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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOLUME 93

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1944

rs
———

?* 7 i¢ | 4 Ne
OV EET SEMENe

The scientific publications of the National Museum include two
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.

The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium
for the publication oiyoriginal papers, based’ on the collectionsvof ithe
National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology,
anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and re-
visions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form,
are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations
and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects.

The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded
in the table of contents of each of the volumes.

The present volume is the ninéty-third ‘of this series.

The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consists of a
series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoo-
logical groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in
several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogues of
type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar na-
ture. The majority of the youutnes: ‘are_octavo in size, but a quarto
size has been adopted ina. few instances. in which large plates were

regarded as indispensable, Tn the Bulletin § Series appear volumes un-
der the heading Contributions from the: United States National Her-
barium, in octavo form, ‘published by the National Museum since
1902, which contain papers meee, ie Age fpijenical collections of the
isene. ow WHS

8G at “ ec Wetmore,
Assist aor, Smithsonian Institutiae

CONTENTS

Brackman, M. W. New genera and species of bark beetles of
the subfamily Micracinae (Scolytidae, Coleoptera). No.
SGbee Wachee? AOtoen sce eek eee te Be ee

New genera: Stenoclyptus, Chalcohyus.

New species: Hylocurus biconcavus, H. flaglerensis, H. crinitus,
Micracis knulli, Micracisella subnitida, Thysanoes texanus,
T. vachelliae, T. retamae, Pseudothysanoes huachucae, Steno-
cluptus rhois, S. ceanothi, Cryptocleptes insularis, C. murillot,
C. colombianus, C. acaciae, Chalcohyus securigerus.

Burxs, B. D. The North American parasitic wasps of the
genus 7'etrastichus—a contribution to biological control of
insect pests. No. 3170. October 26,1943 7--_ ~~~ --_

New species: Tetrastichus lissus, T. ichthyus, T. melanis, T.
pandora, I. solidaginis, T. gelastus, T. baldufi, T. dyrus, T.
triozae, T. scriptus, T. paracholus, T. tesserus, T. cassidis, T.
argyrus, T. phegus, T. gigas, T. spilopteris, T. carpatus, T. stro-
bilus, T. cormus, T. faustus, T. hibus, T. malophilus.

New combinations: Tetrastichus chrysopae (Crawford), T. flora
(Girault), 7. hillmeadia (Girault), 7. pulchriventris (Girault),
T. semilongifasciatus (Girault), 7. whitmani (Girault), T.
aeneoviridis (Girault), T. fumipennis (Girault), 7. semiaura-
ticeps (Girault), T. longicorpus (Girault), 7. olkahoma (Gi-
rault), 7. punctatifrons (Girault), J’. gibboni (Girault), 7.
varicornis (Girault), T. neurotert (Ashmead), 7. nebraskensis
(Girault), J. centricolae (AShmead), TZ. flavopictus
(Ashmead).

New name: Yetrastichus lasius.

Carrs, Hann W. Some American geometrid moths of the
subfamily Ennominae heretofore associated with or closely
related to Ellopia Treitschke. No. 3159. February 24,
1943 Aiiehinn< dmprectiebiix, _ Raion ich SRY MI ee

New genera: Lambdina, Besma, Evita.

New combinations: Neotherina imperilla (Dognin), N. conse-
quens (Prout), Nematocampa brunneolineata (Hulst), Nepytia
nomia (Druce), N. mariaria (Schaus), Destutia modica
(Schaus).

1 Date of publication,
Ilr

Pages

341-865

115-151

IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

Cuarke, J. F. Gates. <A new pest of Aldizzia in the District
of Columbia (Ledpidoptera: Glyphipterygidae). No.
5162. March: 9; 19834222 > eS ee ee ee

New species: Homadaula albizziae.

Fisuer, W.S. New species of buprestid beetles of the genus
Agrilus from Trinidad. No. 3167. July 26, 1948 +4_______
New species: Agrilus callani, A. praedae, A. picinus, A. trini-

dadensis.

GitmorE, CHartes W. A new fossil reptile from the Upper
Cretaceous of Utah. No. 3158. December 12, 19421_____

New genus: Pinacosuchus.
New species: Pinacosuchus mantiensis.

— Osteology of Upper Cretaceous lizards from Utah,
with a description of a new species. No. 3163. January
19, 194RE) 10S eRY ODE RIOT PERO OR eae mere tities GUY

New species: Paraglyphanodon gazini.

Henry, Dora Priaunx. Notes on some barnacles from the
Gulf of California.» .No, 3166.,, May 3, 19438 tiiv.-2 sucks

New subspecies: Chelonibia patula dentata.

Renper, Hararp A. New marine mollusks from the Antil-
lean region. No. S10L, ” datuaiy, 20. Ot eye ed,

New genera: Halopsephus, Microdochus, Glyphepithema, Psaros-
tola, Antemetula, Bartschia.

New subgenera: Nanopitar, Phycodrosus.

New species: Coopereila atlantica, Pitar (Nanopitar) pilula,
Ervilia rostratula, Asthenothaerus balesi, Poromya rostrata,
Caecum (Caecum) cayosense, Fartulum nebulosum, Halopse-
phus pulcher, Arene riisei, A. vanhyningi, Microdochus flori-
danus, Rissoella (Phycodrosus) caribaea, Crepitacella
vestalis, Glyphepithema floridana, Oocorys bartschi, Bartschia
signifians, Pusia hendersoni, P. epiphanea, Pusiolina aresta,
Crassispira (Crassispirella) mesoleuca, Pyrgocythara filosa.

New subspecies: Psarostola monilifera sparsipunctata, Feni-
morea moseri brunnescens.

Severs, WrenpeLtt F’. The Nearctic species of parasitic flies
belonging to Zenéllia and allied genera. No. 3157. Janu-
ary 19, 1943?

New genera: Chrysophryze, Angustia.
New species: Zenillia euchaetiae, Z. desmiae, Z. tucumanensis,
Z. autographae, Z. fulgoris, Z. taglinoi, Z. facialis, Z. dawsoni,

1 Date of publication.

VOL. 93

Page

205-208

375-380

109-114 .

209-214

187-203

1-108

CONTENTS

Carcelia malacosomae, C. diacrisiae, C. perplexa, C. olenensis,
C. yalensis, Aplomya estigmenensis, A. neurotomae, A. con-
fusionis, A. imitator, A. trichiosomae, A cerurae, A pheosiae,
Sisyropa alypiae, Thelymyia erecta, Chrysophryze tibialis.

New combinations: Zenillia angustata (Van der Wulp), Z.
hyphantriae (Townsend), Z. boarmiae (Coquillett), Z. viri-
dis (Townsend), Z. lineata (Van der Wulp), Z. angustifrons
(Townsend), Carcelia formosa (Aldrich and Webber), C.
inflatipalpis (Aldrich and Webber), C. reclinata (Aldrich and
Webber), €. protuberans (Aldrich and Webber), C. lagoae
(Townsend), C. flavirostris (Van der Wulp), C. ampleva
(Coquillett), Aplomya submissa (Aldrich and Webber), A.
theclarum (Scudder), A. trisetosa (Coquillett), A. affinis
(Fallen), A. setinervis (Coquillett), A. crassiseta (Aldrich
and Webber), 4A. caesar (Aldrich), A. mitis (Meigen), A.
polita (Coquillett), A. helvina (Coquillett), A. epicydes
(Walker), A. fronto (Coquillett), Thelymyia curriei (Coquil-
lett).

Smrru, Hoparr M. Summary of the collections of snakes and
crocodilians made in Mexico under the Walter Rathbone
Bacon Traveling Scholarship. No. 38169. October 29,

New subspecies: Constrictor constrictor sigma, Dryadophis mela-
nolomus stuarti, D. m. tehuanae, Leptophis diplotrophis forreri,
Masticophis flagellum variolosus, Toluca lineata wetmorei,
Trimorphodon biscutatus semirutus.

Srmwart, T. D. Skeletal remains with cultural associations
from the Chicama, Moche, and Virt Valleys, Peru. No.
3160:s. Januar y2o.e1949 12 22 ea

Srronecker, H. F. Some fungus beetles of the family
Endomychidae in the United States National Museum,
mostly from Latin America and the Philippine Islands.
No.31682 August’ 5,'19434__.--.._-----=2-=--+<+-+-----

New species: Beccaria septemguttata, B. denticornis, Mycetina
cyanescens, LHngonius excisipes, Heliobletus philippinensis,
Saula lobatipes, Stenotarsus monrovius, S. atripennis, 8S.
flavomaculatus, S. flavoscapularis, Anidrytus pardalinus,
Milichius impressicollis, Endomychus flavus, Parasymbius
macrocerus, Trochoideus coelo-antennatus,

Wermorr, ALexanprr. The birds of southern Veracruz,
Mexico: NowokGt. May.Jo,. 1040). seas Ae eels ISS

1Date of publication.

Vv

Page

393-504

381-392

215-340

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ILLUSTRATIONS:

PLATES

1. Venatidn of fore ahd hind wings of La? inbdina fiscellaria (Guenée),
Evita hyalinaria (Grossbeck ); and Therina fasciaria (Linnaeus) --_

2. Male genitalia of Therina fasciaria (Linnaeus), Ne other ina inconspicua,

Dognin; and NW. imperilia (Dognin) -- EY Src De Be ek AE gy ae

Tol-
lowing
page

151

3 ‘Male genitalia of Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenée), Ih. athasaria (Walker),

aM pu Rey atu Gyan a ss a eee ee Eh
4, Male genitalia of Lambdina_avion, (Druce), L. punciata (Hulst), and
DL. quercivoraria (Guenée) Soe Ne eae a pare a OS
De Male genitalia of Besma, mattearia, (Schaus),,B. rubsilincia, (Cassino,
and Swett), and B. brea (CETICE ea et Bi age ee,

151

151

6. Male genitalia of Besma sesquilinearia (Grote) ,and. B. marilacia 2

(Dyar) Rn ee gn eS ee gr ae Re ege y s Sa th eo
7. Male genitalia of Hvita perpectinata,, (Schaus), and, #. Wailea
-« (Grossbeck) and female, genitalia of Ther ind fa sciaria (Linnaeus ),_~
8. Female genitalia of Lambdina. fiscel laurie. _(Guenée), L.,.athasaria
(Walker), L. azxion (Druce),. LL. negate, ‘(Dyar), and L.. catidaria
(OS) E132) REALE tell MED UE CASON el neo ENED a es Pa aie xe acs
‘9, Female genitalia of Lambdina punctata (Hulst), Teer tne incon-

151

q 15t

151

spicia Dognin, N. consequens (Prout), Dvita hyalinaria (Grossbeck),,.).

and Besmé sesquilinearia (Grote) Ease tne eae ee AI, ee as

10. Female genitalia of Besma quercivoraria (Guenéa),,, i “rubritincta,

(Cassiho and Swett), B. mattoaria, (Schaus),, B. brea. (Dr uce), andy

B. marilacta, (Dyar)

11. Two views. of, Cupi snique skull No. 12 from. Barbacoa,. Penny showing.

3) marked fronto-occipital deformity ....-2 22222 age etary: fan. at 7
12: Two views, of deformed male skull U. S..N. M. No, 264586 an the

_ Ghicama Valley, PerU ee ce ain UE ee a a
13. ‘Long deformed skulls presumably Proto-Chincha____—______ se ga
ee Side and top views of two | defor med. male skulls fr om Paracas, Pery_-
15. Four views of undefor med male skulls from Chicama. Valley, Peru. —_..
16. Four views of undeformed male ( 2) skull from Chicama Valley, . Peru_-
17. Three views of typical Cupisnique and Mochica burial positions—

18. Two views of a Chimu cradle, showing an arrangement, of ropes | about ay

the pillow and their possible use in deforming, the head.

19, 20. New Antillean mollusks__---- aera en ene ene Os es EAE
ar Adult male of Homadaula albizziae and normal, uninfested leayes OL;

Albizzia julibrissin Duraainiles see Seo cise
29. Typical examples of infested leaves and fruits of Albizzia______-____-
23. Views of wings of moth and studies of pupa of Homadaula albizziae__
24. Male genitalia of moth of Homadaula albizziae dissected______________
25. Ventral aspect of female genitalia and views of head of moth of Homa-
daula albizziae; also views of larva

, 151

151
185

“185
185
185
185
185
185

“185
208

208.
Aus
208
208

Vill PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Fol-
lowing
: page
26. Low shore line of Rio Papaloapan, at Tlacotalpam, Veracruz; some-
what elevated bank of Rio San Agustin at Boca San Miguel,
Veraetugs—: =. 6.6 Ss eee 218
27. Abandoned fi’lds or milpas grown with scrub, Tres Zapotes, Veracruz ;
primitive forest along Arroyo Corredor, near Tres Zapotes, Veracruz 218
28. Distant view of Cerro de Tuxtla from village of Tres Zapotes, Vera-
cruz; typical lagoon with aquatic vegetation and background of

swampy forest, near Tres Zapotes, Veracruz_______------______.___ 222
29. New species of bark beetles of the genera Hylocurus, Micracis, Micraci-

Sella; and Stenoclypius == == - ae ee ee ee 365
30. New species of bark beetles of the genera Thysanoes, pap udothysanoes,

Oriuptoctentes;.andiOnalconiyuss. === == ee ee ee eee 365
31. Barnacles of the genera Chthamalus, Chelonibia, and Balanus________ 370
32. Species, of ARitadimaca, trom Mexico. 20223 a ee 464

TEXT FIGURES

Page
1. Skeletal parts of Pinacosuchus mantiensis, new genus and species, type. 110
2. Centrum of ?axis of Pinacosuchus mantiensis, type-_____--------_--- 111
3. Sacrum’ of Pinacosuchus mantiensis, typei——_ = tt
4. Caudal vertebrae of Pinacosuchus mantiensis, type____------------- La Pe
5. Dermal spines and scutes of Pinacosuchus mantiensis, type--_-_---~~ 112
6. Right dentary of Paraglyphanodon utahensis Gilmore____-----_----- 210
7. Skull and lower jaw of Paraglyphanodon gazini, new species__-__-_- 212
8. Posterior teeth of left dentary of Paraglyphanodon gazini_________-- 213
9. Teeth of left maxillary of Paraglyphanodon gazini__----____-_--_---- 213
10: Vertebrae of Paraghyphancdon Geil 2 = ee ee 214
11. Sketch map of southern Veracruz and western Tabasco__-__----~_- PAM

12. Endomychid beetles: Tvrochoideus coelo-antennatus, new species,

Epopterus decoratus Kirsch, Anidrytus pardalinus, new species,

Engonius excisipes, new species, Parasymbius macrocerus, new

species, Beccaria septemguttata, new species, Saula lobatipes, new

species, Heliobletus philippinensis, new species, and Stenotarsus
MERTOPVUSS NEWS SPeCOleS so a 2 Le ee ee ee ee ee o8d

13. Head scales and pattern of. Dendrophidion vinibor Smith, from La
GEASS Oe Ca a ee eg SS So 416

14. Variation in tail-total length proportion plotted against total length
in females of J'oluca lineata varians (Jan) _----__-___--_-.-__- 488

15. Variation in tail-total length proportion plotted against total length in
Males-Of TOMICa UNEata- Vartan’ (NaN) oa ee eee 488
1G. “Head sand- antennae Of cLetrastiGnus—s = ae ee ee ee 519
17. Head, thorax, and abdominal structures of Tetrastichus____.___---_- 520
18. Thorax, dorsal aspect, of Tetrastichus____- MNES Be) P| SRR BTC et 521
i: Thorax, dorsal aspect, Of Wetrastiqhuss: -=- 2.) 5st ae eee 522
20), Wings Or Temaeiicnuss 32-2. 2 2b oe oc ice ee ee ee ee 523

Zi,, Abdominal structures. Of TCirQstiChuse ss ee eee 524

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No. 3157

THE NEARCTIC: SPECIES OF PARASITIC FLIES
BELONGING TO ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA

By WENDELL F. SELLERS

Tuus paper isa revision of the known species of parasitic two-winged
flies belonging to the genera Zenillia, Phryzxe, Carcelia, Aplomya, Sis-
yropa, Thelymyia, and a new genus (p. 107) (Diptera: Larvaevoridae).
It includes also some Palearctic species of the genera Zenillia, Phryxe,
Carcelia, and Aplomya and some Neotropical species of the genera
Zenillia, Carcelia, and a second new genus (p. 106).

In 1897 Coquillett ? placed the species belonging to this group of
genera in Hworista Meigen, 1803. However, Coquillett * pointed out
in 1910 that Hwzorista is monobasic, with Musca larvarum Linnaeus as
the type, a species that is not congeneric with those referred to H'worista
by Coquillett in 1897 and subsequently by other outhors. In 1924
Aldrich and Webber‘ selected Zenillia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, to
replace E'worista of authors, not Meigen. More recently Townsend °
has expressed the opinion that the treatment proposed by Aldrich and
Webber combines several widely distinct elements under one generic
name. By contrast Townsend has recognized 17 different generic
segregates in this complex. It does, nevertheless, seem advisable to
divide the species groups into several distinguishable units and to ac-

1 Some Palearctic and Neotropical species are also included.

2 Revision of the Tachinidae of America North of Mexico, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Tech. Bull. 7, 1897.

3The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 37, pp. 499-647, 1910.

4The North American species of parasitic two-winged flies belonging to the genus
Phorocera and allied genera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, 90 pp., 1924.

5’ Townsend, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 212, 1936.

ye PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

cord these generic rank. In this revision 6 of the 22 previously
created generic names that have been employed for components of the
complex treated by Aldrich and Webber under Zend/lia are retained
as valid, and 2 new generic names are proposed.

This group of genera may be characterized as follows: Eyes pilose;
ocellar bristles directed forward; frontal bristles descending more or
Jess down on parafacials, at least to base of third antennal segment,
one to three uppermost bristles usually reclinate (preverticals) ;
parafrontals pollinose; vibrissae situated at most slightly above oral
margin, vibrissal or facial ridges usually bristly on lowest one-third,
sometimes extending approximately halfway or slightly more; para-
facials bare, at least on lower half; antennae elongate, reaching at
least three-fourths way to oral margin, second antennal segment less
than half as long as third segment, third antennal segment more than
twice as long as wide; arista longer than third antennal segment
and not thickened to near the apex, face receding, proboscis well
developed and not elongate; palpi of normal length and shape.
Chaetotaxy of thorax well developed; anterior acrostichals distinct,
one pair just in front of the suture; pteropleural bristle of normal
length or weak; posterior sublateral bristle present; middle of pro-
pleura hairless.6 Wings of normal venation; apical cell open, rarely
closed in margin, ending more or less before apex of wing; bristles
present only at base of third vein, otherwise the veins bare; posterior
cross-vein never more noticeably oblique than apical cross-vein ; fourth
vein without a distinct fold; last section or fifth vein never half as
long as preceding section. Thoracic squamae not hairy; infrasquamal
setulae lacking. Abdomen usually black or gray, never metallic blue
or green; wider than deep at base; bristly in appearance with at least
marginal macrochaetae. Anterior tibiae usually with one or two
median posterolateral bristles.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Eye high, occupying nearly whole side of head; gena small or nearly linear,
not over one-twelfth the eye height (exclusive characteristics)." Usually
with only two sternopleural macrochaetae, sometimes three. (Hind
tibia ciliate on the anterolateral® side, at least in the male, with regular
comblike curved bristles, among which one or two sometimes stand out
Farger) ifs ee Bae vn a Dk oe ee 3. Carcelia (p. 37)

Eye not high or occupying whole side of head; gena larger, at least one-eighth

or more the eye height; usually more than two sternopleural macro-
chaetae 2

® Aplomya submissa (Aldrich and Webber) is an exception.

™The term ‘exclusive characteristics” is used to indicate that the designated part of
the key will serve to separate the particular genus or genera from the rest of the genera
in the key.

® Anterolateral is the name used for the anterodorsal or outer front side of the tibia ;
posterolateral, for outer back side of the tibia.

bo

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 2

. Abdomen in both sexes wide and deep, almost globose; fourth segment, unless

contracted in drying, closing in a slit above genital opening (exclusive
characteristics) oes 22--52 6. See ee eee 1. Zenillia (p. 4)
PANT NCH OTN CTC Meek TS CORI AT Ys lO Te ae we ee ee es 3

. Front at vertex or narrowest part less than one-third width of head, rarely

exceeding 30 percent of head width; front narrower in male than in female,
with somewhat diverging margins; claws and puivilli in male elon-
PUTCO he Se ee ee RN a RE pe omit n SMe SII Pe 4
Front at vertex or narrowest part more than one-third width of head, often
two-fifths of head width; front more or less protruding, of equal breadth in
both sexes, with almost parallel or little diverging margins; claws and
pulvilli small in both sexes (exclusive characteristics) __-_.__--------- 6

. Seutellum with three pairs of marginal scutellars and an apical pair; hind

tibia usually with unequal bristles, sometimes weakly ciliate in certain
ST OGL Cs perm aan en tO eS re ee ae SP aD a ee Nas A oe 5
Scutellum with four pairs of marginal scutellars and one strong decussate
apical pair (exclusive characteristic). Hind tibia strongly ciliate on
anterolateral side in both sexes; with regular, long, comblike, curved
bristles, among which one sometimes stands out larger. (Third abdominal
segment of male with dense patch of hairs underneath on each
S10 Cy) ee ae ee Se ee ere Ree Ee 5. Sisyropa (p. 97)

. Sternopleural machrochaetae two; antenna with first two segments and

basal part of third yellow; frontal bristles descending to middle of second
antennal segment; fourth segment of abdomen destitute of macrochaetae ;
thorax and abdomen wholly golden-pollinose
8. Angustia, new genus (p. 107)
Sternopleural macrochaetae three or four; antenna usually black, at most
first and second segments rufous; frontal bristles descending at least to
base of third antennal segment; fourth segment usually with either discal
or marginal macrochaetae ; species predominantly with thorax and abdomen

blacks era y-pollin0se 225 22 one sas 22 oe eee 4. Aplomya (p. 70)
Apical scutellars erect or proclinate, decussate; four postsutural dorsocentral
macrochaetae. Male without fronto-orbital bristles__.__________________ q

Apical scutellars curved backward, decussate; three postsutural dorsocentral
macrochaetae; palpi yellow. Male with two fronto-orbital bristles
6. Thelymyia (vp. 103)
Species predominantly gray-pollinose; palpi black_---__-- 2. Phryxe (p. 81)
Species predominantly golden-pollinose; palpi yellow
7. Chrysophryxe, new genus (p. 106)

All the forms treated in this key will run to Zenéllia in Curran’s

key to the genera of Tachinidae.°

This key will eliminate the past practice that made it necessary to

cross reference some of the species in certain genera. The use of
sexual characters has been restricted. The primary characters cited
will place all individuals in their proper genus. Secondary sexual
characters have been used only as a supplementary assistance.

® Curran, C. H., The families and genera of North American Diptera, 512 pp., illus., 1934.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

1. Genus ZENILLIA Robineau-Desvoidy

Zenillia RopiNEAU-DEsvoipDy, Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France, vol. 2, p. 152, 1830;
Histoire naturelle des diptéres des environs de Paris, vol. 1, p. 471, 1863.—
BezzI and Svrern, Katalog der palaearktischen Dipteren, vol. 3, p. 277, 1907.
—CogQuitLetr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 621, 1910.—Barr, Zeitschr.
Angew. Ent., vol. 7, p. 118, 1921—AtpricH and WEBBER (partim), Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 68, art. 17, p. 7, 1924.—LuUNDBEcK, Diptera Danica, pt. 7, p
337, 1927.—TowNsenpb, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 231, 1986. (Genotype,
Musca libatriz Panzer. By designation of Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863.)

Myxexorista BRAUER and BrerRGENSTAMM, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-
nat. K1., vol. 58, p. 381, 1891; Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 43, p. 479, 1893.
—TowNsEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 278, 1936. (Genotype, Musca
libatriz Panzer. By designation of Brauer and Bergenstamm.)

Hyphantrophaga TOWNSEND, Pscyhe, vol. 6, p. 247, 1892; Manual of myiology,
pt. 4, p. 249, 1936.—CoquILLETT, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7,
p. 91, 1897. (Genotype, Meigenia hyphantriae Townsend. By original desig-
nation.) (New synonymy.)

Hzorista OF AUTHORS (nec. Meigen).—CoquILLeTT, (partim), U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 91, 1897.—STEIN (partim), Arch. Naturg., Abt. A,
Heft. 6, p. 67, 1924.—BaArANorFr (partim), Institut Hygiene und Schule
Volksgesundheit, Zagreb, Arb. parasit. Abt., No. 38, 1931.

Eusisyropa TOWNSEND, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 51, No. 2, p. 97, 1908;
Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 245, 1986. (Genotype, Lxorista blanda Osten
Sacken. By original designation.)

Euexorista TOWNSEND, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 14, p. 166, 1912; Manual
of myiology, pt. 4, p. 249, 1986. (Genotype, Heorista futilis Osten Sacken.
By original designation.)

Chrysomasicera TOWNSEND, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., vol. 28, p. 230, 1915; Manual
of myiology, pt. 4, p. 112, 1936. (Genotype, C. borealis Townsend. By orig-
inal designation. )

Chrysoexorista TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 485, 1915; Manual
of myiology, pt. 4, p. 94, 1986. (Genotype, C. viridis Townsend. By original
designation. )

There exists a difference of opinion concerning the generic limits
of Zenillia. Stein and Baranoff consider Zenillia to be a synonym of
Heorista of authors. Baer and Lundbeck separate Zenillia from
Exorista of authors, but they are not sure of the limits of these two
genera. The only apparent difference between Baer and Lundbeck’s
Zenillia and Exorista is that in Zenillia the facial ridges are usually
considered to have regularly arranged bristles of somewhat equal
length above the vibrissae that ascend to near or fully to the middle,
whereas in Hworista the facial ridges have only a few rapidly de-
creasing bristles above the vibrissae. The separation of these two
genera on the presence or absence of bristles on the facial ridges can-
not be attempted with any degree of assurance. The writer is of the
opinion that the character is of specific rather than of generic value.
As defined in this paper, the majority of the species that Baer and
Lundbeck place in Zenillia of authors can be referred to Zenillia
Robineau-Desvoidy, and the majority of species they place in Eorista

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS oO

of authors can be referred to Aplomya Robineau-Desvoidy. Town-
send has described five genera which cover part of the material that
is placed in Zenzlléa in this revision. Townsend places Zenilta in
the tribe Phrynoini; Wyphantrophaga, EKusisyropa, and Huexorsta
in the tribe Trypherini; Chrysomasicera in the tribe Phoroceratini;
and Chrysoerorista in the tribe Compsilurini.

Eusisyropa of Aldrich and Webber (nec Townsend) approaches
more closely to generic concepts than any of the other proposed sub-
genera in their Zenéllia complex. While omitting some of the Lus-
isyropa congeners, they have included species that Townsend referred
to the genera Hyphantrophaga, Eusisyropa, and Euexorista.

The characters used to designate the genus Zenéllia in this paper
are as follows: Abdomen in both sexes wide and deep, almost globose ;
fourth segment, unless contracted in drying, closig in a slit above
the genital opening. Zenillia can be separated without difficulty
from Phrywe, Carcelia, Sisyropa, Thelymyia, and Chrysophryce. A
little practice should enable one to differentiate between Zendllia and
Aplomya, but in all cases caution is advised so that mistakes may
be avoided. Very few of the Nearctic species of Zendllia are bristly
on the facial ridges above the lowest one-third.

The following grouping of the species treated in Zenillia is sug-
gested for those workers who prefer or insist on restricted genera or
a definition of species groups:

1. libatriz (Zenillia).
. futilis (Euerorista).
. angustata.
. hyphantriae, euchaetiae, desmiae (Hyphantrophaga).
. virilis.
. blandita.
. blanda, boarmiae, tucumanensis, autographae (Eusisyropa).
. viridis, lineata, marginata, taglinoi, facialis, dawsoni (Chrysoexorista).
. ochracea, angustifrons, fulgoris (Chrysomasicera).

Oana rt w LD

Additional specimens may enable us further to restrict group 8.
As no useful taxonomic or bionomic result can be achieved at this
time by placing these species groups in restricted genera, the genus
Zenillia is retained as proposed.

The oviposition habits of some of the Zenzllia congeners should be
mentioned to show a biological relationship in the genus. The
Palearctic species libatrix, porcula, and pullata, and the Nearctic
species futilés and blanda, including in all probability the species of
the Husisyropa group, belong to Pantel’s group 2, characterized by
small microtype eggs deposited on plant tissue, where they are con-
sumed by the host along with the tissue. As this type of oviposition
is associated with the typical shape of the abdomen cited, our future

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

knowledge will probably place many of our other species of Zenillia
in Pantel’s group 2.

Most of the species of Zenillia possess an inner ventral bristle on
the midtibia. It will be noticed that this character, as used in the
following key, while usually of specific value, is only a secondary
sexual character in some species. The Zyphantrophaga and Eusisy-
ropa groups have one bristly hair behind on the apex of the hind
coxa. Zenillia fulgoris has one very fine and Zenillia virilis has several
fine hairs on the apex of the hind coxa. All the other species of
Zenillia lack these bristly hairs on the hind coxa.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ZENILLIA

There are 21 species of Zenillia included in the key. Nine occur in
the Nearctic Region, 8 in the Neotropical, and 4 are common to both
realms; the genotype /ibatrix is a Palearctic species. Eight of the
species are new, and 4 have been removed from synonymy. Since
Zenillia libatriz has been released in the northeastern part of the
United States, it is included in the key, but to date there is no evidence
to indicate that the species has become established. Chrysophrysxe
tibialis, new species, is included because the type is labeled as the male
allotype of Chrysoexorista viridis Townsend (U.S.N.M, No. 19611),
an included species.

1. Midtibia usually with one median anterolateral bristle; if with a smaller
additional one, then facial ridge is never bristly on more than lowest

one-fourth <==— Sao 5 2S es 2 i ae ee 3
Midtibia with two or more median anterolateral bristles_______-__-_____--- 2

2. Midtibia with two median anterolateral bristles, upper one smaller; palpus
yellow, facial ridge bristly to middle________ 1. libatrix (Panzer) (p. 8)

Midtibia with three or more median anterolateral bristles; palpus black;
parafacial with a dark-brown reflecting spot just below lowest frontal

DIIStIGS 2 Sate a See eee eee 2. futilis (Osten Sacken) (p. 11)
3. Discal macrochaetae present on second and third abdominal segments____ 6
Discal macrochaetae absent on second and third abdominal segments____ 4

4. Three postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae; palpus rufous, black toward
base, extreme tip yellow; midtibia with one strong median anterolateral
bristle and a smaller one below (mate only)

3. angustata (Van der Wulp) (p. 12)
Four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae ; palpus yellow; midtibia usually
with one median anterolateral ‘bristle___________.______ oc eee 5

. Antenna with first and second segments rufous, third black; facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-fifth; legs black. tibiae brownish black; abdomen
with dorsum completely covered with gray pollen, which extends on to
dorsal shoulders of first segment; dorsal vitta indicated at least on second
Seomenhs oo. Ea es i 4. euchaetiae, new species (p. 13)

Antenna with first and second segments and in female base of third segment
yellow, remainder black; facial ridge bristly on more than lowest one-fifth,
often nearly halfway; legs reddish brown; abdomen in male with narrow
apical margins of segments 2, 3, and 4 brownish black, adjacent pollen

1

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 7

with a brownish or tawny tinge; marginal pair of macrochaetae on first
Segment wealks = sa 22 su eee 5. hyphantriae (Townsend) (p. 15)
Antenna with first and second segments and in female base of third segment
yellow, remainder black; facial ridge bristly on more than lowest one-fifth,
often nearly haifway; legs black, tibiae brownish (contrasting) ; abdomen
with dorsum of first segment black; segments 2, 8, and 4 completely covered
with gray pollen; wing veins dark brown, almost black; marginal pair of
macrochaetae on first segment weak____ 6. desmiae, new species (p. 16)
6. Normaily with three sternopleural macrochaetae *______-----__---_-__-_ qT
Normally with two sternopleural macrochaetae and three postsutural dorso-
central macrochaetae’; femaies with outer vertical bristle well developed ;
middle tibia lacking an inner ventral bristle; second segment of antenna
black; black, gray-pollinoise species; apical scutellars normally turned
backward; male abdomen with third and fourth segments shining brown or
black on venter, contrasting with pollinose second; inner forceps slender
apically, almost straight, ending inwardly at apex with a small tooth, hairy
about two-thirds of its entire length__ 7. virilis Aldrich and Webber (p. 17)
7. Head, thorax, and abdomen predominantly golden or yellow-pollinose__--_~_ 12
Head, thorax, and abdomen predominantly black, gray-pollinose__~__-__-___~- 8
8. Two sternopleural macrochaetae and a sternopleural bristle (rarely indis-
tinguishable from surrounding sternopleural hairs) and four postsutural
dorsocentral machochaetae; apical scutellars normally turned upward.
Male abdomen with third and fourth segments pollinose on venter; inner
forceps rather thick apically, outwardly with long hair to last fifth,
which is bent at an obtuse angle (last fifth in auwtographae, new species,
is straight). Male without and female with an inner yentral bristle on
midtibia. Female with outer vertical bristle so poorly developed as to
DD PCALMLO Oe ole Chit) Oe ae ee ee ee ee ee eee 9
Three strong sternopleural macrochaetae and four postsutural dersocentral
macrochaetae; strong apical scutellars turned backward. Male and
female with an inner ventral bristle on midtibia. Female with well-de-
veloped outer vertical bristle__--_-_____ 8. blandita (Coquillett) (p. 18)
9. Legs with femur reddish yellow or yellow; second antennal joint red or
BC yy eee we an BL ne ee Ea a See en 11
Legs with femur black and tibia blackish; second antennal joint black or
AL MOSODScurely, MULOUS# ==" a sasa a see 2) oe eee eee 10
10. Frontal orbit silvery white with a faint brassy tinge; abdominal segments
gray-pollinose, sometimes lightly tinged with yellow or brown, fourth
segment more so but not in striking contrast to intermediate segments
9. blanda (Osten Sacken) (p. 19)
Frontal orbit golden; fcurth abdominal segment goiden-pollinose in strik-
ing contrast to gray of other segments.
10. tucumanensis, new species (p. 21)
11. Tarsi and sides of thorax reddish, blending somewhat with yellow color of

lessvand antennae. 22 2. S22 sae 11. boarmiae (Coquillett) (p. 21)
Tarsi and sides of thorax blacker, yellow of legs and antennae making a
sharp) contrast) = 2 12. autographae, new species (p. 23)

12) Hour postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetaes..—_--2.=_---_-_ == = 16
Three postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae___________-_------------- 13

The numbers of dorsocentral and sternopleural macrochaetae are known to vary
within certain limits in virilis and blanda; likewise the midtibial, inner ventral bristle in
blanda.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

13, Apical seutellars directed’ backward. ==-22=)== eS eee 14
Apical scutellars directed upward (female only).

13. marginata Aldrich and Webber (p. 24)

14. :.Discal .scutellars' ‘strong ===. 52 = a ee ee ee eee 15

Discal scutelars, if noticeable, weak, hardly distinguishable from the sur-

rounding hairs=- 2s eee 14. fulgoris, new species (p. 24)

15. Frontal orbit brownish gold, face and gena silver-pollinose; venter of ab-

domen gray (female only) —----------_- 15. taglinoi, new species (p. 25)

Frontal orbit and face golden-pollinose, facial depression less golden-pol-

linose; venter of abdomen gray on segments 1, 2, and 3. fourth golden;

male lackink an inner ventral bristle_____ 16. viridis (Townsend) (p. 26)
16. Frontal orbit and face golden-pollinose, often facial depression and gena
more’ silvery=2-22- 2+ Sa ee es a ee eee eee 18

Frontal orbit golden-pollinose ; face, gena, and posterior orbit silvery gray__ 17
17. Parafacial normal, not noticeably broad_ 17. lineata (Van der Wulp) (p. 27)
Parafacial very broad, nearly as wide as distance between facial ridges

(male: only )):2 S22 Sa ast eee ee 18. facialis, new species (p. 28)
18. Abdomen with discal and marginal rows of macrochaetae on fourth segment
(male‘pulvilli long))22+s- ++) Se ee ee eee 19

Abdomen with fourth segment covered with irregularly placed bristles; no
abdominal vitta; apical scutellars weak, turned up; one very strong inner
ventral bristle on midctibia: front more than one-third head width; pen-
ultimate joint of arista elongate; palpus yellow, infuscated at base; pul-

villi small (male only) -----. Chrysophryxe tibialis, new species (p. 106)
19. Second and third abdominal segments with apical one-fourth to one-third
black and. free. from: pollens 22 as oe ee eee ee eee 20

Second and third abdominal segments with narrow apical margin not dis-

tinet, tending to blend with pollen; male lacking inner ventral bristle

19. dawsoni, new species (p. 29)

20. Frontal orbit and face golden, facial depression more silvery pollinose

(male: Only) f=22 2 eee 20. angustifrons (Townsend) (p. 30)
Frontal orbit and face golden-pollinose.

21. ochracrea (Van der Wulp) (p. 30)

1. ZENILLIA LIBATRIX (Panzer) (genotype)

[The complete synonymy is so voluminous that many of the early references are
not cited here. The reader is referred to Bezzi and Stein and to Lundbeck
for a more complete record. ]

Musca libatriz PANzER, Fauna insectorum Germaniae initia, pt. 54, p. 12, 1798.

Tachina libatriz (Panzer) Mrtcen, Systematische Beschreibung der europitis-
chen zweifliigeligen Insecten, vol. 4, pp. 400, 281, 1824.

Zenillia libatriz (Panzer) RoBiNEAU-DEsvolDy, Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France, vol.
2, p. 152, 1830.—Berzzi and Stern, Katalog der paliiarktischen Dipteren, vol.
3, p. 278, 1907.—TowNseEnD, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Bull. 12, pt. 6,
p. 100, 1908; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 231, 1986.—CoquimLteTt, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 87, p. 621, 1910—Howarp and Fiske, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Ent., Bull. 91, pp. 88, 90, 91, 136, 302, 303, 310, 1911.—Barr, Zeitschr. Angew.
Ent., vol. 7, p. 153 (119), 1921.—Arpricu and WEBBER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 7, 9, 1924.—LuNnpsBEck, Diptera Danica, pt. 7, p. 338,
1927.—BurcEss and CrossMAN, U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 86, p. 115,
1929.—Brown, U. S. Dept. Agr. Cire. 176, p. 15, 1931.—DowpeEn, Journ. Agr.
Res., vol. 48, pp. 97-114, 1934.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 9

Eeorista libatriz (Panzer) MEIGEN, Systematische Beschreibung der europiiischen
zweifliigeligen Insecten, vol. 7, pp. 46, 256, 1838.—Srrimn, Arch. Naturg., Abt.
A, Heft 6, pp. 77-78, 1924.—Baranorr, Institut fiir Hygiene und Schule fiir
Volksgesundheit, Zagreb, Arb. parasit. Abt., No. 3, p. 8, 1981.

Myxexorista libatriz (Panzer) BRAUER and BERGENSTAMM, Denkschr, Akad. Wiss.
Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 58, p. 3383, 1891.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.25 to 0.27 (in three speci-
mens) and in female 0.29 to 0.31 (in three specimens) of head width;
frontal row of seven to eight bristles in male and five to seven in female,
extending from on a level with base of third antennal segment to two
reclinate preverticals; male with very weak and female with outer
vertical bristle; gena one-fifth to one-fourth eye height, silver gray ;
frontal orbit golden, face silver, and posterior orbit golden on upper
portions and silver on lower portions; antenna black, third segment in
male more than three times and in female two and three-fourths times
second; arista thickened on basal two-fifths, penultimate segment at
least as long as broad; palpus yellow, infuscated at base.

Thorax heavy golden-pollinose on dorsal portions, sides more gray-
ish; four mesonotal vittae; four postsutural dorsocentral macrochae-
tae; scutellum heavy golden-pollinose with three pairs of marginal
scutellars and one decussate apical pair turned backward, one pair of
discal scutellars; three sternopleural macrochaetae; legs black, a little
erayish pruinose; front tibia with two median posterolateral bristles ;
midtibia with one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia not ciliate; wing
tinged with yellow at base and anterior margin; third vein with two or
three bristles at base; squamula yellow.

Abdomen completely covered dorsally with heavy golden pollen
gradually becoming gray on venter, especially on intermediate seg-
ments; dorsal vitta lacking in some lights, obscurely marked in others;
first and second segments with a pair and third segment with a row
of marginal macrochaetae; second and third segments with a pair of
discal macrochaetae often more or less roughly arranged, often with
additional bristles and macrochaetae in discal area; fourth segment
more or less irregularly covered with bristles, in some specimens discal
bristles a little larger and roughly arranged in a row,

Length 6.5 to 8 mm.

Distribution.—The species is widely distributed throughout Europe
from England in the west to Russia in the east and from Spain in the
south to Finland in the north.

Hosts.—Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus), Stilpnotia salicis (Linnaeus),
Nygmia phacorrhoea (Donovan), Calocasia coryli (Linnaeus), 7 hau-
metopoea processionea (Linnaeus), Oxycesta geographica (Fabricius) ,
and Pygaera pigra (Hufnagel). Specimens examined from these
hosts were reared at the Central European station formerly maintained
at Budapest, Hungary, by the Division of Forest Insect Investiga-

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

tions, U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Published
records: Abrostola asclepiadis (Schiffermiiller) (Bezzi and Stein,
Howard and Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck), Acronicta auricoma (Fabricius)
(Lundbeck), Brephos nothum (Hiibner) (Bezzi and Stein, Howard
and Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck), Bupalus piniarius (Linnaeus) (Baer,
Eidmann, Lundbeck), Dasychira pudibunda (Linnaeus) (Bezzi and
Stein, Howard and Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck), Drepana cultraria (Fab-
ricius) (Wainwright, Vygmia phaeorrhaea (Donovan) (=urproc-
tis chrysorrhoca [auct. not (Linnaeus) |) (Baer, Lundbeck, Dowden),
Larentia autumnalis (Strém) (Bezzi and Stein, Howard and Fiske,
Baer, Lundbeck), Ziparis monacha (Linnaeus) (Baer), Lowxostege
sticticalis (Linnaeus) (Mamonov), Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus)
(Bezzi and Stein, Howard and Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck, Dowden),
Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus) (Bezzi and Stein, Howard and
Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck), Oxycesta geographica (Fabricius) (Dow-
den), Phlyctaenodes verticalis (uinnaeus) (Baer, Lundbeck), Por-
thesia similis (Fuessly) (Baer, Lundbeck), Pygaera anachoreta
(Fabricius) (Baer, Lundbeck), P. pigra (Hufnagel) (Bezzi and Stein,
Howard and Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck, Dowden), Salebria marmorata
(Alphéraky) (Pustovoit), Stiépnotia salicis (Linnaeus) (Brown,
Dowden), Sylepta ruralis (Scopoli) (Baer, Lundbeck), Thau-
metopoea processionea (Linnaeus) (Bezzi and Stein, Howard
and Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck), Wyponomeuta cognatella (Hiib-
ner) (Lundbeck), H. evonymella (Linnaeus) (Bezzi and Stein,
Howard and Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck), H. padella (Linnaeus) (Bezzi
and Stein, Howard and Fiske, Baer, Lundbeck), H. rorelia (Hiibner)
(Baer, Lundbeck). Dowden records it on laboratory-attacked mate-
rial at Budapest, Hungary, as hibernating in Oxycesta geographica,
Calocasia coryli, and Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus); as reared on
laboratory-attacked material at Melrose, Mass., on Bombyx mori (Lin-
naeus), Huchaetias egle (Drury), and Melalopha inclusa Hiibner
(Farquhar and Seeley), and hibernating in If. inclusa (Dowden).

Remarks.—The foregoing description is based on an examination
of a considerable number of European reared specimens mostly from
Porthetria dispar. Various European specialists comment on the
species as varying in color, sometimes being quite grayish. Speci-
mens examined that were reared from Oaycesta geographica and
Pygaera pigra appeared to be a deeper, duller, golden-brown and more
hairy or bristly. In the specimens from O. geographica there was a
group of irregularly placed discal macrochaetae on the third segment.

Zenillia libatrix has been liberated as a parasite of the gypsy moth in
the northeastern part of the United States, but there is no evidence
indicating that the species has become established.

Adults, May to September; number per host, one to several; genera-
tions, one, two, or more; hiberation, as larva in host pupa.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS it:

2. ZENILLIA FUTILIS (Osten Sacken)

Eaorista futilis OsteEN SackeN, Can. Ent., vol. 19, p. 161, 1887.—WILLISTON,
Scudder’s Butterflies of Eastern United States and Canada, vol. 3, p. 1917, pl.
89, fig. 10, 1889.—CoquitterT, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 98,
1897.—SmitTH, Catalogue of New Jersey insects, p. 780, 1909.—Grsson, Ann,
Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1912, p. 133—Torui1t, Can. Ent., vol. 45, p. 71, 19138.—
GREENE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 60, art. 10, p. 32, pl. 19, fig. 93 (puparium),
1922.

Euexorista futilis (Osten Sacken) TownseEnp, Proc. Ent. Soe. Washington, vol.
14, p. 166, 1912; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 249, 1936.

Zenillia futilis (Osten Sacken) ALDRICH and WEBEER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol.
63, art. 17, p. 42, 1924.—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196, 1925;
Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 38, p. 87, 1925.—EssIc, Insects of western
North America, p. 581, 1926.—Learnep, Bull. Brooklyn Ent, Soc., vol. 22, p.
219, 1927.—West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—
ALpricH, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 80, art. 20, p. 3, 1932.—ScHAFFNER and
Griswo Lp, U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 188, p. 112, 1934.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.29 to 0.30 (in five specimens)
and of female 0.31 to 0.38 (in five specimens) of head width; frontal
row of seven to nine bristles, rarely six in some females, extending
from on a level with insertion of arista to two reclinate upper frontals
(preverticals) ; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fourth; gena one-
sixth eye height; frontal orbit and parafacial golden or yellow-
pollinose; antenna black, third segment in the male three and one-
third and in the female two and two-thirds times second; arista thick-
ened on basal one-fourth, penultimate segment short.

Thorax black, gray-pollinose marked with five mesonotal vittae;
four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae; scutellum black with
three pairs of marginal scutellars and one decussate apical pair turned
backward, one pair of discal scutellars; three sternopleural macro-
chaetae; midtibia with three median anterolateral bristles, sometimes
more in female, one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia more or less ciliate
with two longer bristles.

Abdomen black, gray-pollinose, fourth segment golden ; first and sec-
ond segments with pair, third and fourth with a row of marginal
macrochaetae; row of discal macrochaetze on fourth segment only ; ab-
dominal dorsal vitta obscurely marked.

Hypopygium black, gray-pollinose, inner and outer forceps of equal
length; the inner curving slightly inward, shining black, and densely
clothed with long fine hairs; the outer very slender and tapering to a
fine point.

Length 6.5 to 11 mm.

Distribution “=.—Maine 3, New Hampshire 1, Vermont 2, Massachu-

“Under “Distribution” the numbers following the names of the States indicate the
number of localities from which specimens have been examined. In the case of published
records, they indicate the number of localities mentioned in addition to those from which
specimens were examined. The use of the numbers enables one to visualize the centers of
distribution as well as the fringes of the areas involved.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

setts 18, Connecticut 2, New York 2, New Jersey 4, Indiana 1, Idaho 1,
South Dakota 1, Wisconsin 1, Oregon 2, Washington 1. Published
and unpublished records not duplicated above: Massachusetts 1
(Aldrich) ; Connecticut (Britton) ; New York 13 (West), 1 (Coquil-
lett) ; New Jersey 2 (Smith), 1 (Weiss) ; Pennsylvania (Schaffner and
Griswold) ; North Carolina (Brimley); Illinois (Coquillett) ; Cali-
fornia (Coquillett, Essig) ; Quebec (Winn and Beaulieu) ; Ontario
(Gibson, Tothill, and Winn and Beaulieu); British Columbia
(Currie).

Type—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Hosts.°-—Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus) 303, Lnnomos subsignarius
(Hiibner) 142, Malacosoma americana (Fabricius) 9, Vanessa spp. 7,
Malacosoma disstria Hiibner 2, Fuchaetias egle (Drury) 2, Nymphalis
milberti (Godart) 2, Sarrothripus revayanus (Scopoli) 1, Vephelodes
emmedonia (Cramer) 1, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hiibner) 1, Septis va-
misformis (Guénée) 1. Published records not duplicated in the above
records: Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus) (Harris and Scudder, John-
son), Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) (Schaffner and Griswold), Malaco-
soma disstria erosa form thoracica Stretch (Koebele), M. disstria
(Lintner), 1. americana (Lin), [sia isabella (Abbott and Smith)
(Tothill), Autographa californica (Speyer) (Essig), Apantesis
phalerata (Harris) (Learned).

Remarks.—The foregoing description was based on an examination
of the following material: 463 reared specimens bearing Gypsy Moth
Laboratory note numbers; 1 male from the Riley collection reared
from Vanessa atalanta (Sprague) ; 1 male reared from Pyrausta nu-
bilalis (Craig) ; 1 male reared from Septis apamiformis, May 16, 1884;
1 male and 8 females reared from V. atalanta, Nos. 1181, 1181u,
and 118ly (Dimmock) ; 5 specimens bearing note numbers as follows:
1 male and 1 female 414° (Koebele), 1 female 568° (Koebele), 1
female 1936 (August 13), 1 female 1936 (2) 2341 (September 17); 5
males and 8 females (Riley, Walton, Gabrielson, Aldrich, Furniss, anal
Fluke) ; and 55 additional miscellaneous galliected specimens from the
Gypsy Moth Laboratory.

Adults, May to September; number per host, one or two; genera-
tions two or more; hibernation, larva in host pupa. Townsend pointed
out that Zenillia futilis lays microtype eggs on foliage, which are
swallowed by its hosts.

3. ZENILLIA ANGUSTATA (Van der Wulp), new combination
Exorista angustata VAN DER WULP, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera, vol. 2.
p. 70, 1890.-CoquiLLeTT, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 99, 1897.

Zenillia coquilletti ALDRICH and WepseEr, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., vol. Go anos,
pp. 11, 18, 1924. (New synonymy.)

4 Under “Hosts” the numbers following the names of the hosts indicate the number of
specimens examined which were reared from that particular host.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS is

Head with front of male 0.32 head width; frontal row of eight
bristles, extending from on a level with base of third antennal segment
to two reclinate preverticals; strong outer vertical bristle; facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-fourth; gena one-fourth eye height; frontal orbit
and face silvery pollinose; antenna black, third segment four times
the length of second; arista thickened on the basal one-third, penulti-
mate segment short.

Thorax black, gray-pollinose marked with four mesonotal vittae;
scutellum black, gray-pollinose with three pairs of marginal scutellars
and one nondecussate apical pair; three sternopleural macrochaetae;
midtibia with one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia not ciliate.

Abdomen black, silvery gray-pollinose; first segment, second and
third segments at apex, and fourth segment except at the sides shining
black; first and second segments with a pair and third segment with
an encircling row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth segment with
irregular bristles mostly on apical half.

Length 10 mm.

Type locality —Chilpancingo, Mexico.

Distribution—Texas 1, Mexico 1.

Type.—Male, British Museum. Type of coguilletti, male, U.S.N.M.
No. 25702.

Host—Unknown.

Remarks.—The writer had the privilege of examining the type
series of H'xorista angustata in the British Museum. The description
was based on an examination of the type of angustata and the type of
coquilletti. The type of angustata had a pair of strong outer vertical
bristles; the palpi were strongly infuscated at the base with the tip
lighter.

4. ZENILLIA EUCHAETIAE, new species
Zenillia ceratomiae (Coquillett) ALDRICH and WesBeR (partim), Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 68, art. 17, p. 41, 1924.

Zenillia ceratomiae SCHAFFNER and GRISWOLD (nec Coquillett), U. S. Dept. Agr.
Misc. Publ. 188, p. 111, 1934.

Male (type)—Head with front at narrowest 0.27 head width;
frontal row of nine bristles, extending from on a level with base of
third antennal segment to two reclinate preverticals: facial ridge
bristly on the lowest one-fifth; gena one-sixth eye height; parafrontal
and face silvery white-pollinose; antenna with first and second seg-
ments rufous, third black, third segment four and cne-half times
length of second; arista thickened on basal one-fourth, penultimate
segment short.

Thorax black covered with heavy gray pollen marked with four
mesonotal vittae; scutellum black heavily covered with gray pollen,
with three pairs of marginal scutellars and one small decussate apical

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

pair turned up, one pair of discal scutellars; three sternopleural ma-
crochaetae; legs black with tibiae brownish black; midtibia with one
median anterolateral bristle and one very small one above it; hind
tibia subciliate; wing grayish hyaline, third vein with two to three
bristles at the base.

Abdomen black, dorsum of all segments including the first com-
pletely covered with heavy gray pollen; indication of dorsal vitta
on second and third segments; abdominal hairs depressed; first and
second segments with a pair, and third with a row of marginal
macrochaetae; fourth segment with a row of discal macrochaetae,
tipped with marginal bristles.

Length 9 mm.

Female (allotype).—Front at narrowest 0.30 head width; six
frontal bristles; third segment of antenna four times second; two
fronto-orbital bristles. Midtibia with one median anterolateral
bristle and a smaller one above; pulvilli small. Abdomen heavily
covered with gray pollen; dorsal vitta indicated on second segment
only; fourth segment with a row of discal and marginal macro-
chaetae. Otherwise the description is the same as for the male.

Length 9 mm.

Other specimens vary as follows: Front of male 0.28 to 0.29 and
of female 0.30 to 0.82; 7 to 10 frontal bristles in male and 5 to 6 in
female; third segment of antenna in female three and one-half times
second. Mid tibia usually but not always with 1 small bristle above
the 1 strong median anterolateral bristle. Dorsal vitta obscurely
marked.

Length 7 to 9 mm.

Type locality—Clayton, N. Y.

Distribution—Massachusetts 4, New York 2, New Jersey 4, Penn-
sylvania 1, Maryland 1.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54174.

Hosts —Euchaetias egle (Drury) 87, Cyenia tenera (Hiibner) 42,
Pyrausta futilalis (Lederer) 11, Cycenia inopinata (Henry Ed-
wards) 2.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of reared specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers as fellows: Type
and one female paratype reared from Huchaetias egle, No. 12130110;
one male paratype reared from LZ’, egle, Adams, N. Y., No. 12180M7;
one female paratype reared from £. egle, North Branch, N. J., No.
11741M9; allotype, three male paratypes, and one female paratype
reared from Cycnia tenera, Somerville, N. J., No. 11779H3; one fe-
male paratype reared from C. tenera, Somerville, N. J., No. 11779H2;
82 additional reared specimens; and one male, Piummers Island,

Md. (Shannon).

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS ey

Adults, June to September; number per host, one, sometimes two;
generations, one or two; hibernation, in host pupa.

5. ZENILLIA HYPHANTRIAE (Townsend), new combination

Meigenia hyphantriae TOWNSEND, Psyche, vol. 6, p. 176, 1891.

Hyphantrophaga hyphantriae (Townsend) TowNSsEND, Psyche, vol. 6, pp. 247-248,
1892; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 249, 1986.—GILLETTr, Trans. Amer, Ent.
Soe., vol. 22, p. 75, 1895.—BAkeEr, Ent. News, vol. 6, p. 174, 1895.—CoqutILiErt,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, pp. 17, 91, 1897; Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 37, p. 554, 1910.—GREENE, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus. vol. 60, art. 10,
p. 17, pl. 6, fig. 26 (puparium), 1922.—Hssic, Insects of Western North Amer-
ica, p. 580, 1926.

Eaorista ceratomiae CoQguitreTt, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, pp.
13, 101, 1897.—RerINHARD, Ent. News, vol. 32, p. 72, 1921.—LuGINBILL, U. 8.
Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 34, p. 81, 1928. (New synonymy.)

Zenillia ceratomiae (Coquillett) AtpRICH and WEBBER (partim), Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, p. 41, 1924.

Didyma exigua Lrrpy (nec Van der Wulp) North Carolina Dept. Agr. Bull,
Feb. 1925, p. 18.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.27 to 0.30 and of female
0.32 to 0.33 of head width; frontal row of six to eight bristles in male
and six to seven in female, extending from on a level with base of
third antennal segment to two reclinate preverticals; facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-third to two-fifths; gena one-sixth eye height;
parafrontal and face silvery white pollinose; antenna with third seg-
ment in male four and in female three and one-half times length of
second; arista thickened on basal one-fourth, penultimate segment
short.

Thorax black, gray-pollinose marked with four mesonotal vittae;
scutellum black, heavily covered with gray pollen, with three pairs
of marginal scutellars and one very small decussate apical pair turned
up, one pair of discal scutellars; three sternopleural macrochaetae;
legs reddish brown; midtibia with one median anterolateral bristle,
one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia subciliate; wing grayish hyaline,
third vein with two to three bristles at the base.

Abdomen black, heavily covered with gray pollen, last three seg-
ments wholly gray-pollinose in female; first segment with a weak or
vestigial pair, second with a pair, and third with a row of marginal
macrochaetae; fourth segment with a row of discal macrochaetae,
tipped with marginal macrochaetae in female and marginal bristles
in male.

Length 5.5 to 8 mm.

Type locality —tLas Cruces, N. Mex.

Distribution—New Mexico 1, Texas 5, Oklahoma 1, Missouri 2,
Kansas 1, Florida 1. Published and unpublished records not dupli-
cated above: North Carolina (Leiby), Tennessee (Luginbill), Mis-

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

souri (Coquillett), Texas (Reinhard), Colorado (Baker, Aldrich, and
Webber), Arizona (Coquillett). .

Type-—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 889. Hworista ceratomiae Coquil-
lett, male, U.S.N.M. No. 3601.

Hosts—Hyphantria cunea (Drury) 1, Pempelia sp. 2. Ompha-
locera cariosa Lederer 1, Lowostege similalis (Guénée) 2, Lagoa
crispata Packard, Laphygma frugiperda (Abbott and Smith) 1,
Lygris diversilineata Hubner 1, pyralid 1. Published records not
duplicated above: Lowostege similalis (Reinhard), Laphygma fru-
giperda (Luginbill), Eucaterva variaria Grote (Townsend), Nym-
phalis milberti (Godart) (Baker, Gillette), Ceratomea undulosa
(Waiker) (Riley), Gloveria howardi (Dyar) (Coquillett), Acrobasis
caryae Grote (Leiby).

Remarks —The foregoing description was based on an examina-
tion of the following material: Type female reared from H. cunea,
September 1; type and one male paratype of Hworista ceratomiae
reared from Pempelia sp., Fort Worth, Tex., 4857° (Allison); one
male paratype reared from Omphalocera cariosa, Oswego, Kans.,
July 2, 1892, 454L° (Newlon); one female paratype reared from
pyralid, Cadet, Mo., September, 1890, 4730° (Barlow) ; one male reared
from Lowxostege similalis, Victoria, Tex. (Quaintance); one male
reared from ZL. similalis, Waurika, Okla. (Kelly) ; one female reared
from Lagoa crispata, McMeckhin, Fla., February 25, 1889, 432°; one
male reared from Lygris diversilineata, Chillicothe, Tex., September
24, 1909, Webster No. 6015 (Greene’s type drawing) ; collected speci-
mens consisting of seven males and four females (Reinhard, Town-
send, and Tucker).

6. ZENILLIA DESMIAE, new species

This species resembles Zenillia hyphantriae (Townsend) in most
respects.

Male (type).—Front 0.28 head width; frontal row of seven or eight
bristles; facial ridge bristly on the lowest two-fifths; third segment
or antenna five times length of second; arista thickened on basal one-
sixth.

Legs black with tibiae brownish (contrasting) ; midtibia with one
median anterolateral bristle; veins of wing dark brown, almost black.

Abdomen black heavily covered with gray pollen; dorsum of first
segment shining black, not pollinose; the other three segments com-
pletely pollinose; first segment with a weak or vestigial pair of mac-
rochaetae. Otherwise the description is much the same as for Zenzllia
hyphantriae.

Length 7 mm.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS ie

Female (allotype).—Front 0.381; six and nine frontal bristles; third
segment of antenna three times second; facial ridge bristly on the
lowest one-third. Midtibia with one small bristle above the one
strong median anterolateral bristle. Pollen of the abdomen with a
tawny tinge.

The two male paratypes differ but slightly from the type; front
0.26 and 0.27; frontal bristles seven to nine in number; in one, facial
ridge bristly only one-third; third segment of antenna four and
ene-half times the second.

Length 7 mm.

Type locality —Exeier, Calif.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54133.

Host.—Desmia funeralis Hiibner 4.

Remarks.—Material examined consisted of four specimens reared
from Desmia funeralis pupa; type and one male paratype, October 4,
1936; allotype and one male paratype, October 23, 1936.

7. ZENILLIA VIRILIS Aldrich and Webber

Exorista blanda of CoquILLetT (nec Osten Sacken), U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Tech. Bull. 7, p. 92, p. 18 (partim), 1897.—Howarp and FIskg, U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. 91, pp. 90, 140-142, 1911.

Eusisyropa blanda of SmitH (nee Osten Sacken), Catalogue of New Jersey
insects, p. T79, 1909.

Zenillia blanda virilis ALpRiICH and WerpBER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 68,
art. 17, pp. 37-40, 1924—JouNson, List of New England Diptera p. 197, 1925.

Zenillia virilis Aldrich and Webber, SELLERS, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 28,
pp. 569-576, 1930.—ScHAFFNER and GriswoLp, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ.
188, p. 113, 1934.

Coquillett considered this species to be Hworista blanda Osten
Sacken. Aldrich and Webber were only able to separate the males
of Zenillia blanda and Z. virilis. The identity of the two species
was discussed by the writer in the Annals of the Entomological So-
ciety of America in 1930.

Type locality —Rye, N. Y.

Distribution—Maine 9, New Hampshire 2, Massachusetts 9, Con-
necticut 4, Rhode Island 1, New York 3, New Jersey 6, Pennsylvania
1, Maryland 2, Virginia 2, Illinois 1, Kansas 1, Colorado 1, New
Mexico 2, Mexico 3. Published records not duplicated above: Massa-
chusetts 3 (Howard and Fiske), New Hampshire (Coquillett), Penn-
svlvania (Coquillett).

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 25698.

Hosts—Papaipema harrisii (Grote) 1, Ennomos subsignarius
(Hiibner) 1, Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus) 8, Danaus plewippus (Lin-
naeus) 1, Simyra henrici (Grote) 1, Acronicta dactylina (Grote) 1,
A. impressa Walker 3, A. grisea Walker 1, A. leporina vulpina

477396—42——2

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

(Grote) 17, Callosamia promethea (Drury) 5, Ceratomia catalpae
(Boisduval) 8, Anacamptodes ephyraria (Walker) 1, Gluphisia sep-
tentrionis Walker 5, Polia legitima (Grote) 1, Ichthyura albosigma
(Fitch) 1, Zchthyura strigosa Grote 1, Phigalia titea (Cramer) 2,
Cingilia catenaria (Drury) 15, Proteides clarus (Cramer) 1, Phos-
phila turbulenta Hiibner 2, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) 2, Vanessa
atalanta (Linnaeus) 1. Published and unpublished records not dupli-
cated above: Huclea delphinii Boisduval as cippus Cramer (Coquil-
lett) ; Porthetria dispar (Howard and Fiske) ; Polygonia interroga-
tionis (Fabricius), Platysamia cecropia (Linnaeus), Acronicta oblina-
ta Abbott and Smith (Schaffner and Griswold).

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of the male type
reared from Papaipema harrisii (Bird); 4 male paratypes bearing
Gypsy Moth Laboratory numbers—ex /’. subsignarius No. 10029,
ex (. catenaria No. 12418 F5, ex P. dispar No. 4865C, and Danaus
plexippus No. 5904; 1 male paratype, Lawrence, Kans. (Aldrich) ;
1 male paratype, Dist. Federal Mexico (Conrad); 57 reared speci-
mens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory numbers; 3 males and 7 fe-
males reared from Cingilia catenaria (Dimmock, No. 934) ; 1 female
ex unknown host, Arendtsville, Pa. (Frost); collected specimens, 4
males and 18 females (Aldrich, Shannon, Smyth, Barber, Coquillett,
Townsend, Tucker).

The male type had one very weak inner ventral bristle on the mid-
tibia.

Adults, June to September; number per host, one to five; genera-
tions, one or two; hibernation, as larva in host pupa.

8. ZENILLIA BLANDITA (Coquillett)

Erorista blandita CoQguitLeTt, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 96,
1897.

Zenillia blandita (Coquillett) ALDRICH and Wespser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol.
68, art. 17, pp. 40-41, 1924.—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p. 197,
1925.—West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—Setters,
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 23, pp. 569-576, 1930.

The status of this species was discussed by the writer in the Annals
of the Entomological Society of America in 1930.

Type locality.—Franconia, N. H.

Distribution—New Hampshire 1, Massachusetts 2, District of Co-
lumbia. Published records not dupleated above: Rhode Island
(Johnson), New York (West), District of Columbia (Aldrich and
Webber).

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 3592.

Hosts.—Published record: Aldrich and Webber list Sarrothripus
revayanus (Scopoli) (Walton MS.).

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 19

9. ZENILLIA BLANDA (Osten Sacken)

Hezorista blanda OsTEN SACKEN, Can. Ent., vol. 19, pp. 162-163, 1887.—Wuu1stTon,
Scudder’s Butterflies of Eastern United States and Canada, vol. 3, p. 1918,
pl. 89, fig. 11, 1889.

Ezorista blanda proserpina WILLIston, Scudder’s Butterflies of Eastern United
States and Canada, vol. 3, p. 1919, 1889.

Exorista boarnmiae CoquiLLetr (partim), U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech.
Bull. 7, pp. 18, 95, 1897.

Eusisyropa blanda (Osten Sacken) TowNsEeNpd, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol.
51, No. 2, p. 97, 1908; U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent., Tech. Bull. 12, pt. 6,
p. 116, 1908; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 245, 1936—CoquiLLeTT, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 548, 1910.

Husisyropa boarmiae of SMITH (nec Coquillett), Catalogue of New Jersey insects,
p. 780, 1909.

Exorista boarmiae of Howard and FISKE (nec Coquillett), U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. HEnt., Bull. 91, pp. 98, 145, 147-149, 1911.

Zenillia blanda (Osten Sacken) AtpricH and Werser (partim), Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 37-40, 1924—Bortirmer, Journ. Agr. Res.,
vol. 38, pp. 800, 814, 1926.—Essia (partim), Insects of western North
America, p. 581, 1926.—BuRcEss and CrossMAN, U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Dept.
Bull. 1469, p. 14, 1927.—JoHnson, Biological survey of Mount Desert region,
insect fauna, pt. 1, p. 201, 1927—West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat.
Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—SeEtiers, (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol 23, pp. 569-
576, 1930.—AtpRIcH, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, vol. 80, art. 20, p. 2, 1932.—
SCHAFFNER and GriswoLp, U. S. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ. 188, p. 111, 1934.

Zenillia blanda blanda (Osten Sacken) AtpricH and WesseEr, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 68, art 17, pp. 87-40, 1924.

In 1980, when the identity of Zenillia blanda (Osten Sacken) was
explained, the writer had not seen the type material of A wxorista
boarmiae Coquillett. An examination showed that the original ma-
terial, other than the type specimen boarmiae, included some speci-
mens of Hworista blanda Osten Sacken. As explained, Horista
blanda of Coquillett (nec Osten Sacken) equals Zenillia virilis Ald-
rich and Webber.

The recognition of boarmiae Coquillett as a valid species creates a
certain amount of confusion in the bibliography of the species blanda
and boarmiae that is unavoidable.

Type locality—Unknown.

Distribution—Maine 9, New Hampshire 3, Massachusetts 40,
Rhode Island 11, Connecticut 2, New York 7, New Jersey 11, Penn-
sylvania 2, Texas 1, Arizona 2, Peru 2, Bolivia 1. Published records
not duplicated above: New York 4 (West), New Jersey 4 (Smith),
British Columbia (Hines). Questionable records: Texas (Bottimer),
Colorado (Aldrich and Webber).

Type.—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachu-
setts.

Hosts.—Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) 1, Hrynnis brizo (Boisduval
and LeConte) 1, /sturgia truncataria (Walker) (Coquillett listed as

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Boarmia pampinaria) 1, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch) 101, A.
fervidana (Clemens) 219, Catocala sp. 1, Ennomos subsignarius
(Hiibner) 4, Calocalpe undulata (Linnaeus) 9, Notolophus antiqua
(Linnaeus) 1, Vygmia phaeorrhoea (Donovan) 1, Sphecodina abbottii
Swainson) 1, TLhyridopterye ephemeraeformis (Haworth) 1,
tortricid on sumac 2, Cingilia caternaria (Drury) 37, Proteides clarus
(Cramer) 2, Phosphila turbulenta Hiibner 9, Hyphantria cunea
(Drury) 12, Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus) 2, Depressaria heracliana
(Linnaeus) 1, Acrobasis comptoniella Hulst 1, larva on Comptonia
peregrina (Linnaeus) Coulter (Myrica asplenifolia Linnaeus) 1, oak-
worm 1, gelechiid webber on willow 2. Published records not dupli-
cated above: Archips argyrospila (Walker) (Gill), Stilpnotia salicis
(Linnaeus) (Burgess and Crossman), tortricid on poplar (Sellers),
Archips fervidana (Clemens) (Smith), Polygonia interrogationis
(Fabricius) (Schaffner and Griswold), Smerinthus geminatus (Say)
(Schaffner and Griswold). Records questionably referred here:
Gretchena bolliana (Slingerland) (Gill), Anomis erosa Hiibner
(Bottimer), /2/atima monotaeniella (Bottimer).

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of the male type
reared from Vanessa cardui; the male type of the var. proserpina
Williston, reared from Lrynnis brizo; the female reared from
[sturgia truncataria and erroneously selected by Aldrich and Webber
as the type of boarmiae Coquillett; 401 reared specimens bearing
Gypsy Moth Laboratory numbers; one female reared from Cingilia
catenaria (Dimmock No. 934); one female reared from larva on
Comptonia peregrina (Linnaeus) Coulter (Myrica asplenifolia
Linnaeus) (Dimmock No. 992); one female reared from oakworm
(Scammell) ; one male and one female reared from Hnnomos sub-
signarius (Knull); 2 females reared from gelechiid webber on wil-
low (Brower) ; one male, Center Harbor, N. H. (Dyar; reared from
Acrobasis convptoniella) ; collected specimens, five males and eight
females (Townsend, Mann, Riley, and Dyar).

Concerning the puparia: Greene stated that in his specimen of
Exorista boarmiae the second spiracular entrance from the bottom
is rather long. In the Zenillia blanda puparia studied in 1930, this
entrance did not seem to be constantly longer than the one immedi-
ately above it; the spiracular entrances were simpler and less con-
voluted.

Adults, June to October; number per host, usually one; genera-
tions, one or two; hibernation, as larva in host pupa. An interesting
observation that indicated the limiting factor controlling the number
of generations per year for this species and Zenillia virilis was as
follows: If parasitic on hosts producing adults the same season,
the parasites completed their development that season; but if para-

bo

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 1

sitic on hosts that pass the winter in the pupal stage and emerge the
following spring or summer, the flies did not emerge until the fol-
lowing spring.

10. ZENILLIA TUCUMANENSIS, new species

This species is similar to Zendéllia blanda, but the characters given
in the key, frontal orbit brassy or golden and fourth segment golden
pollinose, will serve to separate it readily. The ratio of the front
of the male at the narrowest point in relation to the head width is
greater than in blanda (0.21-0.23) or boarmiae (0.20-0.22) ; this is not
so noticeable in the females.

Male (type)—Head with front at narrowest 0.26 head width;
frontal row of six bristles, extending from on a level with base of
third antennal segment to two reclinate preverticals; facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-sixth; gena one-seventh eye height; frontal
orbit brassy or golden-pollinose; antenna black, third segment four
and one-half times second. Abdomen with fourth segment golden
pollinose contrasting with gray of other segments.

Female (allotype)—Front 0.28 head width; five frontal bristles ;
third segment of the antenna three and three-fourths times second.
Otherwise the description is the same as for the male.

The paratype material varies as follows from the descriptions
above: Female with frent 0.28 to 0.30; male and female with five or
six frontal bristles; third antennal segment in male four and one-
fourth to four and one-half, in female three and one-half to three
and three-fourths, times second.

Type locality —Tucuman, Argentina.

