatever to small spots caused by shadows.
Reactions to light.—A very brief study of the response of the wasp
to illumination by light of different wave length was made on the
first and second of April. This study was terminated all too sud-
denly by the death of the three insects—not as a result of the light
treatments given. The results are very interesting but cannot be
taken as conclusive because of the meager data obtained. They are
briefly recounted merely as suggestive of new lines of study.
A quartz monochromator and mercury are was used to supply
radiation of definite wave length. This instrument gave a strip of
light about 1 inch wide across the petri dish in which the insect was
confined. The intensities of each wave length used were adjusted
to equality, this value being 0.0005 watts to the square centimeter
(1/200 total sunlight intensity), which for the yellow light was
about 50 foot-candles. The white light was obtained from a 60-
watt bulb and a daylight filter, the filter being used to approximate
sunlight quality.
The notes taken on the reaction of these insects to the various
illuminations are given in table 1.
For equal incident energy of the different wave lengths it is seen
that the shorter wave lengths, violet and ultraviolet, consistently
give a greater stimulus to activity. Yellow and green light give only
a weak stimulus.
The shortest wave lengths used, 3,130 A, gave the greatest stimu-
lus—to the one insect subjected to it. The response to white light
was quite striking in comparison with that for the colored light.
In this case almost an equal response was observed for about one
one-hundredth the intensity of the colored light.
Taste 1.—Reactions of wasps (Odynerus tempiferus var. macio Bequaert)
to light
April 1, a. m.
ee ee ee ee eee
Wave length Intensity Insect no. 2 Insect no. 3 Insect no. 4
A
D1 BO as ae acon ska 100 foot-candles | No response in 1] No response in 1
(0.0005 watt/ minute. minute.
em?).
GAO ee eae anna a |p a GOnteteeseseea|eeee COM. csasaneees laces C0222. see
4.35882 s-sc.Lesectlecice Goes Gosscs tates Definite response (1 | Response.
minute).
4047 e eo saee-=|-2ase C0 2e tee eee Definite response___-}----- GOs. ole easooe Definite response,
SiG50LL UE SEs See sae Gas ests sieee Response. --2-2-_ Responses: 2. ss Response.
NEST OF ODYNERUS—CLARK AND SANDHOUSE 95
TABLE 1.—Reactions of wasps (Odynerus tempiferus var. macio Bequaert) to
light—Continued
April 1, p. m.
Wave length Intensity Insect no. 2 Insect no. 3 Insect no. 4
A
DBO soc ck eo tnsess= 100 foot - candles | Response 45 seconds | Response 25 seconds | Response 15 seconds
(0.0005 watt/ after exposure. afterexposure. ~ after exposure; quit
em’), after 45 seconds.
IQA The woes be eee eee 0-22 .22-s2-5- Immediate response.| Immediate response_| Immediate response.
pep BOMe secon oe oac|oene Gomes Joe ea|seeeo dois e sess eee Abdominal breath-
ing only.
MOA eee a ooo ssenac-| sas Osean ae | eee aan see na etens | Sessa esa a ecusen eens Response after 50
seconds exposure,
BGO as so cacnse soon dose Response in 5 sec-
onds; after several
minutes became
very active; tried
to fly; stayed in
illuminated strip.
WAG ee oe Asoo a atonse GOsse esse sa] 255s So oases ane she] secs socctcceade Breathing only; no
activity in 7 min-
utes.
CL ee ee emer (6 (0 eee eee Breathing after 50
seconds; active
walking only after
6 minutes; tried to
fly after 12 min-
utes.
April 2, p. m.
Muitaicht (da y-1| go fOOl-CaNnGleStaaas |sasseeseaaneceenanseen snes so aaa meen eee oe 2:45 p. m.; started
light filter). walking immedi-
ately; studied sur-
roundings in nor-
mal manner.
NOEs coos SOMoot-candles¥=a = |bretoee en ceases ot ee space anton eusesoo cco ee Moved from 5 to 50
foot-candles; same
normal activity;
tried to ‘‘dig out’
of chamber.
ORS sa2 S222 500 foot-candles__| 3:29 p. m.; very defi-
nitely stayed in
strip of light; after
8 minutes began
exploring dark
part of chamber.
Dae Siloot-candlesseans | hears 2a ee eer aes Rene cee oa ea 3:44 p. m.; after 40
seconds started ac-
tivity; still familiar
with its chamber,
explored dark re-
gions.
DY Messithants4i00t- [ase 2-2 ese eee 3:53 p. m. started
candle. exploring after 2
minutes; continued
for 1 minute, then
rested in light for
several minutes.
1 a Less than 4 foot- | About the same re-
candle. sponse as no. 3.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3006
CRESTED MILLIPEDS OF THE FAMILY LYSIOPETALI-
DAE IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES
By H. F. Loomis
Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture
WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNT OF DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIALIZED CHARACTERS
IN COLLABORATION WITH O. F. Cook, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY
Srupres of humus faunas in different regions of the United States
afford many data of geographic distribution in the several groups
of arthropods that live in the soil. Most of the millipeds are defi-
nitely restricted to the humus conditions, and they afford some of
the most striking contrasts in geographic distribution. The crea-
tures that do not survive drying necessarily are confined to places
where moisture is held through the dry season, and such limitations
greatly restrict the distribution of species. The humus conditions
prevail more widely and continuously in the rainfall regions of the
Southeastern States, and in that region the species of millipeds have
a relatively wide distribution, while in the arid climate of the
Southwestern States localized species are the rule.
Very little of the southwestern country has continuous moisture
in the soil, and favorable conditions for humus faunas usually are
restricted to the higher altitudes. Wide stretches of open deserts
intervene where no surface humus is found and only a few kinds
of millipeds are able to exist by retreating to the burrows of the
desert mammals. For most of the millipeds the deserts are im-
passable barriers that separate completely the more elevated dis-
tricts where the animals can live. From the standpoint of the milli-
92193—37——1 97
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 84
peds, the various groups of mountains that are scattered through the
southwestern deserts afford phenomena of insular restriction, lke
groups of islands separated by the sea.
In the family Lysiopetalidae a notable contrast is presented in
the distribution of the species, between the Southeastern and South-
western States. In the humid region to the east of the Mississippi
River the family is represented by a single species, commonly known
as Lysiopetalum lactarium, though now referred to the genus Spzro-
strephon. In the arid Southwestern States the same family group
is represented by numerous local species, and among them are found
remarkable structural differences that require generic recognition.
Though collections have been made in widely separated districts,
the results presented in this paper no doubt will prove to be only
a beginning in the work of discriminating the local forms of this
specialized group in the Southwest.
The Lysiopetalidae are among the more hardy and active mem-
bers of the milliped group, often living among rocks in rather dry,
exposed places, but in situations where it is possible to take refuge
underground in the dry seasons. When the animals are disturbed
their movements are rather quick, and if touched or injured they
emit a defensive “repugnatorial” secretion as a whitish fluid form-
ing a line of small beadlike drops along each side of the body. This
milky secretion has a very strong and disagreeable odor, entirely
different from that of the repugnatorial fluids in other groups of
millipeds.
GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY
The Lysiopetalidae are associated with two groups of millipeds
in the order Coelocheta, which is characterized by numerous body
segments, 30 and upward; normally developed mouth parts; slender
flexible antennae; well-developed eyes, except in subterranean or
cave species; gnathochilarium with large stipes and a triangular
mentum behind well-developed lingual laminae; a distinct median
suture on all the body segments; absence of pleural sutures or dis-
tinct pleurae; free pedigerous laminae; last segment terminated by
a pair of slender papilliform setigerous spinnerets; legs long and
slender, the first two pairs 6-jointed, the others 7-jointed, in a few
cases 8-jointed; segment 3 legless; genital openings of males in large
apertures of the basal joint of the second pair of legs; copulatory
organs replacing both pairs of legs of the seventh segment, preceded
by seven pairs of normal legs, or with some of the anterior legs
modified as accessory organs.
Three suborders of Coelocheta are recognized, the Chordeumoidea,
the Striarioidea, and the Lysiopetaloidea, the last containing a single
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 99
family distinguished by a much longer and slenderer body, with
more numerous segments. The other suborders have 30 segments
as the normal number, with rare exceptions 26, 28, or 32 segments,
while all the Lysiopetaloidea have 40 segments and upward.
quivari, male, X 7; 5, C. quadrata, female, 5; 6, Tynomma sedecimum, lateral view «
segments, and female organs, X 8.
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dorsal view of male, * 5; 6, H.
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 113
DIACTIS SOLEATA, new species
Figure 17, b-e; PLATE 3, Fieure 1
Body moderately slender, somewhat depressed; 19 to 27 mm long
and 1.3 to 2 mm wide; number of segments 48 to 54 (pl. 3, fig. 1).
Eyes composed of 42 to 48 ocelli in 8 or 9 rows, counting down-
ward from the top of the head; sense organ large, opposite the an-
terior ends of rows 6 and 7, or 7 and 8, and invading the triangular
outline of the eye.
First segment with 18 low crests not exceeding the basal fifth at
the middle of the hind margin; lateral crests scarcely longer than
those at middle; inner primary crests oblique, the anterior ends
almost meeting but the posterior ends widely separated ; no secondary
crests between the median primary crests.
Segments 2 to 4 with the inner pair of primary crests very strongly
divergent on each segment, the posterior ends of the crests six to
eight times as widely separated as the anterior ends. Median pair
of secondary crests present on segment 2 and succeeding segments.
Transition to the full number of crests occurs on segment 8.
Primary crests more prominent on the last segments than on those
in front. Secondary crests occasionally not reaching the posterior
margin of the segments; the inner pair more apt to be shortened
than any others. On the posterior segments the secondary crests are
much fainter than on the middle segments. Setae at the posterior
ends of the primary crests are longer than in any other American
member of the family; nearly half as long as the crests, while on the
caudal segments the setae are as long as or longer than the crests.
Apex of the crests smooth and continuous; the sides of the crests
and the intervals between crests marked with fine reticulations visi-
ble under strong magnification.
Poriferous carinae projecting little more than the primary dorsal
crests but with the lateral margin thickened and with the impressed
pore area occupying the entire margin on all but a few of the ante-
rior segments. Pores located in front of the middle of the impres-
sion. Below the pore carinae are two primary crests, which are
higher than the carinae or any of the dorsal crests.
Last segment narrowly rounded-truncate at apex, the surface
without crests but with six setiferous tubercles.
Males with the gonopods erect (fig. 17, 6, c); the lower half of
each very slender; the upper half more expanded, ending in a small
S-shaped hook directed forward and outward, below the hook and
in front of it is a short 2-pronged arm with the prongs widely
spreading; from the lower anterior part of the apical expansion a
large, rather long, slightly curved and concave lobe is directed down-
92193373
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
ward and forward. Base of the gonopods covered behind by two
thin, strongly chitinized, convex, kidney-shaped pieces joined on the
inner side at the middle by a yokelike structure, above which the
margins are connected by membranous tissue. In front of the base
of each gonopod is a very large globular structure with the inner
half chitinized, and the outer part more delicate and resembling an
inflated bladder.
Apical joint of the female organs shown in figure 17, e.
Males with the outer joint of the first two pairs of legs bearing a
ventral comb of fine hairs. Under side of the last joint of all the
legs from the third pair to within 10 or 12 pairs of the posterior
end of the body occupied by a velutinous pad of uniform short hairs.
Seventh legs with the coxa prominently produced into an erect sub-
conic lobe. The anterior pair of legs of each midbody segment has
the coxal joints produced forward at the apex into a rather
long, slender, shoelike lobe, below which a small dense cluster of
long hairs projects obliquely upward nearly to the end of the lobe
(iat):
Females with comb of hairs on legs 1 and 2, similar to the males,
but the other legs are without special modifications.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1238.
Remarks.—Two mature males and mature females collected be-
side the Temescal Canyon Road, near Corona, Calif., November 29,
1927, by Dr. O. F. Cook.
DIACTIS TRIANGULA, new species
FIcure 17, a
Diagnosis —The outstanding differences between this species and
soleata are the less divergent primary crests of segments 2, 3, and 4;
the transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurring on seg-
ment 9 instead of on segment 8; and the shorter setae on the primary
crests near the middle of the body.
Description—Body 18 mm long and 1 mm wide; very little
depressed in the male; female not known; number of segments 49.
Eyes composed of 39 ocelli in 9 rows; sense organ much larger
than an ocellus, occupying most of the space between the end of the
seventh row of ocelli and the base of the antenna but not encroach-
ing on the triangular outline of the eye.
First segment with 18 crests, those on the sides a little longer than
the ones at middle, which extend across the basal fourth of the
segment; inner pair of crests parallel.
Segments 2, 3, and 4 with the inner pair of primary crests
rapidly diverging from in front, the posterior ends about four times
more widely separated than the anterior ends; other outer crests
x
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 115
paralleling the inner crests. Secondary crests on either side of the
impressed median line of segment 2 obsolete but appearing on the
posterior half of segment 3 and conspicuous on the segments there-
after.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 9.
Primary crests more prominent on the posterior half of the body
than in front, while the secondary crests become less conspicuous
behind the middle and are almost entirely obliterated on the last few
segments. Secondary crests adjacent to the median furrow smaller
than the other secondary crests. Setae at the back ends of the pri-
mary crests shorter than in soleata except on the last segments, where
they also equal or exceed the length of the crests. Surface between
and on the sides of the crests marked with extremely fine reticula-
tions forming lengthwise cells; the crests rather thin, the apex
moderately shining.
Poriferous carinae but little more projecting than the primary
crests of the dorsum, the narrowly elliptic impressed area occupying
the entire margin except on several of the anterior segments where
it does not quite reach the posterior corner; rim surrounding the
impression thin; pore located in front of the middle of the impres-
sion. Below the lateral carinae are two primary crests higher than
the carinae or any of the dorsal crests,
Last segment narrowly rounded-truncate behind; surface smooth
except for six setiferous tubercles as in soleata.
Male genitalia simple (fig. 17, @), consisting of two slender erect
pieces, each of which has a small uncinate process about halfway up
on the outer-posterior side extending inward and slightly upward;
on the anterior side about halfway between the uncinate process and
the apex of the gonopod there is a small arm, divided at the tip into
two prongs; apex of the gonopod erect, slender, acute. Anterior
basal pieces elongate, instead of globular, as in soleata, highly chitin-
ized on the inner side and in front of the erect gonopod, but inflated
and bladderlike on the outer side. Posterior basal pieces much as in
soleata.
Males with a comb of fine hairs on the under side of the last joint
of legs 1 and 2; last joint of the other legs in front of the genitalia
with a velutinous pad beneath, near the claw; a number of legs fol-
lowing the genitalia with similar pads which decrease and vanish
before reaching the middle of the body. Seventh legs with coxal
lobes similar in shape to those of soleata, but they are smaller. An-
terior pair of legs on each of the midbody segments with rather long,
slender, forwardly produced lobes on the coxae as in soleata.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1239.
116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vOL. 84
Remarks.—A single male was collected at Cottonwood Creek, 46
miles east of San Diego, Calif., on the road to El Centro, January
22, 1921, by Dr. O. F. Cook.
DIACTIS FRONDIFERA, new species
FIGurReE 17, f
Diagnosis—The smaller size of the body, fewer crests on the first
segment, and the slender branches of the gonopods readily distin-
guish this species.
Description —Body 13 to 16 mm long, 1 to 1.2 mm wide, 44 to 51
segments.
Eyes composed of 35 to 40 ocelli in 6 or 7 rows, counting downward
from the top of the head; sense organ in front of rows 4 and 5, or
5 and 6, in contact with the triangular eye cluster.
First segment with only 12 crests, occupying the posterior third of
the dorsal surface.
Segments 2, 3, and 4 with the median pair of primary crests notably
divergent, and without an intervening pair of secondary crests, the
median pair of secondary crests first apparent on segment 5.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 8.
Primary crests rather strongly developed to within 4 or 5 segments
before the end of the body, their tops smooth and shining; setae in-
serted at the posterior ends of the crests of moderate length; sides of
crests and the surface between finely reticulate. Secondary crests
very thin, rather weakly elevated on the anterior segments, very faint
or entirely obsolete on the segments behind the middle of the body.
Poriferous keels and lateral crests as in soleata.
Last segment smooth but for the six setiferous tubercles.
Gonopods with the erect portion (fig. 17, #) with three slender
branches, two subapproximate at apex, the other shorter ; inner branch
longest, slightly curved, tapering gradually to a simple point; outer
branch more strongly curved, terminating in two divergent prongs;
middle branch simple, inserted near the base of the outer branch,
projecting into the curve below its 2-pronged termination.
Velutinous pads present on the under side of the last joint of the
male legs to well beyond the middle of the body.
Anterior pair of legs on segments near the middle of the body
with distinct coxal lobes, directed forward.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1240.
Remarks—A male and female collected at Torrey Pines, near
La Jolla, Calif., November 1, 1925, by “Hardy.” Several other
females subsequently collected in the same locality by Dr. O. F. Cook.
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 7
TYNOMMA, new genus
Type—Tynomma sedecimum, a new species from California.
Diagnosis—This genus is related to Spirostrephon and Diactis
but has genitalia dissimmilar to both. The smaller size; smaller eye
cluster; and the greater differentiation of the primary and sec-
ondary crest of the anterior segments also distinguish it from
Spirostrephon, while externally it differs from Diactis by the smaller
eye cluster; the nearly parallel inner primary crests of segments
2, 3, and 4; and the normal coxae of the seventh male legs and all
legs near the middle of the body.
Description.—Body rather slender, 14 to 15 times as long as broad,
moderately depressed in both sexes; segments 46 to 53 in number.
Eye cluster relatively small, containing 22 to 39 ocelli in 6 to 8
rows, as counted downward from the top of the head; sense organ
moderately large and occupying more than half of the distance be-
tween the eye and the base of the antenna.
Antennae resembling those of Diactis in shape and proportions.
First segment of the usual shape, with 16 to 18 distinct crests,
the inner ones of two sizes like the crests of segment 2, except that
between the inner pair of primary crests there are no secondary
ones; lateral crests large and resembling the inner primary crests,
except that they are longer and cross the posterior two-fifths of the
segment. In front of the crests is a triarcuate series of 10 setae,
the fourth seta on each side, counting inward, set far behind the
third and fifth setae.
Segments 2, 3, and 4 with the inner pair of primary crests almost
parallel, not strongly divergent as in Diactis but more oblique than
in Spirostrephon.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment
tor 12:
Primary crests thin and with the apex smooth; the sides of all
primary and secondary crests and the surface between them uni-
formly reticulated.
Secondary crests reaching the posterior margin of the segments,
the crests less conspicuous on the caudal segments.
Poriferous carinae not much more prominent than the primary
crests of the dorsum; lateral margin of the carinae completely oc-
cupied by the rather broad poriferous impression, except on several
of the first poriferous segments where it does not extend to the
posterior corner. Below the carinae are two primary crests, which
are larger and more conspicuous than the dorsal crests.
Last segment narrowly rounded-truncate behind and with six
setiferous tubercles in addition to the apical papillae.
118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Male genitalia in two distinct parts; the anterior part of two
erect, thin, convex, subtriangular pieces, in contact mesially from the
broad base to the acute tips; posterior gonopods erect, subcylindric,
but each with a channel extending inward and upward from the
outer side of the base to the apex; the apex strongly expanded and
with an outwardly produced, bifurcate arm arising from the con-
cave face of the inner lobe; under high magnification the lower
branch of the bifurcate arm is seen to be equipped with several tiny
appressed barbs. The large anterior and posterior pieces at the
base of the gonopods in Diactis have no recognizable counterparts
in this genus.
The ovipositors of the female, when extruded, are seen to consist
of two long, indistinctly jointed appendages, with the last joint
especially long and very strong clavate, thickest near the apex; the
distal half of the joint with a broad, longitudinal section along the
outer side gradually raised distad, the end rapidly constricted to a
narrowly rounded apex which scarcely exceeds the inner, swollen
portion of the joint; basal half of the joint glabrous, the apical half
with moderately long, erect bristles, which are less numerous on the
lateral elevation except at its tip.
Males with a comb of hairs on the under side of the last joint of
legs 1 and 2; a velutinous pad occupying the under side of the last
joint of legs 3 to 7, and usually several pairs following the gonopods,
where the pads gradually decrease in size. Coxae of the seventh legs
and of the legs near the middle of the body without special lobes
such as are present on these legs in Diactis.
Females with a comb of hairs on the first two pairs of legs as in
the male but without velutinous pads on any of the ensuing legs.
TYNOMMA SEDECIMUM, new species
Ficures 17, j-l; PLATE 3, FIGURE 6
Description —Body 15 to 18 mm long and 1 to 1.2 mm wide; with
46 to 52 segments.
Eye cluster very small, composed of only 22 to 28 ocelli in 6 or 7
rows; sense organ considerably larger than an ocellus and located in
front of rows 4 and 5, or rows 5 and 6 of the cluster.
First segment with only 16 crests; excepting the uniformly large
lateral crests the others alternate in size like the crests on the second
segment, although there are no secondary crests between the inner
pair of primary crests; median crests extending across the basal two-
fifths of the segment, the two outer crests on each side nearly twice
as long as the median crests.
Segments 2, 3, and 4 with the inner pair of primary crests almost
parallel, very slightly spread apart behind.
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 119
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 11.
On the caudal segments the primary crests are more conspicuous
and the secondary crests less so than on the segments farther for-
ward; near the middle of the body the setae at the posterior ends of
the primary crests are about a third as long as the crests but on a few
of the last segments the setae are as long or a little longer than the
crests.
Male and female organs as described for the genus and as illus-
trated in figure 17, 7-/, and plate 3, figure 6.
Males with a velutinous pad on the under side of the last joint of
the five pairs of legs preceding the gonopods and on several pairs
following them.
Type—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1241.
Remarks.—Many specimens of both sexes were collected by Dr.
O. F. Cook, W. H. Jenkins, and H. G. McKeever, between Vallejo
and Cordelia, Calif. (type locality), January 4, 1928, and at Cordelia
and Davenport, Calif., in February 1929.
TYNOMMA CONSANGUINEUM, new species
FIGURE 17, g-i
Diagnosis——This species is very closely related to 7. sedectmum
but differs in having larger eyes, two more crests on segment 1, and
the transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurring one seg-
ment farther back.
Description —Body of the largest specimen 18 mm long and 1.3
mm broad; number of segments 45 to 53.
Eye cluster distinctly larger than in sedecitmum, composed of 35 to
39 ocelli in 8 rows; sense organ in front of the fifth row of ocelli.
First segment with 18 crests; no secondary crests between the
median pair of primary crests; the two outer crests on each side
longer than any of the other crests.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 12.
Male gonopods very similar to those of sedecimum, but the distal
half of the erect anterior piece on each side is abruptly attenuated
above the middle and the tip much slenderer (fig. 17, 4). Posterior
gonopod with a slender 3-pointed branch from the bifurcate arm,
which is in the expanded apex (fig. 17, 7).
Outer joint of the female organs shown in figure 17, 7.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1242.
Remarks.—Three males and two females collected in the Santa
Cruz Mcuntains, between Santa Cruz and Holy City, Calif., January
2, 1928, by H. G. McKeever.
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
TYNOMMA MUTANS (Chamberlin)
Lysiopetalum mutans CHAMBERLIN, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 3, p. 233, 1910.
This species was described from female specimens collected at Stan-
ford, Calif., but no characters of definite generic value are given in
the description. The size and shape of the eye, as shown by Cham-
berlin’s drawing, and the locality where the animals were collected
indicate that the species may belong to 7ynomma rather than to the
more southern Déactis, which has larger eyes. While the female
organs, or ovipositors, of mutans do not closely resemble those of
other species of Z’ynomma, they show still less similarity to those of
Diactis. Spirostrephon is excluded on account of its much larger
size and more eastern distribution.
COLACTIS, new genus
Type—Colactis saxetana, a new species from Arizona.
Diagnosis —This genus, and its close relative Heptium, may be dis-
tinguished readily from the other American genera of this family
by the presence of only 10 crests on the first segment; no secondary
crests on segments 2, 3, and 4; abbreviated secondary crests on the
other segments; and 8-jointed legs on all but a few of the anterior
segments. In Colactis the seventh legs of the males are no smaller
than the other legs, but in Heptiwm the seventh legs of the males
are greatly reduced in size; and the full number of dorsal crests
begins on segment 18 or 19, instead of on segment 16 or 17, as in
Colactis.
Description—Body of variable size and proportions; 10 to 20
times as long as broad; usually distinctly depressed, although cylin-
drical in one species; number of segments 49 to 89.
Eyes triangular to quadrate, composed of 30 to 52 ocelli in 6 to 9
rows; sense organ of about the size of an ocellus.
Antennae moderately long and slender; joint 2 longest; joints 3
and 5 subequal and each slightly longer than joint 4; joint 6 a little
shorter than joint 4 and not over a third longer than the conic seventh
joint.
First segment nearly semicircular; posterior portion with only 10
crests, in front of which are 10 setae arranged in a more or less
triarcuate series.
Segments 2, 3, and 4 usually with only primary crests, but rudi-
ments of secondary crests occasionally may be found on segment 4.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment
16 or 17.
Primary crests completely crossing the posterior subsegments,
somewhat. thickened, the sides below the apex with one or two rows
of tiny circular pits.
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 121
Secondary crests lower and thinner than the primary crests and
extending from the front margin of the subsegment two-thirds or
three- Pacis of the way to the posterior margin, although in some
species there is a tendency for some of the eee to extend to the
back margin; sides of the crests below the apex usually pitted as
well as reticulated; surface between both classes of crests finely
reticulated.
Poriferous carinae strongly projecting, rectangular to broadly
rounded in outline; pore borne near the middle of the impressed
area which occupies only part of the lateral margin of all except the
hindmost segments, the rim surrounding the impression is more or
less thickened or inflated and with small circular pits on the sides.
Last segment broadly truncated behind; surface with 10 to 12
short setae.
Male gonopods simple, composed of two erect pieces which usually
are expanded near the tip and with a 2- or 3-pronged arm at or
near the apex; outer side of gonopods at base with a quadrate or
subtriangular plate on each side above which there is a somewhat
fingerlike process directed upward and forward, with long hairs at
the apex.
Males with a comb of fine hairs on the under side of the last joint
of legs 1, 2, and 3; similar combs on legs 1 and 2 of the females.
The males of three species have a velutinous pad on the under side
of the last joint of the legs beginning with the fourth pair, and
sometimes extending back as far as the twenty-seventh pair.
First three pairs of male legs distinctly 7-jointed, the other legs
more or less conspicuously 8-jointed, although in the species with
pad-bearing anterior legs the eighth joint may not be distinguished
until further back. Females with the first two pairs of legs 7-jointed,
the ensuing legs usually plainly 8-jointed.
The species of this genus are separated in the following key:
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF COLACTIS 2
1. Body almost cylindrical, not conspicuously flattened; short, not
OWeEbeo aint Ones we se ene Ie ee ee ee ee baboquivari
Body noticeably flattened and over 22 mm long in specimens of
AVCTAGO MOLMAL SI 7040s ses ee ce ene ee IS te eee ees 2
2. Body stout, 10 to 13 times as long as broad; males without a velu-
tinous pad on under side of last joint of any of legs___--------- quadrata
Body slenderer, 14 to 20 times as long as broad; males with a
velutinous pad on under side of last joint of fourth to seventh
fers naAtilengussse less. ame no I eee ia Se el eee Pol eS ae 3
2 A species to which Prof. R. V. Chamberlin gave the name Spirostrephon utorum has tentatively been
assigned to this genus, but the original description offers no character by which the species can be definitely
separated from the species in the present key.
122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
3. Body 40 to 50 mm long; with 70 to 89 segments; poriferous carinae
very broadly and evenly rounded in outline, hind angles indis-
tint. 22 ao Sob eo ee ee ee ee ee ee eee protenta
Body less than 40 mm long; number of segments less than 70;
poriferous carinae not so decidedly rounded, hind angles dis-
Tine bh ee ea re es ae SR oe 4
4. Gonopods with apex of each erect piece not at all expanded, when
viewed: from sid@222 2 ks ae ee oe ee eee tiburona
Gonopods with apex of each erect piece conspicuously expanded,
whentviewed trom side... 222.2202 2 es See ee ee 5
5. Gonopods with margin of expanded apex very distinctly and
irregularly serrate; poriferous carinae decidedly irregular in
OUTS: 82S Ss oe ae EE ee i ae ee saxetana
Gonopods with margin of expended apex continuous, not serrate;
poriferous carinae without large irregularities__..._-_---------- sideralis
COLACTIS SAXETANA, new species
Figure 16, a, 6; PLatH 3, Ficure 2
Description.—Body slender, 21 to 33 mm long and 1.3 to 1.8 mm
broad, composed of 56 to 68 segments; dorsum slightly depressed, the
females more so than the males; males not appreciably more con-
stricted behind segment 1 than the females (pl. 3, fig. 2).
Kye cluster quadrate, with 35 to 50 ocelli in 6 to 9 rows; sense organ
opposite the third row of ocelli.
Segment 1 with 10 crests, the median pair of crests parallel and
crossing the posterior half of the segment; anterior part of the seg-
ment, in front of the crests, faintly and sparsely tuberculate and with
10 setae arranged in a triarcuate row.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 16.
Primary crests of the dorsum prominent and only moderately
thickened, highest at the posterior margin of the segment; apex
uneven, subdentate when viewed from the side, and with a series of
quite large, round pits on either side immediately below it. Second-
ary crests usually distinct but considerably lower than the primary
crests and reaching across the anterior two-thirds or three-fourths of
the subsegment; behind the secondary crests the surface between the
primary crests gradually descends to a slightly lower level. Sides
of the secondary crests, the lower sides of the primary crests, and
the surface between both classes of crests roughly and irregularly
reticulated, appearing almost scabrous.
Lateral carinae prominently projecting; in outline the margin is
roughly rounded to well behind the middle, from where it parallels
the side of the body to the right-angled posterior corner (fig. 16, 6).
Pore located in a relatively small, broadly oval area occupying the
median half of the edge of the carinae of all but a few of the anterior
and posterior segments; rim surrounding the poriferous impression
decidedly thickened, the apex of uneven height and with a row of pits
'
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—-LOOMIS 123
below it on the outer side. Below the lateral carinae there are two
very prominent primary crests, which are higher and more conspicu-
ous than any on the dorsum.
Anterior subsegments with the channels on the posterior part
rather shallow, noticeably longer than broad, and separated by low
but distinct beaded lines; reticulations in front of the channels coarse
and prominent, the longitudinal lines through the netting strongly
raised,
Last segment with 10 setae in addition to the two apical papillate
hairs.
Anal valves with the raised margins rather thin and strongly
elevated; disk of each valve only a little inflated.
Gonopods (fig. 16, a) with the large expanded apical portion of
each erect piece directed somewhat forward, the entire apical half
with large, very uneven serrations along the margin; from the outer
side of the gonopods, opposite the base of the expansion, an ante-
riorly directed 3-pronged arm arises; of the two apical prongs the
longer points upward and the shorter points downward; below the
lower prong is a still smaller prong also pointing downward.
Males with a comb of fine hairs on the under side of the last joint
of the first three pairs of legs; ensuing four pairs of legs with a
velutinous pad of hairs occupying the distal half of the under side of
the last joint, and on five or six pairs of legs following the genitalia
decreasingly smaller pads are present.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1248.
Remarks.—A. number of specimens were collected from beneath
rocks on the north slope of Picacho Mountain, between Tucson and
Casa Grande, Ariz., February 7, 1926, by H. F. Loomis. Several
other female specimens appearing to belong to this species have been
collected at different times on a small mountain in the San Tan
Range, near Sacaton, Ariz.
COLACTIS BABOQUIVARI, new species
Ficure 16, c, d; Pate 3, Fieure 4
Diagnosis—The short, stout, and cylindric body distinguishes this
species. The gonopods indicate relationship with sawetana, but this
is not so strongly borne out by the other characters.
Description —Body short and stout, 18 to 22 mm long and 1.5 to
1.8 mm broad; cylindric, neither sex flattened; males slenderer and
very slightly more attenuated behind the head than the females;
segments 50 to 55 (pl. 3, fig. 4).
Eyes triangular, the 82 to 45 ocelli in 6 or 7 rows; sense organ small,
not larger than an ocellus, located in front of the fourth and fifth
rows of ocelli.
124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
First segment shorter in proportion to its width than in the other
species; median crests extending less than halfway to the front
margin, the four inner crests closer together than the others; inner
pair of crests parallel; surface smoother in front of the crests than
between them.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 16.
Primary crests prominent and with a few scattered pits on the
sides below the apex in an irregular row; apex somewhat thickened
and of uniform height. Secondary crests conspicuous; on some of
the anterior segments the median pair and occasionally some of the
other crests extend to the hind margin; on the middle and posterior
segments the median pair of crests extend farther caudad than any
of the others, sometimes reaching the hind margin, the other crests
crossing three-fifths or four-fifths of the segment; behind the second-
ary crests the surface of the dorsum is not lowered as in some of the
other species, especially protenta. Surface between both classes of
crests scaberulous, with indications of scattered pits.
Lateral carinae less prominent than in the other species; rectangu-
lar in outline, the front angle broadly rounded, the hind angle nearly
square, sometimes a little produced backward; lateral margin con-
tinuous, scarcely rounded, paralleling the side of the body (fig.
16, d). Poriferous impression longer than in the other species, oc-
cupying the margin except for a short distance in front of the hind
angle on all but a few anterior segments, on the foremost of which
only the anterior half of the margin is occupied; rim around the
impression of uniform height, not thickened, and with a few incon-
spicuous pits in an indefinite row on the side. Below the lateral
carinae are two primary crests scarcely more prominent than the
dorsal crests and no thicker.
Anterior subsegments with the posterior channels longer than
broad, the intervening lines moderately high and distinctly beaded;
reticulations in front of the channels distinct, the lines through
them fine but somewhat more prominent than in saxetana.
Last segment with 10 setae on the dorsal surface.
Anal valves with the margins slightly raised and thickened, the
disk of each valve not locally inflated but slightly and evenly convex
throughout.
Male gonopods (fig. 16, ¢) with the expanded apical portion of
each erect piece small, the tip directed forward; branched arm
short and stout, arising from near the base and inside the slightly
rolled expansion; arm with three apical prongs, the uppermost of
which is long, pointed, and erect; the middle prong shorter, directed
forward and divided at tip into 6 or 7 very small, rather short,
‘
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 125
radiating spinules; lower prong very short, located on the under side
of the arm and perpendicular to it.
Males without velutinous pads on the under side of the last joint
of any legs.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1244.
Remarks—Numerous specimens collected in Baboquivari Canyon
of the Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Ariz., November 21,
1923, by H. F. Loomis.
COLACTIS SIDERALIS, new species
FIGURE 16, j, k; PLAte 4, Figures 1, 2
Diagnosis. —TVhis species resembles savetana more closely in the
number of segments and the size and proportions of the body but
differs in the greater number of ocelli, the shape of the lateral carinae
and male gonopods, and in the greater number of male legs with a
pad beneath the last joint. In these latter characters it shows some
similarity with the considerably larger, more segmented protenta.
Description —Body moderately slender, the males more so than
the females and less flattened; 26 to 36 mm long and 1.8 to 2.5 mm
broad ; segments 55 to 68 in number (pl. 4, figs. 1, 2).
Eye cluster triangular-quadrate, with a few more ocelli than in
the other species, from 48 to 56 ocelli arranged in 8 or 9 rows; sense
organ in front of rows 3, 4, and 5 of the ocelli.
Segment 1 with 10 crests, the inner pair reaching the middle of the
segment but not beyond, the anterior ends slightly more separated
than the posterior ends; the four inner crests closer together than the
outer ones; the 10 anterior setae in a strongly triarcuate series.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 16.
Primary crests of the dorsum prominent, thickened, with the apex
nearly even and continuous, when viewed from the side, and with a
crowded series of quite large, round pits immediately below the top
on each side, and usually with a more irregular series containing
fewer pits just below the top row. Secondary crests low and slender,
the sides scaberulose or coarsely reticulated, as is the surface between
all ridges, but lacking distinct pits. Inner pair of secondary crests
reaching nearly to the posterior margin, the other secondary crests
not extending onto the posterior fourth of the segment.
Lateral carinae prominent, in outline somewhat intermediate be-
tween those of baboqguivari and protenta, being less broadly rounded
and with a more distinct hind angle than in the latter, and more
broadly rounded and with a less acute hind angle than in the former,
and there are no large irregularities of the margin, as in saxvetana
and guadrata (fig. 16, %). Pore located in an elliptical impressed
area occupying nearly ail the lateral margin of the carinae on the
126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
posterior half of the body, the rim around the impression very
strongly swollen and with numerous scattered pits. The two pri-
mary crests below the lateral carinae distinctly more conspicuous
than those on the dorsum and with the apex slightly more irregular
in outline, faintly subdentate.
Anterior subsegments with the posterior channels subquadrate,
very slightly longer than broad, and separated by distinct beaded
lines; bottom of the channels appreciably more finely reticulated
than the surface of the segment in front of them.
Last segment rather broadly rounded behind, subtruncate, with 12
dorsal setae in addition to the two apical papillate hairs.
Anal valves with the margins thinly raised, the disk of each valve
strongly convex.
Gonopods somewhat resembling those of protenta but the ex-
panded apical portion of each erect piece is more oblique and is
broadly rounded distally; the outer arm on each erect piece is shorter
and more slender, and the apposed prongs at the end are smaller
(fig. 16, 7).
Males and females with a comb of hairs beneath the outer joint
of the anterior legs, as in the other species, but the males have the
velutinous pads on 6 to 20 pairs of legs behind the genitalia, in addi-
tion to the four pairs immediately in front of them.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1245.
Remarks.—Numerous specimens collected in the Estrella Moun-
tains, Maricopa County, the type locality, and in the Table Top
Mountains, Pinal County, Ariz., February 13, 1929, by R. H. Peebles
and H. F. Loomis. Many specimens also were collected in the Kofa
Mountains, Yuma County, Ariz., March 31, 1930, by R. H. Peebles
and H. F. Loomis, extending the range for this species over a greater
area than that of any other member of the family in the Southwest.
COLACTIS PROTENTA, new species
Figure 16, g-i; PLATE 3, Ficurr 3
Diagnosis —Not only is this the largest species of Colactis, but it
is also the largest. member of the family in North America, some
specimens exceeding by 10 mm the largest. Spirostrephon. Specific
characters not shown by other members of the genus are the bowed
inner pair of crests of the first segment, the rounded lateral carinae,
and the transition to the full number of dorsal crests on segment 17,
instead of on segment 16.
Description—Body moderately slender, 40 to 50 mm long and 2
to 2.5 mm broad; strongly depressed, especially the females, which
are not so conspicuously constricted behind the first segment as the
males; segments 70 to 89 (pl. 3, fig. 3).
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS Lae
Kye cluster subquadrate, 42 to 52 ocelli in 6 to 9 rows; sense organ
in front of the ends of the third and fourth rows of oceili.
First segment with the inner crests extending across the posterior
two-thirds, the median pair not parallel but each crest bowed out,
especially in front; surface between all crests and in front of them
indistinctly roughened; with 10 setae in a faintly triarcuate series in
front of the crests.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 17.
Primary crests strongly thickened and of moderate height, ending
in rounded-obtuse angles above the posterior margin of the seg-
ments; sides of the crests below the apex with numerous small pits
arranged in two rows, the uppermost forming a nearly straight line,
the lower row quite irregular; apex of the crests narrow and of
nearly uniform height, only very faintly subdentate when viewed
from the side. Secondary crests distinct although not greatly ele-
vated, rather thick and reaching across the anterior three-fourths of
the segment, while on the remaining fourth of the segment the sur-
face between the primary crests descends quite abruptly to a dis-
tinctly lower level; sides of the secondary crests with an incon-
spicuous row of pits near the apex on either side. Surface between
all the crests indefinitely reticulated but distinctly roughened and
shehtly shining.
Lateral carinae strongly produced, relatively more prominent than
in any of the other members of the genus, very broadly and evenly
rounded in outline from front to back and without distinct front
or back angles (fig. 16,2). Pore slightly in front of the middle of
the relatively short and broadly oval impressed area in the lateral
margin; rim around the impressed area very greatly thickened and
with two more or less uniform rows of pits on the sides. The two
primary crests below the poriferous carinae are heavier and higher
than those on the dorsum.
Anterior subsegments with the posterior channels especially deep
and short, about as broad as long and separated by prominent beaded
lines; surface in front of the channels finely reticulated, the longi-
tudinal lines through the reticulations not especially evident and
only slightly raised.
Posterior subsegments shorter in proportion to their width than
in any other species.
Last segment with i2 dorsal setae in addition to the two papillate.
hairs in the thickened apical margin.
Anal valves with the margins moderately raised and decidedly
thickened; disk of each valve definitely inflated.
Gonopods, viewed from the side, with the erect piece on each side
enlarged at apex into an upward pointing leaflike expansion; from:
behind the base of the expansion, on the outer side, a long arm curves
128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
up and forward and is divided at the end into two apposed, pointed
prongs, the lower of which is shorter and slendered (fig. 16, g, /).
Males with a comb of fine hairs beneath the last joint of the first
three pairs of legs; the under side of the last joint of the ensuing
legs, sometimes as far back as the sixteenth pair, with a low, velu-
tinous pad on the distal half except on the last few pairs of these
legs where the pads decrease in size and vanish. Females with a
comb of hairs beneath the outer joint of the first two pairs of legs
as in the other species.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1246.
Remarks—Numerous specimens collected 15 miles north of
Ensenada, Lower California, on the Tiajuana Road, May 3, 1928, by
H. G. McKeever. Additional specimens were found in the same
locality on January 7, 1925, by H. G. McKeever and Dr. O. F. Cook.
COLACTIS TIBURONA (Chamberlin)
Lysiopetalum tiburonum CHAMBERLIN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 12,
p. 402, 1923.
It is evident that this species belongs in Colactis or Heptium, as
the first segment was described as having only 10 crests; secondary
crests of the poriferous segments not reaching the posterior margin
of the segments; and the gonopods, as illustrated, might allow it to
be assigned to either genus. As the seventh legs of the male were
not described as being reduced in size the species is referred to
Colactis, which has the seventh legs of normal size. The point of
transition to the full number of dorsal crests was not stated.
COLACTIS QUADRATA, new species
FIGURE 16, e, f; PLATE 3, FIGURE 5
Diagnosis.—Closer relationship with C. tiburona (Chamberlin)
than with any other species is indicated by the shape of the eye
cluster, the size and proportions of the body, and the form of the
gonopods, although these lack the slender, erect, serrate structures
figured by Chamberlin for tiburona.
Description—Body stout, noticeably depressed in both sexes, 17
to 34 mm long and 1.6 to 2.7 mm broad, composed of 49 to 61 seg-
ments (pl. 3, fig. 5).
Eye cluster distinctly quadrangular, composed of about 51 ocelli
in 7 or 8 rows, counting downward from the top of the head, the
ocelli distributed as follows: 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, or 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 8, 7, 7;
sense organ in front of rows 2 and 3, or 3 and 4, of the cluster.
First segment with the inner crests crossing the posterior two-
fifths, the four inner crests decidedly closer together than the other
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 129:
crests; setae in a subtriarcuate series, the six inner setae nearly in a
straight line.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 16.
Primary crests high, moderately thickened, the apex smooth, con-
tinuous in lateral view, a single row of small, circular pits on each
side below the apex below which the sides are reticulated.
Secondary crests lower and slenderer than the primary crests, the
sides with similar punctations and reticulations; crests usually
crossing only the anterior three-quarters of the subsegment, but the
inner pair frequently extending to the posterior margin; surface be-
hind the crests descending gradually to a somewhat lower level be-
tween the primary crests.
Surface between both types of crests roughly and finely reticulate
as on the sides of the crests; the middle of each interval usually with
a row of very tiny granules not reaching either margin of the sub-
segment; between the median line and the secondary crest each
side is a row of similar granules which extends completely across the
segment.
Poriferous carinae rather strongly projecting, the anterior angle
broadly rounded, the posterior angle slightly more acute than a right
angle; on the caudal segments the outline of the lateral margin of the
carinae is smooth and continuous, as the poriferous impression
reaches the length of the margin to the posterior corner, but on the
other segments, in front, the impression occupies only part of the
margin and its posterior limit is indicated by a distinct recession of
the margin following it (fig. 16,7). Poriferous area broad and sur-
rounded by a strongly thickened rim with pits on both sides, the
apex smooth; pore located near the center of the impression. The
two primary crests below the lateral carinae are somewhat heavier
and more prominent than the dorsal crests.
Anterior subsegments with the posterior channels longer than
broad, separated by distinct, beaded lines; bottoms of the channels
very finely reticulated; in front of the channels the reticulations are
very much coarser than in them, and there are prominent raised lines
extending lengthwise through the netting.
Last segment broadly truncate behind; with 12 short setae on the
dorsal surface and two short papillate hairs in the apical margin.
Anal valves scarcely inflated, the margins thin and only moderately
raised.
Male gonopods with the erect piece on each side not expanded
at the tip as in the other species with the exception of ¢/bwrona, but
it is abruptly bent forward and ends in two prongs, one of which is
directed upward, the other downward; behind the upper prong is a
smaller erect subapical pointed projection; below the bend near the
130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 84
extremity of the piece the surface is expanded forward mesially;
basal structures of the gonopods resembling those of protenta, to a
certain extent (fig. 16, ¢).
Males with a ventral comb of hairs on the first three pairs of legs,
as in the other species, but none of the ensuing legs have ventral pads.
Females with ventral combs on the first two pairs of legs.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1247.
Remarks—TYwo males and three females were collected beneath
rocks at the base of the cliffs in Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua
Mountains, Cochise County, Ariz., May 25, 1928, by R. H. Peebles
and H. F. Loomis.
COLACTIS UTORUM (Chamberlin)
Spirostrephon utorum CHAMBERLIN, Pan-Pac. Ent., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 61-62, 1925.
In the original description of this species the remarks pertaining to
the dorsal crests apply to nearly all the western members of the
family that have been seen. Also some of the newly described
species are light in color, so that this character is of incidental im-
portance. The shape of the poriferous keels is the only character
that may be of generic value and would indicate relationship with
Colactis or Heptium, as does the number of segments. On the basis
of the distribution of these genera it is probable that the species
belongs in the genus Colactis, and no doubt it is different from any
of the species described in this paper, although no characters are
given that may be used to distinguish it.
HEPTIUM, new genus
Type—Heptium carinellum, a new species from southern Cali-
fornia.
Description —This genus is closely related to Colactis, but differ-
ences are mentioned in the following paragraphs.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment
18 or 19, instead of segment 16 or 17, as in Colactis.
The outer basal portion of the male gonopods consists of a single
large piece instead of two or three distinct pieces, which, when
taken together, do not closely resemble the outline of the structure
in Heptium, although a relationship is evident.
Males with seventh legs greatly reduced in size, not extending be-
yond the end of the fourth joint of the normal sixth pair of legs;
basal joint with a long, slender, erect spine developed from the
inner anterior angle and extending nearly as high as the apex of
the gonopods; joint 2 very short; joint 3 much longer, equaling or
exceeding in length the combined remaining joints. One male of
€
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 13]
Figure 18.—Species of Heptium
a-e. Heptium scamillatum : a, Lateral view of gonopod ; b, lateral view of apex of gono-
pod; c, outline of poriferous carina from near middle of body; d, segments 17 and
18, showing transition to full number of dorsal crests; e, anterior view of seventh
legs of male (outer joints of one leg not drawn).
f-j. H. carinellum: f, Outline of poriferous carina near middle of body; g, lateral view
of gonopod; h, anterior view of eighth leg of male, showing the eight distinct
joints; i, anterior view of reduced seventh legs of male, showing difference in size
and structure of coxal spines and the full number of eight joints of the leg; j,
anterior view of one of reduced seventh legs of male showing greatly produced
coxal spine and a total of only seven distinct leg joints.
k. Diagrammatic sketch of segments 4, 5, and 6 of the American species of Lysiopeta-
lidae, showing the dorsal primary crests and the transition of the setae from
their anterior to their posterior ends.
(e, h, i, and j are drawn to same scale.)
132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 84
carinellum with the seventh legs 8-jointed, but the other males in
both species have these legs 7-jointed.
Males with a comb of fine hairs beneath the last joint of the first
three pairs of legs; none of the ensuing legs with velutinous pads
such as are found in some species of Colactis. Females with combs
of hairs beneath the first two pairs of legs.
Males with the first three pairs of legs 7-jointed and also oc-
casionally the seventh pair, the other legs distinctly 8-joimted. Fe-
males with only the first two pairs of legs 7-jointed, the other legs.
8-jointed.
HEPTIUM CARINELLUM, new species
Ficures 18, f—j; PLATE 4, Fiaures 3, 4
Body long and very slender, loose jointed, the anterior subseg-
ments greatly exposed in all specimens, dorsum distinctly depressed
in both sexes; length 25 to 388 mm, width 1.4 to 1.7 mm; number
of segments 61 to 70 (pl. 4, figs. 3, 4).
Eye cluster definitely triangular, with 29 to 46 ocelli usually in
6 rows but sometimes in 7 rows; sense organ the size of an ocellus
and close to the third and fourth rows of ocelli.
First segment with 10 prominent crests, the inner ones extending
almost halfway to the front margin; the third and fourth crests,
counting outward from the center of the dorsum, longer than the
others; surface in front of the crests not tuberculate; setae in a
triarcuate series.
Second segment with the dorsal ‘crests quite thick and strongly
elevated, but on the ensuing segments the crests gradually decrease
in size and height, and behind the front third of the body they are
lower and slenderer than in any of the other American species exam-
ined. The secondary crests, although obsolete on the first five seg-
ments, are more conspicuous on the segments immediately following
than farther back, and are scarcely visible on the last few segments.
Transition to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 19.
Primary crests with the apex almost a straight line when viewed
from the side; on each side immediately below the apex is a single
series of small, closely placed, circular pits; the lower sides of the
primary crests, all the secondary crests, and the rest of the dorsal
surface rather coarsely and irregularly reticulated. Behind the
secondary crests the surface of the segments faintly descends to a
slightly lower level.
Poriferous carinae prominent; in outline shghtly irregular, with
a broadly rounded anterior corner and an abrupt, nearly right-
angled posterior corner (fig. 18, #). On the midbody segments the
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 133
pore area is short and broadly elliptic and occupies only about the
middle half of the outer margin, the rim above and below the impres-
sion strongly inflated and with pits similar to those of the primary
crests; pore near the center of the impression. Below the poriferous
carinae are two primary crests distinctly higher than those of the
dorsum and with three to six very tiny denticles along the apex.
Anterior subsegments with the posterior channels notably longer
than broad and separated by strongly raised, beaded lines; reticula-
tions in front of the channels rather coarse, the longitudinal lines
through them low and fine.
Last segment with 12 setae in addition to the two papillate hairs.
Anal valves evenly convex, the margins moderately thick and
elevated. Preanal scale with a broad, shallow, transverse impression
near the middle, the lateral tablike processes large and conspicuous.
Each gonopod with the upright piece expanded at the apex on
both sides of the pronged arm; the upper, inner expansion with three
or four large serrations distally; the lower, lateral expansion extend-
ing outward and curving somewhat forward, partially concealing the
base of the arm; the outer basal structure with a long and slender
fingerlike process adjacent to the upright piece (fig. 18, 7).
Males with a comb of hairs beneath the outer joint of the first three
pairs of legs; these legs and usually the seventh pair 7-jointed
(fig. 18, 7), the other legs 8-jointed (fig. 18, 4); in one male the
seventh legs are definitely 8-jointed (fig. 18, 7).
Males with the seventh legs greatly reduced in size, their tips some-
times only slightly exceeding the end of the second joint of the ad-
jacent normal legs, but occasionally they reach opposite the end of
the fourth joint of these legs; coxa with a long slender spine arising
from the inner anterior corner and curving up and back to near the
apex of the gonopods; in one specimen one of these spines is short-
ened and truncated and has a long erect seta continuing from the
apex; joint 2 very short; joint 3 long, usually longer than the re-
maining joints combined, the outer joints being reduced in size and
length.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1248.
Remarks—Numerous specimens collected 2 miles east of “Indian
Head”, on the Indio-El Centro Road, southern California, Febru-
ary 2, 1929, by Dr. O. F. Cook and W. H. Jenkins. A female ap-
pearing to belong to this species was found beneath a stone in Mon-
sen Canyon, Eagle Mountains, near Shavers Well, Riverside County,
Calif., April 6, 1930, by H. F. Loomis.
134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
HEPTIUM SCAMILLATUM, new species
Figure 18, ad—-e; PLATE 4, Ficures 5, 6
Diagnosis.—This is a stouter species than carinellum. The tuber-
culate anterior half of segment 1, the very abrupt descent of the sur-
face to a lower level behind the secondary crests, and the transition to
the full number of dorsal crests on segment 18 are other character-
istics of this species.
Description.—Body not especially slender, distinctly depressed in
both sexes; rather close jointed, the anterior subsegments little ex-
posed; length 27 to 34 mm, width 1.8 to 2 mm; number of segments
64 to 69 (pl. 4, figs. 5, 6).
Kye cluster triangular, with 41 to 55 ocelli in 7 or 8 rows; sense
organ in front of the fourth and fifth rows of ocelli.
First segment with the inner crests reaching nearly halfway to the
anterior margin, the two outer crests on each side longer than the
others. Surface in front of the crests finely but distinctly and ir-
regularly tuberculate. Setae arranged in the usual triarcuate series.
Dorsal crests thicker and higher than in carinellum, and decreas-
ing in size more slowly toward the back end of the body. Transi-
tion to the full number of dorsal crests occurs on segment 18
(fig. 18, d).
Primary crests with a distinct, finely dentate apex, directly be-
neath which on each side is an irregular row of small, almost con-
tiguous, circular pits; the lower sides of the primary crests and the
remainder of the subsegment, including the secondary crests, coarsely
and very unevenly reticulated. Secondary crests prominent from
segment 6 to near the end of the body; entirely lacking or greatly
reduced in size on the first five segments; apex of crests irregular in
outline. Behind the secondary crests the surface between the pri-
mary crests descends very abruptly to a much lower level, which con-
tinues to the back margin, giving the segments a distinctly scalloped
appearance behind.
Poriferous carinae prominent; outer margin strongly and irregu-
larly serrate; the anterior corner broadly rounded and the posterior
corner acute and somewhat produced backward (fig. 18, ¢); rim
surrounding the pore area decidedly thickened. On the midbody
segments the pore is located a little behind the center of the rather
broadly elliptic impression which occupies considerably more of the
margin than in carinellum. The two primary crests below the porif-
erous carinae higher than those of the dorsum and with 6 to 10
conspicuous teeth or serrations along the apex.
Anterior subsegments not so greatly exposed as in carinellum, and
with the posterior channels a little deeper.
MILLIPEDS OF FAMILY LYSIOPETALIDAE—LOOMIS 135
Last segment with 14 setae in addition to the two papillate hairs.
Preanal scale shorter and less acute than in carinellwm.
Each gonopod with the inner, apical expansion of the erect piece
having only two or three serrations; lower lateral expansion less
developed and not curving forward and partially hiding the base
of the pronged arm as in carinellum,; middle structure of the
pronged arm ending in 8 to 10 tiny, obliquely radiating spines or
points; outer basal structure of the gonopod with a short and stout
fingerlike process adjacent to the erect piece (fig. 18, a, 6).
Seventh legs of the two males more normal in appearance than in
carinellum but also reduced in size and with the last joint not reach-
ing beyond the end of the fourth joint of the adjacent legs; spine of
the coxa shorter than in carinellum and not curving forward toward
the tips of the gonopods; joint 3 as long as the four remaining outer
joints combined (fig. 18, e).
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 1249.
Remarks.—Two males and two females collected between Perris
and Elsinore, Calif., February 3, 1929, by Dr. O. F. Cook and W. H.
Jenkins.
O
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
by the
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3007
NOTES ON PHALLOSTETHID FISHES
By Gerorcr 8. Myers
Stanford University, California
Various notes on the remarkable little fishes of the Malayan family
Phallostethidae accumulated while I was in charge of the division of
fishes of the United States National Museum, and it seems oppor-
tune to publish them at this time. Most of the material reported on
is in the National Museum.
In a recent paper (Myers, 1935, p. 6) I erected a new suborder,
Phallostethoidea, for this family, which I placed next to the Mugilo-
idea and the Polynemoidea in the Percesoces. The recent work of
Bailey (1936) appears to uphold my conciusion that the Phalloste-
thidae are not cyprinodonts. The following synopsis of the genera,
based largely on the priapium of the male, will replace that given in
my 1928 paper:
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF PHALLOSTETHIDAE
a’. Toxactinium present, a shieldlike pulvinulus covering its base.
b*. Anal fin very long, of 26 to 28 rays; the single ctenactinium
serrated ; jaws equal or lower slightly included; first dorsal
not described; abdomen of female with a groove__Phallostethus Regan
b*. Anal fin moderate, of 14 or 15 rays; the single ctenactinium
not serrated ; lower jaw projecting; first dorsal of one ray ;
abdomen of female without groove____________ Phenacostethus Myers
92759—36
137
138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
a@. Toxactinium absent; pulvinulus if present small and not shield-
or disk-shaped.
c. First dorsal fin represented by at least one ray; nape and
opercles scaleless.
da’, One long ctenactinium present.
e’. Ctenactinium thin and considerably curved, without a
membranous fold along its edge; priapium, in region of
infrasulear prominence, lacking a flat, many-spined
process; posterior border of priapium with a series of
soft, comblike projections sae 2a ee rr Neostethus Regan
e’. Ctenactinium not greatly curved, with a broad membran-
ous margin along lower side of its proximal half; re-
gion of infrasulear prominence with a large, flat, fleshy
process armed on its upper and posterior border with
9 or 10 short, sharp, recurved spines and on its anterior
border with 2 longer spines directed forward; posterior
end of priapium without comblike appendages_Plectrostethus Myers
d@. Two long ctenactinia present; no comblike appendages at
end of priapium.
f?. Pulvinulus plainly evident externally as an oval promi-
nence with a depressed center, on aproctal side of
priapium ; body extremely slender and elongate ; brack-
TSH-WaATCHS DCS sae eee ee Ceratostethus, new genus
f?. Pulvinulus not evident externally; body moderately
heavy; hill-stream) fishes S22 322 ee ae eee Gulaphallus Herre
ce. First dorsal fin absent; 2 ctenactinia, the lesser one very
short: nape and) opercles scaly==—====-_ = Mirophallus Herre
Genus PHALLOSTETHUS Regan
PHALLOSTETHUS DUNCKERI Regan
No further specimens of this species, which was described from
Johore, have been reported since Regan’s original description.
Genus PHENACOSTETHUS Myers
PHENACOSTETHUS SMITHI Myers
Neostethus lankesteri (not of Regan) H. M. Smiru, 1927, p. 353 (Bangkok,
Siam) ; 1929, p. 18 (Bangkok, Siam).
Phenacostethus smithi Myers, 1928, p. 6 (Bangkok, Siam).—Batery, 1936
(anatomy).
This minute species is represented by several hundred specimens
in the collections of the United States National Museum (nos. 88659,
88667, 93506, 93507, 93508), as well as paratypes of the species (nos.
92297, 92979). All were collected in canals in the city of Bangkok,
Siam, by Dr. Hugh M. Smith. This is the only phallostethid present
in Dr. Smith’s Bangkok collections, and there is no doubt that it is
the species he reported in 1927 as Neostethus lankestert. P. smithe
is known from no locality other than within the city limits of
Bangkok.
NOTES ON PHALLOSTETHID FISHES—MYERS 189
Genus NEOSTETHUS Regan
NEOSTETHUS LANKESTERI Regan
This species is known only from the types.
NEOSTETHUS AMARICCLA (Villadolid and Manacop)
Gulaphallus amaricola VILLApoLIp and MANaAcop, 1934, p. 194, pl. 1 (Pasay,
Rizal Province, on Manila Bay, Luzon; in brackish sloughs).
This species has only recently been described, although it was
mentioned several years ago (Myers, 1928, p. 11). The U.S. S.
Albatross obtained what I take to be this form at several localities
in Luzon and Leyte, all apparently brackish-water habitats. There
are three males from a fish pond at San Antonio, Cavité, Manila
Bay (U.S.N.M. no. 98833) ; two males from the mouth of the Palani
River, Port San Vicente, at the northern end of Luzon (U.S.N.M.
no. 98834) ; six immature specimens from the Ragay River, Ragay
Gulf, on the south coast of Luzon (U.S.N.M. no. 98835) ; and one
male and three females from brackish water in the river at Port
Dupon, Leyte (U.S.N.M. nos. 98836 and 98837).
This species is very close to V. lankesteri, differing chiefly in the
presence of two (instead of one) rays in the first dorsal fin and
slightly but sharply in the structure of the priapium in the region
of the infrasulear prominence. WV. lankesteri has two projections in
this region, the seminal papilla and the infrasulcar prominence};
N. amaricola appears to have but one, which Villadolid and Manacop
call a “penislike structure.” This bears one short spine, which they
identify as a second ctenactinium. I am inclined to doubt this
identification; very likely this small spine is the homologue of the
papillary bone that supports the seminal papilla in WV. lankesteri. At
any rate, this sharp external spine serves to distinguish V. amaricola
immediately from its close relative.
NEOSTETHUS SIAMENSIS, new species
Holotype-—U.S.N.M. no. 102140, a female 28.7 mm in standard
length, collected in the estuary of the Chantabun River, south-
eastern Siam, in April 1933, by Dr. Hugh M. Smith.
Before his return from Siam, Dr. Smith sent me this single female
as a phallostethid of a type entirely new to him. Only this one
specimen was obtained. While in most cases it is not possible to
determine the genus of fishes of this family without male specimens,
the general habitus of this example makes me think it is probably
closely related to Neostethus, even if it is not a member of that
genus. The compressed, deep body distinguishes it immediately
from the specimens of V. amaricola recorded above. Judging from
140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
Regan’s descriptions and figures of NV. lankesteri, which has only
one first dorsal ray (see Myers, 1928), I do not think it can be that
species. I do not believe that it can be placed in any other genus of
Phallostethidae. This is the second species of phallostethid known
from Siam, and its discovery close to the Cambodian border makes it
appear certain that fishes of this family occur in Indo-China.
Description—First dorsal fin II. Second dorsal I, 5. Anal I,
151%. Pectoral 12. Caudal with 12 branched rays and several
unbranched supporting rays above and below. Scales mostly lost,
but 31 pockets can be counted from head to caudal base. Nape and
head scaleless. ‘Transverse scales between mid-dorsal series and
abdominal keel, at deepest part of body, 7. First dorsal origin over
base of eleventh branched anal ray. Origin of second dorsal over
base of last anal ray. Pectorals long and pointed, the upper rays
longest, reaching two-thirds of the distance from the upper part
of the fin base to the origin of the anal fin. Caudal forked.
Measurements in millimeters (taken from point to point, as indi-
cated, with dividers, and not as to the vertical on the axis of the
fish) : Standard length 28.7. Depth (less abdominal keel) 6.3. Head
5.5. Snout tip to origin of second dorsal fin 23.0. Snout tip to origin
of anal fin 16.5.
Anus and postanal papilla very similar to those of WV. lankestert
(see Regan, 1916, p. 16, fig. 12b). The papilla is less strongly bifid
than in that species, but, like it, one of the halves (left) is better de-
veloped. This may have some bearing on the occurrence of “rights”
and “lefts” among the males.
Color (specimen fixed in formalin) pale yellowish, probably trans-
lucent in life. A black hair-line marking the division between the
epaxial and hypaxial trunk muscles from head to caudal. Another
fine black line along base of anal fin and middle of lower surface of
caudal peduncle to caudal fin. Above this line, on the anal base, is
another fine black line marking the junction of the body muscles and
the supports of the fin. A few black chromatophores along the
dorsum, a large patch on the occiput, another patch on the upper
surface of the snout, and one on the lower part of the pectoral girdle.
Other melanophores are dusted along the sides of the snout and jaws,
in a segment of a circle behind the eye, and on either side of the anus
and postanal papilla. Fins hyaline.
Remarks.—There is a distinct possibility that this fish is identical
with WV. lankesteri, although only one first dorsal ray is reported for
that species. If Regan’s figure (Regan, 1916, pl. 1, fig. b) of ¥.
lankesteri is correct in its proportions, which I see no reason to doubt,
N. siamensis differs otherwise in the greater depth and the much
more posterior positions of the dorsal and anal fins,
»
NOTES ON PHALLOSTETHID FISHES—MYERS 141
Genus PLECTROSTETHUS Myers
PLECTROSTETHUS PALAWANENSIS Myers
Plectrostethus palawanensis Myrrs, 1935, p. 5 (mouth of the Caiholo River,
Ulugan Bay, west coast of Palawan).
This slender little species has the most strongly rectilinear body
form of any phallostethid. That it has breeding habits similar to
Gulaphallus and Phenacostethus is indicated by a grapelike cluster
of eggs that was still attached to the vent of one of the females when
I first examined them. These eggs are now U.S.N.M. no. 93424.
CERATOSTETHUS, new genus
Genotype.—Neostethus bicornis Regan.
Outside of Phallostethus, the fishes of this new genus are the
slenderest of all the phallostethids. The “neck” in particular is ex-
ceedingly slender. In this, and in their brackish-water habitat, they
differ strongly from the two known species of Gulaphallus.
CERATOSTETHUS BICORNIS (Regan)
Neostethus bicornis Regan, 1916, p. 14, fig. 11 (Kuala Langat, Selangore).—
MYERS, 1928, p. 9 (compiled).
This form has been known hitherto only through the three imma-
ture type specimens in the British Museum. Besides eight adults
collected by Dr. A. W. Herre in brackish water in the northeastern
end of Singapore Island (U.S.N.M. no. 102142), the National Mu-
seum has six adults collected by the U. S. S. Albatross at Nakoda
Bay, on the west coast of the island of Palawan (U.S.N.M. nos. 98838
and 98839) and a single adult from the Malampaya River, Palawan
(U.S.N.M. no. 98840).
There is little difference between the adult males and the subadult
figured by Regan (1916, p. 15, fig. 11b), except in the more pendulous
posterior end of the priapium, the better-developed oval pulvinulus,
the more pointed opercle, and the better development of the two
ctenactinia. The smaller ctenactinium is little longer than on
Regan’s fish but more slender and curved. The longer ctenactinium
is curved upward, downward, and around the chin. There are two
rays in the first dorsal, and the second dorsal appears to have only
4 or 5 rays. Despite the fact that only one first dorsal ray has been
found in the types, I feel certain that these Singapore and Palawan
fishes are the same species.
The anus of the female is surrounded by many folds of loose
tissue, this area being larger than in Neostethus lankestert. I do not,
however, find what I am certain is a homologue of the postanal
papilla of that species. The oviduct (and ureter?) appear to open
142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
at the end of a median tubelike structure some distance behind the
anus. On each side of this structure is a longitudinal ridge. In
the Palawan females these lateral ridges, as well as the median lower
edge of the tubelike median organ, each bear a row of exceedingly
“minute spines; the preservation of the Singapore specimens is so
poor that I cannot be sure of the presence of these spines in them.
Genus GULAPHALLUS Herre
GULAPHALLUS MIRABILIS Herre
Villadolid and Manacop (1934) have given an interesting account
of the habits, breeding, embryology, and the ontogeny of the external
features of the priapium in this species (see Herre, 1925), based
on studies of examples obtained in Molawin Creek, Laguna de Bay,
near the College of Agriculture of the University of the Philippines.
From this it is evident that the ctenactinia are used as claspers, that
fertilization is internal, and that the eggs are deposited to hatch
externally. Smith (1927) had observed that the eggs are deposited
and not hatched within the female in Phenacostethus, but he appar-
ently made no observation on the copulation.
Bailey (1936) gives a detailed account of the osteology of this
species. I have examined numerous specimens of this species from
Molawin Creek, sent to me by Dr. Villadolid.
GULAPHALLUS EXIMIUS Herre
Of this fresh-water species (see Herre, 1925), the largest and bulk-
iest of the phallostethids, I have examined two topotypes, adult male
and female, collected by Dr. Herre in 1931 in a brook near Santa Fé,
Nueva Vizcaya Province, Luzon. They are in the collection of Stan-
ford University.
Genus MIROPHALLUS Herre
MIROPHALLUS BIKOLANUS Herre
The three cotypes of this species (Stanford University no. 24475),
described by Herre (1926), that I have examined are immature and
in poor condition. There is no vestige of the first dorsal fin.
LITERATURE CITED
BAILEy, RALPH J.
1936. The osteology and relationships of the phailostethid fishes. Journ.
Morph., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 453-483, 1 fig., 4 pls.
HeErkRE, ALBERT WILLIAM.
1925. Two strange new fishes from Luzon. Philippine Journ, Sci., vol. 27,
pp. 507-513, 2 pls.
1926. Four new Philippine fishes. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 31, pp. 533-
543, 3 pls.
MYERS, GEORGH SPRAGUE.
1928. The systematic position of the phallostethid fishes, with diagnosis
of a new genus from Siam. Amer. Mus. Noy., no. 295, 12 pp., 2 figs.
1935. A new phallostethid fish from Palawan. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. 48, pp. 5-6.
REGAN, CHAKLES TATE.
1916. The morphology of the cyprinodont fishes of the subfamily Phallo-
stethinae, with description of a new genus and two new species.
Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1916, pp. 1-26, 15 figs., 4 pls.
SmiTH, HueH McCormick.
1927. The fish Neostethus in Siam. Science, new ser., vol. 65, pp. 353-355.
1929. Notes on some Siamese fishes. Journ. Siam Soc., Nat. Hist. Suppl.,
vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 11-14.
VILLADOLID, DEOGRACIAS V., AND MANACOP, PorFIRIO R.
1934. The Philippine Phallostethidae, a description of a new species, and
a report on the biology of Gulaphallus mirabilis Herre. Philippine
Journ. Sci., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 193-220, 5 pls.
148
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3008
THE DEEP-SEA ZEOMORPH FISHES OF THE FAMILY
GRAMMICOLEPIDAE
By Grorce S. Myers
Stanford University, California
Tue rarity of the strange oceanic fishes of the family Grammico-
lepidae, together with the unique character of their vertically atten-
uated scales, has placed them among the greatest desiderata of
ichthyological collections. The four nominal species have been re-
ferred to three genera, but no previous writer appears to have exam-
ined more than one of them. Moreover, the type and supposedly
the only known specimen of the first-discovered species seems to be
lost, and Poey’s original description of it has been misinterpreted.
It is therefore of interest to find a fine specimen of Poey’s species
in the collections brought back by the Johnson-Smithsonian deep-sea
expedition, as well as three examples of Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi,
a species hitherto known only from South Africa, among the fishes
collected by the U. S. S. Albatross in the Philippines. Prof. Albert
KE. Parr has been kind enough to allow me to examine Mowbray’s
types of Grammicolepis squamilineatus in the Bingham Oceano-
graphic Collection at Yale University and to bring two of the para-
types to Washington for comparison. Finally, I have had at hand
Jordan’s type of Vesposus egregius, from Hawaii.
This material is more varied than that examined by other writers,
and it has enabled me to determine that the known specimens of the
92794—36
145
146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
family belong to only two species, each of which appears to have a
world-wide distribution in the depths of tropical and semitropical
seas,*
Unfortunately, the rarity of the material in my hands and the nec-
essary apportionment of the Philippine Albatross fishes to three in-
stitutions have not permitted the desired osteological re-investigation
of the family. It is to be hoped that future specimens will allow of
this.
Family GRAMMICOLEPIDAE
Grammicolepidi Pory, 1873, p. 405 (description).
Grammicolepididae Gitt, in Kingsley, 1885, p. 207 (name only).—Gir1, 1893,
p. 184 (name only).—GoopE and Bran, 1895, p. 218 (description) .—JorDAN
and EvERMANN, 1896, p. 973 (description).
Grammicolepidae SHUFELDT, 1888, p. 274 (translation of Poey’s paper).—JORDAN,
1905, vol. 2, p. 249 (brief mention) ; 1923, p. 171 (name and included gen-
era).—BARNARD, 1925, p. 370 (description).
Zeidae (part) BouLencer, 1902, p. 300 (critical remarks).—ReEcGAN, 1910, p. 483
(critical remarks ).—WEeEBER, 1913, p. 409 (remarks).
The true relationship of the family Grammicolepidae was not
appreciated at first. Poey asserted that Grammicolepis was related
to the Berycidae and the Carangidae. Shufeldt agreed with Poey in
relating the fish to the carangids, but he noted many important differ-
ences in the skeleton. In 1885 Gill placed the grammicolepids, along
with Lampris, Luvarus, Mene, Kurtus, Capros, and Zeus, as a distant
ally of the Scombroidea. His inclusion of the Caproidae and Zeidae
in this category does not seem to imply that he had any distinct un-
derstanding of their closeness to Grammicolepis. In 1893 Gill placed
the Grammicolepidae, together with most of the fishes mentioned
above, in his group Scombroidea, but he stated that this assemblage
was not a natural group and would doubtless be split up after further
study. Goode and Bean and Jordan and Evermann merely left
Grammicolepis where Gill placed it.
Boulenger appears to have been the first to recognize the really close
similarity of Grammicolepis to the Zeidae, and he placed it in that
family. Regan similarly placed it in the Zeidae, mentioning particu-
larly its resemblance to the genera Cyttus and Neocyttus in the pres-
ence of the basisphenoid and in the prominence of the supraoccipitals.
The genera that are now usually referred to the Zeidae, although
few in number, seem to me to be considerably divergent in many de-
1J. L. B. Smith (1931, p. 145, 2 figs.) has recently described a supposed new genus and
species of South African grammicolepids as Prionolepis hewitti. I am indebted to Dr.
Smith for the information that he now considers this fish to be a juvenile acanthurid.
FISHES OF FAMILY GRAMMICOLEPIDAE—MYERS 147
tails, and I am inclined to think that there may be more than one
family type among them. WMeocytius and Cyttomimus are certainly
greatly different from Zeus, Zen, Zenopsis, and Cyttus. The gram-
micolepids are not particularly close to either of these groups in form
and a number of minor details, and their scales are so vastly different
that, for the present at least, I do not hesitate to give them family
recognition. The final word as to their exact place must await a
much-needed systematic and osteological investigation of all the
zeomorph fishes.
The Grammicolepidae may, then, be defined as Zeomorphi (see
Regan, 1910) in which (1) the scales are vertically linear in form, (2)
the mouth is small and nearly vertical, (3) the maxillary is ex-
tremely short, (4) the anterior trunk muscles just reach the posterior
edge of the frontals, (5) the occipital crest is thin, (6) the gills are
314, with no slit behind the last, (7) the branchiostegals are 7 in
number, (8) the caudal fin is composed of 13 branched rays with one
main and several supplementary unbranched rays both above and
below, and (9) the pelvic fins are I, 6.
Gill arches thin, with one thin double row of hemibranchs. The
interior, or concave side, of each arch is smooth. Both the anterior
and posterior faces of each arch except the last possess a series of low
cross ridges, horizontal, or rather perpendicular, to the main line of
the arch. These short ridges are studded with spines. On the
posterior side of the inner (concave) ramus of the first arch there is
a row of small papilliform projections that might be construed as gill
rakers. At the upper end of each arch, where it curves around for-
ward, the hemibranchs leave the arch proper and run up on the wall
of the gill chamber. The gill structure in the two genera is identical,
but it cannot be properly seen without excising a complete arch from
aspecimen. There is no slit behind the last gill.
Pseudobranchiae of large size are present at the upper end of the
outer wall of the gill chamber. In some specimens the filaments are
entwined with those of the first gill arch, but they may be separated
by a little manipulation. I believe that either this or injury in prob-
ing accounts for Barnard’s statement that Xenolepidichthys lacks
pseudobranchiae. All four examples of this genus before me have
them.
Branchiostegal rays 7 in number, the first three attached to the
anterior limb and the last four attached to the posterior limb of
the ceratohyal, as in Zeus. Poey, in speaking of Grammicolepis,
says, “no he podido descubrir mas que cuatro radios branquidstegos,
sin poder asegurar que no haya mayor numero.” Evidently he
thought there might be more than four; his skeleton of the type
148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 84
seems to have been in an incomplete condition, from Shufeldt’s re-
marks. Shufeldt did not mention the branchiostegals; they were
probably entirely gone when he received the specimen. Barnard
gave four branchiostegals for Xenolepidichthys. I myself thought
this was correct until I dissected the muscle overlying the first three.
The frontal and nasal bones are prominent and are covered with
rows of fine blunt spines. The preorbital is prominent and its outer
face is rough with the spine-studded fluting of what appear to be
mucous channels. Cheeks, opercle, subopercle, and, in Grammi-
colepis, the interopercle, scaled. Vertical and lower limbs of pre-
opercle rough with fine granules. On the upper corners of the
cheeks (in the postorbital region) and opercles, along the predorsal
line, at the pectoral base, and on the caudal peduncle, the rough
linear scales approach the proportions of normal scales.
A row of thin, bony bucklers, each bearing a main spine (and,
anteriorly at least, one or more smaller, supplementary spines) ex-
tends along each side of the entire base of the dorsal and anal fins.
Eyes large, much greater than interorbital. Body deep and
strongly compressed. Caudal peduncle slender. Pectoral fins small.
Anal spines 2, separated by an interspace from the first soft ray.
Soft dorsal and anal rays unbranched. Greatest body depth at
origin of dorsal fin.
Teeth small, acicular, weak, in a single series on each jaw.
Besides a 43 mm specimen of Xenolepidichthys (see Smith, 1935),
which retains some postlarval characters, no larvae or postlarvae
of Grammicolepidae are known. The “Acronurus” larvae of the
Acanthuridae, with their vertically elongate scales (see Liitken, 1880,
pl. 5, figs. 4, 5), are likely to be mistaken for young grammicolepids.
One young acanthurid, with a most remarkable type of scales, has
already been described as a grammicolepid (Smith, 1931, p. 146).
These young acanthurids may be distinguished from the Grammi-
colepidae both by their different mouth structure and by their
metallic “corselet” extending downward and forward from the
pectoral base.
I experienced some difficulty at first in discovering valid char-
acters to distinguish the two recognizable forms of Grammicolepidae.
The external differences are mostly of a type unlike those that have
been used in related groups, and I present them here in the form
of a comparative table.
FISHES OF FAMILY GRAMMICOLEPIDAE—-MYERS
GRAM MICOLEPIS
1. Sealy part of gular membrane not
covering the blunt lower angle of
the hyoid apparatus (urohyal),
which is protected only by thin
skin.
2. All 7 of the branchiostegal rays
lacking a cover of muscle and
easily seen without dissection.
38. Upper anterior angle of the pre-
ventral profile (covering the an-
terior horn of the cleithrum), at
gill slit, directly below the middle
or anterior border of the pupil of
the eye.
4, First anal spine shorter than eye in
half grown and adult.
5. Tip of lower jaw, with mouth closed,
opposite upper border of pupil.
6. Upper border of head above eye (at
junction with scales of nape)
sloping downward sharply behind.
. Interopercle plainly visible beneath
lower limb of preopercle; scaled.
8. Body deep when young (depth al-
most equal to length minus caudal
peduncle in a 75 mm specimen),
growing more elongate with age.
9. Anterior portion of lateral line in
a high, peaked curve in half
grown, flattening out into an ir-
regular, low curve with age.
10. Ends of dorsal and anal bases al-
most opposite in half grown, the
end of the dorsal becoming de-
cidedly more anterior with age.
11. Anterior part of nape concave
(possibly becoming straight or
convex in old age).
“1
149
XENOLEPIDICHTHYS
1. Sealy part of gular membrane
nearly or quite covering the blunt
lower angle of the hyoid apparatus
(urohyal), which is protected not
only by the scaly membrane but
also by a thick layer of muscle
under the latter.
2. The first 3 of the 7 branchiostegal
rays thickly covered by a sheet of
muscle running to the lower pos-
terior limb of the ceratohyal, and
not visible without dissection of
this muscle.
3. Upper anterior angle of the pre-
ventral profile (covering the an-
terior horn of the cleithrum), at
gill slit, anterior to the vertical
of the front border of the orbit.
4. First anal spine nearly equal to or
exceeding length of head at all
ages.
5. Tip of lower jaw, with mouth
closed, opposite middle or lower
border of pupil.
6. Upper border of head above eye (at
junction with scales of nape)
sloping downward only slightly.
7. Interopercle mostly hidden under
preopercle.
8. Body very deep at all ages, the
depth nearly equal to or greater
than the length minus caudal
peduncle.
9. Anterior portion of lateral] line in
a high, peaked curve at all ages.
10. Ends of dorsal and anal bases
practically opposite at all ages.
11. Anterior part of nape flat or con-
vex at all ages.
150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 84
Genus GRAMMICOLEPIS Poey
Grammicolepis Pory, 1878, p. 403 (type by monotypy, G. brachiusculus Poey).
Vesposus JORDAN, 1921, p. 649 (type by original designation, V. egregius Jordan).
The generic characters are given in the table above. Only one
species is known, from deep water about the West Indies, in the Carib-
bean, and off Hawaii.
GRAMMICOLEPIS BRACHIUSCULUS Poey
Grammicolepis brachiusculus Pony, 1873, p. 403, pl. 12 (near Habana, Cuba).—
SHUFELDT, 1888, p. 271, figs. 1-14 (on Poey’s type specimen).—Goopr and
BEAN, 1895, p. 218, pl. 61, fig. 221 (copy of Shufeldt’s description and
figure).—JorpaN and EveRMANN, 1896, vol. 1, p. 974 (compiled) .—Fowtenr,
1928, p. 96 (on Jordan’s type of Vesposus egregius).
Vesposus egregius JORDAN, 1921, p. 650, fig. 5 (deep water off Hawaii).—Jorpan
and JoRDAN, 1922, p. 24, fig. 1 (on Jordan’s type specimen).
Gramimicolepis squamilineatus (in part) Mowpray, in Breder, 1927, p. 380, fig.
14 (holotype and two paratypes; deep water north of Glover Reef, British
Honduras).
U.S.N.M. no. 84098, a dried and distorted specimen approximately
230 mm in standard length (to end of hypural fan); killed by lava
flowing from Mauna Loa into the sea off Alika, Island of Hawaii, in
November 1919, and collected by Tom Reinhardt. Holotype of
Vesposus egregius Jordan.
U.S.N.M. no 102129 (field no. 111), a specimen 182 mm in standard
length; Johnson-Smithsonian deep-sea expedition station 23, off
Punta Cerro Gordo, north coast of Puerto Rico, latitude 18°32’15’
N., longitude 66°17’45’” W., to latitude 18°32’00’’ N., longitude 66°-
21’15’’ W.; February 4, 1933; otter trawl; 260 to 360 fathoms; S. Y.
Caroline.
B. O. C. no. 517, a specimen 82 mm in standard length; deep water
north of Glover Reef, off the coast of British Honduras; April 1925;
S. Y. Pawnee. Holotype of Grammicolepis squamilineatus Mowbray.
B. O. C. no. 524, a specimen 85 mm in standard length; taken in
366 fathoms north of Glover Reef, British Honduras; April 20, 1925;
S. Y. Pawnee. Paratype of Grammicolepis squamilineatus Mowbray.
B. O. C. no. 518a, a specimen 73 mm in standard length; taken in
484 fathoms north of Glover Reef, British Honduras; April 20, 1925;
S. Y. Pawnee. Paratype of Grammicolepis squamilineatus Mowbray.
Dorsal fin with a tiny, scarcely evident first spine; a main serrated
spine; a thinner serrated spine; 3 or 4 soft, unarticulated spines; and
28 to 35 articulated rays. Anal with 2 short, serrated spines, the first
longer; and 28 to 36 articulated rays. Pectorals 14 to 16. Color
plain silvery, with indications of irregular dark blotches on the back.
Several important and extremely interesting changes in external
anatomical features appear to take place in this species during growth.
VOLE. 84 PLATE 5
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FISHES OF FAMILY GRAMMICOLEPIDAE—MYERS 151
The high, acute angle of the lateral line, which is like that of Xenole-
pidichthys in the half-grown, becomes less acute in larger specimens
and finally reaches an irregular low curve in the adult. Doubtless
this is correlated with the considerable decrease of relative body
depth with age. In most fishes the relative positions of the fin bases
do not change greatly after the larval stage is passed, and characters
relating to these positions are among the best and most stable of the
external features used in classification. In Grammicolepis, however,
I have been forced to the conclusion that the end of the dorsal base
moves anteriorly with age, concomitant with a general pushing for-
ward and downward of the upper part of the general bony framework
of the fish. This apparently results in the head of larger specimens
appearing as if it had been pushed upward (from the front) upon
the axis of the body and gives the adult Grammicolepis a character-
istic physiognomy very different from that of Xenolepidichthys, in
which the head is much less prominent and less elevated in front.
The observation of these growth changes would not have been pos-
sible had I not been able to compare the small specimens in the Bing-
ham Oceanographic Collection with the two larger specimens in the
National Museum.
Counts of fin rays, etc—These are given in the order in which the
specimens are listed above. Dorsal III, III, 35; II, IV, 32; II,
III, 29; III, III, 30; IIl, II, 28. Anal II, 36; Il, 34; II, 29; WT,
98; II, 28. Pectoral 15-15; 16-15; 14-14; 13-14; 14-14. Dorsal
bucklers 34; 33; 29; 30; 30. Anal bucklers 35; 34; 27; 27; 27.
Measurements in millimeters—These are given in the same order,
the figures for the dried type of Vesposus being approximate only.
Standard length 230; 182; 82; 85; 73. Depth 185; 115; 60; 65; 58.
Head length 67; 49; 28; 29; 24. Bony orbit diameter 27; 23; 12; 14;
12. Snout length 21; 13; 8; 8; 7. Snout tip to dorsal origin 93;
67; 86; 39; 38. Dorsal base 145; 95; 42; 45; 40. Anal base 140;
104; 45; 48; 42.
Remarks.—Poey described and figured this species from a fresh
470 mm specimen, apparently not in very good condition, brought to
the Habana market in April 1872. The type was skeletonized by
Poey, and the skeleton was sent to Prof. Theodore Gill in Washing-
ton for the Smithsonian collection. A few years later Gill turned
over the skeleton, which appears to have been incomplete, to Dr. R. W.
Shufeldt for osteological study. Shufeldt’s paper appeared in 1888,
but I can find no trace of the specimen subsequent to that date. It
may be that it is still in the private osteological collection of the late
Dr. Shufeldt, to which I have not been able to obtain access.
In his paper on Grammicolepis, Shufeldt gave a complete trans-
lation of the text of Poey’s paper, together with a figure of the whole
fish. This figure, which was copied by Goode and Bean, was taken
152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
largely from Poey’s outline drawing but with some changes as well
as the addition of the squamation.
Jordan’s nominal Vesposus and Gilchrist’s Xenolepidichthys were
both differentiated from Grammicolepis by the presence of a row
of strong, spiny bucklers along each side of the dorsal and anal
bases, on the assumption that Poey’s specimen lacked such structures.
On reviewing the matter it is evident that both Jordan and Gilchrist
depended entirely on Shufeldt’s paper (or on Goode and Bean’s
partial copy of it) and that Shufeldt misinterpreted, and erroneously
translated, one important sentence in Poey’s account.
In the course of his description of the scales, Poey says, “La
primera, tanto arriba como abajo, es mas corta y lleva en la cabeza
dos puntes endurecidas que accompafian la base de los radios.” In
connection with the context of the paragraph as a whole, I translate
this as follows: “The first [scale], both above [=dorsally] and below
[=ventrally], is shorter [than those toward the middle of the body]
and carries at the head [end] two strong points which accompany
the base of the rays.” These strong points, or spines, and perhaps
the fins themselves, were evidently not present on the skeleton when
Shufeldt received it, and, being unable to understand what Poey
meant, he translated the sentence as, “The leading scales on the body,
above as well as below, are shorter and when carried on to the head,
are doubly as firm as those found at the base of the fin rays.” Know-
ing that all other grammicolepids have these spines, one can easily see
what Poey was attempting to describe.
Moreover, Poey’s outline drawing, which did not show the rays
of the soft dorsal and anal, clearly figures the row of spines along
the base of both dorsal and anal. Shufeldt took these spines for in-
dications of the bases of the fin rays, and they do not appear in his
figure, in which the rays are drawn in.
The only other point that might cause confusion is Poey’s state-
ment that two points are present. From my description above it is
clear that at least the anterior spine-bearing bucklers at the fin bases
show one or more subsidiary spines.
It is possible that the differences in meristic characters between
the type of Vesposus and the smaller specimens from the Caribbean
may have some significance. With my present material I am unable
to do more than call attention to the fact.
The figure of the type of Vesposus egregius given by Jordan and
by Jordan and Jordan, drawn from the dried and twisted type, is
incorrect in a number of details and entirely lacks the very charac-
teristic physiognomy of Grammicolepis, which is apparent even in
the dry specimen.
Poey’s large type appears to represent the fully adult form of the
species. No other examples as large as his have been found.
FISHES OF FAMILY GRAMMICOLEPIDAE—MYERS 153
Genus XENOLEPIDICHTHYS Gilchrist
Xenolepidichthys GILCHRIST, 1922, p. 73 (type by monotypy, X. dalgleishi Gil-
christ).
Grammicolepis (in part) Mowpray, in Breder, 1927, p. 29.
The generic characters are given in the table above. Only one spe-
cies is known, from deep water in the Caribbean Sea, off South
Africa, and about the Philippines.
XENOLEPIDICHTHYS DALGLEISHI Gilchrist
Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi GILCHRIST, 1922, p. 73, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Pickle stations
104, lat. 29°57’05’’ S., long. 31°14’30’’ E; 111, lat. 29°43’30’’ S., long.
31°22’380”’ BH; 141, lat. 29°48’55’’ S., long. 31°22’30’’ E.).—BarRNarp, 1925,
p. 371, pl. 16, fig. 1 (off Natal coast; Algoa Bay; off Saldanha Bay) ; von
Bonpsg, 1928, p. 26 (Pickle station 779, about lat. 29°48’S., long. 31°25’E.) ;
1933, pp. 59, 60, 61 (Africana stations 238A, lat. 29°48’55’’ S., long.
31°19’40’’ BH; 239A, lat. 29°50'06’’ S., long. 31°21'00’’ E; 240A, lat.
29°53'40’’ S., long. 31°19’12’’ E.).—J. L. B. Smiru, 1935, p. 184, pl. 18, fig.
A (Great Fish Point).—FowtLer, 1935, p. 373 (Durban).
Grammicolepis squamilineatus (in part) Mowsray, in Breder, 1927, p. 30 (one
paratype; deep water north of Glover Reef, British Honduras).
U.S.N.M. no. 98830 (field parchment tag 1743), a specimen 87 mm
in standard length; station D. 5112, off Sombrero Island, southern
Luzon, latitude 13°48’22”" N., longitude 120°47’25”" E.; January 17,
1908; 12-foot Tanner beamtrawl; 177 fathoms; U. S. S. Albatross.
U.S.N.M. no. 98831 (field parchment tag 1742), a specimen 71 mm
in standard length; same data as no. 98830. Figured example.
U.S.N.M. no. 98832 (field parchment tag 1744), a specimen 90 mm
in standard length; same data as no. 98830.
B.O.C. no. 518b, a specimen 82 mm in standard length; taken in
484 fathoms north of Glover Reef, British Honduras; April 20, 1925;
S. Y. Pawnee. Paratype of Grammicolepis squamilineatus Mowbray.
Dorsal fin with a tiny, scarcely evident first spine; a main serrated
spine, which is long and provided with a filamentous tip in the young;
a thinner serrated spine; three soft, unarticulated spines; and 28 or
29 articulated rays. Anal with a long, serrated first spine, nearly as
long as, or longer than the head, its tip filamentous in the young; a
second shorter serrated spine; and 27 to 29 articulated soft rays.
Pectorals with 14 rays. Color silvery, the younger specimens with
round dark spots, placed irregularly.
This species differs decidedly from Grammicolepis in the lesser
extent of the changes in proportions and other external features dur-
ing growth. The younger specimens have filamentous tips to the
second dorsal and first anal spines, which are lost with growth, and
the relative length of the second dorsal spine decreases. The body
is deeper in the young than in the adult, but even the latter retains
a very deep form. The high, pointed arch of the lateral line and the
154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
relative position of the ends of the dorsal and anal fins remain con-
stant through life.
Counts of fin rays, etc-—These are given in the order in which the
specimens are listed above. Dorsal ITI, ITI, 28; III, II, 29; II,
III, 29; III, III, 28. Anal II, 27; II, 28; II, 29; II, 28. Pectoral
14-14; 14-14; 14-14; 14-14. Dorsal bucklers 29; 31; 30; 30. Anal
bucklers 27; 27; 27; 27.
Measurements in millimeters—These are given in the same order.
Standard length 87; 71; 90; 82. Depth 78; 68; 80; 68. Head length
26; 22; 29; 26. Bony orbit diameter 18; 11; 14; 13. Snout length
8; 6; 9; 8. Snout tip to dorsal origin 47; 38; 48; 43. Dorsal base
51; 48; 52; 44. Anal base 54; 46; 56; 49.
Remarks.—This peculiar, deep-bodied fish has been known hereto-
fore only from off South Africa, whence it was described by Gilchrist
in 1922. The three Philippine examples recorded here were obtained
by the Albatross many years before Xenolepidichthys was discovered
in South Africa. The figure of one of these specimens, here repro-
duced as plate 7, was made by K. Ito on board the Albatross during
the cruise on which the fishes were captured.
There is no doubt whatsoever of the identity of one of Mowbray’s
paratypes of Grammicolepis squamilineatus with this species. The
fact that this specimen was not distinguished by Mowbray from his
other examples, which are plainly Grammicolepis, is evidence of the
remarkable similarity of the young of the latter genus to XYenolepi-
dichthys.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 7
Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi Gilchrist, subadult example, U.S.N.M. no. 98831.
The figure errs in showing 28 (instead of 29) articulated rays, and the upper
border of the head, above the eye, is too strictly horizontal. Drawn by
K: Ito.
LITERATURE CITED
BARNARD, KEPPEL H.
1925. A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa (pt. 1). Ann.
South African Mus., vol. 21, pp. 1-418, 27 pls.
BoNDE, CECIL VON.
1928. List of fishes, etc., procured by the S. S. Pickle during the period
July 1, 1925, to May 25, 1927. Union of South Africa, Fisher. Mar.
Biol. Sury., Rep. no. 5 (1925-1927), pp. 16-85.
1983. Cape area survey: January—May, 1932—Table Bay-Saldanha Bay.
List of fishes, ete., procured. Union of South Africa, Fisher. Mar.
Biol. Surv., Rep. no. 10 (1982), pp. 82-84.
BoOULENGER, GEORGE ALBERT.
1902. Notes on the classification of teleostean fishes. IV. On the systematic
position of the Pleuronectidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol.
10, pp. 295-3804.
BREDER, CHARLES Marcus, Jr.
1927. Scientific results of the first oceanographic expedition of the Pawnee,
1925. Fishes. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 1, art. 1, pp.
1-90, 36 figs.
Fowler, HENRY WEED.
1928. The fishes of Oceania. Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 540 pp.,
82 figs., 49 pls.
1935. South African fishes received from Mr. H. W. Bell-Marley in 1935.
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 87, pp. 361-408, 39 figs.
GILCHRIST, JOHN Dow FISHER.
1922. Deep-sea fishes procured by the S. S. Pickle (pt. 1). Union of South
Africa, Fisher. Mar. Biol. Sury., Rep. no. 2 (1921), pt. 3 (special
reports), pp. 41-79, 6 pls.
GILL, THEODORE NICHOLAS.
1893. Families and subfamilies of fishes. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 6,
pp. 127-188.
GoopE, GEORGE Brown, and BRAN, TARLETON HOFFMAN.
1895. Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of
the world, based chiefly on the collections made by the steamers
Blake, Albatross, and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Spec. Bull. 2, xxxvi+553 pp., 123 pls.
JORDAN, DAviD STARR.
1905. A guide to the study of fishes, 2 vols.
1921. Description of deep-sea fishes from the coast of Hawaii, killed by a
lava flow from Mauna Loa. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 59, pp.
643-656, 8 figs.
1923. A classification of fishes, including families and genera as far as
known. Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., Biol. Sci., vol. 3, no. 2,
pp. 79-2438.
JORDAN, DAvip Starr, and EvVERMANN, BARTON WARREN.
1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47,
pt. 1, Ix+1,240 pp.
JORDAN, DaAvip STARR, and JorpDAN, Eric KNIGHT.
1922. A list of the fishes of Hawaii, with notes and descriptions of new
species. Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-92, 4 pls.
155
156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
KINGSLEY, JOHN STERLING.
1885. The standard natural history, vol. 3 (Vertebrata), vi+478 pp., 270 figs.,
16 pls.
LUTKEN, CHRISTIAN FREDERIK.
1880. Spolia Atlantica. Bidrag til kundskab om formforandringer hos fiske
under deres vext udvikling, ssrligt hos nogle af Atlanterhavets
H¢js¢fiske. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift., ser. 5 (nat.-math.), vol. 12,
pp. 413-613, 25 figs., 5 pls.
Pory y ALOy, FELIPE.
1873. Grammicolepis brachiusculus, tipo de una nueva familia en la clase de
los peces. Anal. Soc. Espafiola Hist. Nat., vol. 2, pp. 403-406, 1 pl.
REGAN, CHARLES TATE.
1910. The anatomy and classification of the teleostean fishes of the order
Zeomorphi. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 6, pp. 481-484.
SHUFELDT, ROBERT WILSON.
1888. Further studies on Grammicolepis brachiusculus Poey. Journ. Morph.,
vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 271-296, 14 figs.
SmirH, J. L. B.
1931. New and little-known fish from the south and east coasts of Africa.
Ree. Albany Mus., vol. 4, pt. 1, pp. 145-160, 1 pl.
1935. New and little-known fishes from South Africa. Rec. Albany Mus.,
vol. 4, pt. 2, pp. 169-235, 6 pls.
WEBER, MAx.
1913. Die. Fische der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie, vol, 57, xii+710
pp., 12 pls.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1936
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 8&4 Washington : 1937 No. 3009
NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF EARTHWORMS
OF THE FAMILY MEGASCOLECIDAE
By Frank SMITH
Professor Emeriius, University of Illinois
Among the more interesting specimens of Oligochaeta in the col-
lections of the writer are some that were taken in Oregon and that
belong to new species of the genera Megascolides McCoy and Plu-
tellus I. Perrier. Only one North American species of Jfegascol-
ides and only a few of Plutellus, chiefly from California, have been
described.
SOURCE OF MATERIAL
A brief description of Megascolides americanus Smith was pub-
lished by the writer in 1897, but it was necessarily incomplete be-
cause the only available material for study consisted of four speci-
mens that had been collected at a time of sexual inactivity when
the reproductive organs were not well developed. The specimens
were received from R. W. Doane, of the Washington State Agri-
cultural College at Pullman, Wash. No other material has since
been available for study until 1931, when five specimens were re-
ceived from Roy Hansberry, of the same institution. They were
collected by Dr. Arthur Svihla on March 21, 1931, again at a time
when the reproductive organs were not at the height of activity.
Later in the same year a specimen of the same species was received
for identification that had been collected at Moscow, Idaho, a few
miles east of Pullman. A study of this material recently received,
together with a further study of the original specimens, has brought
to light additional data.
104264—36——1 157
158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Descriptions of the new species of Aegascolides in this paper are
based on material received from different parts of Oregon. F. M.
McElfresh, of Salem, Oreg., in the autumn of 1899 sent a single
specimen, collected in the Caseade Range, that belongs to an unde-
scribed species of this genus. No data concerning the exact location
and date of collection are available. In January 1903, Mr. McEl-
fresh sent a specimen that had been collected at or near Salem, and
it was found to belong to another species of Megascolides. These
two specimens and two others belonging to a new subspecies of
Plutellus were carefully studied as the basis for a thesis in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in
zoology in the Graduate School of the University of Illinois in 1917
by Lola E. Swift (Faust) under the supervision of the writer. The
results of this study have not had formal publication and have been
utilized in part herein. In February and March 1931, F. E. Gar-
lough, director of the Control Methods Research Laboratory of the
United States Biological Survey at Denver, Colo., sent material that.
included collections made in Oregon at Netarts, near the Pacific
coast, and at Multnomah in the northern interior part of the State.
These collections include specimens of new species of JJegascolides
and Plutellus.
The material from these various sources has supplied data for the
description of the following new species and subspecies: Megascolides
cascadensis, M. macelfreshi, M. michaelseni, M. eiseni, Plutellus gav-
loughi, P. oregonensis, P. 0. swiftae.
Two of the new species of Megascolides are based on but a single
specimen of each, and these were collected at a time when the repro-
ductive organs were not fully developed. When these specimens
were prepared for examination, lack of experience in studying such
animals resulted in a lack of the best mode of their preparation for
such study and hence in less adequate data than would be desirable.
The differences between these individuals and those of other kinds
studied are sufficiently great to convince the writer that they must
belong to distinct species, and they have been so treated, in spite of
the desirability of having a larger number of specimens and more
adequate data. It is hoped that more extensive collections froni
various parts of Oregon and adjacent States may be made and stud-
ied, for still other new species of Megascolecidae probably may be
found in that region.
TERMINOLOGY
Before presenting details of anatomy in the descriptions, it seems
desirable to refer briefly to the terminology used. There is much
diversity in the terms used by different writers in describing the
NEW NORTH AMERICAN EARTHWORMS 159
various organs in Oligochaeta and not infrequently in those used at
different times by the same writer. In describing the reproductive
organs the writer prefers the terms spermaries and ovaries, respec-
tively, for the male and female gonads and also the terms sperm
ducts and oviducts for the ducts through which the germ cells pass
on their way outward. The terms sperm sacs and ovisacs are used
for the chambers that are formed by evagination of septa of the
gonad somites and that provide space in which the germ cells may
pass through a part of their development. The term spermathecae is
used for the chambers having openings on the outer surface of the
body wall and that store the sperm cells received from some other
individual. The term prostates is used for certain organs associated
with the male reproductive organs of some kinds of earthworms, in-
cluding those described in this paper. The terms spermathecal ducts
and prostate ducts are applied to the ducts through which the cavi-
ties of the spermathecae and prostates, respectively, are in communi-
cation with the exterior.
The openings of the various ducts at the body surface are termed
pores, and there are spermiducal pores, oviducal pores, spermathecal,
pores, and prostatic pores. Because of the fact that in some kinds
of earthworms, including those described in this paper, the sperm
ducts open into the cavities of the prostate glands or ducts instead
of at the body surface, thereby making but one pair of surface pores
for these two or three pairs of organs, there is chance for confusion
if either of the terms spermiducal pores or prostatic pores is used
in the description of such species. The term male pores seems to the
writer to be preferable and is used in the descriptions herein for
openings that are outlets for both prostate ducts and sperm ducts
that have united before reaching the surface.
In some groups of earthworms, including many of the Megasco-
lecidae, there is present a longitudinal blood vessel in close relation
with the median dorsal surface of the alimentary tract of a few of
the somites of the posterior half of the esophagus and lying between
it and the dorsal vessel. The term supraintestinal is commonly used
for this vessel, even though it is connected with the esophagus in-
stead of the intestine. Another term sometimes used is supra-eso-
phageal, which seems preferable and is used in the descriptions herein.
The term “hearts” is often applied to certain contractile com-
missural vessels connecting the dorsal and ventral vessels. In some
kinds of earthworms some of these hearts have their dorsal connec-
tion with only the dorsal vessel and are called dorsal hearts, while
some of the posterior ones may have connections with both the dorsal
and supra-esophageal vessels and are termed dorso-esophageal hearts.
In the species of Megascolides here described the supra-esophageal
vessel is not so definitely separated from the dorsal part of the vascu-
160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
lar plexus of the esophagus as it is in many species, and the major
dorsal openings of the more posterior hearts are more directly con-
nected with the plexus, but the term dorso-esophageal hearts seems
just as appropriate and is used.
Calciferous gland is a term applied to a kind of glandular develop-
ment found in the wall of certain parts of the esophagus of some
kinds of earthworms, including the Lumbricidae, Diplocardia, and
some others. Similar organs are found in the species of Megascolides
and Plutellus here described. In such worms there may be one or
more pairs of lateral enlargements within which the epithelial lining
of the lumen has numerous diverticula, folds, or even lamellae with
an abundant supply of branches of the circulatory system. In some
cases, especially among the Lumbricidae, small particles of calcium
carbonate appear in abundance in such glands. In the Lumbricidae
these glands are usually located in somites 10-14. In Diplocardia
they are found in somites 14-15, and in the different species of that
genus there is a notable diversity in the extent of their development.
In some species the folds are not very high or very numerous, while
in certain other species they are more numerous and crowded and
attain a complexity similar to that found in the Lumbricidae. A
similar variability in complexity is found in species of Megascolides
and Plutellus described in this paper. In these species the calciferous
glands are located in somites 9, 10, or 11 to 14, 15, or 16.
Nephridia are lacking in a very few somites at the anterior and
posterior ends of worms belonging to Megascolides, as they are in
other kinds of North American earthworms, but instead of the
other somites having but one pair to each somite there are several
times as many nephridia to each somite in the species of egascolides.
The nephridia in the anterior part of the body are all very small and
are known as micronephridia. In the posterior region each somite
with nephridia has several micronephridia and also a single pair of
larger ones termed meganephridia.
Genus MEGASCOLIDES McCoy
Megascolides McCoy, Prodromus of the zoology of Victoria, vol. 1, decade 1, p.
21, 1878.
The discovery of a species of Megascolides in North America in
1896 was of considerable interest because of the fact that other species
of the genus had been found only in the region of Australia, south-
eastern Asia, and neighboring areas. The discovery of several addi-
tional species in a limited region in North America, all of them
different from the known Old World species, naturally leads to the
assumption that the first appearance of representatives of the genus
in North America may have been at a time sufficiently long past
to have allowed the differentiation of new species since.
NEW NORTH AMERICAN EARTHWORMS 161
Important characters of the genus Megascolides as given by
Stephenson (1930, p. 835) are: “Setae eight per segment. Sper-
mathecal pores one to five pairs, the last in furrow 7/8 or 8/9 or on
segment ix. One gizzard in the region of segments v and vi.
Micronephridial at least in the anterior part of the body, often
throughout. Prostates tubular, with simple unbranched canal.”
Equally important are certain other characters found also in some
other genera of the subfamily Megascolecinae. Each of the ducts
of the one pair of prostate glands is united with the sperm duct
or ducts of the same side of the worm, and they open in common on
somite 18.
MEGASCOLIDES AMERICANUS Smith
Megascolides americanus SmMirH, Amer. Nat., vol. 31, p. 203, 1897.
Distinguishing characters.—Length of fairly well extended speci-
mens, 180-190 mm. Diameter, 6-7 mm. Number of somites in
eight specimens averaged 235. Setal distances in anterior part,
approximately aa:ab:bc:cd=10:2:8:4; and posterior to the
clitellum aa: ab: be: cd=12:3:7:4; dd in the anterior part is about
two-thirds of the circumference and posteriorly is but little more
than one-half of the circumference. Penial setae on 18, very closely
paired, long, slender, curved in sagittal plane, with distal one-third
projecting posteriad from openings, and finely sculptured near tips.
The clitellum includes 13-22 and part of 23; incomplete ventrally;
reddish tan color. Circular, median, ventral papillae on 14/15,
15/16, and 16/17; paired ventral papillae on 19/20, 20/21, and in
some specimens on 21/22. A pair of prominent transversely elongate
papillae on 18, bearing penial setae and male pores. Spermathecal
pores on 7/8 and 8/9.
Septa 7/8-11/12 are strongly thickened, 6/7 and 12/18 less thick-
ened. Calciferous gland in 11-15 and less definitely developed than in
some species. The two sperm ducts of either side unite in 16, and
the common duct thus formed opens into the proximal part of the
prostate duct of the same side. Spermathecae paired in 8 and 9.
External characters—Presumably owing to differences in treat-
ment when they were preserved, the four specimens collected in
1896 at Pullman, Wash., were less contracted than were the five
specimens collected there in 1931. In some specimens in each col-
lection the diameter in the region of 18 is not much more than one-
half as great as that near 8 and 30, where the diameter is at a maxi-
mum. The average length of specimens in the earlier collection is
180-190 mm and the maximum diameters 6-7 mm; while the length
of those in the later collection is 150-160 mm and the maximum di-
ameters 8-10 mm. One specimen in the earlier collection was ap-
162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
parently incomplete and has but 190 somites; the average number
in the other eight specimens of the two collections is 235 somites,
with extremes of 218 and 246,
The setae are relatively small and inconspicuous. Anterior to the
clitellum only a few of the setae are visible superficially, and one-half
or more of them are lacking, although the setae sacs are present in nor-
mal number and arrangement. >
Pri ' ' j ft 8
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3010:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREMATODE GENUS BRACHY-
COELIUM DUJARDIN
By Exon E. Byrp
University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.
Durtne the past five years I have examined many vertebrate ani-
mals, chiefly amphibians and reptiles, from various places over a por-
tion of the Southeastern United States, mainly from two localities:
New Orleans, La., and vicinity and Athens, Ga., and vicinity. These
examinations have yielded a great variety of parasitic forms, many
of which appear to be new to science.
Collections were made personally from the various places men-
tioned in the text, and all animals were brought into the laboratory
before being examined. Except in instances in which only a very
few animals were collected from any one given locality, the hosts
were examined at various times after collections were made. By this
method those parasites collected immediately after the hosts were
brought into the laboratory could be checked against those parasites
having had a longer time in which to mature. This procedure seemed
advisable, since in a great many instances specific diagnosis of
trematodes depends to a greater or lesser extent on the differences in
dimensions of the various organs in the mature stage.
All parasites were studied first while living and then after being
fixed. The worms considered in this paper were killed with cold
115119—37——1 183
184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
formalin, the fluid being drawn under the coverslip with filter paper.
Worms were allowed to “set” in a somewhat flattened condition before
being removed from the slide to a dish of formalin for preservation.
All specimens were stained with Bullard’s hematoxylin, dehydrated
in alcohol, and cleared in cedar oil.
The present paper deals exclusively with members of the trema-
tode genus Brachycoelium Dujardin, 1845.
I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Maurice C. Hall, form-
erly chief of the zoological division, U. S. Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, for the loan of paratype specimens of Brachycoelium meri-
dionalis Harwood and B. daviesi Harwood; to Dr. Fred J. Holl, Uni-
versity of Buffalo, for the loan of slides carrying a serially sectioned
specimen of B, trituri Holl; to Dr. M. C. Hall and Dr, E. W. Price,
U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry, for reading the manuscript; and
to James F. Denton for assistance in the technical work involved.
Genus BRACHYCOELIUM Dujardin, 1845
The genus Brachycoelium (as a subgenus of Distoma) was erected
by Dujardin (1845) for the reception of the species Brachycoeliwm
crassicolle (Rudolphi) (=Distoma crassicolle Rudolphi, 1809).
Looss (1899) utilized the genus as the type around which to estab-
lish his subfamily Brachycoeliinae. Later S. J. Johnston (1912)
elevated Looss’ subfamily to the rank of family, Brachycoeliidae,
which now includes the three well-known genera Brachycoelium Du-
jardin, 1845, Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905, and Mesocoeliwm Odhner,
1911. Faust (1929) included the family Brachycoeliidae in his super-
family Dicrocoelioidea.
The genus Brachycoelium is characterized as follows: Body elon-
gated, more or less cylindrical; cuticle with or without (?) spines;
suckers subequal; acetabulum at about equator of body; intestinal
caeca short, diverging posterolaterally from bifurcation, ending
short of level of acetabulum; ovary anterior (posterior in B. lyncht)
to opposed testes, slightly smaller than male glands; genital pore
ventral, in midline immediately in front of acetabulum; uterus
sinuous, rather simple; ova small, thick-shelled, operculated ; vitellaria
follicular, anterior to level of acetabulum; excretory bladder Y-
shaped, with short cornua; parasitic in intestine of amphibians and
reptiles.
Since the erection of the genus for the inclusion of B. crassicolle,
seven other species have been added as follows: By Stafford (1900),
B. hospitale; by Nicoll (1914), B. obeswm; by Holl (1928), B. tra-
turi; by Harwood (1932), B. storeriae, B. meridionalis, and B.
daviesi; and by Ingles (1936), B. Zynchi. This paper adds five new
species to the genus.
TREMATODE GENUS BRACHYCOELIUM—BYRD 185
BRACHYCOELIUM CRASSICOLLE (Rudolphi, 1809)
I have no complete description of this species and am unable,
from the descriptions and illustrations available, to assign any of
the specimens in the present collection to it. B. crassicolle is referred
to many times in the literature and appears to be the only member
of the genus thus far recorded for continental Europe. In dis-
cussing the species, Stafford (1903) states that B. hospitale is very
similar to B. crassicolle. “The internal organization, so far as it 1s
known for both worms and so far as one can judge who has a
practical acquaintance with only one of them, appears to be identi-
cal... It would seem that B. hospitale is somewhat smaller and
slenderer than B. crassicolle.” Nicoll (1914) remarks: “At first
sight they (B. obecsum) appear to be identical with B. salamandraz
(=B8., crassicolle), but their exceedingly small size and the fact that
even the smallest was fully matured, raised the suspicion that this
could not be the case... It was difficult, however, to obtain other
grounds for regarding them as a distinct species.”
BRACHYCOELIUM HOSPITALE Stafford, 1900
PLATE 8, FIGURE 1
This species of fluke was described by Stafford (1900) from the
Canadian salamanders 7'ritwrus viridescens and Plethodon erythro-
notus. It has been reported recently by Harwood (1932) from the
grass frog (Rana sphenocephala) from the vicinity of Houston, Tex.
I assign to this species eight specimens taken from the duodenum of
the salamanders Ambystoma opacum and Plethodon glutinosus, col-
lected from the vicinity of Pearl River, La. In this material there
are certain differences in anatomical details that may be noted. Most
of the specimens fall within the range of the smallest forms described
by Stafford. The acetabulum is consistently smaller than the figures
given by Stafford would indicate, making the size ratio of the oral
sucker and acetabulum approximately 8:5. The intestinal caeca
terminate anterior to the level of the anterior margin of the acetab-
ulum. The ova seem to be a few microns narrower than the dimen-
sions given in the original description. The testes average about
0.18 mm long and 0.17 mm wide, being thus slightly larger than the
ovary, which measures 0.11 mm long and 0.134 mm wide. Stafford
states that the testes are slightly larger than the ovary. The cuticle
very definitely bears spines as far posterior as the level of the testes.
BRACHYCOELIUM MESORCHIUM, new species
PLATE 8, FiaurEs 2, 3
More than 30 specimens of this species were taken from the small
intestine of the salamander Desmognathus fuscus fuscus, collected
186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
from the vicinity of Athens, Ga. The specific designation is selected
because of the medial position of the testes.
Description—Body moderately large, elongated elliptical in out-
line, somewhat cylindrical in transsection; 1.3 mm to 2.7 mm long,
averaging 1.7 mm; 0.42 mm to 0.69 mm wide, averaging 0.54 mm;
widest at level of acetabulum. Cuticle relatively thin throughout,
armed with moderately fine spines anteriorly to level of testes. Oral
sucker subterminal, 0.165 mm in, diameter. Acetabulum 0.116 mm
in diameter, located about one-fourth body length, or 0.45 mm, from
anterior end of body. Ratio of sizes of oral sucker and acetabulum,
approximately 7:5. Prepharynx present, about 504 long. Pharynx
muscular, 0.04 mm long by 0.07 mm wide, surrounded by numerous
rather small peripharyngeal gland cells. Caeca fairly large, 0.21
mm long, 0.09 mm in maximum width, lined internally by a mem-
brane of tall epithelial cells, ending short of level of anterior margin
of acetabulum. Ovary alternating from right to left side of mid-
line, always partially dorsal to acetabulum, at level of equatorial
plane of acetabulum or slightly in advance of that position, with
margin entire, transversely oval, 0.096 mm long by 0.14 mm wide.
Oviduct slender, sinuous, arising from medial end of ovary. Odtype
at about posterior margin of ovarian side of acetabulum, lined in-
ternally by a ciliated membrane. Laurer’s canal present. Seminal
receptacle flask-shaped. Shell gland rather voluminous, entirely sur-
rounding odtype. Uterus greatly convoluted, descending limb form-
ing half loops on ovarian side, reaching to near posterior margin
of body; ascending limb forming half loops in posterior body op-
posite descending limb, but forming complete loops across body just
posterior to testes before passing between testes to make other com-
plete transverse loops in front of testes, then passing to genital pore.
Metraterm weakly developed. Ova numerous, thick-shelled, oper-
culated, containing fully matured embryos when oviposited, measur-
ing 27p to 33» by 45p to 52. Vitellaria composed of rather large
follicles, tending to form two or three clusters on each side of body,
lateral in position, extending from level of posterior margin of ace-
tabulum to level of bifurcation of caeca, overlying caeca to near
bifureation. Yolk ducts single on each side, uniting immediately
posterior to shell gland and forming a small crescent-shaped yolk
reservoir. Genital pore ventral, in midline just in front of ace-
tabulum. Testes transversely oval, margins entire, with inner mar-
gins touching or overlapping midline, one slightly in advance of
other, depending on position of ovary (right testis posterior in posi-
tion when ovary is on right side), situated in area just posterior to
acetabulum; right testis 0.112 mm long by 0.148 mm wide; left testis
0.104 mm long by 0.153 mm wide. Vasa efferentia delicate, uniting
TREMATODE GENUS BRACHYCOELIUM—BYRD 187
on entering cirrus sac. Cirrus sac thin-walled, usually anterior to
acetabulum, but sometimes extending posteriad over or around ace-
tabulum to end short of posterior margin of sucker, containing an
almost spherical vesicula seminalis, a club-shaped, muscular pars
prostatica surrounded by gland cells, a short ductus ejaculatorius,
and a weakly developed cirrus. Excretory system (pl. 8, fig. 3)
characteristic. Bladder opening through a dorsoterminal pore
guarded by a sphincter muscle; main stem of bladder Y-shaped, with
short, often indistinct cornua, passing anteriad just under dorsal
surface of body, ending near anterior margin of anterior testis.
Common collecting tubules relatively long, sinuous, dividing into
anterior and posterior collecting tubules and these giving rise to
accessory tubules. Flame cells in groups, six groups in each side,
each group containing three flame cells. Flame cell pattern of
2X6X3 type.
Host—Desmognathus fuscus fuscus (Rafinesque).
Habitat—Small intestine.
Locality —Athens, Ga.
Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 9081.
Remarks.—Brachycoelium mesorchium shows a close relationship
to B. hospitale but may be distinguished from that species, as well
as from B. obesum, B. trituri, and B. lynchi, the other members of
the genus with which it may be confused, by its more nearly equal
suckers, the more medial position of the ovary and testes, the con-
figuration and distribution of the vitellaria, and the pattern made
by the uterus.
BRACHYCOELIUM GEORGIANIUM, new species
PLATE 8, FIGuRE 4
Eight specimens of this species of worm were taken from the
small intestine of the grass frog (Rana sphenocephala) collected
from the region about Athens, Ga.
Description—Body spindle-shaped, bluntly pointed at both ends,
or elongated oval with strongly rounded ends; averaging 1.826 mm
long by 0.80 mm wide; widest at level of body equator. Cuticle rela-
tively thin, thicker ventrally than dorsally; armed with spines to
near posterior margin of body. Oral sucker subterminal, muscular,
slightly elongated oval, 0.206 mm long by 0.191 mm wide. Acetab-
ulum transversely oval, measuring only one-half as much as oral
sucker, about one-third body length, or 0.474 mm, from anterior body
margin. Ratio of sizes of oral sucker and acetabulum, 2:1. Pre-
pharynx short, about 20% long. Pharynx muscular, transversely
oval, 0.055 mm long by 0.087 mm wide, surrounded by gland cells.
Esophagus slightly longer than transverse diameter of pharynx, sur-
rounded by gland cells. Caeca saclike, 0.175 mm long by 0.091 mm
188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
in greatest width, lined internally by rather tall epithelial cells, end-
ing well in front of acetabulum. Ovary transversely oval, lateral
in position, alternating from right to left side of body and varying
from a position on level with equatorial plane of acetabulum to a
position slightly in front of acetabulum, measuring 0.096 mm long
by 0.140 mm wide. Oviduct delicate, arising from medial end of
ovary and extending posteromesad for a distance greater than
transverse diameter of ovary before forming odtype. Ovarian
complex typically that of B. mesorchium. Uterus a simple
tube descending to near posterior margin of body before return-
ing to genital pore. The entire pattern of the uterus has not been
made out because of the numerous dark-brown ova contained in it.
Distal end of uterus forming weakly developed metraterm. Ova
27u to 33 by 42u to 454, dark brown in color, thick-shelled, opercu-
lated, containing fully developed embryos when oviposited. Vitel-
laria follicular, occupying a position just under dorsal and ventral
surfaces of body, lateral to caeca, seldom overlapping caeca except
marginally, extending from level of caudal end of caeca to level of
equatorial plane of oral sucker. Yolk ducts single in each lateral
field, uniting at level of shell gland and forming yolk reservoir.
Genital pore ventral, in midline just in front of acetabulum. Testes
elongated oval, with margins entire, in lateral fields opposite acetab-
ulum, depending on position of ovary for exact location (when
ovary is on right side, right testis is more posterior in position) ;
right testis 0.223 mm long by 0.164 mm wide; left testis 0.241 mm
long by 0.166 mm wide. Vasa efferentia uniting on entering cirrus
sac. Cirrus sac club-shaped, usually entirely anterior to acetabulum,
sometimes extending posteriad around or over acetabulum as far as
its posterior margin, containing an almost spherical vesicula semi-
nalis, a short, bulbous pars prostatica surrounded by gland cells, a
short ductus ejaculatorius, and a weakly developed cirrus. Excretory
system identical with that observed for B. mesorchium except an-
terior end of bladder always observed to end in short, bluntly
rounded cornua.
Host.—fana sphenocephala Cope.
Habitat—Small intestine.
Locality—Athens, Ga.
Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 9030.
Remarks.—Brachycoelium georgianium probably shows a closer
relationship to B. mesorchium than to any of the other members of
the genus. It can be distinguished from that species, as well as from
B. hospitale, B. obesum, B. trituri, and B. lynchi, the other members
of the genus with which it might be confused, by the extent and
configuration of the vitellaria, the position of the ovary, the size,
TREMATODE GENUS BRACHYCOELIUM—BYRD 189
shape, and position of the testes, the pattern of the uterus, and the
general outline of the body.
BRACHYCOELIUM OBESUM Nicoll, 1914
This species of fluke was described by Nicoll (1914) from the
intestine of the summer snake (Contia aestiva) dying in the London
Zoological Gardens. The exact geographical locality from which
the snake came was not given in the author’s paper. None of the
present material came from snakes, and since none of the specimens
show any close morphological relationship to the species, it is im-
possible to assign any specimens in the collection to this species.
There are 18 specimens in the present collection that show a closer
affinity to B. obesum than to any of the other members of the genus,
and these are described herein as B. ovale.
BRACHYCOELIUM OVALE, new species
PLATH 9, FIcuRE 1
Eighteen specimens of this species were taken from the intes-
tine of the ground skink (Leéolopisma laterale) collected from the
vicinity of New Orleans and Pearl River, La., and Calhoun Falls,
S.C. The oval outline of the body suggests the specific designation.
Description—Body quite small, elongated cylindrical when ex-
tended, almost spherical when contracted, slightly flattened ventrally
but strongly arched dorsally; 0.90 mm long when slightly flattened by
0.61 mm wide; widest at level of acetabulum. Cuticle thin, about
twice as thick anteriorly as posteriorly, slightly thinner dorsally than
ventrally; armed with very fine spines to middle of posttesticular
region of body. Oral sucker subterminal, weakly muscular, circular
in outline, 0.184 mm in diameter. Acetabulum circular in outline,
0.09 mm in diameter, weakly muscular, lying 0.361 mm behind an-
terior margin of body. Ratio of sizes of oral sucker and acetabulum,
approximately 2:1. Prepharynx long enough to allow transversely
oval pharynx, measuring 0.037 mm long by 0.071 mm wide, to le
free behind caudal boundary of oral sucker. Esophagus nonmuscular,
0.07 mm long. Caeca pouchlike, 0.153 mm long by 0.094 mm wide,
diverging almost directly laterad, lined internally by a rather low
epithelium. Ovary transversely oval, 0.076 mm long by 0.104 mm
wide, alternating from right to left side of midline, lateral to and
slightly in advance of acetabulum, close behind end of caecum. Ovi-
duct long, extending from inner margin of ovary to near midline at
posterior margin of acetabulum before forming odtype. Laurer’s
canal, receptaculum seminis, and shell gland present. Uterus fairly
simple, greatly convoluted, descending to near posterior margin of
190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
body by a series of wavy loops on side of body opposite ovary,
ascending through a similar course on opposite side of body to region
of testes, here making complete transverse loops both posterior and
anterior to testes before passing to genital pore. Metraterm weakly
developed. Ova thick-shelled, operculated, containing fully developed
embryos when oviposited, 27y to 30 by 39, to 45y. Vitellaria fol-
licular, placed in superficial mesenchyme of lateral and dorsal regions
of body, extending from level of anterior margin of ovary to anterior
margin of oral sucker, not overlapping caeca. A single yolk duct
from each side fusing with its neighbor in region just posterior to
acetabulum to form yolk reservoir. Genital pore ventral, in mid-
line just in front of acetabulum. Testes large, equal, 0.145 mm in
diameter, at about level of equatorial plane of body, slightly behind
level of acetabulum, one slightly in advance of other (when ovary
is right, right testis is more posterior), or directly opposite. Wasa
efferentia uniting on entering cirrus sac. Cirrus sac club-shaped,
reaching to caudal margin of acetabulum, containing vesicula semi-
nalis, pars prostatica with its gland cells, ductus ejaculatorius, and
weakly developed cirrus. Excretory system typically that of the
genus as described for B. mesorchium.
Host.—Leiolopisma laterale (Say).
Habitat—Small intestine.
Localities—New Orleans and Pearl River, La., and Calhoun
Falls, S. C.
Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 9028.
Remarks —Brachycoelium ovale perhaps shows a closer relation-
ship to B. obesum and B. lynchi than to any of the other members of
the genus. The smaller size of the suckers, the general size and
shape of the body, the smaller ova, the extent and distribution of the
vitellaria, and the position and size of the reproductive glands are
sufficient to separate it from its nearest relatives.
BRACHYCOELIUM TRITURI Holl, 1928
PLATH 8, FicuRES 5-7
Brachycoelium trituri was described by Holl (1928) from the intes-
tine of the spotted newt (Triturus viridescens) collected at Durham,
N. C. The form appears to be a valid species, although Holl’s
description was too brief to include morphological details, only
measurements being given for the various organs. I am able, how.
ever, to assign to this species five specimens from the small intestine
of the grass frog (Rana sphenocephala) collected at Harvey, La., two
specimens from the small intestine of Pseudacris occidentalis col-
lected at Kenner, La., and five specimens from the small intestine of
Desmognathus fuscus fuscus collected at Athens, Ga. Certain varia-
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 8
AH
come
ME
Wa
a!
1, Brachycoelium hospitale Stafford: Ventral view of specimen from intestine of Ambystoma opacum
X 23.
2, 3. B. mesorchium, new species: 2, Dorsal view, < 23; 3, details of excretory system, outline, < 23.
4, B. georgianium, new species: Ventral view, X 23.
5-7. B. trituri Holl: 5, Dorsal view of specimen from Rana sphenocephala, * 23; 6, details of excretory
system, outline, < 23; 7, details of the ovarian complex, diagrammatic.
(All figures except 3, 6, and 7 were drawn with the aid of the camera lucida.)
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 9
< Oink) *
Bee Gs
AU a TMA" 535
~ yw” ES
c | Z a
1. Brachycoelium ovale, new species: Ventral view, * 23.
2. B. dorsale, new species: Dorsal view, * 23
3. B. lowisianae, new species: Dorsal view, X 23.
4. B. daviesi Harwood: Dorsal view of specimen from intestine of Leiolopisma laterale, < 73.
5. B. meridionalis Harwood: Dorsal view of paratype specimen (U.S. N. M. Helm. Coll. no. 30875), < 73.
:
TREMATODE GENUS BRACHYCOELIUM—BYRD 191
tions between these specimens and Holl’s material should be noted.
The body is slightly smaller; the suckers are more nearly equal, their
sizes having a ratio of 8:5 rather than 2:1, as in Holl’s specimens;
acetabulum more cephalic in position; ovary more nearly rounded,
slightly smaller; testes slightly larger; vitellaria more extensive.
These differences are not deemed distinctive enough for the creation
of a new species for the present material. The excretory system (pl.
8, fig. 6) and ovarian complex (pl. 8, fig. 7) are figured in detail for
the species in question.
BRACHYCOELIUM LYNCHI Ingles, 1936
Brachycoelium lynchi was described by Ingles (1936) from the in-
testine of the frog Rana aurora, collected at Mount Shasta City
(Siskiyou County), Calif. Ingles states that B. /ynchi most closely
approaches B. daviesi in relationship. It is my opinion that the con-
tinuous bridge of vitellaria over the dorsal portion of the anterior
end of the body in B. daviesi is sufficient to separate the two species
definitely, since in B. lynch the vitellaria are confined to the lateral
fields. The anterior position of the testes definitely separates this
species from all my material.
BRACHYCOELIUM STORERIAE Harwood, 1932
This species of fluke was described by Harwood (1932) from a
single specimen taken from the intestine of DeKay’s snake (Storeria
dekayi) collected from the vicinity of Houston, Tex., and represents
the second species of the genus to be described from snakes. I feel
that the species must be considered as valid until more material is
available for study. None of the specimens in the present collection
can be assigned to this species, although eight of the specimens show
a close resemblance to it.
BRACHYCOELIUM DORSALE, new species
PLATH 9, FicurE 2
Eight specimens of this species were taken from the intestine of
the salamander Ambystoma opacum, collected from the vicinity of
Pearl River, La. At first sight the flukes appeared to be identical
with B. storeriae, but on closer examination they were found to rep-
resent a new species. The dorsal distribution of the vitellaria sug-
gests the specific designation.
Description—Body elongated, almost cylindrical, with parallel
sides and gently rounded ends; 1.28 mm long by 0.49 mm wide.
Cuticle thin, armed anteriorly with very delicate spines as far pos-
terior as middle of posttesticular region of body. Oral sucker sub:
115119—37
2
192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
terminal, slightly more muscular than acetabulum, transversely oval,
0.15 mm long by 0.16 mm wide. Acetabulum 0.105 mm long by 0.122
mm wide, about one-third body length (0.423 mm) from anterior end.
Ratio of sizes of oral sucker and acetabulum, approximately 3:2.
Pharynx muscular, transversely oval, 0.033 mm long by 0.068 mm
wide, connected with oral sucker by short prepharynx, surrounded
by numerous peripharyngeal gland cells. Esophagus slightly longer
than transverse diameter of pharynx, surrounded by periesophageal
gland cells. Caeca saclike, rather long, 0.17 mm long by 0.074 mm
wide, ending well in front of acetabulum, lined internally with rather
low epithelial cells. Ovary almost spherical, 0.091 mm long by
0.10 mm wide, alternating from right to left side of acetabulum,
usually about on same level as acetabulum. Oviduct delicate, long.
Odtype at about level of equatorial plane of acetabulum. Laurer’s
canal present. Shell gland surrounding odtype. Receptaculum
seminis spherical, large. Uterus a simple tube, descending to near
posterior margin of body by a series of transverse loops, ascending
by similar course to genital pore; loops almost completely crossing
body in posttesticular region of body. Ova 27p to 30u by 39p to 45p,
thick-shelled, operculated, fully embryonated when oviposited. Met-
raterm weakly developed. Vitellaria sparse, follicles spindle-shaped,
widely separated, forming a continuous bridge under dorsal surface
just posterior to bifurcation of caeca; vitellaria in lateral fields,
extending from anterior margin of ovary on one side and anterior
margin of testis on other side to level of bifurcation of caeca. Yolk
ducts converging near odtype to form small yolk reservoir. Testes
transversely oval, behind level of acetabulum, opposite or slightly in
tandem, depending on position of ovary for their exact location
(when ovary is right, right testis more posterior) ; right testis 0.109
mm long by 0.141 mm wide; left testis 0.156 mm long by 0.153 mm
wide. Vasa efferentia uniting on entering cirrus sac. Cirrus sac
club-shaped, usually forming an inverted U just in front of acetab-
ulum, but sometimes lying dorsal or lateral to acetabulum, rarely
extending to posterior margin of sucker, containing spherical vesicula
seminalis, bulbous pars prostatica with its gland cells, a short ductus,
and a weakly developed cirrus. Excretory system identical with
that of other members of the genus, with a flame cell pattern of
the 2X6X3 type.
Host —Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst).
Habitat—Small intestine.
Locality.—Pear] River, La.
Type specimen.—U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 9029.
Remarks.—Brachycoelium dorsale appears to be more closely re-
lated to B. storeriae than to any of the other members of the genus.
It is separated from this species by the extent and configuration
a
TREMATODE GENUS BRACHYCOELIUM—BYRD 193
of the vitellaria, the larger suckers, the larger ovary and testes, and
the transverse looping of the uterus. From all other members of
the genus thus far mentioned it is separated by the transverse bridge
of vitellaria. The position and distribution of the vitellaria, the
size and ratio of the suckers, and the uterine pattern serve to sepa-
rate it from the remaining members of the genus.
BRACHYCOELIUM LOUISIANAE, new species
PLATE 9, FIGURE 3
This species of fluke is represented by five specimens taken from
the small intestine of the salamander Ambystoma opacum, collected
from the vicinity of Pearl River, La.
Description.—Body decidedly elongated, spatulated, being broadly
rounded anteriorly and somewhat more pointed posteriorly, 2.04 mm
to 3.1 mm long by 0.72 mm wide. Cuticle relatively thin, armed
with fine spines anteriorly as far as middle of posttesticular portion
of body. Oral sucker subterminal, circular, 0.20 mm in diameter.
Acetabulum circular, 0.134 mm in diameter, well forward in anterior
third of body, 0.496 mm behind anterior body margin. Ratio of
sizes of oral sucker and acetabulum, approximately 3:2. Pre-
pharynx present, short. Pharynx muscular, almost globular, 0.052
mm long by 0.069 mm wide. Esophagus nonmuscular, 0.17 mm long.
Caeca flask-shaped, 0.29 mm long by 0.125 mm wide, diverging
posterolaterad to end well in front of acetabulum, lined internally
by a rather heavy epithelium. Ovary transversely oval, 0.128 mm
long by 0.149 mm wide, usually left in position (right in one speci-
men observed), close behind end of caecum and slightly anterior to
level of acetabulum. Oviduct long. Odtype at about level of
equator of acetabulum, Laurer’s canal, a spherical receptaculum
seminis, and shell gland present. Uterus a simple tube, greatly con-
voluted, descending limb forming transverse and oblique loops to
near posterior margin of body, ascending limb forming two or three
transverse loops in posterior body, then passing forward by short
loops on ovarian side to about middle of posttesticular region, here
again forming a series of complete transverse loops before passing
to genital pore. Metraterm weakly developed. Ova numerous, thick
shelled, operculated, fully embryonated when oviposited, 30p by 45p.
Vitellaria follicular, dispersed superficially just under dorsal surface,
continuous from side to side, extending from level of anterior margin
of ovary to posterior boundary of oral sucker, overlapping entire
digestive tract. Yolk ducts converging just posterior to odtype,
forming a small crescent-shaped yolk reservoir. Genital pore ven-
tral, in midline just in front of acetabulum. ‘Testes rather large,
lateral, opposite acetabulum, testis on side of body opposite ovary
194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
slightly more advanced; right testis closely apposed to ovary when
ovary is right, 0.233 mm long by 0.227 mm wide; left testis closely
opposed to ovary when ovary is left, 0.251 mm long by 0.240 mm
wide. Vasa efferentia uniting on entering cirrus sac. Cirrus sac
fairly large, club-shaped, usually entirely in front of acetabulum,
sometimes extending laterad or dorsad to sucker, about one-third
longer than diameter of acetabulum, containing a spherical vesicula
seminalis, a bulbous pars prostatica with its gland cells, a short
ductus, and a weakly developed cirrus. Excretory system of same
general pattern observed for B. mesorchium, flame cell pattern of
the 2X63 type.
Host—Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst).
Habitat—Small intestine.
Locality —Pear| River, La.
Type specimen —U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. no. 9027.
Remarks.—Brachycoelium louisianae shows a closer relationship to
B. storeriae and B. dorsale than to any other member of the genus.
The larger body, suckers, ovary, testes, and cirrus sac, and the dis-
tribution of the vitellaria, definitely distinguish it as a separate and
distinct species.
BRACHYCOELIUM DAVIESI Harwood, 1932
PLATE 9, FIGURE 4
Brachycoelium daviesi was described by Harwood (1932) from
the intestine of Leiolopisma laterale, Pseudacris triseriata, Hyla
cinerea, and Ambystoma microstomum, collected at Houston, Tex.
I am able to assign to this species eight specimens from the intestine
of the ground skink (Leiolopisma laterale) collected at New Orleans,
La., and five specimens from the same host collected at Pearl River,
La. The material in the present collection shows: A smaller body;
an armature of spines that extend to one-third the distance beyond
the testes; more uniform suckers, although these structures show a
size ratio of 2:1; and a smaller ovary and smaller testes. The ex-
cretory system is typically that observed for B. mesorchium.
SPECIES INQUIRENDA
BRACHYCGELIUM MERIDIONALIS Harwood, 1932
PLATE 9, FIGURE 5
This species was described by Harwood (1932) from the intestine
of the spring lizard (Tvriturus meridionalis) collected from the
vicinity of Houston, Tex. Through the courtesy of Dr. Maurice C.
Hall, formerly chief of the zoological division, U. S. Bureau of
TREMATODE GENUS BRACHYCOELIUM—BYRD 195
Animal Industry, I have been privileged to examine paratypes, slide
no. 30875, of B. meridionalis. The slide carries two specimens of
the species, one mounted in lateral view, the other in surface view.
Observations on this material force me to the conclusion that there
has been some mistake in the designation of paratypes, or that the
species in question is to be considered as a synonym of B. trituri.
In the specimen mounted in surface view, the only one of the speci-
mens suitable for study, there is a decided break in the vitelline
follicles just dorsal to the line of the esophagus, separating the
glands into two lateral groups (pl. 9, fig. 5). Although these glands
spread mesad almost to the midline, the esophagus lies fully ex-
posed in the gap between the two groups. If in the future the same
condition is found to be true for the type specimen, I suggest that
B. meridionalis be suppressed in favor of B, triturz.
DISCUSSION
With the completion of the present study there are possibly 13
well-defined species belonging to the genus Brachycoelium Dujardin,
1845, as follows: B. crassicolle, B. hospitale, B. obesum, B. trituri, B.
storeriae, B. daviesi, B. meridionalis (%), B. lynchi, B. mesorchium,
B. georgianium, B. ovale, B. dorsale, and B. louisianae. The morpho-
logical characters of the members of the genus are strikingly similar
in every detail except for certain constant variations that seem to
warrant the creation of separate species. These variations are most
noticeable with respect to the shape and size of the body, the presence
or absence (?) of spines and their extent, the ratio of the sucker sizes,
the shape and size of the ovary, testes, and eggs, and the distribution
and configuration of the vitellaria. In regard to the last-named char-
acter there seem to be sufficient variations among the members of the
genus to warrant the separation of the genus into two subgeneric
groups. The establishment of these two groups is deferred, however,
to some future date. It seems sufficient at this time to point out the
major differences that tend to separate the species into two groups.
In the first group, containing the species B. crassicolle, B. hospitale,
B. obesum, B. trituri, B. lynchi, B. mesorchium, B. georgianium, and
B. ovale, the follicles of the vitellaria lie in the fields lateral to the
intestinal tract and are placed in the superficial mesenchyme just under
the ventral, lateral, and dorsal surfaces of the body. The species
B. hospitale and B. trituri (2) offer the only exception to this distribu-
tion. In B. hospitale the vitellaria are described as being found in
the mesenchyme lateral to the intestinal tract, but in the mesial plane
of the sagittal section, and arranged along a longitudinal vitelline
duct. It will be noted from the present study that the vitellaria in the
specimens assigned to this species (pl. 8, fig. 1) show a marked tend-
196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
ency to spread mesad and laterad in the areas of their extent. In the
other exception, 2B. trituri, the vitellaria are said to be lateral to the
intestinal rami, although nothing is said concerning their dorsal or
ventral extension. In the figure accompanying the original descrip-
tion of the species, the vitellaria are represented by about seven
follicles in each group. Here again (pl. 8, fig. 5) we see a tendency
on the part of these glands to be more numerous than was originally
figured and to conform more nearly to the pattern as outlined for the
group. These two exceptions, when compared to the other members
of the group, in no way alter the rule.
In the second group, containing the species B. storeriae, B. daviesi,
B. meridionalis, B. dorsale, and B. louisianae, the follicles of the
vitellaria spread from the superficial mesenchyme just under the
ventral surface around the lateral margin of the body to the dorsal
surface where they become confluent from side to side, thus forming
a continuous bridge of follicles across the dorsal surface, overlying
all genital structures and the digestive system throughout their
extent.
The family Brachycoeliidae contains three well-defined genera,
Brachycoelium Dujardin, 1845, Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905, and
Mesocoelium Odhner, 1911, which, owing to the similarities of struc-
tures, especially of the excretory system, seem to justify their being
included in the same family and tend to establish the family as a
natural group. The justification of such a classification of these
genera can be more definitely determined after the developmental
history of the members is known. Faust (1929) placed the family
Brachycoeliidae in his superfamily Dicrocoelioidea along with the
families Dicrocoeliidae (Looss), Plagiorchidae Liihe, and Lissorchi-
dae Poche. Later, the same author (1932) added the family Allo-
creadiidae Stossich to the superfamily group. From a morphological
standpoint the superfamily Dicrocoelioidea is based on the type of
excretory system exhibited by the various individual family groups
and on the similarities in developmental phenomena. The excretory
system of the group is characterized by having a median, Y-shaped
bladder, the main stem of which is rather long and which gives rise
to two longer or shorter cornua anteriorly. The cornua in turn give
rise to the common collecting tubules which give rise to the
branches that form a basic pattern. The basic flame cell pattern,
2 [(1+14+1)+(1+1+1)], characteristic for the superfamily group,
becomes expanded in various ways to give rise to the definitive pat-
tern found in the separate families. In the family Brachycoeliidae
this basic pattern becomes expanded into the definitive pattern of
2 [(8+3+8)+(3+8+3)] and is known for the following members
of the family group: Glypthelmins californiensis (Cort, 1919),
Mesocoelium sociale (ithe, 1901) Sewell, 1920, and members of the
TREMATODE GENUS BRACHYCOELIUM—BYRD 197
genus Brachycoelium as described above. The definitive flame cell
pattern is known for all families now included in the superfamily
Dicrocoelioidea except for the family Lissorchidae.
The members of the genus Brachycoelium show a marked uniform-
ity in the characteristics of the definitive flame cell pattern. The
main variation noted for the system is in the irregularity of the
anterior end of the bladder stem. This end of the bladder may be
observed to end blindly as a knoblike projection beyond the origins
of the two common collecting tubules, or it may become somewhat
broadened and slightly notched so as to resemble the flame of an
oil lamp, at which times the common collecting tubules are given
off from the anterolateral angles of the bladder, or again it may
form short, bluntly rounded cornua, the tips of which give rise to the
common collecting tubules. It is probable that these variations in the
bladder stem are best explained by assuming that the bladder in
Brachycoelium is derived from the I-shaped bladder and that the an-
terior end of this is more elastic and allows for considerable expan-
sion. These variations in the stem of the bladder are of minor sig-
nificance as compared with the influence of the fundamental plan of
the excretory system.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS BRACHYCOELIUM
1. Vitellaria in two groups, lateral to intestinal tract-_______________-__-__ 2
Vitellaria continuous from side to side in dorsal position, over-
LAD DIN SMT SS HUMAN GTES Che ee ee Se ee eee 9
Sebodyaveracinowemmiordess inven (he =. a 2 eee ee =
Bodysaveracing more than d-mmiin length] 22} eee 4
SaELCSTESPAN Ten ORE COmOVG ye ee ee ee ee ee eee lynchi
ESTES POSTCLL OTM EO tO VET Vir eee ae ee DEST Seen ey ee ovale
4. Body averaging 4 mm long by 1.2 mm wide; European___-______ crassicolle
Body averaging less than 4 mm long; American_________________________ 5
5. Vitellaria mediolateral, follicles united by a longitudinal vitel-
line duct; worm 2.25 mm long; ratio of sucker sizes, 4: 3---___ hospitale
Vitellaria superficially placed, under ventral, lateral, or dorsal
SUITE LEU CONO TT) 0 Ce we ea ae rg Se ee ee ee 6
6. Vitelline follicles few in number, dorsally placed; worm 1 mm
toed mm Jong: ratio of sucker'sizes, 2 to. 82 522 = oe trituri
Vitelline follicles numerous, ventrally, laterally, and dorsally
DIA COC ee re ere ee ee ee ee ee i
7. Testes transversely oval, medially placed, their inner margins
overlapping midline; worm 1.7 mm long; ratio of sucker
SUZ OS ie bbc ee eo eee ome a LS ee ee eee mesorchium
Testesselonzated oval lateral in: position’== ===)" See eee 8
8. Testes large (more than 0.22 mm long); worm 1.3 mm long;
TAtLOVOL SUCKEL SIZES aii ee ee ee eee georgianium
Testes less than 0.22 mm long; worm 0.75 to 1.4 mm long; ratio
OLESUCKCEASIZOS erect ae ee ee eo ee obesum
198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
9.
10.
11.
12.
Body::more ‘than: 1. mm jong:2o 22 4-2 3852s eee eee 10
Body. less than 1.mm long) 0.28 ett eee 12
Testes more than 0.20 mm in greatest diameter; body more
than. 2mm long: ratio Of Sucker SiZeSot 2 louisianae
Testes less than 0:20 mm in greatest diameter. _ 2222 3-2 eee 11
Testes more than 0.10 mm in greatest diameter; body 1.2 mm
long; ovary 0.1 mm in greatest diameter; vitelline follicles
Testes less than 0.10 mm in greatest diameter; body 1.2 mm
long; ovary less than 0.1 mm in diameter; vitelline follicles
Body 0.85 mm to 0.95 mm long; ovary 0.076 mm by 0.084 mm;
testes more than 0.1 mm in diameter; ratio of sucker sizes,
SiO ee ee a Bl ee eee eee (?) meridionalis
Body 0.50 mm to 0.95 mm long; ovary 0.1 mm or more in
diameter; testes less than 0.1 mm in diameter; ratio of
Sucker :SiZ6S) 2) ae Se ee ees daviesi
LITERATURE CITED
BRAun, Max, and LUHE, Max.
1910. A handbook of practical parasitology, 208 pp., 100 figs. London.
Bygp, ELon E.
1935. Life history studies on Reniferinae (Trematoda, Digenea) parasitic
in Reptilia of the New Orleans area. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol.
54, no. 3, pp. 196-225, 1 fig., 5 pls.
DUJARDIN, FELIX.
1845. Histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux, 654 pp., 12 pls.
Paris.
Faust, ERNEST CARROLL.
1919. The excretory system in Digenea. Biol. Bull., vol. 36, pp. 315-344,
17 figs.
1929. The trematodes or flukes. Classification. Chapter 9 in “Human
Helminthology”, pp. 838-93. Philadelphia.
1932. The excretory system as a method of classification of digenetic trema-
todes. Quart. Rev. Biol., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 458-468, 22 figs.
HarwoopD, PAUL DUANE.
1932. The helminths parasitic in the Amphibia and Reptilia of Houston,
Texas, and vicinity. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 81, art. 17, 71 pp.,
5 pls.
Hoi, FREDERICK JOHN.
1928. New trematodes from the newt Triturus viridescens. Journ. Helm.,
vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 175-182, 9 figs.
Hopkins, SEWELL HEPBURN.
1934. The papillose Allocreadiidae. Illinois Biol. Monogr., vol. 13, no. 2,
80 pp., 6 figs., 4 pls.
INGLES, LLoyD GLENN.
1986. Worm parasites of California Amphibia. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc.,
vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 73-92, 3 pls.
JOHNSTON, S. J.
1912. On some trematode parasites of Australian frogs. Proc. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales, vol. 87, pt. 2, pp. 285-362, 30 pls.
Looss, ARTHUR.
1899. Weitere Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Trematoden-Fauna Aegyptens,
zugleich Versuch einer natiirlichen Gliederung des Genus Distomum
Retzius. Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. Syst.), vol. 12, pp. 521-784, 1 fig., 9 pls.
NICOLL, WILLIAM.
1914. Trematode parasites from animals dying in the Zoological Society’s
Gardens during 1911-1912. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1914, pp.
139-154, 4 pls.
RUDOLPHI, CARL ASMUND.
1809. Entozoorum sive vermium intestinalium historia naturalis, vol. 2,
pt. 1, 457 pp., 6 pls. Amsterdam.
STAFFORD, JOSEPH.
1900. Some undescribed trematodes. Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. Syst.), vol. 18,
pp. 399-414, 1 pl.
1903. Two distomes from Canadian Urodela. Centralbl. fiir Bakt., Parasit.
und Infekt. (Orig.), vol. 34, pp. 822-830, 1 pl.
1905. Trematodes from Canadian vertebrates. Zool. Anz., vol. 28, pp.
681-694.
199
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3016
eee ee”OCONN
TWO NEW BEETLES OF THE FAMILY MORDELLIDAE
FROM ORCHIDS
By Evernr Ray
Tur descriptions of mordellid beetles herein make available for
reference the names of two new species of Mordellistena taken in
the leaves of orchids. A previously described species (MZ. catileyana
Champion’) has been collected from the flower of Cattleya sp.
The present paper extends the known habitat of the genus to include
the orchid genera H'pidendrum and Cailloga.
Genus MORDELLISTENA Costa
MORDELLISTENA EPIDENDRANA, new species
This species may be separated from cattleyana Champion by the
absence of the two transverse, fuscous, elytral fasciae, the broader
terminal segment of the maxillary palpi, and the different number
of ridgelike rows of short black setae on the posterior tibiae and
tarsi.
Length: 2.5 mm; including anal style, 3.2 mm. Elongate, sub-
parallel. Derm bicolored; head piceocastaneous (a narrow line
along occiput and a broad circular area along front fuscocastaneous
in female); pronotum flavocastaneous; a vague cloud visible in
some specimens at center of base; scutellum fuscopiceous; elytra
castaneous, with suture and lateral margins narrowly fuscous—in
the male the fuscous coloration includes the entire apical half of
1 Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 49, p. 56, Mareh 1913.
131033—37 239
240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
elytra; ventral surface flavocastaneous (castaneous in male), side
pieces of mesosternum darker; anal style fuscous (piceous in male) ;
apical setae and ridges of legs piceous; antennal segments fuscocas-
taneous. Body densely covered with fine, recumbent, flavocinereous
pubescence.
Antennae 0.5 mm long, reaching posterior coxae; segments | and
2 equal; 3 and 4 equal, each one-third shorter than 2; 5-10 equal in
length, each as long as 3 and 4 together, strongly convex on mesal
margin; 11 one-fourth longer than 10, rounded, attenuate to apex.
Apical segment of maxillary palpus enlarged, broadly scalene-tri-
angular, sides slightly curved, corners rounded. Prothorax slightly
broader than long, sides rounded, basal angles acute, base arcuate,
midbasal lobe short, rounded. Scutellum small, triangular. LElytra
two and one-half times as long as broad, sides subparallel, apical
third strongly curved, apices individually rounded. Posterior tibiae
with two equal oblique ridges extending halfway across outer face;
posterior basitarsus with two, second segment with two oblique ridges.
Anal style more than two and one-half times as long as apical ventral
segment, moderately slender, evenly attenuate, truncate at apex.
Type locality—Dominican Republic.
Type—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51950.
Remarks.—¥our specimens, one male, three females, are at hand.
All were secured in E’pidendrum sp. from the Dominican Republic on
September 10, 1936, at San Francisco, Calif., the port of entry. As
noted above, the only differences between the sexes is the generally
darker color of the male.
MORDELLISTENA CHAPINI, new species
This species may be separated from both catt/eyana Champion and
epidendrana, described above, by the peculiar coloration of the derm
and pubescence on the elytra, the different color combinations of
the entire body, the club-shaped terminal segment of the maxillary
palpi, the single ridge on the second segment of the posterior tarsi,
the slenderer, peculiar antennae, and the smaller size.
Length: 2.2 mm; including anal style, 2.7 mm. Elongate, sub-
parallel. Derm bicolored; head and pronotum fuscocastaneous, the
latter with a mediodorsal cloud; humeri of elytra with a broad,
circular, humeral! spot, extending one-fourth entire length, not touch-
ing suture; anterior and intermediate legs flavous, antennae, maxil-
lary palpi, and posterior legs fuscoflavous. Body densely covered
with fine, recumbent pubescence, partaking of ground color, except
on elytra, where there occurs postmedially a broad, transverse, arcu-
ate band (broadest anteriorly at suture) and a large apical area
covering apical sixth.
TWO NEW MORDELLID BEETLES—-RAY 241
Antennae 0.4 mm long, reaching posterior coxae; segments 1 and 2
equal; 4 distinctly longer than 3; 5-10 each one-half longer than 4,
subfiliform, slender; i1 longer than 10, rounded, attenuate to apex.
Apical segment of maxillary palpus enlarged, club-shaped, broadest
subapically, mesal margin strongly curved, lateral margin straight,
apex abruptly rounded. Prothorax broader than long, sides rounded,
basal angles right angles, base arcuate, midbasal lobe short, rounded.
Elytra more than two and one-half times as long as broad, sides sub-
parallel, apical third strongly curved, apices individually rounded.
Posterior tibiae with two equal, oblique ridges extending halfway
across outer face; posterior basitarsus with two, second segment with
one oblique ridge. Anal style two and one-half times as long as
apical ventra! segment, slender, evenly attenuate to apex.
Type locality —Venezuela.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51951.
Remarks.—Two specimens, both males, are at hand. The type
emerged from a leaf of Cattleya sp. from Venezuela, on May 15,
1936, at Washington, D. C., in quarantine, The paratype was taken
as a leaf miner in Cail/oga sp. from Brazil and emerged on August
11, 1936. The latter specimen bears the provisional determination
label of Mordellistena cattleyana (?) Champion but is undoubtedly
identical with the type of chapini. This species is named for Dr.
Edward A. Chapin, of the Smithsonian Institution.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3017
REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF
ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF THE GENUS EXETASTES GRAV-
ENHORST
By R. A. CusHMan
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of
Agriculture
Tuts paper is a revision of the known species of Hretastes of North
America north of Mexico. Thirty-five names of North American
species have been used in combination with Lvretastes or represent
species belonging to the genus. One of these is a nomen nudum.
Elimination of those erroneously referred to the genus and the nomen
nudum and the synonymizing of others leave 21 properly referable
to Exetastes. Of these I find two names preoccupied, for which I pro-
pose substitute names. Three of the 21 I consider to represent
varieties of a fourth. The status of each of the 35 names is discussed
on later pages. ‘To the 18 species and 3 varieties 38 new species and
1 new variety are added in the present revision.
HISTORY
Aside from the description of species, the genus Hvetastes has
received rather scant attention from North American taxonomists.
The only keys published are that of Provancher to eight Canadian
species and that of Viereck to three Connecticut species.
In 1828 Say described Ichnewmon bifasciatus and in 1836 Banchus
nervulus, both of which were transferred to Hvzetastes in 1921 by
Cushman and Gahan.
126981—37——1 243
244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Cresson, usually interpreting the genus correctly, described 15
species: abdominalis, affinis, caeruleus, consimilis, decoloratus, fasci-
pennis, flavipennis, flavitarsis, niger, obscurus, rufipes, and scutellaris,
all from Colorado, in 1865; bioculatus, from Texas, in 1872; and
maurus and zelotypus, from California, in 1878. Finding maurus
and flavitarsis preoccupied, Dalla Torre (1901) renamed them deutero-
maurus and eressonii, respectively.
In 1873 Walsh described Exretastes suaveolens and Leptobatus illinoi-
ensis. The latter was transferred to Exetastes by Cresson in 1877.
In 1874 Provancher described rufus and albitarsis, later transferring
rufus to Ceratosoma, under which genus, renamed Ceratogastra by
Ashmead, it stands in Dalla Torre’s “Catalogus Hymenopterorum”;
in 1877, rufofemoratus; in 1879, brevipennis, clavatus, and matricus,
later synonymizing brevipennis with Mesostenus promptus Cresson;
and in 1883, Campoplex niger, the involved nomenclatorial relation-
ship of which to Eretastes will be discussed in detail under suaveolens
Walsh. Into this nomenclatorial tangle, because of the obvious
mislabeling of a specimen of suaveolens as Campoplex niger Provancher,
comes Hretastes provanchert Dalla Torre (1901), a name proposed to
replace the preoccupied combination Ezetastes niger (Provancher).
In 1886 Provancher published Banchus caudatus, which Davis (1894)
properly transferred to Exetastes. A misidentification by Provancher
of Arenetra rufipes Cresson as Exetastes niger Cresson, later corrected
by Provancher himself, brings A. rufipes into the nomenclatorial
picture as the third species to be mentioned under the name Eetastes
niger.
In 1898 Davis described his Exetastes abbreviatus, E. exploratus, and
Rhimphalea brevicorpa, the last of which I find synonymous with one
of Cresson’s species of Exzetastes.
In 1910 Viereck published the nomen nudum, Exetastes propinquus
Cresson.
SPECIES ERRONEOUSLY REFERRED TO EXETASTES
(EXETASTES ABBREVIATUS Davis) = XENOSCHESIS CINCTIVENTRIS (Ashmead), new combination
Colpotrochia? cinctiventris ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 23, p. 200,
1896; male (not female as given in description).
Homobia cinctiventris (Ashmead) Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 278,
1897; male (not female).
Exetastes abbreviatus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 366, 1898; male.
New synonymy.
XAenoschesis slossonae CusHMAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 17, p. 140,
1915; female. New synonymy.
(EXETASTES BREVIPENNIS Provancher) = MESOSTENUS PROMPTUS Cresson
I have already discussed this synonymy (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 74, art. 16, p. 46, 1929).
*
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 245
(EXETASTES CLAVATUS Provancher) =EURYPROCTUS CLAVATUS (Provancher), new combination
Neither Davis nor Rohwer and Gahan could find the type of this
species in the Provancher collection, but I have been able to recog-
nize it in a species closely related to Huryproctus petiolatus Davis. A
specimen in the United States National Museum agrees almost per-
fectly with the original description, and I have identified it as clavatus.
(EXETASTES CONSIMILIS Cresson) =LISSONOTA CONSIMILIS (Cresson), new combination
This species is based on a male closely related to Lissonota americana
(Cresson).
(EXETASTES NIGER Provancher, not Cresson) =ARENETRA RUFIPES Cresson
Provancher misidentified as FExetastes niger Cresson a female
specimen, which he later identified as Arenetra rufipes Cresson.
Dalla Torre, mistaking Provancher’s intention, synonymized Hze-
tastes niger Cresson female (not male) with Arenetra rufipes Cresson,
In this he was in error, for niger is an Exetastes, and the male and
female described by Cresson are conspecific.
(CAMPOPLEX NIGER Provancher) =CASINARIA GENUINA (Norton)
Although this species, as represented by its type, has never really
been placed in Exetastes, its name is involved with the genus because
of the mislabeling of a specimen of Exetastes swaveolens Walsh, under
which species the matter will be fully discussed.
(EXETASTES RUFUS Provancher)=DYSPETES RUFUS (Provancher)
I have already published this generic transfer (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 72, art. 13, p. 21, 1927.
HOST RELATIONS
So far as species of Exetastes have been reared they are internal
parasites of lepidopterous larvae. The full-grown larva leaves its
host before spinning its cocoon. The only recorded exception to this
host relation is that of Exetastes cimbicis Vollenhoven! from Holland,
which is said to be parasitic on the sawfly Cimber aenea (Fabricius).
Among the Lepidoptera the favored hosts appear to be Noctuidae,
especially those of the type known as “cutworms.” Records of the
rearing of species of Evxetastes from such hosts as Tortricidae and
Pyralidae and perhaps those in other groups, several of which have
been published, mostly of European species, seem most likely to be
errors of identification either of the host or of the parasite, for in nearly
every case the species of Hzetastes involved is known as a parasite of
some noctuid. Probably for the reason that the hosts have been
reared only sparingly there are comparatively few rearing records in
1 I have been unable to secure the original description of this species, but I suspect that it is a species
of Xenoschesis or of some allied tryphonine genus.
YA PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
American literature; but that the group must be of considerable
economic importance is indicated by the abundance of certain
of the species such as matricus Provancher, rufofemoratus Provancher,
suaveolens Walsh, obscurus Cresson, and others. Such host records of
North American species as are known are given in the discussion of
the species,
MATERIAL STUDIED
Through the kindness of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, I have had access to the types of all Cresson’s and
Davis’ species and to other material in the Academy. The types of
Provancher’s species, with the exception of clavatus, have been
examined by my associates A. B. Gahan and C. F. W. Muesebeck,
and specimens compared by them with these types are in the National
Museum. The types of Say’s two species and Walsh’s two are no
longer in existence, but specimens of Say’s species identified by Gahan
and myself and of Walsh’s easily recognized species are also in the
United States National Museum.
In addition to nearly 400 specimens in the National Museum I have
had for study about 300 specimens lent to me by the following institu-
tions and individuals: California Academy of Sciences, University of
Arizona, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas University,
Colorado Agricultural College, Canadian National Collection, Cornell
University, American Museum of Natural History (New York);
Connecticut State Experiment Station (New Haven); Boston Society
of Natural History; P. W. Fattig, of Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.;
Frank D. DeGant, of Cleveland, Ohio; Andrew R. Park, of Springfield,
Ill.; and Henry K. Townes, of Cornell University.
To all these institutions and individuals I wish to extend my
thanks.
Genus EXETASTES Gravenhorst
Exetastes GRAVENHORST, Ichneumonologia Europaea, vol. 3, p. 395, 1829. (Geno-
type, Ichnewmon fornicator Fabricius.)
Leptobatus GRavVENHORST, Ichneumonologia Europaea, vol. 3, p. 432, 1829.
(Genotype, Leptobatus ziegleri Gravenhorst.)
Rhimphalea Davis, not Foerster, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 274, 1897.
(Genotype, Rhimphalea brevicorpa Davis.)
Mostly rather large insects (7-15 mm), conforming to the following
description:
Head from above transverse; never strongly swollen, though with
the temples sometimes strongly convex; face flat or convex, usually
with a median elevation; clypeus divided into basal and apical portions
by elevation of basal portion, by impression of apical portion, or by
marked difference in sculpture and frequently also by difference in
color, arcuate or truncate at apex and frequently with a median
apical groove or narrow emargination; mandibles distinctly bidentate,
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 247
the teeth not of very different size; palpi slender, with no markedly
enlarged or compressed joints; labium never greatly elongated;
antenna filiform or slightly thickened near middle and tapering toward
both base and apex, scape obliquely truncate, basal joints of flagellum
much longer than second joint; eyes not emarginate; ocelli not touching
the eyes, rarely very large; malar space distinct.
Thorax more or less compressed; notauli and sternauli weak or
absent; prepectal carina distinct; scutellum moderately elevated,
propodeum not areolated, at most with apical carina distinct, spiracles
oval to elongate.
Hind leg very much longer than others, coxa very large, calcaria
long.
Wings large; stigma and radial cell narrow; areolet trapezoidal with
second intercubitus frequently curved and second recurrent at or
near middle, usually large and sessile or shortly petiolate, rarely
small and with long petiole; discocubitus curved or broken, in the
latter case frequently with a short ramellus; second recurrent from
nearly straight to strongly bisubgeniculate, bullae confluent or very
narrowly separated; nervulus postfurcal; postnervulus broken well
below middle; nervellus broken near top and strongly reclivous.
Abdomen fusiform, in female usually more or less compressed
apically, hypopygium nearly or quite reaching apex; first segment
subsessile to subpetiolate, usually strongly convex above just before
spiracles, spiracles at or before middle; ovipositor with a distinct
subapical notch dorsally, compressed, straight or curved, usually
prominently exserted, sheath rarely as long as abdomen or longer,
very rarely barely exserted.
As thus characterized and as represented in the North American
fauna, the genus is composed of several more or less well defined
groups of species, some of which could be separated as easily recog-
nizible genera; but if this were done there would still be left a more
or less heterogeneous residue, composed of a majority of the species.
I believe the convenience and aims of classification are better served
by the preservation of one large, easily defined, and easily recognized
genus than by the erection of a series of small genera with the orig-
inal genus left as a catch-all of species that can not be placed elsewhere.
Of all the characters ascribed by various writers to Leptobatus only
one, the long ovipositor, distinguishes if from Exetastes as heretofore
constituted, and this can not be accepted as a generic character.
Rhimphalea brevicorpa Davis, a synonym of Exetastes bioculatus
Cresson, was the first species assigned to Rhimphalea Foerster, and
was recognized by Viereck as the genotype. In my opinion it can
not be accepted as such, since it will not run to Foerster’s family
Tryphonoidae because of the lack of dorsal carinae or groove on the
first abdominal segment.
YAS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
Systematic relationships.—The affinities of Hxetastes and its closest
allies are, in my opinion, on the one hand with the Lissonotini,
especially with such genera as Arenetra Holmgren, Alloplasta Foerster,
Echthrodoca Schmiedeknecht, Cryptopimpla Taschenberg, and Lam-
pronota Curtis, and on the other hand with Banchus Fabricius and
its allies,
Of all the characters listed in the above description only one will,
by itself, distinguish /xetastes from all the genera known to me that
are at present assigned to the Lissonotini. This is the fracture of
the nervellus far above the middle. Even the other most striking
characteristic of the genus, that of habitus, is approached rather
closely by Cryptopimpla, Echthrodoca, and Arenetra and even more
closely by certain tropical genera such as Stictolissonota Cameron.
The relationship of Exetastes and its allies to the typical Banchini
is distinctly more remote, although the only known characters
exhibited by all true Banchini that are not duplicated in the Exetastes
group are the broad upper tooth of the mandible and the form of the
apex of the abdomen in the female.
The correct position of these two groups of genera has long been
a matter of disagreement. Most writers have followed the tra-
ditional placing in the subfamily Ophioninae and have treated them
as belonging to a single tribe, the Banchini. More recently some
writers have transferred the tribe Banchini to the subfamily (Pim-
plinae) Ichneumoninae, some being inclined to divide the tribe into
the Banchini and Exetastini. In my opinion the tribe Exetastini is
not sufficiently distinct to justify its separation from the Lissonotini
(with which Seyrig has correctly combined the Glyptini). The genera
comprised in this group are Fvxetastes Gravenhorst, Allexetastes
Kokujev, Yetractenion Seyrig, Tegona Morley, Agathilla Westwood
(=Agathobanchus Ashmead), and Rhynchexetastes Cameron.
Banchus and its allies, NawaiatAshmead (probably synonymous
with Banchus), Rhynchobanchus Kriechbaumer, Ceratogastra Ash-
mead, Banchoides Dalla Torre, and the apparently synonymous
Eponites Cameron, I consider to form a sufficiently homogeneous and
distinct group to maintain as the tribe Banchini.
Of the other genera assigned to the Banchini by more recent writers
Leptobatopsis Ashmead has been referred by me to the Lissonotini,
where Fintona Cameron also evidently belongs; Baliena Cameron has
been synonymized by Morley with Pseudeugalta Ashmead; Xenoschesis
Foerster belongs to the mesoleptine subtribe Notopygina; Aethria
Tosqinet appears from the description to be synonymous with Hugalta
Cameron; Lapton Nees and Allotheca Cameron are unknown to me,
and Jthagenes Foerster as yet contains no species.
>
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 949
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF EXETASTES
The following key to the North American species of Ezetastes
embodies an attempt to classify the species in natural groups. This
has necessitated rather long couplets, but it is hoped that the result
will prove more satisfactory than a purely artificial key. In these
group definitions color has been employed only as a supplementary
character. Within the groups color is more freely used since it
frequently furnishes the most easily observable characters. Because
of the uncertainty as to its proper position, Hvetastes caudatus (Pro-
vancher) is omitted from the key.
1. A high thin carina between antennae; second discoidal cell very
short, the second recurrent being nearly or quite as long as
basal abscissa of subdiscoideus; areolet unusually small; apical
carina of propodeum very strong_----------------------------------- 2
No carina between antennae; second discoidal cell with recurrent
much shorter than basal abscissa of subdiscoideus; areolet of
normal size; apical carina rarely very strong------------------------- 4
2. Clypeus not obviously divided into basal and apical portions, the
apical portion represented by a narrow, sharply inflexed
margin; occipital carina reaching hypostomal carina; thorax
very coarsely, densely, and evenly punctate; recurrent dis-
tinetly basad of middle of areolet; ovipositor sheath hardly
half as long as first tergite___.....-.-.---- 1. carinatifrons, new species
Clypeus distinctly divided; occipital carina not reaching hypo-
stomal carina; thorax less coarsely and densely punctate; recur-
rent at or very near middle of areolet; sheath nearly or quite
as long as first tergite-___.-.--------------------------------------- 3
3. Temples in female receding at about 45° and nearly flat, less
strongly sloping and more strongly convex in male; postocellar
line hardly longer than ocellocular line and distinctly less than
twice the diameter of lateral ocellus; antenna with 40 joints or
less, subapical joints in female hardly longer than thick; wings
yellowish infumate with apical fascia little darker.
2. septum, new species
Temples in female more strongly receding; postocellar line dis-
tinetly longer than ocellocular line and fully twice diameter of
an ocellus; antenna with 46 joints, subapical joints distinctly
elongate; wings nearly hyaline with apical fascia very distinct.
3. carinatus, new species
4. Head and thorax mat, extremely finely and densely punctate,
with very dense, fine pubescence; eyes distinctly divergent
below; abdomen very broad, first tergite triangular, about as
broad as long, others transverse; black species with a distinctly
grayish appearance due to the dense pubescence; all tergites
broadly margined with vellow___------------------ 4, lasius, new species
More coarsely punctate and usually shining, with pubescence
sparser and coarser; eyes at most very. slightly divergent
below; first tergite distinctly longer than broad; not so
COOTER eee ie nee a ne ae Se eae 5
5. Clypeus narrow, divided into basal and apical portions only by
slight difference in sculpture; apical carina of propodeum
250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
distinct, setting off a very short petiolar area; second recurrent
vein nearly straight; abdomen barely longer than head and
thorax, hardly compressed at apex; ovipositor sheath barely
extending beyond apex of abdomen; very small species with
head and thorax black, or black and ferruginous, with yellow
markings, and, abdomien Jargely red 2.2. 2. 212 te es oe _ If 6
Clypeus usually broader and more distinctly divided; apical
carina absent, or if more or less indicated it is farther from
apex; recurrent vein usually distinctly flexed or curved;
abdomen longer than head and thorax and, in female, more or
less compressed at apex; sheath extending distinctly beyond
apex of abdomen, sometimes very long_.._2...-.-2-22-~~-2..-.-22--.3 a
6. Propodeum and metapleurum largely or entirely ferruginous.
6. bioculatus Cresson
Propodeum and metapleurum black with apices broadly yellow.
5. pictus, new species
7. Face broader than length of the unusually small eyes, flat with a
prominent median rounded elevation; clypeus more than twice
as broad as long, transversely divided close to base; second
recurrent nearly straight; ovipositor recurved, sheath more
than half as Jone asiabdomen:-. 20 2-2 oe ee ee 8
Face rarely as broad as length of eye; clypeus not more, usually
much less, than twice as broad as long; recurrent usually more
or less distinctly curved or flexed; ovipositor shorter__._______________- 9
8. Mesoscutum immaculate; wings infumate__________ 7. ridens, new species
Mesoscutum with conspicuous yellow markings; wings hyaline.
8. illinoiensis (Walsh)
9. Pale lemon yellow with small black or reddish markings; ocelli
unusually large, their diameter in female at least nearly as long
as ocellocular line; malar space in female nearly as long as basal
width of mandible; ovipositor long and recurved, sheath
longer than first tergite; hind femur short and stout___________________ 10
Black or ferruginous or both, rarely with yellow markings; ocelli
very rarely so large; differing also by one or more of the other
CHATAC DENS. eee ek an Se eee ee ua
10. Abdomen with black markings; ocellocular line in female shorter
Thandiameter.of ocellus. 223.027.255.922 ee 9. flavus, new species
Abdomen with pale reddish markings; ocellocular line in female
slightly longer than diameter of ocellus__________ 10. pallidus, new species
11. Head very thick, with occiput shallowly concave, temples broad
and very strongly convex; legs stout, hind femur not, or little,
more than two-thirds as long as tibia; claws in female strongly
pectinate (abdomen stout with first tergite much more than
halt. as-broad:asilong) ae en ee ea ee 12
Head not especially thick, occiput more deeply concave, temples
at most moderately convex and strongly receding; hind
femur relatively longer; claws usually simple__.___.-___.___.--_-__-- 17
12. Clypeus with apical portion abruptly impressed below level of
basal portion, the basal portion forming a strong transverse
ridge; malar space in female barely, in male less than, half as
long as basal width of mandible; wings in both sexes distinctly
infumate; ovipositor straight, sheath not longer than first
13.
14.
15.
16.
17
18.
19.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 951
Clypeus with apical portion not so abruptly impressed (in doubt-
ful cases the wings are hyaline and the ovipositor much longer
and curved); malar space in both sexes usually more than half
as long as basal width of mandible (in the lone exception the
clypeus is notably flat and the thorax is black and yellow);
ovipositor curved, sheath nearly or quite as long as first two
terpites to. 2 2s oak oe SE See eee See 14
Hind tibia and basitarsus not at all darkened; wings deeply in-
fumate with stigma dark ferruginous; sheath much shorter
than first: tergitess_ 5 eae Soo ee oS a 11. propinquus, new species
Hind tibia at apex and basitarsus blackish; wings yellowish in-
fumate with stigma pale yellowish ferruginous; ovipositor
sheath subequal to first tergite._..._...-...------ 12. scutellaris Cresson
Head and thorax black and yellow, not at all ferruginous; wings
deep flavous with apices infumate___---.---- 13. igneipennis, new species
Thorax and usually head largely or conspicuously ferruginous,
this color sometimes largely replaced by black in male; wings
uniformly infumate or subhyaline_---.-.=-.----=-...-----+------=.--- 15
Temple reaching outside tangent of eye; eyes hardly as long as
width of face, faintly divergent below; head of male black and
mellow, NOtab al eden sept K eee eae SS 14. buccatus, new species
Temple not reaching outside tangent of eye; eyes fully as long as
width of face, parallel or faintly convergent; head of male more
Orless reddish se nese e sae 2 ie See ee ee eee ee 16
Flagellum entirely black; hind femur and tibia not at all black
Splcdly ewe see te ee ee eee ee 15. pectinatus, new species
Flagellum largely ferruginous; hind femur and tibia blackish
ADICM yeaa soe eck ee ee test ees 16. brevicornis, new species
Head and thorax finely and very densely punctate, dull; clypeal
suture deep and straight between the foveae; clypeus rather
broad, strongly divided into apical and basal portions, the
basal portion very short; face fully as broad as length of eye,
nearly flat with a median rounded elevation; eyes parallel;
antenna in female very short, subapical joints transverse; legs
slender, inner hind calearium hardly half as long as basitarsus;
ovipositor recurved, sheath about as long as first tergite;
largely ferruginous, the male with head and thorax con-
spicuously black marked, sometimes almost entirely black------------- 18
Differing in all or most of the above characters-_----------------------- 19
Wings in female distinctly fasciate; stigma pale, at base, dark at
apex; malar space in female distinctly shorter than basal
width of mandible, in male barely half as long; antenna with
about 4oq0Intsii es [Ss tout See es Et oe 17. bifenestratus, new name
Wings at most with faint traces of fasciae; stigma uniformly
ferruginous; malar space in female subequal to basa] width of
mandible, in male distinctly more than half as long; antenna
With about. 50 jomtse: -22264 422) eee ee ze 18. obscurus Cresson
Mandible long with lower tooth larger and longer than upper
tooth; elypeus large, two-thirds as long as broad, weakly
convex and separated into nearly equal basal and apical
portions only by difference in sculpture; antenna with less
than 45 joints, hardly two-thirds as long as body, stout,
with middle joints fully as thick as long, first joint of flagellum
252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
fully four times as long as thick and twice as long as second;
eyes longer than width of face, slightly convergent; temples
rather broad and strongly convex, but much shorter than
short diameter of eye; ferruginous, the female with fasciate
wings (male unknown); ovipositor straight, sheath three-
fourths as long as first segment___________-_ 19. callipterus, new species
Mandibles, clypeus, and antennae of different conformation;
differing also by some or all of the other characters above___________- 20
20. Thorax, especially the pleura, very coarsely and densely
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
punctate; mesopleurum slightly concave below and meeting
the weakly convex sternum in a distinct rounded edge;
propodeum sloping from near base, reticulate rugose and with
a distinct median groove or a longitudinally rugose area;
occipital carina not reaching hypostomal carina (ovipositor
sheath not or barely half as long as first tergite; large, slender
species with head and thorax black, abdomen and sometimes
mesoscutums ferrupinous) =o a= See ee ee ee eee ee ee 21
Thorax more finely and usually less densely punctate; meso-
pleurum and mesosternum less definitely separated; propo-
deum more strongly rounde d and usually less coarsely sculp-
tured; occipital carina reaching hypostomal carina____________-__-__- 23
Mesoscutum largely or entirely ferruginous.____.__.-___.___-_-_-_---- 22
Mesoscutum bisick2 2 ea Saas es ee eae ae 22. concavus, new species
Hind coxa partly and femur and abdomen entirely ferruginous.
20. crassisculptus, new species
Hind coxa entirely and femur except base black; abdomen
usually more or less black apically_____________- 21. rugosus, new name
Scutellum more or less distinctly flattened on top, distinctly
margined laterally at least toward base, apex precipitous (in
doubtful cases agreeing with all the following characters) ;
eyes large, at least as long as greatest width of face, conver-
gent below; clypeus weakly separated from face and weakly
divided transversely, long with more or less distinct apical
emargination and usually with a short median groove; malar
space much more than half as long as basal width of mandible;
propodeum with distinct trace of apical carina medially;
ovipositor straight, sheath not or barely as long as first tergite;
black with abdomen concolorous or ferruginous, head and
thorax sometimes with metallic reflections._..._......._._..-_--------- 24
Scutellum not flattened above and not margined; differing also
by some of or all the other characters above________---_-_---------- 31
Hypostomal carina very high and thin and flanked by a deep
concavity, lower extremity of occipital carina distant from
base of mandible more than width of latter. .2. 01 2 22ccess-b. 25 25
Hypostomal carina normal, lower extremity of occipital carina
closer to, base of mandible awh eh by hia ois AD ME ee 27
Hind femur red; hypostomal carina exceedingly high and
suronely arched outwards seers ee ae ee 26
Hind femur black; hypostomal carina lower and less strongly
eremed —2eitfk eee Jyh ly tay aes labels Y ecle aed 7 He 25. abdominalis Cresson
Wings: stiblivalines. 220) 05! 3s. Neale el 23. matricus Provancher
Wings deeplyinfumate:=+. 452) 28 ae ioe 24. infumatricus, new species
Abdomen: blacks." tetelstes ban ee 5 ee So heehee ae ieee es 28
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
of
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 253
With distinct metallic;reflections.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 279
by more or less distinct irregular ridges, apical carina lacking, spiracles
elongate and nearly touching pleural carinae.
Legs slender; hind femur more than three-fourths as long as tibia;
inner hind calcarium more than half as long as basitarsus; apical
joint of hind tarsus shorter than third.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius distinctly curved at base, barely
a half longer than basal abscissa; areolet shortly petiolate, irregular,
recurrent before middle; second discoidal cell rather narrow, basal
abscissa of subdiscoideus more than a half longer than second recurrent,
the latter strongly curved above; nervulus distinctly postfurcal;
abscissula fully twice as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen rather slender, strongly compressed apically; first tergite
fully twice as long as broad at apex, petiole flattened and coarsely
punctate laterally; second tergite longer than broad at base; ovi-
positor short, straight, sheath barely half as long as first tergite.
Head and thorax black; apical portion of clypeus frequently brown-
ish or separated from basal portion by a reddish line; mandible
usually more or less ferruginous, scape entirely so; flagellum rarely
with a distinct incomplete yellow annulus, though frequently with
this obsoletely indicated; anterior margin and humeral angles of
pronotum, tegulae, mesoscutum, and scutellum ferruginous, the last
and the collar sometimes more yellowish; legs ferruginous, coxae
more or less black at base, tibiae sometimes yellowish at base, hind
tarsus yellowish on middle joints, hind tibia at apex and basitarsus
sometimes infuscate; wings dilute yellowish infumate, stigma dark
stramineous, veins blackish; abdomen ferruginous; sheath ferruginous,
more or less infuscate at base.
Male.—Remarkably like the female in structure, sculpture, and
color.
Type locality — Vancouver, British Columbia.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51808.
Paratypes—Canadian National Collection; Oregon State College
of Agriculture.
Remarks.—A northwestern species represented by eight females
and two males ranging from Alaska to Oregon as follows: The type
and another female labeled simply ‘‘Vane.”; one female, Fort Wrangell,
Alaska, Wickham; one female, Chilcotin, British Columbia, Septem-
ber 1, 1920, E. R. Buckell; one male, Agassiz, British Columbia,
May 10, 1932, R. Glendining; one female and one male, Pullman,
Wash., May 10, 1894, and May 4, 1899; two females, Corvallis, Oreg.,
one July 4, 1925, D. G. Gillespie, the other without additional data;
and one female without data in the collection of the Oregon State
College of Agriculture.
280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
21. EXETASTES RUGOSUS, new name
PuaTE 16, Figure 3; Puatse 17, Figure 38; Puate 18, Ficures 52, 65; Puate 20,
Fiaures 81, 95; Puate 21, Fiagure 104
Exetastes albitarsis PRovANcHER, Nat. Can., vol. 6, p. 78, 1874 (preoccupied by
albitarsis Gravenhorst); vol. 11, p. 218, 1879; Petite faune entomologique du
Canada. . ., vol. 2, Hymén., p. 385, 1883, female—Cusuman, tn Leonard,
Insects of New York, p. 932, 1928.
Very closely allied to crassisculptus, from which it is immediately
distinguishable by the black hind coxa and femur. Differs from the
above description of crassisculptus as follows:
Female.—Temples more weakly convex and more strongly reced-
ing; eyes barely shorter than width of face, more distinctly convergent; .
diameter of a lateral ocellus half as long as ocellocular line; scutellum
in profile evenly convex, not precipitous behind; abdomen even more
slender, first tergite about two and a half times as long as broad at
apex, second a half longer than broad at base.
Clypeus entirely black, mandibles usually so; scape usually more
or less black; antennal annulus distinct; anterior margin of pronotum
only medially ferruginous; mesoscutum with a more or less distinct
median black vitta and usually with lateral vittae; scutellum yellow;
all coxae entirely, hind femur except more or less at base, apical half
of hind tibia, and all but apex of basitarsus black; tibiae basally and
hind tarsus except basally yellow; abdomen usually more or less black
at apex, this color sometimes extending as far forward as base of
fourth tergite.
Male.—Virtually like female.
Type locality.— Quebec?
Type.—Public Museum, Quebec.
Remarks.—Material examined includes a female from Axton, N. Y.,
June 12-22, 1901, “A. D. MacGillivray) and L. O. H.(oward),
compared with the type by C. F. W. Muesebeck; 11 other females as
follows: One, Hampton, N. H., June 14, 1919, S. Albert Shaw; one,
Westford, Mass., June 14, 1914, H. A. Preston (Gipsy Moth Labora-
tory no. 9761.68); one, labeled simply ‘“Gip. Moth, Lab. 9761.67,
June 1”’; one, Keene Valley, Essex County, N. Y., June 30, 1917, H.
Notman; one, Reading (Mass.?), June 5, 1917; one, Toulon, Mani-
toba, May 8, 1923, A. J. Hunter; one male, Aylmer, Quebec, June 1,
1924, C. H. Curran; all the above in the United States National Mu-
seum; one female, Queens Park, Quebec, June 15, 1925, C. B. Hutch-
ings, and one, Aylmer, Quebec, June 15, 1924, C. H. Curran, from the
Canadian National Collection; one, Spencer, N. Y., May 4, and one,
Caroline—Harford, N. Y., June 15, 1904, from the collection of
Cornell University; and one, Mount Wachusett, Mass., in the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History.
.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 281
22. EXETASTES CONCAVUS, new species
Very similar structurally to the two foregoing species, but at once
distinguishable from both by the entirely black mesoscutum. From
the above description of crassisculptus it differs as follows:
Female.—Malar space slightly shorter; eye as long as width of face;
scutellum less strongly elevated, less precipitous behind; nervulus
interstitial or nearly so.
Clypeus and mandibles black; scape at most faintly reddish;
flagellum without trace of annulus; thorax black with only small
humeral angles of pronotum and an indefinite spot on scutellum ferru-
ginous; coxae entirely and hind femur below more or less black; hind
tibia somewhat infuscate, basitarsus black; first tergite black at base.
Male.—Essentially like female, but scape paler, scutellum entirely
plack, petiole more extensively black.
Type locality —Grant, Park County, Colo.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51809.
Remarks.—One of each sex, the holotype female taken at 9,000 feet,
July 24-29, 1922; the allotype, labeled simply ‘“‘Colo., C. F. Baker.”
23. EXETASTES MATRICUS Provancher
PLATE 16, Figure 9; Puate 17, Ficures 22, 42; Prats 18, Ficure 63
Exetastes matricus PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 11, p. 213, 1879, female; Petite
faune entomologique du Canada..., vol. 2, Hymén., p. 385, 1883, female.
This and the seven following species form a group differing from
all the other groups by the form of the scutellum, which is more or
less distinctly flattened above, steeply precipitous behind, and more
or less distinctly carinately margined laterally at least toward base.
In addition the eyes are large, strongly convex and convergent below;
the clypeus long, weakly divided into basal and apical portions and
apically emarginate; the malar space long; the antennae long and
slender and more or less attenuate apically; the legs slender with
very long calcaria; the abdomen slender; and the ovipositor straight,
the sheath from three-fourths as long to fully as long as first tergite.
Female.—Length 12 mm, antennae 10 mm.
Head hardly half as thick medially as broad, occiput moderately
concave, temples nearly flat, strongly receding, about two-thirds as
long as short diameter of eye, polished, virtually impunctate; frons
concave, mat, sparsely punctate; face more than half as long as broad,
medially elevated, concave laterally above, mat, densely punctate;
clypeus three-fourths as long as broad, distinctly divided by sculpture
but rather weakly so by elevation, emarginate and with a more or less
distinct median groove apically; head below eyes very narrow, the
cheeks straight, their extended angle very sharply acute; malar space
three-fourths as long as basal width of mandible; mouth barely broader
282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
than face; mandible more than a half longer than broad at base,
narrowed toward apex; junction of occipital and hypostomal carinae
distant from base of mandible more than basal width of latter, the
lower cheek deeply excavated and the hypostomal carina very high
and thin and arched outward; eyes very strongly convex, longer than
width of face and distinctly convergent below; postocellar and ocell-
ocular lines equal and about twice as long as diameter of a lateral
ocellus; antenna nearly as long as body, slender, and rather attenuate
at apex, 52- to 54-jointed, basal joint of flagellum fully twice as long
as second, the latter two and a half times as long as thick.
Thorax strongly compressed, polished, with rather sparse puncta-
tion, coarser on pleura; notauli absent; scutellum subtriangular, dis-
tinctly flattened above, precipitous behind, strongly margined to top
of apical slope; propodeum finely reticulate rugose above, coarsely
so medially, very coarsely longitudinally rugose behind the medially
prominent apical carina; pleural carina indicated by marked difference
in sculpture of propodeum and of metapleurum; spiracles elongate,
situated far above pleural carinae.
Legs slender, rather short, the hind femur not reaching apex of
abdomen, fully three-fourths as long as tibia; inner hind calcarium
distinctly more than half as long as basitarsus, apical joint of tarsus
nearly as long as third joint.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius moderately curved at base, barely
a half longer than basal abscissa; areolet shortly petiolate or sub-
sessile, irregular, with recurrent before middle; second discoidal cell
about a half longer on subdiscoideus than broad at apex; second re-
current strongly subangulate above; nervulus shortly postfurcal to
interstitial, abscissula about twice as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen polished, slender, strongly compressed at apex; first
tergite about two and a half times as long as broad, its sides concavely
curved, second tergite longer than broad at base; ovipositor straight,
sheath three-fourths as long as first tergite.
Black, with abdomen, except more or less of petiole, and hind femur,
more or less, ferruginous; front and middle legs more or less reddish
in front; apical three joints of hind tarsus somewhat reddish; sheath
black; wings subhyaline, veins black, stigma paler.
Male.—Kssentially like female, but front and middle femora pale
ferruginous, their tibiae and tarsi more yellowish; hind tibia at
extreme base and joints 2—4 or 3-4 of tarsus pale yellow; genital
sheath largely piceous.
Type locality.— Quebec?
Type.—Public Museum, Quebec.
Remarks.—This is a northeastern species appearing in summer. In
addition to a specimen compared with the type by C. F. W. Muese-
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 283
beck, the following material has been examined: A large series of
both sexes collected by G. S. Walley at Kazubazua, Quebec, on July
26 and 27, 1933; one female, Aylmer, Quebec, on July 20, 1924, H.
L. Viereck; one female, Canada, C. F. Baker; one female, West
Chop, Mass., July 8, 1893; one female, Forest Hills, Mass., June 22,
1921; and four females, Nantucket, Mass., July 21 to August 17,
1927, C. W. Johnson. Specimens of this species are in the Canadian
National Collection and the Boston Society of Natural History.
24. EXETASTES INFUMATRICUS, new species
Very closely related to matricus, from which it appears to differ
only as follows:
Female.—Malar space only two-thirds as long as basal width of
mandible; eyes slightly longer; scutellar carinae confined to base;
front tibia and tarsus largely, front femur anteriorly, and middle
femur apically ferruginous; hind femur not at all black; joints 3 and
4 and apex of joint 2 of hind tarsus yellow; wings deeply infumate.
Type locality — Rochester, Wash.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51810.
Paratype.—Cornell University.
Remarks.—The type captured July 22, 1931, by H. T. Peters; the
paratype in Washington, July 25, 1893, by T. Kincaid.
25. EXETASTES ABDOMINALIS Cresson
Puate 17, Fiacure 21
Exetastes abdominalis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 276, 1865;
female.
Similar in the high hypostomal carina to matricus and infumatricus,
but in this species the carina is only about half as high as in the others,
and the hind femur is black to piceous. Differs further from the
above description of matricus as follows:
Female.—Temples hardly two-thirds as long as short diameter of
eyes; hypostomal carina hardly half as high and not arched; antenna
(one specimen) with 49 joints; propodeum finely mat and sparsely
punctate above, densely punctate laterally, apical areas finely rugu-
lose; pleural carinae indicated by fine foveolate grooves.
Head and thorax blue-black, hind femur piceous to black; joints
3 and 4 of hind tarsus, and sometimes apex of 2, yellow.
Type locality —Colorado.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 1612.
Remarks.—In addition to the type I have seen only two specimens,
both in the United States National Museum, from the C. F. Baker
Colorado collection, one compared with the type by myself.
284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 84
26. EXETASTES CAERULEUS Cresson
Exetastes caeruleus Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 276, 1865;
female.
Similar in form and structure to the three preceding species, but
with hypostomal carina only moderately high, body, including abdomen,
distinctly metallic blue, and legs beyond trochanters largely ferruginous.
Compared with the above description of matricus it differs further as
follows:
Female-——Temples distinctly convex, distinctly though sparsely
punctate; face and frons more shining, frons nearly flat; junction of
occipital and hypostomal carinae about basal width of mandible from
base of latter; lower cheek not excavated, the hypostomal carina only
slightly higher than normal; propodeum mat, punctate, sparsely so
above at base, moderately rugulose behind carina.
Body, coxae, and trochanters black with distinct metallic blue
reflections; all femora and tibiae ferruginous; front and middle
tarsi infuscate, basal joint of hind tarsus black, other joints ferru-
ginous; wing's rather deeply infumate.
Male.—Essentially like female, but with wings subhyaline.
Type locality —Colorado.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 1610.
Remarks.—In addition to the type I have seen four females and one
male: A female homotype compared by myself with the type, Colorado,
C. F. Baker; two females, Creede, Colo., 8,844 feet, August 1914,
S. J. Hunter (one in collection of Kansas University); one female,
Whitehorse, Yukon, June 5, 1923, 1,000 feet, A. K. Kusche (this is
in the California Academy of Sciences); and one male from Colorado.
27. EXETASTES ALTICOLA, new species
In this species the scutellum is less distinctly flattened and only
very briefly margined at base, but it agrees well with all the other
key characters of the mairicus group.
Female —Length 10 mm, antennae broken. Differs from the
above description of matricus as follows: Temples rather strongly
convex and nearly as long as short diameter of eye, distinctly punctate;
frons more densely punctate; malar space fully as long as basal width
of mandible; junction of occipital and hypostomal carinae distant
from base of mandible barely the width of latter; hypostomal
carina of normal height and cheek not excavated; eyes less strongly
convex and barely as long as superior width of face; antennae (tips
broken off); thorax more densely punctate; propodeum mat, densely
punctate except at base and in a narrow median area, apical areas
somewhat rugulose, apical carina indicated only medially; pleural
carina represented by a fine foveolate groove; first tergite barely twice
as long as broad at apex; ovipositor sheath as long as first tergite.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 285
Abdomen black; legs beyond trochanters entirely ferruginous;
wings more deeply infumate, stigma black.
Male.—Malar space slightly shorter than basal width of mandible;
ocelli larger; antennae 42-jointed; wings hyaline, stigma brown.
Type locality.—Silverton, Colo.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51811.
Remarks.—One female and two males taken at 12,000 feet, July
8-31, 1903, and one male, Mount Cheam, British Columbia, August
10, 1903.
28. EXETASTES DILUTIPES, new species
PuatTE 16, Figure 14; Puate 17, Ficures 20, 39; PLats 20, Ficursrs 82, 97;
Puate 21, Ficure 106
Female.—Length 12 mm, antenna 9 mm.
Very similar to aléicola, but with malar space three-fourths basal
width of mandible; propodeum reticulate-rugulose with apical and
pleural carinae distinct; basal two joints of hind tarsus fuscous;
abdomen more slender. Antennae shorter than in matricus, tapering
but not attenuate apically, 45- to 48-jointed.
Male.—Malar space two-thirds basal width of mandible; ocelli
slichtly larger; hind tibia at apex, especially on inner side, and third
joint of hind tarsus fuscous.
Type locality —Banff, Alberta.
Type—U.S.N.M. no. 51812.
Allotype.—Cornell University.
Paratype.—California Academy of Sciences.
Remarks.—Five females, including the holotype, all taken at the
type locality, July 10 to August 10, 1925, by Owen Bryant; and two
males, one (ailotype) from Maligne Lake, Alberta, July 1-3, 1915,
and one from Yellowstone National Park, June 19, 1930, E. Van
Dyke.
29. EXETASTES PURPUREUS, new species
Except for its bluish or purplish luster and darker wings this species
is, in general appearance, almost identical with matricus, but the
cheeks are not excavated and the hypostomal carina is of normal
height. It differs also from the above description of matricus as
follows:
Female.—Malar space slightly shorter; junction of occipital and
hypostomal carinae not more than basal width of mandible from base
of latter; ocelli somewhat larger; antenna not quite so long, 52-jointed
in type; scutellar carinae shorter; propodeum very finely rugulose
above and sparsely punctate especially at base, posterior face retic-
ulate rugulose; abdomen slightly stouter, first tergite barely more
than twice as long as broad and second barely longer than broad at
base.
286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Vines deeply infumate, veins and stigma black.
D> } wv ? >
Type locality Siskiyou County, Calif.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51813.
Two females.
30. EXETASTES RUFIPES Cresson
Exetastes abdominalis var. a Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4,
p. 277, 1865; female.
Exetastes rufipes Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 277 (note),
1865; female.
Differs structurally hardly at all from purpureus, but the wings are
not so dark, the front and middle legs beyond the trochanters are
entirely red, and the hind tibia is red at base, this color extending
nearly to apex below.
The hitherto undescribed male has the temples more strongly con-
vex, the wings subhyaline, and joints 2-4 of the hind tarsus yellow.
Type locality —Colorado.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 1613.
Remarks.—In addition to the type, I have seen one female compared
with the type and, like the type, from Colorado; and one male from
Mount Adams, Wash., June 26, 1932, A. R. Rolfs.
31. EXETASTES ORNATUS, new species
Puate 16, Ficure 13; Puate 17, Figure 36; Puate 18, Ficure 45; PLate 20,
Figures 83, 96; PuaTEe 21, Figure 105
The group including this and the next five species is characterized
by the unusually small clypeus, which is distinctly narrower than the
face, weakly convex and almost without trace of division into basal
and apical portions; broad head with large eyes and strongly receding
temples; short malar space; long, slender, and apically attenuate
antennae; slender abdomen with first tergite nearly or quite three
times as long as broad; and unusually short ovipositor sheath.
The present species differs conspicuously from all the others of
the group in that the head and thorax are ornamented with yellow and
the propodeum and metapleurum in the female are partly ferruginous.
Female.—Length 12 mm, antenna 11 mm.
Head much broader than thorax, fully twice as broad as thick
medially; temples strongly receding, flat, sparsely punctate; occiput
narrow, shallowly concave; frons shallowly concave, densely punctate,
with a more or less distinct median groove; face densely punctate,
with a rather weak median elevation, less than twice as broad as long;
clypeus much narrower than face, much broader than long, weakly
convex in profile, weakly divided into basal and apical portions only
by difference in sculpture, truncate at apex with neither emargination
nor median groove; cheeks in front view very short, their extended
angle about a right angle; malar space hardly two-thirds as long as
basal width of mandible; mouth almost exactly as broad as face;
*
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 287
junction of occipital and hypostomal carinae distinctly less than basal
width of mandible from the latter, hypostomal of normal height; eyes
large, strongly convex, much longer than width of face, very slightly
convergent below; postocellar line hardly as long as ocellocular line
and less than a half longer than diameter of an ocellus; antenna
slender, attenuate at apex, 57-jointed, basal joint of flagellum fully
twice as long as second, the latter more than twice as long as thick.
Thorax subpolished, sparsely punctate laterally, very weakly so
dorsally; notauli absent; mesoscutum unusually flat; scutellum un-
usually narrow and rather weakly convex in profile; propodeum
weakly convex both transversely and longitudinally, with median
trace of apical carina, finely and not densely punctate, with a few
short longitudinal rugae posteriorly; position of pleural carina indi-
cated by difference in sculpture; spiracle elongate, situated nearly its
length from pleural carina.
Legs slender; inner hind calcarium nearly two-thirds as long as
basitarsus; apical joint of tarsus shorter than third joint.
Wings: Stigma and radial cell narrow; apical abscissa of radius
moderately curved at base, more than a half longer than basal abscissa;
areolet oblique; second discoidal cell rather narrow, second recurrent
less than two-thirds as long as basal abscissa of subdiseoideus, sub-
angulate above; nervulus shortly postfurcal; abscissula hardly twice
intercubitella.
Abdomen very slender, polished, apically compressed; first tergite
about three times as long as broad at apex; second nearly twice as long
as broad at base; ovipositor short, sheath distinctly less than half as
long as first tergite.
Head and thorax black; spot on each side of face, apical portion of
clypeus, spot on lower cheek, mandibles, anterior margin of pronotum
medially and humeral angles, anterior lateral margins of mesoscutum,
scutellum and postscutellum, and a spot below hind wing yellow;
antenna black, scape brownish to yellowish in front, flagellum more
or less reddish apically and with a broad incomplete yellow annulus:
labial palpus white with apical joint piceous; maxillary palpus brown-
ish stramineous; metapleurum largely and propodeum apically ferru-
ginous, the latter more or less yellowish medially; legs ferruginous,
front and middle coxae more or less piceous at base, front coxa other-
wise and middle coxa at apex and their trochanters below whitish,
trochanters above piceous, basal joint of hind trochanter piceous,
apical joint mostly whitish, hind femur narrowly and tibia broadly
black apically, tarsus basally blackish and apically reddish with
joints 2-4 and apex of 1 whitish; wings hyaline, venation black, stigma
reddish stramineous; abdomen ferruginous, segments beyond fifth
and sometimes apex of fifth black, sheath piceous.
Male.—Structurally much like female, but with eyes parallel,
malar space less than half as long as basal width of mandible, and the
288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
punctation of frons and propodeum confluent. Thorax not at all
red, the yellow markings larger and embracing also the following:
Entire face with extensions along frontal orbits, malar space, entire
clypeus, under side of scape and pedicel, propleura, lower anterior
margin of pronotum, mesosternum and lower portion of pleura,
subalar tubercle, apex of propodeum and of metapleurum, and small
spot at upper end of propodeal spiracle; front and middle coxae and
trochanters, their femora anteriorly, tibiae largely and tarsi, hind
coxa and trochanters below, and hind tibia basally stramineous;
hind coxa and trochanter above ferruginous and black; abdomen
piceous rather than black at apex.
Type locality —Flint, Ohio.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51814.
Paratype.—Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Remarks.—Three females and four males, the holotype female taken
July 5, 1924, by J. O. Pepper; one female, Highspire, Pa., July 12,
1908, W. S. Fisher; the allotype and one other male, Lyme, Conn.,
June 15, 1918, Wm. Middleton; two males, Ramsey, N. J., June 19
and 28, 1916; and the paratype female from Connecticut in the
Academy of Natural Sciences.
32. EXETASTES SUBIMPRESSUS, new species
Similar in form of clypeus and slender abdomen as well as in many
other respects to ornatus, but immediately distinguishable by the
entirely black body in the female and the lack of yellow markings
dorsally in the male.
Female.—Length 12 mm, antennae (broken).
Head slightly broader than thorax, a little more than twice as
broad as thick medially; occiput rather deeply concave, temples
weakly convex, strongly receding, sparsely and weakly punctate;
frons shallowly concave, rather densely punctate; face less than twice
as broad as long, densely punctate, roundly elevated medially, con-
cave laterally below antennae; clypeus narrower than face, weakly
convex in profile, divided into basal and apical portions only by
difference in sculpture; cheeks in front view short, their extended
angle slightly acute; malar space a little more than half basal width of
mandible; mouth as broad as face; junction of occipital and hypo-
stomal carinae distant from base of mandible by nearly the width of
latter; eyes rather strongly convex, slightly convergent below, longer
than superior width of face; postocellar and ocellocular lines equal
and each nearly twice as long as diameter of ocellus; antennae slender
(tips gone but undoubtedly attenuate apically and probably with
55-60 joints), first joint of flagellum hardly twice as long as second,
which is nearly three times as long as thick.
'
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 289
Thorax shining, with moderately dense punctation, finer and sparser
dorsally; notauli broadly impressed throughout; scutellum narrowly
triangular, rather weakly convex in profile; propodeum only moderately
convex both transversely and in profile, irregularly reticulate rugose,
with median trace of apical carina; spiracle elongate, situated about
half its length above the distinct pleural carina.
Legs slender; inner hind calcarium distinctly more than half as long
as basitarsus; apical joint of tarsus much shorter than third.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius slightly curved basally, barely
a half longer than basal abscissa; second discoidal cell narrow; second
recurrent rather weakly curved above and hardly two-thirds as long
as basal abscissa of subdiscoideus; nervulus slightly postfurcal;
abscissula barely twice as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen slender, strongly compressed apically; first tergite nearly
three times as long as broad at apex, second fully a half longer than
broad at base; ovipositor short, sheath less than half as long as first
tergite.
Body entirely black except reddish apex of clypeus and along
sutures of abdomen; antennae black; palpi dark brown; wings faintly
stained, venation dark brown; legs black; front and middle femora in
front toward apices and hind femur except at apex ferruginous; joints
2-4 of hind tarsus whitish.
Male.—Malar space slightly shorter and ocelli slightly larger;
antenna 56-jointed; face, clypeus, malar space, and mandibles yellow;
maxillary palpi stramineous; apices of propleura, tegulae basally,
paired spots on mesosternum, all coxae, and front and middle tro-
chanters beneath yellow; front and middle femora pale ferruginous,
their tibiae and tarsi stramineous to yellowish; hind tibia reddish at
base; otherwise essentially like female.
Type locality —Beaver Creek, Mont., 6,300 feet.
Type.—University of Kansas.
Allotype.—Canadian National Collection.
Remarks.—One of each sex, the holotype female taken in August
1913 by S. J. Hunter; the allotype male, Waterton, Alberta, July 14,
1923, H. L. Seamans.
33. EXETASTES NIGRIBASIS, new species
Structurally almost identical with subimpressus, but with abdomen
beyond first tergite in female and beyond second in male entirely
ferruginous. Antenna in female nearly as long as body, 55- to 58-
jointed, attenuate apically. Hind femur entirely ferruginous.
The male differs from the female as does that of subimpressus
except that the malar space and sternum are entirely black and the
front and middle femora are more or less piceous behind.
Type locality —Harney Peak, S. Dak.
990 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 84
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51815.
Remarks—Two females and one male, the holotype female and
allotype male taken at the type locality July 22 and July 21, 1924,
respectively; the paratype female, Norquay Mountain Meadows,
5,000-6,000 feet, Banff, Alberta, July 4, 1925, Owen Bryant.
34. EXETASTES RUFOBALTEATUS, new species
In general form and structure similar to subimpressus, from the
above description of which it differs as follows:
Female.—Length 10 mm, antennae 9 mm.
Head distinctly wider than thorax and more than twice as broad as
thick medially; distance between junction of occipital and hypostomal
carinae and base of mandible much shorter than basal width of man-
dible; eyes very strongly convex; diameter of a lateral ocellus two-
thirds as long as postocellar line; antenna slender, apically attenuate,
53-jointed, first joint of flagellum fully twice as long as second;
notauli not indicated; propodeum finely irregularly rugulose; spiracles
small and situated their length from the obsolete pleural carinae;
first tergite fully three times as long as broad at apex.
Black; tergites 2-4 and apex of 1 ferruginous; wings hyaline; front
and middle tibiae below and hind tibia at base more or less ferruginous.
Male.—Face, clypeus, malar space, mandibles, palpi, under side of
scape, apex of propleurum, mesosternum partly, all coxae and front
and middle trochanters and femora beneath, front and middle tibiae
and tarsi largely, hind tibia at base, hind basitarsus apically, a median
stripe on scutellum, a dot on postscutellum, the tegulae, and sometimes
paired spots on anterior margin of mesoscutum yellow; fifth tergite
also ferruginous; otherwise essentially like female.
Type locality —Glacier Park Station, Mont., 4,800 feet.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51816.
Paratypes.—Canadian National Collection; Cornell University.
Remarks.—Four females and two males; the holotype female with-
out additional data; the allotype and another male, Harney Peak, S.
Dak., July 21-22, 1924; one female, Banff, Alberta, August 30, 1922,
C. B. D. Garrett; one female, Sudbury, Ontario, 1892; and one female,
Carbonate, Columbia River, British Columbia, July 7-12, 1908, 2,600
feet, J. C. Bradley.
35. EXETASTES ANGUSTUS, new species
Similar in form and structure to subimpressus, from the above
description of which it differs as follows:
Female.—Face twice as broad as long; eyes more strongly convex
and more distinctly convergent; first joint of flagellum fully twice as
long as second; notauli not at all defined; pleural carinae of propodeum
distinct; first tergite not nearly three times as long as broad; sheath
very nearly half as long as first tergite.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 9901
Color as in subimpressus except that hind femur is entirely black.
Type locality—Banff, Alberta, Norquay Mountain Meadows,
5,000-6,000 feet.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51817.
Paratype —Canadian National Collection.
Remarks. —Two females, the holotype taken by Owen Bryant, July
20, 1925; the paratype, at Banff, Alberta, August 16, 1922, by
C. B. D. Garrett.
36. EXETASTES CONVERGENS, new species
Female —Very closely allied to angustus and possibly merely a
variety of that species, but differing constantly, so far as can be
judged from the rather scanty material, in the conspicuously fer-
ruginous legs, this color involving all femora entirely, front and middle
tibiae, and basal two-thirds of hind tibia; also the wings are dis-
tinctly darker.
Type locality —Colorado.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51818.
Paratypes.—American Museum of Natural History; Cornell Uni-
versity.
Remarks.—Five females, the holotype from the C. F. Baker collec-
tion; the National Museum paratypes from Malta, Colo., 9,400 feet,
August 4, 1919, and University of Wyoming Camp, Centennial, Wyo.,
9,600 feet, July 5, 1929; the American Museum paratype from Tennes-
see Pass, Colo., 10,500 feet, August 6-8, 1920; and the Cornell Uni-
versity paratype from Oslar, southwestern Colorado, July 17, 1900.
37. EXETASTES ANGUSTORALIS, new species
PuateE 16, Ficure 15; Pyare 17, Ficurs 31; Puate 18, Ficure 46; Puate 19,
Figure 71; PLats 20, Ficures 87, 93; Puate 21, Figure 108
Eretastes fascipennis (authors, not Cresson) WatusH, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
vol. 3, p. 147, 1873; female-——ProvancueER, Additions et corrections au
volume 11 de la Faune entomologique du Canada . . ., p. 92, 1886; female.—
VIERECK, in Smith, Insects of New Jersey, p. 618, 1910.—CusHMan, in
Leonard, Insects of New York, p. 932, 1928.
There is nothing in the descriptions of Walsh and Provancher that
does not apply equally well to either fascipennis Cresson or angustor-
alis, but both records, as well as the others cited above, are from well
outside the known range of fascipennis and within that of angustoralis.
This and fascipennis form a group very easily distinguishable from
those that follow it in the present arrangement by the combination of
characters employed in the key. The present species is distinguish-
able from faseipennis, as which it has frequently been misidentified,
by the distinctly longer malar space.
Female.—Length 12 mm, antennae 9 mm.
126981—37_4
292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Head little broader than thorax, though distinctly more than twice
as thick, with occiput moderately concave and temples very strongly
receding and weakly convex; frons shallowly concave, densely and
finely punctate, mat; face somewhat more coarsely punctate, mat,
barely twice as broad as long, medially prominent, concave on each
side below antennae; clypeus fully three-fourths as long as broad,
strongly convex medio-basally, strongly rounded at apex and with a
more or less distinct median emargination; cheeks in front view very
long, slightly concave, their extended angle very sharply acute; malar
space fully as long as basal width of mandible; mouth hardly as broad
as face; mandibles rather narrow; distance from junction of occipital
and hypostomal carinae to mandible about equal to base of latter;
eyes strongly convex, longer than width of face, virtually parallel;
ocellocular line slightly shorter than postocellar line and barely a half
longer than diameter of an ocellus; antenna conspicuously shorter
than body, with 48-51 joints, tapering but not attenuate apically,
first joint of flagellum hardly twice as long as second which is little
more than twice as long as thick, joints immediately beyond middle
shorter than thick.
Thorax strongly compressed, mat, densely and finely punctate,
especially dorsally ; notauli faintly indicated on disk; scutellum strongly
convex both transversely and in profile, more sparsely punctate and
more shining than rest of thorax; propodeum in profile weakly convex
above, with faint trace of apical carina, beyond which it is concavely
sloping, punctate-rugulose laterally, reticulate-rugose medially; spira-
cles rather short oval, situated shortly above the obsolete pleural
carinae.
Legs slender; hind femur more than three-fourths as long as tibia;
inner hind calcarium more than half as long as basitarsus; apical joint
of tarsus shorter than third joint.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius moderately curved at base, more
than a half longer than basal abscissa; areolet somewhat longer on
second intercubitus, the other three sides subequal; second discoidal
cell rather broad, second recurrent fully two-thirds as long as basal
abscissa of subdiscoideus, rather strongly curved or subangulate
above; nervulus distinctly postfurcal; abscissula less than twice as
long as intercubitella.
Abdomen very minutely and delicately sculptured, with sparse
punctation on first and sides of second tergite, weakly compressed
at apex, first tergite twice as long as broad at apex, the sides con-
cavely curved, second tergite slightly longer than broad at base;
ovipositor stout, upcurved, sheath three-fourths as long as first
tergite.
Ferruginous; occiput, prepectus, and thoracic sutures black; face,
clypeus, mandibles, anterior margin of pronotum, and scutellum
.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 203
paler, sometimes yellowish; antenna black with a broad yellow
annulus, scape mostly ferruginous; wings lightly infumate with
darker fasciae below apical half of stigma and along basal vein, vena-
tion dark brown, stigma and costa pale ferruginous; legs concolorous,
coxae more or less black basally, front and middle legs paler in front,
hind femur and tibia apically black, tibia at base and tarsus more
yellowish; sheath black with apex ferruginous.
Male.—Differs from female principally as follows: Head a little
thicker, with temples more convex and less sharply receding; antenna
as long as body and more slender; propodeum less roughly sculptured,
especially medially.
Varies greatly in color, sometimes essentially like female except
that head is largely black with face, frontal orbits, clypeus, and
mandibles definitely yellow, black of thorax a little more extensive
and the paler portions more distinctly yellow, antennal annulus
shorter, scape yellow below, and wings hyaline and immaculate.
From this it varies to specimens in which the head is black except
for large yellow spots on each side of face and the clypeus, thorax
except scutellum entirely black, coxae and hind trochanter largely
or entirely block, front and middle legs more definitely yellow, hind
femur largely piceous, and abdomen more or less black at base.
Many males have a well marked color pattern of black and ferruginous
yellowish on mesoscutum.
Type locality —Falls Church, Va.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51819.
Paratypes.—Canadian National Collection; Cornell University;
American Museum of Natural History; and the private collections of
Henry K. Townes and Andrew R. Park, Jr.
Remarks.—This species is widely distributed in the Northeast, spec-
imens being at hand from Quebec, Ontario, and South Dakota, south
to North Carolina (Black Mountains) and Kansas, and including the
States of Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Illinois, Nebraska, Wyoming,
and the District of Columbia. It is anautumnspecies, and [have taken
it in abundance in October and November about young pine trees in
northern Virginia. A large series, mostly males, from Ontario and
Quebec were taken in September.
The species has escaped description because it has repeatedly been
misidentified as fascipennis.
38. EXETASTES FASCIPENNIS Cresson
Exetastes flavitarsis CrREsSON, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 277, 1865;
male (preoccupied by flavitarsis Gravenhorst).
Exetastes fascipennis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 278, 1865;
female.
9904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Exetastes fasciipennis DALLA TorRE, Catalogus hymenopterorum. . ., vol. 3, pt.
1, p. 71, 1901; female.
Exetastes cressonii DALLA TorRE, Catalogus hymenopterorum . . ., vol. 3, pt. 1,
p. 70, 1901; male (new name for flavitarsis Cresson).
In studying this species I have examined the entire type series of
both of Cresson’s names including a paratype of each in the United
States National Museum, also one other female from Colorado in the
collection of the University of Kansas.
Female.—F rom angustoralis it differs principally in the malar space
being distinctly shorter than basal width of mandible, the cheeks
being therefore shorter in front view and with their extended angle
somewhat less sharply acute; junction of occipital and hypostomal
carinae much less than basal width of mandible from the latter;
antenna slightly more slender, the joints immediately beyond middle
fully as long as thick; apical half or more of stigma blackish.
Male.—Differs from female in much the same way as the male of
angustoralis differs from its female. All the known males of the
present species have the head and thorax black with yellow markings,
the face, clypeus, mandibles, malar space, lower cheeks, frontal
orbits below, superior orbits, anterior margin of pronotum (sometimes),
a mark on each side of mesoscutum anteriorly and seutellum largely
yellow. Legs colored as in male of angustoralis except that hind femur
is largely ferruginous.
Type locality. Colorado.
Type.—Of fascipennis no. 1617, of flavitarsis no. 1618, Acad. Nat.
Sei. Philadelphia.
Paratype.—Of fascipennis, U.S.N.M. no. 51257; of flavitarsus,
U.S.N.M. no. 44733.
39. EXETASTES RUFICOXALIS, new species
Puate 17, Ficures 17, 25; Prats 18, Ficure 54; Pirate 20, Ficurss 90, 102;
PuLatse 21, Ficure 114
A small species distinct from all the other North American species
with black head and thorax and ferruginous abdomen in its bright
ferruginous coxae. Structurally also it stands alone in the combina-
tion of characters employed in the key.
Female.—Length 9 mm, antennae 7 mm.
Head little broader than thorax and little more than twice as broad
as thick medially; occiput shallowly concave; temples moderately
convex and sharply sloping; frons broadly concave and densely, finely
punctate; face densely, finely punctate, barely twice as broad as long,
strongly elevated medially and slightly concave laterally; clypeus
much narrower than face, two-thirds as long as broad, strongly convex
basally, strongly rounded apically and more or less emarginate medially ;
cheeks in front view slightly convex, their extended angle nearly a
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 295
right angle; malar space very nearly as long as basal width of mandible;
mouth barely as broad as width of face, mandibles rather narrow;
distance between junction of occipital and hypostomal carinae and
base of mandible little more than half basal width of latter; eyes
moderately convex, longer than width of face, parallel; ocellocular
line little longer than diameter of an ocellus and much shorter than
postocellar line; antenna 51- to 55-jointed, rather slender, first joint of
flagellum distinctly less than twice as long as second, which is hardly
more than twice as long as thick, joints of apical third shorter than
thick.
Thorax densely and finely punctate, shining; notauli absent; scu-
tellum rather elongate subtriangular, moderately convex, sparsely
punctate; propodeum rather weakly convex, reticulate rugulose,
apical carina distinct at least medially; spiracles elongate, close to the
distinct pleural carinae.
Legs slender, hind femur more than three-fourths as long as tibia;
inner hind calearium more than half as long as basitarsus, apical
tarsal joint shorter than third.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius rather strongly curved at base,
fully a half longer than basal abscissa; areolet oblique, the lower angle
distinctly apicad of upper angle; second discoidal cell scarcely a half
longer on subdiscoideus than broad, recurrent strongly curved or sub-
angulate above; nervulus antefureal or subinterstitial; abscissula less
than twice as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen polished, shallow, rather slender and strongly compressed
apically; first tergite distinctly decurved, slightly more than twice as
long as broad, sparsely punctate, petiole in dorsal view more or less
constricted; second tergite distinctly longer than broad at base;
ovipositor straight, strongly compressed, sheath three-fourths as long
as first tergite.
Head and thorax black; apex of clypeus, anterior margin and hu-
meral angle of pronotum, and scutellum at apex yellowish or reddish;
abdomen and legs ferruginous, hind tibia and tarsus more or less
darker, joints 3 and 4 of tarsus yellowish; sheath piceous; wings
hyaline, venation dark brown.
Male.—Malar space slightly shorter; ocelli slightly larger; antennae
as long as body; yellow markings of thorax larger and including apices
of tegulae; hind tibia at apex and tarsus definitely black, tarsal annulus
more distinctly yellow; otherwise essentially like female.
Type locality — Colorado.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51820.
Paratypes.—Canadian National Collection; Cornell University.
Remarks.—Nineteen females and 16 males ranging from Colorado
and Alberta, west to Utah, Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia,
296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
and including a series of 7 females and 5 males without locality but
probably from Nevada. It is an autumn-flying species, most of the
collection dates being in September.
40. EXETASTES ZELOTYPUS Cresson
PuaTE 16, Figure 12; Pyare 17, Figure 40; Puate 18, Ficures 50, 68; Puate
21, Figure 112
Exetastes zelotypus Cresson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1878, p. 370;
female, male.
This and the three next following species form a group characterized
by short, stout antennae, strongly pectinate claws, black head and
thorax, usually with largely ferruginous abdomen, and deeply infumate
wings.
Female.—Length 13 mm, antennae 9 mm.
Head little broader than thorax and only slightly more than twice
as broad as thick; occiput broad and rather deeply concave; temples
strongly convex, finely and rather densely punctate; pubescence
unusually dense; frons shallowly concave, densely punctate; face
densely punctate, narrowly and only slightly elevated medially,
laterally convex below and concave above, twice as broad as long;
clypeus nearly as broad as face, two-thirds as long as broad, the short
basal portion strongly convex, the long apical portion flat or weakly
concave, apex medially emarginate and with a more or less distinct
longitudinal groove; cheeks in front view very short, straight, their
extended angle sharply acute; malar space barely half as long as basal
width of mandibie; junction of occipital and hypostomal carinae dis-
tant from mandible by about basal width of latter; mandible more
than twice as long as broad at base, not strongly narrowed toward
apex; eyes moderately convex, as long as superior width of face,
strongly convergent below; postocellar and ocellocular lines subequal
and about three times as long as diameter of an ocellus; antenna about
45-jointed, stout, rather abruptly tapering at apex, basal joint of
flagellum hardly twice as long as second and hardly four times as long
as thick at apex, second less than twice as long as thick.
Thorax stout, densely punctate, metapleurum confluently so,
rugose below, mesoscutum and scutellum more finely and sparsely
punctate and shining; notauli absent; scutellum moderately convex;
propodeum moderately convex, reticulate rugose, finely so medially,
coarsely so laterally, without trace of apical carinae, spiracles large,
elongate, situated more than half their length above the distinct
pleural carinae.
Legs rather stout, hind femur three-fourths as long as tibia; inner
hind calearium more than half as long as basitarsus; apical joint of
tarsus nearly as long as third joint.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 297
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius strongly curved at base, more
than a half longer than basal abscissa; areolet petiolate, second inter-
cubitus much longer than other sides and curved; second discoidal
cell broad, second recurrent more than two-thirds as long as basal
abscissa of subdiscoideus, strongly curved above; nervulus strongly
postfurcal; abscissula much less than twice as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen stout, weakly compressed at apex, first tergite little more
then twice as long as broad at apex, second about as long as broad
at base; ovipositor straight, sheath a little more than half as long as
first tergite.
Head and thorax immaculate black, abdomen ferruginous with peti-
ole black at extreme base, venter ferruginous; coxae, trochanters,
front and middle femora largely, apical half of hind tibia, and hind
tarsus black, hind femur ferruginous, legs otherwise more or less dis-
tinctly testaceous or fuscotestaceous; wings deeply infumate; pubes-
cence of head and thorax dense, conspicuous, and dark cinereous.
Male.—Differs very little from female beyond having the wings
much paler.
Type locality —San Diego, Calif.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 1611.
Remarks.—Of this species I have seen four females and one male,
all from California. These include the type, a female homotype com-
pared by myself with the type and taken with another female in Los
Angeles County by D. W. Coquillett, one female from Claremont
(collection of Cornell University), and one male from Walnut Creek,
Contra Costa County, April 19, 1913, J. C. Bridwell.
41. EXETASTES ERYTHROGASTER, new species
Very closely related to zelotypus, differing structurally from the
above description of that species only in its distinctly longer malar
space, this in the present species being about three-fourths as long
as basal width of mandible in female and only slightiy shorter in
male,
Both sexes differ from zelotypus by having the front and middle legs
entirely black except the faintly reddish apices of the femora, the
hind leg except femur entirely black, the first tergite and venter
largely black.
Type locality —Unknown.
Allotype locality Corvallis, Oreg.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51821.
Paratype.—Canadian National Collection.
Remarks.—One female (the holotype) without data; and two males,
the allotype captured April 24, 1897, and the paratype April 25, 1923,
at Oliver, British Columbia, by C. B. D. Garrett.
298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou, 84
42. EXETASTES CONCOLORIPES, new species
This may prove to be only a color variation of erythrogaster, but
the limited material at hand shows no intergradation.
The only differences appear to be those of color, the present species
having the legs entirely black and the black color of the abdomen in-
volving most or all of the second tergite, and in a paratype male most
of the third and part of the fourth.
Type locality. —Colorado.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51822.
Paratype.—Canadian National Collection.
Remarks.—One female (in poor condition), the holotype, from the
C. F. Baker collection; the allotype male from La Grande, Oreg.,
2,800 feet, May 12, 1930, H. A. Scullen; and one paratype male from
Waterton Lakes, Alberta, June 19, 1923, J. McDunnough.
43. EXETASTES COLORADENSIS, new species
Differs apparently only in color from concoloripes, the abdomen being
entirely black except in the sutures, where it is reddish piceous.
Like concoloripes this may be a color phase of erythrogaster, but it
seems best until more material is available to treat it as a distinct
species.
Type locality —Colorado.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51823.
A single female taken by C. F. Baker. Both antennae are broken.
44. EXETASTES AFFINIS Cresson
PuaTE 16, Figure 10; Puate 17, Ficgure 41; Puate 18, Ficure 62
Exetastes affinis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 277, 1865;
female.
This and the next following species are very similar in general form
and color to those of the zelotypus group, but are at once distinguish-
able by the long slender legs and antennae, shorter clypeus, and
convex checks.
The male referred to this species and described by Provancher ?
certainly does not belong here, nor am I able to recognize it from his
description as referable to any species known to me. I strongly suspect
that it is not an retastes.
Female —Length 13 mm, antennae 12 mm.
As in zelotypus, except pubescence of head and thorax much shorter
and less conspicuous; cheeks in front view convex, their extended
angle nearly right; malar space barely half as long as basal width of
mandible; clypeus little more than half as long as broad; mandible
2 Petite faune entomologique du Canada . . ., vol. 2, Hymén., p. 385, 1883.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 299
not more than twice as long as broad at base; eyes rather weakly
convex, hardly as long as width of face, weakly convergent below;
diameter of ocellus more than half as long as postocellar line; antenna
very slender, attenuate at apex, nearly 60-jointed, first joint of
flagellum nearly six times as long as thick, all other joints much longer
than thick; propodeum with distinct median trace of apical carina;
legs slender, claws simple; second recurrent weakly curved above.
Color as in zelotypus except hind legs entirely black and front and
middle legs more largely so.
Type locality — Colorado.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 1614.
Remarks.—In addition to the type I have seen four females, one of
which, a homotype compared by myself, is from Albert Lake, Oreg.,
June 17, 1934, Joe Schuh, collector; two taken on snow on Pikes Peak,
Colo., July 20, 1901, by Dyar and Caudell; and one taken in Michigan
by C. H. T. Townsend.
45. EXETASTES ALTERNATIPES, new species
A small replica of affinis, differing only as follows:
Female.—Length 10 mm, antennae broken.
Hind femur, except extreme apex, bright ferruginous; tibia, except
apical third, dark reddish.
Type locality —Bernadillo County, N. Mex.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51824.
A single female taken in May 1896 by B. Brown.
46. EXETASTES DEUTEROMAURUS Dalla Torre
Exetastes maurus Cresson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1878, p. 370; female
(preoccupied by maurus. Desvignes).
Exetastes deuteromaurus DALLA Torre, Catalogus hymenopterorum . .. ., vol. 3,
pt. 1, p. 71, 1901.
The only specimen that I have seen is the type.
Among the black species this is very distinct because of the unusually
short stout abdomen and the conspicuously hairy head and thorax.
Female.—Head and thorax with dense long erect hair, especially
conspicuous on temples; temples weakly convex, strongly receding;
face very densely and coarsely punctate, more than twice as broad as
long and broader than length of the slightly convergent eyes; clypeus
two-thirds as long as broad and about two-thirds as broad as face,
strongly convex basally, especially in middle, basal portion densely
and coarsely punctate, apical portion also coarsely but more sparsely
punctate; cheeks in front view slightly concave, their extended angle
acute; malar space fully two-thirds as long as basal width of mandibles;
postocellar and ocellocular lines equal and nearly three times as long
300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
as diameter of an ocellus; antenna slender, attenuate apically, fully as
long as body, 59-jointed.
Thorax rather densely and coarsely punctate, mesoscutum much
less densely so than pleura and shining; mesopleurum rather deeply
longitudinally concave below; scutellum strongly convex, narrow
triangular; propodeum rugulose, without distinct apical carina.
Legs rather stout, hind femur fully three-fourths as long as tibia;
inner hind calearium less than half as long as basitarsus; apical joint
of hind tarsus shorter than third, claws weakly pectinate basally.
Wings: Second recurrent vein nearly straight; nervulus nearly inter-
stitial and slightly reclivous; abscissula less than twice as long as
intercubitella.
Abdomen polished, short and broad, first tergite depressed through-
out, in dorsal view with sides straight from base to apex, nearly two-
thirds as broad at apex as long, sparsely punctate at base; second
fully as broad at base as long, sides widely divergent; ovipositor
straight, sheath much less than half as long as first tergite.
Black with wings very deeply infumate and slightly paler apically;
antennae brownish.
Type locality —California.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 1609.
47. EXETASTES BITUMINOSUS, new species
Puate 16, Ficure 5; Puate 17, Ficure 37; Puate 18, Ficurss 43, 67; PLATE
21, Figure 116
Exetastes rufofemoratus Ritey and Howarp (not Provancher), Ins. Life, vol. 3,
p. 158, 1890.
A very distinct species which, because of its black color with bright
red hind femora, has repeatedly been misidentified as rufofemoratus
Provancher.
Female.—Length 15 mm, antennae 14 mm.
Head hardly broader than thorax and barely more than twice as
broad as thick medially, occiput broad and moderately concave;
temples punctate, slightly convex and receding at about 45°; frons
slightly concave, rather densely punctate, mat, the interspaces finely
sculptured; face sculptured like frons with punctation somewhat
coarser, fully twice as broad as long, concave below each antenna, and
somewhat roundly elevated medially; clypeus much narrower than
face, nearly twice as broad as long, basal portion short, strongly con-
vex, especially in middle, apex strongly rounded with a more or less
distinct median emargination and groove; cheeks in front view
straight or faintly convex, their extended angle nearly right; malar
space about three-fourths as long as basal width of mandible; junction
of occipital and hypostomal carinae much less than basal width of
mandible from the latter; mandible less than twice as long as broad
=
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 301
at base; eyes rather shallowly convex, barely as long as width of face,
parallel; postocellar and ocellocular lines equal and hardly twice as
long as diameter of an ocellus; antenna very long, slender, attentuate
at apex, with about 80 joints, basal joint of flagellum fully twice as
long as second.
Thcrax coarsely, densely, partly confluently punctate, shining
laterally, mesoscutum more finely and less densely punctate but
duller; notauli lacking; scutellum moderately convex, elongate sub-
triangular, more sparsely and coarsely punctate than scutum; pro-
podeum moderately convex, coarsely reticulate rugose, without apical
carina, spiracles elongate, nearly their length above the distinct
pleural carinae.
Legs slender; hind femur fully three-fourths as long as tibia; inner
hind calcarium more than half as long as basitarsus; apical joint of
hind tarsus shorter than third joint.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius strongly curved at base, hardly a
half longer than basal abscissa; second discoidal cell broad, second
recurrent fully two-thirds as long as basal abscissa of subdiscoideus,
strongly curved above; nervulus interstitial or slightly postfurcal;
abscissula not or barely twice as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen unusually long and very shallow, especially at apex, very
minutely sculptured, petiole coarsely punctate laterally; first tergite
two and a half times as long as broad at apex, second longer than
broad at base; ovipositor unusually slender, straight, sheath fully
three-fourths as long as first tergite.
Black; usually with whitish annuli on antenna and joints 2-4 of
hind tarsus (one female from Illinois lacks both); hind femur except
apex pale ferruginous; front legs usually more or less reddish in front;
wings infumate, venation black.
Male.—Differs from female principally in having the temples more
strongly convex; antenna even more slender and with far fewer joints
(65-70), entirely black; front and middle femora pale ferruginous,
their tibiae and tarsi largely white; apical joint of hind tarsus also
white; wings nearly hyaline.
Host.—Agrotis alternata Grote.
Type locality Vienna, Va.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51825.
Paratypes.—Canadian National Collection; Cornell University;
Kansas University; collections of A. R. Park, Jr., and F. D. DeGant.
Remarks.—Highteen females and 16 males, the holotype female and
four other females collected by myself at Vienna, Va., October 29
and November 2, 1913; one female, Virginia near Washington, D. C.,
J. C. Bridwell; one female, Gunston Cove, Fairfax County, Va., No-
vember 20, 1932, R. A. Cushman; three males (the allotype), Fails
Church, Va., October 15, 1913, Wm. Middleton, October 22, 1913,
302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
C. T. Greene; two males, Plummers Island, Md., October 19, 1914,
R.C. Shannon, October 6, 1932, G. P. Engelhart; one female, Fluvanna
County, Va.; one female, Columbia, S. C., G. F. Atkinson; two females
and one male, Harrisburg, Pa., September 20 and October 6, 1923,
J. N. Knull; one male, Ocean View, N. J., October 7, 1927, C. H.
Ballou; one male, Seaside Park, N. J., October 24, Weiss and West;
one male, Ithaca, N. Y.; two males, Blue Hill, Mass., September 20,
1891; two males, Hinckley, Ohio, September 26, 1934, F. D. DeGant;
one male, Agricultural College, Mich.; one female, Springfield, IIl.;
September 19, 1935, A. R. Park, Jr.; one female, Shades, Ind., Novem-
ber 12, 1927, H. H. Ross; one of each sex reared October 21, 1884, at
Washington, D. C., under Bureau of Entomology no. 3355° from
Agrotis alternata Grote (this is the record published in Insect Life
under EHzxetastes rufofemoratus Provancher); one female, Hopkins
U.S. no. 2525, Cornelia, Ga., November 28, 1903, “crawling in road;
temperature below freezing’, W. F. Fiske; one female, Willard, Mo.,
November 26; and one female, Itasca State Park, Minn., September
1927, S. Garthside.
48. EXETASTES DICHROUS, new species
Female.—Length 14 mm, antennae broken.
Head much more than twice as broad as thick; occiput moderately
concave, little broader than vertex; temples nearly flat, strongly
receding, finely, sparsely punctate; frons broadly concave, sparsely
punctate; face more densely punctate, less than twice as broad as
long, medially somewhat elevated, distinctly convex at sides below;
clypeus distinctly separated at sides, much narrower than face, fully
three-fourths as long as broad, basal portion strongly convex, espe-
cially in middle, apical portion flat, apical margin strongly rounded
and medially subtruncate; cheeks in front view concave, their extended
angle sharply acute; malar space nearly three-fourths as long as basal
width of mandible; distance from base of mandible to junction of
occipital and hypostomal carinae three-fourths as long as basal width
of mandible; mouth hardly broader than face; mandible much more
than half as broad at base as long, little more than half as broad at
apex as at base; eyes moderately convex, slightly longer than width of
face, subparallel; postocellar and ocellocular lines equal and nearly
twice diameter of an ocellus; antennae very slender (tips gone).
Thorax shining, evenly, not densely punctate, metapleurum partly
rugulosely so, mesoscutum and scutellum more sparsely so; notauli
absent; scutellum large, strongly convex; propodeum coarsely reticu-
late rugose, spiracles very long, curved, situated less than their length
above the distinct pleural carinae.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 303
Legs very slender; hind femur fully three-fourths as long as tibia;
inner hind calcarium more than half as long as basitarsus; apical
tarsal joint much shorter than third.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius moderately curved at base, about
a half longer than basal abscissa; second recurrent less than two-thirds
as long as basal abscissa of subdiscoideus; nervulus slightly postfurcal;
abscissula twice as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen polished, strongly compressed, and very deep apically;
first tergite a little more than twice as long as broad at apex, second
slightly longer than broad at base; ovipositor short, straight, sheath
only about a third as long as first tergite.
Black, with abdomen ferruginous, tergites beyond sixth and apex of
hypopygium blackish; wings deeply infumate.
Type locality.—Siskiyou County, Calif.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51826.
One specimen.
49, EXETASTES CORVINUS, new species
Similar in structure to dichrous, but at once distinguishable by its
black abdomen.
Female.—Length 13 mm, antennae 11 mm.
Differs from dichrous as follows: Temples even more strongly reced-
ing; face twice as broad as long; malar space two-thirds basal width
of mandible; eyes slightly convergent below; antenna 64-jointed,
slender, attenuate at apex; propodeum very coarsely reticulate rugose,
this sculpture also involving most of the metapleurum.
Abdomen entirely black.
Type locality—Vya, Washoe County, Nev.
Type.—Cornell University.
One specimen, July 19, 1927, H. E. Guerlac.
50. EXETASTES FLAVIPENNIS Cresson
Exetastes flavipennis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 275, 1865;
female.
This and the rest of the species form a group most closely related
to the genotype, fornicator (Fabricius). They are characterized by
receding temples; large convergent eyes; long, weakly divided clypeus;
moderately long, usually somewhat concave malar space; long man-
dibles, only slightly narrowing apically; long slender antennae with
from 50 to 60 joints, apically somewhat attenuate in female; evenly,
rather densely punctate thorax; usually more or less distinctly im-
pressed notauli; strongly convex, immargined scutellum; rugose
propodeum with the rugosity coarser and somewhat elevated medially
and with longitudinal and apical carinae more or less indicated;
long, rather stout hind legs with femora fully three-fourths as long
304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
as tibiae and inner calearium fully half as long as basitarsus; simple
claws; strongly curved apical abscissa of radius; large obliquely
rhomboidal areolet; very strongly curved or subangulate second
recurrent; rather long second discoidal cell; smooth, polished, apically
compressed abdomen with first tergite at least twice as long as broad
at apex; ovipositor short, straight, with sheath not or barely half as
long as first tergite; entirely black body, this color including at least
the coxae and trochanters and sometimes the entire legs; and more or
less distinctly infumate wings.
The present species is distinct from all the others in its bright yellow,
apically infumate wings.
Female.—Length 15 mm, antennae 13 mm.
Head slightly more than twice as broad as thick; occiput rather
deeply concave; temples weakly convex, sharply receding, finely
sparsely punctate; frons densely punctate, mat, with a median welt
between antennal foramina; face densely and medially confluently
punctate, medially longitudinally elevated and with a deep impression
on each side below antenna, distinctly less than twice as broad as
long; clypeus more than three-fourths as long as broad, divided
slightly before middle, weakly by elevation and distinctly by sculp-
ture, apical margin sharply rounded; cheeks in front view slightly
concave, their extended angle sharply acute; malar space three-fourths
basal width of mandible; mandible twice as long as broad at base,
little narrowed toward apex; eyes slightly longer than dorsal width
of face, distinctly convergent; antenna 58- to 60-jointed, slightly
attenuate at apex, first joint of flagellum barely twice as long as
second, joints just beyond middle about as thick as long.
Thorax densely punctate, least densely so and strongly shining on
mesopleurum and scutellum; notauli shallow but distinct; propodeum
finely reticulate rugose, with more or less distinct lateral median traces
of apical carina, and with lateral and pleural carinae indicated;
spiracles elongate, situated well above pleural carinae.