Type—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54134.

Host—Unknown.

Remarks.—The description is based on an examination of the type,
allotype, two male paratypes, and three female paratypes reared from
an unknown host, Tucuman, Argentina, Est. Exp. A. C. No. 310
(Rust). The material issued from April 12-30, 1917.

The bottom spiracular entrances of the stigmal plates of the pu-
paria are a little more convoluted than in blanda.

11. ZENILLIA BOARMIAE (Coquiliett), new combination

Exorisia boarmiae Coqutttett, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 95,
1897.— CHITTENDEN, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bull. 66, p. 26, 1910.—SHER-
MAN, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 13, p. 295, 1920.—Brimrry, Ent. News, vol. 33,
p. 22, 1922.—Greeng, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 60, art. 10, p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 25
(puparium), 1922.—Letsy, North Carolina Dept. Agr. Bull., Feb. 1925, p. 9.—
SELLERS, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 23, pp. 569-576, 1930.

Exorista hypenae Coquillett MS., Howarp, U, S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent., Bull. 7,
n. S. p. 47, 1897.—HaAwtey, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat., Mem. 15, p. 196,
1918.

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

Eusisyropa boarmiae (Coquillett) TowNsEenD, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 51,
No. 2, p. 98, 1908.

Zenillia blanda blanda (Osten Sacken) AtpRicH and WEBBER (partim), Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 638, art. 17, pp. 87-40, 1924.

Exorista blanda of Hiri (nee Osten Sacken), U. 8. Dept. Agr. Dept., Bull.
1336, pp. 17, 18, 1925.

Zenillia blanda of Essta (nee Osten Sacken), Insects of western North Amer-
ica, p. 581, 1926.

Coquillett placed the type label of Lworista boarmeae on the speci-
men labeled “No. 468 L? Nov. 14, 82.” When Townsend discussed
the genus Husisyropa in 1908, his designation of this specimen as
being the type makes it in any case the lectotype of Goarmiae. In
1924 Aldrich and Webber wrote, “(This specimen was erroneously
labeled as type of boarmiae, but was not originally included).”
Coquillett originally included four males and three females, and
Aldrich and Webber did not present any evidence to prove that the
above labeled female reared from Alabama argillacea (Hiibner) was
not one of the three original females. They changed the type label
to a specimen that had been reared from Jsturgia trucataria
(Walker) saying “Coquillett (Revis., p. 18), erroneously gives the
host as Boarmiae pampinaria, from which he named the supposed
new species boarmiae. Obviously this specimen shou!d be the type
of boarmiae, and we have so labeled it.” The female which they
labeled as the type of Hworista boarmiae is Zemlha bianda Osten
Sacken. Under any circumstances the transfer of the type label to
this specimen is untenable. Similar instances indicate that Coquillett
based his names not necessarily on the host rearing from which he
selected the type specimen, but on the name of the host from which
his records indicated that it was first reared.

Type locality. —Mississippi.

Distribution.—Mississippi 1, Arkansas 1, Florida 2. Published
and unpublished records not duplicated above. North Carolina
(Brimley, Leiby), District of Columbia (Coquillett), Texas (Ald-
rich’s notes). Coquillett’s record of Boston, Mass., refers to Zenillia
blanda.

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 3591.

Hosts— Alabama argillacea (Hiibner) 1, Lypena humudli (Harris)
1, Lowostege similalis Guénée, Plathypena scabra (Fabricius) 1,
Dichogama redtenbacheri Lederer 8, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) 1.
Published records probably not duplicated above: Plathypena scabra
(Fabricius) (Chittenden, Sherman, Hill). Records questionably re-
ferred here: Acrobasis juglandis (Le Baron) (Brimley) ; green clover
worm pupae (Brimley) ; Acrobasis sp. (Fabis) (Aldrich’s notes).

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of the temale type
reared from Alabama argillacea; two males reared from Lowostege

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 23

similalis, one of which has a paratype label (Avera, 439 L°7); one
male reared from Hypena humuli, No. 185° (Exorista hypenae
Coquillett Ms.) ; one female 359° Form a, June 1, 1875; one female
reared from Z. textor, 78°*, April 19, 1887; one female reared from
Plathypena scabra, U.S. D. A. Ent. No. 38; two males and one female
reared from Dichogama redtenbacheri, L® (Dyar); one male and
one female, Gainesville, Fla. (J. R. W.).

The puparium has been featured by Greene. The differences from
Zenillia blanda were discussed under blanda.

12. ZENILLIA AUTOGRAPHAKE, new species

Zenillia blanda blanda (Osten Sacken) ALpricH and Wesser (partim), Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 68, art. 17, p. 837-40, 1924,

This species is similar to Zenillia boarmiae, but it is distinctively
yellower. The male genitalia are the same as in Zenillia blanda
but with the tip of the inner forceps straight instead of bent at an
obtuse angle.

Male (type).—Head with front at narrowest 0.21 of head width;
frontal row of seven bristles, extending from on a level with base of
third antennal segment to two reclinate preverticais; facial ridge
bristly on the lowest one-fifth; gena one-eighth eye height; frontal
orbit silvery white; antenna black with first and second segments
yellow, third joint four times second; arista thickened on basal one-
fourth, penultimate segment short; palpus yellow.

Thorax black, heavy gray-pollinose marked with four mesonotal
vittae; midtibia with one median anterolateral bristie, no inner ven-
tral bristle; hind tibia ciliate, with one longer bristle.

Abdomen heavy gray pollinose; discal and marginal macrochaetae
arranged as in blanda.

Female (allotype).—Front 0.25 head width; six frontal bristles;
third segment of antenna three and three-fourths times second.
Otherwise the description is the same as for the male.

One female paratype has two median anterolateral bristles on the
midtibia.

Type locality —Baragua, Cuba.

Distribution.—Cuba 38,

Lype.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54135.

Host—Autographa brassicae (Riley) 2. This was previously re-
ported by Aldrich and Webber as a host of Zenillia blanda blanda
Osten Sacken,

Remarks.—Material examined consisted of type T. P. R. F. Ent.
No, 3657D reared from T. P. R. F. 3469, Baragué, Cuba, September
20, 1929 (Scaramuzza) ; allotype and female paratype, same locality
and data, No. 3657B and No. 3657C; two female paratypes, reared

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

from Autographa brassicae Est. Cent. Agr. de Cuba, No. 8098a, April
22, 1916, Santiago de las Vegas; one female paratype, Baracoa, Cuba,
September 1901 (Busck).

The spiracular entrances of the puparial stigmata are much more
serpentine and convoluted than those of Zenillia blanda.

13. ZENILLIA MARGINATA Aldrich and Webber

Zenillia marginata ALDRICH and WEBBER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, "attei7,
p. 17, 1924.

Head with front of female at narrowest 0.28 head width; frontal
row of seven bristles, if small ones are counted, otherwise four, extend-
ing from on a level with base of third antennal segment to the two
reclinate preverticals; vertical and weak outer vertical bristles; facial
ridge bristly on lowest one-fifth; gena one-sixth eye height, grayish
pruinose with a yellow tinge; frontal orbit and face golden-pollinose,
face slightly less so; antenna black, third segment three times length
of second; arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment
short; palpus yellow.

Thorax black, golden pollinose marked with four mesonotal vittae ;
scutellum yellow, three pairs of marginal scutellars, one pair of discal
scutellars; legs black; midtibia with one medium anterolateral bristle,
one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia ciliate with one longer bristle.

Abdomen black covered with golden pollen ; first segment and apical
margins of segments # and 3 shining black; venter gray pollinose;
first and second segments with a pair and third with a row of marginal
macrochaetae; second and third segments with a pair and fourth with
a row of discal macrochaetae; fourth segment with marginal bristles,

Length 7 mm.

Type locality —Boulder, Colo.

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 25700.

Host.—Unknown.

Remarks.—The type was collected October 13, 1917 (Cockerell). In
life this fly has a splendid golden color.

The female mentioned by Aldrich and Webber as being from Cor-
nelia, Ga., is considered under Zenillia dawsoni, new species.

Aldrich and Webber confused angustifrons Townsend with margin-
ata. Zenillia angustifrons is a distinct species.

14. ZENILLIA FULGORIS, new species

Zenillia ochracea (Van der Wulp) ALpRIcH and WEBBER (partim), Proce. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 16-17, 1924.

Male (type).—Head with front at narrowest 0.30 head width,
frontal row of seven or eight bristles, extending from below base of
third antennal segment to two reclinate preverticals; facial ridges

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 25

bristly on lowest one-fifth; gena one-fifth eye height; frontal orbit
golden, face, gena, and posterior orbit a little less so; antenna black,
first and second segments obscurely rufous, third segment five times
length of second; arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate
segment short; palpus yellow.

Thorax golden-pollinose, marked with four black mesonotal vittae ;
scutellum golden-pollinose, three pairs of marginal scutellars, discal
scutellars if at all noticeable barely distinguishable from surrounding
hairs; midtibia ciliate; wing with three and four bristles at base of
third vein.

Abdomen covered with golden pollen which extends under on to
the venter, the golden pollen much more gleaming than in ochracea,
whose brownish tinge dulls the pollen; first segment shining black,
gray-pollinose on venter; segments 2, 3, and 4 golden-pollinose on
basal two-thirds to three-fourth, the shining black margins of second
and third segments slightly V-shaped; first segment with a pair of
marginal macrochaetae; second segment with a pair of discal and mar-
ginal macrochaetae ; third segment with a pair of discal and a marginal
row of macrochaetae; fourth segment with a discal and a marginal
row of macrochaetae.

Hypopygium brownish black; inner and outer forceps of same
length; outer forceps narrow and straight, and of same width
throughout, with a blunt ending, tapering only slightly toward apex;
outer forceps of ochracea wide, tapering gradually to a point, curving
inward.

Female (allotype)—Front 0.82; frontal bristles six and seven in
number; outer vertical bristle present; two fronto-orbital bristles; third
antennal segment four and one-half times length of second. Two pairs
of marginal scutellars; wing with two and three bristles at base of
third vein. Otherwise the description is much the same as for the
male.

The male paratype has only six frontal bristles; the third vein has
one and two bristles at the base.

Type locality —Hell Canyon, Manzano National Forest, N. Mex.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54136.

Host—Unknown.

Remarks.—The type was collected by Townsend September 18, 1916,
the allotype September 19, 1916, and the male paratype September
12, 1916, at an altitude of 7,200 feet.

15. ZENILLIA TAGLINOI, new species

Female (type).—Head with front at narrowest 0.28 head width;
frontal row of four bristles, extending upward to two reclinate pre-
verticals, first prevertical situated halfway between base of antenna

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

and vertical bristle; outer vertical rather weak; facial ridge bristly on
lowest one-fifth; gena one-fifth eye-height, covered with white hairs,
a row of black bristles along its anterior margin; third segment of
antenna three and one-half to four times second; arista thickened on
basal one-third, penultimate segment short; palpus yellow.

Thorax covered with golden-brownish pollen, marked with four
black mesonotal vittae; scutellum golden brownish pollinose, three
pairs of marginal macrochaetae, one pair of discal scutellars; middle
tibia with one long median anterolateral bristle, one inner ventral
bristle; wing more or less brownish along veins; third vein with three
bristles at base.

Abdomen gray-pollinose underneath on venter, basal three-fourths
of segments 2 and 3, and basal four-fifths of segment 4 golden-polli-
nose, heavily covered with a brilliant green; dorsum of first segments
and apical borders of others shining black; first and second segments
with a pair and the third and fourth with a row of marginal macro-
chaetae; second and third segments with a pair and the fourth with a
row of discal macrochaetae.

Type locality—Tafi Viejo, Tucuman, Argentina.

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 54137.

Host—Unknown.

Remarks—The material examined consisted of one female, Tafi
Viejo, Tucuman, March 14, 1927 (Shannon), labeled “Z'xvorista coerule-
wentris V.d.W.,” “comp. type J.M.A.” This specimen is not Zenéllia
lineata (Van der Wulp) (=F worista coeruleiventris Van der Wulp).

16. ZENILLIA VIRIDIS (Townsend), new combination

Chrysoexorista viridis TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 485, 1915;
Rey. Mus. Paulista, vol. 15, p. 265, 1926; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, pp. 94,
271, 1986.

Townsend’s male allotype of Chrysoexorista viridis, U.S.N.M. No.
19611, is the type and genotype of Chrysophrywe, new genus, tibialis,
new species. Townsend’s angustifrons (Chrysoexorista) is not syn-
onymous with viridis Townsend.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.24 and in female 0.27 the
head width; frontal row of seven bristles, extending from on a level
with the insertion of arista to the two reclinate preverticals; female
with and male without outer vertical bristle; facial ridge bristly on
the lowest one-fifth; gena one-fifth eye height; third segment of an-
tenna in male four times and in female three and one-half times the
second; arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment
short; palpus yellow.

Thorax covered with heavy golden-brown pollen, marked by four
black mesonotal vittae; scutellum heavy golden-brown pollinose, three

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS Di

pairs of marginal scutellars, one pair of discal scutellars; midtibia
with one median anterolateral bristle, male lacking and female with
one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia weakly ciliate with one longer
bristle; wing with two or three bristles at base of third vein.

Abdomen with venter gray-pollinose on segments 1, 2, and 3; basal
three-fourths of segments 2 and 3 and fourth segment almost entirely
golden-brown pollinose; in certain reflections, dorsum of segment 3
of female with one or two green patches; dorsum of first segment,
apical borders of segments 2 and 8, and the tip of segment 4 shining
black; first and second segments with a pair and the third and fourth
with a row of marginal macrochaetae; second and third segments with
a pair and fourth with a row of discal macrochaetae.

Hypopygium brown; inner and outer forceps of the same length;
outer forceps broad and leaf shaped, inner forceps blunt and spoon or
cup shaped, narrowing toward the center and then broadening
apically.

Type locality —Casahuiri San Gaban Canyon, Peru.

Distribution —Peru 2. :

Type—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 19611.

Host.—Unknown.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of the type female,
Casahuiri San Gaban Canyon, mountains of southeastern Peru, 4,500
feet, February 4, 1910 (Townsend); one male R. Charape, Peru,
4,500 feet, September 13, 1911 (Townsend).

The male that Townsend called the allotype does not belong here.
The type female is not abnormal and is very similar to the male
from Peru whose hypopygium has been described above. The chaeto-
taxy and coloration agree, and the two forms should be associated as
the same species.

17. ZENILLIA LINEATA (Van der Wulp), new combination

Mystacella lineata VAN DeR Wotp, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera,
vol. 2, p. 54, 1890.

Exorista coeruleiventris VAN DER WULP, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera,
vol. 2, p. 64, 1890.

Remarks.—The writer had the privilege of examining the type ma-
terial consisting of one male and one female of Mystacella lineata
Van der Wulp and one female of HLworista coeruleiventris Van der
Wulp. The females of both species are the same, which would con-
firm the synonymy.

All three specimens were noted as having four postsutural dorso-
central macrochaetae, whereas the type specimen of Zenillia taglinot,
which Aldrich labeled “Ewzorista coeruleiventris V.A.W.” “comp. type
J.M.A.” has only three postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae.

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

Although the additional notes by the writer are rather incomplete,
Zenillia lineata (Van der Wulp) is a species with four postsutural
dorsocentral macrochaetae that in other respects closely resembles
Z. taglinoi. Van der Wulp’s specimen of coeruleiventris does not
have the brilliant green color that the pollen of the abdomen of
Z. taglinoi has.

18. ZENILLIA FACIALIS, new species

Male (type)—Head with front at narrowest 0.31 head width;
all bristles on head missing, but scars indicating frontal row of eight
bristles, extending from on a level with base of third antennal segment
to two reclinate preverticals; ocellar, vertical, and perhaps weak outer
vertical bristles; parafacial with a few fine hairs on the upper part
which are directed downward; facial ridge apparently bristly on lowest
one-fifth; gena one-fourth eye height; first and second segments of
antenna yellow; third segment black, three times length of second;
arista missing; palpus yellow.

Thorax golden-pollinose marked with at least four black mesonotal
vittae; scutellum golden-pollinose, three pairs of marginal scutellars
and one strong decussate apical pair turned backward, one pair of
discal scutellars; pulvilli elongate, midtibia with one median antero-
lateral bristle, one strong inner ventral bristle; hind tibia unevenly
ciliate; wing with four bristles at base of third vein.

Abdomen black with sides reddish, venter gray-pollinose; basal
three-fourth of segments two and three and basal two-thirds of seg-
ment four yellow-pollinose overlaid with green; dorsum of first seg-
ment and apical margins of other segments shining black; first and
second segments with a pair, and third and fourth with a row of
marginal macrochaetae; discal macrochaetae lacking on second seg-
ment, a pair on third, and a row on fourth.

Hypopygium with outer forceps broad, leaflike, and triangular; of
same length as the inner, which is curved inwardly at the tip.

Length 10 mm.

Type locality.—St. Lucrecia, Veracruz, Mexico.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54188.

Host.——Unknown.

Remarks.—Described from a badly rubbed specimen collected Au-
gust 4, 1923 (KE. G. Smyth). It was removed from Zenillia ochra-
cea material, but it is a decidedly distinctive species.

An additional male in excellent condition was found in the collection
after the above-described male had been cataloged as the type specimen,
and it has been labeled as the paratype of No. 54138, It has eight
frontal bristles and the facial ridges are bristly on the lowest two-
fifths. Collected at Trujillo, Peru, December 14, 1938 (Jaynes).

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 29

i9. ZENILLIA DAWSONI, new species

Zenillia marginata ALDRICH and WEBBER (partim), Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63,
AVE At Delt, Loot:

Male (type).—Head with front at narrowest 0.27 head width;
frontal row of seven bristles on one side and six on the other, extending
from on a level with base of third antennal segment to the two recli-
nate preverticals; no outer vertical bristle; facial ridge bristly on low-
est one-fifth; gena one-sixth eye height, grayish pruinose with a yellow
tinge; frontal orbit and face dull brown, golden-pollinose, face slightly
less so; antenna black, third segment five times length of second;
arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment short; pal-
pus yellow.

Thorax black, dull golden-pollinose, marked with four mesonotal
vittae; scutellum black, heavily covered with golden pollen; three pairs
cf marginal scutellars and one shorter apical pair erect or proclinate,
one pair of discal scutellars; legs reddish brown; midtibia with one
median anterolateral bristle, inner ventral bristle lacking; hind tibia
ciliate.

Abdomen black covered with dull-brownish-gold pollen; first seg-
ment shining black, narrow apical margins of segments 2 and 8 shining
black, not distinct, tending to blend with pollen; first and second
segments with a pair and third and fourth with a row of marginal
macrochaetae; second and third segments with a pair and fourth with
a row of discal macrochaetae.

Length 8.5 mm.

Female (allotype).—Front at narrowest 0,28 head width; four
frontal bristles; with outer vertical bristle; third segment of antenna
four times the second. Midtibia with inner ventral bristle. Otherwise
the description is much the same as for the male.

There is one female paratype. It has five frontal bristles.

Type and allotype locality—Dawson Camp, Ariz.

Distribution —Arizona 1; New Mexico 2; Georgia 1.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54189.

Hosts —Elopia lactea (Hulst) 1; under Carpocapsa pomonella
(Linnaeus) band 1.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of the type and allotype
collected at Dawson Camp on September 7, 1917 (Townsend) ; one
female paratype collected September 12, 1916, at Hell Canyon, N. Mex.,
elevation 7,200 feet (Townsend) ; one female is from Cornelia, Ga.,
under codling-moth band, August 30, 1921 (Van Leeuwen), the abdo-
men a little less golden; one female reared from LF. lactea September
15, 1923, Lincoln National Forest, N. Mex. (Eldridge).

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

20. ZENILLIA ANGUSTIFRONS (Townsend), new combination
Chrysoexorista viridis angustifrons TOWNSEND, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.
35, p. 21, 1916; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 271, 1936.
Zenillia marginata ALpRICH and WEBBER (partim), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., yol.
63 art. 17, pp. 17-18, 1924.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.29 head width; frontal row
of six bristles, extending from on a level below insertion of arista
to two reclinate preverticals; no outer vertical bristle; facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-sixth; gena one-seventh eye height; antenna
black, second segment obscurely rufous, third segment six times the
length of second; ariste thickened on basal one-third, penultimate
segment short; palpus yellow.

Thorax and scutellum heavy golden-brown pollinose; four meso-
notal vittae; three pairs of marginal scutellars and one weak decussate
xpical pair, one pair of discal scutellars; legs reddish brown; mid-
tibia with one median anterolateral bristle, one very weak inner
ventral bristle; hind tibia ciliate, with one longer bristle; wing with
two to three bristles at base of third vein.

Abdomen black covered with goiden-pollinose, some specimens
flecked with green; first segment, apical one-fourth to one-third of
segments 2 and 3, and tip of fourth segment shining black; venter
gray-pollinose; first and second segments with a pair and third and
fourth with a row of marginal macrochaetae; second and third seg-
ments with a pair and fourth with a row of discal macrochaetae.

Hypopygium, inner and outer forceps of about the same width and
length, narrow, tapering slightly, slightly concave.

Paratype locality.—Nova Chapada, Brazil.

Distribution. —Brazil 1, Bolivia 1.

Paratype.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 20018.

Host.—Unknown.

Remarks.—Description based on one male paratype (Williston) ;
one male labeled same as paratype; and seven males Rurrenabaque
Beni, Bolivia, 1921-22 (Mann).

21. ZENILLIA OCHRACEA (Van der Wulp)

Egorista ochracea VAN DER Wutp, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera, vol. 2,
p. 63, 1890.—Van LEEUWEN, U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn. Bull. 90, p. 78, 1929.
Chryomasicera borealis TOWNSEND, Journ. New York Ent. Soec., vol. 23, pp.

230-231, 1915; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 112, 1936.
Zenillia ochracea (Van der Wulp) AtpricH and WEsBER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 16-17, 1924.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.28 and of female 0.31 of
head width; frontal row of eight bristles in male and six or seven in
female, extending from on a level below insertion of arista to two
reclinate preverticals in male and one in female; female only with

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 31

outer vertical bristle; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fifth to one-
fourth; gena one-fourth to one-third eye height; antenna black, third
segment in male four and one-half to five and in female three times
the second; arista thickened on basal two-fifths, penultimate segment
short; palpus yellow.

Thorax dull golden-pollinose; four mesonotal vittae; scutellum
yellowish with three pairs of marginal scutellars and one decussate
apical pair turned backward, one pair of discal scutellars; legs reddish
brown or black; midtibia with one median anterolateral bristle, fe-
male with one shorter bristle above cn anterolateral side, one inner
ventral bristle; hind tibia ciltate.

Abdomen golden-pollinose with a brownish tinge; first segment,
apical one-fourth to one-third of segments 2 and 3, and vitta on sec-
ond segment, black; apical border of pollen slightly V-shaped inward,
making a broad obtuse angle; first and second segments with a pair
and third and fourth with a row of marginal macrochaetae; second
and third segments with a pair and fourth with a row of discal
macrochaetae.

Hypopygium, inner and outer forceps of same length, outer for-
ceps wide, tapering gradually to a point, curving inward.

Type localities—Mexico and New Mexico.

Distribution.—Mexico 7, Costa Rica 1, New Mexico 1.

Type—tType series of Hwxorista ochracea, British Museum.
Chrysomasicera borealis, male, U.S.N.M. No. 19613.

Host.—Unknown.

Remarks.—Description based on an examination of the following
material: Type male of Chrysomasicera borealis labeled “Top of Las
Vegas Range, N. Mex., June 28. In life brilliant golden shot with
green”; one female, Las Vegas, N. Mex., August 4 (Barber) ; one male,
Atzcapotzaltongo, Mexico, August 31, 1922 (Smith) ; and one female,
Mexico City, Mexico (Muller). Dr. Aldrich examined the type ma-
terial of ochracea in the British Museum, and he was of the opinion
that borealis is a synonym of ochracea.

The writer had the privilege of examining the type series of
Eworista ochracea. This series is a composite mixture of species, some
specimens of which resemble borealis,

2. Genus PHRYXE Robineau-Desvoidy

Phryxve Rostneau-Desvoipy, Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France, vol. 2, p. 158, 1830;
Histoire naturelle des diptéres des environs de Paris, vol. 1, p. 329 [on
page 358 (P. athaliae Robineau-Desvoidy) =Tachina vulgaris Fallen], 1863.—
CoQqurmLeTT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 589, 1910.—TowNsENpD, Manual
of myiology, pt. 4, pp. 220-221, 224-226, 272, 280, 1936. (Genotype, (P.
athaliae) =Tachina vulgaris Fallen. By designation of Robineau-Desyoidy,
1863, in synonymy. )

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Blepharidea RoNDANI, Dipterologiae italicae prodromus, vol. 1, p. 67, 1856.
(Genotype, Tachina vulgaris Fallen. Monotypic.)

Ezorista of CoQUILLETT (nec Meigen), partim, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech.
Bull. 7, p. 93, 1897.

Zenillia of AtpricH and Wesper (nec. Robineau-Desvoidy), partim, Proc. U. 8S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 26-28, 1924.

Plagiophryxe TowNsEND, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 14, p. 33, 1926.
(Genotype, P. pecosensis Townsend. By original designation.)

This genus is small and compact with only two species known to occur
in the Nearctic realm. One species is Palearctic and the other
Nearctic. The various Palearctic concepts of the Phryxe complex have
yet to be reconciled. Although the generic characters usually cited
by previous revisers are weak, the genus Phrywe (s. s.) is fairly well
agreed upon. Aldrich and Webber’s concept of Piryve is not tenable.
Phryze is closely related to the genera Madremyia and Thelymyia.
The main difference between Phryxe and Madremyia is that in the
latter the facial ridges are bristly above the middle and the second
vegment of the arista is more elongated. Townsend places Phrywxe in
the tribe Lydellini and Afadremyia in the tribe Frontinini.

The front at the vertex or narrowest part is more than one-third the
head width, often being two-fifths. This character, coupled with the
sexual characters that the front of the male is equal to the front of
the female and that the claws and pulvilli are small in both sexes,
serves to separate the genera Phrywve and Thelymyia from the other
genera. Phrywe is separated from Thelymyia by apical scutellars
erect or proclinate, decussate; palpus black; four dorsocentral
macrochaetae; male without frontal orbital bristle.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHRYXE *®

1. Species definitely pollinose; thorax grayish pruinose with decided bluish
tinge (especially noticeable if viewed without use of artificial light), five
definite mesonotal vittae discernible behind suture, median one obsolete
before suture: abdomen gray-pruinose with bluish tinge, narrow and
fairly well defined hind margins on segments 2, 3, and 4 and median
dorsal vitta shining black, the heavy pollen (silverly in artificial light)
broadly present and pronounced on median dorsal region of segments 2,
3, and 4 in the various lights. Palpus varying from usual pale or yellowish
brown to brownish black; midtibia with usually two long easily noted
median anterolateral bristles, usually only one above longest middle bristle;
one long and one very short inner ventral bristle on midtihia; hind tibia
exhibiting some tendency to be subciliate; sides of male and female
abdomens distinctly reds === 32 eee 1. vulgaris (Fallen) (p. 33)

Species less definitely or more thinly pollinose, subshining black; thorax so
thinly grayish pruinose with a bluish tinge that mesonotal vittae are not

13Qne must experiment with holding the specimens in various positions in the light so
that the pollen or pruinosity pattern is symmetrical ; otherwise this characteristic will not
be of much value. Pollen patterns have a sound value, but they are deceptive and difficult
to use.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 33

or are only with the greatest of difficulty discernible behind suture, and
the four vittae before suture can be seen with difficulty; abdomen less
definitely primrose, broad and poorly defined hind margins on segments 2, 38,
and 4 and an indistinct median dorsal vitta shining black, the heavy pollen
confined mostly to sides of abdomen and to a narrow basal margin or
entirely absent in median dorsal area of segments 2, 3, ard 4 in various
lights. Palpus brownish black to black; midtibia msore bristly, especially
in female, with three or more easily noted median anterolrteral bristles,
usually two bristles above longest middle one; midtibia with one long
and one shorter inner ventral bristle, the shorter one often approaching
or in vicinity of half the length of the longer; hind tibia with uneven
bristles; sometimes fourth segment almost wholly shining black; sides
of female abdomen black or only slightly red

2. pecosensis (Townsend) (p. 85)

1. PHRYXE VULGARIS (Fallen) (genotype)

The complete synonymy is so voluminous that considerable of the
early portion is not cited. For a more complete record the reader
is referred to Bezzi and Stein, Coquillett, Aldrich and Webber, Lund-
beck, and ‘Townsend.

Tachina vulgaris FALLEN, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 31, p. 275, 1810.
Phrye athaliae and 21 other species, RopiInEAU-Desvoiwy, Mém, Acad, Sci, Inst.
France, vol. 2, pp. 159-170, 1830. (Synonymy, Bezzi and Stein, 1907.)
Blepharidea vulgaris (Fallen) Ronpani, Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus, vol.
J, p. 67, 1856—Howarp and Fisker, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. 91,

pp. 91, 186, 804, 1911.

Phryze vulgaris (Fallen) RoprngAu-Desvoipy, Histoire naturelle des diptéres
des environs de Paris, vol. 1, pp. 329-458 (more than 200 additional names
with “descriptions”), 1863.—Brzzt and SrEetn, Katalog der paliarktischen
Dipteren, vol. 3 (these authors placed at least 245 of Robineau-Desvoidy’s
names under Phryzre vulgaris), 1907.—CoQqurmtetTt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 37, p. 589, 1910.—LuUNDBECK, Diptera Danica, pt. 7, p. 3384, 1927.—
TOWNSEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, pp. 224-226, 1936.

Exorista hirsuta OsTEN SacKEN, Can. Ent., vol. 19, p. 1638, 1887—WILLISToN,
Scudder’s Butterflies of Eastern United States and Canada, vol. 3, p. 1919,
pl. 89, figs. 13-15, 1889.—TownsENnp, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 226, 1936.

Exorista vulgaris (Fallen) Coquttiett, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull.
7, p. 93, 1897.— CHITTENDEN, U. S. Dept Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 1461, 1926.

Zenillia vulgaris (Fallen) ALDRICH and Wesser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63,
art. 17, pp. 26-28, 1924—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196,
1925; Biological Survey of Mount Desert region, The insect fauna, pt. 1,
p. 201, 1927—Essic, Insects of western North America, p. 581, 1926—
West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—ScHAFFNER and
GRISWOLD, U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 188, p. 113, 1934.

Townsend considers Phryxe hirsuta (Osten Sacken) to be distinct
from P. vulgaris and P. pecosensis, but closer to vulgaris. Townsend
does not cite the differences, but this may be because Townsend be-
lieves that vulgaris does not occur in North America.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.39 to 0.40 (in five specimens)
and front of female 0.38 to 0.40 (in five specimens) of head width; red-

477396423

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

dish brown frontalia at least one-third width of front; frontal row of
seven to nine bristles in male, six to eight in female, plus two reclinate
upper frontals, often three in male, extending down below level of
insertion of arista; in European males it has been noted there is a
tendency toward some strong bristles outside the frontal row (this
observation serves further to decrease the generic differences between
Phryxe and Madremyia) ; female with two proclinate fronto-orbital
bristles; both sexes with outer vertical bristle; facial ridge bristly on
lowest one-third to halfway; gena one-fourth eye height; frontal orbit
silvery gray, slightly more blackish toward vertex, face and parafacial
silvery white, gena silvery gray; antenna black, third segment in male
nearly four times and in female nearly three times as long as the second
segment; arista thickened on at least basal half, penultimate segment
elongate, at least longer than broad; palpus varying from pale or yel-
lowish brown to brownish black (the former are more apt to be those
specimens from Pieris rapae; the palpi of the European specimens are
uniformly darker than those of the American specimens).

Thorax black; scutellum bluish-gray pollinose, black at base, broad
apex usually and tip always yellow, three long pairs of marginal scutel-
lars and a shorter erect or proclinate decussate apical pair, one pair of
discal scutellars; three sternopleural macrochaetae; front tibia with
two bristles on median posterolateral side; wing a little tinged, third
vein with two or three bristles at base; squamulae whitish.

Abdomen fairly well covered with pollen; abdominal hairs erect
in male, some approaching macrochaetae in size in discal region, hairs
suberect in female; second segment with a pair of discal and marginal
macrochaetae; third with a pair of discals and a marginal row; fourth
segment tipped with bristles and Jong fine hairs instead of macro-
chaetae, discals seeming to be irregularly placed and sometimes to fol-
low roughly a row; sides of abdomen in male and usually only second
abdominal segment in female with a somewhat variable red spot.

Length 7-9 mm. On the average this species is slightly larger than
Phryxe pecosensis.

Distribution —Europe, extending to middle Sweden in the north;
Maine 7, New Hampshire 3, Massachusetts 25, Connecticut 1, Rhode
Island 8, New Jersey 1, Washington 1, British Columbia 1. In this
case it is difficult to assign much value to published records without an
examination of the material involved, or unless the host is mentioned.
New York may be included here, but it is considered that many of the
other published records involve material of Phryxe pecosensis.

Hosts.—Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) 127, Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus)
1, Hvergestis straminalis (Hitbner) 1. Only Pieris rapae of Schaff-
ner and Griswold’s list belongs here. The recorded and published
European host list is a long and extensive one. Howard and Fiske

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 39

record rearing Phrywe (Blepharidea) vulgaris from Europe-collected
Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Donovan). Osten Sacken records the type
specimen of Aérsuta from Pieris rapae (Lintner). Williston records
rearing hirsuta from P. rapae.

Remarks.—The description is based on an examination of 129 reared
specimens recorded above bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note num-
bers; 8 collected specimens (Dyar, Townsend, Baker); 5 male
and 5 female European specimens determined by Bezzi, Brunetti, and
Brauer and Bergenstamm; and an indefinite number of European
specimens.

Baer states that Phryxe vulgaris deposits banana-shaped eggs on the
host that are ready to hatch (Pantel’s group 6). Townsend records that
“females of the Phrywe group deposit their maggots in choria on the
host.” Lundbeck places P, vulgaris in Pantel’s group 6, “ovoviviparous
species depositing on the skin of the host.” Adults, May to October;
number per host, one, occasionally several; generations, two or more;
hibernation, as larva in the host.

2. PHRYXE PECOSENSIS (Townsend)

(?) Evorista hirsuta Osten Sacken, TowNseNnD, Psyche, vol. 6, p. 467, 1893.

Eezorista vulgaris (Fallen) CoQuiLLerr (partim), U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech.
Bull. 7, p. 93, 1897.

Exorista vulgaris of authors (nee Fallen) Toruiy, Can. Ent., vol. 45, p. 71, 1913.—
Regan, Montana Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 154, p. 58, 1928.

Zenillia vulgaris (Fallen) ALDRICH and WEBBER (partim), Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 26-28, 1924—JoHNson (partim), List of New England
Diptera, p. 196, 1925.—EHssia (partim), Insects of western North America,
p. 581, 1926.—West (partim), Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814,
1928.—SCHAFFNER aud GRISWOLD (partim), U. S. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ. 188,
Deis, 1934:

Plagiophryxe pecosensis TOWNSEND, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 14, p. 33,
1926; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, pp. 225-226, 1936.—ALprRIcH, Bull. Brooklyn
Ent. Soe., vol. 22, p. 24, 1927.

In 1927 Aldrich considered Plagiophryxe pecosensis Townsend a
synonym of Zendlia vulgaris (Wallen) from Townsend’s description.
Later unpublished notes by Aldrich indicate that Townsend, when on
a visit to the National Museum, synonymized Plagiophryxe with
Phryze.

Townsend’s description of Plagiophrywe pecosensis adequately char-
acterizes this species.

The recognition of pecosensis goes a long way toward reducing
the confusion that previously existed concerning the real identity of
Phryxe vulgaris in North America. The writer has noticed that in
many Palearctic and Nearctie species considered by specialists to be
Holarctic in their distribution and morphologically inseparable there
are eventually discovered small differences that serve to keep their

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

identities separate. This indicates a common origin of these species
that have been separated by geographical barriers for a sufficient
jength of time to be differentiated by small morphological characters,
differences in biology, and host preferences. These individual pe-
culiarities are maintained even when the forms are brought together
in the same habitat either by artificial or other means of dissemina-
tion. P. vulgaris and P. pecosensis are examples of this. Several
others will be cited in this paper. P. vulgaris apparently accom-
panied Pieris rapae in its spread to the Nearctic realm, whereas P.
pecosensis is a Nearctic species.

Townsend published a good description of the species. A few of
the minor differences from vulgaris that this latest study indicates
are noted: A blacker, distinctly more subshining species. Head with
front of male at narrowest 0.35 to 0.38 (in five specimens) and front
of female 0.37 to 0.88 (in five specimens) of head width; frontal
bristles exhibiting a tendency to be fewer in number than in vwgaris,
but there is no clear-cut demarcation, usually only two reclinate up-
per frontals (prevertical bristles) ; facial ridge bristly on lower one-
half to two-fifths; antenna black, third segment in male four times or
shghtly more and in female nearly three times as long as second
segment; arista thickened on basal half, penultimate joint elongate;
palpus usually black, varying to brownish black.

Thorax black, subshining; when held at the same angle and in a
more or less upright position in which the mesonotal vittae of vwl-
garis behind the suture are easily seen, the mesonotal vittae of peco-
sensis are not visible.

Sides of second abdominal segment in male reddish and in female
usually black or only slightly red.

Length 7-9 mm. On the average this species is slightly smaller
than Phryve vulgaris.

Ty pe locality.—Pecos National Forest, N. Mex.

Distribution—Maine 2, New Hampshire 8, Vermont 5, Massa-
chusetts 11, New York 5, Montana 2, Idaho 2, California 1, Wash-
ington 1, British Columbia 1. Published records: Quebec, several
places (Tothill) ; New Brunswick (Squires); and Illinois (Forbes).
There exist additional doubtful records that can be confirmed only
from an examination of the specimens involved. Essig’s record
probably refers to the specimens listed above under Idaho and
Washington.

Hosts —LErannis tiliaria (Harris) 56, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch)
15, Ennomos subsignarius (Hiibner) 6, Cirphis unipuncta (Haworth)
4, Cingilia catenaria (Drury) 3, lepidopterous pupa 3, Danaus plex-
ippus (Linnaeus) 2, unidentified noctuid 2, Archips argyrospila

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 37

(Walker) 2, Archips infumatana (Zeller) 1, Alsophila pometaria
(Harris) 1, Graptolitha antennata (Walker) 1, Hemileuca mata
(Drury) or H. lucina Henry Edwards 1. Except for Pieris rapae
(Linnaeus), Schaffner and Griswold’s list of Zendllia vulgaris (com-
plex) hosts all refer to Phrywe pecosensis. Recorded as P. vulgaris
records, but considered by the author to be probably P. pecosensés
records: Archips fumiferana (Clemens) (Tothill, Johnson, Essig),
Synclora rubrifrontaria Packard (Schaffner and Griswold), Vephe-
lodes emmedonia (Cramer) (Squires, Aldrich notes as vulgaris),
Pyrausta penitalis (Grote) (Forbes, questionable, as Townsend de-
termined it as hirsuta). Essig’s record of C. unipuncta most proba-
bly refers to P. pecosensis. It is possible that Tothill’s record of
Archips fumiferana should be referred to Aplomya caesar (Aldrich)
instead of to P. pecosensis.

Remarks—The description is based on 96 reared specimens re-
corded above bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers; 1 male
ex Archips argyrospila (Walker) (Regan); and 27 males and 19
females collected in various places by Townsend, Aldrich, Morrison,
Riley, Currie, and Caudell.

Regan indicates that the larva leaves the host pupa when ready
to pupate. Adults, May to October; number per host, one, occasion-
ally several; generations, two or more; hibernation, as larva in the

host.
3. Genus CARCELIA Robineau-Desvoidy

Carcelia Ropinson-DEsvowy, Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France, vol. 2, p. 176, 1830;
Histoire naturelle des diptéres des environs de Paris, vol. 1, p. 220, 1863.
—CoquimrtteTt, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 518, 1910.—VILLENEUVE,
Feuille Jeun. Nat., Ser. 5, vol. 42, p. 90, 1912.—Baranorr, Institut fiir
Hygiene und Schule fiir Volkesgesundheit, Zagreb, Arb. parasit. Abt. 3,
1931; Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc., vol. 82, pp. 387-408, 1934.—TownsenD. Manual
of Myiology, pt. 4, p. 209, 1986. (Genotype, Carcelia bombylans Robineau-
Desyoidy. By designation of Coquillett 1910 in synonymy.)

Senometopia Macquart, Mém. Soe. Sci. Lille, p. 296, 1883 —TowNnsEND, Manual
of myiology, pt. 4, p. 210, 1936. (Genotype, Tachina excisa. By designation
of Townsend.)

Stenometopia Macquart, AGassiz, Nomenclatoris zoologicis index universalis,
pp. 388, 351, 1846.

Chetoliga RonvDAnt, Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus, vol 1, p. 66, 1856.—
TOWNSEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, pp. 278, 284, 1936. (Genotype,
Tachina gnava Meigen. Monotypic 1856.)

Chetolyga RONDANI, Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus, vol. 3, p. 93, 1859.

Chaetolyga Rondani, ScuppeR, Nomenclator zoologicus, Supplement List, p. 66,
1882.

Paraexorista Braver and BrercENsTAMM, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.
nat. K1., vol. 56, p. 87, 1889.—TowNsENp, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, pp.
210, 285, 1936. (Genotype, Ezorisia cheloniae Rondani. Monotypic example ;
Brauer and Bergenstamm 1889.)

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

Parexorista Braver and BrERGENSTAMM, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-
nat. Kl., vol. 56, p. 161, 1889.—BaRranorr, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc., vol. 82,
pp. 3887-408, 19384.

Sisyropa Braver and BERGENSTAMM (partim), Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
math.-nat. KL. vol. 58, p. 344, 1891.

Exorista of CoguItLert (nec Meigen), partim, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Tech. Bull. 7, p. 91, 1897.

Zenillia of ALpRICH and Wessrr (nec Robineau-Desvoidy), partim, Proce. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, p. 7, 1924.

Senezorista TOWNSEND, Supplementa entomologica, No. 16, p. 63, 1927.—BaARran-
orF, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. vol. 82, p. 404, 1934. (Genotype, S. suwmatrana
Townsend. By original designation. )

Eucarcelia BAaRranorr, Trans. Koy. Ent. Soc., vol. 82, p. 893, 19384. (Genotype,
Tachina excisa Fallen. By original designation.) (New synonymy.)
Oxexorista TOWNSEND (partim), Manual! of myiology, pt. 4, pp. 206-207, 209-212,

1936. (New synonymy.)

The customary procedure has been to accept Tachina gnava Meigen
(=Carcelia bombylans Robineau-Desvoidy) as the genotype. In
1912 Villeneuve separated (, bombylans and C. gnava as two distinct
species, and at the same time he indicated that gnava of Macquart
(nec Meigen) =d0mbylans. Stein disagreed with Villeneuve and
again synonymized the two forms. ‘Townsend considers the two spe-
cies to be synonymous. By further study the two species gnava and
bombylans have been definitely separated, which confirms Ville-
neuve’s disposition of the two species. Carcelia bombylans Robineau-
Desvoidy, an included species, must be accepted as the genotype.
The issue is complicated further by a third species (numerous speci-
mens reared from Dasychira pudibunda (Linnaeus) and one specimen
from Orgyia gonostigma (Fabricius) in the gnava complex which
has been placed in the so-called bombylans group, but in most char-
acteristics it more closely approximates the species gnava). This
third species is Carcelia rasa Macquart (=amphion Rebineau-Des-
voidy) (=angusta Brauer and Bergenstamm). Its relationship
with Carcelia bombylans remains to be settled by comparison with
the type, using our present-day conception of what constitute specific
characters in the genus Carcelia. This does not invalidate the ac-
ceptance of bombylans as the genotype.

Baranoff, using Townsend in part, has divided the genus Carcelia
for the Palearctic and Oriental realms into 15 genera, He recognized
3 genera [Huryclea Rondani (=Plematomyia Brauer and Bergen-
stamm), Zsocarcelia Villeneuve, and 7'ricarcelia Baranofi] as being
peculiar to the Palearctic species, 9 genera [Catacarcelia 'Townsend,
Myzxocarcelia Baranoff, Carceliella Baranoft, Locarcelia Townsend
(=Locarceliopsis Townsend), Microcarcelia Baranofl, Zygocarcelia
Townsend, Carccliopsis Townsend, Jsocarceliopsis Baranoff, and
Asiocarcelia Baranoft| for the Oriental species, and 3 genera [Car-

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 39

celia Robineau-Desvoidy, Parevorista Brauer and Bergenstamm
(=Senexorista Townsend), and (Kucarcelia Baranoft)—= Seno-
metopia Macquart sensu Townsend] as being applicable to both
realms. As the writer is impressed by the close resemblance of
some of the species of the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, the prob-
able value of the Palearctic genera T'ricarcelia, Senometopia, Carcelia,
Paraexorista, Euryclea, and Isocarelia should be considered, ‘To
apply Baranofl’s table beyond Tricarcelia, Carcelia amplewa with
its variable characters of three or four dorsocentral macrochaetae,
inner ventral bristle of the midtibia weak or wanting, and with or
without discal macrochaetae, would cause considerable trouble with
the proposed classification. After the division made on the absence
or presence of an inner ventral bristle on the midtibia, the main sub-
divisions of the classification are based on male characters later re-
verting to female characters to establish the validity of the genera
(Pelmatomyia)=Euryclea and Isocercelia. It is a doubtful pro-
cedure to recognize genera established on sexual characters only, and
ic is the writer’s opinion that Huryclea and [socarcelia should not be
given even subgeneric recognition. In (Hucarcelia)=Senometopia
with the hind coxa without small bristles behind at the apex, the
abdomen may be with or without discal macrochaetae; while in the
alternative bracket with the hind coxa with small bristles behind at
the apex, the classification is divided into Carcelia without discal
macrochaetae and Pareworista with discal macrochaetae.

Apparently Baranoff’s restricted genera utilized in h’s treatment
of the Carcelia complex were not available in time for incorporation
in Townsend’s Manual of Myiology. Townsend places his genera
concerned in three different tribes. Townsend’s designation of Car-
celia laxifrons Villeneuve as the genotype of Paraexorista cannot be
accepted, as Haxorista cheloniae Rondani was the monotypic example
when Brauer and Bergenstamm proposed the genus Paraeworisia.

The Palearctic concepts of the genus Carcelia are fairly well agreed
upon. Nearly everyone has accepted Viileneuve’s idea cf the genus
that it forms a natural group. The accepted disposition has been
to place all “#zorista” (s. 1.) species having two sternopleural macro-
chaetae and hind tibiae ciliate in this genus. The more pertinent and
diagnostic characters of eye high and jowl or gena linear have not
been given the prominence they deserve. The last-meationed char-
acters have been used in this paper to place the genus Carcelia on a
stronger systematic basis. It has been necessary to broaden the
concepts of the genus to allow for the inclusion of forms Laving three
sternopleural macrochactae. Aldrich and Webber distributed their
species of Carcelia among three of their subgenera; their subgenus
Parexorista is too broad to be usable. Some European authorities

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

consider Carcelia in most respects to be similar to Winthemia. While
I admit a strong systematic relationship, it is doubtful if Carcelia
and Winthemia are as closely related biologically as perhaps Sisyropa
and Winthemia. In the Nearctic realm Carcelia is b‘ologically re-
lated to Gymnocarcelia, genotype ricinorum Townsend, a bare-eyed
species with Carcelia-like characters that has been removed from
Sturmia. Townsend places Carcelia and Gymnocarcelia in the tribe
Carceliini and the genus Winthemia in the tribe Sturmiini.

In a restricted sense the Nearctic species belong to the subgenera
Carcelia and Paraexorista, but the lines of demarcation between the
two genera as previously defined are clearly lacking. The following
treatment is suggested for those workers who prefer or insist on
restricted genera or a definition of species groups:

. formosa, inflatipalpis, lagoae.

. diacrisiae, amplexa, perplera, olenensis, yalensis.
. reclinata (Paraexorista).

. malacosomae, laxifrons, protuberans,

. flavirostris.

. gnava (Chetoliga).

. separata (Senometopia).

AD oR © DH

The combination of groups 1 and 2 equals Townsend’s concepts of
Oxexorista. The combination of groups 3 and 4 equals the previous
concept of Paraexorista. The recognition of Chetoliga would be
dependent upon dividing Carcelia (s. s.) into a gnava group and a
bombylans group. As no useful taxonomic or bionomic result can
be achieved at this time by carrying out such a program, the genus
Carcelia is retained as proposed.

The oviposition habits of the genus Carcelia should be discussed to
demonstrate its biological unity. Lundbeck states that “gnava and
cheloniae belong to Pantel’s group 10 as characterized by pedunculate
eggs, and the same no doubt holds good for the other species” of
Carcelia. Brown mentions that the eggs of gnava are laid on the ends
of the hairs of the hosts. Townsend describes the eggs of Paraexorista
and Oxexorista as being of the elongate, cylindrical, pedunculate type.
The females of formosa, anvplexa, laxifrons, malacosomae, separata,
rasa, and cheloniae (if not confused with lawifrons or the so-called
“cheloniae” in American literature) all deposit elongate, cylindrical,
pedunculate eggs that are attached either to the hairs of the host or
fastened to the body. @. gnava, which has been much confused with
separata in literature, has a strange and most interesting habit of
projecting its eggs or larvae through the air successfully for a distance
from one-half the length of the body of the adult up to at least one-half
inch. In agreement with Lundbeck, the writer believes that the eggs
of the other species of this group will be of the elongate, cylindrical,
pedunculate type.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 41

Most of the species of Carcelia possess an inner ventral bristle on the
midtibia and small bristly hairs behind at apex of hind coxa. Carcelia
separata lacks both these characters. In a few species there is exhib-
ited a tendency to the lack of an inner ventral bristle to become a sec-
ondary sexual character. Except for @. separata, all the other species
treated in the following key have the hind coxa with small bristly hairs
behind at the apex.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CARCELIA

There are 15 species included in the key, 12 of which are known to
occur in the Nearctic realm and one in the Neotropical realm. As the
Palearctic species Carcelia separata and C. gnava have been released in
the northeastern part of the United States, they are included, but to
date there is no evidence to indicate that they are established. It was
considered that the systematic value of the table would be increased
even if separata and gnava are never recovered in North America; it
will also help to keep the identity of the two species separate in our
literature. The Palearctic species of this group are so similar to many
Nearctic species that much confusion in their identity has arisen.
Sufficient Palearctic material has been examined to place the knowl-
edge of the Nearctic species of Carcelia on a firm basis.

1. Midtibia with one median anterolateral bristle; fore tibia with one or two

median posterolateral bristles____------- ------------------------------ i
Midtibia with two or more median anterolateral bristles; fore tibia with two
median posterolateral bristles_-_---_---------------------------------- 2,

2. Sternopleural macrochaetae two----~---~------------------------------- 4
Sternopleural macrochaetae three__---------------~---------------------- 3

3. Palpus normal and flat; no discal bristles on second and third abdominal
Segments =e eee aaa tS 1. formosa (Aldrich and Webber) (p. 48)
Palpus swollen; small or weak discal bristles on second and third abdom-
inal segments__------------ 2. inflatipalpis (Aldrich and Webber) (p. 45)

4. Diseal bristles or macrochaetae on second and third abdominal segments_-- 5
No discal bristles or macrochaetae on second and third abdominal
OTN CTL Ses eae ee 3. gnava (Meigen) (p. 45)

5, Frontal bristles on parafacial not nearer to facial ridge than to margin of
eye, descending to at least on a level with insertion of arista; facial ridge
usually bristly on more than lowest one-fourth, often ascending to near
middle especially in males; more or less developed discal bristles or macro-
chaetae on second and third abdominal segments, more or less irregularly
arranged; when viewed from behind inner forceps of hypopygium closely
approximated _-____-------_-----------~----------------------------- 6
Frontal bristles on parafacial nearer facial ridge than margin of eye, descend-
ing to at least on a level with base of third antennal joint; facial ridge
usually bristly on lowest one-fourth, sometimes ascending slightly higher in
males; discal bristles on second and third segment approach weak macro-
chaetae in size (usually one pair of weak discal macrochaetae on third
segment) ; when viewed from behind inner forceps of hypopygium widely

SCO EDISEL Ue Cl eee ae ee ee ee 4. reclinata (Aldrich and Webber) (p. 48)

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

6. Front and face silvery-gray pollinose; parafacial bearing usually several
easily discernible hairs on upper side below frontal bristles, these hairs
rarely absent; thorax light brown on sides and black on dorsum; femora
light brown, concolorous with tibiae, and about same color as sides of
thorax; midtibia with one anterolateral bristle about the middle with
one or more above, with usually none below but when present small.

Abdomen, including dorsal shoulders of first segment and hind margins
of second and third segments, covered with gray pollen without sheen;
abdominal vitta obscure and not clearly marked, especially on third
segment when held in a light that does not allow reflection of pollen
to vary on either side; sides of maie abdomen more or less broadly
and distinctly rufous. <A lighter, more brownish form than Carcelia
laxifrons, the gray pollen often mixed with a brownish tinge

5. malacosomae, new species (p. 50)

Abdomen mostly yellow, with a narrow black vitta on dorsum. A lighter,
more yellowish form than Carcelia malacosomae (male only)

6. protuberans (Aldrich and Webber) (p. 54)

Front and face silvery-gray pollinose, with a smoky tinge; parafacial usually
bare on upper side below frontal bristles, when present hairs one or two
in number are smaller, not so- distinctive, and difficult to locate without
aid of higher powers of binocular; thorax black on sides and dorsum;
femora black contrasting with brown tibia, mid-tibia with one antero-
lateral bristle about middle with one or more smaller above, and usually
one below sometimes quite long; hind tibia appearing to be more sub-
ciliate but not distinctly so; abdomen covered with gray pollen, dorsal
shoulders of first segment thinly pollinose, very narrow apical margins
of second and third segments black; abdominal vitta clearly marked or
defined especially on third segment, when held in a light that does not
allow reflection of pollen to vary on either side; sides of male abdomen
blacker, only obscurely rufous on intermediate segments. <A. blacker

EOE Se a es ee 7. laxifrons Villeneuve (p. 54)

7. Front tibia with two median posterolateral bristles; legs never wholly
Bo Ve CR aaa ae te a A Ta RSD see et 11
Front tibia with one median posterolateral bristle____.-_________________ 8
8. Median inner ventral bristle on midtibia present_____-___________________ 9

Median inner ventral bristle on midtibia lacking
8. separata (Rondani) (p. 56)
9. Two sternopleural macrochaetae, legs black_-______--__________________ 10
Three sternopleural macrochaetae____-_____ 9. lagoae (Townsend) (p. 58)
10. Row of discal macrochaetae on fourth segment
10. fiavirostris (Van der Wulp) (p. 60)
No discal macrochaetae, legs wholly black
11. diacrisiae, new species (p. 61)

11. Femora black and tibia brown or yellow, not concolorous_________-_-_-___ 12
Femora and tibia yellow, concolorous______ 12. amplexa (Coquillett) (p. 68)

12, Abdomen reddish yellow on sides; male usuaily with one reclinate upper
frontal bristle and two reclinate prevertical bristles; female with one
pair of marginal macrochaetae on second abdominal segment; male and
female with one strong inner ventral bristle on midtibia, longer than and
situated higher on tibia toward femur than the lower of the two median
posterolateral bristlese == == os eae 18. perplexa, new species (p. 65)

Abdomen predominantly black with reddish-yellow areas on sides in male,
female black but sometimes reddish yellow; male with only two reclinate

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 43

prevertical bristles, abdomen with long fine hairs on discal portions of
second and third segments, inner ventral bristie on midtibia small, weak
or lacking; female with one pair of marginal macrochaetae on second
abdominal segment, inner ventral bristle on midtibia about same size as
the lower of the two posterolateral bristles; poilen of thorax and abdomen
Wau ay bluish tinge 222-2 2 2 =e 14. olenesis, new species (p. 67)
Abdomen black; male with two reclinate prevertical bristles; female with
two pairs of marginal macrochaetae on second segment of abdomen; male

and female with one strong inner ventral bristle on midtibia
15. yalensis, new species (p. 69)

1. CARCELIA FORMOSA (Aldrich and Webber), new combination

Eeorisia eudryae of CoguitreTt (nee Townsend) (partim), U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, pp. 138-14, 1897.

Oxexorista eudryae (Townsend), 1912 nee 1892, Proc. Ent. Soe. Washington,
vol. 14, p. 165. (New synonymy.)

wexorista thompsoni TowNSEND (partim), Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28,

p. 21, 1915; Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 211, 1936. (New synonymy.)

Zenillia formosa ALDRICH and WEBBER, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17,
pp. 23-24, 1924—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196, 1925.—
West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—ScHarFNer and
Griswo1p, U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 188, p. 112, 1984.

Oxexorista formosa (Aldrich and Webber) TowNseNnD, Manual of myiology, pt. 4,
p. 212, 1936.

The female paratype of formosa bearing the notation TD395 clears
up Townsend’s concept of Owexorista thompsoni even if the name
cannot be utilized. Although Townsend visualized the specimen
TD395 when he proposed the new species thompsoni, he selected as
the type a specimen that has proved to be Stsyropa eudryae Townsend.
This is discussed in more detail under the genus Sisyropa.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.22 to 0.23 (in six speci-
mens) and in female 0.25 to 0.28 (in six specimens) of head width;
frontal row of seven to eight bristles in male and five to seven in
female, extending from base of third antennal segment to the two
reclinate upper frontals (preverticals) ; facial ridge bristly on lowest
one-fifth; gena one-fifteenth or less eye height; frontal orbit, face,
cheek, and posterior orbit silvery-white pollinose; antenna black,
first and second segments usually faintly reddish in female, third
segment of male nearly four times and in female at least three times
length of second; arista thickened on basal one-fourth to one-third,
gradually tapering to apex, penultimate segment short; palpus yellow,
flat, not swollen, clothed with fine black hairs some of which are
present on apical portion.

Thorax black covered with silvery-gray pollen, marked by five black
mesonotal vittae; four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae; scutel-
lum yellowish, well covered with gray pollen, three pairs of marginal
scutellars and one strong decussate apical pair turned backward, disk

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

covered with erect hairs and bearing one pair of discal scutellars;
three sternopleural macrochaetae; legs black; fore tibia with two
median posterolateral bristles, midtibia bearing two or more median
anterolateral bristles, one strong median inner ventral bristle; hind
tibia evenly ciliate, with one longer median bristle; wing grayish
hyaline, third vein with one or two bristles at base; squamae white.

Abdomen black covered with gray pollen except dorsum of first
segment, which is shining black, apex of fourth segment and apical
portions of segments 2 and 8 less pollinose and often blackish or sub-
shining; the usual shining-black dorsal vitta obscure except on basal
half of second segment; sides of second segment of males usually
slightly rufous; no discal macrochaetae; first and second segments
with a pair and third with a row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth
covered with erect bristles more or less irregularly placed, about one-
half size of macrochaetae on third segment; abdominal hairs of
female subdepressed, in male more erect.

Length 9-12 mm.

Type locality —West Medford, Mass.

Distribution.—Massachusetts 3, New York 4, New Jersey 8, Penn-
sylvania 1, District of Columbia 1, Virginia 1, Indiana 1, Missouri 1.
Additional published records not duplicated above: Connecticut
(Johnson), New York 4 (West), New Jersey (Weiss), Maryland 2
(Aldrich and Webber), New Mexico (Aldrich and Webber).

L'ype.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 25705.

Hosts.—Automeris io (Fabricius) 21; Agrotis ypsilon (Rottem-
berg) 4; Graptolitha innominata (Smith) or disposita (Morrison) 1.
Published record not duplicated in the above material: Automeris
zo (Fabricius) (Reinhard). Coquillett’s record of rearing EH'worista
eudryae from Acronicta hamamelis Guénée (Koebele) belongs here;
Townsend’s description of the anal stigmata was drawn from a pu-
parium on the same pin with fly labeled “3889 Lo, Aug. &, 82.”

Remarks.—The foregoing description is based on male type and
male paratype, reared from Automeris io, West Medford, Mass.
(Riley; Coquillett records as Eworista eudryae); two male and two
female paratypes reared from Agrotis ypsilon, Missouri (Riley; Co-
quillett records as H'worista eudryae) ; one female paratype, Lafay-
ette, Ind. (Aldrich) ; one female paratype, Melrose, Mass., TD 395,
(Townsend); one male paratype, Lehigh Gap, Pa. ( Greene); 22
reared specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers, all
but one reared from A. io; one male and two females collected by
Aldrich, Greene, and Walton.

Adults, May to September; number per host, one lo eight; genera-
tions, one; hibernation, as larvae in host pupa.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 45

2. CARCELIA INFLATIPALPIS (Aldrich and Webber), new combination

Zeniltia inflatipalpis ALDRICH and WEsBER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17,
pp. 24-25, 1924.—West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.
This species resembles Carcelia formosa very closely, and in many
of their characteristics they are identical. The principal points of
difference are: Palpus swollen, apical portion destitute of fine black
hairs with which the remainder of the palpus is sparsely clothed; a
less pollinose, slightly more subshining species; erect discal bristles
on second and third abdominal segments, which are distinctly larger
and longer than the surrounding subdepressed abdominal hairs.
Females of @. formosa have a very few weak, erect hairs in the discal
region, but they are the same size as the surrounding subdepressed
abdominal hairs.

The following characters are perhaps worth mentioning, otherwise
the description is the same as for formosa: Head with front of
female at narrowest 0.27 head width; fronta! orbit, face, cheek, and
posterior orbit silvery pollinose; antenna black, first and second
joints not faintly reddish, third antennal segment two and one-half
to three times length of second; arista tapering from hase to apex.

Abdomen black, gray-pollinose, heavy pollen more confined to sides
and bases of segments; dorsum of first segment and apical portion of
other segments more or less shining black; no distinct abdominal
dorsal vitta; in type specimen erect bristles in discal regions of second
and third abdominal segments almost approaching small macro-
chaetae in size, this character not so pronounced in other specimens,
but the erect bristles are larger and stronger than surrounding sub-
depressed abdominal hairs.

Length 9 to 10 mm.

Type locality —Great Falls, Va.

Distribution —Virginia 1, Indiana 1. Published record: New
York (West).

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 25706.

Host—Unknown.

Remarks.—The foregoing statements are based on the examina-
tion of the type, June 12 (Banks); the female paratype, Lafayette,
Ind., September 14, 1917 (Aldrich) ; two females, Great Falls, Va.,
August 14, 1919 (Greene). The last two females were removed
from the Carcelia formosa material where they were with a female
of C. formosa (Greene) having the same date and locality.

3. CARCELIA GNAVA (Meigen)

This species closely resembles the genotype Carcelia bombylans
Robineau-Desvoidy. For many years C. gnava of Macquart (nec
Meigen) was accepted as the genotype. The complete Palearctic

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

synonymy is not given; sufficient is included to indicate the history

of the species. For a more complete record, the reader is referred to

Bezzi and Stein and to Lundbeck.

Tachina gnava MeIGEN, Systematische Beschreibung der Europiischen zwei-
fliigeligen Insecten, vol. 4, pp. 156, 330, 1824.

Chetoliga gnava (Meigen) Ronpani, Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus, vol. 1,
p. 66, 1856.

Carcelia gnava (Meigen) Berzz1 and Sten, Katalog der paliiarktischen Dip-
teren, vol. 8, p. 236, 1907.—Coqurtiert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. Bian D:
518, 1910.—VILLENEUVE, Feuille Jeun. Nat., ser. 5, vol. 42, p. 90, 1912.—
AtDRIcH and Wesser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 68, art. 17, p. 7, 1924.—
LUNDBECK, Diptera Danica, pt. 7, p. 377, 1927.—Burerss and CrossMan, U. S.
Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 86, pp. 114-115, 1929.—Baranorr. Institut fiir
Hygiene und Schule fiir Volksgesundheit, Zagreb, Arb. parasit. Abt., No. 3,
1931.—Brown, U. S. Dept. ‘Agr. Cire. 176, pp. 18-14, 1931.

Carcelia processioneae (Ratzeburg) Stren, Arch. Naturg. Abt. A. Heft. 6, p. 66,
1924.

Carcelia bombylans of TOWNSEND (nee Robineau-Desvoidy), Manual of myiology,
pt. 4, pp. 218-214, 1936.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.21 to 0.22 (in three speci-
mens) and in female 0.24 to 0.26 (in three specimens) of head
width; frontal row of nine or ten bristles in male and seven to nine
in female, extending from almost the end of second antennal seg-
ment to two reclinate upper frontals (preverticals); facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-fourth; gena one-sixteenth or less eye height;
frontal orbit grayish silvery white, face and posterior orbit silvery
white, gena silvery gray; antenna black, third antennal segment of
male three times and in female nearly three times as long as second;
arista thickened on basal half, penultimate segment short; palpus
yellow.

Thorax blackish, bluish-gray pruinose, marked by five black meso-
notal vittae; four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae; scutellum
yellow, three pairs of marginal scutellars and one decussate apical
pair turned backward, one pair of discal scutellars; two sternopleural
macrochaetae; legs black, tibiae yellowish brown; fore tibia with
two median posterolateral bristles; midtibia bearing two or more
median anterolateral bristles, one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia
more or less evenly ciliate, with one longer median bristle; wing
grayish hyaline, third vein with two or three bristles at base.

Abdomen black covered with gray pollen except dorsum of first
segment, narrow apical margins of other segments, and narrow dorsal
vitta which are shining black; in male sides of segments 1, 2, and 3
broadly yellowish red, in female usually black; no discal macro-
chaetae; first and second segments usually with two pairs (some-
times three on second segment in male) of marginal macrochaetae,

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS AT

sometimes one pair either weak or lacking; third segment with a
marginal row; fourth covered with erect bristles hardly if at all
longer than abdominal hairs of segments 2 and 3.

Length 8 to 10 mm.

Distribution —Widely distributed throughout Europe. This spe-
cies has been liberated in the northeastern part of the United States;
as yet it has not been recovered.

Hosis—Stilpnotia salicis (Linnaeus) (principal host, sometimes
reaching a 35-percent parasitization), Dasychira pudibunda (Lin-
naeus) (overwintering host), Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus) and
Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus) (records from the Bureau’s former Cen-
tral European Parasite Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary). Published
records: Baer and Lundbeck mention Orgyia antigua (Linnaeus) and
Arctia caja (Linnaeus). P. dispar is a very rare and only an acci-
dental host; the Carcelia recovered from dispar is usually separata
(Rondani). Howard and Fiske were discussing C. separata instead of
C. gnava.

Remarks.—Description based upon an examination of 25 to 30
specimens from central Kurope.

Adults, May to August; number per host, one to several; genera-
tions, two; hibernation, as larva in host larva; copulation time, 15
minutes.

The manner in which this species oviposits is a very interesting one.
It has the habit of projecting its eggs or larvae through the air for a
distance from one-half the length of the body of the adult up to at
least one-half inch. It is not necessary for the female to come in
contact with the host hairs, and the females can oviposit when the
host larvae are crawling rapidly away from or past them. It was
never determined whether the larva leaves the egg after it contacts the
host hairs, whether the eggshell is ruptured at the time of ejection, or
whether the larva is ejected through the air with the eggshell attached.
Many attempts were made to determine this peculiarity, but by the
time the attacked larva was placed under the binocular, the parasite
larva was always found crawling down the host hair; in every case
the collapsed empty eggshell of the cylindrical, elongate type was
found attached to a host hair somewhere near the outer extremity. It
is believed that the egg is ruptured when ejected from the ovipositor,
and that the larva passes through the air either partly emerged or
with the eggshell attached.

In 1930 a small shipment of about 186 puparia of Carcelia that
were described as gnava reared from Dasychira pudibunda was sent to
the Gypsy Moth Laboratory from Budapest, Hungary. <A total of 80
adults were subsequently secured from these puparia. The species

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

proved to be Carcelia rasa Macquart (=Sisyropa angusta Brauer and
Bergenstamm). This species belongs to the bombylans group which is
distinguished by having only one median anterolateral bristle on the
midtibia. It differs from @. gnava as follows: Head with front of
male at narrowest 0.17 to 0.18 (in three specimens) and of female 0.20
(in three specimens) of head width; 13 to 15 frontal bristles in male
and 7 to 11 in female which descend to even with arista; gena one-
twentieth eye height; arista thickened on basal two-fifths.

Thorax more thinly pollinose, so that it is difficult to see the median
mesonotal vitta; yellow color of male and female scutellum extending
on to posterior portion of scutum.

Abdominal hairs of male about as long as macrochaetae, which
causes marginals of second and third segments to appear more or
less indistinct; usually only one pair of marginals on first abdominal
segment.

This species has not been liberated in North America.

4. CARCELIA RECLINATA (Aldrich and Webber), new combination

Zenillia reclinata ALDRICH and WEBBER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17,
pp. 32-33, 1924.—JouNnson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196, 1925.—
Essig, Insects of western North America, p. 581, 1926.—West, Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928 —ScHAFFNER and GRISWOLD, U. S. Dept.
Agr. Misc. Publ. 188, pp. 112-113, 1934.

Zenillia eudryae of ALDRICH (nec Townsend), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 80, art. 20,
p. 2, 1982.

Paraecorista reclinata (Aldrich and Webber) TowNsEND, Manual of myiology,
pt. 4, p. 211, 1936.

Carcelia reclinata is almost identical in appearance with the Pale-
arctic species Carcelia cheloniae Rondani. The adults and puparia
of both species can be separated. It is surprising that the name C.
cheloniae was used to cover the material represented by Carcelia mala-
cosomaeé, new species, and the introduced species Carcelia lawxifrons,
which are as easily separated from (. cheloniae as from @. reclinata.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.20 to 0.24 (in five specimens)
and of female 0.26 to 0.380 (in five specimens) of head width; frontal
row of 11 or 12 bristles in male and 6 to 8 in female, extending from a
little below base of third antennal segment to 2 reclinate upper frontals
(preverticals) ; facial ridge bristly on about lowest one-fourth, some-
times ascending higher in males; gena one-twelfth or less eye height ;
frontal orbits silvery gray pollinose, gradually becoming blacker
toward vertex, especially so in female; face, gena, and posterior orbit
silver-gray pollinose; antenna black, third segment of male nearly
four times and in female about three times length of second; arista
thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment usually a little
longer than broad; palpus yellow, base infuscated.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 49

Thorax black covered thinly with light-gray pollen marked by five
black mesonotal vittae; four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae ;
scutellum testaceous covered with gray pollen, three pairs of marginal
scutellars and one strong decussate apical pair turned backward, disk
covered with erect hairs-and bearing one pair of discal scutellars; two
sternopleural macrochaetae; legs black, tibiae brownish or yellowish
with base and apex inclined to be blackish on ventral side; front tibia
with two median posterolateral bristles; midtibia bearing two median
anterolateral bristles of about equal length, one inner ventral bristle ;
hind tibia ciliate, with one or two longer bristles; wing grayish hyaline,
third vein usually with two bristles at base; squamae white.

Abdomen black, subshining, covered with gray pollen except dorsum
of first segment, a narrow apical border on remaining segments, and
an obscurely marked median dorsal vitta; gray pollen more pro-
nounced basally and laterally on dorsum of segments; first segment
with a pair, second with two pairs, and third with a row of marginal
macrochaetae; discal portions of second and third segments with erect
bristles, some of those on third approaching weak macrochaetae in
size; fourth segment covered with erect bristles about one-half size of
marginal macrochaetae on third segment; sides of first, second, and
third segments rufous, females usually black but sometimes with a
rufous spot on sides of second and third segments; hypopygium
brownish black, inner forceps curving inwardly and tapering to a fine
point (when viewed from behind distinctly separated), outer forceps
stouter and decidedly shorter.

Length 7 to 10 mm.

Type and allotype localities —Hell Canyon, Manzano National
Forest, N. Mex.

Distribution.—Maine 5, New Hampshire 10, Massachusetts 9, On-
tario 1, New York 2, New Jersey 2, Maryland 1, Virginia 1, North
Carolina 1, Indiana 1, Texas 1, New Mexico 2, Utah 3, Arizona 1,
Idaho 1, California 1. Additional published records not duplicated
above: Vermont (Johnson), Rhode Island (Schaffner and Griswold),
New York 2 (West).

Type—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 25697.

Hosts.—Estigmene acraea (Drury) 118; Diacrisia virginica (Fab-
ricius) 25; unidentified Arctiidae 8; Phragmatobia assimilans vay.
franconia Slosson 1.

Remarks.—The description is based on an examination of the type,
allotype, two male paratypes, and one female paratype, Hell Canyon,
N. Mex. (Townsend); one male and two female paratypes, Indian
Spring, N. Mex. (Townsend) ; one female paratype, Great Falls, Va.
(Townsend) ; two male paratypes, Tempe, Ariz. (Caffrey) ; one male

477396 —_42——-4

00 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98
paratype, Tempe, Ariz. (Wildermuth) ; one female paratype reared
from Phragmatobia assimilans var. franconia, Hymers, Ontario
(Dawson) ; 148 reared specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note
numbers (3 males reared from L’stigmene acraea are paratypes, Nos.
10046 C14 and E31); one male and one female reared from arctiid
(Dimmock) , removed from the Sisyropa eudryae material; one female
reared from £’. acraca Raleigh, N. C. (Brimley) ; seven males and one
female (Aldrich, Townsend, Eddington) ; seven males and four females
from Idaho, Utah, Texas, Arizona, and Maryland (Aldrich, Mitchell,
Caffrey, Shannon), removed from the Carcelia “cheloniae” material.
One specimen determined by Townsend as Carcelia was reclinaia, this
specimen has only three postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae.

One male paratype of Carcelia reclinata with puparium from the
Gypsy Moth Laboratory, June 16, 1916, is C. daxifrons Villeneuve.

The puparia of Carcelia reclinata and C. cheloniae are alike in their
major characteristics. The stigmal plates are about flush with the
surface of the puparium, and they are distinctly not protuberant; the
stigmal slits are plain. The stigmal plates of C. cheloniae are far
above the longitudinal axis or subdorsally located, whereas in C. re-
clinata they are almost centered, being only shghtly above.

Essig records Zenillia reclinata as having been commonly reared
from E'stigmene acraea in New Mexico and Arizona. The material
that the writer examined from Arizona and New Mexico consisted of
collected specimens; none of it had been reared.

Adults, January to September (depending upon the climate) ;
number per host, one to several; generations, two or more; hiberna-
tion, larva in host larva (the indications are that Carcelia cheloniae
also hibernates in this manner).

5. CARCELIA MALACOSOMAE, new species

Bxrorisia cheloniae of authors (nec Rondsani).—CoQuittert, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div.
Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, pp. 13, 92, 1897—Gisson, Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario,
1911, p. 117.—TorHtt, Can. Ent., vol. 45, p. 70, 1913.

Parexorista cheloniae of authors (nec Rondani).—Howarp and Fiske, U.S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. 91, pp. 257, 286, 299-300, 1911.—TownseEnp, Proc. Ent.
Soe. Washington, vol. 18, pp. 1-19, 1916.—THorper, Biol. Rev., Cambridge Phil.
Soc., vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 1938-194, 1930.

Paraexorista cheloniae of ALDRICH and WeEsBER (nec Rondani).—TowNsenp, Man-
ual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 211, 1936.

Carcelia laxifrons of THoMpson (nec Villeneuve), Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 48,
pp. 165-170, 1923.

Zenillia cheloniae of authors (nee Rondani).—AtprRicH and Wesper, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 31-32, 1924——Jounson, List of New England
Diptera, p. 196, 1925; Biological Survey of Mount Desert region, The insect
fauna, pt. 1, p. 201, 1927.—Essie, Insects of western North America, p. 581,
1926.—BurckEss and CrossMAN, U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 86, pp. 136-138,
1929.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 51

Zenillia protuberans of SCHAFFNeR and GriswoLtp (nec Aldrich and Webber),
U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 188, p. 112, 1984.

Paraexorista protuberans of SCHAFFNER and GRisworp (nee Aldrich and Web-
ber).—TowNseEnD, Manual of myiology, p. 4, p. 218, 19386.

Carcelia cheloniae Rondani does not occur in the Nearctic realm.
The previous use of the name as applied to the Nearctic fauna has
been one of mistaken identity.

Carcelia malacosomac, a Nearctic species, and Carcelia laxifrons,
an introduced and established Palearctic species, constitute a classical
gem in the resemblance of species of these two reaims. They have
been considered morphologically inseparable by specialists of the
family for the past three decades, principally under the name of
cheloniac. The resulting confusion, coupled with the initial mis-
identification of the species, has provoked considerable argument and
produced many interesting theories, some of which can well be dis-
pensed with. Although the controversy is probably far from ended,
it has afforded the writer considerable satisfaction in bemg able to
clear up much of the existing confusion, and to define the status of
these two species.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.27 to 0.28 (in five speci-
mens) and in female 0.80 to 0.33 (in five specimens) cf head width;
frontal row of the usual 10 to 12 bristles in the male snd 6 to 8 in
the female, extending from at least on a level with insertion of arista
to two reclinate upper frontals (preverticals) ; facial ridge usually
bristly on more than lowest one-fourth, often ascending to near
middle, especially in males; gena one-fifteenth or less eye height;
frontal orbit and face silvery gray pruinose; parafacial bearing a
few discernible hairs on upper side just below frontals. these hairs
rarely absent; antenna black, third segment three times second; arista
thickened on basal one-fourth, penultimate segment short; palpus
yellow.

Thorax varying from reddish brown on sides to black on dorsum,
gray pollinose, usually marked with five discernible mesonotal vittae ;
four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae; scutellum testaceous
thinly covered with pollen, three pairs of marginal scutellars and
one strong decussate apical pair turned backward, disk covered with
erect hairs and bearing one pair of discal scutellars; two sternopleu-
ral macrochaetae; femora and tibiae yellowish brown, tarsi black;
front tibia with two posterolateral bristles; midtibia bearing two or
more median anterolateral bristles, one long bristle about the middle
with one or more above, with usually none below but when present
very simall; midtibia with one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia
ciliate, with one longer bristle.

Abdomen blackish, covered, including hind margins, with gray
pollen, without sheen, sides yellowish red in male, black in female;

ye PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

dorsal vitta obscure and not clearly marked especiaily on third seg-
ment when held in a light that does not allow reflection of pollen to
vary on either side; first segment with a pair, second with two pairs,
and third with a row of marginal macrochaetae; discal portions of the
second and third segments with strong bristles or macrochaetae that
tend to blend somewhat with the erect abdominal hairs; fourth seg-
ment covered with erect bristles about one-half size of marginal
macrochaetae on third segment; hypopygium brownish to black,
inner and outer forceps long and of even length, former straight and
parallel except at apex, where they diverge slightly (when viewed
from behind they appear fused for two-thirds their length).

Length 8 to 10 mm.

The stigmal plates on the puparium are protuberant.

Type and allotype localities—Saugus and Dedham, Mass., respec-
tively.

Distribution —Maine 5, New Hampshire 8, Vermont 8, Massachu-
setts 16, Connecticut 3, Rhode Island 2, New York 1, New Jersey 5,
Alberta 1. Published records not duplicated above: New Brunswick
(Tothill), Maine (Johnson), Colorado 2 (Coquillett ms., Walton ms.),
British Columbia (Tothill). Coquillett records New Hampshire,
Michigan, Tennessee, Georgia, and California. The material that
Aldrich and Webber recorded as being from Utah, Arizona, and
Maryland has been transferred to Carcelia reclinata.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54154.

Hosts—Malacosoma disstria Hiibner 290, Malacosoma americana
(Fabricius) 129, Hemileuca maia (Drury) and lucina Henry Edwards
2, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) 1, unidentified tenthredinid 1. Pub-
lished and unpublished records not duplicated in above material:
M. disstria (Tothill), Datana integerrima Grote and Robinson
(Schaffner and Griswold). Owing to the confusion surrounding the
previous identity of Carcelia malacosomae, the following published
host records should be viewed with some suspicion until further evi-
dence is assembled: Arachnis picta Packard (Coquillett), Callarctia
proxima (Guérin-Méneville) (Coquillett), Callarctia ornata Packard
(Tothill), Archips argyrospila (Walker) (Gill), Turuptiana per-
maculata (Packard) (Gillette). Tothill’s record of Phragmatobia
assimilans Walker probably refers to Carcelia reclinata.

Remarks.—The foregoing description was based on an examination
of the following material (all previously determined as “cheloniae”) :
421 specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers (in-
cluding the following material reared from Malacosoma disstria:
Type, 2 male and 1 female paratypes, No. 10001; 1 female paratype,
10001a; allotype and 1 female paratype, 10001c; 1 male paratype,
10081 J20; 1 male paratype, 11710 Jia. The following material

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS De

reared from Malacosoma americana: One female paratype, 10000G;
8 female paratypes, 100001; 1 female paratype, 10070 C5; 1 male
paratype, 10070 J23; 1 male paratype, 11701 J8a); and 14 field-
collected specimens including 1 male and 2 female paratypes from
Melrose Highlands, Mass. (Webber) and 1 male paratype from Blue
Hills, Mass. (Webber).

Now that the identity is clear, the biology can be further discussed.
It has been observed that this species emerges from hibernation
about a week later in the spring than Carcelia laxifrons does. This
would seem to be quite normal and natural, as the preferred hosts
of Carcelia malacosomae, namely, Malacosoma disstria and M. amert-
cana, would have to develop from the egg to a suitable size for parasiti-
zation; whereas the preferred host of @. laxifrons, namely, Nygmia
phaeorrhoea, which hibernates as a larva, would develop to a suitable
size earlier. The males precede the females in emergence by a day or
two and prefer to mate with the freshly emerged females. The
average length of time spent in copulation is from 15 to 20 minutes.
The elapsed time from copulation to commencement of oviposition
is from 7 to 8 days. The egg hatches in from 45 minutes to 5 days
after deposition, depending upon how far the larva has incubated
at the time of oviposition. (The observation supports both Pantel’s
and Townsend’s observation on Carcelia cheloniae and C. laxifrons.) A
record of oviposition of 510 eggs was secured from an unfertilized
female. The eggs are deposited anywhere on the dorsal hairs of the
host and rarely on the skin. The larva hatches from the opposite
end of the egg from which the pedicel is attached. After emerging
from the egg, the larva continues its way down the side of the egg,
along the hair upon which the egg was laid, until it reaches the body
of the host. The larva then migrates to a suitable point of entrance
into the host. The full-grown larva emerges from the host about
3 to 4 weeks aiter oviposition and pupates.

The following experiment was performed in the spring of 1926:
Fertilized females of Carcelia obtained from d/alacosoma americana
deposited 60 eggs on 17 tent caterpillars (J/. americana), 2 cater-
pillars lived to produce 3 puparia; 114 eggs were deposited on 36
browntail moth caterpillars (Vygmia phaeorrhoea) and no puparia
were recovered although the caterpillars lived eventually to produce
adult moths. The females oviposited with equal eagerness on either
form, and all the eggs hatched. Subsequent taxonomic investigation
substantiated this experiment. There has never been a Carcelia
characterized in part by the yellowish femora (malacosomac) reared
from any field-collected larvae of the brown-tail moth at the Gypsy
Moth Laboratory.

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Adults, late April to the middle of June; number per host, one to
three; generations, one; hibernation, in the puparium (adult charac-

ters usually not formed until the following spring).
6. CARCELIA PROTUBERANS (Aldrich and Webber), new combination
Zenillia protuberans ALDRIcH and WeBBER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 68, art. 17,
p. 15, 1924.—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196, 1925.
Paraexorista protuberans (Aldrich and Webber) Townsenp, Manual of myio-
logy, pt. 4, p. 211, 1936.

This species is considered to be an atypic or aberrant form of
Carcelia malacosomac, which it resembles in some of its characters.
The male type and male paratype are peculiar in that instead of hi-
bernating normally as puparia, they issue the same season. Both
specimens are in poor shape, being badly rubbed, with some parts
missing, and patched together with glue. The following notes are
kased on type material:

Type.-—Head in good condition and agreeing with the description
for Carcelia malacosomae, Thorax badly rubbed; middle and hind
legs missing; one wing lacking. Abdomen attached with glue; dor-
sum badly rubbed; sides yellow on segments 1, 2, 3, and a little on 4,
extending well up on dorsum and below on the venter.

Paratype—Head in poor condition; hairs on the upper side of
the parafacials located with the aid of the binocular high power.
Thorax agreeing with QO, malacosomae; midtibia with two median
anterolateral bristles; hind tibia ciliate. Abdomen very yellow, ex-
tending farther up on dorsum and below on venter than in the type
(fourth segment included).

Aldrich and Webber describe the abdomen as being “mostly yel-
low excepting a black vitta on the dorsum and a similar one on the
ventor.” The amount of yellow color is far beyond that described
for Carcelia malacosomae, in which the male abdomen is broadly
black on the dorsum, with the sides rufous.

Type and paratype locality—Rockingham, Vt.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 25699.

Host —Malacosoma disstria Hiibner.

Remarks.—The two male specimens were reared at the Gypsy Moth
Laboratory from material collected at Rockingham, Vt., June 12,
1915, by J. J. Culver, the flies issuing July 23-25, 1915.

7. CARCELIA LAXIFRONS Villeneuve

Parexorista lucorun. Bravurr and BrreENSTAMM (partim), Denkschr. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 58, p. 322, 1891; vol. 60, p. 222, 1898.
Parexorista cheloniac of authors (nec Rondani).—Townsenp, U. 8S. Dept. Agr.
Bur. Ent., Tech. Bull. 12, pt. 6, 1908: Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 4, p. 1385,
1911; Proc. Ent. Sce. Washington, vol. 13, p. 165, 1911; vol. 18, pp. 1-19,
1916.—-THompson, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 283-295, 1910.—

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 505

Howarp and Fisxr, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. 91, pp. 91, 92, 186,
257, 286, 297-800, 310, 1911.

Carcelia laxrifrons VILLENEUVE, Feuille Jeun. Nat., ser. 5, vol. 42, pp. 42, 90,
1912.— Barr, Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol. 7, p. 142 (108), 1921.—T'Hompson,
Bull. Biol. France et Belgique. vol. 57. fase. 2, p. 185, 1923; Ann. Parasitol.
Humaine et Compar., vol. 4, No. 3, 1926.—CrossMAn and Wessper, Journ. Econ.
Ent., vol. 17, p. 69, 1924—Lunbsecx, Diptera Danica, pt. 7, p. 380, 1927.—
Bureress and CrossMAN, U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 86, pp. 186-138, 1929.—
THorPE, Biol. Rev., Cambridge Phil. Scc., vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 198-194, 1930.

Zenillia cheloniae of ALDRICH and WEBBER (nee Rondani), Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 31-82, 1924.

Paraexorisia laxifrons (Villeneuve) Townsenp, Manual of myiology, pt. 4,
pp. 211-213, 1936.

This species was introduced into the New England States under
the name Parexorista cheloniae (Rondani) and resembles very closely
Carcelia malacosomae, which was considered previously also to be
Feorista or Parexorista cheloniae (Rondani). All the known differ-
ences are cited in the key to the species.

Distribution—Widely distributed throughout Europe. Carcelia
laxifrons has become established in New England. It has been re-
covered from many localities over practically the whole area in-
fested by the brown-tail moth in Maine 2, New Hampshire 1, Massa-
chusetts 8, and many other localities.

Hosts —Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Donovan) 157; Malacosoma ameri-
cana (Fabricius) 6 specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note
numbers, and 41 specimens labeled as being from this host but bear-
ing no note numbers; Malacosoma disstria Hiibner 5; Porthetria
dispar (Linnaeus) 2. Lundbeck has published a European host rec-
ord of Dasychira fascelina (Linnaeus) (Larsen).

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of 51 exotic specimens
from Europe mostly reared from the brown-tail moth; 211 reared
specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers except as
indicated; 4 specimens bearing miscellaneous numbers from the
Gypsy Moth Laboratory; one male labeled only “ex Mf. americana”
removed from the Sisyropa “etidryae” material; one male with pu-
parium labeled as paratype of Carcelia reclinata, U.S.N.M. No. 25697,
Gypsy Moth Lab, Vi-16-16; and 28 field-collected specimens. Prac-
tically all the above-mentioned specimens had been identified as
Lenillia “cheloniae.”

The value of Carcelia lawifrons as a parasite of Nygmia phaeor-
rhoea in New England is highly dependent upon the climate, which
on the average is more unfavorable because of its severity than in its
more favored range in Central Europe. In this connection, it should
be recalled that (. lawifrons emerges earlier in the spring than Car-
celia malacosomae. Some of the most outstanding recoveries from
the standpoint of numbers have been made from the Massachusetts

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Cape Code area, which is milder, but at times the insect is plentiful
over the whole area. One of the best records obtained is the rearing
of 139 C. lawifrons from 200 brown-tail moth caterpillars collected
at Lunenberg, Mass., in 1915.

A few specimens in the collection indicate that Carcelia laxifrons
is rarely a parasite of Malacosoma americana and M. disstria. Mr.
Webber has corroborated this under laboratory conditions by rearing
puparia of Carcelia laxifrons (European stock) from Malacosoma.

Records by the writer indicate that Carcelia lawifrons and Comp-
silura concinnata (Meigen) have been obtained from fie‘d collections
from the same host larva, Vygmia phaeorrhoea.* In cases of severe
competition between these two species, it is considered normally that
O. concinnata has the best chance of survival; all conditions being
equal, this should occur only when the attack by both forms on a
single individual does not produce a case of excessive multiple super-
parasitism.

Adults, late April to June; number per host, one to three; genera-
tions, one; hibernation, in the puparium (adult characters usually not
formed until the following spring).

As the biology of this species has been frequently discussed in
literature, only. a few additional remarks will be necessary. Under
laboratory conditions, crossmating or interbreeding between Carcelia
laxifrons and Carcelia malacosomae is obtained only with great diffi-
culty, and there is probably little or no interbreeding in the field.

Mr. Webber has completed a series of most interesting laboratory
experiments in which Carcelia laxifrons (European stock) and C.
malacosomae have been crossmated. Larvae of the brown-tail moth
and both species of Afalacosoma have been subjected to attack by both
crosses. Adult progeny of these crosses were subsequently secured.
It is hoped that the results of this most interesting work and its
resultant effect on the taxonomic feature of the two species will be
made available in the near future.

§ CARCELIA SEPARATA (Rondani)

Exorista separata RONDANI, Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus, vol. 3, pp. 134, 16,

1859.—Berzzi and Stein, Katalog der paliiarktischen Dipteren, vol. 8, p. 246,
1907.

4Tt has been observed in other instances that under equal conditions of compenuvu
and host selection, a species of Larvaevoridae capable of superparasitism can coinhabit the
same host specimen along with another species which is also capable of superparasitism.
Whereas when a species capable only of solitary parasitism (survival of one specimen)
enters into competition to coinhabit the same host specimen with another species capable
of either solitary or superparasitism, only one species will survive. Several instances have
been noted where Opsosturmia nidicola Townsend (solitary parasite) was the successful
survivor in a competition with Compsilura concinnata even though the larva of C. concin-
nata reached third-stage maturity before it succumbed.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 57

Carcelia gnava of authors (aee Meigen).—Howarp and Fisker, U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Ent., Bull. 91, pp. 88, 132, 231-232, 308, 1911.—CrossMan and WEBBER,
Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 17, pp. 67-76, 1924.

Carcelia separata (Rondani) VILLENEUVE, Feuille Jeun. Nat., ser. 5, vol. 42, p.
89, 1912.—Barr, Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol. 7, p. p. 142 (108), 1921—SrrIn,
Arch. Naturg., Abt. A, Heft. 6, p. 65, 1924—Burcrss and CrossMan, U. §.
Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 86, pp. 114-115, 1929.—Baranorr, Instifut fiir Hygiene
und Schule fiir Volksgesundheit, Zagreb, Arb. parasit. Abt., No. 3, 19381.—
Brown, U. S. Dept. Agr. Cire. 176, p. 18, 1931.

Senometopia separata (Rondani) TowNseND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 209,
1936.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.24 to 0.25 (in three speci-
mens) and in female 0.27 to 0.29 (in three specimens) of head width;
frontal row of 9 to 12 bristles in male and 5 to 7 in female, extending
from a little below base of third antennal segment to 2 reclinate upper
frontals (preverticals) ; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fifth to one-
fourth; gena one-fifteenth or less eye height; frontal orbit silvery
gray, face and posterior orbit silvery white; gena grayish silvery
white; antenna black, third segment three times as long as second;
arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment short; palpus
yellow.

Throax black, silvery-gray pruinose; marked by four mesonotal
vittae, median one lacking; four postsutural dorsocentral macro-
chaetae; ground color of scutellum yellow covered with this silvery
pollen, three pairs of marginal scutellars and one decussate apical pair
turned backward, one pair of discal scutellars; two sternopleural mac-
rochaetae; legs black with tibia yellowish brown; fore tibia with one
median posterolateral bristle; midtibia with one medium anterolateral
bristle, inner ventral bristle lacking; hind tibia ciliate, with one longer
bristle; hind coxa bare behind; wing grayish hyaline, third vein with
two or three bristles at base.

Abdomen black covered with silvery pollen including shoulders of
first segment; dorsal vitta very obscurely marked except on segment
2, black; in male sides of second segment red, female black; no discal
macrochaetae, in female on third segment (rarely on second) 2 or 3
hairs or bristles slightly stronger than rest; first segment with 1
pair of marginal macrochaetae; second segment in male with 1 pair,
in female usually 2 pairs of marginal macrochaetae; third segment
with a row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth segment covered with
erect bristles about one-half size ef macrochaetae.

Length 8 to 9 mm.

Distribution —Central and southern Europe. This species has
been liberated in the northeastern part of the United States, but as
yet it has not been recovered.

Hosts—Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus) (summer host). Hibernat-
ing hosts: Pterostoma palpinum (Linnaeus), Pheosia tremula

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

(Clerck), Acronicta aceris (Linnaeus). It has been brought through
hibernation in laboratory-attacked material on Colocasia coryli (Lin-
naeus), Abrostola tripartita (Wutfnagle), Phalera bucephala (Lin-
naeus), and Abrostola triplasia (Linnaeus). The records are from
the Bureau’s former Central European Laboratory, Budapest,
Hungary.

Remarks.—The description is based on an examination of a large
series of European material comprising over 34 males and 40 females,
7 of which were determined by Dr. Villeneuve.

Adults, May to August; number per host, one to several; genera-
tions, two; hibernation, as larva in host larva.

9. CARCELIA LAGOAE (Townsend), new combination

Ezxorista lagoae TOWNSEND, Ent. News, vol. 2, p. 159, 1891.

Exorista flavirosiris of authors (nee Van der Wulp).—CoguILLett, U. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 100, 1897.—RrinHarp, Ent. News, vol. 33, p.
72, 1922.—Bisuopp, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Cire. 288, p. 138, 1923.

Carcelia flavirostris of JOHNson (nec Van der Wulp), Diptera of Florida, 1913.

Zenillia ampleza of ALDRICH and WEBBER (nec Coquillett) partim, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus,., vol. 68, art. 17, p. 18, 1924.

This species is more like Carcelia formosa than C. amplexa. 'The gen-

italia resembles those of C. formosa and C. diacrisiae.

ead with front of male at narrowest 0.23 to 0.25 (in three speci-
mens) and in female 0.25 to 0.27 (in three specimens) of head width;
frontal row of seven or eight bristles in male and five to eight in
female, extending from junction of second and third antennal seg-
ments to two strong reclinate upper frontals (preverticals) ; facial
ridge bristly on lowest one-sixth; gena one-sixteenth or less eya
height; frontal orbit, face, cheek, and posterior orbit light-gray-
silvery pollinose; first, second, and upper portions of third segment
of antenna red (this varies to all black), third segment from four to
four and one-half times second; arista thickened on basal one-third,
penultimate segment short; palpus yellow.

Thorax black covered with light-gray pollen; male with four and
female with five narrow black mesonotal vittae, median one obsolete
before suture in female and apparently entirely so in male; four
postsutural dorsccentral macrochaetae; scutellum yellow covered with
gray pollen, three pairs of marginal scutellars and one strong decus-
sate apical pair turned backward, one pair of discal scutellars; three
sternopleural macrochaetae; legs with tarsi black, tibiae and femora
varying from yellow to nearly black but always concolorous; fore
tibia with one median posterolateral bristle; midtibia with one median
anterolateral bristle, one strong inner ventral bristle; hind tibia ciliate
with one longer bristle; wing grayish hyaline, third vein with two or
three bristles at base; squamae white.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 59

Abdomen reddish yellow sparsely covered with light-gray-silvery
pollen (color varying to almost black with red color showing only
faintly; the pollen then more pronounced silvery) ; a median dorsal
vitta shining black (not so pronounced in the darker form), covering
whole depression on first segment in red forms (this segment entirely
black in dark forms), nearly as wide as width beneath pair of
marginal macrochaetae on second segment, and narrow on third seg-
ment (must be closely observed in red specimens to avoid wrong im-
pression), broadening sharply on fourth segment ; ventral membrane
shining black; no discal macrochaetae, abdominal hairs depressed ;
first and second segments with one pair of marginal macrochaetae
(pair on first segment sometimes weak or lacking in male); fourth
segment irregularly tipped with marginal and submarginal bristles
about one-half size of macrochaetae of marginal row on third segment.

Length 8 mm.

Type locality Guanajuato, Mexico.

Distribution—District of Columbia 1, North Carolina 1, Florida 5,
Mississippi 1, Texas 8, Mexico 1. Published records not duplicated
above: Texas 2 (Reinhard), Virginia (Coquillett), Mexico (Town-
send), Jamaica (Johnsen).

Hosts —Megalopyge opercularis (Abbot and Smith) 93 J. (Lagoa)
crispata Packard 1 probably opercularis, Lagoa sp. 2. Coquillett
lists all the specimens reared from opercularis and erispata as oper-
cularis. Townsend reared the type specimens from M/. (Lagoa)
opercularis, Other published rearing records are M, opercularis
(Reinhard, Bishopp).

Remarks.—The foregoing description is based on an examination
of eight males and two females reared from Megalopyge opercularis
(Hayhurst, Neal, McMeekin, Schwarz, Turner, Spencer and Weed,
as listed by Coquillett) ; one female reared from Lagoa sp. (Riley) ;
one male reared from Lagoa sp., North Carolina; one male and six
puparia, host not listed, District of Columbia; one female, Federal
District, Mexico (Conradi); two specimens from Florida bearing
No. 3373.

Coquillett determined 10 and possibly 11 of the foregoing specimens
as Exorista flavirostris, as indicated by the characters in his key in
1897. This species can be recognized from Van der Wulp’s original
description as not being /’. flavirostris.

Aldrich’s notes indicate that he twice examined the remnant of
the type specimen /agoae Townsend. The type was in very poor con-
dition, with the head lacking, front and hind legs gone, and thorax
and abdomen injured by glue. Aldrich considered the specimen to
be amplexa, and he refused to alter the nomenclature for such a poor
specimen. His examination indicated that the specimen had four and

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three acrostical macrochaetae;
sternopleural macrochaetae probably three; midtibiae with one median
anterolateral bristle and one inner ventral bristle; no discal
macrochaetae,

This material must be removed from Carcelia amplexa, and Car-
celia lagoae covers the requirements of the species. Although the
major morphological characters are the same, the author is perplexed
by the variation in color between the light and dark forms. While
the extreme limits are readily separable, no clear-cut demarcation
could be found for the intermediate specimens.

Adults, June to October, although many of Coquillett’s specimens
issued during the winter months; number per host, one to several;
hibernation, in the host larva or cocoon; generations, uncertain as
to number.

10. CARCELIA FLAVIROSTRIS (Van der Wulp), new combination

Eororista flavirostris VAN pER Wutp, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera,
vol. 2, p. 69, 1890.

Zenillia amplera of ALDRICH and WEpBER (nec Coquillett), partim, Proc. U. §.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, p. 13, 1924.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.24 and in female 0.26 (one
specimen) of head width; frontal row of eight or nine bristles in male
and six in female, extending from base of third antennal segment to
two reclinate upper frontals (preverticals); outer vertical bristle
present in female, lacking in male; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-
half; gena one-eighteenth eye height; frontal orbit, face, and posterior
orbit silvery-white pollinose, frontal orbit and upper half of posterior
orbit tinged with yellow, giving a slight brassy appearance; antenna
black, nearly reaching oral cavity, third segment of male over five
times and in female four times second; arista thickened on basal one-
fourth and located almost at base of third antennal segment,
penultimate segment short; palpus yellow.

Thorax black-gray pollinose; marked with four black mesonotal
vittae; four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae; scutellum mostly
black tipped with reddish yellow, three pairs cf marginal scutellars
and one apical pair, one pair of discal scutellars; two sternopleural
macrochaetae; legs black; fore tibia with one median posterolateral
bristle; midtibia with one median anterolateral bristle, one small
inner ventral bristle; hind tibia ciliate, with one longer bristle; third
vein of wing with two bristles at base, squamae white.

Abdomen black covered with light-gray pollen; first segment, pos-
terior third of second and third segments, posterior half of fourth
segment, and narrow dorsal vitta shining black; abdominal hair de-
pressed on second and third segments in female; fourth segment with
a row of discal macrochaetae, pollen of fourth interrupted at this

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 61

point; first and second segments with one pair of marginal macro-
chaetae, third with a marginal row of macrochaetae, and fourth tipped
with marginal bristles; fourth segment of male with a striking thatch
or dense group of bristles on sides extending straight back.

Length 7.5 to 8 mm.

The puparium resembles that of Carcelia reciinata.

Type series localities—Ovizaba (Veracruz) and Teapa (Tabasco),
Mexico.

Distribution Puerto Rico 1, Mexico 2.

Type series—British Museum.

Hosts —“Larva on calabash tree” 4, Megalopyge krugti Dewitz 1.

Femarks.—The description is based on an examination of one male
and three females reared from “larva on calabash tree” in January
1912 (Hooker); one female reared from Megalopyge krugit (Van
Zwalenburg).

The writer had the privilege of examining the type series of
Eeorista flavirostris Van der Wulp in the British Museum. This
series consisted of one male and two females, which varied as follows
from the foregoing description: Male with six frontal bristles, fe-
male with six varying from five to seven; facial ridge bristly on low-
est one-third; one female lacked the brassy tinge to parafrontals,
which were slightly blackish toward vertex (junction of second and
third antennal segments of this female reddish).

Thorax bluish-silvery-gray pollinose, male with shoulders and ex-
treme sides golden pollinose, one female faintly golden-pollinose and
other female lacking golden tinge; scutellum yellow, blackish in
one female; male with one strong and one weak sternopleural macro-
chaetae on one side and only one on other.

Abdomen with golden tingle to pollen; abdominal hairs suberect
in male. The female that lacked the brassy tinge to the parafrontals
lacked the golden tinge to the pollen of the thorax and abdomen.

The discrepancies are minor in character, and the writer questions
the desirability at this time of considering the Puerto Rican speci-
mens other than Carcelia flavirostris.

11. CARCELIA DIACRISIAE, new species

Zenillia n. sp. (4) SCHAFFNER and GriswoLp, U. S. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ. 188,
p. 113, 1934.

Although a larger fly, this species resembles Carcelia perplewa.
It differs in having the legs and abdomen wholly black, the front
tibia with only one long posterolateral bristle instead of two, and
the dorsal vitta obscure except on the basal half of the second seg-
ment. The genitalia of the two forms are very distinct. The puparia
are different.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Male (type). —Head with front at narrowest part 0.23 head width;
frontal row of nine bristles, extending from on a level with middle of
second antennal segment to two strong reclinate upper frontals (pre-
verticals) ; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-sixth; gena less than one-
fifteenth eye height; frontal orbit, face, cheek, and posterior orbit
silvery-gray pollinose; antenna black, third segment five times as
long as second; palpus yellow.

Thorax shining black covered with gray pollen; five black mesono-
tal vittae, median one obsolete before suture, inner pair well defined,
outer pair interrupted at suture; four postsutural dorsocentral
macrochaetae; scutellum black, faintly yellow, on apical half covered
with gray pollen, three pairs of marginal scutellars and one strong
decussate apical pair directed backward, disk covered with erect hairs
and bearing one pair of discal scutellars; two sternopleural macro-
chaetae; legs wholly black; fore tibia with one median posterolateral
bristle; middle tibia with one median long stout anterolateral bristle,
one long inner ventral bristle; hind tibia ciliate, with one longer
bristle near middle; wing grayish hyaline, third vein with two to
three bristles at base, squamae white.

Abdomen black, wholly covered with gray pollen except dorsum
of first segment, which is shining black, usual black dorsal vitta obso-
lete except on basal half of second segment; first and second segments
with a marginal pair, third and fourth with a marginal row of
macrochaetae; no discals.

Hypopygium rufous; inner forcep in profile long and tapering,
outer side strongly and evenly curved from tip to base, inner side if
divided into sevenths tapering abruptly on sixth portion to form a
tooth out of seventh; outer forceps two-thirds length of inner,
strongly appressed against inner side of inner forceps, in profile
sides of outer forceps parallel, ending bluntly, apical one-third
thickly beset with numerous small spines (viewed under binocular
high power).

Length 10 mm.

Female (allotype).—Front at its narrowest part 0.24 head width;
frontal row of six bristles, extending upward from on a level with
base of third antennal segment; two pairs of fronto-orbital bristles;
third segment of antenna slightly less than four times second; arista
thickened on basal one-fourth; penultimate segment short. Pulvilli
one-half length of those of male; base of third vein with one or two
bristles. Fourth segment of abdomen lacking macrochaetae, covered
with erect bristles about one-half size of macrochaetae on third seg-
ment. Except for hypopygium, remainder of description same as
for male.

Length 10 mm.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 63

The paratype material varies as follows from the descriptions:
Width of male front 0.22 to 0.23, female 0.24 to 0.25; frontal bristles
in male seven to eight, in female five to six; two male paratypes with
three sternopleurals on one side; one female paratype with two
median posterolateral bristles on fore tibiae.

Type locality.—Lafayette, Ind.

Allotype locality —Somerville, N. J.

Distribution.—New Jersey 1, Maryland 2, Virginia 1, Indiana 1.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54150.

Hosts —Diacrisia virginica (Fabricius) 3, E’stigmene acraea (Dru-
ry) 1,2 unknown hosts bearing Riley note numbers.

Remarks —TVhe material examined consisted of type, September
15, 1917 (Aldrich), allotype (No. 11715 L8C), maie paratype (No.
11715 L4), female paratype (No. 11715 L3) reared from Diacrisia
virginica, Somerville, N. J. (Gypsy Moth Laboratory); one male
paratype 491 L-491 L° (Riley); one male paratype 2906°, Febru-
ary 21, 1887; four male paratypes and two female paratypes, Lafay-
ette, Ind. (Aldrich) ; one male paratype, Dead Run, Fairfax County,
Va., June 22, 1915 (Shannon); one reared specimen hearing Gypsy
Moth Laboratory note number; and three males and two females
(Aldrich, Shannon, and Palmer).

Three of the paratype specimens had been previousty determined
by Tothill as griseomicans. These three specimens are not Van der
Wulp’s concepts of griseomicons. See comments under Carcelia
amplexa, Remarks.

Adults, May to September; number per host, one; generations,
two; hibernation, in puparium.

12. CARCELIA AMPLEXA (Coquillett), new combination

Eerorista amplexa Coquittett, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Diy. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, pp.
97-98, 1897.—THompson, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 8, p. 291, 1910; Psyche, vol.
17, No. 5, pp. 210-211, 1910.— Greene, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 60, art. 10,
p. 25, fig. 61 (puparium), 1$22—Hrr1, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Dept. Bull. 1336, p.
Ate 1925;

Leorista griseomicans of CoquirteTr (nee Van der Wulp), U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 98, 1897.

Sisyropa hemerocampae TOWNSEND, Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer., ‘vol. 2, p. 248, 1909 ;
Proce. Ent. Soe. Washington, vol. 14, pp. 165-166, 1912; Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer.,
vol. 8, p. 89, 1915.

Zenillia amplera (Coquilleit) ALDRICH and WessEr, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
63, art. 17, pp. 18-14, 1924—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p.
196, 1925.—West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—
SCHAFFNER and Grisworp, U. S. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ. 188, p. 111, 1934.

Ozxecorista ampleza (Coquillett) TowNsenp, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 211,
1936.

Oxexorista hemerocampae (Townsend) Townsend, Manual of myiology, pt. 4,
p. 211, 1936.

64. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.20 to 0.23, usually 0.21, and
in female 0.24 to 0.27, mostly 0.24, of head width; frontal row of
seven to nine bristles in male and five to seven in female, extending
from apex of second antennal segment to two strong reclinate upper
frontals (preverticals); facial ridge bristly on lowest one-sixth;
gena less than one-fifteenth eye height; frontal orbit, face, cheek,
and posterior orbit light-gray-silvery pollinose; third segment of
antenna black, first and second segments varying from red to black
but usually red, third segment four and one-half times second in male
and four times in female; arista thickened on basal one-fourth, pe-
nultimate segment short; palpus yellow.

Thorax black usually gray-pollinose although quite often with a
cawny tinge; five black mesonotal vittae, the median one obsolete be-
fore the suture; three or four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae,
usually four, sometimes three on one side and four on the other;
scutellum yellow covered with gray pollen, three pairs of marginal
scutellars and one smaller but strong decussate apical pair turned
backward, disk with one pair of discal scutellars; two sternopleural
macrochaetae; legs with tarsi black; tibiae, femora, and coxae yellow,
concolorous; fore tibia with two median posterolateral bristles; mid-
tibia with one median anterolateral bristle, inner ventral weak or
lacking, usually present, shorter than and situated on a level with or
nearer the tarsus than the lower of the two median posterolateral
bristles; hind tibia evenly ciliate, with one longer bristle near middle;
wing grayish hyaline, third vein with one or two bristles at base,
squama white.

Abdomen covered with gray pollen, sometimes with a tawny tinge
except on dorsum of first segment and the very narrow (pencil line)
dorsal vitta; although somewhat obscured by pollen, ground color of
venter and sides reddish yellow extending up onto dorsum some-
what on first, second, third, and sometimes basal portions of fourth
segment; ground color of dorsum, usually entire fourth segment, and
ventral membrane black; first and second segments with a pair and
third with a marginal row of macrochaetae, fourth segment covered
with erect bristles about one-half size of macrochaetae on third; usu-
ally without discals, but over 10 percent of specimens examined had
a nicely formed pair on third segment, and 2 specimens out of 90
had a pair of discals on second as well as on third segment; one
specimen lacked marginal pair of macrochaetae on second segment.

Length 7 to 9 mm.

Type locality—Mount Washington, N. H.

Distribution.—Maine 1, New Hampshire 1, New York 2, New Jer-
sey 5, Pennsylvania 1, Ontario 1. Published records not duplicated
above: Massachusetts (Townsend, Johnson, Schaffner and Griswold),

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 65

Rhode Island (Johnson, Schaffner and Griswold), Connecticut
(Schaffner and Griswold), New York 4 (West), New Jersey (Smith),
District of Columbia (Coquillett, Townsend), Maryland (Hill),
Kansas (Tucker), Quebec (Winn and Beaulieu), Puerto Rico (Wol-
cott). Owing to the confusion surrounding the earlier identity of
this species, the author is of the opinion that some of the above re-
corded published records may be erroneous.

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 3596.

Hosts —Hemerocampa leucostigma (Abbot and Smith) 90; Notolo-
phus antigua (Linnaeus) 1, Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus) 1. Pub-
lished records: Plathypena scabra (Fabricius) (Hill) and Fepan-
theria eridanus (Cramer) (Wolcott).

Remarks—The foregoing description is based on an examination
of the type specimen; the female type, Sisyropa hemerocampae,
U.S.N.M. No. 12623, G.M.L. 820-0 07TD 2060 B, previously deter-
mined as Hworista griseomicans by Coquillett; 90 reared specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers; one male reared from
Notolophus leucostigma (Schoene) ; two females G.M.L. 558 T (one
without ocellar bristles) ; one male and three females, 205° July 1896
labeled as griseomicans,; one male and one female, 5332 B and 5332
BC, female labeled griseomicans; two males and one female, G.M.L.
2685 A, August 1909, labeled as S. hemerocampae,; one male, 205°*%,
July 23, 1897; one female, Toronto, Ontario (Brodie).

The species as now constituted is still a variable one. The main
variable factors are the color of the first two segments of the antenna
being red or black, three or four dorsocentrals, and the inner ventral
bristle of the midtibia being weakly present or lacking. As there is
no clear line of demarcation, nothing is to be gained by recognizing
these variations as having specific status. The writer was unable to
find any correlation between these factors or any others noted that
would warrant further restricting the material placed here.

Adults, June to October; number per host, one; generations one or
two depending upon the locality; hibernation, in the puparium.

In the past there has been a tendency to refer some specimens of
Carcelia amplexa and C. diacrisiae to Exorista griseomicans Van der
Wulp. The writer had the privilege of examining the type series of
fi. griseomicans, which is located in the British Museum. This ma-
terial is a composite series composed of three species of Carcelia
which resemble, but are distinct from C. formosa, C. gnava, and

CU. lagoae.
13. CARCELIA PERPLEXA, new species

Zenillia amplera of ALDRICH and WEBBER (nec Coquillett), partim, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 13-14, 1924.

Zenillia n. sp. (2) (partim) SCHAFFNER and GRISWOLD, U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc.
Publ. 188, p. 118, 1934.

477396—42 5

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

This species closely resembles Carcelia amplexa. The species is less
variable, and several small characters serve to differentiate it from C.
amplexwa. It does not have the concolorous femora and tibiae.

Male (type).—Head with front at its narrowest 0.22 head width;
frontal row of 11 bristles, extending from base of third antennal seg-
ment to three reclinate upper frontals (one reclinate upper frontal
and two preverticals) ; numerous fine hairs outside row of frontal
bristles; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fifth; gena less than one-
fifteenth eye height; frontal orbit, face, cheek, and posterior orbit
silvery-gray pollinose with a tinge of black; antenna black, third seg-
ment four times second; arista thickened on basal one-fourth, pen-
ultimate segment short; palpus yellow.

Thorax black covered with gray pollen; five black mesonotal
vittae, median one obsolete before suture; four postsutural dorso-
central macrochaetae; scutellum yellow covered with gray pollen,
three pairs of marginal scutellars and one smaller but strong decus-
sate pair turned backward; disk covered with erect hairs and bearing
one pair of discal scutellars; two sternopleural macrochaetae; legs
with tarsi, femora, and coxae black; tibia yellow; fore tibia with
two median posterolateral bristles; midtibia with one anterolateral
bristle, one inner ventral bristle at least as long as and situated higher
on tibia toward femur than the lower of the two median postero-
lateral bristles; hind tibia ciliate with one longer bristle near middle;
wing grayish hyaline, third vein with two bristles at base; squamae
white.

Abdomen covered with gray pollen except on dorsum of first seg-
ment and narrow vitta; although somewhat obscured by pollen,
ground color of sides reddish yellow on first, second, and third seg-
ments extending on to venter and dorsum somewhat; ground color
of dorsum and venter, including ventral membrane, and entire fourth
segment black; first and second segments with a pair and third with
a marginal row of macrochaetae; no discals; fourth segment covered
with erect bristles about one-half size of macrochaetae on third;
abdominal hairs erect

Length 8 mm.

Female (allotype).—Front at its narrowest 0.25 head width; six
frontal bristles on one side, seven on other, only two reclinate upper
frontal bristles (preverticals) ; hairs outside frontal row noticeable
but not quite so numerous as in male; two pairs of fronto-orbital
bristles; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-sixth; third segment of
antenna slightly less than four times second. Reddish-yellow area on
side of abdomen not so extensive as in male. The pulvilli one-half
length of those of male. Otherwise the description is the same as for
the male.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 67

Length 8 mm,

The paratype material differs as follows from the descriptions:
Front of male from 0.20 to 0.24 but usually 0.22, female from 0.24 to
0.26; frontal bristles from 8 to 13 but usually 10 or 11 in male, from
5 to 8 but usually 6 or 7 in female; male usually with 3 reclinate up-
per frontals; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fifth; third joint of
antenna from three and one-half to four times second. Wing with
from 1 to 3 bristles at base of third vein but usually 2.

Length 5.5 to 8 mm.

Type and allotype locality —Trenton, N. J.

Distribution.—Maine 2, Massachusetts 4, Connecticut 1, New York
8, New Jersey 2.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54151.

Hosts—Hemerocampa leucostigma (Abbot and Smith) 26; Olene
plagiata (Walker) 1.

Remarks.—Material examined consisted of the following reared
specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers: Type and
allotype, No. 11718 N3i; three male paratypes, 11718 N3i; one male
paratype, Trenton, N. J., No. 11718Rih; three male paratypes, Brook-
lyn, N. Y., Nos. 11718 Kid, 11718 K1 and 21, 11718 N1j; one female
paratype, Trenton, N. J., No. 11718 N3j; two female paratypes,
Brooklyn, N. Y., No. 11718 A8; one female paratype, Brooklyn,
N. Y., No. 11718 Nilo; one female paratype, Somerville, N. J., No.
11718 H7; one female paratype, Everett, Mass., No. 12108 L1; one
female paratype, Berlin, Conn., No. 12108 R5; nine reared specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers; one male, 205*°
April 14, 1896; one female G. M. L. 2603C, May 16, 1910.

Although the writer can readily separate this species from Car-
celia amplexa on characters that have proved specific elsewhere in
the genus Carcelia, he is perplexed by the coincidence that practically
all the specimens of both series have been reared from the common
host Hemerocampa leucostigma. As both species were previously
considered one, it is perhaps desirable to cite this common host relation-
ship. Subsequent material may indicate even more divergent lines of
host selection.

Adults, May to July; number per host, one to several; generations,
one; hibernation, in the puparium.

14. CARCELIA OLENENSIS, new species

Zenillia amplera of ALDRICH and WesBER (nec Coquillett), partim, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 138-14, 1924.

Zenillia n. sp. (2), partim, SCHAFFNER and GriswoLbD, U. §. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ.
188, p. 113, 1934.

This species can be easily confused with Carcelia perpleaa.

6S PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Male (type) —Except as otherwise noted, the description is the
same as for the type male of Carcelia perplexa. Frontal row of seven
and nine bristles, extending from base of third antennal segment to
iwo reclinate preverticals, facial ridge bristly on the lowest one-sixth;
frontal orbit, face, cheek, and posterior orbit silvery-gray pollinose.

Thorax black, thinly covered with gray pollen with marked bluish
tinge; midtibia with inner ventral bristle lacking; third vein of wing
with one bristle at the base.

Abdomen (type greasy, pollen pattern taken from paratype) thinly
covered with light-gray pollen with a decided bluish tinge; first seg-
ment, apical margin of second and third segments, and dorsal vitta
shining black; ground color predominantly black with reddish-yellow
area on sides of the first, second, and third segments; one pair of weak
discal macrochaetae on third segment; abdominal hairs on discal
region long, ‘ine, and erect.

Length 8 mm.

Female (allotype).—Front at its narrowest 0.28 head width; six
frontal bristles on one side, seven on the other, two pairs of frontal
orbital bristles; facial ridge bristly on the lowest one-eighth; third
segment of antenna about three and one-half the second. Midtibia
with inner ventral bristle; pulvilli one-half length of those of male;
third vein of wing with two bristles at the base. Abdomen black, a
very small and faint reddish yellow spot on side; no discal macro-
chaetae on third segment. Otherwise the description is the same as
for male.

Length 8 im.

The paratypes differ as follows from the descriptions: Front of
male 0.20 and 0.21; frontal bristles usually eight in the male, from
four to eight, averaging six, 10 the female. Male midtibia with a small
or weak inner ventral bristle; third vein of wing with one or two
bristles at the base. No discal macrochaetae on third segment of
abdomen; one female with a black abdomen and one female with a
reddish-yellow area on sides.

Length 7 to 9 mm.

Type and allotype locality Saugus, Mass.

Distribution.—Massachusetts 3.

Type.—Male, U.S. N. M. No. 54152.

Host.—Olene atomaria (Walker) 12.

Remarks.—Material examined consisted of the following reared spe-
cimens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers: Type and one
male paratype, No. 10093 L4; allotype, two male paratypes, and one
female paratype, No. 10093 L3; one female paratype, Weston, Mass.,
No. 10093 J7; three males and two females (all headless), Bolyston,
Mass., No. 10093 J5.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 69

Adults, June; number per host, one to several; generations, one ;
hibernation, in the puparium.

15. CARCELIA YALENSIS, new species
Zenillia amplera of ALDRICH and WEBBER (nec Coquillett) (partim), Proce. U.S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 68, art. 17, pp. 18-14, 1924.
Zenillia un. sp. (2) (partim), SCHAFFNER and GRISWOLD, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ.
188, p. 113, 1934.

This species is most easily confused with Carcelia perplexa and C.
diacrisiae. The male, which is most likely to be confused with C.
perplewa, is separated only by the blacker abdomen and the lack of
reclinate frontal bristles other than the two reclinate preverticals.
In the female the black abdomen and the two pairs of marginal macro-
chaetae on the second segment serve to separate this species from C.
perplexa, while the fore tibia with two posterolateral bristles, second
segment of the abdomen with two pairs of marginal macrochaetae.
narrow dorsal vitta, and apical margins on segments 2 and 3 readily
separate this species from C. diacrisiae.

Female (type)—Head with front at narrowest 0.30 head width;
frontal rows of eight bristles, extending from below arista to two rec-
linate upper frontals (preverticals), frontal bristles on parafacial
situated halfway between facial ridges and eye margin; facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-fifth; gena less than one-fifteenth eye height;
frontal orbit, face, and posterior orbit light-gray-silvery pollinose ;
antenna black, third segment slightly more than three times second ;
arista thickened on basal two-fifths, penultimate segment short; palpus
yellow,

Thorax covered with gray pollen; five black mesonotal vittae; four
postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae ; scutellum yellow, three pairs of
marginal scutellars and one decussate apical pair, one pair of discal
scutellars; two sternopleural macrochaetae; legs with tarsi and femora
black, tibiae brown (yellowish) ; fore tibia with two median poster-
olateral bristles; midtibia with one median anterolateral bristle, one
strong inner ventral bristle; hind tibia ciliate, with one longer bristle
near middle; wing with two to three bristles at base of third vein;
squamae white.

Abdomen black covered with thin light-gray pollen, heavier on sides
and bases of segments; first segment, narrow apical margin of second
and third segments, and narrow dorsal vitta shining black; first seg-
ment with one pair, second with two pairs, and third with a row of
marginal macrochaetae; fourth segment covered with erect bristles
one-half size of macrochaetae of third segment; no discal macro-
chaetae; hairs erect on discal areas, depressed on sides of second seg-
ment, and suberect on sides of third.

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Length 8 mm.

Male (allotype).—Head with front at narrowest 0.24 head width;
frontal row of 9 or 10 bristles, extending from on a level with arista to
2 reclinate preverticles; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-sixth; gena
one-fifteenth eye height; frontal orbit, face, and posterior orbit light
silvery-gray pollinose; antenna black, third segment four times sec-
ond; arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment short.
Pulvilli long. Abdomen black, covered with gray pollen, second
segment with one pair of marginal macrochaetae; abdominal hairs
erect. Otherwise the description is the same as for the female.

Length 6.5 mm.

The female paratype material differs as follows: Front 0.27 to 0.29;
frontal bristles from five to seven, usually six; third joint of antenna
from three and one-quarter to four times the second. Abdomen black,
more heavily covered with gray pollen.

Length 8 to 9 mm.

Type and allotype localities —Y ale, Idaho, and Altmar, N. Y.

Distribution —Maine 1, New Hampshire 1, Massachusetts 1, New
York 1, Idaho 1, California 1.

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M, No. 54153.

Hosts —WNotolophus antiqua (Linnaeus) 5, Zemerocampa leucostig-
ma (Abbot and Smith) 1, Zadlisidota tessellaris (Abbot and Smith) 2,
cocoon of caterpillar on Abies concolor 2.

Remarks.—Material examined consisted of the female type, Yale,
Idaho, July 28, 1927 (Aldrich) and the following reared specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers: Allotype, No. 12109
N11; one female paratype, Everett, Mass., 12108 K6; one female para-
type, Bangor, Maine, 12109 M7a; one female paratype, Altmar, N. Y..,
12109 N11; one female paratype, Duane, N. Y., 12109 P6; one female
paratype, Claremont, N. H., 12131 D8; one headless female, 12109 J9;
one badly rubbed and battered male, 11757 H6; and one male and one
female, Signal Peak, Mariposa County, Calif., December 1907 (Miller).

4, Genus APLOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy

Aplomya RoBINEAU-DEsvoIpy, Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France, vol 2, p. 184, 1830;
Histoire naturelle des diptéres des environs de Paris, vol. 1, p. 459 [on page
460 (A. zonata Robineau-Desvoidy) = Tachina confinis Fallen], 1863.—
Coquit1ETT, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, pp. 509, 553, 1910.—TowNsENp,
Manual of myiology, pt. 3, p. 231, 1986. [Genotype, (A. zonata) = Tachina
confinis Fallen. By designation of Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, in synonymy. ]

Huebneria Rosinrau-Desvolpy, Ann. Soe. Ent. France, p. 601, 1847; Histoire
naturelle des diptéres des environs de Paris, vol. 1, p. 279 [(Curcelia
nigripes Robineau-Desvoidy) = Tachina affinis Fallen], 1863.—CoquiILLEert
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 553, 1910.—TownsEnp, Manual of myiology,
pt. 4, pp. 209, 212, 1986. [Genotype, (C. nigripes) = Tachina affinis Fallen.
By designation of Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, in synonymy. ]

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS Gk

Erorista of authors (nec Meigen) CoquitLetr (partim), U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div.
Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 91, 1897.—Barr (partim), Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol.
7, p. 112, 1921—Srer (partim), Arch. Naturg., Abt. A., Heft 6, p. 67, 1924.
—Lunpseck (partim), Diptera Danica, pt. 7, p. 307, 1927.—BARANOFF
(partim), Institut fiir Hygiene und Schule fiir Volksgesundheit, Zagreb,
Arb. parasit. Abt. No. 3, 1931.

Zenillia of authors (nec Meigen).—BakrRr (partim), Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol.
7, p. 118, 1921—Aupricn and WEBBER (partim), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
63, art. 17, pp. 1-48, 1924.—LUNDBECK (partim), Diptera Danica, pt. 7,
p. 337, 1927.

Collatia CuRRAN, Families and genera of North American Diptera, p. 464, 1934.—
TowNsEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 224, 1936. (Genotype, Zenillia
submissa Aldrich and Webber. Monotypic.) (New synonymy.)

Inasmuch as Ezorista Meigen has been restricted to larvarwm and
its congeners, Aplomya is the oldest name available to represent
roughly the generic equivalent of Hworista of authors (s. s.), Baer,

Lundbeck, ete., or a limited portion of Hworista of authors (s. 1),

Stein, Baranoff, etc. The species now referred to Aplomya that were

known to Aldrich and Webber in 1924 were placed in three of the

four subgenera of their composite genus Zenillia. Huebneria has
been accepted as a synonym of Aplomya by some of the best authori-
ties. Huebneria represents a transitional phase between Paraeworista
and Aplomya; it has some characteristics of both. Curran, in estab-
lishing the genus Collatia on the character of “the propleura haired
on the middle portion,” has contradicted his opinion that “In many
genera the propleura is haired but in some this character is not
reliable.” The writer believes that the best procedure is to leave

Collatia submissa (Aldrich and Webber) in the genus Aplomya.

Townsend places Aplomya in the tribe Phrynoini, Huebneria in the

tribe Carceliini, and Collatia in the tribe Lydellini. Aplomya ex-

hibits probably a more heterologous composition than any of the
other genera proposed in this paper. The bionomic relationships are
more obscure than they are in the other genera previously discussed.

Aplomya can be separated without difliculty from Phryxe, Thely-
myia, and Chrysophryxe. In Aplomya the front at the vertex 1s
one-third or less the width of the head; the front is narrower in
the male than in the female, with somewhat diverging margins; and
the claws and pulvilli are more elongate in the male than in the
female. Carcelia will not be confused with Aplomya, as in the latter
genus the eye does not occupy the whole side of the head; the gena
is at least one-tenth the eye height, usually more; and there are always
three or four sternopleural macrochaetae. The following characters
will readily serve to differentiate Aplomya from Sisyropa: Scutel-
lum with three pairs of marginal scutellars and an apical pair; hind
tibia usually with unequal bristles, sometimes weakly ciliate in some
species. A little practice should enable one to separate Aplomya and

t2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Zenillia, but caution is advised in order that mistakes may be avoided.
In Aplomya the abdomen is of ordinary form.

All the species of Ap/omya possess an inner ventral bristle on the
mid tibia. Aplomya affinis and A. estigmenensis of this genus have
two bristly hairs behind on the apex of the hind coxa. All the other
species lack these bristly hairs excepting Aplomya epicydes, in which
they are present on some of the specimens.

The following grouping of the species placed in Aployma is sug-
gested for those workers who prefer or insist on restricted geneva or a
definition of species groups:

1. confinis, theclarum (Aplomya).

2. mitis, caesar, confusionis.

3. trisetosa.

4. submissa (Collatia).

5. affinis, helvina crassiscta, estigmenen:is (Hucberia).
6. epicydes, imitator, trichiosomae.

7. fronto, pheosiae, cerurae, neurotomae.

8. setinervis.

9. polita.

The first four groups are the most characteristic of Aployma, but
they have distinctive characters of their own. Groups 5 and 6 are
closely related and are characteristic of Huebneria. Groups 8 and 9
are very similar in many respects.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF APLOMYA

There are 20 species included in the key, 17 of which occur in the
Nearctic and 3 in the Palearctic realm. Inasmuch as Aplomya mitis
has been released in the northeastern and north-central parts of the
United States, it is included in the key. Aplomya confinis and A. affines
are included because the names have been utilized to refer to indig-
enous Nearctic species in our literature for the past 40 to 50 years.
It was considered that the inclusion of the 3 Palearctic species would
increase the systematic value of the key and eliminate possible con-
fusion as to the usage of these specific names.

1. Sternopleural macrochaetae threes..._=---) = 4
sternopleurals maerochaetae four’ 202) 2 eee eee ee 2
2. Postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae four; scutellum reddish yellow, black
at base; apical scutellars curved backward, decussate; no diseal bristles or
macrochaetae on second and third abdominal segments_____-__-___-_-_-___ 3
Postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae three; middle portion of propleura
hairy; scutellum black; apical scutellars erect or proclinate, decussate ;
front at vertex very narrow; one pair of discal macrochaetae on second

and third abdominal segments (male only)
1. submissa (Aldrich and Webber) (p. 75)
3. Disk of scutellum covered with long, fine, erect hairs; with a discernible pair
of discal scutellars (Palearctic species)______ 2. confinis (Fallen) (p. 75)

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS res:

Disk of scutellum covered with long, fine, erect hairs; there is a tendency to
lack a discernible pair of discal scutelars (Nearctic species)
8. theclarum (Scudder) (p. 76)

4: Postsutural dorsocentral;macrochaetae, fours-2.—--—~- 22-2222 s_ C
Postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae three__-_--------_____----__---_- 5
hia Palpusiyellows costalaspine Short=<__= == 22 == = 6

Palpus brownish yellow; costal spine long; front at vertex about one-third
width of head, of about equal breadth in both sexes; third segment of
antenna hardly twice length of second; arista thickened on more than
basal one-half, penultimate segment elongate; pulvilli of male only slightly
longer than pulvilli of female------------ 4, trisetosa (Coquillett) (p. 78)

Palpus black, costal spine short; arista thickened on basal one-fourth to one-
third, penultimate segment short

8. crassiseta (Aldrich and Webber) (p. 84)
6. Middle tibia with three or more median anterolateral bristles; three sterno-
pleural macrochaetae ; scutellum rufous, black at base; apical seutellars
strong, more or less erect; discal macrochaetae on second and third ab-
dominal segments somewhat numerous and irregularly arranged; third
segment of antenna about twice length of second

{ Nearctic species) 5. estigmenensis, new species (p. 79)

| Palearctic species) 6, affinis Fallen (p. 81)

Middle tibia with one median anterolateral bristle; third vein bristly to small
cross vein; two sternopleural macrochaetae and a sternopleural bristle ;
seutellum black ; apical scutellars weak ; no discal macrochaetae on second
or third abdominal segments; third segment of antenna more than three

times ‘the Second =2+- +2 -22-=--2- = 7. setinervis (Coquillett) (p. 83)

We Wealpus yellow 222222222----=22- 52 2) eat een ae 12
Palpus black or predominantly so._----+-----------------~---+--==+=+-+—-- 8

S. Seutellum black; apical seutellars turned backward____--__--~-------- 9

Seutellum yellow on apical half and black on basal half; apical scutellars erect
or proclinate; subapical scutellar bristles very long, reaching to third
abdominal segment __------~- 8. crassiseta (Aldrich and Webber) (p. 84)

Several small hairs on upper part of parafacial situated directly below lowest
frontal bristles; two pairs of discal macrochaetae or bristles on second and
third abdominal segments, anterior pair often weaker; one reclinate pre-
vertical bristle, female sometimes with two _-_-_-----_---_-- 2 lesa 11

Small hairs directly below lowest frontals lacking; one pair of discal mac-
rochaetae on second and third abdominal segments; two reclinate preverti-
CIA DTISUIOG) Se ees ee ee ee a ae See ee eee 10

10. Midtibia with one median anterolateral bristle; third segment of antenna in

male four and one-half and in female four times length of second segment ;
arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment about as long as

| Sh ef02 10 (ea eames eo ee aes yee es ic eR 9. neurotomae, new species (p. 85)
Midtibia with two or three median anterolateral bristles; third segment of
antenna in male three and one-half and in female twice length of second ;
arista thickened on basal one-third to two-fifths, penultimate segment
YD ges os hee et eee ha Se ie 10. confusionis, new species (p. 86)
11, Parafrontal, face, and gena silver-gray pollinose (some specimens with a dis-
tinct tawny or brassy tinge to parafrontal) in female, with parafrontal be-
coming blacker toward the vertex; front at narrowest in male about 0.2%
and in female 0.29 head width; third segment of antenna in male four and in
female three times length of second segment; arista thickened on basal two-
fifths in male, on basal one-third in female, penultimate segment elongate

%

74

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

(more noticeably so in male) ; some tendency exhibited, especially in the
specimens from leaf-rollers, for upper of two median anterolateral bristles
on midtibia to be less than one-half length of lower bristle. Female with
one strong reclinate prevertical, often with uppermost frontal bristle
reclinate, the females from Pyrausta nubilalis often with additional smaller
preverticalss— 222222 eee eee 11. caesar (Aldrich) (p. 88)
Parafrontal, face, and gena blackish-smoky-gray pollinose in male, silver gray
in female, with parafrontals becoming blacker toward vertex (parafrontal
never with a distinctive tawny or brassy tinge) ; hairs, at least in male,
larger and more profuse outside and below frontal bristles; front at nar-
rowest in male about 0.22 and in female about 0.81 head width; third seg-
ment of antenna in male three and in female two and one-half times length
of second segment; arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment
short, at most hardly longer than broad; midtibia with at least two median
anterolateral bristles, the upper being more than half length of lower,
females especially with an additional small bristle above upper bristle.
Female with at least two strong reclinate preverticals located definitely
outside row of frontal bristles; a darker species, not so heavily pollinose as
caesar, pollen of second abdominal segment confined more to the base and
SidGs 2404 rl VE iisits hea a ee ie Pie 12. mitis (Meigen) (p. 90)
Discal macrochaetae or bristles on both second and third abdominal segments
either tecularly ‘or’ irregularly arranged ae a) Bie ee ee 14
No discal macrochaetae or bristles on second and usually Jacking on third
abd omingl ‘segments Hse Filo sia? 2 ee ee eee 18
Parafrontal silvery pollinose, blacker toward vertex; thorax and abdomen
shining black, thinly silvery-gray pollinose at most; midtibia with one
median anterolateral bristle; no diseal bristles; first and fourth abdominal
segments shining black; a little patch of dense hairs on the sides of the
third and fourth segments (male only) __-- 18. polita (Coquillett) (p. 90)
Parafrontal golden-pollinose; thorax and abdomen predominantly golden-
pollinose; midtibia with two median anterolateral bristles; third segment
(in some females) varying from no discals to a pair of discal macrochaetae
sometimes irregularly placed ; dorsum of all four segments golden-pollinose.
14. helvina (Coquillett) (p. 91)
Midtibia with one median anterolateral bristle, Sometimes with a smaller addi-
tional bristle above; third segment of antenna four or more times the length
Of) Seconds tats wil 2 Te ah. SEG ee aa ree eee ee Ene ere 17
Midtibia with two or three median anterolateral bristles; third segment of
antenna not over twice length of second____._-__-______~=--225- 452s 15
Front at vertex one-fourth head width in male; hypopygium with inner
forceps long ‘andstapering ae ae te) Se i ee eee 16
Front at vertex less than one-fifth head width in male and barely more than
one-fourth head width in female; hypopygium with tip of inner forceps
curved backward, outer forceps about four-fifths length of inner forceps;
O-12 shit wale ened et ee Dee 15. epicydes (Walker) (p. 92)
One reclinate prevertical bristle; black, gray-pollinose species; hypopygium
with large inner forceps long, straight, and tapering, outer forceps wider,
four-fifths length of inner forceps; 12 mm. (male only)
16. imitator, new species (p. 93)
Two reclinate prevertical bristles; black, subshining; very thinly gray-
pollinose species ; hypopygium with inner forceps similar to that of imitator
but more concave on outer side and not a great deal longer than outer
forceps ; 8.56 mm. (male only) —-----_- 17. trichiosomae, new species (p. 94)

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 75

17. Seutellum black, the tip sometimes yellow; gena one-sixth to one-fifth eye
Vee TT tee ee eke AES eS pe a aT ee ee Sek oe ee ee 18
Scutellum yellow covered with gray pollen; gena one-tenth eye height; third
segment of antenna six times length of second (male only)
cerurae, new species (p. 94)
18. Parafrontal and parafacial brassy, facial depression and posterior orbit
silvery pollinose=={2-=2322.*2" a 19. pheosiae, new species (p. 95)
Parafrontal and face gray-pruinose____-___ 20. fronto (Coquillett) (p. 96)

1. APLOMYA SUBMISSA (Aldrich and Webber), new combination

Zenillia submissa ALDRICH and Wepsser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17,
p. 31, 1924.

Collatia submissa (Aldrich and Webber) Curran, Families and genera of North
American Diptera, p. 464, 1984—TowNsEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p.
224, 1936.

Head with front at narrowest 0.15 to 0.16 head width; row of
frontal bristles long, extending from below base of third antennal
segment to three or four reclinate preverticals; facial ridge bristly
on lowest one-fourth to one-third; gena one-tenth eye height; frontal
orbit and face gray-pruinose; antenna black, third segment two and
one-fourth times second; arista thickened on basal one-third, penulti-
mate segment elongate; palpus black.

Thorax black, gray pollinose, marked with four mesonotal vittae;
mid tibia with two median anterolateral bristles; hind tibia subcili-
ate; wing hyaline, small crossvein infuscated, third vein with two
or three bristles at base.

Abdomen black, gray pollinose; first and second segments with a
pair and third with a row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth segment
with marginal and submarginal bristles about three-fourths the
length of the macrochaetae on third segment.

Length 7 mm.

Type locality.—\Koehler, N. Mex.

Distribution —New Mexico 1, Alberta 1.

Type—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 25696.

Host.—Unknown.

Remarks.—Description based on the type male collected August 14,
1913 (Walton), and one male collected August 29, 1926, Cameron
Lake, Alberta (King).

2. APLOMYA CONFINIS (Fallen) (genotype)

Tachina confinis FALLEN, Monographia muscidum sueciae, p. 32, 1820.—MEIcEN,
Systematische Beschreibung der europiiischen zweifliigeligen Insecten, vol.
4, pp. 274, 396, 1824.—Zerrerstept, Insecta Lapponica, p. 644, 1838; Diptera
Seandinaviae, vol. 3, p. 1140, 1844.

Aplomya confinis (Fallen) RopinEau-DrEsvoiwy, Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France,
vol. 2, p. 184, 1880; Histoire naturelle des diptéres des environs de Paris,
vol. 1, p. 459-460, 1863.—CoquILteTT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, pp.
509, 553, 1910—TowNsEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 2, p. 60, 1985; pt. 4,
p. 231, 19386.

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

BHrorista confinis (Wallen) RoNDANI, Dipterologiae italicae prodromus, vol. 3,
p. 148, 1859.—Brzzi and STEIN, Katalog der paliiarktischen Dipteren, vol. 3,
p. 241, 1907.—Barr, Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol. 7, p. 147 (118), 1921.—
MUier, Arch. Naturg., vol. 88, p. 125, pl. 111, 1922.—Srmin, Arch. Naturg.,
Abt. A, Heft. 6, p. 75, 1924—THompson, Ann. Parasitol., Humaine et
Compar., vol. 4, p. 216, figs. 6, 18, 1926—LuNbBEcK, Diptera Danica, pt. 7,
p. 312, 1927.—BarAnorr, Encycl. Ent. Diptera, vol. 4, p. 86, 1927.—Watn-
wrieHur, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1928, p. 185.

The reason why this species has been commonly reported as occur-
ring in North America is that it has been confused with Aplomya
theclarum. Townsend has expressed the opinion that A. confinis does
not occur in North America. The writer considers that this is an-
other example of the resemblance of species between the Nearctic and
Palearctic realms.

Admittedly there is a paucity of characters upon which the separa-
tion of Aplomya confinis and A. theclarum is based. Other than
the difference cited in the key, there appear to be additional small
differences between the two species. Owing to the scarcity of Euro-
pean specimens, it is difficult to evaluate the systematic worth of the
noted differences.

Male with ten frontal bristles descending to middle of parafacials;
facial ridge bristly one-fourth in male, one-fifth in female; gena one-
seventh eye height in female; palpus black, brownish toward tip.
Third vein with three bristles at base. A decidedly larger fly than
theclarum.

Distribution —Europe from middle Scandinavia and Finland down
into Africa.

[Hosts —Bezzi and Stein, Baer, and Lundbeck list Aporia crataeqi
(Linnaeus); Zhecla ilicis (Esper), Zephyrus quercus (Linnaeus),
Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus), Tephroclystia sp., and Rhyparia pur-
purata (Linnaeus).

Femarks——Comments based on an examination of one male col-
lected on July 15 at Rambouillet, France, by Villeneuve, and one
female collected at Kelenvoelgy, Hungary, September 6, 1927, by
Muesebeck.

Lundbeck stated that the palpi of confinis were “yellow, brownish
toward the base.” Baer and Stein called the palpi of their speci-
mens black.

The species is oviparous, depositing an oval egg, flattened below,
on the skin of the host.

3. APLOMYA THECLARUM (Scudder), new combination

Tachina theclarum ScupvER, Can. Ent., vol. 19, p. 166, 1887.

Bexorista theclarum (Scudder) WILtiston, Scudder’s Butterflies of Eastern United
States and Canada, vol. 3, p. 1920, fig. 17, 19, 1889.—TowNnsenp, Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 22, p. 75, 1895; Psyche, vol. 7, p. 330, 1896.

~I
“I

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS

Eaxorista chrysophani TOWNSEND, Ent. News, vol. 2, p. 197, 1891.

Exorista confinis of authors (nec Fallen) Co@uILLertT, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Tech. Bull. 7, p. 97, 1897.—Smiru, Catalogue of New Jersey insects, p. 780,
1909.— REINHARD, Ent. News, vol. 32, p. 72, 1921.—GrrEENrF, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 60, art. 10, p. 11, fig. 21 (puparium), 1922.

Zenillia confinis of auihors (nee Fallen) ALDRIcH and WEBBER, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 63, pp. 35-86, 1924.— JoHNSON, List of New England Diptera, p. 197,
1925; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 38, p. 87, 1925; Biological survey of
Mount Desert, The insect fauna, pt. 1, p. 201, 1927.—Essie, Insects of western
North America, p. 581, 1926.—WeEst, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101,
p. 814, 1928.—REINHArD, Texas Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 401, pp. 33-34, 1929.—-
ALDRICH, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 80, art. 20, p. 2, 1932.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.25 to 0.28 (in five speci-
mens) and in female 0.31 to 0.33 (in five specimens) of head width;
frontal row of six to eight bristles in male and five to six in female,
extending from on a level with well below arista to two reclinate
preverticals; male with very weak and female with outer vertical
bristle; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-third in male, one-fourth
in female; gena one-fifth to one-sixth eye height, silver-gray; para-
frontal and face silvery pollinose; antenna black, third segment in
male four and one-half and in female three times length of second;
arista thickened on basal one-half, penultimate segment elongate;
palpus black, rarely partially yellow.