Legs rather stout, hind femur barely six times as long as thick,
three-fourths as long as tibia; inner hind calcarium distinctly more
than half as long as basitarsus, apical joint of hind tarsus nearly as
long as third joint.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius a half longer than basal abscissa,
strongly curved at base; areolet oblique rhomboidal, apical angle
acute, second recurrent slightly before middle; basal abscissa of
subdiscoideus hardly a half longer than second recurrent, the latter
strongly curved above; nervulus slightly postfurcal; abscissula twice
as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen polished, with only sides of petiole punctate, compressed
at apex; first tergite twice as long as broad at apex, second longer
than broad at base; ovipositor sheath less than half as long as first
tergite.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN 305
Body, antennae, and legs black; front femur at apex and tibia
throughout anteriorly yellowish, tarsi brownish apically; wings bright
yellow, apically infumate, venation yellowish ferruginous.
Type locality —Colorado.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia no. 1608.
Paratype —U.S.N.M. no. 44732.
Remarks.—In addition to the type series I have seen one female
from Poudre River Canyon, Fort Collins, Colo., 6,000 feet, June 20,
1929, Klotz, collector; one from Pollock, Idaho, July 1, 1907, J. M.
Aldrich, and one from Meadow Valley, Mexico, C. H. T. Townsend.
The above description is based on the three specimens listed above and
the National Museum paratype.
51. EXETASTES ANTHRACINUS, new species
Female.—Length 16 mm, antennae 12 mm.
Head more than twice as broad as thick; occiput rather deeply
concave; temples weakly convex and receding at about 45°, sparsely
punctate; frons more densely punctate, especially at sides, scrobes sep-
arated by a triangular elevation; face densely punctate, confluently so
in middle, with a deep impression on each side above; nearly twice as
long as broad; clypeus two-thirds as long as broad, base rather strongly
convex and densely punctate; cheeks in front view weakly concave;
malar space two-thirds basal width of mandible; mandible twice as
long as broad at base; eyes very weakly convergent below, slightly
longer than dorsal width of face; diameter of lateral ocellus slightly
more than half postocellar line; antenna 60-jointed, first joint of flagel-
lum fully twice as long as second, joints beyond middle as thick as long,
apex attenuate.
Thorax dorsally densely, laterally more coarsely and sparsely,
punctate; notauli very faintly mdicated on disk; scutellum narrow,
strongly convex, densely punctate; mesopleurum shining; more coarsely
punctate, the punctures about their diameter apart; metapleurum
somewhat more densely punctate; propodeum irregularly rugose,
longitudinal and apical carinae indicated.
Legs slender; hind femur three-fourths as long as tibia; inner cal-
carium slightly more than half as long as basitarsus; apical joint of
hind tarsus as long as third.
Wings: Apical abscissa of radius strongly curved at base, less than
twice as long as basal abscissa; areolet oblique rhomboidal, recurrent
in middle; recurrent strongly curved and subangulate above; abscissula
twice as long as intercubitella.
Abdomen polished, strongly compressed at apex; first tergite fully
twice as long as broad at apex, punctate laterally at base; second nearly
a half longer than broad at base; ovipositor straight, sheath hardly as
long as first tergite.
306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Black; legs black throughout except that front legs are pale ante-
riorly and all tarsi are brown apically; wings deeply, uniformly
infumate.
Male.—Except for slightly larger ocelli, shorter malar space, and
less attenuate antennae with three or four fewer joints, differing only
sexually.
Type locality.—Nantucket, Mass.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51827.
Paratypes.—Boston Society of Natural History.
Remarks.—Two of each sex, the holotype female captured July 16,
1926, and the allotype and the male paratype June 23, 1926, by C. W.
Johnson, and the female paratype July 12 by A. P. Morse. All are
from the type locality.
52. EXETASTES GEMINUS, new species
This species is extremely closely allied to anthracinus, perhaps only
a southern race of that species, but the nine specimens at hand differ
constantly by the key characters, though in practically every other
respect they are like anthracinus.
Type locality Swannanoa, N. C.
Type.-—U.S.N.M. no. 51828.
Paratypes:—Kansas University; Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.
Remarks.—Nine females; the holotype taken September 23, 1924,
by T. B. Mitchell; paratypes, Atlanta, Ga., September 4, 1932,
September 23, 1934, and October 2, 1932, P. W. Fattig; Wrens, Ga.,
August 22, 1930, R. H. Beamer; Venus (1,100 feet), Greenville County,
S. C., September 22, 1934, H. K. Townes; three specimens, Batesburg,
S. C., August 24, 1930, J. Nottingham.
53. EXETASTES PERSIMILIS, new species
PLATE 19, Figure 73
Like geminus this is perhaps only a geographical race of anthracinus,
but the temples are distinctly more strongly convex and less strongly
receding, forming with the longitudinal axis an angle of distinctly less
than 45°; the ocelli are larger, in diameter much more than half posto-
cellar line; the malar space is fully three-fourths basal width of man-
dible; the punctation of the thorax is distinctly finer and denser; and
the front and middle legs are reddish piceous rather than black, with
the front legs in female paler reddish in front rather than yellowish,
though distinctly pale in male.
The male differs from the female as does the male of anthracinus
from its female.
Type locality —Boulder, Colo. ‘
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51829.
Paratypes.—Cornell University; University of Arizona.
>
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—-CUSHMAN 307
Remarks.—Eight females and two males; the holotype female and
another female taken at the type locality by S. A. Rohwer on August
28, 1902, and August 25, respectively; two females from the C. F.
Baker collection, Colorado; the allotype male, Wind Cave, 8. Dak.,
July 15, 1924; one female, Jemez Springs, N. Mex., 6,400 feet, Septem-
ber 4, 1916, John Woodgate; one male, South Fork, Eagle Creek,
White Mountains, N. Mex., 8,000 feet, August 16, C. H. T. Townsend;
and two females, White Mountains, Ariz., July 28, 1926, R. B. Streets.
The New Mexico and Arizona specimens are somewhat smaller
than those from Colorado but appear not to differ otherwise.
54. EXETASTES SUAVEOLENS Walsh
PLATE 16, Figure 7; PuatsE 17, Fiaure 35; Puats 18, Fiacures 49, 66; Pate 20,
Ficures 88, 100; Puatse 21, Fieure 109
Exetastes suaveolens WaAusuH, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 3, p. 146, 1873;
female, male.—PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 11, p. 212, 1879; Petite faune
entomologique du Canada ..., vol. 2, Hymén., p. 384, 1883.—Datia Torre,
Catalogus hymenopterorum, vol. 38, pt. 1, p. 74, 1901.—VipreEck, in Smith,
Insects of New Jersey, p. 618, 1910; Hymenoptera of Connecticut, p. 274,
(1916) 1917.—Gauan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, p. 114, 1919.—Cusu-
MAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 64, art. 20, p. 43, 1924; 7m Leonard, Insects
of New York, p. 932, 1928—JoHNson, Biological survey of the Mount
Desert (Maine) region, Insects, p. 132, 1927.
Paniscus quebecensis PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 6, p. 106, 1874.
Exetastes? niger Davis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 21, p. 188, 1894
(preoccupied by niger Cresson). New synonymy.
Exetastes provanchert Datta Torre, Catalogus hymenopterorum, vol. 3, pt. 1,
p. 73, 1901. New synonymy.
Campoplez niger GAHAN and Rokwsr (not Provancher), Can. Ent., vol. 49, p.
335, 1917.
Provancher himself synonymized his Paniscus quebecensis with
suaveolens, and A. B. Gahan’s note (in MS.) says “not in Public
Museum, Quebec, unless under Evetastes suaveolens Walsh. All
specimens under this name are the same species.”’
The name LEvetastes provanchert Dalla Torre was proposed and.
comes into the synonymy of suaveolens because of the obvious mis-
labeling of a specimen in the Provancher collection. In his study of
the Provancher types Davis found a specimen labeled ‘“Campoplex
niger Proy.’”’ and in his report doubtfully referred this specimen to
Exetastes. Dalla Torre, finding the name niger preoccupied in
Exetastes, proposed the name provanchert and placed Campoplex
niger Provancher in the synonymy. When A. B. Gahan was studying
the Provancher types he evidently found the same specimen that
Davis had seen, for he compared with it a specimen of suaveolens and
pronounced them identical; and Gahan and Rohwer designated the
Provancher specimen as lectotype of Campoplex niger Provancher.
That this specimen can not be the type of Campoplex niger is at once
126981—37—_5
308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 84
evident when suaveolens is compared with the description of niger,
for it disagrees in almost every particular. In a subsequent reference
to Campoplex niger, Provancher * himself expressed the opinion that
it is nothing more than a variety of ‘“Limneria genuina Say”’ (undoubt-
edly Casinaria genuina [Norton]), and still later he * actually synony-
mized it with genuina. His type specimen without the original name
label is probably among those placed by him under genuina. The
last-named species agrees entirely with the description of Campoplex
niger, and the synonymy is doubtlessly correct.
It is obvious, then, that the lectotype designated by Gahan and
Rohwer can not serve in that capacity; that Campoplex niger Pro-
vancher is not synonymous with Fretastes suaveolens; that Exetastes?
niger Davis (not Cresson) and Exetastes provancheri Dalla Torre and
the lectotype of Campoplex niger Provancher must go into synonymy
with suaveolens; and that therefore Exetastes provanchert Dalla Torre
can not be accepted as a new name for Campopler niger Provancher, a
synonym of Casinaria genuina (Norton).
Recognizable immediately by its pale yellow tibiae and tarsi con-
trasting with the black body and otherwise black legs.
Female——Very similar in size and structure to anthracinus as de-
scribed above, except that the malar space is fully three-fourths basal
width of mandible, the ocelli much more than half postocellar line in
diameter, antenna with four or five fewer joints, punctation of thorax
somewhat finer and denser, notauli more distinctly impressed, hind
femur very slender, inner calcarium much more than half basitarsus,
and apical tarsal joint much shorter than third.
Black with all tibiae and tarsi and front and middle femora apically
yellow; wings dilutely infumate, paler at base; ovipositor sheath black
at base, brown at apex.
Male.—Differs from female in the usual way, larger ocelli, shorter
malar space, and less attenuate antennae, and also in having the front
and middle femora more extensively yellow and the wings usually
"paler.
Type locality —Of suaveolens, Illinois (?); of quebecensis, Quebec.
Type.—Of suaveolens, destroyed; of quebecensis, Public Museum,
Quebec.
Remarks.—Within its range in the Northeastern States and south-
eastern Canada this is one of the commonest species of the genus.
Among about 75 specimens before me the following States and Prov-
inces are represented: New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba,
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Michigan, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Included in this series are
specimens in the Canadian National Collection, American Museum of
3 Petite faune entomologique du Canada .. ., vol. 2, Hymén., p. 786, 1883.
4 Additions et corrections au volume ii de la Faune entomologique du Canada . . ., index, 1889.
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—-CUSHMAN 309
Natural History, Boston Society of Natural History, Cornell Univer-
sity, California Academy of Sciences, and the collections of H. K.
Townes and A. R. Park, Jr.
It is on the wing late in July and in August and, especially in the
southern part of its range, as late as the middle of September.
Despite its abundance, only one rearing record is available; a male
was reared in September 1892 from a larva of Cucullia asteroides
Guenée at Canobie Lake, N. H., by George Dimmock.
55. EXETASTES NERVULUS (Say)
The first to recognize this species as an Exetastes were Cushman and
Gahan.> The specimens then identified by them as nervulus are here
treated as a new variety.
Structurally similar to suaveolens, but with the ocelli slightly smaller,
the notauli virtually effaced, and the legs, notably the hind femur,
somewhat stouter. Distinguishable also by the black hind tibia and
the entire absence of black on the front and middle femora.
Except for the slightly larger size of the typical nervulus, I have
been unable to find any structural characters to distinguish from it
niger Cresson, rufofemoratus Provancher, and exploratus Davis.
However, the differences in the color of the hind femora and tarsi are
too sharp to be ignored, even though bridged by the new variety
intermedius and by variation within the varietal limits, and I recog-
nize them as color varieties.
The black hind femur of the typical form is approached in the
new variety, and the dark wings in niger and exploratus; in rufofemor-
atus the hind femur is sometimes considerably infuscate at apex and.
on the other side this variety sometimes approaches exploratus in the
color of the hind basitarsus; while exploratus is intermediate in tarsal
color between rufofemoratus and niger, the apical tarsal joints in the
last named being sometimes yellowish.
The varieties nervulus, intermedius, and rufofemoratus are north-
eastern in distribution, while erploratus represents the westward
extension of the species and niger the southwestern extension, the
species through its varieties ranging from Nova Scotia to British
Columbia and New Mexico and the typical form as far south as North
Carolina.
The varieties may be distinguished by the following key:
KEY TO VARIETIES OF EXETASTES NERVULUS (SAY)
1. Hind femur black or uniformly more or less deeply piceous__----------- 2
Hind femur ferruginous, sometimes more or less infuscate at apex__.---- 3
2. Wings deeply infumate; hind femur black; 15 mm___-.______ nervulus (Say)
Wings dilutely infumate; hind femur piceous; less than 15 mm.
intermedius, new variety
5 Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 23, p. 159, 1921.
310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
3. Hind basitarsus yellow, at most slightly infuscate basally; wings
dilutely infumaite.: ...1+.lu22.-2254-9¢_4-. = rufofemoratus Provancher
Hind basitarsus largely or entirely black; wings, at least in
female:-rather deeply infumate...- = -) 3 * 2 2 eee eee 4
4. Hind tarsus with only the basal joint black_._._--------- exploratus Davis
Hind tarsus largely or entirely black, at most reddish or yellow-
ish: apicaliye 7-2 25. Tet aie ere) el oe Sayer eee niger Cresson
EXETASTES NERVULUS var. NERVULUS (Say)
Banchus nervulus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 246, 1836; in LEConTE,
The complete writings of Thomas Say on the entomology of North America,
vol. 2, p. 700, 1859.
Distinguishable from the other varieties by the combination of
larger size, dark wings, black hind femur, and entirely yellow hind
tarsus.
Type locality —Indiana.
Type.—Lost.
Remarks.—This form is represented in the material before me by
the following specimens: One female, Wallingford, Conn., August
13, 1922, B. A. Porter; one male, Flushing, N. Y.; one male, White
Plains, N. Y., August 20, 1921; one female, Troy, N. Y., September 1,
1934, H. K. Townes (in collection of H. K. Townes); one female,
Garrett Rock, N. J., September 7, 1927, F. M. Schott; and one male,
Pineola, N. C., June 15, 1934, D. L. Ray.
EXETASTES NERVULUS INTERMEDIUS, new variety
Exetastes nervulus (Say) CusaMan and Gauan, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington,
vol. 23, p. 159, 1921.
Female and male—vVery similar to the typical variety but dis-
tinguishable by smaller size, paler wings and piceous rather than
black hind femur, the last sometimes approaching brownish red.
Type locality—Southwest Harbor, Mount Desert, Maine.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51830.
Paratypes—Boston Society of Natural History, American Museum
of Natural History, Cornell University, and the collection of the State
entomologist at New Haven, Conn.
Remarks.—The following specimens: Two females and one male
from Mount Desert Island, Maine (Southwest Harbor, July 15, 1918
[type], Bar Harbor, July 3, 1922, and Eagle Lake, July 18, 1919,
C. W. Johnson); two males, Princeton, Maine, July 12, 1909, C. W.
Johnson; one female, Montreal, Quebec, July 1; one female, Graven-
horst, Muskoka District, Ontario, July 20, 1918; one female, Waubanic,
Ontario, July 2, 1915, H. S. Parish; one female, Laurel Lake, near
Jacksonville, Vt., July 13, 1934, Harry D. Pratt; one female, Savoy,
Mass., July 16, 1909, W. E. Britton; one female, one male, Great
Barrington, Mass., June 16, 1915, C. W. Johnson; one female, Bash-
bish Falls, Mass., June 28, 1912; one female, Canaan, Conn., June
REVISION OF THE GENUS EXETASTES—CUSHMAN oLL
24, 1929; one male, Salisbury, Conn., July 10, 1926, W. E. Britton;
one female, Keene Vailey, Essex County, N. Y., August 3, 1918, H.
Notman; and one male, Newcomb, N. Y., July 5, 1918.
EXETASTES NERVULUS var. RUFOFEMORATUS Provancher, new combination
Exetastes rufofemoratus PRovaNcHER, Nat. Can., vol. 9, p. 212, 1877; vol. 11,
p. 210, 1879; Petite faune entomologique du Canada ..., vol. 2, Hymén.,
p. 384, 1883, female—Jounson, Biological survey of the Mount Desert
(Maine) region, pt. 1, Insects, p. 132, 1927.
Female and male.—Like variety intermedius except that the hind
femur is bright ferruginous, sometimes more or less infuscate at apex.
In some specimens this variety varies toward the variety erpoloratus
in that the hind basitarsus is slightly infuscate at base.
Type locality.—Quebec?
Type.—Public Museum, Quebec.
Remarks.—Like intermedius this is a northeastern form, specimens
before me having been collected in the following States and Provinces:
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, Vermont,
Massachusetts, New York, and Illinois. Included are specimens in
the Canadian National Collection, Boston Society of Natural History,
American Museum of Natural History, Cornell University, and the
collection of the State entomologist at New Haven, Conn.
It is in flight from about the middle of June to the middle of August.
EXETASTES NERVULUS var. EXPLORATUS Davis, new combination
Exetastes exploratus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 365, 1897; female,
male.
Female and male.—Intermediate between the varieties rufofemoratus
and niger. From the former it differs in the somewhat darker wings
and the largely black hind basitarsus; and from the latter in the
yellow hind tarsus with only the basitarsus black.
Type locality—South Dakota.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 177.
Remarks.—Originally described from South Dakota and Michigan,
this form is represented also by specimens from New Hampshire,
Illinois, Wisconsin, North Dakota, and British Columbia. All speci-
mens before me were captured during June, July, and August. The
series includes specimens in the Canadian National Collection, Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, Boston Society of Natural History,
Emory University, and the collection of Andrew R. Park, Jr.
EXETASTES NERVULUS var. NIGER Cresson, new combination
Exetastes niger CRESSON, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 4, p. 275, 1865; female,
male.-—Datta Torre, Catalogus hymenopterorum..., vol. 3, pt. 1,
p. 73, 1901; male.
Arenetra rufipes Datta Torre, Catalogus hymenopterorum .. ., vol. 3, pt. 1,
p. 513, 1901; female (part).
312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou, 84
It is pointed out elsewhere in this paper that Dalla Torre, through
misinterpretation of a statement by Provancher, erred in synonymizing
the female of this form with Arenatra rufipes Cresson.
Female and male.—Differs from the variety exploratus only in having
the wings somewhat darker and the hind tarsus entirely black or at
most with the apical joints pale.
Type locality —Colorado.
Type.—Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 1607.
Remarks.—Before me are specimens from Alberta, North Dakota,
Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, the last from an altitude of
8,000-8,200 feet in the White Mountains. All were captured during
July and August. Included are specimens in the Canadian National
Collection, Emory University, the American Museum of Natural
History, and the collection of Andrew R. Park, Jr.
SPECIES NOT SEEN AND NOT INCLUDED IN KEY
EXETASTES CAUDATUS (Provancher)
Banchus caudatus PRovaNcHER, Additions et corrections au volume 1 de la
Faune entomologique du Canada . . ., p. 121, 1886; female.
Exetastes caudatus (Provancher) Davis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
21, p. 189, 1894.
The type of this species had been examined by both A. B. Gahan
and C. F. W. Muesebeck. Their notes together with the original
description suggest that the species is probably allied to scutellaris
Cresson. Both Gahan and Muesebeck noted the broad temples
characteristic of the scutellaris group. Within this group the short
malar space, as noted by Muesebeck, and the length of the ovipositor
and the hyaline wings recorded by Provancher throw it closest to
scutellaris.
Type locality —Anaheim, Calif.
Type.—Public Museum, Quebec.
I have not seen the type nor have I been able to identify the species.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1937
U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 16
HEADS OF EXETASTES.
1, carinatifrons; 2, septum; 3, rugosus; 4.flavus; 5, bituminosus; 6, igneipennis; 7, suaveolens; 8, propinguus; 9,
matricus; 10, affinis; 11, bifenestratus; 12, zelotypus; 13, ornatus; 14, dilutipes; 15, angustoralis.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 17
HEADS OF EXETASTES.
16, lasius; 17, ruficoralis; 18, illinoiensis; 19, biocu latus; 20, dilutipes (h=hypostomal carina); 21, abdominalis;
22, matricus; 23, carinatifrons; 24, bioculatus; 25, ruficoralis; 26, illinoiensis; 27, propinquus; 28, flavus; 29,
septum, 30, lasius; 31, angustoralis; 32, bifenestratus; 33, igneipennis; 34, carinatifrons; 35, suaveolens, 36,
ornatus; 37, bituminosus; 38, rugosus; 39, dilutipes; 40, zelotypus; 41, affinis; 42, matricus.
U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84. PLATE 18
\
sn
ANN
/
4
~
OVIPOSITORS AND PROPODEA OF EXETASTES
43, bituminosus; 44, obscurus; 45, ornatus; 46, angustoralis; 47, pectinatus; 48, propinquus, 49, swaveolens; 50,
zelotypus; 51, septum; 52, rugosus; 53, carinatifrons; 54, ruficoralis; 55, ridens; 56, lasius; 57, propinquus;
58, bioculatus; 59, flavus; 60, igneipennis; 61, bifenestratus; 62, affinis; 63, matricus; 64, carinatifrons; 65,
rugosus; 66, suaveolens; 67, bituminosus: 68, zelotypus.
U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 19
WINGS OF EXETASTES.
69, septum; 70, crassisculptus; 71, angustoralis; 72, igneipennis; 73, persimilis; 74, ridens; 75, lasius:
76, bifenestratus; 77, bioculatus; 78, carinatifrons
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 20
U {0
ay \
|
\
g2 88,
98
ABDOMENS OF EXETASTES.
79, lasius; 80, bioculatus; 81, rugosus; 82, dilutipes; 83, ornatus; 84, bifenestratus; 85, septum; 86, igneipennis;
87, angustoralis; 88, suaveolens; 89, flavus; 90, ruficoralis; 91, ridens; 92, propinquus; 93, angustoralis; 94,
bifenestratus; 95, rugosus; 96, ornatus; 97, dilutipes; 98, propinquus; 99, septum; 100, suaveolens; 101,
igneipennis; 102, ruficoralis. (79 and 80 entire; 81-92, base in dorsal view; 93-102, base in lateral view.)
U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 21
ABDOMENS OF EXETASTES.
103, persimilis; 104, rugosus; 105, ornatus; 106, dilutipes; 107, propinquus; 108, angustoralis; 109, suaveolens
110, obscurus; 111, carinatifrons; 112, zelotypus; 113, septum; 114, ruficoralis; 115, pectinatus; 116,
bitwminosus; 117, ridens; 118, lasius; 119, bioculatus. (Lateral views: 103-116, apices; 117-119, entire.)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1937 No. 3018
A REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS (RALLUS
LONGIROSTRIS BODDAERT)
By Harry C. OBERHOLSER
Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture
INTRODUCTION
Tue marsh birds called clapper rails form an interesting group.
Relatively little from a taxonomic standpoint has been written con-
cerning them, and most of the literature consists of scattered notes
and descriptions of new forms. There has been, so far as the writer
is aware, no recent publication that could be considered a thorough-
voing review of their characters and relationships, except perhaps that
in James L. Peters’s recent check-list.1 This, however, is intended to
be but a check-list, though including the distribution of the various
forms. Apparently the best previous treatment of these rails is that
by Robert Ridgway in 1880.2, About 25 years ago the writer prepared
a revision of these rails, which for one reason or another has until now
remained unpublished. As several rather unexpected results de-
veloped from this study, it seems worth while to put them into print.
For the purpose of this investigation about 500 specimens have been
examined, including 21 types, which latter represent nearly all the
races. The sources of this material were chiefly the collections of the
United States National Museum at Washington, including that of the
Biological Survey; the American Museum of Natural History, New
York City; the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pa.;
1 Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 2, pp. 157-160, 1934. Cambridge, Mass.
2On Ralius longirostris Boddaert, and its geographical races. Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vol. 5, no. 3,
pp. 138-140, July 1880.
127716—37——1 313
314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; the Car-
negie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.; the Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago, Ill.; and the private collections of Dr. Jonathan Dwight,
Dr. Louis B. Bishop, Dr. Witmer Stone, J. E. Thayer, and J. H.
Fleming. To the authorities of these museums and to the individuals
mentioned the writer is much obligated for the use of material. To
Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Charles B. Cory, Outram Bangs, Dr.
Alexander Wetmore, W. E. Clyde Todd, and particularly to Dr.
Herbert Friedmann, the writer is further indebted for other courtesies.
In North, Middle, and South America there are approximately 27
forms of large rails belonging to the genus Rallus Linnaeus. These
may, in general, be considered to belong to two groups, the king rails
(Rallus elegans) and the clapper rails (Rallus longirostris). They
have, however, variously been treated as representing from two to six
distinct species, some of these with several subspecies.
The first problem of this investigation was presented in the necessity
for determining the number of species involved. Examination shows
that Rallus longirostris and the other South American forms inter-
grade completely with Rallus crepitans of the Eastern United States,
through the forms inhabiting the West Indies and the Eastern
United States, when individual variation of the island forms is taken
into consideration. Therefore, the latter must be treated as a sub-
species of Rallus longirostris, along with all the forms inhabiting the
West Indies. The same is obviously true of the additional races in
South America. Furthermore, when all the races represented by a
sufficient series are compared with one another it becomes increasingly
evident that none of the forms of the Pacific coast can be trenchantly
separated, including Rallus obsoletus, Rallus levipes, Rallus beldingtr
of Lower California, and the other recently described subspecies from
northwestern Mexico and southeastern California. Even the isolated
Rallus tenuirostris of the Valley of Mexico presents no characters that.
are not bridged over by individual variation when all the forms are
considered. There thus seems to be no alternative to regarding all
these as races of a single species. It might be mentioned also that
none of these overlap in their breeding distribution.
This accomplished, it remains yet to determine the status of the
king rail, Rallus elegans, of the Eastern United States, and its single
subspecies, Rallus elegans ramsdeni, of Cuba. This is an unusually
difficult matter to decide, and one concerning which there may well
be differences of opinion. The chief external characters separating
the king rails from the clapper rails consist in the much more reddish
bend of the wing, and in the rich rufescent-olive tinge of the upper
parts of the former birds, this involving both the centers and margins
of the feathers. There is little or no trenchant difference in behavior,
voice, nest building, or other habits between these two species.
'
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 315
Neither one of the external characters of plumage above mentioned,
nor any difference in size or proportions, is entirely trenchant when
all the races of Rallus longirostris are included. However, even though
individually the two species may apparently intergrade in their char-
acters, they sometimes breed in the same areas, as for instance in
Texas, Louisiana, Cuba, and North Carolina, where their ranges, at
the edges at least, overlap; and it is interesting to note that in these
particular places the characters of the two birds are such as to render
them easily distinguishable. For the most part Rallus elegans is a
fresh-water bird, and Rallus longirostris an inhabitant of the salt
marshes, but Rallus elegans sometimes breeds in salt or brackish areas
where also there are clapper rails; and some of the subspecies of clapper
rails, such as Rallus longirostris yumanensis and Rallus longirostris
tenwirostris are strictly fresh-water birds. Furthermore, there is in
Cuba a subspecies of Rallus elegans, known as Rallus elegans ramsdeni,
although it is separated geographically from the typical Rallus elegans
elegans by two or three forms that are certainly subspecies of Rallus
longirostris, these being Rallus longirosiris insularum, Rallus longi-
rostris wayner, and Rallus longirostris scott. The two groups can be
separated more or less satisfactorily, however, by the use of a combina-
tion of characters, in that Rallus elegans presents the combination of
a very reddish bend of the wing with a decidedly ochraceous or rufes-
cent tinge on the upper parts, which combination is not found in any
form of clapper rail even though each one of these characters may not
be separately trenchant. Careful study and comparison are necessary
sometimes fully to appreciate these differences, but they are present
and are characteristic. In view of the facts above presented it is
apparent that we have here what might be regarded as a biological
species, and one to which the criterion of intergradation as a test of
subspecific relationship is inapplicable. There is a similar case in
Europe in the gulls called Larus fuscus and Larus argentatus; and others,
in America, as for instance in some species of flycatchers of the genus
Empidonar. Under these circumstances it seems best, at least for the
present, to consider these birds as representing two species, Rallus
elegans consisting of two subspecies, and Rallus longirostris, made up
altogether of 25 races. It is with only the latter that we have to do
in the present connection.
In a group as variable racially and individually as the clapper rails,
examination and study of the whole group reveal the significance of
differences in characters, which sporadic investigations wholly fail
to do, and this light enables one to predicate distinctions and separa-
tions of subspecies much more safely than would otherwise be the
case. ‘The group shows a great tendency to break up into local races,
many of which have very limited distribution, which accounts in con-
siderable measure for the recognition of so many forms. The most
316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 84
valuable characters for subspecific distinction are size and propor-
tions of wing, bill, and other parts, the color of the upper parts, and
the color and color pattern of the lower surface. In view of the great
individual variation in practically all the forms, comparative descrip-
tions of plumages are of much more value in delineating and identify-
ing the different forms than are detailed descriptions of individual
specimens, although the latter are valuable for certain purposes. In
making such comparisons, however, the great individual differences
of size and color, in nearly all the characters, cause the differences
separating the races to be in many cases based on averages; and it is
furthermore of much importance in making comparisons between two
different races to use birds in the same state of plumage and repre-
senting the same color phases.
The range of Rallus longirostris as a species extends north to the
Northeastern United States and to northwestern California, south to
Lower California, central Mexico, Yucatan, and through the West
Indies to Peru and southeastern Brazil. None of the 25 subspecies
that are here recognized has what might be called a very extended
distribution. With the exception of Rallus longirostris crepitans and
Rallus longirostris waynei all the forms are practically resident on their
breeding grounds and wander therefrom but little or not at all. The
habitat of most of the races is the salt marsh bordering the coast and
its inlets, although two of the races, as already indicated, Rallus
longirostris yumanensis and Rallus longirostris tenuirostris, mnhabit,
so far as known, only fresh-water marshes. Some of the others, how-
ever, are occasionally found far back from the coast, to show that they
do at times live in fresh-water areas, just as Rallus elegans sometimes
extends its breeding range over into the salt or brackish marshes.
Except in a very general way these birds are not important as indi-
cators of life-zone boundaries, although they have a very interesting
connection with ecological associations.
It might be of interest to mention a few of the cases so frequent in
plastic species—cases in which a subspecies differs much more in
appearance from its nearest geographical neighbors than it does from
some far distant relative. For instance, Rallus longirostris cubanus
resembles much more Rallus longirostris saturatus than it does either
Rallus longirostris scottii or Rallus longirostris insularum, although the
two latter separate it geographically from the former. Also, Rallus
longirostris waynei is much closer in appearance to Rallus longirostris
saturatus than to Rallus longirostris crepitans, or even to Rallus
longirostris scottii. Likewise Rallus longirostris saturatus is much more
like Rallus longirostris limnetis of Puerto Rico than it is to either
Rallus longirostris scottii or Rallus longirostris insularum. Also,
Rallus longirostris insularum is nearer to Rallus longirostris saturatus
than to Rallus longirostris scottii, and more like Rallus longirostris
*
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER oid
limnetis of Puerto Rico than the intervening Rallus longirostris cubanus.
In addition, Rallus longirostris leucophaeus of the Isle of Pines is much
more like Rallus longirostris corrius of the Bahama Islands and even
nearer Rallus longirostris waynei of South Carolina than it is to either
the intervening Rallus longirostris cubanus or the neighboring Rallus
longirostris caribaeus. Then, too, Rallus longirostris pallidus of
Yucatan is much closer to Rallus longirostris corrius of the Bahama
Islands than it is to any of the intervening West Indian races. The
bird inhabiting the Valley of Mexico, Rallus longirostris tenuirostris,
much more resembles Rallus longirostris beldingi of Lower California
than it does the intervening Rallus longirostris nayaritensis. Finally,
and the comparisons could be still farther extended, Rallus longirostris
crepitans of the coast of the Northeastern United States very much
more closely in color approaches Rallus longirostris corrius of the
Bahama Islands and Rallus longirostris pallidus of Yucatan than it
does any of the geographically intervening races.
Between the adult male and the adult female of this species there is
practically no difference in color. The latter, however, is decidedly
smaller in average size. The nestling is when hatched approximately
75-80 mm in length, above jet black with a greenish gloss, below
brownish black with a slight greenish gloss anteriorly, but with the
abdomen dark blackish clove brown. In some individuals and some
races there are slight differences in the color of the lower parts. This
plumage is worn until the bird has grown to about twice its original
size and the bill to sometimes two and one-half times as long as it was
at the beginning. The only color change that takes place during this
period is the lightening of the lower surface to clove brown, this then
being blackish only anteriorly. The juvenal plumage is similar to
that of the adult, but in general differs as follows: The upper surface
of the body is plainer and duller with less conspicuous streaking,
more like the pattern of the pileum; the sides of the head and neck,
particularly the former, are paler, more uniform; the median lower
parts are paler, the lower throat, jugulum, and breast with but a trace
of ochraceous buff, the throat and jugulum washed also with dull
grayish or brownish, often as edgings of the feathers; median portion
of breast and abdomen mostly white; sides of the jugulum, breast,
and body darker—dull or dark brownish gray, either almost entirely
or in the form of edgings of the feathers, producing often a mottled
appearance; flanks much paler than in the adult, mouse gray or drab
gray with much narrower, less regular, and more inconspicuous
whitish bars; and texture of feathers looser than in the adult. The
first autumn plumage, which becomes the mature plumage at the end
of the first year, is practically identical with that of the adult, but is
usually paler below. The last trace of immaturity in plumage is
the dusky edgings or mottlings on the sides of the breast, body, and
abdomen,
318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 84
From the black nestling plumage the young bird molts completely
into the juvenal plumage, the neossoptile feathers being borne on the
end of the mesoptiles until worn off, this occurring while the bird is
still growing, but these fragile down feathers soon drop off and dis-
appear. This nestling plumage may be observed from early in April
to late in August, according to local conditions, and the molt from this
plumage takes place from about May to September, being completed
from July to late in September.
From the juvenal plumage the bird molts into the first autumn
plumage by a feather change practically continuous from the downy
stage. By the time the bird’s bill, feet, wings, and tail are fully
grown, which is accomplished sometime between late August and
early October, part of the juvenal plumage is in molt; and by the time
the wings and tail are fully grown a portion of the juvenal plumage
has already disappeared. The first autumn plumage is thence com-
pleted sometime between late August and November, by a molt of all
the feathers, except those of the wings and tail, which are still those
of the juvenal plumage.
Adults molt but once each year, sometime between May and
October, occasionally even beginning in mid-April or extending occa-
sionally to late December, or even to January, and there are specimens
showing slight evidence of molt on February 2. The contour feathers
begin molting first, and the quills during the process of this change.
Seasonal differences in the clapper rails consist in the paling of all the
colors of the plumage, both above and below, until they become in
summer very much bleached. On account of the character of the
habitat of this species the feathers also often become very much
tattered by friction against the grass. The general color of the back
appears sometimes very dark when the black-centered feathers lose
their edges by wear.
Individual variation in this species, particularly in color, is on most
of the plumage areas very great. The chin and upper throat vary
from pure white to distinctly buff; the width of the white bars on the
flanks is also variable; as is the color of the flanks, depth of the cinna-
mon of the breast and of the other lower parts, and likewise the color
of the upper surface. So conspicuous are these differences that they
obviously represent color phases. These phases are much more
evident in some of the subspecies than in others, being practically
absent in some like Rallus longirostris corrius and very highly devel-
oped in such forms as Rallus longirostris saturatus and Rallus longi-
rostris waynei. In Rallus longirostris saturatus, for instance, there are
at least five more or less well-defined color phases that are in no degree
due to age, sex, or adventitious condition of plumage, while between
these there are all degrees of intermediates. These phases may be
briefly described as follows:
*
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 319
(1) Light gray phase: In this the feathers of the back and scapulars
have medium light, somewhat grayish-brown centers, and broad
edgings of clear gray.
(2) Dark gray phase: The back and scapulars are much darker,
the feathers with very dark brown or blackish centers, the edgings of
the feathers much the same as in the light gray phase or somewhat
darker.
(3) Light brown phase: In this the feathers of the back and scapu-
lars are centrally rather dark but decidedly rufescent brown, and the
edgings are light olive brown.
(4) Dark brown phase: This is similar to the light brown phase,
but the centers of the feathers on the back and scapulars are of a
very dark brown or black.
(5) Gray-breasted phase: In this very distinct plumage, while the
upper parts are like those of the dark brown phase, the whole area of
cinnamon on the jugulum and breast is replaced by an almost clear,
rather dark gray.
For the names of colors in the following descriptions Ridgway’s
“Color Standards and Color Nomenclature’ (1913) and his “A
Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists’? (1886) have been used,
All measurements are in millimeters and have been taken in accordance
with the recently published manual of measurements,’ as follows:
Length of wing: Measured in a straight line from the bend of the
closed wing to the end of the longest primary with these feathers in
their natural position, that is, not straightened.
Length of tail: Taken with dividers from the point of insertion of
the middle pair of rectrices to the tip of the longest, the tail closed.
Exposed culmen: Measured in a straight line from the beginning of
the feathers on the culmen to the tip of the maxilla, that is, the chord
of the exposed culmen.
Height of bill: The distance in a straight line from the base of the
exposed culmen to the nearest point on the ramus of the mandible
below.
Length of tarsus: A straight line from the center of the heel joint
on the posterior side to the middle of the joint between the metatarsus
and the middle toe on the anterior side.
Middle toe: Measured along the upper side from the middle of the
joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe to the base of the
uncovered claw.
All measurements have so far as possible been taken from typical
specimens.
3 Baldwin, Oberholser, and Worley, Measurements of birds. Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 2, Oct. 14, 1931.
320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS Boddaert
Guiana CLAPPER Ratu
Rallus longirostris BoppaErRt, Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle,
p. 52, 1788, after Dec. 1 (based on Daubenton, Planches enluminées d’his-
toire naturelle, pl. ‘849. Rale a longubec [sic], Buff. XV, p. 251” [=“‘Rale a
long Bec de Cayenne’? Daubenton, Planches enluminées d’histoire naturelle,
pl. 849; Le Rale & Long Bec, Buffon, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux (ed.
Deux-Ponts), vol. 15, p. 251; orig. ed., vol. 8, p. 163, 1781 (Guiana) ]).
Subspecific characters.—Size relatively small; bill relatively stout;
upper parts moderately dark and grayish; lower surface light; the
white bars on flanks broad and close together; sides of head light
brownish; little grayish on foreneck.
Description.—Adult, U.S.N.M. no. 70685, Demarara, British Gui-
ana. Pileum and hind-neck broccoli brown, in places somewhat
rufescent, mixed with grayish feather edgings, which posteriorly
impart a streaked appearance; back and scapulars with the feathers
centrally deep sepia brown, marginally lighter and dull gray; rump
and upper tail-coverts grayish olive brown, the feathers with sepia
shaft markings; tail grayish olive brown, the rectrices bister brown
centrally; wing-quills bister, the outer edges, together with the
superior wing-coverts, lighter, the inner coverts washed with grayish,
the outer ones cinnamon; alula light bister, the outer web of outer-
most feather margined with cinnamon; sides of head and neck dull
ochraceous gray, posteriorly darker and indistinctly streaked with
pale brownish gray; supraloral stripe paler, a lengthened spot on
lower eyelid dull buffy white; chin and upper throat dull pale ochra-
ceous buff; center of lower throat, whole of jugulum, and breast
light cinnamon; abdomen dull cream white; sides of body and flanks
rather dark grayish brown, rather broadly barred with white; under
tail-coverts white, all but some of the longest barred with grayish
brown; lining of wing grayish brown, barred narrowly with white;
thighs on outer side drab gray, on inner side dull grayish white partly
barred with drab gray.
Measurements.—Adult male*: Wing, 133-142 (average, 137.5) mm;
tail, 52-59 (55.5); exposed culmen, 54-55 (54.5); height of bill at base,
11-13 (12); tarsus, 46.5-47.5 (47); middle toe without claw, 42.5—-43.5
(43). Adult female *: Wing, 126-131 (average, 128) mm; tail, 47—
57.5 (52.7); exposed culmen, 46-53 (49.3); height of bill at base, 11-13
(12); tarsus, 42.5-47 (44.2); middle toe without claw, 41-44 (41.9)
Type locality Cayenne, French Guiana.
Geographic distribution.—Permanent resident from British Guiana
to northeastern Brazil.
Remarks.—The bill in this race is apparently stouter than in any
form of the species except Rallus longirostris crassirostris. The few
4 Two specimens, from Guiana and Brazil.
§ Four specimens, from French Guiana, British Guiana, and Brazil.
*
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—-OBERHOLSER 321
specimens examined indicate that there are at least two color phases
in this subspecies. One specimen from Guiana is exceedingly pale
below and above; in general appearance very close to Rallus longirostris
crepitans; and the feathers of the upper parts have very inconspicuous
centers. A dark phase is represented by birds from Cayenne and
another from Guiana, both of which are more deeply cinnamomeous
below, as well as darker above.
Specimens have been examined as follows:
Brazit: Mangunga Island, Maranhdo.
British Guiana: Demarara.
Frenco Guiana: Cayenne.
Gurana: (Without specific locality.)
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS CRASSIROSTRIS Lawrence
BRAZILIAN CLAPPER RaIL
R{allus]. crassirostris LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 10, p 19
(in text), Feb. to Mar. 1871 (“‘Bahia” [Brazil]).
Subspecific characters—Similar to Rallus longirostris longirostris,
but bill thicker, upper parts darker, more brownish; sides of head
more brownish; anterior under surface much darker, more cinnamo-
meous; and the white bars on flanks much narrower.
Measurements —Adult, probable male ®: Wing, 138 mm; tail, 52;
exposed culmen, 52.5; height of bill at base, 15; tarsus, 40.5; middle
toe without claw, 46.
Type locality —Bahia, Brazil.
Geographic distribution—Permanent resident in central eastern
Brazil, south to southeastern Brazil.
Remarks.—The only specimen certainly of this race examined is
the type from Bahia, Brazil, which is no. 45660 of the American
Museum of Natural History bird collection. It obviously represents,
however, a subspecies distinct from the typical form of the species,
which inhabits the Guianas and northeastern Brazil.
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS CYPERETI Taczanowski
PERUVIAN CLAPPER RaIL
Rallus cypereti TaczANowskt (Stolamann MS8.), Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1877,
p. 747, Apr. 1878 (‘‘Santa Luzia’’, near Tumbez, northwestern Peru).
Subspecific characters —Similar to Rallus longirostris longirostris
but much smaller, with a shorter and slenderer bill; sides of head
more brownish (less grayish); anterior lower parts of a brighter, some-
what darker cinnamon; and white bars on sides and flanks narrower.
Similar to Rallus longirostris crassirostris but smaller; bill much
slenderer; above lighter, more grayish; anterior lower parts of a
lighter, rather brighter cinnamon; and the white bars on sides and
flanks broader.
6 One specimen from Brazil, the type.
127716—37 2
322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Description.—‘‘Supra_ olivaceo-griseus fusco maculatus; collo,
pectore et striga superciliari flavis; gula abdomineque medio albis;
alis caudaque olivaceo-griseis; hypochondris subalaribusque albo et
olivaceo transfasciatis. Rostri brunnei mandibula inferior flavida;
pedes olivaceo-carnei; iris rubro-brunnea.
“Forme trés-voisine du R. longirostris, Vielll. La couleur générale
des parties supérieures du corps est d’un gris olivatre pale; le dessus
de la téte et la nuque sont d’une teinte plus foncée avec des bordures
des plumes claires, trés-fines et peu distinctes; tout le dos est varié de
grosses taches foncées, qui occupent largement le milieu de chaque
plume. La gorge est blanche, ainsi que le milieu du ventre; le bas
des cétés de la téte, le devant du cou, et la poitrine, ainsi qu’une strie
entre la naissance du bec et le bord antérieur de |’@il sont d’une
couleur fauve roussAtre claire; un croissant blanc se trouve sur la
paupiére inférieure dans toute la longueur de l’ceil; les cétés du
ventre et le bas-ventre sont olive-foneé, striées transversalement de
blanc. Les ailes et la queue sont de la couleur du dos; les sus-alaires
lavées de roussdtre, les sous-alaires olive-foncé, variées transversale-
ment de raies blanches, fines et peu nombreuses; les plus grandes
couvertures inférieures de la queue sont blanches rayées en travers
d’olive foncé, les autres blanches en entier. Le bec est brun corné,
avec la mandibule inférieure jaundtre dans sa plus grande moitié
basale, ainsi que le bord de la mandibule supérieure; les pattes sont
d’une couleur carnée olivatre; iris brun rougedatre.”’?
a ?
millim. millim.
“‘Longueur de l’aile pliée Byes 125
< de la queue 60 60
1" du bec, depuis la commissure 52 51
. du tarse fb 40
fi du doigt du milieu 40 37
a de Vongle 9 8
si du pouce 11 10
sf de l’ongle 5 4/7
Measurements.’—Adult male: Wing, 126 mm; tail, 51; exposed
culmen, 52; height of bill at base, 12.8; tarsus, 49; middle toe without
claw, 41. Adult female®: Wing, 118; tail, 49; exposed culmen, 50;
height of bill at base, 10; tarsus, 45; middle toe without claw, 37.
Type locality Santa Luzia, near Tumbez, northwestern Peru.
Geographic distribution Permanent resident in the coast region of
northwestern Peru (Tumbez) to western Ecuador (Vacquia).
Remarks.—This geographically far separated subspecies seems to
have, like many other forms of the species, a relatively limited range.
In fact, it is known from only two localities. In the color of its upper
parts it is practically identical with Rallus longirostris longirostris.
7 Original description from Taczanowski, op. cit., pp. 747-748.
8 One specimen, from Ecuador.
® One specimen, from Ecuador.
©
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 323
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS PELODRAMUS, new subspecies
TRINIDAD CLAPPER RAIL
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris longirostris, but
upper parts, including wings and tail, much darker; edgings of dorsal
and scapular feathers somewhat more rufescent; lower surface darker.
Description.—Type, adult male, J. H. Fleming collection no. 20715;
Caroni Swamp, Island of Trinidad, March 16, 1902; Bodington.
Forehead, crown, and occiput clove brown, more or less conspicu-
ously but rather narrowly streaked with brownish olive and light
brownish olive, the feathers of the forehead with stiff shiny blackish
shafts; hind-neck, back, and scapulars warm dark clove brown, much
streaked by the broad brownish-olive and light brownish-olive edgings
of the feathers; rump and upper tail-coverts warm clove brown, the
feathers very broadly margined with olive brown; rectrices warm
clove brown, passing laterally into olive brown; primaries and second-
aries sepia, rather lighter on their outer margins; tertials dark clove
brown, broadly edged with light brownish olive; primary coverts
rather grayish sepia; lesser wing-coverts light brownish olive; remain-
ing upper wing-coverts between snuff brown and Saccardo’s umber,
many of the feathers with ill-defined sepia shaft streaks; alula sepia,
the exterior web of outermost feather with more or less dull ochra-
ceous buff along its margin; sides of head grayish buffy brown, passing
into grayish olive brown on lores and rictal region; a narrow supra~
loral streak dull ochraceous buff, and a lengthened spot on lower
eyelid dull buffy white; sides of neck dull buffy brown, obscurely
streaked with dull olive brown; chin and upper throat white, with
but a suggestion of creamy tinge, laterally dull pinkish cinnamon;
jugulum and breast dull cinnamon, laterally much overlaid or mixed
with light olive grayish or olive brownish; abdomen dull white; sides
and flanks fuscous, heavily barred with white, these bars from
1.5 to 3 mm in width; thighs exteriorly dull pale brownish, interiorly
dull buffy whitish; lining of wing fuscous, the axillars rather broadly,
the under wing-coverts narrowly, barred with white. ‘Iris reddish
brown; upper mandible and tip of lower, blackish brown; rest of
lower mandible pale brownish red; feet brown with darker markings.”
Measurements.—Adult male °: Wing, 131.5 mm; tail, 54; exposed
culmen, 51.8; tarsus, 47.5; middle toe without claw, 46.5.
Type locality—Caroni Swamp, Island of Trinidad.
Geographic distribution.—Permanent resident on the Island of
Trinidad.
Remarks.—This new race is much different from Rallus longirostris
longirostris, of Guiana, by reason of its very dark colors, as already
10 One specimen, the type.
324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
detailed, but it agrees with that form in the stoutness of the bill, in
which character it thus differs from all the West Indian, Central
American, and North American forms of the species. From Rallus
longirostris crassirostris it may be distinguished by its rather shorter
wing, slenderer bill, wider white bars on sides and flanks, and darker
coloration.
The type of this new subspecies is the only specimen that the
writer has had opportunity to examine.
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS MANGLECOLA Danforth
ANTIGUA CLAPPER RAIL
Rallus longirostris manglecola DanrortH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 47,
p. 19, Feb. 9, 1934 (‘‘Five Islands, Antigua’’).
Subspecific characters —Similar to Rallus longirostris longirostris
but larger; bill much longer and slenderer; white bars on sides and
flanks narrower; entire upper parts, including wings, tail, and sides of
head and of neck, darker; and sides of head more purely grayish.
Description—Brown phase, immature, sex unknown, U.S.N.M.
no. 76386, Guadeloupe Island, West Indies; F. A. Ober. Forehead,
crown, and occiput rather grayish sepia brown, slightly and obscurely
streaked with lighter brown, the feathers of forehead with stiff, shiny,
blackish clove brown shafts; upper hind-neck olive brown, somewhat
streaked with light drab; lower portion of hind-neck, with all the back
and scapulars, between sepia and bister but mostly darker than either,
the feathers edged, often broadly, with Saccardo’s umber, light brown-
ish olive, grayish olive, light grayish olive, and smoke gray; rump and
upper tail-coverts rather deep sepia, the feathers mostly margined
with brownish olive; rectrices between bister and sepia, darker medi-
ally, and passing laterally into olive brown or buffy brown; primaries
and secondaries dark mummy brown, lighter on the latter and on the
external margins of primaries; tertials dark brown like the back,
broadly edged with Saccardo’s umber and light brownish olive; pri-
mary coverts mummy brown; greater wing-coverts between bister and
sepia or between bister and snuff brown, becoming snuff brown later-
ally; lesser and median coverts Saccardo’s umber, the former with
shaft streaks of sepia; alula mummy brown, the exterior web of outer-
most feather spotted obscurely with dull ochraceous buff; sides of
head mouse gray, the lores more brownish, a narrow supraloral streak
dull ochraceous buff, and a lengthened spot on Jower eyelid dull buffy
white; sides of neck rather light olive brown, obscurely streaked with
drab gray and buff; chin and upper throat white, with a very faint
creamy tinge, laterally pale ochraceous buff; jugulum anteriorly pale
ochraceous buff, deepening into pinkish cinnamon posteriorly and on
middle of breast, but everywhere somewhat overlaid with light gray;
.
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—-OBERHOLSER 325
sides of breast and middle of lower breast and of upper abdomen hair
brown (this a remnant of the juvenal plumage); abdomen dull white;
sides and flanks hair brown, narrowly barred with dull white; thighs
exteriorly between hair brown and drab, interiorly very pale dull
grayish buffy or ochraceous white; lining of wing mixed hair brown and
snuff brown, passing posteriorly into clear hair brown, and everywhere
much narrowly barred with white.
Measurements.—Adult male ': Wing, 146.1 mm; tail, 60.5; exposed
culmen, 73.9; tarsus, 54; middle toe without claw, 50. Adult female:
Wing, 135.5; tail, 60.7; exposed culmen, 64.8; tarsus, 45.8. Immature,
probable male: Wing, 148; tail, 62; exposed culmen, 64.5; tarsus,
51.5; middle toe without claw, 50.
Type locality —Five Islands, Antigua Island, West Indies.
Geographic distribution.—Permanent resident on the West Indian
Islands of Antigua and Guadeloupe.
Remarks.—This race is similar to Rallus longirostris pelodramus,
of Trinidad, but is much larger, the bill being much longer and slenderer,
the upper parts lighter and more rufescent, the centers of the feathers
less blackish (more brownish), and the margins of the feathers there
less grayish; the lower parts are lighter, and the center of the jugulum
has some gray wash, being not purely cinnamomeous. ‘There are two
color phrases involving the color of the upper parts, one gray, the
other brown.
A single specimen in fully developed juvenal plumage from the
Island of Guadeloupe, collected by F. A. Ober, is apparently the only
certain record of the occurrence of a clapper rail on this island. This
‘specimen, though fully grown, still possesses some of the dark juvenal
plumage on portions of the breast and abdomen, but otherwise, par-
ticularly on the upper surface, it has acquired the full adult livery.
Although it exhibits some differences from the average of the other
West Indian forms of the species, it seems best, at least for the pres-
ent, in view of its immaturity, to refer it to Rallus longirostris man-
glecola, which it most closely resembles. It is, however, in the brown
phase, and thus differs materially in color from the type of this form.
It may, however, be regarded as the brown phase of this subspecies.
For purposes of comparison it has been described above.
The folléwing specimens of Rallus longirostris manglecola have been
seen:
AntiGcua IsLanp, West Inp1zEs: Five Islands (August 10, 1933).
GUADELOUPE IsLAND, West INpres: (No further locality.)
1 One specimen, the type.
12 One specimen measured by Danforth, loc. cit.
13 One specimen, from Guadeloupe Island.
4 Type.
326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS LIMNETIS, new subspecies
Puerto Rico Ciaprper Ratu
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris manglecola,
but bill and tarsus shorter; upper parts somewhat more grayish (less
rufescent), particularly on the lower back; edgings of back and
scapulars also paler, giving a rather lighter tone to these parts; and
cinnamon of jugulum and breast paler.
Description —Dark phase. Type, adult male, U.S.N.M. no. 232261,
Biological Survey collection; Punta Picua, Mameyes, Puerto Rico,
February 12, 1912; Alexander Wetmore, original number, 1225.
Forehead and crown bister, most of the feathers with stiff, shiny,
blackish shafts; occiput sepia; hind-neck olivaceous hair brown, some-
what mixed, particularly on posterior portion, with narrow brownish-
gray edgings, which give a somewhat streaked appearance; feathers
of back and scapulars centrally varying from clove brown on the
scapulars to bister on the rest, marginally smoke gray, brownish gray,
or olive gray; rump and upper tail-coverts olivaceous bister, with
broad olive or dull olive-gray feather margins; rectrices olivaceous
bister brown, darker medially, and more or less broadly edged laterally
with olive; primaries and secondaries bister, rather lighter on their
margins; tertials like the scapulars, but their centers more blackish;
ereater wing-coverts rather light bister; their inner webs somewhat
more rufescent; median coverts centrally somewhat rufescent clove
brown, marginally varying from hair brown to brownish gray; lesser
coverts between bister and Saccardo’s umber; alula rather light
bister, the outer web of outermost feather mottled with cinnamon;
sides of head neutral gray, the lores, together with a rather broad
continuous stripe below the eyes through the auriculars, grayish hair
brown, a lengthened spot on lower eyelid dull grayish white, a narrow
supraloral streak pale dull buff; sides of neck and of lower throat
between broccoli brown and hair brown, posteriorly inclining to
broccoli brown and indistinctly streaked with paler brown; chin and
upper throat white, laterally rather deep cream buff; middle of
lower throat dull buff; jugulum isabella color; breast between pinkish
cinnamon and vinaceous bufi, somewhat whitish medially on the
posterior portion; abdomen dull white, slightly washed with cream
color; sides of body and flanks dark hair brown, rather broadly barred
with white; lower tail-coverts white, the middle feathers and also the
shorter feathers broadly barred with fuscous; lining of wing anteriorly
bister brown, passing posteriorly into blackish fuscous, and narrowly
barred with white throughout; thighs interiorly grayish cream color,
exteriorly grayish benzo brown. ‘Iris reddish hazel; culmen and
end of lower mandible brown, the base of bill reddish; legs liver color;
fore part of tibiae redder’? (Newton).
*
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 327
Downy young.—“‘Bill with the under mandible and distal half of the
upper as well as an elongated patch over each nostril bright scarlet,
the rest livid black’? (Newton).
Measurements.—Adult male *: Wing, 138.5-150 (average, 145.5),
mm; tail, 56.5-63.5 (61.2); exposed culmen, 62-68 (63.9); tarsus,
50-56.5 (54.2); middle toe without claw, 47-49.5 (47.4). Adult
female '®; Wing, 136.5-139.5 (137.6); tail, 56-60 (57.7); exposed
culmen, 55-60 (58.2); tarsus, 43.5-50 (47.4); middle toe without
claw, 41.5-43.5 (42.5).
Type locality.—Punta Picua, Mameyes, Puerto Rico.
Geographic distribution.—Permanent resident in the West Indian
Islands of Puerto Rico, Culebra, Vieques, Tortola, St. Croix, and
St. Thomas.
Remarks.—This is the West Indian race that apparently most
closely approaches Rallus longirostris longirostris, but nevertheless its
bill is decidedly longer and slenderer than is that of the typical race;
the upper parts, including the sides of the head and of the neck, and
the upper surface of the wings are darker; and the sides and flanks
have narrower white bars.
In Rallus longirostris limnetis the jugulum nearly always has more
or less gray, although occasionally it is practically absent, this part
then being plain cinnamomeous.
The birds from St. Thomas appear to be somewhat more brownish
(less grayish) on flanks and upper parts, thus verging a little toward
Rallus longirostris caribaeus, but they are so close to Rallus longirostris
limnetis that they seem best referred to this race.
So far as our specimens show there are two well-defined color phases
in this subspecies—a light phase and a dark phase. There is appar-
ently no gray-breasted or brown phase, notwithstanding the fact that
there is great individual variation on the upper parts, though not so
much on the lower surface. For purposes of comparison the following
description of the light phase may be useful:
Adult male, U.S.N.M. no. 80997; St. Thomas Island, West Indies;
F. A. Ober, original number, 34. Forehead and crown brown, be-
tween snuff brown and bister, most of the feathers with stiff, shiny,
bister shafts; occiput and upper cervix olive brown; rest of hind-
neck buffy brown, mixed, particularly on posterior portion, with hair-
brown edgings, which impart a somewhat streaked effect; feathers of
the back and scapulars centrally varying from buffy brown to olive
brown and sepia, marginally smoke gray, light grayish olive, or olive
gray; rump and upper tail-coverts olive brown, the edgings of the
feathers rather lighter and inclining to dull grayish olive; rectrices
olive brown, deepening to sepia medially, and rather lighter, more
15 Eleven specimens, from Puerto Rico, Culebra Island, and St. Thomas.
16 Five specimens, from Puerto Rico and St. Thomas.
328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
grayish, or olivaceous marginally; primaries and secondaries mummy
brown, rather lighter on the external webs, which are narrowly mar-
gined with olivaceous; tertials dark brown, between clove brown and
sepia, broadly edged with light grayish olive and dull grayish olive;
primary coverts mummy brown; greater and median wing-coverts
between mummy brown and Prout’s brown, the inner ones more or
less broadly margined with dull grayish olive, some of the greater
coverts somewhat tinged with cinnamon brown, also a little spotted
or irregularly barred with ochraceous buff or whitish; lesser wing-
coverts Saccardo’s umber; alula between mummy brown and Prout’s
brown, sparingly and faintly barred with dull ochraceous buff, the
outer web of the outermost feather almost wholly of this color; sides
of head rather ight mouse gray, the lores, together with a rather
narrow subocular stripe, buffy brown; a lengthened spot on lower
eyelid and a supraloral streak light buff; sides of neck and middle of
upper jugulum grayish olive, more or less mixed with pale ochraceous
buff and light ochraceous buff; chin and upper throat dull creamy
white, laterally pinkish buff; middle of lower throat pinkish buff,
somewhat dulled by an admixture of pale gray; breast and lower part
of jugulum between cinnamon buff and pinkish cinnamon, slightly
dulled by a faint wash of whitish or pale grayish; abdomen dull
white; sides and flanks between buffy brown and hair brown, rather
narrowly barred with dull white; lower tail-coverts white, most of
the feathers heavily barred with grayish clove brown; thighs exte-
riorly drab, faintly barred with pale dull buff, anteriorly dull grayish
cream color; lining of wing anteriorly mostly cinnamon brown, pos-
teriorly soon passing into dark hair brown, and everywhere narrowly
barred with white.
Specimens from the following localities have been examined:
CuLEBRA IsLAND, PurRTo Rico, West Inpins: Playa Sardine
(April 12, 1912).
Puerto Rico: La Playita, Salinas (May 2, 1912, April 29, 1912,
April 30, 1912); Punta Picua, Mameyes (February 12, 1912); San
Juan (January 4, 1899); La Playa, Manati (July 8, 1912).”
Sr. Tuomas Isuanp, VirGiIn Isuanps: (No definite locality) (1860).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS VAFER Wetmore
HIsPANIOLAN CLAPPER RAIL
Rallus longirostris vafer WretMor®, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 41, p. 121,
June 29, 1928 (‘‘Etroite, Gonave Island, Haiti’’).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris limnetis, but
wing and tarsus longer, tail and middle toe somewhat longer; upper
parts in dark phase darker, averaging somewhat more olivaceous (less
17 Type.
*®
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 329.
grayish); upper parts in light phase averaging lighter; both dark and
light phases averaging darker on the lower parts.
Measurements—Adult male!®: Wing, 151-159.5 (average, 155) mm;
tail, 61.5-66.4 (63.3); exposed culmen, 63.8-68.5 (65.5); tarsus, 57-61
(59); middle toe without claw, 50-54 (51.9). Adult female’: Wing,
134.5-144.5 (138.4); tail, 54.4-60 (56.9); exposed culmen, 53.6-63 (58.7);
tarsus, 46.4-59.5 (52.8); middle toe without claw, 40.5-45 (43.6).
Type locality.—Etroite, Gonave Island, Haiti.
Geographic distribution —Permanent resident in Haiti and Domin-
ican Republic, with their coastal islands.
Remarks.—In this race there is nearly always more or less gray on
the central portion of the jugulum. There are four well-defined color
phases—light brown, dark brown, light gray, and gray-breasted dark
brown.
The following specimens have been examined:
Harti: Caracol (April 27, 1927); Etroite, Gonave Island (March
18, 1920,” and March 19 and 20, 1920); Pekim, Gonave Island (July
7 and 8, 1920); Petite Gonave (March 19, 1930); Fort Liberté (Feb-
ruary 18, 1929); Petit Trou de Nippes (April 9, 1930); Grande Caye-
mite (April 11, 1930).
Dominican Repustic: Monte Cristi (February 18, 1916).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS CORRIUS Maynard
BAauwAaMaA CLAPPER Ratu
Rallus Corrius MayNArp, Amer. Exchange and Mart, vol. 3, no. 5, p. 33, col. 2,
Jan. 15, 1887 (‘‘an Island off the south shore of Andros [Island, Bahama
Islands]’’).
Rallus Coryi Maynarp, Amer. Exchange and Mart, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 69, col. 3,
Feb. 5, 1887 (‘‘an island off the south shore of Andros [Island, Bahama
Islands}’’).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris limnetis, but
bill, tarsus, and middle toe shorter; upper and lower parts very much
paler.
Description of soft parts.—“‘Iris red brown; bill orange brown, except
culmen and tip, which are blackish; legs and feet brownish orange’’
(W. W. Worthington).
Measurements.—Adult male: Wing, 137-150 (average, 146) mm;
tail, 53.5-67 (61.3); exposed culmen, 53-65 (59.5); tarsus, 45-53.5
(49.4); middle toe without claw, 44.5-49.8 (47.8). Adult female”:
18 Four specimens, from Haiti; measurements, except for the middle toe, taken by Wetmore, loc. cit.
19 Seven specimens, from Haiti and Dominican Republic; measurements, except for middle toe, taken
by Wetmore, loc. cit.
20 Type.
21 Seven specimens, from the Bahama Islands.
22 Ten specimens, from the Bahama Islands.
127716—
ao
7 3
;
330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoU, 84
Wing, 128.5-141 (134.7); tail, 54-62 (57.5); exposed culmen, 52-60.5
(55.3); tarsus, 42-50 (46.9); middle toe without claw, 38.5-45 (43.2).
Type locality—An island off the southern shore of Andros Island,
Bahama Islands.
Geographic distribution —Permanent resident in the central and
northern Bahama Islands, north to Abaco Island and Berry Islands;
west to Andros Island and the keys nearby; south to Ragged Island;
and east to Watling Island, New Providence Island, and Eleuthera
Island.
Remarks.—The Bahama clapper rail differs from Rallus longirostris
longirostris in somewhat longer wing and bill, slenderer bill, and much
paler coloration throughout. Birds from the various islands of the
Bahama group, so far as our material goes, apparently exhibit no
geographic differences. There are, furthermore, no well-marked color
phases in this subspecies.
This rail was originally described by C. J. Maynard in a little-
known publication, along with other new birds from the Bahama
Islands. His original description called the bird Rallus Corrius,” but
there is no evidence in this original place of description that the spell-
ing of the specific name was a typographical error. At a later date,
however, in the same journal Mr. Maynard republished this descrip-
tion and there called the bird Rallus Coryi,™* evidently intending this
name to replace Rallus Corrius, although he did not so state. Current
rules of zoological nomenclature permit no change in the original
spelling of technical specific names, aside from the change in termina-
tion necessary to make specific and subspecific names agree in gender
with their generic names, and also cases in which a typographical
error is obvious in the original publication. The word ‘Corrius”’
could easily have been formed as an adjective from Mr. Cory’s name;
so that under the circumstances it seems more logical to use this form
rather than the emendation later proposed.
The writer has examined specimens from the following localities:
Bauama Isuanps: Key south of Andros Island (April 29, 1884)”;
South Andros Island (May 22, 1904, June 14, 1904); Southern Ragged
Island (April 6, 1907); Berry Islands (April 7 and 8, 1891); Marsh
Harbor, Abaco Island (July 6, 1904); Staniard Creek, Andros Island
(April 15, 1909); New Providence Island (June 24, 1903); Watling
Island (March 17, 18, 22, and 27, 1909; and August 17, 1923); Lake
Isabella, Watling Island (March 23, 1909).
% Amer. Exchange and Mart, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 33, col. 2, Jan. 15, 1887.
24 Amer. Exchange and Mart, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 69, col. 3, Feb. 5, 1887.
ts Type.
’
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 331
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS CUBANUS Chapman
Cuzsan Cuaprper Ratu
Rallus longirostris cubanus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 288,
Dee. 29, 1892 (‘‘Casiida, coast of southern Cuba’’).
Subspecific characters —Similar to Rallus longirostris limnetis, but
wing longer; bill averaging somewhat shorter; tarsus and middle toe
shorter; upper parts much darker and somewhat more brownish (less
grayish); lower parts darker, particularly the breast, sides, and flanks,
the last two usually with narrower white bars.
Measurements —Adult maie*: Wing, 142.5-159 (average, 149) mm;
tail, 57-67 (61.8); exposed culmen, 58-66 (62.7); tarsus, 52.5-55.5
(54.9); middle toe without claw, 45-51.5 (48.2). ae female’:
Wing, 128-139.5 (132.6); tail, 49-65 (58.5); exposed culmen, 57-61
(59); tarsus, 48-54 (52); aie toe without claw, 43.5-45.5 (44.8).
Type locality —Casilda, near Trinidad, on the southern coast of
Cuba.
Geographic distribution Permanent resident of the island of Cuba.
Remarks —The Cuban clapper rail differs from Rallus longirostris
mangilecola in shorter bill, in having the ground color of the upper
surface somewhat darker, less rufescent (more grayish), the upper
wing-coverts less uniform and darker, the cinnamon of breast paler
and duller.
The present race and Ralius longirostris corrius represent two ex-
tremes in coloration, and the former is so very much darker, more
brownish above, and so much darker below, particularly on the sides
and flanks, and has such narrow white bars on the flanks that it is
separable at a glance. There are three well-marked color phases in
this subspecies, a light gray, a dark gray, and, though the middle of
the jugulum is more or less grayish in practically all the specimens, also
a gray-breasted phase, in which the cinnamon on the breast disappears
and i$ replaced entirely by grayish, while all the rest of the under
parts is more or less clearly grayish. Very pale specimens of the light-
gray phase sometimes resemble specimens of other races.
The following specimens have been examined:
Cusa: Mariel (May 10, 1900); Boqueron (August 19, 1930); Man-
zanillo, Oriente (September 2 and 3, 1930); Casilda, near Trinidad
(April 14, 1892) 78; Preston (March 6 and 15, 1915, February 23 and 27,
1915); wharf on Los Canos Estate, Manati, Guantanamo (February
29, 1912); Guantanamo (July 3, 1908, August 10, 1909, April 4, 1910,
October 3, 1910).
2 Eight specimens, from Cuba.
27 Four specimens, from Cuba.
38 Type.
soe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS LEUCOPHAEUS Todd
Istp oF Pines CLAPPER Ratu
Rallus longirostris leucophaeus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 174,
Aug. 8, 1913 (‘‘Majagua River, Isle of Pines’’).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris cubanus, but
wing averaging somewhat shorter; upper parts more grayish (less
brownish), and averaging somewhat lighter; jugulum, sides, flanks, and
crissum more grayish (less rufescent), and the middle of the abdomen
much paler cinnamon buff, barely tinged with this color, or white,
and the white bars on flanks broader.
Description.—Type, adult male, Carnegie Museum no. 39717,
Majagua River, Isle of Pines, November 7, 1912; G. A. Link, original
number, 262.
Forehead, crown, and occiput fuscous, many of the feathers of the
forehead and crown with stiff, shiny, black shafts; hind-neck between
hair brown and deep mouse gray, becoming on posterior portion like
the pileum, and a little, but narrowly and inconspicuoulsy, streaked
with light dull gray edgings of the feathers; feathers of the back
medially clove brown, of the scapulars fuscous black, all margined,
but more broadly on posterior portions, with light mouse gray; rump
and upper tail-coverts clove brown, with very broad mouse-gray
feather margins; rectrices medially fuscous black, the outer margins
widely mouse gray verging to deep mouse gray, the inner margins
clove brown; primaries and secondaries brown, between clove brown
and bister, the inner margins paler, the outer edges bister; tertials like
the scapulars; greater wing-coverts olive brown, with narrow more or
less irregular whitish and buffy bars; median and lesser coverts be-
tween Saceardo’s umber and sepia, basally rather more tawny, the
inner ones somewhat grayish; alula between benzo brown and fuscous,
the two long feathers irregularly barred with cream color and cream
buff; lores and rictal region hair brown; supraloral streak dull cream
buff; and elongated spot on lower eyelid dull white; remainder of the
sides of head, together with the sides of neck, gray, between pale
mouse gray and smoke gray; chin and throat white; middle of lower
throat dull white, very slightly washed with buff; sides of jugulum
gray like the sides of the neck but a little darker and slightly washed
with buff; middle of jugulum dull pale ochraceous buff; breast and
middle of abdomen grayish cream white washed laterally with pale
ochraceous buff, and shading into the buff of jugulum on the anterior
portion of the breast; flanks and sides of body somewhat light chaetura
drab, rather narrowly barred with white; lower tail-coverts white, all
but the longer lateral feathers broadly barred with the chaetura
drab of the flanks, these dark bars much wider than the white inter-
spaces; lining of wing anteriorly fuscous, posteriorly shading into the
*
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 833
brownish chaetura drab of the flanks, and narrowly barred throughout
with dull white; thighs posteriorly cream color, anteriorly mouse gray.
Measurements.—Adult male **: Wing, 135-155 (average, 146) mm;
tail, 57.5-67.5 (61.8); exposed culmen, 60.5-66 (63.3); tarsus, 50-59
(55.3); middle toe without claw, 44-49.5 (46.4). Adult female *:
Wing, 127.5-149 (134.3); tail, 53-62.5 (58.6); exposed culmen, 51.5-
59.5 (56.3); tarsus, 45-51.5 (49.3); middle toe without claw, 39-43.5
(41.2).
Type locality—Majagua River, Isle of Pines, West Indies.
Geographic distribution —Permanent resident on the Isle of Pines.
Remarks.—This clapper rail differs from Rallus longirostris limnetis
of Puerto Rico in darker, more grayish upper surface; darker lower
surface, the sides and flanks more slaty or grayish (less rufescent), the
cinnamon of the anterior lower parts decidedly paler; middle of abdo-
men with much less wash of cinnamon buff, or entirely white; and the
white bars on sides and flanks somewhat narrower. It is similar to
Rallus longirostris corrius of the Bahama Islands but has a longer
tarsus and is very much darker above, with the centers of the feathers
more blackish, the anterior lower parts, together with the sides, flanks,
and crissum, much darker, the flanks with narrower bars, the throat
and breast of much darker cinnamon buff.
Individual variation in this race is great, as in most of the races of
clapper rails, and consists chiefly in the darker shade of the head and
hind-neck; darker, more blackish upper parts in some specimens;
the rufescence of the wing in certain individuals; the extent of the
white area on the throat, and of the median white area on the fore-
neck and abdomen. In some specimens the median white area on the
foreneck is barely interrupted by the gray of the jugulum, though in
most specimens this area is thus definitely interrupted. The cinna-
mon buff on the chest ranges from almost none to a rather deep suffu-
sion; the width of the white bars on the flanks varies also; the lower
tail-coverts are sometimes mostly white barred with black, and some-
times mostly black barred with white; and the depth of the gray on
the jugulum is much darker in some specimens than in the type.
In normal phase this subspecies is moderately cinnamomeous below
and gray above, but there are two phases above, a gray and a brown,
and below a light phase, a dark phase, and a gray-breasted phase.
In the last-mentioned the lower parts except for the chin and middle
throat, flanks, and sides, and crissum are brownish gray, deepest on
the jugulum, breast, and sides of the breast, somewhat tinged with
cinnamon buff on the middle of the breast, and much paler but not
buffy on the middle of the abdomen. The upper parts in the brown
phase are very much like those in the brown phase of Rallus longirostris
29 Twelve specimens, from the Isle of Pines.
30 Twelve specimens, from the Isle of Pines.
334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 84
saturatus, but compared with the normal (gray) phase of the present
race they are more blackish, owing to the darker, more extensive
centers of the feathers, with the bend of the wing more rufescent and
the upper parts more rufous or ochraceous, the lower parts more deeply
and brightly cinnamomeous; in fact, superficially the whole bird in
brown phase looks very much like Rallus elegans. What might be
considered the normal phase of this subspecies is moderately cinna-
momeous below and gray above.
Specimens from the following localities have been seen:
Ist or Pines, West INpres: Los Indios (September 27 and 30,
1912, October 3, 9, and 29, 1912); Majagua River (November 7, 1912,”
October 26, 1912); Nueva Gerona (March 12, 13,14, 16, and 19, 1917).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS CARIBAEUS Ridgway
CARIBBEAN CLAPPER RAIL
[Rallus longirostris] c. var. caribaeus Ripeway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club., vol. 5,
no. 3, p. 140, July 1880 (‘‘ West Indies’’).
Subspecifie characters—Similar to Rallus longirostris cubanus but
lighter and more uniform both above and below, the centers of the
feathers on the back and other posterior upper parts much less blackish,
less sharply contrasted with edgings; white bars on flanks broader.
Measurements.—Adult male: Wing, 148.5-150 (average, 149.2)
mm; tail, 60-66.5 (63.2); exposed culmen, 58.5-62 (60.2); tarsus,
58-55 (54); middle toe without claw, 48-50 (49). Adult female**:
Wing, 142.5; tail, 61.5; exposed culmen, 55; tarsus, 49; middle toe
without claw, 44.
Type locality—Spanish Town, Jamaica, West Indies.
Geographic distribution.—Permanent resident in Jamaica.
Remarks.—The present race differs from Rallus longirostris mangle-
cola in shorter bill; in having the ground color of the upper parts,
including the wings, of a lighter, more rufescent brown, the edgings
also more brownish (less grayish); cheeks and sides of neck more
rufescent (less grayish); and the anterior lower parts lighter, duller,
less pinkish (more ochraceous) cinnamon.
It differs from Rallus longirostris longirostris in longer wing, darker
upper parts, and somewhat narrower white bars on the flanks; from
Rallus longirostris corrius in somewhat larger size, much darker upper
and lower surfaces, and somewhat narrower white bars on the flanks;
from Rallus longirostris limnetis in shorter bill, more rufescent (less
erayish) upper surface, this including both the centers and margins
of the feathers; duller, more ochraceous jugulum and breast, and more
rufescent sides and flanks. From Rallus longirostris leucophaeus of
the Isle of Pines it may be readily separated by its shorter bill, lighter,
31 Type.
82 Two specimens, from Jamaica.
23 One specimen, from Jamaica.
*
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—-OBERHOLSER 335
more brownish (less grayish) upper surface, the feather centers there
much less blackish and much lighter; less grayish (more brownish)
lower surface, the anterior parts being duller and more uniform
ochraceous buff.
In this race the jugulum is slightly but more or less evenly washed
with grayish, making the color of this part rather dull. All the
specimens that the writer has seen are in what might be taken for
the brown phase, as there are no grayish birds among them.
Specimens from the subjoined localities have been examined:
Jamaica: Near Spanish Town"; Great Salt Pond (January —,
1865).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS PALLIDUS Nelson
YucaTAN CLAPPER Rai
Rallus pallidus Neuson, Proce. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 18, p. 141, June 9, 1905
(“Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, Mexico’’).
Subspecific characters—Similar to Rallus longirostris caribaeus, but
upper parts decidedly lighter; flanks darker; and the cinnamon of
lower surface more pinkish (less ochraceous).
Measurements.—Adult female*: Wing, 143 mm; tail, 59.5; exposed
culmen, 53; tarsus, 48; middle toe without claw, 48.
Type locality —Rio Lagartos, northwestern Yucatan, Mexico.
Geographic distribution—Permanent resident in northern Yucatan
and eastern Quintana Roo, Mexico.
Remarks.—This clapper rail differs from Rallus longirostris crepitans
in having the bill shorter, upper parts including wings, particularly
the mesial stripes, and tail more rufescent (less grayish). It may be
separated from Rallus longirosiris corrius by the longer wing and
middle toe, and darker breast, flanks, and upper parts. The only
specimen known up to the present time is the type, but also the clapper
rail recorded from eastern Quintana Roo by Griscom belongs probably
to this race.
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS BELIZENSIS, new subspecies
HonpuraAs CuapperR Rat
Subspecifie characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris pallidus, but
upper surface, including the crown, very much darker, the dark
centers of the feathers blackish instead of olive brown, but the
edgings of the feathers lighter, more purely gray.
Description —Type, adult female, no. 19747, collection of E. A.
and O. Bangs; Ycacos Lagoon, British Honduras, May 14, 1907;
Morton E. Peck.
34 Type.
35 One specimen, the type.
336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Pileum and hind-neck sepia brown, the latter somewhat streaked
with narrow dull buff feather edgings; scapulars, interscapulars, and
tertials with centers of clove brown and margins of clear medium
gray, giving a conspicuously streaked appearance; rump and upper
tail-coverts dark brown (between clove brown and sepia), broadly
margined with dull olive gray; tail-feathers rather light bister brown,
with central stripes of clove brown, broadest on the two middle pairs;
primaries and secondaries sepia, the outer superior margins lighter;
alula light bister brown, barred on exterior webs of feathers with
cinnamon; upper wing-coverts exteriorly light bister brown, the
greater and median series interiorly becoming grayish with clove
brown shaft streaks, the greater coverts with a few narrow bars and
speckles of whitish; sides of head olive gray, with a white supraloral
stripe and small lengthened subocular spot; sides of throat dull buff;
sides of jugulum wood brown, inconspicuously streaked with dull
brown; chin and throat white; breast and center of jugulum light
cinnamon, the middle of breast whitish; abdomen dull white; sides of
body brownish gray, with broad shaft streaks of bister; flanks dark
brownish gray, rather broadly barred with white; under tail-coverts
white, broadly barred with dark brownish gray; thighs anteriorly dull
white, posteriorly mouse gray; lining of wing dark brownish gray,
narrowly barred with white.
Measurements.—Adult female*: Wing, 141.5 mm; tail, 57; exposed
culmen, 57; tarsus, 48; middle toe without claw, 43.
Type locality —Yeacos Lagoon, British Honduras.
Geographic distribution.—Permanent resident in eastern British
Honduras.
Remarks.—This new race is similar to Rallus longirostris corrius of
the Bahama Islands but decidedly darker on the upper parts, par-
ticularly the centers of the feathers on the mantle. It is similar to
Rallus longirostris caribaeus but has the upper parts, including the
crown, much darker, the dark centers of the feathers being mostly
black instead of olive-brown.
The only specimen of this new race that the writer has seen is the
type, but the characters exhibited by this specimen are such that it
apparently warrants separation as a new race. It appears to be
confined to the coast region of eastern British Honduras.
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS TENUIROSTRIS Ridgway
Mexican CuapperR Ratu
Rallus elegans var. tenuirostris Ripaway (Lawrence MS.), Amer. Nat., vol. 8,
no. 2, p. 111, Feb. 1874 (‘City of Mexico’’).
Subspecifie characters —Similar to Rallus longirostris cubanus, but
tail and middle toe averaging somewhat longer; upper parts, particu-
36 One specimen, the type.
.
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 337
larly the edgings of the feathers, lighter, brighter, more rufescent (less
grayish) (similar to the upper parts of Rallus elegans), cheeks more
brownish, less clearly gray; bend of wing much more reddish, the
cinnamon of the anterior lower parts darker, more pinkish, the
jugulum without any indication of gray; sides and flanks lighter, the
white bars averaging narrower and usually less distinct, often buff
instead of white.
Measurements.—Adult male*’: Wing, 151-159.5 (average, 156.5)
mm; tail, 62-70.5 (66.5); exposed culmen, 62-65.5 (63.5); tarsus,
56-59 (57.8); middle toe without claw, 49-53 (51.1). Adult female*:
Wing, 139-144.5 (142.4); tail, 59-65 (62.9); exposed culmen, 56-60
(58); tarsus, 47.5-53 (51.3); middle toe without claw, 44.5-48 (46.6).
Type locality —Mexico City, Mexico.
Geographic distribution.—Permanent resident in the Mexican States.
of Mexico and Tlaxcala, chiefly in the Valley of Mexico.
Remarks.—This rail is similar to Rallus longirostris caribaeus, but
its bill averages somewhat longer; the centers of the feathers on the
upper parts are darker, more blackish, but the edgings lighter and
brighter, thus much more strongly contrasted; bend of wing decidedly
more reddish; cheeks more brownish, less ee grayish; anterior
lower parts darker, brighter, more pinkish cinnamon and less uniform;
sides and flanks darker, the white bars narrower and less distinct.
This is one of the most distinct of all the races of Rallus longirostris
and as previously stated is the form that most closely approaches
Rallus elegans in its rather rufescent upper parts and reddish bend of
the wing, but the olive colors of the upper parts are not so rufescent
or ochraceous as in the latter species. Furthermore, it is one of the
few clapper rails that are strictly fresh-water birds, confined as it is
to the Valley of Mexico.
In this species the color phases are ae so well marked as in some
of the other races, although there are two phases involving the color
of the upper parts, a gray phase and a brown phase. The jugulum
is lacking entirely in the suffusion of gray; but birds in the juvenal
plumage are very dark above with little cinnamon below, the body
below nearly all white, more or less spotted laterally with brownish.
slate.
The available specimens represent localities as below:
Mexico: Valley of Mexico.
TuaxcaLa: Lerma (July 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9, 1904).
37 Four specimens, from the State of Tlaxcala, Mexico.
38 Six specimens, from Tlaxcala, Mexico.
39 Type.
338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS BELDINGI Ridgway
BEeLpinGc CuaprerR Ratu
Rallus beldingi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 345, [Sept. 11] 1882
(‘Espiritu Santo Islands, Lower California’’).
Subspecijic characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris tenuirostris, but
bill shorter, tarsus and middle toe somewhat so; upper surface darker
and duller, the bend of the wing less reddish; lower parts much darker
anteriorly (but without gray on jugulum); sides and flanks much
darker, the bars more whitish and much more distinct; chin less
extensively white; and center of breast not so often white.
Description of soft parts —Basal two-thirds of mandible and pos-
terior portion of maxillar tomium deep orange; remainder of bill
dark dull brown; end of mandible paler; feet dark brown.
Measurements.—Adult male *: Wing, 147-160 (average, 155.1)
mm; tail, 55-73 (64.8); exposed culmen, 53-63 (56.2); tarsus, 48-57
(53.1); middle toe without claw, 43-50 (47.8). Adult female“: Wing,
140-150 (144.8); tail, 54-68 (63.2); exposed culmen, 49-55.5 (52.7);
tarsus, 45-53 (49.2); middle toe without claw, 40-47 (43.9).
Type locality —Espiritu Santo Island, Lower California.
Geographic distribution —Permanent resident in Lower Celifornia
-and its coastal islands, south to Cape San Lucas, and north to central
Lower California; on the Pacific side to latitude 28° N. (Scammons
Lagoon, Viscaino Bay), and on the Gulf of California side to San Jose
Island in latitude 25° N.
Remarks.— Among the specimens of this race examined there seems
to be not nearly as much individual variation evident as in most of the
other races of this species. Only one phase of plumage seems to be
present.
Specimens have been examined from the localities listed below:
Lower Cauirornia: La Paz (January 4, 183-, February 18, 1906,
April 28, 1913, May 3, 7, 11, and 15, 1913); one mile west of La Paz
(January 4, 1929, May 20 and 22, 1929, February 18, 1929); three
miles southwest of La Paz (January 2 and 31, 1929; May 24 and 25,
1929); San Jorge (April 24, 26, 27, 28, and 30, 1931); San Jose Island
(June 20, 1930); Santa Margarita Island (June 7 and 10, 1931);
Espiritu Santo Island (February 1, 1882).*
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS LEVIPES Bangs
LicHt-FooveD CLAPPER Rai
Rallus levipes BANas, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 45, June 5, 1899
(“Newport Landing, Los Angeles County, Calif.’’).
Subspecific characters —Similar to Rallus longirostris beldingi, but
wing, tarsus, and middle toe averaging somewhat longer; upper parts
ies Fourteen specimens, from Lower California.
41 Twelve specimens, from Lower California.
« Type.
*
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 339
lighter, the edgings more grayish (less rufescent) olive; lower surface
anteriorly lighter, the chin more extensively white; sides and fianks
_averaging lighter, their white bars broader.
Description of soft parts—Adult: “Iris dark brown; bill brownish
orange at base, dusky along ridge and at tip; legs and feet dull orange
brown, darkest at joints” (Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer). Nestling:
“Bill dusky, with yellowish white band near end and yellow spot about
nostril” (Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer).
Measurements.—Adult male “: Wing, 154.5-167 (average, 161.9)
mm; tail, 62.5-69 (66.7); exposed culmen, 56-61 (58.9); tarsus,
53-60.5 (56.9); middle toe without claw, 50-54 (51.2). Adult fe-
male “4: Wing, 138-155.5 (147.3); tail, 57-67 (62.6); exposed culmen,
51.5-58 (54.2); tarsus, 47-51 (49.5); middle toe without claw, 41-48
(44.9).
Type locality —Newport Landing, Los Angeles County, Calif.
Geographic distribution —Permanent resident on the coast of south-
western California, north to Santa Barbara, and south to northwestern
Lower California (San Quintin Bay).
Remarks.—This form of the clapper rail resembles in a general way
Rallus longirostris tenuirostris, but it differs in having a longer wing,
shorter bill, lighter and brighter upper parts that are usually more
rufescent olive, darker anterior lower parts, somewhat more deeply
colored flanks and sides, and broader, more distinct, and more purely
white bars on the flanks.
The jugulum in this race usually has no admixture or suffusion of
gray, but occasionally has a slight wash of this color. The upper parts
present two chief color phases, a brown, or rufescent olive, and a gray,
both involving chiefly the edgings of the feathers. The lower paris,
so far as known, have no gray-breasted phase.
Specimens have been examined from the following localities:
CauirorNia: Sunset Beach, Orange County (December 18, 1918,
January 23, 24, and 31, 1917, February 27, 1917, February 7, 1918,
February 23, 1921); Santa Barbara (July 1, 1875); Wilmington, Los
Angeles County (November 16, 1879); San Diego County (May 9,
1905 [nestling], October 20, 1906); False Bay (April 10, 1908); Na-
tional City (December 4, 1886, October 19, 1917); Newport Landing
(February 23, 1886); Pacific Beach, San Diego County (September 13,
1904, November 25 and 29, 1905); Bolsa Chica Club, Orange County
(January 31, 1900); San Diego (May 9, 1905).
Lower Carirornia: San Quintin Bay (December 8, 1930); mouth
of Tia Juana River (July 17, 1894).
43 Ten specimens, from California and northern Lower California.
44 Twelve specimens, from California and Lower California.
340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS OBSOLETUS Ridgway
CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL
Rallus elegans var. obsoletus Ripaway, Amer. Nat., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 111, Feb. 1874
(‘San Francisco, Cal.’’).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris levipes, but tail
longer; upper parts practically identical, but the cinnamon of the an-
terior lower parts decidedly paler and much less pinkish (more ochra-
ceous), usually with a slight gray wash on the jugulum; sides and
flanks averaging paler, the white bars on these parts slightly narrower.
Description.—Adult: ‘Iris dark brown or orange brown; bill reddish
orange at base of lower mandible and along edge of upper, otherwise
dusky olive brown; legs and feet dull orange brown, darkest at joints”
(Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer). Nestling: Upper parts uniform
glossy black with a greenish sheen; lower parts of body duller or more
grayish black; basal half of bill blackish, terminal half whitish.
Measurements.—Adult male “: Wing, 153.5-170 (average, 161.7)
mm; tail, 68-80 (73.1); exposed culmen, 55-66 (60.3); tarsus, 52-61
(56.7); middle toe without claw, 47-56 (51.3). Adult female *:
Wing, 147-161 (151.6); tail, 60-76 (65.3); exposed culmen, 49-61 (55);
tarsus, 45-63 (51.1); middle toe without claw, 44-51.5 (47.4).
Type locality —San Francisco, Calif.
Geographic distribution Permanent resident in the coast region of
central California; north to north-central California (Humboldt Bay),
and south to south central California (Monterey Bay); accidental on
South Farallon Island.
Remarks.—This is a very good subspecies, but it intergrades indi-
vidually with Rallus longirostris saturatus. There are two color phases
involving the upper surface, but no gray-breasted phase. In the
brown phase the edgings of the upper parts are olivaceous, the centers
of the feathers olive-brown. The gray phase differs from the brown
phase in having much more grayish edgings on the feathers of the
upper surface, particularly on the lower cervix, back, scapulars, and
tertials, and also the dark centers of the feathers more blackish (less
brownish). Specimens examined came from the localities here listed:
Cautrornra: Alameda County (January 9 and 29, 1932, October
4 and 9, 1932); Palo Alto (March 29, 1901, October 20, 1907, January
19, 1908, October 1, 1909, October 1, 1916, August 4, 1899, September
16, 1899); Alviso (November —, 1895, December 16, 1896); one-half
mile north of Alviso (December 29, 1934); one mile north of Alviso
(December 31, 1934); Point San Mateo (November 10, 1933); salt
marshes, Marin County (October 30, 1877); San Francisco Bay
45 Twenty-nine specimens, from California.
46 Twenty-four specimens, from California.
v
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 341
(October 26, 1931); Bay Farm Island, Alameda County (April 3,
1915, October 3, 1925); Berkeley (November 27, 1891); Oakland
(November 23, 1889); Redwood, San Mateo County (February 1,
1908, October 18, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, and 30, 1909); San Francisco
(April —, 1877, March —, 1857 *7); Alameda (October 6, 1897).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS YUMANENSIS Dickey
YuMA CLAPPER RAIL
Rallus yumanensis Dickry, The Auk, vol. 40, no. 1, p. 90, Jan. 10, 1923 (“Bard
Imperial County, California’).
Subspecific characters —Similar to Rallus longirostris obsoletus, but
wing and bill somewhat shorter; upper surface more grayish, that
is, the edgings of the lower cervix, back, and scapulars are usually
(in normal phase) more grayish (less brownish or olivaceous) ; cheeks
somewhat more clearly gray (less brownish); cinnamon of anterior
lower parts brighter, more pinkish, usually somewhat lighter; abdo-
men dull white instead of buff.
Description —Type, adult male, no. J—1039, collection of D. R.
Dickey ; Bard, Imperial County, Calif., May 15, 1921; Mrs. May Can-
field. Forehead and crown between buffy brown and olive brown, the
feathers with stiff, shiny, blackish-brown shafts; occiput and upper
cervix grayish olive brown; middle cervix similar but lighter and with
narrow light dull wood-brown edgings; lower cervix fuscous on the
broad central stripes of the feathers, and between light grayish olive
and drab on the broad margins; feathers of back and scapulars dark
fuscous centrally, dull light grayish olive marginally, in places more
brownish; rump and upper tail-coverts between deep grayish olive and
hair brown, with shaft stripes of fuscous; tail fuscous, the feathers
margined with the color of the rump, most broadly on the middle pair;
primaries, primary coverts, and secondaries, fuscous; tertials and the
innermost secondary like the scapulars, but the latter more brownish
marginally; exposed surface of greater wing-coverts between buffy
brown and Saccardo’s umber, rather darker outwardly ; inner median
and inner lesser coverts between buffy brown and citrine drab; outer
median and outer lesser coverts between snuff brown and Saccardo’s
umber; sides of head dull mouse gray, the lores darker and more
brownish, the lower eyelid dull creamy white; supraloral stripe buffy
white, flecked with rusty; malar stripe dull light pinkish cinnamon,
fading to almost white anteriorly ; sides of neck like the middle portion
of cervix, but paler and more or less suffused with light pinkish cinna-
mon; chin and throat, white; jugulum and breast, avellaneous with a
cinnamon tinge, paling to light avellaneous on the middle of breast;
abdomen dull creamy white; sides, flanks, and crissum, deep grayish
hair brown, the flanks lighter, all barred with white, the outermost
47 Type.
342 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
feathers of crissum being nearly all white on their outer webs, the
white bars on the sides about 1 mm wide, their brown interspaces
about 8 mm; thighs between drab and hair brown posteriorly, dull
cream white anteriorly; lining of wing grayish hair brown with very
narrow widely spaced bars of dull white.
Measurements.—Adult male “: Wing, 156 mm; tail, 71; exposed
culmen, 58; tarsus, 51.5; middle toe without claw, 46. Adult female *:
Wing, 142-148 (average, 145); tail, 62-63 (62.5) exposed culmen, 53.5;
tarsus, 50; middle toe without claw, 44-45 (44.5).
Type locality —Bard, Imperial County, Calif.
Geographic distribution —Permanent resident in southeastern Cali-
fornia, from the Colorado River above Yuma, north to the Laguna
Dam, and west to Salton Sea.
Remarks.—In this race the jugulum is entirely without grayish
tinge. In the three specimens examined there is no indication of any
definite color phase, though a male taken on May 15, 1921, at Bard,
Imperial County, Calif., is much lighter on the anterior lower parts
and slightly paler on the flanks than the female taken on May 5, 1921,
but it is otherwise the same. Perhaps a larger series would show the
existence of definite color phases. The bird inhabits apparently only
the fresh-water marshes and canals adjoining the lower Colorado
River and Salton Sea. It has never been taken elsewhere. It
undoubtedly is one of the rarest of the rails of this group, and on
account of its limited distribution and the circumstances under which
it must exist it is possibly already extinct.
The following specimens have been examined:
Cauirornia: Bard, Imperial County (May 15, 1921,°° May 27, 1921).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS RHIZOPHORAE Dickey
Sonora CLAPPER RAIL
Ralius obsoletus rhizophorae Dicxry, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, no.
18, p. 235, Dec. 24, 1980 (‘‘Tobari Bay, southern Sonora, Mexico’’).
Subspecific characters—Similar to Rallus longirostris yumanensis,
but upper parts darker, more grayish (less brownish); anterior lower
parts somewhat paler and duller; sides and flanks more grayish and
somewhat darker. :
Measurements —Adult male: Wing, 147-155.5 (average, 151.8)
mm; tail, 60.5-65 (63.3); exposed culmen, 56-60.5 (59); tarsus, 54.5-
58.5 (56.4); middle toe without claw, 45.5-51.5 (48.3). Adult female”:
Wing, 139.5-148 (142.6); tail, 58-65 (61.6); exposed culmen, 53-57.5
(55.2); tarsus, 49-56 (50.9); middle toe without claw, 42-47 (43.8).
Tapes (the type), from southeastern California.
49 Two specimens, from southeastern California.
50 Type.
51 Five specimens, from Sonora, Mexico, including the type.
52 Nine specimens, from Sonora, Mexico.
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 343
Type locality —Tobari Bay, southern Sonora, Mexico.
Geographic distribution Permanent resident in the coast region
of central and southern Sonora, from Guaymas to the boundary of
Sinaloa.
Remarks.—The jugulum in this subspecies is entirely without gray,
being uniform cinnamon like the breast. Color phases are not so
marked in this race, although there are two that are well defined, a
brown and a gray, involving only the upper parts.
The following specimens have been examined:
Sonora: Tobari Bay (April 28, 1930, April 30, 1930, May 1,
1930); Guaymas (May 5, 1930); Viejo Yaqui Lagoon (May 12, 1930).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS NAYARITENSIS McLellan
San Buas CLaprpeR Ratu
Rallus nayaritensis McLean, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, no. 1,
p. 9, Jan. 31, 1927 (“San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico’).
Subspecific characters—Similar to Rallus longirostris rhizophorae,
but wing and tail shorter; upper parts darker, less grayish (more
olivaceous); cinnamon on jugulum duller but yet without a gray wash.
Description —Type, sex unknown, California Academy of Sciences
no. 28184; San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico, October 19, 1925; Miss M. E.
McLellan; original number, 483. Pileum fuscous, verging toward
hair brown on the forehead, the feathers with stiff, shiny, blackish-
brown shafts; cervix dark hair brown with narrow lighter edgings
between drab and grayish olive, these edgings imparting a streaked
appearance; back, upper tail-coverts, and tail, fuscous black, the
feathers all edged with lighter, on the back with light grayish olive,
on the upper tail-coverts with rather brownish deep grayish olive,
and on the tail with a darker shade of the same; wings fuscous, the
lesser wing-coverts with the outer portion of outer median and greater
coverts more or less extensively rufescent brown, between snuff
brown and Saccardo’s umber, the inner coverts, tertials, and scapulars,
broadly margined with dull grayish olive; sides of head mouse gray,
rather darker on the lores, the auriculars washed with buff; supraloral
streak creamy white; sides of neck mouse gray washed with buffy;
chin and upper throat, white; malar stripe and jugulum between
avellaneous and pinkish cinnamon; breast deep vinaceous cinnamon,
posteriorly paling to light pinkish cinnamon; sides and flanks between
hair brown and chaetura drab, narrowly barred with dull white, and
posterior portion of flanks paler and washed with buff; abdomen
creamy white, laterally washed with light pinkish cinnamon; lower
tail-coverts between hair brown and chaetura drab, narrowly barred
with white, anteriorly somewhat washed with buff, but the lateral
52 Type.
344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
feathers almost wholly white; thighs anteriorly buffy white, posteriorly
dull hair brown; lining of wing between chaetura drah and fuscous,
narrowly barred with dull white.
Measurements—Nearly adult *: Wing, 129 mm (in molt); tail,
56.5; exposed culmen, 59; tarsus, 50.5; middle toe without claw, 49.
Type locality —San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico.
Geographic distribution —Permanent resident on the coast of Nayarit
(Tepic), north to central Sinaloa (Mazatlan).
Remarks —Notwithstanding the fact that the description and
characters of this race depend upon the single specimen, which is not
quite adult, apparently in the fresh first autumn plumage, it never-
theless seems to be subspecifically separable from all the known forms
of the species. It is very different from Rallus longirostris yumanensis,
having the wing and tail shorter; the bill somewhat longer; upper
parts very much darker and more grayish, the centers of the feathers
more extensively blackish, their edgings more purely grayish; the
white bars on flanks and crissum narrower; the remainder of the
lower posterior parts more whitish medially, the cinnamon on the
lower parts not so extensive, though this difference may be due in
part to slight immaturity.
It is similar to Rallus longirostris obsoletus, but the wing, tail, and
tarsus are shorter; the upper parts darker, more grayish (less brownish
or olivaceous), the centers of the feathers more blackish; the anterior
lower parts less extensively cinnamon and much brighter; the middle
of the abdomen more nearly white; and the white bars on the flanks
narrower.
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS SATURATUS Ridgway
LOUISIANA CLAPPER Ratu
[Rallus longirostris] d. var. saturatus Ripaway (Henshaw MS.), Bull. Nuttall
Orn. Club, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 140, July 1880 (‘‘ Louisiana’’).
Subspecifie characters—Similar to Rallus longirostris nayaritensis:
but wing and tail longer; upper parts rather lighter, the edgings less
purely grayish, the central portions of the feathers narrower; cinnamon
of breast rather darker and duller; posterior lower parts less whitish on
median portion; flanks and crissum with much broader white bars.
Description of soft parts——Iris orange; inside of mouth yellow;
culmen dull brown; gonys flesh color; sides of bill reddish yellow;
legs pale plumbeous.
Measurements —Adult male ®: Wing, 140.5-163 (average, 150.4)
mm; tail, 58-68 (63.6); exposed culmen, 54-69 (61.7); tarsus, 47-55
(50.9); middle toe without claw, 43-52.5 (47.6). Adult female ”:
54 One specimen (the type), from San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico.
55 Twenty-three specimens, from Texas and Louisiana.
86 Sixteen specimens, from Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
»
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 345
Wing, 131-154 (141.3); tail, 56-66 (60.9); exposed culmen, 55.5-64
(59.9); tarsus, 42-52.5 (47.7); middle toe without claw, 38-47 (43.9).
Type locality —The Rigolets Lighthouse between Lake Borgne and
Lake Ponchartrain, southeastern Louisiana.
Geographic distribution—Permanent resident in the region of the
coast of the Gulf of Mexico, east to southwestern Alabama (Perdido
Bay), and west from southern Mississippi and southern Louisiana to
central southern Texas (Brownsville). Casual southeastward to
central western Florida (Seven Oaks on Tampa Bay).
Remarks.—This clapper rail differs from Rallus longirostris yuman-
ensis in shorter tail and longer bill and in having the cinnamon of the
anterior lower parts duller and less pinkish, the abdomen less purely
white (somewhat more buffy), and the white bars on sides and flanks
averaging wider. From Rallus longirostris obsoletus of California,
which (in normal phase) it rather closely resembles, it may be dis-
tinguished by its shorter wing, tail, tarsus, and middle toe; rather
broader dark centers of the feathers on the upper surface; lighter
pileum, somewhat less trenchantly defined from the cervix; less deeply
cinnamomeous anterior lower surface; rather darker flanks, the white
bars averaging broader; lighter, less brownish, more grayish sides of
head; less blackish lores; and broader, more distinct superciliary
stripe. From Rallus longirostris cubanus it may be separated by its
lighter upper and lower surface and broader white bars on the flanks;
from Rallus longirostris caribaeus by the darker, more blackish feather
centers of the upper parts, the darker cinnamon of the lower surface,
and the darker flanks; and from Rallus longirostris imnetis on account
of its longer wing and tail, somewhat shorter tarsus and middle toe;
rather darker upper parts; darker cinnamon of the breast; rather
broader white bars on flanks; and (in normal phase) jugulum less
tinged with grayish.
In this race the jugulum is usually more or less gray, although there
are specimens which lack practically all tinge of this color. Through-
out the range of this race as assigned there seems to be no geographic
variation, since birds of southern Texas appear to be identical with
those from Alabama. Individual variation is highly developed in
this subspecies. The great range of difference involves not only
color but size. The throat is sometimes almost pure white, varying
from this to cinnamon buff; the breast and jugulum range from very
pale to deep cinnamon, almost as dark as in Rallus elegans. The
flanks are in some specimens light hair brown, in others decidedly
blackish; the top of the head ranges from blackish brown to rather
light rufescent brown; the centers of the feathers on the back and
scapulars vary from blackish clove brown to rather light rufescent
brown; the edgings of the back and scapulars from nearly pure gray
to olive gray and brownish olive gray. The white bars on the flanks
346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
range in width from 1.8 to 3.5 mm, averaging about 2.5mm. There
are at least five well-defined color phases—light brown, dark brown,
light gray, dark gray, and gray-breasted.”
The following specimens have been examined by the writer:
AtaBaAMA: Dauphin Island (May 19, 1911, August 16 and 17, 1911);
Perdido Bay (September 2 and 15, 1911); Grande Batture Island
(May 23, 1911; September 5, 1911, July 21, 1911); Bayou Labatre
(May 22, 1911, August 5 and 11, 1911); Petit Bois Island (August 30,
1911, June 3, 1914).
Fiorina: Seven Oaks (March 9, 1910).
Lovistana: Octave Pass, Mississippi River Delta (January 31,
1911, February 2, 3, and 4, 1911); Main Pass, Mississippi River
Delta (January 31, 1910); Timbalier Island (May 25, 1895); Petite
Anse Island (May 2, 1894); Raccoon Pass (May 19, 1895, May 20,
1897); Isle Derniere (May 21, 1894).
Mississiprt: Biloxi (May 26, 1911); Bay St. Louis (September 23,
1898, April 19, 1902); Horn Island (July 3, 1913).
Texas: Padre Island (May 10 and 28, 1915; September 2, 5, and 6,
1914); Houston (June 14, 1922); Rockport (August 8, 1893; October 2,
1893); Corpus Christi; Peat Island, Laguna Madre (April 15, 1889);
Galveston (February 28, 1877); Sabine (August 30, 1902); Tarpon
(July 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, 1910; October 6, 9, 11, 12, 14,
16, and 17, 1910); Brownsville (July 19, 1891 [nestling]).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS SCOTTH Sennett
FLoripA CLAPPER RAIL
Rallus longirostris scottii SenNert, The Auk, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 305, July 1888
(‘Tarpon Springs, Florida’).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Rallus longirostris saturatus, but
wing and tail somewhat shorter; upper parts much more deeply
colored, the dark centers of the feathers more blackish, less olive
brownish; breast and flanks darker, the white bars on the latter
narrower; lower parts much more extensively grayish.
Measurements.—Adult male *: Wing, 135-155 (average, 146) mm;
tail, 56.5-72 (63.3); exposed culmen, 56-66 (61.6); tarsus, 42-55.5
(49.8); middle toe without claw, 39.5-49 (45.5). Adult female *:
Wing, 128.5-145 (137); tail, 54.5-63.5 (59.2); exposed culmen,
51.5-60 (55.9); tarsus, 42-51 (45.6); middle toe without claw, 37-45
(41.9).
Type locality —Tarpon Springs, Fla.
8? For detailed description of the differences between these color phases, see the introductory paragraphs,
antea, pp. 318-319.
58 Twenty-three specimens, from Florida.
89 Eighteen specimens, from Florida and Alabama.
.
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 347
Geographic distribution.—Permanent resident in Florida; north on
the southeastern coast to Jupiter, on the western coast north to north-
western Florida (Pensacola); and south to extreme southern Florida
(Cape Sable). Casual northwest to southwestern Alabama (Perdido
Bay).
Remarks.—The upper parts in certain specimens are very similar to
those of Rallus longirostris nayaritensis, but on the average they are
darker than in that form. The lower parts likewise are darker and
duller, excepting the flanks. Compared with Rallus longirostris
cubanus the present race has a somewhat shorter wing and shorter
tarsus and middle toe; darker upper parts; slightly darker flanks,
with slightly wider white bars; and in the gray-breasted phase the
whole lower surface gray, either without cinnamomeous or nearly so.
In Rallus longirostris scott there is much variation in the width of
the white bars on the flanks; and the jugulum is nearly always more or
less gray. There are four well-defined color phases; i. e. (1) (normal),
brown above with gray below; (2) brown above with cinnamon below;
(3) gray above with gray below; (4) and gray above with cinnamon
below. The gray phases are well marked by the much more grayish
(less ochraceous or brownish) edges of the feathers on the upper parts.
There is a pronounced gray phase of the lower parts in which much of
the cinnamon and the posterior whitish of abdomen are replaced by
dark gray, making the whole under surface appear much darker,
since what cinnamon there is left is much duller. As already men-
tioned this gray phase of the lower parts occurs in combination with
the gray and brown phases of the upper surface.
A single specimen from the mouth of Perdido Bay in southwestern
Alabama, taken on January 27, 1912,is, on the lower surface, a typical
example of the present race, and is very dark above, although in this
it is not extreme, and apparently verges a little toward Rallus longi-
rostris saturatus. It is, however, doubtless a wanderer from east-
ward, for the breeding bird from Perdido Bay is practically typical
Rallus longirostris saturatus. ‘Three specimens from the eastern coast
of Florida, a male taken 10 miles northwest of Palm Beach on May
28, 1920; one from Jupiter, March 6, 1920; and another from the
same locality, March 20, 1921, are rather surprisingly absolutely in-
distinguishable from Rallus longirostris scottii, as comparison with an
extensive series shows. Since these birds were taken so late in the
season they evidently represent the breeding form of that part of the
Florida coast, and indicate that the present race occupies the southern
part of the peninsula on both coasts.
The following specimens have been examined by the writer:
AuaBAMA: Mouth of Perdido Bay (January 27, 1912).
Fioripa: Pensacola (July 28, 1926); Westbay (April 27 and 28,
1926); Horseshoe Point (May 25, 1926); Tarpon Springs (April 17,
348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
1891, May 24, 1918, ® December —, 1886, January 8, 1887, December
27, 1887, January 16 and 23, 1892, March 20, 1892, December 5 and
20, 1889, November 23, 1889, May 3, 1890, February 17 and 28,
1888); Tampa Bay (September 8, 1899, April 30, 1880); Fort Myers
(January 16, 1892); Hernando County (December 1, 1880); Suwannee
River, Lafayette County; mouth of Suwannee River (March 27 and 30,
1890); Charlotte Harbor; Clearwater; Port Richey (May 26, 27, and
28, 1918); 4 miles southwest of Punta Gorda (June 26, 1918); Anclote
Keys (June 5, 1918); mouth of Chassahowitzka River (May 30 and
31, 1918); 10 miles northwest of Palm Beach (May 28, 1920); Jupi-
ter (March 6, 1920, March 20, 1921); Goose Creek (March 13 and 16,
1920); East Goose Creek (November 22, 1917); St. Marks (May 18,
1926, nestling and adult; January 3 and 12, 1920); Seven Oaks
(March 9, 12, and 15, 1910, June 1, 1899, October 21, 1903); Lukens
(January 1, 1906); Anclote (April 15 and 27, 1899; March 1 and 8,
1897; February 27, 1897).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS INSULARUM W. S. Brooks
MANGROVE CLAPPER Rain
Rallus longirostris insularum W. S. Brooxs, Proc. New England Zool. Club,
vol. 7, p. 53, June 24, 1920 (‘Big Pine Key, Florida’).
Rallus longirostris helius OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 33, p. 33,
July 24, 1920 (‘Sixth Key in the Newfound Harbor Group, southwest of
Big Pine Key, Florida’).
Subspecifie characters—Similar to Rallus longirostris scottii, but
tail somewhat shorter; upper parts lighter, the edgings of the feathers
much paler, and much more clearly grayish, less olivaceous; lower
surface much lighter, less grayish; white bars on the flanks broader.
Description—Type of helius, adult male, U.S.N.M. no. 255254;
Sixth Key in the Newfound Harbor Group, southwest of Big Pine
Key, Fla., May 12,1919; Paul Bartsch. Pileum olive brown, the cen-
ters of the feathers darker; hind-neck between Saccardo’s umber and
sepia, mixed with grayish feather edgings, which posteriorly impart
a streaked appearance; back and scapulars with the feathers centrally
sepia, marginally clear gray; rump and upper tail-coverts sepia, with
broad, dull, olive-gray feather margins; tail between olive brown and
fuscous, the shafts of the rectrices clove brown; wings dark olive
brown, the outer and inner edges of the quills lighter, the superior
coverts still lighter and inclining to cinnamon, the inner coverts
washed with grayish; outer web of outermost feather of alula mottled
and partly edged with pale cinnamon; sides of head rather dark
neutral gray, the lores darker and more brownish, the supraloral
stripe and line on the lower eyelid dull white; sides of neck light
neutral gray washed with buffy, posteriorly darker, less purely gray,
and indistinctly streaked with dull brown; chin and throat white;
6 Type.
Y
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—-OBERHOLSER 349
malar stripe pale ochraceous buff; center of jugulum and whole of
breast, between pinkish buff and pinkish cinnamon, the middle of
breast paler; abdomen dull buffy white; sides of body and flanks
rather dark brownish gray, broadly barred with white; lower tail-
coverts white, widely barred with dark brownish gray; lining of wing
rather dark hair brown, outwardly washed with rusty, and narrowly
barred with white; thighs anteriorly dull white, posteriorly mouse
eray.
Measurements.—Adult male ®: Wing, 140-151.5 (average, 146) mm;
tail, 51-64 (58.6); exposed culmen, 59-62.5 (61.2); tarsus, 47-54
(50.8); middle toe without claw, 45-49 (46.1). Adult female:
Wing, 129.5-136.5 (133.8); tail, 57-60 (58); exposed culmen, 53-59
(55); tarsus, 44-47 (45.1); middle toe without claw, 39-42 (40.5).
Type locality —Big Pine Key, Fla.
Geographic distribution—Permanent resident on the keys of
southern Florida; northeast to Key Largo, southwest to Raccoon
Key and Key West.
Remarks.—This very interesting and remarkably distinct race of
the clapper rail seems to be confined to the Florida Keys. The
jugulum is usually more or less gray, but sometimes the median por-
tion is clear cinnamomeous. There are, as in most of the clapper rails,
two color phases, involving, however, only the lower parts—one a
dark phase, which is brownish gray anteriorly, the other a light
phase, which is clear gray anteriorly or even without gray on the
jugulum. The upper parts in both phases are alike.
The following specimens have been examined by the writer:
Frioria: Key West (August 12, 1893, December 24, 1888); Key
Largo (March 11, 1930); Big Pine Key (April —, 1930); Sixth Key
in the Newfound Harbor Group (May 12, 1919 ®); Raccoon Key
(June —, 1889); Torch Key (March 25, 1930).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS WAYNEI Brewster
WAYNE CLAPPER RAIL
Rallus crepitans waynet BrEwsTER, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 50, '
June 9, 1899 (St. Mary’s, Camden County, Georgia’).
Subspecific characters—Similar to Rallus longirostris insularum,
but tail longer; gray edgings of the upper parts much darker and
usually less purely gray; bend of wing and flanks darker.
Measurements.—Adult male®*: Wing, 135-152 (average, 145.1)
mm; tail, 57.5-72 (61.9); exposed culmen, 54—67.5 (62.2); tarsus,
46.5-53.5 (48.2); middle toe without claw, 40-48 (45.4). Adult
61 Five specimens, from the Florida Keys, including the type of Rallus longirostris helius.
62 Four specimens, from the Florida Keys.
8 Type of Rallus longirostris helius.
& Fifteen specimens, from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, including the type.
350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
female®: Wing, 129.5-146.5 (138.4); tail, 56-63.5 (59.9); exposed
culmen, 53-62.5 (58.7); tarsus, 43.5-50 (46.7); middle toe without
claw, 41.5-47.5 (44.4).
Type locality —St. Marys, Camden County, Ga.
Geographic distribution Atlantic coast region of southeastern
United States. Breeds north to central eastern South Carolina
(Santee River); and south to southeastern Georgia and northeastern
Florida (Merritt Island). Winters north to central eastern South
Carolina (Charleston) and south to southeastern Florida (Jupiter).
Remarks.—From Rallus longirostris saturatus this race differs in
smaller wing, tarsus, and middle toe; in more grayish edgings of the
feathers on the upper parts; and usually more grayish anterior lower
surface; while from Rallus longirostris limnetis of Puerto Rico it may
be separated by its shorter tarsus and middle toe; somewhat darker
upper surface, with more blackish centers of the feathers and more
purely gray (less brownish) edgings; as well as by its more grayish
(less brownish) flanks. From Rallus longirostris leucophaeus of the
Isle of Pines it is distinguished by shorter tarsus; rather lighter, less
blackish, centers of the feathers of the upper parts, giving this area a
lighter tone; somewhat lighter flanks and sides, with wider white
bars; and darker remaining lower parts. It is similar to Rallus
longirostris belizensis, which is of about the same size, but the edgings
of the upper parts are deeper, more olive gray, and the breast is
darker.
There seems to be no geographic difference in Rallus longirostris
waynei, but the individual variation is great. The throat ranges from
pure white to strongly tinged with buff; the breast from dark cinna-
mon without grayish tinge to pale cinnamon, with or without much
eray admixture, or to entirely gray; the middle of the abdomen
ranges from pure white or pale buff to white with a grayish cmnamon
tinge; the flanks vary from gray to hair brown, sometimes dark, in
other individuals light; the lower tail-coverts are sometimes much
marked with dark brown, but in other individuals very little so.
The bars on the flanks vary in width from 1.2 to 3.2 mm, averaging
about 2.5 mm. There are in this race five well-marked color phases,
four of them involving the upper parts only—a light gray, a dark
eray, a light brown, and a dark brown phase, to which should be
added a gray-breasted phase. This race is one of the two partially
migratory forms of Rallus longirostris. and although it is found in the
winter practically throughout its breeding range, locally in reduced
numbers, it wanders to a considerable distance south of its summer
home.
The following specimens have been examined by the writer in this
connection:
66 Sixteen specimens, from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
*
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 351
Fioripa: Amelia Island (December 15, 17, 25, and 29, 1906;
April 10, 1906, September 6, 1906, August 29, 1906, October 2, 16,
17, 18, 20, and 30, 1906, December 22, 28, and 29, 1905, January 11
and 25, 1906, November 27, 1905, February 8 and 9, 1906, May 9,
1906, June 26 and 27, 1906, October 17, 1901); northern Brevard
County (April 4, 1905); Matanzas River (May 26, 1925); Anastasia
Island (May 27, 1925); New Smyrna (May 23, 1925); Fort George,
Duval County (January 21, 1917); Pilot Town; northern shore of
Dimmits Creek, Indian River; Smyrna; Pallesier Creek (May 20 and
26, 1896).
Groreta: St. Marys, Camden County (March 18, 1878,° March
7, 15, 19, and 22, 1878, April 4, 1878); St. Germania (January 1,
1879); St. Catharine Island (January 1, ——); Sapelo Island (Decem-
ber 15, 1883).
Souta Carouina: Mount Pleasant (April 5, 1904, May 17, 1904,
November 4, 1904, October 19, 1896); Frogmore (May 5, 1885);
Christ Church Parish (May 6, 1911); Porchers Bluff, Christ Church
Parish (April 29, 1911, May 6 and 12, 1911); Charleston (January 10
and 11, 1891); Santee Club, lower South Santee River (June 10, 1915);
St. Helena Island (November 22, 1904); Stoner River (November 9,
1904); Warsaw Island (November 28, 1904).
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS CREPITANS Gmelin
NorTHERN CiLapPeR RAIL
[Rallus] crepitans Gein, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 713, 1789, before
Apr. 20 (‘“‘Noveboraco’’) (based on ‘‘Clapper Rail’? Pennant, Arctic zoology,
vol. 2, p. 490, no. 407, 1785 [‘‘ New York’’]; and ‘‘Clapper Rail’? Latham, A
general synopsis of birds, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 229, no. 2, 1785 [‘‘ New York’’]).
Subspecific characters —Similar to Rallus longirostris waynei, but
tarsus and middle toe longer; wing and tail somewhat longer; upper
parts lighter and more uniform; lower surface lighter, less ashy (more
cinnamomeous); white bars on the flanks averaging wider.
Description.—Adult: Iris raw umber or pale yellow; eyelids whitish;
bill dull brown, the upper half of maxilla darker, the mandible and
the edges of the maxilla rather yellowish brown; legs and feet grayish
brown; claws darker. Nestling: Glossy black above with a metallic
greenish sheen; duller with little or no gloss on the middle of the lower
surface; basal half of bill blackish’, the terminal half paler.
Measurements.—Adult male *: Wing, 142.5-159.5 (average, 151.1)
mm; tail, 55-69 (64.6); exposed culmen, 55-69.5 (63.3); tarsus, 48-56
(51.7); middle toe without claw, 45.5-53.5 (48.8). Adult female ®:
Wing, 135.5-160 (146.8); tail, 55-69.5 (61.9); exposed culmen, 53.5-67
(59.6); tarsus, 41-56 (48.1); middle toe without claw, 40-52 (45.9).
66 Type.
67 Twenty-one specimens, from New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Virginia, and North Carolina.
*8 Seventeen specimens, from New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina.
352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Type locality —Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y.®
Geographic distribution Atlantic coast of the United States.
Breeds north to southern Connecticut (Saybrook) and south to
central eastern North Carolina (Beaufort). Winters north to south-
eastern New York (Far Rockaway, Long Island), southern Con-
necticut, casually in southeastern Massachusetts (Kingston), and
south to northeastern Florida (Amelia Island). Casual in north-
eastern Massachusetts, southeastern New Hampshire (Portsmouth),
and southwestern Maine (York). Accidental in northwestern Ver-
mont (Burlington); central western Virginia (Lexington); southeastern
New York (Ossining); District of Columbia (Washington); and in
the central eastern Bahama Islands (Watlings Island).
Remarks.—Notwithstanding its geographical separation, Rallus
longirostris crepitans is in appearance very much like Rallus longi-
rostris corrius from the Bahama Islands, but it is distinguishable from
that race by its somewhat longer wing, longer bill and tarsus, as well
as decidedly darker upper and lower surfaces. It may be distinguished
from Rallus longirostris longirostris by larger size, lighter upper surface
with less blackish centers of the feathers, and usually darker, more
purely grayish sides of head; and from Rallus longirostris leucophaeus
by its rather longer wing and tail, much shorter tarsus, paler, less
grayish upper surface with less blackish (more brownish) centers of
the feathers, paler, less blackish flanks and sides, with much wider
white bars, and the paler, duller, and less pinkish (more buffy) cinna-
momeous of lower parts.
Birds of this race from Smith, Cobb, and Isaacs Islands in Virginia
are apparently typical in both size and color. A single bird from
Charleston, S. C., taken on June 8, 1902, is evidently typical Rallus
longirostris crepitans, but it doubtless represents a bird that had re-
mained behind the northward bound migrants. Several breeding
birds from central eastern North Carolina at Fort Macon, Hatteras,
Pea Island, New Inlet, and Beaufort, are geographically and other-
wise intermediate between Rallus longirostris crepitans and Rallus
longirostris waynei, and although more grayish on the upper surface
are not much darker than specimens of Rallus longirostris crepitans
from New Jersey. While these birds are thus appreciably different
from typical Rallus longirostris crepitans they are so close to this form
that it seems best, at least for the present, to refer them to this race,
rather than to give them a distinctive name.
Individual variation in this race is considerable but is not so marked
as in some of the others. In the adult the throat varies from pure
69 The New York specimens in Mrs. Blackburn’s Museum, which Pennant and Latham cited as the basis.
of their descriptions, were sent by a correspondent who lived at Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y., so that in
this as in other similar cases this place should be considered the type locality.
x
REVISION OF THE CLAPPER RAILS—OBERHOLSER 353
white to buff; the breast from pale ochraceous, almost without a
pinkish cinnamon tinge, to pinkish cinnamon; the jugulum is some-
times gray on the median area and sometimes without gray even on
the sides; the flanks range from very light gray to rather deep grayish
brown; the lower tail-coverts are either heavily or lightly barred or
spotted; the bars on the flanks range in width from 1.2 to 4 mm,
averaging about 3 mm; and the edgings of the back, scapulars, and
the rest of the upper surface vary from almost pure gray to olive
gray, the centers of the feathers from light olive brown to bister, and
even occasionally to clove brown. There are about four fairly well-
defined color phases, although they are not so well marked as in
Rallus longirostris saturatus. There is a light grayish phase with gray
jugulum; a light grayish phase, with cinnamon-buff jugulum; a dark
olivaceous phase with a grayish jugulum; and a dark olivaceous phase
with a cinnamon-buff jugulum. In the light phases the upper parts
are relatively uniform, because of less difference between the centers
of the feathers and the edgings. In the light grayish phase the upper
parts have rather pure gray edgings, but in the dark olivaceous phase
the edgings are olive gray.
Individual differences in the juvenal plumage are almost as con-
spicuous as in the adults, the upper parts varying from purely grayish
to dull brownish, the lower parts from almost pure white on the
throat and abdomen to a strongly buffy or cinnamomeous or even
pinkish tone.
The following specimens have been examined by the writer:
Connecticut: New Haven (September 10, 1884); Stamford (June
17, 1893); West Haven (May 30, 1904).
Fruoripa: Amelia Island (January 11, 1906, September 6, 7, and 13,
1906).
Georgia: St. Marys; Sapelo Island (December 16, 1887);
Savannah.
Marytanpb: Point Lookout (September 8, 1880).
Massacuusetts: Ipswieh (October 20, 1910).
New Jersey: Tuckerton (June 18, 1918, nestling); Cape May
(May —, 1842, May 6, 1880, May 15, 1877, May 20, 1881, May 2
1882, Nise 14, 1881); Avalon (September 22, 1902); Ae enne ce
(July 23, 1893, May 14, 1881, October 2, 1894); South Amboy (May
12, 1879); Brigantine (June 3, 1882).
New Yorx: Amityville (June 28, 1887, September 3, 1898);
Somers Point (August 29, 1887); Hempstead Bay (September 13,
1907); Freeport (May 30, 1913, July 10, 1913, August 9, 16, and 18,
1913, July 11, 1901); near New York City (August 27, 1908, August
29, 1909).
354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Norts Carouina: Fort Macon (April 22, 1869, April 11, 1891);
Hatteras (March 2, 3, 6, and 7, 1900, April 3, 7, and 24, 1900, May 5,
1900, January 13, 1900, November 7 and 12, 1899, August 20 and 25,
1900, November 6 and 7, 1900); Beaufort (September 15, 1932,
October 18, 1932, May 30 and 31, 1932); New Inlet (August 19, 30,
and 31, 1904); Pea Island (May 1, 2, 5, 8, and 10, 1902, February 9,
11, 13, and 16, 1901, December 17, 1908, May 20, 1901, August 11,
19, 24, 30 and 31, 1904, January 16, 1904, December 17, 1904).
SoutH Carouina: Stoner River (November 4 and 9, 1904); St.
Helena Island (November 22, 1904); Port Royal (February 10, 1891);
Lady Island; Mount Pleasant (June 8, 1902, January 10 and 11,
1891).
Virernta: Smith Island (September 6, 7, 10, and 11, 1899, Sep-
tember 17, 1898, June 10, 1897, May 24, 1898, May 3, 10, 12, 20, and
23,1899, April 30, 1899, August 18,1899); The Isaacs (May 24, 1899);
Cobb Island (June —, 1881, June 25 and 28, 1907, June 30, 1890,
July 9, 1881, July 13, 1899, July 16, 1884, July 23, 1880); Lexington
(autumn, 1928); Wachapreague (May 138, 1913); Bone Island (July
14, 1880).
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1937
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1937 No. 3019
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA (PYRALIDIDAE:
SCHOENOBIINAE)
By Cary Hernricw
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of
Agriculture
Tuts paper is based upon specimens of pyralidid moths in the
United States National Museum, the British Museum, the American
Museum of Natural History, and the Cornell University collection.
I am indebted to these institutions for the loan of specimens, to
Dr. W. T. M. Forbes for the specimens collected by him in the
Guianas, to Dr. H. E. Box for the gift of reared specimens from
British Guiana and St. Lucia, and especially to W. H. T. Tams for
giving me the correct application of the Walker and Zeller names.
He made preparations of the genitalia of the Walker and Zeller
types in the British Museum, compared them with drawings and
slides that we submitted, and sent me photographs of the type
slides and helpful notes on the types. I am obliged to him also
for the loan of the British Museum material.
Studies of the genitalia in this genus brought surprising results.
What we thought were but two or three white species proved to be
at least 18 species, sharply defined on characters of the male and
female genitalia, but so alike in color and so variable in size and
in what ordinarily are specific differences in venation that they
could not be separated by external characters. Needless to say, the
specimens in the various collections were badly mixed, and no reli-
131080—37——1 359
356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 84
ance could be placed upon the references in literature to the older
species. Therefore, I have omitted all but original references
in the synonymy. Distribution as given in this paper is only for
specimens I have examined.
Among the male specimens I recognize 20 species, and among
the female specimens also 20. Unfortunately, in only five species
could males and females be definitely associated. Therefore, it
was necessary to give separate names to the unassociated males
and females representing undescribed species. I regret having to
do this, for eventually some of the new names will have to go
into synonymy; but it may be many years before the sexes are
associated, and meanwhile we shall need names for the females as
well as the males. Some temporary double naming is unavoidable.
Thirty-one species are described as new, 2 from both sexes, 14
from males only, and 15 from females.
Two old names are placed in synonymy.
Genus RUPELA Walker
PLATE 33
Rupela WALKER, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collec-
tion of the British Museum, vol. 28, p. 523, 1863.—Dyar, Insecutor In-
scitiae Menstruus, vol. 5, p. 80, 1917. (Genotype: Rupela nivea Walker.)
Storteria BARNES and McDunnoueu, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. North America,
vol. 2, no. 4, p. 178, 1913.—Dyar, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 1,
Dp. 105, 1913. (Genotype: Storteria unicolor Barres and McDunnough.)
Labial palpus upturned; basal segment clothed beneath with long
hairlike scales; third segment short, acuminate. Maxillary palpus
well developed, filiform, with scales at apex slightly dilated. An-
tenna minutely serrate and pubescent, laterally flattened. Thorax
with expanding hair tuft from tegula. Fore wing with termen
evenly curved; 12 veins; 2 and 3 from cell before angle; 4 and 5
from lower angle of cell, approximate, connate or stalked; 6 and 7
from cell, separate; 10 from the stalk of 8 and 9; 11 from the cell,
separate from, approximate to, or anastomosing with 12. Hind
wing with 8 veins; 4 and 5 from lower angle of cell, approximate,
connate or stalked. Abdomen long; in female with large, expanded
anal tuft; eighth abdominal sternite of male with several sclerotized
areas and seventh sternite with a central sensory scale tuft on caudal
margin (pl. 33, fig. 45); seventh abdominal sternite of female with
a central longitudinal sclerotized area more or less developed (pl. 33,
figs. 44, 46).
Male genitalia symmetrical; uncus stout, basal part enlarged and
variously modified; gnathos strong, with central area produced
caudally and strongly sclerotized (beaklike) or thin and only more
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA-——HEINRICH 357
or less broadened, not produced caudally (bandlike); harpe with
basal costal process produced, cucullus weakly sclerotized and
simple; transtilla, when distinguishable, seldom sclerotized through-
out; anellus with shieldlike ventral plate (juxta) and a more or
less sclerotized dorsal part, which is frequently armed with spines;
aedeagus moderately long, cylindrical, straight or only slightly bent,
penis entrance well forward of base; cornuti rarely present; vinculum
narrow, only slightly produced beyond base of harpe; from inter-
segmental membrane attaching to base of vinculum, a pair of fine,
moderately long hair tufts.
Female genitalia with bursa copulatrix elongate, very weakly
sclerotized, simple, with no trace of signa; ductus bursae sclero-
tized toward genital opening; area about genital opening always
more or less sclerotized, often with a well-developed and deeply
pigmented genital plate; ovipesitor rods moderately long; rods of
eighth segment collar of abdomen about twice the length of ovi-
positor rods, strong.
This genus, as far as I know, is confined to the New World. It
contains all the white and two of the nonwhite American species
formerly referred to Yopeutis (=Scirpophaga). Five tropical
American species (bivitta Moschler, perstrialis Hiibner, repugnatalis
Walker, terrella Hampson, and irrorata Hampson) are still prop-
erly referable to ZYopeutis on venational and palpal characters.
These are all brown species or have the forewings banded with
brown. One of the Rupela species has a brown form (¢inetella
Walker) and another (pallidula, new species) has gray-tinted fore
wings and fuscous hind wings. All the other species are white and
not to be distinguished from each other except by their genitalia.
Rupela is apparently closely allied to Zopeutis, from which it
differs in having upturned labial palpi and vein 10 of fore wing
from the stalk of 8-9. In Yopeutis the palpi are porrect and vein
10 is from the cell; very rarely (in a few specimens of terrella
Hampson) is vein 10 shert stalked with 8-9. These differences were
noted by Dyar in 1913 when he removed Rupela from the synonymy
of Scirpophaga, where it had been placed by Hampson in 1896.
The males divide into two distinct groups, one having a band-
hke gnathos and yellow anal tuft, the other a beaklike gnathos and
white anal tuft. If a corresponding character can be found in the
female genitalia it may be possible to remove the species with the
bandlike gnathos from Rupela and give them a separate generic
designation; but as yet we have no females definitely associated
with males in this group and, therefore, are not justified in erecting
a new genus,
Bae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
There appear to be good specific differences in the shape and size
of the bursa copulatrix, but, while this organ has been carefully
figured in each case, I have not attempted to use it to define species.
There are plenty of other more obvious characters in the female
genitalia, and the bursa is so subject to distortion in preparation,
so difficult to see in balsam, and subject to so much individual varia-
tion in size or shape that the attempt to use it in classification of
species would confuse rather than help our definitions.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RUPELA
Males
1. Gnathos with central area caudally produced and strongly
sclerotized! (beaklike):; Anal tuft whites === = 2
Gnathos with central area not caudally produced, thin (band-
like) <,, Anal: tuft. yellow-2-322=— =.= a es eee 13
2 Dorsalselement of anellus spined==- = ee eee 3
Dorsal element, o£ anellus. unspined == <2 23. eS 9
Ss. Uneus laterally compressed: at apex === ee eee 4
Uneus' not laterally compressed at apex: ==". 2s eee 5
4, Aedeagus finely scobinate on venter near apex____-_-------- leucatea (p. 360)
Aedeagus spined on lateral margins at apex______-__-_-____ segrega (p. 366)
Aedeagus with pronounced lateral spur at apex__-_------ pallidula (p. 365)
5. Tegumen with projecting spur from each ventrolateral
YDS ON ae ea a Nn scitula (p. 374)
MeonmMen Simple ss Sees soe Se Lee ee ee 6
6. Penis’ bearing a line of minute cormuti 224222 _<- === ss liberta (p. 864)
Penis ‘without cormutil.-_- 2. = eee ee ee eee ff
7. Aedeagus with ventral scobinations near apex. One pair of
lon; ‘Stout spines on) anhellus-== =) a eee cornigera (p. 371)
Aedeagus with one lateral margin near apex weakly serrate.
Spines on anellus numerous, small, scattered___--_---_- albinella (p. 362
Aedeagus with apex smooth and labeose; anellus with two or
three pairsiok minute spiness2—2 22 ee labeosa (p. 363)
Aedeagus with sclerotized manica, otherwise simple; spines
on anellus stout, rather short in a single cluster or in a
pair-of dense: COMPS = =. 502 =- S eee 8
8. Spines of anellus a single cluster at one side of dorsal mem-
DEANOUSPARGE 2222): a EAs ee ee eee gibbera (p. 367)
Spines of anellus arranged as an opposing pair of dense, dark
GOMDS Ss 4 eee ew ey ee ek ee saetigera (p. 367)
9. Sacculus of harpe produced at apex into a long, stout spine
(CLASTIGR) ses ook ea ee ee 10
Sacculus not so produced ==. == = ee eee iy
1OysClasper ta straight spine 224). 3 ee eee nivea (p. 370)
@lasperarcurved spines +42 i 22. Je ee eee vexativa (p. 371)
11. Basal part of uncus scobinate and produced backward (cowllike) ~-------~ 2
Basal part of uncus without spines or scobinations, not pro-
UNTO CET CHWs saw a a ae eee es tinctella (p. 868)
12. Aedeagus with apical half greatly narrowed (rodlike). Cucullus
OLA DOTA ON a eo ee a ee ee ee sejuncta (p. 873)
13.
14,
15.
16.
)
>
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 359
Aedeagus with lateral flange at apex. Cucullus of harpe
0 2 a eee i a ee ee ee ees imitativa (p. 372)
Penis bearing a small, serrate cornutus. Dorsal part of anellus
consisting of a pair of strongly sclerotized, sinuous, irregu-
larlyaserne tenplaLes 2s ae oat se eee ee eee TT eee ee horridula (p. 876)
Penis without cornutus. Dorsal part of anellus membranous__-------~- 14
Apex of aedeagus produced into curved cClawlike hook or
TOO) ig ee ee ee ee ee ee ee es eee ee eS ee ee 15
Apex or aedeagus very slightly produced, but not into hooks
TAC LAV ae eo a a Se ee ee eee eee 16
Apex of aedeagus produced into a single, stout, curved, blunt
FEN a Re adunca (p. 374)
Apex of aedeagus produced into three heavy claws_-------- lumaria (p. 3875)
Base of uncus produced backward into forklike process with
StLUDD YTS pined: DLONgSs=.- 2 fos oes a ee ee monstrata (p. 877)
Base of uncus produced backward into a broad concave plate
bearing numerous heavy, long, curved spines__--------- spinifera (p. 877)
Females
Genital plate a narrow semicircular band firmly joined to reds
Of eighth seement Collars. 12-2. e250 ee eee tinctella (p. 868)
Genital plate not a semicircular band, nor attached to rods of
elahithe Segment COll aves = ees aa et ee ee 2
In area caudad of genital opening a small, sclerotized
TLD) Cee ne MR A ee Se eo sejuncta (p. 373)
In area caudad of genital opening an external sclerotized pocket_--------- 3
In area caudad of genital opening an internal sclerotized pocket__-------- 5
From area just caudad of genital opening a strongly sclero-
tized Ono JeCtIng,| NOOKEG:. LOGCSS ==) 2 oo eee 6.
Area caudad of genital opening smoothly sclerotized or rugose,
WalthOUL DOCKELS.OF pProtrugdins PLOCeSSeS == == 28 7
Genital plate in the form of a stout, blunt, thornlike process in
front On Penital Openings. = as. Sees ee ee ee ee lara (p. 882)
Genital splate = otherwise. 22-25 225 ee ek eae 4
. Genital opening irregular, more square than circular__---~- procula (p. 384)
Genitalsopenine; nearly iGireular= 2.2222 sa ae ee jana (p. 381)
Genital plate large, completely surrounding genital open-
1:0 tae me eat ee ee candace (p. 382)
Genital plate not surrounding genital opening; appressed to and
MOMWIdeR Tita GUChUS DULSAC= 2 =. === a ee eee orbona (p. 384)
Projecting process from behind genital opening truncate. Ductus
bursae greatly expanded toward genital opening_-----_--- maenas (p. 383)
Projecting process bluntly pointed. Ductus bursae not greatiy
expanded toward genital opening___---__-________________ nereis (p. 383)
. Just within genital opening (from lower margin of the opening)
a pair of short, dark, hooklike processes___—-.-=+_--_+—-- faustina (p. 380)
Just within genital opening a pair of sclerotized disks_____--__ gaia (p. 380)
No hooks, disks, or other processes within genital opening____-______-_~- 8
Ductus seminalis forming a loop with ductus bursae just before
eenitale Opening. ee ee ee ee edusa (p. 879)
Juncture of ductus seminalis and ductus bursae otherwise___--------~- 9
. Lower margin of genital opening sinuate__-______________-- leucatea (p. 860)
Lower margin of genital opening angulate or concave____---~__-------- 10
360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
10. Lower margin of genital opening slightly concave____.______--_-------_- ate
Lower margin of genital opening deeply concave or angulate_______--- 12
11. Without defined genital plate. Genital opening of moderate
Width) 2262. sb sea 2 ee eee antonia (p. 378)
With genital plate well defined. Genital opening very wide (as
wigde.as the plate) 22.2 tts a ee ee eee segrega (p. 366)
12" With defined :venital plate! = = es he ee ee eee 1S
Without. defined genital plates se ee bendis (p. 378)
13. Genital plate completely surrounding genital opening; latter
moderately. Wide...) 14
Genital plate not surrounding genital opening; latter as wide as
the platee 2 ee ee eee drusilla (p. 379)
14. Genital plate rugose, especially toward caudal margin__~~---- herie (p. 381)
Genitall plate ‘smooths 224) te es =) ee eee es 15
15. Bursa copulatrix very short, much reduced____----___-__--~ canens (p. 379)
IBursalcopulabrix normals ee albinella (p. 362)
RUPELA LEUCATEA (Zeller)
PLATE 22, Figures 1-1d; Puate 30, Figure 30; Prate 33, Freures 44, 45, 48
Scirpophaga leucatea Zetter, Chilonidarum et crambidarum genera et species,
p. 2, 1863; male and female.
Scirpophaga longicornis Miéscuier, Abh. Senck, naturf. Ges., vol. 16, p. ope
1890 (new synonymy); male and female.
Zeller described his /eucatea from Brazil and St. Thomas. Later?
he recorded it from Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Panama. I omit the
latter reference from the synonymy, as it is quite likely that he had a
mixed series before him. Until genitalia of all his paratypes are
examined we can be sure only of his West Indian specimens and the
actual type. Mr. Tams has examined the genitalia of the latter and
checked them with my figures. I am indebted to him for the iden-
tifications. As far as we know there is only one pure white species
of Rupela found in the Antilles; therefore /ongicornis Méschler is
presumably the same as leucatea.
Male—Wings shining white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 sep-
arate; 4 and 5 connate or shortly stalked. Hind wing with 4 and 5
connate or stalked. Anal tuft white.
Alar expanse, 22-38 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike but having rather prominent lat-
eral arms; in ventral aspect with basal half rounded (central part
of lower margin convex) ; apical half tapering to blunt point; apex
not appreciably upturned; inner surface near apex finely scobinate.
Uncus stout; basal portion broad with moderately wide dorsal
eroove; laterally compressed on dorsum at apex; from side view,
apex broad, slanting; viewed from beneath, triangularly pointed.
5)
Harpe widest just before middle, very slightly tapered to broadly
1 Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae, vol. 13, p. 6, 1877.
.
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 361
rounded apex; basal costal process triangularly produced, not
strongly sclerotized; sacculus very slightly produced at apex. An-
ellus consisting of ventral plate and a rugose dorsal piece, the latter
bearing three minute spines on each of the ends attached to aedea-
gus; ventral plate with lateral margins concave. Aedeagus cylin-
drical, constricted somewhat at outer third, expanded laterally just
before apex and finely scobinate on venter near apex.
Female.—Wing color and venation as in the male except that veins
11 and 12 are slightly anastomosed in one specimen. Anal tuft
yellow.
Alar expanse, 25-53 mm.
Genitalia without defined genital plate but with area between
genital opening and collar sclerotized and markedly rugose; lower
margin of genital opening sinuate; ductus bursae sclerotized only at
genital opening.
Types—In British Museum (leucatea); Berlin Museum (long?-
corns).
Type localities—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (/eucatea) ; Puerto Rico
(longicornis) .
Food plant—Echinochloa polystachya. This food-plant record is
from specimens reared by Dr. H. E. Box, St. Lucia, October 2, 1934.
Distribution—Jamatca; Cups, Baragua (May), Matanzas (Au-
gust); Hispanrona, Sanchez (May, June), Rio Yaque (February) ;
Puerto Rico, Santa Rita (July), Mayaguez (December), Bayamon
(June), Catano (July), Rio Piedras (December), Dorado (May),
Desengano (May, December), Toa-Baja (January, February) ;
GuapeLourr (December); Grenapa, Balthazar; Marriniqun; Sr.
Lucia, Rosseau (August, September, October); Antigua, Bendals
(October); Mrxtco, Teapa (Tabasco, January); GuaremaLa, Qui-
rigua (October); Honpuras; Nicaragua; Panama, La Chorrera
(April, May) ; Trrnmap; Venezurna, Aroa; Frency Guiana, St. Jean
Maroni; British Guiana, Georgetown (July), Kartabo (October),
Mackenzie (June); Surrnam, Moengo (May), Para District (April),
Paramaribo (May); Braz, Rio Madeira (July-August), ‘Lapera,
Rio Campo Bello, Rio Jurna (July), Reyes (Beni River, July),
Prainho (November), Itatoro (Rio Madina, February), Maranhoa;
Arcrntina, Villa Ana “F.C.S.F.” (February, March, December) ;
Paraguay, Villarrica (March), Sapacay (September, November), Rio
Pacaya (July) ; Peru, Madre de Dios.
Remarks.—One hundred and nine specimens (48 males and 61
females) examined, from the collections of the United States National
Museum, British Museum, Cornell University, and American Mu-
seum of Natural History.
362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
The species is readily identifiable by the scobinate aedeagus and
apically compressed uncus of the male, the distinct rugosity of the
membranous area behind the gentital opening, and the sinuate mar-
gin of the genital opening in the female.
RUPELA ALBINELLA (Cramer)
PLATH 22, Figures 2-2d; PLATE 29, Ficures 26-26)
Scirpophaga albinella CRAMER, Papillons exotiques des trois parties du
monde .. ., vol. 4, pl. 372, fig. D, 1781; female.
Cramer's figure would fit almost any of the white species with yel-
low anal (female) tuft treated in this paper, and the name has been
indiscriminately applied. Inasmuch as the type is nonexistent, I am
fixing the name to the species apparently most abundant in the type
locality. Dr. W.'T. M. Forbes captured a male and female in copula,
and we are therefore able to associate the sexes.
Male—Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate or,
for a short distance, closely approximate; 4 and 5 connate or shortly
stalked. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate or stalked. Anal tuft
white.
Alar expanse, 20-34 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike but having rather prominent lat-
eral arms (attaching to tegumen); in ventral aspect basal half
rounded (central part of lower margin convex) ; apical half tapering
slightly to bluntly pointed apex; apex upturned (lateral view) ; inner
surface (under high magnification) finely granulate, not spined or
serrate. Uncus moderately stout; basal part with central dorsal exca-
vation; a short but prominent dorsal keel near base; apical half digi-
tate, very slightly broadened near apex; apex rounded. Harpe with
lower margin indented near cucullus; apex rounded; basal process of
costa not strongly sclerotized nor much produced; sacculus without
apical projection, simple. Anellus consisting of ventral plate and a
rugose, sclerotized dorsal piece, the latter bearing several small,
inconspicuous spines; ventral plate with lateral margins concave.
Aedeagus cylindrical, sightly widened at apex; one lateral margin
near apex weakly serrate.
Female—Wing color and venation as in the male. Anal tuft
yellow.
Alar expanse, 27-45 mm.
Genitalia with genital plate well defined, sclerotized, its caudal
margin angulate; genital opening rigid, its lower margin semicircu-
lar; ductus bursae strongly sclerotized toward genital opening.
There is some variation in the size of the genital opening and in the
width of the ductus in specimens from different localities—especially
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 363
as between larger specimens from central Brazil and smaller females
from the Guianas and Central America. I am unable, however, to
find any characters that would seem to indicate distinct races.
Ty pe.—Lost.
Type locality —Surinam.
Distribution—Mexico, Presidio, Atoyac (Veracruz), Teapa
(Tabasco), Misantla (May); Brrrrsx Honpuras, Cayo; GUATEMALA,
Quirigua (April), Tiquisati (May), Volcan Sta. Maria (March) ;
Honpvuras, Lancetilla (June); Cosra Rroa (April), Port Limon
(January), Sixola River (September); Panama, Bugaba, David,
Tabernilla, Cabima (May), Rio Trinidad (June), Corozal (August) ;
Trrnipap, St. Augustine (November) ; Frencnu Guiana, St. Laurent
Maroni, St. Jean Maroni; British Guiana, Georgetown (July,
November), Mackenzie (June); Surinam, Paramaribo (April,
June), Moengo (May), Surinam River (St. Barbara Plantation,
April) ; Brazt, Manaos, Pernambuco, Parintins (June), Parana de
Buyassu (January), Itacoatiara (November), Breves (January),
Para, Urucaca (November), Rio Jurna (November), Rio Jutatie
(January), Rio Madeira (May), Faro (April), Pariti (Rio Purus,
October), Ponte Nova (Rio Xingu), Taperinha, Sao Paulo de
Olivenca (November-December), Amazon River between Teffe and
Tonantins (November) ; Cotompra, Magdalena Valley, Rio Condeto
(Choco, December) ; Ecuapor (no other locality) ; Peru, Rio Ucayali
(December).
Remarks.—One hundred and eight specimens (33 males and 75
females) examined, from United States National Museum, British
Museum, and Cornell University collections.
The species is easily identified by the serrations on the apical end
of the aedeagus, the spining on the dorsal plate of the anellus, the
dorsal keel on the uncus, and the peculiarly shaped female genital
plate and genital opening.
RUPELA LABEOSA, new species
PLATH 22, Ficures 3-3d
Male—Wings white. Fore wing with some dark shading on
under side in costal area above cell; veins 11 and: 12 approximate
(but nowhere touching); 4 and 5 closely approximate or connate.
Hind wing with 4 and 5 closely approximate or connate. Anal tuft
white.
Alar expanse, 19-21 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike but having rather long lateral
arms (forming attachments to tegumen); in ventral aspect basal
half broadly rounded, apical half narrow, tapering to apex; inner
surface finely serrate toward apex. Uncus stout; basal part very
364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
broad, somewhat bulged but not extended backward into cowllike
jobe, its central dorsal area evenly excavate; apical half digitate;
apex blunt and slightly hooked. Harpe with apex rounded (cucullus
tapering) ; basal process of costa produced (the basal processes of
the right and left harpes fusing to form a complete, sclerotized
transtilla) ; sacculus folded upward toward apex (an appreciable
depression in harpe just above sacculus). Anellus consisting of
ventral plate and a sclerotized, somewhat roughened dorsal piece,
the latter with a very few minute spines (2 or 3) on the ends at-
tached to aedeagus. Aedeagus cylindrical, smooth; apex fiarimg
into a wide mouth (labeose).
Type and paratypes—U.S.N.M. no. 51856. Paratypes also in
British Museum.
Type locality —Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from male type and six male paratypes from
the type locality (four specimens collected by Wm. Schaus, three by
KE. D. Jones, no dates).
Easily recognized by its labeose aedeagus and completely formed
transtilla.
Female unknown.
RUPELA LIBERTA, new species
PLATE 23, Figures 44¢
Male—Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 anastomos-
ing; 4 and 5 connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate. Anal tuft
white.
Alar expanse, 20-25 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike; lateral arms developed; in ventral
aspect with basal half rounded (central part of lower margin deeply
convex); apical half rather narrow, not appreciably tapering; apex
bluntly pointed; in lateral aspect gnathos distinctly upcurved.
Uncus with basal part broad and stout and deeply, evenly, and rather
widely excavate; apical half digitate; apex rounded. Harpe slightly
narrowed at cucullus; apex rounded; basal process of costa pro-
duced into short digitus; sacculus produced at apex as a rather
prominent upfolded ridge. Anellus consisting of ventral plate and
a strongly sclerotized dorsal band, which partially encircles aedeagus;
each extremity of dorsal band bearing a cluster of very dark, mod-
erately long, stout spines; ventral plate with upper margin broadly
incised and lateral margins concave. Aedeagus cylindrical, rather
slender, of nearly equal width throughout, a few minute scobinations
on under surface near apex; penis bearing a thin, short line of minute
cornuti.
Type and paratypes—U.S.N.M. no. 51857. Paratype also in
British Museum.
+
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 365
Type locality—Durango, Mexico (C. C. Hoffman, “276”).
Remarks.—Described from type and one paratype from the type
locality, one paratype from Colima, Mexico (Schaus, collector), one
paratype from Jalapa, Mexico (Schaus), and one paratype from
Cabima, Panama (A. Busck, May 20, 1911).
The species may be recognized by the characteristic spining of the
dorsal part of the anellus and the line of fine cornuti on the penis.
Only two of the species treated in this paper show any trace of
cornuti or a cornutus.
Female unknown.
RUPELA PALLIDULA, new species
PuatTe 23, Figures 5-5d
Male—Head and palpi as in the pure white species. Thorax
white but with collar darker, concolorous with fore wing. Fore
wing silvery buff, unicolorous; cilia snow white; veins 11 and 12
separate; 4 and 5 stalked. Hind wing darker than fore wing, gray
to grayish brown, cilia snow white; veins 4 and 5 stalked. Wings
concolorous beneath, grayish brown. Anal tuft white.
Alar expanse, 24-32 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike but with lateral arms well de-
veloped; basal, projecting part rather narrow, truncate; inner sur-
face very finely scobinate; apex upturned. Uncus with basal part
humped, subquadrate, rather deeply grooved posteriorly and some-
what rugose; apical half digitate, laterally compressed on dorsum
at apex. Harpe tapering slightly at apex; apex rounded; basal
process of costa greatly produced, digitate (the basal processes of
the two harpes united by a bit of membrane at their apices); sac-
culus produced at apex into a minute spine. Anellus consisting of
ventral plate and dorsal membrane, the latter bearing two pairs of
short, stout spines; ventral plate broadly incised on upper margin,
lateral margins concave. Aedeagus with a pronounced lateral spur
at apex.
Type and paratypes—U.S.N.M. no. 51858. Paratypes also in
British Museum.
Type locality Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from male type and 12 male paratypes from
the type locality and 1 male paratype from Sao Paulo, Brazil.
The above were in the National Museum collection and British
Museum identified as tinctella Walker. The species is easily recog-
nized by its color, the spining of the anellus, and its characteristic
aedeagus.
Female unknown, probably white.
366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 84
RUPELA SEGREGA, new species
PLATE 23, Figures 6-6d; PLATE 30, FIGURE 32
Male—Wings shining white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12
separate; 4 and 5 approximate or connate. Hind wing with 4 and
5 connate or stalked. Anal tuft white. .
Alar expanse, 26-33 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike but with lateral arms (attaching
to tegumen) developed; posterior margin of central basal part
rounded; inner surface finely scobinate; apex upturned. Uncus with
basal part slightly humped, stout, subquadrate, deeply excavate
posteriorly and dorsally; apical two-thirds digitate, laterally com-
pressed on dorsum at apex (as in lewcatea and pallidula). Harpe
simple; cucullus but slightly narrowed; basal process of costa mod-
erately produced, fusing with a very weakly sclerotized transtilla;
sacculus not produced at apex. Anellus consisting of ventral plate
and a somewhat roughened dorsal piece, the latter bearing one pair
of long, stout spines and two pairs of shorter spines; ventral plate
with upper margin incised, lateral margins deeply incised. Aedea-
gus with apex cleft, laterally expanded and spined on lateral
margins.
Female.—Wing color and venation as in the male. Anal tuft
white.
Alar expanse, 28-38 mm.
Genitalia with genital plate well defined and somewhat similar
to that of albinella but with caudal margin more acutely angled;
genital opening almost as wide as plate, the lower (outer) margin
concave; ductus bursae strongly sclerotized (and brown) for a short
distance from genital opening.
Type and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. no. 51859. Paratypes also in
British Museum.
Type locality—South Bay, Lake Okeechobee, Fla.
Remarks.—Described from male type, eight male and five female
paratypes, the paratypes distributed as follows: FLorma, Glenwood,
one male, Fort Meade (April), two maies and one female, Coconut
Grove (E. A. Schwarz), two males, Royal Palm State Park (F. M.
Jones, March), one male (W. S. Blatchley, April) and one female,
South Bay, one female, Dade City (September), one male, Biscayne
Bay, one female; Norra Carorrna, Havelock on Lake Ellis (F. Sher-
man, June), one female; aiso one male without any locality label.
A North American species apparently confined to the southern
part of the United States. Specimens of seyrega (as well as sejuncta
and white Florida females of ¢inctel/a) have hitherto been identified
as albinella Cramer. The latter as far as I know does not occur
in the United States.
>
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 367
RUPELA GIBBERA, new species
PLATE 24, Fiaures T-7d
Male.—Wings shining white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12
separate; 4 and 5 connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate. Anal
tuft white.
Alar expanse, 23 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike the lateral arms developed; central
part rather broad and stubby, tapering slightly to bluntly pointed
apex; inner surface evenly and markedly granulate. Uncus heavy;
basal part subquadrate, humped, deeply excavate on dorsum, the
margins of the excavations rugose; apical part digitate, apex bluntly
pointed. Harpe with costal process short, the latter fusing into a
partially sclerotized but appreciable and complete transtilla; cucul-
lus very slightly tapered; apex rounded: sacculus produced at apex
into an upturned, rounded, sclerotized, platelike protuberance. An-
ellus consisting of ventral plate and a membranous dorsal part; from
one side of the latter projects a curved sclerotized band which bears
at its extremity a single ciuster of stout, short spines. Aedeagus
with greatly elongated, dark, rigid manica (Ma., pl. 24, fig. 7b);
otherwise simple.
Type-—In Cornell University collection.
Type locality —Moengo, Boven, Cortica River, Surinam (W. T. M.
Forbes, May 23, 1927).
Remarks.—Described from one male. May be really identified by
the uncus, the single lateral spine cluster on the anellus, and the
enlarged and strongly sclerotized manica of the aedeagus.
Female unknown.
RUPELA SAETIGERA, new species
PLATE 24, FrqurEs 8—&¢
Male-——Wings shining white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12
separate; 4 tnd 5 connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate. Anal
tuft white.
Alar expanse, 23 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike; lateral arms developed; central
part with truncate lower margin; apical part tapering, apex pointed;
inner surface with few and very weak granulations. Uncus heavy;
basal part much enlarged, subquadrate, only slightly grooved on
dorsum and with lateral—dorsal angles pointed and slightly produced ;
apical part rather short (in comparison to other species), tapering
slightly, a central dorsal ridge running its entire length; apex blunt.
Harpe constricted at cucullus; cucullus small, bluntly pointed; basal
costal process slightly produced; sacculus broad, surface concave,
368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
apex bluntly triangular and very slightly produced, free edge mi-
nutely serrate. Anellus consisting of ventral plate and dorsal mem-
brane; the latter bearing an opposing pair of long, dense, very dark
spine combs; spines numerous and moderately stout; lateral margins
of ventral plate concave. Aedeagus slender, very slightly tapering;
fused manica sclerotized for a short distance; otherwise simple.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 51860.
Type locality —Castro, Parana, Brazil (W. Schaus).
Remarks.—Described from one male. May be at once recognized
by the bluntly triangular apex of the sacculus, the spine combs on
the anellus, and the shape of the basal part of the uncus.
Female unknown.
RUPELA TINCTELLA (Walker)
PLATE 24, Ficures 9-9c; PuatTe 32, Ficures 42, 43; Prats 33, Ficure 46
Salapola, tinctella Waker, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the
collection of the British Museum, vol. 28, p. 526, 1863; female.
Scirpophaga zelleri MOscHLER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 31, p. 435, 1882
(new synonymy) ; female.
Scirpophaga holophacalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 181,
1904 (new synonymy) ; male.
Storteria unicolor BARNES and McDunnoueH, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. North
America, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 178, 1913; male.
Rupela holophaealis (Hampson) Dyar, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 5,
p. 80, 1917.
I am indebted to Mr. Tams for the identification of this species.
He sent me a description and a photograph of the genitalia of
Walker’s type (a female) and compared a slide and a specimen I
submitted. | Moschler’s species we know only from his description,
but that leaves little doubt as to what he had before him. He says
that the fore wing is “gelblich angehauctes Weiss.” This (since
his type is a female) could apply only to the female of tinctedla.
Hampson’s holophaealis I associate on the evidence of distribution
and a female of ¢inctel/a in the National Museum collection, which
matches in color the paler fuscous males of holophaealis. Dyar
established the synonymy of holophaealis and wnicolor. I have
examined the genitalia of the Barnes and McDunnough type.
The species is extremely variable in color and venation and nor-
mally the males and females are sharply contrasted, the males being
brownish ocherous and the females white. But this dimorphism
is not constant. I have before me two males from Argentina
(British Museum collection) that are almost pure white and not to
be distinguished from the other white species except by genitalia.
We have also one pale brown female from French Guiana. The
genital characters are constant.
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 369
Male.—Head, thorax, fore and hind wings, and dorsum of abdo-
men pale brown or brownish ocherous (rarely white), some speci-
mens paler than others and some with hind wing slightly darker
than fore wing, normally with fore and hind wings concolorous.
In the brownish specimens the dark shading extends to the palpi
and legs. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate; 10 sometimes
very short stalked with 8 and 9; 6 more or less approximate to 7
at base (in other species 6 and 7 usually well separated and par-
allel) ; 4 and 5 separate or connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 sepa-
rate, connate or shortly stalked. Anal tuft very pale ocherous or
white.
Alar expanse, 20-34 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike; lateral arms rather long; cen-
tral part with truncate lower margin; apical part rather short, not
tapering; apex bluntly rounded; inner surface finely granulate.
Uncus with basal part very little widened and not at all humped
(rather flattened) ; apical part tapering; apex blunt. Harpe simple;
apex bluntly rounded; basal projection of costa produced, the pro-
jections of the two harpes joining at their apices to form a narrow
transtilla. Anellus consisting of ventral plate and slightly rough-
ened dorsal membrane; ventral plate elongate, its lateral margins
notched. Aedeagus with basal half enlarged; without spines or
serrations.
Female—Head, thorax, and wings sordid white to pure white
(rarely pale brownish ocherous) ; the fore wing frequently with a
yellowish tint. Venation as in the male. Anal tuft yellow; the
underlying scales black-brown and wavy (in other species the under-
lying scales are often dark brown or blackish but nearly always
straight).
Alar expanse, 25-42 mm.
Genitalia with genital plate strongly sclerotized, forming a semi-
circular band attached firmly to the rods of the eighth segment collar,
Ductus sclerotized only at genital opening.
Types—In British Museum (tinctella and holophaealis) ; Berlin
Museum (zel/eri) ; United States National Museum (uwnicolor).
Type localities Venezuela (tinctella); Paramaribo, Surinam
(zelleri); Abaco, Bahamas (holophaealis); Everglades, Fla.
(unicolor).
Distribution—Unirep Srates, Florida, Everglades (April),
Miami, Cocontt Grove, Dade City, Panacea (August), St. Peters-
burg (April, July), Fort Meade (April), Grove (May) ; Mexico,
Huasteca (Veracruz); Cupna, Matanzas (April); Bririst Guiana,
Georgetown (July); Frencn Guiana, St. Laurent Maroni, St. Jean
Maroni; Surtnam, Geldersland (Surinam River), Kartabo (No-
370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
vember); Trrnipap (June); Braziz, Castro (Parana); Paraguay,
El Gran Chaco (November); Argentina, Villa Ana (February,
March).
Remarks.—Ninety-two specimens (54 males and 388 females) ex-
amined, from the collections of the United States National Museum,
British Museum, and Cornell University.
The species is easily identified by male and female genitalia. In
all the species I have seen there is none except tinctella that has the
genital plate of the female fused to rods of the collar.
RUPELA NIVEA Walker
PLATE 25, FIGuRES 10-10c
Rupela nivea WALKER, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the
collection of the British Museum, vol. 28, p. 524, 1863; male.
This species, thongh quite distinct in genital characters from any-
thing else in the genus, has long been listed as a synonym of albinella
Cramer. I am indebted to Mr. Tams for examining genitalia of
Walker’s type and giving me the correct identification.
Male-—Wings pure white. Fore wing with veins 4 and 5 closely
approximate, connate or stalked; 11 and 12 closely approximate or
anastomosing. Hind wing with 4 and 5 closely approximate, con-
nate or stalked. Anal tuft white.
Alar expanse, 24-37 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike, heavy, smooth, broad at base (in
ventral aspect), tapering to bluntly pointed apex. Uncus broad at
base and tapering to apex, stout; basal part extended backward into
bulbous lobe; from lateral view widest and slightly humped at middle
(decidedly humped in specimen from Castro, pl. 25, fig. 10c). Harpe
with apex tapering and rounded; basal process of costa (C7h) greatly
extended, digitate; sacculus produced into clasper (C7); the latter
a long, stout, straight spine. Anellus consisting of a rigid ventral
plate and a dorsal membrane which attaches to the aedeagus; upper
(caudal) margin of plate deeply incised; membrane rugose, the
wrinkles appreciably sclerotized. Aedeagus smooth; cylindrical;
tapering slightly from beyond middle to apex.
Type.—In British Museum.
Type locality—Para (Santarem), Brazil.
Distribution —Panama, Porto Bello (April, May) ; Brazir, Castro
(Parana) ; Arcentrna, Gran Chaco (October), VillasAna (January,
February), Goya.
Remarks.—Twelve specimens examined. These are all males and
are from the United States National Museum and British Museum
collections. The Castro male (from the British Museum collection)
is somewhat abnormal. The uncus is more appreciably humped than
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 371
in any of the other specimens and the clasper had a short secondary
spine branching from its base. These differences are probably but
individual abnormalities and, in my opinion, do not justify any
separate name (varietal or otherwise) for the Castro specimen.
The female is unknown.
RUPELA VEXATIVA, new species
PLATE 25, FicurEs 11-11c
Male—Wings pure white. Fore wing with veins 4 and 5 connate;
11 anastomosing with 12. Hind wing with 4 and 5 very shortly
stalked. Anal tuft white.
Alar expanse, 27 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike, triangular, cleft from apex to
middle. Uncus broad at base, tapering sharply to pointed and
slightly hooked apex; basal part extended backward as a bulbous
lobe (cowllike); dorsal surface of lobe with a few weak, scattered
scobinations. Harpe with cucullus somewhat broadened toward
apex; apex rounded; basal process of costa long, digitate; sacculus
produced into clasper, the latter, a strong, stout spine, curved up-
ward to cesta. Anellus consisting of a rigid ventral plate and dorsal
membrane; plate somewhat constricted at middle, lateral margins
deeply incurved; membrane but slightly rugose, weakly sclerotized.
Aedeagus smooth, bulging laterally just beyond middle, thence tap-
ering rather abruptly toward apex; apex spatulate.
Type—tn British Museum.
Type locality —Quirigua, Guatemala.
Remarks.—Described from one male collected by Wm. Schaus
(April).
This species is easily recognized by its peculiar aedeagus, its cleft,
triangular gnathos, and its strong, curved, hooklike clasper.
Female unknown.
RUPELA CORNIGERA, new species
PLATE 25, Ficures 12-120
Male—Wings white. The wings are not so bright as in most of
the other species, but their dullness may be due to the condition
of the specimens. Under side of fore wing faintly dark shaded
in costal area; veins 11 and 12 separate; 4 and 5 connate or shortly
stalked. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate or shortly stalked. Anal
tuft white.
Alar expanse, 27-30 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike, tapering abruptly to middle, and
gradually from middle to bluntly rounded apex. Uncus stout, basal
part very broad and with central rib; apical two-thirds digitate:
131080—37
9
~
ote PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
apex bluntly rounded. Harpe approximately rectangular; basal
process of costa somewhat produced but not strongly sclerotized,
fusing into membranous transtilla; sacculus folded upward toward
apex, not otherwise produced. Anellus consisting of ventral plate
and a more strongly sclerotized U-shaped dorsal band; dorsal margin
of ventral plate slightly concave; dorsal band bearing a pair of very
long, stout spines. Aedeagus bent beyond middie; apical area ven-
trally compressed and slightly concave; the hind margin of this
coneaye area armed with short thornlike scobinations; apex truncate.
Type.—uU.S.N.M. no. 51861.
Paratypes.—In British Museum.
Type locality —Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from male type (Schaus, collector) and two
male paratypes (E. D. Jones, collector) from the type locality. In
addition to the above I have before me two small males belonging
to the British Museum and collected at Obydos, Brazil, by KE. E.
Austin, February 2, 1896. They are smaller (18.5-20 mm) than
the type series, and their genitalia are about half the size of those
of typical cornigera. Otherwise there appears to be no difference.
Possibly they represent a race. On the other hand, they may be
merely stunted, aberrant specimens. Therefore I am not including
them among the paratypes.
Female unknown.
RUPELA IMITATIVA, new species
PLATE 26, Figures 13-138¢
Male—Wings shining white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12
approximate; 4 and 5 approximate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 con-
nate or very shortly stalked, Anal tuft white.
Alar expanse, 36-38 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike; lateral arms developed; lower
margin slightly convex; apical part stout, tapering to bluntly
pointed apex; apex upturned; inner surface with a weak, central,
longitudinal ridge. Uncus with basal part ovoid, produced back-
ward (cowllike), finely and densely scobinate; apical part stout
and but slightly tapered; apex bluntly pointed. Harpe with sacculus
produced at apex into a strongly sclerotized fold; basal projection
of costa produced, prominent; cucullus not narrowed, apex bluntly
rounded. Anellus consisting of ventral plate and a slightly rough-
ened dorsal membrane, ventral plate with upper margin concave,
lateral margins widely and deeply concave. Aedeagus with basal
part somewhat enlarged; apical half narrowing to blunt apex;
apex with lateral flange.
Type—tIn British Museum.
Paratype —U.S.N.M. no. 51862.
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 373
Type locality—Castro, Parani, Brazil (E. D. Jones).
Remarks—Described from male type and one male paratype from
the type locality. May be recognized at once by the flanged aedeagus.
Female unknown.
RUPELA SEJUNCTA, new species
PLATE 26, Figures 14-14c; PLATE 32, FicuRE 39
Male.—Wings shining white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12
anastomosing; 4 and 5 connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate
or very shortly stalked. Anal tuft white.
Alar expanse, 28-33 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike; lateral arms developed; lower
margin broadly rounded; apical part abruptly tapering to bluntly
pointed apex; apex upturned and notched; outer (under) surface
slightly roughened. Uncus with basal part ovoid, produced back-
ward (cowllike), covered with short scobinations; apical part some-
what short in proportion to basal, tapering to pointed apex. Harpe
with narrowed cucullus; apex bluntly rounded; saceculus produced
into a very short spine at apex; basal projection of costa greatly
produced. Anellus consisting of ventral plate and unsclerotized
dorsal membrane; ventral plate with upper margin deeply angulate—
emarginate, lateral margins widely and rather deeply concave.
Aedeagus with apical half and extreme base greatly narrowed;
apical half rodlike, curved at apex; manica prominent, but weakly
sclerotized.
Female-—Wing color and venation as in the male. Anal tuft
white.
Alar expanse, 25-30 mm.
Genitalia with genital plate large, completely surrounding genital
opening, strongly sclerotized, its lateral areas granulate; lower mar-
gins of genital opening deeply rugose, black-brown and very strongly
sclerotized; at caudal margin a short, hollow, outwardly projecting
nipple.
Type and paratypes—U.S.N.M. no. 51863. Paratypes also in
British Museum.
Type locality—Harris County, Tex. (May).
Remarks.—Described from male type, six male and six female
paratypes; the paratypes distributed as follows: Texas, Harris
County, one male and one female; Grorera, one male and one female;
Frorma (“Allen River to Deep Lake”, April 12, 1912), one male,
Everglades, one female; Anapama, Selma (E. A. Schwarz, Septem-
ber 1880), one male; “Sraren Isinanp” (“26-VI-01”), one female;
also two males and two females from the Zeller collection (1880)
in the British Museum, without locality label but presumably from
Texas.
374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 84
The species as far as I know is limited to the United States.
Hitherto specimens have been identified as albinella Cramer. It can
be identified at once by its peculiar aedeagus and female genital
plate.
RUPELA SCITULA, new species
PLATE 26, Figures 15-15c
Male—Wings shining white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12
separate; 4 and 5 approximate or connate. Hind wing with 4 and
5 stalked. Anal tuft white.
Alar expanse, 21-29 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos beaklike; lateral arms well developed; basal
projecting part truncate; apical part tapering to pointed apex; in-
ner surface sparsely and very finely scobinate. Uncus with basal
part bilobed but rather small as compared with other species, the
lobes bearing several short spines on dorsum; apical part long,
tapering to pointed apex. Harpe with basal process of costa slightly
produced; apex bluntly rounded; sacculus produced into a narrow,
elongate fold at apex, otherwise simple. Anellus consisting of
ventral plate and a partially sclerotized dorsal band, the latter
bearing one pair of very long, stout spines and a pair of much
thinner and shorter spines; lateral margins of ventral plate nar-
rowly but deeply excurvate. Aedeagus with apex deeply but nar-
rowly excavate on under side and bearing several short, stout,
ventral spines. Tegumen with sharp, projecting spur (7 gsp) from
each inner lateral margin.
Type and paraiype—U.S.N.M. no. 51864. Paratypes also in Cor-
nell University collection and British Museum.
Type locality —Tucuman, Argentina.
Remarks.—Described from male type and seven male paratypes,
the paratypes distributed as follows: On boat from Mexico (Quar-
antine no. Phila. 27764), one; Braz, Obydos (KE. E. Austin, Febru-
ary 2, 1896), one, Rio Janunda (“11-447”), two; Brrrisu Guiana,
Mackenzie, Demerara (W. T. M. Forbes, June 23-24, 1927), three.
May be identified at once by the shape of the uncus, the spining
of the dorsal part of the anellus, and the spurs on the tegumen.
Female unknown.
RUPELA ADUNCA, new species
PLATE 27, Ficures 16-16c
Male.—Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate;
4 and 5 shortly stalked. Hind wing with 4 and 5 very shortly
stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 375
Alar expanse, 39 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos bandlike, the central portion widely ex-
panded (apronlike). Uncus with base enlarged, bulbous, covered
with small, papillate protuberances and with a narrow dorsal groove ;
apical part laterally compressed (knifelike), slightly humped at
middle; apex pointed. Harpe with basal projection from costa
greatly produced and fusing with membranous, minutely scobinate
transtilla; sacculus produced at apex into an upcurved sclerotized
lip from which a sclerotized ridge extends upward to the costa; at
center of ridge a slight projection. Anellus consisting of ventral
plate and dorsal membrane; ventral plate with upper margin
broadly and deeply angulate and lateral margins deeply excavate.
Aedeagus heavy; basal part swollen; apex produced into a stout,
blunt hook.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51865.
Type locality.—Bolivia.
Remarks.—Described from one male from the National Museum
collection labeled as follows: “17-46-55 S. Lat., 63-5-34 Long.”
A large species easily identified by its peculiar aedeagus and uncus.
Female unknown.
RUPELA LUMARIA, new species
PLATE 27, Ficures 17-17c
Male.—Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate;
4 and 5 closely approximate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 closely
approximate. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 30 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos bandlike, slightly expanded at middle.
Uncus with basal part a broadly triangular, hoodlike, rugose pro-
jection with deep central, dorsal groove; apical part abruptly taper-
ing to pointed apex. Harpe with basal costal projection strongly
produced and fusing with finely scobinate, membranous transtilla;
saceulus produced into an elongately triangular, coarsely scobinate
projection with apex sharply pointed; apex of harpe bluntly
rounded. Anellus consisting of ventral plate and membranous dorsal
part, the latter faintly rugose. Aedeagus stout, cylindrical; apex
expanded and produced into three heavy claws.
Type.—uvU.S.N.M. no. 51866.
Type locality —Carillo, Costa Rica (W. Schaus, March).
Remarks.—Described from single male. Can be identified by
basal modification of uncus, the 3-clawed aedeagus, and the heavy,
triangular, scobinate projection of the sacculus.
Female unknown.
376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 8£
RUPELA HORRIDULA, new species
PLatTe 27, Ficures 18-187; PLate 33, FIGURE 47
Male-——Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate;
4 and 5 connate or closely approximate. Hind wings with 4 and 5
connate or shortly stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 22-32 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos bandlike, simple. Uncus with basal part
bifid, produced as two subtriangular, laterally flattened, jagged
lobes. Apical part smooth except for a slight dorsal keel near apex;
apex hooked. Harpe broad; apex bluntly pointed; basal projection
of costa considerably produced and fusing into membranous trans-
tilla; sacculus produced at apex into a short, broad, blunt, up-
curved spur; from this a sclerotized ridge extends to the basal pro-
jection of the costa. Anellus consisting of ventral plate and a pair
of strongly sclerotized, narrow, sinuous, irregularly serrate dorsal
plates; ventral plate with upper (caudal) margin deeply angulate
and lateral margins excavate. Aedeagus with from one to three
ventral thornlike teeth toward apex; penis bearing a small, flattened,
serrate cornutus.
Type and paratypes—U.S.N.M. no. 51867. Paratypes also in
collections of Cornell University, British Museum and Harold E.
Box.
Type locality—Campo Bello, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Zikan,
collector).
Food plant—Andropogon bicornis. This food-plant record is
from specimens submitted by Dr. H. E. Box, San José, British
Guiana, April 1936 (Myers no. 5328).
Remarks.—Described from male type and 25 male paratypes, the
paratypes distributed as follows: Brazm, Campo Bello (Rio de
Janeiro), two, Organ Mountains (near Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro), one,
Ponte Nova (Rio Xingu), three; Surrnam, Zanderij (Boven, Para
District, April), one; Frencn Guiana, St. Jean Maroni, five;
Britisu Guiana, San José (Pupununi District, April), two, George-
town, one, Kartabo (Bartica District, October, November), four, Mac-
kenzie (June), two, Rio Demerara, one; Trrnmap, (Dyar collection,
B. M. no, 1923-861), two, (Saunders collection, B. M. no. 94-68), one.
This species is easily recognized by the structure of its anellus and
uncus. ‘There is considerable variation in the size and spining of
the basal lobes of the uncus in different specimens, but between the
extreme forms (shown in pl. 27, figs. 18d and 18e) there is every
possible intergrade so that no distinct varieties or races can be
established.
Female unknown.
>
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH StL
RUPELA SPINIFERA, new species
Puate 28, Figures 19-19¢c
Male—Wings shining white. Fore wing with veins 11 and i2
separate; 4 and 5 connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate or
shortly stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 89-45 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos bandlike, simple. Uncus with basal part
produced backward into a broad, rounded, concave, and bifurcate
plate armed along its outer margin with long, heavy spines; apical
part long, its base clothed with long, slender hairs on dorsum, its
apex sharply hooked. Harpe broad; cucullus abruptly narrowed ;
apex bluntly pointed; basal projection of costa long, digitate, fusing
into membranous transtilla; sacculus produced at apex into a wide
flange which is extended in a sclerotized ridge to basal projection
of costa. Anellus consisting of ventral plate-and dorsal membrane;
upper margin of ventral plate angulate, lateral margins broadly
excavate. Aedeagus long, tapering from slightly enlarged base to
produced apex.
Type —U.S.N.M. no. 51868. Paratype in British Museum.
Type locality Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from male type (W. Schaus, collector) and
one male paratype (E. D. Jones, collector) without dates and both
from the type locality.
A large species distinguished by its long slender aedeagus and
heavily spined uncus.
Female unknown.
RUPELA MONSTRATA, new specics
PLATE 28, FicurES 20-20¢
Male—Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate;
4and 5 closely approximate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 closely approx-
imate. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 46 mm.
Genitalia with gnathos bandlike, simple. Uncus with base only
slightly widened, produced backward into a stout, forked process
with heavy, ribbed stem and thick, stubby prongs, the latter bearing
one or two spines; apical part greatly extended, digitate; apex
abruptly tapering and slightly hooked. Harpe broad; cucullus
abruptly narrowed; apex bluntly pointed; basal projection of costa
normally produced but not strongly sclerotized (transtilla mem-
branous and not well defined); sacculus produced at apex into a
shallow flange whose upper extremity is slightly notched. Anellus
consisting of ventral plate and dorsal membrane; the upper and
378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 84
lateral margins of the ventral plate are so deeply angulate that the
upper half of the plate appears as two divergent bands. Aedeagus
long; basal half slightly enlarged; apical half not appreciably taper-
ing; apex truncate, with one or two short teeth at ventral extremity.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51869.
Type locality —Castro, Parana, Brazil (W. Schaus).
Remarks.—Described from one male. The largest of the male
Rupelas, easily identified by its anellus and greatly elongated digitata
uncus.
Female unknown.
UNASSOCIATED FEMALES
RUPELA ANTONIA, new species
PLATE 30, FrcurE 31
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate; 4 and
5 connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 38-43 mm.
Genitalia as in /eucatea except that the lower margin of the genital
opening is concave rather than sinuate and the sclerotization of the
ductus bursae extends farther back from the genital opening.
Type and paratype—U.S.N.M. no. 51892.
Type locality—Sixola River, Costa Rica (April, September).
Described from two females, both from the type locality.
RUPELA BENDIS, new species
PLATE 29, FIGURE 21
Wings white. Fore wing with 11 and 12 separate; 4 and 5 connate
or shortly stalked. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate or shortly
stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 28-33 mm.
Genitalia similar to those of albinella but without defined genital
plate; area about genital opening very weakly sclerotized. Lower
margin of genital opening concave and with a small notch in center.
Type and paratype.—U.S.N.M. no. 51893. Paratype also in British
Museum.
Type locality—Aroa, Venezuela.
Remarks.—Described from three females, the paratypes distributed
as follows: Venrzurna, Aroa, one; Brazm, Parapanema (Sao Paulo),
one.
There are also two rather doubtful specimens in the British Mu-
seum from Brazil (Paranda de Buyassu and Rio Cararauca). In one
of these the central notch in the lower margin of the genital opening
is obsolete and in the other nearly so.
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 379
RUPELA CANENS, new species
PLATE 29, FIGURE 23
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 anastomosing; 4 and
5connate. Hind wing with 4and 5 shortly stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 26-33 mm.
Genitalia similar to those of bends, but area about genital opening
more appreciably sclerotized; a genital plate faintly indicated.
Lower margin of genital opening deeply concave (somewhat angu-
late). Bursa copulatrix very small, not reaching length of rods of
eighth segment collar. Ductus bursae sclerotized for some distance
from genital opening.
Type—U.S.N.M. no. 51894. Paratype in British Museum.
Type locality—Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from two females, the paratype from Parin-
tins, Brazil.
In some characters the genitalia are more similar to those of
albinella than to those of bendis. However, they seem to indicate
a species distinct from either.
RUPELA BRUSILLA, new species
PLATE 29, FIGURE 24
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate; 4 and 5
connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 stalked. Anal tuft white.
Alar expanse, 28 mm.
Genitalia with genital opening wide. Genital plate reduced to
area back of genital opening (not completely surrounding the open-
ing), triangular. Lower margin of genital opening angulate. Duc-
tus bursae laterally broadened and well sclerotized toward genital
opening. The genitalia resemble most those of segrega, from which
they are readily separated by the shape of the lower margin of the
genital opening.
Type.—vU.S.N.M. no. 51895.
Type locality—Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from one female. The fore wings of this
specimen have a faint creamy tint, which may or may not be the
normal color. I suspect that a series would show most of the speci-
mens pure white. Possibly the female of saetigera or pallidula.
RUPELA EDUSA, new species
PLATE 30, FIGURE 29
Wings white. Fore wing with 11 and 12 separate or approximate;
4 and 5 separate or connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 separate or
connate. Anal tuft white.
380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 84
Alar expanse, 21-26 mm.
Genitalia with area behind the genital opening markedly sclerotized
and pigmented, smooth just behind opening and rugose and finely
eranulate beyond (in the direction of ovipositor). Lower margin of
genital opening concave with lateral ends somewhat straightened ; the
ductus at genital opening narrowly sclerotized. Ductus seminalis
from ductus bursae and forming a loop with it just before genital
opening.
Type and paratypes —U.S.N.M. no. 51896. Paratype also in
British Museum.
Type locality—Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from seven females, the paratypes all from
the type locality.
The species is chiefly distinguished by the peculiar shape and junc-
ture of the ductus bursae and ductus seminalis. This may be the
female of labeosa.
RUPELA FAUSTINA, new species
PLATE 29, FIGURE 22
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 anastomosing; 4
and 5 connate or shortly stalked. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate
or shortly stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 21-25 mm.
Genitalia with a smooth, sclerotized, roundly oval plate just behind
genital opening. Lower margin of genital opening slightly angulate.
Just within lip of genital opening a pair of short, dark, hooklike
processes. Ductus weakly sclerotized toward genital opening.
Type and paratype—U.S.N.M. no. 51897. Paratype also in British
Museum.
Type locality —Cabima, Panama (Busck, May).
Remarks.—Described from three females from the type locality.
From the fore-wing venation, size, and distribution I am inclined
to believe that this is the female of /iberta.
RUPELA GAIA, new species
PLATE 30, FIGURE 28
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate; 4 and 5
closely approximate or connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 closely
approximate or connate. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 39-48 min.
Genitalia with area to the sides and behind the genital opening
slightly rugose and weakly sclerotized. Lower margin of genital
opening angulate. the angle bluntly pointed. Within the genital
opening a pair of dark, small, oblong, sclerotized disks.
'
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 381
Type and paratypes—U.S.N.M. no. 51898. Paratypes also in
British Museum.
Type locality —Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from six females, the paratypes distributed
as follows: Brazm, Castro, three; Argentina, one; Paraguay,
Villarrica (November), one.
RUPELA HERIE, new species
Puate 30, FIGURE 27
White wings. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate; 4 and 5
connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 30-33 mm.
Genitalia with pigmented (yellow) and sclerotized genital plate;
the plate rugose, especially toward margins and with caudal part
acutely angulate. Genital opening semicircular, the lateral edges of
its lower margin fusing into the plate.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 51899. Paratype in Cornell University
collection.
Type locality—Georgetown, British Guiana (April).
Remarks.—Described from two females, the paratype from Zan-
derij (Para District), Surinam (April).
RUPELA JANA, new species
Prate 31, Ficure 38
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 closely approxi-
mate (rarely anastomosing); 4 and 5 connate or shortly stalked.
Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate or shortly stalked. Anal tuft
yellow.
Alar expanse, 29-47 mm.
Genitalia with large sclerotized plate completely surrounding gen-
ital opening; its lateral areas partially detached from central portion
of the plate; near its caudal margin a strongly sclerotized, brown,
external pocket. Ductus unsclerotized at genital opening and the
lower margin of genital opening unpigmented. Genital opening
nearly circular.
Type and paratypes —U.S.N.M. no. 51900. Paratypes also in Brit-
ish Museum and Cornell University collections.
Type locality —Chaco, Argentina.
Remarks.—Described from 28 females, the paratypes distributed as
follows: PAnaMA, Porto Bello (May), four; Surrnam (no other local-
ity, Zeller collection of British Museum), one; Brrrisn Gur1ana, Ber-
bice, one; Braziz, Obydos (Pard), one, Rio Madeira, three, Rio
Cuminae, one, Para, two, Breves (January), one; Perv, Iquitos, one;
382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Arcrntina, Villa Ana (January, February, March), eight, Goya, one,
and two specimens without definite locality; Paraguay, Gran Chaco
(March), one.
In addition to the type series there is one specimen in the British
Museum from Sao Paulo, Brazil, that belongs here but is not in-
cluded among the paratypes. It is abnormal, in that the sclerotized
pocket is much narrower than in other specimens and the lateral
areas of the genital plate are completely fused with the central area.
The entire plate seems to have been pinched. I believe that these
differences indicate nothing more than an individual and freak
development.
RUPELA CANDACE, new spccies
PLATE 29, FIGURES 25, 25a
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate; 4 and
5 closely approximate or connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate.
Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 38-44 mm.
Genitalia with large sclerotized plate surrounding genital open-
ing; at its caudal end a strongly sclerotized, internal pocket (see
projection sketch of pl. 29, fig. 25). Ductus sclerotized at genital
opening. Margin of genital opening strongly sclerotized and dark
brown. Genital opening oval.
Type—tin British Museum.
Paratype.—U.S.N.M. no. 51901.
Type locality —Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Described from two females from the type locality.
RUPELA LARA, new species
PLATE 32, Figure 40
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 approximate; 4 and
5 approximate or connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 approximate,
connate or stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 20-36 mm.
Genitalia with genital plate developed as a stout, blunt, thorn-
like process just in front of genital opening. On each side of genital
opening a large, finely scobinate, sclerotized area. Membrane back
of genital opening unpigmented and unsclerotized except that in
the area near eighth segment collar there is a small, brown, sclerotized,
external pocket. Genital opening behind apex of genital plate. Due-
tus not appreciably sclerotized.
Type and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. no. 51902.
Type locality —Cabima, Panama (May).
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 383
Remarks.—Described from three females, the paratypes distributed
as follows: Panama, Rio Trinidad (June), one; Cosra Rica, Gua-
piles (March), one.
RUPELA MAENAS, new species
PLATE 31, FicurEs 36, 37
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 approximate; 4
and 5 closely approximate or connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5
connate or shortly stalked. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 22-31 mm,
Genitalia with ductus bursae strongly sclerotized, brown and ex-
panded into a laterally flattened bulb near genital opening. Genital
plate developed as a narrow hoodlike piece in front and a broad,
hooked, truncate flange behind genital opening (see pl. 31, fig. 36),
the flange protruding from the area between the ventrolateral mar-
gins of the eighth segment collar. Genital opening nearly circular,
Type and paratypes—U.S.N.M, no. 51903. Paratypes also in
British Museum and Cornell University collections.
Type locality—Ponte Nova (Rio Xingu), Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from eight females, the paratypes distrib-
uted as follows: Frencn Gutana, St. Laurent Maroni (March), one;
Bairisa Guiana, Kartabo (October), one, Mackenzie (June), two;
Surtnam, Zanderij (April), two; Braz, Castro (Parana), one.
Easily identified by the bulbous, sclerotized ductus. I suspect it
may be the female of horridula.
RUPELA NEREIS, new species
PLATE 31, Ficgures 33, 34
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate; 4 and
5 connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 connate. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 40 mm.
Genitalia with ductus bursae brown, sclerotized and tubular toward
genital opening. Genital plate consisting of a pair of narrow lateral
' flaps extending backward from margin of genital opening and fusing
with a flanged and hooked process, which protrudes between the
ventrolateral margins of the eighth segment collar; strongly sclero-
tized, brown; apex of protruding flange abruptly tapering to a blunt
point. Ventral area between collar and ovipositor strongly sclero-
tized, developed as a pair of elongate, shallow, somewhat rugose
depressions. Genital opening semicircular,
Type—tn British Museum.
Type locality —Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Remarks.—Described from one female.
384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 84
Apparently nearest to maenas but not to be confused with anything
in the genus.
RUPELA ORBONA, new species
PLATE 31, Ficure 35
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate; 4 and
5 connate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 shortly stalked. Anal tuft
yellow.
Alar expanse, 80 mm.
Genitalia with genital plate triangular, brown, sclerotized, ap-
pressed to and no wider than ductus bursae; in ductus (at end of
genital plate) a pale yellow, round, rugose thickening of the tube.
Area behind genital opening sclerotized and pigmented, a smooth
angulate plate, at its apex a dark brown, heavily sclerotized, elon-
gately triangular, internal pocket. Genital opening slitlike.
Type.—tIn Cornell University collection.
Type locality Mackenzie, British Guiana (June).
Described from one female.
RUPELA PROCULA, new species
PLATE 32, FIGURE 41
Wings white. Fore wing with veins 11 and 12 separate or approx!-
mate; 4 and 5 approximate. Hind wing with 4 and 5 approximate
or connate. Anal tuft yellow.
Alar expanse, 50-51 mm.
Genitalia with genital plate surrounding the genital opening, ir-
regular, strongly sclerotized and pigmented; from the area behind
opening a deep, strongly sclerotized internal pocket; beyond this,
the area between the ventrolateral margins of the eighth segment
collar is rugose, partially pigmented, and sclerotized. Ductus
strongly sclerotized, dark, and laterally expanded towards genital
opening. Genital opening large, irregular.
Type and paratype-—uU.S.N.M. no. 51904.
Type locality—Sta. Catherina, Brazil.
Described from two females, the paratype from Jepelacio, Peru.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
The drawings for the plates accompanying this paper were made
under the author’s supervision by Mrs. Eleanor A. Carlin, of the
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. The female genitalia
were drawn to smaller scale than those of the males.
EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS APPLIED TO GENITALIA
Male
Cl=Clasper of harpe.
Cih= Basal projection from costa of harpe.
cn=Cornutus (cornuti).
Cu=Cucullus of harpe.
Gn= Gnathos.
laGn= Lateral arm of gnathos.
Ma= Manica uniting anellus and aedeagus.
Sc=Sacculus of harpe.
Tgsp=Spur from ventrolateral margin of tegumen.
Tr = Transtilla.
U=Uncus.
Female
Bc= Bursa copulatrix.
Clr= Collar of eighth abdominal segment.
Db= Ductus bursae.
Ds=Ductus seminalis.
Go= Genital opening.
Gp= Genital plate.
lm= Lower margin of genital opening.
p=Sclerotized pocket in area caudad of genital opening,
PLATE 22
1-1d. Rupela leucatea (Zeller): 1, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitied; la, anellus, dorsal view; 10,
aedeagus; 1c, lateral view of tegumen, uncus, and gnathos; 1d, dorsal
view of uncus and gnathos.
2-9d. Rupela albinella (Cramer): 2, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and oue harpe omitted; 2a, anellus, dorsal view; 20, ventral
and lateral views of aedeagus (the lateral view showing anellus at-
tached) ; 2c, lateral view of tegumen, uncus, and gnathos; 2d, dorsal
view of uncus and gnathos.
3-3d. Rupela labeosa, new species: 3, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 3a, anellus, dorsal view ; 3b, aedea-
gus; 3c, lateral view of tegumen, uncus, and gnathos; 3d, dorsolateral
view of uncus and gnathos.
385
386
4+te.
5-5d.
6-6d.
T-Td.
8-8c.
9-9e.
10-10e.
tle:
12-12b.
13-13¢e.
14-14ce.
15-15ce.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
PLATE 23
Rupela liberta, new species: 4, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 4a, dorsal view of anellus showing
dorsal part and spines turned outward; 4b, dorsal view of anellus
and spines in normal position; 4c, aedeagus.
Rupela pallidula, new species: 5, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 5a, anellus, dorsal view; 5b,
aedeagus; 5c, lateral view of uncus and gnathos; 5d, dorsal view
of uncus and gnathos.
Rupela segrega, new species: 6, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 6a, anellus, dorsal view; 6),
aedeagus; 6c, lateral view of uncus and gnathos; 6d, dorsolateral
view of uncus and gnathos.
PLATE 24
Rupela gibbera, new species: 7, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; Ta, anellus, dorsal view; 7),
aedeagus with sclerotized manica; 7c, lateral view of uncus and
gnathos; 7d, dorsal view of uncus and gnathos.
Rupela saetigera, new species: 8, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 8a, anellus, dorsal view; 8b,
aedeagus with sclerotized manica; 8c, dorsal view of uncus and
gnathos.
Rupela tinctella (Walker): 9, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 9a, anellus, dorsal view; 90,
aedeagus; 9c, lateral view of uncus and gnathos.
PLATE 25
Rupela nivea Walker: 10, Ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus
and one harpe omitted; 10a, anellus, dorsal view; 10b, aedeagus;
10c, lateral view of unecus and gnathos from abnormal specimen from
Castro, Brazil.
Rupela verativa, new species: 11, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; lla, anellus, dorsal view; 110,
aedeagus; llc, dorsal view of uncus and gnathos.
Rupela cornigera, new species: 12, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 12a, anellus, dorsal view; 120,
aedeagus.
PLATE 26
Rupela imitativa, new species: 18, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 15a, anellus, dorsal view; 158,
aedeagus; 18¢c, dorsal view of uncus and gnathos.
Rupela sejuncta, new species: 14, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 14a, anellus, dorsal view; 14),
aedeagus with attached manica; 14¢, lateral view of uncus and
gnathos.
Rupela scitula, new species: 15, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 15a, anellus, dorsal view; 15d,
aedeagus; 15c, lateral view of tegumen, uncus, and gnathos.
>
MOTHS OF THE GENUS RUPELA—HEINRICH 387
PLATE 27
16-16c. Rupela adunca, new species: 16, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 16a, anellus, dorsal view; 160,
aedeagus; i16c, dorsal view of uncus and gnathos.
17-17¢c. Rupela lumaria, new species: 17, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 17a, anellus, dorsal view; 17B,
aedeagus; 17c, dorsal view of uncus and gnathos.
18-18f. Rupela horridula, new species: 18, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 18a, anellus, dorsal view; 180,
aedeagus with anellus attached, lateral view; 18c¢, apex of aedeagus
lateral view showing cornutus (cn) on penis; 18d, 18e, lateral
views of uncus and gnathos in two specimens showing extremes of
variation in the uncus; 18f, dorsal view of gnathos and uncus.
PLATE 28
19-19c. Rupela spinifera, new species: 19, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 19a, anellus, dorsal view, 199,
aedeagus; 19¢c, dorsal view of uncus and gnathos.
20-20c. Rupela monstrata, new species: 20, Ventral view of male genitalia with
aedeagus and one harpe omitted; 20a, anellus, dorsal view; 200,
aedeagus; 20c, dorsal view of uncus and gnathos.
Prats 29
21. Rupela bendis, new species: Female genitalia.
22. Rupela faustina, new species: Female genitalia.
23. Rupela canens, new species: Female genitalia.
24. Rupela drusiila, new species: Female genitalia.
25, 25a. Rupela candace, new species: 25, Female genitalia, the projection to
the side showing lateral view of genital opening, genital plate, and
sclerotized pocket; 25a, dorsal view of collar of eighth abdominal
segment.
26-260. Rupela albinella (Cramer): 26, Female genitalia; 26a, lateral view of
organs with bursa omitted; 26), ventral view of genital plate end
opening and eighth segment collar, from a specimen showing ex-
treme of variation from normal specimens.
PLATE 30
27. Rupela herie, new species: Female genitalia.
28. Rupela gaia, new species: Female genitalia.
29. Rupela edusa, new species: Female genitalia.
30. Rupela leucatea (Zeller): Female genitalia.
31. Rupela antonia, new species: Female genitalia.
32. Rupela seyrega, new species: Female genitalia.
PLATE 31
23,34. Rupela nereis, new species: 33, Lateral view of femal genitalia; 34,
ventral view.
35. Rupela orbona, new species: Female genitalia, the projection to the
side showing lateral view of genital opening, genital plate, and
sclerctized pocket.
131080—37——-3
3888 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
36, 37. Rupela maenas, new species: 86, Lateral view of female genitalia; 37,
ventral view.
38. Rupela jana, new species: Female genitalia.
PLATE 32
39. Rupela sejuncta, new species: Female genitalia.
40. Rupela lara, new species: Female genitalia.
41. Rupela procula, new species: Female genitalia.
42,43. Rupela tinctella (Walker): 42, Lateral view of female genitalia; 48,
ventral view.
PLATE 33
44, 45,48. Rupela leucatea (Zeller) : 44, Seventh abdominal segment of female,
showing sclerotization of sternite; 45, ventral view of eighth abdomi-
nal segment of male and part of seventh, showing sclerotized plates
and scale tuft; 48, side view of head and expanded thoracic hair tuft.
46. Rupela tinectella (Walker): Seventh abdominal segment of female,
ventral view, showing sclerotization.
47. Rupela horridula, new species: Venation of fore and hind wings.
U.S. GOVSRNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1937
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 22
A”
ey 2. albineta
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: MALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 385.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 23
SCOrE Ga
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: MALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 386.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 24
tinctel/a
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: MALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 386.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 25
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: MALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 386
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 26
15. sc/tu/a
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: MALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 386.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 27
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: MALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 387.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 28
19 spinifera
SS. 20 mmonstrata
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: MALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 387.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 29
21 Lends 22 faustina 23 canens
24 arusilla
7\
264 a@/binella
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: FEMALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 387.
20 candace 26
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 30
27 herve
SO JEUCCTEG 3] anfone 52 Segrega
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: FEMALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATICN CF PLATE SEE PAGE 387.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 31
J
—
35 7ere/s SA nerers
56 Mmaenas maenas 38
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: FEMALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 387-388.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 32
\
~~ 4incrella
A2 HIACtEeNa AS
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA: FEMALE GENITALIA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 388.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 33
a
44. /eucatea
AT. Aorrivdu/a 48. leucatea
MOTHS OF GENUS RUPELA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 388.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3020
SYNOPSIS OF THE PUERTO RICAN BEETLES OF THE
GENUS MORDELLISTENA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES!
By Evarene Ray
Tue specimens of mordellid beetles treated herein were received
for study from the United States National Museum and Prof. S. T.
Danforth, of the University of Puerto Rico. All the types of new
species, including those sent by Professor Danforth, are now deposited
in the National Museum.
Four species of the genus Mordellistena were previously known from
the island of Puerto Rico. Ten new species are added in this paper.
These may be separated by use of the accompanying key. The short
subapical ridge on the posterior tibiae is omitted in the notes and de-
scriptions.
Genus MORDELLISTENA Costa
Mordellistena Costa, Fauna del regno di Napoli. . . , Coleoptera, vol. 1, Mordel-
lidae, p. 16, 1853.
KEY TO THE PUERTO RICAN SPECIES OF MORDELLISTENA
1. Basal ridge of hind tibiae extending halfway across outer surface
Cele ety oa eee eee NS oa See a eae ee 2
Basal ridge of hind tibiae extending entirely across outer surface
(igter S16) eso A Beate 26s te oi ti ose le eo 9
2+ Derm. of, head, and. thorax, unicolorous....- == =~ =-2- s-<-32-3<24=4a-4-52 3
Derm, of head-and thorax bicolorous...-=~.22.-=22-222-5.2—--4- 45-42 5
1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois, no. 182.
132491—37 389
390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM — vot. 84
3. Ventral surface, including legs, entirely unicolorous; total length
not more than 2:6 mm.) o- 2222232552 oe ee ee eee 4
Ventral surface bicolorous, abdomen annulate with alternate
castaneous and fuscous bands_-_-_--=------- annuliventris Quedenfeldt
4. Five basal segments of antennae flavous, rest black; head,
thorax, and ventral thoracic segments piceous_ angustiformis, new species
Entire body surface flavous_-_-...---.-------------- ferruginea (Fabricius)
5. Distal segment of maxillary palpi triangular (fig. 28, d—f).-------------- 6
Distal segment of maxillary palpi club-shaped (fig. 28, g).
varietas, new species
6. Hind basitarsus with three oblique ridges (fig. 28, c)_.-_--_-_------------- ai
Hind basitarsus with two oblique ridges (fig. 28, b).
signaticollis Quedenfeldt
d.. Blytra less than three times as long as' broad... -_. ee 8
Elytra more than three times as long as broad_----- marginicollis Maklin
8. Antennal segments 3 and 4 equal in length, segments 4 and 11
black, extreme apices ridged with flavous_------ danforthi, new species
Antennal segment 4 distinctly longer than 3, segments 4-11
entirely fiscous 22455-2422 32h2 222552 ses humeralis, new species
9. Second segment of hind tarsus with one ridge (fig. 28, b) --_-_--_--------- 10
Second segment of hind tarsus with two ridges (fig. 28, c)_-_---_-------- 1l
10. Segments 5-10 of antennae each as long as 3 and 4 together,
segment 11 one-fourth longer than 10_______-_----- lineata, new species
Segments 5-10 of antennae each no longer than 4 alone, seg-
ment 11 almost twice as long as 10_______-_------ barberi, new species
beAnterior tibiae slender. s2~ 3h 2 es eee eee en 12
Anterior tibiae with a knifelike form (fig. 28, h)_--.------- leai, new species
12. Base of elytra with a Y-shaped spot surrounding scutellum (fig.
28, l);elytra almost three times as long as broad__y-nigrum, new species
Elytra lacking Y-shaped scutellar spot; elytra less than two
and one-half times as: Jong as: broad 2+: -2<~ < 22-220 sso bse sone ses 13
13. Distal segment of maxillary palpus with concave outer margin;
basitarsus of hind legs with two oblique ridges (fig. 28, b).
lucidovirga, new species
Distal segment of maxillary palpus with straight outer margin
(fig. 28, e); basitarsus of hind legs with three oblique ridges
(fig. 283 6)e oso eh 5+ seer aed ee eee ephippium, new species
MORDELLISTENA ANNULIVENTRIS Quedenfeldt
Mordellistena annuliventris QUEDENFELDT, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 30, p. 126,
1886.
One specimen: Aibonito, Puerto Rico, July 23, 1934 (R. G. Oakley).
MORDELLISTENA ANGUSTIFORMIS, new species
FIGuRE 28, b
This species may be separated from signaticollis Quedenfeldt (1886,
p. 125) by the black derm of the head and thorax, the absence of a
black marginal line on the elytra, and the single oblique ridge on the
second segment of hind tarsi.
Length: 1.85 mm; including anal style, 2.45 mm. Elongate,
subparallel. Derm generally black; elytra castaneous with a narrow,
PUERTO RICAN MORDELLISTENA—RAY 391
piceous, sutural line; anterior and middle legs and hind tibiae and tarsi
flavous; basal five segments of antennae and maxillary palpi flavous.
Body densely covered with fine, recumbent, flavocinereous pubescence.
Antennae 0.5 mm long, reaching posterior coxae; segment 4 one-half
longer and distinctly broader than 3; 5-10 each as long as 4 and slightly
broader; 11 rounded, slightly longer than 10. Apical segment of
maxillary palpus enlarged, triangular, sides straight, corners rounded.
Prothorax broader than long (0.65 by 0.5 mm), sides rounded, base
arcuate, midbasal lobe short, rounded. Scutellum small, triangular.
Elytra slightly more than twice as long as broad (1.35 by 0.65 mm),
sides subparallel, apices individually rounded. Posterior tibiae with
two equal oblique ridges extending halfway across outer face; posterior
basitarsus with two oblique ridges, second segment with one oblique
ridge. Anal style but twice as long as apical ventral segment, stout,
evenly attenuate, truncate at apex.
Type locality Yauco, Puerto Rico.
Type —Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51597.
Remarks.—The type was collected at Yauco on June 15, 1934 (C.
M. Matos); the allotype was collected at Adjuntas on June 1, 1934
(R. G. Oakley). There is no visible external difference between the
sexes.
MORDELLISTENA FERRUGINEA (Fabricius)
Mordella ferruginea Fasricius, Systema eleutheratorum. . ., vol. 2, p. 124, 1801.
Mordellistena ferruginea QUEDENFELDT, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 30, p. 127,
1886.
Eleven specimens: Two from Aibonito, June 8, 1934 (C. M. Matos);
seven from Juana Diaz, April 10, 1933, on Inga laurina (R. G. Oakley);
one from Ponce, January 3, 1933, on leaf of banana (R. G. Oakley);
one from Barceloneta, April 25, 1933 (R. G. Oakley).
MORDELLISTENA VARIETAS, new species
FIGURE 28, g, k
From signaticollis Quedenfeldt (1886, p. 125) this species may easily
be separated by the black color of the elytra and the different shape
of the distal segment of the maxillary palpus.
Length: 2.8 mm; including anal style, 3.9 mm. Elongate-oval,
sides narrowly rounded; head flavous, vertex with a rounded fuscous
spot almost reaching eyes and occiput; pronotum flavous with a median
fuscopiceous stripe, broadest at base and embracing the entire mid-
basal lobe; antennae flavous at base, piceous at apex, intermediate
segments successively darker toward distal end; sternal sclerites of
thorax and elytra wholly piceous; maxillary palpi, legs, and ventral
abdominal segments castaneous. Body densely covered with fine
recumbent pubescence, generally partaking of ground color.
392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Antennae 0.85 mm long, reaching base of metasternum; segment
4 one-half longer than 3; 5-10 each as long as 4 and slightly broader;
11 rounded, no longer than 10. Apical segment of maxillary palpi
enlarged, club-shaped, broadest subapically, then rounded to distal
end. Pronotum but slightly broader than long (0.75 by 0.7 mm),
convex, sides margined, basal angles obtuse, midbasal lobe broad,
rounded. Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra almost two and one-
half times as long as broad (2.1 by 0.8 mm), sides distinctly rounded,
apices individually curved. Posterior tibiae with two oblique equal
ridges extending halfway across outer face; posterior basitarsi with
three oblique ridges, basal one rudimentary, second segment with
two such ridges. Anal style almost three times as long as apical
ventral segment, rather thick and truncate at apex.
Type locality —Adjuntas, Puerto Rico.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51598.
Remarks.—The type was collected at Adjuntas on March 24, 1933,
on orange leaf (R. G. Oakley); the allotype was collected at Villalba
on June 21, 1934 (C. M. Matos); a male paratype was collected at
Maricao on July 2, 1917 (H. Morrison). No visible external differ-
ences in the sexes were noted.
MORDELLISTENA DANFORTHI, new species
FIGURE 28, 7
This species may be separated from indistincta Smith (1882, p. 93)
by the bicolorous antennae and ventral abdominal segments and by
the broader distal segment of the maxillary palpi.
Length: 2.4 (male) and 2.3 (female) mm; including anal style 3.5
(male) and 3.2 (female) mm. Elongate, subparallel; dermal color
flayous, except for the following fuscous areas: Eyes, seven apical
segments of antennae, scutellum, elytra (except a broad, light,
humeral spot extending along base to suture), three apical ventral
abdominal segments (except at apex), apical two-thirds of anal
style, and ridges and apical setae of hind tibiae and tarsi. Surface
densely covered with fine recumbent pubescence, partaking of ground
color, except on fuscous portion of elytra, where it is golden.
Antennae 1 mm long, reaching base of abdomen; segments 3 and
4 equal; 5-10 each one-third longer and slightly broader than 4; 11
rounded, slightly longer than 10; apical segment of maxillary palpi
enlarged, elongate-triangular. Prothorax slightly wider than long
(0.75 by 0.7 mm), sides rounded, base arcuate, midbasal lobe short,
rounded. Scutellum small, subtriangular. Elytra slightly more
than twice as long as broad (1.7 by 0.8 mm), sides parallel, apices
rounded. Hind tibiae with two oblique ridges extending halfway
across outer face; basitarsi with three, second segment with two
PUERTO RICAN MORDELLISTENA——-RAY 393
oblique ridges. Anal style almost three times as long as apical
ventral segment, attenuate to apex.
The abdominal segments of the female (except anal style) lack the
fuscous coloration of the male, and the general castaneous color is
lighter. The prothorax and the elytra are narrower than in the male.
Type locality —Villalba, Puerto Rico.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51599.
Remarks.—Both the type and allotype were collected at Villalba
on June 21, 1934, by C. M. Matos. This species is dedicated to
Prof. S. T. Danforth for his kindness in permitting the writer to
study his collection of Puerto Rican Mordellidae.
MORDELLISTENA HUMERALIS, new species
FIGURE 28, a
This species may be separated from its closest ally mulitaris
LeConte (1862, p. 49), by the bicolored antennae and ventral abdom-
inal segments and by the broader terminal segment of the maxillary
palpi.
Length: 2.6 mm; including anal style, 3.8 mm. Elongate, subpar-
allel; derm generally black, with the following exceptions: Clypeus
and front narrowly, humeri of elytra broadly, inner edge of this spot
diagonal, almost reaching suture, extending nearly one-half entire
length, flavocastaneous; antennae with three basal segments and
extreme apex of succeeding segments, maxillary palpi, and legs,
flavous; medioanterior part of metasternum, basal abdominal segment
wholly, and apical margins of succeeding segments, piceocastaneous.
Body densely covered with fine recumbent pubescence, cinereous
dorsally, whitish ventrally.
Antennae 0.6 mm long, reaching base of abdomen; segment 4 one-
third longer than 3; 5-10 each as long as 3 and 4 combined and each
broader; 11 rounded, but little broader than 10. Terminal segment
of maxillary palpi enlarged, broadly triangular. Pronotum but slightly
broader than long (0.75 by 0.67 mm), convex, sides finely margined,
basal angles obtuse, midbasal lobe rounded, one-third width of pro-
notum. Scutellum small, subtriangular. Elytra almost two and one-
half times as long as broad (1.95 by 0.8 mm), sides parallel for four-
fifths their length, then rounded to suture. Hind tibiae with two
oblique, equal ridges extending halfway across outer face; basitarsi
with three, second segment with two ridges. Anal style two and two-
thirds as long as apical ventral segment, attenuate to apex.
Type locality —Villalba, Puerto Rico.
Type-—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51600.
Remarks.—The single specimen at hand was collected at Villalba
on June 21, 1934, by C. M. Matos.
394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 84
Le g
FIGURE 28.—New species of Mordellistena
a. M. humeralis; Right side.
6. M. angustiformis: Hind tibia and tarsus.
c,¢,p. M. ephippium: c, Hind tibia and tarsus; e, maxillary palpus; p, elytron.
d,n,o. M. barberi: d, Maxillary palpus; n, elytron of female; 0, elytron of male.
f,m. M. lucidovirga: f, Maxillary palpus; m, right side.
g, k. M. varietas: g, Maxillary palpus; k, dorsal view of head and pronotum.
h,j. ™M. leai: h, Anterior leg; j, dorsal view.
M. danforthi: Elytron.
M. y-nigrum: Elytron.
M. lineata: Elytron.
ooh Saas
PUERTO RICAN MORDELLISTENA—RAY 395
MORDELLISTENA LINEATA, new species
FIGURE 28, q
This species is most closely allied to the North American ancilla
LeConte (1862, p. 50), which it resembles in coloration; it may imme-
diately be separated by its larger size and the smaller number of ridges
on the posterior tarsi.
Length: 2.1 mm; including anal style, 2.9 mm. Elongate, sub-
parallel; dermal color black, except for the following flavocastaneous
areas: Front of head, maxillary palpi, seven apical segments of anten-
nae, a broad median stripe on elytra, reaching base at humeri and
extending to apex, anterior and middle legs, and hind trochanters,
tibiae, and tarsi. Surface densely covered with recumbent pubescence,
silvery everywhere, except on flavocastaneous areas, where it partakes
of ground color.
Head convex; antennae 0.8 mm long, reaching base of abdomen;
segments 3 and 4 equal; 5-10 each as long as 3 and 4 together; 11
rounded, one-fourth longer than 10. Apical segment of maxillary
palpi enlarged, form of an isosceles triangle. Prothorax slightly
broader than long (0.65 by 0.6 mm), sides rounded, base arcuate, mid-
basal lobe short, subtruncate. Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra
slightly more than twice as long as broad (1.5 by 0.7 mm), sides
slightly curved, apices individually rounded. Posterior tibiae with
two oblique ridges, the basal one extending entirely across outer face,
the other as long as half width of tibia; basitarsi with two oblique
ridges, second segment with one. Anal style almost three times as
long as apical ventral segment, attenuate to apex.
Type locality — Guanica, Puerto Rico.
Type——Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51601.
Remarks.—Both the type and allotype were collected at Guanica on
June 26, 1934, by C. M. Matos. There is no visible external difference
in the sexes.
MORDELLISTENA BARBERI, new species
FIGURE 28, d, n, 0
This species may be separated from its closest ally, lineata, by the
comparatively longer length of antennal segments 3 and 4, the different
maculation of the elytra, and the smaller size.
Length: 1.65 mm; including anal style, 2.3 mm. Elongate, sub-
parallel; derm bicolored, mostly yellowish white, except for the fol-
lowing fuscopiceous areas: Sides of mesosterna and metasterna, an area
on elytra surrounding scutellum, and a transverse, premedian, elytral
fascia, broadened at sides, and narrowly extending along suture to
basal area. Surface densely covered with fine recumbent pubescence,
partaking of ground color.
396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
Antennae 0.5 mm long, reaching metasternum; segments 3 and 4
equal; 5-10 each slightly broader but no longer than 4; 11 rounded,
almost twice aslong as 10. Apical segment of maxillary palpi enlarged,
form of an elongate scalene triangle, sides straight, corners rounded.
Pronotum slightly broader than long (0.5 by 0.45 mm), convex, sides
finely margined, basal angles obtuse, midbasal lobe distinct, broadly
rounded. Scutellum small, triangular, broader than long. Elytra
twice as long as broad (1.2 by 0.6 mm), sides gently curved, apices
individually rounded. Posterior tibiae with two oblique ridges, the
basal extending entirely across outer face; basitarsi with two oblique
ridges, second segment with one oblique ridge, all extending halfway
across outer surface. Anal style more than two and one-half times as
long as apical ventral segment, slender, truncate at apex.
The female has the pronotum entirely black. The scutellar area of
the elytra is more extensive than in the male, reaching the lateral
margins, and the black sutural line is somewhat broader.
Type locality—Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51602.
Remarks.—The type and allotype were taken at Ponce on April 29,
1933, on leaf of ‘‘moca”’ by R. G. Oakley; a female paratype was taken
at Juana Diaz on February 23, 1933, on coffee leaf by R. G. Oakley.
Here occurs one of the most striking cases of sexual dimorphism noted
in the Mordellidae, the difference in color at once enabling an observer
to separate the sexes.
This species is dedicated to H. S. Barber, for his kindness in arrang-
ing for the transmittal of specimens described herein and for other
favors. The pin label of the type in Mr. Barber’s handwriting
indicates its undescribed condition.
MORDELLISTENA LEAT, new species
FIGURE 28, h, 7
The expanded condition of the anterior tibiae in this species ade-
quately separates it from any other known member of the genus.
Superficially it resembles signaticollis Quedenfeldt (1886, p. 125) and
marginicollis Miklin (1875, p. 590).
Length: 2.4 mm; including anal style, 3.6 mm. Elongate, sub-
parallel; derm black, except for the following flavous areas: Anterior
part of head from a point beginning midway between eyes, and a
narrow transverse line at base, sides of pronotum (broadest at anterior
angles), a humeral spot on elytra extending one-third entire length
and touching neither suture nor margins; antennae with four basal
segments flavous, remainder fuscous, maxillary palpi and legs flavous
(except hind femora). Surface densely covered with fine, short,
recumbent pubescence, generally yellowish in color.
PUERTO RICAN MORDELLISTENA—RAY 397
Antennae 1 mm long, reaching base of abdomen; segments 3 and 4
short, equal; 5-10 each slightly broader and as long as 3 and 4 to-
gether; 11 rounded, slightly longer than 10. Apical segment of max-
illary palpi enlarged, with the form of an isosceles triangle, rounded at
corners. Prothorax slightly broader than long (0.65 by 0.6 mm), sides
rounded, base arcuate, midbasal lobe short, but evenly rounded.
Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra two and one-balf times as long
as broad (1.8 by 0.7 mm), sides gently acuminate, apices individually
rounded. Anterior tibiae enlarged, flattened, somewhat knifelike,
dorsal edge fringed with fine, flexible hairs; posterior tibiae with two
ridges, the anterior extending entirely across outer face; basitarsi and
second segment each with two ridges, extending halfway across outer
surface. Anal style more than three times as long as apical ventral
segment, slender, attenuate to apex.
Type locality—Bayamon, Puerto Rico.
Type—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51603.
Remarks.—The type was collected at Bayamon on April 26, 1934,
by ‘‘Lesne et al.’’; a male paratype was collected at Maricao on July
2, 1917, by H. Morrison.
MORDELLISTENA Y-NIGRUM, new species
FIGURE 28, l
The Y-shaped black spot on the region of the elytra surrounding the
scutellum adequately separates this species from other allied forms.
In a systematic arrangement it should be placed between Jeai and
lucidovirga.
Length: 2.25 mm; including anal style, 3.1 mm. Elongate, sub-
parallel; derm black, except for the following castaneous areas:
Clypeus, basal half of elytra (enclosmg a Y-shaped black spot sur-
rounding scutellum and extending posteriorly on suture to middle),
basal abdominal segment wholly, the remaining ventral segments
along ventral margins, posterior legs, four basal segments of antennae;
maxillary palpi and two anterior pairs of legs, whitish. Surface
densely covered with fine recumbent pubescence, partaking of ground
color, except on black areas, where it is golden.
Antennae 1 mm long, slender, reaching posterior coxae; segments 3
and 4 equal; 5-10 each one-half longer but no broader than 4; 11
rounded, but slightly longer than 10. Apical segment of maxillary
palpi enlarged, form of a scalene triangle, sides straight, angles
rounded. Pronotum distinctly broader than long (0.7 by 0.6 mm),
sides rounded, basal angles obtuse, midbasal lobe distinct, rounded.
Scutellum small, rounded. Elytra more than twice as long as broad
(1.65 by 0.7 mm), sides gently rounded, apices individually curved.
Posterior tibiae with two oblique ridges, the anterior extending en-
398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
tirely across outer face; basitarsi and second segment each with two
oblique ridges, all extending halfway across outer surface. Anal
style three times as long as apical ventral segment, slender, attenuate
to apex.
Type locality — Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51604.
Remarks.—The type and a male paratype were both taken at
Juana Diaz on April 10, 1933, on leaf of Inga laurina by R. G. Oakley.
MORDELLISTENA LUCIDOVIRGA, new species
FIGuRE 28, f, m
This species is most closely allied to ephippium, described below,
and can be separated by the different color and maculation of the
entire body, the two ridges on the hind basitarsus, and the different
shape of the terminal segment of the maxillary palpus.
Length: 2.15 mm; including anal style,3 mm. Elongate, narrowly
subcuneate; derm of head and thorax fuscous with fuscocastaneous
margins; elytra piceous, with a broad castaneous discal stripe extending
from base almost to apex; antennae fuscocastaneous; maxillary palpi
and legs flavous, except posterior femora, which are black; ventral
surface piceous. Surface densely covered with fine recumbent
pubescence, partaking of ground color.
Antennae 0.75 mm.long, reaching posterior coxae; segments 3 and
4 equal; 5-10 each one-half longer but very little broader than 4;
11 rounded, slightly longer than 10. Apical segment of maxillary
palpi enlarged, triangular, outer margin concave, other sides straight,
corners rounded. Pronotum slightly broader than long (0.65 by 0.6
mm), sides rounded, base arcuate, midbasal lobe short, rounded.
Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra almost three times as long as
broad (1.55 by 0.65 mm), sides narrowly rounded, apices individually
curved. Posterior tibiae with two oblique ridges, the anterior ex-
tending entirely across outer face; basitarsus and second segment each
with two ridges, each extending halfway across outer surface. Anal
style two and one-half times as long as apical ventral segment, stout,
truncate at apex.
Type locality —Maricao, Puerto Rico.
Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. no. 51605.
Remarks.—The type, a unique, was taken at Maricao on July 2,
1917, by H. Morrison.
MORDELLISTENA EPHIPPIUM, new species
FIGuRE 28, c, €, p
The separation of this form from its closest ally, lucidovirga, has
been recorded under the description of the latter species.
PUERTO RICAN MORDELLISTENA—RAY 399
Length: 2.25 mm; including anal style, 3.25 mm. Elongate, sub-
parallel, derm flavous, except for the following piceous areas: Margins
and suture of elytra and a premedian, transverse fascia, which is
broadest near side margins. Surface densely covered with fine,
recumbent, flavous pubescence, except on anal style, where color is
fuscous.
Antennae 0.8 mm long, reaching posterior coxae; segments 3 and
4 equal; 5-10 each one-half longer and considerably broader than 4;
11 rounded, one-half longer than 10. Apical segment of maxillary
palpi enlarged, form of a scalene triangle, sides straight, corners
rounded. Prothorax slightly broader than long (0.6 by 0.55 mm),
convex, sides rounded, basal angles obtuse, midbasal lobe short,
subtruncate. Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra almost three
times as long as broad (1.7 by 0.6 mm), sides subparallel, apices
individually rounded. Posterior tibiae with two oblique ridges, the
anterior extending entirely across outer face; basitarsi with three
oblique ridges, second segment with two, all extending halfway across
outer surface. Anal style twice as long as apical ventral segment,
attenuate to apex.
Type locality —Aibonito, Puerto Rico.
Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. no. 51606.
Remarks.—The type was taken at Aibonito on June 8, 1934; the
allotype was taken at Ponce on September 11, 1933. Both were
collected on Hugenia sp. by R. G. Oakley.
LITERATURE CITED
FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN.
1801. Systema eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species, etc., vol. 2,
687 pp.
LEeConTE, JoHN LAWRENCE.
1862. Synopsis of the Mordellidae of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, pp. 43-51.
Mixuin, FREDRIK WILHELM.
1875. Neue Mordelliden. Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae, vol. 10, pp. 561-595.
QUEDENFELDT, GUSTAV.
1886. Neue und seltnere Kafer von Portorico. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol.
30, pp. 119-128, 1 fig.
SmirH, JOHN BERNARD.
1882. A synopsis of the Mordellidae of the United States. Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., vol. 10, pp. 73-100, 3 pls.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1937 No. 3021
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA
By ALEXANDER WETMORE
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution
EXAMINATION of specimens of eastern birds in recent years has
brought constantly to attention the few specimens available from the
State of West Virginia, not only in the National Museum collections
but elsewhere. Much of what has been known of ranges in the group
concerned in this area has been based on assumption, or on material
obtained somewhat casually from scattered points. In the spring of
1936 it was decided to take up a definite program of field work in the
State, made possible through funds provided in part by the National
Museum and in part by the Smithsonian Institution. The work was
planned to include collection both of birds and of small mammals.
W. M. Perrygo was assigned to this work with Carleton Lingebach as
assistant, while Dr. Remington Kellogg, assistant curator of mammals,
accompanied the party for the first two weeks in the field to give in-
struction in the trapping of small mammals and in the general tech-
nique of other work.
The party left Washington on April 16, 1936, and continued work
until July 10, when through the advance of the season birds were in
poor plumage. Work began in the fall on September 16 and continued
until November 7.
The accompanying account gives in detail the birds collected, with
pertinent data concerning them. In it I have included additional
information from my own observations made in West Virginia at
various times during the past five years, as well as records from the
few specimens previously in the National Museum that have come
from scattered sources, including the grouse taken by E. A. Preble,
who visited the Cranberry Glades in 1909. and specimens obtained by
150094—37——_1 401
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
A. H. Howell, who collected in Raleigh County in July 1909, for the
Biological Survey. No attempt is made to give a complete list of the
birds of the State, as others have that in hand. The intention of this
paper is to make available the data we have for the use of those inter-
ested in the ornithology of this area either in compiling the State list
or in other ways. The work has led to the description of a new race
of song sparrow with the type locality in the Cranberry Glades, to
several new records for West Virginia, and to much data on distribution
within the limits concerned.
An account of the mammals collected has been prepared by Dr.
Kellogg.'
The Conservation Commission of West Virginia has given most
courteous assistance in these investigations in the granting of the
necessary scientific permits and in other ways. We are especially
indebted to H. W. Shawhan, the Commission’s director of conserva-
tion, and to G. H. Overholt, executive secretary. Permission for work
in the Cranberry Glades was granted by the Forest Service of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, through B. A. Eger, then district
ranger of the Monongahela National Forest at Richwood, who made
a cabin available for the use of the party. William L. Maule, district
ranger, U.S. Forest Service, Durbin, W. Va., kindly arranged for the
use of an excellent cabin on Middle Mountain during work in that
area.
Finally we have to express our sincere appreciation of the friendly
interest of many citizens and landowners throughout the State who
aided the party by giving advice as to good localities and above all by
freely granting permission to enter on their lands.
ITINERARY
The first collections of birds were made on April 18, 1936, in the
mountainous country 2 miles east of White Sulphur Springs. On
April 19 the party obtained quarters at Wilson’s Farm Tourist Camp,
near Barboursville, 4 miles east of Huntington, and remained there
until May 4. From this base collections were made in the drainage of
the Guyandot River and Twelve Pole Creek, the area worked ex-
tending to the region north of Logan and to points near Dunlow, Mill
Creek, Tyler Creek, and Fourteen.
A base was established next at Uncle Tom’s Cabin Camp near
Gilboa, Nicholas County, where the party remained until May 17.
This was a hilly region of farmland and forest. Localities at which
collections were made included Pine Creek near Enon, Zela, Summers-
ville, an open region near Muddlety, and the Gauley River near Per-
singer. I joined the party here on May 8, and on May 9 we made a
reconnaissance into the Cranberry Glades.
1 Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, no. 3022.
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—WETMORE 403
On May 18 the party moved to Summersville, working that day
near Drennen, and on May 19 they shifted quarters to Grantsville.
From here collections were made along the Little Kanawha River,
and in the vicinity of Big Bend, Freed, Big Springs, Smithville, Mac-
Farlan, Walker, Arnoldsburg, Rocksdale, Mount Zion, and White
Pine. The party moved to Philippi on May 27, when, through the
kind permission of W. M. Bolton, they established camp on a farm
5 miles east of town in a rolling, upland country of open fields and
hardwood forests, cut by the valleys of small streams. Collections
here were made mainly near Sugar Creek and Bills Creek. On June 6
camp was broken, a trip was made to Moatsville, and the party
continued to Richwood.
On June 8 work began in the Cranberry Glades area, to continue
until June 20. Auk, 1933, p. 361.
150094—37 2
410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Family PICIDAE
COLAPTES AURATUS LUTEUS Bangs
NORTHERN FLICKER
The flicker is universally distributed through the State, six males
and six females being included in the collection. Birds taken in the
breeding season, except in the northern section, are small and show
definite approach to the southern form, Colaptes auratus auratus.
A female from the south side of the Guyandot River near Huntington
taken on May 2 has the wing only 149.8 mm, suggesting the desira-
bility of further material from this area to determine whether breeding
birds may not be the southern subspecies. Another from 5 miles east
of Huntington, secured on April 21, measures 152.5 mm, but judged
from the date it may be a migrant from farther north. Males from
near Muddlety, May 14 (wing, 148.5), and Persinger, May 16 (wing,
151.2), are somewhat worn, as is one from the Cranberry Glades,
June 18 (wing, 151.2), and one from near Yokum Knob on Middle
Mountain, July 4 (wing, 150.7). A male from 7 miles east of Philippi,
Barbour County, June 2 (wing, 156) is distinctly large. A series of
three females taken near Flat Top, Mercer County, on Flat Top
Mountain, October 20, range in wing measurement from 154 to 161
mm and may be migrants from the north. The mountain birds are
somewhat worn and so would have shorter wings, but this does not
hold in the small specimen from near Huntington. After careful
consideration all are identified as of the northern race.
CENTURUS CAROLINUS (Linnaeus)
RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER
This species, only fairly common, was collected in Nicholas County
on Pine Creek near Enon, May 8, and at Gilboa, October 12; in
Barbour County, 5 miles east of Philippi, May 28; and in Pocahontas
County, at an elevation of 3,600 feet on Red Lick Mountain, Oc-
tober 9. An adult male from near Philippi has a suffusion of pink
extending across the throat.
MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Linnaeus)
EASTERN RED-HEADED WOODPECKER
The present species is somewhat erratic in occurrence. Breeding
birds were taken near Yokum Knob on Middle Mountain in a locality
known as The Sinks on July 4. In fall these birds were abundant
on Cherry Pond Mountain, Raleigh County, near Arnett, where two
adults and one immature bird were taken October 20, and near Posey
in the same county, where three more, including another immature
bird, were secured October 23. It seems evident that they were
established at these points for the winter. The species was observed
*
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—-WETMORE 411
near Drennen on May 18, near Philippi on May 29 and 31, and near
Petersburg on January 1, 1937.
On considering the measurements as given by Oberholser ® and
Brodkorb? for eastern and western groups in this species, I find
that the average difference in wing length for the two is approximately
5 percent. In view of this constant difference there seems to be no
reason for refusing to accept the western race, which in my opinion
should be called Melanerpes erythrocephalus caurinus Brodkorb.
SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS (Linnaeus)
YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER
Specimens were obtained as follows: Five miles east of Hunting-
ton, April 20 to 22; Tyler Creek, April 27; Pine Creek, near Enon,
May 8; Cranberry Glades, May 9 and June 19; Middle Mountain,
12 miles northeast of Durbin, June 29; Williams River, October 3
and 5; Thornwood, September 28; Cheat Mountain, 8 miles north-
west of Cheat Bridge, September 26; Orgas, Boone County, October
24; 3,200 feet elevation on Flat Top Mountain, Mercer County,
October 15. One was taken at 4,600 feet on Spruce Knob, September
30, 1935.
The species nests in some numbers in the mountain area.
DRYOBATES VILLOSUS VILLOSUS (Linnaeus)
EasterRN Harry WoopDPECKER
This widely distributed woodpecker was taken as follows: Katis
Mountain, 3,000 feet, near White Sulphur Springs, November 6;
Flat Top Mountain, 3,000 and 3,200 feet, near Flat Top, October 15
and 20; Posey, Raleigh County, October 23; 5 miles north of Drennen,
Nicholas County, May 18; 12 miles north of Logan, April 22; Four-
teen, April 28; Middle Mountain, 11 miles northeast of Durbin,
July 2; Rich Mountain, 7 miles south of Harman, July 7; Cranberry
Glades, 3,300 to 3,800 feet, June 11 and 19; Little Spruce Mountain,
3,500 feet, above Williams River, October 5; 7 miles east of Philippi,
June 2.
Measurements are as follows:
Eight males: Wing, 116.5-125 (120.4); tail, 60-71 (66.4); culmen
from base, 27.5-33 (29.7); tarsus, 21.5-24 (23) mm.
Six females: Wing, 115.5-121.5 (117.6); tail, 63-73 (66.5); culmen
from base, 24.5-26 (25.1)°; tarsus, 19.5-24 (21) mm.
All come within the range of size characteristic of the form villosus
with no definite approach to the smaller auduboni of the south.
& Can. Field-Nat., vol. 33, 1919, p. 48.
7 Oce. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 303, 1935, p. 2.
§ Five individuals. :
412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 84
DRYOBATES PUBESCENS MEDIANUS (Swainson)
NortTHERN Downy WooDPECKER
Universally distributed throughout the State, including the moun-
tainous section. Recorded as follows: 12 miles north of Logan,
April 22; Tyler Creek, April 27; Orgas, Boone County, October 24;
Barboursville, Cabell County, October 26 and November 3; Mercers
Bottom, Mason County, October 30; Ashton, October 31; 3 miles
north of Point Pleasant, October 27; Gilboa, Nicholas County,
October 12; West Fork River near Rocksdale, Calhoun County,
May 23; 7 miles east of Philippi, June 2; Rich Mountain, 7 miles
south of Harman, July 8; 3,950 feet elevation on Smoke Camp
Mountain, 3 miles east of Thornwood, September 28; 4,600 to 4,800
feet elevation on Spruce Knob, September 22 and 23; 3,500 feet on
Little Spruce Mountain, Williams River, October 5; 3,700 to 3,800
feet, Cranberry Glades, June 9, 19, and 20; Cheat Mountain above
Cheat Bridge, June 27; 2,900 feet on Flat Top Mountain, near Flat
Top, October 19; 2 miles east of White Sulphur Springs, April 18.
Measurements are as follows:
Males: Wing, 90-97 (94.2); tail, 50-58 (53); culmen from base,
17-20 (17.2); tarsus, 15-18 (16.2) mm.
Females: Wing, 91-99 (93.8); tail, 51-56.5 (54.2); culmen from
base, 16-19 (17.1); tarsus, 15.5-18 (16.3) mm.
All come within the size range of medianus and are identified as
that race. The largest individuals come from the mountain area
particularly in the section above Williams River, and the smallest
from along the Ohio River, but the differences are relatively slight.
Family TYRANNIDAE
TYRANNUS TYRANNUS (Linnaeus)
EASTERN KINGBIRD
This species is found locally throughout the State, except in heavy
forests. Specimens were obtained at Walker, Wirt County, May
22; 5 miles east of Philippi, Barbour County, May 30; near Per-
singer, Nicholas County, May 16; on Flanagans Hill, near Elk,
Tucker County, July 6; and at The Sinks, near Yokum Knob on
Middle Mountain, July 4.
MYIARCHUS CRINITUS BOREUS Bangs
NORTHERN CRESTED FLYCATCHER
Birds were obtained in the hills south of the Guyandot River near
Huntington, May 2, near Grantsville, Calhoun County, May 20 and
26, and 5 miles east of Philippi, Barbour County, May 29.
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA— WETMORE 413
SAYORNIS PHOEBE (Latham)
EASTERN PHOEBE
The phoebe, fairly common throughout the State, was obtained at
Fourteen near the Guyandot River, April 28; Zela, Nicholas County,
May 13; Freed, May 21; Big Springs, May 22; and Mount Zion,
May 23. In fall specimens were secured in the Cranberry Glades at
3,600 feet elevation on October 2, near Ghent, at 2,900 feet on Flat
Top Mountain, October 14, and near Orgas, Boone County, October 24.
EMPIDONAX VIRESCENS (Vieillot)
ACADIAN FLYCATCHER
This species was secured at Summersville May 13; 5 miles north of
Drennen in Nicholas County, May 18; and along the Kanawha River
near Grantsville, Calhoun County, May 20.
EMPIDONAX MINIMUS (Baird and Baird)
Least FiycaTcHER
A female was taken at 3,300 feet in the Cranberry Glades on
June 16. From the date it is assumed to be a breeding bird. The
wing measures 61 mm.
MYIOCHANES VIRENS (Linnaeus)
EastERN Woop PEWEE
Taken in the Cranberry Glades on June 13 and 7 miles east of
Philippi on June 1 and 2.
Family ALAUDIDAE
OTOCORIS ALPESTRIS PRATICOLA Henshaw
Prairie HorNED LARK
This lark nests sparingly in open country at various points. One
was observed near Wardensville on April 19, and one near Nettie on
May 9, both evidently being on the nesting grounds. Specimens were
taken near Walker in Wirt County and in the vicinity of Smithville,
Ritchie County, on May 22, and 7 miles east of Philippi on June 4.
Family HIRUNDINIDAE
HIRUNDO RUSTICA ERYTHROGASTER Boddaert
Barn SWALLOW
A widely distributed bird that was taken 4 miles south of Wayne
on May 1; near Muddlety, Nicholas County, May 14; and on Middle
Mountain, 9 miles northeast of Durbin, June 30.
After consideration of the variations found in the Old World
swallows of this type, particularly of Hirundo rustica gutturalis,
transitiva, and tytleri, it seems reasonable to include the American
414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 84
birds under the same specific name. While typical rustica of western
Europe has a pronounced black band across the breast, this becomes
interrupted in part at least of the birds of eastern Asia, some specimens
of tytleri especially being very closely similar to erythrogaster. On this
basis the American birds will be called Hirundo rustica erythrogaster.
Family CORVIDAE
CYANOCITTA CRISTATA CRISTATA (Linnaeus)
NortTHERN BLUE JAY
In the breeding season blue jays were obtained only at Persinger,
Nicholas County, May 16; on Cheat Mountain above Cheat Bridge,
June 26; and in Blister Swamp on Middle Mountain, June 29, the
last being a young bird recently from the nest. A few were noted in
the Cranberry Glades on May 9 and June 10. The species seems
rare as a nesting bird in the State, and of irregular occurrence in
general.
In the migration season blue jays were commoner. Specimens
were taken at 3,000 feet on Katis Mountain near White Sulphur
Springs, November 6; at 2,900 feet on Flat Top Mountain near
Ghent, October 14; at 2,000 feet on Cherry Pond Mountain near
Arnett, October 23; and at 4,800 feet on Spruce Knob, September 21.