Thorax black, thinly gray pollinose in male, more noticeably polli-
nose in female; marked with five mesonotal vittae; midtibia usually
with three median anterolateral bristles, the middle bristle longest,
the lower one shortest, often very small in male; hind tibia subciliate ;
wing grayish hyaline, third vein with two bristles at base; squamae
whitish.

Abdomen black and shining; first segment shining black; in male
often obscurely rufous at the sides of second and third segments,
second thinly gray pollinose with only a narrow hind margin and
dorsal vitta black, third and fourth segments polished black with only
a very narrow, interrupted silvery band at extreme base of third; in
female, second segment with broader black hind margin and with
pollinose band on third segment as broad as that on second, fourth
segment wholly polished black except extreme base laterally; first
segment with a pair, second often with four, and third with a row
of marginal macrochaetae; no discal macrochaetae; fourth segment
irregularly covered with bristles; abdominal hairs erect.

Hypopygium black, inner forceps shorter than outer, a few fine
hairs on outer side, in profile decidedly concave on hind edge; outer
forceps nearly straight, ending in a blunt point.

Length 5 to 8mm.

Type locality —Unknown.

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Distribution—Maine 1, New Hampshire 3, Massachusetts 11, Con-
necticut 1, New Jersey 3, Pennsylvania 1, Maryland 2, District of Co-
lumbia, Virginia 8, Louisiana 1, Indiana 1, Idaho 1, Colorado 1, New
Mexico 8, Arizona 1, California 3, Ontario 1. Published and unpub-
lished records not duplicated above: Maine (Johnson), New York 12
(West), New Jersey 6 (Smith), Kansas (Snow), Iowa (Townsend),
Texas 9 (Reinhard), Colorado (Gillette), New Mexico (Cockerell),
Arizona (Coquillett), Quebee (Winn and Beaulieu).

Cotype-——Male, U.S.N.M. No. 1421.

Hosts.—Strymon calanus Hiibner 2, Brephidium evilis (Boisduval),
1, Lycaena sp. 1, lyeaenid larva on Sedum stenopetalum 1, larva on
apple 1. Published and. unpublished records not duplicated above:
Lycaena dione (Scudder) (Townsend), Lycaena thoe (Guérin-Méne-
ville) (Fletcher), Plebeius melissa (Edwards) (Gillette), Brephidium
exilis (Boisduval) (Cockerell), Strymon falacer (Godart) (Scudder),
Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus (Boisduval and LeConte) (Williston) , Co-
quillett lists Gloveria howardi (Dyar) (Toumey) and Lycaena wxan-
thoides (Boisduval) (Skinner), Strymon melinus Hiibner (Rein-
hard).

Remarks.—The foregoing description was based on an examination
of the following material : 2 male cotypes reared from Strymon calanus ;
1 male bred from Atriplex canescans on which there were larvae of
Brephidium exilis (Cockerell) ; 1 male, no. 3919, District of Columbia,
May 24, 1886 (Pergande) ; 1 male from red lycaenid larva on Sedum
stenopetalum, Boulder Canon, Colo., June (Cockerell) ; 1 male from
larva on apple, Arlington, Mass., June 27, 1884 (Dimmock) ; and 186
collected specimens.

Adults, May to September. Adults have been taken on the flowers
of Ceanothus americanus and Tephrosia virginiana.

4. APLOMYA TRISETOSA (Coquillett), new combination

Eeorista trisetosa CoQumILLEeTt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 110, 1902.
Zenillia trisetosa (Coquillett) ALDRICH and WEBBER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63,
art. 17, p. 29, 1924.

Frontal row of bristles extending from on a level below arista to one
or two reclinate preverticals; frontals descending almost to meet
bristles on facial ridge, which is bristly on lowest one-fourth to one-
third; gena one-third eye height; parafrontal black, very thinly gray
pollinose (side view), face gray pruinose, gena shining black below
impression.

Thorax black, lightly covered with bluish-gray pollen ; five mesonotal
vittae; apical scutellars rather long, turned backward; midtibia with
two or three median anterolateral bristles; hind tibia not ciliate; wing
hyaline, third vein slightly sinuate, with three or four bristles at
base.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 79

Abdomen black, subshining, first segment black, remaining segments
whitish pollinose at base; first segment with a weak pair, second with
a pair, and third with a row of marginal macrochaetae; second and
third segments with a pair of discal macrochaetae; fourth segment
covered with macrochaetae.

Length 5 to 8 mm.

Type locality —Moscow, Idaho.

Distribution —Idaho 2, Montana 1, Colorado 3, Nevada 1, New Mex-
ico 1, Washington 1, Pennsylvania 1. Published record, Hlinois 1.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 6212.

Hosts—Autographa californica (Speyer) 1; Lowostege commixtalis
(Walker) 2. Published record: Aldrich and Webber list, from Wal-
ton’s manuscript, Vephelodes emmedonia (Cramer) (Kahl).

Remarks—The material examined consisted of the male type, a male
paratype, and a female paratype, August 26, 1895, Moscow, Idaho
(Aldrich) ; 2 male paratypes, Lewiston, Idaho (Aldrich) ; one male
ex Autographa californica, Edgar, Montana; one male ex Lowostege
commixtalis (Maxson), Longmont, Colo., 1916; one male ex L. com-
mixtalis, Fort Collins, Colo., July 30, 1932; collected specimens, six
males and one female (Baker, Aldrich, Walton, Harbeck).

Adults, May to August.

5. APLOMYA ESTIGMENENSIS, new species

Exorista affinis of authors (nec Fallen) Coquittert, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Tech. Bull. 7, pp. 12, 94, 1897.—Apams, Williston’s Manual of North American
Diptera, p. 358, fig., 1908 —Torumt, Can. Ent., vol. 45, p. 70, 1918.

Zenillia affinis of authors (nec Fallen) ALpricH and WesseER, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 34-85, 1924.—Jounson, List of New England Diptera,
p. 197, 1925; Biological survey of Mount Desert region, The insect fauna, pt.
1, p. 201, 1927.—Esstc, Insects of western North America, p. 581, 1926—
West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—ScHarFner and
Griswo tp, U. S. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ. 188, p. 111, 1934.

Tachina affinis (Aldrich and Webber) (nec Fallen), TOWNSEND, Manual of
myiology, pt. 4, p. 212, 1936.

Male (type) —Head with front at narrowest 0.26 head width;
frontal row of 11 or 12 bristles irregularly arranged, extending from
on a level with well below arista to 2 reclinate preverticals; very weak
outer vertical bristle; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fourth; gena
one-seventh eye height, blackish-gray pollinose; parafrontal and face
silvery-black pollinose; antenna black, third segment twice length
of second; arista thickened on basal one-fourth, penultimate segment
elongate, at least as long as broad; palpus yellow.

Thorax black, subshining, thinly covered with gray pollen; five black
mesonotal vittae; apical half of scutellum rufous, basal half black;
apical scutellars strong, suberect; legs black, pulvilli long; midtibia

SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

with four median anterolateral bristles, two inner ventral bristles;
hind tibia unevenly ciliate; wing grayish hyaline, two bristles at base
of third vein; squamae white.

Abdomen black, subshining, lightly covered with gray pollen; sides
of second segment rufous; dorsum of first segment and a narrow pos-
terior border on remaining segments shining black; when viewed from
in front, thin layer of pollen more pronounced basally and laterally on
dorsum of segments; first and second segments with a pair and third
with a row of marginal macrochaetae; second and third segments with
discal macrochaetae; irregularly arranged; fourth segment covered
with erect bristles, some of bristles in discal area approaching one-half
size of macrochaetae on third segment; abdominal hairs depressed on
second segment, erect on third.

Length 8 mm.

Female (allotype).—Front of head at narrowest 0.28 head width;
eight and nine frontal bristles, three preverticals; outer vertical
bristle; gena one-eighth eye height; parafrontal silvery black, be-
coming blacker toward vertex; arista thickened on basal one-third.
Thorax black, subshining, more noticeably pollinose than male. Ab-
domen black, subshining, more noticeably pollinose; dorsal vitta on
basal half of second segment; second and third segments with one
pair of roughly arranged discals and additional discal bristles.

Length 8 mm.

The paratype material varies from the descriptions as follows:
Male front 0.24 and female front 0.28 to 0.81 head width; frontal
bristles seven to nine, one male with three preverticals on one side,
one female with only two preverticals, and one female with four;
gena one-eighth eye height. Scutellum mostly rufous, black at base.
Second and third segments with from one roughly arranged pair of
(liscals to several discals more or less irregularly arranged.

Length 6 to 9 mm.

The puparia of Aplomya estigmenensis and A. affinis are alike in
their major characteristics. The roughly triangular shaped stigmal
plates are about flush with the surface of the puparium, and they
are distinctly not protuberant; the three stigmal slits are plain, the
bottom one nearly horizontal. There is a slight, crater-shaped, oval
elevation at the base of the two stigmal plates which in A. affinis is
distinctly wider in diameter than the distance between the two stig-
mal plates; whereas in A. estigmenensis this is smaller, the width of
the diameter being about equal to the distance between the two plates.
The stigmal plates of A. affinis are far above the longitudinal axis or
subdorsally located, while in A. estigmenensis they are almost cen-
tered, being only slightly above. With the exception of the promi-

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 81

nence at the base of the stigmal plates, the puparia of A. estigmenensis
are very similar to those of Carcelia reclinata (Aldrich and Webber).

Type and allotype locality—Hartford, Vt.

Distribution.—Maine 1, New Hampshire 3, Vermont 1, Massachu-
setts 7, Rhode Island 1, Montana 1, Colorado 2. Published records
not duplicated above: Ontario 2 (Coquillett, Tothill) ; Aldrich lists
Idaho 1, Utah 1, and Colorado 1; Minnesota (Washburn) ; Maine
(Johnson) ; ? New York 2 (West).

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 541438.

Hosts—Estigmene acraea (Drury) 5, Phragmatobia fuliginosa
pubricosa Harris 7, [sia isabella (Abbot and Smith) 2, Diacrisia vir-
ginica (Fabricius) 1. Published records not duplicated above: Phrag-
matobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus) (Tothill), Arctia sp. (Coquillett).

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of 15 reared specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers. This included the
type, allotype, and male paratype, No. 10046 B5; 2 female paratypes,
Bangor, Maine, No. 10046 E19; 1 male and 2 female paratypes, Revere,
Mass., Nos. 12140 B and Bl. It also included 1 male and 4 female
collected specimens (Aldrich, Hunter).

Practically all the differences between Aplomya estigmenensis and
A. affinis are relative. Sixteen specimens collected at North Saugus,
North Andover, and Melrose, Mass., favor to some extent the A. affinis
characters. As these specimens apparently were collected at former
liberation points of Porthetria dispar parasites, the writer offers the
suggestion that there is a possibility that the European species might
have been accidentally established in this country.

Adults, May to October; generations, two or three; number per
host, one or two; hibernation, as larva in host larva.

6. APLOMYA AFFINIS (Fallen), new combination

Tachina affinis FALLEN, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 31, p. 260, 1810; Mono-
graphia muscidum Sueciae, pp. 28, 57, 1820.—MEIGEN, Systematische Besch-
reibung der europiiischen zweifliigeligen Insecten, vol. 4, pp. 327, 153, 1824.--
ZETTERSTEDT, Diptera Scandinaviae, vol. 3, p. 1106, 1844.

Huebneria affinis (Fallen) Ropinrau-Desvoipy, Ann, Soc. Ent. France, 1847, p.
601; Histoire naturelle des diptéres des environs de Paris, vol. 1, p. 279,
1863.—CoquiILLEtr, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 553, 1910.—TowNsEND,
Manual of myiology, pt. 2, p. 60, 1935; pt. 4, pp. 209, 212, 1936.

Exorista polychaeta Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1849, p. 380.

Exorista affinis (Fallen) Mertcen, Systematische Beschreibung der europiischen
zweifltigeligen Insecten, vol. 7, p. 255, 1838.—Brzzr and STEIN, Katalog der
paliiarktischen Dipteren, vol. 3, p. 239, 1907.—Howarp and Fiske, U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. 91, pp. 88-89, 1911.—Barr, Zeitschr. Angew. Ent.,
vol. 7, p. 147 (113), 1921.—Srem, Arch. Naturg., Abt. A, Heft. 6, p. 72,
1924.—THompson, Ann. Parasitol., Humaine et Compar., vol. 4, p. 212, figs. 9,
16, 1926—LuNbBEcK, Diptera Danica, pt. 7, p. 3138, 1927—WaINwRIGHT,
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1928, p. 187.

477396— 42 6

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

No attempt is made to separate Aplomya ajffinis from A. estigmen-
ensis in the key. This is another example of the resemblance of
species between the Nearctic and Palearctic realms. The species
A. estigmenensis, as represented by the type material, is distinct from
A. affinis on both adult and puparial characters. There is, however,
no proof that A. afinis does not occur in North America. Sixteen
specimens collected at North Saugus, North Andover, and Melrose,
Mass., former liberation points of gypsy moth parasites, favor to some
extent the characters of A. affints. The suggestion is offered that the
European species might have been accidentally established in this
country while gypsy moth parasites were being imported. The other
possibility is that more Nearctic material may indicate a greater
intergradation of the adult characters. Avctia caja (Linnaeus) and
Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus) have been reported as being
Holarctic in their distribution. They are of doubtful Nearctie occur-
rence, as they are represented by varieties that do not occur in the
Palearctic realm. The close resemblance of the hosts may have
allowed for a closer parallel development of the parasites than in
some of the other cases where similar superficial resemblance of the
parasites has been noticed.

Male always with three and occasionally with four, female with
three and usually additional reclinate prevertical bristles and hairs;
frontal bristles consistently more numerous in the males. Fourth
vein of wing with an indication of a fold or an appendage, usually
with a very small stump, especially in the females. Abdomen as well
as thorax more noticeably pollinose than in Aplomya estigmenensis;
dorsal vitta present on second segment and obscurely indicated on
segments 3 and 4, especially in males; usually but not always with
four marginal macrochaetae on second segment; usually with sev-
eral discal macrochaetae and bristles on second and third segments.
Otherwise the description is much the same as for A. estigmenensis.

Distribution.—Europe, extending northward to southern Sweden
and Finland.

Hosts——The published host list is an extensive one. Baer and
Lundbeck list (the first six are also listed by Bezzi and Stein) : Por-
thetria dispar (Linnaeus), Saturnia pavonia (Linnaeus), Pachytelia
villosella (Ochsenheimer), Acronicta alni (Linnaeus), Saturnia pyri
(Schiffermiiller), Arctia caja (Linnaeus), A. hebe (Linnaeus), A.
villica (Linnaeus), Vanessa urticae (Linnaeus), Orgyia gonostigma
(Fabricus), Dasychira pudibunda (Linnaeus), Malacosoma neustria
(Linnaeus), Dendrolimus pini (Linnaeus), Phragmatobia fuliginosa
(Linnaeus), Acronicta tridens (Schiffermiiller), 7aeniocampa incerta
(Hufnagel) questionably listed by Baer, Lymantria monacha (Lin-

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 83

naeus) is questionably listed. Baer lists Therapis evonymaria (Schif-
fermiiller). The species has been reared by the Bureau’s former Cen-
tral European Laboratory on A. caja 11, A. hebe 6, and various aretiid
species 15.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of 32 reared and 3 col-
lected specimens from various localities in Hungary.

Ovoviviparous species depositing on the skin of the host; egg color-
less, without pedicel, 0.71 by 0.24 mm.

With the exception of the prominence at the base of the stigmal
plates, the puparia of Aplomya ajfinis are very similar to those of
Carcelia cheloniae Rondani.

Superficially it is very easy, unless reasonable care is taken, to mis-
identify female specimens of Carcelia cheloniae as Aplomya affinis.
It is suggested that perhaps polychaeta Macquart, instead of being
a variety of affinis with four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae,
is the same species as cheloniae Rondani. The writer has found this
to be true, as females of cheloniae have been found with material
determined as afinis. If this is true then Hworista polychacta Mac-
quart equals Hworista cheloniae Rondani.

7. APLOMYA SETINERVIS (Coquillett), new combination

Evrorista setinervis CogumtiteTt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol, 12, p. 129, 1910.
Zenillia setinervis (Coquillett) ALpricH and Wesper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
63, art. 17, p. 26, 1924.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.23 and in female 0.27 head
width; frontal row of eight bristles in male and five in female, extend-
ing from on a level with base of third antennal segment to two recli-
nate preverticals, widely separated, the first stronger than the second;
facial ridge bristly on lowest one-third; gena one-sixth eye height;
parafrontal and face silvery pollinose; third antennal segment in
male more than four and in female four times second; arista thick-
ened on basal one-fifth, penultimate segment short.

Thorax black, gray pollinose, marked with four mesonotal vittae ;
nind tibia not ciliate; pulvilli ashy color, long in male, short in female.

Abdomen shining black and polished, excepting the narrow bases
of second and third segments, which are bluish-white pruinose.

Length 6 mm.

Type locality——Clarksburg, Tenn.

Distribution Tennessee 1, North Carolina 1.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 18097.

Host—Unknown.

Remarks.—Description based on an examination of the collected
type male (Morgan) and a collected female, Raleigh, N. C. (Sher-

man),

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSKUM VOL, 93

8. APLOMYA CRASSISETA (Aldrich and Webber), new combination
Zenillia crassiseta ALDRICH and WeEbBER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 638, art. 17,
p. 29, 1924.—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196, 1925.—WeEst,
Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.23 to 0.24 and in female
0.28 head width; frontal row of eight or nine bristles in male and five
to six in female, extending from slightly below junction of the second
and third antennal segments in male and shghtly above in female to
two strong reclinate preverticals; parafrontal of male varying from
golden pollinose to slightly brassy pollinose, in the female grayish
pollinose without a conspicuous brassy tinge (allotype female with a
brassy tinge); facial ridge bristly on lowest one-sixth; gena one-
seventh to one-sixth eye height; face, parafacials, and posterior orbits
silver-gray pollinose, face in two males slightly tinged with gold;
antenna black, third segment in male about two and one-half and in
female twice second; arista thickened on basal one-fourth to one-third,
penultimate segment short.

Thorax black, dusted hghtly with a gray pollen, sometimes with a
yellow tinge; five mesonotal vittae; male type with three postsutural
dorsocentral macrochaetae, the remainder with four; midtibia with
two or three median anterolateral bristles; hind tibia unevenly ciliate,
with one longer bristle; wing grayish hyaline tinged with brown; third
vein with two bristles at base; squamae white.

Abdomen black; in male second and third segments on basal two-
thirds and fourth on basal one-half, in female second and third seg-
ments on basal one-fifth and fourth on basal one-third densely light-
gray-silvery pollinose; remainder, including dorsal vitta on second
segment, shining black; first segment with one pair, second with two
pairs, third and fourth with a row of marginal macrochaetae; second
and third segments with one pair and fourth segment with at least one
row of discal macrochaetae, in one female the discals on second and
third segments weak; abdominal hairs suberect in male, depressed
in female.

Length 7 to 9 mm.

Type locality.—Lafayette, Ind.

Distribution—Indiana 1, Massachusetts 1, New Jersey 1.

T'ype.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 25695.

Host—Unknown.

femarks.—Description based on an examination of the type male,
August 31, 1917 (Aldrich) ; allotype female and paratype male, North
Andover, Mass., July 11, 1916 (H. E. Smith) ; and two males and one
female, Somerville, N. J., May 22, 1922 (Webber). The front of the
last three specimens are less golden-pollinose, but a survey of the

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 8d

characters including the genitalia shows a very close resemblance to
the paratype male.

9. APLOMYA NEUROTOMAKE, new species

This species resembles to some extent both Aplomya fronto Coquil-
lett and A. caesar Aldrich.

Male (type) —Head with front at narrowest 0.29 head width;
frontal row of bristles extending from on a level with a little below
base of third antennal segment to three strong reclinate upper front-
als on one side and two strong and one weak on other; no small hairs
on upper part of parafacial directly below lowest frontals; facial
ridge bristly on lowest two-fifths; gena one-sixth eye height; para-
frontal, face, gena, and posterior orbit with light-gray, silvery pollen,
parafrontal slightly blackish on upper part toward vertex; antenna
black, third segment four and one-half times as long as second.

Thorax shining black covered with gray pollen, marked by five
mesonotal vittae; black scutellum covered with gray pollen except on
basal one-fourth, with a pair of discal scutellars; hind tibia ciliate,
with one long bristle near middle; wing grayish hyaline; third vein
with three and four bristles at base; squamae white.

Abdomen shining black, second to fourth segments silvery-gray
pollinose except narrow posterior borders and a dorsal vitta, which
are shining black; sides of second abdominal segment faintly red-
dish underneath the pollen; second and third segments with a pair
of discal macrochaetae; first and second segments with a pair and
third with a row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth segment with a
discal row and tipped with marginal bristles.

Length 8 mm.

Female (allotype).—Front at narrowest part 0.30 head width; two
reclinate upper frontals; two pairs of fronto-orbital bristles; third
segment of antenna slightly less than four times second. Pulvilli
one-half length of those of male; third vein of wing with two bristles at
base. Dorsal ground color of abdomen black; venter and sides yellow,
on second and third segments extending up on dorsum somewhat;
pollen pattern as in male.

Length 7 mm.

The paratype material varies as follows: Males with from two to
three reclinate preverticals, usually two, females with only two; in
one specimen of each sex frontal bristles descending only to junction
of second and third antennal segments; facial ridge bristly from one-
third to one-half; gena varying from one-eighth to one-sixth, usually
one-sixth; arista varying but usually thickened on basal one-third;
palpi of three females tipped with yellow. Two males have the
scutellum tipped with yellow; one male, three dorsocentrals on one

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

side; two males, four sternopleurals on one side; third vein with from
two to five bristles at base, usually two. Color of male abdomen
usually black, two having a reddish spot on sides of second segment,
one male colored as in female except that the fourth segment is black;
one specimen of each sex lacks discal macrochaetae on the second and
third segments, the female having only a widely separated pair of
marginals on the third segment; in some specimens only one of the
usual pair of discal macrochaetae is present.

Length 6 to 8 mm.

Type locality.—Clinton, N. J.

Distribution—New Hampshire 1, Massachusetts 2, Connecticut 2,
Rhode Island 1, New Jersey 14, Pennsylvania 2.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54148.

Host.—Neurotoma fasciata (Norton) 66.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of 66 reared specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers. Included are the
type and 2 male and 1 female paratypes No. 11733 N5; allotype, Mason,
N. H., 12111 H2; 1 male paratype, Revere, Mass., No. 12111 Fle; 1
male and 2 female paratypes, Somerville, N. J., No. 11733 K1, L1; 1
female paratype, Piscataway, N. J., No. 11733 L2; 1 male paratype,
Patterson, N. J., No. 12111 L2; 1 male paratype, Hackettstown, N. J.,
No. 11733 N3; 1 female paratype, Lebanon, N. J., No. 11733 N4; 1
female paratype, New Milford, Pa., No. 12111 P38; 1 male and 1 female
paratypes, Doylestown, Pa., No. 12111 R1.

Three females had yellow palpi. Although the palpi are usually
black, especially so in the males, other specimens of both sexes show
gradations between yellow and black. The female palpi are lighter in
color than in the male, sometimes with the tip yellow. When the palpi
are yellow the bases are strongly infuscated.

Adults, May to September; generations, one or two.

10. APLOMYA CONFUSIONIS, new species

Exorista nigripalpis TOwNsEND (nec Macquart, 1846), Psyche, vol. 7, p. 330, 1896.

Exorista nigripalpis AINSLIE (nec Townsend), Journ, Agr. Res., vol. 24, p. 411,
1923; U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 31, p. 14, 1927.

Zenillia caesar (Aldrich) AtpRIcH and WEBBER (partim), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 63, art. 17, p. 28, 1924.

It is possible that instead of Hworista caesar Aldrich this species
may be the same as £. nigripalpis Townsend. In any case nigripalpis
is preoccupied by EL'xorista nigripalpis Macquart, 1846.

Male (type).—Head with front at narrowest 0.26 head width; frontal
row of eight bristles, extending from on a level with base of third
antennal segment to two reclinate preverticals; facial ridge bristly on
lowest one-fourth; gena about one-sixth eye height; parafrontal, face,
and gena silvery pollinose, parafrontal slightly blackish on upper part

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 87

toward vertex; antenna black, third segment three and one-half times
as long as second.

Thorax shining black, thinly gray pollinose, marked by five meso-
notal vittae; black scutellum with a pair of weak discal scutellars;
midtibia with three median anterolateral bristles; hind tibia unevenly
ciliate; third vein with two bristles at base.

Abdomen, including dorsal vitta, shining black all except a very
narrow basal border on segments 2, 3, and 4, which are grayish polli-
nose; pollen confined more to base and sides of segments (fourth seg-
ment appearing to be almost without pollen in some specimens) ; first
and second segments with a pair, and third with a row, of marginal
macrochaetae; fourth segment with marginal and submarginal bristles.

Female (allotype).—Front at narrowest 0.28 head width; seven
frontal bristles, three reclinate preverticals; gena one-eighth eye
height; third segment of antenna twice as long as second. Midtibia
with two median anterolateral bristles; pulvilli one-half length of
male pulvilli.

he paratype material varies as follows: Front in male 0.26 to 0.27,
in female 0.28 to 0.30, head width; male with from seven to nine frontal
bristles, female usually with seven, usually two reclinate preverticals ;
facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fifth to one-fourth; gena usually
one-eighth eye height, some female palpi brownish. One female with
four sternopleural macrochaetae on one side; discal scutellars usually
present, two males lacking them; mid tibia usually with two median
anterolateral bristles.

Type and allotype locality—F ranconia, N. H.

Distribution—New Hampshire 3, Massachusetts 3, Colorado 1, Dis-
trict of Columbia 1, Indiana 1, Idaho 1, Wyoming 1, Nevada 1,
Washington 1.

Type—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54142.

Host.—Crambus trisectus (Walker) 5. Published record: Crambus
mutabilis Clemens (Ainslie).

Remarks—The material examined consisted of the type and one
male paratype collected July 30, 1915 (Townsend) ; the allotype and
four male paratypes, July 31, 1915 (Townsend) ; two male paratypes,
Fabyans, N. H., August 19, 1914 (Townsend) ; two female paratypes,
Mt. Holyoke Gap, Mass., September 18, 22, 1914 (Townsend); one
female paratype, Washington, D. C., May 19, 1927; one female para-
type, Tennessee Pass, Colo., July 11, 10,240 ft. (Aldrich) ; one female
paratype, Lafayette, Ind., August 24, 1920, Exp. 20238 (Blum) ; one
female paratype ex Crambus trisectus (Walker), Lafayette, Ind.,
Knoxville No. 2040 (Larrimer) ; four males ex C. trisectus (Larrimer) ;
one male and one female, June 21, 1888, No. 3679 °; one male and three
females collected in various places by Townsend, Aldrich, Morrison.

8S PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Webber, Allen, and Baker. One male collected at Potlatch, Idaho,
July 27, 1927 (Aldrich), may possibly be distinct from this species.
This male has all pollen tinged with gold, the abdomen excepted, the
body hairs of thorax and abdomen much longer, and the frons not
much deeper golden than the type and other specimens.

11. APLOMYA CAESAR (Aldrich), new combination

Exorista nigripalpis TOWNSEND (nec Macquart, 1846), Psyche, vol. 7, p. 3830,
1896.—CoQuILLeTT, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 93, 1897.—
TorHirL, Can. Ent., vol. 45, p. 71, 1918; Ottawa Nat., vol. 28, p. 114, 1914.—
Gipson, Ann. Rep. Ontario Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 117.—Greeng, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 60, art. 10, p. 11, fig. 88 (puparium), 1922.—Hurer and NEIs-
WANDER, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol 17, p. 127, 1924.

Eexorista caesar ALpRIcH, Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 20, 1916—Carsar, Ann. Rep.
Ontario Ent. Soc. 1916, p. 173.—SPENcER and CRAWForD, Ontario Dept. Agr.
Bull. 295, p. 7, 1923.

Zenillia caesar (Aldrich) ALpRICH and WEBBER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 68,
art. 17, pp. 28-29, 1924.—Jonnson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196,
1925; Biological survey of Mount Desert, The insect fauna, pt. 1, p. 201,
1927.—Essie, Insects of Western North America, p. 581, 1926—WEst,
Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.

This species has been considered to be synonymous with Aplomya
mitis Meigen, an introduced parasite of the European corn borer.
This is another example of the resemblance of species between the
Nearctic and Palearctic realms. The characters used to separate
these two species are more or less relative in value, but, if carefully
used, they will be found to be satisfactory.

Frontal row of eight to ten bristles in male and six to eight in
female, extending from on a level with base of third antennal seg-
ment to one reclinate prevertical; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-
fourth in male, lowest one-sixth in female; gena one-sixth eye height ;
antenna black; palpus black.

Thorax black, thinly gray-pollinose in male, more noticeably pol-
linose in female, with a bluish tinge; marked with five mesonotal
vittae, the three median vittae very prominent before the suture and
abbreviated behind; disk of scutellum covered with erect hairs, usual
pair of discal scutellars lacking; hind tibia not ciliate; wing grayish
hyaline, third vein with two bristles at base; squamae white.

Abdomen black, gray-pollinose (more noticeably so in female)
with a bluish tinge; second to fourth segments pollinose on basal
two-thirds, varying from thinly gray pollinose to a heavier silver-
gray pollinose laterally and basally; first segment, posterior one-
third of segments two to four, and dorsal vitta shining black; ab-
dominal hairs suberect in male, depressed in female; first and second
segments with a pair and third with a row of marginal marochaetae ;
fourth segment rather irregularly tipped with marginal and _ sub-

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 89

marginal bristles that almost approach the macrochaetae in size, in
the female the marginal bristles not at all developed.

Length 5 to 7 mm.

Type locality Simcoe, Ontario.

Distribution—New Hampshire 1, Massachusetts 11, Connecticut 2,
New York 4, Michigan 8, Indiana 1, Illinois 1, Montana 1, Idaho 4,
Washington 1, Colorado 3, Arizona 1, New Mexico 2, Quebec 3, On-
tario 1. Published and unpublished records not duplicated above:
New York 9 (West) 1 (Aldrich), Ohio 1 (Huber and Neiswander),
Alberta 1 (Gibson). Coquillett lists New Hampshire 1, District of
Columbia, California 1, and Ontario 1.

Type.—Male, Canadian National Museum. Paratypes (of caesar),
U.S.N.M. No. 25694. The type of nigripalpis is in the University of
Kansas.

Hosts—Archips argyrospila (Walker) 20, Archips fumiferana
(Clemens) 4, Archips semiferana (Walker) 38, Archips purpurana
(Clemens) 1, Archips parallela (Robinson) 1, Vygmia phaeorrhoea
(Donovan) 1, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hiibner) 17, P. penitalis (Grote) 9,
P. ainsliei (Heinrich) 2, Loxostege commixtalis (Walker) 2, Lovos-
tege sticticalis (Linnaeus) 1, Papaipema nitela (Guénée) 1. Pub-
lished records not duplieated above: P. nubilalis (Huber and
Neiswander).

Remarks.—The foregoing description is based on an examination of
the following material: 2 male paratypes, 1 female paratype, and 1
male reared from Archips argyrospila, Simcoe, Ontario (Caesar) ; 7
males and 5 females reared from A. argyrospila, Canyon City, Colo.
(Gill); 1 female ex A. argyrospila, Darby, Mont. (Regan) ; 1 female
ex A. arqgyrospila, Wenatchee, Wash. (Newcomer); 12 specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers; 1 male ex Lowostege
sticticalis, Greeley, Colo. (Mallory) ; 1 male and 1 female ex ZL. com-
mixtalis, Fort Collins, Colo.; 9 males and 8 females ex Pyrausta nu-
bilalis (Corn Borer Laboratory) ; 5 males and 4 females ex P. penitalis
(Corn Borer Laboratory) ; 1 male and 1 female ex P. ansliei (Corn
Borer Laboratory) ; 7 males and 9 females, collected specimens (Ald-
rich, Townsend, Piper, Walton, and Mosher).

One male collected on Harvey Ranch, altitude 10,000 feet, Pecos
National Forest, August 16 (Townsend). A much darker species with
a bluish cast, the frons bluish black. It is probably a distinct species.

The material reared from Pyrausta as characterized by the tawny
or brassy tinge to the parafrontals seems to be slightly different from
the material reared from Archips. On most of the characters, how-
ever, they appear to be very much alike. The description is based
mostly on the material secured from the various species of Archips.

Adults, June to September ; generations, probably two; hibernation,
as larva in most Jarva.

90) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

12. APLOMYA MITIS (Meigen), new combination

Tachina mitis MrIcen, Systematische Beschreibung der europiiischen zweifliigeli-
gen Insecten, vol. 4, p. 335, 165, 1824; vol. 7, p. 256, 16, 1888.

Parexorista mitis (Meign) BrAvumpR and BERGENSTAMM, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 58, pp. 319, 825, 1891.

Feorista mitis (Meigen) ScHINER, Fauna Austriaca, Die Fliegen, vol. 1, p. 467,
1862.—Brzzi and Stein, Katalog der paliarktischen Dipteren, vol. 3, p. 244,
1907.—Barr, Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol. 7, p. 147 (113), 1921.—Stmin, Arch.
Naturg., Abt. A, Heft 6, pp. 68, 78, 1924——LuNnpBEck, Diptera Danica, pt. 7,
p. 320, 1927.

This species has been introduced into the United States in small
numbers as a parasite of the European corn borer. As Aplomya caesar
(Aldrich) has been considered to be a synonym of A. mitis (Meigen),
it has previously been impossible to state definitely whether A. métis
has actually been established in this country. All the known differ-
ences between A. caesar and A, métis are cited in the key to the species.

Distribution.—W idely distributed in Europe from France to north-
ern Sweden. The species is not common.

Hosts—Pyrausta nubilalis (Hiibner) 12. Published record: Ca-
lymnia trapezina (Linnaeus) (Bezzi and Stein, Baer).

Remarks —The differences cited are based on an examination of
three males and two females from Paris, France (Parker), furnished
by the European Corn Borer Laboratory, Toledo, Ohio; and four
males and three females from Lille, France (Thompson), bearing
numbers IN. 1.24-2.12, ser. 271, Webster no. 18818, reared from bulk
collections of European corn borer.

On the basis of the small amount of material examined, the writer
is unable to state whether Aplomya mitis is established in the
United States. The material examined that was reared in the
United States from Pyrausta nubilalis, P. penitalis, and P. ainsliet
was all referred to Aplomya caesar (Aldrich).

Commencing in 1928, Aplomya mitis has been liberated in small
numbers in 19 localities in the following States: Massachusetts 5,
Connecticut 1, Rhode Island 2, New York 4, Pennsylvania 1, Ohio
3, Indiana 1, and Michigan 2. Information supplied by the European
Corn Borer Laboratory, Toledo, Ohio.

13. APLOMYA POLITA (Coquillett), new combination

Exorista polita CoguizeTr, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 99, 1897.
Zenillia polita (Coquillett) ALDRICH and WerBBER, U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17,
p. 25, 1924.

Head with front at narrowest 0.26 head width; frontal row of
bristles extending from on a level below base of third antennal seg-
ment to three reclinate preverticals; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-
fourth; gena one-eighth eye height; face silvery pruinose; third

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 91

segment of antenna five times length of second; arista hardly thickened
on basal one-fourth, penultimate segment short.

Thorax marked with four mesonotal vittae; scutellum black; hind
tibia ciliate.

Abdomen shining black, narrow bases of segments 2 and 3 white-
pollinose, abdominal hairs rather long and suberect.

Length 7 mm.

Type locality.—Titton, Ga.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 3598.

Host.—Unknown.

Remarks.—Redescribed from type specimen.

14. APLOMYA HELVINA (Coquillett), new combination

Bvorista helvina Coquttert, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. Tech. Bull. 7, p. 96, 1897.—
Stosson, Ent. News, vol. 9, p, 252, 1898.—SmirH, Catalogue of New Jersey
insects, p. 672, 1899; p. 780, 1909.—Tornm1, Can. Ent. vol. 45, p. 71, 1913.

Zenillia helvina (Coquillett) AtpricH and Weseer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 63,
art. 17, pp. 15-16, 1924.—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196,
1925; Biological survey of the Mount Desert region, The insect fauna, pt. al
p. 201, 1927.—West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—
SCHAFFNER and GriswoLp, U. S. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ. 188, p. 112, 1954.—
Procter, Biological survey of the Mount Desert region, The insect fauna,
pt. 6, p. 374, 1938.

Huebneria helvina (Coquillett) TowNsEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 212, 1986.

Head with front of male at narrowest 0.27 to 0.29 and in female 0.30
to 0.33 head width; frontal row of six to eight bristles, extending from
on a level with base of third antennal segment to two reclinate prever-
ticals; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fifth; gena one-sixth to one-
fifth eye height; face and gena light-gray-silver pollinose; antenna
with third segment black, first and second segments varying from
rufous to black but usually rufous, third segment in male four and
one-half and in female three and one-half times the second; arista
thickened on basal one-fourth, penultimate segment short.

Thorax black, dorsum densely covered with golden pollen, sides and
venter gray pollinose; five mesonotal vittae; scutellum black covered
with dense golden pollen; mid tibia with one or two, usually two,
median anterolateral bristles, one long bristle in middle and a shorter
one above it which was consistently longer in female than in male;
hind tibia unevenly ciliate; third vein with three or four bristles at
base; squamae white.

Abdomen black, dorsum entirely covered with dense golden pollen,
venter silvery pollinose, sometimes with a slight brassy tinge; first
and second segments with a pair and third with a row of marginal
macrochaetae; fourth segment tipped with marginal and submarginal
bristles more or less irregularly placed.

Length 6 to 9 mm.

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Type locality—White Mountains, N. H.

Distribution —Maine 18, New Hampshire 3, Massachusetts 3, New
York 3, New Jersey 1, Pennsylvania 1, Washington 1. Published
records not duplicated above: Maine (Johnson, Procter), New York
5 (West), New Jersey 4 (Smith), Connecticut (Schaffner and Gris-
wold), British Columbia (Tothill).

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 3624.

Hosts—Lycia cognataria (Guénée) 52. Published records not
duplicated above: Lycia cognataria (Tothill, Johnson), Nacophora
quernaria (Abbot and Smith) (Schaffner and Griswold), unidentified
Geometridae (Schaffner and Griswold).

Remarks.—The foregoing description was based on an examination
of the following material: type male with discals on the third seg-
ment (Morrison) ; 52 reared specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Labora-
tory note numbers; five males and five females collected in various
places by Slosson, Townsend, Aidrich, and Walton (all but one of
the collected specimens had discals on the third abdominal segment).

Adults, June to August; generations, one; number per host, one;
hibernation, in the puparium. There was a macrotype egg jutting
from the ovipositor of one of the collected females.

15. APLOMYA EPICYDES (Walker), new combination

Tachina epicydes Waker, List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the
collection of the British Museum, pt. 4, p. 786, 1849.

Exorista affinis (Fallen) Coquititerr (partim), U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Tech. Bull. 7, p. 94, 1897.

Exorista epicydes (Walker) AUSTEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 19, p.
336, 1907.

Zenillia coerulea ALDRICH and Wesser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17,
p. 23, 1924.—Jounson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196, 1925.

Zeniilia epicydes (Walker) AtpricH, Pree. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 80, art. 10, p. 10,
1931.

Head with front in male at narrowest 0.17 to 0.19 and in female
0.26 to 0.28 of head width; frontal row of 10 to 13 bristles in male
and 7 to 11 in female extending from on a level with base of third
antennal segment to two reclinate preverticals; facial ridge bristly
on lowest one-fourth; genae about one-seventh eye height; para-
frontal, face, and gena silvery pollinose with a blackish tinge; third
segment of antenna from one and three-fourths to twice second:
arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate segment short.

Thorax black covered with gray pollen with a slight bluish tinge,
five black mesonotal vittae; scutellum varying from yellow to black,
densely covered with silvery-gray pollen; legs black; midtibia with
two median anterolateral bristles in male and three in female;
hind tibia unevenly ciliate; wing hyaline, bend of last section of

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 93

fourth vein a little rounded, hind cross vein curved, third vein usu-
ally with two bristles at base; squamae white.

Abdomen black, gray-pollinose, dorsum of first segment, narrow
apical margins of second and third, tip of fourth, and dorsal vitta
shining black; gray pollen interrupted by irregular black areas that
shift when viewed in different lights; discal portions of second and
third segments bearing erect bristles that at times approach macro-
chaetae in size, often some of larger ones more or less regularly
placed, giving appearance of discal macrochaetae; first segment with
one pair, second with two pairs, and third with a marginal row of
macrochaetae; fourth segment covered with erect bristles about one-
half size of macrochaetae on third segment.

Length 9 to 12 mm.

Type locality —Martin Falls, Albany River, Canada.

Distribution —Maine 2, New Hampshire 1, Vermont 1, Massachu-
setts 4, Rhode Island 1.

Type—Male, British Museum.

Host.—Cimbex americana Leach 14.

Remarks.—The foregoing description was based on an examination
of 14 reared specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Liboratory note numbers
including female type and female paratype (No. 10039 E10) of
Zenillia coerulea Aldrich and Webber, U.S.N.M. No. 2574.

Adults, June and July; generations, one; number per host, one to
four; hibernation, in puparium.

16. APLOMYA IMITATOR, new species

Male (type).—Frontal row of 13 bristles, extending from on a level
with base of third antennal segment to 1 reclinate prevertical; facial
ridge bristly on the lowest one-fourth; gena one-fifth eye height; para-
frontal smoky-gray pollinose; third segment of antenna one and
three-fourths times second (wider than in epicydes) ; arista thickened
on basal one-fifth, penultimate segment short.

Thorax black, gray-pollinose; scutellum black; midtibia with three
median anterolateral bristles; hind tibia not ciliate; third vein of wing
with one bristle at base; squamae white.

Abdomen black, gray-pollinose; first segment shining black; discal
bristles on second and third segments, some approaching size of macro-
chaetae; first segment with a pair, second with two pairs, and third
with a row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth segment irregularly
bristly.

Type locality—Laillooet, British Columbia.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54144.

Remarks.—Description based on type male collected May 7, 1918, by
A.B, Baird.

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

17. APLOMYA TRICHIOSOMAE, new species

Male (type).—Frontal row of 10 bristles, extending from on a level
with base of third antennal segment to 2 reclinate preverticals; facial
ridge bristly on the lowest one-fourth; gena one-eighth eye height;
parafrontal, face, and gena silvery black (much blacker than in ep7-
cydes) ; third segment of antenna little more than twice second (wider
than in epicydes), third segment having a swollen appearance when
viewed from above; arista thickened on basal one-third, penultimate
seement short.

Thorax black, subshining, very lightly covered with gray pollen;
five black mesonotal vittae; scutellum shining black, so lightly covered
with gray pollen that the black is hardly noticeable; legs black; mid-
tibia with two long, median, anterolateral bristles on one side and three
on other; hind tibia unevenly ciliate; wing hyaline, bend of last section
of fourth vein forming an obtuse angle, hind cross vein straight, third
vein with two bristles at base; squamae white.

Abdomen shining black, silver-gray pollen confined to a narrow
basal border dorsally on second, third, and fourth segments, broaden-
ing out to cover greater part of sides and venter of segments; discal
portions of second and third segments bearing erect bristles; first seg-
ment with a pair, second with two pairs, and third with a marginal
row of macrochaetae ; fourth segment covered with erect bristles about
one-half size of macrochaetae on third segment.

Length 8.5 mm.

Type locality —Greenville, Maine.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54145.

Host.—Trichiosoma sp.

Remarks.—Described from one male bearing Gypsy Moth Labora-
tory note number 10088 N11 recovered June 4, 1928, from three larvae
collected September 14, 1927.

18. APLOMYA CERURAE, new species

Zenillia n. sp. (3) SCHAFFNER and GriIswoLp, U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 188,
p. 113, 1934.

Male (type).—Head with front at the narrowest 0.24 head width;
frontal vitta brown, slightly less than one-third width of front;
frontal row of nine bristles, extending from base of third antennal
joint to two reclinate preverticals; parafrontal blackish gray-polli-
nose, black more predominant toward vertex; facial ridge bristly
on lowest one-third; face silvery and gena gray-pollinose; antenna
black, third segment six times length of second; arista thickened
on Basal two-fifths, penultimate segment short.

Thorax black, with a very slioht bluish tinge, covered with grayish
pollen; five black mesonotal vittae; midtibia with one long median

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 95

anterolateral bristle; hind tibia ciliate, with one longer bristle; wing
grayish hyaline; third vein with two bristles at base; squamae white.

Abdomen shining black, light-gray pollinose except posterior bor-
ders and dorsal vitta, which are shining black; discal portions of sec-
ond, third, and fourth segments covered with irregularly placed,
erect bristles that approach the macrochaetae in size; first and second
segments with one pair and third and fourth with a row of marginal
macrochaetae.

Length 8 mm.

One male paratype differs from the type in having one smaller
bristle above one long, median, anterolateral bristle; only two sterno-
pleural macrochaetae on one side.

Length 8 mm.

Type locality—Melrose, Mass.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54146.

Host—Cerura cinerea Walker 2.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of type and one para-
type male bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note number 12164 P 119.
Adults issued June 5 and 10, 1929, secured from one larva collected
August 20, 1928. An additional three puparia from the same larva
failed to produce adults.

19. APLOMYA PHEOSIAE, new species

Zenillia n. sp. (5) SCHAFFNER and Griswoxp, U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 188, p.
114, 1934.

Male (type) —Head at narrowest 0.20 head width; frontal vitta
brown, one-third width of front; frontal row of 11 bristles, extending
from on a level with base of third antennal segment to one reclinate
prevertical ; facial ridge bristly on lowest two-fifths; gena one-fifth eye
height, gray-pollinose; parafrontal and parafacial brassy, facial de-
pression and posterior orbit silvery pollinose; antenna black, third
segment four times as long as second; arista thickened on basal one-
fourth, penultimate segment short.

Thorax shining black, lightly covered with gray pollen; five black
mesonotal vittae; scutellum black covered with gray pollen; midtibia
with one long median anterolateral bristle ; wing grayish hyaline, third
vein with one bristle at the base; squamae white.

Abdomen shining black, second to fourth segments light-gray-polli-
nose except posterior margin and a dorsal vitta, which are shining
black; second and third segments with a few erect bristles and discal
macrochaetae a little irregularly placed; first and second segments
with a pair and third with a row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth
segment irregularly tipped with marginal and submarginal macro-
chaetae.

Length 8 mm.

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Female (allotype).—Front at narrowest 0.30 head width; two rec-
linate preverticals; two pairs of fronto-orbital bristles; facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-third. Midtibia with one long, median, antero-
lateral bristle and one short one above it; pulvilli one-half length of
those of male.

Length 7 mm.

The paratype material varies from the type description as follows:
Reclinate preverticals varying from one to two; gena from one-sixth to
one-fifth eye height. Scutellum usually black but three males with tip
yellow; only one male and all but two females having one long, median,
anterolateral bristle with a shorter one above it; third vein with
either one or two bristles at base.

Length 6 to 9 mm.

Type and allotype localities —Moose River Plantation, Maine.

Distribution—Maine 5, Massachusetts 1. Recorded but not duph-
cated above: Maine 9, Massachusetts 1.

Ty pe.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54147.

Host—Pheosia dimidiata (Herrich-Schaeffer) 18; Alypia octo-
maculata (Fabricius) 1.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of 19 reared specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers. This included the
type, the allotype, and 3 male and 1 female paratype, No. 12198 M1;
1 male paratype, Alton, Maine, No. 12198 J3a; 1 male and 3 female
paratypes, Sandy Bay Plantation, Maine, No. 12198 N4; 2 male para-
types, West Forks, Maine, No. 12198 N8; 2 female paratypes, Lily
Bay, Maine, No. 12198 N16.

Adults, June and July; generations, one; number per host, one to
eight; hibernation, in the puparium.

20. APLOMYA FRONTO (Coquillett), new combination

Frorista fronto CoQuirLert, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bull. 7, p. 96, 1897.
Zenillia fronto (Coquillett) ALDRICH and Weraprr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 68,
art. 17, p. 36, 1924.—JoHNnson, List of New England Diptera, 1925.

Head with front in male and female about same, 0.32 head width;
row of seven or eight frontal bristles, extending from on a level with
a little below base of third antennal segment to two reclinate pre-
verticals; facial ridge bristly on the lowest two-fifths to one-half;
gena one-sixth eye height; parafrontal, face, and gena silvery-gray
pollinose; antenna black, third segment of male five and three-fourths
and of female four and one-fourth times the second; arista thickened
on basal one-third, penultimate segment short; palpus completely
yellow.

Thorax black, gray-pollinose; marked by five mesonotal vittae;
type male lacking a pair of discal scutellar bristles; femora and

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 97

tibiae reddish in male, yellowish in female; hind tibia ciliate; pulvilli
longer in male; wing grayish hyaline with a brownish tinge, third
vein with two to three bristles at base.

Abdomen black, gray-pollinose; side of segments 1 and 2 in male
reddish; venter and sides of female abdomen yellow, dorsum of first
segment partly yellow; segments 2 to 4 with silvery-gray pollen con-
fined principally to bases of segments; second and third segments
with a pair of discal macrochaetae; first and second segments with a
pair and third with a row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth segment
with a discal row and tipped with marginal bristles.

Length 7 to 8 mm.

Type locality —Mount Washington, N. H.

Distribution —New Hampshire 1, Idaho 2, Wyoming 1.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 3753.

Host—Unknown.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of the type male (Mrs.
Slosson) and three females collected by Aldrich.

5. Genus SISYROPA Brauer and Bergenstamm

Sisyropa Braver and BERGENSTAMM, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat.
Kl., vol. 56, p. 163, 1889; vol. 58, p. 344, 1891.—CoquILLeTT, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 606, 1910—TowNsEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4,
pp. 207, 209, 211, 19386. (Genotype,” Teachina thermophila Wiedemann.
Monotypie example; Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889.)

Exorista of Cogumtetr (nec Meigen) partim, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Tech. Bull. 7, p. 100, 1897.

Ozexorista TowNsEND, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 14, p. 165, 1912; Proce.
Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 28, p. 21, 1915; Manual of myiology, pt. 4,
pp. 206, 207, 210, 211, 1936. (Genotype, Exorista eudryae Townsend, By
original designation.) (New synonymy.)

Zenillia of ALpRIcH and WesprER (nec Robineau-Desvoidy) partim, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, p. 7, 1924.

Brauer and Bergenstamm in their synopsis in 1889 cited 7'achina
thermophila as the monotypic example of the genus Sisyropa, which
makes it the genotype. Brauer and Bergenstamm did not recognize
the genus Carcelia, and their species in 1891 were divided mostly be-
tween the genera Sisyropa and Pareworista. As defined by this paper,
species of Aplomya and Zenillia were also included in their genus
Sisyropa.

Owing principally to the fact that the pertinent diagnostic char-
acters were not selected, the status of Sisyropa has been a perplexing
question for many years. The European authorities gradually ac-
cepted it as being synonymous with Carcelia. ‘Townsend made an at-
tempt to apply its use to the North American fauna in his Sisyropa

% The writer had the privilege of examining the Sisyropa genotype, thermophila (Wiede-
mann), which is in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria.

477396—42—_7

9S PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

hemerocampae, which was placed in synonymy with Carcelia am-
plea. In 1912 Townsend proposed his genus Oweworista,® which
must now be placed in synonymy with Sisyropa. Townsend places
both Sisyropa and Oxexorista in the tribe Carceliini.

The main diagnostic characters of the genus Sisyropa are as follows:
Scutellum with four pairs of marginal scutellars and one strong apical
pair; hind tibia strongly ciliate on the anterodorsal side, in both
sexes, with regular, long, comblike, curved bristles, among which one
sometimes stands out larger; third abdominal segment of male with
a dense patch of hairs underneath on each side. These characters
will readily separate Sisyropa from Aplomya. As the front at the
vertex or narrowest part is 30 per cent or less of the head width and
the predominant sexual characteristics (front narrower, and claws
and pulvilli elongated in the male) are retained, Sisyropa can be
readily separated from Phryxe, Thelymyia, and Chrysophryawe. As
the gena is one-sixth to one-seventh the eye height, Carcelia is readily
excluded. The shape of the abdomen, which is Carcelia-like, should
not be confused with that of Zenzllia. The Nearctic species of Sisy-
ropa lack bristly hairs behind on the apex of the hind coxa.

Using the main characters as cited, only the following two species
of those indicated as belonging in Brauer and Bergenstamm’s genus
in 1891 can be retained: Sisyropa thermophila (Wiedemann), geno-
type, Oriental Realm; Sisyropa lota (Meigen), Palearctic Realm.
S. lota was referred to Hxorista of authors by Baer, Stein and
Lundbeck.

If the pilosity of the eyes is disregarded, the biological relationship
of Sisyropa to the genus Sturmia is evident. Townsend refers Sisy-
ropa to the tribe Carceliini and Sturmia to Sturmiini, which he con-
siders to be close to Carceliini.

Townsend considers Hworista lobeliae Coquillett to be a Sisyropa.
Neither Z. lobeliae nor Zenillia valens Aldrich and Webber, which
is similar to l/obeliae in many respects, possesses the characteristics
ascribed to Sisyropa. These two species are not treated in this re-

vision ; instead, they are referred to the Phorocera complex of Aldrich
and Webber.

e %%In 1915, convinced that the specimens T D 395 and T D 425 (upon which Ovevorista
was founded) were distinct from eudryae, Townsend proposed the name thompsoni for
them. He states that the Dayton, Ohio, female in the U. S. National Museum reared by
Jewett (determined by Coquillett as eudryae) was designated for him by Coquillett as
the holotype of thompsoni. As an examination of this specimen proves it to be eudryae
Townsend, the synonymy is established. It is diflicult to see how the designation by
Townsend in his Manual, “The true holotype of the genotype is labelled T D 395 and the
paratype T D 425” can be accepted. It is unfortunate that the specimen T D 395 was
not originally designated as the holotype. The specimen T D 395 was found in the United
States National Museum as a paratype of Zenillia formosa Aldrich and Webber and is
now referred to Carcelia.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 99

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SISYROPA

1. Except for the reclinate prevertical bristle, the male usually with 1 and
female usually with 2 reclinate upper frontal bristles, 7 to 9 frontal
bristles; frontal orbit, face and cheek, and posterior orbit light-silvery-
gray pollinose, parafrontal with a slight brassy tinge; antenna black,
third segment about three times as long as the second, slightly rufous at
junction of second and third segments, second segment slightly rufescent
in female; palpus yellow; median dorsal vitta of abdomen shining black,
uninterrupted on the second and third segments; midtibia bearing 3
median bristles on anterolateral side, upper bristle nearly as strong as
middle, lower bristle much smaller; size 6 to 8 mm.; a lighter appearing
SDOCCLOS mate ee tes ae ee ee Ie eee 1. eudryae (Townsend) (p. 99)

Except for the reclinate prevertical bristle, the male and female with no
reclinate upper frontal bristles, male with 10 or 11 and female with 7 to
9 frontal bristles; frontal orbit blackish-gray pollinose, the black gradually
becoming more predominant toward vertex, cheek dark-gray pollinose, face
and posterior orbit silvery pollinose with a smoky tinge; antenna black,
third segment about 21% times as long as second; palpus yellow, slightly
infuscated at base; median dorsal vitta of abdomen shining black on second
segment, becoming indistinct on basal half of third segment; mid tibia
bearing three or more strong median bristles on anterolateral side, and
when with three, upper bristle nearly as strong as middle, lower bristle
usually not much smaller than upper; when with more than 3 bristles,
especially in some of the larger females, additional bristles usually situated
between normal 3 as described above; size 8 to 11 mm.; bristly appearance
of this species accentuated by head, thorax, and abdomen appearing
more densely covered with longer, finer hairs; a blacker appearing
SDOClCSsees eee ke oe ee 2. alypiae, new species (p. 101)

1. SISYROPA EUODRYAE (Townsend)

Evrorista eudryae TOWNSEND, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 19, p. 287, 1892; Psyche,
vol. 7, pp. 329-331, 1896.—CoquiterT, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull.
7, p. 100, 1897—SmirnH, Catalogue of New Jersey insects, p. 780, 1909.—
TorHit, Can. Ent., vol. 45, p. 70, 1918; Ottawa Nat., vol. 28, No. 9, p. 114,
1914.—GRrEENE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 60, art 10, p. 17, fig. 27 (puparium),
1922.

Oxexorista eudryae (Townsend) TowNsenp, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol.
14, p. 165, 1912.

Exorista eudryae of THoMPSON (nec Townsend) TowNsEND, Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer.,
vol. 8, p. 89, 1915.

Ozrexrorista thompsoni TOWNSEND (partim), Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28,
p. 21, 1915.

Zenillia eudryae (Townsend) ALpricH and WEBBER, Proc. U. 8. Natl. Mus., vol.
63, art. 17, pp. 21-22, 1924.—JoHNson, List of New England Diptera, p. 196,
1925; Biological survey of Mount Desert region, The insect fauna, pt. 1,
p. 201, 1927.—West, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 814, 1928.—
ALDRICH, Proc. U. 8. Natl. Mus., vol. 80, art. 20, p. 3, 1982.—ScHAFFNER and
GRISWOLD, U. S. Dept. Agr. Mise. Publ. 188, p. 112, 1934.

Sisyropa eudryae (Townsend), TowNsEND, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, pp. 207,
209, 1936.

Aldrich and Webber have discussed the synonymy of eudryae and
thompsont. I have further compared thompsoni with eudryae. The

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 98

type specimen thompsoni (female) is a poor one. It has two reclinate
upper frontal bristles besides the prevertical one; the second segment
of the antenna is rufescent; the midtibial bristles are not typical of
either form but nearer ewdryae ; it has three of these, with one between
the lower and middle bristles; apparently it has an interrupted dorsal
vitta on the abdomen. As eudryae females quite often have two re-
clinate upper frontals besides the prevertical bristle (maximum dis-
crepancy from alypiae females) and the second joint of the antenna
is rufescent, the above synonymy is confirmed.

Head with front of male at the narrowest 0.24, 0.25, and 0.26 (in
three specimens) and front of female about 0.30 of the head width,
frontalia about one-third width of front, brown; frontal bristles exclu-
sive of reclinate frontals seven to nine in number (often six in the
female), extending down to base of third antennal joint; female with
two proclinate fronto-orbital bristles; facial ridge bristly on lowest
third, gena about one-seventh eye height; arista brownish black, thick-
ened basally, penultimate joint short; palpus yellow, somewhat thick-
ened and curved at tip.

Thorax black with a bluish tinge and lightly covered with grayish
pollen; five narrow black mesonotal vittae; four postsutural dorso-
central macrochaetae; scutellum bluish gray pollinose, yellow at tip,
four pairs of marginal scutellars (one of the marginal pairs usually
weaker) and one decussate apical pair, one pair of discal scutellars;
three sternopleural macrochaetae; front tibia with two bristles on me-
dian posterolateral side; hind tibia ciliate comblike, usually with one
longer bristle; wing grayish hyaline, third vein with two bristles at
base; squamae silvery white.

Abdomen shining black, second to fourth segments light-gray pol-
linose with more or less of a bluish tinge except posterior borders and
a median dorsal vitta, which are shining black; males usually with
second and third segments faintly reddish on sides; first and second
segments each with one pair of marginal macrochaetae, the third a
marginal row, and the fourth irregularly tipped with marginal and
submarginal bristles; third abdominal segment of male with a dense
patch of hairs underneath on each side.

Length 6 to 8 mm.

Type locality.—Ithaca, N. Y.

Distribution.—New Hampshire 1, Vermont 1, Massachusetts 4, New
York 2, Pennsylvania 1, New Jersey 1, Maryland 1, Virginia 1, North
Carolina 1, Ohio 1, Ontario. Additional published and unpublished
records not duplicated above: Maine (Johnson), Connecticut (Ely,
Aldrich and Webber), New York (West), Kansas (Snow), Quebec
(Winn and Beaulieu), Ontario (Gibson). Coquillett records New

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 101

Hampshire, Massachusetts 2, New Jersey, Maryland, District of Co-
lumbia, Virginia, and Missouri.

Type.—University of Kansas.

Hosts —Euthisanotia (Eudryas) grata (Fabricius) 17, Futhisano-
tia unio Hiibner 1, Euthisanotia sp. 3. Published and unpublished
records not duplicated in above material: Luthisanotia grata (Brim-
ley, Ely, and Tothill), Zuthisanotia unio (Brimley); Automeris io
(Fabricius) (Porter). Coquillett records Acronycta sp. (Koebele,
Lugger, and Riley), Acronycta luteicoma Grote and Robinson
(Riley), Heterocampa marthesia (Cramer) (Lugger), Vanessa ata-
lanta (Linnaeus) (Sprague). The author feels that all but the first
three host records should be viewed with some suspicion.

Remarks.—The foregoing description is based on 1 female “from
the type lot of eudryae,” Cornell University, reared from Ludryas
(Comstock) ; 1 female, type specimen of Townsend’s thompsoni (type,
U.S.N.M. No. 19136), from Z. unio, Dayton, Ohio (Jewett); 12
reared specimens bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers,
all reared from F. grata (1 male No. 12176 F1, from Castleton, Vt.,
having one fronto-orbital bristle on one side, agrees perfectly with
Townsend’s type description); 1 male from #. grata (Saunders) ; 1
male ex F. grata, Raleigh, N. C.; 1 male and 1 female from Ludryas
(Dimmock) ; 1 male and 1 female from /’. grata (Dimmock) ; 2 males
from E. grata (Isely); 1 reared female (Riley); 4 males and 11
females collected by Brodie, Knab, and Shannon.

Brimley’s record of rearing this species from E’stegmene acraea
most likely refers to a female of Carcelia reclinata, August 10, 1917,
Raleigh, N. C. (Brimley).

Adults, April to August; number per host, one to eight; genera-
tions, one; hibernation, in puparium.

2. SISYROPA ALYPIAE, new species

Exorista eudryae Townsend, CoQuILLert (partim), U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent.,
Tech. Bull. 7, p. 14, 1897.

Zenillia eudryae (Townsend) ALprRicH and Wesser (partim), Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, pp. 21-22, 1924—Essic (partim), Insects of western
North America, p 581 (locality citation refers to alypiae), 1926.

Zenillia n. sp. (1) SCHAFFNER and GriswoLp, U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 188,
p. 118, 1934.

Although somewhat larger, this species is very similar to Sisyropa
eudyrae. The differences have all been cited in the table to the
species. Otherwise, the description is practically the same.

Male (type).—Head with front at narrowest about one-fourth
width of head; frontal row of bristles, not including reclinate pre-
vertical bristle, 10 in number on one side and 11 on other, extending
down to base of third antennal joint; gena one-sixth eye height; face

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

and posterior orbit dark-smoky-silver pollinose; third antennal seg-
ment a little less than three times as long as second; arista tapering,
slightly thickened on basal half, penultimate segment short; palpus
yellow, infuscated at base, thickened and curved at tip, thickly beset
with short black hairs which are longer toward base.

Thorax black, with a bluish tinge and covered with gray polien;
midtibia bearing 3 long bristles on anterolateral side, upper bristle
nearly as strong as middle, lower not much smaller than upper, 1
smaller bristle about one-half size of upper bristle situated between
it and middle bristle; hind tibia ciliate.

Abdomen with second segment having a faintly reddish spot on
sides; third abdominal segment with a dense patch of hairs under-
neath on each side.

Length 10 mm.

Female (allotype)—Head with front at narrowest slightly less
than one-third width of head; frontal bristles eight in number besides
reclinate prevertical bristle; two pairs of proclinate fronto-orbital
bristles; outer vertical present. Additional bristles on midtibia
situated between normal three; pulvilli less than one-half length of
those of male. Third abdominal segment Jacking dense patch of
hairs underneath on each side; sides of abdomen black. Otherwise
description same as for male.

Length 9 mm.

The paratype material varies as follows from the descriptions:
The frontal bristles in the male vary from 10 to 11 and in female
trom 7 to 9; the front in the male is 0.26 and 0.27 (in two specimens),
the front in the female is 0.30 (in two specimens). The middle tibia
usually has only three bristles on the anterolateral side, but some of
larger specimens, especially females, have additional ones. In the
male the reddish spot on the sides of the abdomen usually covers
portions of the second and third segments.

Length 8 to 11 mm.

Puparium.—tLarge, subshining, dark rufescent brown. Spiracles
shining black, slightly raised above the surface, separation space
about equal to width of one plate. Above, between and below the
spiracles, a prominent, ridgelike elevation much higher than stigmal
plates, the elevation above crescent shaped and descending slightly
on outer sides of stigmal plates. Each plate has three serpentine,
yellowish spiracular entrances. Button large, round. well defined,
centrally located on plate, spiracular entrances coming around on
inner side. Anal opening comparatively small, far below the spir-
acles. Spiracles located about on longitudinal axis.

Length 8.5 mm., diameter 4 mm.

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 103

The larger puparium of Sisyropa alypiae can be easily distinguished
from the smaller S. eudryae. The crescent-shaped elevation above
the spiracles is not present in S. eudryae. The stigmal plates are not
so highly raised in alypiae; the spiracular entrances are longer and
more convoluted; the button is centrally located, whereas in eudryae
the button is located more on the inner side of the plate. The spiracles
are located about on the longitudinal axis in alypiae, whereas in
eudryae they are located on the upper side of the axis. The spiracles
in alypiae are separated by about the width of one stigmal plate; in
eudryae the separation width is about twice the width of one stigmal
plate. The anal opening of a/ypiae is smaller than that of eudryae.

Type and allotype locality Somerville, Mass.

Distribution—Vermont 1, Massachusetts 12, Montana 1, British
Columbia 1. Published record: Missouri (Coquillett).

T ype.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54149.

Hosts—Alypia octomaculata (Fabricius) 35; Psychomorpha epi-
mensis (Drury) (no host adults were recovered from this collection)
1. All previous published records referring to the recovery of eudryae
from A. octomaculata can probably be considered to be alypiae.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of 36 reared specimens
bearing Gypsy Moth Laboratory note numbers (including the type and
allotype No. 10017 M2; two male and two female paratypes, Lexing-
ton, Mass., No. 10017; one male and one female paratype, Boston,
Mass., No. 10017 G2; one female paratype, Lynn, Mass., No. 10017
G3; one male paratype, Everett, Mass., No. 10017 L2a; one male and
one female paratype, Revere, Mass., No. 10017 L3 and L8a; two male
paratypes, Somerville, Mass., No. 10017 M2, M5; two female para-
types, Somerville, Mass., No. 10017 P1); one male, Kaslo, British
Columbia, labeled “compared with type of #’. eudryae 'Towns. by
Lawson” (Currie). (This specimen was discussed by Aldrich and
Webber under Zenillia eudryae; it is alypiae); one male, Summit
Station, Mont. (Aldrich). One female from Revere, Mass., Gypsy
Moth Laboratory No. 10017 L8, has bare eyes (front 0.31).

Adults, May to July; number per host, one to three; generations,
one; hibernation, in puparium.

6. Genus THELYMYIA Brauer and Bergenstamm

Thelymyia BRAUER and BERGENSTAMM, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-
nat. K1., vol. 58, p. 331, 1891—-TownseEnpD, Manual of myiology, pt. 4, p. 224,
1936. [Genotype, 7. loewii Brauer and Bergenstamm. Monotypie. (7.
loweii)=Tachina saltuum Meigen, 1824, Systematische Beschreibung der
europiischen zweifliigeligen Insecten, vol. 4, pp. 155, 329, 1824.]

Exorista of CoQuILLErT (nec Meigen) partim, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech.
Bull. 7, p. 94, 1897.

Zenillia of ALDRICH and Wrepser (nec Robineau-Desvoidy), partim, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, p. 33, 1924.

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

This genus containing two Nearctic species is closely related to
Phryze (s.s.). The European authorities have difficulty in separating
Thelymyia from Ezorista of authors. A combination of characters,
such as apical scutellars turned backward, palpi yellow, three post-
sutural dorsocentral macrochaetae, and male with two proclinate
fronto-orbital bristles, serves to separate Zhelymyia from Paryze.
Townsend recognizes the close relationship of Phryxe and Thelymyia
by placing them both in the tribe Lydellini.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THELYMYIA

1. Frontal orbit silvery gray, not noticeably black toward vertex; facial ridge
bristly on lowest one-fourth or one-third; palpus yellow; thorax and
scutellum gray-pollinose, with four black mesonotal vittae, scutellum
black with extreme tip usually faintly yellow; sternopleural macrochaetae
three; midtibia with two median anterolateral bristles; gray pollen of the
abdomen fairly heavy and well defined; apical one-fourth to one-third of
segments 2 and 3 and apical half of segment 4 sharply demarked and shining
black; narrow dorsal abdominal vitta black and well defined; dorsal ab-
dominal hairs in male depressed; bristles on fourth segment approaching
macrochaetae in size in male only_--------_- 1. eurriei (Coquillett) (p. 104)

Frontal orbit silvery gray but more blackish, becoming black toward vertex ;
gena dark blackish gray, subshining; facial ridge usually bristly half
way; palpus yellow, slightly infuscated at base; thorax and scutellum cov-
ered with such a thin layer of pollen as to appear shining black; mesono-
tal stripes hardly distinguishable; sternopleural macrochaetae three or
more (very variable); scutellum black; midtibia with three or four
median anterolateral bristles; gray pollen of abdomen so thin and ill-
defined as to appear shining black, pollen slightly more noticeable at
base and sides of segments; dorsal abdominal vitta hardly distinguishable ;
fourth segment of female polished black; dorsal abdominal hairs in male
erect; macrochaetae on fourth segment, those of male the same size as on
third segment, those of female almost same size as third.

2. erecta, new species (p. 105)

1. THELYMYIA CURRIEI (Coquillett), new combination

Exorista curriei CoquILtett, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bull. 7, p. 94,
1897.

Zenillia curriet (Coquillett) ALpRIcH and WEBBER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol.
63, art. 17, pp. 33-34, 1924.

This species closely resembles the genotype, saltwuwm (Meigen).
Head with front of male at narrowest 0.35 to 0.39 and front of
female 0.35 to 0.88 of head width; frontalia one-third width of
front; frontal row of five to eight bristles plus two reclinate upper
frontals, extending down to base of third antennal segment, two
proclinate fronto-orbital bristles; male with small and female with
outer vertical bristle; gena about one-seventh eye height; antenna
black, length of third segment in male four to four and one-half and

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 105

in female three to three and one-half times as long as second seg-
ment; arista thickened on basal fourth, penultimate segment short.

Thorax gray-pollinose; three postsutural dorsocentral macro-
chaetae; three pairs of marginal and one shorter cruciate pair of
apical scutellars, one pair of discal scutellars; three sternopleural
- macrochaetae; midtibia bearing two bristles on median anterolateral
side and one inner ventral bristle; hind tibia with irregularly placed
bristles of uneven length on anterolateral side; third vein with two
or three bristles at base.

Abdomen black covered with gray pollen; entire first segment
shining black; dorsal abdominal hairs depressed; first segment with
a pair of marginal macrochaetae, second segment with a pair of
discal and a pair of marginal macrochaetae, third segment with
usually four discal macrochaetae in a line and a marginal row,
fourth segment irregularly tipped with marginal and submarginal
bristles approaching the size of macrochaetae in male only.

Length of type 8 mm.

Type locality —University, Grand Forks, N. Dak.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 3752 (Coquillett listed it as a female).

Distribution—Wisconsin 8, North Dakota 2, South Dakota 1,
Texas 1.

Host—Unknown. The genotype, Thelymyia saltuwum, has been
recovered from Catocala sponsa (Linnaeus).

Remarks.—The description is based on the type male and on three
males and three females collected by Aldrich, Baker, and Bishopp.
Rolla P. Currie collected the type specimen. The times of collections
ranged from April 19 in Texas to July 17 in Wisconsin.

2. THELYMYIA ERECTA, new species

Zenillia curriei (Coquillett) AtpRICH and Wesper (partim), Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 68, art. 17, pp. 33-34, 1924.

This species is very similar to Thelymyia curriei. The differences
have all been cited in the key to the species (p. 104). Otherwise the
species are practically the same.

Male (type) —Head with front at narrowest 0.87 head width;
facial ridge bristly on one-half to two-fifths; gena one-sixth eye
height, dark gray black, subshining; antenna black, third segment
four times as long as second; arista thickened on basal one-third.

Thorax covered with such a thin layer of pollen as to appear shining
black; sternopleural macrochaetae four on one side, five on the other;
midtibia with four median anterolateral bristles on one side and
twe with one smaller on the other side.