Blue jays were seen on Williams River on October 5 and at Romney
on January 1, 1937.
Three males taken in the breeding season measure as follows:
Wing, 133.7 to 136.5; tail, 124.1-132.8; culmen from base, 26.3-27.7;
and tarsus, 33.3-36.0 mm. In size these individuals average a little
small, in this indicating possible approach to the southern race, but
in color they resemble the northern form distinctly. Most of the
fall birds are like those taken in the breeding season in size, though
two, probably northern migrants, are distinctly larger.
CORVUS CORAX PRINCIPALIS Ridgway
NortTHERN RAVEN
This fine bird is found in small numbers throughout the wilder
sections of the mountains in the eastern part of the State. A male
in full plumage taken at 4,860 feet on the summit of Spruce Knob,
September 18, has the following measurements: Wing, 451; tail, 248;
culmen from base, 75.8; height of bill at nostril, 27.9; and tarsus,
66.6 mm. I saw several at this same place on September 30, 1935,
and Perrygo reports that during one period of storm with heavy rain,
on September 18, he counted 25 resting near one another on rocks on
the summit of the mountain. Mr. Bennett, resident here, says that
in winter they are sometimes present in numbers.
A female taken 6 miles south of Harman, July 6, 1936, measures
as follows: Wing, 405; tail, 223; culmen from base, 63.2; depth of
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—WETMORE 415
bill at nostrils, 26.0; and tarsus, 54.7 mm. This specimen is in some-
what worn dress.
In addition to the above I noted one flying low over cultivated
fields at Circleville on October 1, 1935, and another on Lost River
near McCauley on October 13. Near this same postoffice I observed
one on May 24, 1936, above the slopes of Short Mountain. Perrygo
recorded them also on Kennison Mountain, bordering the Cranberry
Glades, June 9, and on Cheat Mountain above Cheat Bridge June
27. They were seen at The Sinks on Middle Mountain on July 4,
and on Rich Mountain south of Harman on July 6 and 7. One was
recorded near Thornwood on July 10.
CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS BRACHYRHYNCHOS Brehm
EASTERN Crow
An adult male crow taken with a young bird just from the nest 5
miles west of Grantsville, Calhoun County, has the following measure-
ments: Wing, 315; tail, 187; culmen from base, 50.5; tarsus, 62.8
mm. It is identified as O. 6. brachyrhynchos, which should nest
through the extreme northern and northwestern part of the State.
CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS PAULUS Howell
SouTHERN Crow
Following are specimens ascribed to the southern race of the crow:
Wayne, May 1; Mercers Bottom, November 3; Ben Lomond, October
28; and Cranberry Glades, June 18. A young bird just from the
nest was taken in the latter locality on June 15.
From near Wayne a male measures as follows: Wing 286, tail 156,
culmen from base 48.8, and tarsus 62.1 mm; and a female: Wing 296,
tail 178, culmen from base 45.1, and tarsus, 57.6 mm. A male from
Mercers Bottom has the wing 295, tail 176, culmen from base 45.9,
and tarsus 55.6 mm, and a female from Ben Lomond measures:
Wing 296, tail 178, culmen from base 45.1, and tarsus 57.6 mm. A
breeding male from the Cranberry Glades has the wing 306, tail 175,
culmen from base 47.5, and tarsus 59.7. All these fall within the
size range of shorter wing and smaller bill assigned to C. 6. paulus.
From this material it appears that the southern crow ranges from the
central part of the State southward.
Family PARIDAE
PENTHESTES ATRICAPILLUS ATRICAPILLUS (Linnaeus)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE
This bird was recorded as follows: 2 miles east of White Sulphur
Springs, April 18; 3,000 feet elevation on Katis Mountain, above
White Sulphur Springs, November 6; 3,800 feet elevation on Cheat
Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, June 25 and September 26;
416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Middle Mountain, 11 miles northeast of Durbin, July 2; Cranberry
Glades, May 9 and June 8 and 13; 4,600 feet and 4,800 feet on Spruce
Knob, September 30, 1935, and September 21, 1936; and 3,000 feet
elevation above Williams River, October 3. I oe also a male that
I secured on Short Mountain, above Lost River, near McCauley,
October 13, 1935, and have record of another seen here May 24, 1936.
Judged from the above, this is the chickadee of the mountainous area
of the eastern part of the State.
The series of birds from West Virginia when compared with speci-
mens from New York, New England, and Ontario average very
slightly darker on the back, with somewhat restricted light edgings
on wing and tail feathers. They also appear smaller in bulk, though
this difference does not register in the usual measurements of wing,
tail, culmen, and tarsus. The northern birds, it is observed, have
distinctly longer and fluffier feathers, the apparent greater bulk
coming possibly from this source. The differences in color, especially
evident in fall plumage, are tenuous and at present do not seem to
warrant a subspecific name. It would be interesting to compare a
series of records of body weights from the two areas.
PENTHESTES CAROLINENSIS EXTIMUS Todd and Sutton
NorRTHERN CAROLINA CHICKADEE
A common bird through the lowland areas of the State. Specimens
were secured as follows: 5 miles east of Huntington, April 21; near
Dunlow, April 23; near Fourteen, April 28; 2 miles east of Ben Lomond,
October 28; near Barboursville, October 26 and November 3; 5 miles
east of Philippi, May 29; 2,000 feet elevation on Cherry Pond Moun-
tain, near Arnett, October 23; and 2,900 feet elevation on Flat Top
Mountain, near Ghent, October 14. ,
It is interesting to find this species on the somewhat isolated Flat
Top and Cherry Pond Mountains in the southeastern part of the
State when the black-capped chickadee ranges in the mountains from
White Sulphur Springs northward.
The type locality of the true Carolina chickadee (Penthestes
carolinensis carolinensis) is Charleston, S.C. Birds from the northern
part of the range of the species have been separated recently by Todd
and Sutton ® as Penthestes carolinensis eatimus. On comparison of
specimens it develops that the northern birds average slightly larger,
are lighter in color on the back, and have the sides and flanks brighter
buffy brown. The color differences are evident mainly in birds taken
in fall and winter. While the distinctions are not very great, they seem
sufficient to warrant recognition of a northern race.
° Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 49, July 3, 1936, p. 70 (Bethany, W. Va.).
>
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—-WETMORE 417
Following are measurements of birds from the West Virginia locali-
ties listed above, with an additional male from Bethany presented by
Dr. Sutton:
Nine males: Wing, 59.0-64.9 (62.4); tail, 50.2-57.3 (53.7); culmen
from base, 8.0-9.0 (8.5); tarsus, 15.0-16.2 (15.7) mm.
Five females: Wing, 58.0-60.0 (59.1); tail, 49.5-53.0 (51.5); culmen
from base, 8.3-9.0 (8.7); tarsus, 14.7-16.2 (15.5) mm.
BAEGLOPHUS BICOLOR (Linnaeus)
Turrsep TITMOUSE
This titmouse is distributed abundantly through the State except
in the higher elevations of the eastern portion. It was collected at the
following localities: 5 miles east of Huntington, April 20; 12 miles
north of Logan, April 22; Fourteen, April 27; 3 miles north of Point
Pleasant, October 27; Barboursville, November 3; Gilboa, May 5;
2,000 feet elevation on Cherry Pond Mountain, near Arnett, October
23; near Philippi, May 29 and June 4. In addition to this, I observed
it on Lost River near McCauley on October 13, 1935, and May 24,
1936, and near Upper Tract and Franklin on January 1, 1937.
Birds from South Carolina (Kershaw County and Port Royal) in
winter have the brownish wash on the back slightly duller than those
from West Virginia, but the difference is too slight in my opinion to
merit distinction of a subspecific name.
Family SITTIDAE
SITTA CAROLINENSIS CAROLINENSIS Latham
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH
Recorded as follows: Near Posey, Raleigh County, October 23; near
Huntington, April 24 and May 2; 12 miles north of Logan, April 22;
Gilboa, May 5 and October 12; West Fork River near Rocksdale,
May 23 (including one bird just from the nest) ; 5 miles east of Philippi,
May 5. It was seen at Freed on May 21 and on Spruce Knob on
September 17.
Birds in breeding plumage appear somewhat darker than the average
in the typical race, thus showing a tendency toward the southern form
atkinsi. Those in fall plumage appear much lighter gray than atkinsi.
There is indicated an approach toward the southern form, but the nut-
hatch of West Virginia is identified definitely as carolinensis.
SITTA CANADENSIS Linnaeus
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH
A male secured at 3,000 feet elevation on Katis Mountain near
White Sulphur Springs, November 6, was the only one observed.
150094—387 3
418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Hartert has listed Sitta whiteheadi Sharpe of the mountains of
Corsica and Sitta villosa Verreaux of northern and northwestern China
and Mongolia as subspecies of the North American red-breasted
nuthatch. Hellmayr " also gives villosa as a race of the present species.
The Corsican nuthatch (Sitta whiteheadi) ts similar to Sitta canadensis
in general only, as it is decidedly larger, does not have the same under
wing pattern and tail markings, and differs in coloration. Its resem-
blances to canadensis are in my opinion only those that place it in the
same genus, and its differences are so great as to preclude its being
considered specifically the same.
Sitta villosa is similar in size to canadensis but here close resemblance
ceases, as it does not have the line through the eye distinctly black,
the under tail coverts are not tipped with white, there is no definite
white marking at the tips of the outer tail feathers, and the under wing
pattern is not so strongly developed. In addition, the tone of color
is much grayer. Here again the differences are so great, when
coupled with distant distribution, as to forbid consideration of
villosa as a race of canadensis.
Family CERTHIIDAE
CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA Bonaparte
Brown CREEPER
Specimens of this migrant form were taken 8 miles east of Hunt-
ington on November 1, and at 3,000 feet elevation on Katis Mountain,
near White Sulphur Springs, on November 6.
CERTHIA FAMILIARIS NIGRESCENS Burleigh
SOUTHERN CREEPER
A female was taken at 3,800 feet on Cheat Mountain 3 miles
west of Cheat Bridge, September 25. A pair was recorded at this
point in June. Mr. Burleigh secured one at the Cranberry Glades
in Pocahontas County on June 19, 19381.
This recently described race,!*? when compared with the form
americana, as indicated in the original description, has the anterior
part of the body, including the crown, darker, the tail more grayish,
and the rump darker.
The coloration of the under surface in tree-creeping birds is so
subject to stain that differences in color in this region are unreliable
in making comparisons.
10 V6g. pal. Fauna, vol. 1, June 1905, pp. 335-336.
11 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 7, 1934, p. 96.
12 Certhia familiaris nigrescens Burleigh, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 48, May 3, 1935, p. 62 (Mount
Mitchell, N. C.).
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—-WETMORE 419
Family TROGLODYTIDAE
TROGLODYTES AEDON BALDWINI Oberholser
Onto House WREN
This recently described form ™ is darker in color above, with the
brown duller and less rufescent, and the sides, flanks, and underparts
grayer. Specimens assigned to this race were obtained as follows:
7 miles east of Philippi, Barbour County, June 3; Cave Creek Run,
near Moatsville, Barbour County, June 6; Flanagans Hill, Canaan
Valley, southern Tucker County, July 6; 3,000 feet elevation above
Williams River, October 3; Cranberry Glades (where they were un-
usually abundant), June 12 to 16; Middle Mountain, 12 miles north-
east of Durbin, June 29; and 4,860 feet elevation on Spruce Knob,
September 19 and 23. These agree fairly well with a series from the
type locality though averaging somewhat grayer above.
According to Oberholser (J. c., p. 90) typical aédon occurs at
Charlestown in the extreme eastern part of the State, while possibly
the western house wren (7. a. parkmani) might occur in the extreme
west along the Ohio River as a migrant. Wrens seem to be rare in
this western section, as none were recorded here during the work of
1936. The breeding bird of West Virginia, except for the extreme
eastern section, seems to be the Ohio house wren.
Oberholser (J. c., p. 87) uses Sylvia domestica Wilson (Amer. Ornith.,
vol. 1, 1808 [after Sept. 1], p. 5, description on p. 129, pl. 8, fig. 3)
for the typical race of the house wren, designating Philadelphia as
type locality, on his supposition that Troglodytes aédon Vieillot (Ois.
Amér. Sept., vol. 2, p. 52) appeared in May 1809. The title page
of this volume, however, is dated 1807. Vieillot’s work came out in
parts, and Oberholser writes ‘‘since Jroglodytes aédon occurs in the
second volume in the text to plate 107 (there are only 124 in the whole
work) it could hardly have appeared before 1809.’ This, however,
seems to be assumption without definite fact, and I do not care to
abandon the long-current name aédon without certain proof that such
action is necessary.
Vieillot’s work was projected originally to appear in four volumes
but was abandoned at the close of the second, presumably because of
the appearance of Wilson’s work covering the same ground.
NANNUS HIEMALIS HIEMALIS (Vieillot)
EASTERN WINTER WREN
The only one obtained was secured 2 miles east of Ben Lomond,
Mason County, on October 28.
13 Ohio Journ. Sci., vol. 34, 1934, p. 90 (Gates Mills, Ohio).
420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
NANNUS HIEMALIS PULLUS Burleigh
SouTHERN WINTER WREN
A male collected at 4,860 feet on the summit of Spruce Knob on
September 19 is the first State record for this recently described
subspecies." It appears that this is the resident form of the moun-
tains of West Virginia, at least from Spruce Knob southward. It is
distinguished readily from the typical winter wren (Nannus hiemalis
hiemalis) by darker, less rufescent color above, lighter underparts,
smaller bill, and slightly longer wing.
The bird from Spruce Knob has the following measurements:
Wing, 48.9; tail, 30.5; culmen from base, 11.6; and tarsus, 18.2 mm.
THRYOMANES BEWICKI BEWICKI (Audubon)
BEwWIcK’s WREN
A male, and an immature bird just from the nest, come from 7 miles
east of Philippi, June 3. This bird, seemingly, is becoming uncommon
through much of the northern part of its range in the Eastern States.
THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS LUDOVICIANUS (Latham)
CaroLINA WREN
Widely distributed but only fairly common during the period of this
work. One was taken near Gilboa on October 12, 1936, though none
were recorded therein May. Two were secured near Barboursville on
November 3, and one was collected and another seen 2 miles south of
Philippi on January 2,1937. Sight records include one near Franklin,
October 1, one near Keyser, October 2, and one near McCauley,
October 13, in 1935.
CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS (Naumann)
SHORT-BILLED MarsH WREN
A male taken near Point Pleasant on October 27 was the only one
seen.
Family MIMIDAE
MIMUS POLYGLOTTOS POLYGLOTTOS (Linnaeus)
EASTERN MOCKINGBIRD
Seen only near Richland on June 23.
DUMETELLA CAROLINENSIS (Linnacus)
CaTBIRD
This common species, distributed through the State, was obtained
as follows: Wayne, May 1; hills south of the Guyandot River near
Huntington, May 2; Gilboa, May 6 and 8; Freed and Big Bend,
14 Nannus hiemalis pullus Burleigh, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 48, May 3, 1935, p. 61 (Mount
Mitchell, N. C.).
—
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—-WETMORE 421
Calhoun County, May 21; 7 miles east of Philippi, June 4; 3,500 feet
on Williams River, October 7; 4,860 feet on Spruce Knob, September
18; 3,300 feet in the Cranberry Glades, May 8 and June 8 to 20; and
Middle Mountain, 12 miles northeast of Durbin, June 29. The bird
ranges from the lowlands through the mountains. Catbirds were
present in unusual abundance during June along the south fork of the
Cranberry River just below the Cranberry Glades.
TOXOSTOMA RUFUM (Linnaeus)
Brown THRASHER
Fairly common and widely distributed. Specimens were taken as
follows: Muddlety, Nicholas County, May 11; 4,700 feet elevation
on Spruce Knob, September 19; 3,300 feet elevation in the Cranberry
Glades, June 16; Middle Mountain, 11 miles northeast of Durbin,
July 1. I saw this species at Richwood on May 9 and near Yellow
Spring on May 24. One was observed on Cheat Mountain above
Cheat Bridge on September 26.
Family TURDIDAE
TURDUS MIGRATORIUS MIGRATORIUS Linnaeus
EASTERN Roxpin
The robins of West Virginia are an interesting puzzle in allocation
since both the eastern and southern forms nest in the State. In
general the bird of the eastern part of the State, including the moun-
tainous area, may be called migratorius, while the southern form,
achrusterus, is found in the lower country in the central and western
portions.
The typical eastern bird (7. m. migratorius) is richer brown below,
and darker above, with the crown distinctly blackish, marked sharply
from the gray of the hindneck. It is also larger, the wing ranging to
more than 130 mm in length.
A male from Charmco, east of Rainelle, at an elevation of 2,200 feet
(wing, 130 mm), May 8, in size and color is definitely the typical bird.
A male (wing, 131 mm), taken by A. H. Howell at Beckley, Raleigh
County, July 17, 1909, also is typical. Two males from Cheat Moun-
tain, 3 and 5 miles west of Cheat Bridge, June 24 and 25 (the latter
taken at 4,000 feet), have the rich, dark color of migratorius, though
a little small (wing, 127 and 128 mm). Two males from 3,300 and
3,700 feet in the Cranberry Glades taken June 12 and 16 are definitely
of the migratorius type, being dark in color and large (wing, 130.5 and
133mm). A female taken there at 3,300 feet on June 16 is intermedi-
ate, as it agrees in color with migratorius but has the dimensions of
achrusterus (wing, 121.7 mm). Another female, from Middle Moun-
tain, 11 miles northeast of Durbin, July 1, is likewise intermediate,
resembling the one just mentioned in size (wing, 121 mm) but is slightly
422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
darker above. A female from Rich Mountain, 7 miles southwest of
Harman, July 7, is likewise intermediate, being paler in color and
somewhat larger (wing, 125 mm). A male from Red Creek, Tucker
County, July 7 (wing, 133.5 mm) is large and dark. Another male
from 5 miles north of Moorefield on the South Branch of the Potomac
River, June 5, 1935 (wing, 129 mm) is also typical migratorius.
From this series it might appear that in the eastern mountainous
sections male robins have the typical characters of migratorius, while
females tend to be intermediate.
Birds in first or juvenal plumage were secured on Cheat Mountain,
3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, on June 24, and at Red Creek, Tucker
County, on July 6.
In fall specimens assigned to the typical race were taken as follows:
3,000 feet elevation above Williams River, October 3; 4,860 feet eleva-
tion on Spruce Knob, September 22; 3,900 feet on Smoke Camp
Mountain, 3 miles east of Thornwood, September 28; 3,000 feet
elevation on Flat Top Mountain, near Flat Top, October 15 and 20;
and Orgas, Boone County, October 24.
TURDUS MIGRATORIUS ACHRUSTERUS (Batchelder)
SouTHERN RoBIN
This race is characterized by smaller size and paler color. A female
taken 4 miles east of Huntington on April 24, with a wing measure-
ment of 121 mm, is definitely this race and is assumed to be of the
breeding form of that area; a male secured at the same place is dark
and agrees so well with true migratorius that it is identified as that
form, with the assumption that it is a bird in migration to other breed-
ing grounds. Birds from Muddlety in Nicholas County, May 11, are
definitely achrusterus. A female from Walker, Wirt County, May 22,
with a wing measurement of 126 mm, verges in color toward true
migratorius, as does a male from White Pine, Calhoun County, May 25,
with a wing of 126mm. Though intermediate these two seem nearer
achrusterus. A male taken 7 miles east of Philippi, Barbour County,
June 1, with the wing 124 mm, seems to be definitely achrusterus. In
fall a female was taken at 3,000 feet on Flat Top Mountain near Flat
Top, October 20, evidently a migrant.
HYLOCICHLA MUSTELINA (Gmelin)
Woop TxurusH
A common species observed in woodlands throughout the State.
Specimens were collected as follows: 5 miles east of Huntington,
April 23; Tyler Creek, April 27; Muddlety, May 11; Persinger,
Nicholas County, May 16; Grantsville, May 26; 3,300 feet elevation,
Cranberry Glades, June 12; Middle Mountain, 11 to 15 miles north-
east of Dublin, July 1, 2, and 3; and Thornwood, September 28.
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—-WETMORE 423
HYLOCICHLA GUTTATA FAXONI Bangs and Penard
EasterN Hermit THRUSH
Common and widely distributed in migration, as indicated by the
following specimens: 2 miles east of White Sulphur Springs, April 18;
5 miles east of Huntington, April 20; 12 miles north of Logan, April 22;
Zela, May 7; Gilboa, October 12; Orgas, Boone County, October 24;
and 3,500 feet on Williams River, October 8. A female was collected
at 3,300 feet in the Cranberry Glades on June 11, marking a breeding
record at this point.
HYLOCICHLA USTULATA SWAINSONI (Tschudi)
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH
In migration this widely distributed bird was taken on Pine Creek
near Enon on May 8; at 3,800 feet on Cheat Mountain above Cheat
Bridge, September 26; at 4,600 feet on Spruce Knob, September 22;
and at 3,000 feet on Williams River, Pocahontas County, October 3.
A female was taken on Cheat Mountain 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge
on June 24, indicating that this thrush breeds in that locality. One
was seen in the Cranberry Glades on May 9, but at this date it may
have been a migrant individual.
HYLOCICHLA MINIMA ALICIAE (Baird)
GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH
An immature male was taken at an elevation of 3,500 feet on
Williams River in Pocahontas County, October 8. The wing measures
107.5 mm.
HYLOCICHLA FUSCESCENS FUSCESCENS (Stephens)
VEERY
In spring one was taken at Fourteen, April 28. During summer one
male was secured on Cheat Mountain, 5 miles northwest of Cheat
Bridge, June 26, and another on Middle Mountain 11 miles northeast
of Durbin, July 2. These thrushes are fairly common through the
mountain area but are shy and difficult to see.
SIALIA SIALIS SIALIS (Linnaeus)
EASTERN BLUEBIRD
' Distributed universally through the State. Specimens were taken
at the following localities; Ashton, October 31; Barboursville, Novem-
ber 3; Mercers Bottom, November 2; Orgas, October 24; Gilboa,
Nicholas County, May 15 and October 12; Grantsville, May 20;
Philippi, June 1 and 2; 3,300 feet elevation in the Cranberry Glades,
June 16; Middle Mountain, northeast of Durbin, June 30 and July 3
(one fully grown but in juvenal dress); and 3,000 feet elevation on
Flat Top Mountain, near Flat Top, October 20.
424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Family SYLVIIDAE
POLIOPTILA CAERULEA CAERULEA (Linnaeus)
BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER
Specimens were secured as follows: 5 miles east of Huntington,
April 20; 12 miles north of Logan, April 22; Fourteen, April 29; Tyler
Creek, April 27; Grantsville, May 20. Apparently this bird is com-
mon in the hilly regions of the western part of the State. Details of
its distribution will be worked out slowly since it is so small that when
leaves are fully grown in summer it is seen in the trees only with
difficulty.
REGULUS SATRAPA SATRAPA Lichtenstein
EASTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET
The only specimens taken were secured near White Sulphur Springs.
Two were collected 2 miles east on April 18, and two others at 3,000
feet elevation on Katis Mountain on November 6. I saw others near
Cheat Bridge on October 1, and one near McCauley on October 13,
1935. One was seen at high altitude in the Cranberry Glades on
June 20.
CORTHYLIO CALENDULA CALENDULA (Linnaeus)
EASTERN RuBY-CROWNED KINGLET
Distributed in migration throughout the State and obtained as
follows: White Sulphur Springs, April 18 and November 6; 5 miles
east of Huntington, April 20; Dunlow, April 23; Mill Creek, 9 miles
east of Huntington, April 25; 3,000 feet elevation on Williams River,
October 3; 4,700 feet elevation on Spruce Knob, September 24; 2,900
feet elevation on Flat Top Mountain near Ghent, Raleigh County,
October 14. One male from Dunlow, obtained April 23, has the
crown patch zinc-orange instead of the usual red.
Family BOMBYCILLIDAE
BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM Vieillot
CrpsarR WAXWING
The cedar waxwing, though reduced in numbers about Washington,
D. C., in recent years, remains a common bird in West Virginia.
Specimens were obtained as follows: Orgas, Boone County, June 24;
2 miles west of Barboursville, Cabell County, October 26; 3 miles
north of Point Pleasant, Mason County, October 27; 5 miles north
of Drennen, Nicholas County, May 18; 5 and 7 miles east of Philippi,
May 28, and June 1 and 4; 3,200 feet elevation on Flat Top Mountain,
near Flat Top, October 15; Middle Mountain, 12 and 15 miles north-
east of Durbin, June 29 and July 3; 3,300 feet elevation in the Cran-
berry Glades, June 9 and 12.
Y
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—-WETMORE 425
Family LANIIDAE
LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS MIGRANS Palmer
MIGRANT SHRIKE
The two taken are both females, coming from Barboursville,
October 26, and Mercers Bottom, October 30. In addition, I ob-
tained another female 5 miles west of Romney on January 3, 1937,
and recorded a bird that was not collected near Pansy on January 1.
Family VIREONIDAE
VIREO GRISEUS GRISEUS (Boddzert)
WHITE-EYED VIREO
Taken at Fourteen, April 29; south of the Guyandot River, near
Huntington, May 2; and near Persinger in Nicholas County, May 16.
VIREO FLAVIFRONS Vieillot
YELLOW-THROATED VIREO
Apparently widely distributed but of scattered occurrence, the
yellow-throated vireo was recorded as follows: Near Dunlow, April 23;
Tyler Creek, April 27; Gilboa, May 5 and 6; and Zela, May 7. It is
probable that all these were migrants.
VIREO SOLITARIUS SOLITARIUS (Wilson)
BLUE-HEADED VIREO
The wing of a female secured on Peters Creek, near Gilboa, May 5,
measures 72.5 mm, and the culmen from base 11.8 mm. The bill is
a little large, but the bird agrees best with the typical form. Two
others were taken in fall migration. A male secured 4 miles north-
west of Gilboa, October 12, has the wing 76.3, and the culmen from
base 11.9 mm, being somewhat large, but having the brighter green
of the back of the typical form. Another male taken at an elevation
of 1,800 feet near Posey, Raleigh County, October 23, measures as
follows: Wing, 74.5; and culmen from base, 11.0 mm.
The shade of green on the back in these birds seems to change
definitely with storage in collections. Freshly taken birds appear
much brighter in color.
VIREO SOLITARIUS ALTICOLA Brewster
MovuntTAINn VIREO
This race of the blue-headed vireo nests commonly in the higher
mountains of the State. Three were taken at the Cranberry Glades
on June 13 and 17. On Cheat Mountain above Cheat Bridge they
were common from June 23 to 27. A young one recently from the
nest was secured here on June 26, and birds were taken in fall on
426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
September 25 and 26. Others were secured in fall near the summit
of Spruce Knob on September 22, and at elevations of 3,000 to 3,500
feet on Williams River from October 3 to 8. A male taken June 17
in the Cranberry Glades has an irregular patch of white and scattered
feathers of the same color in the crown. A. H. Howell collected males
at Marshes on July 20, 1909, and at Mabscott on July 24, both in
Raleigh County.
This race differs from the typical form in having the back with more
gray, and the green slightly darker, in longer wing on the average,
and in somewhat larger bill. Following are measurements from birds
taken in West Virginia:
Eleven males: Wing, 74.8-80.4; tail, 50.7-56.2; culmen from base,
12.2-13.4; tarsus, 18.0-19.4 mm.
Five females: Wing, 74.6—-77.9; tail, 52.0-54.5; culmen from base,
11.3-12.3; tarsus, 18.0-19.1 mm.
VIREO OLIVACEUS (Linnaeus)
RED-EYED VIREO
Of universal distribution during summer throughout the State;
recorded as follows: Fourteen, April 28; Wayne, May 1; south of
Guyandot River near Huntington, May 2; Zela, May 7; Pine Creek,
near Enon, May 8; Freed, Calhoun County, May 21; Grantsville,
May 26; near Philippi, May 31 and June 1; Rich Mountain, 7 miles
southwest of Harman, July 7; 4,800 feet elevation on Spruce Knob,
September 19; Cranberry Glades at 3,300 feet, June 15 and 3,800 feet,
June 19; 4,000 feet elevation on Cheat Mountain, 5 miles northwest
of Cheat Bridge, June 25 and 27.
Family COMPSOTHLYPIDAE
MNIOTILTA VARIA (Linnaeus)
Buack AND WHITE WARBLER
Obtained 2 miles east of White Sulphur Springs on April 18; at
Mill Creek, 9 miles east of Huntington, April 25; Muddlety, May 11;
5 miles east of Philippi, May 28; and at 3,500 feet elevation on Wil-
liams River, October 8. I have seen it also near Wardensville, July
21, 1935, and in the Cranberry Glades, May 9, 1936.
LIMNOTHLYPIS SWAINSONI (Audubon)
SWAINSON’S WARBLER
A male was taken near Fourteen in southwestern Lincoln County
on April 28. It was found on the ground at the swampy border of a
little stream, and until in the hand was thought to be a water-thrush.
The only other record for the State known to me is that of Earle A.
*.
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—WETMORE 427
Brooks who reports “‘one taken by P. C. Bibbee on Cheat River,
June 14, 1924.”
VERMIVORA CHRYSOPTERA (Linnaeus)
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER
Breeding at 3,300 feet elevation in the Cranberry Glades, where a
male was taken May 9 and a female June 16.
VERMIVORA PEREGRINA (Wilson)
TENNESSEE WARBLER
One was taken at 4,800 feet on Spruce Knob, September 19, and
one near Ben Lomond, Mason County, October 28.
VERMIVORA RUFICAPILLA RUFICAPILLA (Wilson)
NASHVILLE WARBLER
A male was collected at Tyler Creek, April 27, and another at 3,100
feet on Williams River, October 2.
COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA PUSILLA (Wilson)
NORTHERN Parva WARBLER
A male taken at Fourteen, Lincoln County, April 27, has a wing
measurement of 60.2 mm, and another from Gilboa, May 6, one of
57.9 mm.
DENDROICA AESTIVA AESTIVA (Gmelin)
EASTERN YELLOW WARBLER
Taken on Peters Creek near Gilboa, May 5, and on Pine Creek
near Enon, May 8. A pair was observed nesting at Gilboa on May 9.
DENDROICA MAGNOLIA (Wilson)
MaGnoiia WARBLER
This handsome bird was found in migration 5 miles north of Dren-
nen, Nicholas County, May 18, and at 4,800 feet on Spruce Knob,
September 19. In summer it was taken on Cheat Mountain, 3 miles
west of Cheat Bridge, June 23; on Middle Mountain, 12 miles north-
east of Durbin, June 27 and 29; and at elevations of 3,300 to 3,700
in the Cranberry Glades, May 9 and June 8, 9, and 15.
DENDROICA TIGRINA (Gmelin)
CarE May WARBLER
Common on the summit of Spruce Knob from 4,600 to 4,800 feet,
September 19 to 22. Two were taken at 3,500 feet on Williams River,
October 8 and 9.
15 West Virginia Encyc., 1929, p. 72.
428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84.
DENDROICA CAERULESCENS CAERULESCENS (Gmelin)
BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER
Found in migration at 3,300 feet elevation in the Cranberry Glades.
on May 9; on Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, Septem-.
ber 26; at 3,900 feet on Smoke Camp Mountain, 3 miles east of
Thornwood, September 28; at 4,600 to 4,700 feet on Spruce Knob,
September 22 and 24; and at 3,500 feet on Williams River, October 7.
DENDROICA CAERULESCENS CAIRNSI Coues
CarIRNs’s WARBLER
On the summit of Cheat Mountain west of Cheat Bridge this
warbler was common from June 23 to 26, and one was taken here on
September 25. A male was secured on Middle Mountain, 12 miles
northeast of Durbin, June 29, and two were obtained at 3,300 feet in
the Cranberry Glades, June 15 and 18. On July 6 and 7 birds were
collected on Rich Mountain from 6 to 7 miles southwest of Harman.
The last recorded in fall was a male secured at 3,500 feet on Williams
River on October 7. A. H. Howell obtained one at Dry Creek on
July 22, 1909. ;
This series indicates that Cairns’s warbler is more different from
the typical black-throated blue than I had supposed from examination
of material from the mountains of western Maryland. Males are
distinctly deeper blue in color above, ordinarily with more black in
the dorsum, though this does not always hold. Females are distinctly
darker above both in summer and in fall dress.
DENDROICA CORONATA CORONATA (Linnaeus)
Myrtrte WARBLER
Obtained in spring 12 miles north of Logan on April 22, and at
Tyler Creek on April 27. In fall specimens were taken at 2,900 feet
on Flat Top Mountain, near Flat Top on October 19, at 2,100 feet on
Cherry Pond Mountain near Arnett on October 22, and near Orgas
on October 24.
The western race of the myrtle warbler, Dendroica coronata hooveri,
I consider valid. If this is accepted then the name of the eastern
bird is Dendroica coronata coronata.
DENDROICA VIRENS VIRENS (Gmelin)
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER
In spring this common warbler was taken 2 miles east of White
Sulphur Springs, April 18; 12 miles north of Logan, April 22; near
Dunlow, April 23; near Fourteen, April 28; and near Zela, May 7.
Breeding specimens were secured on Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of
+.
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—WETMORE 429
Cheat Bridge, June 24; on Rich Mountain, 7 miles southwest of
Harman, July 7; and in the Cranberry Glades, June 11 and 20. I saw
them in the latter locality on May 9. One was observed on Middle
Mountain July 3. In fall these birds were found on Williams River
at 3,100 feet elevation on October 2; at 4,600 feet on Spruce Knob,
September 22; and on Flat Top Mountain, near Odd, October 17.
There is a juvenile specimen in the Biological Survey collection taken
on July 22, 1909, at Dry Creek by A. H. Howell.
DENDROICA CERULEA (Wilson)
CERULEAN WARBLER
One male was taken at Fourteen, April 27, and two were secured on
Pine Creek, near Enon, May 8.
DENDROICA FUSCA (Miiller)
BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER
One was taken on Spruce Knob on September 22 and one was seen
on Pine Creek, near Enon, on May 8.
DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA (Linnaeus)
CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER
Taken at Huntington on May 2; on Cheat Mountain, 5 miles
northwest of Cheat Bridge, June 25; on Middle Mountain, 11 miles
northeast of Durbin, July 2; and at 3,300 feet in the Cranberry Glades,
May 9 and June 20. In this last locality on May 9 this was the most
abundant warbler, being found in pairs that were preparing to nest.
The species was recorded on Middle Mountain on July 3.
DENDROICA CASTANEA (Wilson)
BAY-BREASTED WARBLER
Taken at 3,800 feet on Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat
Bridge, September 25 and 26; at the Cranberry Glades, May 9;
and at 3,000 to 3,300 feet on Williams River, October 2, 3, and 5, the
last coming from Little Spruce Mountain.
DENDROICA STRIATA (Forster)
BLACK-POLL WARBLER
One was taken at 4,800 feet on Spruce Knob on September 21, and
one at 3,100 feet on Williams River on October 2. I observed this
species near McCauley on October 13, 1935.
DENDROICA DISCOLOR DISCOLOR (Vieillot)
NORTHERN PRAIRIE WARBLER
Found 5 miles east of Huntington, April 21 and 22; near Mill
Creek, 9 miles east of Huntington, April 25; and at Fourteen, April 27.
430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
DENDROICA PALMARUM PALMARUM (Gmelin)
WESTERN PAaLtM WARBLER
Two were collected on Flat Top Mountain, one near Ghent,
October 14, and one near Flat Top, October 20.
The Rev. E. A. Brooks '° records only the yellow palm warbler from
the State. The two listed above are typical of the western form.
SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linnaeus)
OVEN-BIRD
Common and widely distributed and collected as follows: Tyler
Creek, April 27; Zela, May 7; Enon, May 8; Cranberry Glades,
June 9 and 15; 4,000 feet elevation on Cheat Mountain, 5 miles north-
west of Cheat Bridge, June 25; Cranberry Glades, June 9 and 15;
4,800 feet elevation on Spruce Knob, September 21.
SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmelin)
NORTHERN WATER-THRUSH
This bird was observed at 3,300 feet in the Cranberry Glades on
May 9. It breeds there, as three specimens, including two males and
a female, were secured on June 10.
SEIURUS MOTACILLA (Vieillot)
LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH
Taken near Dunlow, April 23; 4 miles east of Huntington, April 24;
near Persinger, Nicholas County, May 16; and 5 miles east of Philippi,
May 29. On July 21, 1935, I recorded one near Baker City. On
April 19, 1936, I located a pair along a small brook running along a
valley on Short Mountain, near McCauley. On May 24 this stream was
dry, and the birds flew continually down to Lost River a short distance
below and then returned, apparently to secure food for their young.
OPORORNIS FORMOSUS (Wilson)
KENTUCKY WARBLER
A locally common species that was obtained at Fourteen, April 29;
at Gilboa, May 5; and near Smithville, Ritchie County, May 22. .
I observed it near Lost River in the vicinity of McCauley on May 24.
OPORORNIS PHILADELPHIA (Wilson)
MovurninGc WARBLER
An adult female was taken in the Cranberry Glades on June 20.
16 West Virginia Encycl., 1929, p. 72.
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—WETMORE 431
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS TRICHAS (Linnaeus)
MaryLAND YELLOW-THROAT
An immature male taken at the summit of Spruce Knob on
September 18 is of this race, as indicated by its wing measurement of
52.8 mm and by its dull coloration both above and below. It is
evidently a migrant in this locality.
It is assumed that this is the breeding bird of extreme eastern West
Virginia, in the section east of the mountains, though specimens
need to be collected to establish this.
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS BRACHIDACTYLA (Swainson)
NorRTHERN YELLOW-THROAT
Careful study of specimens indicate that this is the yellow-throat
_ that nests through the mountain area and the hill section to the
west, as well as in the northwestern portion. Whether true trichas
is found in the southwestern part of the State as a breeding bird
remains to be ascertained, as the only specimen at hand, from Four-
teen, taken April 28, is brachidactyla, though at that date it may have
been a migrant individual. One was taken at Zela, May 7; one at
Grantsville, May 20; one at Freed, Calhoun County, May 21; and
one at White Pine, May 25. In three males the wing ranges from
56.2 to 56.3 and the exposed culmen from 11.2 to 12.3 mm; and in
two females the wing is 52.0 and 54.7 and the exposed culmen 11.8
and 12.0 mm.
In the mountains breeding specimens were taken in the Cranberry
Glades, on May 9 and between June 9 and 20, and on Middle Mountain
12 miles northeast of Durbin, June 29. Males have the wing 54.3
to 56.2 mm and the culmen from base 12.5 to 12.8 mm. Females
have the wing 49.3 to 51.7 and the culmen from base 11.4 to 11.7 mm.
Fall specimens include a female from Cheat Mountain, 3 miles
west of Cheat Bridge, September 26 (wing, 52.3; culmen from base,
11.4 mm), and a pair from Spruce Knob, September 18 and 21 (male,
wing 56.2, culmen from base 12.5 mm; female, wing 52.0, culmen
from base 11.2 mm).
All these specimens are brighter green above and more extensively
yellow below when compared with typical trichas, the colors being
especially rich in fall plumage.
- This marks a definite southern extension of the range of the northern
yellow-throat from what is given in the fourth edition of the A. O. U.
Check-list of North American Birds, 1931, p. 296.
ICTERIA VIRENS VIRENS (Linnaeus)
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT
A common bird that is difficult to find. Specimens were taken at
Fourteen, April 28; Zela, May 7; Persinger, May 16; Grantsville,
432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
May 20; and Walker, May 22. I secured one near Wardensville on
July 21, 1935, and in 1936 I observed it at Gilboa on May 9; Cran-
berry Glades, May 9; and on Short Mountain near McCauley, May 24.
WILSONIA CITRINA (Boddaert)
Hooprp WARBLER
Specimens were taken by Perrygo and Lingebach at Tyler Creek,
April 27; 5 miles north of Drennen, May 18; and 7 miles east of
Philippi, June 4. I secured a female near McCauley, May 24.
WILSONIA CANADENSIS (Linnaeus)
CaNADA WARBLER
In migration one was collected on Pine Creek, near Enon, May 8,
and another near Wayne, May 1. A common summer resident in —
the mountains, found on Middle Mountain (including Yokum Knob)
11 to 15 miles northeast of Durbin, June 29 to July 4, and in the
Cranberry Glades, May 9 and June 9 to 15.
SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linnaeus)
REDSTART
A common resident that was collected as follows: Near Dunlow,
April 23; Fourteen, April 27; Gilboa, May 5 and 6; Enon, May 8;
Mt. Zion, Calhoun County, May 23; 5 miles east of Philippi, May 28.
Family PLOCEIDAE
PASSER DOMESTICUS DOMESTICUS (Linnaeus)
ENGLISH SPARROW
Two were taken 4 miles east of Huntington on April 24. Distrib-
uted about towns and farms throughout the State.
Family ICTERIDAE
STURNELLA MAGNA MAGNA (Linnaeus)
EASTERN MEADOWLARK
Distributed throughout the State in open fields and meadows.
Specimens were taken as follows: Mercers Bottom, October 29;
Gilboa, October 26; Muddlety, May 11; Grantsville, May 26; and
near Yokum Knob, on Middle Mountain, July 4. In the mountains
they cccur only in extensive meadows, such as the Big Burn near
Yokum Knob. Here they were fairly common. In four males
the wing ranges from 118.2 to 122.0 mm, and in three females from
105.8 to 109.0 mm. In size and color these birds agree with the
typical form.
>
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—-WETMORE 433
In addition to the localities cited I have recorded these birds as
follows: Near Moorefield, June 5, 1935; Mathias, July 4, 1935; and
Wardensville, July 21 and October 13, 1935.
AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS PHOENICEUS (Linnaeus)
EASTERN RED-WING
The red-wing is widely distributed through West Virginia along the
borders of streams in open country. It is found usually in scattered
groups of one to three or four pairs, being less abundant numerically
than in areas where there are more extensive marshes. It has a
wide altitudinal range, as breeding birds were taken near Muddlety
in Nicholas County, May 11, 12, and 14; 5 miles east of Philippi,
May 30; and at 3,300 feet elevation in the Cranberry Glades, June 16.
Migrants were secured near Ashton on October 31.
Wing measurements in males range from 116.3 to 120.9 mm, and
in females from 97.4 to 102.0 mm.
AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS ARCTOLEGUS Oberholser
GIANT RED-WING
It was a distinct surprise to find in the small series of red-winged
blackbirds a fine specimen of this race taken near Enon, Nicholas
County, on May 11, 1936. The bird is a male in full adult plumage,
with the following measurements: Wing, 129.2; tail, 94.6; culmen
from base, 24.0; and tarsus, 31.3 mm. It is of interest to compare
the perfect plumage of this bird with the worn wing and tail feathers
of skins of the resident race taken at the same time near Muddlety
only a few miles away. This seems to be the first record of this
northern migrant for the State.
ICTERUS SPURIUS (Linnzeus)
ORCHARD ORIOLE
One was seen near Grantsville on May 20, and I observed this
species at Moorefield on June 5, 1936.
ICTERUS GALBULA (Linnaeus)
BALTIMORE ORIOLE
I saw this bird in Summersville on May 9, and one was collected
at Mount Zion, Calhoun County on May 23.
EUPHAGUS CAROLINUS (Miiller)
Rusty BuiackKBIRD
The only two seen were taken October 30 near Mercers Bottom,
one being prepared as a skeleton.
434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
QUISCALUS QUISCULA AENEAS Ridgway
BRONZED GRACKLE
The only specimen taken is a young male recently from the nest
from near Richland, Greenbrier County, June 24. Its identification
is based on assumption, since it is entirely in juvenal plumage. It
is dark in color and shows indistinct streakings of dusky on the
gray brown of the breast and abdomen.
Grackles are local during the nesting season, and no adults were
taken though special search was made for them. I saw a few near
Enon on May 9.
MOLOTHRUS ATER ATER (Boddaert)
EASTERN CowBIRD
Found in summer mainly, if not entirely, west of the mountains.
Following are localities at which specimens were taken: Near Hunt-
ington (including a point 4 miles east, and another in the hills south
of the Guyandot River), April 25 and May 2; Muddlety, May 14; 5
miles north of Drennen, May 18; West Fork River, near Arnoldsburg,
Calhoun County, May 23; Laurel Creek near White Pine, May 25;
and 7 miles east of Philippi, June 1. On April 19 I observed several
flocks in migration near McCauley.
Family THRAUPIDAE
PIRANGA ERYTHROMELAS Vicillot
ScaRLET TANAGER
Common and widely distributed wherever there is woodland.
Specimens were taken as follows: Fourteen, April 28; Gilboa, May 5;
Enon, May 8; Wayne, May 1; Rich Mountain, 7 miles southwest of
Harman, July 8; 3,300 to 3,700 feet in the Cranberry Glades, June 9
and 15; and 3,800 feet elevation on Cheat Mountain, 8 miles north-
west of Cheat Bridge, September 26. Near White Sulphur Springs
and Charmco I found them common on May 8, and on the following
day I observed many at Gilboa and in the Cranberry Glades. Several
were seen near McCauley on May 24.
PIRANGA RUBRA RUBRA (Linnaeus)
SUMMER TANAGER
Two were secured in the hills south of the Guyandot River near
Huntington on May 2, and another along the Little Kanawha River
near Grantsville on May 20. I observed one near Barboursville on
October 10, 1932.
Family FRINGILLIDAE
RICHMONDENA CARDINALIS CARDINALIS (Linnaeus)
EASTERN CARDINAL
This handsome bird is universally distributed except in the higher
mountains of the State. A male secured at 3,500 feet elevation on
>
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—WETMORE 435
Williams River marks the highest altitude at which it was encountered.
It was also found 7 miles east of Philippi on June 2. In the western
section of the State it was common, being recorded as follows: 5 miles
east of Huntington, April 20; 12 miles north of Logan, April 22; near
Dunlow, April 23; Gilboa, where it was common, May 15; Orgas,
Boone County, October 24; Barboursville, October 26; Mercers Bot-
tom, October 29; Ben Lomond, October 28; Point Pleasant, October
27; Big Springs, Calhoun County, May 22; West Fork River near
Rocksdale and Arnoldsburg, May 23.
HEDYMELES LUDOVICIANUS (Linnaeus)
ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK
Collected as follows: Wayne, May 1; Enon, May 8; summit of
Cheat Mountain, 5 miles northwest of Cheat Bridge, June 27; Mid-
dle Mountain, 11 miles northwest of Durbin, July 2; Cranberry
Glades, June 18 and 20; 4,800 feet elevation on Spruce Knob, Sep-
tember 21; 3,000 feet elevation on Williams River, October 3.
PASSERINA CYANEA (Linnaeus)
Inpigo BUNTING
Obtained at the following points: Little Kanawha River near
Grantsville, May 20; Big Bend, May 21; Macfarlan, Ritchie County,
May 22; Walker, Wirt County, May 22; West Fork River near
Arnoldsburg, May 23; 5 miles west of Grantsville, May 26; 7 miles
east of Philippi, June 4; Cranberry Glades, June 12 and 15 (the latter
including one bird just from the nest); and 7 miles south of Harman,
July 8.
CARPODACUS PURPUREUS PURPUREUS (Gmelin)
EASTERN PURPLE FINCH
Two migrant males in full color and a female were taken 5 miles
east of Huntington on April 20 and 21. More interesting is a male
in dull dress with plumage considerably worn secured at high altitude
in the Cranberry Glades on June 20. A dozen pairs-were found on
this day over rough, stony slopes, where they were approached with
difficulty. This represents a considerable southern extension of sum-
mer range from the former known limit in western Maryland. Two
were observed on Spruce Knob on September 18.
SPINUS PINUS PINUS (Wilson)
NORTHERN PINE SISKIN
One specimen was taken from a little flock at 3,000 feet on Katis
Mountain near White Sulphur Springs on November 6.
436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
SPINUS TRISTIS TRISTIS (Linnaeus)
EASTERN GOLDFINCH
A common, widely distributed bird of which records were made as
follows: 5 miles east of Huntington, April 21; Huntington, April 29;
2 miles west of Barboursville, October 26; Mercers Bottom, October
29; Gilboa, May 5; Enon, May 8; 5 miles east of Philippi, May 30;
Little Spruce Knob on Williams River, October 5; 3,500 feet elevation
on Williams River, October 7; Cranberry Glades, June 19; 3,000 feet
elevation on Katis Mountain, near White Sulphur Springs, Novem-
ber 6.
PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Linnaeus)
RED-EYED TOWHEE
A species widely distributed in summer that was recorded as follows:
5 miles east of Huntington, April 20 and 21; 12 miles north of Logan,
April 22; Fourteen, April 28 and 29; Zela, May 7; Enon, May 8; Mount
Zion, Calhoun County, May 23; 5 miles east of Philippi, May 29; Red
Creek, Tucker County, July 6; Rich Mountain, 7 miles southwest
of Harman, July 7; summit of Spruce Knob, September 19 and 24;
Cranberry Glades, June 8, 15, and 20; Middle Mountain, 12 miles
southeast of Durbin, June 27. A young bird not fully grown was se-
cured on Spruce Knob on September 19. This bird may possibly
winter in the southwestern section near the Ohio River, as one was
taken at Barboursville on November 3.
PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA (Wilson)
EASTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW
Three adults taken at the Big Burn near Yokum Knob, on Middle
Mountain, on July 4 constitute an extension in breeding range for this
bird. They were fairly common. In fall one was taken at 3,200 feet
on Flat Top Mountain, near Flat Top, October 15, and another near
Mercers Bottom, October 29. On June 5, 1935, I recorded one near
the South Branch of the Potomac River, five miles north of Moore-
field. On October 2, 1935, I observed a number near Mount Storm,
and saw others on October 13 near Lehew.
PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS LABRADORIUS Howe
LABRADOR SAVANNAH SPARROW
An immature male taken on November 2 near Mercers Bottom is
definitely darker above, with the black markings more extensive and
bordered on lower back and rump with dark brown, and the breast
markings reduced in number but larger, than in specimens of P. s.
savanna. Its differences are so evident that it is identified as the
Labrador form, a race whose range as yet is poorly defined, particu-
larly in its migrations.
»
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—-WETMORE 437
AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM AUSTRALIS Maynard
EASTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW
Specimens were taken 7 miles east of Philippi, June 2, and near
Ashton, Mason County, October 31.
POOECETES GRAMINEUS GRAMINEUS (Gmelin)
EASTERN VESPER SPARROW
Through the upland section this species is widely distributed wher-
ever there are open fields. In the western and central parts of the
State it was found at Muddlety, May 13; Grantsville, May 25; and
5 miles east of Philippi, May 30. I saw many near Richwood on
May 9. In fall they were found in migration at Mercers Bottom, near
the Ohio River, October 30 and November 2. Breeding birds were
taken on Middle Mountain, nine miles southeast of Durbin on June 30.
Others, taken in fall, come from the summit of Spruce Knob, Septem-
ber 22 and 24; 2,100 feet elevation on Cherry Pond Mountain near
Arnett, October 22; and 2,900 and 3,200 feet on Flat Top Mountain,
near Flat Top, October 15 and 19. I found a nest near Moorefield on
June 5, 1935, and observed that they were common from Baker City
to Mathias on July 4 and at Lehew on October 13, 1935.
CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS GRAMMACUS (Say)
EASTERN LARK SPARROW
A pair found 7 miles east of Philippi on June 4 were the only ones
seen. The female was taken. Maurice Brooks ” has recorded this
bird at French Creek, Upshur County, in 1932, stating that in recent
years it has become rare in the State.
JUNCO HYEMALIS HYEMALIS (Linnaeus)
SLATE-COLORED JUNCO
Common as a migrant, this junco in the mountain sections mingles
with the resident Carolina junco. In mixed flocks the smaller size, with
the darker slate of males and the more pronounced brownish wash
on back and sides in females in the present form, is ordinarily easily
evident. Specimens were obtained as follows: 12 miles north of
Logan, April 22; Barboursville, November 3; Mercers Bottom, October
30; Ben Lomond, October 28; 3,500 feet elevation on Williams River,
October 7; 2,900 to 3,200 feet elevation on Flat Top Mountain near
Flat Top, October 15 and 19; and near White Sulphur Springs April
18 and November 6 (the latter date referring to specimens taken at
3,000 feet on Katis Mountain).
17 Auk, 1933, p. 121.
438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
JUNCO HYEMALIS CAROLINENSIS Brewster
CAROLINA JUNCO
This resident form is restricted to the higher mountains of the eastern
part of the State. It breeds mainly above 3,000 feet, descending in
the valleys adjacent to the mountain bases in winter, but not moving
far from the sections that are its summer home. A female was
collected on Rich Mountain, 7 miles southwest of Harman, on July 7.
On Williams River three were taken on October 7 at an elevation of
3,500 feet, one still showing some of the striped juvenal plumage.
Two were collected on September 18 and 21 on the summit of Spruce
Knob at 4,800 feet, a locality where I found them common on Septem-
ber 30, 1935. On the latter day I took a bird still in juvenal dress 4
miles northeast of Thornwood. On January 1, 1937, I collected one
at an elevation of 2,000 feet in the narrow valley of Friends Run on
the slopes of North Fork Mountain, 3 miles west of Franklin. We
found them in the Cranberry Glades on May 9, and they were common
here from June 9 to 20. A young bird just from the nest was taken
there on June 20. On Middle Mountain, 12 miles northeast of Durbin,
specimens were taken June 29, including a bird fully grown, but in
juvenal dress. Others were secured on Cheat Mountain, 3 miles
west of Cheat Bridge from June 23 to 25. Two were taken at 3,000
and 3,500 feet elevation on Flat Top Mountain, near Flat Top,
October 15 and 20. I recorded one on April 19 on the slopes of Short
Mountain near McCauley.
In life this bird seems quite distinct from the ordinary junco,
appearing larger and distinctly grayer. Its field identification is
ordinarily not difficult. Immature females in fall show some wash
of brown on back, flanks, and under tail-coverts and have brownish
edgings on the tertials and rectrices. The brown, however, is less in
extent and is duller in color than in J. h. hyemalis in the same stage, and
the gray is lighter and clearer.
SPIZELLA ARBOREA ARBOREA (Wilson)
EASTERN TREE SPARROW
Three were seen and one was taken near Upper Tract on January 1,
1937.
SPIZELLA PASSERINA PASSERINA (Bechstein)
EASTERN CHIPPING SPARROW
Collected as follows: 2 miles east of White Sulphur Springs, April 18;
5 miles east of Huntington, April 21; Mercers Bottom, October 30;
Point Pleasant, October 27; Zela, May 7; Summersville, May 13;
Arnoldsburg, May 23; 7 miles east of Philippi, June 1; Flanagans
Hill near Elk, Tucker County, July 6; 3,000 feet elevation on Williams
River, October 3; 3,300 feet elevation in the Cranberry Glades, June 12;
.
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—WETMORE 439
Orgas, Boone County, October 24; 2,100 feet elevation on Cherry
Pond Mountain, near Arnett, October 22; and 2,900 feet elevation
on Flat Top Mountain, near Flat Top, October 19.
SPIZELLA PUSILLA PUSILLA (Wilson)
EASTERN FIELD SPARROW
A bird distributed universally in the State that was obtained as
follows: 4 and 5 miles east of Huntington, April 23 and 24; Tyler
Creek, April 27; Mercers Bottom, October 29 and November 2;
Point Pleasant, October 27; Zela, May 7; Enon, May 8; Gilboa,
October 12; Muddlety, May 11 and 14; Grantsville, May 20; 3,000 to
3,500 feet elevation on Williams River, October 3, 5 and 7; Cran-
berry Glades, June 12 (young), and 13; Cheat Mountain, above
Cheat Bridge, June 25; Flat Top Mountain, near Flat Top, October 15
and 19.
ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS LEUCOPHRYS (Forster)
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW
Found in fall migration, when three were obtained near Mercers
Bottom, October 29, and one near Ashton, October 31.
ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS (Gmelin)
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW
A common migrant for which the following records were made:
5 miles east of Huntington, April 20; 12 miles north of Logan, April 22;
Barboursville, October 26; Mercers Bottom, October 29 and 30, and
November 2; Ben Lomond, October 28; Point Pleasant, October 27;
Zela, May 8; 3,000 feet elevation on Williams River, October 3;
Cranberry Glades, May 9 and October 2; 2,800 feét elevation on Flat
Top Mountain, near Odd, October 20; 3,000 feet elevation on Katis
Mountain, near White Sulphur Springs, November 6; and Wades
Creek, 4 miles southeast of White Sulphur Springs, May 8.
PASSERELLA ILIACA ILIACA (Merrem)
EASTERN Fox SPARROW
Found in fall at Orgas, Boone County, October 24; Mercers Bottom,
October 30; and at 3,000 feet elevation on Katis Mountain, near
White Sulphur Springs, November 6. The last mentioned is partially
albinistic, having a few white feathers in back and crown.
MELOSPIZA LINCOLNI LINCOLNI (Audubon)
LiNCOLN’S SPARROW
Found as a migrant 5 miles north of Drennen, May 18; at
3,000 feet elevation on Williams River, October 3; and near Orgas,
October 24.
440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
MELOSPIZA GEORGIANA (Latham)
Swamp SParRRoW
Found during the migration period near Huntington, May 2;
Barboursville, October 26; Mercers Bottom, October 30 and November
2; Ashton, October 31; 2,900 feet elevation on Flat Top Mountain,
near Ghent, October 14; 2,000 feet elevation on Cherry Pond Moun-
tain, near Arnett, October 23; Orgas, October 24; 3,800 feet elevation
on Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, September 25;
and 3,000 feet elevation on Williams River, October 3.
In the Cranberry Glades specimens were obtained on June 11 and
12. One was taken on Middle Mountain, 12 miles northeast of
Durbin, on June 29, and a young bird recently from the nest was
secured at Yokum Knob on Middle Mountain on July 4.
MELOSPIZA MELODIA MELODIA (Wilson)
EASTERN SonNG SPARROW
That the true eastern song sparrow nests in extreme eastern West
Virginia is indicated by a male in worn breeding plumage in the
National Museum taken at Halltown on August 1, 1898. In migra-
tion this form may occur casually elsewhere, as a male collected by
Perrygo and Lingebach at 2,000 feet elevation on Cherry Pond
Mountain near Arnett on October 23, 1936, has the brighter color of
the eastern race.
MELOSPIZA MELODIA EUPHONIA Wetmore
MississippPI SoNG SPARROW
For several years I have examined song sparrows from localities in
the eastern United-States to work out the ranges of the geographic
races in that area. It has been evident that breeding birds from the
Allegheny Mountain section were darker in color than the typical
eastern song sparrow (Melospiza melodia melodia), and for a time I
followed W. E. Clyde Todd in calling this darker mountain race
Melospiza melodia beata Bangs.'® This name has become current for
the bird of the eastern Mississippi Valley drainage in general, as it
was adopted in the fourth edition of the A. O. U. Check-list of North
American birds in 1931.
Last year, however, I had opportunity to see the type specimen of
beata in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, and
I found that it was a specimen of the Dakota song sparrow (Melospiza
melodia juddi Bishop), migrant to winter quarters in Florida. As beata
Bangs thus became a synonym of juddi, I described the breeding bird
18 Melospiza melodia beata Bangs, Proc. New Zealand Zod]. Club, vol. 6, June 5, 1912, p. 87 (Enterprise,
Fla.).
w
BIRDS OF WEST VIRGINIA—WETMORE 441
of the West Virginia mountains as Aelospiza melodia euphonia.”
This name replaces beata, therefore, as given in the A. O. U. Check-list.
Breeding birds from the mountain region of West Virginia appear
somewhat darker than those from the central Mississippi Valley, but
it seems doubtful with material now at hand that the Allegheny
Mountain birds and those from the lowlands to the westward can
properly be separated. A good series of fall specimens indicates no
evident differences.
To the eastward euphonia intergrades with melodia, a specimen
secured on Lost River, near McCauley, W. Va., on May 24, 1936,
being intermediate but nearer to ewphonia.
This song sparrow is widely distributed from the eastern line of the
mountains westward in West Virginia, as indicated by the following
localities from which specimens have been examined: Barboursville,
November 3; Mercers Bottom, October 29 and 30 and November 2;
Ben Lomond, October 28; Ashton, October 31; Point Pleasant,
October 27; Zela, May 13; Muddlety, May 14; Drennen, May 18;
Big Bend, Calhoun County, May 21; Rocksdale, May 23; White
Pine, June 25; 5 miles east of Philippi, May 30; 3,000 to 3,500 feet
on Williams River, October 3 to 8; 4,800 feet on Spruce Knob, Sep-
tember 21; Cranberry Glades (the type locality), May 9 and June 8
to 12; Middle Mountain 12 miles northeast of Durbin, June 29 and
July 4; Cheat Mountain, above Cheat Bridge, June 26 and September
26; 2,000 feet elevation on Cherry Pond Mountain near Arnett,
October 23; Flat Top Mountain (2,900 to 3,000 feet), near Flat Top,
October 19 and 20, near Odd, October 20, and near Ghent, October
14 and 20.
CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS LAPPONICUS (Linnaeus)
LAPLAND LONGSPUR
On January 1, 1937, in company with W. M. Perrygo I saw a flock
of 25 longspurs circling high in the air over the open level valley of
the South Fork of the Potomac River, 3 miles north of Moorefield,
and collected two at long range as they passed overhead. ‘These seem
to be the first specimens taken in the State, the only other report for
the species being two seen by Maurice Brooks” at Red House,
Putnam County, on March 7, 1936.
19 Melospiza melodia ewphonia Wetmore, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 95, no. 17, Sept. 26, 1936, p. 1
(3,300 feet elevation, Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas County, W. Va.).
0 Auk, 1936, p. 454.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3022
ANNOTATED LIST OF WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS
By Remineton KELLoGG
Assistant Curator, Division of Mammals, United States National Museum
In THE spring of 1936 the Smithsonian Institution completed ar-
rangements for a party from the United States National Museum to
make a collection of birds and mammals in West Virginia. In ac-
cordance with instructions I accompanied the party across the State
to Cabell County, where a camp was established about 4 miles east
of Huntington on April 19, 1936. After making a number of short
trips along the stream valleys of adjoining counties to appraise col-
lecting prospects, I returned to Washington, D. C., on April 25.
Watson M. Perrygo and Carleton Lingebach continued with the work
until July 9 and then returned to Washington. On September 16 they
went again to West Virginia and remained there until November 7.
Included in this report are all the West Virginia specimens in the
National Museum and the Biological Survey collections. Seventy-
three forms of Recent mammals are recorded as present either now or
formerly within the boundaries of the State.
Measurements herein are given in millimeters.
The collectors of the specimens herein discussed are listed as follows
chronologically according to the year in which the material was
obtained:
152554371 443
444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
U.S. Natrona Museum
Spencer F. Baird, 1850.
C. B. R. Kennerly, 1850.
A. Brakeley, 1856, 1857.
Gustave Kohn, 1886.
Mrs. C. Hart Merriam, 1888.
Wirt Robinson, 1896, 1897.
Thaddeus Surber, 1896, 1897.
J. H. Riley, 1899.
W. P. Hay, 1900.
Lee Hiett, 1900.
Isaac Helmick, 1905.
U. S. Brotoagicat SurvEeYy
J. D. Figgins, 1890.
Richard Elkins, 1892.
E. B. Vaughan, 1892.
R. 8. Matthews, 1895.
KE. A. Preble, 1895, 1909.
Vernon Bailey, 1897, 1924, 1928.
C. G. Rorebeck, 1897.
W. J. Yeager, 1897, 1902.
T. B. Wilson, 1903.
J. L. Yost, 1907, 1908.
Fred E. Brooks, 1909.
J. R. Godlove, 1911.
C. Worthington, 1916. .
B. L. Chambers, 1924. >
A. B. Brooks, 1928.
W. J. Hamilton, Jr., 1931.
A. M. Reese, 1933, 1936.
Andrew W. Alt, 1935.
Remington Kellogg, 1936.
Carleton Lingebach, 1936.
W. M. Perrygo, 19386.
Arthur H. Howell, 1909, 1910.
Frank Houchin, 1910.
B. L. Yost, 1910.
Mrs. T. H. Ward, 1915.
A. B. Brooks, 1916.
James Silver, 1921.
Family DIDELPHIIDAE
DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA VIRGINIANA Kerr
OpossuM
Opossums are seldom found very far away from timbered bottom
lands, ravines, or rock ledges on bluffs and hillsides. They occur less
frequently in dry upland woods. They are chiefly nocturnal. During
the day they hide in abandoned woodchuck burrows, under roots of
trees, in hollow logs, in crevices in rock ledges, or in old nests made of
leaves by gray squirrels. Two opossums were trapped in Cabell
County during the latter part of April 1936. One of these was a large
female that had 11 young in the pouch, ranging from 26 to 28 mm
in length. During the winter of 1908-09, two were killed by Frank
Houchin at Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas County (F. E. Brooks, 1911,
p. 11), indicating that their vertical range goes at least to 3,300 feet.
They are occasionally killed by automobiles on the highways. One
thus killed was seen near Summersville during October 1936.
Cabell County: 3 miles east of Huntington, 2.
Family TALPIDAE
PARASCALOPS BREWERI (Bachman)
HAIRY-TAILED MOLE
Available records indicate that the hairy-tailed mole occurs through-
out the eastern mountainous portion of the State as well as along the
Ohio drainage in the western part. It has not as yet been reported
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 445
from the central and southern portions of West Virginia. The tunnels
made by this mole are frequently injurious to lawns and flower beds.
Cabell County: 4 miles east of Huntington, 2.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 3.
Lincoln County: Mountains between Fourteen and Guyandotte River, 1.
Ohio County: Oglebay Park near Wheeling, 1.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 1.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, 1; Travellers Repose, 1.
Randolph County: Cheat Bridge, altitude 3,558 feet, 1.
Wetzel County: 1.
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS AQUATICUS (Linnaeus)
EASTERN Mo.Le
On July 4, 1895, a male of this animal was found dead by R. S.
Matthews in a road on the side of a mountain in one of the northeastern
counties. Subsequent collecting has not revealed any further informa-
tion on its distribution within the State.
Morgan County: Berkeley Springs, 1.
CONDYLURA CRISTATA (Linnaeus)
STAR-NOSED MOLE
The star-nosed mole is an inhabitant of wet meadows, marshes,
and bogs in eastern and northern West Virginia. In June 1908, F. E.
Brooks (1911, p. 29) collected one on the bank of Big Run, Pendleton
County, and another near Osceola, Randolph County. A. B. Brooks
(1929, p. 539) recorded one from Deckers Creek, Monongalia County.
The National Museum party trapped one on June 18, 1936, in a
runway in moss covering the wet soil of Cranberry Glades.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 1.
Family SORICIDAE
SOREX CINEREUS CINEREUS Kerr
CINEREOUS SHREW
This small shrew seems to be commonest in the bogs and forests
in the eastern mountainous portion of the State. It has been recorded
(A. B. Brooks, 1929, p. 540) from Oglebay Park, Ohio County, as well
as from French Creek, Upshur County, and Pickens, Randolph County
(Fred E. Brooks, 1911, p. 27). It was most frequently trapped by
Perrygo and Lingebach under the matted leaves on the hillsides about
30 to 40 yards from streams. The traps were set in the runways that
were exposed when the leaves were pushed aside. In the vicinity of
Cheat Bridge it was most plentiful in open tracts of deciduous and
coniferous woods. On several occasions while stalking birds, Perrygo
heard the rustling of dead leaves near his feet, and for an instant the
head or body of one of these shrews would appear.
446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Greenbrier County: Jobs Knob, 13 miles north-northwest of Renicks Valley,
altitude 4,338 feet, 2.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 7.
Randolph County: Cheat Bridge, altitude 3,900 feet, 6.
SOREX DISPAR Batchelder
Gray LONG-TAILED SHREW
A male of this species was taken by A. H. Howell in July 1909 in
the southern part of the State on the cool north slope of a canyon
forested with hemlock and deciduous trees. Further collecting may
show that this shrew occurs in the eastern part of the State.
Raleigh County: Winding Gulf, 4 miles southwest of Pemberton, altitude
2,000 feet, 1.
SOREX FUMEUS FUMEUS Miller
SMoKY SHREW
Smoky shrews are most plentiful in the colder parts of the Transi-
tion and Canadian Zones in West Virginia. In the eastern part of
the State they were found to be fairly common in the higher altitudes
where the forest had not been burned over recently. These shrews
were trapped by Perrygo and Lingebach only in wet boggy places and
along the banks of streams. They were frequently taken in Microtus
runways. Jackson (1928, p. 64) has commented on the shallow brain
cases of some of the five specimens taken at Travellers Repose. He
found, however, that other individuals from the same and nearby
localities have high brain cases. The color shows no peculiarities.
Average measurements of seven males: Total length, 114 (110-120);
tail, 46 (41-51); hind foot, 14.1 (13-15). Average measurements of
nine females: Total length, 117 (110-132); tail, 46.5 (42-48); hind
foot, 13.6 (12-15).
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 1.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 1; Spruce Knob, altitude 4,860 feet, 1.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 9; Travellers
Repose, 5.
Raleigh County: Winding Gulf, 4 miles southwest of Pemberton, 2.
Randolph County: Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, altitude 3,900
feet, 1.
It has been reported (F. E. Brooks, 1911, p. 28) also from French
Creek, Upshur County; Terra Alta, Preston County; and Pickens and
Osceola, Randolph County.
[SOREX PALUSTRIS subsp. 7]
WATER SHREW
Small mammals, locally known as water ground moles, were reported
by Fred T. Galford, an employee of the E.C.W. at Camp Black Moun-
tain, to occur along the head waters of Williams River at an altitude
of 3,300 feet. They were described by Galford as diving into streams
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 447
like little muskrats and then hiding under the banks. When swim-
ming submerged in the water they resembled little silver streaks.
Galford reported that he had seen them most frequently on the head
waters of Williams River, 5 miles east of Black Mountain.
CRYPTOTIS PARVA (Say)
SMALL SHORT-TAILED SHREW
This little short-tailed shrew seems to prefer dry fields overgrown
with grass and weeds, though there are records of its occurrence in
damp meadows and woods. A pair of these small shrews was col-
lected in Greenbrier County by Thaddeus Surber during October 1897.
Although thus far taken only in the southeastern corner of the State,
it is quite likely that the animal will be found in some of the western
counties drained by the Ohio River.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 2.
BLARINA BREVICAUDA TALPOIDES (Gapper)
SHORT-TAILED SHREW
Short-tailed shrews seem to be the most abundant insectivores in
West Virginia. During April, in the western part of the State, they
were readily trapped in underground runways. In some locations it
frequently happened that it was necessary to kill off these shrews
before undamaged specimens of other small mammals could be trapped.
In the mountainous section of eastern West Virginia they were rather
plentiful during 1936 and were trapped in wet bogs, along streams,
near rotten logs and stumps, in meadows, and even in slide rock on
steep hill slopes. Curiously enough Blarinas were caught at Odd in
large Schuyler traps that had been nailed to the trunks of oak trees
about 5 to 6 feet above the ground. These traps were set for flying
squirrels and were baited with bird bodies. In the Cranberry Glades,
Blarinas were caught likewise in traps nailed to the trunks of beech
trees.
Pending a new revision of the genus, not much can be done in the
way of distinguishing geographic races of Blarina in the Eastern
United States. Those taken in eastern West Virginia average larger
than the western series. From the eastern and southern parts of
the State, the average measurements of 25 males are as follows:
Total length, 121 (110-133); tail, 26.1 (22-33); hind foot, 14.9 (13.5-
16). For 57 females from the same area the average measurements
are: Total length, 115.6 (101-130); tail, 24.2 (16-34); hind foot, 14.9
(13-16). For a series of six males from the western part of the State
the average measurements are: Total length, 111.3 (103-119); tail,
22 (18-24); hind foot, 14.1 (13.5-15). The average measurements of
10 females from the same area are as follows: Total length, 109.3
(94-118); tail, 22.8 (20-27); hind foot, 13.6 (13-14).
448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
Cabell County: 5 miles east of Huntington, 8.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 9; 2 miles east of White Sulphur
Springs, 2.
Lincoln County: Fourteen (27 miles southeast of Huntington), 2.
Mason County: Mercers Bottom, 7.
Mercer County: Flat Top, altitude 3,500 feet, 3.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 1; Spruce Knob, altitude 4,860 feet, 1.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 25; Williams River,
altitude 3,300 feet, 9; Travellers Repose, 6.
Raleigh County: Ghent, altitude 2,900 feet, 4; Odd, altitude 2,900 feet, 8;
Winding Gulf, 4 miles southwest of Pemberton, altitude 2,200 feet, 4.
Randolph County: Middle Mountain, 11 miles northeast of Durbin, 8; Cheat
Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, altitude 3,900 feet, 9.
Family VESPERTILIONIDAE
MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS LUCIFUGUS (LeConte)
LittLE Brown Bat
Bats, presumably this species, were occasionally observed at Sum-
mersville, Nicholas County. On Middle Mountain, Randolph County,
bats were fairly common, but none were collected. W. M. Perrygo
was told that hundreds of bats wintered in the caves in ‘The Sinks”
on Gandy Creek, 4% miles west of Spruce Knob, Randolph County.
It is likely that several species of bats hibernate in these caves. Fred
E. Brooks (1911, p. 29) reported that this bat was abundant at French
Creek, Upshur County, and at Morgantown, Monongalia County.
A. M. Reese (1934, pp. 45, 50, 51) records the little brown bat from
Cornwall’s Cave in Preston County, as well as from Arbuckle’s,
Rapp’s, and Bunger’s Caves in Greenbrier County.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 4.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 2.
MYOTIS SUBULATUS LEIBI (Audubon and Bachman)
Leip Bat
There are no specimens of this bat from West Virginia in the
National Museum collection. Miller and Allen (1928, p. 172),
however, recorded one from White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier
County. Brooks writes that ‘“‘many of these bats hibernate in the
caves, hanging in dense masses from their roofs.”
MYOTIS KEENII SEPTENTRIONALIS (Trouessart)
TROUESSART Bat
This bat has been recorded in the central and northern parts of
the State, one having been taken in Braxton County (Miller and
Allen, 1928, p. 107) and two in Preston County during August 1888.
Preston County: Aurora, 2.
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 449
MYOTIS SODALIS Miller and Allen
INDIANA Bat
One individual weighing 7 grams was taken by A. B. Brooks on
March 16, 1928.
Monongalia County: Cave near Morgantown, 1.
Preston County: Cheat River, 1.
LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS (LeConte)
SILVER-HAIRED Bat
Surber (1909, p. 55) lists this bat from West Virginia but cites no
definite records. He remarks that it is more partial to the forests
than the other species.
PIPISTRELLUS SUBFLAVUS SUBFLAVUS (F. Cuvier)
GEORGIAN Bat
Further collecting in the caves of West Virginia will probably show
that this small bat occurs throughout the State. A male taken by
Vernon Builey on November 1, 1924, at Charleston weighed 3.7
grams. A. M. Reese (1934, pp. 45, 47, 50, 51, 53) reports that he
has collected Georgian bats in Cornwall’s Cave in Preston County;
The Sinks Cave no. 1 in Randolph County; Smoke Hole Cave in
Pendleton County; Rapp’s, Bunger’s, and Saltpeter Cave no. 1 in
Greenbrier County; and in Green Saltpeter, Argobrite’s, and Union
Caves in Monroe County.
Kanawha County: Charleston, 1.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 6.
NYCTERIS CINEREA (Beauvois)
Hoary Bat
A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 541) writes that this bat ‘‘is reported as
occurring in West Virginia’’, but he cites no definite records. Surber
(1909, p. 55) likewise lists it as a rare migrant.
NYCTERIS BOREALIS BOREALIS (Miiller)
Rep Bat
Although the available records for the red bat are all from the
eastern and southern counties, this animal should occur throughout
the State. During the summer months at least this bat is not gre-
garious, and during the daylight hours it is often found suspended
from a lower branch of some small tree or shrub.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 1.
Raleigh County: Near head of Sand Lick Creek, 1.
Wyoming County: Near Baileysville, 1.
450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
EPTESICUS FUSCUS FUSCUS (Beauvois)
Bia Brown Bat
Four specimens were collected by Thaddeus Surber and Wirt
Robinson during April and May 1897 in the southeastern corner of
the State. A male taken in Preston County during March 1928 by
A. B. Brooks weighed 12 grams. This bat frequently gets into houses
and outbuildings during the fall and winter months. It also hibernates
in hollow trees and crevices in rocks, as well as in caves. The brown
bat has been taken by A. M. Reese (1934, pp. 45, 47) in Cornwall’s
Cave in Preston County and in Smoke Hole Cave in Pendleton
County.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 4.
Preston County: Cheat River, 1; Cronwell Cave (recorded by A. B. Brooks,
1929, p. 541).
CORYNORHINUS RAFINESQUI RAFINESQUIL (Lesson)
BiG-EARED Bat
Though actual records are restricted to Pendleton, Randolph, and
Preston Counties, this bat should occur in caves throughout the State.
The big-eared bat, as the name implies, is readily recognized by its
unusually long ears, equaling about one-third of the total length of the
animal. The ears are connected at the base across the forehead. On
June 13, 1933, A. M. Reese collected four females, each nursing one
young, in Pendleton County. Most of the individuals listed below
were found hanging head downward either in a cave or in dark crevices
in rocks. This bat, according to A. M. Reese (1934, p. 47) has been
taken also in The Sinks Cave no. 1 in Randolph County and in
Seneca Caverns in Pendleton County.
Pendleton County: Brushy Run, 1; Cave Mountain Cave, 1; Upper Tract, 8.
Family URSIDAE
EUARCTOS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS (Pallas)
Buack BEAR
Black bears appear to have ranged over the whole State at the time
of settlement. Bear meat formed a substantial part of the staple diet
of hunters and settlers. Of the many records, a few have been
selected to indicate the extent of the former range of the species. On
May 9, 1751, Christopher Gist (Darlington, 1893, pp. 65, 135) killed
a bear on Indian Creek in Monroe County. Gist also killed bears
during January 1752 at the head of Fish Creek in Marshall County
(Darlington, 1893, pp. 72, 142) and on March 5, 1752, on Fishing
Creek in Wetzel County (pp. 76, 145). In May 1765 Colonel Croghan
(1831, p. 260) reported that bears were abundant along the Ohio River
between the mouth of the Little Kanawha River and the Big Bend.
According to McWhorter (1915, p. 80) the early settlers killed many
bears along Hackers Creek in Harrison County.
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 451
While collecting along the Guyandotte River in Logan County, we
received reports that black bears are occasionally killed in the sur-
rounding mountains. Reports indicate that bears are still fairly
abundant in the eastern counties, especially in timbered lands over-
grown with thickets. During 1936 they were rather common around
Cranberry Glades, in the mountains along Williams River, in the
vicinity of Cheat Mountain. Numerous tracks were seen on Middle
Mountain during July 1936. On July 4, 1936, a black bear killed six
sheep belonging to a resident of Middle Mountain. Another resident
of Middle Mountain is reported to have killed 14 bears during the
winter of 1934-35. On September 21, 1936, while collecting on Spruce
Knob, W. M. Perrygo was told that a bear had killed several sheep
during the preceding night.
Periodical ‘game drives’ on the Monongahela National Forest
supervised by forest rangers have furnished some interesting data on
the relative abundance of some of the larger mammals. According
to Arthur A. Wood, forest supervisor, the method of obtaining these
tallies is as follows: 12 sample plots of 160 acres each have been
established at various points within the Monongahela Forest bound-
aries, and each area is systematically “driven” by 120 men, four
times each year. Of these 120 men, at least half form the ‘drivers’ ”
line and the rest are stationed at equal distances around the drive
boundaries of the area to count the game. At a prearranged signal
the drivers’ lines advance from one end of the area to the other,
driving through the stationary lines all the larger mammals found
on the area. On the basis of the data thus obtained the mean abund-
ance of the species is calculated. By this method it has been found
that black bears are most abundant in the drive areas located in the
northern hardwood timber on the Little River drainage in northern
Pocahontas County. The forest records show a yearly mean popu-
lation of 1 bear to each 993 acres in this section. For the entire
forest, the calculation is 1 bear to each 2,518 acres.
Randolph County: Cheat Mountain, 1.
Family PROCYONIDAE
PROCYON LOTOR LOTOR (Linnaeus)
Raccoon
No specimens of this fairly common fur bearer have been received
from West Virginia by the National Museum. I have examined,
however, the skin of a raccoon killed during 1936 near Williams River,
5 miles east of Black Mountain, Pocahontas County. Raccoon tracks
were found along the Guyandotte River near Barboursville in Cabell
County and along the Ohio River near Point Pleasant in Mason
County during April 1936. Trappers working along the Cranberry
River near the glades say that the raccoons live in dens in the rocks
and rarely are found in hollow trees.
152554372
452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Family MUSTELIDAE
MARTES PENNANTI PENNANTI (Erxleben)
EASTERN FISHER, OR PEKAN
Although the range of the fisher formerly extended southward in the
Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina, there are very few authen-
ticated records for West Virginia. Fred E. Brooks (1911, p. 26)
writes that E. C. Barrett, of Beckley [Raleigh County] bought three
fisher skins from Moses Stover, in 1871, 1872, and 1873, paying for
them $3, $3.50, and $5, respectively. The animals were trapped on
the Clear Fork of Big Coal River. Brooks believed that the records
of the carnivore called ‘‘black fox’ by the early settlers should be
accredited to the fisher. Christopher Gist (Darlington, 1893, pp.
76, 145) states that he killed a “black fox” on March 5, 1752, on
Neemokeesy Creek [=Fishing Creek] in Wetzel County. These
animals were occasionally caught by Edwin Phillips (A. B. Brooks,
1929, p. 538), a pioneer in Upshur County, in log bear traps. Surber
(1909, p. 55) says that the fisher ‘formerly occurred in some numbers
in the black spruce region.”
MUSTELA RIXOSA ALLEGHENIENSIS (Rhoads)
Least WEASEL
This weasel is the smallest of all the North American carnivores
and is rarely taken by trappers.
Pocahontas County: Travellers Repose, 1.
Randolph County: Huttonsville, 1.
Ohio County: Oglebay Park, recorded by A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 541).
MUSTELA FRENATA NOVEBORACENSIS (Emmons)
New York WEASEL
Specimens of the New York weasel have been collected in the
northern and eastern parts of West Virginia. The animal should
occur throughout the State. This weasel often lives in stone fences,
in the vicinity of cabins, and in farm buildings Near Philippi it was
reported as being most plentiful in the vicinity of rock ledges on the
hillsides. One was caught in a trap set in a rock crevice for wood rats.
Another was taken on Spruce Knob and still another at Cranberry
Glades in large Schuyler traps that had been nailed to the trunks of
spruce trees. These traps were set about 5 to 6 feet above the ground
and baited with bacon.
Barbour County: 7 miles east of Philippi, 1.
Hardy County: 1.
Pendleton County: Spruce Knob, altitude 4,860 feet, 1.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 1.
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—-KELLOGG 453
MUSTELA VISON VISON Schreber
MountTaIN, OR Buack, MINK
Surber (1909, p. 55) says that this mink occurs only in the black-
spruce belt. Black minks have been trapped by Frank Houchin
in the spruce belt in the vicinity of Cranberry Glades (Brooks, 1911,
p. 25). Trappers along the Williams River reported that pelts of this
mink brought a much higher price than those of the lowland mink.
Minks were reported to be plentiful along Williams River, Cran-
berry River, Cheat River, and Shavers River in the eastern part of
the State during 1936, but no specimens were procured by the Museum
party.
MUSTELA VISON MINK Peale and Beauvois
Common, OR Brown, MINK
This mink occurs in hilly regions and lowlands in all parts of the
State. Trappers reported that they were fairly plentiful on Peters
Creek in Nicholas County in the summer of 1936. No specimens of
this common fur bearer have been received from West Virginia by
the National Museum.
LUTRA CANADENSIS CANADENSIS (Schreber)
OTTER
A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 541) says that the otter ‘4s still found along
certain streams in the less populous counties.”” Arthur A. Wood,
forest supervisor, thinks, however, that there is no evidence that
otters now occur in the Monongahela National Forest. Nevertheless,
otters were trapped along most of the major streams of the State
before the Civil War. An otter (U.S. N. M. no. 373), collected by A.
Brakeley at Rowlesburg in Preston County, was received in the flesh
at the Smithsonian Institution during January 1857. This specimen
probably was mounted by C. Drexler for the exhibition series. No
record of its subsequent disposition has been found.
SPILOGALE PUTORIUS (Linnaeus)
Sporrep SKUNK
A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 541) writes that the spotted skunk occurs
“at low elevations in southern and eastern counties.” Fred E.
Brooks (1911, p. 25) reports that a few skins are received each year
by a fur dealer in Huntington from the valley of Big Sandy River and
that skins bave been seen in stores at Franklin in Pendleton County.
Trappers say that this skunk is found along the valley of the south
branch of the Potomac River. Howell (1906, p. 17) records one from
White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier County. There are no speci-
mens collected in West Virginia in the National Museum.
454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
MEPHITIS MEPHITIS ELONGATA Bangs
FLorIpA SKUNK
To this species Howell (1901, p. 28) has referred skunks taken in
the eastern part of the State. He considers that they are fairly
typical with the exception of slightly shorter tails. In October 1896
Fred E. Brooks (1911, p. 24) found one lying dead on a path through
the dense spruce woods on the summit of Black Mountain. Brooks
also says that skunks were abundant in the vicinity of Cranberry
Glades during the winter of 1908-1909.
Pocahontas County: Green Bank, 1; Travellers Repose, 2.
MEPHITIS MEPHITIS NIGRA (Peale and Beauvois)
EASTERN SKUNK
A female from Cabell County in the Ohio River drainage and a
male from Raleigh County seem to agree more closely with the com-
mon eastern skunk. This species has been recorded (A. B. Brooks,
1929, p. 542) also at Oglebay Park, Ohio County. Skunks were
fairly common in Nicholas County during 1936. On May 7, 1936,
a skunk that had been run over by an automobile was found in the
road near Middleton. Numerous skunks are reported to be trapped
each year on the rock ledges in the vicinity of Philippi, Barbour
County. .
Cabell County: Barboursville, 1.
Raleigh County: Odd, altitude 2,900 feet, 1.
Family CANIDAE
VULPES FULVA FULVA (Desmarest)
Rep Fox
According to early hunters and settlers, red foxes first made their
appearance in West Virginia more than a century ago and invaded
the State from the north (Brooks, 1911, p. 23). Pioneer settlers have
repeatedly stated that they found only gray foxes. The red fox,
according to information obtained in 1936, is quite rare in many
sections. On the other hand, A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 542) reported
that the range of this species covers all of West Virginia. William
Bolton told W. M. Perrygo that he had trapped red foxes near Philippi
in Barbour County. Local trappers in the vicinity of Black Moun-
tain say that red foxes are occasionally trapped in Pocahontas County.
According to Arthur H. Wood, forest supervisor, red foxes are fairly
well distributed over the entire Monongahela National Forest and
are somewhat more numerous in the northern hardwood tracts.
Calculations based on tally counts made during periodical drives on
twelve 160-acre plots within the forest indicate a mean abundance of
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 455
1 red fox to each 1,886 acres. No specimens of this fox taken in West
Virginia are in the National Museum collection.
UROCYON CINEREOARGENTEUS CINEREOARGENTEUS (Schreber)
Gray Fox
In 1936 gray foxes seemed to be fairly common in Nicholas County,
where low rolling hills and rock cliffs abound. I have examined the
skin of one killed near Summersville during December 1935. At
Philippi, in Barbour County, William Bolton told us that he had
trapped a number of gray foxes in previous years. About 2 miles
east of Fourteen, Lincoln County, Perrygo and Lingebach located a
den during April 1936, but circumstances were such that they did
not have opportunity to trap a specimen. Within the Monongahela
National Forest, according to Arthur A. Wood, forest supervisor,
eray foxes occur chiefly in the northern hardwood tracts of the forest.
Tally counts made during the periodical drives in this forest indicate
a mean abundance of 1 gray fox to each 1,511 acres.
After a conference with Secretary Joseph Henry during July 1848,
Spencer F. Baird agreed to make a collection of natural-history
specimens for the Smithsonian Institution. Most of this collection,
including the skull of an old gray fox (no. 671) from Greenbrier
County, was cataloged shortly after Baird’s arrival in Washington.
In January 1856 another specimen (no. 333;), collected at Rowlesburg
in Preston County, was received from A. Brakeley. This specimen
cannot now be found.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 1.
CANIS LUPUS LYCAON Schreber
Gray Wo.Lr
Although no longer found in West Virginia, wolves were once fairly
common in many parts of the State. Nevertheless, there are rela-
tively few published records. In 1787, Levi Morgan narrowly es-
caped capture by the Indians while skinning a wolf that he had
trapped on Buffalo Creek, Monongalia County (Withers, 1831, p.
278). Bounties were paid for wolves as early as 1788 and as late as
the Civil War (Maxwell, 1898, p. 216). In 1801, a bounty of £1
($3.83) was paid for a full-grown wolf. This bounty was raised to
$35 in 1889 (Morton, 1910, p. 357). Wolves were said to have been
fairly numerous as late as 1815 along Finks Creek, but the last wolf
was killed in Gilmer County before 1852 (McWhorter, 1915, pp. 149,
329-330). A wolf was seen in 1854 on Buckhannon Run, Hackers
Creek, Harrison County (Lewis, 1912, p. 135). Maxwell (1898, p.
216) records the number of wolves killed in Randolph County from
1787 to 1861. The number killed fluctuated from year to year—44
456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
in 1810, 51 in 1816, 56 in 1822, and 51 in 1824, but only 2 in 1861.
Maxwell (1898, pp. 215, 216), says that a wolf was killed near St.
George, Tucker County, as late as 1894 and one in Randolph County
in 1897. Regarding Pendleton County, Morton (1910, pp. 357-358)
writes that A. W. Roby killed two wolves in 1889, Thomas A. Payne
two wolves in 1892, and S. P. Dolly and Jacob Arbogast two wolves
in 1896. According to Brooks (1911, p. 24) the last record for the
State is a wolf killed by Stofer Hamrick during January 1900 in
Randolph County.
Family FELIDAE
FELIS CONCOLOR COUGUAR Kerr
Cougar, PANTHER, OR EASTERN Mountain Lion
When the first settlers arrived, panthers were reported to have
been commoner in the Allegheny Mountains than elsewhere in the
State. Nevertheless, they were at one time numerous enough in
most sections to disturb the settlers. McWhorter (1915, pp. 346, 488)
has published records of panthers in Taylor County and along Blood
Run and Horn Creek, tributaries of the Little Kanawha River.
Panthers were reported to have been fairly common up to and even
later than 1815 along Finks Creek in Gilmer County (McWhorter,
1915, p. 326). A panther killed by John Riffle in 1855 on Oil Creek
appears to be the last record for Lewis County (McWhorter, 1915,
p. 353). McWhorter (1915, p. 347) likewise records panthers on
White Oak Run, Middle Fork River, and on Cheat Mountain in
Randolph County. In 1850, C. B. R. Kennerly presented to the
Smithsonian Institution the skeleton of one (no. 848) killed at Capon
Springs in Hampshire County.
According to the statistical tabulations published by Maxwell
(1898, p. 216), 11 panthers were killed in Randolph County in 1853,
14 in 1856, 11 in 1858, and 6 in 1859. Fred T. Galford, a skilled
worker employed by the E.C.W. at Camp Black Mountain, Mononga-
hela National Forest, reports finding tracks of a panther in the snow
on Black Mountain during the winter of 1935 and also in 1936. He
and members of a C.C.C. camp saw one at the same locality walking
along a footpath during the summer of 1936. Forest employees
were convinced that one or more go over Black Mountain in Poca-
hontas County about twice every 10 days. W. M. Perrygo and
C. Lingebach saw panther tracks on Kennison Mountain, Pocahontas
County, during the latter part of June 1936. They also noticed
tracks on Middle Mountain in Randolph County. Arthur A. Wood,
forest supervisor, Monongahela National Forest, writes that there is
some evidence of a very few panthers in the Middle Mountain section
of Randolph and Pocahontas Counties.
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—-KELLOGG 457
LYNX RUFUS RUFUS (Schreber)
Boscat, oR WILD Cat
Maxwell’s tabulation (1898, p. 216) of bounty payments shows
that bobcats were abundant in Randolph County before the Civil
War, 66 being killed in 1855, 106 in 1857, and 80 in 1859. An adult
and a young collected at Rowlesburg were shipped to the Smith-
sonian Institution in January 1856 by A. Brakeley. In the interval
between March 1897 and February 1902, W. J. Yeager collected 25
bobcats in Pocahontas County for the U. S. Biological Survey. The
West Virginia Conservation Commission reported that bounty
payments had been made on 153 bobcats during the year 1936.
Of these, 30 were killed in Pocahontas County and 21 in Randolph
County. The bobcat seems to have adapted itself to changing
conditions and now survives in the partially cleared land and also
in the forested areas of eastern West Virginia.
There is some seasonal as well as considerable individual variation
in the coloration and the extent of spotting, but apparently no sexual
correlation. No seasonal uniformity in the degree of intensity of the
color tones in the spots was observable in a series of 29 skins. The
spots were, however, much more sharply demarcated on the limbs
and the sides of the body than elsewhere.
The two males taken during October and November are more
rufous and much lighter in coloration than the other specimens, and
the long black overhairs do not materially darken the upperparts.
In the case of eight males and six females taken during January, the
tawny mid-dorsal stripe is accentuated by the long black overhairs.
The spotting on the sides of the body is rather conspicuous on two
of the males. Of the four males taken during February, two are
somewhat grayish and the others more cinnamon colored. The
wearing off of the long black overhairs and the light tips of the other
hairs on skins of animals taken during March, April, and May likewise
alters the color tones.
The coloration of the underparts seems to be more uniform than
that of the upperparts. During the winter months the males seem
to have more white hair. In the case of the females, however, the
long white hairs are largely restricted to the throat and chest, while
the cinnamon-buff to pinkish-cinnamon hairs of the sides encroach
on the median line of the belly.
Average measurements of 11 adult males: Total length, 870
(787-935); tail, 146 (133-165); hind foot, 171 (162-195). Skull:
Greatest length, 126 (120-131); condylobasal length, 114.3 (109.4-
118.6); depth of braincase at basisphenoid, 43.8 (42.8-45.5); zygo-
matic breadth, 88.3 (82.2-93); mastoid breadth, 54.2 (50.3-58.6);
interorbital constriction, 23.3 (22.5-26.6); distance between ends of
postorbital processes, 59 (55.5-66); least distance anteriorly between
458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
outer walls of hamular processes of pterygoids, 15 (14-17); alveolar
length of upper canine-premolar-molar series, 38.2 (36.8-39.9);
crown length of upper carnassial, 14.6 (13.9-15.4).
Average measurements of 8 adult females: Total length, 772
(737-813); tail, 144 (136.5-156); hind foot, 158 (152-165). Skull:
Greatest length, 113.1 (110-116. 5); condylobasal length, 103.7 (101.2—
106.7); depth of braincase at basisphenoid, 42.5 (40.1-44.5); zygo-
matic breadth, 78.7 (75.2-81.8); mastoid breadth, 48.2 (46.5-49.8);
interorbital constriction, 20.6 (19-22); distance between ends of
postorbital processes, 54.6 (50.6—-58.8); least distance anteriorly
between outer walls of hamular processes of pterygoids, 14 (13-14.8);
alveolar length of upper canine-premolar-molar series, 34.8 (33.7—
35.6); crown length of upper carnassial, 13.7 (13-14.3).
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 2; Renicks Valley, 1.
Hardy County: Capon Iron Works, 1.
Pocahontas County: Green Bank, 9; Travellers Repose, 16.
Preston County: Rowlesburg, 1.
Family SCIURIDAE
MARMOTA MONAX MONAX (Linnaeus)
SOUTHERN WoopcHUCK, OR GROUNDHOG
The woodchuck is fairly common throughout the State except in the
coniferous forests. The burrows of this rodent are found especially
along the sparsely forested banks of streams bordering on cultivated
fields, in clearings in deciduous woods, and also under large rocks
on hillsides. On April 22, 1936, we were surprised to find freshly
opened burrows in the bottomlands along the Guyandotte River
from which the flood waters had receded only a short time previously.
On two occasions that week we came upon woodchucks that were
sunning themselves near their burrows, although the weather at
the time was decidedly cold and raw.
Cabell County: 4 miles east of Huntington, 2.
Greenbrier County: Jobs Knob, 138 miles north-northwest of Renicks Valley, 1.
Hampshire County: Springfield, 1.
Hardy County: North Mountain, 1.
Nicholas County: Drennen, 2.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 3; Spruce Knob, altitude 4,860 feet, 2.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 2; Williams River, 1.
Preston County: Rowlesburg, 1.
Randolph County: Middle Mountain, 11 miles northeast of Durbin, 3.
TAMIAS STRIATUS FISHERI Howell
FIsHER CHIPMUNK
The chipmunk seems to be distributed over the whole State. Its
burrows are commonly found under or near stumps of dead trees and
piles of tangled driftwood along the banks of streams. On rocky
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 459
hillsides the animals appear to prefer crevices in exposed rocky ledges.
In coniferous forests on the mountain slopes they are most plentiful
around rotten trunks of fallen trees. During 1936 the first specimen
was taken in Cabell County on April 23 and the last on October 17
on Great Flat Top Mountain in Raleigh County.
Barbour County: 7 miles east of Philippi, 2.
Cabell County: 5 miles east of Huntington, 2.
Calhoun County: 5 miles west of Grantsville, 2; Freed, 1.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 3.
Logan County: 1% miles south of Big Creek, 1.
Mercer County: Flat Top, altitude 3,200 feet, 1.
Morgan County: Berkeley Springs, 2.
Nicholas County: Gilboa, 3; Pine Creek, 1% miles north of Zela, 1.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 9; Spruce Knob, altitude 4,700 feet, 2.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 4.
Raleigh County: Odd, altitude 2,900 feet, 1; Redbird, 2.
Randolph County: Elkins, 1; Middle Mountain, 12 miles northeast of Durbin, 3.
TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONICUS ABIETICOLA Howell
CLOUDLAND RED SQUIRREL, OR PINE SQUIRREL
During 1936 the National Museum party did not obtain any
authentic records of the occurrence of the Cloudland red squirrel
outside of the Allegheny Mountain region. Red squirrels were found
mostly in the spruce woods. Occasionally they were observed in
mixed woods of deciduous and coniferous trees. In 1936 red squirrels
seemed to be more abundant on Cheat Mountain and along both forks
of the Cranberry than elsewhere in the areas visited by the Museum
party. In Pocahontas County the red squirrel is called ‘“‘fairy-diddle.”’
In 1896 Fred E. Brooks (1911, p. 14) found red squirrels feeding on
buckeyes on the slopes of Black Mountain. The ‘‘vermin” campaigns
now being conducted in West Virginia are depleting the numbers of
these squirrels. Unfortunately, in campaigns of this sort, where a
premium is placed on the number of red squirrels taken, no concerted
effort is made to restrict the killing to areas where control may appear
advisable.
The seasonal changes of pelage are marked, the most noticeable
characteristics of the winter pelage being the longer hairs, the less
noticeable grizzling of the upperparts, and the presence of a broad
dorsal reddish band extending from top of head to base of tail. In
summer the pelage is darker and distinctly grizzled, and the reddish
dorsal band is absent.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 12; Williams River,
12 miles west of Marlinton, altitude 3,300 feet, 2; Travellers Repose, 13.
Randolph County: Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, altitude
3,900 feet, 5; Middle Mountain, 11 miles northeast of Durbin, 5.
152554373
460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONICUS LOQUAX (Bangs)
EASTERN RED SQUIRREL, CHICKAREE, OR PINEY
The southern limit of the range of the eastern red squirrel is found
along the border of northern West Virginia. A summer specimen
from Berkeley Springs in the Potomac River drainage is referred to
this race. A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 542) writes that red squirrels taken
at Oglebay Park, Ohio County, in the Ohio River drainage have been
identified as 7. h. loquaz.
Morgan County: Berkeley Springs, 1.
SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS LEUCOTIS Gapper
NORTHERN GRAY SQUIRREL
Gray squirrels seemingly prefer the lower levels of the mountainous
portions of West Virginia. They are found in both deciduous and
mixed woods. In the eastern part of the State, during the summer
months especially, they occur on the lower mountain slopes. When
hickorynuts and other mast are plentiful in fall, they do not come
down to the lowlands in search of food. When food is scarce, however,
they migrate to the lowlands where they feed on buckeyes and what-
ever else is available. In the western part of the State they are found
most commonly in the deciduous woods on the ridges that border the
stream valleys.
All the West Virginia specimens are referred to the northern race
of gray squirrel. Winter specimens from the eastern part of the State
have the light-gray coloration of leucotis, including the light clay-
colored dorsal band and the predominance of whitish- or whitish-gray-
tipped hairs in the tail, as well as large hind feet and long tail. Sum-
mer specimens likewise have a coloration similar to the northern race.
The average measurements of nine females are: Total length, 473
(430-496); tail, 212 (196-226); hind foot, 67.6 (65-69). For eight
males the average measurements are: Total length, 471.7 (459-490);
tail, 210.7 (195-220); hind foot, 66.7 (63-71).
Specimens from the western part of the State are not typical, but
in coloration they are nearest to the northern race. Winter specimens
from Cabell County have the upperparts light grayish as in leucotis,
but they approximate true carolinensis from the Carolinas by having
smaller hind feet and shorter tail. Summer specimens from Barbour
County likewise agree more closely in coloration with the northern
race but approach the southern race more closely in the lengths of
the hind feet and tail.
Melanism is common at some localities. The melanistic phase
appears to have been particularly prevalent in 1895 at Frankford. Six
melanistic specimens are grizzled on the side, the clay-colored subapical
band persisting on the long black hairs.
*
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 461
By an act of the Virginia Assembly in 1769, each head of family
was required to produce “per tithe the heads of five squirrels or
crowns” (Morton, 1910, p. 357).
Barbour County: Sugar Creek, 5 miles east of Philippi, 1; Bills Creek, 7 miles
east of Philippi, 1.
Cabell County: 4 miles east of Huntington, 2; 13 miles east of Huntington, 1.
Greenbrier County: Frankford, 4; Ronceverte, 1; White Sulphur Springs, 1.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 1.
Pocahontas County: Travellers Repose, 3; Williams River, 12 miles west of
Marlinton, altitude 3,200 feet, 8.
SCIURUS NIGER NEGLECTUS (Gray)
NorTHERN Fox SQvuIRREL
This large, long-tailed squirrel seems to be less adaptable than the
gray squirrel to the changing conditions brought on by the settlement
of the wooded areas of the East. In West Virginia it now survives
in the heavily wooded and sparsely settled higher altitudes of the
Allegheny Mountains. On Spruce Knob, in Pendleton County, the
fox squirrel is called the highland squirrel. A fox squirrel was seen
by W. M. Perrygo at an elevation of 4,600 feet on Albemarle Ridge,
east of Travellers Repose. On this area it is reported that these
squirrels feed largely on chestnuts during the fall and winter months.
For many years numbers of fox squirrels were shipped to Center
Market in Washington, D. C., from points in western Virginia and
from eastern West Virginia. There are two specimens in the Na-
tional Museum collection labeled merely West Virginia that were
purchased at this market, one (no. 16315) bought by William Palmer
on October 10, 1888, and the other (no. 22752) by Morris M. Green
on December 12, 1888. Another specimen (no. 107620), purchased
at the same market during January 1895, is labeled Hightown, Va.,
a locality in Highland County close to the West Virginia boundary.
In 1896 Thaddeus Surber collected for Outram Bangs three adult
fox squirrels at White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier County. One
of them became the type of a new race, Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus
Bangs. Gray’s name (applied to a Delaware specimen) is older and
therefore has precedence.
A series of 15 fox squirrels collected by Thaddeus Surber during
October 1897 at Lewisburg illustrates the color variation in the
pelage. The upperparts of some of these specimens are rather light
in color. A specimen (no. 114012) taken in Hampshire County,
however, has lighter gray upperparts than any of the Lewisburg
specimens, the subapical band on the black-tipped hairs being faded
to a light clay color and the other hairs broadly tipped with light
gray. The feet of this specimen are whitish. The feet of the Lewis-
burg specimens vary from light ferruginous to a pale yellowish gray
or dingy white. On one squirrel (no. 91499) the thighs, hindfeet,
462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
forearm, forefeet, entire head, chin, throat, and underparts are
black, but the remainder of the pelage is normal. Nine of these
specimens have more black hairs on the head than the others. The
throat and chest are washed with pinkish buff on all but two of this
series. ‘Two have whitish underparts. Three have the entire under-
parts suffused with pinkish buff. On all the others this pinkish-buff
suffusion extends backward along the median line. The under sur-
face of the tail is normally ferruginous.
Fred E. Brooks (1911, p. 14) reports that he has seen this squirrel at
French Creek, Upshur County, and in beech woods near Edray,
Pocahontas County. Specimens taken at Oglebay Park, Ohio County,
according to A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 543), have been identified as
Sciurus niger rufiventer.
Greenbrier County: Lewisburg, 15; White Sulphur Springs, 9.
Hampshire County: 1.
Pocahontas County: Academy, 1.
GLAUCOMYS VOLANS VOLANS (Linnaeus)
SMALL EASTERN FLYING SQUIRREL
These small flying squirrels seem to be fairly common in all the
wooded parts of the State. Because of their crepuscular and nocturnal
habits, they are rarely seen. In Mason County these squirrels were
found in the deciduous woods on the bluffs along the Ohio River.
They seem to be fairly numerous in the open oak woods on the flat-
topped hills of Barbour County. On warm nights, during the first
week of June 1936, Perrygo and Lingebach repeatedly heard thuds
and the familiar scratching of claws on the bark of trees around their
camp 6 miles south of Philippi. In the lowlands along Nicholas Creek
near Gilboa on May 6, 1936, one was found curled up at the bottom of
an abandoned woodpecker hole in a dead tree. One was trapped on
November 1, 1936, on the trunk of a white oak in a mixed deciduous
and coniferous forest near the top of Katis Mountain south of White
Sulphur Springs. On September 2, 1895, Thaddeus Surber collected
a male at an altitude of 3,200 feet on Katis Mountain; this specimen
subsequently became the type of Sciuropterus silus Bangs. Howell
(1918, p. 22) has concluded that silus is “an immature individual of
volans, evidently a runt.’’ Other specimens from the same mountain,
including one examined by Bangs, are clearly referable to volans.
At an altitude of 3,700 feet, on the top of Cranberry Mountain, they
seemed to prefer the big white oaks. Along Williams River they were
found in a thick forest of sugar maple, oak, and beech. On the colder
nights of late spring and early fall very little activity was noted.
Nevertheless, flying squirrels leave their nests from time to time during
winter months, for C. G. Rorebeck collected two males at Travellers
Repose during the last week of February 1897.
_—-
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 463
Barbour County: Bills Creek, 7 miles east of Philippi, 7; Sugar Creek, 5 miles east
of Philippi, 3.
Greenbrier County: Katis Mountain, White Sulphur Springs, altitude 3,000
feet, 2.
Mason County: Mercers Bottom, 1.
Nicholas County: Gilboa, 1.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Mountain, Cranberry Glades, 1; Travellers
Repose, 2; Williams River, 12 miles east of Marlinton, 1.
Raleigh County: Odd, altitude 2,900 feet, 1.
GLAUCOMYS SABRINUS FUSCUS Miller
West VIRGINIA FLYING SQUIRREL
The range of this gray-faced flying squirrel within the State is im-
perfectly known. The type specimen was taken at an altitude of
3,300 feet in a fairly thick forest of spruce, sugar maple, beech, and
yellow birch. It was caught in a Schuyler trap nailed to the trunk
of a large spruce growing about 10 yards from the bank of the north
fork of the Cranberry River. Two individuals were trapped at an
altitude of 3,900 feet on Cheat Mountain in a tract of sugar maple,
beech, yellow birch, and spruce. Both of these specimens were taken
in traps nailed to the trunks of very large shaggy-barked sugar maples.
On the basis of these occurrences it appears that this flying squirrel
lives in the Canadian life zone in eastern West Virginia. Doutt
(1930, p. 239) collected a northern flying squirrel in an isolated tract
of similar Canadian trees in Potter County, Pa. This indicates that
the animal may also occur in the Allegheny Mountains in the north-
eastern part of the State.
Randolph County: Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, 2.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, 1.
Family CASTORIDAE
CASTOR CANADENSIS CANADENSIS Kuhl
NoRTHERN BEAVER
There are surprisingly few references to beavers in West Virginia
in the accounts left by early travelers. English and French traders
had established posts along the Ohio River prior to the arrival of the
settlers. Before 1740 the Pennsylvania trader James Le Tort had a
post at Letart, Mason County. Beaver skins were valued at 6
shillings a pound in 1763 (Hanna, 1911, p. 374). According to Hale
(1886, p. 170), Paddy Huddlestone and Daniel Boone trapped about
a dozen beavers at the upper end of Long Shoal, a few miles below
Kanawha Falls, Fayette County. Boone was a surveyor in this
region from 1789 to 1798. The beaver reported killed in Pocahontas
County about 1907 is thought to have escaped from captivity (Brooks,
1911, p. 15). Some years ago remnants of old beaver dams were
464. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
found on the Williams and Greenbrier Rivers. According to Brooks
(1929, pp. 536-537) freshly cut trees and a dam were found in 1925
in Hampshire County on Tarcoat Creek, an indirect tributary of the
Great Cacapon River. It was thought that these beavers had
entered the State by way of the Potomac and Great Cacapon Rivers.
Shortly afterward this colony moved to North River where suitable
food was more plentiful. This colony disappeared within three
years.
Family CRICETIDAE
REITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS IMPIGER Bangs
SHORT-EARED Harvest Mousse
Thaddeus Surber found that this harvest mouse was comparatively
common in fields overgrown with weeds near White Sulphur Springs.
Five specimens were sent to Outram Bangs and one of them became
the type of thisrace. Others were subsequently acquired by the Bio-
logical Survey from the same collector. The Museum party did not
collect any specimens at this locality. Howell (1914, p. 21) has con-
cluded that this is ‘‘a rather poorly marked race of humulis occupying
the northern end of the range of the species.”
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 9.
REITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS MERRIAMI Allen
MerriAM Harvest Mouse
One specimen was trapped at Ceredo by A. H. Howell on July 29,
1910, in a low uncultivated field overgrown with grass and weeds and
situated between the railroad tracks and the Ohio River. At the
time of our visit in April 1936, all these lowlands including this field
had been flooded recently by the Ohio River. Our trapping there
indicated that all the smaller mammals had either been destroyed or
driven away by this flood. Elsewhere it has been reported that this
mouse generally selects a matted tangle of grass, weeds, or briers,
often in wet bottomland or at edge of a marsh. Hence it is quite
likely that the floods periodically reduce its numbers.
Wayne County: Ceredo, 1.
PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS NOVEBORACENSIS (Fischer)
NorTHERN WHITE-FOOTED Mouser, oR DEER Mouse
This nocturnal mouse is rarely found at any great distance from
timber or brush of some sort. Available records indicate that its
vertical range stops at about 3,000 feet. It ranges over most of the
western half of the State and is found also in the southeastern and
northeastern counties.
'@
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 465
On the wooded bluffs along the Ohio River the northern white-
footed mice were most abundant near rock ledges. In the Guyan-
dotte River Valley they were usually trapped under the exposed roots
of elms and oaks growing on the banks of small streams. Along Sugar
Creek near Philippi they were caught in traps set in crevices in the
rock ledges on hillsides forested with birch, oak, and poplar. They
were caught also in traps set in crevices between rocks loosened by the
-roots of hemlocks growing on the banks of Peters Creek near Gilboa.
On Great Flat Top Mountain near Odd one was caught in a large
Schuyler trap that had been nailed to the trunk of a beech tree, 5 or
6 feet above the base. Others were trapped under a dilapidated rail
fence.
Barbour County: 7 miles east of Philippi, 2.
Cabell County: 5 miles east of Huntington, 3.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 19; Jobs Knob, 13 miles north-
northwest of Renicks Valley, 1.
Lincoln County: Fourteen, 1.
Mason County: Mercers Bottom, 3.
Mineral County: Ridgeley, 5.
Nicholas County: Gilboa, 6.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 4.
Raleigh County: Redbird, 1; Marshes, 3; Odd, altitude 2,900 feet, 2.
PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS BAIRDII (Hoy and Kennicott)
PRarrign WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE
The known range of this short-tailed mouse has now been extended
eastward from central Ohio to the Panhandle of West Virginia.
Two specimens collected by Karl W. Haller on March 24, 1937, along
the Avalon-Bethany pike in Ohio County were submitted to the U.5.
Biological Survey for identification by A. B. Brooks.
PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS NUBITERRAE Rhoads
CLOUDLAND WHITE-FOOTED Mouse
These long-tailed white-footed mice are most plentiful in the higher
altitudes of the Allegheny Mountains. They are found generally on
the drier hill slopes around rock crevices, stumps, rotten logs, brush
piles, and the like. In the Cranberry Glades most of the specimens
taken were trapped around rock slides on the mountain slopes. Some
were caught in large Schuyler traps that had been nailed to the trunks
of spruce and beech trees. In the vicinity of Cheat Bridge they were
trapped at the entrances to holes in the moss covering the roots and
base of trunks of spruce trees. Along Williams River they were most
plentiful on the wooded hillsides. On Spruce Knob some were caught
in the loose shale on the top of the Knob, others along rotten logs on
the slopes, in runways in the moss at the bases of trees, and in traps
466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
set for flying squirrels on the trunks of birch trees. On Flat Top
Mountain, in the southern part of the State, they were trapped along
fallen trunks of chestnut trees and also at the bases of living oak trees.
Near Odd they were trapped only on the gravelly banks of a small
stream flowing down the side of Flat Top Mountain. There was a
rather thick growth of rhododendron on both banks of this stream.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 1.
Pendleton County: Spruce Knob, altitude 4,860 feet, 5.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 27; Travellers
Repose, 10; Williams River, 12 miles west of Marlinton, 1.
Raleigh County: Odd, altitude 2,900 feet, 2; Flat Top, altitude 3,500 feet, 2;
Winding Gulf, 4 miles southwest of Pemberton, 1.
Randolph County: Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, 4; Middle
Mountain, 11 miles northeast of Durbin, 2.
NEOTOMA PENNSYLVANICA Stone
ALLEGHENY Woop Rat
This wood rat occurs generally in the more remote parts of the
mountains in eastern West Virginia, as well as in some of the north-
ern and southern counties. It prefers rock ledges, caves, and rock
slides, but so far as known it has never been taken in lowland swamps.
The nests are generally made in a mass of vegetable rubbish consist-
ing of sticks, leaves, nutshells, and the like on ledges or shelving
rocks. At Philippi one was caught near a nest on a rock ledge exposed
on a steep hill. There was also evidence that wood rats had been
living in the rock crevices. Local residents believed that most of the
wood rats in this area had died either of starvation or from the effects
of the prolonged low temperatures during the winter of 1935-36.
During June 1936 wood rats were trapped on a rock ledge at Cran-
berry Glades, but no nests were found. Two others were subse-
quently seen one night on these rocks. Newcombe (1930, p. 204) has
made an ecological study of this wood rat in West Virginia, chiefly at
Prices Rock near Madison in Boone County, at Mitchells Knob near
Morgantown in Monongalia County, and at Cornwall’s Cave near
Masontown in Preston County. Robert C. Patterson (1933, 1934)
also has published some observations on the habits of this wood rat.
A. M. Reese (1934, pp. 44, 45, 47) records this wood rat from Lower
Beaver Hole Cave in Monongalia County, Cornwall’s Cave in Preston
County, and Smoke Hill Cave in Pendleton County.
Barbour County: 4 miles east of Philippi, 1.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 16.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 11.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 2.
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS——-KELLOGG 467
SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI STONEI Rhoads
StonE MovusE LEMMING
This lemming is found in a variety of ecological situations, such as
blue-grass pastures, old fields and hillsides, and sphagnum bogs. Near
Gilboa one was trapped along an old rail fence bounding a dry field
overgrown with broomsedge and grass about 50 yards from Peters
Creek and at least 100 yards from a hemlock thicket. In an open
forest of sugar maple, yellow birch, and spruce on a hillside about 30
yards from Cranberry Glades specimens were taken in runways under
the matted leaves. On the side of Cheat Mountain one was caught
at the entrance to a burrow in the moss growing around the base of
a spruce tree. Another was found drowned in the C. C. C. camp
reservoir on Black Mountain. Open woods and laurel thickets sur-
rounded this reservoir.
The animal has been taken at White Sulphur Springs (Surber, 1909,
p. 53) and also near a little woodland stream at French Creek, Upshur
County (F. E. Brooks, 1911, p. 19).
Nicholas County: Gilboa, 1.
Pocahontas County: Black Mountain, Williams River, altitude 3,300 feet, 1;
Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 2; near head of Cranberry River, 2;
ravellers Repose, 4.
Randolph County: Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, altitude
3,900 feet, 1.
CLETHRIONOMYS CAROLINENSIS (Merriam)
CAROLINA RED-BACKED Mous3E
The records for this mouse are all in the eastern and southern
mountainous portions of the State. At Odd, red-backed mice were
trapped on a fairly dry hillside in runways under matted leaves near
an old rail fence in a thicket of hemlock and laurel. One was caught
in a trap set in a runway in a wet meadow at Cranberry Glades, where
numerous moss mounds on the roots of trees were growing. This
mouse may have come from one of these mounds, for on Cheat
Mountain, Middle Mountain, and Spruce Knob red-backed mice were
trapped only at the entrances to burrows in the moss mounds on the
roots of spruce and yellow birch.
Greenbrier County: Jobs Knob, 13 miles north-northwest of Renicks Valley, 1.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 8; Spruce Knob, 3.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, 24; near head of Cranberry River, 1;
Travellers Repose, 45.
Raleigh County: Odd, 1.
Randolph County: Cheat Mountain, 3 miles east of Cheat Bridge, 7.
468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS PENNSYLVANICUS (Ord)
PENNSYLVANIA Mreapow Movwuss, or VOLE
Meadow mice make long intricate runways in matted grass on
uncultivated borders of fields, in wet meadows, or near streams in
lowland pastures. In such locations these mice may be found in most
parts of the State. Ona high knob at Mercers Bottom that had not
been inundated by the flood waters of the Ohio River, runways of
these mice were found in grass and weeds along a fence at the edge of a
cultivated field. Near Huntington the runways of a colony were
found in a tangle of matted grass and briers on both sides of a small
spring stream. Although the runways in the wet pasture divided by
Muddlety Creek were flooded, the meadow mice were not driven away.
At Philippi meadow mice were trapped in runways on the gentle slope
of a hill overgrown with broomsedge. Near Fourteen, a nest contain-
ing several young was thrown out by the plow on a hillside field below
a hemlock grove. In Cranberry Glades most of these mice were
caught in runways in the grass and moss growing between moss mounds
in a wet meadow. Fred E. Brooks (1911, p. 18) reports that he had
trapped one within a few yards of the summit of Spruce Knob,
Pendleton County, or approximately 4,650 feet altitude.
Barbour County: 7 miles east of Philippi, 1.
Cabell County: 5 miles east of Huntington, 6.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 4.
Lincoln County: Fourteen, 1.
Mason County: Mercers Bottom, 2.
Nicholas County: Muddlety, 1; Gilboa, 1.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 3.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, 21; Travellers Repose, 2.
Wayne County: Ceredo, 1.
MICROTUS CHROTORRHINUS CAROLINENSIS Komarek
Smoxy Mountain Rocx Voip
Although at present known to occur only at Cranberry Glades, this
vole may be found to inhabit similar isolated areas throughout the
Allegheny Mountain region of West Virginia. Cranberry Glades is a
natural basin about half a mile in length and a quarter of a mile in
width. Blueberry, cranberry, and sphagnum are among the conspic-
uous plants growing here. E. A. Preble, in November 1909, obtained
a number of rock voles about an eighth of a mile south of this basin
in a mixed, fairly open forest of beech, maple, and oak on a gentle
slope at the base of Kennison Mountain. They were trapped at the
entrances to little burrows in the moss that filled the intervals
between rocks embedded in the ground. No runways were found.
Average of nine males: Total length, 156.1 (150-162); tail vertebrae,
51.6 (46-60); hind foot, 20.3 (20-21); condylobasal length of skull,
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—-KELLOGG ; 469
26.4 (24.8-27.5); occipitonasal length, 26.3 (24.9-27.5); basilar length
Hensel, 23.6 (22-25); nasal length, 7.4 (7.1-7.7); zygomatic breadth,
15.1 (14.5-15.8); interorbital constriction, 3.7 (3.7-3.9); shelf of
bony palate, 13.6 (12.8-13.7); height of cranium at bullae, 9.5 (9-10.5);
mastoid width, 12.6 (12-12.9); length of upper molar series, 6.5
(6.3-6.8); and length of mandible, 16.1 (15.7-16.6).
Average of six females: Total length, 152.8 (150-169): tail vertebrae,
45.6 (43-50); hind foot, 20.1 (20-21); condylobasal length of skull,
26.7 (26-27.2); occipitonasal length, 26.6 (21.1-27.2); basilar length
Hensel, 24 (23.6-24.4); nasal length, 7.3 (7-8); zygomatic breadth, 15
(14.8-15.2); interorbital constriction, 3.7 (3.6-3.9); shelf of bony
palate, 13.3 (12.8-13.8); height of cranium at bullae, 9.4 (9.1-9.7);
mastoid width, 12.6 (12.3-12.9); length of upper molar series, 6.4
(6.2-6.6); and length of mandible, 16.2 (15.9-16.5).
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, 23; Millpoint, 1.
PITYMYS PINETORUM SCALOPSOIDES (Audubon and Bachman)
NorTHERN Pine Mouse
The pine mouse is a burrower, spending most of its life in under-
ground runways. As the name implies, it seems to show some prefer-
ence for woodlands, especially pine woods. It is frequently found,
however, along the borders of cultivated fields, meadows, and pas-
tures adjoining woods, and occasionally in wet bottomland timber.
Along Peters Creek, near Gilboa, pine mice were trapped in runways
under dry matted leaves near an old rail fence in a growth of hemlocks.
F. E. Brooks (1911, p. 18) records this mouse from Morgantown,
Monongalia County; Terra Alta, Preston County; French Creek and
Buckhannon in Upshur County; and Peterstown, Monroe County.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 11.
Nicholas County: Gilboa, 2.
Putnam County: Raymond City, 1.
ONDATRA ZIBETHICA ZIBETHICA (Linnaeus)
Common MUSKRAT
According to A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 544) the muskrat inhabits
streams and marshes throughout the State. The National Museum
party did not collect any specimens. Tracks were seen along the
Ohio River above Point Pleasant, Mason County. Those living
along Muddlety Creek on the Tinnel farm were driven away appar-
ently by spring floods in 1936. Similar conditions seemed to prevail
along Sugar Creek south of Philippi in Barbour County. Hollister
(1911, p. 18) records four specimens from White Sulphur Springs,
Greenbrier County.
470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Family MURIDAE
RATTUS RATTUS RATTUS (Linnaeus)
Buack Rat
Though the black rat was probably the first introduced rat to
reach West Virginia, in most localities where it formerly occurred it
has been driven away by the Norway rat. Writing from the vicinity
of Wellsburg, Brooke County, W. Va., Doddridge (1824, p. 71)
makes the following statement: ‘‘Rats which were not known here
for several years after the settlement of the county, took possession
of it, in its whole extent, in one winter season.’?’ Specimens were
collected by Thaddeus Surber at White Sulphur Springs in 1897.
Greenbrier County: White Sulphur Springs, 1.
RATTUS NORVEGICUS (Erxleben)
Norway or House Rat
This introduced rodent is the common destructive rat of warehouses
and alleys and is likewise a nuisance around barns and grain cribs
on farms.
MUS MUSCULUS MUSCULUS (Linnaeus)
Housrt Mousse
The familiar house mouse apparently came to West Virginia in
boxes containing supplies for the early settlers.
Mason County: Mercers Bottom, 1.
Pendleton County: Franklin, 1.
Family ZAPODIDAE
NAPAEOZAPUS INSIGNIS INSIGNIS (Miller)
WoopLanp Jumpina Mousse
The woodland jumping mouse has been recorded (F. E. Brooks,
1911, p. 19) from French Creek, Upshur County. There are no
specimens collected in West Virginia in the National Museum.
NAPAEOZAPUS INSIGNIS ROANENSIS (Preble)
Roan Mountain Woopuanp Jumpinag Mouse
This jumping mouse is partial to deep woods, especially near
running streams. On the south fork of Cranberry River, Cranberry
Glades, one was trapped on a stump in a forest of spruce, sugar
maple, and yellow birch. Another one was caught on Cheat Moun-
tain in a trap set at the entrance to a small burrow in a moss mound
growing on the roots of a spruce tree. On Spruce Knob in a dense
forest of spruce, sugar maple, and yellow birch, two jumping mice
were trapped at entrances to burrows in the moss growing in the inter-
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMA LS—KELLOGG 471
vals between rocks. This form is smaller and darker than the typical
ansignis.
Greenbrier County: ? White Sulphur Springs, 1.
Pendleton County: Spruce Knob, 2.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 1.
Randolph County: Cheat Mountain, 3 miles west of Cheat Bridge, altitude
3,900 feet, 1.
It has been recorded (F. E. Brooks, 1911, p. 19) also from Turkey-
bone Mountain, 2 miles south-southeast of Pickens, Randolph
County.
ZAPUS HUDSONIUS HUDSONIUS (Zimmermann)
NortHERN JuMPING MOUSE
This jumping mouse occurs in meadows and wet fields overgrown
with shrubs in the area drained by the Ohio River and its tributaries.
The specimen (U.S. N. M. no. 18442) listed by Preble (1899, p. 17)
as coming from Wheeling, W. Va., was actually collected by E.
Walton Hennig at Portland Station, Meigs County, Ohio. The
animal has been recorded, however, by F. E. Brooks (1911, p. 19)
from French Creek in Upshur County and Sherrard in Marshall
County.
Family ERETHIZONTIDAE
ERETHIZON DORSATUM DORSATUM (Linnaeus)
AMERICAN PORCUPINE
From time to time porcupines have been killed in the pine forests
on the lower ridges of Spruce Knob, Pendleton County. They have
never been very plentiful in the memory of present residents of that
area. Fred E. Brooks (1911, p. 20) reports that one was killed near
Morgantown, Monongalia County.
Family LEPORIDAE
LEPUS AMERICANUS VIRGINIANUS Harlan
VIRGINIA VARYING HARE
This hare seems to prefer dense forests where thickets and brush
abound, and especially tracts of woods broken by open glades. It is
seldom found in woodland devoid of underbrush. During the summer
months it frequents the dense ‘‘dark pine patches” on the higher points
of the Allegheny Mountains where the rays of the sun do not penetrate.
According to Fred E. Brooks (1911, p. 21), hunters reported that the
varying hare was abundant in places on Shavers Mountain and also
on Black Mountain, Pocahontas County, and that a number had been
seen in Canaan Valley, Tucker County. During the summer of 1936,
however, residents in Pocahontas and Randolph Counties reported
472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
that the animals had been rather scarce during the past two seasons.
It was assumed that they had been depleted in numbers by a periodical
epizootic. One was caught on June 13, 1936, in Cranberry Glades
in a large Schuyler trap baited with bacon.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, altitude 3,300 feet, 1; no definite
locality, 1; Travellers Repose, 1.
SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS MALLURUS (Thomas)
EASTERN CorTrrontTaIL
Cottontails occur in the northern, eastern, and some of the southern
counties. During the summer of 1936 they were fairly common in
the laurel thickets along the north and south forks of the Cranberry
River as far east as The Glades. The vertical range of the species
extends to at least 3,300 feet in the region around The Glades.
Farther north, in Randolph County, cottontails appeared to be rather
scarce.
Greenbrier County: Ronceverte, 2.
Pendelton County: Franklin, 2.
Pocahontas County: Cranberry Glades, 2.
Raleigh County: Beckley, 1; Marshes, 1; Masseysville, 1.
Wetzel County: Earnshaw, 8; no definite locality, 1.
SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS MEARNSII (Allen)
MeEarns CorrontaliL
Cottontail rabbits from the western and central portions of West
Virginia were referred to this race by Nelson (1909, p. 160), although
no specimens were then available for comparison. During the sum-
mer of 1936 cottontails were collected by the Museum party in four
of these counties. These specimens are paler and the upperparts are
more grayish and less noticeably pinkish buff than is the case with
specimens of S. f. mallurus. The tympanic bullae, also, are slightly
smaller. The ears, however, do not average shorter nor do the hind
feet average longer. This cottontail is most abundant in abandoned
farm fields overgrown with weeds and brush. It is a woodland species
but is not found in dense forests or open fields.
In the vicinity of Mercers Bottom cottontails were found in brier
thickets bordering cultivated fields in the bottomland along the Ohio
River. Near Huntington they were rather common in brier patches
in fields overgrown with broomsedge and weeds, as well as in open
deciduous woods in the bottomlands along the Guyandotte River.
At Gilboa cottontail rabbits were found in the rhododendron and
laurel thickets bordering uncultivated fields along Peters Creek.
Near Philippi they seemed to prefer the brier patches in open decidu-
ous woods.
?
*
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—-KELLOGG 473
Three full-term fetuses were taken from a female killed on April 20,
1936, near Huntington.
Barbour County: 7 miles east of Philippi, 2.
Cabell County: 5 miles east of Huntington, 2.
Mason County: Mercers Bottom, 1.
Nicholas County: Gilboa, 2.
SYLVILAGUS TRANSITIONALIS (Bangs)
New EnGianp CorTtTrontalL
The range of this cottontail extends southward through West
Virginia in the Allegheny Mountains. — It is a forest-inhabiting species,
preferring tracts with dense underbrush. Specimens collected by
A. B. Brooks (1929, p. 544) in Morgan County in 1915 were identified
as this species.
Greenbrier County: Ronceverte, 1; White Sulphur Springs, 2.
Morgan County: Great Cacapon Mountain, 2.
Pocahontas County: Travellers Repose, 2.
Family CERVIDAE
ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS VIRGINIANUS (Boddaert) and ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS
BOREALIS Miller
WHITE-TAILED DEER
Deer seem to have been plentiful for many years after the arrival
of the early settlers. Their skins were used by hunters and settlers
for clothing and moccasins, and thousands were sold to traders.
Deer skins ‘in the hair’? were valued by the traders in 1763 at 18
pence a pound. The first attempts to restrict the killing of deer
seem to have been made as early as 1801. During that year in
Pendleton County killing between January 1 and August 1 was pro-
hibited, the fine for such an offense being $5 (Morton, 1910, p. 356).
Fred E. Brooks (1911, p. 11) concludes that the native deer belong
mostly to the northern subspecies, and it is likely that this race did
occur in the mountains of eastern West Virginia. The ranges of
northern races of other mammals do extend southward in the Alle-
gheny Mountains. The Virginia race, however, may have ranged
over the lowlands of Greenbrier County, the lower Kanawha Valley,
and the Ohio and its smaller tributaries.
Numerous references to deer appear in the journals of early traders
and hunters. The earliest record for deer in West Virginia appears
to be one mentioned in Fallam’s journal (Bushnell, 1907, p. 51).
This deer was killed during September 1671 near the falls of Great
Kanawha River. Gist (Darlington, 1893, pp. 72, 142) records that
he killed deer during January 1752 in Marshall County. Colonel
Croghan (1831, p. 260) states that many deer were seen in May
1765 along the Ohio River between the mouth of the Little Kanawha
474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
River and the Big Bend. In 1768 and for some years afterward
deer were quite common along Hackers Creek in Harrison County
(McWhorter, 1915, p. 80). George Washington refers in his journal
(Sparks, 1839, p. 112) to the abundance of deer near the mouth of
the Great Kanawha River on October 5, 1770. The Rev. David
Jones writes in his journal (1865, p. 27) under date of December 16,
1772, that Mr. Owens killed several deer near the mouth of the Little
Kanawha River. Historical accounts of West Virginia counties con-
tain other references to the former abundance of deer. Brooks
(1911, p. 12) mentions one hunter who had killed 600 deer.
It is believed that native white-tailed deer still exist in Pendleton,
Randolph, and Pocahontas Counties. Nevertheless, West Virginia
has introduced deer from other States into many of its forests. Dur-
ing the summer of 1936, deer were fairly common on Cheat Mountain,
but only a few were reported to occur on Middle Mountain. Cal-
culations based on tally counts made during periodical drives on
twelve 160-acre plots within the Monongahela National Forest
indicate, according to Arthur A. Wood, forest supervisor, a mean
abundance of 1 deer to each 108 acres in middle and southern Poca-
hontas County, but only 1 deer to each 420 acres for the entire forest.
Greenbrier County: Meadow Creek Mountains, 5 miles northeast of Shryock, 1.
Preston County: Rowlesburg, 1.
CERVUS CANADENSIS CANADENSIS Erxleben
. EASTERN ELK, OR WAPITI
So far as can be ascertained from printed records, native elk dis-
appeared from West Virginia at least 65 years ago. Elk were present
throughout the State at the time when the first settlers arrived. In
1671 Sir William Berkeley sent a small exploring party (Brodhead,
1853, p. 193; Bushnell, 1907, p. 46) under the command of Thomas
Batts and Robert Fallam to explore the country west of the settlements
in Virginia. According to Beverley (1705, book 1, p. 64) “they set
out together from Appomattox [near Petersburg], and in seven days’
march reach’d the foot of the mountains. The mountains [Blue
Ridge] they first arriv’d at, were not extraordinary high or steep;
but, after they had pass’d the first ridge, they encounter’d others,
that seem’d to reach the clouds, and were so perpendicular and full
of precipices, that sometimes in a whole day’s march they could not
travel three miles in a direct line. In other places they found large
level plains and fine savanna’s three or four miles wide, in which were
an infinite quantity of turkies, deer, elks, and buffaloes, so gentle and
undisturbed, that they had no fear at the appearance of the men;
but would suffer them to come almost within reach of their hands.”
The next mention of elk in West Virginia is found in the journal of
Christopher Gist (Darlington, 1893, p. 77). Gist writes under date
¥
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 475
of March 6, 1752, that a herd of 30 elk were seen near a cave on
Neemokeesy [=Fishing] Creek in Wood County and that one was
shot. According to Kercheval (1833, p. 265) elk were plentiful in
1763 in the vicinity of Muddy Creek and Big Levels settlements in
Greenbrier County. Three elk were killed that year by Archibald
Glendennin for an Indian feast, following which the settlers were
massacred. Withers (1831, p. 168) writes that elk were killed in 1777
on the Little Kanawha River. Early settlers shot elk in Harrison
County along Hackers Creek near West Milford on West Fork River
and also in the mountains of Randolph County (McWhorter, 1915,
pp. 80, 81). According to Hale (1886, p. 62), the last elk was killed
in Kanawha Valley in 1820 on Two Mile Creek, Elk River, about 5}:
miles northeast of Charleston.
Between 1830 and 1835, elk were killed at a deer lick near “The
Sinks” on Gandy Creek, a branch of the Dry Fork of Cheat River,
Randolph County (Maxwell, 1898, p. 299). Three elk were killed on
the Black Fork of Cheat River near Davis, Tucker County, in 1843
(Maxwell, 1898, p. 299). During 1845, seven elk were seen near
Durbin, Pocahontas County (Brooks, 1911, p. 12). According to
MeWhorter (1915, p. 382) elk were last seen in Canaan Valley, Tucker
County, about the time of the Civil War. McWhorter (1915, p. 382)
states that an elk was killed in 1867 at Elk Lick on Middle River,
Pocahontas County, and that tracks of elk were seen near the head-
waters of Cheat River not later than 1873.
The few elk now at large on the ridges in the eastern part of the
State escaped 10 or 15 years ago from an enclosure near Marlinton,
Pocahontas County, belonging to the Allegheny Sportsmen’s Associa-
tion (Brooks, 1929, p. 538).
Family BOVIDAE
BISON BISON PENNSYLVANICUS Shoemaker
EASTERN WOODLAND BISON
Although bison were abundant in West Virginia as late as 1780, it
is rather surprising that only incidental reference is made to their
presence in the journals and accounts left by explorers, hunters, and
early settlers. The earliest record of bison within the present limits
of West Virginia appears to be found in the account of an exploring
expedition (Bushnell, 1907, p. 46; Alvord and Bidgood, 1912, pp.
183-205) that left the Virginia settlements near where Petersburg
now stands on September 1, 1671. Thomas Batts, Thomas Wood,
and Robert Fallam, who had been commissioned by Maj. Gen.
Abraham Wood under authority of Governor Sir William Berkeley
to explore the country to the west of the Virginia settlements, were
accompanied by a servant, Jack Weason, and eight Appomattox
476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Indians. After crossing Craig, Potts, and Peters Mountains, the
party traveled northwest across Monroe and Greenbrier Counties to
the main branch of Gauley River and thence westward to the Great
Falls of the Kanawha River in Fayette County. Reference (Beverley,
1705, p. 64) is made to the ‘infinite quantity” of bison and other game
encountered by this party while crossing flat plains and savannas.
There is traditional evidence according to Allen (1876, p. 86) “‘that
buffaloes formerly passed eastward from the headwaters of the Great
Kanawha River in West Virginia to the headwaters of the James
River in Virginia.”
In 1740, John Peter Salley was commissioned by the governor of
Virginia to travel as far westward as the Mississippi River. Accom-
panied by two white assistants, Salley (Darlington, 1893, pp. 251-254)
on March 16, 1742, set off from his home near Natural Bridge in Rock-
bridge County, Va., and traveled westward to the Greenbrier River,
where five bison were killed. The hides were used to cover the frame
of a boat, and the party continued on their journey.
The next mention of bison is found in the journal of Christopher
Gist, who under instructions from the Ohio Company made an
examination of lands in West Virginia bordering the Ohio River
between the landing on the Monongahela River and the mouth of the
Great Kanawha River. Gist (Darlington, 1893, p. 73) killed two
bison on February 12, 1752, in Wirt County. On the return trip
Gist (Darlington, 1893, p. 76) killed four bison on February 27, 1752,
on the Lawwellaconin [=Pond Creek] in Wood County, W. Va.
In 1765 an English expedition commanded by Col. George Croghan
was sent out to explore the Ohio River Valley and to conciliate the
Indians. Leaving Fort Pitt on May 15, 1765, this party descended
the Ohio River in two batteaux. Between the mouth of the Little
Kanawha River and Buffalo Bottoms on the Big Bend of the Ohio
River, Croghan writes in his journal (1831, p. 260) under the date
of May 21, 1765, that buffalo, bears, deer, and all sorts of wild game
were so plentiful that his party shot all they needed from the boats.
Although no mention is made of the incident in the journal, Hale
(1886, p. 62) states that Croghan encountered a vast migrating herd
of buffalo crossing the Ohio River at Letart, Mason County, W. Va.
In 1769, buffalo destroyed the crops of settlers on South Branch
[=Hackers Creek] in Harrison County (Withers, 1831, p. 93).
During the years 1767 to 1769, settlers along the Buckhannon
River killed bison in Barbour County (Withers, 1831, pp. 91-93).
On October 5, 1770, George Washington found these animals in great
abundance 14 miles above the mouth of the Great Kanawha River
(Sparks, 1839, p. 112). The settlers killed seven bison on Elk Creek
in Harrison County on January 1, 1772 (McWhorter, 1915, p. 381).
Reference is made in the journal of the Rev. David Jones (1865, pp.
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—KELLOGG 477
42-43) to the abundance of buffalo near the mouth of the Guyan-
dotte River during January 1873. A few were still present in Green-
brier County as late as 1774 (McWhorter, 1915, p. 380). Again, in
1780, bison were so plentiful along the Little Kanawha River that
Col. Daniel Brodhead sent hunters there to obtain a supply of meat
for the garrison at Fort Pitt (Ellis, 1882, p. 86). Bison are reported
to have been killed by settlers on Fishing Creek in Wetzel County
in 1796 (McWhorter, 1915, p. 381). Although it has been stated
(McWhorter, 1915, p. 381) that buffalo were not seen in the vicinity
of Huntington, Cabell County, after 1805, Hale (1886, p. 62) writes
that a buffalo was killed in 1815 on Little Sandy Creek, Elk River,
about 12 miles northeast of Charleston, Kanawha County. Accord-
ing to Maxwell (1898, p. 300) a cow buffalo and her calf were dis-
covered at a deer lick in Webster County about 1825. The settlers
chased them with dogs. The calf was killed on Valley Fork of Elk
River, and the cow was followed to Valley Head, Randolph County,
where she was shot. This appears to be the last record for the State.
LITERATURE CITED
ALLEN, JOEL ASAPH.
1876. The American bisons, living and extinct. Mem. Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
vol. 1, pt. 2, ix 246 pp., 12 pls.
AtvorD, CnuARENCE WALWorRTH, and Bincoop, LEE.
1912. The first explorations of the trans-Allegheny region by the Virginians
1650-1674, 275 pp. Cleveland.
BEVERLEY, ROBERT.
1705. The history and present state of Virginia. Book 1, 10+104 pp.; book
2, 40 pp.; book 3, 64 pp.; book 4, 83 pp.; illus.
BRODHEAD, JOHN ROMEYN.
1853. The journal and relation of a new discovery made behind the Apuleian
Mountains to the west of Virginia. Documents relative to the
colonial history of the State of New York; procured in Holland,
England, and France, vol. 3, pp. 193-197. Albany.
Brooxs, ALONZO BEECHER.
1929. Mammals of West Virginia. The West Virginia Encyclopedia, ed. 1,
xxiv+1,052 pp. Charleston, W. Va.
Brooks, FRED ERNEST.
1911. The mammals of West Virginia. Rpt. West Virginia State Board
Agr., no. 20 (for quarter ended Dec. 30, 1910), pp. 9-30.
BusHNELL, Davip Ivss, Jr.
1907. Discoveries beyond the Appalachian Mountains in September, 1671.
Amer. Anthrop., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 45-56.
CROGHAN, GEORGE.
1831. The journal of Col. Croghan. Monthly Amer. Journ. Geol. and Nat.
Sci., vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 257-272.
DARLINGTON, WiLLIAM McCuLuouau.
1893. Christopher Gist’s journals with historical, geographical and ethnolog-
ical notes and biographies of his contemporaries, 296 pp., illus.
Pittsburgh.
478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
DoppripGE, Rev. JOSEPH.
1824. Notes, on the settlement and Indian wars, of the western parts of
Virginia and Pennsylvania, from the year 1763 until the year 1783
inclusive. Together with a view of the state of society and manners
of the first settlers of the western country, xiii+15-316 pp. Wells-
burgh, Va.
Dourt, J. KENNETH.
1930. Glaucomys sabrinus in Pennsylvania. Journ. Mamm., vol. 11, pp.
239-240.
Evuis, FRANKLIN.
1882. History of Fayette County, Pennsylvania, with biographical sketches
of many of its pioneers and prominent men, 840 pp. Philadelphia.
Haug, JOHN PETER.
1886. Trans-Allegheny pioneers, historical sketches of the first white settle-
ments west of the Alleghenies, 1748 and after, 330 pp., illus. Cin-
cinnati.
Hanna, CHARLES AUGUSTUS.
1911. The wilderness trail, or the ventures and adventures of the Pennsylvania
traders on the Allegheny Path with some new annals of the old west,
and the records of some strong men and some bad ones, vol. 2,
vi+ 457 pp., illus. New York and London.
Houutster, Neb.
1911. Asystematic synopsis of the muskrats. North Amer. Fauna 82, 47 pp.,
6 pls.
HoweE.u, ARTHUR HOLMEs.
1901. Revision of the skunks of the genus Chincha. North Amer. Fauna 20,
62 pp., 8 pls.
1906. Revision of the skunks of the genus: Spilogale. North Amer. Fauna
26, 55 pp., 10 pls.
1914. Revision of the American harvest mice (genus Reithrodontomys).
North Amer. Fauna 36, 97 pp., 6 maps, 7 pls.
1918. Revision of the American flying squirrels. North Amer. Fauna 44,
64 pp., 4 maps, 7 pls.
JACKSON, HartLEY Harrap THOMPSON.
1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews (genera Sorex
and Microsorex). North Amer. Fauna 51, vi+238 pp., 24 figs.,
13 pls.
Jones, Rev. Davin.
1865. A journal of two visits made to some nations of Indians on the west
side of the river Ohio, in the years 1772 and 1773, xi+5+127 pp.
New York (reprinted for Joseph Sabin).
KERCHEVAL, SAMUEL.
1833. A history of the valley of Virginia, xlvi+47-486 pp. Winchester.
Lewis, Virait ANSON.
1912. History and government of West Virginia, 416 pp., illus. New York.
MAxwELL, Hv.
1898. The history of Randolph County, West Virginia, 531 pp., illus.
Morgantown.
McWuHortrer, Lucunuus Viretu.
1915. The border settlers of northwestern Virginia from 1768 to 1795 em-
bracing the life of Jesse Hughes and other noted scouts of the great
woods of the trans-Allegheny with notes and illustrative anecdotes,
509 pp., illus. Hamilton, Ohio.
WEST VIRGINIA MAMMALS—-KELLOGG 479
Miuurr, Gerrit Suir, Jr., and ALLEN, GLoveR Morriu.
1928. The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pizonyr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 144, viiit+-218 pp., 13 maps.
Morton, OREN FREDRIC.
1910. A history of Pendleton County, West Virginia, viii 493 pp. Franklin,
W. Va.
NeELson, Epwarp WILLIAM.
1909. The rabbits of North America. North Amer. Fauna 29, 314 pp., 19
maps, 13 pls.
Newcomeg, C. L.
1930. An ecological study of the Allegheny cliff rat (Neotoma pennsylvanica
Stone). Journ. Mamm., vol. 11, pp. 204-211, 1 map, 2 pls.
PATTERSON, RopertT Compton.
1933. Notes on Neotoma pennsylvanica with special reference to the genital
organization. West Virginia Univ. Bull., ser. 33, no. 15 (Proce. West
Virginia Acad. Sci., vol. 6), pp. 38-42.
1934. Habits of Neotoma pennsylvanica. West Virginia Univ. Bull., ser. 34,
no. 15 (Proc. West Virginia Acad. Sci., vol. 7), pp. 32-35.
PREBLE, EDWARD ALEXANDER.
1899. Revision of the jumping mice of the genus Zapus. North Amer.
Fauna 15, 42 pp., 4 figs., 1 pl.
REESE, ALBERT Moore.
1934. The fauna of West Virginia caves. West Virginia Univ. Bull., ser. 34,
no. 15 (Proc. West Virginia Acad. Sci., vol. 7), pp. 39-53.
SPARKS, JARED.
1839. The life of George Washington, xx+562 pp., illus. Boston.
SurBER, THADDEUS.
1909. Some remarks on the game mammals of West Virginia. With an
annotated list of all species found in the State. Proc. 3d Annual
Meeting West Virginia Fish and Game Prot. Assoc., pp. 49-56.
Charleston, W. Va.
Wirners, ALEXANDER Scort.
1831. Chronicles of border warfare, or a history of the settlement by the
whites, of north-western Virginia: and of the Indian wars and mas-
sacres, in that section of the State; with reflections, anecdotes, etc.,
319 pp. Clarksburg, Va.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
5,08
W: rH SOON
tAINGTOS
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1937 No. 3023
ON THE DETAILED SKULL STRUCTURE OF A CRESTED
HADROSAURIAN DINOSAUR
By Craries W. GitmMore
Curator, Division of Vertebraie Paleontology, United States National Museum
’
A PARTIAL Skeleton of a crested hadrosaurian dinosaur, collected
by the Smithsonian Paleontological Expedition of 1928, is unique in
having the occipital region of the skull disarticulated, thus displaying
structural features not before observed in the Hadrosauridae. The
specimen (U.S.N.M. no. 11893) comes from the Two Medicine
formation of the Upper Cretaceous and was found by G. F. Sternberg
on the north side of the Two Medicine River, Blackfeet Indian
Reservation, Teton County, Mont. Although a considerable part
of the skeleton was recovered, it is only the skull parts with which
we are now concerned.
That this specimen pertains to the subfamily Lambeosaurinae is
clearly indicated by the reduced number of vertical rows of teeth in
the dentaries, the deep and nearly vertical suture between the frontal
and nasal bones for the better anchorage of the crest, and the short,
broad nature of the cerebral expansion of the brain as indicated by the
frontal contribution to the brain case.
The lack of the crest portion of the skull and the juvenile character
of the present individual make it very difficult if not impossible to
identify this specimen generically at this time.
The detailed osteologica! structure of the occipital segment is the
least-known part of the hadrosaurian skull, for in most crania the
sutures are coalesced, thus cbscuring or hiding entirely the precise
extent of the individual elements.
8838—37 481
482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
The present specimen, therefore, appears worthy of the detailed
description that follows:
Parietal—The coalesced parietals are much constricted between
the supratemporal fossae, the posterior half presenting a thin median
crest that rises to the level of the superior squamosal border. The
anterior half is rounded transversely and widely expanded at the
end, where it is in sutural contact with the whole posterior ends of
the frontals and appears to meet the post-
frontal on its outer anterior angle. At the
center a broad rounded median prolonga-
tion is interposed between the frontal bones,
asin Lambeosaurus. Posteriorly the slightly
widened end of the parietal overhangs the
supraoccipital and is suturally joined to the
squamosals on either side. This end is
visible from a posterior view, as in Oheneo-
saurus (see fig. 30). Ventrally the parietal
sits astride the supraoccipital with which
it is closely joined on the two sides (see fig.
_ 29); anterior to the supraorbital it unites
: ee Pere eae ventrally with the alisphenoid, but nowhere
no. 11893), posterior view. Eroc., is it in contact with the prootic or the exoc-
Peter aoe ae Gee ae cipital, although Lambe was of the opinion
Pa, parietal; Soc, supraoccipital; that both of these bones articulated with the
Pu sal ate 3 eee ae Javamoss! parietalin Hdmontosaurus. He wascertainly
wrong in regard to the exoccipital, for I do
not know of any dinosaurian skull in which these two bones are in
contact.
MEASUREMENTS OF PARIETAL
Greatest length along midline______________ 71 mm
Greatest width across anterior end__________ 66 mm
Greatest width across posterior end_________ 15 mm
Supraoccipttal—The supraoccipital was found articulated with
the overlying parietal, as shown in figure 29. Viewed posteriotly the
supraoccipital is a subtriangular, blocklike bone that is enclosed above
by the parietals and squamosals and that is in contact below with the
exoccipitals. The broad, rounded, bilobed upper surface of the
median crest of this bone is smooth and gives no indication of sutural
union with the overlying parietal. It was evidently a cartilaginous
union such as is commonly found in the Sauria. A similar condition
exists in Camptosaurus and Stegosaurus. In aged individuals this
surface may become coossified with the parietal, as is known to be the
case in Stegosaurus. On either side well below the crest these two
SKULL OF A HADROSAURIAN DINOSAUR—GILMORE 483
bones meet in grooved sutural contact. Ventrally the supraoccipital
presents two sutural surfaces that articulate with the exoccipitals. The
posterior one is horizontal, the anterior face oblique looking outward,
forward, and downward. On the posterolateral angles of this bone
are raised smoothly rounded protuberances that look upward and
articulate with a cupped surface developed on the lower border of the
squamosal, as shown in figure 30. This rounded articular surface is
contributed to laterally by the exoccipital.
This is a most unusual cranial articulation that gives every indica-
tion of being a movable union, although the other articulating surfaces
of both squamosal and supraoccipital are through the medium of
roughened sutural contacts. This ball and socket articulation may
be present in all hadrosaurian cranii, but through coalescence no trace
of such a union has before been observed in this family or for that
matter in other dinosaurian skulls. The ventral side of the supra-
occipital, although slightly excavated at the center (see fig. 29),
presents a continuous roughened sutural surface across the entire
width of the bone, indicating that the exoccipitals meet on the median
line and thus exclude the supraoccipital from participation in the
boundary of the foramen magnum, as in Bactrosaurus.' This inward
median extension of the one exoccipital bone present is broken off,
so one has to rely on the continuous sutural surface as evidence of the
condition described above, although corroborative evidence is furnished
by the cross section of a skull figured by Brown,’ which shows the
exoccipital below the supraoccipital on the midline above the foramen
magnum. This is a structural modification known at this time only
in the hadrosaurian skull among the Dinosauria. Anteriorly the
supraoccipital is deeply excavated, thus forming the posterior portion
of the brain case. A heavy triangular-shaped sutural surface on the
anterior border that looks forward and outward is the contact for the
prootie.
MEASUREMENTS OF SUPRAOCCIPITAL
Greatest lene thaws =25.92 05-85. 2. eae es 52 mm
Greatest transverse width_______---------- 65 mm
Greatest vertical depth_____-_------------- 42 mm
Squamosal.—The squamosals are separated on the median line by
the interposition of a backwardly extended process of the parietal,
which they meet by a strongly ridged and grooved suture. They
are only 10 mm apart (see fig. 30). This union with the parietal
continues downward and forward on either side of the upper median
part of the supraoccipital. Ventrally it unites with the supraoccip-
ital by a smooth cupped articulation, which rests upon the ball-like
1 Gilmore, Charles W., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 67, p. 55, fig. 22, 1933.
1 Brown, Barnum, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pl. 36, 1914.
484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
protuberance on the supraoccipital, to which the exoccipital con-
tributes an outer portion. This articulation has been more fully
described in connection with the supraoccipital. External to this
cup the squamosal sends downward and outward a narrow, com-
pressed, tapering process. In the articulated skull this process is
closely applied posteriorly, especially at its upper end, to the para-
occipital process of the exoccipital, and they continue in apposition
throughout their lengths.
FicurReE 30.—Articulated squamosal, parietal, and supraoccipital (U.S.N.M. no. 11893). Pa,
parietal; gu, cotylus for the quadrate; Po, sutural surface for articulation of postorbital; Soc,
supraoccipital; Sg, squamosal. One-half natural size.
From a lateral aspect the squamosal presents a wide surface between
its upper border and the top of the cotylus for the head of the quad-
rate. This is a peculiarity distinctive of all known members of the
Lambeosaurinae, as the other members of the Hadrosauridae are
relatively narrow in this view. The cotylus is deep. A pointed
process of moderate length extends downward from its anterior border
lapping along the front of the quadrate. Above and anterior to this
process the squamosal is a short tapering process that unites by
squamous union with the inner side of the postfrontal. The posterior
overlap of the postfrontal is Y-shaped with the ventral branch much
longer than the upper, as indicated by the sutural surfaces on the
exterior surface of the squamosal. This same condition is found in
Lambeosaurus, Corythosaurus, and Saurolophus.
SKULL OF A HADROSAURIAN DINOSAUR—GILMORE 485
MEASUREMENTS OF SQUAMOSAL
Length from posterior border to anterior termination
beneath the postfrontal__—=-----=----------.----= 80 mm
Breadth from parietal contact, obliquely outward and
downward to end of external process_-_------------- 150 mm
Depth from supratemporal fossa border to rim of cotylus-- 52 mm
Exoccipital.—Only the left exoccipital is present, but it is in excel-
lent preservation, as shown in figure 31. The exoccipital contributes
extensively to the formation A
of the occipital condyle; a
heavy posterior projection
contributes nearly one-third
of the complete condyle.
The inferior horizontal surface
unites with the basioccipital
by a coarsely roughened su-
tural surface. Internally the
surface is concave dorsoven-
trally forming the lateral
boundary of the foramen
magnum. This portion of
the exoccipital is perforated
by two foramina, which pass
diagonally through the bone. bi flo L7G Ze
2 GZ L3 Zp; an
The larger and more posterior J <>
is for the passage of the
twelfth or hypoglossal nerve;
the smaller anterior one for
the eleventh or accessory
nerve. The upper portion
of the exoccipital has been
described in connection with
the supraoccipital. FIGURE 31.—Left exoccipital (U.S.N.M. no. 11893): A,
Mietontam postion of this, Fes [re * seat cee a ae
bone extends outward and for union of prootic; Soc, articulating surface for union
backwardanddevelopsalarge jth, sonata aa
hooked paraoccipital process
that in position lies against the squamosal process, which it supports
and resembles in general shape. Its bluntly pointed extremity extends
below that of the squamosal. On the inner end of the anterior side
below the articulation of the supraoccipital a grooved subtriangular
surface marks the union with the prootic (see fig. 31, B, Pro).
Frontals—The coossified frontal bones are shown in figure 32.
The frontals are of the typical Lambeosaurinae type; that is, much
reduced in length, wider than long, and with a deep nearly vertical
sutural surface for union with the nasals. This sutural area is nearly
486
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 84
one and one-half times the length of the dorsal surfaces of the frontals.
It serves as a strong anchorage for the crest, which is missing in this
specimen.
On the posterior border at the center the nasals are notched for a
Ni,
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FIGURE 32.—Articulated frontal bones (U.S.N.M. no. 11893):
A, Superior view; B, ventral view. Fr, frontal; Na, sutural
surface for articulation of nasals; Osp+eth, sutural border for
orbitosphenoid and ethmoid; Pa, sutural border for parietal;
Po, sutural border for postorbital; Prf, sutural border for
prefrontal. One-half natural size.
amen at the middle of the sutural slope.
median forward projec-
tion of the parietal, but
less deeply than in Lam-
beosaurus.? The ventral
view (fig. 32, B) shows
the very short but wide
contribution to the brain
case in which the cerebral
portion of the brain was
lodged. This feature is
peculiar to the crested
hadrosaurs and much un-
like the elongate com-
pressed cerebrum of Thes-
pesius, Edmontosaurus,
and presumably all non-
crested forms of the
Hadrosauridae.
The lateral borders are
in contact throughout
their whole length with
the prefrontal and post-
orbital, as shown in figure
32, and thus do not con-
tribute to the formation
of the orbital rim, as
they do in the crestless
hadrosaurs.
The illustration shows
the bone as it is pre-
served, with a large for-
IT am of the opinion that the
left frontal has been crushed inward against the right element and
that in the normal state there would be a deep gap between these two
elements at this point.
In Lambeosaurus there is a wide open notch.
MEASUREMENTS OF FRONTALS
Greatest length dorsal surface on median line_
Greatest width= == 25252 -2.5)s2e-
Depth of nasal suture
Length of brain case_____._-_-_----
Widthaok brain caselos=— 6 eee
39 mm
107 mm
3 Gilmore, Charles W., Geol. Surv. Canada Bull. 38, p. 37, fig. 8, 1924.
SKULL OF A HADROSAURIAN DINOSAUR—GILMORE 487
Postorbital—The element here designated postorbital is usually
called postfrontal by authorities. It may represent a complex of
these two elements, as in the theropodous dinosaurs, but in the present
instance the alisphenoid articulates with it on the internal side, being
received in a depression or pit. In those dinosaurian skulls in which
prefrontal, postfrontal, and postorbital bones can be distinctly recog-
nized, this cupped depression for the alisphenoid is always on the
inner side of the postorbital bone, and it is largely for that reason
that it is so designated here.
The postorbital has the usual triradiate form. Its posterior exten-
sion overlaps by squamous union the forward extension of the squa-
i iH,
¥ , f
Wig
Ju
FIGURE 33.—Articulated postorbital and prefrontal bones (U.S.N.M.
no. 11893), lateral view. Ju, Process that unites with jugal; Na, inner
side in contact with the nasal; Po, postorbital; Prf, prefrontal; Sq,
process that unites with the squamosal. One-half natural size.
mosal and forms the supratemporal arcade separating the supra-
temporal from the infratemporal fossa. The posterior end is expanded
dorsoventrally and on the inner side is deeply excavated for the
squamosal process, which extends forward the full length of this bar.
The anteriorly directed process is in contact internally by a zigzagged
suture with the frontal for half its length. The heavy anterior end
unites by suture with the prefrontal above the center of the orbit,
as shown in figure 33. The descending bar, which is trihedral in
cross section, united with an ascending process of the jugal by squa-
mous union to form the postorbital bar. On the inner side at the
junction of the three rays is a shallow rounded depression for the
articulation of the outer end of the alisphenoid.
Prefrontal—The prefrontal completes the upper border of the orbit
articulating behind with the postorbital and in front with the lachry-
mal. Its upward extension is very thin and lapped the base of the
elevated crest formed by the nasals as in Cheneosaurus. With the
postorbital it excludes the frontal participation in the orbital rim, a
peculiarity of the crested hadrosaurs, whereas in most of the crestless
488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
forms it comprises a small portion of the border. The characteristic
shape of this bone is well shown in figure 33.
Prootic-—Both disarticulated prootic bones are present, the left
element in excellent preservation. The bone here called prootic in
all probability represents the coossified prootic, epiotic, and opisthotic,
certainly the last, for as in most reptiles these probably fused early
in life, and thus all trace of their sutural junctions has long since been
obliterated.
The prootic lies posterior to the alisphenoid and anterior to the
exoccipital. Above it is in contact witb the supraoccipital, below
with the basisphenoid. In FEdmontosaurus, Lambe* shows the
prootic in contact with the parietal, and likewise Brown ° in a tra-
chodont brain case described by him found this complex in contact
with the parietal. A similar condition exists in the crocodile skull.
However, in the skull under consideration they are distinctly sepa-
rated by the interposition of portions of the supraoccipital and
alisphenoid bones. The pointed posterior half of this complex,
probably the opisthotic portion on the inner side, presents two
longitudinally ridged and grooved sutural surfaces, the upper one
uniting with the supraoccipital, the lower with the exoccipital. This
side is about equally divided between the two bones and overlaps
the junction of the supraoccipital and exoccipital. The prootic proper
is perforated by the foramen for the seventh or facial nerve. The
anterior border is deeply notched by the foramen ovale for the fifth
or trigeminal nerve, but the portion carrying the foramen for the
eighth or internal auditory meatus is missing, and its position cannot
be accurately determined in this specimen.
Alisphenoid.—The alisphenoid has the usual triangular curved
form and lies in front of the prootic and bounds the large foramen
for the trigeminal nerve in front. It connects superiorly with the
parietal and frontal. The outer rounded end is received in a pit on
the upper inner surface of the postfrontal++postorbital complex.
This bone forms the wall of the brain case, which lodges the cerebral
hemispheres.
The division between the alisphenoid and prootic is marked by a
suture that descends from the floor of the supratemporal fossa and
enters the foramen ovale forward of the upper curve of that opening.
The external surface forms a part of the inner and anterior boundaries
of the supratemporal fossa. A narrow groove on the external sur-
face extending forward from the foramen ovale was for the reception
of the ophthalmic branch of the fifth nerve. In form and relation-
ships with surrounding elements this alisphenoid is in full accord
with the conditions found in other hadrosaurian skulls. Anteriorly
4 Lambe, L. M., Geol. Surv. Canada Mem. 120, p. 17, fig. 26, 1920.
5 Brown. Barnum, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pl. 36, 1914.
SKULL OF A HADROSAURIAN DINOSAUR—GILMORE 489
it unites with the orbitosphenoid, but their precise relationships are
not clearly shown by this specimen.
Orbitosphenoid.—A pair of small subrectangular bones (see fig. 34,
Osp) are identified as the orbitosphenoids. This identification rests
to a considerable extent on the presence of several foramina that
perforate these bones and that can be homologized with the nerve
openings in the orbitosphenoid region in other Dinosauria crania,
Unfortunately, the sutural edges have suffered from abrasion and
crushing and thus offer little positive information as to their correct
FIGURE 34.—Right orbitosphenoid and ethmoid (U.S.N.M. no.
11893). -Alsp, sutural border for alisphenoid; Eth, ethmoid;
Osp, orbitosphenoid; J, outlet for the olfactory nerve; JJ, the
second or optic foramen; IJI, 7V, foramen for third and fourth
cranial nerves, respectively. Natural size.
relationships to the surrounding skull elements. A deeply grooved
sutural border, having an extensive outer lip for squamous union,
fulfills all requirements for a perfect articulation with the ethmoid
and thus is regarded as the anterior edge of this bone. The superior
edge is especially thickened for articulation with the overlying frontal.
The posterior unites with the alisphenoid, and the ventral with the
basioccipital, which is missing in this specimen. Since the basi-
sphenoid and parasphenoid are both missing, it cannot be determined
whether the orbitosphenoid was in contact with the parasphenoid.
A small triangular sutural area on the lower anterointernal side of
the orbitosphenoid appears to indicate a surface for union with its
fellow of the opposite side on the median line below the forward part
of the cerebral hemispheres.
The orbitosphenoid is perforated by a number of foramina identified
as shown in figure 34.
The foramen for the optic nerve lies very close to the orbito-
sphenoid-ethmoid sutural border, and in this specimen it seems to
be a notch or groove on the anterior ventral border of the orbito-
sphenoid with the ethmoid contributing to its boundary. It is quite
possible that in better-preserved specimens an external view would
490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
show the foramen as entirely enclosed within the orbitosphenoid
bone.
Posterior to the optic foramen and separated by a wall of bone
8 mm in width is the foramen for the third nerve (see fig. 34). Imme-
diately above the foramen for the third nerve are two small foramina
one above the other. On the external surface a short shallow groove
runs forward from each of these openings. It seems quite probable
that the most ventral gave exit to the fourth or trochlear nerve.
The superior one may have transmitted a blood vessel. On the
ventral posterior border of the orbitosphenoid there is a shallow
eroove leading down to the sutural border which in the articulated
skull may have led to the foramen for the abducent or sixth cervical
nerve.
MEASUREMENTS OF ORBITOSPHENOID
Greatest length, anteroposteriorly_________- 34 mm
Greatest height, dorsoventrally______.______ 48 mm
Ethmoid.—A pair of small subrectangular elements (see fig. 34) are
identified as the ethmoids. In adult skulls the suture between the
ethmoid and orbitosphenoid becomes so fully coalesced as to leave no
trace of their union. In Tyrannosaurus Osborn ® indicated the ques-
tionable presence of an ethmoid, and in describing the skull of Edmonto-
saurus Lambe“ designated the lateral area immediately posterior to
the exit of the olfactory nerves as being the presphenoid. In a brain
case of Saurolophus osborni illustrated by Brown,’ it now becomes
evident, in the light of the present specimen, that the anterior portion
of the element designated alisphenoid is the coalesced alisphenoid and
orbitosphenoid and that the bone called presphenoid is the ethmoid.
Other authors have considered all the brain case between the ali-
sphenoid and exit for the olfactory nerves as being the orbitosphenoid
bone. After comparison of the present specimen with the brain case
of Antrodemus, Camarasaurus, Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Thespesius,
and Lritosaurus, I am of the opinion that the ethmoid, although fused,
is present in all these genera and probably in all Dinosauria.
Posteriorly the ethmoid unites with the orbitosphenoid, being
received in a groove along the edge of the latter bone, which sends a
wide thin process forward for a squamous overlap for one-half the
width of the ethmoid, as shown in figure 34. In the left element this
external sutural surface covers more than half the width of the bone.
The strongly ridged and radiating nature of the suture renders the
union of these two elements distinctive and thus contributes to the
positiveness of their proper identification. The upper sutural end
is widened transversely but constricted anteroposteriorly and thus
6 Osborn, H. F., Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, no. 1, figs. 8, 12, 1912.
7 Lambe, L. M., Geol. Surv. Canada Mem. 120, p. 47, fig. 26, 1920.
‘ Brown, Barnum, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 31, p. 134, fig. 3, 1912.
SKULL OF A HADROSAURIAN DINOSAUR—GILMORE 491
has a limited contact with the frontal. The ventral third gradually
thins toward the border with an outward inclination of the whole end.
The slightly roughened inner surface of this end apparently indicates
its lapping union with the missing parasphenoid. At about midlength
on the internal side a low longitudinal ridge evidently marks the
ventral limit of the olfactory lobes. Whether these ridges met on
the median line, and thus formed the floor of this portion of the brain
case, cannot be determined. There is no indication of a median bony
septum, such as is present in Tyrannosaurus, and it would appear that
in this form the ethmoids enclose an undivided cavity for the olfactory
lobes of the brain and form an opening leading into the nasal and
prenasal cavities in front of the orbits. In Triceratops ® the ethmoidal
region roofs over the olfactory lobes of the brain, a condition that
could not possibly exist in this specimen.
MEASUREMENTS OF ETHMOID
Greatest length, anteroposteriorly ___-------- 24 mm
Greatest depth, dorsoventrally___---------- 44 mm
SUMMARY
The study of this disarticulated brain case discloses for the first
time in the Hadrosauridae the presence of a distinct ethmoid bone;
the presence of a semimovable articulation between the squamosal,
supraoccipital, and exoccipital; and contributes evidence that in this
family the supraoccipital is excluded from participation in the
boundary of the foramen magnum.
9 Hay, O. P., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 36, p. 102, pl. 2, 1909.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
> e i
UR
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1938 No. 3024
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
By Water Kenrick FisHEr
Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, Caltf.
Hyprocorats comprise those coelenterates of the orders Stylas-
terina and Milleporina, which, belonging in the class Hydrozoa, are
probably highly specialized offshoots of hydroid ancestors. As in
the case of marine hydroids the sexual individuals are entirely different
from the feeding polyps. In the Stylasterina, the only order repre-
sented in the north Pacific, the gonophore is developed in a cavity of
the coenosteum, called the ampulla, which often causes a blisterlike
convexity on the surface of the colony, or may be superficially invisible
owing to its position below the surface. In all the north Pacific species,
represented by adequate material, the ampullae are of two distinct
sizes. ‘The smaller have been arbitrarily called male ampullae without
benefit of microscopic examination; while the larger, usually twice as
broad as the male, have been called female. In some cases the latter
are known to house ova or planula larvae. With possibly one excep-
tion, the two sorts do not occur on the same colony. In dealing with
material that is usually desiccated and unfit for histological examina-
tion it would perhaps be preferable to employ such terms as major and
minor ampullae instead of female and male. That so-called male
ampullae are not undeveloped stages of the female is amply demon-
strated by their frequently different form and crowded condition.
In Allopora polyorchis, a typical case, there would not be sufficient
space to allow the small ampullae to expand to the size of the major
ampullae.
8936—38——1 493
494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
The region covered by this report includes all the water north of a
line drawn from the southern boundary of the United States (lat.
32° 30’ N.) to the southern end of Sakhalin Island (lat. 46° N.).
All tropical and subtropical species are therefore extralimital.
The material! upon which this paper is based is a part of the rich
collection of Stylasterina in the United States National Museum,
augmented by scattered specimens from other sources, chiefly the
Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University. The types of all the
new forms are in the collection of the National Museum.
The following extralimital species have been figured: Cryptohelia
pudica Milne Edwards and Haime, plate 64, figure 1; Cryptohelia
japonica (Milne Edwards and Haime), plate 64, figures 2 to 4; Crypto-
helia gigantea, new species, plate 64, figure 5; Distichopora sulcata
Pourtalés, plate 74; Distichopora gracilis Dana, plate 75.
Systematics of the Stylasterina present difficulties peculiar to the
group in addition to those apparently inherent in the Coelenterata.
Material for the most part consists of the dried skeleton of the colony,
frequently imperfect. There is a slight sexual dimorphism added to
the pitfalls presented by variation due to environment and lineage.
Even in alcoholic material the gastrozooids and dactylozooids are
often invisible by retraction, while the contents of the ampullae have
proved to be of no practical value in differentiating species. Finally,
the structures available are all very small and must be studied and
drawn. under high magnification, illuminated by a beam of concen-
trated light. It scarcely needs pointing out that great care must be
exercised in taking accurate measurements. Under these conditions
the comparison of elements and evaluation of variations imposes a
severe strain upon any but the strongest eyes. Such painstaking
analysis is necessary before progress can be made in the natural
history of this group. The papers of H. N. Moseley and Dr. Hjalmar
Broch have set a standard of excellence that unfortunately only a few
have tried seriously to equal. Much of the literature is vague and
sketchy judged by modern standards and can not be relied upon in a
critical study.
The north Pacific is far richer in indigenous species than the north
Atlantic. Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus and Allopora norvegica
pacifica are representative forms of two well-known Atlantic species.
1 My thanks are due to the authorities of the U. 8. National Museum for the privilege of studying its
collections; to those of the Peabody Museum, New Haven, Conn., and the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.. for the loan of material for comparison; to Dr. Sixten Bock, of the Riksmuseum, Stock-
holm, for the loan of north Atlantic material and of literature; to Dr. Hjalmar Broch, of the Royal Frederick’s
University, Oslo, for the identification of Japanese and Okhotsk Sea material and for the loan of examples of
several of his species; to Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan for material, chiefly Distichopora; to Dr. H. Hattori,
Biological Laboratory, Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Japan, for the gift of a representative collection of Japanese
Stylasterina; to Dr. Elisabeth Deichmann, Museum of Comparative Zoology, for aid in various ways;
to Prof. G. E. MacGinitie for several photographs of specimens; and to E. F. Ricketts, of Monterey, Calif.,
for the types of Allopora petrograpta.
>
FLYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 495
But the other Stylasters and Alloporas appear to have no close
counterparts in the Atlantic with the exception of a race of the widely
distributed Stylaster eximius reported by Dr. Broch from the Okhotsk
Sea. It is certainly premature to speculate on the distribution of the
species found in the Okhotsk Sea, a region that has hardly been
scratched by the dredge. Allopora boreopacijica is common to the Sea
of Japan and the Okhotsk Sea. Allopora scabiosa has a closely related
form in Sagami Bay (Hattori collection), but Allopora solida is not
very closely related to any known species. It will hardly be sur-
prising if A. stejnegeri and A. brochi are eventually added to the
Okhotsk fauna.
So far as the western coast of the United States is concerned only
five species are present: Allopora californica, A. venusta, A. verrilli,
A. porphyra, Errinopora pourtalesit. No true Stylaster has yet been
found.
I have also examined material from the region of the Galapagos
Islands, which is well represented in the National Museum. This
fauna has nothing to do with that of the north Pacific. If it points
anywhere it is to the West Indian region. Cryptohelia is the domi-
nant genus.
As a parenthetic observation on the distribution of the Stylasterina,
the only species known to inhabit the Hawaiian plateau is Stylaster
sanguineus. Probably Distichopora violacea also occurs, although I
can find no record. These are shallow-water tropical forms. Although
I was in constant and close touch with all the detailed and carefully
planned deep-water dredging done by the Albatross in 1902, I do not
recall a single specimen of deep-water Stylaster, such as occurs in the
East Indies, or of any other hydrocoral for that matter. The great
depths surrounding the Hawaiian group appear to constitute an
effective barrier, although the planulae of Stylaster sanguineus are
probably transported in warm surface currents. If the last observa-
tion is not true, the only alternative is to conclude that Siylasier
sanguineus reached the Hawaiian group when those islands were part
of a land mass extensive enough to afford a shallow-water path from
some Indo-Polynesian center of dispersal. If such were the case it
seems likely that species characteristic of depths of from 100 to 800
fathoms, such as Cryptohelia, would also have traveled along a “lower
road.”’
In table 1 are listed all the Albatross dredging stations in the north
Pacific at which the species described in this report were taken, with
all pertinent data for each station, and species taken at each station.
The Stylasterina naturally occur on a bottom that provides some
solid objects permanent enough to afford attachment for the colony.
Yet the nature of this is not always apparent from the data recorded,
as for instance station 2852, “black sand” (Allopera campyleca); sta-
496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
tion 4302, “blue mud” (A. campyleca). The bottom record for station
4777 reads “fine gravel’’, yet a small colony of Allopora verrilli and
two of Errinopora nanneca (also three species of encrusting bryozoans)
were growing on a very hard pebble 50 by 30 by 25 mm. Rocks,
pebbles, and shells form the usual foundation whether or not there be
mud, sand, or fine gravel accompanying. Allopora campyleca favors
black sand or blue mud; while Allopora boreopacifica is found on
pebbles in brown mud and fine black sand.
As regards temperature, the lowest is favored by Allopora boreo-
pacifica, A. norvegica pacifica, and Errinopora stylifera at 29.8° to 32°
F. Then there is a hiatus. From 37° (the probable temperature at
station 3480) to 39° are found Stylaster cancellatus, S. elassotomus,
S. gemmascens alaskanus, Allopora campyleca (and its subspecies tylota
and trachystoma), A. polyorchis, A. moseleyana (and forma leptostyla),
A, stejnegert, A. brochi, A. verrilli (typical), Cryptohelia trophostega,
Errinopora nanneca, EF. zarhyncha, and Distichopora borealis. Between
41° and 44° is found A. campyleca not precisely typical nor yet well
enough differentiated to show tangible characters. It is probable
that A. papillosa, A. verrilli, and A. petrograpta occur here. Between
46° and 52° are found A. campyleca paragea, A. venusta, A. californica,
A. porphyra, Errinopora pourtalesir, and at the lower limit A. petro-
grapta. FE. pourtalesii ranges from the Strait of Georgia to south of
Monterey Bay, and A. californica from the Farallone Islands to
Lower California. Both species probably range into water warmer
than 52°.
It is evident that station 3480 is a very favorable environment for
hydrocorals, since there was dredged here a considerable bulk of ma-
terial, comprising eight forms, some of which are massive. This sta-
tion was in Amukta Pass, east of the Andreanof Islands of the Aleutian
Chain, in 283 fathoms, rocky bottom with black sand. The Aleutian
Islands form the crest of a very long, curved, mostly submarine
roountain chain, which falls away to great depths on the south. It
constitutes a partial barrier athwart Bering Sea, one of the sources of
cold bottom water of the north Pacific. That bottom currents are
present in the numerous passes of the Aleutian Chain is inevitable.
Such water should be rich in oxygen and in planktonic organisms, or
their dead remains.
The structure of the corallum of some Stylasters and Alloporas
indicates that the species live where there is a gentle current predomi-
nantly in one direction. The peripheral branches are bent slightly
toward the anterior face of the colony, which becomes slightly con-
cave. Most of the gastrozooids are on the front and sides of branches,
or on the sides only. Usually the back, presumably facing the cur-
rent, is almost devoid of gastrozooids. This form of growth is also
found in some species of Cryptohelia. The Alloporas of station 3480
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 497
evidently lived in a current but probably not a strong one; otherwise
the bottom would be scoured free of sand.
This paper was submitted for publication prior to the receipt of
Dr. Hjalmar Broch’s ‘Untersuchungen an Stylasteriden” (1936).
Through exchange of specimens I am fairly accurately informed con-
cerning those of Dr. Broch’s new species which should be included in
TaBLE 1.—Albatross dredging stations at which hydrocorals were obtained
a
Sane ’ | TEM-
TION LOCALITY AND BEARINGS | DEpTH| NATURE OF BoTTOM | PERA- SpEcIES TAKEN
| TURE |
Fath-
oms ORs
2862 | Shumagin Islands, 55°15’ 58 | Black sand__---.---- 41.8 | Allopora campyleca.
N., 159°37’ W.
2858 | Guif of Alaska, 58°17’ N., 230 | Blue mud, gravel_-.| 39.8 Do.
148°36’ W.
2873 | Off Cape Flattery, 48°30’ AQ’| ROCKS. 2=22322252-55- 47.8 | Allopora venusia.
N., 124°57’ W.
2874 |_____ GOs re eee ee | 27 | Rocks and shells_--. 50. 3 Do.
RTO alesse GOW eee ee Mya 40) G0s2 222555. 47.8 Do.
2888 | Off Oregon, 43°58’ N., 124° | 41 | Coral and pebbles.._| 47.6 Do.
67/30" W.
3050 | Off Oregon, 44°01/15” N., | 46 | Coral, broken shells_| 46.1 Do.
124°57’ W.
3158 | N. of Farallone Islands, | 20" “RockY< 2-.=-2-2--.=- 51.4 | Allopora venusta, A. califor-
Calif., 37°47/30’’ N., 123° nica, Errinopora pourtalesil.
1040” W.
3159 | N. of Farallone Islands, | Digi eae G0 Sees nares das Allopora californica, Errino-
Calif., 37°47'20"" N., 123° pore pourtalesii.
10’ W.
3480 | Amukta Pass, Aleutian Is- 283 | Black sand, coral, |--...--- Stylaster cancellatus, S, gem-
lands, 52°06’ N., 171°45’ rocky. mascens alaskanus, Allo-
Ww. pora campyleca, A. polu-
orchis, A. moseleyana lepto-
styla, Cryptohelia tropho-
stega, Errinopora zarhyncha,
| Distichopora borealis.
3599 | Bering Sea, N. of Rat Is- 55 | Rocky, fine sand, |-------- Allopora campyleca, Errino-
lands, 52°05’ N., 177°40’ E. shells. pora nanneca.
4230 | Behm Canal, Alaska_..----|240-108 | Rocky-------------- 42.4 | Allopora campyleca.
4245 | Kasaan Bay, Prince of | 95-98 | Dark-green mud, 48.9 | Allopora campyleca paragea.
WalesIsland, SE, Alaska. sand, shells, rocks.
4302 | Off Shakan, Summer Strait, |212-169 | Blue mud_---------- 44.2 | Allopora campyleca.
SE. Alaska.
4777 | Petrel Bank, Bering Sea, | 52-43 | Fine gravel (coarse | Sheen Allopora brochi, A. stejnegeri,
62°11’ N., 179°49’ E. pebbles). A. verrilli, Errinopora nan-
| meca.
4781 | Off Agattu Island, 52°14/30’” 482 | Fine gray sand, peb- 38.6 | Stylaster elassotomus,
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 499
species as Dr. Broch has done. The inherent difficulty of allocating an
annectant species to either Allopora or Stylaster is in no wise lessened
when these groups are regarded as subgenera of an expanded Stylaster,
although possibly one’s sense of responsibility is a trifle lulled.
These remarks concern a point of view on a matter of usage. They
are in no way intended as a criticism of Dr. Broch’s truly epoch-
making paper. It ranks with Moseley’s classic as a standard work
absolutely indispensable to future students.
I am, however, unable to agree with Dr. Broch in the matter of his
new name Eustylaster for the subgenus Stylaster, sensu stricto. In the
subdivision of a genus it seems to me to be axiomatic that the section
that includes the original type species should retain the original
generic designation.
STYLASTER ELASSOTOMUS, new species
Prats 41, Figure 3; Puate 42, Ficures 1-1c; Puats 49, Fieurn 1
Diagnosis.—Colony small, arborescent, not profuse, branching pre-
dominantly in one general plane; cyclosystems resembling those of
A. campyleca iylota but with still shorter and very shallow dactylo-
tomes; mouth of the dactylopore at extreme margin of the cyclosys-
tem; dactylotome very short and shallow (pl. 42, fig. 1b). Type
colony 60 mm high, 50 mm broad.
Description —The colony is of the Stylaster type. There are no
sions of coalescence of neighboring branches. The front of the colony
is shown by plate 49, figure 1. The opposite side is devoid of cyclo-
systems, but there are a few male ampullae near the ends of the
branches.
The cyclosystems are notable for the small size of the numerous
dactylotomes (10 to 17) and the short distance they encroach verti-
cally upon the gastropore wall. The vertical pores are relatively
larger than in A. tylota, and the dactylostyle is usually conspicuous,
although not always so much so as shown by the figure, which repre-
sents its maximum development. The gastropore is deep and nor-
mally curved; style slender, the style chamber differentiated by the
presence of slender spicules protruding into its lumen in sharp contrast
to the smooth walls of the pore above it. Diameter of cyclosystem 1
to 1.2mm; depth of gastropore about 2 mm; gastrostyle 0.4 to 0.5 mm.
The male ampullae are scattered on the branches and are not nu-
merous. They form low convex blisters, their surface being rougher
and more porous than that of the surrounding coenosteum. Inner
wall coarsely but not deeply fenestrated. Diameter of interior, which
is oblate-spherical, 0.35 to 0.45 mm. Female ampullae not known.
The coenosteum is compact and hard, but the surface of trunk and
base of branches is rougher than in A. tylota, being raised in low
500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
vermiculations in the hollows of which are microscopic pores. On the
smoother branches these pores appear as irregular, short sometimes
branched slits, indicated in the drawing (pl. 42, fig. 1c). Other pores,
about the size of the ordinary dactylopores, are scattered without
order over the coenosteum.
Color of dried colony very pale buff, bleaching to white in hypo-
chlorite solution. A second fragment is flushed with pale pink.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43268.
Type locality —Station 4781, off Agattu Island, Aleutian Islands,
lat. 52° 14’ 30’ N., long. 174° 13’ E., 482 fathoms, fine gray sand,
pebbles; bottom temperature 38.6° F.
Specimens examined.—The type colony and a fragment 50 mm long.
Remarks.—The structure of the colony resembles that of a specimen
of Stylaster profundiporus Broch from Sagami Bay, Japan, but the
likeness ends there. In profundiporus the dactylotomes are radially
as long as the width of gastropore, which does not flare, trumpetlike,
at the mouth. The dactylotomes cut deep in the wall of gastropore,
and the itervening ridges between the dactylotomes are prominently
decurrent on the sides of gastropore, as in Allopora campyleca trachy-
stoma.
STYLASTER GEMMASCENS ALASKANUS, new subspecies
Puars 47; Puare 48; Puate 54, Ficure 2
Diagnosis—Differing from S. gemmascens (Esper)? of the north
Atlantic in the form of the prominent ampullae, which have an uneven
rugose surface as if the wall were shrunk; and in the surface of coenos-
teum, which is thorny or traversed by fine ridges, sometimes decurrent
from rim of cyclosystems. Colony flattened with a definite front and
back, the majority of cyclosystems being on sides of branchlets, often
at an angle so that the inner dactylotomes are destroyed or suppressed.
Description.—The characteristic form and posture of the cyclosys-
tems are indicated by the figures (pls. 47, 48). The gastropore is
usually funnel-shaped, broad at top, very narrow at bottom. There is
a differentiated style chamber the top of which is marked by tiny
spicules at about midheight of the slender spiculate gastrostyle.
The upper flaring chamber of gastropore is about as deep as width of
cyclosystem, or a little less. On the outside of the calyxlike cyclo-
systems are delicate decurrent ridges like the costae of madreporarian
corals. These correspond to the septa between the dactylotomes.
The cyclosystems are usually asymmetrical in various ways. The
greatest diameter measures 1 to 2 mm. Dactylopores 10 to 18,
usually about 12; dactylotomes cut rather deep on sides of gastropore;
gastrostyle very delicate, slender, inconspicuous, less than half as
long as the gastropore axis.
1 Broch, 1914, p. 8, pl. 1, figs. 4-7; pl. 2, fig. 16; p]. 3, figs. 21, 30; pl. 4, figs. 32, 33.
*
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 501
The ampullae are characteristic. The probable male ampullae are
about 0.75 mm in diameter, about the same height, and the base is
sometimes slightly constricted. The surface is very uneven (pl. 54,
fig. 2; pl. 47; pl. 48, fig. 2). The probable female ampullae (pl. 47,
fig. 3; pl. 48, fig. 1) are 1 mm in diameter. The surface is uneven,
subrugose but less so than in the male, and there are no irregular
protuberances such as usually characterize the male ampullae.
Coenosteum is of coarse texture. Surface of male fragments (e. g.,
pl. 48, fig. 2) is covered with unequal, compound, thorny outgrowths
of very many different forms and sizes. These may form narrow,
mostly longitudinal ridges on the face of colony, and also decurrent
from the rim of cyclosystems. The surface of the female colony
(pl. 47, fig. 3) is smoother, but on the peripheral branchlets are
conspicuous smooth spiny outgrowths, sometimes extensions of septa
of cyclosystems, sometimes independent.
Color of dried colony white or buffy white.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43269.
Type locality—Station 3480, Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands, 283
fathoms, black sand, rocky.
Specimens ecamined.—Four fragments, three of which, including the
type, are believed to be male and probably from the same colony; one
believed to be female.
Remarks.—Stylaster gemmascens is recorded from such widely scat-
tered localities as Indian Ocean (Milne Edwards and Haime), vicinity
of Sulu Islands, 540 meters (Hickson and England), off Norway (G. O.
Sars, Broch, and others). I have examined specimens from Trondh-
jemsfjord, kindly supplied by the Riksmuseum, Stockholm, through
Dr. Sixten Bock. The United States National Museum possesses
specimens from Norway (no. 15275). Now the species turns up
along the Aleutian Islands, where the bottom water at 283 fathoms
may be estimated, from readings at other stations, as between 37°
and 38° F.
There is no precise information on the type specimen said to be in
the Berlin Museum. Probably the Siboga specimen from off the
Sulu Islands is very nearly typical, but Hickson and England (1905, p.
13) give no information on the ampullae. The north Atlantic speci-
mens frequently have tubercles or blunt spines on the ampullae, but
the walls are not strongly wrinkled as if badly shrunk, nor is the am-
pulla itself so prominent. So far as I can ascertain the surface of the
coenosteum is not finely echinate or ridged as in the Alaskan form,
Quite apart from the improbability that a specific stock common to
the north Pacific, north Atlantic, and tropical East Indies would be
uniform, the fact remains that it is not homogeneous. Whether it is
advisable to recognize geographical races depends upon viewpoint and
whether implications of zoogeography are to be seriously regarded.
3936—38
9
“
502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
To state that the same species inhabits both the tropical East Indies
and southern Bering Sea implies something vastly different from the
statement that each region is occupied by a distinct race of the same
species.
Stylaster eximius forma minor Hickson and England (1905, p. 11,
pl. 1, figs. 7, 8) has been reported by Dr. Broch (1936, p. 22, fig. 3; pl.
1, fig. 3) from 1,076 meters, Okhotsk Sea. Dr. Broch’s specimen
differs from alaskanus, inter alia, in having a much shallower gastro-
pore and a proportionately longer gastrostyle (Broch, 1936, fig. 3b).
The style chamber is apparently not well differentiated. S.g. alaskanus
has a much sturdier build and a rougher surface than minor, as indi-
cated by figures of the type. All the Siboga specimens were taken in
warm shallow water of the East Indies. It seems to me doubtful
that this race would occur in the extremely cold water of Okhotsk Sea.
At all events Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus is widely different from
typical S. extmrus minor.
STYLASTER CANCELLATUS, new species
PuaTE 35, Figures 2—2c; PLatE 39; PLatE 40
Diagnosis.—Superficially resembling Allopora polyorchis but differ-
ing in its more delicate structure and its more freely anastomosing
branches and branchlets devoid of spiny outgrowths; by its shallower
and consistently funnel-shaped gastropores; and by the subspherical
lumpy or corrugated female ampuilae. Cyclosystems few on ex-
posed surface of colony but relegated to lateral, protected face of
branchlets.
Description.—As compared to polyorchis there are very few cyclo-
systems on exposed surfaces; rather they are crowded on the protected
lateral face of the branchlets (pl. 39). These branches anastomose
more freely than in polyorchis and the very irregular intervals of the
net are often extremely narrow.
The gastropores average a little shallower than those of polyorchis,
and the form is more often funnel-shaped (pl. 35, figs. 2, 26, 2c) than
the tubular form of polyorchis (pl. 35, fig. 1d). Where the branchlets
are crowded and crooked the cyclosystems are quite asymmetrical
in all sorts of ways. Asin polyorchis, two or three gastropores may be
surrounded by a series of dactylotomes, and in these (as well as in
single distorted cyclosystems) the gastrostyle is likely to be thicker
than in the normal symmetrical ones. From the branchlets that
anastomose and form the net grow out very numerous short irregular
twigs, which do not join another branch but help to fill in the avail-
able space between the already crowded branchlets. The terminal
cyclosystem of such a twig is deeper and more symmetrical than the
laterals usually are (pl. 35, fig. 26).
2
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 503
The male ampullae are small, rounded-subconical, and densely
crowded on both front and back of the branchlets, and overflow upon
parts of the front of the principal stems; diameter 0.4 to 0.5 mm.
The female ampullae are more spherical than in polyorchis and more
decidedly rugose. The walls are deeply grooved, or the grooves are
interrupted to form short irregular knobs connected by low ridges.
The base of the ampulla is constricted, the wall thin, and the inner
surface porous but not deeply fenestrated. Diameter of a female
ampulla 0.75 to 0.85 mm, usually the latter.
Coenosteum smooth, hard, not appreciably different from that of
polyorchis in texture. There are no thorny outgrowths.
Color pale buff, becoming pinkish buff after cleaning with sodium
hypochlorite.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43267.
Type locality—Station 3480, Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands, lat.
52° 06’ N., long. 171° 45’ W., 283 fathoms, black sand, rocky.
Specimens examined.—The type (fragment of female colony), the
paratype, and two other fragments of a male colony.
Remarks.—This species has been contrasted with Allopora poly-
orchis since the two were taken at the same station and in early stages
of my study were confused. However, polyorchis belongs to Allopora
according to the standards now used to discriminate the group,
whether as a genus or subgenus; cancellatus is very definitely not a
form of S. erimius; nor do I believe it can be brigaded with S. gem-
Mascens,
Genus ALLOPORA Ehrenberg
Allopora ExRENBERG, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1832, pp. 303, 371, 1834 (type:
Allopora oculina Ehrenberg).
Stylantheca Fisner, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8, p. 395, 1931 (type:
Stylantheca porphyra Fisher).
ALLOPORA POLYORCHIS, new species
PLaTE 35, Figures 1-1d; PLATE 37; PLaTe 38
Diagnosis—Colony large, flabellate, with robust anastomosing
main stems, and very numerous irregular branches, some of which
coalesce with neighbors, the very irregular interspaces being narrower
than the branchlets. Cyclosystems crowded, often confluent on
sides of branches, numerous but spaced on front, sparse on back.
Cyclosystems resembling those of A. campyleca but smaller, the gas-
tropores generally straight on exposed front and back of colony and
style chamber differentiated by a circlet of spicules; female ampullae
with slightly rugose walls.
Description —For form of colony, see plate 37. Its greatest
breadth is 390 mm; height about 280 mm. Anterior and posterior
aspects well differentiated, the branchlets arising from anterolateral
504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
face of main stems; the latter densely beset on back with short thorns.
Both surfaces of branchlets crowded with small conical ampullae, but
cyclosystems mainly on front and lateral aspects of stems and
branches. Cyclosystems spaced 2 to 4 diameters apart on front of
colony while on lateral aspect of branchlets they are crowded, often
irregular, and sometimes confluent.
Cyclosystems slightly smaller than in A. campyleca, with usually
8 to 12 deep but not very long dactylotomes, fairly conspicuous
dactylopores, and small dactylostyles. Gastropore often shallower
than in campyleca and frequently not curved (though often set
obliquely on the branchlets), so that the slender to moderately robust
style can be seen surrounded by a series of delicate spicules projecting
downward from the pore wall (pl. 35, figs. la, 1d). These slender
spicules are not regularly present in campyleca, which thus does not
have a sharply differentiated style chamber. Diameter of cyclo-
systems 0.75 to 1 mm; depth of gastropore about 0.8 to 1 mm;
gastrostyle, 0.4 to 0.5 mm.
On the lateral faces of the branchlets the cyclosystems are often
asymmetrical and broader than on the front. Sometimes two or
three cyclosystems merge in such a way that a series of dactylotomes
surrounds a depression at the bottom of which are two to four funnel-
shaped gastropores (pl. 35, fig. 1c) or two separate styles may occupy
the bottom of a gastropore.
Male ampullae similar to those of campyleca, very numerous, small,
conical. The dorsal wall is thin and the cavity is 0.25 to 0.35 mm in
diameter, its surface deeply pitted, sometimes rough. Female am-
pullae: The only fragment I feel any confidence in assigning to this
form has scattered hemispherical ampullae with uneven wall as if the
contents had shrunk (pl. 35, fig. 16); diameter, 0.85 mm to 0.9 mm.
The coenosteum is closely similar to that of campyleca. In less
exposed portions the surface becomes rougher and more porous. The
main stems of type are very thorny.
Color, pale buff, usually becoming pale pinkish after cleaning with
sodium hypochlorite.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43266.
Type locality —Station 3480, Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands, lat.
52° 06’ N., long. 171° 45’ W., 283 fathoms, black sand, rocky.
Specimen examined.—The type and numerous fragments, not all
of which are broken from the type colony.
Remarks.—A. polyorchis comes near to falling in Stylaster, in the
vicinity of S. cancellatus,as the cyclosystems are crowded in series on
the lateral face of the branches so closely as to be frequently con-
fluent. But other cyclosystems, generally smaller than these lateral
ones, are numerous on the front of the colony, though seldom con-
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 505
tiguous. This peculiarity of the lateral cyclosystems is not found in
campyleca or any of its subspecies.
The cyclosystems of polyorchis, except some of the distorted lateral
ones, are smaller than in campyleca, with a gastropore that is usually
straight where the coenosteum is thick enough to allow it. The septa
between dactylotomes are not continued as decurrent ridges down
the sides of the gastropore asin the case of campyleca. In campyleca
the gastropores on small branchlets remain deep and curved, and
appear never to assume the form shown by plate 35, figures 1c and 1d.
The style chamber is definitely differentiated in polyorchis. The
female ampullae are slightly wrinkled (pl. 35, fig. 10).
The style chamber is fairly well developed in A. campyleca paragea,
but its cyclosystems are smaller, especially those of the lateral aspect
of the branchlets, and they are not at all crowded after the manner
of polyorchis. The male ampullae are not so prominent and pointed-
conical as in polyorchis, nor are the female ampullae wrinkled.
ALLO?PORA CAMPYLECA, new species
Puate 34; Puats 36
Diagnosis —Colony large, subflabeliform, with anastomosing
branches; color very pale buff; cyclosystems prominent, projecting,
mostly on one face of colony; dactylopores 8 to 15, narrow; length of
dactylotome about one-third diameter of cyclosystem; dactylostyle
very small, scarcely emerging above inner lip of pore; gastropore deep,
narrow, curved; gastrostyle slender, sharp; ampullae very numerous,
superficial, forming blisterlike convexities, those of male colonies about
the diameter of gastropore; those of female colonies about the diam-
eter of medium-sized cyclosystems.
Description.—Colony large, subfiabelliform, with massive branches,
which may anastomose ot base of colony; branchlets often abruptly
smaller than main branches, slightly flattened, irregular, with cyclo-
systems irregularly along sides, as well as on the front. On the more
convex posterior face of branches and branchlets there are but few
cyclosystems, although the pustulate ampullae encroach upon the
posterior surface of branchlets. The type fragment, which is evi-
dently only a part of a larger colony, is 180 mm by 90 mm, the main
stem being 25 mm in diameter.
The cyclosystems are subcircular but vary to broadly elliptical,
especially on sides of peripheral branchlets, and are abruptly raised
above the general surface of the coenosteum from one-third to one-
half the diameter of the system—occasionally even more on peripheral
branchlets. Dactyletomes 8 to 15, commonly 9 or 10, narrow, with
subparallel sides, the radial dimension usually a little less than a third
506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 84
of total diameter of system; ridges between dactylotomes decurrent
on sides of gastropore. Dactylostyle very small and as a rule not
extending above the mouth of the slit as seen on side of gastropore.
Gastropore deep and characteristically slightly curved, so that the
slender style at the bottom is generally completely hidden when the
cyclosystem is viewed directly from above (pl. 34, figs. 1,16). Diam-
eter of a cyclosystem 1 to 1.3 mm; depth 2 to 2.6 mm. Gastrostyle
0.5 to 0.6 mm long. In male colonies the gastrostyle is likely to be
much slenderer (pl. 34, fig. le) than in female colonies (pl. 34, figs.
If, 19).
On the periphery of larger colonies, branchlets may become flat-
tened and cyclosystems distorted. Dactylotomes are commonly longer
on the distal side of such cyclosystems.
Male ampullae are ordinarily about the diameter of a gastropore;
low hemispherical to low subconical, the latter when crowded. They
occur on all sides of the branchlets although more numerously on
front and back; but they are very scarce on the back of the main
stems. Female ampullae are nearly or quite as broad as the cyclo-
systems and hemispherical in form. The dome-shaped roof is thin,
typically quite smooth. The subspherical interior presents a fenes-
trated surface. The smaller branches of female colonies, with their
cyclosystems protruding from among the blisterlike ampullae, suggest
Stenohelia (pl. 34, fig. 1d).
The coenosteum is hard, but the surface is microscopically uneven
and porous, the pores being in the bottom of sinuous anastomosing
microscopic depressions and are best seen on the younger parts of
colony. On some of the peripheral parts of the colony, especially
the back and sides of branches, but without any uniformity of occur-
rence, there are scattered tiny papilliform protuberances. Certain
others, similar in size, have a definite central pore, representing per-
haps secondary dactylopores. The paucity of their numbers suggests
their unimportance to the colony.
Color of dried colony, light buff to ochraceous-buff (Ridgway’s no-
menclature); when cleaned with sodium hypochlorite the coenosteum
becomes dull white, sometimes with a suggestion of very pale pink.
Type —U.S.N.M. no. 42870 (fragment of male colony).
Type locality—Albatross station 3480, Amukta Pass, Aleutian
Islands, lat. 52° 06’ N., long. 171° 45’ W., 283 fathoms, black sand,
rocky.
Specimens examined.—Numerous fragments (male and female) from
the type locality. Also from station 2852, 2 small specimens; station
2858, 3 small specimens, not typical; station 3599, 5 small fragments;
station 4230, small fragment; station 4302, small fragment.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PAOIFIC—-FISHER 507
ALLOPORA CAMPYLECA PARAGEA, new subspecies
Puats 41, Ficures 1-ld; Puats 43
Stylaster (Allopora) boreopacificus forma typica BRocH (in part), Untersuchungen
an Stylasteriden, p. 56, fig. 17, c, d, pl. 8, pl. 9, pl. 10, figs. 24, 25, 1936.
Diagnosis —Differing from boreopacifica of Japanese Sea in having
much deeper gastropores, at the bottom of which is a differentiated
style chamber, the dorsal orifice of which (at about midheight of the
style) is generally bordered by spicules. Differing from campyleca
in having smaller cyclosystems with 5 to 11, usually 7 or 8, dactylo-
tomes; the narrow often curved gastropore typically flares slightly,
trumpetwise, at the mouth.
Description.—The principal colony forms are as follows: a, Com-
pressed arborescent, such as the male type specimen and a small
female fragment from station 4245; 6, flabelliform, with thick main
trunks and slender twigs, as the colonies figured by Broch, and the
very imperfect large specimen labeled ‘Alaska’; c, flabelliform, with
broad main stems and short, thick, flattened branches, represented by
a small female colony from Sitka. The photograph gives a fair idea
of the habit of the type specimen. Although the whole colony is
flattened and hence subflabellate, it is a flattened bush, since the
branchlets form several layers, one behind the other, without any
coalescence. There is a well-marked front and back, the cyclosystems
being scarce on the back of the main stems and large branches.
Height of colony 130 mm, greatest width about 125 mm, but it was
much larger before the branches were broken; maximum front to back
extent toward periphery about 60 mm; diameter of main trunk at
base about 25 mm, of peripheral branchlets about 1.5 to 2 mm.
Cyclosystems average a trifle broader than in typical boreopacifica
and measure 0.6 to 0.85 mm in diameter. They are hence narrower
than in campyleca. They project slightly above the surface; are
widely scattered on front of larger branches; are more numerous on
the branchlets, especially on the lateral faces, but are nowhere crowded.
Gastropore often rather flaring at mouth, below which it narrows, and
is normally deep and slightly curved, narrowing toward the bottom,
where the style chamber is slightly better differentiated than in
campyleca. Gastrostyle medium slender, lanceolate in profile, sharp,
about 0.5mm long. As may be seen from the figures, the 5 to 9 or 10
dactylotomes are rather short, owing to the usually flaring gastrostome,
on the sides of which the slits cut about as deeply as their length seen
from above. The dactylopore is small, deep. In many systems the
dactylostyle is rudimentary; in others it is fairly well developed, but
does not extend above mouth of pore proper.
When the cyclosystem of the branchlets is viewed directly from
above, the gastrostyle is hidden by the curvature of the gastropore,
but on the larger branches the style can usually be seen.
508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
The male ampullae are scattered irregularly on branchlets, between
cyclosystems, and are similar to those of campyleca. As noted above
there is a female colony (60 by 40 mm) with thickened branches
(Sitka), and one 75 by 55 mm with slender branches mostly in one
plane (station 4245). The female ampullae are hemispherical, smooth,
and slightly larger than the largest cyclosystems, but the wall is ob-
viously thicker than in campyleca and the chamber relatively smaller
as a consequence. Diameter of an average female ampulla of campy-
leca 1.1 mm; thickness of wall 0.05 to 0.06 mm. In paragea the same
dimensions are 0.85 to 1 mm, and 0.14 mm. The interior is pitted
but there are no spicules.
The coenosteum is hard and the surface smooth. Under strong
magnification it shows the characteristic vermiculations—low ridges
and anastomosing microscopic grooves between them. Surface not
porous after cleaning with sodium hypochlorite. There are scattered
small dactylopores penetrating the coenosteum, often at the apex of a
low elevation.
Color of dried colony creamy white (type), pale buff (Sitka, station
4245); pale pink (‘‘Alaska’’).
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 42871.
Type locality—-Near Juneau, Alaska (Tenakee Springs), Depth
and bottom not recorded. Specimen obtained by Dr. Willis H. Rich,
of Stanford University.
Specimens examined—In addition to the type, the following:
Station 4245, 1 specimen, female; Sitka, Alaska, shrimp dredge, E. F.
Ricketts, 1932, 1 specimen, female; Alaska, basal portion of large
male colony and fragments of female colony; Alaska, Hans Jensen, 1
male specimen loaned by Dr. Hjalmar Broch (1936, p. 56).
Distribution.—Southeastern Alaska, Yakutat to Prince of Wales
Island, in probably fairly shallow water to 95 fathoms.
Remarks.—This seems to be a southern shallow-water race of
campyleca. The latter has been taken in deep water in southeast
Alaska, but the specimens, though not typical, are nearer campyleca
than paragea.
As I include all Dr. Broch’s Alaskan specimens of boreopacifica
forma typica in paragea, I should explain that I believe paragea has a
different lineage from true boreopacifica, as exemplified by the type from
St. Olga Bay, northeast of Vladivostok, Japan Sea. This conclusion
is strengthened by a study of a form of boreopacifica from very cold
water of Okhotsk Sea, recorded in this paper. The resemblance be-
tween paragea and boreopacifica is therefore fortuitous and in my
opinion does not indicate very close relationship.
The gastropore in paragea, while somewhat variable in depth, is at
least twice as deep as the length of the gastrostyle, and usually even
+
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 509
deeper, measured to the rim of the gastrostome as shown in the draw-
ing (pl. 41, fig. 16). Dr. Broch’s drawing of the type of boreopacifica
(1936, p. 57, fig. 17b) indicates a much shallower gastropore with a
narrower mouth. His drawings of his Alaskan specimens (fig. 17¢, d)
indicate that the cyclosystem is broader than in the Asiatic type (fig.
17a). A good character of paragea is the slight expansion of the bot-
tom of the gastropore to form a style chamber (pl. 41, fig. 1c). There
are usually small spicules on the ridge marking the transition between
this chamber and the pore above. In specimens cleaned with sodium
hypochlorite (as for example the specimen from Alaska, Hans Jensen,
listed by Dr. Broch and very kindly loaned for examination) these tiny
spicules can be seen jutting from the wall, deep within the gastropore.
No specialized style chamber is shown in Dr. Broch’s drawings nor
exists in the Okhotsk Sea form of boreopacifica. (See also Broch, 1932,
fig. 2d.)
ALLOPORA CAMPYLECA TYLOTA, new subspecies
PuaTE 41, Figures 2—-2e
Diagnosis.—Diflering from
FIYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 513
The coenosteum, when cleaned, is hard, compact, smooth, lustrous,
and without the microscopic pores of Allopora campyleca, although
on the branchlets the surface shows irregular low, vermiculate, anas-
tomosing ridges, rather pronounced near the cyclosystems. ‘There are
scattered, granuliform protuberances, especially on the smaller
branches. Small pores about the size of a dactylopore, or smaller, are
widely scattered between the cyclosystems (pl. 53, fig. 1, 6, p).
Color of dried colony grayish white; when cleaned with sodium
hypochlorite the coenosteum changes to pinkish white.
Type-—U.S.N.M. no. 42869.
Type locality.—Station 4781, Bering Sea near Agattu Island, lat.
52° 14’ 30” N., long. 174° 13’ E., 482 fathoms, fine gray sand and
pebbles; bottom temperature 38.6° F.
Specimens examined—The type in several fragments. Also from
station 3480, 7 fragments (2 male, from 2 colonies; 5 female, from
possibly as many different colonies).
Remarks.—Through the cooperation of Dr. Broch I have been able
to compare the type of moseleyana with the cotype of Allopora scabiosa
(Broch). The two species are probably rather closely related but
perfectly distinct. In scabiosa the surface of the coenosteum, when
carefully cleaned, is not glossy or so close-grained as in moseleyana,
nor are the cyclosystems so protuberant. In scabiosa there is not a
sharply differentiated style chamber at the bottom of the gastropore,
nor are there spicules protuberant from the wall at about midheight
of the gastrostyle as in both forma moseleyana and forma leptostyla.
The style of scabiosa is much slenderer than in typical moscleyana but
not slenderer than in forma leptostyla (which, however, has a well-
developed style chamber, if anything more spiculate than that of forma
moseleyana). The gastropore of scabiosa is usually slightly curved,
and is more funnel-shaped than cylindrical.
In the specimens of scabiosa the female ampullae are convex to the
same degree as in moseleyana. The male ampullae are also superficial
and convex, but they seem never to carry the tubercle or tubercles
which characterize those of moseleyana.
I have seen a colony of Allopora norvegica (Gunnerus) from Trond-
jhemsfjord, Norway, which has a lustrous, hard, whitish coenosteum
like that of moseleyana. A young male colony of the latter species
greatly resembles this Trondjhemsfjord example in form of colony
and distribution of cyclosystems. But in A. norvegica there are 4 to 9,
usually 5 to 7, dactylotomes, which cut much deeper into the side of
the gastropore. The gastrostyle is broad, blunt, sometimes sub-
hemispherical. The ampullae are imbedded in the branches and do
not form conspicuous superficial convexities.
The architecture of the type of moseleyana resembles that of Allo-
pora profunda Moseley from 600 fathoms off the mouth of Rio de
514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 84
La Plata. In Moseley’s species there are 12 to 16 dactylotomes,
while the gastrostyle is much slenderer and shorter than in moseleyana.
According to Moseley’s figure (Moseley, 1879, pl. 39; also pl. 35, fig.
13) the style in length equals about one-fifth the depth of the gastro-
pore. In profunda the ampullae are much smalier and “are usually
entirely sunk beneath the surface, but sometimes near enough to it in
situation to raise upon it very small conical elevations, which easily
escape notice, and are present only here and there. The ampullae
are present in abundance in the walls of the pore systems and at their
bases.”
This species is named in memory of H. N. Moseley.
ALLOPORA MOSELEYANA forma LEPTOSTYLA, new
Puate 52
Diagnosis.—Diflering from A. moseleyana in having a distinctly
slenderer gastrostyle, which does not crowd the style chamber, and
in having male ampullae, which form smaller superficial blisters.
Description —There are two fragments of large branches, which
indicate that this form grows to a considerable size. The type
(pl. 52, fig. 2) is apparently a young colony.
The form of the cyclosystems does not differ materially from that
of moseleyana. Dactylopores 7 to 12; dactylotomes radially as in
moseleyana; gastrostome often slightly constricted. Gastropore
averages a little shallower than in forma moseleyana. Style chamber
well differentiated. The gastrostyle is about 0.5 mm. long, slender,
ceylindrical-lanceolate in lateral profile. Diameter of cyclosystems
0.75 to 0.95 mm; depth of gastropore 1 to 1.2 mm. On each of two
truncated branch-ends caused by fracture, two cyclosystems have
regenerated.
Male ampullae (pl. 52, fig. 1) small, forming low conical protuber-
ances, the width of which is less than that of cavity of ampulla (0.5
mm). Interior wall as in moseleyana. Female ampullae like those
of moseleyana (pl. 52, fig. 3).
Color of dried colony very pale buff, bleaching to white in sodium
hypochlorite solution.
Type—U.S.N.M. no. 43270.
Type locality —Station 3480, Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands, lat.
52° 06’ N., long. 171° 45’ W., 283 fathoms, black sand, rocky.
Specimens examined—From type locality: Type and parts of 2
other male colonies; 4 fragments of at least 2 female colonies.
Remarks.—This form appears to be a variant of moseleyana, as
indicated. When the extraordinary number of species and sub-
species dredged at station 3480 is taken into consideration, the question
of hybridism is sure to arise; but there is absolutely no information
upon which to base an answer.
ee
~
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—-FISHER 515
ALLOPORA SCABIOSA (Broch)
PuatEe 76, Figures 7, 8
Stylaster scabiosa Brocu, Hinige Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen) der ochotskischen
und japanischen See, p. 60, 1935.
Stylaster (Allopora) scabiosa Brocu, Untersuchungen an Stylasteriden, p. 72,
fig. 24, pl. 12, figs. 32, 33, 1936.
Diagnosis.—Color red to pale warm pink; colony slenderly built,
branching mostly in one plane; cyclosystems on all sides of peripheral
branchlets; back of principal branches and stem almost without cyclo-
systems. Dactylotomes 7 to 15, mostly 8 to 11, cutting rather deep
on side of gastropore, the sides parallel as viewed from above; gastro-
pore about as deep as in moseleyana, but often slightly curved, more
funnel shaped, with a less definitely differentiated style chamber; style
slender.
Type locality Okhotsk Sea, lat. 54° 53’ N., long. 144° E., 505
meters, bottom temperature 1.44° C.
Specimens examined.—Three fragments (cotypes).
Remarks.—In general habit this species is superficially like S. nerve-
gicus pacificus but differs in having a more open funnel-shaped gastro-
pore, smaller gastrostyle, more numerous dactylopores, and super-
ficial ampullae. In the three fragments of the cotype sent me by
Dr. Broch, the ampullae are in two distinct sizes. The larger, which
I would call female, are low-convex, much lower than broad, and of
about the diameter ot a cyclosystem. They are very numerous on a
dichotomously branched twig 20 by 36 mm. Two other branchlets
have what I should call “male” ampullae, only half the size of the
“female.” These are nearly as prominent as in A. moseleyana and
are similar in character to ampullae called ‘male’ in other species,
e. g., S. cancellatus, A. polyorchis.
Dr. Broch describes, however, only male gonophores. Whether
these came from both sorts of ampullae or only the larger ones is
not clear. Perhaps the use of the term male and female is ill-advised
for material that is, oftener than not, dried. In Cryptohelia the larger
ampullae are known to hold planulae. The small ampuliae, called
male, are not immature stages of the large ones, called female, since
they frequently differ in form. They sometimes, as in moseleyana,
are perforated as if for escape of sperm.
For a full description of A. scabiosa, Dr. Broch’s paper should be
consulted. He sums up the systematic position of scabiosa as follows:
“Stylaster scabiosa exhibits great similarity to a lightly built Sty-
laster norvegicus and in certain respects occupies an intermediate posi-
tion between the latter and S. boreopacificus, but differs from both in
having a much higher dactylopore count.”
516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
ALLOPORA SOLIDA (Broch)
PuaTE 76, Fraures 1, 2
Stylaster solidus Brocu, Hinige Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen) der ochotskischen
und japanischen See, p. 60, 1935.
Stylaster (Allopora) solidus Brocu, Untersuchungen an Stylasteriden, p. 68,
fig. 22, pl. 9, fig. 30, 1936.
Diagnosis.—Branches coarse, subterete, with slightly raised, well-
spaced cyclosystems on all sides; no differentiated front and back;
cyclosystems with 4 to 9, mostly 5 to 7, narrow dactylotomes, very
shallow at gastropore end; gastropore very narrow, cylindrical, some-
times slightly curved, but usually oriented perpendicular to surface;
Gastrostyle large, but only medium stout, and tapered regularly from
base to a sharp point, its length half to two-thirds depth of gastro-
pore; no differentiated style chamber; ampullae only slightly convex,
not rugose.
Description.—The cyclosystems are very characteristic in having
narrow dactylotomes, with parallel sides, as long as width of gastro-
stome and shallowly cut at inner end. The angular septa between the
dactylotomes may slightly overhang the gastropore as in stejnegeri
and brochi. The dactylopore proper is large and provided with a
conspicuous style. When the cyclosystem is viewed directly from
above, the wall separating dactylopores from gastropore appears as a
definite ring (the top of which causes the shallow inner end of dac-
tylotome). The surface of gastropore is pitted and roughened by
irregular longitudinal ridges, but these are not decurrent from the
septa as in brochi. The gastrostyle is long-conical, rather slender, not
at all constricted at base, and ends in a sharp point. Diameter of
cyclosystem 0.9 to 1.15 mm. Depth of a sample gastropore 0.95 mm;
length of gastrostyle 0.6 mm, breadth at bottom 0.28 mm. The
gastrozooids are without tentacles (Broch).
The female ampullae cause only a slight swelling of the surface, as
in A. verrilli. This “roof” is 0.25 mm thick, the cavity 0.85 mm wide
by 0.5 mm high; its surface is rough with many delicate spicules.
The coenosteum is hard with the characteristic finely vermiculate
etching of the surface.
Color: Bright salmon pink to rose.
Type locality—Okhotsk Sea, lat. 56° 24’ N., long. 143° 18.5’ E.,
100 meters; temperature in 95 meters, 1.34° C.
Specimen examined.—A fragment of the type material, marked
cotype, loaned by Dr. Broch.
Remarks.— Apropos of the absence of gastrozooid tentacles in this
species, certain gastrozooids of A. porphyra lack tentacles apparently
as a normal though infrequent variation.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACiFIC—FISHER 7
A. brochi and A. stejnegeri, which have narrow cylindrical gastro-
pores, differ from A. solida in the different type of colony, the notice-
ably convex ampullae. A. stejnegeri has rugose ampullae and a much
smaller gastrostyle. A. brochi has deep-cut dactylotomes with de-
current ridges on sides of gastropore, a deeper, curved gastropore, and
relatively smaller gastrostyle.
A. solida differs from A. verrilli in its narrower gastropore, that of
verrilli being wider at mouth than the length of dactylotomes, and
funnel shaped, not cylindrical. Its dactylotomes are characteristically
constricted between dactylopore and gastropore as in A. californica.
ALLOPORA BROCHI, new species
PLATE 42, Figures 3-3d; Puate 44; Puats 45, Fiaure 1
Diagnosis —Colony buff pink, small, with robust blunt branches
produced in all directions, and without a definite front and back;
cyclosystems well spaced, protuberant, distributed on all surfaces;
differing from A. solida in the projecting cyclosystems, deeper gastro-
pore, deeper dactylotomes, and more conspicuous, low-convex am-
pullae.
Description.—The form of the colonies is typical of a heavily built
Allopora as the protuberant cyclosystems are about evenly distributed
on all sides of the thick branchlets, which are somewhat flattened or
compressed, with truncate and rounded ends. Type, 80 mm high;
50 mm greatest width.
The cyclosystems resemble those of trachystoma but are smaller,
and the septa do not encroach so much upon the gastrostome. The
dactylotomes, commonly 7 to 10 in number, are narrow and deep,
and the dactylopore is rather occluded, as indicated in plate 42,
figure 3. The gastropore is deep, narrow, curved as a rule, and of
nearly uniform width (pl. 42, fig. 3b). As in trachystoma the septa are
continued as low ridges far down the side of the pore, which is smooth,
except for a variable number of small, scattered spicules at the lower
end. This style chamber is not sharply differentiated from the part
above. The gastrostyle is medium slender, but sometimes a short
conical one is found as if it might be regenerating, although no injury
to the pore is apparent (pl. 42, fig. 3d). The gastrostyle, surrounded
by narrow, interrupted lacunae, may be traced into the coenosteum
for a distance equal to its own length. Diameter of cyclosystems
0.68 mm to 1.2 mm; depth of gastropore 1.8 mm to 2 mm; style,
0.5 to 0.6 mm.
The female ampullae are evenly low-convex, with a granulated
surface (pl. 42, figs. 3a and 30). The dorsal wall is rather thick, and
the inner surface is pitted and fenestrated but not spiculate. The
518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
ampullae are unevenly distributed on all surfaces; not crowded.
Diameter of ampullar chamber 0.6 mm to 0.9mm. Male unknown.
The surface of the coenosteum is minutely porous and has a granu-
lated appearance due to tiny vermiculations or interrupted irregular
ridges, the surface of which is closely beset with microscopic erystal-
like spicules, similar to those of trachystoma. There are rather
numerous scattered, tiny dactylopores.
Color buff pink, becoming pale pink after cleaning with sodium
hypochlorite.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43264.
Type locality.—Station 4777, Petrel Bank, Bering Sea, lat. 52° 11’
N., long. 179° 49’ E., 52 to 43 fathoms, fine gravel; 2 specimens.
Remarks.—A. brochi is not especially like solida except in having a
narrow gastropore and constricted gastrostome. This feature is found
also in trachystoma which is believed to be nearly related to A. campy-
leca. If the position of the ampullae is really significant, A. brochi
is quite definitely unlike solida. The growth habit of the two species
is different, solida having coarse, subterete, anastomosing branches
composing probably a very massive colony.
This species is named in honor of Dr. Hjalmar Broch, of Oslo,
Norway.
ALLOPORA STEJNEGERI, new species
Pate 42, Figures 2-20; Puate 56
Phagnosis.—Colony lobed, rather than branched; cyclosystems not
protuberant, fairly evenly spaced on all surfaces, with usually 6 to 8
nairow, clean-cut dactylotomes, a narrow, cylindrical moderately
deep gastropore, and relatively small gastrostyle; ampullee low-
convex, ridged or rugose superficially. Differing from A. solida in the
more prominent ampullae, deeper dactylotomes, and relatively smaller
gastrostyle, as well as in the form of colony and its rougher surface.
Description.—T ype colony with short, thick, irregular branches (pl.
56, fig. 2); greatest width 70 mm; height 40 to 60 mm, according to
angle of measurement.
The cyclosystems have long, narrow, sharply cut dactylotomes,
5 to 12, ordinarily 6 to 8, in number, the width being uniform, not
constricted adjacent to gastropore asin verrilli. The dactylostyles are
so small as to be rudimentary, whereas in verrilli they are well de-
veloped. The dactylotomes are shallower than in verrilli, where
they cut deep on the sides of gastropore. The gastropore is usually
slightly curved on the distal parts of the colony. Gastrostyle rather
small, loosely put together (pl. 42, fig. 26); no well-differentiated
style chamber. Diameter of large cyclosystem 1.2 mm; depth of
gastropore 1.5 mm.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 519
Female ampullae (pl. 42, fig. 2a; pl. 56, fig. 1): The convex surface
is thrown into rather sharp uneven ridges, or into irregular short
tubercles, or both. Sometimes the ridges radiate irregularly from
summit of convexity. Here and there are abruptly smaller ampullae,
which may be seen in the photograph (also pl. 42, fig. 2b). It cannot
be determined in the dry specimen, whether these are male ampullae
or undeveloped female. Male colony unknown.
Coenosteum close-grained, hard, smooth on the main limbs, but
on the branches roughened by low ridges and protuberances similar
to those of ampullae (pl. 56, fig. 1).
Color, pale warm pink (light grenadine pink or orange-pink of
Ridgway’s nomenclature).
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43271.
Type locality —Station 4777, Petrel Bank, Bering Sea, lat. 52° 11’
N., long. 179° 49’ E., 52-43 fathoms, fine gravel.
Specimens examined.—The type.
Remarks.—Allopora stejnegeri differs from all other species of red,
pink, or purplish Allopora in the character of the ampullar wall, which
is rugose, or ridged. The dactylotomes have clean-cut, sharp edges
and are of uniform width. The gastropore is narrow, fairly deep,
cylindrical.
This sharply differentiated Allopora is named in honor of Dr.
Leonhard Stejneger, of the United States National Museum, dean of
American taxcnomers.
ALLOPORA BOREOPACIFICA (Broch)
PiatE 53, Ficures 3-3b; Puats 55, Fiaure 2; Puate 76, Figures 9-11
Stylaster (Allopora) boreopacificus Brocu, Explor. des Mers d’URSS, fase.17 (1938),
Inst. Hydrologique Leningrad, pp. 82, 84, figs. 1, 2, 1932; Einige Stylas-
teriden (Hydrokorallen) der ochotskischen und japanischen See, p. 60, 1935.
Stylaster (Allopora) boreopacificus forma typica Brocu (in part), Untersuchungen
an Stylasteriden, p. 56, text fig. 17a, b, 1936; figs. 17c, d, and pls. 8-10 (figs.
24, 25 refer to A. campyleca paragea).
TDagnosis.—Cyclosystems small, with usually 5 and 6 (Okhotsk
Sea), or 7 and 8 (Gulf of Tartary), narrow dactylotomes about as long
as width of gastrostome; gastropore rather narrow, sometimes slightly
curved, 0.8 to 0.9 mm deep, cylindrical, without a style chamber;
gastrostyle slender, sharp, half as long as depth of gastropore; am-
pullae (female) conspicuous, slightly convex superficially, about
twice as broad as cyclosystem; coenosteum minutely perforated, pink.
Description ——The material does not conform absolutely to the
type specimen from St. Olga Bay, on the Asiatic coast at mouth of
Gulf of Tartary, but the deviations are no greater than may be
expected. Dr. Broch’s material from the type locality was limited
to 2 small fragment of the original specimen, a sketch of which appears
520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 84
in Broch, 1932 (fig. 1). This shows a colony 120 mm high, somewhat
flabellate in form, with heavy trunk and main branches, and numerous
branchlets, some of which are in one general plane while others are in
different planes. The Albatross material (1906) consists of small
clusters of branchlets and twig ends evidently broken from a large
colony (pl. 55, fig. 2).
Cyclosystems of branchlets very small, and frequently asymmetrical
or incomplete, as shown in plate 53, figure 3a. These may have the
lower rim of cyclosystem slightly raised while upper margin, with
incomplete or suppressed dactylopores, is flush with general surface.
Symmetrical systems have the rims raised about as much as in
pacifica. Dactylotomes 1 to 9, most commonly 5 and 6, propor-
tionately about as deep as in pacifica but distinctly narrow, while the
whole cyclosystem is smaller. Plate 53, figure 2, represents an
average cyclosystem of pacifica (0.8 mm). Dr. Broch records cycio-
system diameter of pacifica as high as 1.8 mm. Dactylostyle very
poorly developed, much less so than in pacifica. Gastropore narrow,
rather deep, sometimes slightly curved, or its axis oblique rather
than at right angles to surface, of about the same shape as in pacifica
and without a differentiated style chamber at the bottom. The pore
is thus nearly cylindrical and does not widen conspicuously at gas-
trostome. Style slender, its length about half depth of gastropore;
the latter is slightly deeper than in the type. The styles vary some-
what but are never robust as in typical pacifica. Diameter of cyclo-
system 0.5 to 0.75 mm; depth of gastropore 0.9 mm; length of
gastrostyle 0.4 to 0.5 mm.
In a male specimen certain of the cyclosystems have only 1, 2, or
3 dactylotomes.
Ampullae (female) low-convex, nearly or quite twice as broad as
adjacent cyclosystems, among which they may be as thickly placed
as the space will permit. The surface is smooth. Diameter outside
1.0 to 1.2 mm; of cavity 0.9 to 1.0 mm; height of cavity 0.6 mm;
convex roof 0.15 to 0.25 mm thick.
In contrast to pacifica the surface of ccenosteum is not lustrous and
is microscopically perforated, the perforations in the form of inter-
rupted, very irregular, often branched slits narrower than the inter-
vening trabeculae.
Color of dried colony: Pale pink; bright rose (Broch).
Type locality —St. Olga Bay, northeast of Vladivostok, mouth of
Gulf of Tartary, 100 meters, small stones.
Specimens examined.—Okhotsk Sea (stations 5016 and 5017)
numerous fragments. The bottom temperature of 29.8° F. is note-
worthy. Twenty-three stations in the southern part of Okhotsk Sea
made by the Albatross (1906) in 52 to 192 fathoms gave bottom
readings of 29.8° to 32.1° F.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 521
Remarks.—In the type of boreopacifica, dactylopores of 50 cyclo-
systems ranged as follows: 5 had 6 dactylopores; 17 had 7; 15 had 8;
8 had 9; 4 had 10; 1 had 11. Seven and 8 therefore occur most fre-
quently, whereas in the Okhotsk Sea specimens 5 and 6 are more
frequent than 7 and 8, and 3 and 4 occur on the smaller branchlets.
As the higher counts are found on the proximal parts of the fragments,
it is likely that a complete colony would show a higher percentage of
7 and 8.
This species has the smallest cyclosystems of any of the north
Pacific Alloporas.
ALLOPORA VERRILLI Dall
Puate 54, FiguRE 3; PLATE 57; PLATE 76, Fiaurss 5, 6
Allopora verrilli Datu, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 2, p. 111, 1884.—Fisurmr,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8, p. 391, 1931.
Allopora moseleyi Dau, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 2, p. 113, 1884.
Stylaster (Allopora) norvegicus forma pacifica Brocu (Strait of Georgia record),
Untersuchungen an Stylasteriden, p. 52, 19386.
Diagnosis.—Colony small, forming lumpy incrustations, broad-
lobed subflabellate upright masses, or little trees with robust to slender
branches (pl. 57, figs. 1-3). Cyclosystems medium-sized, with 4 to
11 fairly long, deep, subequal dactylotomes, constricted adjacent. to
gastropore, the sides of which slope inward toward the robust, pointed
style, which fills the bottom; gastropore not deep; dactylostyles well
developed. Male and female ampullae forming only slight con-
vexities of surface of coenosteum.
Description —The cyclosystems (1 to 1.25 mm in diameter) usually
have 6 or 7 (5 to 11) dactylotomes characteristically broader at the
outer end. ‘The finely spiculate dactylostyle is conspicuous, differing
therein from A. steynegeri and agreeing with A. californica. In some
cyclosystems the dactylotomes may be larger on one side (as in
californica) but this is not characteristic of the species. The gastro-
pore is also much like that of californica in that it is narrowly funnel-
shaped and is completely filled at bottom by the pointed style (pl. 54,
fig. 3). The surface of gastropore is very rough, with tiny blunt
protuberances.
The female ampullae are sunken in the coenosteum, the roof forming
only a slight superficial convexity. The chamber is subspherical,
about 0.75 mm in diameter. Its inner surface is rough but not
intricately fenestrated or spiculate like the interior of gastropore.
Some of but not all the male ampullae form slight superficial con-
vexities. The chamber is subspherical, 0.25 to 0.5 mm in diameter.
When thoroughly cleaned with sodium hypochlorite the suriace of
coenosteum presents a somewhat “sugary” appearance, more compact
at base of colony than at ends of branches. The surface is fairly
smooth, marked by fine vermiculations and perforated by microscopic
522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
pores. There is no sign of the numerous surface papillae characteristic
of californica, papillosa, and porphyra.
Color, dried, pale warm pink (orange-pink of Ridgway’s nomencla-
ture, becoming shrimp pink or safrano pink after treatment with
sodium hypochlorite).
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 4198.
Type locality — Chika Islands, Akutan Pass, Aleutian Islands (near
Unalaska).
Specimens eramined.—The types, 5 specimens that had been thrown
on beach. All are incrustations, chiefly on Mytilus shells and are
more or less beach-worn. The best specimen is figured (pl. 57, fig. 3).
Also from station 4777, 2 specimens (one on small stone, the other on
fine cemented gravel).
Sucia Islands (vicinity of San Juan Islands), Wash., depth not
recorded; 14 small colonies, all on large water-worn pebbles (pl. 57,
fig. 1).
sie ALLOPORA NORVEGICA PACIFICA (Broch)
PuaTE 53, Figures 2-26; Puats 55, Ficure 1; Puats 76, Fiaures 3, 4
Stylaster (Allopora) norvegicus Brocn, Einige Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen)
der ochotskischen und japanischen See, p. 59, fig. 2, 1935.
Stylaster (Allopora) norvegicus forma pacifica Brocu, Untersuchungen an Stylas-
teriden, p. 52, fig. 15, pl. 6, figs. 18, 19, 1936.
Diagnosis.—Colonies salmon pink, rose, or white, branching more
or less dichotomously mostly in one plane; branches subterete, the
medium-sized cyclosystems rather uniformly spaced on front of
colony, scarce on back except at tips of branches; ampullae not form-
ing superficial convexities except sometimes very slight ones near ends
of branches. Resembling A. verrilli, but with narrower, deeper,
cylindrical gastropores and less superficial ampullae.
Description.—The colony form is flabellate with robust branches
of rather uniform thickness. The front of a characteristic fragment
is shown by plate 55, figure 1. The back of the principal branches
is usually nearly free from cyclosystems, but these appear at the ends
of the branchlets.
The margin of the cyclosystems is slightly to decidedly raised
above the level of coenosteum. In the Albatross specimens there are
3 to 9 dactylopores, usually 5 or 6. But in a count of 50 cyclosystems
on each of 4 colonies, Dr. Broch found 7 in 65 instances, 6 in 5, 8 in
42,9in 18,5in 15. His colony no. 4, having a maximum of 8 dac-
tylopores, corresponds more nearly with my material. The dactyl-
otomes are deep cut extending ventrally about one-third depth of
gastropore. In my specimens the radial dimension is much less than
in Dr. Broch’s, being about half width of gastrostome, while in the
type material the length equals or slightly exceeds gastrostome width.
In the type material the dactylotomes are rather narrow with sub-
parallel sides as in brochi; in my specimens there is considerable varia-
7
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—-FISHER 523
tion, as they may be slightly expanded at the outer or dactylopore
end, as in verrilli (pl. 53, fig. 2). Dactylostyle fairly conspicuous and
extending well above mouth of slit as seen from inside of gastropore
(pl. 53, fig. 2b). The gastropore is cylindrical or slightly constricted
at about midheight of style. It is not so wide at gastrostome as in
A. verrilli; hence is not at all funnel shaped but may be even a trifle
narrower at mouth than midway to bottom. The style chamber
exists only as a slight expansion at bottom and is not differentiated
from the part above by special spicules. Ordinarily the gastrostyle
is robust about twice as high as broad, broadly lanceolate in profile
with an acute tapered end; length 0.5 to 0.6 mm in largest cyclo-
systems. Owing to the oblique direction of gastropore into coenos-
teum or to its occasional slight curvature the style may be invisible
when colony is held horizontally.
Diameter of cyclosystem of type material 0.8 to 1.3 mm (Broch).
In the Albatross specimens the diameter of the largest cyclosystems
with 7 or 8 dactylopores is 0.8 to 0.85 mm; depth of larger gastropores
1.2 mm.
Puzzling variation is furnished also by four small fragments in which
the cyclosystem structure is closely similar to that of other specimens,
but the gastrostyle is much slenderer (pl. 53, fig. 2@). These specimens
have been compared with the cotype of A. solida and are definitely not
that species. The very shallow dactylotomes of solida are characteris-
tic. In two sectioned cyclosystems of one of Dr. Broch’s white colonies
I find gastrostyles slenderer than fig. 2b, and therefore much slenderer
than Dr. Broch’s figs. 15), ¢ (1936, p. 53).
There are rather numerous instances cf one or two dactylopores
forming part of a cyclosystem but without a dactylotome connection to
gastropore (Broch, 1936, p. 53, fig. 15d).
The ampullae are sunk beneath the surface and are of 2 sizes.
The smaller (pl. 53, fig. 2b) have a subspherical cavity, 0.4 to 0.5 mm
in diameter, while the larger are 0.65 to 0.85 mm broad and 0.4 to 0.5
mm high. In these I found one or two structures (desiccated for over
30 years) which may represent planulae. On softening, clear spots
resembling nematocysts were plainly visible.
Coenosteum hard, rather lustrous, minutely reticulated and rough-
ened, the reticulations representing hollows or fine grooves separating
microscopic irregular ridges which reflect light. On the rim of the
cyclosystems the texture is a little coarser and the coenosteum lregu-
larly perforated or fenestrated, while the wall of gastropore is per-
forated and roughened by irregular convexities.
Color of dried colony, pale warm pink to salmon red (grenadine pink
to dull flame scarlet of Ridgway’s nomenclature). Dr. Broch records
two white colonies, one of which I have seen.
Type locality Okhotsk Sea, lat. 56°10’ N., long. 143°15’ E., 182
meters, bottom temperature 0.51° C.
524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Specimens examined.—Okhotsk Sea (stations 5016 and 5017),
numerous fragments; two of Dr. Broch’s types.
Remarks.—It is noteworthy that the bottom temperature at station
5016 was 29.8° F., therefore lower than at the type locality.
Dr. Broch examined one of my specimens from station 5016 and
identified it as pacifica. It is nevertheless rather different from his
material. Added to this is the confusing matter of two gastrostyle
sizes in my specimens. If these are all one species, it is certainly
a variable one.
Dr. Broch writes me that the record of pacifica from 60 fathoms,
Strait of Georgia, pertains to A. verrilli.
ALLOPORA CALIFORNICA Verrill
PLATE 58; Puate 61, Ficures 3-3)
Allopora californica ViRRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., vol. 5, no. 3, p. 87, 1866; Trans.
Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 1, p. 516, pl. 10, fig. 8, 1868.—FisuEr,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8, p. 392, pl. 15, figs. 3-3b, 1931.
Diagnosis.—Cyclosystems flush, very numerous, with slightly
raised margin and 4 to 8 (ordinarily 6 or 7) unequal, prominent dactyl-
otomes slightly constricted adjacent to gastropore; gastropore nar-
rowly funnel-shaped, moderately deep, the bottom occluded by promi-
nent, ovoid, gastrostyle; ampullae close to surface but not forming
raised blisters. Colony palmate arborescent without differentiated
anterior and posterior faces.
Description.—The type colony is 140 mm high and 125 mm broad;
a comparable one from Monterey Bay, Calif., is 270 mm broad by
180 mm high (pl. 58; U.S.N.M. no. 43275). Another colony from
Monterey Bay, which is perhaps a record for size, measures 290 mm
high, and 480 by 350 mm in area. Rather numerous, massive,
irregular, coalesced trunks form the heavy base of the colony, from
which spring roughly palmate elements subdivided (sometimes dicho-
tomously, sometimes not) into irregular branches. There are fully
200 of the terminal blunt branchlets 5 to 8 mm in diameter. Some of
the branches coalesce above the basal irregular mass of trunks.
Another specimen (Monterey Bay) is 160 mm high, about 190 mm
broad, and 60 to 80 mm thick. The base of the colony is solid, roughly
fan-shaped, the short thick branches arising in several tiers from the
margin and subdividing dichotomously.
The cyclosystems are very numerous, 0.6 to 1 mm in diameter,
characteristically funnel- rather than cup-shaped, the margin indented
by usually 4 to 8 unequal dactylotomes, which are broader at ends
than next to the gastrostome. They incise the sides of gastropore
deeply (pl. 58, fig. 3b). Margin of cyclosystem is raised slightly
above the coenosteal surface as a low abrupt ridge. There is some
variation in the size of dactylotomes, but their inequality is very
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 525
characteristic both of the type specimen and the Monterey Bay
specimens. Occasionally two cyclosystems are merged into a larger
irregular one with two gastrostyles. In A. californica the gastrostyle
is really smaller and slenderer than in A. venusta but, when viewed
from above, appears to be larger. A section of the cyclosystem shows
that only a part of the gastrostyle of venusta can be seen from above,
while in californica the entire width is exposed.