Abdomen covered with such a thin layer of pollen as to appear

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

shining black, pollen arranged as in curried, more noticeable at base and
sides of segments; dorsal abdominal hairs erect; third segment with
four discal macrochaetae in a row.

Female (allotype).—Front at narrowest 0.35 head width; length of
third segment of antenna three and one-fourth times that of second;
facial ridge bristly on lowest one-third; sternopleurals three plus an
additional weak one on one side; mid tibia with three median antero-
lateral bristles. Dorsal abdominal hairs depressed ; four discal macro-
chaetae on third segment not in a row; fourth segment polished
black; otherwise description same as for male.

Paratypes (one male and one female).—This material varies as
follows from the type and allotype notations: Front at narrowest in
male 0.39, in female 0.37 head width; facial ridge of male bristly one-
half, of female two-fifths; arista of male thickened on basal fourth.
Sternopleurals three; midtibia of male with three and of female
with four median bristles on anterolateral side, female with two
inner ventral bristles; female with four discal macrochaetae on third
segment in a row; abdomen of male noted as having exceptionally
thin pollen.

Type and allotype locality.—Juliaetta, Idaho.

Type—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54141.

Host—Unknown.

Remarks—Three males and three females collected by Aldrich,
including the type and allotype, Juliaetta, Idaho; including also one
male and one female paratype, Lawyers Canyon, Idaho, on July 16,
1909; one male, Moscow, Idaho, July 8, 1916; and one female, Sweet-
water, Idaho, June 17, 1930.

7. CHRYSOPHRYXE, new genus

The genus Chrysophryxe should be associated with the genera
Thelymyia and Phryxe. The genus has many of the characteristics
of Phryxe, namely, apical scutellars erect or proclinate, decussate ;
four postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae; male without frontal-
orbital bristles. Chrysophryxe, however, is predominantly golden
pollinose with yellow palpi and a pair of true discal macrochaetae
on the second and third abdominal segments.

1. CHRYSOPHRYXE TIBIALIS, new species, genotype

Chrysoexorista viridis TowNSEND (partim), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 435,
1915.

Male (type).—Head with front at narrowest 0.36 head width;
frontal row of six bristles, extending from on a level with below
arista to two reclinate preverticals; vertical and weak outer vertical
bristle; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fifth; gena one-fifth eye

ZENILLIA AND ALLIED GENERA—SELLERS 107

height; frontal orbit and face golden-pollinose, lower side of face and
gena more silvery; antenna black; arista thickened on basal two-
fifths, penultimate segment longer than broad; palpus yellow, base
infuscated.

Thorax black, sides silvery gray pollinose, dorsum golden pollinose ;
four black mesonotal vittae; four postsutural dorsocentral macro-
chaetae; scutellum with three pairs of marginal scutellars and one
weak decussate apical pair turned upward, one pair of discal scutel-
lars; three sternopleural macrochaetae; midtibia with one strong
median anterolateral bristle, one strong inner ventral bristle; hind
tibia ciliate, with one longer bristle; pulvilli short; wing with three
bristles at base of third vein.

Abdomen black, venter of segments one, two, and three silvery
gray pollinose; basal two-thirds of segments 2, 3, and 4 golden pol-
linose tinged with green, no dorsal vitta; dorsum of first segment
shining black, apical margins of other segments shining brownish
black; first and second segments with a pair and third segment with
a row of marginal macrochaetae; second and third segments with a
pair of discal macrochaetae; fourth segment irregularly tipped with
bristles.

Length 9 mm.

Type locality.—Brazil.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 54140.

Host.—Unknown.

Remarks.—Described from the type specimen, which was previous-
ly Chrysoexorista viridis Townsend, male allotype U.S.N.M. No.
19611.

The genitalia are similar to those of Zenillia angustifrons which
Townsend designated as subspecies of Chrysoexorista viridis. Z.
angustifrons possesses more Zenillia-like characteristics than the
male described above.

8. ANGUSTIA, new genus

The genus Angustia should be associated with the genus 4A plomya.
Angustia, however, has only two sternopleural bristles, the frontal
bristles descend to the middle of the second antennal segment, and
the fourth segment of the abdomen is destitute of macrochaetae. ‘The
thorax and abdomen are wholly golden pollinose.

1. ANGUSTIA ANGUSTIVITTA (Aldrich and Webber) (genotype)

Zenillia angustivitta ALDRICH and Wesser, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art.
Ip: 13; 1924:

Head with front at narrowest 0.28 head width; frontal row of four
bristles, extending from middle of second antennal segment to two

108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

reclinate preverticals; facial ridge bristly on lowest one-fourth; gena
one-fourth eye height and covered with fine white hairs; frontal orbit
golden, face silver-white pollinose; antenna with first two segments
and basal part of third yellow, third segment two and one-fourth
times second; arista thickened on basal one-fourth, penultimate seg-
ment short; palpus pale yellow.

Thorax golden-pollinose, marked with four mesonotal vittae; three
postsutural dorsocentral macrochaetae; scutellum golden pollinose,
with three pairs of marginal scutellars and one decussate apical pair
turned backward; two sternopleural macrochaetae; legs with coxue
and femora yellow, tibiae brown, and tarsi black; midtibia with one
median anterolateral bristle and inner ventral bristle; hind tibia
roughly ciliate; no bristly hairs behind on apex of hind coxa; third
vein with three to five bristles at base.

Abdomen reddish yellow, golden pollinose; first and second seg-
ments with a pair of discal macrochaetae; first and second segments
with a pair and third with a row of marginal macrochaetae; fourth
segment covered with a few scattered small bristles; abdominal hairs
depressed.

Length 8 mm.

Type locality —Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, N. Y.

Distribution —New York 1, Pennsylvania 1.

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 25701.

Host.—Unknown.

Remarks.—The material examined consisted of the type specimen,
July 16, 1917, and one female, Swarthmore, Pa., June 18, 1906.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1942

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

issued 4

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington : 1942 No. 3158

A NEW FOSSIL REPTILE FROM THE UPPER
CRETACEOUS OF UTAH

By Cuartres W. GiLmMore

In 1939 the Smithsonian Paleontological Expedition discovered the
fragmentary skeletal remains of a small reptile in the Upper Cre-
taceous of the North Horn Mountain area in central Utah. The
diminutive size of this individual, its amphicoelous vertebrae, and a
dermal armor form a combination of features previously unknown
among the extinct Reptilia of the Upper Cretaceous, and although
the skeletal remains are meager this unique specimen is described as
a new species of a new genus and referred provisionally to the
Crocodilia.

PINACOSUCHUS MANTIENSIS, new genus and species

Type.—U. S. N. M. No. 16592, consisting of a maxillary fragment,
7 vertebral centra, proximal end of coracoid, shaft of femur, and
numerous dermal scutes and spines, with various fragments. Col-
lected in 1939.

Locality —“Lizard locality,” South Dragon, Manti National Forest,
Emery County, Utah.

Horizon.—North Horn formation, Upper Cretaceous.

Diagnosis—Teeth thecodont; vertebrae amphicoelous; two sacral
vertebrae; caudal vertebrae chevron bearing; dermal armor, consist-
ing of sharp, rounded spines; spined, plain, and ridged scutes; limb
bone with large medullary cavity. Individual small.

The scanty skeletal materials comprising the type specimen were
found in a small cluster on the surface of the exfoliated matrix, and

477395 —42 109

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

as the bones were of corresponding size and there was no apparent
duplication of parts it is assumed that all pertain to the skeleton of
a single individual.

A small fragment of the left maxillary (fig. 1, 4) is the only rec-
ognizable skull part of this specimen preserved. It shows the ex-
ternal surface of the bone to have been sculptured. Alveoli for three
teeth indicate the thecodont nature of their attachment and the ovate
shape of their roots, with the longer diameter longitudinal.

In all there are seven complete vertebral centra and fragmentary
parts of several others. Dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae can cer-
tainly be recognized, and there is one centrum that is provisionally
identified as pertaining to the axis. It differs from all others in

aA)
Ka A

v\\
ANY

Ficure 1.—Skeletal parts of Pinacosuchus mantiensis, type (U. S. N. M. No. 16592): 4,

Maxillary fragment; B, proximal end of left coracoid. Both figures three times nat-
Ke

E ural size.

having a flattened anterior articular end, on each side of which are
small facets that look forward and outward. This centrum is de-
pressed and is wider in front than behind, with a broadly rounded
ventral surface as shown in figure 2. The posterior articular end
is cupped. The centrum has a greatest length of 9 mm. and a great-
est width of 7.5 mm.

Two dorsal centra differ in that one is compressed and the other
depressed. It is thought that the former pertains to the anterior
dorsal region, the latter to the posterior part of the presacral series.
Both have small portions of the neural arch present, but the absence
of any trace of the sutural connections with the centra suggests the
adult age of the individual. Both have evenly rounded ventral
surfaces without trace of a keel. The anterior dorsal centrum meas-
ures 8 mm. in length, the posterior one 7 mm.

The two sacral centra (fig. 8) were found detached from each
other, but their roughened sutural ends made perfect articulation.
These centra have a combined length of 14.8 mm. The centra are
depressed, with cupped, ovate, articular ends and broadly rounded
ventral surfaces. Sacral ribs attach with the center of the centra.

A NEW FOSSIL REPTILE FROM UTAH—GILMORE tt

The anterior caudal centrum, shown in figure 4, A, has quadrangu-
lar cupped ends and portions of heavy, transverse processes. ‘The
ventral surface is shallowly channeled longitudinally. A second
caudal centrum (figure 4, B) is more elongated than the one pre-
viously mentioned. Its ventral surface is also shallowly channeled,
with distinctly developed chevron facets on the posterior end. It is

Figure 2.—Centrum of ?axis of Pinacosuchus
mantiensis, type (U. S. N. M. No. 16592):
A, Ventral view; B, anterior view. Both
figures twice natural size.

Ki :
“See

Ficure 3.—Sacrum of Pinacosuchus mantien-
sis, type (U.S. N. M. No. 16592): 4, Ven-
tral view; B, lateral view; C, end Views.
All figures twice natural size.

evident that this vertebra also bore transverse processes, thus indi-
cating that it belonged to the anterior half of the tail.

Coracoid.—The articular end of a flat bone (fig. 1, B) perforated
by a circular foramen is tentatively identified as the proximal por-
tion of the left coracoid. Except for the scapular border being con-
vex, it has its closest resemblance with the coracoid of the crocodile.
It shows the same transverse thickening of the articular contribution
to the glenoid socket and the same hooklike process overhanging
the missing shaft of the bone, below the glenoid cavity. The place-
ment of the coracoid foramen is similar.

Femur.——The bent shaft of a limb bone preserved with this speci-
men is provisionally identified as being that of a femur. It has a
large medullary cavity and at the center is round in cross section.

Dermal ossifications—The dermal armor of Pinacosuchus man-
ttensis displays no less than five different types of ossification: (1)
Simple, thin, flat, rectangular scutes; (2) ridged rooflike scutes
(fig. 5, @); (3) thickened subrectangular scutes, having sharp, asym-
metrically placed spine that strongly overhangs the borders (fig. 5, 2) ;
(4) small pointed spines with thickened bases (fig. 5, A); (5) more
elongate pointed spines with thickened bases (fig. 5, B). All have
sculptured surfaces.

112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

Ficure 4.—Caudal vertebrae of Pinacosuchus mantiensis, type (U.S. N.M. No. 16592):
A, Anterior caudal centrum, ventral, lateral, and end views; B, more posterior caudal
centrum, ventral, lateral, and end views. All figures twice natural size.

Ficure 5.—Dermal spines and scutes of Pinacosuchus mantiensis, type (U. S. N. M. No.
16592): A, Short spine; B, elongate spine; C, ridged scute; D, asymmetrical spined scute.
All three times natural size.

All these dermal structures were found disassociated in the matrix,
and thus no clue has been obtained as to the disposition or arrange-
ment of these ossifications in the skin. That they were a portion of
an elaborate ornamentation is clearly evident.

A NEW FOSSIL REPTILE FROM UTAH—GILMORE Lis

RELATIONSHIPS

At the present time so little is known of the skeletal structure of
Pinacosuchus mantiensis that I have been unable to arrive at a
satisfactory conclusion as to its true ordinal affinities. Of the 14
reptilian orders recognized by Woodward? the specimen under dis-
cussion can be satisfactorily eliminated from 10. This leaves the
Squamata, Thecodontia, Crocodilia, and Dinosauria, and it is in
one of these orders that this specimen will eventually find a perma-
nent resting place.

The presence of a thecodont dentition and the amphicoelous verte-
brae would appear to rule it out of the Squamata, for with the
exception of the Gekkota, which have amphicoelous vertebrae but
always combined with an acrodont dentition and absence of bony
scutes, all other lizards and all other members of the order have
procoelous vertebrae.

That this specimen could be referred to the Dinosauria seems
highly improbable, for although the primary number of sacral verte-
brae in this order may have been two, no Upper Cretaceous dinosaur
is known having less than five, and several genera have many more
than that. This reason alone would appear sufficient to exclude
Pinacosuchus.

The order Thecodontia is a generalized group from which it is
thought. by some authorities that both the Crocodilia and the Dino-
sauria may have been derived, but the suborder Pseudosuchia con-
tains a considerable number of lizard-shaped land reptiles of small
size that have such a diversity of structure that their location here
must be regarded as provisional. As a repository for genera of
uncertain ordinal affinities the Pseudosuchia would seem to be the
logical reference of Péinacosuchus. The few structural features
known would not be in particular discord with such an assignment,
but the fact that all the referred genera are of Triassic age or older
leads one to doubt the advisability of such an assignment.

Amphicoelian crocodilians are known to have persisted into the
Upper Cretaceous (Benton), and the present specimen presents a
few characteristics that suggest crocodilian relationships. Reference
is made to the thecodont dentition, sacrum of two vertebrae, presence
of bony skin scutes, close resemblance of incomplete coracoid to that
of the crocodile, and a sculpture of the maxillary surface closely
simulating that of many crocodilians. Meager and unsatisfactory
though the evidence may be, none of the more important characters

1 Woodward, A. Smith, Zittel’s “Textbook of Paleontology,” vol. 2, pp. 233-427, 1932.

114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 98

displayed by the present materials except the ornate character of the
scutes are opposed to its inclusion in the Crocodilia, and therefore
Pinacosuchus is provisionally referred to this order until such time
as the discovery of more complete specimens shall disclose its true
ordinal relationships.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

issued |

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington : 1943 No. 3159

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS OF THE SUB-
FAMILY ENNOMINAE HERETOFORE ASSOCIATED
WITH OR CLOSELY RELATED TO ELLOPIA TRE-
ITSCHKE

By Haun W. Capps

For some time it has been apparent that the species assigned to the
genus Lilopia Treitschke or Therina Hiibner in our check lists*
of North American Lepidoptera are not a homogeneous group con-
sidered on the basis of characters believed to indicate natural affinity
and have needed reclassification. As originally planned, this paper
was to be confined to the treatment of the species north of Mexico, but
as the work progressed it became apparent that none of the American
forms is congeneric with the European species Therina fasciaria (Lin-
naeus), genotype of Hllopia Treitschke and Therina Hiibner. Fur-
thermore, no species of true ZUlopia occurs in the New World. In
order to determine the relative value of characters for defining specific
and generic categories, the scope of the paper was enlarged to include
species occurring in Mexico, Central America, and South America
which had previously been assigned to the genus or are obviously
closely related to it.

This study is based on material in the collection of the United States
National Museum supplemented by specimens borrowed from the col-
lections of the Universities of Kansas and Michigan and that of John
L. Sperry, and on types examined at the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia and Rutgers University. More than 800 specimens

1Hulst, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, 1903 (part) ; Barnes and McDunnough, Check list of
the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, 1917; MecDunnough, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
‘Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera), 1938.

480078—43 1 115

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

were studied, and to ascertain intraspecific variation of larval, vena-
tional, and genitalic structures approximately 300 microscopic slide
mounts were prepared. The number of slide mounts for a species
varies from 1 to 36, depending on the amount of material on hand.

Because there has been much confusion of the species in the litera-
ture, citations for food plants and localities are based entirely on labels
peeominted with specimens examined by the author, unless specified
otherwise. Much of this confounding of the species has probably been
due to three factors: (1) Close similarity of the species, (2) ex-
tremely great intraspecific variation, and (3) lack of sufficient material
to indicate or determine the range of intraspecific variation. The
author strongly suspects that extensive collecting and rearing will, in
the future, make untenable some of the forms that it now appears de-
sirable to retain as food plant or geographical varieties.

The following brief diagnosis of fasciaria (Linnaeus), the genotype
of Therina, is offered for comparative purposes: Male antenna bi-
pectinate to apex; female antenna simple. Fore wing (fig. 3) with 12
veins, 10 and 11 from the cell; without areoles. Male genitalia (fig. 4)
without gnathos; harpe with middle narrowly constricted, a costal arm
from near base; vinculum well developed, narrowly extenuated ; furca
simple; aedeagus bifureate. Female genitalia (fig. 20) with signum a
small, weakly sclerotized plate. Larva with prolegs on fifth abdomi-
nal segment.

All the American forms treated here differ from fasciarta in the
following respects: Fore wing (figs. 1, 2) with two areoles. Male
genitalia (fig. 7); harpe simple, not constricted at middle, costa with-
out an arm; vinculum not extenuated; aedeagus simple. Female geni-
talia (fig. 21) with signum a strongly sclerotized stellate, serrate or
spinose plate. Larva without prolegs on fifth abdominal segment.
In genitalia, they resemble species of Vepytia Hulst and Cingilia
Walker. Cingilia, however, has a vestige of vein 5 at the margin of
the hind wing and species of Vepytia are distinguishable by the cren-
ulate or dentacalate character of the transverse lines of fore wing.

Few studies of a revisional nature treating this subfamily have
appeared, and though the four genera discussed in this paper do not
constitute a recognized or definable group of supergeneric rank the
following characters are common to the group and are cited to avoid
repetition in generic descriptions: Male antennae bipectinate, plu-
mose; pectinations not clavate, sometimes terminating before apex.
Labial palpus slender, extending but slightly beyond the front; front
evenly rounded, scales closely appressed. Fore wing (figs. 1,2) broad;
transverse posterior line, if present, from costa well before apex; 12
veins and 2 elongate areoles; vein 12 anastomosing with 11 and then
separate to costa; 10 and 11 from cell; 8 and 9 stalked; 2 from cell

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 117

well before outer angle; 3 and 4 approximate at base; 1b bifurcate
near base; fovea absent; male with a bar-lke structure near base be-
tween cubitus and 1b. Hind wind (fig. 1A) broad; transverse line,
if present, appearing as a continuation of the transverse posterior line
of the fore wing; outer margin slightly or strongly produced at vein
4 (removal of scales often necessary to note this); veins 6 and 7
approximate from cell [except the genus Hvita (fig. 2A) in which
they are stalked].

Male genitalia: Uncus simple, strong, hooklike; socii short or rudi-
mentary ; gnathos well developed with numerous spines; harpe simple ;
lateral arms of anellus strongly sclerotized, extending almost to costa
of harpe; furca simple, only the right branch developed (in ventral
view) ; aedeagus slender, cylindrical, narrowed posteriorly, distal end
with a rather strongly sclerotized extenuated platelike structure with
the margin serrate or scobinate.

Female genitalia: Signum a strongly sclerotized plate, margin ser-
rate or spinose; ductus bursae strongly sclerotized or with a narrow,
more or less complete internal sclerotized band posteriorly near junc-
tion with bursa copulatrix; ductus seminalis from near junction of
ductus bursae and the bursa.

The variability in the shape of the wings and venation, particularly
the fore wing, prevents extensive use of such characters as the origin
of the veins, degree of anastomosis, stalking, or size and shape of
the areoles for separating genera of the Ennominae. Hence, as has
proved useful to other workers seeking a more natural classification
of difficult groups, the employment of genitalic structures for the
restriction of genera when other characters were unsatisfactory
appears to be adaptable to the development of a more desirable re-
arrangement of the species of this subfamily, and on this basis the
author has undertaken a study of the American Ennominae and is
preparing a revision of the group.

KEY TO THE GENERA

i Eind wing, with’ veins 6G and ¢ stalked=2— == _— 22s se Evita, new genus
Ennoiwincawith veinsiGuand«( not Stalked = ==s= Sass Sa ee se ee 2
2. Fore wing with 3 transverse lines_____-_--_-_-_-___-_--_---_ Besma, new genus
Morel wine. witheoy rausverse wis. a= see seen 2 eee eee 3

3. Aedeagus of male with a rather strongly sclerotized bifurcate plate
distoventrally ; ventral margin of genital opening of female bor-
dered by a narrow, strongly concave, sclerotized band; central
area Of Signum with) Spinules: 22-22-25 2) ee Neotherina Dognin
Aedeagus of male without a sclerotized bifurcate plate distoven-
trally; ventral margin of female genital opening not bordered
by a sclerotized band; central area of signum without spinules
BPEL DECAL RONe Ms CASRN Ste Pees Se Be ee SAE eee Lambdina, new genus

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Genus NEOTHERINA Dognin

Neotherina Doenin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgium, vol. 57, p. 402, 1913. (Genotype:
Neotherina inconspicua Dognin.)

In addition to characters noted for the group: Apex of male an-
tenna simple. Fore wing with two transverse lines, evenly curved;
hind wing with one transverse line. Male genitalia with gnathos
armed with long slender spines; aedeagus with a sclerotized bifurcate
plate distoventrally. Female genitalia with a strongly sclerotized,
narrow concave band bordering ventral margin of genital opening:
signum a strongly sclerotized plate, central area with spinules, margin
spinose or serrate.

Remarks.—Neotherina Dognin does not appear in the nomenclators
of either Schulze or Neave. The name was used, apparently for the
first time in the literature, for a new species, inconspicua, described
by Dognin in 1913 without any generic diagnosis. Dognin stated that
inconspicua resembled Neotherina axion (Druce) but with the lines
different, thus assigning 7'herina axion Druce to the genus. An ex-
amination of the type will be necessary to determine the true posi-
tion of axion, but from the figures * representing it I suspect that it is
more closely related to Lambdina calidaria (Dyar) and possibly synon-
ymous with it.

The Dognin species, inconspicua, also resembles 7herina axona
Druce, but differences in genitalic structure place them in separate
genera; the latter is referable to Destutia Grossbeck.

Superficially, the species of Neotherina resemble those of Lamb-
dina; the males, however, are easily separable by the simple apex of
the antenna and furcate plate of the aedeagus and the females by the
concave sclerotized band near ventral margin of genital opening.
Some species of Fesma have similar genitalia but are easily separated
by the three transverse lines on fore wing.

KEY TO SPECIES OF NEOTHERINA

1. Hind wing with a medial transverse line passing

through outer angle of discal cell__-____________- 1. inconspicua Dognin
Hind wing with a postmedial transverse line, well
beyond outer angle of discal cell_____.__________- 2. g imperilla (Dognin)

38. 2 consequens (Prout)
1. NEOTHERINA INCONSPICUA Dognin
PLATE 2, FIGURES 5-5C; PLATE 9, FIGURES 27-27A
Neotherina inconspicua DocNIn, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgium, vol. 57, p. 402, 1913.
Male.—Head and collar yellow; palpus yellowish, second and third
joints irrorated with fuscous scales. Thorax and wings ocherous with

2 Druce, in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera-Heterocera, vol. 3, tab. 45,
figs. 25, 26, 1881-1900.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 119

a red-brown tinge. Fore wing with the transverse anterior line evenly
curved; transverse posterior line straight from costa to vein 6 and
then slightly angled inwardly to inner margin. Medial transverse
line of the hind wing straight or very slightly curved. Al] lines testa-
ceous edged with yellow.

Alar expanse, 29-34 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 5-5A): Uncus a strong hook, gradually expanding
basally; harpe simple, rather stout, costa short, its length less than
width of harpe at base; furca extending to or beyond costa of harpe,
distal end bent mesad, angled portion armed with numerous fine
spines; aedeagus with a narrow extenuated plate distally and a large
patch of long slender cornuti.

Female—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expense, 32-36 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 27-27A) : Ventral operculum moderately sclerotized,
weaker posteriorly; ductus bursae rather long, more than twice the
length of internal band near junction with the bursa; bursa narrow,
elongate; signum a narrow spinose plate.

Type—U.S.N.M. No. 31153.

Type locality —tLino, Panama.

Food plant—Unknown.

Distribution —Costa Rica: Juan Vinas (Jan., June). GUATEMALA:
Chejel (June), Guatemala City (June). Mexico: Jalapa, Orizaba
(Sept.). Panama: Lino.

Nine specimens examined.

Remarks—As stated previously, the genitalic structures are ex-
tremely variable for the whole group. Figures 5B and 5C indicate
the intraspecific variation of the gnathos and furca for this species.

2. NEOTHERINA IMPERILLA (Dognin), new combination
PLATE 2, FIGURE 6, 6A

Nephodia imperilla Do@nin, Hétérocéres nouveaux de ’Amérique du Sud, fase.
4, p. 21, 1911.

Male—¥ront pale brown, slightly ocherous; abdomen and wings
gray-brown with a slight reddish tinge. Fore wing with two testaceous
transverse lines; transverse anterior line evenly curved; transverse
posterior line straight from costa to vein 6 and then evenly bent
inwardly to inner margin. Hind wing with a postmedial line, evenly
curved, well beyond outer angle of the discal cell.

Alar expanse, 36 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 6, 6A) similar to those of inconspicua; distal spined
portion of furca smaller; fewer cornuti.

Female-——Unknown.

Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 32660.

120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Type locality—Caiion de Tolima (1,700 meters), Colombia.

Remarks.—The species is represented in the National Museum col-
lection only by the holotype, and this is in rather poor condition. It
resembles inconspicua, but the general color is more testaceous and
it lacks the chrome-yellow on head, collar, and borders of the trans-
verse lines. The postmedial line of the hind wing of tmperilla is
evenly curved and beyond the outer angle of the cell; that of incon-
spicua is more nearly medial, almost straight, and passes through the
outer angle of the cell.

3. NEOTHERINA CONSEQUENS (Prout), new combination
PLATE 9, FIGURE 28

Nephodia (Nipteria) consequens Prout, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 6,
p. 524, 1910.

Male-—Unknown.

Female.—Similar to imperilla in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 42 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 28) similar to those of inconspicua but with the
signum flatter and broader and the margin serrate instead of spincse.

Type.—tn British Museum.

Type locality —Santo Domingo, Carabaya, Peru.

Food plant.—Unknown.

Remarks.—The species is represented in the National Museum col-
lection by a single specimen. Prout stated that he had seen one
specimen in addition to the type from the same locality. Presum-
ably this is the one in the National Museum, since the label indicates
the type locality and the specimen was a part of the Dognin collection.

Eventually ¢mperilla and consequens may prove to be opposite sexes
of one species, but until this is verified by the examination of ma-
terial (including both sexes) from the two regions they should be
treated as distinct species.

LAMBDINA, new genus

Genotype.—Ellopia fiscellaria Guenée.

With characters noted for the group and in addition: Antenna of
male bipectinate to apex. Fore wing broad with two transverse lines,
the transverse posterior line from costa well before apex. Hind wing
with a single transverse line, occasionally indistinct; veins 6 and 7
approximate. Male genitalia with gnathos armed with numerous
coarse spines; aedeagus without a distoventral bifurcate plate. Fe-
male genitalia with signum a broad, strongly sclerotized plate, cen-
tral area without spinules, margin serrate; ventral margin of the
genital opening not bordered by a continuous sclerotized band.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 12

Remarks—The species of ZLambdina closely resemble those of
Neotherina but are easily separated by genitalic characters. In
Lambdina the aedeagus is without a distoventral sclerotized furcate
plate; there is no concave sclerotized band bordering the ventral mar-
gin of the female genital opening and the central area of the signum
is without spines and comparatively smooth.

Because of variability in color, maculation, and genitalia within
the genus it is impossible to make satisfactory keys. The following
keys are offered merely to help in identification of the species and
should be used with caution. For similar reasons it is impracticable
to include subspecific categories and these are omitted from the keys.

KEY TO SPECIES OF LAMBDINA

Males
1. American species north of Mexico *__- 5-22. 2;
Mexican and Central American species. 20-4} 2-22 se 4
2. ‘Furca long, slender, laterally compressed_—_2_—_--~-__L = 5 3
Kurca short, stout, not compressed______-_--=-_--__.__ 14. punctata (Hulst)

3. Fore wing with transverse lines evenly curved, diffuse or rather
indistinet, accentuated by fuscous dots on veins____9. athasaria (Walker)

Fore wing with transverse lines sinuate, rather sharply defined,

if nearly straight or evenly curved not strongly accentuated on
Velnswoy tuSCOUS GOtSe2 ts 2 eee ee ee 2. fiscellaria (Guenée)

4, Fore wing broad; transverse lines indistinct, accentuated by

fuscous dots on veins. Aedeagus somewhat extenuated pos-
teriorly;;.a large patch of cormutiz_—.-=-=2—2-2=--2-2 5-2-2 13. negata (Dyar)

Fore wing narrower ; transverse lines rather distinct, only slightly

if accentuated on veins. Aedeagus strongly extenuated pos-

teriorly.; a small:pateh’ of ‘cornutin__— 228 2222. 22 Lee 7. axion (Druce)
Females

di. American species north of Mexicos 222-2). = = ee ene ee 2
Mexican and Central American species__________--_.__-_--_--_-_-_-_------- 4
2. With ventral operculum strongly sclerotized__-__------_--_----_-_------ 3
Without a strongly sclerotized ventral operculum_____~_ 14. punctata (Hulst)

3. Fore wing with transverse lines evenly curved, diffuse or rather
indistinct, accentuated by fuscous dots on veins___-- 9. athasaria (Walker)

Fore wing with transverse lines sinuate, rather sharply de-
fined, if nearly straight or evenly curved not strongly accen-

tuated on veins by fuscous dots_____-__-__-________ 2. fiscellaria (Guenée)
4. Ductus bursae at least three times as long as posterior internal
WD SUT) Cepeda A ee Ae 7. axion (Druce)
Ductus bursae shorter, less than three times length of posterior
IM CeT alle ell eee ee a ee A ee ees ee 5

5. Posterior internal band of ductus bursae extenuate posteriorly
ee asp ch OO eg ell ge Peed were OE Pa 8. calidaria (Dyar)

Posterior internal band of ductus bursae not extenuate pos-
CELIO VES Sts eve) hn See Pela the ee ee 18. negata (Dyar)

’The Hiibner species, fervidaria, is omitted because the type has been lost, and there
is no certainty as to just what it represents.

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

1. LAMBDINA FERVIDARIA (Hiibner)

Therina fervidaria Hisner, in Geyer, Zutriige zur Sammlung exotischer Schmet-
terlinge, vol. 3, p. 8, No. 205, figs. 409, 410, 18381.—Hu.st, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull.
52, p. 334, 1903 (part).

Ellopia fervidaria (Hiibner) GureNntEr, Histoire naturelle des insectes lépidopteéres,
vol. 9, p. 182, 1857.— Barnes and McDuNNovuGH, Check list of the Lepidoptera
of Boreal America, No. 4655, 1917—McDunnoucH, Check list of the
Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1,
Macrolepidoptera), No. 4159, 1988.

Male—Unknown except for the “Hiibner” figure illustrating the
species, from which this description is prepared.

Head, thorax, abdomen, and upper surface of wings uniformly
brownish ocher, with a conspicuous sprinkling of fuscous on costal area
of fore wing extending from base of wing to posterior transverse line,
fuscous irroration stronger basally; a narrow border similarly dusted
with fuscous along outer margins of fore and hind wings. Transverse
lines and discal dots dark brownish ocher with conspicuous ocherous
borders, evenly curved (not strongly sinuate). Fore wing with trans-
verse posterior line extending from costa slightly outward to vein 4
and then slightly curved inwardly to inner margin. Hind wing with
the postmedial transverse line slightly bent or evenly curved. Outer
margins of both wings slightly angular; hind wing with a slight pro-
duction indicated between veins 3 and 4 (normally this should occur
at vein 4).

Under surface of the wings pale ocherous along costa and the outer
margins; a somewhat darker brownish ocherous suffusion extending
basally from transverse posterior line of fore wing and the postmediai
transverse line of the hind wing. Abdomen, thorax, legs and collar
irrorated with fuscous. Discal dot and anterior transverse line of fore
wing obsolete; transverse posterior line faintly defined; postmedial
transverse line of the hind wing similarly indicated.

Alar expanse, 35 mm.

Female-—Unknown.

Type.—tLost (*)

Type locality.—Georgia.

Food plant—Unknown.

Remarks.—The figures illustrating fervidaria in the original Ger-
man edition are not identical with those of the English facsimile of
the Zutrige. In the figures of the latter work, the conspicuous
ocherous borders of the transverse lines are absent and the outer mar-
gins of the wings are slightly more rounded, resembling those of
pellucidaria.

I have seen no example of any species of Lambddina that agrees in
detail with Hiibner’s figure, nor any specimens of Lambdina from the
type locality except a few examples of pellucidaria, which is evidently

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 128

not what Hiibner had. Presumably fervidaria represents an oak-feed-
ing form and is, in my opinion, nothing but a color variety or race of
jiscellaria. If this should prove to be true, Hiibner’s name will take
precedence and have to be applied to the complex now under fiscellaria.

2. LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (Guenée)
PLATE 1, FiauREs 1, 1A; PLate 38, Ficures 7, TA; PLAT 8, FIGuRE 21.

HAllopia fiscellaria GUENEE, Histoire naturelle des insectes lépidoptéres, vol. 9,
p. 183, 1857.— Barnes and McDunnoueu, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Boreal America, No. 4654, 1917.—McDunnovueu, Check list of the Lepidoptera
of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera),
No. 5146, 1988.

Therina fiscellaria (Guenée) Huust, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 334, 1903.

Hulopia flagitiaria GUENEE, Histoire naturelle des insectes lépidoptéres, vol. 9,
p. 133, 1857. (New synonymy.)

Therina fiscellaria var. peccataria Swett, Psyche, vol. 16, p. 96, 1909.

Therina fiscellaria var. johnsoni Swerr, Can, Mnt., vol. 45, p. 174, 1913.

Hilopia turbataria BARNES and McDunnoueH, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. North
America, vol. 8, No. 4, p. 255, 1917.—McDuNnnoucuH, Check list of the
Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macro-
lepidoptera), No. 5148, 1938. (New synonymy.)

Male.—Color variable, ranging from a uniformly pale whitish ocher
to smoky fuscous; ocherous forms variable in the degree of sprinkling
of fuscous scales.

Forewing with two transverse lines, darker than the ground color,
sinuate or evenly curved and rather sharply defined ; occasionally with
the area between the lines somewhat darkly suffused; transverse
anterior line from costa well before middle of the wing, usually edged
inwardly with ocherous; transverse posterior line from costa well
before the apex, usually edged outwardly with ocherous.

Hind wing with a single transverse line, usually edged outwardly
with ocher; outer margin produced at vein 4.

Alar expanse, 32-45 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 7,74) : Gnathos broad, with numerous coarse spines;
furca long, extending almost to or beyond costa of harpe, compressed
laterally, with spinules along dorsal surface; anellus broad, moder-
ately sclerotized, somewhat scobinate with the scobinations stronger
basally, lateral arms strongly sclerotized, long and extending almost
to costa of harpe; aedeagus armed distally and ventrally with an
extenuated sclerotized structure which is scobinate along the margin;
penis with a patch of long, slender, deciduous cornuti.

Female.—Similar to male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 30-40 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 21) : Ventral operculum strongly sclerotized; ventral
margin of genital opening without a bordering sclerotized band;

480078—43—_2

124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

ductus bursae with a narrow, sclerotized internal band near junction
with the bursa; signum a broad, strongly sclerotized, concave plate —
with serrate margin.

Types—In the United States National Museum (fiscellaria, No.
55719; turbataria, No. 55721); Boston Society of Natural History
(johnsoni, peccataria) ; British Museum (?) (flagitiaria).

Type localities —“Amérique Septentrionale” (fiscellaria) ; Maine
(johnsoni) ; Massachusetts (peccataria) ; New York, Canada (flagi-
tiaria).

Food plants.—Abies, Quercus, Tsuga.

Distribution —Untrep States: Connecticut (Aug., Sept.), Zllinois
(Aug., Sept.), Zowa (Sept.), Maine (Sept.), Massachusetis (Sept.),
Michigan (May, Aug., Sept.), Vew Hampshire, New Jersey, New York
(Aug.), Pennsylvania (Sept., Oct., Nov.), Rhode Island (Aug.), Wis-
consin. Canava: Manitoba (July, Aug., Sept.), Ontario (Aug.,
Sept.), Quebec (Sept.).

One hundred and seventy-seven specimens examined.

Remarks.—Four names listed as synonyms of fiscellaria are consid-
ered unworthy of subspecific status because they are based on either
aberrant or inconstant variations. Specimens exhibiting melanism
in varying degrees are not unusual in the group. The evidence in
each case is briefly reviewed:

The name flagitiaria is based on rather pale ocherous specimens
showing a somewhat smoky suffusion between the transverse lines,
the suffusion more intense adjacent to the lines. While this form is
easily separable from the paler and less distinctly marked specimens
of fiscellaria, many intergrading specimens occur. Similar color
variations occur within a series of somniaria and lugubrosa.

Swett’s peccataria is based on a pale ocherous form with a slight
fuscous suffusion on the fore wing between the transverse anterior
line and the base of the wing and with a similar suffusion beyond
the transverse posterior line, the suffusion broader and somewhat
stronger below vein 4 and extending to the inner margin. Hind wing
with a similar suffusion below vein 4, extending to inner margin. One
of the specimens of peccataria is from Connecticut and was reared
on Quercus. I have before me several specimens from Maine, reared —
on Abies, with a similar color pattern but with the ground color
slightly darker and the suffusion stronger. I consider these and
Swett’s peccataria to be merely aberrants.

The name johnsoni is based on a dark smoky form, with the upper
surface of wings rather smooth, somewhat sheeny, the transverse lines
usually with bright yellow borders. This is merely a very dark me-
Janic form of fiscellaria. Intergrades occur in material from Massa-
chusetts and Michigan. Swett described johnsoni from a single male
specimen.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 125

Barnes and McDunnough dissected a male paratype of turbataria
and commented on the possible unreliability of the genitalic char-
acters used for separating it from fiscellaria. I have dissected the
type, and the genitalia as compared with those of the paratype are
as follows: Furca longer, slightly stouter, with the spinules more
numerous, extending to base; anellus more scobinate; aedeagus, with a
large patch of cornuti (deciduous). On the basis of the genitalia the
type is inseparable from examples of fiscellaria.

There are specimens from Michigan, Massachusetts, Nebraska, and
New York agreeing in habitus and maculation with typical turbataria
from Pennsylvania. From Connecticut there are examples which in-
tergrade between the so-called turbataria and typical fiscellaria. The
name turbataria, I believe, represents nothing more than a color form;
certainly it cannot designate any local race. The course of the pos-
terior transverse line of the wing is not constant in a series.

3. LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA SOMNIARIA (Hulst)

Ellopia somniaria Hutst, Ent. Amer., vol. 1, p. 208, 1886.—Barnes and McDun-
NnouGH, Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No. 4657, 1917.—
McDunnovucH, Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United
States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera), No. 5147, 19388.

Therina fervidaria somniaria (Hulst) Huts, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 334,
1908.

Male—Similar to fiscellaria but specimens of somniaria averaging
larger, slightly darker ocherous, more heavily dusted with fuscous,
and with the transverse lines more distinct.

Alar expanse, 28-48 mm.

Genitalia like those of fiscellaria.

Female.—Similar to male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 32-40 mm.

Genitalia like those of fiscellaria.

Type—tn Rutgers College collection.

Type localities —Oregon, “Washington Territory,” and Vancouver
Island.

Food plant.—Quercus.

Distribution—Unritep States: California, Oregon (Aug., Sept.),
Washington (Aug., Sept.). Canapa: British Columbia (Aug.,
Sept.), Vancouver Island.

One hundred and twenty-five specimens examined.

Remarks.—On the average, specimens of somniaria are larger, a
slightly ocherous with the dusting of fuscous more intense and with
the transverse lines more distinct than in specimens of typical fiscel-
lavia. The tendency of somniaria to be more uniform in size, color,
and maculation is probably due to the fact that most of the material
originated in a somewhat restricted area (northwestern United

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

States and the adjacent Canadian region) where climatic conditions
are rather constant and Quercus garryana is the prevailing oak. Two
specimens from California, however, are indistinguishable from
eastern examples of typical fiscellaria; one is from Plumas County,
the other bears no additional label, and their food plant is unknown.

The area of distribution for typical jfiscel/aria is much greater
than that of somniaria and the notable variation in a series of fiscel-
laria is probably effected by the more variable prevalent climatic con-
ditions and the presence of several kinds of food material on which
it feeds. Several species of Quercus, Abies, and 7'suga occur within
the area.

Until more material is available, the name somniaria should be
applied to the northwestern variety of fiscellaria on Quercus.

4. LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA LUGUBROSA (Hulst)

Therina lugubrosa Hurst, Can. Ent., vol. 32, p. 106, 1900; U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull.
52, po oon, 19033

Ellopia fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst) Barnes and McDunnovueH, Check list of
the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No. 4654, 1917.—McDunnouau, Check list
of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1,
Macrolepidoptera), No. 5146, 19388.

Male—Color and maculation somewhat variable, ranging from
a rather dull ocherous, heavily sprinkled with fuscous, to a dark,
suffused, smoky fuscous, with a few sparsely scattered ocherous irrora-
tions; occasionally with the area between the transverse lines of the
fore wing darker, more strongly suffused, and with a similar suffusion
of the hind wing extending from the transverse line basally. The
ocherous borders of the transverse lines are variable in intensity.

Alar expanse, 32-38 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical fiscellaria.

Female.—Similar to male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 80-39 mm.

Genitalia as in typical fiscellaria.

Type—tIn Rutgers College collection.

Type locality—Rossland, British Columbia.

Food plants.—Abies, Tsuga.

Distribution—Unirmp Starrs: Idaho (Sept.), Maine (Sept.),
Michigan (Sept.), Montana, Washington (Sept., Oct.), Wisconsin
(July, Sept.). Canapa: British Columbia (Sept.), Nova Scotia
(Sept.).

Fifty-four specimens examined.

Remarks —Examples of lugubrosa exhibit less uniformity than
somniaria but more than typical fiscellaria. Its range of distribution
and the variety of material on which it feeds are greater than those
of somniaria but less than those of fiscellaria.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 127

J.J. de Gryse* studied larvae of somniaria from Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, and compared them with larvae of the “Eastern
Hemlock Looper” from the Muskoka Lakes region in the Province
of Ontario. He noted slight differences in the mandibular structure
but stated that owing to the scarcity of material the constancy of the
differences could not be adequately checked. I have made numerous
dissections of the specimens available, examining the parts in situ
and mounted on slides. The mandibles not only exhibit considerable
variation individually, but also vary in the different instars. No
differences were observed that persisted with sufficient constancy to
enable accurate separation of the various forms.

For the present the name /ugubrosa should be applied to the northern
and rather dark, heavily dusted with fuscous, variety of fiscellaria on
Abies and 7'suga.

5. LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA PULTARIA (Guenée)

Ellopia pultaria GueNgér, Histoire naturelle des insectes Iépidoptéres, vol. 9, p.
131, 1857.—Barnes and McDunnovueH, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Boreal America, No. 4556, 1917.—McDunnovueHu, Check list of the Lepidop-
tera of Canada and the United States of America (Part I, Macrolepidoptera),
No, 5150, 1938.

Ellopia scitata Watxer, List of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of
the British Museum, vol. 26, p. 1510, 1862.

Elliopia inverata WALKER, List of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of
the British Museum, vol. 26, p. 1512, 1862.

Therina fiscellaria (Guenée) Dyar, Psyche, vol. 10, p. 18, 1903.

Male.—Pale ocherous, fresh specimens with a slight testaceous tinge ;
surface of the wings smooth, sheeny, with the dusting of pale fuscous
scales weak or obsolete; transverse lines evenly curved, less sinuate
than usually present in typical fiscellaria.

Alar expanse 35-40 mim.

Genitalia like those of typical fiscellaria.

Female.—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 30-38 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical fiscellaria.

Types.—In United States National Museum (pultaria, No. 55722) ;
British Museum (seitata, invewata).

Type localities —‘Amérique Septentrionale” (pultaria) ; east Flor-
ida (seztata) ; no locality given for invewata.

Food plant.—Quercus.

Distribution—Uni1ep Srates: Florida (Apr., May).

Twenty-nine specimens examined.

Remarks.—The series is rather uniform in color and habitus, and
for reasons similar to those regarding the retention of names to desig-

4 Scientific Agriculture, vol. 14, No. 10, 1934,

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

nate other varieties, pultaria is retained for the southern oak-feeding
race of fiscellaria. The prevailing oak of its habitat is Quercus vir-
giniana.

6. LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA LAETA (Hulst)

Therina laeta Hutst, Can. Ent., vol. 32, p. 107, 1900; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p.
334, 1903.

Ellopia flavilinearia BArNes and McDunnoveH, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. North
Amer., vol. 2, No. 3, p. 181, 19138.

Eliopia laeta (Hulst), Barnes and McDunnoveH, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. North
Amer., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 186, 1916; Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal
America, No. 4649, 1917—McDunnovucu, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera), No.
5140, 19388.

Male—Pale to dark ocherous, resembling pultaria but with the
transverse lines a trifle straighter and usually with the wings more
heavily dusted with fuscous.

Alar expanse, 27-85 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical fiscellaria.

Female—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 32-88 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical fiscellaria.

Types—In Rutgers College collection (/aeta) ; United States Na-
tional Museum (flavilinearia, No. 55723).

Type localities —New Mexico (lacta); Palmerlee, Ariz. (flavili-
nearia) .

Food plant—Unknown.

Distribution-—Unirep States: Arizona (Mar., Apr., May, July,
Aug.), Vew Mexico (Aug.).

Forty specimens examined.

Remarks.—This is probably an oak-feeding form, variable in size
but rather uniform in color and maculation. For reasons previously
discussed regarding varieties of fiscellaria, the name is retained for
the southwestern race of fiscellaria. The prevailing oak is Quercus

utahensis.
7. LAMBDINA CALIDARIA (Dyar)

PLATE 8, FIGURE 25, 254
Therina calidaria Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 88, 1912.

Male—Unknown.

Female.—Cinereous, with a pale brownish-ocherous tinge and rather
heavily sprinkled with pale fuscous. Transverse lines testaceous,
evenly curved, not strongly sinuate, continuous between the veins;
the lines with conspicuous ocherous borders.

Alar expanse, 35-40 mm.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 129

Female genitalia (fig. 25) similar to those of typical fiscellaria;
the internal band of ductus bursae somewhat more extenuated pos-
teriorly. It is doubtful if this difference will prove to be constant
in a large series.

Type—U.S.N.M. No. 14245.

Type locality —Zacualpan, Mexico.

Food plants.——Unknown.

Distribution —Mextco: Zacualpan (Aug.).

Five specimens examined.

Remarks—ihe examples of this species closely resemble those of
the preceding one, /acta, and also those of avion, which is treated next.
if the specimens of avion are correctly identified, as seems to be the
case, eventually calidaria and awion may prove to be the Lower Sonoran
and Tropical representatives of a single species, or an extreme southern
race of fiscellaria. Until there is more information and material from
the intervening areas of distribution, it seems desirable to treat them
as specifically distinct from fiscellarza.

8. LAMBDINA AXION (Druce)
PLATE 4, Figures 10, 10A; PLate 8, Ficure 23

Therina axion Druce, in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera-
Heterocera, vol. 2, p. 50, 1892; vol. 3, tab. 45, figs, 25-26, 1881-1900.

Male.—Brownish ocherous, heavily sprinkled with fuscous; trans-
verse lines fuscous, evenly curved, rather weak, chiefly indicated by
dark marks on the veins; the lines with conspicuous ocherous borders.

Alar expanse, 27 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 10, 104) similar to those of typical fiscellaria;
aedeagus without an extenuated tip distally; strongly extenuated pos-
teriorly (differences that may not be constant in large series).

Femaie——Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 30-385 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 23) with the ductus bursae long and narrow, at least
three times the length of posterior internal band (a doubtful character
which may not hold through a long series).

Type.—In British Museum.

Type locality —Amula, Guerrero, Mexico (6,000 feet).

Food plant.—Unknown.

Distribution —GuatemaLA: Guatemala City (July). Mexico:
Hidalgo, Orizaba, Zacualpan (Oct.). (Also recorded by Druce from
Las Mercedes, Guatemala, and Volean de Chiriqui, Panama.)

Five specimens examined.

Remarks.—The specimens studied are in the National Museum col-
lection identified as azion, presumably by Dyar or Schaus; examina-

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

tion of the type will be necessary to verify the correctness of the deter-
mination and properly evaluate the name.

9. LAMBDINA ATHASARIA ATHASARIA (Walker)
Pate 3, Ficures 8, 8A, 8B, 8C; PLATE 8, Figures 22, 22A

Ellopia athasaria WALKER, List of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the
British Museum, vol. 20, p. 163, 1860.—Barnes and McDunnouaH, Check list
of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No. 4652, 1917.—Housrr, Journ. Econ.
Ent., vol. 20, pp. 299-301, 1927.—McDunnoucH, Check list of the Lepidoptera
of Canada and United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera), No.
5148. 19388.

Ellopia aequaliaria WALKER, List of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of
the British Museum, vol. 20, p. 164, 1860.

Ellopia seminudata WALKER, List of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of
the British Museum, vol. 26, p. 1508, 1862.

Ellopia siccaria WALKER, List of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of
the British Museum, suppl. 5, p. 1547, 1866.

Ellopia bibularia Grote and Rosinson, Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 8, p.
455, 1867.

Therina semiundaria PacKanrD, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 10, p. 495, 1876
[emendation for seminudata (Walker) ].

Therina athasiaria (Walker) Dyar, Psyche, vol. 9, p. 10, 1900.—Hutst, U. 8. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 52, p. 354, 1903 [misspelling of athasaria (Walker) ].

Male.—Cinereous, with a slight testaceous tinge; wings heavily
sprinkled with pale fuscous scales; transverse lines diffuse, not sharply
defined, occasionally more strongly indicated on the veins by dots; lines
evenly curved, not strongly sinuate. Wings thin, often semihyaline.
Fore wing with the outer margin evenly curved or but slightly angled
at vein 4. Hind wing with the outer margin evenly rounded or rarely
slightly produced at vein 4.

Alar expanse, 28-38 mm,

Genitalia (figs. 8, 8A, 8B, 8C) similar to those of fiscellaria.

Female.—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 30-37 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 22,22A) similar to those of fiscellaria.

Types—In British Museum (athasaria, aequaliaria, seminudata,
siccaria) ; Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia (bibularia).

Type localities—New York (athasaria); Canada (aequaliaria) ;
Orilla (West Canada) (seminudata) ; North America (siccaria) ; “At-
Jantic District (Penna.!)” (débularia).

Food plants.— Quercus *, Tsuga.

Distribution —Untirep States: District of Columbia (Apr., May,
July), Lllinois (Suly), Massachusetts (May, Dec.*), Missouri (June),
New Hampshire (Sune), New Jersey (May), New York (May, June),
Ohio (Sept.), Pennsylvania (Apr., May, June), Wisconsin.

Ninety-nine specimens examined.

5 Dyar, Psyche, vol. 9, p. 10, 1900.
® Reared material, issued in laboratory, Irving State Forest, Mass.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 131

Remarks.—Resembling typical fiscellaria, especially the pale forms,
which are probably Quercus feeders; and without differences in gen-
italic structure of sufficient constancy for accurate separation. How-
ever, in view of differences in biology and rather constant habitus
athasaria is regarded as a distinct species. The transverse lines of
fiscellaria are usually more clearly defined and more sinuate than
those of athasaria which usually has the lines evenly curved and dif-
fuse, often accentuated on the veins. ZL. fiscellaria passes the winter
in the egg stage and athasaria in the pupal stage.

As with fiscellaria, several names are retained to designate sub-
specific segregates and typical athasaria is restricted to the eastern
oak and hemlock-feeding variety.

10. LAMBDINA ATHASARIA PELLUCIDARIA (Grote and Robinson)

Ellopia pellucidaria Grore and Rosrnson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol.
8, p. 456, 1867.—Barnes and McDunnoveu, Check list of the Lepidoptera
of Boreal America, No. 4651, 1917.—McDunnoucH, Check list of the Lepidop-
tera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera ),
No. 5142, 1988.

Therina pellucidaria (Grote and Robinson) Dyar, Psyche, vol. 9, p. 21, 1900.—
Hvtst, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 334, 1903.

Male.—Closely resembling typical athasaria, somewhat darker
smoky fuscous with the upper surface of the wings appearing rather
smooth and uniform with the irrorations weak or obsolete.

Alar expanse, 29-40 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical athasarza.

Female—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 28-38 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical athasaria.

Type-—In Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Type locality “Atlantic District (Penn.!)”

Food plants.—Pinus.

Distribution.—Unirep Srates: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia (Apr.),
Maryland (Mar.), Massachusetts (May, June), New Jersey (May),
New York (June), North Carolina (Apr.), Ohio (June), Rhode
Island, Virginia, Washington Territory (possibly mislabeled; one
specimen from the Edward Graef collection).

Eighty-eight specimens examined.

Remarks.—The name should be restricted to the eastern pine-feeding
variety.

11, LAMBDINA ATHASARIA VITRARIA (Grote)

Ellopia vitraria Grote, Trans., Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 8, p. 51, 1882.—BaRrNes
and McDunnovucH, Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No.

480078—43——3

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

4647, 1917.—McDunnoucH, Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and
the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera), No. 5136, 1988.
Therina vitraria (Grote) Hurst, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 334, 1903.

Male.—Pale ocherous, with a light sprinkling of fuscous scales on
the wings. Transverse lines on fore wing evenly curved, often weak
or obsolete between the veins, usually more strongly accentuated on
the veins. Transverse line of hind wing often continuous.

Alar expanse, 30-35 mm.

Genitalia similar to those of typical athasaria.

Female.—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 27-35 mm.

Genitalia similar to those of typical athasaria.

Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 34295.

Type locality—New Mexico.

Food plant—Unknown (probably Quercus).

Distribution —Unirep States: Colorado (June, July), New Mexico
(July, Aug.).

Nineteen specimens examined.

Remarks.—Specimens of vitraria resemble typical athasaria in
habitus but with the average size smaller, irrorations weaker, general
color somewhat more ocherous, and the transverse lines of the fore
wing more obscure, usually indicated only by dots on the veins. No
constant structural differences were observed. The name should be
applied to the rather small, pale ocherous southwestern race of

athasaria.

12. LAMBDINA ATHASARIA JACULARIA (Barnes and McDunnough)

Ellopia jacularia BARNES and McDunnoucuH, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. North
America, vol. 3, No. 4, p. 254, 1917.—McDunnoueu, Check list of the Lepidop-
tera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera ),
No. 5137, 1938.

Male.—Resembles vitraria but is larger and a trifle darker with the
sprinkling of fuscous scales heavier; transverse lines of the fore wing
somewhat stronger (as in typical athasaria).

Alar expanse, 35-40 mm.

Genitalia similar to those of vitraria,

Female.—Unknown.

Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 55724.

Type locality—Jemez Springs, N. Mex.

Food plants—Unknown (probably Quercus).

Distribution—Untrep States: New Mexico (Apr., May).

Seven specimens examined.

Remarks.—Barnes and McDunnough noted the close relationship
of jacularia and vitraria but stated that the genitalia differed, the

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 133

spined area (cornuti) of the penis being absent and the furca shorter
and broader in witraria than in jacularia. ‘Their conclusions were
based on the genitalia of one dissected specimen, a paratype of jacu-
laria. The genitalia of the type have the furca longer and slenderer
than the paratype, and there is a patch of cornuti on the penis (these
are deciduous in every species of the group). Aside from the fact that
the specimens and genitalia of jacularia are slightly larger than
those of vitraria there are no essential differences.

The close similarity of jacularia and vitraria, their collection dates
(jacularia, Apr., May; vitraria, June, July, Aug.), and their dis-
tribution (jacularia, New Mexico; vitraria, Colorado, New Mexico)
suggest that they may be earlier and later generations of the same
form. Until this is verified by future rearings, it is believed ad-
visable to treat them separately and to use the name jacularia for
the larger, darker ocherous, rather heavily dusted fuscous, south-
western race of athasaria.

13. LAMBDINA NEGATA (Dyar)
PLATe 3, Fiaures 9, 9A; PLATE 8, FicurE 24

Therina negata Dyar, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 6, p. 186, 1918.

Male—Dull brownish ocherous, with a slight testaceous tinge;
heavily sprinkled with pale fuscous scales; transverse lines evenly
curved, obsolete between the veins and chiefly indicated by fuscous
dots on the veins, occasionally with faint ocherous borders.

Alar expanse, 33 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 9, 9A) similar to those of athasaria, except aedeagus
not conspicuously extenuated posteriorly and the distal plate only
slightly produced (probably an individual rather than a specific
character).

Female.—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 35 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 24) similar to those of athasaria, but internal band
of the ductus bursae not extenuated posteriorly (perhaps an individ-
ual rather than specific difference).

Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 21739.

Type locality.—Zacualpan, Mexico.

Food plants —Unknown.

Distribution.—Mexico: Orizaba, Zacualpan (Oct.).

Two specimens examined.

Remarks.—Closely resembles, and scarcely separable from, the less
distinctly marked examples of jacularia. A larger series will be nec-
essary to determine the distinctness or synonymy of the two forms;
negata may represent only a Mexican race of athasaria.

134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM YOL. 93
14. LAMBDINA PUNCTATA PUNCTATA (Hulst)
PLate 4, Ficures 11, 11A, 11B, 11C; PLate 9, Ficure 26

Therina punctata Hutst, Can. Ent., vol. 30, p. 215, 1900; U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
52, p. 334, 1903.

Ellopia punctata (Hulst) Barnes and McDunnovcH, Check list of the Lepidop-
tera of Boreal America, No. 4648, 1917—McDunnovueu, Check list of the
Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macro-
lepidoptera), No. 5188, 1938.

Male—Cinereous, with a brownish-ocherous tinge, often with a
conspicuous sprinkling of fuscous scales. Transverse lines dark, sinu-
ate, occasionally accentuated on the veins by dots; pale, specimens
with the transverse lines faint or absent.

Alar expanse, 25-87 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 11, 11A, 11B, 11C) : Gnathos narrow; anellus short;
furca short, not compressed ; penis without cornuti.

Female—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 24-38 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 26): Ventral operculum only partially sclerotized
or sclerotization absent; sclerotization along ventral margin of the
genital opening incomplete (central portion not sclerotized) ; pos-
terior internal band of ductus bursae not heavily sclerotized; bursa
copulatrix elongate; signum ovate with margin serrate.

Type—tIn Rutgers College collection.

Type locality—Glenwood Springs, Colo.

Food plant.— Quercus.

Distribution —Unirep States: Arizona (June, July, Sept.), Colo-
rado (Aug., Sept., Oct.), Vew Mexico (Sept.), Utah (Aug., Sept.).

Kighty-one specimens examined.

Remarks.—Superficially this species closely resembles vitraria, but
it has the transverse posterior line more sinuate. The genitalia of
the two forms are distinct. The males of pwnctata are easily recog-
nized by the narrow gnathos, the short anellus, and the short stubby
furca, and the females by the absence of or partial sclerotization of
the ventral operculum, the incomplete sclerotization along ventral
margin of the genital opening, and the smaller, less concave signum.

15. LAMBDINA PUNCTATA PHANTOMA (Barnes and McDunnough)

Ellopia (Therina) phantoma BARNES and McDunnoveH, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid.
North America, vol. 8, No. 1, p. 31, 1916.

Ellopia phantoma Barnes and McDuNnnNoueH, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Boreal America, No. 4648, 1917—McDunnoueH, Check list of the Lepidop-
tera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera),
No. 5139, 1938.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 135

Male.—Pale cinereous, with a slight ocherous tinge; wings with a
light sprinkling of pale fuscous scales, more intense on the fore wing;
transverse lines of fore wing dark, sinuate, and continuous, transverse
line of hind wing less distinct.

Alar expanse, 27-31 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical punctata.

Female—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 27-31 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical punctata.

Type.—vU. S. N. M. No. 55725.

Type locality —White Mountains, Ariz.

Food plant— Quercus.

Distribution —Unirep Srates: Arizona (June, July).

Eighteen specimens examined.

Remarks.—The examples of phantoma differ only slightly from
those of punctata. They average a trifle paler, more ocherous, and
with the transverse lines usually more distinct than in typical pune-
tata but are scarcely distinguishable from obscurely marked exam-
ples. I believe that phantoma represents nothing more than a local
alpine race of punctata in northern Arizona and should be regarded
as such for the present.

BESMA, new genus

Genotype.—Metanema quercivoraria Guenée.

In addition to characters noted for the group: Apex of male an-
tenna simple. Fore wing broad, with three transverse lines. Hind
wing with two transverse lines, the outer rather strongly curved out-
ward. Male genitalia with the spines of gnathos numerous, short
and very fine or long and slender ; furca with the spines more numerous
toward distal end. Female genitalia with ventral margin of genital
opening bordered by sclerotized band, the band not strongly concave;
signum a broad stellate plate, with spinules on its central area.

Remarks—Members of this genus are easily recognized by the
presence of an additional transverse line (the subterminal) on the
fore and hind wings. The subterminal lines are often more distinct
on the under side of the wings.

The following keys are offered as an aid to identification of the
species and reservations made for the keys of Lambdina also apply

here.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BESMA

Males
Te -American species’ north Of Mexico2s 2282225 2 2 We 2
Mexican and Central American species2-— 2.22427 2 22 sofa 4

2. Aedeagus with a strongly sclerotized ventrodistal bifurcation
1. sesquilinearia (Grote)
Aedeagus without such sclerotized ventrodistal bifurcation__--__-------- 3

136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

3. Color pale testaceous, with a slight pinkish tinge, without con-

spicuous ocherous patches__----------- 4. rubritincta (Cassino and Swett)
Coloration not as above_____---------------------5. quercivoraria (Guenée )

4. Aedeagus with a strongly sclerotized ventrodistal bifureation
8. marilacta (Dyar)
Aedeagus without such ventrodistal bifurcation_----------------------- 5.
5. Gnathos broad; furea rather abruptly enlarged distally
8. mattearia (Schaus)

Gnathos narrower; furea not abruptly enlarged distally_----- 7. brea (Druce)
Females
1. American species north of Mexico_-_--------------------------------- 2
Mexican and Central American species____-----~---------------------- 4
2. Color pale testaceous, with a slight pinkish tinge, without con-
spicuous ocherous patches__---------~-~- 4. rubritincta (Cassino and Swett)
Coloration not as/abovel 2-2. Ss ee 3

3. Ventral margin of genital opening bordered by a rather broad,
strongly sclerotized band with even anterior margin; ventral
operculum strongly sclerotized__-._------------ 5. quercivoraria (Guenée)
Ventral margin of genital opening bordered by a rather narrow,
crinkled, moderately sclerotized band, anterior margin uneven
1. sesquilinearia (Grote)
4. Ventral margin of genital opening bordered by a rather broad,
strongly sclerotized band with even anterior Marein= eee 5
Ventral margin of genital opening bordered by a rather narrow,
crinkled, moderately sclerotized band, anterior margin uneven
8. marilacta (Dyar)
. Sclerotization of ductus bursae extensive, usually extending from
genital opening to junction of ductus bursae with bursa
8. mattearia (Shaus)
Sclerotization of ductus bursae much less extensive, usually less
than one-half length of ductus=—-—2-- ===! == 7. brea (Druce)

on

1. BESMA SESQUILINEARIA (Grote)
Pate 6, Ficures 16, 164; PLATE 9, FIGURE 50

Endropia sesquilinearia Grote, Can. Ent., vol. 15, p. 125, 1883.

Euchlaena sesquilinearia (Grote) Hurst, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 341, 1908.—
BARNES and McDuNNouGaH, Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America,
No. 4694, 1917.

Destutia sesquilinearia (Grote) McDuNNoveH, Check list of the Lepidoptera
of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera),
No. 5121, 1938.

Male.—Pale brownish ocherous, wings rather densely sprinkled
with pale fuscous. Fore wing angulate; transverse anterior and pos-
terior lines testaceous, nearly straight or evenly curved. Hind wing
with outer margin rounded or but slightly produced at vein 4; trans-
verse line evenly curved, appearing as a continuation of the posterior
transverse line of fore wing.

Alar expanse, 42-45 mm.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 137

Genitalia (figs. 16, 164): Uncus rather short and stout, strongly
dilated basally; gnathos well developed, broad and with many very
fine spinules; costa of harpe straight or slightly convex; furca extend-
ing to or beyond costa of harpe; distal dilation slight and gradual;
aedeagus with a strongly sclerotized asymmetrical ventrodistal bifur-
cation (fig. 16A), also armed distally with a strongly sclerotized and
extenuated plate which is conspicuously broadened basally and sco-
binate along its margin; penis with a large patch of cornuti.

Female—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 37-45 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 30): Ventral operculum moderately sclerotized;
sclerotized band bordering ventral margin of genital opening narrow,
crinkled, anterior margin uneven; signum a disklike plate with long
spinelike teeth.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 55726.

Type locality—Arizona.

Food plant—Unknown.

Distribution—Unrrep Stares: Arizona, Cochise County (Mar.,
May, June, July, Aug.), White Mountains near Rice (July).

Thirty-eight specimens examined.

Remarks.—The examples representing this species taken early in
the season (May) are more densely sprinkled with fuscous and no-
ticeably larger (43-45 mm. wing expanse) than those taken later
(June, July, Aug. Sept., expanse 82-38 mm.).

2. BESMA SESQUILINEARIA CAVILLARIA (Hulst)

Tetractis cavillaria Huist, Ent. Amer., vol. 1, p. 203, 1886.

Metanema @ novellata Hust, Ent. Amer., vol. 1, p. 204, 1836.

Therina cavillaria (Hulst) Hust, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 335, 1508.

Sabulodes novellata (Hulst) Hurst, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 346, 1903.

Euchlaena cavillaria (Hulst) Barnes and McDunnovueu, Check list of the
Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No. 4695, 1917.

Destutia cavillaria (Hulst) MecDunNovucu, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera), No.
5122, 1938.

Male.—Similar to typical sesquilinearia but averaging smaller, a
trifle paler, and the sprinkling of fuscous scales less intense.

Alar expanse, 33-40 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical sesquélinearia.

Female.—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 35-40 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical sesqudlinearia.

Types.—In Rutgers College collection (cavillaria) ; United States
National Museum (novellata, No. 34007).

Type localities —Arizona (cavillaria, novellata).

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Food plant—Unknown.

Distribution.—Unrrep Srates: Arizona, Cochise County (July,
Aug., Sept.), Gila County (July), Graham County (June).

Twenty-seven specimens examined.

Remarks —Collection dates indicate that typical sesqguilinearta ap-
pears in the spring and early part of summer and that cavillaria is
in flight from midsummer until fall (the periods would naturally
vary according to the season). Intergrading forms occur during June
and the early part of July. Again the evidence suggests that only
seasonal forms are represented by the names but until this is verified
by rearings, cavillaria should be kept as a variety.

McDunnough * noted the close similarity of sesquélinearia and cavil-
laria and the probability of their erroneous generic placement.

3. BESMA MARILACTA (Dyar)

PLATE 6, FicurEs 17, 174; PLATE 10, Ficure 35

Metanema marilacta Dyar, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 27, 1916.

Male—Pale whitish ocherous, sparsely sprinkled with testaceous.
Resembles sesquilinearia somewhat in habitus and maculation, with
the wings more angulate and the transverse lines rather obscure, not
sharply defined; outer margins of the wings edged with testaceous
scales.

Alar expanse, 388 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 17, 174) somewhat similar to those of sesquélinearia
but with harpe stouter, costa more convex and the furca abruptly en-
larged distally.

Female.—Similar to the male in habitus and maculation but with
the transverse lines more sharply defined and the posterior line some-
what concave inward.

Alar expanse, 38-40 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 35) similar to those of sesguélinearia but larger,
with the narrow crinkled sclerotized band bordering ventral margin
of genital opening more developed, the signum larger and more cir-
cular in form. Ventral operculum moderately sclerotized.

Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 18880.

Type locality —Zacualpan, Mexico.

Food plant—Unknown.

Distribution—Mexico: Cuernavaca (June), Zacualpan (Mar.,
Sept.).

Three specimens examined.

Remarks.—The series representing this species in the National Mu-
seum collection consists of one male from Zacualpan (March), the

7 Contr, Nat. Hist. Lepid. North Amer., vol. 3, no. 8, p. 187, 1916.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 139

female type (Zacualpan, September), and one female from Cuerna-
vaca (June). Differences in character of the transverse lines of the
male suggest that its association with the females may not be correct.
The female from Cuernavaca is very similar in color and habitus to
some examples of cavillaria, and except for the production of the
outer margin of the hind wing at vein 4 it is scarcely separable. How-
ever, until more material and information are at hand, it will not
be possible to define the limit of variation in the species, and the
specimens under marélacta had best be left in their present association.

4. BESMA RUBRITINCTA (Cassino and Swett) .
Puate 5, Ficures 14, 14A; PLate 10, Figure 32

Sabulodes rubritincta Cassino and Swett, The Lepidopterist, vol. 4, No. 5,
p. 87, 1925.

Destutia rubritincta (Cassino and Swett) McDunnoven, Check list of the
Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1,
Macrolepidoptera), No. 5123, 1988.

Sabulodes rubritincta f. nigripuncta Cassino and Swett, The Lepidopterist,
vol. 4, No. 5, p. 88, 1925.

Destutia rubritineta f. nigripuncta (Cassino and Swett) McDunnoueH, Check
list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1,
Macrolepidoptera), No. 5123, 19388.

Maie—Pale testaceous, with a slight ocherous tinge; transverse
lines of wings somewhat darker testaceous, slightly curved. Fore
wing with anterior and posterior transverse lines edged inwardly and
outwardly respectively with pale ocherous; transverse anterior line
occasionally only faintly indicated. Hind wing similar to fore wing
in color and with a transverse line appearing as a continuation of
transverse posterior line of fore wing, edged outwardly with pale
ocherous. The subterminal lines often indistinct on upper surface
of the wings.

Alar expanse, 30-388 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 14,144) similar to those of quercivoraria but with
uncus stouter and the spinules of gnathos finer.

Female.—Color of body and upper surfaces of wings similar to those
of the male. Under surfaces of wings with a rather dense sprinkling
of fuscous and reddish brown scales. Wings more angulate than
those of the male and outer margin of hind wing crenulate.

Alar expanse, 38-40 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 32) similar to and scarcely distinguishable from those
of quercivoraria.

Types.—In Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Type localities —Arizona, Pima County, Baboquivari Mountains.

Food plant.—Unknown.

140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 93

Distribution —Unirep Sratres: Arizona.

Ten specimens examined.

Remarks—The occasional occurrence of specimens with fuscous
patches of various shapes and sizes is not uncommon in many of the
species of Geometridae. The name nigripuncta was applied by Cassino
and Swett to a male form with a patch of fuscous scales on the fore
wing just beyond the transverse posterior line near the inner margin;
and to a female with a similar patch on hind wing near the inner
margin and adjacent to transverse line in addition to the patch on the
fore wing. In my opinion, nigripuncta represents nothing more than
a color variant; and the name is therefore placed in synonymy.

5. BESMA QUERCIVORARIA (Guenée)
Pate 4, Figures 12, 12A; Prate 10, Figure 31

Metanema quercivoraria GUENEE, Histoire naturelle des insectes lépidoptéres, vol.
9, p. 172, 1857.—PackKarp, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 10, p. 544, 1876.—
HUut3stT, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 342, 1908 —Barnes and McDUNNoUGH,
Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No, 4726, 1917.

Metanema aeliaria WALKER, List of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of
the British Museum, vol. 20, p. 260, 1860.

Metanema trilinearia PAcKARD, Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Sury. Terr., vol. 10, p. 542, 1876.

Endropia textrinaria GRoTE and Rosinson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist New York, vol. 8,
p. 449, 1867.

Metanema incongruaria Hust, Ent. Amer., vol. 2, p. 212, 1887.

Ellopia quercivoraria (Guenée) McDuNNouGH, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrolepidoptera), No.
5145, 1938.

Male.—General color and maculation variable, ranging from a form
that is uniformly pale ocherous, with the transverse lines rust-brown
and rather distinct, to a form with the ocherous ground color almost
obscured by a dense sprinkling of light rust-brown scales, which some-
times form irregular patches. Fore wing broad, angular, excavated
between the apex and vein 4; subterminal line serrate, uneven. Hind
wing produced at vein 4; subterminal line strongly curved outward.

Alar expanse, 26-88 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 12, 12A): Harpe simple, rather broad basally and
narrowed apically; uncus slender; gnathos with numerous long,
slender spines; anellus somewhat scobinate basally ; furea with a patch
of spinules at distal end; aedeagus with an augerlike sclerotized proc-
ess distally, this process slightly produced and with a serrate mar-
gin; a large patch of long, slender cornuti on penis.

Female.—Several types of maculation occur: One similar to the
male; a second uniform dull ocherous, sparsely to rather densely
sprinkled with testaceous scales; and a third uniform dull ocherous,
sprinkled with testaceous scales and with conspicuous patches of
fuscous scales on the inner margin of fore wing adjacent to the

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 141

transverse posterior line. As compared with the male, the fore
wing is usually more angulate, with the apex more produced and
the excavation between the apex and vein 4 deeper; the hind wing
has the outer margin more crenulate and more produced at vein 4,
and the transverse lines of both wings straighter and more sharply
defined.

Alar expanse, 34-40 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 31) : Ventral operculum strongly sclerotized; ventral
margin of genital opening bordered by a rather broad, straight band
with smooth anterior margin; ductus bursae broad anteriorly, nar-
row posteriorly and with the posterior internal band strongly sclero-
tized; bursa copulatrix slightly scobinate near origin of ductus senn-
nalis; signum a large ovate, slightly concave plate with slender, spine-
like marginal teeth and few if any of the teeth bidentate; central area
of plate with numerous spinules.

Types.=—In United States National Museum (quercivoraria, No.
55720), British Museum (aediaria) ; location unknown (textrinaria,
INCONGTUATIA) .

Type localities “Amérique Septentrionale” (quercivoraria) ; east
Florida (aeliaria) ; “Atlantic District (Penn.!)” (textrinaria) ; Ham-
ilton, Canada (incongruaria).

Food plants.—Quercus.

Distribution—Unirep Srates: Arkansas (June, July, Aug.), Ldl2-
nois (May, June, July), Maine, Massachusetts (Sept.), Minnesota
(June), Missouri (Aug.), New York (May), North Carolina (May),
Oregon (July), Pennsylvania (May, June, July), Weésconsin.
Canapa: British Columbia (May, June).

One hundred and thirty-six specimens examined.

Remarks.—This species is one of the most variable in color and
maculation yet studied, and the variation is greater among the males
than the females.

6. BESMA QUERCIVORARIA ENDROPIARIA (Grote and Robinson)

Ellopia endropiaria Grote and Rosinson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol.
8, p. 457, 1867.— Barnes and McDunnoucH, Check list of the Lepidoptera
of Boreal America, No. 4653, 1917—McDunnouen, Check list of the Lepi-
doptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1, Macrole-
pidoptera), No. 5144, 1938.

Therina endropiaria Packarn, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 10, p. 542, 1876
(generic transfer of Hllopia endropiaria Grote and Robinson).

Therina endropiaria (Grote and Robinson) Dyar, Psyche, vol. 8, p. 407, 1899.—
Hutst, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52, p. 834, 1903.

Therina fatuaria SrRecKER, Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, indi-
genous and exotic, Suppl. 2, p. 8, 1899.

8 The name trilinearia occurs only in Packard's key, quercivoraria being substituted for
it in the text.

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Male—Similar to the extremely uniform pale whitish-ocherous
forms of guercivoraria, but with the surface of the wings appearing
somewhat smoother and sheeny; sordid whitish ocherous, evenly
sprinkled with cinereous irrorations.

Alar expanse, 28-32 mm.

Genitalia inseparable from those of typical quercivoraria.

Female.—Similar to the male in color and maculation.

Alar expanse, 30-38 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical quereivoraria.

Types.—iIn “Central Park Collection” (?)° (endropiaria); Field
Museum (fatuaria).

Type localities —‘Atlantic District (Penn.)” (endropiaria) ; near
Montreal, Canada (fatwarvia).

Food plants.—Quercus.

Distribution—Untirep States: [llinois (May, June), Jowa (June),
Maine (June), Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan (Aug.), New
Jersey (June), New York (May), Pennsylvania (May, June), Ver-
mont, Virginia (July). Canapa: New Brunswick (Aug.), Ottawa
(May, June).

Fifty-three specimens examined,

Remarks.—Hitherto endropiaria has been treated as a distinct
species. The slighter angulation of the wings (especially those of
the females) and the generally more sheeny appearance of most
specimens of endropiaria would seem to justify such a treatment,
since most examples of endropiaria are easily distinguished from
those of typical quercivoraria. However, among specimens from
British Columbia, Oregon, and Minnesota there are pale interme-
diates that intergrade with specimens of endropiaria and are separ-
able only by locality labels. There are no constant structural dif-
ferences in the genitalia or larvae of the two forms. In view of the
easy separation of most examples, the name merits retention and
designates a variety of quercivoraria but no more than that.

7. BESMA BREA (Druce)
PLATE 5, Fiaures 15, 15A; PLATE 10, FIGURE 34

Metanema brea Druce, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera-
Heterocera, vol. 2, p. 68, 1892; vol. 3, tab. 47, fig. 26, 1881-1900.

Male—Upper surfaces of fore and hind wings reddish brown with
a metallic luster, thickly irrorated with yellow; body and under
surfaces of wings paler. Fore wing with two rather straight sub-
parallel transverse lines; anterior and posterior lines edged inwardly
and outwardly respectively with gray; a black distal dot. Hind

® Grote, Can. Ent., vol. 14, p. 109, 1882.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 143

wing with a large patch of yellow scales at apical angle, the patch
divided by a wavy, reddish line; a medial transverse line appearing
as a continuation of posterior transverse line of fore wing; outer
margin crenulate, produced at vein 4.

Alar expanse, 35 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 15, 15A) resemble those of qguercivoraria but have
the harpe more robust; gnathos narrower, more produced apically;
furca longer and more dilated distally; augerlike distal armature of
aedeagus without an apical production.

Female.—Coloration much paler than the male. Resembles some
examples of quercivoraria but easily separable by gray borders of
transverse lines and rather large patch of ferruginous scales on outer
margin of fore wing between veins 2 and 4; a much larger similar
patch on hind wing extending from medial transverse line to outer
margin, the ferruginous scales more dense below vein 4. Wings paler
and less distinctly marked underneath than above.

Alar expanse, 36 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 34) very similar to those of quercivoraria but with
many of the marginal teeth bidentate. Sclerotization of the ductus
bursae not extensive, posterior internal band less than one-half the
leneth of the ductus.

Type—tIn British Museum.

Type locality —Volcan de Chiriquf, 3,000 feet (Champion), Pan-
ama. :

Pood plant —Unknown.

Distribution —Costa Rica: Juan Vinas (June).

Two specimens examined.

Remarks.—In view of the fact that considerable variation normally
occurs in the genus, I am of the opinion that the material representing
the species in the United States National Museum is properly deter-
mined even though the pattern of the markings is not so definite and
contrasting as that shown in Druce’s figure. He had but a single
male specimen before him when he described the species.

8. BESMA MATTEARIA (Schaus)

PLATE 5, Ficures 13, 183A; PLATE 10, Figure 33

Endropia mattearia ScHaus, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 27, p. 180, 1901.

Male.—Closely resembles brea but larger and with a more pro-
nounced reddish tinge; upper surfaces of wings appearing smoother,
irroration of yellow scales weaker and yellow patches not so distinct.

Alar expanse, 88 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 18, 18A) similar to those of b7ea but distinguishable
by the slenderer harpe, somewhat broader gnathos, and more pro-
nounced distal dilation of the furca.

144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Female.—Similar to brea but with upper surface of wings appear-
ing smoother and somewhat more reddish.

Alar expanse, 33-42 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 33) similar to those of brea but with sclerotization of
the ductus bursae extensive, extending from the genital opening to
the junction of ductus bursae and bursa copulatrix.

Type.—v.S.N.M. No. 12491.

Type locality —Jalapa, Mexico.

Food plant.—Unknown.

Distribution —Mextco: Jalapa. Guaremara: Purulha. Honpuras:
(no additional information on label).

Eleven specimens examined.

Remarks.—The distribution and close similarity of brea and mat-
tearia suggest that they may represent a single variable species. With
only two specimens of brea it is not possible to determine the constancy
of the structural differences apparently distinguishing them.

EVITA, new genus

Genotype.—T herina hyalinaria Grossbeck.

In addition to characters noted for the group: Apex of male an-
tenna simple. Fore wing with or without two transverse lines. Hind
wing (fig. 2A) with or without a single transverse line, veins 6 and 7
stalked. Male genitalia with gnathos armed with numerous stout
spines. Female genitalia with signum strongly sclerotized; without
a sclerotized band bordering ventral margin of genital opening.

Remarks.—Closely resembles some species of Lambdina in genitalia
but readily separated by the stalking of veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing.

KEY TO THE SPEOIES OF EVITA

1. Fore wing pale whitish ocher, hyaline, without subterminal

S00 fe Se Be oe eee eee a ee ee 1. hyalinaria (Grossbeck)
Fore wing dark olive-brown, with a small yellowish subterminal
Snot between velnst@andie2.=—4 == es sas ae ee ae 3. perpectinata (Schaus)

1. EVITA HYALINARIA HYALINARIA (Grossbeck)
PLATE 7, FicuRES 19, 19A; Puiate 9, Ficurn 29

Therina hyalinaria Grosspeck, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 10, p. 88, 1908.

Ellopia hyalinaria (Grossbeck) Barnes and McDunnoueH, Check list of the
Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No. 4650, 1917.—McDunnovuaH, Check list of
the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part I,
Macrolepidoptera), No. 5141, 19388.

Male.—Head, labial palpus, and anterior part of thorax pale whitish
ocherous; abdomen and posterior part of thorax sordid white. Wings

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 145

very thin, translucent, uniformly pale whitish, ocherous and without
transverse lines, and discal or subterminal dots.

Alar expanse, 28 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 19, 19A) : Harpe simple; uncus a strong hook, dilated
basally ; gnathos stout, with numerous coarse spines; furca not strongly
compressed, length slightly less than width of harpe at base; spinules
on the dorsal surface of furea essentially like those of gnathos; anellus
weakly sclerotized, scobinate; penis without cornuti.

Female.——Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 32 mm.

Genitalia (fig. 29): Ventral operculum moderately sclerotized ;
ventral margin of genital opening not sclerotized; posterior internal
band extending about one half the length of the ductus bursae; bursa
copulatrix bulbous; signum a strongly sclerotized reniform plate with
two prominent spines.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 11874.

Type locality—Southern Arizona.

Food plant—Unknown.

Distribution —Unitep States: Arizona.

Three specimens examined.

Remarks.—Except for the somewhat duller appearance of the wings,
the examples of Ayalinaria are indistinguishable from some of those
of blandaria, which is discussed next.

2. EVITA HYALINARIA BLANDARIA (Dyar)

Therina blandaria DyaR, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 27, 1916.

Male.—Similar to hyalinaria in habitus. Color and maculation va-
riable, ranging from forms that are conspicuously sprinkled with
fuscous, with two (sometimes obscure) transverse lines on the fore
wing, the lines slightly curved and rather diffuse and with a similar line
on the hind wing appearing as a continuation of the transverse posterior
of the fore wing, to forms that are a uniform pale ocherous with the
wings rather clear and transparent, the surface appearing somewhat
glazed and the markings obsolete.

Alar expanse, 26-31 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical hyalinaria.

Female.—Similar to the male in color and markings.

Alar expanse, 27 mm.

Genitalia like those of typical hyalinaria.

Type.—u.S.N.M. No. 18882.

Type locality—Popocatepetl Park, Mexico.

Food plant —Unknown.

Distribution —MeExtco: Popocatepetl Park (June, July), Cuaji-
malpa.

146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

Twenty-three specimens examined.

Remarks.—\t appears from the similarity in habitus, color, macula-
tion and genitalic structures of blandaria and hyalinaria that only one
species with two varieties is involved; hyalinaria occurring in the arid
southwestern part of the United States (also probably the adjacent
northern Mexican area) and blandaria in the more southern and humid
part of Mexico. The extremely immaculate examples of blandaria,
with the lines obsolete, intergrade with the specimens of hyalinaria
and are distinguishable only by the slightly more glazed appearance

of the wings.
3. EVITA PERPECTINATA (Schaus)

PLATE 7, FIGURES 18, 18A

Therina ? perpectinata Scuavs, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 235, 1912.

Male.—Head, labial palpus, and thorax dark smoky fuscous; fore
wing dark brown, with an olivaceous tinge and metallic luster, a small
yellowish spot near the apex between veins 7 and 8; hind wing paler,
hight smoky fuscous.

Alar expanse, 40 mm.

Genitalia (figs. 18, 184A): Harpe simple, uncus stout, a strong hook;
gnathos with the apical process compressed, narrow with numerous
coarse spines; furca with a few spines distally; penis with long slender
cornuti,

Female.—Unknown.

Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 17709.

Type locality —Ojo de Agua, Costa Rica.

Food plant.—Unknown.

Distribution —Costa Rica: Ojo de Agua (Oct.).

One specimen examined.

Remarks.—This species, tentatively referred to Therina when de-
scribed by Schaus, is more closely related generically to hyalinaria
than any species yet studied.

MISCELLANEOUS COMMENTS

Notes on the synonymy and assignment of species to other genera:

NEMATOCAMPA EXPUNCTARIA Grote

Nematocampa expunctaria Grotr, Can. Ent., vol. 4, p. 101, 1872.—Pacxarp, Rep.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., vol. 10, p. 471, 1876 (cited as a synonym of
Nematocampa filamentaria Guenée).

Nematocampa limbata f. expunctaria (Grote) Barnes and McDunnovucH, Check
list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No. 4680, 1917.—McDunnovueH,
Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America
(Part 1, Macrolepidoptera), No. 5044, 1988.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 147

Type.—In Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Type locality— Alabama.

Remarks.—Grote, commenting ” on Packard’s reference of ewpunc-
taria to filamentaria without having seen the type of expunctaria,
expressed the belief that when the type of expunctaria was examined
it would be found to be a different species. Recently I have had
opportunity to examine Grote’s type to dissect the genitalia. As
compared with filamentaria, Grote’s type (unique) differs in the follow-
ing respects: Markings absent other than two transverse lines on the
fore wing and a single transverse line on the hind wing; harpe with
apex of ventral margin pointed, triangular-form; anellus with the
lateral arms straighter and dilated below bifurcation; vinculum
(ventrally) broader and less incised; aedeagus slenderer and smaller.
The differences in maculation and structure of filamentaria and ex-
punctaria substantiate Grote’s contention regarding the distinctness
of his species, and it should be given full specific rank.

NEMATOCAMPA BRUNNEOLINEATA (Hulst), new combination
Hugonobapta brunneolineata Hust, Journ. New York Ent. Soe., vol. 5, No. 3,
p. 218, 1901.
Ellopia brunneolineata (Hulst) Barnes and McDunnoucH, Check list of the
Lepidoptera of Boreal America, No. 4658, 1917.—McDunnoueH, Check list
of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America (Part 1,
Macrolepidoptera), No. 5151, 1988.

Type.—tIn Rutgers College collection.

Type locality. Florida.

Remarks.—Dyar™ commenting on the type of brunneolineata
stated: “One type. I think it is a very badly rubbed specimen of
Ania limbaria Haw., that originally had but very little purple.”

On a recent visit to Rutgers I found the Hulst type to be in excellent
condition, with no effects of rubbing evident. Circumstances would
not permit dissection of the genitalia. Superficially brunneolineata
is very much like expunctaria, and in view of the proximity of their
type localities (brunneolineata, Florida; exwpunctaria, Alabama),
similarity of color, maculation, hind tibiae, etc., the two forms will
probably prove to be conspecific. Dissection of the genitalia of
brunneolineata (also a unique) will be necessary definitely to establish
their status. Pending dissection of the genitalia, superficial struc-
tures justify its removal from the group with which it has been
associated and assignment to the genus Vematocampa Guenée.

10 Can. Ent., vol. 14, p. 110, 1882.
1 Proc. Ent. Soe. Washington, vol. 6, No. 4, p. 226, 1904.

148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

NEPYTIA NOMIA (Druce), new combination

Therina (7) nomia Druce, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera-
Heterocera, vol. 2, p. 51, 1892; vol. 3, tab. 46, fig. 4, 1881-1900.

Type——tIn British Museum.
Type localities —Mexico: Jalapa and Las Vegas.

NEPYTIA MARIARIA (Schaus), new combination

Therina mariaria Scuaus, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 11, p. 161, 1923.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 26564.
Type locality —GuatTEMata: Volcan Santa Maria.

DESTUTIA MODICA (Schaus), new combination
Therina modica Scuavus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 8, p. 593, 1911.

Type—U.S.N.M. No. 17451.
Type locality —Cosra Rica: Juan Vinas, Sitio.

Generic reassignment of the following species is held in abeyance
pending completion of the revisional study of the subfamily:

Ellopia myandaria WaALxeR, List of the lepidopterous insects in the collection
of the British Museum, vol. 20, p. 164, 1860.

Type-—in British Museum.
Type locality —Mexico: Oajaca.

Ellopia despoliata WarKer, List of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of
the British Museum, vol. 26, p. 1511, 1862.

Type—tIn British Museum.
Type locality —VeENuzueLa (no further locality cited).

Therina betala Druc#, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera-Heter-
ocera, vol. 2, p. 50, 1892; vol. 3, tab. 45, fig. 28, 1881-1900.

Type.—tin British Museum.
Type locality—GuatemMaLa: Cerro Zunil, 4,000 to 5,000 feet
(Champion).

Therina munda Druce, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera-Heter-
ocera, vol. 2, p. 50, 1892; vol. 3, tab. 45, fig. 28, 1881-1900.

Type—In British Museum.
Type locality—Mexico: Amecameca.

Therina bada Drucr, Biologia Centrali-American, Insecta, Lepidoptera-Heter-
ocera, vol. 2, p. 51, 1892; vol. 3, tab. 46, figs. 1 and 2, 1881-1900.

Type—tIn British Museum.

SOME AMERICAN GEOMETRID MOTHS—CAPPS 149

Type localities —GuaieMaLa: Totonicapam, 8,500 to 10,500 feet,
Quiche Mountains, 7,000 to 9,000 feet (Champion).

Therina atomaria ScHaus, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vol. 27, p. 179, 1901.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 12445.
Type locality—Costa Rica: Juan Vinas.

Therina punctillaria ScHaus, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 27, p. 179, 1901.

Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 12442.
Type locality —Mexico: Oaxaca.

Therina templadaria ScHaus, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 27, p. 179, 1901.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 12444.
Type locality —Merxico: Jalapa.

Therina pardiria Scuavs, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 27, p. 245, 1901.

Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 12446.
Type locality —Panama: Chiriqui.

Therina coalitaria ScHAUS, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 8, p. 594, 1911.

Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 17451.
Type locality—Cosra Rica: Mount Poas.

Ellopia punctularia Scuaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, p. 424, 1912.
Type.—u.S.N.M. No. 17600.
Type locality—Cosra Rica: Juna Vinas or Cartago.
Remarks.—Schaus’ description was based on a male, and he cited
Cartago as its habitat. The species is represented in the collection by
two specimens, a male bearing the type label, but with a Juan Vinas
locality label, and a female bearing the Cartago locality label.

Ellopia irrorata ScHaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, p. 425, 1912.
Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 17601.
Type locality —Cosra Rica: Juan Vinas.

Ellopia vincinaria Scuaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, p. 425, 1912,

Type.—v.S.N.M. No. 17602.
Type locality—Cosra Rica: Turrialba.

Eulopia silanaria Scuavus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 285, 1912.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 17708.
Type locality—Cosra Rica: Mount Poas.

PROGEEDINGS, VOL. 93° PLATE 1

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

“SBUIM PUIY PUR IIO} JO UOT]eUDA :(SNIVUUIT) VIsvIISD{ DULLIYT “\WE-¢
‘SSULM PULY PUR d10oJ JO UOIZVUDA :(YIIqQssoID) vIevUI]VAY VIIA “\T-TZ
‘SBUIM PUIY PUL BLO} JO UOIVUDA :(9DUaN)) ViAY]jaIs1f DUIPQUET “Vv I-|

V2

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 2

5 -/NCONSPICUA

6-/MPERILLA

4-4A. Therina fasciaria (Linnaeus): 4, Male genitalia; 4A, aedeagus.
5—5C. Neotherinainconspicua Dognin: 5, Male genitalia; 5A, aedeagus; 5B-C, variations

of gnathos and furca.

6-64. Neotherina imperilla’ Dognin): 6, Male genitalia; 6A, aedeagus.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 3

7-7A. Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenée): 7, Male genitalia; 7A, aedeagus.

8-8C. Lambdina athasaria (Walker): 8, Male genitalia; 8A, aedeagus; 8B-C. variations
of furca.

9-9. Lambdina negata (Dyar): 9, Male genitalia; 9A, aedeagus.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 4

/1-PUNCTATA WA WB

10-10A. Lambdina axion (Druce): 10, Male genitalia; 1OA, aedeagus.
11-11C. Lambdina punctata (Hulst): 11, Male genitalia; 11A, aedeagus; 11B-C, varia-

tions of gnathos and furca.

12-12A. Lambdina quercivoraria (Guenée): 12, Male genitalia; 12A, aedeagus.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 5

/3-MAT TEARIA

/4-RUBRITINCTA /4A

13-13A. Besma mattearia (Schaus): 13, Male genitalia; 13A, aedeagus.
14-14A. Besma rubritincta (Cassino and Swett): 14, Male genitalia; 14A, aedeagus.
15-15A. Besma brea (Druce): 15, Male genitalia; 15A, aedeagus.

/5-BREA

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 6

aac i, YY Wf
" NY a oy ;

/7-MARIL ACTA 7A

16-16A. Besma sesquilinearia (Grote): 16, Male genitalia; 16A, aedeagus.
17-17A. Besma marilacta (Dyar): 17, Male genitalia; 17A, aedeagus.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 7

20-FASCIARIA

18-18A. Evita perpectinata (Schaus): 18, Male genitalia; 18A, aedeagus.
19-19A. Evita hyalinaria (Grossbeck): 19, Male genitalia; 19A, aedeagus.
20. Therina fasciaria (Linnaeus): Female genitalia.

U.S NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 8

2/-FISCELLARIA

24-NEGATA

22-ATHASARIA 23-AXION 25-CALIDARIA
21. Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenée): Female genitalia.

22-22A. Lambdina athasaria (Walker): 22, Female genitalia; 22A, variations of signa.
23. Lambdina axion (Druce): Female genitalia.
24. Lambdina negata (Dyar): Female genitalia.

25-25A. Lambdina calidaria (Dyar): 25, Female genitalia; 25A, variations of signa.

U.S NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 9

26-PUNCTATA

30 - SESQUILINEARIA 29-HYALINARIA

26. Lambdina punctata (Hulst): Female genitalia.

27-27A. Neotherina inconspicua Dognin: 27, Female genitalia; 27A, variations of signa
(more highly magnified).

28. Neotherina consequens (Prout): Female genitalia.
29. Evita hyalinaria (Grossbeck): Female genitalia.
30. Besma sesquilinearia (Grote): Female genitalia.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 10

er Mecetuuns mesial Onna
Ny "i =

Sao,
nN

32- RUBRITINCTA 34- BRE, 35-MARILACTA

31. Besma quercivoraria (Guenée): Female genitalia.

32. Besma rubritincta (Cassino and Swett): Female genitalia.
33. Besma mattearia (Schaus): Female genitalia.

34. Besma brea (Druce): Female genitalia.

35. Besma marilacta (Dyar): Female genitalia.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No. 3160

SKELETAL REMAINS WITH CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS
FROM THE CHICAMA, MOCHE, AND VIRU VALLEYS,
PERU

By T. D. Stewart

(Based partly on material and data supplied by RArarL Larco Hoye)

Tue relationship of cranial type to culture in coastal Peru is just
beginning to be examined. Hrdlitka (1911, 1914) maintained, as did
earlier writers, that the basic natural type of the whole coast was
brachycranic. He concluded, also, on the basis of certain ceramic as-
sociations, that at least in the Chicama Valley this original round-
headed type had been supplanted largely by one that was long-headed.
Subsequently, however, Kroeber (1926b, 1930) identified the ceramics
on which Hrdlitka’s conclusion was based as being Early instead of
Late and hence decided that the earliest type was long-headed. More-
over, Kroeber believes that this long-headed form did not change in
the Chimu area from Early to Late times. Elsewhere along the coast
almost nothing is known about the changes that may have taken place
in the natural skull shapes. The chief reason for the lack of such
information in a region where crania are so plentiful is the fact that.
most of the coastal crania are deformed.

In the matter of the relationship of deformity type to culture we
have more information, owing chiefly to Professor Kroeber’s accurate
observations. These observations pertain mainly to four parts of the
coast: (1) The region of Trujillo on the north coast, (2) about Lima
on the central coast, (3) the Cafiete Valley south of Lima, and (4) the
region of Nazca on the southern coast. Taking these four areas in the
order enumerated, we may briefly summarize Kroeber’s findings:

491730—43——1 ea

154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 93

Around Trujillo the long-headed and undeformed type of the Karly
Chimu people, according to Kroeber (1926b, 1930), was followed by
a fronto-occipitally deformed type in the Middle period and in Late
Chimu times by one often exhibiting simple occipital deformity. The
variety of fronto-occipital deformity characteristic of this part of the
coast has been classified by Imbelloni (1933) as “tabular erecta,” that
is, with the occipital flattening vertically directed. Examples are
shown in plates 11 and 12.

In the Lima region the skulls of the Proto-Lima people, probably
slightly earlier in time than the Early Chimu of the north coast, are
said by Kroeber (1926a) to be undeformed. On the other hand, the
skulls of the Sub-Chancay people, a population in a later cultural
phase, show occipital flattening alone in the majority of cases. It is
noteworthy, too, that burial position correlates with this subdivision:
The Proto-Lima skeletons are found extended, whereas the Sub-Chan-
cay skeletons are flexed.

In the Cafiete Valley, where Kroeber (1937) found Middle and Late
period burials, the skulls from the Middle period were the more ex-
tremely deformed. In this case the pressure had been applied both
high on the forehead and on the occiput in such a way as to broaden
and lower the height of the vault. Some of the Late skulls are said to
have simple occipital flattening.

From Cafiete south into the Nazca area Kroeber (1926a) has
called attention to the constant association of heavy frontal deforma-
tion with the Sub-Nazca culture and of light simple occipital deforma-
tion with the late Chinca culture. Examples of extreme deformity
types from the south coast are shown in plates 13 and 14. The details
of these types, which have not been analyzed clearly as yet, seem to
vary from site to site or valley to valley. However, their correla-
tion with the several cultural phases is an established fact. As Kroe-
ber (1930, p. 71) remarks, “deformation, when its type and distribu-
tions have been worked out, promises to be an important and con-
venient criterion to culture classification because of the ease with
which cranial material usually is obtainable.”

In addition to these general correlations between cranial or de-
formity type and culture, as just outlined, a few measurements on
culturally identified skulls also have been published. For these
data we must acknowledge indebtedness again to Professor Kroeber.
As these measurements stand now, however, they are very little
more useful than those on earlier series identified only as to site.
The reason for this low valuation is the fact that these identified
specimens are small in number and most of them are deformed.
There are, in fact, data on only two small series: One from the
Chicama-Moche-Virti region (Kroeber, 1930), consisting of 49 adults
(8 Early, 6 Middle, and 35 Late), and the other from the Cafete

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 155

Valley, consisting of 34 unsexed adults (23 Middle, 11 Late). For
both series the measurements are limited to the three diameters of
the vault and the effect of deformity is not indicated.

In following the progress of Professor Kroeber’s studies I have
searched vainly through the large collections from coastal Peru in
our National Museum for culturally identified specimens. For the
most part the skulls are not labeled as to exact site. And even
when the site is known, it may have existed through several cultural
periods, or its cultural position may still be unknown. This condi-
tion of our collections, as indeed holds also for most of the 7,000
or so skulls from Peru in American museums (cf. Cobb, 1933), has
resulted from the fact that collectors obtained the specimens from
the surface or did not excavate them carefully. I do not mean to
imply that these collections are not valuable; this, in any event,
would be dispelled by the general studies that already have been
based thereon (cf. esp. Hrdlicka, 1938, 1940; Stewart, 1981). Never-
theless, this material must be considered of secondary importance
in relating physical type and culture.

In view of this situation, I decided, when an opportunity came in
1941 to make a brief visit to Peru, that my primary objective would
be to search for and, if possible, to examine culturally identified
material in Peruvian museums. My efforts were rewarded to a cer-
tain extent in Lima, thanks to the assistance of Dr. Julio C. Tello.
I was able to study about 12 of the famous Paracas (pre-Nazca)
mummies at the Museum of Anthropology (Magdalena Vieja) and a
larger series of coastal Inca remains from Malena at the Archeolog-
ical Museum of San Marcos University. At Chiclin, thanks to a
kind invitation from Sr. Rafael Larco Hoyle, I was fortunate in
being able to examine a small skeletal series pertaining to two cul-
tural periods in the Chicama-Moche-Viri region. This material is
preserved in the Museo Arqueoldégico “Rafael Larco Herrera.”

The present report deals only with the series examined at Chiclin.
I have felt justified in describing this new series at some length, in
spite of the fact that it is small, for two reasons: (1) Because, as
pointed out above, only 14 skulls certainly identified with the Early
and Middle cultural periods of this region have been partly described
(Kroeber, 1930), and (2) because the recent work in the vicinity of
Lima by Dr. Marshall T. Newman (see Strong, 1942) will supply
comparable but more extensive data for the central coast.

PROBLEMS

Even though at this stage of our knowledge it is important to record
small series that are culturally identified, every effort should be made
also to discover the significance of this material. Something in the

156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

way of interpretation 1s possible in connection with the present series
only by reason of the existence in the U.S. National Museum of a large
miscellaneous collection from the “Chicama Valley.” This collection
probably is a random sampling from about 30 sites and represents all
cultural periods.*

Now it happens that this miscellaneous collection includes both de-
formed and undeformed skulls (see plates 15 and 16). This fact
makes it possible to assemble statistically adequate series of unde-
formed skulls on the one hand and of deformed skulls on the other,
on the basis of which to seek answers to the following questions: (1)
How does the homogeneity of the undeformed series compare with
that of other populations? (2) Were the people who deformed their
heads of the same skull type as those who did not follow this custom ?
If in answer to the first of these questions we find a degree of homo-
geneity comparable to that of other Indian populations, each from
one place and time, we may conclude either that the undeformed skulls
found m the Chicama-Moche-Virti region are all from one cultural
period, or, as is more likely, that only one physical type has occupied
the region. If, conversely, this undeformed sample is found to be
quite variable in many of its characters, we will be dealing of course
with a mixed population. The answer to the second question, then,
which is self-explanatory, should also provide data on the homogeneity
of the deformed group for comparison with the undeformed.

After investigating these problems I shall discuss the classification
of physical types in America as it relates to the material under
consideration.

CULTURE

The division of the skeletal material seen at Chiclin into two parts
representing two cultural periods had been determined prior to my
visit on the basis of the asscciated cultural objects, chiefly pottery.
Secondary evidence for the division consisted of burial custom, dis-
coloration of the bones from accompanying pigments, and cranial
deformity. These two cultural periods are known, following the
Larco terminology, as Cupisnique and Mochica.

It was a pleasure to find the skeletal remains under consideration
carefully preserved in individual wooden boxes constructed for the
purpose. Moreover, there was ready recourse when necessary to a

1Hrdlitka stated in 1911 that his collections from the district of Trujillo “comprise over
1100 crania” (p. 7). Referring to this collection in 1914 he states that ‘over 1200 crania

. Were secured” (p. 45). Although about 25 skulls have been sent away in exchanges and
42 others could not be used in the present study, the remainder numbers 996, so that
there does not appear ever to have been quite so many skulls in this collection as has been
stated. All this material is catalogued “Chicama Valley,” but a small pereentage is from

the Moche Valley and intervening coast. Dr. Hrdlicka tells me now that all usable
exposed specimens were taken.

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 157

full photographic and written record of the excavations and of the
associated cultural objects. These splendid records greatly enhance
the value of the collections as well as studies based thereon.

The cultural picture, as given to me by Sr. Larco, briefly stated,
is as follows?: The Cupisnique (Chavin of Tello, Middle Moche I of
Bennett) skeletons are found always flexed (see pl. 17a). The most
common positicn is on the back with legs flexed either both on one
side or one on each side. Other positions include side or face down.
The graves are relatively simple, being only a circular or elliptical
hole in the ground. One to four clay pots have been found accom-
panying the body, together with stone vessels and various semi-
precious stones used as ornaments. The pottery is usually of a dark
eray color, but may be orange-red or be decorated in combinations of
red and black or red and white. Usually a red pigment had been
placed in the grave in small bags, which subsequently rotted away,
and hence some of the bones often are found to be discolored. Metals
have not been encountered in the graves.

In contrast to the Cupisnique graves those of the Mochica (Karly
Chimu of Kroeber, Early Moche of Bennett) are fairly elaborate.
There is a boxlike chamber constructed of rectangular adobes. The
shape of this tomb is variable, being either irregularly elliptical, round
or rectangular, simple or multiple. Sometimes there is a rude cane
coffin. The skeletons found in these tombs are always extended on
the back with arms to the sides (see pl. 17). Positional variations
include crossing of the feet and crossing of the hands over the pelvis.
Accompanying the body there have been found 1 to 183 pieces of
pottery, placed at the head and/or feet, or in especially constructed
containers in the walls of the tomb. In the case where 133 pieces
were found with the burial they were actually covering the whole
body. This pottery is characterized by designs in red and white and
by a multiplicity of forms. (See also Kroeber, 1930; Bennett, 1939.)
Encountered in the graves also are ornaments of gold, silver, and
copper ® together with various semiprecious stones.

The Cupisnique skulls usually show the fronto-occipital (“tabular
erecta” of Imbelloni) type of deformity, whereas the Mochica skulls
are undeformed.

There is some disagreement as to the relative age of these two cul-
tures. Bennett, who visited this region in 1936, before any Cupis-
nique graves had been found, places the Cupisnique culture as later
than Mochica, on the basis of sherd analysis. He remarks “that the

2Since this was first written Sr. Larco's publication “Los Cupisniques” (1941) has
appeared, which, together with “Los Mochicas’” (1938, 1939), should be consulted for
further details. I understand that a temporally intermediate group between Cupisnique
and Mochica now has been discovered. It has been named “Salinar.”” Nothing has been

reported as yet concerning the skeletal type.
3 Green copper stain about the alveolus and face of the skull is a common finding.

158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Chavin Coast ceramics are not primitive, but extremely well finished”
(1939, p. 93). Sr. Larco contends that Cupisnique is the older, basing
his argument on stratification (see pl. 17¢), the simplicity of the
graves, and the absence of metals. On the other hand, judged from
the findings elsewhere along the coast as described above, it is not
unusual for the custom of cranial deformity to appear early and then
disappear, only to reappear in modified form in later periods. How-
ever, without attempting to decide this point I shall compare the skele-
tal remains of these two groups in an effort to detect differences in
physical type.
DEFORMITY

Although the majority of the Cupisnique skulls were deformed, 4
of the 13 examined appeared to have no deformity. Since two of these
presumably undeformed skulls have an index above 80, there is the
possibility that they too may be deformed slightly. The most extreme
case of deformity in this group is shown in plate 11. Here the flat-
tening of the occiput is vertical and more on the left side than on the
right. This contrasts with the Nazca type of deformity in which the
occiput is rounded and usually symmetrical (pl. 18). The flat-
tening of the frontal in this Cupisnique skull also is not so extreme
as in the Nazca type, where a concave outline is not uncommon. The
type of deformity characteristic of the Cupisnique skulls is fronto-
vertico-occipital (“tabular erecta” of Imbelloni), whereas that found
among the Nazca people is parallelo-fronto-occipital (“tabular
oblicua” of Imbelloni) and perhaps of the pseudo-circular subtype
(Stewart, 1941). I disagree, therefore, with Dr. Kroeber (1930, p.
67) when he says that “in many cases the fronto-occipital deformation
in the Chimu area is as pronounced as in the average Nazca culture
skull, and of similar type.”

Speaking of the Trujillo district as a whole, Hrdlitka (1914) ulti-
mately concluded that all the deformed skulls had been modified in the
same manner (fronto-occipital) but to varying degrees; that frontal
deformity had not always been permanent, or in other words that “the
pressure on the forehead was inadequate to cause enduring changes in
that region” (p. 48). Kroeber (1930, p. 70), however, distinguished
between fronto-occipital and occipital deformity and believes that
these two “preferential trends” represent different chronological
periods. Although I cannot decide this point, from my analysis of
the undated material from the Chicama Valley (table 1) I can under-
stand Hrdlitka’s viewpoint, for degrees of frontal and occipital flat-
tening are rather closely correlated; that is, there is a tendency when
occipital flattening is pronounced, for the frontal flattening to be defi-
nite, but when occipital flattening is slight the frontal flattening
usually is indistinct or absent. However, frontal flattening is quite

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 159

definite in only 10.8 percent of the collection, whereas a corresponding
grade of occipital flattening occurs in at least 36.6 percent.

In many of the extreme cases the posterior part of the skull is
bilobate, suggesting a deforming apparatus like that pictured by Car-
rion Cachot (1923, pp. 347-849) from Lambayeque. In the main,
however, the deformity probably could have been produced by a cradle
such as that pictured in plate 18 and dating from Chimu times. Such
a cradle would permit the infant’s head to turn, and this might ac-
count for the asymmetry of the occipital flattening that is to be seen
in about 50 percent of all cases and is more common on the right than
on the left side.

TABLE 1.—Intensity of deformity in crania from the Chicama Valley, Peru

Type Number) Percent Asymmetry
Undeformed: |
Dolichocranie 1.2 22-2. 2- | 234 | 23.5
Brachyeranict. 292 = =. .5 143 | 14.4
377 | 37.9
Deformed: |
Front. flat. sl. or abs.; occ. | 2 36 3. 6
flat. sl. and sym.
Front. flat. sl. or abs.; oce. 2LSeW 2ile 9
flat. sl. and asym. . s ee aaeee
Front. flat. sl. or abs.; oce. | 257 | 25.8 Ree cee eure ae
flat. mod. or pron. (sym than Lt_.----- 248 51.9
Bee ont a, ee Cie tes oe 230 448.1
or asym.).
Front. flat. mod; occ. flat. 108 | 10.8 478 190.0
mod. or pron. (sym. or
asym.).
619 | 62.1

1 By inspection.
2 Judged to be deformed.

Even in the extreme stages of deformity a concave frontal flatten-
ing seldom is seen among skulls from the Chicama Valley. Neverthe-
less, the widening of the skull produced here by occipital compression
is reflected in the proportions of the frontal bone; the frontal index
(frontal chord/minimum frontal diameter 100) usually is over
80 and reaches as high as 94 and probably higher. On the other
hand, skulls in the National Museum from Coyungo (Nazca area)
not only have concave frontals but give frontal indices often between
75 and 80, and in one case below 75. These narrow frontal bones
correlate with the elongated skulls that typify the Nazca type of
deformity (pl. 18).

i60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIA

The Cupisnique series (8 males, 5 females) is too small to warrant

drawing conclusions trom the average measurements. The Mochica
series (13 males, 8 females), »lthough nearly twice as large, 1s still
too small to give more than general indications. In view of this
situation I have given in table 2 the averages for these two series in
comparison with the miscellaneous undeformed series from the Chi-
cama Vailey described above (page 156). Since this miscellaneous
series consists of 50 individuals for each sex, its averages may he
considered fairly reliable.
Examination of the differences between the Mochica and the mis-
celianeous Chicama series shows that the mean measurements do not
differ more than 2 mm. in the males and 6 mm. in the females, the
average difference between the means being slightly over 1 mm. in
the males and slightly under 2 mm. in the females. In the case of
the six indices the average difference between the means is 1.3 units
for the males and 2.3 units for the females. When the small number
in the Mochica series is considered, these figures indicate a fair
degree of similarity.

Although the means of these two series may show considerable
resemblance, it is important also to consider the variability of all the
undeformed skulls. In other words, restating the first problem listed
above, how do the undeformed skulls from the Chicama-Moche-Vira
region represented in these collections compare in homogeneity with
other populations ¢

A convenient measure of variability is furnished by Howells’s
“mean sigma” (1941), but this is based entirely upon European series.
There are only a few standard deviations available for series of
American Indians and especially those from single sites or single
cultures. However, from the available data I have selected three
series that furnish interesting comparisons (table 3). Unfortunately,
none of these is from South America. The Pecos series is interesting
because it represents the undeformed and least-deformed elements
from a single site; the Southern Shell Mound and Arikara series,
on the other hand, represent a’ single culture or a single tribe as found
in more than one site.

Before considering this comparison in detail, we may note that
the metrical variability of a cranial series may be exaggerated by
the unintentional inclusion of individuals of the other sex and of
slightly deformed specimens. The difficulty of correctly sexing skulls

4Measurements of the individual specimens of both series are given in the appendix.

>=

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 161

Tapie 2—Craniometric comparisons *

| Miseellanecus

Measurements > ) and indices Sunisnique Mochica | Chicama
MALES
Diam. ant.-post. max__.-.-.------- | (4) ee CL) Teo 0) a0), |, ha
Diam lat. Make ee ee (4) 14259 lal) 13.7 | (50) 13.9
Bas.-breg. height_______----------- (6) 13.6 | (11) 13.6 | (50) 138.5
Cranialandex. 2) <2) lak 1 (4) 8&6) G1) 77.4) (0) 79.8
Mean hts mdex 2-92 ee (2) 85.2 | (10) 86.8 | (50) 85.8
Cranial module__________________- (6) 15.2 | (10) 15.0 | (50) 15.0
IDisime crOnh. MIM = 8 ee ee (8) 29.7 | (12) 9.1] (50) 9. 2
Alves pbe-nasion 222-252-2225 22--- (6) 6.8 | (12) 6. 6 | (48) 6.8
Digi Dia Waxes oe eee (2) 213.8] (11) 18.4 |} (42) 13.6
Facial index, upper_______--_------- (2) 247.3 | (10) 48.7 | (85) 450.3
Hndobas -nasion. = 2-225 422.5252- (6) 10.1} (11) 10.0 | (50) 10.0
Endobas.-subnas. pt___.----------- (6) 88 | (11) 8.8 | (50) 8.9
Endobas.-prealv. pt___------------ (6) 16.3 | (10) 9.8 | (45) 10.0
Maciahancgles=.=.22-2.2225525 0-6-4 (6) 69. 0°) (11) (25021543) 70702
Avecolanancles 2 e222 52. se ea (6) 44. 5°) (41) HO oie (Ad) eo lee
Orbital ht-mean = 9222222 ae (6) Seo eke) oo | pO) Sua
Orbital brs mean | 22222. 5....22- (6) 3.9 | (13) 3.7 | (49) 3.8
Orbital index mean___________-_-_~- (6) 84.6 | (18) 88.8 | (49) 89.1
Nasal bewihet 2 hes 2 ek ese (6) 4.9: (13) 4.8] (50) 4.9
Wasallbreadthit== 2 == =2. 2-228 (6) 2.4 | (12) 2.4 | (49) Dae
INasalingexe: = 2 ee ee (6) D0) 14) (12) 49.1 | (49) 49.9
Upper alv. arch length___--__----_- (5) 5.6 | (11) 5.4 | (41) 5. 4
Upper alv. arch breadth____-_------ (4) 6.6 | (10) 6.4 | (35) 6. 4
Wpper aly arch mdex__.__.--_2=.-.- (4) 117.8 | (10) 120.2 | (85) 118.5
FEMALES
Diam. ant.-post. max_____--------- (1) dens) 17.0 | (60) 168
Diam. lati max! = 2-2-2 - 2. 22-22-22 (1) 12.9 | (8) 135471 (50) er 1356
Bastebress. Weioht-. = 2 ae ee (2) 12.6 | (6) 125881910) 8" 12.9
(Granial index s= Seen eee eee (1) 74.6 | (8) T7922 \A(50) > S122
Mean lit. Index: = 2222-2228 ee." a2 (2) 82.4 | (6) 84.8 | (50) 885.0
@ranial Modmles: 22-2222 [27a een (1) 14S Gr |) (6) 14.4} (50) 144
Dianieetrong. MIN sss ss eee (4) 29.1 | (8) 990 | (50) 8.9
Alv. pt.-nasion______-------------- (4) 6.2 | (4) 6.8 | (46) 6.5
Diam. biz. Max. = 25) 22. 22 2 688 (2) 2 352") (4) Pe Sa AGE ela 7
Facial index, upper__-____--------- 2) 247.0 | (4) 52.8 | (48) 61.1
Endobas.-nasion________---------- (2) 9.2 | (8) 9.8 | (50) On
Endobas.-subnas. pt___------------ (1) 8 6 | (4) 8.9 | (50) 8.5
Endobas.-prealv. pt__.--.---.----- (1) 10.0 | (4) 10.2 | (46) 9. 6
Facial angle. _____________-_-__--_- (1) 66. 5°) (4) 68. 0°} (46) 69. 5°
Alveolar angle_________.____----_- (1) 44. 0°) (4) 49. 5° (46) 50. 5°
Orbital height mean______________- (4) 3.1 | (4) 3.4 | (50) 3. 4
Orbital breadth mean_____________- (4) 3.6] (4) 3:85) (50) 3 5ads
Orbital index____________________- (4) 84.6 | (4) 91.0 | (50) 91.4
Niasalihel ght 2. see ee eee (4) 4.5 | (4) 4.6 | (50) 4.7
INGisalilorecdiliee see es en cee (A) 2.4 | (4) 2.4 | (49) DA.
Nasal index_______________-__----_- (4) 54.8 | (4) 61.3 | (49) 60.6
Upper alv. arch length__--_._---_--- (3) 5.0 | (4) 5.5 | (48) 5. 2
Upper alv. arch breadth___-_______-]| (2) 5 oa) oO ed AG) 6. 1
Upper alv. arch: index===2.----=—=__ (2 11720 |\7@) 107.2 \(36) 116. 2

1 Measurements obviously altered by deformity not included (see Appendix for individual measurements) ,
2 Probably altered by deformity.

491730 —45—-—2

162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 93

increases when they are isolated from the skeleton. This factor
probably plays a part in the Peruvian series. As for deformity, no
one can be sure of entirely excluding it, because there is then the
danger of going too far and removing true brachycranic individuals.
As others have noted (see Stewart, 1940), the Pecos series includes
a good number of slightly deformed skulls, which fact is reflected
in the high sigmas for the vault diameters and indices. Then, for
eur purposes, the Shell Mound and Arikara series, being largely
sexed from the skeleton and being completely free from deformity,
furnish the best check on variability.

TABLE 3.—Comparative standard deviations: Males

Measurements and indices ae Pecos? Sh aes 3 Arikara ¢
Diam. ant.-post. max__---- (65) 6.01 |(46) Soon (54) a4 le Gl) 5. 20
Diam latvamnax. see oe (65) 5. 46 |(45) 6. 14. 1(55)) 4.92 1(51) AQF
Bas.-breg. height________- (63) 4. 63 |(384) 6. 49 |(28) 3. 86 |(50) 4.95
Cranial index___._._._._-.-_|(65) 4. 44 |(48) OL (52). S224s(OL) 3. 20
Cranial module... 22-7 25 (62) 3.60 |(33) 5.08 |(27) 2.99 |(52) od,
Diam front. mine! 222-3 (66) 4. 54 |(50) Gr 27 (oa). Abb lies ae ee
Aly. pt--nasionic 22-22 .222 (57) 7258S 112) “82 9541(383)) Peano e Cob) 3. 43
Diam. biz. max_____-_--- (55) 45°79) C102); “6207 2s bee2ieni(52) 4, 49
Facial index, upper______-|(47) 2. 46 |(990) Sei Oe ae aera (50) 2. 85
Endobas wasion_________|(68) 3. 94 |(27) SI TSA(28) B35 LON | fe
Endobas.-prealv. pt_____- (57) 4.98 |(25 SP O8e |= ae | eee
Orbital ht., left_.._______ (58), TIGHT) “1 GOr es 22852 ee (48m) 1. 98
Orbitalbr., leits= 4. 222s (59)e S170: GE) eS Oi eet eee ee (48m) 1.13
Orbital index, mean_-_____ (64).7 4. 2TANCI2O) 4.8575) | 2 eee eee (48) 4,53
Nasa] height___________- (65)\> 2; 31 Ki25)- -25°742\(39)0=) 2) Git (53) pala |
Nasal breadth__________- (63) 1,67 (126) 1.574) 212753) sada
Nasal index____________- (63) 3.94 |(124) 4.27 |(382) 3.83 |(63) 3. 63
Upper-aly, arch length... -/(64) 2.72 |Cl00) . 2; 82+(-e 2 ea
Upper alv. arch breadth___|(46) 3. 07 |(97) 3629) Se Eee
Upper alv. arch index____|(46) 6. 10 |(97) 6) 426 | nots See Re A ee

1 Cupisnique, Mochica, and Miscellaneous Chicama (see table 2).

2 Hooton (1930). Total series A: 50 or less individuals represent the ‘‘undeformed”’ subseries; higher
numbers include deformed skulls.

3 Newman and Snow (1942). Total Shell Mound Series, table 27.

4 Von Bonin and Morant (1938), table 12. The figures for cranial module and upper facial index have
been supplied by the author.

In examining table 3 we see that the Peruvians show about the same
variability as the Arikara and Shell Mound series, except chiefly in
the cranial index and the length and breadth of the skull. There
seems to be good reason to believe, therefore, that this unnatural
variability of the vault diameters, as in the case of the Pecos group,
is caused by the inclusion of a few slightly deformed individuals.
We may note that Howells (1941) reports a “mean sigma” for the
cranial index of 3.22 for 23 European series, and von Bonin
and Morant (1938) give 3.12 for 14 North American Indian series
comprising 1,073 skulls.

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 163

These findings have suggested to me that by removing the most
brachyeranic and presumably slightly deformed skulls from the
“undeformed” Peruvian series, until a more natural variability 1s
obtained, I could obtain a truer undeformed range, as well as a truer
mean. Acting on this thought, I have reduced arbitrarily the male
range from 68.2-90.5 to 68.2-82.6. This deletion results in the follow-
ing distribution:

Class New series Removed

5G OO eee ere eee Pe Wt 2d ae Seat Se bn 1 wa
FT (hg A nea moe I og al r4 ae
Fe OO ee ee enter bow 5 5 ee 25 aoa
RRA 10 ee EN en Ss ae 17 8
oye 0) ene Be ee ee ee 6
O()2 OA ns ee ee er SS Ee ee eB ares ait

ER @ tae ae re Oe ere ere ene ee 50 15

The new series gives a standard deviation of 3.29 for the cranial
index and a mean of 77.8. The length then becomes 177 mm. (8. D.
5.53) and the breadth 138 mm. (S. D. 4.62). These means are close
to those of the Mochica series given in table 2 and probably approx-
imate the true undeformed type.

Since we have definite evidence now from this northern coastal
region that cranial deformity is linked with culture, it is desirable
to know whether the custom of deforming the head was introduced
without a physical change in population, or whether there was a
population replacement by a physically different people who practiced
this custom. This is the second problem listed above. In attempting
to solve this I have measured a series of 50 deformed Chicama Valley
skulls of each sex for additional comparison with the miscellaneous
undeformed series. The measurements have been restricted to those
that I have assumed to be least affected by deformity, which means
chiefly facial measurements. In table 4 I give the differences between
the means of these two series together with their probable errors and
Apa 6. s:

Of the 12 measurements and indices here listed, 6 show higher and
4 show lower means for the deformed group in both sexes. The two
remaining measures show very small differences that vary in opposite
directions in the two sexes. Two of the higher means in the males
and three in the females appear to be significantly different; that is,
they exceed three times their probable errors. It is noteworthy as
regards the higher measurements in the deformed group that face
height and orbital height are increased significantly in both sexes,
while there is also an increase in nose height in both sexes that
approaches significance at least in the males. This increase in the
absolute heights of the face, orbits, and nose cannot be reconciled
with the type of deformity present.

164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

TABLE 4.—Metrical differences (mm.) between deformed and undeformed crania:
Miscellaneous Chicama

|

Range Mean-tp. e. Xp: e-

Deformity | No.
Se Ne ee el

MALES

ALVEOLAR POINT-NASION

imackormedseee se a. ae ee bil 62-75 67. 538+0. 26 |
Melormed:—— 4-32-= 22-2 ee 49 63-77 70. 00+ 0. 32
iflerence=— 4,22 = eee | ie lew Ing 2.47+0. 41 6. 02
1
ENDOBASION-NASION
lindeformed:. 29255 2a = eee | 63 92-109 | 100. 24+0. 38
Weformede 2 ee eee 54 87-105 97. 7640. 35
Ditherence = ee So: | ee a ee a ee 2. 48-40. 48 5. 17
ENDOBASION-PREALVEOLAR POINT
Wndeformed..— 2.) = ee ai 88-108 | 160. 00+0. 44 |
WD GhOLING sot te re a eee 50 90-110 98. 7440. 43
Ditterencé. 22 Pe be ees thee eae 1. 2640. 62 | 2.03
ORBITAL HEIGHT, LEFT
Wndeformed: 24 asses ass ee 58 30-37 33. 53+0. 15
IDEGfOrmMed 22) so eee ee OZ 31-39 34. 58+0. 15
Teen COL ms = 2 ee et eee ee eee 1.05+0. 21 | 5. 69
ORBITAL BREADTH, LEFT
Wndeformed 2. .s--22.<. 2-2-2. 59 33-41 | 37.7140. 15 |
Determed... = 21 ner ie 50 35-42 | 38 24+0. 16 |
D1feTeN COs a2 Rss ee es es ae | ee 0. 5340. 2] 2 O2,
ORBITAL INDEX, MEAN
|
lUindetorme dss =. eee eee 64 79. 0-101..8 89. 0140. 36 |
Deformed) 25st ets 54 77. 8-100.0| 90. 89-40. 44 |
Difference S64 = ==) 4s 2S ee | ere et eye eee | a 38 +0. 57 2ST:
NASAL HEIGUT
Wndefonmed=ss2— > ot saa 65 44-53 48. 6040. 19
CLOTTING Ge <5 = oe ee ee 54 45-57 49. 35+0. 22
Differences q--=- 2 24 ee ee | ee eee 0. 75+0. 29 2. 59

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 165

TABLE 4.—Metrical differences (mm.) between deformed and undeformed crania:
Miscelianeous Chicama—Continued

Deformity No. | Range Mean-tp. e. Xp. e.
MALES—Continued
NASAL BREADTH
lmdeformeds 222 22-- 22-525 =2 == 63 21-28 24. 27+0. 14
ID etorml etme ee ee 54 20-27 23. 5440. 14 |
DItenenC Cts eee en oe | ee ee ee ee 0. 7340. 20 3.65
NASAL INDEX
Unteieeied tot ce sctenn sd 63 42, 3-60.0 | 49. 95-£0. 34
IDerOrmMedie -s a Seeee see ee 54 41. 7-58. 7 47. 75+0. 32
IDitkerenCen a.52 2040 4025 sole ao se see——e- soe] ooo 2.3140. 47 4.91
|
UppeR ALVEOLAR ARCH LENGTH
Wmndeformed!.=.=22252--22-22-- 54 49-60 54. 2840. 25 |
Deformed es 225222225 -52-422- 49 49-59 54. 3540. 22 |
Deanne ee ee a eee eee eae ee eee | 0. 07 +0. 33 | 0. 21
UpreR ALVEOLAR ARCH BREADTH
TANCE tt cee cua take! 26 59-73 | 64. 2640. 30 |
Deformed. 22222-2522 e2——s= = Se 45 59-73 65. 2040. 29
DithenenCe sa. ae a ee ea (Sanaa eae 0. 94+0. 42 DOA:
—_ Upper ALVEOLAR ARCH INDEX
lind elormedsss ees 6 s== a= | 46 108. 5-134. 0 | 118. 71140. 61
Weformeda. 2-52. 22.52 2==--- | 44 111. 3-134. 6 | 120. 15+0. 57
Diieretide. < keene De Loe | 1. 4440.83) 1.73
|
FEMALES
ALVEOLAR POINT-N ASION
|
Tim@erormedss sss. esses === sys | 57-75 65. 0CO+0. 35
Weare Ces eee ee eee Dil} | 59-72 66. 39+0. 27
Difference____----------|------ | Peer as: | 1,.2940.45 | 3.09
| | |
ENDOBASION-N ASION
Windelormed sea. = 22552-5225 2-— 57 §1-168 95. 62 +0. 25
Weterme dea. el eee dee | 51 86-98 | 91.5140. 30
ol
Dikeredee. ene see en nee | ae | PORES | 4.1140. 39 | 10.54

166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

TABLE 4.—Metrical differences (mm.) between deformed and undeformed crania:
Miscellaneous Chicama—Continued

Deformity | No. | Range Mean-+p. ¢. Xp. e.

FEMALES—Continued
ENDOBASION-PREALVEOLAR POINT

lUndeformedeees. = sa sen) ee) ea 50 91-107 97. 02+0. 34
IDelonmedee ste eer 47 88-106 94. 19+0. 33
WDifkerencets se se ee | ee | ee ee eee 2. 8840. 47 6. 62

OrpITAL HEIGHT, LEFT

Undeformedesss 26 Se = see a. 5o 30-37 33. 66-40. 14
Deformed: 528-352 oe ee ee 52 31-37 34. 44+0. 14
Wifkeremces 25 2-20 ee ee eee ae ees 0. 78 +0. 20 3. 90
ORBITAL BREADTH, LEFT
l
Uindeformedizs: 2.4 S22 e Sse 54 34-41 36. 82+0. 12
Deformed i .==2.— as eee ee 52 34-41 36. GO+0. 13
Difference. ____-__------ | aad | Renee orien eet eee 0. 22+0. 18 | ee
OrRITAL INDEX, MEAN
inderormed Sa. ee | 56 78. 4-100. 0 91. 3140. 39
Deforinted: ce" =, 2 ei ee | 52 85. 1-101. 4 93. 20+0. 33
Difference. .____-------- | ee ene eee he 1.8940.51| 3.71
|
J
Nasal HEIGHT
Wndelormed22 24 == tase = | pe 156 42-53 46. 55+0. 23
Deformed. ss =e we 52 41-51 47. 0240. 20
Diretoneds eeee ee [Se atte fe eel 0. 4740. 30 | 1.57
NASAL BREADTH
Undetormed =. 22632 ee 55 20-28 23. 6940. 16 |
Delormed: es a at ae 52 20-27 23. 10+0. 14 |
Pitrerenice:. 2c ee 2 ah ae a Opielcesee 0.59+0. 21 | S731
NASAL INDEX
WUndeformedie a. 2 = eee ee 55 43. 5-58. 7 50. 88+0. 37
Deformed. -8 692. = eee eee 52 40. 8-60. 0 49, 22+0. 35
Ditierenics se ee eee | ete ee 1 66-20051 4 3. 26

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 167

TapLE 4.—Metrical differences (mm.) between deformed and undeformed crania:
Miscellaneous Chicama—Continued

Deformity | Ne. | Range Mean-p. e. Xp.e.

FEMALES—Continued
UppeR ALVEOLAR ARCH LENGTH

Undeformed______________-__-- | 49 48-58 | 52.5140. 25

DMeronmedes £4 es eee ee 48 48-59 52. O8 +0. 26
HOMIE T ET Ce eae ne ee eee 0. 43-40. 36 1.19

Undeformed___________-___---- | 40 55-67 | 60. 96-0. 29
WCLOLMECe se ae eee sae 47 55-66 61. 38+0. 25
ODT ETT Te Ce mee ree wd | cere fee nc 0. 42+0. 38 1. 10
Upper ALVEOLAR ARCH INDEX
Undeformed__._______________- | 39 | 103. 4-127. 1 | 115. 82+0. 66
Deformed__..________________- | 45 | 103. 8-129. 2 | 117. 98+0. 60
Difference_____________- | 2.16+0.89 | 2.48

Of the four lower means in the deformed group, two—endobasion-
nasion, endobasion-prealveolar point—probably can be explained by
the deformity.’ The decrease in endobasion-nasion is significant sta-
tistically in both sexes, and that for endobasion-alveolar point is
significant at least in the females. The decrease in nasal breadth and
the lowering of the nasal index, which also are statistically significant
in both sexes (except for nasal breadth in the female, which ap-
proaches significance), are contrary to the general broadening of the
face that might be expected from the deformity.

Thus it seems to me that the lengthening of the face and narrowing
of the nose in the deformed group, being contrary to changes that
might be expected from the type of deformity present, and being statis-
tically significant, indicate a true physical difference between the two
populations. Moreover, the deformed sample seems to be somewhat
more homogeneous than the undeformed, if we can judge by the
standard deviations of the facial measurements shown in table 5.

5 Shapiro’s attempt (1928) to find ‘a correction for artificial deformity of skulls” is
based on the assumption that basion-nasion is unaffected by deformity. In support of this
premise he cites figures for two Patagonian series, two Middle Mississippi cultural groups
from Ohio and Tennessee, and the Pecos series. It is quite unlikely that the degree of
deformity in any of these groups equals that in the Peruvians under consideration, espe-
cially as it affects the base of the skull. The circular deformity of the Patagonians would
not alter the cranial base as much as the occipital flattening of the Pueblos, but the latter

even is less extreme in this respect than would be expected owing to its frequently
asymmetrical character.

168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

TABLE 5.—Standard deviations of measurement least affected by deformity

Mak | Female

Measurements and indices - : ; aa

Undeformed | Deformed | Undeformed Deformed
‘Alvespt.-nasion "2 22 (57) 2.881 (49) 327 | (32) 3.88.) (61))2.83
BHndobas:-nasion. 2.22222 (63) 3.94 | (54) 3. 77 (57) 2. 82 (61) Fags
Endobas.-prealv. pt_-------- (57) 4.98 | (50) 4. 47 (50) 3.59 | (47) 3. 37
Orbital ntelette = =e (58) 1. 65 (52) 1. 64 (55) 1. 49 (52) 1. 55
Orbitaltorseit=2.- sae (59) 1. 70 (50) i. 71 (54) 1. 33 (52) 1. 42
Orbital index, mean__----_---- (64) 4. 21 (54) 4. 85 (56) 4. 34 (52) 3500
INasalvheip nips =. = en es SONGS) e203 (54) 2. 38 (56) 2. 59 (52) 2. 19
Nasal breadth__________---- (63) 1. 67 (54) 5S (55) 2175 (52) 1. 55
Nasalindex 2 2s eee (63) 3. 94 (54) 3. 50 55) 4. 06 (52) 3. 73
Upper alv. arch length_-_-_-_-- | (54). 25 72 (49) 2. 25 (49) 2. 59 (48) 2. 62

Upper alv. arch breadth _---- (46) 3. 07 (45) 2. 90 (40)-25- 72 (A7)e255
Upper alv. arch index. _-_-__-- (46) 6. 10 (44) 5. 59 (39) 6.12 (45) 6. 03

LONG BONES

Some long bones were present in 12 individuals from the Cupisnique
group, but in only 8 Mochicas. As a result, when the measurements
are subdivided according to sex and side, the greatest number in one
group is 5. Owing to these small numbers and the lack of suitable
comparative data, I have preferred to give the mdividual measure-
ments rather than averages (tables 6-8). However, for the femur
(table 7) I have included Hrdlitka’s (1938) averages on a miscel-
laneous Chicama series. This series differs from that given in con-
nection with the skull in that it represents the total population of the
valley and not just that part practicing, or not practicing, deforma-
tion.

Because the culturally dated material is so scanty, it is impossible
to determine whether the Cupisnique and Mochica peoples differed in
stature. Jt will be useful, however, in connection with the subse-
quent discussion to know the approximate stature of these peoples.
The best figures are perhaps obtained from Hrdlitka’s femur and tibia
lengths © with the aid of Pearson’s formula e (1898) ; namely, 159.4

em. for males and 147.7 for females.
*T am indebted to Dr. Hrdliéka for supplying me with the tibial length of the Chicama

series from his manuscript: Average for 200 male right, 84.76 em.; 150 female right,
Salam
31.97 em.

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 169

TaBLe 6.—Individual measurements (cm.) of the upper extremity bones

| Humerus: |
_—— ——e—| Radius: | Ulna: 4
No. 2 | ; | Lt. | Lt. | Clavicle:
: tise, | ete | Pete [Mbdewot| mars | amas, | Sem
| | middle | middle ag
CUPISNIQUE, MALE RIGHT
Up tee tl ay ved! ———_ ee thew tee 24.0125.4|; 13.1
CUNbe 2 22eh st x | 30. 7 2: 0 | Le 7 Oot O wien =e | et eae oe
CUE oe oe eos Be | 30. 4 | 2. 1 Teese Ole) un ee ee 15. 9
en NOQZ2 wees oes ot Facet star cir te aaa mecha rl ataeic| eet (aia 13. 6
TU ee eae me neg ee oe, | ec een | ee ye es | ee 14.8
CUsISI ee eeesa8 | 28. 1 1.9 TGCS Agel a2: |e aes 12.8
Mocuica, MALE RIGHT
! | | | |
Mies eee es | 30.6. ee nes a eg ae nae Reet i
Mi OR 4 Soe oe |-------- | Se ee | pe ee eee | eo ene 13. 6
| | |
CUPISNIQUE, MALE LEFT
CU 428 Se oe ee | 29. 3 | 1.8 Pe OUs\Oaston | aes one 24,8 | Ue 5
CUP5s 3.2 se eete | 30. 1 | 2, 1 DR Oral Gledpe aie a eee e 15. 9
Unie = Sane = see ie a, ec oe Se hs st [x eae Do, tila Poe steteyae St
CU 122 sans Se Pott et | eee [See ers [Bere S Ze Op passa | Dee aya
Guo Ee ek pe peswetee | pee. | Boe Sites ease | 12.7
|
Mocuica, MALE LEFT
— 7
Nites core So | 27/21 5 | 704 as teil steee 2 | 147
NO UG cn ast aus asl eens eee | see 24.0) 13.4
CUPISNIQUE, FEMALE RIGHT
|
igi ee | Wee Se ae |e Se ee 91,5 |_----- pee
CUSS Soe e ee 27. 6 1.9 AO ONT Meee eee ee Fe
GUIS suse cca ld 27.3 1.6 1.6 |100.0 | 20.3 | 21.6 | 12-7
CUPISNIQUE, FEMALE LEFT
|
Wie t ct Se | 27.9 1.6 12. 75. Oe 2a te 2 13.3
NMS so San Beste se 27. 4 1.8 1 4a 78) 20; 4 ee See 13. 2
1,4 Lt Ae eee ee | 26.8 1.6 Tee Sis Ons 2Omo. [eae ae 13. 0
Mai Se eee 19.0

491730—43——3

170

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VoL, 93

TABLE 7.—Individual measurements (cm.) of the femur compared with averages

for a Miscellaneous Chicama series

A ; | Diam. | Diam
: Diam. | Diam. z ;~ | Platy-
ne | Lt. bi- Index of x ; :
ue Ltamax.) cond. | aR. | Jatiat |shatt | upper | upper | merie
CUPISNIQUE, MALE RIGHT
Cp ees | ae 38. 8 | 2. 4 2.4 |100. 0 3. 0 eel 70. 0
CUS See 40.2 | 40.0 2D) 2. 5 |100. 0 3. 1 2. 2 7150
OUR OS ats he es Sea Al 7a e4les 2.263205 | 96. 2 ae 2a 69.7
GUIS SS tH Seal | 2.3 | 85.2| 27] 23] 385.2
MOCHICA, MALE RIGHT
1 | |
N19. ce eee | tasers 40. 2 2.5 2.4 96.0 | 2.0 2.2 | 73. 3
MISCELLANEOUS CHICAMA, MALE RIGHT!
as ere ee et nae an 40. 9 20 adi 20.0 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 69.6
- CUPISNIQUE, MALE LEFT
CURD. hee er 38. 2 | 37.9 20 2. 1 | 9153 2. 8 19 67.8
CUP 22a eee 39.9 | 39. 7 225 2.7 \108: 0 3.3 2. 2 66.7
CU Sie oF a 39.6 | 39.4 2G, 2.4 | 88.9 2.8 2.2 78.6
CU; 10s we eae te 41.8 |} 41.3 2. 6 2.4 | 92.3 3. 4 250) 67.6
Cust a a 38.) [eso 20 2.4 | 88.9 | 2.8 | 2.4 85.7
eee
MISCELLANEOUS CHICAMA, MALE LEYT
ean yd PERRET ans 41.4 2.7 2.7 (100.4 | 23 | 2.3 69. 7
CUPISNIQUE, FEMALE RIGHT
CU; Dieta we see [98.4 Bt 9 2. 4 2.2 | 91.7 | 26 | 2.0 76.9
MOCcHICcA, FEMALE RIGHT
Vig S ieee eee aan oe jai. 41.6 2.9 24 | 92.8 2.9 | 22 76.9
|
MiscELLANEOUS CHICAMA, FEMALE RIGHT
|
feel i tel et | 37.8 | 37.4 2.3 28 [10.9 | 28 | 2.0 | 68.5
CUPISNIQUE, FEMALE LEFT
| |
CMe ose 38 7 ae Bt De oar yates teen ere
Ors ses eed, 37. 6 | 375 2\) F223) | DSPs On | Sear etn goes
MISCELLANEOUS CHICAMA, FEMALE LEFT a
Ce POE hie RY ens eter 829 37.4 | 28 | De 101.8 | 2.8 2.0 69. 4
|

} Hrdlitka, 1938. Males: 200 right, 200 left; females: 200 right, 150 left.

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 171

Tasty 8.—Individual measurements (cen.) of the tibia and fibula

Tibia
NTO. a eC ALSh
an TA Diam. a.-p.| Diam. lat.| Index of Lt. max.
in position | at middle | at middle shaft
|
CUPISNIQUE, MALE RIGHT
OU eye cee hance eee Ap eee rah 8 | 34. 0 3. 0 2.1 VOTO | eto eee
Ci Oe eer a fee Se ee ee | 35. 4 2.8 1.9 67.8 34. 6
CUPISNIQUE, MALE LEFT
CAA eee ee a hg ee eas ae 34. 6 2.8 2.4 TOKO eee
Gore ee a ee to 33. 6 3. 0 1.8 60. O 3208
COWS eee, Fee SC a Be a! 33. 9 3. 1 2.1 CoG lee 5
CUZ =... Se es See 35. 0 2.8 1.9 CHS Nee
CWilhee epee = ee Pee ess Sa eoior 2.9 2. 2 TOGO Nowa oe
Mocuica, MALE LEFT
NMG eee See eee 32. 6 3.0 | ey | 36. 7 | eee
CUPISNIQUE, FEMALE RIGHT
Cine eee ae os | 32.9 2.4 1.8 P50 |) ake
Ul Ol 8 oe ee es [epee sels aoe ee ee eee ee 29. 2
See Be Merc eh. 28 WS A! | 29. 3 2.5 18 72.0 28. 3
0 |
CUPISNIQUE, FEMALE LEFT
a a a ee ee
CSO eae teers PAO tee eee ee ileal | 2.3 1.8 VO. Of lesen See
CU eee eee etn a ei 29. 4 | 2.5 1.8 PON Ok |= eoe ae
— —. Hicetce
DISCUSSION

The foregoing analysis of the skeletal remains of two culturally
distinct populations from the north coast of Peru emphasizes the fact
that the only demonstrable morphological difference between them
is based upon the presence or absence of cranial deformity. Partly,
of course, this similarity may be due to the small number of specimens
available, for certain suggestive differences do appear to distinguish
the whole collection of deformed and undeformed crania of the
Chicama Valley. For the present, therefore, these data on culturally
identified skeletons are of value for this indication, since heretofore
there has been a lack of even this much information.

In analyzing the culturally identified material I have introduced
measurements on a larger and probably statistically adequate series
of undeformed crania from the Chicama Valley, and have shown that
it is fairly homogeneous. Unfortunately, we can never know the cul-

172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

tural composition of this series; still it can serve for comparisons with
other undeformed populations as data thereon become available.
Since such data are not yet available from Peru, I have not considered
it necessary at this time to make extensive comparisons beyond this
area.”