The ampullae lie just under the surface but do not form blisters.
Male ampullae (as in type) are very numerous, subspherical, 0.25 to
0.4 mm in diameter, and packed between the cyclosystems in one
layer, to such an extent that the dividing walls are very thin. The
female ampullae are also very numerous, oblate spherical to ellipsoidal,
and 0.7 to 1 mm in diameter (pl. 58, fig. 30).
The coenosteum of the branches, when fractured, is rather porous,
but the surface layer is firm and the surface itself has a minutely
“sugary” texture. It is sometimes provided with low papilliform
prominences, which may be so numerous as to be set apart only once
or twice their own diameter all over the surface of the colony; or they
may be nearly absent, only sparsely scattered on terminal twigs
(largest colony, male); or practically absent (large colony, female).
In addition there is a variable number of papilliform pores (pl. 58,
fig. 3), raised orifices of canals descending into the coenosteum, often
in the walls between ampullae, These are very numerous in a large
female colony and are regarded as independent dactylopores.
Color variable: Coral red, light coral red, coral pink; jasper pink
shading to acajou red and pompeian red, with tips of branches
ochraceous-salmon paling to light ochraceous-salmon (largest colony).
One branch of largest colony is dull pleroma violet (Ridgway’s
nomenclature).
Type.—Peabody Mus. (Yale Univ.) no. 447.
Type locality. California.
Specimens examined—The type, ‘California’; Monterey Bay,
Calif., 4 colonies, one very large; Carmel Bay, Calif., 1 colony;
station 3158, 12 small colonies and fragments; station 3159, fragments.
Remarks.—I have examined the type colony, of which a fragment
was kindly donated for direct comparison with my material from
Monterey Bay. Verrill states that the type was collected by Maj.
William Rich during the war between Mexico and the United States
and may have come from deep water in the Gulf of California. The
Monterey Bay examples are typical and were taken in about 25 fathoms
in some cases probably deeper since they were brought up on rock-cod
lines.
The cyclosystems resemble those of A. verrilli, where, however, the
dactylotomes are normally equal. In verrilli the ampullae form low
blisters on the surface. A. verrilli has not been taken south of the
3936—38——3
526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Sucia Islands, Wash., while californica has not been found north of
the region of the Farallone Islands, Calif.
ALLOPORA VENUSTA Verrill
Puate 55, Ficure 3; Puate 61, Fiaures 2, 2a
Allopora venusta VerriLt, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Seif) vol} 4p:
517, pl. 10, fig. 9, 1868.—FisHer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8,
p. 393, pl. 15, figs. 2, 2a, 1931.
Diagnosis.—Differs from A. californica in having very short dactylo-
tomes and a shallower gastropore with rounded bottom; gastrostyle
larger, enclosed in a definite style chamber, its summit encroached
upon by bottom of gastropore proper.
Description.—All the specimens of this species I have examined are
much smaller than those of californica. The type colony is 25 mm
high and 50 mm broad, its expanded base attached to a water-worn
stone. It rises in stout lobes or branches; some of the branches are
broad and somewhat palmate or digitate; the terminal branchlets are
mostly round, about 3 or 4 mm thick, with obtusely rounded tips.
Several small colonies all from Cape Flattery, Wash., are about 35
mm high and 40 mm broad, with few dichotomous branches. The
Monterey colony is 70 mm high, 70 mm broad, and about 30 mm
thick.
The cyclosystems are subcircular, with a low, abruptly raised border,
and 5 to 8, usually 6 or 7, shallow subequal, dactylotomes, much
smaller and more nearly equal than those of californica. The central
cup is shallower and of a different form (pl. 61, fig. 2a). These dif-
ferences are not brought out by Verrill’s diminutive figures. Viewed
from above, the gastrostyle tip is seen through a subcircular aperture
of the bottom of the cup. The border of this aperture is a ridge com-
posed of ornate, lobate rugosities, somewhat more prominent than the
fenestrated rugose skeleton of the cup itself and only clearly apparent
in specimens cleaned with sodium hypochlorite solution. The entire
breadth of the minutely hirsute style is not apparent from above.
Diameter of cyclosystems 0.5 to 0.8 mm.
The ampullae are imbedded in the coenosteum and only occasion-
ally produce a faint swelling of the surface. The male are subspheri-
cal or a little higher than broad and about 0.25 to 0.4 mm in diameter.
The female are about 0.75 mm in diameter and conspicuously lower
than wide.
A pale violet form from Cape Flattery, 40 fathoms, has usually
appreciably deeper cups than the type forma. The marginal dactylo-
pores are typical.
A southern form (Farallone Islands and Monterey Bay, rose pink
in color) also has slightly deeper cups. The Monterey Bay example,
in addition, has an unusually small aperture in the bottom of the cup,
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER IT
so that the subacute end of the gastrostyle (which is somewhat
slenderer than in the type form) is less exposed than in northern
specimens.
In venusta the surface of the cleaned coenosteum is smooth, not
minutely pitted or fenestrated, yet, owing to the underlying structure,
under strong magnification it reminds one of pink sugar. The little
papillae are sparse and of uncertain occurrence, and the intercalycine
dactylopores are scarce, tiny, and without a raised border (which is
not always present in californica).
Color: There are two color phases, the prevalent pink one (a dull
begonia rose to alizarine pink) and a faded violet form (tourmaline
to laelia pink) occurring off Cape Flattery.
Type.—In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
Type locality—Neah Bay, near Cape Flattery, Wash.
Specimens examined.—The type. Also from Station 2873, 1 colony;
station 2874, 24 small colonies and fragments; station 2875, 15 small
colonies and fragments; station 2888, 3 colonies; station 3050, 1 colony;
station 3158, 1 colony; Monterey Bay, Calif., 30 fathoms, 1 colony.
ALLOPORA PAPILLOSA Dall
PuatTe 54, Fiagures 4, 4a; Pirate 59, Ficure 3
Allopora papillosa Datu, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 2, p. 113, 1884.—
Fisuer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8, p. 391, 1931.
Diagnosis.—Colony small, thin, incrusting; cyclosystems asym-
metrical, small, with funnel-shaped gastropore and 4 or 5 short, deep,
unequal dactylotomes, asymmetrically distributed; a differentiated
style chamber partly occluding the finely spiculate, pointed, large,
subconical gastrostyle; dactylostyles well developed; coenosteum
papillose, fenestrated, sugary in texture.
Description.—Owing to meagerness of material every statement
concerning this species must be regarded as provisional. The entire
type fragment shown in the photograph measures only 10 mm, longest
dimension, and is a thin incrustation removed from a fragment of
Mytilus shell.
The cyclosystems resemble those of californica, but the style is
enclosed in a style chamber, the top of which, formed by outgrowths
from side of gastropore, partly hides the large style, the entire width
of which is not apparent when the gastropore is examined from above.
In this feature the cyclosystem resembles that of venusta, but the
gastropore is funnel-shaped, and the dactylotomes are longer, unequal,
and asymmetrically arranged. The deep dactylotomes descend on
side of gastropore more than halfway to tip of gastrostyle. Dacty-
lostyles conspicuous. The largest cyclosystem (pl. 54, fig. 4) is
0.85 by 0.9 mm in diameter.
528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
The coenosteum is scarcely thicker than depth of gastropore. Its
surface is occupied by numerous, rather uniform, thimble-shaped
papillae, a little broader than a dactylotome, rising about as high as
the rim around cyclosystem. General surface spiculose or finely
granulated. Under high magnification it appears very irregularly
fenestrated and spongy, a characteristic also of the rim and interior
walls of cyclosystems.
No ampullae can be detected.
Color ‘livid madder pink or brown” (Dall). The colony was
badly in need of cleaning owing to dried organic material. After
clearing with weak sodium hypochlorite the color changed to purplish
vinaceous when wet; or pale laelia pink when dry (Ridgway’s nomen-
clature).
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 6852.
Type locality —Coal Harbor, Unga, Shumagin Islands, Alaska.
Specimen examined.—The type.
Remarks —The detailed figures of this species (pl. 54, figs. 4, 4a)
have been placed next to those of petrograpta for convenience of
comparison. Yet it seems to me that papillosa is possibly an offshoot
of californica stock, while petrograpta is more likely related to porphyra.
ALLOPORA PORPHYRA (Fisher)
Puate 59, Ficures 1, 2; Puats 60; Puare 61, Ficurss 1, la; PLATE 70, FIGURES
2, 2a
Stylantheca porphyra Fisuer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8, p. 395, pl.
16, figs. 5, 5a-5b; pl. 17, figs. 6, 6a-6e, 1931.
Diagnosis —Colony encrusting, thin, reddish purple, with typically
large circular or elliptical cyclosystems, having usually 8 to 12 sub-
equal, short dactylotomes; gastropore relatively very wide and open
with from 1 to 12 (ordinarily 3 to 7) robust gastrostyles, variable in
size; coenosteum firm with numerous small, papilliform prominences,
occasionally arranged in subparallel rows, or coalesced into interrupted
meandering ridges.
Description.—The cyclosystems, which are subcircular to elliptical
and relatively large, have a low, raised border indented by usually 8
to 10 dactylotomes, whose radial extent is equal to from one-fourth
to one-third the diameter of the gastropore alone; rounded bottom of
gastropore a little broader than the top. On the side of the cup the
dactylotomes extend about 0.6 to 0.7 the distance to bottom. Diam-
eter of cyclosystems 1 to 2 mm, usually 1.25 to 1.5 mm; depth about
equal to extreme width. Occasionally two cups coalesce, but the
ordinary elliptical cups are not formed by a union of two. The most
characteristic feature of this species is the presence of 3 to 7 gastrostyles
in both circular and elliptical cyclosystems, 3 or 4 being a common
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 529
number. In a colony from Carmel Bay the number runs higher,
ranging from 5 to 12 (pl. 60). In the type colony cups with single
gastrostyles are rather exceptional, but in another colony cups with
one are slightly in the majority. The styles differ greatly in size,
vary in form from subglobose to elongate acorn shape, and are beset
with delicate, often pronged spicules. The interior of the cup is of
a minutely fenestrated, spongy structure, which closely encircles the
. style, forming a style chamber almost filled by the style (pl. 59, fig.
1a). In some cases the entire breadth of style can not be seen from
above on account of the encroachment of the roof of style chamber
(or bottom of gastropore proper).
In aquaria the zooids expand rather readily. Their form and
posture in the cyclosystem are best indicated by the figures (pl. 70,
figs. 2, 2a). The gastrozooid has an elongate-ovoid form, the hypo-
stome representing the broader end. The tentacles are small, blunt,
5 to 8, commonly 6, in number, and are inserted at about midheight.
I have one small fragment with expanded gastrozooids on which I can
find no definite tentacles. In many other fragments examined the
zooids all have tentacles characteristically short with rounded tips.
At the bottom of the gastrozooids the style is plainly visible whenever
the mouth is widely expanded. When the gastrozooid retracts, it
retires below the bottom of the cup to the slight space immediately
surrounding the style—that is, into the style chamber.
The surface of the coenosteum is firm, sugary in texture under
high magnification, and unevenly beset with small papillae some-
what less in diameter than a dactylopore. These papillae vary in
spacing, and areas exist entirely free from them. They are sometimes
merged into low ridges. In the Carmel Bay example these often
form costae on the sides of certain cyclosystems rendered more
prominent by the inequalities of the granite on which the colony
grows (pl. 60).
The ampullae do not form rounded or blisterlike prominences,
yet they may be closely packed between the cyclosystems, each cell
about one-third to one-half the width of a cyclosystem. The male
ampullae are subspherical, about 0.3 mm in diameter. The female
ampullae are probably normally higher than broad (0.4 mm by 0.6-
0.8 mm) and are sometimes so crowded that a sectional view reminds
one of a miniature purple honeycomb.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43018.
Type locality —Pescadero Point, Carmel Bay, Calif. (lat. 36°33’30’
N.); on granite rock, in grotto exposed at lowest tides.
Remarks.—This species stands apart from all Alloporas and Stylas-
ters by reason of the peculiar organization of the cyclosystem, which
typically houses a small aggregation of gastrozooids, although excep-
530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
tionally in less vigorous colonies cyclosystems with only one gastro-
zooid (and hence one gastrostyle) are found. Whether this condition
is of generic or even subgeneric value only more knowledge of the
Stylasterina will determine.
The number of tentacles of the gastrozooid varies from 5 to 8 and
is commonly 6. Moseley (1879, p. 471, pls. 39, 40)* suggests that
the presence of 12 tentacles on the gastrozooid may characterize
Allopora and 8 Stylaster. But it has been shown (Hickson and
England, 1905, p. 7) that the number of tentacles in Stylaster is
variable, S. filogranus having 4, 5, 6, or 7.
This species has been found only at lowest tide on the exposed
coast from Monterey Bay to a few miles south of Carmel Bay. The
type colony, along with several others, lives in a small grottolike
cavity, through which there is free circulation of water. Here they
form lichenlike splashes of ruddy purple in contrast to white, scarlet,
and yellow sponges, orange and bronze hydroids and bryozoans, and
brown tunicates.
In 1919 the type colony alone lived in this grotto. Then it meas-
ured about 50 mm in diameter; now it measures 300 by 250 mm.
From time to time sponges and tunicates that encroach upon it have
been removed.
The real home of the species is probably in the dimly lighted region
below lowest tide, as its occurrence in the intertidal zone is rather
sporadic. Conditions at the type locality favor the upward migra-
tion of subtidal species.
ALLOPORA PETROGRAPTA, new species
Puate 54, Ficures 5, 5a; Puate 59, Ficure 4
Diagnosis.—Colony thin, encrusting; differing from A. porphyra
in having smaller cyclosystems with normally only one gastrostyle;
differing from A. papillosa in having a thicker gastrostyle, the rounded
summit of which occupies the greater part of the breadth of gastro-
pore when viewed from above; the gastropore less funnel-shaped and
more tubular; surface of coenosteum with finer texture than in
papillosa.
Description.—The material consists of five small fragments. Two
of these, constituting the type, comprise the greater part of one
colony (12 mm broad and 10 mm high), which covered a Balanus.
An infant colony covers a barnacle only 6 mm broad. Colonies
may reach a diameter of a foot or more, as observed by E. F. Ricketts.
The outline of cyclosystem resembles that of papillosa in its usual
lack of symmetry, there being 3 to 8 short, deep dactylotomes with
2 He says 6 tentacles for Stylaster but means 8; so stated on p. 477.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 531
conspicuous dactylostyles. But the sides of the gastropore do not
converge so much toward bottom as in papillosa, while the broader
round-topped gastrostyle, as seen from above, is more than half as
broad as the gastropore proper (i. e., cyclosystem less dactylotomes).
In papillosa it is less than half. The gastrostyle shown in plate 54,
figure 5a, is average; some gastrostyles are lower and broader, while
a few approach more nearly the dimensions of plate 54, figure 4a
(papillosa). These are rather the exception and occupy smaller
gastropores, so that even here when seen from above the gastrostyle
is more than half the breadth of gastropore.
A few male ampullae are visible on the fractured margin of type.
They are imbedded in the coenosteum, and the walls are very rough
from spicules. Two other fragments show female ampullae on the
fractured margin. They are a little larger than the male and their
height is a little greater than breadth (pl. 54, fig. 5a).
The surface of the coenosteum is appreciably finer textured than
in papillosa, while the apparently characteristic papillae of that species
are here fewer and lower—certainly of no importance as a positive
character. A few dactylopores pierce the coenosteum but are not
on papillae as in californica.
Color: The smallest colony is dull eosine pink, while the four larger
fragments are dull manganese violet. E. F. Ricketts, who collected
the specimens, states that larger colonies out of reach in the surf
appeared to be distinctly red, rather than purple.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43272.
Type locality —Kyack Island, mouth of Sitka harbor, Alaska.
Specimens examined.—Five small fragments collected by E. F.
Ricketts, of Monterey, Calif., August 5, 1932.
Remarks.—A. petrograpta forms reddish patches on hard rocks at
lowest tide level where it is exposed to surf. Mr. Ricketts states that
the habitat is the same as that of A. porphyra. While the colonies
vary in size, the larger are of the order of a foot in diameter and may
be partly exposed by receding tide. Specimens were very difficult
to procure on account of surf and the rugged nature of the shore.
On the basis of available material, A. petrograpta is perfectly distinct
from A. papillosa. The latter appears to be related to A. californica,
while petrograpta is more like A. porphyra. A. porphyra differs radically
in having much larger cyclosystems with characteristically multiple
gastrostyles. But the form of the gastrostyle and the immersion of
each in a tightly enclosing chamber is not fundamentally different
from the structure of the single gastrostyle of petrograpta. Abnor-
mally petrograpta may have two gastrostyles to a cyclosystem, while
porphyra sometimes has only one.
ja. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
SUMMARY OF THE REDDISH, ROSE, AND VIOLET SPECIES OF ALLOPORA
a}, Ampullae forming definite convex blisters on the surface of
colony.
bl. Ampullae with a ridged or corrugated surface (see also poly-
orchis and trachystoma); gastropore narrow, cylindrical;
gastrostyle small; dactylotomes 5 to 12 with clean-cut paral-
lel sides, as long as width of gastrostome_______.-.---------- stejnegeri
b?. Ampullae not wrinkled or ridged but sometimes male ampullae
have low central tubercle, or several.
cl. Gastropore narrow, ordinarily cylindrical, deep, the mouth
rather constricted, not obviously broader than length of
dactylotomes.
d'. Cyclosystems larger, protuberant; septa encroaching upon
gastropore and decurrent as ridges on its side; gastro-
pore deep, curved (see also campyleca and trachystoma) ;
cyclosystems not frequently incomplete__.______----------- brochi
d?, Cyclosystems very small, not protuberant; dactylotomes
about as long as diameter of gastrostome, which is not
encroached upon by angles of septa; cyclosystems often
incomplete or with one or more isolated dactylopores_-_boreopacifica
c?. Gastrostome broader than length of dactylotome.
d'. Colony white or buff (see also polyorchis) ; gastropore sub-
cylindrical with a definite style chamber and robust
style; male ampullae with a central low tubercle, or
BEVETAILEL sce tok EERE EP ELT 7 Sa AEE De ee moseleyana
d?. Colony rose or yellowish rose; gastropore broadly funnel
shaped, curved, with a narrow style chamber; am-
pullae-withont; tubercle. ori. oS eee Se scabiosa
a?, Ampullae forming low inconspicuous convexities on surface
(see also scabiosa).
b!. Gastropore subeylindrical, the gastrostome encroached upon
by septa angles and narrower than length of dactylotomes,
which are not expanded at outer end; dactylotomes very
b?. Gastropore funnel shaped, its mouth not encroached upon by
septa angles, as wide as length of the dactylotomes which
are expanded at outer (dactylopore) end (compare pacifica) ------ verrilli
a*, Ampullae sunken in coenosteum, not forming superficial blisters
(see solida and verrilli).
b!. Regularly one gastrostyle to each gastropore.
c!. Dactylotomes not unequal in length (so that cyclosystem is
more or less asymmetrical).
d'. Gastropore cylindrical, fairly deep, without a differen-
tiated style chamber (compare verrilli) _..---------------- pacifica
d?, Gastropore relatively shallow, cup-shaped, the top of the
large gastrostyle partly hidden by constricted sides of
the pore; large style chamber nearly filled by the style.
es Colonies branched 22222 eee nn = ae re ee venusta
e?. Colonies encrusting (compare papitllosa)__------------- petrograpta
c?. Dactylotomes unequal; gastropore narrowly funnel-shaped.
d!, Colony normally large, branching; top of gastrostyle not
encroached upon by outgrowths from side of gastro-
pore; therefore no clearly differentiated style chamber__californica
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 533
d?, Colony encrusting, thin; cyclosystems small, the gastro-
style encroached upon by outgrowths from side of gas-
tropore, forming a style chamber.
el. Gastrostyle smaller, not completely filling style cham-
ber or the passage into gastropore proper_-_----------- papillosa
e?. Gastrostyle more robust with more rounded summit;
gastropore less funnel shaped and more cylindrical_._petrograpta
b?. Normally more than one gastrostyle in a majority of gastro-
pores, usually 3 to 7 (upward of 12). Colony encrusting------ porphyra
Genus CRYPTOHELIA Milne Edwards and Haime
Cryptohelia Mitne Epwarps and Haime, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., vol. 29, p. 69»
1849 (type: Cryptohelia pudica Milne Edwards and Haime).
CRYPTOHELIA TROPHOSTEGA, new species
PLATE 62, Fiaures 1-8; PLATE 63
Diagnosis.—Flabellum massive, with robust anastomosing branches
and large cyclosystems on both sides of colony; cyclosystems wide-
mouthed, rather shallow, with a small ventral chamber not in direct
communication with the 10 to 20 dactylopores; lid, when fully grown,
nearly as large as extreme diameter of cyclosystem and containing
4 to 11 male ampullae or a single large female ampulla; very numerous
nematophores on all parts of colony.
Description—As compared with C. pudica Milne Edwards and
Haime (1850, p. 69, pl. 3, figs. 1-1c) (pl. 64, fig. 1) the colony is much
more massive in every respect and the cyclosystems are conspicuously
larger. Plate 63 shows the anterior face of type colony where cyclo-
systems are more numerous than on the back. Type, 110 mm high
and 150 mm wide; diameter of main trunks 17 to 20 mm; of branchlets
2 to 5mm.
The following figure references are all to plate 62. Cyclosystems
subcircular to oval, often irregular (fig. 7), the lid slightly smaller,
convex, and of the same general contour (figs. 1, 7, 8). Rather fre-
quently the distal margin of the lid fuses to the edge of cyclosystem
in various ways (figs. 2, 7), leaving two lateral entrances to the cyclo-
system. The more distally situated cyclosystems have a definite
stalk (fig. 6) or have the margin slightly raised above the general
level of branchlet; on the larger branches the margin is flush with the
general surface. The number of dactylopores is quite variable,
generally 10 to 20; usually in well-formed systems 16 to 20.
The relation of dactylopores to gastropore, and form of latter, are
best appreciated from figures 4 and 5. The ventral chamber (vc) is
very small, and there is no conspicuous channel leading into it from
bottom of dactylopore as figured by Moseley (1879, pl. 35, fig. 7c)
for C. pudica (=C. moseleyi Hickson and England). The diaphragm
separating the upper from the lower chamber has a circular or occa-
534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
sionally oval orifice with small accessory perforations. The margin
of the orifice is usually entire but may be irregular or even deeply
indented. Diameter of larger cyclosystems 2 to 3 mm; of the smaller
about 1.5 mm; depth variable, usually less than extreme width of cyclo-
system but more than half that width—around three-fifths to four-
fifths of the width.
In an alcoholic specimen the prominent tentacular dactylozooids
are bent over the retracted gastrozooid. These dactylozooids emerge
from the dactylotome at a considerable distance below the margin of
cyclosystem (fig. 5d) not nearly even with margin as figured by
Moseley for C. moseleyi (1879, pl. 42).
The ampullae of both sexes are lodged in the swollen lid and its
stem. In the male type colony there are upward of 11 (fig. 1). I
have found as few as 5. In the rather small lid, marked a in figure 7,
there were six ampullae, of which three were in the lid proper and
three in the vertical portion. The swelling which indicates these
stem ampullae is shown in figures 4 and 6. In the bottom of each
ampulla (fig. 1) is a small natural aperture. Figure 3 shows a ver-
tical section of a cyclosystem in which the lid has attachments on
opposite sides as in figure 2.
There are two fragments of a female colony 50 by 40 mm and 45
by 30 mm. The large ampulla occupies the lid and stem, the size
varying with the maturity of contents. Several ampullae examined
contained a mature planula similar to that figured by Moseley (1879,
pl. 42), its ectoderm crowded with elongate nematocysts. After the
escape of the planulae the remains of the lid are absorbed or else
sloughed off. It then regenerates from the base of stem. This is
indicated by the number of cyclosystems with budding or partly
developed lids. The ampulla originates in the bend of the stem. As
the lid grows it enlarges, or more correctly, perhaps, the development
of the embryos occasions the extension of the ampulla and hence the
growth of the lid. The ampulla extends only a short distance into
coenosteum at base of stem.
Thickly sprinkled all over the coenosteum are small shallow pits
0.07 to 0.11 mm in diameter, the nematophore pits. There is usually
a fairly definite row of them on the margin of the lids. They are less
conspicuous than in figure 7. The surface of the coenosteum under
low magnification is smooth, but under high shows fine low anastomos-
ing ridges, 0.05 to 0.08 mm in diameter.
Color of dried colony, yellowish white, which bleaches to pure white
in sodium hypochlorite solution.
‘ype.—U.S.N.M. no. 42876.
Type locality.—Station 3480, Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands, lat.
52°06’ N., long. 171°45’ W., 283 fathoms, black sand and rocks;
bottom temperature not recorded.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 535
Specimens examined.—The type and several small fragments from
another male colony; two female fragments.
Remarks.—Although this species is in the same section of the genus
as C. pudica Milne Edwards and Haime (not Moseley) the two are
entirely different. I have specimens of C. pudica (pl. 64, fig. 1) taken
by the Albatross at station 5423, Sulu Sea, 508 fathoms, gray mud and
coral sand, bottom temperature 49.8° F. The colony is delicate, with
longitudinally striated stems, and many of the cyclosystems are sup-
ported by relatively long slender pedicels. The cyclosystems are 1 to
1.3 mm broad, have about 15 dactylopores, and the lid stands higher
above the cyclosystem than in trophostega. These mature lids com-
pletely cover the cyclosystem. The female ampullae are very convex,
almost subhemispherical, slightly uneven. The free edge of the lid
extends in front of the ampulla like the visor of a miniature jockey cap.
Nematophore pits are absent. On this specimen of pudica are lids in
all stages of growth, starting from small lobes on the side of cyclo-
system. In C. pudica the cyclosystems all turn to the front of the
colony. Enlargement of figures of plate 64 is twice that of plate 63.
A species I have provisionally identified as C. japonica (Milne
Edwards and Haime) (pl. 64, figs. 2-4) can be distinguished from both
pudica and trophostega by the size of cyclosystems and surface texture
of coenosteum and by the small lids, which do not contain ampullae.
Some cyclosystems have no lid. In others the lid begins as a lobelike
outgrowth of a wider septum between two dactylotomes. The male
ampullae are imbedded in the coenosteum between the cyclosystems
and are evident superficially only as slight irregularities of surface.
Diameter of cyclosystem 1.5 to 1.8 mm; dactylopores 10 to 20. Sur-
face of coenosteum coarsely vermiculated but not longitudinally stri-
ated. (Albatross station 4890, 10 to 12 miles southwest of Goto Is-
lands, Eastern Sea, lat. 32°26’30’’ N., long. 128°36’30” E., 135
fathoms, rocky; bottom temperature 52.3° F. Station 4924, in. Col-
nett, or Vincennes, Strait, 30°5’ N., 130°21’20’’ E., 159 fathoms,
rocky; bottom temperature 55.8° F.)
Hickson and England (1905, p. 21) in discussing specimens of C.
pudica remark that ‘the peculiarities of this species are its robust
growth and the large size of the cyclosystems.” Everything in nature
is, of course, relative. As compared to C. trophostega the cyclosystems
of pudica are small and its growth scarcely robust. I have inserted
on plate 64 (fig. 5), enlarged twice natural size as are the other figures,
a photograph of Oryptohelia gigantea, new species, from station 2818,
Galapagos Islands, lat. 00°08’ S., long. 90°06’ W., 392 fathoms,
white and black sand; bottom temperature 43.9° F. Type, U.S.N.M.
no. 43273. Cyclosystems 3.5 to 5 mm in diameter, funnel-shaped,
with 20-25 long, shallow dactylotomes sloping evenly down to gastro-
stome proper. At this point the very thin ridges separating the
536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
dactylotomes are bound together by a narrow lime-lattice, below
which the pores communicate with the spacious ventral chamber, the
walls of which are spongy and deeply fenestrated. There is no ledge
or diaphragm separating the ventral chamber from the part above,
as in trophostega.
The lid is occupied by a single large female ampulla which extends
into stem but not below. Its dorsal wall is stout and its inner surface
is spongy and fenestrated. The coenosteum is white, marked by fine,
rounded longitudinal ridges. There are no nematophore pits.
This species is really robust.
Genus ERRINOPORA Fisher
Errinopora Fisuer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8, p. 397, 1931 (type:
Errina pourtalesti Dall).
Protoerrina Brocu, Einige Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen) der ochotskischen und
japanischen See, p. 59, 1935 (type: Protoerrina stylifera Broch).
Diagnosis.—Resembles Errina (including Labiopora) in having a
gouge-shaped projecting lip to each major dactylopore but differs in
the presence of a well-developed spiculate dactylostyle; no differ-
entiated cuplike cyclosystem, although where the pores are not
crowded several dactylopores encircle a gastropore; tip of gastrostyle
flush with surface or sunken in an undifferentiated depression; fewer
scattered tiny dactylopores without projecting lip; coenosteum spongy
reticulate superficially, compact centrally. The channel of the
dactylostyle is not definitely oriented either toward the end of the
branch or in the opposite direction, as in most species of Errina.
So farasnow known, this genus is confined to the north Pacific region.
The most generalized or primitive species is E. stylifera (Broch).
ERRINOPORA STYLIFERA (Broch)
PLATE 65, FicurE 1; PLaTe 69, FicureEs 8, 3a
Protoerrina stylifera Brocu, Hinige Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen) der ochotskis-
chen und japanischen See, p. 59, fig. 1, 1935; Untersuchungen an Stylasteriden,
p. 101, fig. 32, pl. 13, fig. 40, 1936.
Diagnosis —Colony subflabellate; branches coarse; color pale pink;
dactylotomes not very prominent; gastropores deep, the apertures not
sunken in concavities; gastrostyle broadly lanceolate, not reaching
mouth of pore; female ampullae very numerous, superficial, large, the
floor beset with numerous pronged spicules; coenosteal surface spongy.
Description.—Typical colony 70 mm high and 70 mm broad, subfla-
bellate, with three principal branches, which divide dichotomously two
or three times, the branches diminishing gradually in size and ending
in rounded, sometimes slightly broadened tips. Diameter of trunk
10 by 15 mm; of terminal branches 4 or 5 mm.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 537
The surface is covered with thin-walled, crowded, blisterlike female
ampullae 1 to 1.6 mm in diameter; many are so close as to be in
contact. Scattered irregularly among these, sometimes in series,
are deep gastropores each with one or two associated dactylopores of
full size forming a low scoop-shaped protuberance. The slit points
toward a gastropore and in some instances is confluent with it but is
separated by a sunken partition. Some of the gastropores have 1 to
3 smaller dactylopores (pl. 69, fig. 3) associated with them to form a
primitive sort of cyclosystem. At the base of the colony, on the large
trunk and branches where there are few or no ampullae, the gastro-
pores are surrounded by 3 to 6 symmetrically placed narrow dactylo-
tomes with only a very slight lip at the outer end (much less than in FL.
pourtalesir).
The gastropores are 0.25 to 0.35 mm in diameter and about twice
as deep (pl. 69, fig. 3a). The style is 0.34 to 0.4 mm in length, spicu-
late, pointed; the tip reaches a little more than halfway to mouth of
pore, while the width of the style is about two-thirds that of pore,
or less in the case of unusually slender styles. Normally the gastro-
stome is on a level with the general surface rather than in the bottom
of a concavity.
The characteristic feature of the dactylopore is that it projects
much less prominently than in the other three species, even when the
slit is tilted at a broad angle with the surface. Frequently the slit
lies at a sharp angle, when its marginal projection or lip is slight.
The dactylostyle is a long narrow cheval-de-frise of delicate spicules,
about 0.1 mm long.
The female ampullae are very prominent, 1 to 1.6 mm in diameter
and about one-half as deep. Many, but apparently not all, have the
floor crowded with upright irregularly pronged spicules about 0.17 mm
long. The larger ampullae have the roof, which is thin, somewhat
flattened and without prominent protuberances. Male ampullae
smaller, less prominent.
The coenosteum is hard, but the surface is rough, irregularly
fenestrated, and spongy in texture, the dactylopore lip having a
crystalline, sugary appearance. Here and there small roundish
pores, apparently secondary dactylopores, penetrate the coenosteum.
Color of coenosteum pale pink, which is slightly intensified by
immersion in sodium hypochlorite; ampullae yellowish.
Type locality.—Okhotsk Sea, lat. 56° 10’ N., long. 143° 15’ E., 182
meters; temperature at 165 meters, 0.51° C.
Specimens examined.—Station 5016, 2 fragments; station 5017,
3 fragments.
Remarks.—The second fragment from station 5016 has very few
ampullae, which cause only a slight swelling of the surface, the main
538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
portion of the cavity being sunken beneath the surface. They are
about two-thirds the diameter of those of the other specimen and are
probably male ampullae.
This species resembles nanneca more than pourtalesii or zarhyncha.
It differs in the form of colony, color, and details of the pores. For
instance, the dactylopore lip is lower, the gastrostyle is more robust,
and the dactylotomes are arranged around the gastropore in a primi-
tive sort of cyclosystem. Some such organization may well have
preceded the specialized structure characteristic of Stylaster, Allopora,
and Cryptohelia.
This species is known only from the Okhotsk Sea. Dr. Broch
records specimens also from lat. 54° 36’ N., long. 143° 48’ E., 165-150
meters.
ERRINOPORA NANNECA, new species
PuaTtE 66, Figure 1; PLats 67; PLATE 69, FicuREs 2, 2a
Diagnosis —Colony dendritic, flabelliform, yellowish buff; gastro-
pores extremely small (0.16 to 0.2 mm in diameter), relatively deep,
with a slender sharp style reaching about halfway to aperture;
dactylotomes projecting but smaller than in pourtalesii; when dactylo-
pores become crowded the styliferous furrow is oriented toward end of
branchlet; female ampullae relatively large, blisterlike with thin wall;
coenosteum solid, the surface minutely roughened, microscopically
porous.
Description.—The type colony is 130 mm high and 80 mm broad.
The three main branches with their branchlets lie in the same general
plane, so that the colony tends to be flabellate. The main trunk
of the colony is 18 to 25 mm thick, slightly compressed beyond the
base, this compression becoming more and more pronounced until the
distal or top branchlets are decidedly flattened or compressed, with
truncate or rounded ends. Below these flattened terminal branches,
others are more nearly terete. Most of the zooids are on one face
of the colony, which may be called the front. On the back the pores
are found usually near the margins of the flattened branches. Even
the backs of the slenderer branchlets are fairly free from pores except
near the tips.
On the branchlets, the furrow of the projecting dactylopore is
generally directed toward the end. On the main branches where they
are less crowded (except for abundant ampullae) the furrow may be
turned in any direction, depending upon the position of the asso-
ciated gastropore. Where the gastropores are scattered, as on the
trunk and main branches, 2 or 3 small dactylopores are associated with
a gastropore, but the furrow does not always face the gastropore—
it may in fact be turned directly away from it.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 539
The gastropores are very small, 0.13 to 0.18 mm at the orifice and
0.5 to 0.7 mm deep. A few reach 0.2 mm in diameter. The gastro-
style is slender, very sharp, and in the deepest pores reaches about
halfway to the orifice. The furrow of the dactylopore is about 0.1 mm
broad, and the entire projecting process is 0.3 to 0.45 mm broad at the
end. Along the bottom of the furrow is a cheval-de-frise of delicate
spicules, the dactylostyle, which does not reach the distal end of the
furrow (pl. 69, fig. 2a). Scattered, very small pores, one-fourth to
one-fifth the diameter of the gastropores, probably represent secondary
dactylopores and are entirely without projecting lip.
The female ampullae form blisterlike, dome-shaped prominences,
0.8 to 1.5 mm in diameter, crowded on the front face of the main
branches, and to a less extent on the back. In dried specimens they
are conspicuous by reason of their lighter color. There are commonly
a number of prominences on the surface of the ampullae as indicated
in plate 69, figure 2.
The coenosteum is hard and very solid, but the surface is spongy,
intricately fenestrated, and minutely rough in texture, owing to very
tiny, crowded, irregular, branched spicules. The surface of the distal
branches is of a coarser texture than that of the trunk where the inter-
stices are smaller and the spicules more compact.
Color of dried colony yellowish buff (capucine buff on the lighter
parts to apricot buff and zinc orange on the darker; Ridgway’s nomen-
clature).
Type-—U.S.N.M. no. 42875.
Type locality Station 3599, Bering Sea, lat. 52°05’ N., long. 177°
40’ E., 55 fathoms, rocky, fine sand, shells.
Specimens examined.—The type (pl. 66, fig. 1), paratype (pl. 67),
and 5 colonies from station 3599. Also from station 4777, 3 col-
onies, fragments, and 2 very small colonies on pebble with Allopora
verrilli.
Remarks.—The yellowish color, tiny gastropores and dactylopores,
and large female ampullae are trenchant characters that separate this
species from pourtalesii, which is light pink. In pourtalesii the gas-
tropores are 0.25 to 0.35 mm in diameter and the robust style nearly
fills the cavity, whereas in nanneca the pores are about 0.17 mm in
diameter with a very slender style. The dactylostyle is relatively
smaller than in pourtalesi.
ERRINOPORA ZARHYNCHA, new species
PuaTE 68; Puare 69, FicuRe 1
Diagnosis.—Colony branching, strongly flabelliform, the branches
relatively massive, more or less compressed, a few times dichoto-
mously divided; projections large, ordinarily 1 to 2 mm long and
540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
0.6 to 1 mm broad at the end; gastropores 0.3 to 0.5 mm in diameter
and about twice as deep; style slender; distal dactylotomes usually
(but not invariably) oriented toward end of branch or sidewise toward
margin; male ampullae very small, inconspicuous, about the diameter
of a gastropore; coenosteum with a fenestrated, or spongy, rough
surface; internally solid, fine grained.
Description.—The type colony is 140 mm high and 185 mm broad
and consists of a stout trunk (20 by 15 mm thick) and massive,
compressed, dichotomously divided, terminally blunt branches lying
in one plane so that the general form is strongly flabellate. The
proximal branches are 20 to 25 mm broad and about 15 mm thick.
The trunk is devoid of pores (though there are faint scars of old ones),
but all surfaces of the branches are crowded with coarse projecting
dactylotomes standing singly or coalesced into groups of 2 to 8 or 10.
On the front of the colony the scoop-shaped dactylotomes are about
one-third to one-half longer than on the back.
On the proximal part of the main branches, the dactylotomes are
not oriented in any definite direction; but distally the groove is usually
turned toward the end of the branch, or sidewise toward the margin,
as is indicated in the photograph. The gastropores are irregularly
distributed in the deep and rather narrow spaces between the dactylo-
tome projections; but at the base of the main branches near the trunk,
where the zooids are uncrowded, 2 to 7 low dactylopores may irregu-
larly surround a gastropore in a primitive cyclosystem.
The gastropores are unequal in size, the diameter at mouth varying
from 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm, with a few as small as 0.21 mm. The majority
are around 0.4 mm. The depth is a little hard to determine but is
generally about twice the diameter at mouth. The gastrostyle is a
fairly sharp one, rather slender, not filling the cavity. It extends
rather more than halfway to orifice. The furrow of the dactylopore
(i. e., the dactylotome), at the end of the projection, is about 0.56 mm
deep and 0.3 mm wide. Length of projection varies according to
position; the longest are about 2 mm. The dactylostyle is a very
narrow, carinate cheval-de-frise of delicate, short spicules, which in
the longer dactylotomes extends about half the length of the furrow
and in the shorter ones about three-fourths. Scattered, very tiny
pores may represent secondary dactylopores.
The ampullae (probably male) are inconspicuous and relatively
very small, being simply slight swellings at the base of the dactylopore
projections, the cavity subspherical with a diameter about that of a
larger gastropore. The wall is very delicate—a fine, irregular grille.
The coenosteum is hard and very solid, but the surface is spongy or
minutely fenestrated, with irregular trabeculae and tiny raised irregu-
lar processes. After cleaning with sodium hypochlorite solution the
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 541
thin walls of the ampullae are perforated by irregular pores forming a
sort of grille work. The surface of the stem is hard, fairly smooth,
not at all fenestrated.
Color of dried colony, ochraceous-buff.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 42874.
Type locality —Station 3480, Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands, lat.
52° 06’ N., long. 171° 45’ W., 283 fathoms, black sand, rocky.
Specimens examined.—The type and three fragments from same
locality.
Remarks.—This species can be distinguished by the very large
dactylopore projections, which are relatively gigantic when compared
with those of #. pourtalesti and E. nanneca. But relative to the size
of the groove the dactylostyle of zarhyncha is much smaller than in
pourtalesii. It is narrower and does not extend so far toward the
end of the spoutlike process. In zarhyncha the gastrostyle is slenderer
and more tapered than in pourtalesii and of a coarser texture; it does
not fill so much of the gastropore, or extend so far toward the orifice.
ERRINOPORA POURTALESII (Dall)
PuaTE 65, FiguRE 2; PLatTE 66, Figure 2; Puate 70, Figures 1-la
Errina pourtalesti Dau, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 2, p. 114, 1884.
Errinopora pourtalesit Fisner, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8, p. 397, pl. 16,
figs. 4-4); pl. 17, figs. 7, 7a, 1931.
Diagnosis—Characterized by its pink color, subterete, dichoto-
mously dividing, pronglike branches, small female ampullae, and
prominent dactylotome projections, larger than in any species except
zarhyncha.
Description.—A nearly perfect colony was brought up on rock-cod
lines off Point Sur (25 miles south of Monterey Bay), Calif., from a
depth of between 50 and 90 fathoms. It rests on an irregular, deeply
fenestrated base of dead hydrocoral thickly encrusted with sponges,
bryozoans, serpulid tubes, barnacles, brachiopods, and solitary corals
(Paracyathus). The horizontal dimensions of the living portion are
265 mm by 130 mm; total height 180 mm; the living portion 100 mm.
There are very many subterete, round-tipped, one to four times
dichotomously branched prongs arising from the very irregular,
fenestrated, encrusting base, which, as above stated, rests on ‘‘dead”’
calcareous foundation. The main branches are 10 to 12 mm in
diameter; the terminal branchlets 4 to 6 mm. Small colonies from
off the Farallone Islands, Calif., have only a few branches and measure
35 to 75 mm in height.
The branches are rough from very numerous scoop-shaped projec-
tions, outgrowths of the margin of the larger dactylopores. The
hollow of the scoop, which is the dactylotome, is oriented in every
direction around a circle, and along its bottom is a slight ridge carry-
542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
ing a cheval-de-frise of tiny spicules—the dactylostyle. Irregularly
in depressions among the projections are the ovoid hirsute gastro-
styles. Here and there are tiny secondary dactylopores without pro-
jecting lip, or with only a rudimentary one. In the latter a very tiny
style can be detected.
On the basal part of the colony where there is no crowding (pl. 66,
fig. 2) one can find numerous primitive cyclosystems composed of a
central gastrostyle with 2 to 5 associated projecting dactylotomes
oriented so that the slit and its style face toward the gastrostyle, the
top of which may be in the bottom of a very shallow depression or
else nearly flush with the general surface of the coenosteum. This is a
more generalized condition than in Allopora, where the dactylopores
are coordinated with the gastropore to form a circumscribed cup.
The simpler arrangement suggests an ancestral stage of both genera.
In the large colony much of the space between the projecting dacty-
lotomes is occupied by ampullae, probably female, crowded so close
together that only a thin, often perforated grillelike wall separates
them. The external wall is also a perforated grille. The subspherical
cavity varies 1.5 to 3 times the diameter of an average gastropore.
In a cleaned specimen these crowded ampullae have almost a frothy
appearance (pl. 70, fig. 1a, a). In a small specimen from station 3159
are smaller ampullae, which are probably male (pl. 70, fig. 1a). These
form a slight convexity, often at base of a projection, and the cavity
varies in diameter from a little less to a little more than that of a
gastropore.
The surface of the coenosteum is minutely fenestrated and spongy,
with branched processes more irregular in the hollows than on the
projections and more pronounced on the distal than on proximal parts
of branches.
Color of dried colony, pink, varying from near eosine pink to rose
pink of Ridgway’s nomenclature. One small specimen is jasper pink.
Type.—In the United States National Museum and Museum of
Comparative Zoology. ‘‘A large stone with several specimens upon
it was obtained by Count Pourtalés in 1873, and is now in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology.’’ A small fragment of this, now in the Na-
tional Museum, was used as the type.
Type locality—50 to 100 fathoms about the Farallone Islands,
Calif. ,
Specimens examined.—The type. Also from Point Sur, Calif., 50
to 90 fathoms, snagged by rock-cod fisherman of Vito Bruno’s,
Monterey, Calif., large colony, gift of Dr. G. Van Wagenen; station
3158, 8 small specimens; station 3159, 5 small colonies; Gulf of Georgia,
A. Agassiz (no other data), 1 large colony, Museum of Comparative
Zoology.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 543
Genus DISTICHOPORA Lamarck
Distichopora LAMarRcK, Histoire des animaux sans vertébres, vol. 2, p. 198, 1816
(type: Madrepora violacea Pallas).
DISTICHOPORA BOREALIS, new species
PuaTE 70, Fiagure 3; Puate 71; PLatTEe 72; Puate 73
Diagnosis.—Resembling D. sulcata Pourtalés but differing in having
the marginal sulcus about twice as broad, larger gastropores, still
more prominent dactylopore projections, and much more strongly
corrugated ampullae; surface of coenosteum minutely spiculated
rather than uneven and glossy.
Description.—The colony branches mostly in one plane after the
habit of typical Distichopora, but the branches are sometimes twisted
or bent. At the base of the fragment from station 4781 (pl. 71, fig. 4)
two of the main stems anastomose, and the neat flabellate structure
is interrupted in the manner shown by the photograph.
The gastropores lie close together in a well-defined sulcus, the raised,
rough borders of which are occupied by a series of tilted, slitlike
dactylopores (or dactylotomes) oriented transversely or oblique-
transversely to long axis of branch. Each dactylopore forms the
aperture of a gouge-shaped projecting lip, as in Errinopora, these
projections becoming more and more prominent on the distal portion
of branchlets. Here the margins of branchlets in profile are strongly
dentate on account of the dactylopore processes (pls. 72, 73).
The dactylotomes are about half as long as width of gastropore
(varying one-third to two-thirds). Gastropores (from 0.25 to 0.425
mm in width) are spaced usually one-half to their own diameter apart.
The spacing of dactylotomes is irregular, but there is frequently one
on either side opposite a septum between two gastropores; and one,
or occasionally two, on either side, corresponding to the gastropore.
There are no dactylostyles.
The gastropores are very deep, slightly curved, and descend at a
sharp angle to long axis of branch. Most of them end at center of
branch, being separated from the series of opposite side only by a thin
septum. The walls are beset by crowded short irregular spicules.
The gastrostyle is very slender, usually long, and bristling with oblique
sharp delicate spicules. The tip may be seen in a cleaned specimen by
looking into the gastropore on the axis of its slant. Of sporadic oc-
currence on the front and back of larger stems are primitive cyclo-
systems consisting of a gastropore (sometimes 2 or 3 of unequal size)
surrounded by upward of 10 dactylopore projections, with the dactylo-
tomes turned toward the gastropore. These are usually on a slight
convexity and are the first appearance of new branchlets. A similar
structure is found on some specimens of D. violacea forma coccinea
(U.S.N.M. no. 8978, Tahiti).
544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 84
The male ampullae (pl. 71, fig. 3; pl. 73) are superficial, convex,
with a ridged or corrugated surface. Diameter of ampulla about 0.5
mm; dorsal wall thin; inner surface compact. The female ampullae
(p. 70, fig. 3; pl. 71, figs. 1, 2, 4; pl. 72) are strongly convex, the surface
traversed by prominent, interrupted or continuous, often sharp ridges
or crests; or the surface is irregularly corrugated with occasional
tubercles. Diameter of ampulla 1 to 1.25 mm or about twice that of
the male ampullae; dorsal wall thicker than in male; inner surface
fenestrated, often with irregular branched spicules, which anastomose
into a wide-meshed spongy superstructure on the wall proper.
The texture of the coenosteum of branchlets is well shown by plates
72 and 73. On the main branches the coenosteum is firmer, but the
surface is not smooth to the touch, nor is there any of the slight gloss
or “finish” that is found in D. sulcata. The lighter bands of the
vermiculation apparent in plates 72 and 73 are due in part to the more
porous structure of the surface layer and in part to microscopic spic-
ules. These are more obvious (under high magnification) on the
dactylotome projections and on the ridges traversing the ampullae
(pls 70; fie. 3).
Color of dried specimens: Cartridge buff (pl. 71, fig. 3), warm buff
(pl. 71, fig. 1), capucine buff (pl. 71, fig. 4); Ridgway’s nomenclature.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 43274.
Type locality—Station 3480, Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands, lat.
52° 06’ N., long. 171° 45’ W., 283 fathoms, black sand, rocky.
Specimens eramined.—From the type locality, three male and three
female fragments (largest, the type, pl. 71, fig. 1); from station 4781,
one colony (pl. 71, fig. 4).
Remarks.—I have compared specimens with examples of D. violacea
(Pallas) Lamarck, D. coccinea Gray, and D. nitida Verrill—color varia-
tions of one reef and shallow-water Indo-Pacific tropical species, D.
violacea. This species does not have dactylotome projections and has
a smooth, purple, violet, rose, red, or deep apricot corallum. D.
gracilis Dana (1846, p. 704, pl. 60, figs. 4, 5-56), from Tuamotu
Archipelago, is very small, the pale rose corallum being only 23 mm
high. The gastropores (0.1 mm to 0.12 mm) are one-fourth to one-
third the diameter of the average pores of borealis. They open in a
shallow sulcus, and the dactylotomes have a slightly elevated lip.
The relatively broad and low female ampullae sometimes occupy the
entire breadth of a branch (pl. 75) and are not corrugated but are
covered like the rest of corallum with microscopic convexities or
bosses. D. rosea Kent (1871), from the east coast of Australia, is
probably the same species. As Dana’s figure of the type is very
small, a photograph, enlarged five times, is given (pl. 75). Type of
D. gracilis Dana is Mus. Comp. Zool. no. 5507.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 545
Of the species described by Pourtalés from the West Indian region,
sulcata, foliacea, cervina, barbadensis, and contorta, the north Pacific
species shows resemblance only to D. sulcata (see pl. 74). In this
species the dactylotomes are on projections that on the distal parts of
branches approach the prominence of those of borealis, but when
specimens are compared the gastropores of borealis are quite evi-
dently at least 50 percent (sometimes 100 percent) wider than those
of sulcata and the marginal sulcus, including the limiting dactylotome
projections, about twice as broad as that of sulcata. The ridges that
roughen the surface of the ampullae of sulcata are smaller, more
numerous, rounded, less porous, with a surface polish and without the
microscopic superficial spicules of borealis.
LITERATURE CITED
Acassiz, ALEXANDER, and PourtaLés, Louris FRANGOIS DE.
1874. Echini, crinoids, and corals. Jn Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, no. 8, pp. 1-49, 15
figs., 10 pls. (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 4.)
Brocu, HJALMAR.
1914. Stylasteridae. The Danish Jngolf-Expedition, vol. 5, pt. 5, 25 pp.,
6 figs., 5 pls.
1918. Coelenterates in the publications of J. E. Gunnerus, a contribution to
the history of Norwegian zoology. Kongl. Norske Vid.-Selsk.
Skrifter, 1917, no. 4, pp. 1-17, 4 figs., 1 pl.
1932. Ueber einige geographisch interessante Fundstellen von Alcyonarien
und Hydrokorallen im nérdlichen Stillen Ozean. Explor. des
mers d’URSS, fase. 17 (1433), Inst. Hydrologique, Leningrad, pp.
81-86, 2 figs.
1935. Einige Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen) der ochotskischen und japan-
ischen See. Idem, fasc. 22, pp. 58-60, 2 figs.
1936. Untersuchungen an Stylasteriden (Hydrokorallen), Teil I, pp. 1-103,
32 text-figs., 13 pls. Norske Vid.-Akad. Skrifter, Mat.-Nat. K1.,
no. 8. (October 1936.)
Dati, WititiAM HEALEY.
1884. On some Hydrocorallinae from Alaska and California. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 2, pp. 111-115. (Also in: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 5, vol. 13, pp. 467-471, 1884.)
Dana, JAMES DwIGHT.
1846. Zoophytes. United States Exploring Expedition during the years
1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes,
U.S.N., vol. 7, 740 pp., atlas (61 pls.).
EHRENBERG, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED.
1834. Beitrige zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allge-
meinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche
zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Abh. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1832, pp. 225-380.
Esrpr, EUGENIUS JOHANN CHRISTOPH.
1797. Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit
Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen, Theil 1,230pp. Nurnberg.
FisHerR, WALTER KENRICK.
1931. Californian hydrocorals. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 8, pp.
391-399, 3 pls.
Gray, JoHN Epwarp.
1847. An outline of an arrangement of stony corals. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 19, pp. 120-128.
Hickson, SypNEy JOHN.
1900. The Aleyonaria and Hydrocorallinae of the Cape of Good Hope.
Marine Investigations in South Africa, vol. 1, pp. 67-96, 6 pls.
1912. On the hydrocoralline genus, Errina. Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1912,
pp. 876-896, 3 pls.
Hickson, SypNEY JOHN, and ENGLAND, HELEN Mary.
1905. The Stylasterina of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga-Exped. Monogr.
8, 26 pp., 3 pls.
546
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 547
Kent, WILLIAM SAVILLE.
1871. On some new and little-known species of madrepores, or stony corals,
in the British Museum collection. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871,
pp. 275-286, 3 pls.
Mitne Epwarps, Henri, and Haims, JULES.
1850. Recherches sur les polypiers; cinquiéme memoire. Monographie des
oculinides. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool, ser. 3, vol. 13, pp. 63-110, 2 pls.
1857. Histoire naturelle des corallaires ou polypes proprement dit, vol. 2,
633 pp.
1860. Ibid., vol. 3, 560 pp.
Mose.LEyY, Henry NorripGe.
1876. On the structure and relations of the aleyonarian Heliopora caerulea,
with some account of the anatomy of a species of Sarcophyton; Notes
on the structure of species of the genera Millepora, Pocillopora, and
Stylaster; and Remarks on the affinities of certain Palaeozoic corals.
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 166, pt. 1, pp. 91-129, 2 pls.
(Abstract in: Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 24, pp. 59-70, 1875.)
1879. On the structure of the Stylasteridae, a family of the hydroid stony
corals. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 169, pt. 2, pp. 425-
503, 11 pls.
1880. On the Hydrocorallinae. The voyage of H. M.S. Challenger, Zoology,
vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 11-101, 14 pls.
PourtTAuLés, Louis FRANGOIS DE.
1867. Contributions to the fauna of the Gulf Stream at great depths. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 103-120.
1868. Idem (2d ser.). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 121-141.
1871. Deep-sea corals. Jn Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Harvard College, no. 4, 93 pp., 8 pls. (Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 2.)
1878. Reports on the results of dredging under the supervision of Alexander
Agassiz in the Gulf of Mexico, by the United States Coast Survey
steamer Blake. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5, no. 9, Corals,
pp. 197-212, 1 pl.
QUELCH, JOHN JOSEPH.
1884. On new Stylasteridae, with remarks on some recently described forms.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 13, pp. 111-117.
Ripeway, Ropert.
1912. Color standards and color nomenclature, 44 pp., 53 pls. (1,115 named
colors). Washington.
Sars, GEorG OssIAN.
1873. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Dyrelivet paa vore Havbanker. Forh.
Vid.-Selsk. Christiania, 1872, pp. 73-119.
VERRILL, ADDISON EMERY.
1864. List of polyps and corals sent by the Museum of Comparative Zoology
to other institutions in exchange, with annotations. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 29-60.
1866. Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expe-
dition under Commodore C. Ringgold and Captain John Rodgers,
U. S. N., from 1853 to 1856; collected by Wm. Stimpson, naturalist
to the expedition; with descriptions of some additional new species
from the west coast of North America. Pt. 3: Madreporaria.
Proc. Essex Inst., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 17—50, 2 pls.
1868. Review of the corals and polyps of the west coast of America. Trans.
Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 377-558, 6 pls.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
The drawings of details were made by the writer. The photo-
graphs were made in the photographic laboratory of the United States
National Museum, with exception of plates 43, 65, 66, and 68 by
G. E. MacGinitie and plates 58 and 60 by Beauford B. Fisher.
PLATE 34
Allopora campyleca: 1, Portion of branchlet of male colony showing two cyclo-
systems and associated ampullae, X 20; la, type, longisection of a cyclo-
system from side of rather small branch that necessitates the sharp curvature
of gastropore, X 20, gastrostyle 0.68 mm; 1b, a cyclosystem from main stem
of type, with three male ampullae (two opened), * 20; 1c, type, three dactylo-
tomes, X 60, showing relatively small pores and small dactylostyle spicules;
ld, branchlet of female colony, showing cyclosystems and associated female
ampullae, the lowermost sectioned, X 20, longest diameter of cyclosystem 1.2
mm; le, type, style and rudimentary style chamber characteristic of male
colonies, X 30, gastrostyle 0.68 mm; If, style characteristic of female colonies,
X 30, style 0.5 mm; 1g, longisection of a cyclosystem of female colony, X 20.
PuatE 35
1-1d, Allopora polyorchis: 1, Type, a cyclosystem from the posterior face of a
larger stem, X 20, cyclosystem 0.98 by 1.1 mm, three male ampullae; la,
xX 60, section of a style chamber viewed from above as well as from side, so
that the style is considerably foreshortened, spicules shown projecting
downward from gastropore wall; 1b, * 20, cyclosystem and two female
ampullae of specimen mentioned in text; lc, type, X 20, lateral face of a
branchlet showing three irregular confluent cyclosystems and an independent
system with the more robust gastrostyles often found in irregular systems,
male ampullae above on front of colony, those below on the back; 1d, type,
x 20, section of a rather deep cyclosystem with also on left a section of a
dactylopore.
2-2c, Stylaster cancellatus: 2, Type, X 20, lateral face of a small twig showing five
cyclosystems and female ampullae on front and back of twig, an ampulla
opened on left, and end of branch at right; 2a, male specimen, X 20, a shallow
cyclosystem viewed in section, with two dactylopores in section; 2b, male
specimen, < 20, the terminal deeper gastropore of a small twig; 2c, male
specimen, 10, lateral view of a fairly straight branchlet of the twig-net
showing three cyclosystems and male ampullae, the gastropore set obliquely
as in 2a (note that this figure is half magnification of others).
PLATE 36
Allopora campyleca: 1, Type, portion of male colony, front view; 2, fragment of
female colony, back view showing ampullae. Natural size.
Puate 37
Allopora polyorchis: 1, Front view of type colony, male, 390 mm wide and 278
mm high; 2, tip of a terminal branchlet enlarged to show characteristic
distortion of cyclosystems (this is possibly from a different colony).
548
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 549
PLATE 38
Allopora polyorchis: 1, Branchlet from type (pl. 37, fig. 1, arrow) showing abund-
dance of male ampullae and their distribution, front view, X 454; 2, terminal
twigs from same fragment as pl. 37, fig. 2 (mote male ampullae), X 5.
PLATE 39
Stylaster cancellatus: Front view of central portion of type fragment showing
orientation of cyclosystems on anastomosing branchlets and the characteristic
female ampullae, x 5.
PuaTE 40
Stylaster cancellatus: 1, Paratype, front of fragment of male colony, natural size;
2, back of same colony, X 5, this enlargement representing the obverse of the
lower left quadrant of fig. 1; the heaviest branch (arrow) is the ascending
central branch of fig. 1.
PuatTe 41
1-1d, Allopora campyleca paragea: 1, Type, one of the larger cyclosystems, with
two male ampullae, from a small branch, X 30; la, a branchlet showing
ordinary cyclosystems, X 20, to agree with magnifications of figs. 2, 2c, and
2d; 1b, section of a small cyclosystem but not showing maximum curvature
of pore, X 30, style 0.5 mm long, dp=dactylopores, that on right is independ-
ent of a cyclosystem, section of male ampulla; 1c, style and style chamber of a
larger cyclosystem, X 30, showing maximum differentiation of style chamber;
1d, three dactylopores and gastrostome, < 60, showing the short dactylotomes
and maximum development of dactylostyles.
2-Ze, Allopora campyleca tylota: 2, Type, two of the peculiar large cyclosystems
and associated female ampullae, the lowermost with roof removed to show
fenestrated wall, < 20, cyclosystem 1.5 mm in diameter; 2a, style and style
chamber of a cyclosystem from branchlet of male colony, X 30, showing
only moderate development of spicules on wall of style chamber; 25, view
looking into gastropore from just above tip of style, showing the style chamber
and the spiniform outgrowths from its wall (cf. fig. 3), 60, the outer line
being the boundary of gastropore, here shown in cross section; 2c, a cyclo-
system at tip of a lateral branchlet of largest fragment (male colony), X 20;
2d, one of the small cyclosystems from a peripheral branchlet and two male
ampullae in profile, X20; 2e, section of a cyclosystem, gastropore 1.85 mm
deep, style 0.59 mm long, X 20; this view shows the deep-cut dactylotomes
for comparison with those of S. elassotomus.
8, Stylaster elassotomus: Type, cross section of gastropore just above end of style
showing spiculate outgrowths from wall of style chamber, x 60 (cf. fig. 2b).
Puate 42
1-1c, Stylaster elassotomus: 1, Type, a cyclosystem viewed directly from above
showing the short dactylotomes and the flaring gastrostome of the larger
systems, X 20; 1a, a portion of the above enlarged, < 60; 1b, longisection of
gastropore, < 20, gastrostyle 0.45-0.5 mm long (see pl. 41, fig. 3) (the
shallow dactylotomes are shown at top); lc, branchlet with two cyclosystems
and associated male ampullae, * 20.
2-2b, Allopora stejnegeri: 2, Type, a large cyclosystem from a main stem, X 20;
2a, two female ampullae and two small cyclosystems from branch, X 20;
2b, section of cyclosystem and two ampullae, X 20, the right ampullae being
the normal female and the left the small sort mentioned in text.
550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
3-3d, Allopora brochi: 3, Type, X 60, portion of a cyclosystem showing details of
four dactylotomes; 3a, type, X 20, a full-sized cyclosystem and two female
ampullae; 3b, type, X 20, section of a cyclosystem and two ampullae; 3c,
type, X 20, a gastrostyle, showing also spicules on wall of style chamber;
3d, type, X 20, one of the small gastrostyles mentioned in text.
PLATE 43
Allopora campyleca paragea: Front view of type colony, natural size.
PLATE 44
Allopora brochi: 1, Branch of type colony, < 5; 2, type colony, about natural
size, taken 90° to left of viewpoint of fig. 1.
Puate 45
1, Allopora brochi: Type, slightly enlarged.
2, Allopora campyleca trachystoma: Front of type (female), natural size.
PuatTE 46
Allopora campyleca trachystoma: 1, Front view of a fragment of male colony,
natural size; 2, enlargement of right center of fig. 1, X 5.
PLATE 47
Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus: 1, Front view of a male colony, X 2; 2, en-
largement of distal branchlets of fig. 1, & 5; 3, end of a female colony show-
ing flattened branchlets, spiny outgrowths, and two ampullae, X 5 (this is
the left distal branch of pl. 48, fig. 1).
PLatTE 48
Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus: 1, Front view of branch of female colony, para
type, X 2 (see pl. 47, fig. 3); 2, front view of portion of type fragment, male,
x 5.
PLATE 49
1, Stylaster elassotomus: Type, front view, * 1%.
2, Allopora moseleyana: Female colony, from station 3480, front view, X 2.
PLATE 50
Allopora moseleyana: Fragment of a female colony (not of pl. 49, fig. 2), from
station 3480, x 5.
PuaTE 51
Allopora moseleyana: Type, male colony, from station 4781.
PLATE 52
Allopora moseleyana forma leptostyla: 1, Fragment of male colony showing
ampullae, front view, X 2; 2, most of type colony, front view, 1%; 3,
fragment of female colony, front view, < 5.
PLATE 53
1-1b, Allopora moseleyana: 1, Two cyclosystems of the type, xX 30, extreme
diameter of cyclosystem including dactylopores 0.85-0.9 mm, diameter of
style 0.25 mm, on left tubercles of coenosteum (a, ampulla; p, coenosteal
pore); la, X 30, sectioned cyclosystem with robust style 0.47 mm long, the
ventral or bottom chamber of the gastropore shown darker; 1b, 30,
sectioned cyclosystem showing also longitudinal section of dactylopores,
style 0.6 mm long and ventral chamber of gastropore large; above the rim
of cyclosystem is another intended to show the normal variation in depth of
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 551
cup, the bottom being the same for both (a, sectioned male ampulla in situ,
0.425 mm in diameter, showing laminated inner surface).
2-2b, Allopora norvegica pacifica: 2, A cyclosystem, X 30, extreme diameter
0.8-0.85 mm, tip of gastrostyle seen in profile owing to curvature of pore;
2a, X 30, slender style of specimen mentioned in text; 2b, X 30, sectioned
cyclosystem from male fragment with sectioned ampulla in situ (a), depth
of gastropore 1.2 mm, length of style 0.6 mm.
3-3b, Allopora boreopacifica: 3, Sectioned cyclosystem, X 30, showing on left a
sectioned dactylopore and an isolated dactylopore; 3a, portion of branchlet
bearing female ampullae, X 30, uppermost cyclosystem 0.74 mm in diameter;
3b, X 30, a sectioned female ampulla from same branchlet as fig. 3a.
PLATE 54
1-1b, Allopora campyleca trachystoma: 1, Type, longisection of a cyclosystem,
< 20; la, several female ampullae and a cyclosystem, X 20; 1b, smaller
cyclosystem showing three outgrowths characteristic of smaller branchlets,
from specimen figured on pl. 46, 20.
2, Stylaster gemmascens alaskanus: Three ampullae, probably male (indicated by
arrow, pl. 47, fig. 2), seen somewhat more in profile; diameter of ampulla
about 0.75 mm; X 20.
3, Allopora verrilli: Cyclosystem of specimen from station 4777 figured on pl. 57,
fig. 2, X 30; one dactylotome is imperfect.
4, 4a, Allopora papillosa: 4, Largest cyclosystem of type specimen, X 30; 4a,
section of a cyclosystem showing characteristic gastrostyle in style chamber,
x 30.
5, 5a, Allopora petrograpta: 5, An unusually symmetrical cyclosystem showing
large gastrostyle (some gastrostyles are smaller and some relatively larger
than this), X 30; 5a, sectional view showing two female ampullae and a
smaller cyclosystem with characteristic style, X 30.
PLATE 55
1, Allopora norvegica pacifica: Front view, X 2, station 5016.
2, Allopora boreopacifica: Back of colony, natural size, station 5016.
3, Allopora venusta: Female from station 2875, front view, X 2.
Puate 56
Allopora stejnegeri, type: 1, Portion of right branch of fig. 2, X 434; 2, major
portion of colony (base omitted), * 2.
PLATE 57
Allopora verrilli: 1, Male colony from Sucia Islands, Wash., 3; 2, smaller of
two colonies from station 4777, female, X 4% (the back of colony has nearly
as many cyclosystems; in the other colony there is no differentiated front) ;
3, type specimen, X 2, somewhat beach worn.
PuatTe 58
Allopora californica: Small portion of a large colony from Monterey Bay, Calif.,
mentioned in text; U.S.N.M. no. 43275; X 2.
PuatTE 59
1, 2, Allopora porphyra: 1, Part of type colony, X 6; 2, another fragment of type
colony, X 3.
3, Allopora papillosa: Type, X 6.
4, Allopora petrograpta: Part of type, X 6.
Dae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
PLaTE 60
Allopora porphyra, alcoholic specimen from Carmel Bay, Calif. (tissue consider-
ably smooths the surface and partly obscures the calcareous papillae; a
fragment of this colony is U.S.N.M. no. 43277): 1, Enlarged slightly over
twice natural size; 2, a portion near center of fig. 1, 4.
PuatTE 61
1, la, Allopora porphyra: 1, A typical cyclosystem with four gastrostyles viewed
directly from above, X 30; la, a section of a cyclosystem showing two gastro-
styles and four dactylostyles. The dotted line crossing the gastrostyles
indicates the bottom of the cup; the lower, dash, line is the bottom of the
colony, which was here very thin; on the right an entire dactylopore is
shown in section, < 30.
2, 2a, Allopora venusta: 2, A cyclosystem from above, specimen from off Cape
Flattery, X 30; 2a, section of a cyclosystem for comparison with fig. 3b,
xX 30.
3-3), Allopora californica: 3, Three cyclosystems of a specimen from Monterey
Bay, X 30; 3a, a cyclosystem of the type, X 30; 3b, section of a cyclosystem,
specimen from Monterey Bay, X 30; on either side are portions of female
ampullae.
PLATE 62
Cryptohelia trophostega: 1, A lid with dorsal wall removed to show the contained
ampullae, the circular apertures of which are in the lower wall of each
chamber and therefore pierce the lower wall of the lid directly over the
gastropore, X 15; 2,a cyclosystem viewed from the side, showing a lid with
two points of attachment, the spots indicating nematophore pits, X 15; 3,a
section of a cyclosystem having a lid with two points of attachment, three
ampullae (a) shown in section and at the bottom of the gastropore the very
small ventral chamber (vc), X 5; 4, a cyclosystem viewed directly from
above after removal of the lid in the stem of which are parts of three am-
pullae (a) (in the center of the gastropore is the round aperture leading to
ventral chamber), < 15; 5, half of a cyclosystem sectioned in the plane x—x,
fig. 4, but of a smaller cyclosystem; above are the dactylotomes, which do not
communicate directly with the ventral chamber (ve), X 15; 6, a small cyclo-
system at end of a branchlet, showing nematophore pits, 15; 7, a portion
of the main stem in a distal part of the colony showing variations in form of
cyclosystems and the nematophore pits, < 5 (the pits are not so conspicuous
as it is necessary to make them in the drawing; a, a lid with six ampullae
mentioned in text); 8, a view of a fairly large cyclosystem from above with
a lid in place, width of lid 2.8 mm, X 15.
PLATE 63
Cryptohelia trophostega: Type, anterior face, natural size.
PuatTe 64
1. Cryptohelia pudica Milne Edwards and Haime (but not of Moseley): Specimen
from Sulu Sea, 508 fathoms, 2.
2-4, Cryptohelia japonica (Milne Edwardsand Haime): 2, 3, Specimens from sta-
tion 4924, Colnett or Vincennes Strait, 159 fathoms; 4, from station 4890,
Eastern China Sea, 135fathoms. X 2.
5, Cryptohelia gigantea: Type, from station 2818, Galapagos Islands, 392 fathoms,
X 2.
HYDROCORALS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 553
Puate 65
1, Errinopora stylifera: Front view, slightly enlarged, station 5016.
2, Errinopora pourtalesii: Three branches of small colony from station 3159 (virtu-
ally the type locality), X 3.
PLATE 66
1, Errinopora nanneca: Type, front view, X 1.4.
2, Errinopora pourtalesii: Main stem of small colony (pl. 65, fig. 2) showing
primitive cyclosystems referred to in text.
PLATE 67
Errinopora nanneca: Front view of paratype from station 3599, X 1.3.
PLATE 68
Errinopora zarhyncha: Front view of type, slightly reduced.
PLATE 69
1, Errinopora zarhyncha: A group of gastropores and dactylopores, < 15.
2, 2a, Errinopora nanneca: Three ampullae and neighboring dactylopores and
: gastropores, X 15; 2a, two gastropores and three dactylopores, < 30.
3, 3a, Errinopora stylifera: 3, Portion of surface of terminal branch showing char-
acteristic arrangement of gastropores and dactylopores of several sizes (the
smoother swellings are ampullae), X 15; 3a, detail of a gastropore (in section)
and, above, of several dactylopores (surface view), < 30.
PLATE 70
1, la, Errinopora pourtalesii: 1, Tip of a branchlet of specimen from Point Sur,
Calif., showing the lipped dactylopores, dactylostyles, scattered circular
gastrostyles, and female ampullae (a, a, a) with perforated wall (the small
black spots are secondary dactylopores), * 15; la, from station 3159; above
are two dactylopores, one showing style; below are two gastrostyles; two
male ampullae, the thin wall of which has been removed; X 30.
2, 2a, Allopora porphyra: 2, A cyclosystem drawn from life showing a partly ex-
panded gastrozooid, with eight tentacles, and contracted dactylozooids; 2a,
a cyclosystem drawn from life showing four gastrozooids, with five and six
tentacles, and encircling them the mostly retracted dactylozooids, X 30.
3, Distichopora borealis: Type, detail of a terminal branch showing female am-
pullae, dactylopores, and gastropores, X 20.
PuatTe 71
Distichopora borealis: 1, Type, female, from station 3480, X 114; 2, another female
fragment from type locality, X 1%; 3, a male fragment from type locality,
xX 1%; 4, specimen from station 4781, female, natural size.
Puate 72
Distichopora borealis: Same specimen as pl. 71, fig. 2, enlarged five times to show
texture of surface, female ampullae, and dactylotome projections along
border of branches.
PuatTEe 73
Distichopora borealis: Male specimen from station 3480, < 5.
554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
Puate 74
Distichopora sulcata Pourtalés: Specimen from station 2354, off Arrowsmith Bank,
Yucatan, lat. 20°59’30’’ N., long. 86° 23’W., 130 fathoms, natural size.
Puate 75
Distichopora gracilis Dana: Type, Mus. Comp. Zool. no. 5507, from Tuamotu
Archipelago, U. S. Exploring Expedition, X 5.
PuatTE 76
A comparison of the cyclosystems of five species of Allopora, enlarged approxi-
mately 30 times; for each species a surface view and a longitudinal section
through gastropore and two dactylopores (d) are given to show form of
gastropore and gastrostyle (g). The dactylotomes (d) are in sagittal section.
1, 2, Allopora solida (Broch): Cotype.
3, 4, Allopora norvegica pacifica (Broch): Figure 3 is from one of Dr. Broch’s
white specimens on which the cyclosystems are usually circular. The
gastropore is curved so that the tip of the gastrostyle, in profile, is seen on the
right side. Figure 4 is from one of Dr. Broch’s rose specimens. In both of
these the cyclosystems are larger than in examples from stations 5016 and
5017 (see pl. 53, fig. 2).
5, 6, Allopora verrilli Dall: 5, Specimen from Sucia Islands, Wash.; 6, from sta-
tion 4777.
7, 8, Allopora scabiosa (Broch): Cotype. Figure 7 represents a large cyclosystem
with a bent or curved gastropore, the sides of which are as steep as in figure 8.
The ventral portion of the gastropore surrounding the style, which might
reasonably be interpreted as a style chamber (ef. p. 515), is often not so
sharply differentiated from the portion above. In such cases the gastropore
is wider opposite the tip of style. In the engraving the roughness of the
style-chamber wall is much overemphasized.
9-11, Allopora boreopacifica (Broch): Okhotsk Sea form, station 5016. Figure 9
is one of the larger systems. The smallest are about half this diameter, and
may have one, two, or three dactylotomes only.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1938
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 34
ALLOPORA CAMPYLECA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 548
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 35
ALLOPORA POLYORCHIS (1) AND STYLASTER CANCELLATUS (2).
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 548.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 36
ALLOPORA CAMPYLECA
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
PEATE ow
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
is
“Sr
S39vd 3aS 3Lv1d JO NOILYVNY1IdxX3a YO
“SIHODYOAI1Od VYOdOTIY
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 38
ALLOPORA POLYORCHIS
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 39
STYLASTER CANCELLATUS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 40
oe
we
a
+
STYLASTER CANCELLATUS
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 41
ALLOPORA CAMPYLECA PARAGEA (1), A. C. TYLOTA (2), AND STYLASTER
ELASSOTOMUS (3).
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 549
PLATE 42
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Pea
Ss
(3).
(2), AND A. BROCHI
OF PLATE SEE PAGES 549-550.
ALLOPORA STEJNEGERI
STYLASTER ELASSOTOMUS (1),
FOR EXPLANATION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 43
ALLOPORA CAMPYLECA PARAGEA
YR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 44
ALLOPORA BROCHI
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 45
ALLOPORA BROCHI (1) AND A. CAMPYLECA TRACHYSTOMA (2)
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PASE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 46
ALLOPORA CAMPYLECA TRACHYSTOMA
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE Ser PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 47
STYLASTER GEMMASCENS ALASKANUS
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 43
STYLASTER GEMMASCENS ALASKANUS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 49
STYLASTER ELASSOTOMUS (1) AND ALLOPORA MOSELEYANA (2
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 50
ALLOPORA MOSELEYANA
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 51
ALLOPORA MOSELEYANA.,
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 550.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 52
@ : ag
ALLOPORA MOSELEYANA FORMA LEPTOSTYLA
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 53
ALLOPORA MOSELEYANA (1), A. NORVEGICA PACIFICA (2), AND
A. BOREOPACIFICA (3).
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 550-551,
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL, 84 PLATE 54
ALLOPORA CAMPYLECA TRACHYSTOMA (1), STYLASTER GEMMASCENS ALASKANUS
(2), ALLOPORA VERRILLI (3), A. PAPILLOSA (4), AND A. PETROGRAPTA (5).
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 551
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 55
ALLOPORA NORVEGICA PACIFICA (1 A. BOREOPACIFICA (2), AND A. VENUSTA (3)
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 56
ALLOPORA STEJNEGERI.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 57
ALLOPORA VERRILLI
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE ws
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 58
ALLOPORA CALIFORNICA
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
59
PLATE
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84
NATIONAL MUSEUM
S
U
(4)
AND A. PETROGRAPTA
(3)
A. PAPILLOSA
2
Cal;
ORA PORPHYRA
Pc
ALLC
PAGE
E
SE
PLATE
EXPLANATION OF
FOR
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 60
ALLOPORA PORPHYRA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 552
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 61
ALLOPORA PORPHYRA (1), A. VENUSTA (2), AND A. CALIFORNICA (3).
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 552.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 62
CRYPTOHELIA TROPHOSTEGA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 552.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 63
CRYPTOHELIA TROPHOSTEGA.
ANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE :
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 64
AND C. GIGANTEA (5)
PLATE
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84
MUSEUM
NATIONAL
J
U
(2
POCURTALESII
AND E
(1)
ShVEIFERA
ERRINOPORA
OF PAGE
X PLANATION
E
FOR
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 66
ERRINOPORA NANNECA (1) AND E. POURTALESII (2)
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 67
ERRINOPORA NANNECA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 553.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 68
ERRINOPORA ZARHYNCHA
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 69
ERRINOPORA ZARHYNCHA (1), E. NANNECA (2), AND E. sil YCIFERA, (3).
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 553.
U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 70
ALLOPORA PORPHYRA (2), AND DISTICHOPORA
BOREALIS (3).
ERRINOPORA POURTALESI! (1),
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 553.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 7}?
DISTICHOPORA BOREALIS
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 72
DISTICHOPORA BOREALIS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 73
DISTICHOPORA BOREALIS
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 74
DISTICHOPORA SULCATA
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 75
——————
DISTICHOPORA GRACILIS
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE sEE PAGE
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84 PLATE 76
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
kK-one millimeter—-+4
————__
Myr
B
~ Xv E
sees
\
\
THY
A. VERRILLI (5, 6),
2), A. NORVEGICA PACIFICA (3, 4),
A. SCABIOSA (7, 8), AND A. BOREOPACIFICA (9-11).
ALLOPORA SOLIDA (1,
554
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE
i]
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued ,
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington : 1937 No. 3025
A GIANT NEW SPECIES OF FAIRY SHRIMP OF THE
GENUS BRANCHINECTA FROM THE STATE OF WASH-
INGTON
By James E. Lyncu
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
In THE spring of 1935, I was given two specimens of an excep-
tionally large and apparently undescribed species of Branchinecta by
Dr. M. H. Hatch, of the Department of Zoology of the University
of Washington. The honor of discovering this giant phyllopod
belongs to J. F. Clark, then of Washington State College, who had
collected the specimens in the vicinity of Coulee City, Wash., and
from whom Dr. Hatch had received them. On May 3, 1936, I visited
many of the temporary ponds between Coulee City and the Grand
Coulee Dam, in one of which I found the giant Branchinecta.
Kighty-nine specimens were obtained, of which 39 were males and 50
were females.
The measurements given herein were obtained from 10 mature
specimens of each sex, selected to show the range in size of adults.
The figures given are averages, with the range following in
parentheses.
Genus BRANCHINECTA Verrill
BRANCHINECTA GIGAS, new species
PLATES 77-80
Specific diagnosis Male: Total length from front to end of cerco-
pods 63 (61-70) mm. Length of combined head and thorax some-
what less than that of combined genital segments and abdomen.
Antennule 5.6 (4.2-7.0) mm in length, terminated by a group of
about 80 small sensory hairs. Antenna 12.6 (11-15) mm in length,
13430—37 555
556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 84
of two articles. Proximal article cylindrical, slightly constricted
near the middle, 7.5 (6.5-9.0) mm in length. Terminal article blunt,
somewhat flattened and slightly curved inward, and twisted in such
a way that the broader diameter at the tip is at right angles to
the corresponding transverse axis at proximal end of the article.
Length of terminal article 5.2 (4.5-6.0) mm. Both articles of an-
tenna devoid of processes, tubercles, or denticulations, although both
present considerable areas granulous with microscopic papillae.
Compound eyes small; peduncles 1.0-1.6 mm long; oval corneal por-
tion 0.60-0.71 mm in the longer (anteroposterior) axis. Median
ocellus present. Labrum truncated, bearing a blunt nasiform pro-
cess. Median border of endopodite bears heavily chitinized hooked
spines, with a triangular area of denticles on dorsolateral side.
Everted penes bear a spur near the base and two spinose lobes near
distal end. Cercopods 13.5 (10.3-16.3) mm in length, diverging, with
a row of plumose setae extending most of the length of cercopod
on ventrolateral side; similar, but longer, setae occurring dorsally
and medially in distal half only.
Female: Total length from front to end of cercopods 86 (69-97)
mm. Antennule 5.5 (3.8-6.8) mm in length. Antenna 12.6 (7.8-15)
mm in length. Antenna of female composed of one article, tapering
gradually to a sharp point. Three-fourths of distance from cephalic
end to apex of antenna there is a slight swelling, distally to which
antenna presents a feeble sigmoid curve. Ovisac piriform, 11 (7-13)
mm in leneth, 6.2 (4.5-7.5) mm in transverse diameter at base, and
carrying 200 to 600 eggs. Females exceed males in all dimensions
except for lengths of antennules and antennae and diameter of eye
(diameter of cornea slightly smaller than that of male). Average
ratio of length of males to that of females is 1:1.36. Cercopods 18.6
(12.5-22.5) mm in length.
Locality —Temporary alkali ponds in the Upper Grand Coulee, 19
miles north of Coulee City, Grant County, Wash.
Type specimens.—Holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 72572) and paratypes
have been deposited in the United States National Museum.
Description—The color of living specimens was a translucent
white, with a mere suggestion of a bluish cast. The intestine in
freshly collected specimens was bright red, caused by a diet of red
Diaptomus sp. The ovaries were pale blue; eggs, when first dis-
charged into the ovisac, pale blue-green, turning yellow before being
laid. Cement glands in the ovisac were dark yellow to light brown.
Both articles of the clasping antenna of the male are provided with
microscopic papillae, which are likely to be overlooked when the ani-
mals are studied with low magnifications. The inner and anterior
sides of the terminal half of the distal article are covered with small,
>
NEW SPECIES OF BRANCHINECTA—LYNCH 557
closely set papillae, flat on top, which give the area they cover a
tessellated appearance (pl. 80, figs. 5,6). The papillae are 8p to 9u
high, 20u to 30u in diameter, and are separated by spaces 2 to 6y
wide. The fiat upper surfaces of the papillae have a distinct over-
hang toward the proximal end of the antenna. In end view the flat
surfaces appear to be pitted with minute pores, which, however, are
probably spaces beneath the surface of the papillae.
The anterior and lateral sides of the distal fourth of the basal
article of the antenna are covered with closely set papillae of hemi-
spherical shape, mostly 7p to 154 in diameter and 1p to 11p high.
Scattered among them are pointed sensory hairs averaging 80 in
length. Toward the proximal end of the basal article these papillae
are arranged as scattered and widely separated groups of circular
outline, 60u to 200% in diameter, with a hair in the center of the
group. Toward the periphery of such groups the papillae become
Jower and broader (pl. 78, fig. 3).
The uniarticulate antennae of the female are tusklike in appear-
ance and exceptionally long. About three-fourths of the distance
from the origin of the antenna to its distal end there is a slight swell-
ing, distal to which the antenna tapers more abruptly and presents a
feeble sigmoid curve. The terminal portion of the antenna is rough-
ened by low ridges or curved welts, 44 to 54 high and 15 to 45y in
length. In the region of the swelling of the antenna, just proximal
to the narrower distal portion, these ridges become transformed into
numerous crowded papillae of hemispherical shape, 5n to 12” high
and 11p to 184 wide. These papillae cover the median and anterior
sides of the antenna in this region. Interspersed with the papillae
are numerous sensory hairs, 30u to 75u in length. At the borders of
the papillose area the papillae become broader and flatter, often with
a depression in the center, and gradually change over into curved
ridges. The remaining portion of the antenna, proximal to the
swollen papillose area, bears scattering circular aggregations of
papillae, similar to those described in the male (pl. 78, fig. 3). The
circular areas range from 50u to 270u in diameter and contain 7 to
85 papillae. The papillae are arranged in concentric rings about a
sensory hair.
The peduncles of the eyes are partly overhung by the anterodorsal
part of the head. In the center of the dorsal side of the head, be-
tween the eyes, is a sharply circumscribed area, square with rounded
corners (pl. 78, figs. 1, 2; pl. 79, fig. 4), the so-called neck organ.
The labrum (pl. 79, fig. 4), which is large and conspicuous, extends
from the ventral side of the front to beyond the mouth parts pos-
teriorly and has a notch on each side that fits around the lower
end of the mandibles. The posterior end is truncated but bears a
558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
conspicuous median noselike process. The nasiform process and
the expanded corners of the labrum are covered with stiff bristlelike
hairs grouped in small oblong patches and comblike rows.
The mandible has a large heavy tooth at the posterior angle of
the triturating surface. On the dorsal border of this surface
the large tooth is followed by a wide gap, then by three or four
heavy teeth, which diminish in size. The anterior and ventral borders
are bordered by numerous small, needlelike teeth (pl. 77, fig. 4).
Rows of small teeth extend inward from the bordering needlelike
teeth toward the median line of the triturating surface in its anterior
and ventral regions. The outer two or three teeth of each row
bear sharp points, the remainder being blunt. The rows often
bifurcate as they approach the center, and the teeth diminish in size
toward the center (pl. 77, fig. 3).
Between the mandibles and the first maxilla, on each side of the
median line, is a pyramidal elevation, roughly 4-sided at the base,
about 1 mm in diameter, and covered with fine bristlelike hairs.
The nasiform process of the labrum fits in between the apices of
these pyramids. The bases of the pyramids block the anterior end
of the ventral thoracic food groove, but obviously can be separated
to permit the passage of nutriment.
The first maxilla has a strong conical tooth at the anterior corner
of its median border, followed by 15 to 20 stout spines. The outer
surface of the basal half of the maxillary spines is covered with
peculiar flattened spinules, resembling the blade of a dagger, and
the terminal half is covered with slender hairs (pl. 79, fig. 5).
The second maxilla is a small papillalike structure about 1 mm
long, located near the base of the first phyllopodium. It is covered
with groups of short hairs and bears about 10 plumose setae, which
project medially.
There are 11 pairs of thoracic appendages (phyllopodia), the first
pair of which is slightly smaller than those immediately following.
Appendages 2 to 7, inclusive, are about the same size, 7 being per-
haps the largest. Appendages 8 to 11 decrease rapidly in size, 11
being about one-half the size of 7. Plate 79, figures 1 and 2, depicts
appendages in anterior and median views. The branchial lamina
is triangular with serrate borders. The branchial sac (gill) is
elliptical in outline. The exopodite is fringed with long plumose
setae, shortest near the proximal end and longest (about 1,400z)
at the distal end. Plumose setae of the same general type arise from
the external border of the endopodite (pl. 78, fig. 4). These setae
are similar to those of the exopodite but are more distinctly jointed
at the base. They are shortest at the proximal end of the endopodite
and longest near the apex, or inferolateral border, where they reach
.
NEW SPECIES OF BRANCHINECTA—LYNCH 559
a length of 1,500». Near the apex of the endopodite the last five
or six setae become shorter and stouter, the fine delicate hairlets
that border them become shorter and more bristlelike, and the setae
transform rather abruptly to the hooked spines of the internal border
of the endopodite.
A typical spine of the distal half of the median border of an
endopodite is depicted in pl. 79, fig. 8. The tip is turned dorsally
to form a hook with an arrowhead tip. On the dorsoposterior side
of the spine a triangular area, outlined by a row of denticles about
30u in length, extends from the hook about three-fourths the length
of the spine toward its base. Inside this triangular area there is a
dense aggregation of slightly shorter denticles, about 22» in length,
arranged in poorly defined oblique rows.
The number of these hooked spines varies somewhat in different
appendages and also from individual to individual. Starting at the
distal end of the endopodite of an appendage from the middle of the
series there may, or may not, be a heavy, straight-tipped, denticulate
spine. Next are six to nine denticulate spines with strongly hooked
tips, of the type shown in pl. 79, fig. 3. The proximal 12 or 18 spines
become progressively straighter at the tip and slenderer; the denticles
become more closely set and delicate, and the area of denticles ex-
tends more completely around the spines until the last few (two to
five) become slender, straight-tipped setae whose entire surface in the
distal two-thirds is covered with fine hairs (pl. 80, fig. 2). In ap-
pendage 11 none of the denticulate spines has a strongly hooked tip.
The five endites are bordered by long setae of the type just de-
scribed (pl. 80, fig. 2). Endites 1 and 2 are swollen and are nearly
1 mm in anteroposterior diameter. ‘They bear a row of stout setae,
which arise near the edge on the posterior side; endite 1 bears two
setae near the anterior border, accompanied each by a small spur;
endite 2 bears one such setae and spur. Endites 3 to 5 are broadly
swollen, bearing 5 to 12 setae on the anterior border and 3 to 5 on the
posterior border. Endites 3 and 4 bear each a long hairless seta in
the center of the median surface.
The anterior and posterior surfaces of the tip and median border
of the endopodite and of the border of all the endites are covered
with fine, short, bristlelike hairs about 15y in length, arranged in
short comblike rows (pl. 79, figs. 1, 3; pl. 80, fig. 2). These fine
bristles, the tips of which are directed medially and dorsally, thus
form a broad band on both sides of the median borders of the ap-
pendages. The lateral walls of the ventral thoracic groove are also
fringed with thickly set stiff hairs about 50, in length (pl. 79, figs. 1,
2,t. g-).
The penes are eversible and retractile. In most of the specimens
they are wholly retracted or only partially protruded. Plate 80,
560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
figure 1 is a ventral view of the genital segments of the specimen in
which the penes were farthest protruded. The penes in this indi-
vidual are about 2.2 mm in length. On the inner side, near the.
proximal end, is a conical spur, 410 » in length, and on the lateral
side, near the distal end, is a rounded eminence, 360 » in diameter,
covered with short conical spines 20 » in height. At the tip of the
everted penis, on its lateral side, is a second eminence, about 200 p in.
diameter, of similar appearance and spination.
The testes extend from some part of the third, or the anterior
region of the fourth, abdominal segment anteriorly into the first
genital segment. Near the junction of the two genital segments a
vas deferens leaves each testis and courses ventrally and posteriorly
to communicate with the penis. A large ventral outpocketing of the
vas deferens near its junction with the penis serves as a seminal
vesicle.
The ovaries originate in some part of the fourth or fifth abdominal
segment and extend anteriorly into the seventh (rarely only into the
eighth) thoracic segment. They are crowded with eggs of irregular
or angular shape from mutual pressure. Near the boundary be-
tween the two genital segments a conspicuous oviduct passes from:
each ovary into the ovisac. The ovisaec has an elongated piriform
shape, thus differing from that of mosi species of the genus in which
it is more or less fusiform. There are paired cement glands over-
lying the dorsal side of the egg mass for about three-fourths the
length of the ovisac and extending laterally and ventrally to the egg
mass in the proximal one fourth of the ovisac. By actual count the
number of eggs present in the ovisacs of three specimens was 210,
256, and 595, respectively. Apparently mature eggs from preserved
specimens are 580 (570u-595u) in diameter.
There are seven abdominal (postgenital) segments. The terminal
one is bifurcated and bears the anus, which is a vertical slit at the
junction of the two short limbs of the bifurcation. Each cercopod
is attached to the ends of the seventh segment by an obscure articu-
lation. The cercopods curve outward, often with a slightly spiral
twist (pl. 80, fig. 3).
Remarks—Branchinecta gigas, by far the largest known species
of the genus, is the fourteenth species of Branchinecta to be described
and the fifth reported from North America. Only B. ferox (Milne
Edwards) from eastern Europe and Asia Minor, in which the males
reach a maximum length of 51 mm, the females of 70 mm, ap-
proaches this new species in size. B. gigas differs from all known
species of the genus in its large size and in having the antennae of
the female as long as those of the male. It is the only species known
that is wholly without tubercles, processes, or denticulations on the
w
NEW SPECIES OF BRANCHINECTA—LYNCH 561
inner aspect of the basal article of the male antenna (Daday de Deés,
1910, fig. 121, p. 157, figures B. orientalis with a roughened tubercle
[“tuberculo rotundato, scabroso”| on the basal article of the antenna,
which, however, Bond, 1934, p. 34, describes as a “slight setulose or
smooth bulge”).
Only two species of Branchinecta resemble B. gigas, namely, B.
ferox (Milne Edwards) and B. orientalis Sars. B. ferox differs
from B. gigas in that the antenna of the male has a large roughened
tubercle on the inner aspect of the basal article; the antenna of the
female is short, scarcely longer than the antennule, and flattened;
the ovisac is elongate-fusiform, and both sexes have a narrow tri-
angular process on the posterior end of the labrum.
B. orientalis Sars differs from B. gigas in the following features:
The basal article of the antenna of the male is relatively shorter
and stouter; the antennae of the female are short, about the length
of the antennule, broad, flat, and ending in a short lateral point
separated by a notch from the broad part of the antenna; the ovisac
is fusiform; in both sexes the posterior end of the labrum bears a
vertical lamella, the cercopods are fringed with setae nearly to the
base on both sides, and the lamina branchialis is roughly quad-
rangular in shape.
LITERATURE CITED
Bonp, R. M.
1934. Report on phyllopod Crustacea (Anostraca, Notostraca, Concho-
straca) including a revision of the Anostraca of the Indian Empire.
[Yale North India Expedition.] Mem. Connecticut Acad. Arts
and Sci., vol. 10, art. 5, pp. 26-62, 19 figs.
DaDAyY DE Defs, E.
1910. Monographie systématique des Phyllopodes Anostracés. Ann. Sci.
Nat., ser. 9, vol. 11, pp. 91-489, 84 figs.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 77, figures 3 and 4; plate 78, figures 3 and 4; plate 79, figures
3 and 5; and plate 80, figures 2, 5, and 6 were drawn with the aid
of a camera lucida. The remaining figures were made without the
aid of drawing apparatus but with all proportions conforming to
careful measurements of the specimen.
Abbreviations
a.=Area of attachment of first exv.—Exopodite.
thoracic appendage. 1.=Labrum.
br, l.=Branchial lamina. maz. 2=Second maxilla.
br. s.=Branchial sac, or gill. na. p.—Nasiform process of labrum.
c. g.=Cement gland. n. 0.= “Neck organ.”
end.=Endopodite. ov.—Ovary.
ent. 1=Endite 1. t.g.=Lateral border of _ thoracic
ent. 5=Endite 5. groove.
562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
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PLATE 77
. Male specimen. X 2.
. Female specimen. X 2.
. Two adjacent rows of teeth from the anteroventral portion of the triturating
surface of a mandible, seen from above. Not all the rows are bifurcated,
as are those of the illustration. X 460.
. Triturating surface, left mandible of a female, oblique view. X 240.
PLATE 78
. Anterodorsal view of head of a male. X 4.
. Anterodorsal view of head of a female. X 4.
. Papillae and sensory hair from proximal portion of antenna of a female.
Similar papillae and hairs occur on the basal article of the male antenna.
X 460.
. Seta from the ventrolateral border of the endopodite of a thoracic appendage..
X 108.
PLATE 79
. Left fifth thoracic appendage of a female, anterior aspect. X 6.
. Left seventh thoracic appendange of a male, median aspect. X 6.
. Hooked denticulate spine from the right seventh thoracic appendage, pos-
terior aspect, showing comblike rows of stiff hairs on the border of the
endopodite. X 108.
. Lateral view of head and first t? .raciec segment of a female. X 4.
. Portion of seta from the first maxilla, showing the daggerlike spinules of
the basal half and the hairs of the terminal half. X 460.
PLATE 80
. Ventral aspect of male genital segments, with everted penes. X 10.
. Plumose seta of the type found on the endites and the proximal portion of
the median border of the endopodite, showing the comblike rows of hairs
on the border of the endite. X 460.
. Ventral aspect of the terminal segment of the abdomen, and the cercopods.
XxX 4.
. Genital segments and ovisac of a female, lateral aspect. X 6.
. Papillae, from the distal end of the second article of the antenna of a
male, in end view. X 460.
. Papillae, from the distal end of the second article of the antenna of a male,
in side view. X 460.
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BRANCHINECTA GIGAS, NEW SPECIES.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 562.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 84° PLATE 79
BRANCHINECTA GIGAS, NEW SPECIES.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 562.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 84 Washington: 1937 No. 3026
NEW SPECIES OF MOTHS OF THE FAMILY NOTODON-
TIDAE IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
By WILLIAM ScHAUS
Bureau of Eniomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of
Agriculture
Two NEW genera and 37 new species of notodontid moths are
described in this paper. Most of the specimens on which these de-
scriptions are based were received for identification from collectors in
Tropical America; others were presented by Frank Johnson, of Glen
Ridge, N. J., a most generous contributor to the national collection
of Lepidoptera.
Genus PROELYMIOTIS Schaus
PROELYMIOTIS RHETESA, new species
Male.—Head tufts fuscous below, pale vinaceous-drab above; collar
pale vinaceous mottled with black hairs. Thorax covered by the
patagia, which are pale vinaceous-drab, dorsally edged with fuscous
hairs. Abdomen dorsally deep brownish drab at base, otherwise pale
vinaceous-drab, underneath pallid purple-drab. Fore wing above
with base and costal margin broadly light brownish drab from ante-
medial line to apex; a subbasal, very irregular black line not reaching
inner margin, upbent to antemedial at subcostal; antemedial out-
curved to a black line on basal half of submedian; all proximally edged
below by a fine, pale vinaceous-drab line; a black point at upper
angle of cell and a similar spot below it on vein 4; a pale vinaceous-drab
streak below cell and vein 5; a double, dark excurved postmedial line,
14464—37——-1 563
564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
outbent on costa, then slightly inbent, more deeply inbent below;
vein 4 distally edged with white to submedian fold, followed by a
sinuous inbent black line from termen at vein 4 to submedian fold;
subterminal fuscous spots from vein 7 to vein 4 partly followed by
white streaks; cilia pale ecru-drab witb paired short black streaks at
tips of veins. Hind wing light drab with whitish suffusions postmedi-
ally; cilia pale vinaceous-drab. Wings below pale cinnamon-pink;
traces of antemedial line and dark purplish suffusions below costa,
expanding but not reaching apex of termen; the postmedial line
indicated.
Expanse, 34 mm.
Habitat.—Nova Teutonia, Brazil.
Type —U.S.N.M. no. 34680.
Genus LEPASTA Moschler
LEPASTA CANOLA, new species
Male.—Palpi fuscous, the tip of second joint white; frons white; the
frontal tuft greenish gray, with a few black points and hairs. Collar
and thorax dark citrine, the patagium with a lateral black line.
Abdomen above citrine-drab, paler at base and on terminal segment,
underneath vinaceous-white. Fore wing with base of inner margin
vinaceous-white followed by a triangular olive-green spot partly
edged with black; a small olive streak below base of cell, and a dark
olive-green streak below base of costa, the space below it white
irrorated with green, which becomes denser to inner margin beyond
the triangular spot; before middle of costa a dark outbent streak
extending to a deep grayish-olive spot, which is closely followed by
an upturned spot, and this by an upturned linear spot; these spots
edged above by white to the green edge of costa, and all limited by a
curved line from vein 7 to vein 3, where it is incurved to a point at
inner margin, the proximal side of the line dark green; termen broadly
serpentine green crossed by a broken black, partly lunular, line,
inwardly edged by brighter green; a terminal black line forming spots
toward tornus. Hind wing whitish on costa and inner margin; a dull
citrine medial space; termen grayish olive. Fore wing below with the
inner margin greenish white, the termen olive-buff; a dark olive sub-
terminal fascia. Hind wing below greenish white, the inner margin
whiter; dark subterminal spots between veins 4 and 3 and a narrow
dark terminal shade.
Expanse, 36 mm.
Habitat Espirito Santo, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34672.
Allied to Lepasta maltha Schaus.
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS 565
Genus PSILACRON Felder
PSILACRON PANCHUYA, new species
Male.—Palpi fuscous below, pale vinaceous-fawn above; a spot of
similar color on frons, the vertex fuscous. Collar and thorax deep
grayish olive. Abdomen above snuff brown, the segments posteriorly
fuscous; the terminal segment and anal hairs tilleul buff; abdomen
below pale grayish vinaceous. Fore wing largely pale cinnamon-
pink; some grayish-olive mottling at base, and antemedia! citrine-drab
streaks between the veins, followed on costa by a white point and a
faint dark line; a grayish-olive patch from costa and discocellular to
near termen, edged below from costa by an irregular black curved
line not extending below vein 3, containing a buffish spot on costa
postmedially; the medial and terminal space like the ground color;
terminal dark streaks on veins from apex to vein 2, connected by a
dark terminal line, and forming spots on the pale cilia; some dull
citrine suffusions along inner margin. Hind wing white, the veins
terminally with fine dark streaks; a dark olive spot at apex, preceded
by a line from costa; inner margin preceded by a benzo-brown streak
from base, expanding near termen. Wings below white, the fore
wing with the costal patch indicated, the hind wings with traces of the
markings.
Expanse, 42 mm.
Hatitat—Pueblo Guasca, Colombia.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34670.
Two male specimens.
Genus URGEDRA Dyar
URGEDRA BENCA, new species
Male.—Palpi fuscous, fringed with pale mouse gray; vertex drab, the
collar pale mouse gray crossed by a wavy black line. Thorax dark
olive-buff, the patagia outwardly and tips whitish. Abdomen dark
olive-buff, with transverse fuscous lines and a similar broken dorsal
line, the anal hairs mottled with pale vinaceous-fawn hairs, under-
neath vinaceous-buft. Fore wing with base of costa, cell and termen
lime green; basal and subbasal short black lines on costa; an antemedial
punctiform line; the spot in cell conspicuous; medial space from costa
to near submedian suffused with pale hydrangea pink; a fine black
line on discocellular; a fine subterminal line of small black spots, pre-
ceded by lime-green scaling, followed by some hydrangea-pink scaling
and terminally by lime green with a submarginal series of small black
lunules on interspaces; cilia buffy brown with clusters of whitish hairs
at tips of veins. Hind wing avellaneous, the base greenish white;
cilia white with dark scaling at tips of veins. Fore wing below light
566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
cinnamon drab with a broad subterminal drab shade; cilia drab, with
pale hairs at tips of veins. Hind wing below white, the costa with
livid pink irrorations.
Expanse, 35 mm.
Habitat.—Pueblo Guasca, Colombia.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34671.
Genus DICENTRIA Herrich-Schaffer
DICENTRIA PELIALIS, new species
Male.—Palpi black above, the fringe pale vinaceous. Head vina-
ceous-buff; collar cinnamon-drab. Thorax and patagia vinaceous-
buff. Abdomen above dark vinaceous-drab, the anal hairs vinaceous.
Fore wing with base whitish vinaceous limited by a black line from
costa not reaching below submedian; antemedial space mostly dark
vinaceous-gray with some wood-brown scaling below cell and on inner
margin; a white streak at end of cell adjoining an upcurved velvety
black line and continuing as a fine line along vein 5; costa on outer
half with white points; termen to tornus mostly vinaceous-buff; from
below vein 5 two fine darker postmedial lines partly edged with some
black scales, outbent below vein 2; terminal black spots at most of the
veins, those at tornus larger. Hind wing white, the veins finely dark-
streaked ending in small spots on termen; inner margin broadly dark
olive-buff. Wings below whitish, the veins finely dark; dark vina-
ceous-drab suffusions on fore wing from base to middle of costal
margin; a faint subterminal drab-gray shade.
Expanse, 38 mm.
Habitat—Santa Clara, Cuba.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34674.
Genus MISOGADA Walker
MISOGADA CANOTA, new species
Male.—Head, collar, and thorax light brownish drab with a few
white hairs, the collar edged posteriorly with black. Abdomen whitish
eray, the middle segments darker; underneath white. Fore wing
largely silvery white with dark irrorations; base white with a double
sinuous subbasal line, followed by darker shading and a double sinuous
antemedial black line; the costa mostly darker to beyond middle; the
irrorations forming a faint, broken medial line; postmedial line double,
fine, black, wavily inbent, the outer line followed by purplish and
fuscous spots from costa to below vein 5; a marginal broken black
line, lunular from vein 4 to tornus; a faint terminal dark line; the cilia
lilacine with dark mottling. Hind wing whitish with lilacine suffu-
sions, the termen narrowly and inner margin broadly light drab; cilia
basally with darkspots, the tips lilacine. Fore wing below, with base and
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS 567
inner margin broadly white, the costal and apical portion largely
violaceous, the costal margin from beyond base narrowly white, crossed
by fine dark lines toward apex. Hind wing below white, the termen
at apex narrowly violaceous, and with fainter lunules at base of white
cilia.
Expanse, 37 mm.
Habitat.—Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34682.
A male and female received from J. F. Zikan.
COXEYA, new genus
Male.—Antenna thickened at base and excurved, with a slight tuft
then rapidly becoming slender and with minute bristles. Palpi up-
turned to vertex, the second joint hairy, the third short and smooth;
legs very hairy, especially the hind tibiae and tarsi. Fore wing fairly
broad, the apex acute, the outer margin curved; veins 3 and 4 apart,
5 from middle of discocellular; 6 from upper angle; areole small; 7,
8, 9 and 10 from end of areole. Hind wing rather long, the termen
well rounded; veins 3 and 4 from a point; 6 and 7 shortly stalked; 8
diverging near end of cell.
Type.—Coxeya sinistra, new species.
Remarks.—The genus is named for my friend W. Judson Coxey.
It appears to be most similar to Hippia Méschler, resembling this
especially in the antennal structure.
COXEYA SINISTRA, new species
Male.—Base of antenna white where excurved, followed by dark
brown in tuft. Palpi whitish buff above, edged below with black,
the third joint black; vertex buffy brown; collar snuff brown. Patagia
paler mottled with white hairs, the dorsal edge black; some silvery
scales on metathorax. Abdomen dorsally greenish buff at base with
a dorsal fuscous spot, otherwise greenish buff with darker transverse
lines; underneath pinkish buff, also the large tufts of hair, so prominent
on hind tibia. Fore wing dark olive with brownish suffusion on basal
third of costa and cell and a similar shade inbent from costa near apex,
proximally edged by a double lunular black line filled in with olive-buff
scales; some pale scales at base of inner margin. Hind wing light
brownish olive; some white scaling on inner margin and anal angle;
cilia white with some brownish hairs. Wings below dark vinaceous-
drab, the termen narrowly and cilia pinkish buff, the fore wing with
the costa narrowly light vinaceous-cinnamon, with five fuscous spots
before apex, the hind wing with avellaneous suffusions at base.
Expanse, 40 mm.
Habitat.—Dos Puentes, Ecuador.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34684.
568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
Genus SALLUCA Schaus
SALLUCA OSCARINA, new species
Male.—Palpi fuscous fringed with pale ecru-drab. Antenna with
the shaft black, the pectinations buff-gray. Head and thorax grayish
white mottled with fuscous hairs, the collar posteriorly benzo brown,
the tips of patagia also-benzo brown. Abdomen above pale russet-
vinaceous, with a medial lilacine-white line; the last segment and anal
hairs light brownish vinaceous, underneath lilacine-white with slightly
darker transverse lines. Fore wing with a large lilacine-white basal
patch edged by an irregular cinnamon-brown line on costal edge to
below cell expanding into a broad fascia with a dentate edge; above
base of inner margin a fine line extending from below cell, down curved
and angled; the rest of the wing pale lilacine white irrorated with gray-
ish scales on postmedial space and inner margin; a double reddish line
on costa postmedially; a subterminal fine pinkish-cinnamon dentate
line, partly interrupted. Hind wing cinnamon-buff, the costa and a
short postmedial fascia whitish. Wings below white, the costa of fore
wing pinkish cmnamon.
Expanse, 44 mm.
Habitat —Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34663.
Closely allied to S. schausi Dognin but the subterminal line quite
different.
Genus DISPHRAGIS Hiibuer
DISPHRAGIS COROSINA, new species
Male.—Palpi mostly fuscous; head and collar cinnamon-drab.
Thorax and patagia mottled vinaceous-drab, black, and white. Ab-
domen above cinnamon-drab with black dorsal spots on terminal half;
underneath pale pinkish buff with medial light grayish scaling. Fore
wing greenish white with basal, antemedial, and postmedial fuscous
lines; costa with fuscous spots and lines on costal edge; black basal
points on costa and below cell followed by larger subbasal spots; a
line below submedian from base to middle of inner margin; an ante-
medial series of mostly lunular spots, outbent and irregular in shape;
a double medial broken line, the distal line broader and mostly con-
tinuous, in end of cell filled in with pale buff scaling; the basal half of
wing irrorated with dull citrine, also postmedially at costa; termen
broadly paler; a fine subterminal sinuous line mostly macular; termen
with small lunules on interspaces. Hind wing greenish white with
broad postmedial and subterminal darker suffusions; some short dark
lines on costa. Wings below whitish green; some darker shading on
costa of fore wing.
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS 569
Expanse, 40 mm.
Habitat.—Espirito Santo, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34686.
DISPHRAGIS AVICANS, new species
Female.—Head and thorax warbler green, the patagia edged with
black hairs. Abdomen above buff-brown with transverse citrine lines;
underneath white, the legs mostly yellowish green. A large warbler-
green space from base of costa, its anterior edge outangled on sub-
costal, then slightly incurved and angled on vein 2, incurved and
downbent to submedian and irregularly upbent to base below cell,
the inner margin at base with some white mottling; the large green
space crossed by a wavy black vertical line with a few grayish scales on
its edges; the postmedial space lilac-buff varied with warbler green,
broad on costa, oblique and narrow at tornus, limited by a lunular
black line, which is incurved below vein 3 to inner margin; a small
black spot in cell; the apex broadly and termen below vein 4 narrowly
warbler green with subterminal dentate black spots from vein 7 to
vein 4; the termen below vein 4 with liac-buff mottling. Hind wing
vinaceous-white, the termen broadly light drab, the cilia pale drab-gray.
Fore wing below pale brownish drab with whitish suffusions on inter-
spaces. Hind wing below white.
Expanse, 47 mm.
Habitat—Jepelacio, North Peru.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34659.
DISPHRAGIS SALMA, new species
Male.—Palpi black fringed with white; shaft of antenna gray, the
pectinations white; head white with a dark curved line. Collar and
thorax pallid purplish gray mottled with white, the thorax slightly
darker. Abdomen white with a slight grayish tinge. Fore wing with
a large triangular space from base of costa to outer line, edged below
by a wavy dark line from base of cell to antemedial line; the base of
inner margin white with lilacine mottling; antemedial lme irregular
on costa, broken, below cell somewhat lunular to inner margin; an
upright dark medial line in cell, outangled below cell, inangled on
submedian; postmedial line fine, outangled on costa, fine light brown
on discocellular where it joins the outer line, fuscous, incurved
opposite cell, with a double lunule between veins 4 and 3, inbent and
sinuous to inner margin; a short black line below base of vein 3
extending outwardly and, from costa to vein 38, broadly shaded
proximally with hair brown; a short black streak on inner margin
near base; termen broadly ecru drab cut by the fuscous veins; a
subterminal fuscous line; cilia lilacine with dark hairs at tips of veins.
Hind wing somewhat hyaline smoky gray, the costa and inner margin
570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM YOL. 84
white, opaque; cilia white. Fore wing below glossy lilacine white,
the costa light vinaceous fawn with white points and black spots
toward apex. Hind wing below as it is above.
Expanse, 38 mm.
Habitat.—Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 64657.
Received from J. F. Zikan.
DISPHRAGIS TAPPERTI, new species
Male.—Head and thorax serpentine green. Abdomen above light
erayish olive, the two terminal segments pale drab-gray, underneath
pale vinaceous-buff. Fore wing largely pale vinaceous-fawn; base
darker, followed by a broad buff-olive fascia outbent from costa to
submedian, crossed and edged by irregular black lines; the medial
space crossed by irregular and broken olivaceous lines; a pale spot
at discocellular edged by fine dark lines; a postmedial fine black
line outcurved from costa, angled at vein 3, and incurved to inner
margin before tornus, in places double, followed on costa by a large
yellowish green triangular spot; terminal space pale with a fine
broken subterminal line; a fine dark terminal line; the cilia with small
black spots at tips of veins. Hind wing whitish, the inner margin,
apex, and termen suffused with avellaneous. Fore wing below white,
the costa with a broad dark brownish-drab streak, not reaching
termen. Hind wing below white.
Expanse, 37 mm.
Habitat.—Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34664.
Received from J. F. Zikan.
DISPHRAGIS SAPANI, new species
Male.—Palpi tipped with fuscous; frons white; vertex and front of
collar vinaceous. Collar apically and thorax dark olive-buff. Abdo-
men above dark olive-buff with pale transverse lines, underneath olive-
buff with slightly darker transverse lines. Fore wing with base deep
colonial buff crossed by two fuscous lines, followed on costa by a short
fuscous fascia to below cell, and on inner margin by a short fuscous
line; fore wing otherwise mostly dark grayish olive; a fine double
darker antemedial line on costa and from cell to inner margin; a
broader medial line on costa, across end of cell and from base of vein 3
excurved to vein 2 near termen, then downbent to tornus forming a
small black-edged spot; on discocellular a narrow buffish, dark-edged
line; a dark postmedial linear shade from costa to vein 5, with fine
dark lines, partly double, below it; a subterminal pale shade from
costa to vein 5, then macular to vein 3, crossed distally on each inter-
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS Sit
space by a very fine dark line. Hind wing slightly whitish at base,
the outer two-thirds dark olive-buff, the cilia whitish. Fore wing
below brownish drab, the inner margin and apex white. Hind wing
below whitish, the termen broadly suffused with pale brownish drab.
Expanse, 38 min.
Habitat.—Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34665.
Received from J. F. Zikan.
DISPHRAGIS LAOSOMA, new species
Male.—Head, collar, and patagia mottled drab, white, and black,
the thorax black. Abdomen above with the hair brown, the anal hairs
light grayish olive with a few intermingling black hairs. Fore wing
with base mottled vinaceous and black, crossed by a subbasal curved
black line, followed by an antemedial black fascia outbent from costa
to below cell, then continuing as an inbent black line to inner margin,
preceded below cell by a mottling of pale green, white and black
scales; the fascia followed on costa by a fine wavy black line, dentate,
lunular, inbent from below cell to inner margin; the cell mostly deep
olive and fuscous, crossed by two black lunules, pale edged; the post-
medial line fuscous, very irregular and broken, followed on costa by a
deep grayish olive, elongated spot, not reaching apex; termen above
tornus to vein 4 mottled white, pale green and fuscous; a subterminal!
dark shade from below vein 6, expanding below vein 5, reduced and
dentate below vein 4; terminal black lunules on interspaces, the cilia
with black at tips of veins. Hind wing with the inner margin deep
colonial buff and similar suffusions medially; termen deep drab, the
cilia white. Fore wing below with the hair brown, the inner margin
and base whitish. Hind wing below with the hair mostly brown; a
large whitish spot at anal angle.
Expanse, 39 mm.
Habitat.—Espirito Santo, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34677.
DISPHRAGIS HOSMERA, new species
Male.—Palpi above and frons light grayish olive. Collar light
grayish olive mottled with dark hairs in front and with white scaling;
thorax fuscous, the patagia light grayish olive. Abdomen above buff-
brown at base, otherwise deep olive-buff, with dark segmental lines
white underneath. Fore wing with the base pale pinkish buff with a
yellow, black-edged, round spot below cell; basal third of wing grayish
olive, this area edged distally by a fine black, lunular line; space
beyond to termen, and from costa to vein 3, light grayish olive, the
costal edge darker, crossed by some short black lines; black points on
14464—37 2
572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vOL. 84
veins medially and postmedially; a white, black-edged lunule on inner
margin at tornus with some dark subterminal shading above it to vein
3. Hind wing white, the costal margin dull green crossed by post-
medial dark lines, the inner margin with a tawny-olive streak not
reaching anal angle. Wings below white, the fore wing with olive
shading along costa and black cilia at tornus, the hind wing with
heavier white scaling on margins.
Expanse, 40 mm.
Habitat.—Espirito Santo, Brazil.
Type—U.S.N.M. no. 34678.
Two male specimens.
Genus RHUDA Walker
RHUDA ASTRIDA, new species
Female.—Head and front of collar vinaceous-buff, collar otherwise
black; thorax and patagia white slightly mottled with black hairs.
Abdomen with basal segment white with a V-shaped black line,
otherwise dorsally avellaneous with black segmental lines, underneath
mostly vinaceous. Fore wing with a black fascia from base of costa,
this fascia outbent within and below cell, and upcuryed toward
median and vein 2, then downbent along vein 2 and again upbent
subterminally to below vein 4, subterminally becoming narrow and
strongly edged distally with a lunular white line followed by a mouse
gray line; the inner margin white with a black point below cell, and
slightly mottled with gray to a brownish patch postmedially; above
the fascia the wing largely light vinaceous-fawn; an antemedial broad
black streak on costa, and a short streak in cell with a downbent line
on discocellular; fuscous streaks on interspaces beyond cell; a post-
medial outbent dark line with an angled white spot above it. Hind
wing whitish, the veins with dark lines expanding slightly subter-
minally; a faint postmedial line; the inner margin with brownish
gray suffusions. Fore wing below whitish iridescent, the costa and
inner margin with brownish gray suffusions; subterminal dark patches
and streaks, edeed with white distally from vein 4 to tornus. Hind
wing below similar, with a distinct outcurved postmedial line, and a
brown spot at anal angle.
Expanse, 76 mm.
Habitat.—Rio Topo Oriental, Ecuador.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34662.
Collected by W. C. MacIntyre and received from Dr. B. Preston
Clark.
NOCTULODES, new genus
Female.—Antenna simple, palpi upturned, straight, the second
joint reaching well above head, thickly scaled; third joint half the
“y
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS 573
length of second, smooth. Fore wing long and moderately broad, the
costa straight, apex rounded, termen slightly curved; vein 2 well
before vein 3; 3 and 4 from a point; 5 from middle of discocellular,
areole very narrow with vein 6 from beyond middle, 7, 8, 9, and 10
from end of areole. Hind wing long and moderately broad; costa
slightly curved beyond base, then straight, the termen rounded; veins
3 and 4 and 6 and 7 stalked; 8 diverging from cell near end.