In this connection, possibly because of being a North American
working with South American materials, I should like to examine a
statement to which rather frequent reference has been made in the
recent Latin American literature, namely, that the Old Peruvians
and the Pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico are of one and the
same physical type. The current advocate of this generalization is
Imbelloni (1938), but the idea appears to have been initiated by
ten Kate (1894). As far as I can discover no one has supported
with figures the claimed unity and distribution of this physical
type.

First, let us consider the claims. Ten Kate, because of his ex-
periences in Mexico and our Southwest, was struck by certain ethno-
graphic resemblances to this region when he visited the provinces of
Catamarca, Tucuman, and Salta in Argentina (1894). However, it
was not until 1896, when he published his report on the skeletal
remains of the Calchaqui, that he called attention to the physical
resemblances. He says (p. 62):

7 Since this was first written Dr. M. T. Newman has kindly permitted me to read and
quote from his manuscript entitled “Indian Skeletal Material from the Central Coast of
Peru; an Archeologically Oriented Study in Physical Anthropology.” Rather than attempt
to synthesize fully his and my findings, I shall call attention merely to some points that
are of especial interest here.

Doctor Newman has assembled four series of crania, each from a different period and a
different valley and varying in number from 14 to 41. Although certain differences are
detected from period to period, they are not extensive or constant, and Doctor Newman
believes that he is dealing primarily with only one physical type. This type, it should
be noted, is brachycraniec. The cranial indices of all the undeformed males give the follow-
ing frequency distribution in relation to that for the Chicama Valley (see p. 163) :

Central Chicama
Class Coast Valley

B5=6O:0 te Ae ALT RAR ERE eR ee See ees © ae een -— rT!
ROTALOs <n ees ns eS he A ele se ee a ae 4 7
SC FD a ec SB ee ee ee 9 25
S0-S4i Ot Sue 5 Stoke A Ae es AE ee ee ee ee ae 42 25
85-89 Oat atom OA 2 my Soe iv a Pe eee ee ee ee ee D 20 _ 6
90-04:9 20 ==) = 2 ee ee ee ee 4 1

79 65

According to these distributions, and in spite of the inclusion in both series of some slightly
deformed individuals, there appears to be a distinctly greater tendency toward brachycrany
on the central coast.

As for fronto-occipital deformity, Doctor Newman found it to be present in practically
all his earliest or “Shell Mound” crania. In the Early (Interlocking Style) Period the
incidence falls to about one-third, but in the Middle Period it increases to about two-thirds.
Finally, in the Late Period intentional deformity almost disappears, and the great majority
of the crania are either undeformed or show slight to moderate posterior flattening. This
situation seems to parallel that in the Chicama-Moche-Virfi region, where intentional de-
formity is present in the Cupisnique period, disappears in the subsequent Mochica period,
and reappears later only to taper off ultimately.

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 173

In leaving South America in order to search farther north for affinities or
resemblJances, our thought is arrested involuntarily first of all at central
Mexico, then finally at the plains and canyons of Arizona and New Mexico.
There are above all the crania from ancient sepulchers of Santiago Tlalteloleo
described by Hamy [1891], which by their general morphology, their strong
brachycephaly and the high indices of the orbit and nose recall certain types
of our Caichaqui series. The practice of entorring the flexed body in pottery
vessels was likewise followed by this ancient populatien, a custom which, as
Hamy remarks, was, with numerous variations, adopted by a great many
American tribes, without indicating by that necessarily an ethnic affinity. As
for the Saladoans and Cibolans [Matthews, 1891], representatives of the
ancient civilization known as Shiwi, which | have compured so many times
with the Calchaquis, there remains only to recall their excessive brachycephaly,
their small stature, their free hyoid bones, and finally the mythico-religious
and mythico-sociologic analogies, which must exist in these two civilizations at
their extreme limits and which I have already summarized elsewhere some
years ago [1894].

When we examine the “excessive brachycepha!ly” referred to here
we find that it is largely, if not entirely, due to artificial deformity.
Thus, ten Kate reports (1896, p. 31) that 60 percent of his Calchaqui
skulls are definitely deformed and many others show asymmetry
(plagiocephaly). He says further (p. 22) that the frontal bone is
commonly flattened and that the resuiting deformity type is like
that from Trujillo, Peru.s We may suspect deformity also in the
case of Hamy’s six crania from Santiago Tlalteloleo, Mexico, since
ihe cranial indices range from 81 to 91. As for Matthews’ Pueblos,
he says quite frankly:

The occipitel flattening here referred to, must be carefully distinguished
from that produced intentionally by the ancient Peruvians, by the Flatheads of
our Northwest coast, and by other races. In the latter there is an anterior
counter-flattening produced by the pressure applied to the forehead; in the
former there is no frontal flattening (p. 178).

There are 16 skulls which, if never seen in connection with the rest of the
collection, might readily be regarded as normal skulls. Taken by themselves,
the fact that they are deformed is not obvious; studied along with the rest
of the group, where there is every gradation from the most unquestionably
fiattened to the apparently normal, the observer has no doubt that the causes
which operated in distorting the former class have had their effect too in
shaping the latter, and he feels uncertain where, in any shortened skulls, he
is to draw the dividing line between the normal and the abnormal (p. 178).

Independently of ten Kate, and on the sole basis of a trip around
the world that did not include South America or our Southwest,
Bonarelli (1909) related the Pueblos and Andear peoples in a classi-
fication of mankind. The whole matter is disposed of in the follow-
ing brief statement (p. 963) :

I call by the name “Pueblo-Andinian” the population inhabiting the more or
less mountainous parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Central America,

® Cf. also Virchow, 1892, p. 11.

174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

and the Andes Mountains of South America (Mochi, Pueblos, Apaches, Peruv-
ians, Araucanians, Tehuelchi or Patagonians, etc.) These peoples present gen-
erally an extreme similarity between male an female physiognomies, cranium
similarly brachycephalic, very broad face with rounded chin.

Von Eickstedt’s classification of 1933, while not combining North
and South American groups, nevertheless indicates certain similari-
ties and differences, especially as between the groups here under
discussion. It will be noted that his arrangement is based almost
entirely on the living; thus, he says (pp. 721-724) :

Before we turn to the treatment of the remains and the diffusion of these four
South American races, let us note, if only for nemotechnical reasons, the very
clear connection between area and race. The four regions of the southern con-
tinent are as follows: (1) The extended chain of the Andean Mountains on the
west coast, (2) the broad tablelands in the southeastern part terminating in a
point to the south, (8) the large forest-covered basin of the Amazon in the
interior of Brazil, and finally (4) the Brazilian mountainous area in the east.
To these correspond respectively the above mentioned races of the (1) Andids,
(2) Pampids, (8) Brazilids, and (4) Lagids, if we overlook for the moment slight
overlappings and displacements.

Moreover, there is remarkable agreement between the large groups of Homin-
idae in North and South America. Here as there we have four races, and even
two round- and two long-headed races in each. Here as there the round-headed
races inhabit either the mountains (Andids and Pacifids) or the south (Pampids
and Centralids) ; whereas the long-heads dwell in the northern forests (Brazilids
and Silvids) or as older strata on the marginal areas (Lagids and Margids). This
is of course no accident.

Andids.—The are of the western and central round-headed races of North
America is continued on South American territory in the race of the Andids which,
directly adjoining the Centralids,® occupies the long range of the Andes. Just
as the Centralids are the culture-race of the North, so are the Andids that of the
South. But where the generally higher culture of the Centralids has only suc-
ceeded to a slight degree—if in itself of note—in producing realistic likenesses
of human beings, the Andids, especially of the Pre-Incan era (Proto-Chimu cul-
ture), became masters of the art of reproducing the human features...

In physical types the Andids are medium round-headed, short to moderately
long-faced, and rather short statured, being quite similar to the neighboring
Centralids in that respect, as even d’Orbigny [18389] had already observed. But
the features themselves are essentially different. The lines are marked, sharply
drawn; the nose long, often aquiline and very prominent; and the cheek bones
very prominent. ‘The shape, however, is short and plump. There is therefore
nothing of the Centralid delicacy and almost Huropean configuration of the
face...

Finally, Imbelloni (1988) has sought to improve upon the foregoing
classifications, and particularly that of von Eickstedt. In addition to
substituting a geographical terminology, Imbelloni has divided von

®» According to von Hickstedt the area occupied by the Centralids includes the Pueblo
region, Gulf States, parts of Mexico, and Central America.

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 175

Eickstedt’s Centralid group and combined the Pueblo portion with
the Andean: Pueblo-Andid. The remaining portion, which embraces
the peoples of southern Mexico, the Isthmus and adjoining parts of
Colombia, he regards as a separate subdivision and gives to it
the name “Isthmid.”?° Of the Pueblo-Andid group he says in part
(pp. 235-236) :

Habditat.—What will draw attention to my map is the discontinuous character
of the area, whose two sections, one of the northern continent and the other of
South America, are separated by a wide gap. We shall see, in speaking of the
Isthmids, that this discontinuity of the total area is to be interpreted as a recent
phenomenon in the ethnographic history of America, and that the two sections
are to be understood as originally connected. The northern part, or that of the
Pueblos, comprehends all the territory in which skeletal remains of the inhabi-
tants of the “stone houses” and “plateaus” and the “cliffs” (Pueblos and cliff-
dwellers) have been exhumed, with an archeological trousseau [ajuar] that in
its abundance clearly distinguishes them from all the tribes that followed, no
less than do physical characteristics, stature, indices, etc. We are dealing with
the basins of the Rio Grande, the Colorado, and part of the Gila and Salado
rivers, etc., and mountainous, semi-arid regions noted for cacti. The small
number of living survivors of this ancient human group cannot give an exact
indication of the extension of the original area; they live especialiy in Arizona
and New Mexico, surrounded and almost ignored by the new arrivals: Apache,
Navajo, ete. An extension of the brachyoid area of the Pueblos is observable
in the section east of the Mississippi; the ancient skulls of Florida attest to
the existence of a stratum that later was submerged by the migration of Ama-
zonians coming by way of the are of the Antilles.

The southern section includes part of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, north-
ern and central Chile, the Andean region of the Argentine Republic and the
Chaco of Santiago.

Diagnosis—Men of small stature (from 1.59 m. to 1.62 m.). Skull brachy-
morphic (cephalic index from 81.5 to 89), partly exaggerated by the effects
of cranial deformation (both in the northern and the southern area the
artificial form “tabular erecta” is frequent; it is absolute in the Pueblos and
predominant in the areas in the extreme south of the South American section:
Calchaqui and Chaquefios of the Salado River). Small head, especially in the
women, but without platycephaly; short face; nose with broad base, but with
sufficiently long and salient dorsum; bizygomatic diameter notably large. Torso
quite developed in comparison with the limbs; thorax convex. Cutaneous color
variable, but with a predominance of intense pigmentation. Body hair sparse;
yead hair eoarse and flat, black; iris obscure.

19 The two terminologies compare as follows (Imbelloni, 1938) :

Von Fickstedt Tindelloni
Wsikimid == = =4 sae Sas Pees ee Oe ee ee ee BOTA LCG
Pains 2 se ee a Se ee Se eee Columbid
Sllvidle 2 ee eS ee ce ES eer Pe ae Planid
Misi 5 (Lee ee een Se ee ee oe a ee ee ae Sonorid
Centralia Isthmid
Andid _ aes eae EE ak aie es ep ae Se ee Ne Neg cid
TES TeSe ULC ee eg een eg ee ee ‘Amazonid
Rampid- =. 3 - = eee eS ed hs ES as ee Pampid

Lagid

Laguid
Fueguid

176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

These diagnostic characteristics, it will be recognized, are rather
indefinite, being derived partly from the living and partly from the
skeleton. Moreover, some of these characters, such as broad face, large
trunk, deep pigmentation, sparse body hair, and coarse black head
hair, are generalized Indian features. Although Imbelloni recognizes
the effect of deformity upon the cephalic index, he does not recognize
the essential difference in the types of deformity in the two areas, as
pointed out by Matthews as long ago as 1891. (See above.)

The data furnished by the present study, together with other recent
studies, permit us now to evaluate to a greater extent than heretofore
the differences between some of these physical types. In table 9 I
have assembled four undeformed cranial series that can be assigned to
three of von Eickstedt’s groupings. The Peruvians, as we have seen,
are distinguished from the @ueblos by von Eickstedt, but united into
a single group by Imbelloni. ‘The identification of the Spoon River
group (Illinois) as Centralid by Neumann, places it in the same group
as the Pueblos according to both classifications. The third physical
type, Sylvid of von Eickstedt or Planid of Imbelloni, is furnished by
Neumann’s identification of the Maples Mills group (Illinois).

TABLE 9.—Average differences between cranial measurements (mm.) of various
Indian types: Males

Mise, ae ; Wiawmles Seo Differences

Measurements Gnicsina Gentine Mls 3 (Ganisas al | al

(Anacia)!| tid) | @¥lvid) | ° aig) Ee) aa a4
Mazimum number_-__.-------- (50) (32) (24) (QU) 2 eae | eee
Diam: ant--postsmMaxr 2-2 176.8 176.3 182. 5 180. 1 —0.5 —2.4 +3.8
Diam: lat an axe wae Sher Ae eee 137.6 132. 1 137. 4 140.0 | —5.5 | +2.6 +7.9
iBasebreghnelghtss = seen e es 13550 133. 3 141.7 145. 6 —-1.8; +39] +12.3
Cranial index = te 2245S ee 77.8 74.9 75.4 77.8 | —2.9] +2.4 | 2.9
Mean hit. index = 222222 sess es 86.0 86.5 88. 64 91508) tOnby | fae +4.5
AlvDt-nasion sees aa ee ee 68. 2 TOAD 75.1 75.0 | --5.1 | =0.1 --1.7
Dian. DiZeMaxs 2. ee ee 135. 0 133.8 136. 5 140. 4 —1.2 +3. 9 +6. 6
Hacialindex.tppely. = ssa Seek 50.2 54.6 54.9 638.8 | +4.4 —1.6 —1.3
WNGOD SS =NaSlON). 4 sasse eee ee 100. 4 99.5 104, 2 105.5 —0.9 +1.3 +6. 0
indobas:-prealw. Dt=02- == sas se eee 100. 3 98. 0 98.8 102. 1 —2.3 +3. 3 +4.1
Orbitalih tm Cale. 2-2. = eee 33.9 34.9 35. 0 34. 4 +1.0 —0.6 —0.5

Orbitalibramean= + 22s 2.4 eee 38.0 37.9 ? ? —0.1 z ?

Orbital indextmeans 22-2- = ees 89. 1 92.0 ie ? +2.9 ? ?
Nasal height=2-=-s--e = eee 48.9 51.0 54.0 53.5 -+2.1 —0.5 42.5
Nasal breadth net Sas ees oe 24.4 One 26.1 27.0 +0.8 +0. 9 | +1.8
INasaliind Ox eeene ese eee ee 49.9 49.3 48.6 50. 4 —0.6 | +1.9 +1.1
Upper alv. arch length___.._.._____-_- 54.3 54.2 54.6 56.7 —0.1 2.1 +2. 5
Upper alv. arch breadth___.________-_- 64.3 64.7 65.7 67.6 | +0.4} +1.9 +2.9
Upper alv. arch index________-___--_-- 118.6 119.6 121.2 118.0 | +1.1 —3.2 +1.6
Average difference..___._______|_--------- | aon | eee peers a 1.80} 206] 3.76

| |

1 Names in parentheses refer to von Eickstedt’s classification (1933). For the equivalent terms in Im-
belloni’s classification (1938), see footnote 10, p. 175.

2 Hrdlitka,931, pp. 7-10.

3 Neumann, 1941b, p. 80.

4 Calculated from means.

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART Ae

The comparison carried out in table 9 is by means of the simple
and probably crude device known as the average difference of the
means. This method has been employed by Shapiro and others to call
attention to metrical similarities among peoples of the far north (see
Stewart, 1939). According to the current interpretation of the aver-
age difference, a figure that approaches 2 suggests a doubtful iden-
tity of type. From this point of view there is little Justification for
srouping together the Pueblo and Spoon River groups. On the other
hand, the Spoon River and Maples Mills groups are perhaps properly
separated as different types. However, if an average difference of
2.06 is sufficient to separate Centralid from Sylvid, it is debatable
whether a difference of 1.8 is sufficiently low to warrant the union of
the Pueblos and Peruvians.

Viewed from another angle, the first two groups in table 9 repre-
sent peoples of small build, whereas the last two groups are of large
build. This difference in build is reflected in the high average differ-
ence between groups 2 and 4. Now, if instead of comparing sizes we
compare shapes, we find that the average differences between the in-
dices are 2.06 (groups 1-2), 2.30 (8-4), and 2.28 (2-4). Thus, the
Peruvians are distinguished from the Pueblos by having a distinctly
rounder head, broader face, and lower orbits. Both of these groups
in turn are distinguished from the remaining two groups chiefly by
the difference in relative head height.

The data on stature are also of interest in the present connection.
We have seen that male stature in the Chicama Valley, as computed
by Pearson’s formula e, is 159.4 cm. Hooton’s data on the Peccs
Pueblo (1930) when handled in the same way yield a figure of 162.2,
Also, Hooton’s data on Madisonville (1920), which Neumann (1941a)
has identified as Centralid, give a stature near 167 em. The Sylvids
are probably just as tall as the Madisonville population. Although
these figures may be regarded as comparable within the limitations
of the series, because they are all calculated in a like manner, they do
not entirely accord with the data on the living. Thus, the modern
highland male population through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia has a
stature close to 160 cm. (cf. Gillin, 1941; Hurtado, 1932); the recent
Pueblos average 164 cm. (Hrdlicka, 1935).

These facts all go to show that the generalization we have been
considering is based upon too little knowledge of the physical composi-
tion of the American Indians. Although this criticism naturally does
not invalidate the general classificatory scheme, nevertheless it casts
doubts upon the scale of the differences that distinguish the individ-
ual types, as well as their distribution and number.

Everyone will admit that the American Indian is variable in all
his physical characters and, furthermore, that some temporal and

178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 93

geographical segregation of these characters is evident. In spite of
this there has been remarkably little effort to define clearly the nu-
merous physical types that have been named. This circumstance
introduces an element of subjectivity into the matter and makes it
difficult for others to judge the validity of published statements con-
cerning the identification of types. Consequently, the whole science
is threatened with a meaningless jargon.

Unfortunately, such classifications have a way of catching the
imagination, so whatever misconceptions they introduce are likely
to be disseminated widely. Already these types, which grade into
one another, are being visualized as distinct entities. ‘This in turn
becomes an argument for the polygenesis of the American Indian.

CONCLUSIONS

Having dealt so extensively with a generalization associated with
the basic material of this study, it is desirable that all the conclusions
be summarized here.

First, I shall point out that the Cupisnique and Mochica skeletal
remains, here described for the first time in some detail, are inadequate
for satisfactory metrical comparison. The only obvious physical
difference between the two groups is the fronto-occipital deformity—
a cultural trait registered in bone—which is present in the Cupisnique
group alone. However, in view of the scarcity of data on culturally
associated skeletal material from Peru, I feel that even the present
record is a contribution.

In expanding this study to include the miscellaneous undated skulls
from the Chicama-Moche-Virt region, I have attempted to answer two
questions: (1) How does the homogeneity of the undeformed series
compare with that of other populations? and (2) Were the people
who deformed their heads of the same skull type as those who did not
follow this custom? The answer to the first of these questions seems
to be that the miscellaneous undeformed Chicama series is about as
homogeneous as the American undeformed crania available for com-
parison from one culture or site.

As for the second question, I have concluded that there are certain
significant differences between the deformed and undeformed series
that are independent of deformity. There is a possibility, therefore,
that these differences likewise may distinguish the Cupisnique and
Mochica groups.

Finally, I have used the undeformed Chicama series as an example
of the Pueblo-Andid physical type, defined by Imbelloni, for the
purpose of carrying out metrical comparisons with a representative
Pueblo series, as well as with series representing other physical types.
My conclusion is that, as it stands now, this classification of American

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 179

Indians into several physical types is a generalization based upon
rather meager evidence as to their physical make-up. At least until
the types are defined better, particularly in reference to skeletal ma-
terial, and until the distribution and number of types are worked out
more clearly, the classification of Indian groups on this basis should
not be made an end in itself.

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STRoNG, WILLIAM DUNCAN.

1942. Recent archeologienl research in Latin America. Science, vol. 95,
pp. 179-183.

TEN KATE, HERMAN FREDERICK CARED.

1894. Rapport sommaire sur une excursion archéologique dans les provinces
de Catamarea, Ge Tucuman et de Salta. Rev, Mus. La Plata, vol.
5, pp. 331-348.

1896. Anthropologie des anciens habitants de la région Calchaqui (Répub-
lique Argentine). Anal. Mus. La Plata, see. anthrop., vol. 1, 62
pp., illus.

VircHow, Ruporr Lupwie Cart,
1892. Crania ethnica americana, 48 pp., illus. Berlin.
Von Bonin, GERHARDT, and MorRANT. GEOFFRY MILES.

1938. Indian races in the Unitcd States. A survey of previously published

cranial measurements. Biometrika, vol. 30, pp. 94-129.
Yon EICKSTEDT, HGoN EREIHERR.

1988. Rassenkunde ud Rassengeschichte der Menschheit, pt. 5, pp. 577-

736, illus. Stutrgart.

APPENDIX
MEASUREMENTS (CM.) AND INDICES OF INDIVIDUAL SKULLS!

Diam.| piam.| Basion-| Cra- | Mean Cra-

Catalog Tacsls a : ant. ‘ : nial
Noe ocality Age Deformation post. lat. | bregma) nial | height | y1q-
max. | ™a&x. height | index | index ate
CUPISNIQUE, MALE
OU = Barbacoa__-.__---- NA | sues een fen 172 2) 1as83 | eee SOYOE| ee AE ee
OU bese eee Y Fr.-oce.; asym____- (17.0)} (15. 6) 12.9 | (91.8)} (79.1)| 15.17
GUinieee FelL dos te M | SI. fr.;med.rt.oce_.| (17.3)} (14. 5) 13.6 | (83.8)| (85.5)| 15.13
CUlS.. 2. IL do.___---.-----| M | Med. fr.; med. rt. | (17.0)} (15. 2) 14.0 | (89.4)] (87.0)| 15.40
oce.
CUA0!_--|)Santa Anar --- = Mi || Slult-oces === 17.0) 14.4 13.6 | 84.7 86.6 | 15.00
GW12:—..| Barbacoa_.22 5-23: MM |i Mikd. fr:-oce--=--— (15. 9)} (16. 0) 13.7 |(100.6)| (85.9)| 15.20
OW, 13). .2| Santa. Ana---- 222 Oi 0a es ee See 17.6 14.9 13.6 84.6 83.7 15. 37
CW 4a <7) 4 22d Orn eae ee Ona sae eee ee as U7 Ae Oy sees TON eee | eee
CUPISNIQUE, FEMALE
CU 1....-| Barbacoa_.-....--- SYS Scene ae oe oe es 17.3 2 Os tee T&G | te ow a ener
CWS Saeed oe ee 50, Gy (eae 2 ae Reyes ShigelOsrk 14.7: 12.9 91.8 83.8 14. 57
COU Cee a Ons ee ee IMG S1; tristmeds oceis_ 2)).05::0)) |" 8.16) aoe (S087) |S ® ae seek
CU 9_____} Santa Ana__---_-- M | Med. fr.; med. It. | (15.2)} (15:.6)}_--.---- (10836) | es eee
oce.
CU 11..-.} Barbacoa__.....--- M_ | Med. fr.; med. oce_| (15.4)} (15. 2) 12.4 | (98.7)| (81.0)} 14.33
MOCHICA, MALE
ip oes Salamanea____---- Wa ils hie debeee aces ae le 17.6 14.8 13.7 | 84.1 84.6 | 15.37
ieee a eee eee es C0222 see aeaee VE eno kote ee 18.9 1339 14.5 73.6 88. 4 15. 77
ipa 5e 2 Sealine ae Ona see eI S| ee cee ee 17.8 13. 4 13.2 75.3 84.6 14. 80
IM. A 7eeho een ds seen al) IME (ee oe. Sen aes Se eal Ee 14:2)" ssaee oe eee eee
M8 en GO nee eae ENA eet oa eae te dal tse. |pen aoe TSO ent ee eee
Mola Santa-Anas.- 2-2 Opa ae ee eee 18.8 14.2 14.1 75.6 85.4 15. 70
M 12_____. Ollero:-..--.--.-=- DVS 8 hes Fe eee oe Lied, 12.9 13.5 72.9 88.2 14. 70
MENS 2227 PampadeCarrera.| IVE (| 52-22. 222-522 ese 17.82) ovonl eee ee TBs8y| Sees see eee
M 14_____. San Hdefonso Vira.) 2M) }2222------ 2222-229 16.6 14.0 13.2 84.3 86.3 14. 60
Mi 16.:.-.- = Barbacoa.._..----- Oa Teese St eee eh eed 17.2 14.0 13.8 81.4 88.5 15. 00
IM 16222. 2 Salamanca__-_-_---- ME SIV asyme sesso 16.2 13.0 13.2 | 80.2 90. 4 14.13
M 19_____- Barbacog--=-e22s.- Ms Sl. post mortem__}| (16.6)) (14.0) 13.3 | (84.8) 86.9 14. 63
M 20._...- El Brujo___------- MGA tes ae See a 18.5] 13.1| 13.3] 70.8| 8%2| 14.97
|
MOCHICA, FEMALE
NES eee Salamanca_-__-_---- AYO ir sc b sees a en See PRAGA Sei 12.8 | 86.2 86.5 | 14.13
M 4..___. Salamanca_._-_----- YG <1 (Osseo 2 oe ee 174 |) 6135.9 1235} 79.9 79.9 | 14.60
Vie Giese 2 Barbacoa-_----_---- HAY, (aa (Se Sede baat ce We4 ||| 51393 13.00) e 760% 84.7 | 14.57
1s Det ape eee Pampa; Chicamais:|) Mi ||be22-0-- 2 ae _ eee 16:6: |." 1353 12.9 | 80.1 86.3 | 14.27
WME 10E =. Santa Ana___.---- GUA 2 Bees ot ree 16:59 12.8 1265 7756 86.0 | 13.97
MEN ies2ese Barbacoai2.oS<e3| AO by sate ne Se L743) 29s eases Thy ees ee | nee es
IMEVIS: oo S Barbacoa-.--.----- OF | ose Se era L7NDal Sk Gee eenaes 79°10 eee eae
IME 20 5222 eee IMIG ee ae tai ae 17.2 13. 8? 13.2 80. 2 85.2 14. 73

1 For definitions of measurements see Hrdliéka, 1939.
2 Y=young adult; M=middle age; O=old.
3 Huaca Kidder,

182

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART

183

MEASUREMENTS (CM.) AND INDICES OF INDIVIDUAL SKULLS—Con.

a

Catalog
No.

Men-
ton-
nasion
height

Diam.
front.
min

Endo-

owe Diam. | Facial | Facial | Endo- | _bas.- eee
nesion | biz. | index | index | bas.- | sub- | preaiy
height max. total | upper |} nasion et aaa

Facial antes
angle angle

i SR SO Ss SES 1 nn dt Ests

CUPISNIQUE, MALE

Gril east) |S 8 (47. 5) 10.5 9.6 11.0
Weeole Ss9)\|222-c-—- (53. 2 10.3 9.0 10. 2?
65.85)" \G4.1))]2--22-— (48. 2) 9.8 8.5 9.5
6.5 14.0 78.6 46.4 9.7 8.6 9.8
Oeste reese | eee eee 10. 4 8.4 10.5
6.6 13.7 81.0 48.2 929) 9.0 10.7

67.5°| 42.5°
69.5 48.5
72.0 53.0
70.0 49.0
70. 0 36.5
65.0 38. 5

GU wa Gein een me GR eee ea | Dec phen eats | eens een | Ee cece cece | ree eres eee | eee
CUR = 3) | eee eee 6220) else 1s eee 47.3 9. 4 8.6| 10.0] 66.5 44.0
CU 6...--- 8.5} 10.2 Big | VCUaa (OB PG) ee a ee eee
ig eee eens | Geo lo 1323 [eee Oe ln ete Se eee el see
CULT SOR Su] soso eI aI Ses ee pees S37) | pure | emer [coc Soren | oe
MOCHICA, MALE
1 ie Ce GEO) passe GeS ly 4st, [ees | 48.2 9.6 8.4 9.5 | 70.0°! 53.0°
Ms O16 y een eae Gop) “WStS Jee 47.4 10.5 8.9 9.7| 78.0] 54.0
M 5._.---- Rubee eens 13001 0 eee | oe eee 10.1 OiD 5 |e | |e eee
MEis 2 S163 | Bez 1Shor |e ee 49.6 | 10.6 9.6] 10.3] 740) 645
Wes seas 8x6) ian 2 62) 13.2 \..----- yee wee ee") ee eH eat, Peet Pee
M 11____-- ORO | tees 62323267 eee 46.3 | 10.3 8.8 9.92) 75.0] 47.5
M 12_____- GS lean G23. | 124?\2-- = 50.8 9.8 9.0! 10.1] 69.0] 50.0
M 13__---- Qualico Gaz) lela 07 | sees RUN oe eee al ee oe (eee ee eee
M 14_____- Geol ee 6.4| 12.6 |_------- 50.8 9.47} 8.6 9.7?| 68.0] 51.0
M 15____-- 9.6 |_------- 6.8 | 18.72|__-..2.- 49.6 | 10.4 9.2] 10.7] 69.0] 385
M 16_____- Sue ae GG. | eee | Dees | pees 10.0 8.6 9.6) 73.0] 653.5
Vin Oma d [eco otm a (ore ee ee ee | eae | Dera 9.4 8.0 8.9| 73.5] 54.0
M 20..___- 9.5 | rn 6.6| 13.3 |_------- 49.6| 9.7| 8&5) 97] 70.0} 49.0
MOCHICA, FEMALE
IM Si | S57 | eee 6.5 1007 eee 51.2 9.6 8.5 9.7| 69.5 51.0
M 4_____-- 8.8 |... 7,1| 128 |----<--- 55.5 9.9 93] 10.7] 640] 50.0
M 6_-____- O}ai| ae Giz | 139802 22. 50.4} 10.3 9.3] 106] 69.0] 48.5
M 9_____-- Big cae | 6S 12'6 les 2 54.0 9.9 8.6| 10.0] 69.0] 49.0
M 10____-- BEL Hr shea sel ee Ee eee [oe ce ON ig a= |e | ee | eee
Mini Cleese ee | ewe ve | ast] eer a [cee eel | Ee me nero eee | ba ee | no eee | Se
M 18.___.. Stee mel ee gee ees eee
M 21___--- 8.7 | Bs eae |Partners |e On 7p | eee | ee) | ees cee
t

184

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VoL. 93

MEASUREMENTS (CM.) AND INDICES OF INDIVIDUAL SKULLS—Con.

Orbits: | Orbits: nt r | Upper Upper | Upper
aus height, | breadth, | Orbital) Nose Nose. | Nasal| alv. | alv. | alv.
ae ek right, | right, | Mean | height |Tnax. | index | arch, arch, arch,
left | left 5 aa length | breadin index
CUPISNIQUE, MALE
| |

Olp a Sok 5 mel Seat ae ie eR cae Se a: yn ee ees
i 3.1 | 4.2 |
Cis oe aes oe ae | ao lt ts 4.9| 24 49.0 5.9 7.0| 118.6

{
Guna. Deb i ea Cas io|f 83.8 ae ee) 41.8 5.6 6.4| 114.8
Cie plo, 3 a | 87.2 5.0| 24 48.0 5.4 6.92 | 127.8

3.4 4.0
(UTA SPs meee ib 85.0 4.6) 2.4 52.2 5.6 6.2 116.7
GU 12). | ao ae o7.e@| 47| 24 | 611 G5 SAS ee ee ee
Ciuot era, Foe a ee 86.6 4.6| 2.7 587 Brite ov | oe ae
CU eee ate aig lee See Sees er oe ee oe ere, oe eee
CUPISNIQUE, FEMALE
ON eo ane Sesh al 84.2 461 2:72) 88.7 5.1 6.0 117.6
J

Nees eee a = | 18.4 4.3| 2.5 58.1 BAD | eee | ere
Beamon rea ao ns 87.1 AA 2.3 52.3 4.9 5.7 116.3
CIFOR Ase 3.2 3.6

| a6 seer lt ae 4.6| 23 50.0 (5.2) (6.2) | (119.2)
GU Tl hee ee os es hs, cou as ce] Ms ee Be Sle ee

ng
SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU—STEWART 185
MEASUREMENTS (CM.) AND INDICES OF INDIVIDUAL SKULLS—Con.
Orbits: | Orbits: hs u Upper Upper | Upper
@ntlon Ni height, | breadth, ae Nose ek Nasal alv. alv. alv.
AUAIOE INO: | right, right, ete height aaa ») index arch, areh, areh,
| left left | ~ length | breaatn index
MOCHICA, MALE
he
4 a
Afi ec I 90.7 4.8 9.6| 654.2 5.3 6.6 | 124.6
3.3 4.1 |
Ee les . ; ; } 79.9| 52) 25] 482 5.3 7.1 | 134.0
« 2Q |
MES ae, ee ol re 86.7 4.6 2.3) 50.0 |_______.-- Dees ease
.
ea et a = 95.9 4.7 2.2| 46.8 5.3 6.2] 117.0
-
BE Geet tt = o 89.7 4.5 2.1] 46.7 5.7 6.3] 110.5
3.4 SBI ons : Bae - 7
IN Tp See ee a 3.6 || 94.4 4.7 2.5| 53.2 5.0 6.4 | 128.0
J geal 3.8 | 5 '
iN ie eee a2 ne 84.0 4.5 2.3| 61.1 5.5 6.02] 169.1
3.2 3.5
G ; J 5 5
IVES eee ee ae | aa 35 || 920 5.0 2.3} 46.0 5.5 6.4] 116.4
TA: Mot cebu sess ae od aie al 89.2 OB |e esse |Leecee 55) | eee | ee
3.5 3.8 |] c
INGE eto antes 8a Sa 3.8 || 90.8 5.1 aA | L724 | eee el | bce ara || :
VEG teeeee oc ones = ce of 89.2 5.0 283 46.0 5r3 6.0 113.2
NG 1S tee cee a2 at 88.9 4.9 2.4] 49.0 5.1 6.8?| 188.3
(o- -a 3.6 ||
5 2:

M 20.....---_------- aa soll 2 4.7 2.4] 61.1 5.5 6.4?| 116.4
sal ee ra ea a ee ee
MOCHICA, FEMALE
eee Seo ae RS 2 ee eee

8.2 oe
N 2
MMNSee eee a se 89.0 4.5 2.4] 63.3 BOs sete Sea| ee ees
1 ey eee i ee 3-7 |] 100.0| 47] 26) 68.8 5.8 6.0| 103.4
[36 3.6 If
3.5 4.2
M 6______----------- | a re 85.5 4.7 2.4] 61.4 5.5 6.1] 110.9
3.4 a7 .
M 9____.__- ----f ee ae 89.3 4.6 2.1] 45.6 Bub ooo - nese |eseeeeoe
DVT 0 ea es | sere al OUUUNDNUr | mere stewed TL [2s 10S Ents | poe 2B |
INE oes eee | ed Sen | pe ees | eee eee! | Me Se | eee eel eh es [peceeeeees| eee
STi near aannee | mE || INNIS | aSEICr, | UUme e TN (OPI | oo pa ae RN | oe
BNE | enna | ner nS | Dur SOU: | ep rrecierees |OUR SORE |) Od | oe ce | ae

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1942

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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

(oole'T “1g Aq sydvisojoyg

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 12

Two views of deformed male skull U.S. N.M. No. 264586 from the Chicama Valley.
Oriented in the Frankfort position. “

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 13

“Long deformed skulls presumably Proto-Chincha,” from Kroeber and Strong, plate 21
(Univ. California Publ. Amer. Archeol. and Ethnol., vol. 21). Reoriented on Frank-
fort plane.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 14

‘The side and top views of two deformed male skulls from Paracas. Oriented in the
Frankfort position. Left, U.S. N. M. No. 379255, from Cabeza Larga; right,
U.S.N.M. No. 379254, from Cerro Colorado.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 15

res

“a

Four views of undeformed male skull U.S. N. M. No. 264482, from the Chicama Valley.
Oriented in the Frankfort position.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 16

Four views of undeformed male (?) skull U.S. N. M. No. 265105, from the Chicama Valley.
Oriented in the Frankfort position.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROGEEDINGS, VOL. 93: PEATE 17

Three views of typical burials: (2) Flexed Cupisnique burial at Barbacoa; (b) extended
Mochica burial at Playa de Salamanca; (c) superposition of Mochica burial over
Cupisnique in the cemetery of Santa Ana. (Photographs by Sr. Larco.)

VOJ2 035 PiEAdiesaS

PROCEEDINGS,

NATIONAL MUSEUM

Us.

(‘oore'T “1g Aq sydeisoj0yg) ‘pray ey} Sulwsojap ut asn ajqissod 11943 pue mojyid
Y,, CAsojoanbiy oasnyy Vy2 JO UOI{da][09 ay} Ul s[peID NWIYD v JO SMAIA OMT,

out JNoge sodol jo quswesueriie ue SuUIMOYs . PAI FY OO1e'T jerye

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

: IN by the

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U S NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No. 316]

NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE
ANTILLEAN REGION

By Harartp A. ReHDER

In THE course of identifying specimens sent in by correspondents
of the United States National Museum, I have from time to time
recognized forms that could not be assigned to any known species.
While making these identifications I have also run across novelties
in our collection that seem important enough to warrant their
description at the present time.

Sincere thanks are due Dr. Paul Bartsch for his ever-ready assist-
ance and to the following assiduous collectors whose interest and
patience have made this paper possible: Dr. B. R. Bales, of Circle-
ville, Ohio; Dr. T. Van Hyning, of Gainesville, Fla.; Maxwell Smith,
of Lantana, Fla.; and Ted Bayer, of Gainesville, Fla.

Genus COOPERELLA Carpenter, 1864
COOPERELLA ATLANTICA, new species
PLATE 19, FicurEs 3-4

Shell small, thin, inflated, broadly oval, ends bluntly rounded,
translucent whitish, smooth except for growth ridges; beaks slightly
anterior and prosogyrate. In the left valve there are three thin
divergent cardinal teeth, the central one bifid, while in the right valve
there are two thin divergent cardinals; no laterals are present. Liga-
ment external, rather short and broad, posterior to the umbones.
Pallial sinus rather broad and reaching beyond the center of the

shell.

187
491729—42 ~

188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 517058, was dredged off Peanut Island,
northern Lake Worth, Fla., by Ted Bayer. It measures: Length,
6.5 mm.; height, 4.8 mm.

This, the second known species of Cooperel/a, extends the range of
the genus into the Antillean region. It differs from the type, @.
subdiaphana Carpenter of the west coast, by being smaller, more
translucent, and more equilateral.

Genus PITAR Romer, 1857
NANOPITAR, new subgenus

Shell small, suborbicular, externally smooth. Left posterior car-
dinal thin, high, joined in part to the ligamental nymph, lower part
free, curving away and almost reaching end of hinge plate; left
middle and anterior cardinals united at top. The right cardinal
separate, the middle cardinal rather stout, parallel to the anterior
one, posterior cardinal strong, bifid. Pallial sinus moderately deep,
rounded. Ventral margin smooth.

Genotype: Pitar (Nanopitar) pilula, new species.

This subgenus differs from the other subgenera of Pitar in being
smaller and more rounded and in being smooth externally. In the
characters of the hinge and pallial sinus it is close to Calpitaria
Jukes-Browne and 7inctora Jukes-Browne; from the latter it differs
in having a smooth internal ventral margin. From Calpitaria it
differs in having a smooth external surface and in being more
orbicular.

PITAR (NANOPITAR) PILULA, new species

PLATE 19, Ficures 5-10

Shell small, suborbicular, umbones subcentral, rather prominent,
prosogyrate, external surface smooth, covered with a thin yellow-
brown, deciduous periostracum. An incised line outlines the other-
wise undifferentiated broad lunule. Ligament attached to an
elongate sunken nymph. In the left valve the posterior cardinal is
for the most part confluent with nymph, separating near the lower
end and almost reaching the edge of the hinge plate; median tooth
slightly broader than the anterior cardinal and joined to it at right
angles under the umbo; anterior lateral strong, erect. In right
valve the upper anterior lateral is slightly smaller than the lower
one, from which it is separated by a pit, which is connected with the
first cardinal interspace by a narrow channel at the base of the an-
terior cardinal; cardinals all separate. Anterior cardinal short, thin,
parallel to the slightly broader median cardinal; posterior cardinal
elongate, rather broad, bifid. Pallial sinus moderately deep, rounded.
Internal ventral margin smooth,

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS—REHDER 189

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 517057, measures: Height, 5.9 mm.; length,
6 mm., breadth, 4.2 mm. It was collected by Ted Bayer in Lake
Worth, Fla.
Genus ERVILIA Turton, 1822

ERVILIA ROSTRATULA, new species
PLATE 19, Figures 1-2

Shell small, stout, subtrigonal, rather inflated, white or yellowish,
posterior end slightly rostrate, sculpture consisting of strong con-
centric riblets, crossed postericrly by fine radial lines. Hinge typi-
cally erviliid.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 517059, was collected with several others
by Ted Bayer in Lake Worth. It measures: Length, 4.5 mm.; height,
3.3 mm., breadth, 2.3 mm.

This species is closest to the Bermudian subcancellata KE. A. Smith,
differing in being more inflated, more trigonal, and posteriorly ros-
trate and having the radial sculpture restricted more to the posterior
end.

Genus ASTHENOTHAERUS Carpenter, 1864
ASTHENOTHAERUS BALESI, new species
PLATE 19, Fiacures 13-14

Shell ovate, thin, grayish white, anterior end rounded, posterior
end slightly narrower and truncated, with a ridge running from the
median, opisthogyrate umbo to the posteroventral angle. The early
portion of the shell is sharply biangulate and evenly concentrically
ribbed; in the later portion the concentric ridges become irregular
folds, giving the shell a slightly rugose appearance. An elongate
calcareous lithodesma, broadly angled in the middle, lies under the
umbones in a spongy cartilage. Pallial smus moderately deep.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 536052, measures: Length, 10.5 mm., height,
7.6mm. It was found by Dr. B. R. Bales on Missouri Key, Fla.

This species differs from the only other known West Atlantic
species, A. hemphilli Dall, in having a more elongate-ovate shape
and more central umbones.

Genus POROMYA Forbes, 1844
POROMYA ROSTRATA, new species
PuatTe 19, Ficures 31-12

Shell small, inflated, shghtly inequivalve, right valve slightly
larger and deeper with a more prominent umbo; broadly and ir-
regularly ovate in shape, posteriorly rostrate, the left valve being
more rostrate than the right; umbones central. External surface

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

densely and coarsely granulate, the granules apparently arranged m
radial lines. Internally the right valve has a strong cardinal tooth
that fits into a socket in the hinge of the left valve, and there is a
rather stout internal ligament posterior to the tooth. The ventral
margin is radially furrowed in the right valve, smooth in the left;
the pallial line is simple.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 536152, measures: Length, 7.3 mm.; height,
6.4 mm.; breadth, 5 mm. It was dredged in 70 fathoms off Delray
Beach, Palm Beach County, Fla.

This differs from Poromya granulata Nyst and the other West
Atlantic Poromyas in its rostrate form and larger, more crowded
granules. It occurs from Cape Hatteras, N. C., to Barbados.

Genus CAECUM Fleming, 1813
CAECUM (CAECUM) CAYOSENSE, new species
PLATE 20, FIGURE 9

Shell white, stout, arcuate, ornamented with 14 strong annular
ribs of somewhat varying size. The interspaces are of the same
widths as the ribs, or wider, and are ornamented with fine axial
riblets, which tend to become obscure on the annular ribs. At
intervals opaque white axial lines stand out against the ground color
of a more glassy white. The septum bears a rather long pointed
protuberance at the edge nearest to the convex side of the shell.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 536045, was collected by Dr. B. R. Bales
at Bonefish Key, Florida Keys. It measures: Length, 3.2 mm.; width
(at lowest rib), 1.8 mm.

This Caecum differs from all the other West Atlantic species in
possessing fewer and stronger, more distantly separated ribs.

Genus FARTULUM Carpenter, 1857
FARTULUM NEBULOSUM, new species
PLATE 20, FIGURE 8

Shell small, arcuate, smooth, except for fine growth lines, vinaceous-
brown, with irregular, white annular splotches of varying widths,
often more or less wavy. Apex constricted, closed with an acuminate
septum, the point near and directed toward the concave side of the
shell. The aperture is slightly constricted, lip thin, simple. Oper-
culum horny, circular, with many concentric whorls.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 536042, was collected by Dr. B. R. Bales
at Bonefish Key, Florida Keys, and measures: Length, 2 mm., width,
0.6 mm.

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS—REHDER 191

This species differs from other Antillean members of this genus
in the distinctive color pattern and its broad shape, constricted at
both ends.

HALOPSEPHUS,’ new genus

Shell small, solid, broadly conical, smooth, imperforate. Oper-
culum calcareous, externally convex, sculptured by one whorl of axial,
retractively curved, rugose riblets, which begin at the elevated nuclear
portion, where they do not reach the margin, and gradually lengthen
and reach the margin. Since the tops of these riblets are flush with
the convex surface of the operculum, the sculpture has the appearance
of curved, radial, vermiculiform grooves, irregular in the center of
the operculum.

Type: Halopsephus pulcher, new species.

This interesting genus of Turbinidae differs markedly from all
other Atlantic groups in its smooth shining surface and in its
peculiarly sculptured operculum. It may be near 7aenioturbo Wood-
ring, 1928 (genotype: Turbo canaliculatus Hermann), a question
that the knowledge of the operculum of the latter species will help to
solve,

HALOPSEPHUS PULCHER, new spccies

PLATE 20, Figures 38, 10

Shell small, solid, broadly conical, of 514 whorls. Nuclear whorls
planate, not sharply differentiated from the postnuclear whorls, with
a sharply keeled periphery, the keel bearing broad, horizontally flat-
tened spines, giving the early whorls a stellate appearance when
viewed from above; these spines disappear in the early postnuclear
whorls. Later whorls convex, smooth, except for some narrow, low,
more or less obscure, spiral ridges in the supraperipheral area,
appressed in the sutural region to the preceding whorl. The nuclear
whorls are pale scarlet, the later whorls becoming cinnamon-rufous
to apricot-orange, lighter on the base. There are irregular radial
white maculations running from the suture down over half of the
supraperipheral area, and other white spots of various shapes in
jumerous spiral rows of different widths over the whole shell; on
the periphery and also below the periphery are rows of white macu-
lations, for instance, that resemble Arabic characters. Umbilical
region indented but imperforate. Aperture circular, outer lip thin,
simple; columellar lip evenly curved, thickened, slightly reflexed.
Operculum as in generic diagnosis above.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 500638, measures: Height, 11.2 mm.;
breadth, 11 mm. It was dvedged off Lazaretto, Barbados, in shallow

1 ados, Sea + Yrdgos, Debble.

192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

water on rocky bottom by John B. Henderson, Jr., while on the
Smithsonian—University of Iowa 1918 Expedition. A second smaller
specimen was collected on the same trip off Payne’s Bay Church,
Barbados, in 50 fathoms on sandy and stony bottom.

Genus ARENE Adams, 1854

ARENE RIISEI, new species

PLATE 19, Figures 17-18

1878. Liotia riisei Dunker, POULSEN, Catalogue of West-India shells, p.13 (nomen
nudum).

1934. Liotia (Arene) riisei Jonson, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 40, No. 1,
p. 77 (nomen nudum).

Shell small, solid, turbinate, white with deep rose splotches
and streaks. Whorls 434, the first 214 ccomprising the nucleus, white,
smooth, the following whorls sculptured in the following manner:
Below the suture are four spiral rows of beads, the second being
larger than the others. Below this are four raised knobbed keels
with one row of beads between the first and second keel, and two rows
of beads between both the second and third, and third and fourth
keels. Below the fourth keel are two rows of small beads followed
by four rows of rather large beads. Around the umbilicus is a series
of large nodules and entering into the deep narrow umbilicus from
the columellar edge of the lip are two nodulose cords. In places
may be seen fine crowded axial threads, more or less effaced and
obscure. The interior of the aperture is ornamental with several
elongated denticles.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 42858, was collected at St. John, Virgin
Islands, and may very possibly have come from Mérch. It measures:
Height, 4.7 mm.; breadth, 5.2 mm.

This species is very near to Arene brasiliana Dall, from off Cape
Roque, differing, however, in that the spiral nodulose cords are more
numerous and the final axial threads less conspicuous.

The name “Liotia” riisei. generally accredited to Dunker, has ap-
peared on lists for a great number of years but has apparently never
been described, a state of affairs I am here remedying.

ARENE VANHYNINGI, new species
PLATE 19, Figures 15-16

Shell of medium size for the genus, depressed-conical, the main
portion of the upper surface of the whorls yellowish gray, the stout
stellate peripheral keel white, and the under surface of the shell
grayish white. The nuclear whorls are missing, but the four re-
maining whorls have a conspicuous sutural canal, and the upper sur-
face of the whorls is obscurely axially rugose, the low broad folds

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS—REHDER 193

often knobbed at the edge of the sutural channel. On the early
whorls there are some axially directed rose spots, as in A. erueniata,
but on the later whorls these become straw brown and much reduced.
At the periphery is an acute keel, provided with large, regular, an-
teriorly hollow, triangular spines, which increase in size toward
the aperture, giving the shell much the appearance of an Aséraea.
On the periphery, just below this keel, is a narrow spiral cord with
regular, small, low, anteriorly hollow scales, and below this is a
minutely serrate keel. The channels between these keels are sculp-
tured with fine axial threads. Below the last keel the flattened base
is sculptured with four low beaded cords. Two broad cords enter
the narrow, deep umbilicus. The slightly expanded circular aper-
ture is thicker externally; interior with a yellowish pearly luster.
The operculum is typical, muitispiral, concave, the whoris orna-
mented with crowded, radially elongated, calcareous beads.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 536054, was collected on Sand Key, 8 miles
south of Key West, by G. W. Van Hyning. It measures: Height, 8.7
mm.; breadth, 10.8 mm.

This species is obviously related to Arene cruentata Mihifeld, but
has a different color pattern and the microscopic axial threads are
absent. The rugose axial sculpture on the upper surface of the whorls

is also iess conspicuous and less regular.
MICRODOCHUS,’ new genus

Shell very small, broadly ovate-conic; nuclear whorls smooth, post-
nuclear whorls convex, finely spirally lirate, somewhat appressed at
the suture to the preceding whorl with a consequently rather shallow
suture. Umbilicus narrow but distinct, aperture ovate, slightly
oblique, outer lip simple. columellar portion slightly reflexed.

Type: Microdochus floridanus, new species.

This genus of Rissoidae seems closest to Onoba Adams, 1852, dif-
fering markedly from it in being ovate conic and not cylindrical, m
having a shallower suture and a more open umbilicus, and in never
having axial riblets.

MICRODOCHUS FLORIDANUS, new species
PLATE 20, FIGURE 6

Shell very small, ovate-conic, rather thin, light horn colored.
Whorls 414, nuclear whorls smooth, not marked off from postnuclear
whorls, which are convex and finely and evenly spirally lirate, the
sculpture commencing imperceptibly; the whorls are slightly ap-
pressed to the preceding whorl at the suture, which is therefore not

2pixpés, minute + doxés, container.

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

deep. There is a rather sharp keel around the moderately narrow
umbilicus. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique; outer lip simple, colu-
mellar portion narrowly reflected and curving gently into the callus
on the parietal wall. Operculum thin, ovate, transparent; nucleus
excentric.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 536048, measures: Height, 2.4 mm.;
breadth, 1.6 mm., and was collected on Bonefish Key, Florida Keys,

by Dr. B. R. Bales.
Genus RISSOELLA Gray, 1847
PHYCODROSUS,? new subgenus

Differs from Fissoella s. s. by being more broadly ovate and in
being umbilicated, the umbilicus surrounded by a sharp keel. From
Je#reysina Thiele, 1925, it differs in being more slender and having
a narrower keeled umbilicus.

Type: 2issoella (Phycodrosus) caribaea, new species.

This is the first record of the family Rissoellidae from the West
Atlantic and also the first species from the tropical Atlantic. I am
recognizing Jeffreysina as a distinct genus because of its turbinate
shape and broad umbilicus.

RISSOELLA (PHYCODROSUS) CARIBAEA, new species
PLATE 20, FicuRE 7

Shell minute, broadly ovate, transparently glassy; whorls 414,
convex, suture shallow, surface smooth, except for very fine hairlike,
irregularly and distantly spaced, growth lines. Umbilicus narrow,
surrounded by a sharp keel. Aperture ovate-semicircular. Outer
lip thin, simple; inner lip reflexed at the base, the columellar portion
making a straight line with the callus on the parietal wall. Oper-
culum thin, transparent, semicircular, nucleus near the center of the
inner edge, surrounded by concentric growth lines. Central radial
lamella faintly visible from the exterior.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 536046, measures: Height, 1.5 mm.; breadth,
1mm. It was collected by Dr. Bales at Bonefish Key, Fla.

Genus CREPITACELLA Guppy, 1867
CREPITACELLA VESTALIS, new species
PLATE 20, Figure 13
Shell relatively large, ovate, yellowish white. Nucleus consists of
not quite two bulbous glassy whorls. Postnuclear whorls 7, convex,
separated by a deep suture, sculptured with axial ribs and slightly

3 duxos, Seaweed+dpéaos, dew.

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS—REHDER 195

wavy, spiral striation: the axial ribs are obscurely nodulose at the
angulated shoulder of the whorls, which becomes obscure towards the
last whorl, the axial ribs tending to evanesce near the periphery.
Anal fasciole broad, surrounding a very minute umbilical chink.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 411896, measures: Height, 10.8 mm.;
breadth, 5.3 mm. It was dredged by John B. Henderson, Jr., in 40
fathoms off Ajax Reef, Fla. We possess this species also from
Miami to Conch Reef, and Frank Lyman has lately dredged it in
18-35 fathoms off Yamato between West Paim Beach and Fort
Lauderdale, Fla.

This shell is broader than the other recent Crepitacellas, 1. e.,
gabbi Dall, columbella Dall, and leucophlegma Dall (described as a
Daphnetia), and less strongly shouldered and axially sculptured than
gabbi Dall. C. leucophlegma is not angulate at the shoulder.
Doiophanes Gabb, 1872, is a synonym of Crepitacella.

Genus PERISTICHIA Dail, 1889
PERISTICHIA AGRIA Dall
PLATE 20, FIGURE 4

1889. Peristichia agria Dati, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoot., vol. 18, p. 340.

This species has never before been figured, and in heu of a figure
of the type, which is at present unavailable, I have used a specimen
collected by Dr. B. R. Bales on Bonefish Key, Fla.; it has also been
collected on Key Vaca.

Originally proposed as a genus of dubious affinities, Dall later
placed Peristichia in the Pyramidellidae near Osci/la. Bartsch
(Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 17, p. 9, Feb. 5, 1904) considered
it a subgenus of Turbonilla. Thiele, 1929, does not mention it at
all, and Wenz (Handb. Paliozool., vol. 6, p. 874, 1940) lists it as a
subgenus of Zurbonilla with a question. An examination shows that
it is a pyramidellid close to Triptychus and should be accorded full
generic rank. It differs from 7r¢ptychus in having only one basal
entrant spiral cord, instead of two, and in lacking columellar folds.

Besides P. agria and the type of the genus, P. toreta Dall, the only
other known species is /vidella pedroana Dall and Bartsch, 1909,
from southern California. P. agria differing from it in being more
slender, white instead of cinnamon, and with more delicate sculpture.

The West Atlantic form commonly listed as Oscilla biseriata Gabb
or nivea Morch should be known as 7'riptychus niveus Morch, 1875.
Oscilla is a distantly related Japanese group, while bisertata Gabb is
a probably related species of Z7r¢ptychus from the Pliocene of Costa
Rica. The description of this species, by the way, was published in
1881, not 1874 as given in Johnson’s list

196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
GLYPHEPITHEMA,*‘ new genus

Shell globose, spire short, whorls smooth, except for subobscurg,
axial, retractively curved furrows on the upper portion of the penulti-
mate whorls; last whorl flattened below the suture, covered by a thin
brownish periostracum, which is strongly wrinkled below the suture.
Color pale gray-brown to white, encircled by four narrow bands of
deep chestnut spots on a white ground. Umbilicus broad, with a
stout funicle. Operculum with a variously shaped nuclear callus,
after which comes a broad rib formed by the rather complete fusion
of two or three smaller ribs. Between this rib and the outer margin
he several smaller, unequal ribs, the outer ones usually variously
sculptured and often joined at the top by a sculptured calcareous de-
posit roofing over the interspaces.

Genotype: Natica idiopoma Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932.

This naticid genus is closest to Stigmaulaw Morch, having a rather
similar operculum and umbilical region. The operculum does differ,
however, and the shell is not strongly sculptured as in Stigmaulax.
This group has a fossil history parallel to that of Stigmaulaw, for
Woodring (Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica, pt. 2, Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ. 385, p. 382, pl. 30, fig. 9, 1928) figures an
operculum that undoubtedly belongs to an as yet undiscovered species
of this genus occurring in the Miocene of the Antillean region.

Besides the genotype, which occurs from Cape St. Lucas to Panama,
this group includes the closely related G. floridana, described below,
and Natica turtoni K. A. Smith from St. Helena. Natica alapapilionis
Roeding from the Philippines and India also seems to belong here, a
fresh specimen from Ilo Ilo agreeing generically in every particular
except for a slightly atypical operculum. Natica broderipiana Recluz
from the Gulf of California to Panama may also be placed here,
although it more strongly sculptured and the operculum is not
quite normal. The presence of a Philippine species in this otherwise
zoogeographically homogeneous group seems anomalous, and perhaps
a study of the radulae and anatomy of the species under discussion
may reveal a difference in the Indo-Pacific member.

GLYPHEPITHEMA FLORIDANA, new species
PLATE 19, FicurEs 19-21

Shell globose, stout, last whorl very large, spire small, conical.
Nucleus of 244 whorls sculptured with microscopic spiral lines, the
following postnuclear whorls smooth except for rather deep, retrac-
tively slanting, axial grooves, which reach only to the shoulder; post-

4 y\idw, to carve, engrave-+-éridnua, lid.

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS—REHDER 197

ruclear whorls covered with a rather persistent, yellowish-brown
periostracum, which is axially wrinkled by parallel ribletlike folds,
which are especially strong near the suture, and run to the umbilical
region. Four bands of rather regular, distantly spaced, oblong,
chestnuts spots on a white base surround the last whorl, one each on
the shoulder and periphery, and two below the periphery. Between
the first and second bands and third and fourth bands there are brown
bands, the upper one broader than the lower one; the ground color on
the rest of the shell is yellowish white. In the umbilicus is a
moderately broad funicle ending in a heavy white callous pad.
Aperture semicircular. Operculum with a smooth, somewhat concave,
nuclear callus, elevated toward the outer edge (away from the
columellar side); this is followed by a broad and then a narrow
rounded rib; after a straight-sided, rather wide interspace comes a
rib which is joined to the following two thin lamellae at the top by an
irregular, calcareous deposit formed of fused radial elements which
are swollen over the first thin lamella. At the marginal edge this
deposit is pinched up into an irregularly nodulose crest.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 517060, measures, height, 14.8 mm.,
breadth, 14.7 mm. It was collected at Peanut Island in Lake Worth,
Fla., by Ted Bayer.

Genus OOCORYS Fischer, 1883
OOCORYS BARTSCHI, new species

PLATE 20, FIcuRE 16

Shell large, ovate, inflated, pale flesh colored. Nucleus broken
and worn but apparently consisting of 1.5 smooth whorls. Post-
nuclear whorls 6*, convex, spirally corded, the cords on the later
whorls becoming flattened and equidistantly spaced. On the second
postnuclear whorl the subsutural area becomes constricted and some-
what appressed to the preceding whorl. In the last two or three
whorls this area is slightly concave and sculptured with finer spiral
cords. The spiral sculpture is crossed by very fine axial growth
lines. Aperture elongate-ovate, oblique, outer lip expanded and re-
flexed, the reflexed lip made slightly wavy by the ends of the spiral
cords, inner lip forming a thin glaze over the parietal wall and a
slightly heavier one, with a free edge, on the entire length of the
columellar area. Anterior canal rather broad, slightly recurved.
Operculum horny, ovate, much smaller than the aperture, with a basal
marginal nucieus and many fine concentric growth lines.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 535689, was dredged in 79 to 140 fathoms
south of Tortugas on July 2, 1932, by Dr. W. L. Schmitt. It meas-
ures: Height, 111.7 mm.; breadth, 71.7 mm.

198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

This species is more than twice as large as the most closely related
species, QOocorys barbouri Clench and Aguayo, from off northern
Cuba, and is, moreover, more inflated, is without a color band, and has
no beaded spiral cord on the shoulder.

A second, slightly smaller specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 417859, came
from the Henderson collection and is labeled merely Florida.

PSAROSTOLA,’ new genus

Shell small, slender. Nucleus inflated, glassy white, smooth, of 11%
whorls. Sculpture on postnuclear whorls consists of rather narrow
ribs crossed by strong spiral cords which form nodules on crossing
the ribs. Anterior canal hardly noticeable, siphonal fasciole weak.
Aperture narrow; interior of outer lip denticulate, with a moderately
narrow sinus below the suture; inner lip smooth.

Type: Columbella monilifera Sowerby, West Indies.

This genus is apparently near Massarina Dall and Cigclirina Wood-
ring but differs from them in that no attenuation of the base into an
anterior canal is noticeable on the outer lip, being more like Zanas-
sarina Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932, in this respect; from this it differs in
the smaller, more irfflated nucleus. Anachis tincta Carpenter from
Cape San Lucas, Baja California, is apparently a member of this
genus.

PSAROSTOLA MCGNILIFERA SPARSIPUNCTATA, new subspecies
PLATE 20, Figure 11

Differs from the typical species in the reduction of the chestnut
spotting on the whorls. Instead of the upper three spiral cords being
elongately maculated, only the two upper cords are furnished with
short spots and alternate axial ribs. Likewise, the spotting is weaker
below the periphery on the last whorl. The shell is usually some-
what broader in outline, and the axial ribbing may be a little stronger
than in the typical form.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 450778, measures: Height, 4.9 mm.;
breadth, 2.1 mm. It was collected by John B. Henderson, Jr., in 45
fathoms southeast of Fowey Light, Fla., at Holis Station 357. In
our collection we have other specimens from the Florida Keys and
from the north coast of Cuba.

This subspecies is therefore restricted to the region about the
Straits of Florida, while typical monilifera we possess from Bermuda,
Jamaica, and Haiti.

5 Waods, maculated + orod, robe.

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS—REHDER 199
BARTSCHIA, new genus

Shell large, solid, elongate-ovate. Nucleus dome-shaped, consist-
ing of 314 smooth whorls. Postnuclear whorls. sculptured with
crowded spiral cords crossed by close axial riblets, which give the
surface a closely nodulose appearance. Aperture pointed at the
posterior angle, and broadly channeled at the anterior end. Anterior
canal somewhat recurved. Outer Jip internally thickened, the thick-
ening bearing a row of denticles. Columella and parietal wall
covered by a smooth callus.

Type: Bartschia significans, new species.

This group has recently been assigned to Metula by Clench and
Aguayo (see below under description of genotype), but it does not
belong to that genus. The type of Metula H. and A. Adams, 1853,
must be M. clathrata Adams and Reeve (subsequent designation,
Kobelt. Illustr. Conchyhenbuch, vol. 1, p. 38, 1876), a Panamice species
(see Tomlin, Journ. Conch., vol. 18, No. 6, p. 160, 1927). Woodring
now believes that his conclusion as to the type of Metula (Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ. 385, p. 286, 1928) was unfortunate and that
a tautonymic type designation cannot strictly and validly be main-
tained. The Metula of Woodring (op. cit., p. 285) and other authors
is here given the new name Antemetula Rehder; gentoype: Buccinum
metula Hinds.

From this group Bartschia differs in its larger size and broader
aperture, which is not attenuated anteriorly, and in possessing a

taunt nucleus. From J/etula our genus differs in being more fusi-
form, with a longer spire and shorter, broader aperture not anteriorly
attenuated.

Tt is with much pleasure that I name this striking group for my
mentor and colleague, Dr. Paul Bartsch, whose Antillean explora-
tions have so greatly advanced our knowledge of this region.

BARTSCHIA SIGNIFICANS, new species

PLATE 20, Figure 17

Shell large, solid, elongate-ovate. Nucleus bulbous, smooth, of 314
whorls. Postnuclear whorls about 514, convex, sculptured by closely
spaced spiral cords (8 on the first postnuclear whorl), crossed by
regular axial riblets, which gives the first 214 whorls a latticed
appearance; thereafter finer spiral threads begin to be intercalated
between the cords until on the last whorl the spiral cords are of
irreguiar varying strength. Color yellowish white, irregularly macu-
jated with varying shades of light chestnut. Last whorl descending
but rising again at the aperture where there is a low broad external

200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96

varix. Aperture broadly fusiform, pointed above, terminating below
into a short broad canal. Outer lip evenly arcuate, internally
thickened, the thickening beset with short denticles decreasing
anteriorly in size. Parietal wall and columella covered with a smooth
callus. Anterior canal short, somewhat recurved, siphonal fasciole
indistinct.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 516493, was dredged by Dr. Paul Bartsch
off the Tortugas, Fla. It measures: Height, 54.5 mm.; breadth, 22.3
mm.}; height of aperture, 26 mm.

In our collection are three other specimens collected in 75-100
fathoms from south of Key West, off Sand Key.

The only other species of this genus is that described as Metula
agassizi Clench and Aguayo (Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 15,
pp. 179-180, 1941) from off the north coast of Cuba, from which it
differs in being stouter, not basally attenuated and in being externally
colored, not white. Metula fusiformis Clench and Aguayo (loc. cit.),
with its different nuclear characters, belongs to another genus.

Genus PUSIA Swainson, 1840
PUSIA HENDERSONI, new species

PLATE 20, FIGURE 12

Shell of medium size, broadly fusiform, rather stout. Nucleus
narrowly conical, consisting of 4414 whorls, which are straight-
sided, smooth, glossy, pale fuscous to straw yellow. Postnuclear
whorls (about 7 in the type) convex, sculptured with strong axial
ribs, and low, subobsolete spiral ridges. Basically the coloration
consists of a narrow subperipheral band of white, above which the
whorls are usually pale yellowish white or occasionally darker; below
the subperipheral band the whorls are fuscous to vinaceous-brown.
The columella bears four plaits, which increase in strength toward
the uppermost one. These plaits are continued externally as spiral
cords on the moderately long anterior canal. Outer lip simple,
internally lirate deep within the aperture.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 414859, measures: Height, 14.8 mm.;
breadth, 6.4mm. It was dredged in 80 fathoms off Bears Cut, Miami,
Fla. There are numerous other lots in the collection from Miami
to Sand Key, near Key West, Fla.

This species varies slightly in coloration as mentioned above and
in the strength of the spiral sculpture; it may also be more slender.

It is closest to Pusia cubana Aguayo and Rehder, but the whorls are
more convex and the spire is more elongate and straight-sided; P.
cubana is strictly bicolored and there is never a subperipheral band
noticeable.

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS—REHDER 201

Other Antillean species that belong in Pusza are the genotype P.
sulcata Gmelin (=microzonias Lamarck), histrio Reeve, trophonia
Dall, and albocincta C. B. Adams. Three other West Indies species
that belong here, but have stronger spiral sculpture, are P. pulchella
Reeve, variata Reeve, and dermestina Lamarck.

PUSIA EPIPIIANEA, new species
PLatr 20, Ficurr 14

Shell in general similar to P, hendersoni but larger (apex broken,
but 9 postnuclear whorls remaining), with spiral sculpture somewhat
more obsolete and the subperipheral white band more conspicuous;
below the band the shell is chocolate-brown and above the white band
the color is chocolate-brown between the axial riks, fading to pinkish
on the ribs and becoming yellow just below the suture; on the pen-
ultimate whorls the color is in general fainter.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 414278, measures: Height, 23.7 mm.;
breadth,9 mm. It was dredged in 15 fathoms off Tortugas, Fla., by
John B. Henderson, Jr.

Genus PUSIOLINA Cossman, 1921

This group, proposed as a substitute for Pustola Monterosato, 1917,
not Wallengren, 1863, with the type tricolor Gmelin from the Med-
iterranean, was considered by Monterosato to be a genus distinct
from Pusia. Thiele, however (Handb. Syst. Weichtierk., vol. 1,
p. 837, 1929), gave it only sectional value under Pusia. An examina-
tion of the nuclear whorls of these two groups forces us to accept Mon-
terosato’s dictum and Pusiola with its bulbous nucleus of one to one
and a half whorls must be restored to generic rank, distinct from
Pusia, which has a narrowly conical, straight-sided nucleus of about
four whorls. Mitra hanleyi Dohrn and gemmata Sowerby from the
Caribbean region may be placed here, agreeing in general character
with the genotype but having four columellar folds instead of three.
Until the radular characters are elucidated these species had better
not be separated solely on the difference in the number of folds. Here
we may also place the following new species.

PUSIOLINA ARESTA, new species
PLATE 20, Ficure 1

Shell rather large for the genus, narrowly ovate. Nucleus bul-
bous, consisting of 134 convex whorls, the first 114 whorls browa,
the last half graduaily becoming glassy gray. The following 534
whorls slightly convex, subsuturally somewhat flattened, distantly
axially ribbed, and only very obscurely axially grooved. Color straw

202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 98

yellow or darker, with a peripheral band of white more or less ob-
scurely and narrowly margined above and below with chestnut, and
with dark chestnut maculations between the ribs. Columella bear-
ing four plaits which are continued as cords on the short anterior
canal; above these cords are one or two obscure, slightly nodulose
ones.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 517056, measures: Height, 10 mm., breadth,
4.7mm. It was collected in 3-6 fathoms at Santa Rosa on the north
coast of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, during the Tomas Barrera Expedition.
Three paratypes were collected at the same place, and one specimen was
found at La Esperanza, Pinar Del Rio, Cuba.

Genus FENIMOREA Bartsch, 1934
FENIMOREA MOSERI BRUNNESCENS, new subspecies
PLATE 20, FIGURE 5

Similar in shape and nature of axial and spiral sculpture to typical
Fenimorea moseri (Dall) from the lower west coast of Florida, but
of a uniform light vinaceous-cinnamon color (Ridgway’s Color
Standards), except for the two glassy white nuclear whorls.

Type, U.S.N.M. No. 517055, measures: Height, 23 mm.; breadth,
8.4mm. It was dredged in 14 fathoms off Fort Walton, Okaloosa
County, Fla., by Maxwell Smith.

This is an interesting race from the coast of the “panhandle” of
Florida, a conchologically little-known region.

Genus CRASSISPIRA Swainsen, 1840
CRASSISPIRA (CRASSISPIRELLA) MESOLEUCA, new species
Pirate, 20; Hicurs 15

Shell solid, elongate-ovate, with a narrowly conic spire. Nucleus
low, rounded, of almost 2 smooth whorls. Postnuclear whorls axially
ribbed, the ribs crossed by spiral cords, which on the later whorls
become slightly nodulose and whitish where they cross the axial ribs;
fine threadlike striae are found in the spaces between the stronger
spiral cords and between the shoulder of the whorls, where the axial
ribs end, and the suture; in this space there is also a rather strong
subsutural keel. The color is usually of varying shades of chestnut,
becoming occasionally almost blackish and rarely yellow; the ends
of the ribs at the shoulder are decidedly whitish and the subsutural
area may be lighter in color. Aperture narrow, outer lip with a
deep sinus between the subsutural keel and the shoulder. Anterior
channel rather broad and rather shallow; a trace of a stromboid
notch is evident. Basal fasciole weak, closely spirally corded.

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS—REHDER 203

The type, U. S. N. M. No. 411906, was collected by John B. Hender-
son, Jr., on Looe Key Reef, Fla, and measures: Height, 16.6 mm.;
breadth, 6.6 mm. Specimens in our collection show that this species
is restricted, as far as is known, to the lower Florida keys, from
Biscayne Bay to the Tortugas.

This species is distinguished from the other Antillean members of
this group by its broader form, shorter spire, and distinctive white
spotting of the upper part of the axial ribs.

Genus PYRGOCYTHARA Woodring, 1928
PYRGOCYTHARA FILOSA, new species
PLATE 20, FIGURE 2.