Type.—Noctulodes porpara, new species.
Remarks.—This genus does not appear to be closely related to any
described genus of Notodontidae.
NOCTULODES PORPARA, new species
Female.—Head, collar, and thorax benzo brown, the patagia deep
brownish drab, dorsally edged with buff scaling and with fuscous lines.
Abdomen above purple-drab, irrorated with some buff scales; a dorsal
fuscous line on the basal two segments; similar fine segmental lines,
and a black spot on last segment; a lateral vinaceous-buff line with
black spots; broad fuscous transverse lines ventrally. Fore wing with
costal edge fuscous, the area below it to cell, as well as the base, buff
brown with dark irrorations; the cell anteriorly dark purplish drab;
base of median vein black; a black subbasal spot below cell; the cell
posteriorly somewhat vinaceous; space below cell to inner margin
pale brownish drab thickly irrorated with black scales; a double black
wavy antemedial line from cell to inner margin; the submedian and
edge of inner margin black; a double, thick, black, incurved line across
end of cell; a double postmedial black line filled in with pale vinaceous
from vein 6 to vein 4, the outer line outangled on vein 4, then incurved
and lunular to vein 3, then macular with oblique streaks above inner
margin, followed partly by some dull pinkish scaling, and this by a
thick black curved line below vein 8, this line indentate below veins
7 and 6; a small bright vinaceous spot below costa before the sub-
terminal line, the latter line black, sinuous, and becoming lunular
below vein 4; a fine terminal black line. Hind wing natal brown, the
inner margin broadly suffused with vinaceous-white. Fore wing
below light vinaceous-drab; a dark medial line and an indistinct
subterminal line; some white spots on costa toward apex; the vinaceous
spot present. Hind wing below pallid purple drab, with an irregular
curved, dark medial line; the termen with light vinaceous-drab suf-
fusions.
Expanse, 42 mm.
Habitat.—Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34685.
Received from J. F. Zikan.
574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vot. 84
Genus CHADISRA Walker
CHADISRA SELANA, new species
Male.—Head, collar, and thorax mottled mouse gray, white, and
fuscous, the patagia with white predominating, the collar, and the
patagia outwardly, edged with black. Abdomen above dark vina-
ceous-gray with paler transverse lines, the anal hairs pale drab-gray;
underneath pale drab-gray with smoke-gray transverse lines. Fore
wing with the medial space and tornus silvery white irrorated with
light drab; some white at base edged by a sinuous thick black sub-
basal line, double on costa; base of costa to antemedial benzo brown,
the antemedial black, sinuous, incurved from costa, and excurved
below vein 3 to below vein 2, forming two prominent lunules to inner
margin; the irrorations forming a faint, broken, medial line; postmedial
line fine, black, incurved, lunular, partly double below vein 3, closely
followed by a black line, distally edged with Rood’s brown, broadly
so from costa to vein 5, more narrowly from there to vein 3; a marginal
series of prominent black lunules connected terminally by a fine black
line; cilia gray with dark hairs. Hind wing with inner margin and
termen olive-brown; otherwise dark olive-buff, thinly scaled. Fore
wing below pale at base, terminally broadly citrine drab; costa beyond
base pale vinaceous-fawn, and with a white spot at apex; an indistinct
postmedial line; cilia whitish. Hind wing below whitish, the termen
narrowly light brownish drab.
Expanse, 37 mm.
Habitat—Espirito Santo, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34681.
Genus MERAGISA Schaus
MERAGISA MUCIDARA, new species
Male.—Palpi fuscous, buffish above. Head and thorax mottled
grayish olive and light drab, with yellowish hairs extending from
metathorax. Abdomen above deep grayish olive with transverse pale
lines, the terminal segments light mouse gray, the underside buff.
Fore wing with base of costa and a broad space in end of and below
cell to postmedial line serpentine green; a subcostal fuscous line from
base to first medial line, with three black points below it in cell and
three fuscous spots above it on costa; the first postmedial line very
irregular and sinuous to inner margin, preceded below cell and vein 2
by three black lines angled on submedian, curved anteriorly above
cell and filled in with greenish white; the second and third medial lines
excurved to vein 2, then downbent to inner margin; the postmedial
space light but dull greenish yellow, crossed by double black lunules
on the interspaces and thick black streaks on some of the veins; apex
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE——SCHAUS 575
broadly dull citrine with a fuscous apical spot; a fine subterminal wavy
black line and a similar marginal line; cilia with black spots on inter-
spaces. Hind wing deep grayish olive with some pale greenish scales
at base; a dark olive buff shade in and below cell; cilia white. Fore
wing below roman green, the apex to vein 5 greenish yellow. Hind
wing below greenish yellow; the termen below apex, and a streak
inbent between veins 5 and 6, roman green.
Expanse, 43 mm.
Habitat.—Pumayaca, Peru.
Type.—-U.S.N.M. no. 34668.
MERAGISA CAULINA, new species
Male.—Head and collar light mouse gray; thorax pallid mouse gray.
Abdomen above grayish olive, with darker segmental lines; the last
segment and anal hairs pallid mouse gray. Body underneath pale
grayish vinaceous. Tarsi black, the fore legs fringed with white.
Fore wing pallid mouse gray, irrorated with darker gray scales; lines
fine, deep mouse gray; a wavy subbasal line from costa to submedian;
antemedial line fuscous, double, outbent from costa across cell, fine
and inbent below cell, then outbent and lunular; medial line outangled
on costa, with a black line on discocellular, then after being obsolete
for a space continued as a very faint lunular line to inner margin;
postmedial line double, outcurved on costa, incurved opposite cell,
then single, wavy to inner margin; a fine marginal lunular line; cilia
white. Hind wing brownish drab, the inner margin whitish buff, the
cilia white. Wings below grayish olive, the cilia white, the fore wing
white at apex, and slightly so on terminal interspaces; a black line
along costal edge, not reaching apex; the hind wing whitish at base.
Expanse, 53 mm.
Habitat.—Incachaca, Bolivia.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34650.
Allied to M. cloacina Dognin. Described from eight specimens.
MERAGISA CAMIOLA, new species
Male.—Head and collar pale mauve-gray; thorax fuscous, almost
completely hidden by the white patagia mottled with mouse-gray
hairs. Abdomen above benzo brown with pale segmental lines;
the last two segments and anal hairs like patagia. Body below
buffish white. Fore wing white irrorated with mouse gray, the lines
fine, mostly black; subbasal line outcurved on costa, incurved below
cell and followed by a very faint grayish shade; antemedial double,
slightly outcurved from costa to median, then sinuous, filled in with
avellaneous; traces of a faint lunular medial line; postmedial line
outcurved on costa, double, lunular, dentate, filled in with avellaneous,
576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
very irregular to middle of inner margin, closely followed by the
subterminal line to vein 3; a terminal line well incurved between
each terminal space; cilia white. Hind wing chaetura drab, the
inner margin aniline yellow; a black medial line, double at anal angle;
cilia white. Fore wing below dark grayish olive; costa, termen, and
inner margin white. Hind wing below a cartridge buff; the termen
broadly dark grayish olive, broadest at costa, with a streak proxi-
mally at vein 6; termen and cilia white.
Expanse, 44 mm.
Habitat—Campo Bello, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34649.
Received from my friend J. F. Zikan.
MERAGISA LUCEDIA, new species
Female.—Head, collar, thorax, and base of abdomen pale ecru-buff;
abdomen above similar with transverse lines of clay color; body below
pale ecru-drab. Fore wing with base white crossed by a fine, dentate,
subbasal line, and limited by a fine double antemedial line outbent
from costa to middle of inner margin; the space beyond vinaceous-
buff; postmedial line like antemedial, inbent from costa to vein 6,
vertical to vein 5 and outbent to inner margin close to tornus; termi-
nal oblique dark lines on interspaces inwardly edged with white;
a small cinnamon-drab spot at discocellular; dark points on costa
from before postmedial line to apex. Hind wing light brownish drab,
the margins suffused with whitish on termen between the veins.
Fore wing below brownish drab, the inner margin broadly white,
narrower and terminating in a point at tornus. Hind wing below
whitish irrorated with light brownish drab, forming a vague post-
medial curved fascia.
Expanse, 42 mm.
Habitat —Cuba.
Type—U.S.N.M. no. 34645.
Nearest M. valdiviesor Dognin.
MERAGISA RAHULANA, new species
Male.—Palpi light gray, with a lateral black streak on third seg-
ment; vertex with a black transverse line. Collar and thorax grayish
olive, mottled with smoke gray; the thorax below and the legs chamois.
Abdomen above light pinkish cinnamon at base, the medial segments
with the hair brown and with faint paler segmental lines, the last
segment and anal hairs white mottled with dark-gray hairs; aodomen
below colonial buff. Fore wing white irrorated with gray and black
scales; a fine dark basal line followed by black points; a double black
antemedial line wavily outbent on costa, inbent in cell, with black
points on discocellular and at vein 2, followed by some diffuse dark
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS 577
shading; an outangled postmedial line on costa, followed by a series
of black points, forming an irregular line, and this followed by diffuse
dark gray shading; some marginal dark points; a terminal black
lunular dentate line partly broken; the cilia from apex to vein 3 with
paired dark lines from tips of veins. Hind wing deep grayish olive,
the inner margin light pinkish cinnamon; termen vinaceous-white,
proximally dentate. Fore wing below grayish olive, the costal edge,
termen narrowly, base below cell and basal half of inner margin
whitish yellow; cilia white. Hind wing below whitish yellow, the
termen broadly grayish olive, expanding toward base on costal
margin.
Expanse, 48 mm.
Habitai— Hansa Humboldt, Brazil.
Type.— U.S.N.M. no. 34648.
MERAGISA SINDANA, new species
Male.—Head, collar, and patagia white mottled with light mouse-
gray hairs; collar behind medially fuscous. Abdomen above with
the hair brown and with faint paler transverse lines, the anal segment
and hairs whitish gray with darker transverse line; body underneath
buff white, the abdomen with grayish transverse bands. Fore wing,
broadly at apex and on inner margin, light cinnamon-drab; costal
edge white with the lines on it fuscous; base white from cell to inner
margin, with some black points; antemedial line double, filled in with
dark cinnamon-drab, wavily outbent from costa to median vein;
below cell an outcurved white line; medial punctiform lines on costa;
postmedial line double, finely lunular, excurved below vein 4 and
again incurved, outwardly followed by black points from vein 4 to
costa; an irregular subterminal series of black spots and wavy lines;
some terminal black spots. Hind wing: Some whitish suffusions on
basal third; a dark outcurved antemedial line downbent to anal angle;
termen broadly glossy, with the hair brown; cilia white. Fore wing
below drab; costa buffish; a fuscous terminal line; cilia pale buff.
Hind wing below light buff with a postmedial, outcurved and moder-
ately broad, drab shade.
Expanse, 46 mm.
Habitat—Pueblo Guasca, Bogota, Colombia.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34647.
Three specimens.
Genus RIFARGIA Walker
RIFARGIA CALVESTA, new species
Female.—Palpi laterally fuscous, underneath and above white;
vertex white with dark irrorations; collar grayish olive mottled with
white. Thorax mostly olive-brown, the patagia dorsally edged with
578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
black, the metathorax with a transverse black line. Abdomen dor-
sally cinnamon-buff at base followed by dark shading, the terminal
segments pale drab-gray with fine whitish transverse lines; underneath
pinkish buff. Fore wing with an oblique fascia from base of costa
to tornus and termen, very pale smoke gray mottled with some darker
fine scales; an irregular basal black line; a small subbasal black spot
below cell; a double fuscous antemedial line interrupted by veins; a
double medial black line filled in with olive-brown; a whitish spot at
end of cell edged with lateral black lines, the costa above it drab-gray;
postmedial fascia dusky drab from costa to vein 3, proximally edged
by a fine dark line, and crossed by a conspicuous macular black line,
with a similar spot inset between veins 3 and 2; termen toward apex
with fine darker scales; a subterminal black line interrupted by veins
from costa to vein 3; the tips of veins with paired black points. Hind
wing with the hair brown, the base of costa and suffusions along inner
margin white.
Expanse, 40 mm.
Habitat —Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34683.
Received from J. F. Zikan. Somewhat like R. variegata Dognin.
RIFARGIA ALICIATA, new species
Male.—Palpi fuscous, fringed with white; frons and vertex mottled
white and gray; front of collar fuscous, vinaceous-cinnamon posteriorly.
Thorax light cinnamon-drab, fuscous dorsally. Abdomen above dusky
drab with a few buff spots, the terminal segments and anal hairs white
with a few fuscous scales; venter of abdomen pale grayish vinaceous.
Fore wing cream white; a wavy fuscous line from base of costa to inner
margin antemedially; a triangular antemedial fuscous spot on costa,
and from it a wavy line upcurved to a similar large quadrate spot
from costa to vein 4, the line extending slightly distally on costa and
with three grayish spots on costal edge; a small marginal spot above
vein 2; a fine black terminal line interrupted by veins, and connecting
with dark spots on the white cilia. Hind wing drab with white
suffusions at base, beyond cell and at anal angle; the inner margin
and cilia white. Wings below white. Fore wing above median and
vein 2 dusky vinaceous, this coloring not reaching termen. Hind
wing with the termen narrowly dusky vinaceous.
Expanse, 53 mm.
Habitat—New Bremen, Santa Catharina, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34658.
Two specimens, collected by Fritz Hoffmann.
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS 579
RIFARGIA ALANIA, new species
Male—Head, collar, and thorax ecru-drab mottled with army
brown; a small spot on vertex and a line across front of collar fuscous;
a large triangular space on thorax posteriorly benzo brown and a
similar small spot dorsally on basal segment of abdomen, the latter
light plumbago gray dorsally, with darker transverse shades leaving
the segmental lines pale; abdomen below pale vinaceous-gray. Fore
wing partly white; a fine double subbasal black line from costa to
submedian, preceded by a small dark gray spot below cell edged above
by a curved black line, followed by a thicker antemedial black line
from costa to submedian, the space below submedian white from base
to tornus; the antemedial line followed by a vinaceous-buff shade to
submedian, distally edged by a double fine lunular line; above it a
broad oblique fascia which is light cinnamon-drab on costa, and then
grayish olive from within cell to below vein 2 where it ends in a black
point; a colonial buff space below the fascia, and between cell and
submedian, extending to postmedial line; the oblique fascia broadly
edged by white from costa to postmedial line; above it a large dark
mottled spot, not reaching costa; the postmedial line fine, ochraceous-
salmon, sinuous; subterminal space from below costa broadly white
with some pale olive gray suffusions, more intense toward vein 2,
at tornus reduced to an oblique streak, the whole limited by the rather
broad termen and the cilia which are vinaceous-buff with black points
on the interspaces expanding into large spots on cilia; dark points on
submedian vein with short streaks below the vein. Hind wing with
base, medial space below vein 6 to vein 2, and the inner margin
buffish white, the terminal space broadly brownish drab, the cilia
whitish. Fore wing below cinnamon-drab; a broad oblique white
fascia from cell and vein 2 to tornus; the apex, termen narrowly and
cilia pale ecru drab. Hind wing below with the inner margin broadly
white, the termen broadly cinnamon-drab, widest at apex, the termen
narrowly and cilia pale ecru-drab.
Expanse, 52 mm.
Habitat —Minas Geraes, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34661.
RIFARGIA TERTINI, new species
Male.—Palpi fuscous tipped with pale pinkish buff; collar pinkish
buff crossed by a broad fuscous band. Thorax black, also the dorsal
tips of the grayish-white patagia; the metathorax tipped with pinkish
buff hairs. Abdomen above pale ecru-drab, underneath white. Fore
wing above pale ecru-drab irrorated with dark scales and crossed
by fine double black lines; « single fine basal line; antemedial line
lunular, dentate; an angled velvety black line at discocellular, preceded
580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 84
by a small black spot in cell; postmedial line straight from costa to
vein 3, then lunular and incurved to inner margin, the outer part of
the line somewhat dentate from costa to vein 3, followed by fuscous
elongated spots on the interspaces; the space beyond suffused with
brown and black spots; a thick black subterminal line inangled at
vein 5, and lunular from vein 4 to tornus on a pale background; a
black point above tornus. Hind wing white, the hair on termen
brown; cilia white. Fore wing below glossy quaker drab, the terminal
interspaces, cell and inner margin white. Hind wing below white,
the dark termen narrower than on upper side.
Expanse, 40 mm.
Habitat—Hansa Humboldt, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34667.
Genus EUHARPYIA Schaus
EUHARPYIA AHAZICHA, new species
Male.—Tuft of hair at base of antenna mottled avellaneous and
fuscous; head and collar fuscous, the latter with white scales later-
ally and behind. Patagia mostly white dorsally, broadly edged
with the light vinaceous-drab. Abdomen above dark grayish brown,
the terminal segments and underside whitish. Fore wing with base
broadly pinkish buff on costa, this area limited by a curved line to
near base of inner margin; a short black basal streak on costa, a fainter
streak below it, and a longer streak above inner margin nearly con-
nected with the curved line and forming a smali triangle on costa;
space beyond, from costa to near submedian, whitish, crossed by a
postmedial pale ecru-drab shade; apex broadly light brownish drab;
a subterminal fine black line, preceded between veins 4 and 5 by a
black spot, and followed by black spots between veins 4 and 6; a
trace of a dark spot above tornus. Hind wing grayish white suffused
with light cinnamon-drab at apex, and with dark spots at apex, on
vein 5 and at anal angle; the inner margin with a deep grayish-olive
streak. Fore wing below light cinnamon-drab, the costa terminally
and apex light buff. Hind wing below white.
Expanse, 42 mm.
Female.—Body as in the male. Fore wing with the base as in the
male, but without the basal dark streaks, and the fuscous line not
so deeply curved basad, this line followed by a curved series of white
spots to inner margin; the apex and terminal spots as in the male.
Hind wing slightly avellaneous at base, becoming buff-brown on
termen; cilia whitish. Fore wing below ¢s in the male but slightly
darker. Hind wing below with the costa broadly, and termen more
narrowly, light cinnamon-drab; otherwise dull whitish.
Expanse, female 43 mm.
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS 581
Habitat —Male, Hansa Humboldt, Brazil; female, Santa Catharina,
Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34669.
Allied to E. comita Schaus.
Genus EUNOTELA Schaus
EUNOTELA GRISELLANA, new species
Female —Palpi light drab; vertex lilacine white; collar black.
Thorax white irrorated with black and drab-gray scales. Abdomen
above dark grayish brown, some white hairs dorsally at base, the
terminal segments white irrorated with dark scales, forming a small
dorsal dark spot, the last segment with lateral fuscous spots, the
anal hairs tipped with fuscous. Body below mostly ecru-drab, the
abdomen with darker mottling and a lateral black line. Fore wing
white with some drab-gray irrorations, chiefly antemedially and along
inner margin; antemedial line fine, light drab, proximally dark edged,
vertical, followed in cell and below median by a series of black points;
medial line fine, black, double, slightly outbent on costa, then curved
somewhat and faintly sinuous to inner margin; a black line on disco-
cellular, a weak dark line above it on costa, and a dark line beyond
it from vein 6 to vein 4; postmedial line fine, minutely wavy, outcurved
slightly to inner margin; a subterminal fine black line, faintly smmuous;
a few black terminal lines on interspaces. Hind wing white with
slight ecru-drab suffusions at apex, and a small spot at anal angie.
Fore wing below mostly brownish drab with ecru-drab streaks on
interspaces postmedially and subterminally, with a postmedial dark
shade. Hind wing below white; a short postmedial light brownish
drab line from costa to vein 6, with irrorations along costa, and more
weakly on termen.
Expanse, 45 mm.
Habitat—Hansa Humboldt, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34666.
Allied to E. pallida Schaus and EL. zophara Schaus.
Genus HYPERAESCHRA Butler
HYPERAESCHRA LAMIDA, new species
Male—Head and thorax grayish olive. Abdomen above dark |
olive-buff, underneath white. Fore wing with base pale buff-brown,
mottled with grayish scales; a double black basal line on costa, slightly
outbent below cell to a small fuseous spot; a very irregular double
antemedial! line followed on costa by a large triangular deep olive
patch, the latter followed on costa by gray scaling, and in end of
cell by white scales; a black postmedial line well outbent from costa,
582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
curved across vein 5 and downbent-to vein 2, then incurved to inner
margin, and partly bordered outwardly with clusters of white scales;
termen mostly light brown and dark olive-buff; an interrupted
terminal black line; the apex edged with white; the markings all very
confused. Hind wing buff-brown on inner margin, the medial space
wood brown, the costa and apex faintly whitish. Wings below cream
color, the fore wing suffused with brownish drab below costa.
Expanse, 42 mm.
Habitat.—Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34675.
Received from J. F. Zikan.
Genus KASERIA Schaus
KASERIA DICOLIS, new species
Male.——Palpi and base of throat fuscous. Vertex mouse gray,
laterally white. Collar and patagia white mottled with mouse
gray, thorax fuscous. Abdomen above snuff brown with transverse
mouse-gray lines, underneath white with drab-gray lines. Fore
wing white with a few brownish urorations; a fine, faint, wavy ante-
medial line; a postmedial quadrate dark spot on costa, with a some-
what prolonged branch distally below subcostal, from which the
postmedial benzo-brown lunular line is downbent to vein 3, below
which it forms a fuscous line proximally and is outcurved to the
tornus; the postmedial preceded from subcostal to vein 3 by avellane-
ous irrorations, and distally double above vein 5; termen mouse
sray proximally, edged by sinuous dark scaling, and with marginal
olive-brown irregular lines. Hind wing white with very faint grayish
suffusions on termen. Wings below white. Fore wing with the
costal edge dusky brown; a postmedial cinnamon patch from costa
to vein 4 and similar irrorations on termen.
Expanse, 29 mm.
Fabitat.—Jaragua do Sul, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34676.
Genus HEMICERAS Guénée
HEMICERAS GERAESA, new species
Female-—Head, thorax, and abdomen light cinnamon-drab, the
last with darker transverse lines dorsally and colonial buff underneath.
Fore wing cinnamon-drab, somewhat roseate terminally and before the
outer line; some grayish irrorations; a fine dark brown antemedial
line slightly outbent, the outer line dark brown, distally pale-edged
from costa near apex to inner margin near antemedial; a fine fuscous
line on discocellular; the veins from cell to termen fuscous; faint
~
NEW MOTHS OF FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE—SCHAUS 583
darker irregular lines on termen. Hind wing pale vinaceous-fawn, the
veins, Inner margin and termen narrowly cinnamon-drab, the cilia
vinaceous-white. Fore wing below avellaneous, the inner margin
white. Hind wing below white.
Expanse, 50 mm.
Hatitat — Virginia, Minas Geraes, Brazil.
Type —U.S.N.M. no. 30651.
Received from J. F. Zikan.
HEMICERAS BENICA, new species
Male.— Head vinaceous-buff. Collar and thorax nearest ecru-drab.
Abdomen above light drab, underneath vinaceous-buff. Fore legs
with white tufts. Fore wing glossy avellaneous with mottled darker
irrorations; a vertical fine dark brown antemedial line proximally
edged with pale vinaceous; a fine outbent dark line on discocellular;
postmedial line from apex, inbent, straight to middle of inner margin,
fine, dark, but pale-edged distally; termen largely with darker suffu-
sions, the tornus paler; the inner margin slightly lobed near base and
somewhat excurved to tornus. Hind wing whitish along costa, then
suffused with vinaceous-buff, avellaneous on inner margin; stigma
deep brownish drab. Fore wing below with base and inner margin
broadly white, otherwise brownish vinaceous. Hind wing below
white with a short roseate streak at sigma.
Expanse, 40 mm.
Habitat —Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type —U.S.N.M. no. 34657.
Received from J. F. Zikan.
HEMICERAS GUERA, new species
Male.—Head and thorax vinaceous-buff. Abdomen vinaceous-
fawn. Fore wing vinaceous-buff; an antemedial outcurved puncti-
form fuscous line; a dark line on discocellular; outer line from costa
well before apex, punctiform, black, sinuous to vein 2, then slightly
inbent to inner margin near the antemedial line; subterminal dark
shading extending from costa to vein 4, then outbent and downbent
to termen. Hind wing white with slight vinaceous-bufi suffusions
terminally. Wings below whitish, the cilia on fore wing finely fuscous
brown.
Expanse, 32 mm.
Habitat —Moengo, Cottica River, Surinam,
Type—U.S.N.M. no. 34653.
Paratypes——Male and female paratypes, Carnegie Museum no.
7975, Kartabo, Surinam. The male paratype is badly rubbed; the
female is in perfect condition.
584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
HEMICERAS CHABILA, new species
Male.—Head and front of collar chestnut; the collar posteriorly
and the thorax cinnamon-drab. Abdomen dorsally at base and the
anal hairs avellaneous, otherwise wood brown; underneath vinaceous-
buff. Fore wing ochraceous-tawny with dark suffusions and numerous
paler transverse striae; lines fine, black, the antemedial outcurved on
costa, sinuous below cell; a narrow dark spot on discocellular; post-
medial line from costa near apex, slightly curved to middle of inner
margin, distally faintly edged with vinaceous; small dark terminal
spots on veins; the inner margin straight. Hind wing roseate-brown,
the costal margin white, the cilia white; no stigma. Fore wing below
glossy, light russet-vinaceous, the base and inner margin white. Hind
wing below white.
Expanse, 36 mm.
Habitat.—Itatiaya, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34655.
Received from J. F. Zikan.
HEMICERAS CAYABA, new species
Male.—Palpi light cinnamon-drab, the basal joint white; head
bluish white; collar cinnamon-buff edged behind with black. Thorax
medially sayal brown, the patagia cinnamon-buff, dorsally edged with
black, tipped with bluish-white hairs, which are also clustered on the
metathorax. Abdomen above with the hair brown, the anal hairs
pinkish buff; underneath white. Fore wing glossy tawny-olive; the
inner margin excurved before tornus; some white hairs at base of inner
margin; antemedial black points in a sinuous line, followed on one wing
at submedian by a black spot; a faint dark line on discocellular; a row
of black points on veins from costa before apex to vein 2, then incurved
as a black line to inner margin, where it is followed by a broader fuscous
line; inner margin mostly edged with black, the costa partly finely
edged with white. Hind wing white, suffused with light russet-
vinaceous, becoming clay color on termen; the stigma fuscous. Fore
wing below on inner margin and apex whitish; a light cinnamon-drab
shade before apex. Hind wing below pallid purple-drab.
Expanse, 40 mm.
Habitat —Espirito Santo, Brazil.
Type.—U.S.N.M. no. 34673.
One male and two females.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1937
INDEX
(New genera, species, ete., are printed in ztalics)
abbreviatus, Exetastes, 244. Allopora, 498, 499, 503, 538, 542.
abdena, Hylemya, 201, 202 (fig.). boreopacifica, 495-498, 507-509,
abdominalis, Exetastes, 244, 252, 283, 515, 519, 532, 551, 554.
286. brochi, 495-497, 516, 517, 522, 532,
abieticola, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, 550.
459. californica, 495-497, 521, 522, 524,
abnormalis, Sarcophaga, 211 (fig.). 526, 527, 531, 532, 551, 552.
acadica, Cryptoglaux acadica, 409. campyleca, 495-497, 503-511, 513,
Acanthuridae, 148. 518, 548.
acaudus, Tachyporus, 40, 42, 52. campyleca paragea, 496, 497, 505,
Accipiter velox, 404. 507, 519, 549, 550.
Accipitridae, 73, 404. campyleca trachystoma, 496, 497,
achrusterus, Turdus migratorius, 421, 500, 510, 517, 518, 550, 551.
4292. campyleca tylota, 496, 497, 499, 509,
: 549.
eee nite yane, 406,497,512, 514,616,
Sean Lio pte leptostyla, 496, 497, 513,
i , 514, 550.
aenea, Cimbex, 245.
: : moseleyi 621.
aeneas, Quiscalus quiscula, 434. se
norvegica, 5138.
aestiva, Contia, 189. eae 2
Dendroica aestiva, 427. : ETepqc baat ber Sale see 496-498,
aethiopicum, Leptocerdale, 55, 62. papillosa, 496, 522, 527, 530, 531,
aethiopicus, Microdesmus, 56, 58, 59 5338, 551.
(fig.), 60, 62. peirograpta, 494, 496, 528, 5380-533,
Aethria, 248. 551.
affinis, Exetastes, 244, 254, 298, 299. polyorchis, 493, 496, 497, 502, 503,
Microdesmus, 58, 64, 65 (fig.), 70. 532, 548, 549.
Africa, fishes from Lake Tanganyika, 1. porphyra, 495, 496, 516, 522, 528,
Agassizia, 233. 530, 531, 533, 551-553.
clevei, 228, 233. profunda, 5138, 514.
elevata, 234. scabiosa, 495, 498, 513, 515, 532,
inflata, 233, 234. 554.
regia, 234. oe 495, 498, 516-518, 523, 532,
pee cre. 248. stejnegert, 495-497, 516-518, 521,
532, 549, 551.
venusta, 495-497, 525-527, 532,
551, 552.
Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus, 433.
phoeniceus phoeniceus, 433.
Agrotis alternata, 301, 302. verrilli, 495-497, 516-518, 521-525,
ahazicha, Euharpyia, 580. 532. 5389. 551. 554
alania, Rifargia, 579. Allotheca 248 ’ : .
alaskanus, Stylaster gemmascens, 494, | ajnus rugosa, 89.
496, 497, 500, 550, 551. alternata, Agrotis, 301, 302.
Alaudidae, 413. alternatipes, Exetastes, 254, 299.
albicollis, Zonotrichia, 439. : alticola, Exetastes, 253, 284, 285.
albinella, Rupela, 358, 360, 362, 366, | alticola, Vireo solitarius, 425.
370, 374, 378, 379, 385, 387. amaricola, Gulaphallus, 139.
Scirpophaga, 362. Neostethus, 139.
albitarsis, Exetastes, 244, 280. Ambystoma microstomum, 194.
aliciae, Hylocichla minima, 423. opacum, 185, 191, 193, 194.
aliciata, Rifargia, 578. americana, Certhia familiaris, 418,
allegheniensis, Mustela rixosa, 452. Lissonota, 245.
alleni, Tachyporus, 42, 53. americanus, Coccyzus ne 408.
Allexetastes, 248. Euarctos americanus, 450.
Allocreadiidae, 196. Megascolides, 157, 161, 173, “174,
Alloplasta, 248. Neophrontops, 75.
44440—38——1 585
586
PROCEEDINGS OF
THE
NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 84
Ammodramussavannarum australis, 437. | Banchoides, 248.
Amphiuma, 223.
means, 223, 225.
anatum, Falco peregrinus, 406.
ancilla, Mordellistena, 395.
Ancistrocerus quadrisectus, 85, 86.
Andropogon bicornis, 376.
angusticollis, Tachyporus, 52.
angustiformis, Mordellistena, 390, 394
(fig.).
angustoralis, Exetastes, 253, 291, 294.
angustus, Exetastes, 253, 290, 291.
annulatus, Tabanus, 207.
annuliventris, Mordellistena, 390.
anthracinus, Exetastes, 255, 305, 306.
Anthrax lateralis, 207.
Antillaster vaughani, 235.
antonia, Rupela, 360, 378, 387.
Antrodemus, 490.
Aplocheilichthys dhonti, 4.
Aplocheilichthys pumilus, 4.
aporiae, Brachycytrus, 17.
Hemiteles, 17.
aquaticus, Scalopus aquaticus, 445.
Aquila chrysaétos canadensis, 405.
arborea, Spizella arborea, 438.
arctolegus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 433.
Ardeidae, 404
arduus, Tachyporus, 50.
Arenetra, 248.
rufipes, 244, 245, 311, 312.
argentatus, Larus, 315.
Argilophilus, 174.
Argynnis atlantis, 219.
arizonicus, Tachyporus, 42, 53.
armata, Ochotskia, 34.
Artedius, 36.
Asprotilapia, 2.
asteroides, Cucullia, 309.
astrida, Rhuda, 572.
ater, Molothrus ater, 434.
atlantis, Argynnis, 219.
Atopocottus, 30.
tribranchius, 30, 31 (fig.).
atratus, Coragyps atratus, 404.
atricapillus, Penthestes atricapillus, 415.
auratus, Colaptes auratus, 410.
aurocapillus, Seiurus, 450.
aurora, Rana, 191.
sure Ammodramus savannarum,
4
Brachyceyrtus, 17, 18.
auxiliaris, Euxoa, 260.
avicans, Disphragis, 569.
babaulti, Simochromis, 3, 9.
baboquivari, Colactis, 107 (fig.),
123-125.
Bactrosaurus, 483.
Baeolophus bicolor, 417.
Bagridae, 3.
bairdi, Cercorchis, 223, 225.
bairdii, Peromyscus maniculatus, 465.
Balanus, 530.
baldwini, Troglodytes aédon, 419.
Baliena, 248.
Banchini, 248.
121,
Banchus, 248.
caudatus, 244, 312.
nervulus, 2438, 310.
barbadensis, Distichopora, 545.
barberi, Mordellistena, 390, 394 (fig.),
395.
Bat, big brown, 450.
dig-eared, 450.
Georgian, 449.
hoary, 449.
Indiana, 449.
Leib, 448.
little brown, 448.
red, 449.
silver-haired, 449.
Trouessart, 448.
Bear, black, 450.
beata, Melospiza melodia, 440, 441.
Beaver, northern, 463.
Be mordellid, from orchids,
239.
Puerto Rican, of genus Mordelli-
stena, 389.
revision of genus Tachyporus, 39.
beldingi, Rallus, 314, 338.
Rallus longirostris, 317, 338.
belizensis, Rallus longirostris, 335, 350.
benca, Urgedra, 565.
bendis, Rupela, 360, 378, 379, 387.
benica, Hemiceras, 583.
Bequaert, Joseph, on a new mason-
wasp from Virginia, 79.
Bering Sea, new cottid fishes from, 25.
Berycidae, 146.
bewicki, Thryomanes bewicki, 420.
Bibliography (Literature Cited), on
Puerto Rican beetles of genus
Mordellistena, 399.
on earthworms of family Mega-
scolecidae, 181.
on fishes of family Grammicolepi-
dae, 155.
on Lake Tanganyika fishes, 14.
on phallostethid fishes, 143.
on North Pacific hydrocorals, 546.
on West Virginia mammals, 477.
on trematode genus Brachycoelium
199
on trematode genus Cercorchis, 226.
bicolor, Baeolophus, 417.
bicornis, Andropogon, 376.
Ceratostethus, 141.
Neostethus, 141.
bidens, Odynerus, 85, 86.
bifasciatus, Cryptus, 274.
Exetastes, 274.
Ichneumon, 243, 274.
Pere ae Exetastes, 251, 274, 276,
Dike
bifrenatus, Telmatochromis, 12.
bikolanus, Mirophallus, 142.
bilineatus, Cerdale, 55.
Billaea, 206.
bioculatus, Exetastes, 244, 247, 250, 261.
INDEX
Birds, two new hawks from Miocene of | brachyrhynchos,
Nebraska, 73.
revision of elapper rails, 313.
West Virginian, 401.
Bison, eastern woodland, 475.
Bison bison pennsylvanicus, 475.
Bittern, American, 404.
bituminosus, Exetastes, 255, 300.
bivitta, Topeutis, 357.
Blackbird, rusty, 433.
Blackwelder, Richard Eliot, on revision
of North American beetles of genus
Tachyporus, 39.
Blarina brevicauda talpoides, 447.
Bluebird, eastern, 423.
Bobcat, 457.
Bobwhite, eastern, 407.
Bolin, Rolf Ling, on new cottid fishes
from Japan and Bering Sea, 25.
Bombycilla cedrorum, 424.
Bombycillidae, 424.
Bonasa umbellus togata, 406, 407.
umbellus umbellus, 406, 407.
borealis, Buteo jamaicensis, 405.
borealis, Distichopora, 496, 497, 543, 553.
borealis, Nycteris borealis, 449.
Odocoileus virginianus, 473.
boreopacifica, Allopora, 495-498, 507-
509, 515, 519, 532, 551, 554.
Stylaster (Allopora), 519.
boreus, Myiarchus crinitus, 412.
Botaurus lentiginosus, 404.
Bovidae, 475.
brachidactyla, Geothlypis trichas, 431.
brachiusculus, Grammicolepis, 150.
Brachycoeliidae, 184, 196.
Brachycoeliinae, 184.
Brachycoelium, observations on genus,
183, 184.
crassicolle, 184, 185, 195, 197.
daviesi, 184, 191, 194-196, 198.
dorsale, 191, 194-196, 198.
georgianium, 187, 195, 197.
hospitale, 184, 185, 187, 188, 195,
197.
loutsianae, 193, 195, 196, 198.
lynchi, 184, 187, 188, 190, 191, 195,
197.
meridionalis, 184, 194-196, 198.
mesorchium, 185, 188, 190, 194,
195, 197.
obesum, 184, 185, 187-190, 195,
ovale, 189, 195, 197.
salamandrae, 185.
storeriae, 184, 191, 192, 194, 195,
196, 198.
trituri, 184, 187, 188, 190, 195-197.
Brachycyrtus, review of genus, 17.
australis, 17, 18.
convergens, 18, 20, 21 (fig.), 22, 23.
nawaili, 18, 23 (fig.).
oculatus, 22.
ornatus, 17, 18.
pretiosus, 18, 19 (fig.).
Brachycytrus aporiae, 17.
O87
Corvus brachyrhyn-
chos, 415.
Branchinecta, giant new species of from
Washington State, 555.
ferox, 560, 561.
gigas, 555.
orientalis, 561.
brevicornis, Exetastes, 251, 2738.
brevicorpa, Rhimphalea, 244, 246, 247,
261, 262.
brevipennis, Exetastes, 244.
breweri, Parascalops, 444.
brochi, Allopora, 495-497,
522.7552, 000.
brumalis, Odynerus pratensis, 86.
brunneus, Oxyporus, 43.
Tachyporus, 43.
buccatus, Exetastes, 251, 271.
Bunting, indigo, 435.
Buteo jamaicensis, 405.
jamaicensis borealis, 405.
lagopus s. johannis, 405.
lineatus lineatus, 405.
platypterus platypterus, 405.
Butterfly, new nymphalid, 219.
Byrd, Elon E., on trematode genus
Brachycoelium, 183.
caerulea, Polioptila caerulea, 424.
page eets, Dendroica caerulescens,
428.
caeruleus, Exetastes, 244, 253, 284.
Cailloga, 239, 241.
cairnsi, Dendroica caerulescens, 428.
Calearius lapponicus lapponicus, 441.
calendula, Corthylio calendula, 424.
californica, Allopora, 495-497, 521, 522,
524, 526, 527, 531, 551, 552.
californicus, Tachyporus, 40, 42, 46.
californiensis, Glypthelmins, 196.
callipterus, Exetastes, 252, 277.
Callipus, 105.
lactarius, 108.
calliurus, Lamprologus, 14.
Callochromis, 8.
macrops, 8.
pleurospilus, 8.
rhodostigma, 8.
calvesta, Rifargia, 577.
Camarasaurus, 490.
Cambala lactarius, 108.
camiola, Meragisa, 575.
Campoplex niger, 244, 245, 307, 308.
Camptosaurus, 482.
campyleca, Allopora, 495-497, 503-511,
5138, 518, 548.
canadensis, Aquila chrysaétos, 405.
Castor canadensis, 463.
Cervus canadensis, 474.
Lutra canadensis, 453.
Sitta, 417.
Wilsonia, 432.
cancellatus, Stylaster, 496, 497, 502, 504,
548, 549.
candace, Rupela, 359, 382, 387.
canens, Rupela, 360, 379, 387.
Canis lupus lyeaon, 455.
516, 517,
588
canola, Lepasta, 564.
canota, Misogada, 566.
Capros, 146.
Carangidae, 146.
Cardinal, eastern, 434.
eardinalis, Richmondena cardinalis, 434.
caribaeus, Rallus longirostris, 317, 327,
334-337, 345.
carinatifrons, Exetastes, 249, 255, 257.
carinatus, Exetastes, 249, 258.
carinellum, Heptium, 130, 131 (fig.), 132,
134, 135.
Carnation, 203.
carolina, Porzana, 408.
carolinensis, Clethrionomys, 467.
Dumetella, 420.
Junco hyemalis, 438.
Microtus chrotorrhinus, 468.
Pandion haliaetus, 406.
Penthestes carolinensis, 416.
Sitta carolinensis, 417.
Zenaidura macroura, 408.
carolinus, Centurus, 410.
Euphagus, 433.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 258.
Carpodacus purpureus purpureus, 435.
cascadensis, Megascolides, 158, 164,174.
Casinaria genuina, 245, 308.
castanea, Dendroica, 429.
Castor canadensis canadensis, 463.
Castoridae, 463.
Cat, wild, 457.
Catbird, 420.
Cathartes umbrosus, 73.
Cathartidae, 404.
Cattleya sp., 239, 241.
cattleyana, Mordellistena, 239-241.
caudatus, Banchus, 244, 312.
Exetastes, 249, 312.
caulina, Meragisa, 575.
caurinus, Melanerpes erythrocephalus,
411.
cayaba, Hemiceras, 584.
cazonesensis, Scutella, 228, 233.
cedrorum, Bombycilla, 424.
Centrechinoida, 229.
Centurus carolinus, 410.
Ceratogastra, 244, 248.
Ceratosoma, 244.
Ceratostethus, 138, 141.
bicornis, 141.
Cercorchis, 223, 224.
bairdi, 223, 225.
dhongokii, 223.
kinosterni, 223, 225.
necturi, 223, 225.
singularis, 223, 225.
sirenis, 224.
texanus, 223, 225.
Cerdale, 55-57.
bilineatus, 55.
floridana, 56, 60.
ionthas, 56-58.
Cerdalidae, 56.
Certhia familiaris americana, 418.
familiaris nigrescens, 418.
Certhiidae, 418.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 84
cerulea, Dendroica, 429.
Cervidae, 473.
cervina, Distichopora, 545.
Cervus canadensis canadensis, 474.
chabila, Hemiceras, 584.
Chadisra, 574.
selana, 574.
Chaetura pelagica, 409.
chapini, Mordellistena, 240.
Charadriidae, 408.
Chat, yellow-breasted, 431.
chelopi, Telorchis, 223, 225.
Cheneosaurus, 482, 487.
Chickadee, black-capped, 415.
northern Carolina, 416.
Chickaree, 460.
Chipmunk, Fisher, 458.
Chondestes grammacus grammacus, 437.
Chordeumoidea, 98.
Chrysichthys myriodon, 3.
chrysomelinus, Oxyporus, 41.
Staphylinus, 41.
Tachyporus, 40, 45.
Chrysopa, 18, 24.
Chrysopoctonus, 18.
chrysoptera, Vermivora, 427.
Cichlidae, 5.
Cidaridae, 229.
Cidaris, 227, 229.
loveni, 228, 229.
thouarsii, 228, 229.
tribuloides, 229.
Cidaroida, 229.
Cimbex aenea, 245.
cimbicis, Exetastes, 245.
cinctiventris, Colpotrochia, 244.
Homobia, 244.
Xenoschesis, 244.
cinerea, Hyla, 194.
Nycteris, 449.
cinereoargenteus,
genteus, 455.
cinereus, Sorex cinereus, 445.
Circus hudsonius, 406.
Cistothorus stellaris, 420.
citrina, Wilsonia, 432.
Clapper rails, revision of, 313.
Clark, Austin Hobart, on new nym-
phalid butterfly, 219.
Clark, Austin Hobart, and Sandhouse,
Grace Adelbert, on nest and habits of
Odynerus tempiferus macio, 89.
clavatus, Euryproctus, 245.
Exetastes, 244-246.
Clemmys marmorata, 223, 225.
Clethrionomys carolinensis, 467.
clevei, Agassizia, 228, 233.
clusinus, Odynerus, 86.
Clypeaster, 230.
marinanus, 228, 231.
meridanensis, 228, 230.
planipetalus, 232.
rogersi, 231.
sanrafaelensis, 232.
sp., 232.
staubi, 231.
topilanus, 228, 232.
Urocyon cinereoar-
INDEX
Clypeastridae, 230.
Clypeastrina, 230.
coccinea, Distichopora violacea,
544.
Coceyzus americanus americanus, 408.
erythropthalmus, 408.
Coelenterates, hydrocorals
Pacific Ocean, 493.
Coelocheta, 98.
Colactis, 100, 103, 104, 120, 132.
baboquivari, 107 (fig.), 121, 123-125.
protenta, 107 (fig.), 122, 125, 126,
130
quadrata, 107 (fig.), 121, 128.
saretana, 107 (fig.), 120, 122-125.
sideralis, 107 (fig.), 122, 125.
tiburona, 122, 128, 129.
utorum, 130.
Colaptes auratus auratus, 410.
auratus luteus, 410.
colchicus, Phasianus, 407.
Colinus virginianus virginianus, 407.
coloradensis, Exetastes, 254, 298.
Colpotrochia cinctiventris, 244.
columbarius, Falco, 75, 76.
Columbidae, 408.
comma, Polygonia, 222.
Compsothlypidae, 426.
Compsothlypis americana pusilla, 427,
concavus, Exetastes, 252, 281.
concoloripes, Exetastes, 254, 298.
Condylura cristata, 445.
consanguineum, Tynomma, 112 (fig.),
119
543,
of North
consimilis, Exetastes, 245.
Lissonota, 245.
Contia aestiva, 189.
contorta, Distichopora, 545.
Conuropsis fratercula, 77.
convergens, Brachycyrtus,
(fig.), 22, 23.
Exetastes, 253, 291.
Cook, Orator Fuller, on distribution and
specialized characters of crested milli-
peds of family Lysiopetalidae, 97.
Coragyps atratus atratus, 404.
cornigera, Rupela, 358, 371, 386.
coronata, Dendroica coronata, 428.
corosina, Disphragis, 568.
corrius, Rallus, 329, 330.
Rallus longirostris, 317, 318, 329,
331, 334-336, 352.
Corthylio calendula calendula, 424.
corti, Telorchis, 223, 225.
Corvidae, 414.
corvinus, Exetastes, 255, 303.
Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhyn-
chos, 415.
brachyrhynchos paulus, 415.
corax principalis, 414.
coryi, Rallus, 329, 330.
Corynorhinus rafinesquil
450.
Corythosaurus, 484.
18, 20; 21
rafinesquii,
589
costatum, Lysiopetalum, 105.
Cottidae, new, from Japan and Bering
Sea, 25.
Cottontail, eastern, 472.
Mearns, 472.
New England, 473.
Cougar, 456.
couguar, Felis concolor, 456.
Cowbird, eastern, 434.
Coxeya, 567.
sinistra, 567.
crassicolle, Brachycoelium,
195, 197.
Distoma, 184.
crassirostris, Rallus, 321.
Rallus longirostris, 320, 321.
ange peony Exetastes, 252, 278, 280,
Creeper, brown, 418.
southern, 418.
crepitans, Rallus, 314, 351.
Rallus longirostris, 316, 317, 321,
335, 001, 352.
cressonii, Exetastes, 244.
Cricetidae, 464.
cristata, Condylura, 445.
Cyanocitta cristata, 414.
cristatus, Schizaster, 228, 234.
Crow, eastern, 415.
southern, 415.
Crustacea, new fairy
Washington State, 555.
Cryptoglaux acadica acadica, 409.
Cryptohelia, 495, 496, 533, 538.
gigantea, 494, 535, 552.
japonica, 494, 535, 552.
moseleyi, 533.
pudica, 494, 533, 535, 552.
trophostega, 496, 497, 533, 536, 552.
Cryptopimpla, 248.
Cryptotis parva, 447.
Cryptus bifasciatus, 274.
ctenopterygius, Phasmatocoitus,
(fig.).
cubanus, Rallus longirostris, 316, 317,
331, 332, 334, 336, 345, 347.
Cuckoo, black-billed, 408.
yellow-billed, 408.
Cuculidae, 408.
Cucullia asteroides, 309.
Cushman, Robert Asa, on ichneumon-
flies of genus Brachycyrtus, 17.
on ichneumon-flies of genus Exe-
tastes, 243.
cyanea, Passerina, 435.
Cyanocitta cristata cristata, 414.
Cyathopharynx, 2.
eypereti, Rallus, 321.
Rallus longirostris, 321.
Cyprinidae, 3.
Cyprinodontidae, 3.
Cyttomimus, 147.
Cyttus, 146, 147.
184, 185,
shrimp from
33, 34
590
dakotensis, Neophrontops, 75.
dalgleishi, Xenolepidichthys, 145, 153.
dampfi, Sarcophaga, 218, 214 (fig.).
danforthi, Mordellistena, 390, 392, 394
(fig.).
dardennii, Limnotilapia, 5.
daviesi, Brachycoelium, 184, 191, 194—-
196, 198.
decoloratus, Exetastes, 244, 276,
Deer, white-tailed, 473.
dekayi, Storeria, 191.
Dendroctonus monticolae, 215, 216.
Dendroica aestiva aestiva, 427.
caerulescens caerulescens, 428.
caerulescens cairnsi, 428.
castanea, 429.
cerulea, 429.
coronata coronata, 428.
coronata hooveri, 428.
discolor discolor, 429.
fusca, 429.
magnolia, 427.
palmarum palmarum, 430.
pensylvanica, 429.
striata, 429.
tigrina, 427.
virens virens, 428.
dentifera, Sarcophaga, 208 (fig.).
Desmognathus fuscus fuscus, 185, 187,
190.
deuteromaurus, Exetastes, 244, 254, 299.
dhongoka, Kachuga, 228.
dhongokii, Cercorchis, 223.
dhonti, Aplocheilichthys, 4.
Diactis, 100, 103, 104, 110, 117, 118, 120.
frondifera, 112 (fig.), 116.
soleata, 103, 110;-112-.dfig.), 118,
11551163
triangula, 103, 112 (fig.), 114.
diagramma, Simochromis, 10, 11.
Dicentria, 566.
pelialis, 566.
dichrous, Exetastes, 255, 302, 303.
dicolis, Kaseria, 582.
Dicrocoeliidae, 196.
Dicrocoelioidea, 184, 196, 197.
Didelphiidae, 444.
Didelphis virginiana virginiana, 444.
dilutipes, Exetastes, 253, 285.
diminutus, Telorchis, 223, 225.
Dinosaur, skull of crested hadrosaurian,
481.
Diplocardia, 160, 170, 177.
Diptera, new muscoid flies, 201.
pupa of Myocera tabanivora, 217.
dipus, Microdesmus, 55-58, 59 (fig.), 61
(fig.), 63, 67, 68.
discolor, Dendroica discolor, 429.
dispar, Sorex, 446.
Disphragis, 568.
avicans, 569.
corosina, 568.
hosmera, 571.
laosoma, 571.
salma, 569.
sapani, 570.
tapperti, 570,
PROCEEDINGS OF
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 84
Distichopora, 494, 543.
barbadensis, 545.
borealis, 496, 497, 543, 553.
cervina, 545.
contorta, 545.
foliacea, 545.
gracilis, 494, 544, 554.
nitida, 544.
rosea, 544.
suleata, 494, 543-545, 554.
violacea, 495, 5438, 544.
violacea coccinea, 543, 544,
Distoma, 184.
crassicolle, 184.
domestica, Sylvia, 419.
domesticus, Passer domesticus, 432.
dorsale, Brachycoelium, 191, 194, 195,
196, 198.
dorsatum, Erethizon dorsatum, 471.
Dove, eastern mourning, 408.
drusilla, Rupela, 360, 379, 387.
Dryobates pubescens medianus, 412.
villosus villosus, 411.
dumblei, Lovenia, 228, 236, 237.
Schizaster, 234.
Dumetella carolinensis, 420.
dunckeri, Phallostethus, 138.
Dyspetes rufus, 245.
Eagle, golden, 405.
Earthworms of family Megascolecidae,
Gf
Echini, Mexican fossil, 227.
Echinochloa polystachya, 361.
Echthrodoca, 248.
Edmontosaurus, 482, 486, 488, 490.
edusa, Rupela, 359, 379, 387.
egregius, Vesposus, 145, 150, 152.
eisent, Megascolides, 158, 171.
elassotomus, Stylaster, 496, 497, 499,
549, 550.
elegans, Rallus, 314-316, 334, 337, 345.
Rallus elegans, 315.
Tachyporus, 40, 42, 48.
elevata, Agassizia, 234.
Elk, eastern, 474.
elongata, Mephitis mephitis, 454.
Empidonax, 315.
minimus, 413.
virescens, 413.
Enantiopus, 2, 11.
Engraulicypris minutus, 3.
ephippium, Mordellistena, 390, 394
(fig.), 398.
epidendrana, Mordellistena, 239, 240.
Epidendrum, 239, 240.
Eponites, 248.
Eptesicus fuscus fuscus, 450.
Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum, 471.
Erethizontidae, 471.
erichsoni, Nematus, 205.
errans, Neogyps, 75.
Errina, 536.
pourtalesii, 536, 541.
Errinopora, 536, 543.
nanneca, 496, 497, 538, 541, 553.
pourtalesii, 495-497, 538, 539, 541,
S53:
stylifera, 496-498, 536, 553.
zarhyncha, 496, 497, 538, 539, 553.
INDEX
591
erythrocephalus, Melanerpes erythro-|Exetastes fascipennis, 244, 253, 276,
cephalus, 410.
erythrogaster, Exetastes, 254,
erythrogaster, Hirundo rustica, 418.
erythromelas, Piranga, 434.
erythronotus, Plethodon, 185.
erythrophthalmus, Pipilo erythroph-
thalmus, 436.
erythropthalmus, Coceyzus, 408.
Euarctos americanus americanus, 450.
eudasum, Lysiopetalum, 108.
Eugalta, 248.
Eugenia sp., 399.
Euharpyia, 580.
ahazicha, 580.
Eunotela, 581.
grisellana, 581.
Eupatagus, 234.
mexicanus, 228, 234.
vaughani, 235.
Euphagus carolinus, 433.
euphonia, Melospiza melodia, 440.
Euryproctus clavatus, 245.
petiolatus, 245.
Eustylaster, 498, 499.
Euxoa auxiliaris, 260.
Exetastes, revision of genus, 243, 246.
abbreviatus, 244.
abdominalis, 244, 252, 283, 286.
affinis, 244, 254, 298, 299.
albitarsis, 244, 280.
alternatipes, 254, 299.
alticola, 253, 284, 285.
angustoralis, 253, 291, 294.
angustus, 253, 290, 291.
anthracinus, 255, 305, 306.
bifasciatus, 274.
bifenestratus, 251, 274, 276, 277.
bioculatus, 244, 247, 250, 261.
bituminosus, 255, 300.
brevicornis, 251, 273.
brevipennis, 244.
buccatus, 251, 271.
caeruleus, 244, 253, 284.
callipterus, 252, 277.
carinatifrons, 249, 255, 257.
carinaius, 249, 258.
caudatus, 249, 312.
cimbicis, 245.
clavatus, 244-246.
coloradensis, 254, 298.
concavus, 252, 281.
concoloripes, 254, 298.
consimilis, 245.
convergens, 253, 291.
corvinus, 255, 303.
crassisculptus, 252, 278, 280, 281.
cressonii, 244.
decoloratus, 244, 276.
deuteromaurus, 244, 254, 299.
dichrous, 255, 302, 303.
dilutipes, 253, 285.
erythrogaster, 254, 297, 298.
exploratus, 244, 309, 3il.
fasciipennis, 294.
297, 298.
mh me
291, 293.
fiavipennis, 244, 255, 308.
flavitarsis, 244, 293.
flavus, 250, 265, 267.
fornicator, 308.
geminus, 255, 306.
agneipennis, 251, 270.
ilinojensis, 250, 262, 264.
infumatricus, 252, 283.
lasius, 249, 258.
matricus, 244, 246, 252, 281, 283-
285.
maurus, 244, 299.
nervulus, 255, 309, 310.
nervulus exploratus, 309-312.
nervulus intermedius, 309-311.
nervulus nervulus, 309, 310.
nervulus niger, 310.
nervulus rufofemoratus, 310, 311.
niger, 244, 245, 307-309, 311.
nigribasis, 253, 289.
obseurus, 244, 246, 251, 274, 276.
ornatus, 253, 286, 288.
pallidus, 250, 266.
pectinatus, 251, 272, 273.
persimilis, 255, 306.
ictus, 250, 260.
propinquus, 244, 251, 267, 272.
provancheri, 244, 307, 308.
purpureus, 253, 285, 286.
ridens, 250, 262, 264.
ruficoralis, 253, 294.
rufipes, 244, 253, 286.
rufobalteatus, 253, 290.
rufofemoratus, 244, 246, 300,
309, 311.
rufus, 244, 245.
rugosus, 252, 280.
scutellaris, 244, 251, 267, 269,
septum, 249, 257, 258.
suaveolens, 244-246, 255, 307,
subimpressus, 253, 288-291.
zelotypus, 244, 254, 296-299.
Exetastini, 248.
exploratus, Exetastes, 244, 309, 311.
Exetastes nervulus, 309-312.
eximius, Gulaphallus, 142.
Stylaster, 495, 503.
Exocycloida, 230.
extimus, Penthestes carolinensis,"416.
faber, Tachyporus, 43. i
Fairy shrimp, giant new species of,from
Washington State, 555.
Falco, 75.
columbarius, 75, 76.
falconella, 77.
falconellus, 73, 77, 78.
peregrinus anatum, 406.
ramenta, 75, 76 (fig.).
sparverius, 76.
sparverius paulus, 76.
faleconella, Falco, 77.
falconellus, Falco, 73, 77, 78.
Falconidae, 75, 406.
fasciipennis, Exetastes, 294.
302,
312.
309.
592
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 84
fascipennis, Exetastes, 244, 253, 276, | fuscus, Desmognathus fuscus, 185, 187,
190
291, 293.
faunus, Grapta, 219.
Polygonia, 219-222.
Polygonia faunus, 221.
faustina, Rupela, 359, 380, 387.
faxoni, Hylocichla guttata, 423.
Felidae, 456.
Felis concolor couguar, 456.
¥eltia malefida, 275.
erina, Myocera, 206.
ferox, Branchinecta, 560, 561.
ferruginea, Mordella, 391.
Mordellistena, 390, 391.
filogranus, Stylaster, 530.
finalimus, Lamprologus, 14.
Finch, eastern purple, 435.
Fintona, 248.
Fisher, eastern, 452.
Fisher, Walter Kenrick, on hydrocorals
of North Pacific Ocean, 493.
fisheri, Tamias striatus, 458.
Fishes, new cottid, from Japan and
Bering Sea, 25.
revision of family Microdesmidae, |’
55
phallostethid, notes on, 137.
from Lake Tanganyika, collected by
H. C. Raven in 1920, 1.
zeomorph, of family Grammicolep-
idae, 145.
flava, Phasiops, 207.
flavifrons, Vireo, 425.
flavipennis, Exetastes, 244, 255, 303.
flavitarsis, Exetastes, 244, 293.
flavus, Exetastes, 250, 265, 267.
Flicker, northern, 410.
Flies, new muscoid, 201.
pupa of Myocera, tabanivora, 217.
floreliga, Hylemya, 203.
floridana, Cerdale, 56, 60.
floridanus, Miecrodesmus,
(fig.), 60, 61 (fig.), 63.
Flycatcher, Acadian, 413.
least, 413.
aorthern crested, 412.
foliacea, Distichopora, 545.
formosus, Oporornis, 430.
fornicator, Exetastes, 303.
Tchneumon, 246.
Fossils, skull of crested hadrosaurian
dinosaur, 481.
Mexican Eehini, 227.
two new hawks from Miocene of
Nebraska, 73.
Fox, gray, 455.
red, 454.
fratercula, Conuropsis, 77.
Fringillidae, 434.
frondifera, Diactis, 112 (fig.), 116.
fulva, Vulpes fulva, 454.
fumeus, Sorex fumeus, 446.
Fundulinae, 4.
fusca, Dendroica, 429.
fuscescens, Hylocichla fuscescens, 423.
56, 58, 59
Eptesicus fuscus, 450.
Glaucomys sabrinus, 463.
Larus, 315.
gaia, Rupela, 359, 380, 387.
galbula, Icterus, 433.
garloughi, Plutellus, 158, 175.
geminus, Exetastes, 255, 306.
gemmascens, Madrepora, 498.
Stylaster, 500, 501, 503.
genuina, Casinaria, 245, 308.
Limneria, 308.
georgiana, Melospiza, 440.
georgianium, Brachycoelium, 187, 195,
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, 431.
trichas trichas, 431.
geraesa, Hemiceras, 582.
gibbera, Rupela, 358, 367, 386.
gigantea, Cryptohelia, 494, 535, 552.
gigas, Branchinecta, 555.
gigas, Lepidocyclina, 231, 236.
Gilmore, Charles Whitney, on detailed
skull structure of a crested hadrosaur-
ian dinosaur, 481.
Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus, 463.
volans volans, 462.
glutinosus, Plethodon, 185.
Glypthelmins, 184, 196.
californiensis, 196.
Glyptini, 248.
Gnateatcher, blue-gray, 424.
Goldfinch, eastern, 436.
gracilis, Distichopora, 494, 544, 554.
gracilis, Perissodus, 6.
Grackle, bronzed, 434.
gramineus, Pooecetes gramineus, 437.
grammacus, Chondestes grammacus,
437.
Grammicolepidae, review of family, 145.
Grammicolepidi, 146.
Grammicolepididae, 146.
Grammicolepis, 146-154.
brachiusculus, 150.
squamilineatus, 145, 150, 153, 154.
Grapta faunus, 219.
Greene, Charles Tull, on
Myocera tabanivora, 217.
grisellana, Eunotela, 581.
griseus, Vireo griseus, 425.
Grosbeak, rose-breasted, 435.
Groundhog, 458.
Grouse, Canada ruffed, 406.
guera, Hemiceras, 588.
Gulaphallus, 138, 141, 142.
amaricola, 139.
eximius, 142.
mirabilis, 142.
guttati, Telorchis, 223, 225.
gutturalis, Hirundo rustica, 413.
Habits of mason-wasp Odynerus tempi-
ferus macio, 89.
Hadrosaurian dinosaur, crested, skull
of, 481.
Hadrosauridae, 481, 491.
pupa of
INDEX
593
Hall, David G., on new muscoid flies, ; Hyla cinerea, 194.
201.
Haplochromis, 9, 10.
Haplochilichthys, 5.
Haplochromis horei, 7.
Hare, Virginia varying, 471.
Hawk, American rough-legged, 405.
broad-winged, 405.
duck, 406.
eastern red-tailed, 405.
marsh, 406.
northern red-shouldered, 405.
sharp-shinned, 404.
Hawks, two new species from Miocene
of Nebraska, 73.
Hedymeles ludovicianus, 435.
Heinrich, Carl, on moths of genus
Rupela, 355.
helius, Rallus longirostris, 348, 349.
Hemiasteridae, 233.
Hemiceras, 582.
benica, 583.
cayaba, 584.
chabila, 584.
geraesa, 582.
guera, 583.
Hemiteles aporiae, 17.
Heptium, 100, 101, 103, 104, 120, 128,
130
carinellum; 130, 181 (fig.), 132, 134,
135;
scamillatum, 131 (fig.), 134.
herie, Rupela, 360, 381, 387.
heterocerus, Tachyporus, 52.
heteroporus, Plutellus, 174.
hewitti, Prionolepis, 146.
hiemalis, Nannus hiemalis, 419, 420.
hildebrandi, Microdesmus, 58, 59 (fig.),
64, 65 (fig.), 67.
Hippia, 567.
Hirundinidae, 413.
Hirundo rustica erythrogaster, 413.
rustica gutturalis, 413.
rustica rustica, 414.
rustica transitiva, 413.
rustica tytleri, 413, 414.
holophaealis, Rupela, 368.
Scirpophaga, 368, 369.
Homobia cinctiventris, 244.
hooveri, Dendroica coronata, 428.
horei, Haplochromis, 7.
nore ane Rupela, 359, 376, 383, 387,
88.
hosmera, Disphragis, 571.
hospitale, Brachycoelium, 184, 185, 187,
188, 195, 197.
howardae, Palaeoborus, 73, 74 (fig.).
hudsonius, Circus, 406.
Zapus hudsonius, 471.
h ee Mordellistena, 390, 393, 394
fig.).
Hydrocorals of North Pacific Ocean,
hyemalis, Junco hyemalis, 437, 438.
Hylemya, 201.
abdena, 201, 202 (fig.).
floreliga, 203.
planipalpus, 203.
trichodactyla, 203.
Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens, 423.
guttata faxoni, 423.
minima aliciae, 423.
mustelina, 422.
ustulata swainsoni, 423.
Hymenoptera, revision of genus Exe-
tastes, 243.
Hyperaeschra, 581.
lamida, 581.
Hypohippus, 77.
Ichneumon bifasciatus, 243, 274.
fornicator, 246.
Ichneumon-flies, genus Brachycyrtus,
MZ
revision of North American Exetas-
tes, 2438.
Ichneumoninae, 248.
Icteria virens virens, 431.
Icteridae, 432.
Icterus galbula, 433.
spurius, 433.
igneipennis, Exetastes, 251, 270.
iliaca, Passerella iliaca, 439.
illinoiensis, Exetastes, 250, 262, 264.
Leptobatus, 244, 264.
imitativa, Rupela, 359, 372, 386.
impiger, Reithrodontomys humulis, 464.
indistincta, Mordellistena, 392.
inflata, Agassizia, 233, 234.
infumatricus, Exetastes, 252, 283.
Inga laurina, 391, 398.
insculpti, Telorchis, 223, 225.
Insects, new mordellid beetles from
orchids, 239.
Puerto Rican beetles
Mordellistena, 389.
beetles of genus Tachyporus, 39.
new nymphalid butterfly, 219.
ichneumon-flies of genus Brachy-
cyrtus, 17.
ichneumon-flies of genus Exetastes,
243.
new muscoid flies, 201.
new moths of family Notodontidae,
563.
moths of genus Rupela, 355.
pupa of Myocera tabanivora, 217.
new mason-wasp from Virginia, 79.
nest and habits of wasp Odynerus
tempiferus macio, 89.
insignis, Napaeozapus insignis, 470.
insularum, Rallus longirostris, 315, 316,
348, 349.
of genus
intermedius, Exetastes nervulus, 309-
Sills
intermedius, Microdesmus, 58, 68, 69
(fig.).
interrogationis, Polygonia, 222.
O94
ionthas, Cerdale, 56-58.
Microdesmus, 56, 58, 59 (fig.), 61
(fig.), 62, 63.
irrorata, Topeutis, 357.
Ithagenes, 248.
iturbidi, Odynerus, 80.
Jackson, Robert Tracy, on Mexican
fossil Echini, 227.
jamaicensis, Buteo, 405.
jana, Rupela, 359, 381, 388.
Japan, new cottid fishes from, 25.
japonica, Cryptohelia, 494, 535, 552.
Jay, northern blue, 414.
jeanneti, Vasconaster, 236.
jocosus, Tachyporus, 40, 42, 45, 47, 50.
johnsoni, Laganum, 233.
juddi, Melospiza melodia, 440.
Julidochromis, 12.
macrolepis, 12.
Julus lactarius, 105, 108.
Junco, Carolina, 438.
slate-colored, 437.
Junco hyemalis carolinensis, 438.
hyemalis hyemalis, 437, 438.
Kachuga dhongoka, 223.
Kaseria, 582.
dicolis, 582.
Kellogg, Remington, on West Virginia
mammals, 443.
Killdeer, 408.
Kingbird, eastern, 412.
Kinglet, eastern golden-crowned, 424.
eastern ruby-crowned, 424.
kinosterni, Cercorchis, 223, 225.
Kinosternen, 223.
Kritosaurus, 490.
Kurtus, 146.
labeosa, Rupela, 358, 364, 380, 385.
labiatus, Lobochilotes, 5.
Labiopora, 536.
labradorius, Passerculus sandwichensis,
436.
lacertina, Siren, new trematode from,
223.
lactarium, Lysiopetalum, 98, 108.
Spirostrephon, 105, 107 (fig.), 108,
109.
lactarius, Callipus, 108.
Cambala, 108.
Julus, 105, 108.
Laganidae, 233.
Laganum, 233.
johnsoni, 233.
leptum, 228, 233.
Lambeosaurinae, 481.
Lambeosaurus, 482, 484, 486.
lamida, Hyperaeschra, 581.
Lamprichthyinae, 3.
Lamprichthys tanganicanus, 3.
Lampris, 146.
Lamprologus, 12.
ealliurus, 14.
finalimus, 14.
modestus, 14.
mondabu, 14.
reticulatus, 14.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL, 84
Lampronota, 248.
Laniidae, 425.
Lanius ludovicianus migrans, 425.
lankesteri, Neostethus, 138-141.
laosoma, Disphragis, 571.
lapponicus, Calearius lapponicus, 441.
Lapton, 248.
lara, Rupela, 359, 382, 388.
Lark, prairie horned, 413.
Larus argentatus, 315.
fuscus, 315.
Lasionycteris noctivagans, 449.
lasius, Exetastes, 249, 258.
laterale, Leiolopisma, 189, 190, 194.
lateralis, Anthrax, 207.
Lates microlepis, 5.
laurina, Inga, 391, 398.
ia ea ee 390, 394 (fig.), 396
397.
leibii, Myotis subulatus, 448.
Leiolopisma laterale, 189, 190, 194.
Lemming, Stone mouse, 467.
lentiginosus, Botaurus, 404.
Lapasta, 564.
canola, 564.
maltha, 564.
Lepidocyclina, 234, 236.
gigas, 231, 236.
Lepidoptera, hosts of Exetastes, 245.
new moths of family Notodontidae,
563.
moths of genus Rupela, 355.
Leporidae, 471.
Leptobatopsis, 248.
Leptobatus, 246, 247.
illinoiensis, 244, 264.
ziegleri, 246.
Leptocerdale, 55-57.
aethiopicum, 55, 62.
longipinnis, 57, 71.
leptostyla, Allopora moseleyana, 496, 497,
513, 514, 550:
leptum, Laganum, 228, 233.
Lepus americanus virginianus, 471.
leucatea, Rupela, 358-360, 366, 378,
385, 387, 388.
leucatea, Scirpophaga, 360, 361.
leucophaeus, Rallus longirostris, 317,
332, 334, 350, 352.
leucophrys, Zonotrichia leucophrys, 439.
leucotis, Sciurus carolinensis, 460.
levipes, Rallus, 314, 338.
Rallus longirostris, 338, 340.
liberta, Rupela, 358, 364, 380, 386.
Limneria genuina, 308.
limnetis, Rallus longirostris, 316, 326,
328, 329, 331, 333, 335, 345, 350.
Limnothlypis swainsoni, 426.
Limnotilapia dardennil, 5.
lincolni, Melospiza lincolni, 439.
lineata, Lysiopetalum, 108.
lineata, Mordellistena, 390, 394 (fig.),
395.
lineata, Platops, 108.
r
INDEX
lineatus, Buteo lineatus, 405.
Lion, eastern mountain, 456.
Lissonota americana, 245.
consimilis, 245,
Lissonotini, 248.
Lissorchidae, 196, 197.
Lebochilotes labiatus, 5.
lobosus, Telorchis, 223, 225.
longicornis, Scirpophaga, 360, 361.
longipes, Myocera, 206.
longipinnis, Leptocerdale, 57, 71.
Microdesmus, 56, 58, 59 (fig.), 65,
69 (fig.), 70-72.
longirostris, Rallus, revision of, 313.
Rallus longirostris, 320-324, 327,
330, 334, 352.
Léngspur, Lapland, 441.
Loomis, Harold Frederick, on North
American crested millipeds of family
Lysiopetalidae, 97.
loquax, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, 460.
lotor, Procyon lotor, 451.
louisianae, Brachycoelium, 1938, 195,
196, 198.
loveni, Cidaris, 228, 229.
Lovenia, 236.
dumblei, 228, 236, 237.
mexicana, 227, 228, 236.
lucedia, Meragisa, 576.
lucidovirga, Mordellistena,
(fig.), 397, 398.
lucifugus, Myotis lucifugus, 448.
ludovicianus, Hedymeles, 435.
Thryothorus ludovicianus, 420.
lumaria, Rupela, 359, 375, 387.
Lumbricidae, 160.
luteus, Colaptes auratus, 410.
Lutra canadensis canadensis, 453.
Luvarus, 146.
lyeaon, Canis lupus, 455.
Lynch, James Erie, on new fairy shrimp
of genus Branchinecta from State of
Washington, 555.
lynchi, Brachycoelium, 184, 187, 188,
190, 191, 195, 197.
Lynx rufus rufus, 457.
Lysiopetalidae, crested
family, 97.
Lysiopetaloidea, 98, 99.
Lysiopetalum, 105.
costatum, 105.
eudasum, 108.
lactarium, 98, 108.
lineata, 108.
mutans, 120.
setigerum, 105.
tiburonum, 128.
macelfreshi, Megascolides, 158, 166, 174.
macio, ae tempiferus, 80, 81, 82
g2)s
390, 394
millipeds of
nest and habits of, 89.
macrolepis, Julidochromis, 12.
macrops, Callochromis, 8.
macropterus, Tachyporus, 44.
0995
maculicollis, Tachyporus, 40, 52.
Tachyporus chrysomelinus, 52.
maculipennis, Tachyporus, 42, 47.
rnaculosus, Necturus, 223.
Madrepora gemmascens, 498.
rosea, 498.
violacea, 5438.
maenas, Rupela, 359, 383, 384, 388.
magna, Sturnella magna, 482.
magnolia, Dendroica, 427.
malefida, Feltia, 275.
mallurus, Sylvilagus floridanus, 472.
maltha, Lepasta, 564.
Mammals, West Virginia, annotated
list of, 448.
Mandibularea resinus, 2.
manglecola, Rallus longirostris, 324,
326, 331, 334.
marinanus, Clypeaster, 228, 231.
marmorata, Clemmys, 223, 225.
Marmota monax monax, 458.
Martes pennanti pennanti, 452.
Mason-wasp, nest and habits of Ody-
nerus tempiferus macio, 89.
new, from Virginia, 79.
matricus, Exetastes, 244, 246, 252, 281,
283-285.
maurus, Exetastes, 244, 299.
MeAlister, Edward Dorris, studies of
reactions of wasps to light, 89.
Meadowlark, eastern, 432.
means, Amphiuma, 223, 225.
mearnsii, Sylvilagus floridanus, 472.
medianus, Dryobates pubescens, 412.
medius, Telorchis, 223, 225.
Megascolecidae, North American earth-
worms of family, 157.
Megascolides, 157-161, 174, 177, 181.
americanus, 157, 161, 178, 174.
cascadensis, 158, 164, 174.
eisent, 158, 171.
macelfreshi, 158, 166, 174.
michaelsent, 158, 168, 178.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus caurinus,
411
erythrocephelus erythrocephalus,
410.
melodia, Melospiza melodia, 440, 441.
Melospiza georgiana, 440.
lineolni lincolni, 439.
melodia beata, 440, 441.
melodia euphonia, 440.
melodia juddi, 440.
melodia melodia, 440, 441.
Mene, 146.
Mephitis mephitis elongata, 454.
mephitis nigra, 454.
Meragisa, 574.
camiola, 575.
caulina, 575.
lucedia, 576.
mucidara, 574.
rahulana, 576.
sindana, 577.
valdiviesoi, 576.
596
meridanensis, Clypeaster, 228, 230.
meridionalis, Brachycoelium, 184, 194—
196, 198.
Triturus, 194.
merriami, Reithrodontomys
464.
Merychippus, 75, 77.
primus, 77.
Merycodus, 77.
Mesocoelium, 184, 196.
sociale, 196.
mesorchium, Brachycoelium, 185,
190, 194, 195, 197.
Mesostenus promptus, 244.
mexicana, Lovenia, 227, 228, 236.
mexicanus, Eupatagus, 228, 234.
mexicanus, Tachyporus, 42, 54.
Mexico, fossil Echini from, 997.
michaelseni, Megascolides, 158, 168, 173.
Microdesmidae, revision of family, 55.
Microdesmus, 55— oT.
aethiopicus, 56, 58, 59 (fig.), 60, 62.
affinis, 58, 64, 65 (fig.), 70.
dipus, 55-58, 59 (fig.), 61 (fig.), 63,
67, 68.
floridanus, 56, 58, 59 (fig.), 60, 61
(fig.), 63.
hildebrands, 58, 59 (fig.), 64, 65,
(fig.), 67.
intermedius, 58, 68, 69 (fig.
ionthas, 56, 58, 59 (fig.), 61 (fig.),
62, 63
longipinnis, aor a 59 (fig.), 65,
69 (fig.), 70—
multiradiatus, oa 69 (fig.), 70.
retropinnis, 55, 56, 58, 59 (fig.), 65,
(fig.), 66.
microlepis, Lates, 5.
Perissodus, 6.
Micropodidae, 409.
microstomum, Ambystoma, 194.
Microtus chrotorrhinus carolinensis,
468
humulis,
188,
pennsylvanicuspennsylvanicus, 468.
migrans, Lanius ludovicianus, 425.
pens, Turdus migratorius, 421,
422.
militaris, Mordellistena, 393.
Millipeds, crested, of family Lysiopetali-
dae, 97.
Milleporina, 493.
Mimidae, 420.
Mimus polyg glottos polyglottos, 420.
minimus, Empidonax, 413.
Mink, black, 453.
brown, 453.
common, 453.
mountain, 453.
mink, Mustela vison, 453.
minor, Philohela, 408.
Stylaster eximius, 502.
minutipenis, Sarcophaga, 210 (fig.).
minutus, Engraulicypris, 3.
Miocene, Nebrask a, two
from, 73.
new hawks
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 84
mirabilis, Gulaphallus, 142.
Mirophallus, 138, 142.
bikolanus, 142.
Misogada, 566.
canota, 566.
Mniotilta varia, 426.
Mockingbird, eastern, 420.
modestus, Lamprologus, 14.
Mole, eastern, 445.
hairy-tailed, 444,
star-nosed, 445,
Molothrus ater ater, 434.
monax, Marmota monax, 458.
mondabu, Lamprologus, 14.
Monobia quadridens, 85, 86.
monstrata, Rupela, 359, 377, 387.
monticolae, Dendroctonus, 215, 216.
Mordella ferruginea, 391.
Mordellidae, two new species from
orchids, 239,
Mordellistena, 239.
synopsis of Puerto Rican species of,
389.
ancilla, 395.
angustiformis, 390, 394 (fig.).
annuliventris, 390.
barberi, 390, 394 (fig.), 395.
cattleyana, 239-241.
chapini, 240.
danforthi, 390, 392, 394 (fig.).
ephippium, 390, 394 (fig.), 398.
epidendrana, 239, 240.
ferruginea, 390, 391.
humeralis, 390, 3938, 394 (fig.).
indistincta, 392.
leat, 390, 394 (fig.), 396, 397.
lineata, 390, 394 (fig.), 395.
lucidovirga, 390, 394 (fig.), 397,
398.
mnilitaris, 393.
signaticollis, 390, 391.
varietas, 390, 391, 394 (fig.).
y-nigrum, 390, 394 (fig.), 397.
morosa, Sarcophaga, 213.
moseleyana, Allopora, 496, 497, 512,
O14, 515, 532; 550:
moseleyi, Allopora, 521.
Cryptchelia, 533.
motacilla, Seiurus, 430.
Moths, new notedontid, 563.
genus Rupela, 355.
Mouse, Carolina red-backed, 467.
Cloudland white-footed, 465.
deer, 464.
house, 470.
Merriam harvest, 464.
northern jumping, 471.
northern pine, 469.
northern white-footed, 464.
Pennsylvania meadow, 468.
prairie white-footed, 465.
Roan Mountain woodland jump-
ing, 470.
short-eared harvest, 464.
woodland jumping, 470.
INDEX
mucidara, Meragisa, 574.
Mud-eel (Siren lacertina), new trema-
tode from, 223.
Mugiloidea, 137.
multiradiatus,
(fig.), 70.
Muridae, 470.
Mus musculus musculus, 470.
Muscoid flies, new, 201.
pupa of Myocera tabanivora, 217.
musculus, Mus musculus, 470.
Muskrat, common, 469.
Mustela frenata noveboracensis, 452.
rixosa allegheniensis, 452.
vison mink, 453.
vison vison, 453.
Mustelidae, 452.
mustelina, Hylocichla, 422.
mutans, Lysiopetalum, 120.
Tynomma, 120.
Myers, George Sprague, on fishes col-
lected by H. C. Raven in Lake
Tanganyika in 1920, 1.
on phallostethid fishes, 137.
on deep-sea zeomorph fishes of
family Grammicolepidae, 145.
Myiarchus crinitus boreus, 412.
Mylogaulus, 77.
Myocera, 205.
ferina, 206.
longipes, 206.
tabanivora, 206, 207 (fig.).
tabanivora, pupa of, 217, 218 (fig.).
Myostoma, 206.
Myotis keenii septentrionalis, 448.
lucifugus lucifugus, 448.
sodalis, 449.
subulatus leibii, 448.
Myriapoda, crested millipeds of family
Lysiopetalidae, 97.
myriodon, Chrysichthys, 3.
Mytilus, 522.
nanneca, Errinopora, 496, 497, 538, 541,
553.
Nannus hiemalis hiemalis, 419, 420.
hiemalis pullus, 420.
nanus, Tachyporus, 40, 42, 44.
Napaeozapus insignis insignis, 470.
insignis roanensis, 470.
Nawaia, 248.
nawaii, Brachycyrtus, 18, 23 (fig.).
Proterocryptus, 17, 18, 23.
nayaritensis, Rallus, 343.
ere longirostris, 317, 343, 344,
347.
Nebraska, two new hawks from Miocene
of, 73.
necturi, Cercorchis, 223, 225.
Necturus maculosus, 223.
neglectus, Sciurus niger, 461.
Nematus erichsoni, 205.
Neocyttus, 146, 147.
Neogyps errans, 75.
Neophrontops americanus, 75.
dakotensis, 75.
Microdesmus, 58, 69
597
Neostethus, 138, 139.
amaricola, 139.
bicornis, 141.
lankesteri, 138-141.
siamensis, 139.
Neotoma pennsylvanica, 466.
nereis, Rupela, 359, 383, 387.
nervulus, Banchus, 243, 310.
Exetastes, 255, 309, 310.
Exetastes nervulus, 309, 310.
Nests, of wasp Odynerus tempiferus
macio, 89.
niger, Campoplex, 244, 245, 307, 308.
Exetastes, 244, 245, 307-309, 311.
Exetastes nervulus, 310.
nigra, Mephitis mephitis, 454.
nigrescens, Certhia familiaris, 418.
nigribasis, Exetastes, 253, 289.
nilotica, Tilapia, 5.
nitida, Distichopora, 544.
nitidulus, Tachyporus, 42, 43.
Staphylinus, 43.
nivea, Rupela, 356, 358, 370, 386.
noctivagans, Lasionycteris, 449.
Noctulodes, 572.
porpara, 573.
norvegica, Allopora, 513.
norvegicus, Rattus, 470.
Stylaster, 515
Stylaster (Allopora), 522.
Notodontidae, new species of, 563.
Notopygina, 248.
noveboracensis, Mustela frenata, 452.
Peromyscus leucopus, 464.
Seiurus noveboracensis, 430.
Noviricuzenius, subg., 27.
nox, Zenillia (Sisyropa), 203, 204 (fig.).
nubiterrae, Peromyscus maniculatus, 465.
nudithoraz, Ricuzenius, 26, 27, 28 (fig.).
Nuthatch, red-breasted, 417.
white-breasted, 417.
Nycteris borealis borealis, 449.
cinerea, 449.
Nymphalid butterfly, new subspecies
of, 219.
Oberholser, Harry Church, on revision
of the clapper rails, 313.
obesum, Brachycoelium, 184, 185, 187-
190, 195, 197.
eae Exetastes, 244, 246, 251, 274,
276.
obsoletus, Rallus, 314.
Rallus elegans, 340.
ec longirostris, 340, 341, 344,
occidentalis, Pseudacris, 190.
Ochotskia armata, 34.
oculatus, Brachycyrtus, 22.
Odocoileus virginianus borealis, 473.
virginianus virginianus, 473.
Odynerus, 79, 80.
bidens, 85, 86.
clusinus, 86.
iturbidi, 80.
pratensis, 80, 86.
598
Odynerus pratensis brumalis, 86.
tempiferus, 79-82.
tempiferus macio, 80, 81, 82 (fig.).
tempiferus macio, nest and habits
of, 89.
trichiosomus, 80.
Oligochaeta, North American Megasco-
lecidae, 157.
olivaceus, Vireo, 426.
Ondatra zibethica zibethica, 469.
opacum, Ambystoma, 185, 191, 193, 194.
Ophioninae, 248.
Oporornis formosus, 430.
philadelphia, 430.
Opossum, 444.
orbona, Rupela, 359, 384, 387.
Orchids, mordellid beetles from, 239.
oregonensis, Plutellus, 158, 177, 180.
oregonus, Tachyporus, 42, 51.
Orestias, 2.
orientalis, Branchinecta, 561.
Oriole, Baltimore, 433.
orchard, 433.
ornatus, Brachycyrtus, 17, 18.
ornatus, Exetastes, 253, 286, 288.
Ortalis tantala, 77.
osborni, Saurolophus, 490.
oscarina, Salluca, 568.
Osprey, 406.
Oxyechus vociferus vociferus, 408.
Otocoris alpestris praticola, 413.
Otter, 453.
ovale, Brachycoelium, 189, 195, 197.
Oven-bird, 430.
Owl, Acadian, 409.
northern barred, 409.
Oxyporus, 41.
brunneus, 43.
chrysomelinus, 41.
Pacific Ocean, North, hydrocorals of,
493.
pacifica, Allopora norvegica, 494, 496-
498, 520, 522, 532s Doll, .ob4-
Stylaster (Allopora) norvegicus,
521, bee:
Palaeoborus, 73.
howardae, 73, 74 (fig.).
umbrosus, 73, 75.
palata, Spratellicypris, 2.
palawanensis, Plectrostethus, 141.
pallidula, Rupela, 357, 358, 365, 366,
379, 386.
pallidus, Exetastes, 250, 266.
317, dab:
PROCEEDINGS OF
pallidus, Rallus, 335.
Rallus longirostris,
Telorchis, 223, 225.
palmarum, Dendroica palmarum, 430.
palustris, Sorex, 446.
panchuya, Psilacron, 565.
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 406.
Paniscus quebecensis, 307, 308.
Panther, 456.
papillosa, Allopora, 496, 522, 527, 530,
531, 533, 551.
Paractiornis perpusillus, 77
THE NATI
NAL MUSEUM vou. 84
paragea, Allopora campyleca, 496, 497,
505, 507, 519, 549, 550.
Parascalops brewerl, 444,
A trematode genus Brachycoe-
lium, 183.
new trematode from the mud-eel,
Daas
Paridae, 415.
parkmani, Troglodytes aédon, 419.
parva, Cryptotis, 447.
parvus, Telorchis, 225.
Passer domesticus domesticus, 432.
Passerpalas sandwichensis labradorius,
sandwichensis savanna, 436.
Passerella iliaca iliaca, 439.
passerina, Spizella passerina, 438.
Passerina cyanea, 435.
paulina, Sarcophaga, 212.
paulus, Corvus brachyrhynchos, 415.
Falco sparverius, 76.
pectinatus, Exetastes, 251, 272, 273.
Pekan, 452.
pelagica, Chaetura, 409.
pelialis, Dicentria, 566.
pelodramus, Rallus longirostris, 323, 325.
pennanti, Martes pennanti, 452.
pennsylvanicus, Bison bison, 475.
Microtus pennsylvanicus, 468.
Neotoma, 466.
pensylvanica, Dendroica, 429.
Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus, 415.
carolinensis carolinensis, 416.
carolinensis extimus, 416.
Percesoces, 137.
Perdicidae, 407.
peregrina, Vermivora, 427.
Perissodus, 6.
gracilis, 6.
microlepis, 6.
ee leucopus noveboracensis,
464
maniculatus bairdii, 465.
maniculatus nubiterrae, 465.
perpusillus, Paractiornis, 77.
perrieri, Plutellus, 174.
persimilis, Exetastes, 255, 306.
perstrialis, Topeutis, 357.
petiolatus, Euryproctus, 245.
petrograpta, Allopora, 494, 496,
530-533, 551.
Pewee, eastern wood, 413.
Phallostethid fishes, notes on, 137.
Phallostethidae, 137.
Phallostethoidea, 137.
Phallostethus, 137, 138, 141.
dunckeri, 138.
Phaonia, 215.
protuberans, 216.
pudoa, 215.
savonoskii, 216.
serva, 216.
Phasianidae, 407.
Phasianus colchicus, 407.
colchicus torquatus, 408.
528,
INDEX
Phasiops flava, 207.
Phasmatocottus, 33.
ctenoptlerygius, 38, 34 (fig.).
Pheasant, 407.
Phenacostethus, 137, 138, 141, 142.
smithi, 138.
philadelphia, Oporornis, 430.
Philohela minor, 408.
Phoebe, eastern, 413.
phoebe, Sayornis, 413.
phoeniceus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 433.
Phorostoma, 206.
subrotunda, 206.
Phyllopoda, new species of Branchinecta
from Washington State, 555.
Picidae, 410.
pictus, Exetastes, 250, 260.
Pimplinae, 248.
pinetorum, Ricuzenius, 25, 26, 28.
Piney, 460.
pinus, Spinus pinus, 435.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthal-
mus, 436.
Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus, 449.
Piranga erythromelas, 434.
rubra rubra, 434.
Pitymys pinetorum scalapsoides, 469.
Plagiorchidae, 196.
planipalpus, Hylemya, 203.
planipetalus, Clypeaster, 232.
Platops lineata, 108.
platypterus, Buteo platypterus, 405.
Plectrostethus, 138, 141.
palawanensis, 141.
Plethodon erythronotus, 185.
glutinosus, 185.
pleurospilus, Callochromis, 8.
Ploceidae, 432.
Plutellus, 157, 158, 160, 174.
garloughi, 158, 175.
heteroporus, 174.
oregonensis, 158, 177, 180.
oregonensis swiftae, 158, 180.
perrieri, 174.
sierrae, 174.
Polioptila caerulea caerulea, 424.
polyglottos, Mimus polyglottos, 420.
Polygonia comma, 222. .
faunus, 219-222.
faunus faunus, 221.
faunus smythi, 221.
interrogationis, 222.
progne, 222.
Polynemoidea, 137.
polyorchis, Allopora, 493, 496, 497, 502,
503, 5382, 548, 549.
polystachya, Echinochloa, 361.
pomonella, Carpocapsa, 258.
Pooecetes gramineus gramineus, 437.
Porcupine, American, 471.
porpara, Noctulodes, 573.
porphyra, Allopora, 495, 496, 516, 522,
528, 530, 531, 533, 551-553.
Stylantheca, 503, 528.
Porzana carolina, 408.
599
pourtalesii, Errina, 536, 541.
see 495-497, 538, 539, 541,
ood.
pratensis, Odynerus, 80, 86.
praticola, Otocoris alpestris, 413.
pretiosus, Brachycyrtus, 18, 19 (fig.).
primus, Merychippus, 77.
principalis, Corvus corax, 414.
Prionolepis hewitti, 146.
pristinus, Stomopneustes, 228, 229.
procula, Rupela, 359, 384, 388.
-rocyon lotor lotor, 451.
Procyonidae, 451.
Proelymiotis, 563.
rhetesa, 5638.
profunda, Allopora, 513, 514.
profundiporus, Stylaster, 500.
progne, Polygonia, 222.
promptus, Mesostenus, 244.
Pagans: Exetastes, 244, 251, 267,
protenta, Colactis, 107 (fig.), 122, 128,
126, 130.
Proterocryptus, 18.
nawaii, 17, 18, 23.
Protoerrina, 536.
stylifera, 536.
protuberans, Phaonia, 216.
provancheri, Exetastes, 244, 307, 308.
Pseudacris occidentalis, 190.
triseriata, 194.
Pseudeugalta, 248.
Pseudoblennius, 30.
Pseudotropheus, 9. 10.
tropheops, 9, 10.
Psilacron, 565.
panchuya, 565.
pudica, Cryptohelia, 494, 533, 535, 522.
pudoa, Phaonia, 215.
Puerto Rico, beetles of genus Mordelli-
stena from, 389.
pulchrus, Tachyporus, 42, 51.
pullus, Nannus hiemalis, 420.
pumilus, Aplocheilichthys, 4.
Puntius, 2.
tras, 2:
purpureus, Carpodacus purpureus, 435.
purpureus, Exetastes, 253, 285, 286.
pusilla, Compsothlypis americana, 427.
Spizella pusilla, 439.
putorius, Spilogale, 453.
Pyralididae, 355.
quadrata, Colactis, 107 (fig.), 121, 128.
quadridens, Monobia, 85, 86.
quadrisectus, Ancistrocerus, 85, 86.
quebecensis, Paniscus, 307, 308.
Quiscalus quiscula aeneas, 434.
Raccoon, 451.
rafinesquii, Corynorhinus rafinesquii,
450.
rahulana Meragisa, 576.
Rail, Antigua clapper, 324.
Bahama clapper, 329.
Belding clapper, 338.
600
Rail, Brazilian clapper, 321.
California clapper, 340.
Caribbean clapper, 334.
Cuban clapper, 331.
Florida clapper, 346.
Guiana clapper, 320.
Hispaniolan clapper, 328.
Honduran clapper, 335.
Isle of Pines clapper, 332.
light-footed clapper, 338.
Louisiana clapper, 344.
mangrove clapper, 348.
Mexican clapper, 336.
northern clapper, 351.
Peruvian clapper, 321.
Puerto Rico clapper, 326.
San Blas clapper, 343.
Sonora clapper, 342.
Trinidad clapper, 328.
Wayne clapper, 349.
Yucatan clapper, 335.
Yuma clapper, 341.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 84
Rallus longirostris obsoletus, 340, 341,
344, 345.
longirostris pallidus, 317, 335.
longirostris pelodramus, 323, 325.
longirostris rhizophorae, 342, 343.
longirostris saturatus, 316, 318, 334,
344, 346, 347, 350, 353.
longirostris scottii, 315, 316, 346,
348
longirostris tenuirostris, 315-317,
336, 338.
longirostris vaper, 328.
longirostris waynei, 315-318, 349,
351, 352.
longirostris yumanensis, 315, 341,
342, 344, 345.
nayaritensis, 343.
obsoletus, 314.
obsoletus rhizophorae, 342.
pallidus, 335.
tenuirostris, 314,
yumanensis, 341.
Rails, clapper, revision of Rallus longi- | ™@menta, Falco, 75, 76 (fig.).
rostris, 313.
Rallidae, 408.
Rallus beldingi, 314, 338.
corrius, 329, 330.
coryi, 329, 330.
erassirostris, 321.
crepitans, 314, 351.
crepitans waynel, 349.
cypereti, 321.
elegans, 314-316, 334, 337, 345.
elegans elegans, 315.
elegans obsoletus, 340.
elegans ramsdeni, 314, 315.
elegans tenuirostris, 336.
levipes, 314, 338.
longirostris, revision of, 313.
longirostris beldingi, 317, 338.
longirostris belizensis, 335, 350.
longirostris caribaeus, 317, 327,
334-337, 345.
longirostris corrius, 317, 318, 329,
331, 334-336, 352.
longirostris crassirostris, 320, 321.
longirostris crepitans, 316, 317, 321,
335, 351, 352.
longirostris cubanus, 316, 317, 331,
332, 334, 336, 345, 347.
longirostris cypereti, 321.
longirostris helius, 348, 349.
longirostris insularum, 315, 316,
348, 349.
longirostris leucophaeus, 317, 332,
334, 350, 352.
longirostris levipes, 338, 340.
longirostris limnetis, 316, 326, 328,
329, 331, 333, 335, 345, 350.
longirostris longirostris, 320-324,
327, 330, 334, 352.
longirostris manglecola, 324, 326,
331, 334.
longirostris nayaritensis, 317, 343,
344, 347.
ramsdeni, Rallus elegans, 314, 315.
Rana aurora, 191.
sphenocephala, 185, 187, 188, 190.
Rat, Allegheny wood, 466.
black, 470.
house, 470.
Norway, 470.
Rattus norvegicus, 470.
rattus rattus, 470.
Raven, Henry Cushier, fishes sollected
by in Lake Tanganyika, 1
Raven, northern, 414.
Ray, Eugene, on new beetles of the
family Mordellidae from orchids,
239.
on Puerto Rican beetles of genus
Mordellistena, 389.
Reasia spinosa, 108.
Redstart, 432.
Red-wing, eastern, 433.
giant, 433.
regia, Agassizia, 234.
Regulus satrapa satrapa, 424
Reid, Earl D., on fishes of family
«Microdesmidae, 55.
Reithrodontomys humulis impiger, 464.
humulis merriami, 464.
repugnatalis, Topeutis, 357.
resinus, Mandibularea, 2.
reticulatus, Lamprologus, 14.
retropinnis, Microdesmus, 55, 56, 58,
59 (fig.), 65 (fig.), 66.
rhetesa, Proelymiotis, 563.
Rhimphalea, 246.
brevicorpa, 244, 246, 247, 261, 262.
rhizophorae, Rallus longirostris, 342,
Rallus obsoletus, 342.
rhodostigma, Callochromis, 8.
Rhuda, 572.
astrida, 572.
Rhynchexetastes, 248.
Rhynchobanchus, 248.
INDEX
601
Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis, 434. Rupela procula, 359, 384, 388.
Ricuzenius, 25.
nudithoraz, 26, 27, 28 (fig.).
pinetorum, 25, 26, 28.
Ricuzenius, subg., 26.
ridens, Exetastes, 250, 262, 264.
Rifargia, 577.
alania, 579.
aliciata, 578.
calvesta, 577.
tertini, 579.
variegata, 578.
roanensis, Napaeozapus insignis, 470.
Robin, eastern, 421.
southern, 422,
rogersi, Clypeaster, 231.
rosea, Distichopora, 544.
Madrepora, 498.
rubra, Piranga rubra, 434.
ruficapilla, Vermivora ruficapilla, 427.
ruficoralis, Exetastes, 253, 294.
rufipes, Arenetra, 244, 245, 311, 312.
Exetastes, 244, 253, 286.
rufobalteatus, Exetastes, 253, 290.
rufofemoratus, Exetastes, 244, 246, 300,
302, 309, 311.
Exetastes nervulus, 310, 311.
rufum, Toxostoma, 421.
rufus, Dyspetes, 245.
Exetastes, 244, 245.
Lynx rufus, 457.
rugosa, Alnus, 89.
rugosus, Exetastes, 252, 280.
rulomus, Tachyporus, 40, 42, 44.
Rupela, moths of genus, 355.
adunca, 359, 374, 387.
albinella, 358, 360, 362, 366, 370,
374, 378, 379, 385, 387.
antonia, 360, 378, 387.
bendis, 360, 378, 379, 387.
candace, 359, 382, 387.
canens, 360, 379, 387.
cornigera, 358, 371, 386.
drusilla, 360, 379, 387.
edusa, 359, 379, 387.
faustina, 359, 380, 387.
gata, 359, 380, 387.
gibbera, 358, 367, 386.
herie, 360, 381, 387.
holophaealis, 368.
horridula, 359, 376, 383, 387, 388.
amitativa, 359, 372, 386.
jana, 359, 381, 388.
labeosa, 358, 364, 380, 385.
lara, 359, 382, 388.
leucatea,
387, 388.
liberta, 358, 364, 380, 386.
lumaria, 359, 375, 387.
maenas, 359, 383, 384, 388.
monstrata, 359, 377, 387.
nereis, 359, 383, 387.
nivea, 356, 358, 370, 386.
orbona, 359, 384, 387.
pallidula, 357, 358, 365, 366, 379,
386.
44440—38——2
358-360, 366, 378, 385,
Saetigera, 358, 367, 379, 386.
scitula, 358, 374, 386.
segrega, 358, 360, 366, 379, 386, ‘387.
une 358, 359, 366, 373, 386,
spinifera, 359, 377, 387.
tinctella, 357- 359, 365, 366, 368,
370, 386, 388.
verativa, 358, 371, 386.
rustica, Hirundo rustica, 414,
ruticilla, Setophaga, 432.
saetigera, Rupela, 358, 367, 379, 386.
salamandrae, Brachy coelium, 185.
Salapola tinctella, 368, 369.
Salluca, 568.
oscarina, 568.
salma, Disphragis, 569.
Sandhouse, Grace A. (See under Clark,
Austin H. NE
sanguineus, Stylaster, 495.
sanrafaelensis, Clypeaster, 232.
sapani, Disphragis, 570.
Sapsucker, yellow-bellied, 411.
Sarcophaga, 208.
abnormalis, 211 (fig.
dampfi, 213, 214 ig.).
dentzfera, 208 (fig.).
minutipenis, 210 (fig.).
morosa, 213.
paulina, 212.
tridentata, 209 (fig.).
satrapa, Regulus satrapa, 424.
saturatus, Rallus longirostris, 316, 318,
334, 344, 347, 350, 353.
Saurolophus, 484,
osborni, 490.
savanna, Passerculs
436.
savonoskii, Phaonia, 216.
sazetana, Colactis, 107 (fig.), 120, 122-
125.
Sayornis phoebe, 413.
scabiosa, Allopora, 495, 498, 513, 515,
532, 554.
Stylaster, 515.
scalapsoides, Pitymys pinetorum, 469.
Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus, 445.
scamillatum, Heptium, 131 (fig.), 134.
Schaus, William, on new moths of
family Notodontidae, 563.
scherzeri, Schizaster, 234.
Schizaster, 234.
cristatus, 228, 234.
dumblei, 234.
scherzeri, 234.
Schoenobiinae, 355.
Scirpophaga, 357.
albinella, 362.
holophaealis, 368, 369.
leucatea, 360, 361.
longicornis, 360, 361.
zelleri, 368, 369.
scitula, Rupela, 358, 374, 386.
sandwichensis,
602
scitulus, Tachyporus, 40, 43, 44.
Sciuridae, 458.
Sciuropterus silus, 462.
Sciurus carolinensis leucotis, 460.
ludovicianus vicinus, 461.
niger neglectus, 461.
Scolopacidae, 408.
Scombroidea, 146.
scottii, Rallus longirostris, 315, 316, 346,
348.
Scutella, 233.
cazonesensis, 228, 233.
scutellaris, Exetastes, 244, 251, 267, 269,
Se
Scutellidae, 233.
sedecimum, Tynomma, 112 (fig.), 117—
119.
segrega, Rupela, 358, 360, 366, 379, 386,
387.
Seiurus aurocapillus, 430.
motacilla, 430.
noveboracensis noveboracensis, 430.
sejuncta, Rupela, 358, 359, 366, 373, 386,
388
selana, Chadisra, 574.
septentrionalis, Myotis keenii, 448.
septum, Exetastes, 249, 257, 258.
Serranidae, 5.
serva, Phaonia, 216.
setigerum, Lysiopetalum, 105.
Setophaga ruticilla, 432.
Shrew, cinereous, 445.
gray long-tailed, 446.
short-tailed, 447.
small short-tailed, 447.
smoky, 446.
water, 446.
Shrike, migrant, 425.
Sialia sialis sialis, 423.
sialis, Sialia sialis, 423.
siamensis, Neostethus, 139.
sideralis, Colactis, 107 (fig.), 122, 125.
sierrae, Plutellus, 174.
signaticollis, Mordellistena, 390, 391.
silus, Sciuropterus, 462.
Simochromis, 9, 10.
babaulti, 3, 9.
diagramma, 10, 11.
sindana, Meragisa, 577.
singularis, Cercorchis, 223, 225.
Stappersia, 11.
sinistra, Coxeya, 567.
Siren, 223.
lacertina, new trematode from, 223.
sirenis, Cercorchis, 224.
Siskin, northern pine, 435.
Sisyropa, subg., 203.
Sitta canadensis, 417.
carolinensis carolinensis, 417.
villosa, 418.
whiteheadi, 418.
Sittidae, 417.
s. johannis, Buteo lagopus, 405.
Skunk, eastern, 454.
Florida, 454.
spotted, 453.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 84
slossonae, Xenoschesis, 244.
Smith, Frank, on North American
eee ere of family Megascolecidae,
smithi, Phenacostethus, 138.
smythi, Polygonia faunus, 221.
snydert, Tachyporus, 42, 49.
sociale, Mesocoelium, 196.
sodalis, Myotis, 449.
soleata, Diactis, 103, 110, 112 (fig.), 113,
115, 116.
solida, Allopora, 495, 498, 516-518, 523,
532, 554.
solidus, Stylaster, 516.
solitarius, Vireo solitarius, 425.
Sora, 408.
Sorex cinereus cinereus, 445.
dispar, 446.
fumeus fumeus, 446.
palustris, 446.
Soricidae, 445.
Sparrow, eastern chipping, 438.
eastern field, 439.
eastern fox, 439.
eastern grasshopper, 437.
eastern lark, 437.
eastern Savannah, 4386.
eastern song, 440.
eastern tree, 438.
eastern vesper, 437.
English, 432.
Labrador Savannah, 436.
Lincoln’s, 439.
Mississippi song, 440.
swamp, 440
white-crowned, 439.
white-throated, 439.
sparverius, Falco, 76.
Spatangidae, 234.
Spatangina, 233.
sphenocephala, Rana, 185, 187, 188, 190.
Sphyrapicus varius, 411.
Spilogale putorius, 453.
spinifera, Rupela, 359, 377, 387.
spinosa, Reasia, 108.
Spinus pinus pinus, 435.
tristis tristis, 436.
Spirostrephon, 98-101, 103-105, 117,
120, 126.
lactarium, 105, 107 (fig.), 108, 109.
texensis, 107 (fig.), 109.
utorum, 121, 130.
Spizella arborea arborea, 438.
passerina passerina, 438.
pusilla pusilla, 439.
Spratellicypris palata, 2.
spurius, Icterus, 433.
squamilineatus, Grammicolepis,
150, 1538, 154.
Squirrel, Cloudland red, 459.
eastern red, 460.
northern fox, 461.
northern gray, 460.
pine, 459.
small eastern flying, 462.
West Virginia flying, 463.
145,
INDEX
Staphylinidae, 39.
Staphylinus, 41.
chrysomelinus, 41.
nitidulus, 43.
Stappersia singularis, 11.
staubi, Clypeaster, 231.
Stegosaurus, 482, 490.
steynegert, Allopora, 495-497, 516-518,
521, 532, 549, 551.
Tachyporus, 42, 47.
Stelgistrum, 36.
stellaris, Cistothorus, 420.
Stenodynerus, subg., 79.
stenonura, Telorchis, 223, 225.
Stictolissonota, 248.
Stirodonta, 229.
Stlegicottus, 36.
xrenogrammus, 36, 37 (fig.).
Stomopneustes, 227, 229.
pristinus, 228, 229.
variolaris, 230.
Stomopneustidae, 229.
stonei, Synaptomys cooperi, 467.
Storeria dekayi, 191.
storeriae, Brachycoelium, 184, 191, 192,
194-196, 198.
Storteria, 356.
unicolor, 356, 368, 369.
Striarioidea, 98.
striata, Dendroica, 429.
Strigidae, 409.
Strix varia varia, 409.
stunkardi, Telorchis, 223, 225.
Sturnella magna magna, 432.
Stylantheea, 503.
porphyra, 503, 528.
Stylaster, 495, 498, 530, 538.
(Allopora) boreopacificus, 519.
(Allopora) boreopacificus typica,
507, 519.
cancellatus, 496, 497, 502, 504, 548,
549.
elassotomus, 496, 497, 499, 549, 550.
eximius, 495, 503.
eximius minor, 502.
filogranus, 530.
gemmascens, 500, 501, 503.
gemmascens alaskanus, 494, 496,
497, 500, 550, 551.
norvegicus, 515.
(Allopora) norvegicus, 522.
(Allopora) norvegicus pacifica, 521,
522.
profundiporus, 500.
sanguineus, 495.
scabiosa, 515.
solidus, 516.
Stylasterina, 493, 494.
stylifera, Errinopora, 496-498, 536, 553.
Protoerrina, 536.
suaveolens, Exetastes,
307, 309.
subflavus, Pipistrellus subflavus, 449.
subimpressus, Exetastes, 253, 288-291.
244-246, 255,
603
subrotunda, Phorostoma, 206.
sulcata, Distichopora, 494, 543-545, 554.
sSwainsoni, Hylocichla ustulata, 423.
Limnothlypis, 426.
Swallow, barn, 413.
Swift, chimney, 409.
swiftae, Plutellus oregonensis, 158, 180.
Sylvia domestica, 419.
Sylviidae, 424.
Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus, 472.
floridanus mearnsii, 472.
transitionalis, 473.
Synaptomys cooperi stonei, 467.
tabanivora, Myocera, 206, 207 (fig.).
pupa of, 217, 218 (fig.).
Tabanus annulatus, 207.
trimaculatus, 207.
Tachyporinae, 39.
Tachyporus, revision of genus, 39, 41.
acaudus, 40, 42, 52.
alleni, 42, 53.
angusticollis, 52.
arduus, 50.
arizonicus, 42, 53.
brunneus, 43.
californicus, 40, 42, 46.
chrysomelinus, 40, 45.
chrysomelinus maculicollis, 52.
elegans, 40, 42, 48.
faber, 43.
heterocerus, 52.
jocosus, 40, 42, 45, 47, 50.
macropterus, 44.
maculicollis, 40, 52.
maculipennis, 42, 47.
mexicanus, 42, 54.
nanus, 40, 42, 44.
nitidulus, 42, 43.
oregonus, 42, 51.
pulchrus, 42, 51.
rulomus, 40, 42, 44.
scitulus, 40, 43, 44.
snyderi, 42, 49.
stejnegeri, 42, 47.
tehamae, 42, 45.
temacus, 42, 49.
Talpidae, 444.
talpoides, Blarina brevicauda, 447.
Tamias striatus fisheri, 458.
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus abieticola,459.
hudsonicus loquax, 460.
Tanager, scarlet, 434.
summer, 434.
tanganicanus, Lamprichthys, 3.
Tanganyika, Lake, fishes from, 1.
tantala, Ortalis, 77.
tapperti, Disphragis, 570.
Tegona, 248.
tehamae, Tachyporus, 42, 45.
Telmatochromis, 2, 3.
bifrenatus, 12.
temporalis, 3, 11.
vittatus, 12, 13.
Telorchiidae, 224,
Telorchiinae, 224.
604
Telorchis, 223, 225.
chelopi, 223, 225.
corti, 223, 225.
diminutus, 223, 225.
guttati, 223, 225.
insculpti, 223, 225.
lobosus, 223, 225.
medius, 223, 225.
pallidus, 223, 225.
parvus, 225.
stenonura, 223, 225.
stunkardi, 223, 225.
temacus, Tachyporus, 42, 49.
tempiferus, Odynerus, 79-82.
temporalis, Telmatochromis, 3, 11.
tenuirostris, Rallus, 314.
Rallus elegans, 336.
Rallus longirostris, 315-317, 336,
338.
terrella, Topeutis, 357.
tertini, Rifargia, 579.
Tetractenion, 248.
Tetrao umbellus, 406.
Tetraonidae, 406.
texanus, Cercorchis, 223, 225.
texensis, Spirostrephon, 107 (fig.), 109.
Thespesius, 486, 490.
thouarsii, Cidaris, 228, 229.
Thrasher, brown, 421.
Thraupidae, 434.
Thrush, eastern hermit, 423.
gray-cheeked, 423.
olive-backed, 423.
wood, 422.
Thryomanes bewecki bewicki, 420.
Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus,
420.
tiburona, Colactis, 122, 128, 129.
tiburonum, Lysiopetalum, 128.
tigrina, Dendroica, 427.
Tilapia, 9, 10.
nilotica, 5.
tinctella, Rupela, 357-359, 365, 366,
368, 370, 386, 388.
Salapola, 368, 369.
Titmouse, tufted, 417.
togata, Bonasa umbellus, 406, 407.
Topeutis, 357.
bivitta, 357.
irrorata, 357.
perstrialis, 357.
repugnatalis, 357.
terrella, 357.
topilanus, Clypeaster, 228, 232.
torquatus, Phasianus colchicus, 408.
Towhee, red-eyed, 436.
Toxostoma rufum, 421.
trachystoma, Allopora campyleca, 496,
497, 500, 510, 517, 518, 550, 551.
transitionalis, Sylvilagus, 473.
transitiva, Hirundo rustica, 413.
tras, Puntius, 2.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 84
Trematodes, observations on genus Bra-
chycoelium, 183.
triangula, Diactis, 103, 112 (fig.), 114.
tribranchius, Atopocottus, 30, 31 (fig.).
tribuloides, Cidaris, 229.
Triceratops, 490, 491.
trichas, Geothlypis trichas, 431.
trichiosomus, Odynerus, 80.
trichodactyla, Hylemya, 203.
tridentata, Sarcophaga, 209 (fig.).
trimaculatus, Tabanus, 207.
triseriata, Pseudacris, 194.
tristis, Spinus tristis, 436.
trituri, Brachycoelium, 184, 187, 188,
190, 195-197.
Triturus meridionalis, 194.
viridescens, 185, 190.
Troglodytes aédon, 419.
aédon aédon, 419.
aédon baldwini, 419.
aédon parkmani, 419.
Troglodytidae, 419.
tropheops, Pseudotropheus, 9, 10.
trophostega, Cryptohelia, 496, 497, 533,
53650552:
Turdidae, 421.
Turdus migratorius achrusterus, 421,
migratorius migratorius, 421, 422.
tylota, Allopora campyleca, 496, 497, 499,
509, 549.
Tynomma, 100, 104, 110, 117.
consanguineum, 112 (fig.), 119.
mutans, 120.
sedecimum 112 (fig.), 117-119.
typica, Stylaster (Allopora) boreopaci-
ficus, 507, 519.
Tyrannidae, 412
Tyrannosaurus, 490, 491.
Tyrannus tyrannus, 412.
tytleri, Hirundo rustica, 413, 414.
umbellus, Bonasa umbellus, 406, 407.
Tetrao, 406.
umbrosus, Cathartes, 73.
Palaeoborus, 73, 75.
unicolor, Storteria, 356, 368, 369.
Urgedra, 565.
benca, 565.
Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargen-
teus, 455.
Ursidae, 450.
utorum, Colactis, 130.
Spirostrephon, 121, 130.
valdiviesoi, Meragisa, 576.
vaper, Rallus longirostris, 328.
varia, Mniotilta, 426.
Strix varia, 409.
variegata, Rifargia, 578.
varietas, Mordellistena, 390, 391, 394
(fig.).
earialnnie Stomopneustes, 230.
varius, Sphyrapicus, 411.
Vasconaster jeanneti, 236.
Trematodes, new species of from the| vaughani, Antillaster, 235.
mud-eel, 223.
Eupatagus, 235.
INDEX
Veery, 423.
velox, Accipiter, 404.
Venericardia, 236.
venusta, Allopora, 495-497, 525-527,
532, 551, 552.
Vermivora chrysoptera, 427.
peregrina, 427.
ruficapilla ruficapilla, 427.
verrilli, Allopora, 495-497, 516-518,
521-525, 532, 539, 551, 554.
Vespertilionidae, 448.
Vesposus, 150-152.
egregius, 145, 150, 152.
verativa, Rupela, 358, 371, 386.
vicinus, Sciurus ludovicianus, 461.
villosa, Sitta, 418.
villosus, Dryobates villosus, 411.
violacea, Distichopora, 495, 5438, 544.
Madrepora, 543.
virens, Dendroica virens, 428.
Icteria virens, 4381.
Vireo, blue-headed, 425.
mountain, 425.
red-eyed, 426.
white-eyed, 425.
yellow-throated, 425.
Vireo flavifrons, 425.
griseus griseus, 425.
olivaceus, 426.
solitarius alticola, 425.
solitarius solitarius, 425.
Vireonidae, 425.
virescens, Empidonax, 413.
Virginia, new mason-wasp from, 79.
virginiana, Didelphis virginiana, 444.
virginianus, Colinus virginianus, 407.
Lepus americanus, 471.
Odocoileus virginianus, 473.
viridescens, Triturus, 185, 190.
vison, Mustela vison, 453.
vittatus, Telmatochromis, 12, 13.
vociferus, Oxyechus vociferus, 408.
volans, Glaucomys volans, 462.
Vole, Pennsylvania meadow, 468.
Smoky Mountain rock, 468.
Vulpes fulva fulva, 454.
Vulture, black, 404.
Wapiti, 474.
Warbler, bay-breasted, 429.
black and white, 426.
black-poll, 429.
black-throated blue, 428.
black-throated green, 428.
Blackburnian, 429.
Cairns’s, 428.
Canada, 432.
Cape May, 427.
cerulean, 429.
chestnut-sided, 429.
eastern yellow, 427.
golden-winged, 427.
hooded, 4382.
Kentucky, 430.
magnolia, 427.
mourning, 430.
605
Warbler, myrtle, 428.
Nashville, 427.
northern parula, 427.
northern prairie, 429.
Swainson’s, 426.
Tennessee, 427.
western palm, 430.
Washington State, giant new fairy
shrimp from, 555.
Wasps, nest and habits of Odynerus
tempiferus macio, 89.
new mason, from Virginia, 79.
Water-thrush, Louisiana, 480.
northern, 430.
Waxwing, cedar, 424.
waynei, Rallus crepitans, 349.
Rallus longirostris, 315-318, 349,
Sol eon:
Weasel, least, 452.
New York, 452.
West Virginia, birds of, 401.
mammals of, 443.
Wetmore, Alexander, on birds of West
Virginia, 401.
on two new hawks from Miocene
of Nebraska, 738.
whiteheadi, Sitta, 418.
Wilsonia canadensis, 432.
citrina, 482.
Wolf, gray, 455.
Woodchuck, southern, 458.
Woodcock, American, 408.
Woodpecker, eastern hairy, 411.
eastern red-headed, 410.
northern downy, 412.
red-bellied, 410.
Worms, new trematode from the mud-
eel, 223.
trematode genus Brachycoelium, 183
Wren, Bewick’s, 420.
Carolina, 420.
eastern winter, 419.
Ohio house, 419.
short-billed marsh, 420.
southern winter, 420.
xenogrammus, Stlegicottus, 36, 37 (fig.).
Xenolepidichthys, 147-149, 151-154.
dalgleishi, 145, 153.
Xenoschesis, 248.
cinctiventris, 244.
slossonae, 244.
Xenotilapia, 11.
Yellow-throat, Maryland, 431.
northern, 431.
y-nigrum, Mordellistena, 390, 394 (fig.),
397.
yumanensis, Rallus, 341.
Rallus longirostris, 315, 341, 342,
344, 345.
Zapodidae, 470.
Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, 471.
zarhyncha, Errinopora, 496, 497, 538,
539, 553.
Zeidae, 146.
606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 84
Zeliff, Clark Courson, on new trematode|Zeomorph fishes of family Grammi-
from the mud-eel (Siren lacertina), colepidae, 145.
223. Zeomorphi, 147.
zelleri, Scirpophaga, 368, 369. Zesticelus, 33.
zelotypus, Exetastes, 244, 254, 296-299. | Zeus, 146, 147.
Zen, 147. zibethica, Ondatra zibethica, 469.
Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 408. ziegleri, Leptobatus, 246.
Zenillia, 203. Zonotrichia albicollis, 439.
(Sisyropa) noz, 203, 204 (fig.). leucophrys leucophrys, 439.
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