Shell rather small, elongate-ovate, solid. Nucleus dark brown,
globose, 114 whorls, the first 114 whorls smooth, the following 4
whorl with fine, closely spaced, axial riblets. The postnuclear whorls
are strongly axially ribbed (10 on the penultimate whorl), the ribs
strongly angled at the shoulder; in the early whorls a spiral cord
occurs on the shoulder, and there are several below; on the last two
whorls these spiral cords increase in number but at the same time
become obscure. Color brown except for a rather broad, spiral, yel-
lowish white band on the shoulder of the whorls. Aperture somewhat
narrow; outer lip internally thickened under the varixlike axial rib,
posterior sinus broad, as is the anterior channel. Interior brownish
in color.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 27637, measures: Height, 6.5 mm.,
breadth, 2.8 mm. It was collected by Henry Hemphill at Marco,
Fla. There is one paratype from the same lot.

This species differs from the only other described recent species
of Pyrgocythara (P. hemphilli Bartsch and Rehder, 1939) in being
smaller and in having a different color pattern.

U.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1942

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. (93. PLATE 19

20

NEw ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS.

1, 2, Ervila rostratula; 3, 4, Cooperella atlantica; 5-10, Pitar (Nanopitar) pilula (9, 10:
hinge); 11, 12, Poromya rostrata; 13, 14, Asthenothaerus balesi; 15,16, Arene vanhyningi;
17, 18, Arene ritsei; 19-21, Glyphepithema floridana.

U.

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 20

>.

NEW ANTILLEAN MOLLUSKS

Pusiolina aresta; 2, Pyrgocythara ees 3, Halopsephus pulcher; 4, Peristichia agria Dall;

Fenimorea mosert brunnescens; Microdochus floridanus; 7 7, Rissoella (Phycodrosus)
caribaea; 8, Fartulum nebulosum; 9, Casein (Caecum) eee 10, Halop sephus pulcher
(operculum); 11, Psarostola monilifera sparsipunctate Pusia henderson; i. 3, Crepi -
tacella vestalis; 14, Pusia epiphanea; 15, Crassispira ( (Chas ah ) mesoleuca; 16, Oocorys
bartschi: 17, Barischia slgnificans.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

issued AYA

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No. 3162

A NEW PEST OF ALBIZZIA IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUM-
BIA (LEPIDOPTERA : GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE)

By J. F. Gates CLARKE

During the summer of 1940, L. G. Baumhofer, late associate
entomologist, division of forest insect investigations, U. 8. Bureau of
Entomology and Plant Quarantine, submitted a small series of moths,
together with larvae and pupae of a species attacking the ornamental
“mimosa” (Albzzzia julibrissin Durazzini) in the northwestern part
of the District of Columbia. More recent observations have indi-
cated an extension in the distribution of the insect northeastward
beyond the limits of the District of Columbia into adjacent Takoma
Park and Silver Spring, Md. Both foliage and flowers of the
“mimosa” are sometimes severely damaged.

Although the moth is evidently a glyphipterygid, it could not be
identified as any known species of the American fauna or as referable
to any American genus. During the midsummer of 1941, I made
further collections and field studies, and with the help of August
Busck it was possible to trace the species to the Australian genus
Homadaula Lower.’ As there were no examples of the genus in the
National collection, a request was sent to Norman B. Tindale, of the
South Austrahan Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, for specimens
of the genotype. These were made available through the courtesy
of Herbert M. Hale, director of the South Australian Museum. The
moths from Albizzia proved to be specifically distinct but obviously
congeneric with lasiochroa. They may represent a species described
under some other genus in the family Hyponomeutidae (where Mey-
rick placed Homadauia), but no description or figure that fits them
has been found. The species is obviously an exotic one, probably

*The genus Homadauta is generally credited to Meyrick (1907), but it was first published
by Lower (1899) with lasiochroa Lower as the only included species.

205
49429548,

206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

introduced from the Indo-Australian region, and, since it appears to
be new, I am offering a description.

The structural diagnoses of the larva and pupa were prepared by
Carl Heinrich; the photographs were made by M. L. Foubert, of the
Office of Information, and the drawings by Arthur D. Cushman, of
the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, all of the United
States Department of Agriculture.

HOMADAULA ALBIZZIAE, new species

PLates 21-25, Ficures 1-21

Antenna, palpus, head, thorax, and forewing and cilia mouse gray
with a silvery luster, the scales tipped with pale cinereous. Fore-
wing sparsely irrorated with conspicuous black spots. Hind wing
fuscous; cilia gray with a light fuscous basal band. Forelegs and
midlegs blackish fuscous strongly overlaid with cinereous, tarsi an-
nulated with cinereous; hind leg shining luteous, overlaid with
gray. Abdomen gray above, luteous beneath.

Eighth tergite strongly modified to form a close-fitting hood.
Distal end broadly bifurcate, each point with a cluster of stiff setae.
Eighth sternite greatly reduced, fleshy, ridgelike, and closely in-
volved with the vinculum.

Male genitalia—Harpe (fig. 16) very slender, with a large sub-
quadrate costal expansion, rather profusely covered with fine setae;
cucullus narrow, bluntly pointed. Anellus (fig. 13) strongly fused
with bases of the harpes, with a small, slender, digitate process from
each dorsolateral corner, each process bearing several stout setae at
distal end. Aedeagus (figs. 6a, 14) stout, strongly constricted bas-
ally, forming a small bulbous process; distal end strongly sclerotized,
compressed and curved as a cupped, bifurcate process. Vinculum
(fig. 15) a broad U-shaped band. Tegumen with lateral edges
broadly expanded, then abruptly narrowed anteriorly. Gnathos (fig.
12) arising from the narrow anterior edge of the tegumen in the form
of two curved bars, one of these originating slightly to the left of
the middle as a narrow, inverted S-shaped bar dilated at the distal
end, the other arising from the right side as a broad, inwardly curved
bar, its distal end also dilated. Alimentary canal opening distally
between these two elements of the gnathos. Uncus (fig. 11) very
broad, with a deep excavation on each side of middle distally.

Female genitalia (fig. 17) —Ostium opening at the end of a long,
attenuated, curved tube, the latter emerging from a membranous
pocket and curved toward the left. Ductus bursae membranous and
entering the duct connecting the bursa copulatrix and receptaculum
seminalis well before the bursa. Bursa copulatrix elongate oval;
signa 2 lightly sclerotized, elongate plates, situated in the posterior

A NEW PEST OF ALBIZZIA—-CLARKE 207

part of the bursa. Inception of ductus seminalis between entrance
of ductus bursae and receptaculum seminalis.

Alar expanse 13 to 17 mm.

Type—vU. 8S. N. M. No. 56277.

Type locality —Washington, D. C.

Food plant.—Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini.

Described from male type and nine male and female paratypes, all
from the type locality (August and September dates).

DESCRIPTION OF LARVA

Length 14 to 16 mm. Head and prothoracic shield testaceous,
strongly marked with dark brown to black in the form of irregular
longitudinal bands. Thoracic segments always gray to blackish
brown, frequently darker than the abdominal segments, and with five
longitudinal white stripes. Thoracic legs shining, dark brown to
black; joints narrowly annulated with white. Abdominal segments
pale gray to blackish brown, with five longitudinal white stripes. Theo
dark ground color of the segments sometimes strongly suffused with
rose or pink, especially when the larva is full-fed, and occasionally
broken with white patches, giving a mottled effect. Anal plate dark
brown mottled with white. Tubercles and spiracles dark brown to
black.

STRUCTURAL OHARACTERS
PLATE 25, FIGURES 19-21

Head and body with only the normal primary setae.

Head, viewed from above, as long as wide; widest part well behind
middle; adfrontal sutures extending to incision of dorsal hind margin;
frons reaching to middle of dorsum; longitudinal ridge almost as
long as frons; setae At, A?, and P? lying in a straight line; A’ and A?
closer together than A? and A*; A? and A‘ and L? well separated (A*
almost equidistant from A’ and L') and lying in a nearly straight line;
setae Adf’, P' and P’ also lying in a straight line. Ocelli all present;
3, 4, and 5 lying in a line and very close together.

Prothoracic shield extended laterally to include the prespiracular
setae. These setae three in number and situated in a line along the
lateral margin of the shield; [TV and V closely approximate and near
the anterior lateral angle of the shield, III well back of the other two.
Setae IV and V closely approximate and under the spiracle on ab-
dominal segments 1 to € inclusive, shghtly separated on abdominal
segment 7, and well separated and lying in a longitudinal line
on abdominal segment 8; seta V very short on all the abdominal
segments. On the ninth abdominal segment seta I well separated
from II and III, anterolaterad of II; IV and V approximate but not
ona single pinaculum. YI well separated from IV and V. Crochets

208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

38 to 40, irregularly biordinal and arranged in a complete circle.
No anal fork.

PUPA
PLATE 23, FIGURES 7-9

Pupa small (5 to 6 mm.), moderately slender, tapering appreciably
from abdominal segments 7 to 10; caudal end rounded; cremaster
absent ; abdominal segments 3 to 7 each with a low, postmedian, trans-
verse, somewhat scalloped ridge on middorsum; a transverse row of
fine, short spines near anterior margin on dorsum of each of abdominal
segments 4 to 8, and a girdle of short, rather well-spaced setae en-
circling the posterior margins of each of abdominal segments 4 to iG
on each side and near the anterior end of the long slitlike anal open-
ing, a small, strongly sclerotized, flangelike projection, partially
covering a short, stout seta.

At the time of writing many pupae are on hand. ‘This is the stage in
which this species overwinters. The life cycle during the summer
is short (22 days), and from the data already gathered it seems
likely that there are at least two, possibly three or more, complete life
cycles annually.

The eggs are laid either on the leaves or flowers, the latter usually
being attacked first, and flowering trees definitely being preferred to
nonflowering ones. The larvae are at first gregarious, living together
ina heavy web spun throughout the affected parts of the plant. As the
larvae grow they spread out to various parts of the trees, tying the
leaves together in large, conspicuous masses. The leaflets, sometimes
little else being eaten, are then skeletonized, which causes them to die,
turn brown, and become detached at the rhachis. The leaflets may
remain on the tree, however, owing to the heavy webs by which they
are tied.

When the larvae are full-fed they drop to the ground on long silken
threads. The threads are so numerous that one has the sensation of
walking through spider webs when passing beneath an infested tree.
After dropping to the ground the larvae crawl to nearby objects and
spin cocoons in cracks and crevices, beneath the edges of the siding
of houses, on the bark of adjacent trees or, rarely, between leaves of
the host plant.

Note

Since the above was written (Jan. 1942) careful search in Virginia
has been made as far as 10 miles south of Petersburg and east to
Williamsburg. No evidence of the presence of the moth has been
found in Virginia. North of the District of Columbia, in Mont-
gomery County, Md., however, the species is much more abundant
and widespread than previously. Many trees in Takoma Park were
practically defoliated by the insect during the summer of 1942.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1943

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 21

Bet : oe
“aad AE sR seea
i, wee BE NEN ee

ei

—

vr

ee aD
P54 ryt 2 zi

Ww

1. Adult male of Homadaula albizziae.
2. Normal, uninfested leaves of Albizzia gulibrissin Durazzini.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 22

3. Typical example of infested inflorescence with infestation beginning to spread to leaves.

4. Infested leaves with fruits involved. Note complete destruction of leaves and detached
leaflets in lower part of photograph.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93. PLATE 23

Liddaas iad

i Seige

5. Wing venation of moth.

6-6a. 6, Ventral view of eighth tergite and male genitalia with aedeagus removed; 6a,
lateral aspect of aedeagus.

. Lateral view of pupa.

- Ventral view of pupa.

- Dorsal view of detail of fourth abdominal segment of pupa.

‘Oo CON

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 24

tegumen

gnathos-

Lo

10-16. Male genitaha of moth dissected, flattened, and shown in diagram: 10, Lateral view

with aedeagus removed; 11, uncus; 12, tegumen and elements of gnathos; 13,

anellus; 14, aedeagus; 15, vinculum; 16, harpe.

U S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 25

Adfi Adf2 Adfa

17. Ventral aspect of female genitalia.
18. Lateral view of head of moth.

19. Dorsal view of head capsule of larva.
20. Lateral view of head capsule of larva.

21. Setal maps of body segments of larva.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No. 3163

OSTEOLOGY OF UPPER CRETACEOUS LIZARDS FROM.
UTAH, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

By CuHartes W. GiLMore

In a preliminary paper 1 the new genus and species Paraglyphanodow
utahensis was briefly characterized. It is now proposed to give a more
complete description of the type specimen and to describe a second
species found in the collection made in 1940 by a Smithsonian paleonto-
logical expedition under the leadership of Dr. C. L. Gazin. The illus-
trations were all drawn by Sydney Prentice.

Suborder SAURIA
Family POLYGLYPHANODONTIDAE Gilmore

Genus PARAGLYPHANODON Gilmore

Paraglyphanodon GILMoRE, Smithsonian Mise, Cell, vol. 99, No. 6, p. 3, 1940.

Etymology.—apa, beside + yidavos, chisel ++ ddots, tooth.

Genotype —Paraglyphanodon utahensis Gilmore.

Diagnosis —Dentition subacrodont, heterodont; teeth short, stout,
with sharp lateral and transverse cutting edges; anterior teeth reduced,
with transversely compressed crowns; vertebrae procoelous; no evi-
dence of zygosphene-zygantrum articulation; size of animal small.

Relationships —On the basis of the dentition Paraglyphanodon
seems to have its nearest affinities with its contemporary Polyglyph-
anodon.2 Such relationship is suggested by the general plan of the
dental series: (1) Similarity of crown structure; (2) presence of a

1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 99, No. 6, p. 3, 1940.

2 Gilmore, Charles W., Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 99, No. 16, p. 1, fig. 1, 1940.

494751—43 909

210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

much-reduced last molar; (3) widening of the intermediate teeth
with sharp transverse cutting edges; (4) progressive reduction of
anterior teeth to those having simple crowns. In view of these
suggested affinities, the present genus is tentatively assigned to the
family Polyglyphanodontidae.*

Attention is called to the possibility that Coniosaurus crassus,* from
the Cretaceous Chalk of Sussex, England, may eventually find a resting
place in this same family. This suggestion is made on the basis of its
small size, reduced posterior molar, a tendency of intermediate teeth
to widen transversely, and a reduction in size of the anterior teeth.

PARAGLYPHANODON UTAHENSIS Gilmore

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 15668, consisting of a jaw bone containing 8
posterior teeth. In the original description it was identified as a left
maxillary, but in the light of new materials it quite certainly repre-

A

cn,

ID € CI @ ®
B

Ficure 6.—Right dentary of Paraglhyphanodon utahensis Gilmore: A, Superior view of
dentition; B, lateral view of the dentary. 5. U.S.N.M. No. 15668 (type). (After
Gilmore.)

sents a right dentary. This specimen was found in the lower part
of the North Horn formation, Upper Cretaceous, in close proximity to
the paratype of Polyglyphanodon sternbergi (U.S.N.M. No. 15816).
Description—The anterior end of the type dentary is missing, but
the lost part left its impression on the small block of matrix in which
it is preserved, and this impression gives evidence that there were prob-
ably 11 teeth in the complete dentary series. These occupied a space
11.5 mm. long. The teeth increase in size from front to back, with
a much-reduced posterior tooth as in Polyglyphanodon. The teeth
are subacrodont, anchylosed to the sides of shallow alveolar depressions.
Viewed laterally the teeth are short and stout, with subacute, equi-
lateral, triangular crowns, the apex being centrally placed (see fig. 6, B).
Viewed from above, however, the heterodont nature of the teeth (fig. 6,
3 Gilmore, Charles W., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 92, p. 229, 1942.

*Owen, R., A monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Cretaceous formations, pt. I,
p. 21, pl. 9, figs. 18-15, 1851. Paleontographical Society, London.

il

RO

UPPER CRETACEOUS LIZARDS—GILMORE

A) is at once evident. The anterior teeth have transversely com-
pressed crowns that swell inward at the base. The fourth tooth from
the front of the present series has an incipient vertical ridge developed
on the inner side of the crown that divides this face into two unequal
parts, the posterior being the larger. The three teeth that follow,
the fifth, sixth, and seventh, widen abruptly transversely and display
a sharp transverse cutting edge that extends inward at right angles
to the outer cutting edge. This transverse edge is at a slightly lower
level than the apex of the outer side. The smooth, sharp transverse
edge strongly suggests a functional use similar to that of Polyglyphan-
odon. The last tooth of the series is much reduced in size, the fore
and aft and transverse diameters being about half the dimensions of
those of the preceding tooth. It also retains a reduced inner cutting
edge, shown clearly in specimen U.S.N.M. No. 15876. The bases of the
crowns of practically all the teeth swell out and then contract sharply

to the roots.
PARAGLYPHANODON GAZINI, new species

Type—uvU.S.N.M. No. 16580, consisting of an imperfect skull, articu-
lated with the lower jaws, upper and lower teeth, associated with short
sections of articulated vertebrae, and fragmentary ribs. Collected in
1940.

Locality —South Dragon, “lizard locality,” Manti National Forest,
Emery County, Utah.

Horizon.—North Horn formation, Upper Cretaceous.

Description—The specimen selected as the type of this species was
collected from the same level and in association with specimens of Poly-
glyphanodon sternbergi and Paraglyphanodon utahensis. The poorly
preserved skull has been worked out in relief on a small block of matrix,
and fragmentary though it may be it gives the first information of
the cranial structure of Paraglyphanodon. The skull consists of the
incomplete parietofrontal region, the right postorbital, impression in
the matrix of the right jugal, and the imperfect left maxillary and
the alveolar border of the right. There are four teeth in the left
maxillary and fragments of two in the right maxillary. The left
ramus, which has been fully freed from the matrix, carries a series
of six posterior teeth but lacks the tip. The anterior half of the right
dentary is missing, but the posterior portion bears five teeth. The right
quadrate is preserved in situ, as shown in figure 7.

At this time its larger size and the differences found in the denti-
tion distinguish this new species from its contemporary, P. utahensis.

The preservation in the matrix of much of the profile of the right
side provided sufficient evidence for the reconstruction illustrated in
fig. 7. The anterior maxillary portion and the anterior half of the

212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

dentary were drawn from the elements of the left side. The form and
size of the orbit are clearly outlined in the matrix, although all the
surface bone of the jugal, lachrymal, and prefrontal is missing. The
diminutive size of Paraglyphanodon gazini is well illustrated by
the skull, which has an estimated length over all of 26 mm.

Viewed from above, the parietal minus the posterior processes, the
right frontal, small portion of the left, and part of the right post-
frontal are present in their natural relationships. The coalescence of
all sutures except those joining the nasal bones renders it impossible
clearly to delimit these separate elements. The premaxillary region
is missing.

The parietal has the usual quadrangular outline, with an undulating
superior surface that appears to be perforated by a pineal foramen
near its junction with the frontals. Whether this foramen lies wholly
within the parietal or whether it is bisected by the frontoparietal suture

Ficure 7.—Skull and lower jaw of Paraglyphanodon gazini viewed from the right side:
ar, Articular; co, coronoid; d, dentary; f, frontal; ju, jugal; mx, maxillary; p, parietal;
pmx, premaxillary; pof, postfrontal; gu, quadrate; sur, surangular. X3. U.S.N.M. No.
16580 (type).

cannot be determined from available materials. On the posterior bor-
der of the parietal the upper surface is excavated, thus forming a nar-
row transverse shelf that is divided into two halves by a raised longi-
tudinal ridge at the center. Between the supratemporal fossae the
parietal has a least transverse diameter of 7.5 mm.

The frontals are paired. On the superior outer edge of each frontal
a low, raised, longitudinal ridge extends the greater length of the
bone.

A portion of the right postfrontal is preserved in the type, but the
coalescence of the sutures makes it impossible to determine its manner
of junction with the parietal and frontal.

The right quadrate is preserved in articulation with the ramus as
shown in figure 7, but its poor preservation renders all structural details
obscure.

UPPER CRETACEOUS LIZARDS—GILMORE 213

The mandible is represented by the posterior half of the right ramus
and the nearly complete left ramus. This ramus has been freed from
the matrix, and although it gives a good idea of the jaw as a whole
the complete coalescence of sutures makes it impossible to determine the
detailed structure of the jaw.

The dentition is represented by 15 teeth, 6 posterior teeth in the left
ramus, 4 in the right ramus, 3 in the left maxilla, and 2 in the remnant
of the right maxilla. Comparison of upper and lower teeth fails to
disclose differences that would distinguish one from the other (see
figs. 8and 9).

Ficure 8.—Posterior teeth of left dentary of Paraglyphanodon gazint, crown view.
Most posterior tooth on the right. 5. U.S.N.M. No. 16580 (type).

In the general plan of the subacrodont dentition the teeth of Par-
aglyphanodon gazini follow those of the genotype in having the
anterior teeth reduced and having a small tooth at the posterior end
of the series; also there is a similarity in cusp pattern of the larger
teeth, in having a sharp transverse cutting edge with an outer cutting
edge at right angles to it, though they differ much in other details.

At the present time it is upon characters found in the lower dentition
that reliance is placed for distinguishing the present specimen from
the type of Paraglyphanodon utahensis. The more important of these
differences are as follows: Crowns of larger teeth wider transversely

Ficure 9.—Teeth of left maxillary of Paraglyphanodon gazini, crown view. Small

tooth in front. X 5. U.S.N.M. No. 16580 (type).

and narrower anteroposteriorly, with a relatively longer transverse
cutting edge; posterior tooth with a well-developed cusp on the inner
side; enumerated from the posterior end of the series, the second and
third are subequal in size with a reduced fourth, whereas in P. utahensis
the second, third, and fourth are subequal with a much reduced fifth
tooth. Crowns of fourth and fifth subequal in size, with well-
developed transverse cutting edge whereas in P. wtahensis the crown
of the fifth tooth is about half the size of the fourth and both have
incipient inner cusps; the crown of the sixth tooth is more robust than
P. utahensis. The teeth throughout the series are larger and more
widely spaced. The six posterior teeth in the left ramus occupy a
longitudinal space of 8.6 mm.

214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Vertebrae.——Associated with the skull of specimen U.S.N.M. No.
16580 are 12 vertebrae, in three series of 3, 4, and 5 articulated verte-
brae, respectively. The series of five (fig. 10, A) evidently pertains to
the dorsal series, as evidenced by the parts of ribs found in association.
All the vertebrae are procoelous, with depressed centra. The centra
are rounded from side to side on the median ventral surface. On each
side of this median rounded portion the surface is traversed by shallow,
longitudinal depressions. The ball is set off by a faint annular groove.
The character of the articulations for the ribs cannot be determined

Ficure 10.—Vertebrae of Paraglyphanodon gazini: A, Ventral view of dorsal vertebrae;
B, lateral view of anterior thoracic or cervical vertebrae. >X2%. U.S.N.M. No. 16580
(type).

from the available materials. The five articulated vertebrae illustrated
in figure 10, A, have a combined length of 19.4 mm.

A second section of the backbone of this same individual is shown in
figure 10, B. These vertebrae are considerably shorter than the dorsals
described previously, and it is assumed they pertain either to the ante-
rior dorsal or the posterior cervical series. The zygapophyses are wide
apart, with articular faces nearly flat. The border between anterior
and posterior zygapophyses is shallowly incised by a wide, open notch.
Spine short, rectangular, without transverse enlargement of its top.

° &

U. S$. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1943

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Issued

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

THE BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ, MEXICO

By ALEXANDER WETMORE

- Tue present account relates to the birds found in the Canton of the
Tuxtlas, in southern Veracruz, and is based on collections and studies
made in 1939 and 1940. It includes also some additional data obtained
at Tlacotalpam nearby, with other information from E] Conejo, lo-
cated’ about midway between Tlacotalpam and Alvarado, among the
sandhills that extend along the coast. Most of the observations were
made near the village of Tres Zapotes, around the camp of the Nation-
al Geographic Society-Smithsonian Institution Archeological Ex-
pedition to Veracruz, which was occupied here in extended excavations
under the leadership of Matthew W. Stirling, chief of the Bureau
of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution (see map,
po 217).

In brief, my personal work in 1939 covered the period from March
5 to April 16. The following year other duties prevented my return,
but the collections and observations were continued by M. A. Carriker,
Jr., who was in the field from January 13 to May 21, 1940. Our
records seem fairly complete for the area that we covered, though no
tropical region can be completely known without years of study. Our
notes cover 291 forms of birds that were certainly identified.

The investigations were carried on in 1939 under permits granted
through the cooperation of Senor Juan Zinser, then Jefe del Servicio
de Caza, Departamento Forestal y de Caza y Pesca, and in 1940
from the succeeding director of this service, Sefior Salvador Guer-
rero. We are indebted deeply to General Alejandro Manje, Co-
mandante of the 26? Zona Militar en Veracruz, for the authorizations

215

216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

allowing the bearing of arms for hunting, and for other courtesies.
Thanks are due many friends in Mexico for assistance in a variety
of matters.

Previous biological work in this general region had been decidedly
limited, most of the studies relating to the region farther to the north
between the city of Veracruz and the great volcano of Orizaba. Occa-
sional specimens of birds have been recorded from Alvarado and
Tlacotalpam, but these were few until 1894, when E. W. Nelson and
E. A. Goldman, of the Biological Survey, made a general reconnais-
sance that covered a part of the section. ‘Their observations were
made principally near Tlacotalpam on April 21 and 22 and May 17
to 29, and at Catemaco from April 26 to May 5. From San Andrés
Tuxtla, May 11 to 18, they made an excursion into the Sierra de
Tuxtla, ascending to the summit of Volcin San Martin. From May
14 to 16 they were at Santiago Tuxtla. They were occupied princi-
pally with mammals, birds being collected mainly at Tlacotalpam
and Catemaco. Their specimens have been studied in preparing this
report and, in a number of instances, have afforded interesting com-
parative data with our own notes of the present day.

In 1900 and 1901 Percy W. Shufeldt and A. E. Colburn made a
collection of birds at Paso Nuevo, Buena Vista, and La Buenaventura,
considerably higher up on the Rio San Juan. Part of their speci-
mens are in the United States National Museum, while others went
to the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, the American Museum of
Natural History, and elsewhere. The region they covered lies actually
outside the limits of the present paper, but specimens from their
collections have been among the most useful available for comparison.

ITINERARY

On March 5, 1939, the work covered in this report had its beginning
when, in company with Richard H. Stewart, staff photographer of
the National Geographic Society, I left the city of Veracruz by train
for Alvarado, a town situated among the low, brush-grown sand-
hills, evidently ancient dunes, that for miles to the south extend
along the coast. At Alvarado we transferred to the launch Eusto-
lita, which carried us across the Bay of Alvarado and up the Rio
Papaloapan to the fine old town of Tlacotalpam (pl. 26, fie. 1D )2 ois
place is located on an open plain of slight elevation, with many shal-
low ponds and grassy marshes interspersed with thickets and low
trees and broad areas of open savanna. The following morning, in
the small launch or canoa La Delfinita, we continued up the river,
crossing almost immediately by a narrow channel choked with water-
hyacinth that cut across to the Rio San Juan, and then by other
channels into that branch of the San Juan Delta known as the Rio
San Agustin.

217

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE

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218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

For the first half of our journey the land was low and marshy, with
connecting channels between the larger streams. Far to the south we
could see the outline of the Sierra de Tuxtla, while to the north, dimly,
appeared the great bulk of Orizaba. At La Candera the land became
higher, and extensive forest of fair-sized trees appeared. After five
hours’ travel we reached the head of navigation at Boca San Miguel
(pl. 26, fig. 2). Tide influence in the stream extended to this point.
The stream here had fairly high banks with the elevation at the little
palm-thatch houses that marked the place at about 40 feet above sea
level. Here our outfit was transferred to an oxcart, while we rode
mules for the 2-hour journey to camp, a mile beyond the village of
Tres Zapotes.

The location was as ideal for the biologist as for the archeologist.
The three palm-thatch houses of the camp were placed on slightly
elevated ground, with the mounds marking the activities of the ancient
inhabitants spread on all sides. The land is slightly undulating and
is cut by the winding course of the Arroyo Hueyapa, a stream of clear
water that comes down to the river at the Boca. From our houses we
looked out across the open pastures of a small savanna to the Cerro de
Tuxtla, with the low slopes of Cerro Prieto and the higher Volcan
San Martin in the distance. Dense jungle began beside us and ex-
tended for miles, except where considerable tracts had been cleared
and planted in corn by the villagers. These mélpas are cultivated
for four or five years until the tough-rooted grass finally gets the
upper hand. They are then abandoned (pl. 27, fig. 1) and new clear-
ings are made in the adjacent jungle. The old fields produce heavy
stands of grass that are burned somewhat casually in the dry season
but gradually grow up in bushes, which little by little form thickets
and in the end are covered by second-growth forest. This ecological
cycle, judged from the archeological evidence, has continued here for
centuries, possibly for 2,000 years or more, with steady shift and
change of plant and animal life in accommodation to the agricultural
activities of man. The general elevation is less than 200 feet above
sea level, with the land rising in rolling hills toward the Sierra de
Tuxtla and becoming lower toward Hueyapa and the river.

Rainfall is heavy, with a limited dry season beginning in March
and extending through the month of May. During our stay cold
storms of rain and wind (nortes) swept down periodically from the
north until the beginning of the dry season, flooding the lowlands
with water, with the thermometer dropping regularly to 50° F. Even
in the heat of the dry season the nights usually were cool.

Near Tres Zapotes village there are several small lakes and marshy
channels (pl. 28, fig. 2). Laguna Larga begins adjacent to the houses
and extends for some distance behind a low ridge, beyond which is

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 26

1. Low shore line of the Rio Papaloapan, at Tlacotalpam. March 5, 1939.

rad

2. The somewhat elevated bank of the Rio San Agustin at Boca San Miguel. April 15, 1939.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 27

1. Abandoned fields or milpas grown with scrub that will eventually become second-growth
forest. Tres Zapotes. March 25, 1939.

2. Primitive forest along the Arroyo Corredor, near Tres Zapotes. April 4, 1939.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 219

Laguna del Tular, and still farther away is the Arroyo Tepanaguasa-
pan whose black waters run sluggishly through broad areas of dark,
swampy forest to come down finally into the marshy savanna area
called Para Madera that extends to the river. Other lakes and
marshes are found near Hueyapa.

Beyond, toward the Sierra de Tuxtla, I worked on the low hills
called Cerro Chico Zapote and Cerro Nestepe, which were covered
with gallery forest, where I found relatively few birds. East and
north of camp lay the Arroyo del Sitio and various other smaller
branches of the Hueyapa running through jungle and milpas. To
the northwest at the Arroyo Corredor was a great tract of heavy
forest with much undergrowth (pl. 27, fig. 2).

The region was one of abundant birds that came to the very door of
the little palm-thatched house that Richard Stewart and I had built
to contain a dark room for the photographer and to serve as labora-
tory for the ornithologist. Im the beginning, with Ramén Galloso
as assistant, I worked on foot through the whole region adjacent to
camp, and then used riding mules to reach more distant sections,
traveling along narrow trails where the arroyo crossings seemed
bottomless in sticky mud. These early morning rides afield, afford-
ing me opportunity to watch from the elevation of the saddle the
small birds in the trailside bushes or the spiraling flocks of great
hawks as they moved slowly northward in migration, while the
harsh calls of dozens of chachalacas came on every hand, are among
the happy memories of this work in Mexico. At the end of March,
with appreciably lessened rainfall, the trails became hard, with
disappearance of the sticky mud that had filled them previously,
and at times the midday sun became hot and oppressive.

We closed the camp on April 15 and traveled that day as far as
Tlacotalpam, continuing on April 16 to Alvarado and Veracruz.

Other duties prevented my own return the following season, but
arrangement was made for M. A. Carriker, Jr., well known for his
extensive work over wide areas in Latin America, to continue the
investigations. Mr. Carriker arrived at the camp near Tres Zapotes
on January 14,1941. The weather early this season was bad, with
one norte following another, considerable rain, and temperatures
ranging from 50° F. to 60° F. Carriker was occupied with work in
this area until] January 31, when he returned to Tlacotalpam to secure
a needed series of birds in that vicinity. The avifauna there is quite
different from that of Tres Zapotes, owing to the absence of heavy
forest. The higher, drier land is found principally near the Rio Papa-
loapan, and is in the main planted in sugarcane, in whose fields birds
are few. The scanty woodland consists of thorn scrub found inland
near the extensive ponds and lagoons, with tracts of marshy meadow

220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 93

between these thickets and the water. Marshy areas too wet for cul-
tivation are used as pastures. Under these conditions, the number of
land birds, aside from passing migrants, is not large, but aquatic
species abound. Among these there are numerous species that are
not listed in the accompanying report, as no extensive collection of
them was made, so in this group there are many additions to be made
to our list.

Work continued here until] February 20 and included visits by
launch on February 10 and 12 to El Conejo about midway between
Tlacotalpam and Alvarado, and a little more than an hour’s run
from the first-mentioned of these two places. Here, Carriker inves-
tigated the low, broken range of hills that has a width of about a mile
and an average height of 300 feet, and that extends for miles along
the coast below Alvarado. These hills resemble ancient sand dunes
and seem originally to have been covered with low woodland, some
of which still remains in scattered areas. Extensive sections have
been cleared and are now covered with short, thick grass used for
pasture. Birds were abundant here, though the number of species
was not great. The western mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos leu-
copterus) was common, Jcterus prosthemelas was more abundant than
elsewhere, and here Carriker found the Inca dove (Scardafella inca).

On February 21 he returned to Tres Zapotes. The weather in the
meanwhile had moderated, with the dry season coming early. Until
May, rain fell once in late February and again on April 10, in great
contrast to conditions I had encountered the previous year. The
rainy season began again at an early date, being initiated with a
tremendous downpour on May 7. Between March 11 and April 3,
Carriker made eight trips to the Cerro de Tuxtla (pl. 28, fig. 1), go-
ing in by way of Tapacoyan Arriba on the west flank of the moun-
tam. These were one-day expeditions, and the birds secured were
prepared at the main camp. Early in May he located for 8 days in
Tapacoyan.

The Sierra de Tuxtla ends at the southwest in the Cerro de Tuxtla,
which rises abruptly to about 4,000 feet elevation. There are few
outlying foothills on the west and south, though low, broken hills
lie between Tres Zapotes and the base of the peak. The whole of
the western and southern slopes of the cerro is covered with a luxu-
riant growth of almost virgin forest, with clearings up to 800 feet
elevation. On the eastern face most of the original forest has been
cut and the slopes are now in pasture. Only where the descent is
precipitous does forest remain. The region to the east and south-
east is hilly and broken. Two peaks form the summit. The area
on this mountain lying above 2,000 feet altitude is limited and is com-
posed of narrow, steep-sided ridges, along whose summits the trees

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 22)

were low, stunted, and gnarled, often covered with epiphytes. Else-
where, the forest was beautifully luxuriant, with tall, spreading
trees. In many areas, ordinary undergrowth was scant, but a small
thorny palm, the chocha, was abundant. There are few trails in the
forest, and water above Tapacoyan is scarce. Birds, aside from Venz-
liornis fumigatus sanguinolentus, Henicorhina leucosticta prosthe-
leuca, and Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus, were not abundant in
the higher areas. Many of the common lowland species were not ob-
served.

To collect on Volein San Martin, Carriker left Tres Zapotes on
April 14, going by way of Tapacoyan, Potreros, Santiago de Tuxtla,
Buena Vista, and San Andrés Tuxtla. The following morning at
9:80 he reached a solitary house on the volcano at a place called El
Tular, at 2,125 feet elevation. From here a mule trail, obscured by
many old logging roads, led to 3,550 feet on the mountain. Carriker
made his base at El Tular, where a clear, cool stream of water
emerges from a subterranean channel in the upper end of a small
valley and flows to the southwest. According to Carriker’s notes,
while the slopes below El Tular are intensely cultivated, above there
extends a magnificent forest, unbroken by clearings, with many huge,
tall trees and luxuriant undergrowth in which the thorn-covered
chocha palm, so abundant on Cerro de Tuxtla, is happily absent.
The slopes are gentle to 3,500 feet, with many extensive flats. The
soil is decomposed volcanic ash overlying coarser deposits of the same
material. Above El Tular he found only one trickle of water, which
runs over volcanic rock in a deep ravine at the place called La Cocina,
where the mule trail ends. As is often the case in such situations,
the abundant rainfall in the main goes into the ground to reappear
far below.

The ascent from La Cocina to the summit, over a narrow path along
a narrow ridge, is in places steep but may be made in about an hour
by an experienced climber. The mountain according to Carriker’s
barometer rises to about 5,500 feet. Dense forest comes up the cone
of the voleano to within a few hundred feet of the rim of the crater,
while trees of reduced size continue to the edge where they become
gnarled and twisted and are covered with moss. From the edge of
this woodland a tangle of tough, almost impenetrable shrubbery ex-
tends down into the crater, where it changes to forest growth of im-
posing proportions.

The trail emerges at the highest point on the volcano at the middle
of the southern side, this side being much higher than the northern
part of the rim. From this elevation, there is a grand view across
the summit to the lowlands on the north, and to the sea on the east.
To the south much of the view is obscured because of the configuration

222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

of the land. The crater is approximately 114 miles across from east
to west, and about a mile in the opposite direction. Carriker thought
the depth to be about 800 feet, and noted two small vents, with minor
cones and craters, rising from the floor. These were forest covered.
One small area on the main crater floor, of perhaps 10 acres, was almost
bare of vegetation, having only a few scattered trees. Collecting here
continued until April 22.

On the return journey to Tres Zapotes, Carriker crossed from
Santiago de Tuxtla to Lirios instead of making the long circuit to
Tapacoyan. The trail though rocky and broken in places was easily
practicable in the dry season, but probably not feasible during the
rains.

On May 13 Carriker returned to Tlacotalpam and made another
visit to El Conejo on May 15; he collected near the town on May 16
and 17, when field work for the season came to an end.

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND LIFE ZONES

Except for limited areas, the region covered in this report lies
in the Humid Division of the Tropical Life Zone. At Tlacotalpam
the land is almost at sea level (pl. 26, fig. 1), the effect of tide is felt
in the rivers, and there are extensive swamps. Near Tres Zapotes the
terrain becomes slightly undulating, with an average elevation of
about 200 feet, rising steadily with more broken aspect toward the
Sierra de Tuxtla (pl. 28, fig. 1). This range has four main peaks, the
highest being Volcén San Martin. According to an account by Im-
manuel Friedlaender,! San Martin rises to 4,600 feet (1,400 meters),
but Carriker’s barometer readings showed about 5,500 feet. The
Cerro de Tuxtla (called by Friedlaender C. Santiago) is about 4,000
feet (1,200 meters), and Cerro Prieto (Mono Blanco of Friedlaender)
about 3,800 feet (1,150 meters). The Cerro Vigia, a spur of San
Martin, is about 4,100 feet. (The difference in names for these indi-
vidual mountains is due apparently to local usage, as Friedlaender
worked from San Andrés Tuxtla at the east, while our contacts were
with people living to the west and north.)

The Arid Division of the Tropical Zone surrounds the humid low-
land area of the Tuxtla region, with savannas cutting in irregularly
on the forests around their borders. According to the manuscript
notes of E. W. Nelson in the files of the Fish and Wildlife Service,
arid conditions come in south of the Tuxtla range at the western
side of Lake Catemaco, where the low hills and valleys are dry, with
sparse, woody vegetation.

1Uber das Vulkangebiet von San Martin Tuxtla in Mexiko. Zeitschr. fir Vulkanologie,
vol. 7, No. 3, Nov., 1923, pp. 162-173, pls. 17-24.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 28

1. A distant view of Cerro de Tuxtla from the village of Tres Zapotes. April 13, 1939.

2. A typical lagoon with aquatic vegetation and a background of swampy forest, near
Tres Zapotes. April 11, 1939.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 223

Across the higher sections of Cerro de Tuxtla and Volcin San
Martin there is a small area that belongs with the Subtropical Zone,
though these elevated portions are too small in total extent to sup-
port an extensive avifauna characteristic of this higher zone. The
Subtropical element here must be considered a remnant or fragment
from the cooler climatic conditions of the Pleistocene, preserved at
its present rather low elevation through the fact of the extensive cloud
banks with accompanying rains that cover the mountain peaks for
much of the time with the modification of temperature that they
bring. The northern location of the mountain mass between latitudes
18° and 19° N. must also be considered a contributing factor in this
preservation, as also must its isolation by lowlands and the conse-
quent full exposure of the higher slopes to cold winds. The list of
birds that may be considered as of Subtropical affinity is as follows:

Oreopeleia lawrenciit carrikeri
Campylopterus hemileucurus hemileucurus
Pampa pampa eacellens

Aulocorhynchus prasinus prasinus
Lepidocolaptes affinis affinis
Xenicopsoides montanus variegaticeps
Empidonax flavescens imperturbatus
Turdus assimilis leucauchen

Myadestes unicolor unicolor

Catharus mexicanus mexicanus

Myioborus miniatus molochinus
Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus
Basileuterus belli scitulus

Piranga leucoptera leucoptera
Chlorospingus ophthalnicus ophthalmicus
Atlapetes apertus

From a survey of the complete list of these mountain birds, the im-
pression comes to me that the Subtropical elements, here near the
northern limit of their latitudinal range, tend to descend lower than
in the mountains of Central America, either regularly or casually, so
that the demarcation of the Subtropical area from the Tropical Zone
is less distinct than usual. This is reasonable when we consider that
we are here in the northern sector of the Tropical area and that those
elements of a subtropical nature that are found are undoubtedly af-
fected by the prolonged period of heavy rains, which bring lowered
temperatures, and by the constant sweep of cold storms from the north
from November to the end of March, the “northers” of the Texas
plains, in Mexico called nortes. Some species of the higher-zone ele-
ment in the Sierra de Tuxtla range down to between 2,000 and 3,000
feet elevation, though in Central America to the south the same types
of birds occur only at much higher levels. In the section on migration
in the present paper, it is remarked that stragglers of such high-

224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

mountain birds as Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus and Chlorospin-
gus ophthalmicus ophthalmicus in winter come casually in the heavier.
forests around Tres Zapotes at only 200 feet above sea level.

Our exploration of the avifauna of this fascinating region covered
only the northern part of the mountain mass of which the Sierra de
Tuxtla forms the northwestern bulwark, and that not completely,
since we did not collect on the Cerro Prieto, except near its base, or on
the Cerro Vigia. To the south of Catemaco there is another group of
higher peaks called on some maps the Sierra San Juan and on others
the Sierra de Acajucan. These include a Cerro Santa Marta and the
steep-sided cone of the Cerro Campanario, which is said to be a Little
higher than Volcan San Martin. The farther peak, on the side toward
Puerto México, is called San Martin de Pajapan and must not be con-
fused with the other San Martin covered in this report. This second
mountain has at its southeast base the town of Pajapan and is distant
only about 40 kilometers from Puerto México. The biological ex-
ploration of this part of the region still remains to be made before
our knowledge is complete.

The entire elevated area of the Tuxtlas, lying at the northern end
of the great Isthmus of Tehuantepec, is of volcanic nature and is
found at the southeastern end of the great arc of extensive recent vol-
canic activity that begins in Tepic and extends through Toluca and
Orizaba. While available maps may not be wholly accurate in detail,
the isolation of the Tuxtla area by extensive lowlands from the pla-
teau of central Mexico is easily evident through study of the drainage.
The abundant rainfall is carried off by streams that descend the Tuxtla
highland on all sides, often with abrupt waterfalls interrupting their
upper courses. The San Juan and Papaloapan Rivers flow around
it on the west and southwest, reaching the sea at Alvarado, while on
the southeast it is bounded by the Rio Coatzacoalcos and its tribu-
taries, the waters from which enter the sea at Coatzacoalcos (Puerto
México). To the east is the Gulf of Mexico.

In modern times the Voleén San Martin has been reported active
in 1662 and again in 1793. Of the latter eruption we have a detailed
account in a manuscript report made by José Mariano Mozifo, a
botanist who was in the area at the time.2 Earth tremors and thun-
derous subterranean noises began on March 2, 1793, and continued for
two days, with smoke from the volcano. A second, more violent erup-
tion came on May 22 and continued at intervals with considerable

*His notes have been published or reprinted in several places. See Informe de Don
José Mozifio sobre la erupcién del Volcan de San Martin, Tuxtla (Vera Cruz) occurido
en el ano de 1798. Bol. Soc. Geogr. Estadistica Rep. Mex., vol. 2, 1870, pp. 62-70; and
Descripcién del Volein de Tuxtla por D. Joseph Mariano Mozifilo Suarez de Figueroa,
botanico naturalista de la Real expedicién de Nueva Espana y de las limites al Norte de
California. La Naturaleza, Periodico Cient. Soc. Mex, Hist. Nat., vol. 8, 1874, 1875, and
1876, pp. 106-114.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 225

force until September, gradually then dying down. Mozifo visited
the crater on two occasions, on September 23 and November 21. He
describes the two smaller, inner craters that Carriker observed, and
the great amount of ash over the mountain slopes, but his only remark
concerning the effect of the volcanic action on the life of the area is
that at the end of June the eruptions had destroyed the forest cover on
the mountain along the trail to Tecolapan for a distance of 10 leagues,
leaving only burned trunks of trees.

Francisco Zérega,’ who visited the crater of San Martin in August
1859, reports that the smaller cones in the bottom were covered with
vegetation even to the openings in their summits, where trees 15 to 20
feet tall were growing. He was told, however, that in 1828 this plant
growth was not present.

Because of the recent volcanic activity in these mountains, it has
been supposed that there was no probability of any peculiarity in the
fauna, but such proves not to be the case. The two eruptions recorded
in historic times on San Martin had lava flows that broke out to the
north, but there does not appear to have been major disturbance else-
where except through the fall of volcanic ash. Friedlaender, in his
visit of January and February 1922, noted the same condition of
stunted trees on the crater rim of San Martin that Carriker reported
in 1940, and he was told that the extreme upper slopes had been bare
until 1900, the growth having appeared since then. In this, however,
he was misinformed; more probably the restriction in the size of the
trees at the point mentioned has come from the effect of winds, since
the forest there is much older than the 40 years indicated. The stunt-
ing of trees is a usual circumstance at the summits of many such
mountains.

It is remarkable that peculiar species could survive such volcanic
catastrophes on this mountain. Part of the endemic forms that once
inhabited the region no doubt have perished from repeated volcanic
disturbances, but some have remained as indicated by the lst given
above. Of these species, the following, found and described during
our work, so far as now known, are peculiar to this mountain range:

Oreopeleia lawrencii carrikert
Pampa pampa excellens

Empidonax flavescens imperturbatus
Myioborus miniatus molochinus
Atlapetes apertus

There is not much question that other novelties remain in the great
forests of this region and that there is much to be learned of the dis-
tribution of birds in this area. Carriker, for example, heard Odon-

2 El Volcan de Tuxtla. Bol. Soe. Geogr. Estad. Repiiblica Mexicana, vol. 2, 1870, pp.
500-503.

226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

tophorus calling in the mountains on various occasions but did not
succeed in locating them. The higher mountains beyond Catemaco
that have not been explored may easily harbor forms whose presence
now is not suspected, and the great lowland forests along the sea to
the west and northwest of Puerto México offer many possibilities.

MIGRATION

Located near the Gulf of Mexico at the northern end of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, the Tuxtla region is on the route traversed by hosts
of avian migrants from the United States and Canada. Many re-
main through the period of northern winter, and others pass in
flight to or from more southern localities. Of the 291 forms in the
present list, 86 are certainly northern migrants, while some inai-
viduals of various other forms, as some of the herons and other water
birds, undoubtedly come here as visitors from farther north, though
part may be resident in the locality. The number of migrants among
aquatic species will be increased considerably by more extended ob-
servations in the marshy lagoons and along the larger rivers. Our
records do not cover the period of fall movement but begin in Janu-
ary and continue through the spring.

Among the attractive sights to the naturalist in the Tropics of the
New World, the great flights of migrant hawks that pass through
Mexico and Central America twice each year rank among the fore-
most. The majority of these fine birds that made the spring flight
north at Tres Zapotes in 1939 were Sennett’s white-tailed hawks,
but occasionally other species traveled with them. Northward move-
ment began at the end of March and flights passed almost daily,
usually in the forenoon, with the birds soaring in circles and at the
same time drifting steadily.toward the north. At times 50 or more
were visible at once crossing the sky to disappear over the northern
horizon, followed steadily by more, until I sometimes wondered how
many passed in the course of a day. The flights in 1939 continued
until I left the region on April 16. One morning I shot an everglade
kite from one of these bands, and on April 6 and 10 turkey buzzards
passed in flight northward, evidently migrant individuals of one of
the two northern subspecies.

The smaller migrants, familiar summer residents of eastern and
central North America, often came in waves as they do farther
north. On March 21, 1939, following a tremendous rain that flooded
all the low-lying country and drenched the jungle, I found the bushes
and weeds of old fields crowded with orchard orioles, yellow warblers,
and parula warblers, with others in lesser numbers. These birds
continued in abundance until March 25, when there was a noticeable
decrease among them. March 30 I recorded that another wave of

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 227

migrants had come in during the night, and from then on the pro-
cession seemed constant. During the end of March and early April
I saw more orchard orioles near Tres Zapotes than I had observed
in all my previous years of observation of this species in its northern
home. On some days they fairly swarmed, so that it was necessary
to scrutinize carefully every bird collected to avoid shooting them.
Lincoln’s sparrows, common as winter residents, also increased de-
cidedly at the end of March for a brief space. The period from
March 25 to April 15 seemed to mark the height of the migratory
movement as a whole, though some species were passing until early
May.

Other interesting migrants were the Merrill’s pauraque (Nyctidro-
mus albicollis merrillii) and Couch’s kingbird (Zyrannus melan-
cholicus couchii), which in our northern summer come barely within
the southern boundary of the United States. Some of their number
come to live briefly, in winter, with the resident races of the same
species in the Tuxtla region.

That there is definite migration among some species wholly trop-
ical in distribution is a fact that is becoming constantly better known
as our observations extend. In the Tres Zapotes area, the yellow-
green vireo (Vireo flavoviridis flavoviridis) falls in this category.
Seemingly this bird withdraws after its nesting season, so far as
most of its individuals are concerned at least, into South America,
to return the following season to its breeding grounds. In 1939 I
noted none to the time that I left on April 16. The following year
Carriker found the first one on April 6, followed by another April 8,
after which they were common. Possibly the white-bellied emerald
hummingbird (Agyrtria candida candida) may be a migrant also,
since, although it was common in Marth both years, in 1940 Car-
riker did not record it until February 28, after which it was widely
distributed. The sulphur-bellied flycatcher (Afyiodynastes luteiven-
tris luteiventris) appeared on April 1.

The striped flycatcher (Legatus leucophaius variegatus) also seemed
to be migrant here, as it suddenly became common in April, though
not recorded earlier. The Mexican crested flycatcher (Myiarchus
tyrannulus nelsoni) was common after the middle of March but was
not seen in winter. The peppershrike (Cyclarhis guianensis flaviven-
tris) was recorded only after the first of March. Since it is found
usually by its song, it may have been present earlier, though silent.
The beginning of March marked the opening of its breeding period.

Further study in the field is needed to verify some of the observa-
tions just listed, which are based on scanty data. It appears, however,
that there is definite shifting among some truly Tropical species for
purposes of breeding.

228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

The Mexican pipromorphna (Pipromorphna oleaginea assimilis),
common on the Sierra de Tuxtla above 1,000 feet elevation, was taken
once at Tres Zapotes on January 18, during a storm. Lichtenstein’s
warbler (Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus), another common
mountain species, seemed also to be a straggler to the lowlands, where
it was taken at Tres Zapotes on January 26 and at Tlacotalpam Febru-
ary 7. The Mexican shrike-tanager (Lanio auratius) , common to 2,500
feet in the mountains, was found at Tres Zapotes on January 26 and
February 28. The brown-headed chlorospingus (Chlorospingus oph-
thalmicus ophthalmicus), which ranged mainly in the higher moun-
tain forests, was obtained at Tres Zapotes on January 17. Though it
is possible that there were local groups of these species resident in the
lowland forests, it appears that there is a certain amount of altitudinal
shifting in their search for food and because of cold and storms dur-
ing the winter period. Much more study of this subject is required.

ANNOTATED LIST

Family TINAMIDAE
TINAMUS MAJOR PERCAUTUS Van Tyne

Tinamus major percautus VAN TYNE, Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool. Mise. Publ. 27,
Aug. 1, 1935, p. 8 (Uaxactun, Petén, Guatemala).

The two obtained were taken by Carriker. On March 23, 1940, at
2,000 feet elevation on the Cerro Tuxtla, he found two fighting furi-
ously and shot one, which proved to be a male. Others were heard from
time to time on this mountain, but no more were seen. On April 8,
in fairly heavy woodland near Hueyapa, between Tres Zapotes and
Boca San Miguel, attention was drawn by a rustling sound to one
skulking off through the undergrowth. ‘This proved to be a female.
The bird appears to be the rarest of the tinamous of the region and is
a species known there to very few persons.

The decidedly gray coloration of the two specimens obtained is evi-
dent at a glance, the difference being a striking one when the skins are
compared with specimens of 7’. m. (Ona from the Caribbean region
of central Guatemala. After examination of four specimens kindly
lent me by Dr. J. Van Tyne from the original series from which he
described the race percautus, it appears to me evident that the birds
from the Tres Zapotes area are to be identified as that form. They
agree in more grayish olive color above and in paler coloration below.
The only difference that I can find is that the black crossbars on the
wings and back in the Veracruz specimens are not quite so heavy, a
difference that is very slight and one that I believe is due to individual
variation. In his discussion of this new race, Van Tyne noted that

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 229

three skins in the Fish and Wildlife Service collection obtained by
Nelson and Goldman at Teapa in south-central Tabasco, near the Chi-
apas boundary, showed an approach to percautus in the paleness of the
underparts. On examination of these specimens again with the new
material from the present collection, I consider that they should be
called percautus, as should two other specimens in the National Mu-
seum that come from Buena Vista and Potrero, Veracruz, the first
locality being to the west of Tres Zapotes and the second near Cordoba.
This gives a logical distribution, since it makes percautus the most
northern race of its species, extending from southern Veracruz to
northern Petén, while robustus ranges on the Caribbean slope from
Choctum and Nebaj, in east central Guatemala, south to Nicaragua.

CRYPTURELLUS SOUI MESERYTHRUS (Sclater)

Tinamus meserythrus P. lL. ScLtatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859 (Feb. 1860),
p. 392 (Playa Vicente, Veracruz).

Carriker secured a female near camp at Tres Zapotes on February
26 and a pair at about 800 feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla on May
8, 1940. The species seemed to be fairly common in the wooded low-
lands through this region but was so secretive that it was seldom
seen. During my own stay I heard tinamous calling daily, often im-
mediately adjacent to our houses at camp, and on two or three oc-
casions had indistinct glimpses of the birds along the trails. Never,
however, did I secure a shot. Carriker notes that they rarely flush,
usually hiding when approached. He reports that the two taken on
May 8 were a breeding pair and that the female apparently had
just completed laying.

CRYPTURELLUS CINNAMOMEUS SALLAEI (Bonaparte)

Nothocernus (sic) sallaei BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 42,
1856, p. 954 (Cordoba, Veracruz).

Carriker secured a male in forest near Hueyapa on March 27, 1940.

This bird agrees with a small series taken by Nelson and Gold-
man on May 38 and 4, 1894, and also with an old skin in the U. S.
National Museum from Mirador near Veracruz. While Peters in his
Check-list (vol. 1, p. 21) has included birds from this area under true
cinnamomeus, it appears that Conover‘ and Brodkorb® are correct
in calling sal/aei a distinct race. The series before me stands out defi-
nitely from other tinamous of this group.

As for the type locality of this form, Bonaparte says of it “du
Mexique,” but continues in a footnote to explain that he has named
it for Auguste Sallé from a fine collection obtained by that traveler,

4 Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 46, June 30, 1933, p. 114.
5 Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 401, Mar. 1, 1939, p. 3.

230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

principally in the vicinity of Cérdoba in Veracruz and around the
voleano Orizaba in Puebla. When more material is available to
outline the distribution of the race, the type locality should be defi-
nitely designated.

CRYPTURELLUS BOUCARDI BOUCARDI (Sclater)

Tinamus boucardi P. L. ScraTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859 (Feb. 1860),
p. 391 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca).

On the Sierra de Tuxtla this tinamou is fairly abundant, being
confined to the higher levels above 1,000 feet elevation. The five
specimens, taken by Carriker, come from the Cerro de Tuxtla, March
98 and 29, April 9, and May 7. They were calling at this season and
decoyed to an imitation of their notes, though it was necessary for
the hunter to be well concealed. They were heard frequently on
San Martin, but none were taken here.

Family COLYMBIDAE
COLYMBUS DOMINICUS BRACHYPTERUS Chapman: Mexican Grebe

Colymbus dominicus brachypterus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 12, Dec. 23, 1899, p. 256 (Lomita Ranch, Lower Rio Grande Valley,
Tex.).

Tn the two or three feet of water of the Laguna del Tular, 25 or 30
of these small grebes lived, so that I saw them frequently between
March 17 and April 11. On March 29 I found a few in Laguna
Larga. The open water available was small in extent, and the grebes
ranged back into the swamp under the arching branches of bushes.
On March 17 I fired at two under such cover and was much surprised
when my boy came wading back with four fine specimens. One of
these was preserved as a skeleton. The three skins include an adult
male and two females in immature plumage. The birds were known
locally as viuda or viudita.

Carriker in 1940 secured a female on March 21 on a lagoon north
of Hueyapa, and shot three more, two males and a female, on Feb-
ruary 15 and 19 near Tlacotalpam, where these grebes were fairly
common in the many ponds and sloughs of that region.

After examination of considerable material, I have characterized
the various races of this grebe as follows:

Colymbus dominicus dominicus Linnaeus:

Colymbus dominicus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 223
(Hispaniola).
Under surface with more mixture of fuscous; flanks, sides, and
crissum darker; bill slightly larger.
Eight males, wing 88.5-96.3 (92.0), culmen from base 21.5-24.5
(23.4), tarsus 30.0-33.6 (31.8) mm.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 231

Seven females, wing 87.5-94.0 (90.3) ,° culmen from base 19.0-21.8
(20.3), tarsus 28.5-32.1 (30.5) mm.

Cuba, Jamaica, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and many
of the Bahama Islands; Cozumel Island.

Eight skins in the British Museum from Cozumel Island on the
eastern coast of Yucatan agree with the Greater Antillean birds in
darker flanks and sides and in the greater amount of fuscous on the
breast. It is well known that Cozumel has definite Greater Antillean
affinities in many elements of its avifauna.

Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman :

Colymbus dominicus brachypterus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.
12, Dec. 23, 1899, p. 256 (Lomita Ranch, Lower Rio Grande Valley, Tex.).

Under surface whiter, with the sides and flanks lighter, less fus-
cous; wing and bill averaging slightly shorter.

Sixteen males, wing 82.0-93.7 (88.7), culmen from base 18.0—-24.7
(21.5), tarsus 29.4-33.8 (32.4) mm.

Eighteen females, wing 83.8-91.5 (87.4), culmen from base 18.0—
92.6 (19.8),’ tarsus 29.3-32.5 (30.9) mm.

Southeastern Texas through Mexico and Central America to
Panama.

Another form has been described from Baja California by van
Rossem and Hachisuka as Colymbus dominicus bangsi® and as differ-
ing from C. d. brachypterus in smaller bill, grayer and paler upper
parts, with the breeding plumage darker below, and spotting promi-
nent. The proposed form is said to range in the arid tropical zone
of Baja California, southern Sonora, and “probably other portions
of northwestern Mexico.” I have seen only two specimens from
Baja California, a male with the culmen from base 19.4 mm. and a
female with the same measurement 17.6 mm. While small, this is not
remarkably so. In color these two do not differ from specimens from
elsewhere in Mexico. Skins from Rosario in the State of Sinaloa,
Mazatlan, Nayarit, and Manzanillo in Colima do not differ at all from
typical brachypterus. In view of the data given above, I wish to
withhold decision as to the validity of bangsi for the present, though it
would seem that it is doubtfully distinct.

Colymbus dominicus speciosus (uynch Arribalzaga) :

Podiceps speciosus Frtrx LyNcH ArrRIBALZAGA, La Ley, Buenos Aires, July 2,
1877, p. 1 (Baradero, Buenos Aires, Argentina).

6 live specimens ; other two molting.

7 Measurements of 16 specimens.

8Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. 8, June 15, 1937, p. 325 (Santiago, Baja California).

497260—43——2

232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Similar in color to dominicus but with smaller bill.

Seventeen males, wing 89.0-99.5 (93.5), culmen from base 18.0-
92.0 (19.8), tarsus 31.2-36.2 (32.9) mm.

Seven females, wing 86.9-97.1 (90.3), culmen from base 17.7-21.5
(18.8), tarsus 30.0-33.0 (31.2) mm.

South America, from Venezuela south to central Argentina.

This form is very similar to the West Indian bird except for its
smaller bill. The only specimen I have seen from Argentina is
slightly paler than birds from farther north, but it is immature and
I consider its colors uncertain. It is possible that there may be two
forms in South America, but this can be determined only with more
abundant material.

Family PELECANIDAE
PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS Gmelin: White Pelican
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 571
(Hudson Bay).

On April 16 a flock of a dozen flew above the Rio Papaloapan at
Tlacotalpam.

PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS CAROLINENSIS Gmelin: Brown Pelican
Pelecanus carolinensis GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 571
(Charleston Harbor, 8. C.).

The alcatraz was seen at Veracruz City on March 4 and at Alva-
rado on March 5 and April 16. One was observed in the Rio Papalo-
apan at Tlacotalpam on March 6.

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE
PHALACROCORAX OLIVACEUS MEXICANUS (Brandt) : Mexican Cormorant
Carbo mexicanus Branpvt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. 3, 1837,
col. 56 (Mexico).

Cormorants were recorded along the Rio Papaloapan and the Rio
San Agustin between Tlacotalpam and Boca San Miguel on March 6
and April 15.

Family ANHINGIDAE
ANHINGA ANHINGA LEUCOGASTER (Vieillot): Water-turkey
Plotus leucogaster Vir1tioT, Nouy. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 1, 1816, p. 545 (Florida).

On March 31, 1939, I saw a water-turkey at Laguna Larga, near
Tres Zapotes. Carriker shot an immature male in a marsh north of
Hueyapa on March 21, 1940, and recorded others along the river be-
tween Boca San Miguel and Tlacotalpam.

Separation of races in this species has been discussed by van
Rossem® and by Griscom and Greenway.’ After examination of

® Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1939, pp. 439-440.
10 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 88, June 1941, p. 103.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 233

considerable material it appears to me that two races may be main-
tained. Anhinga anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus), marked by larger
size and broader tail tip, ranges from Venezuela and Ecuador to
Brazil, and presumably to Argentina. Anhinga anhinga leucogaster
(Vieillot), found from Colombia northward through Central Amer-
ica and Mexico to the southeastern. United States, is slightly smaller.
The race Anhinga anhinga minima described by van Rossem from
the Pacific coast of Central America, from Nayarit to El Salvador,
I consider at present as of uncertain status. The type and some
others that I have seen are immature birds, as is the individual from
Langtry, Tex., called minima by van Rossem. Adults are appre-
ciably larger than immatures in this species, so much so that I am
doubtful whether this race can be recognized. This needs to be
settled definitely with adult material. The skin from Langtry,
Tex., I consider to be merely a young individual of /eucogaster.

Family FREGATIDAE

FREGATA MAGNIFICENS ROTHSCHILDI Mathews: Caribbean Man-o’-war-bird

Fregata minor rothschildi MATHEWS, The birds of Australia, vol. 4, 1915, p. 280
(Aruba Island, Netherlands West Indies).

The man-o’-war-bird was recorded at Alvarado on March 6, 1939.

Family ARDEIDAE
CASMERODIUS ALBUS EGRETTA (Gmelin): American Egret
Ardea Egretta Gmetin, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 629 (Cayenne).
One was seen at Laguna del Tular April 11.
HYDRANASSA TRICOLOR RUFICOLLIS (Gosse): Louisiana Heron
Egretta ruficollis Gossr, Birds of Jamaica, 1847, p. 338 (Jamaica).

Occasional birds were seen at Laguna Tular and near the Arroyo
Tepanaguasapan in March and April.

FLORIDA CAERULEA CAERULEA (Linnaeus): Little Blue Heron

Ardea caerulea LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 143 (South
Carolina).

This was the most abundant heron around Tres Zapotes, where it
was found in number at the lagoons from March 17 to April 18.
Many were recorded along the river route between Tlacotalpam and
Boca San Miguel on March 6 and April 15.

BUTORIDES VIRESCENS VIRESCENS (Linnaeus): Eastern Green Heron

Ardea virescens LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 144 (South
Carolina).

234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93°

In 1939 I saw green herons near Tres Zapotes on four occasions,
March 13, 29, and 31 (when a male was taken) and April 3. Carriker,
in 1940, fea them fairly abundant around the ponds and lagoons
and in the small tracts of swampy woods adjacent to Tlacotalpam,
where he took specimens on February 6, 9, and 19. He recorded them
also near Tres Zapotes and on May 7 shot a female along the small
arroyo above the village of Tapacoyan, on the lower slopes of the
Cerro de Tuxtla. The latter had the ovaries slightly enlarged.

The five specimens taken belong to the widely distributed eastern
race. Whether the bird from Tapacoyan was near its breeding
grounds, as indicated by the date and its condition, or whether it was
a belated northern migrant is uncertain.

NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX HOACTLI (Gmelin): Black-crowned Night Heron

Ardea Hoactli GmMetin, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 680 (Lakes of
Mexico).

This night heron, known as tandi/, was a common inhabitant of la-
goons and wooded swamps and was hunted as game. In evening,
when the wind was from the south, I heard their calls from the lagoons
near the village, and often the binds passed at night over our camp.
They were common along the river route between Tlacotalpam and
Boca San Miguel.

NYCTANASSA VIOLACEA VIOLACEA (Linnaeus): Yellow-crowned Night Heron

Ardea violacea LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 143 (South
Carolina).

In March and April these birds were fairly common with the other
night heron at lagoons near the village.

Family COCHLEARIIDAE

COCHLEARIUS COCHLEARIUS ZELEDONI (Ridgway)

Cancroma zeledoni Riwaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, 1885, p. 98 (Mazatlan,
Sinaloa).

The only one obtained, an immature female, was shot by Carriker’s
helper, Modesto, along the arroyo near Hueyapa.

Family CICONIIDAE
MYCTERIA AMERICANA Linnaeus: Wood Ibis

Mycteria americana LiNNarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 140
(Brazil).

A flock was seen circling high in the air at Tlacotalpam on March 6.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE Zoe

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
AJAIA AJAJA (Linnaeus): Roseate Spoonbill
Platalea Ajaja LINNAEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 140 (Jamaica).

Carriker recorded one May 1, 1940, between Tlacotalpam and Boca
San Miguel. Nelson and Goldman found this species near Tlacotal-
pam in 1894.

Family ANATIDAE

DENDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS AUTUMNALIS (Linnaeus): Black-bellied Tree Duck
Anas autumnalis LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 127 (America).

Carriker was told that this tree duck comes to the cornfields around
Tres Zapotes in large numbers late in May and early in June to feed
at night after the crops have been cleared and the ground burned for
the June planting. The natives trap many at these sites. Carriker
purchased one bird on May 2 which had been kept in captivity. I saw
two downy young in bad state of plumage in the hands of native boys
here early in April 1939.

CAIRINA MOSCHATA (Linnaeus)
Anas moschata LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124 (Brazil).

On April 3, 1939, three flushed from a low tree in the lagoon adjacent
to the village. Carriker secured the female of a pair on the arroyo at
Hueyapa April 2, 1940. The bird seems rare in this vicinity.

QUERQUEDULA DISCORS (Linnaeus): Blue-winged Teal

Anas discors LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 205 (South
Carolina).

Five of these teals were seen at Laguna del Tular on March 17, 1939.
On April 2, soon after sunrise, two men rode into camp asking if we
cared to buy canates (the name applied here to wild ducks of all spe-
cies). They carried about 25 blue-winged teals in a woven bag, the
birds having been partly skinned and partly plucked, eviscerated but
otherwise complete. They had been boiled, probably so that they
would not spoil, and were offered at the rate of two for 25 centavos.
I was told that these ducks had been killed in the extensive lagoons
near Boca San Miguel.

On April 11 I saw a flock of 12 blue-winged teals and another of
25 in the lagoon near the village, and on April 13 recorded a male in a
small lagoon near the Arroyo Tepanaguasapan. On April 16 a dozen
rested on the shore of the Rio Papaloapan near Alvarado. In 1940
Carriker examined two killed on March 21.

236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98:

NYROCA COLLARIS (Donovan): Ring-necked Duck

Anas collaris DoNovAN, British Birds, vol. 6, 1809, pl. 147 (Lincolnshire, England,.
from specimen found in Leadenhall Market, London).

On March 5, 1939, about 300 were seen in the Rio Papaloapan in
crossing from Alvarado to Tlacotalpam. On April 15, as I came
into the latter place, about 25 were swimming in the river, and the
following day an equal number were observed in returning to Al-
varado.

NYROCA AFFINIS (Eyton): Lesser Scaup Duck
Fuligula affinis Eyron, A monograph on the Anatidae, 18388, p. 157 (North
America).

On March 5, 1939, half a dozen were recorded among the abundant
ring-necked ducks where the Rio Chiquito enters the Papaloapan
between Alvarado and Tlacotalpam. On April 15 about 20 were
seen near Tlacotalpam, and the following day nearly 200 were seen
between that point and Alvarado. The change in abundance in
March and April between this species and the ring-necked duck was
interesting. :

Family CATHARTIDAE

SARCORAMPHUS PAPA (Linnaeus)
Vultur Papa Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 86 (Surinam).

At Tres Zapotes I heard frequently of e2 rey zope and April 2
was called to see this bird, a king vulture, resting in a small tree a
hundred yards in front of our camp. While seeming unafraid, it
appeared nervous and moved about until it was partly concealed by
a thin screen of leaves. It rested much of the time with the head
lowered and thrust a little forward. The colors of the head were
brilliant, the red seeming especially intense. A short distance away
a large group of black vultures rested about some carcass that ap-
parently had attracted the king vulture. Near sundown the bird
flew away rather heavily with a loud swishing of its wings, flapping
them quickly for several beats and then spreading them to sail for
a short distance, the motion being exactly that of a black vulture
under similar circumstances. On April 7 I recorded one soaring
over the clearings at the edge of the great forest at Arroyo Corredor.

CORAGYPS ATRATUS (Meyer): Black Vulture

Vultur atratus F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, vol. 1, 1794, p. 290 (St. Johns
River, Fla.).

This scavenger species, common through the country, was abun-
dant about the village of Tres Zapotes. Although they came all
around our camp, few alighted in the clearing, as we permitted no
waste to be thrown out and there was nothing to attract them. They

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 237

were known regularly as zopilote, which the archeologists informed
me was an Aztec word, and occasionally I heard them called nopo.
Bands gathered about every carcass in the pastures, and after gorg-
ing rested in flocks in the trees, or congregated closely on the ground.
Sometimes the natives, seeing the latter, remarked jokingly “hay
musica,” comparing them to the human groups that packed about
the native orchestras. When the air was heavy, these vultures re-
mained perched, or flapped heavily about for short distances. On
days of sunshine, they were often seen soaring high overhead. On
one occasion a flock circling 300 yards or more above the earth sud-
denly partly closed their wings and descended to the grass. Their
speed in descent was extraordinary. They often fought viciously
over food, rising several feet in the air as they struck at one another.
But once in the village I saw a hen turkey drive one away from the
vicinity of her young brood, and on another day two small dogs,
growling and barking, drove a flock of zopilotes from a dead pig
for no other reason than a very apparent dislike for the birds.

CATHARTES AURA AURA (Linnaeus)

Vultur Aura LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 86 (Veracruz,
Mexico).

The turkey vulture was seen daily in the region about Tres Za-
potes, either soaring with its usual ease over the open fields or rest-
ing in trees. It never joined the abundant flocks of black vultures
that congregated at the bodies of all dead animals of medium to
large size, from dogs and pigs to cattle and horses, and it was my
Impression that the turkey vulture was content with the dead of the
smaller creatures for which there was less competition or, at any
rate, less fighting among the scavengers.

While these notes are listed under the typical form, other races
were observed; on April 6, for instance, I noted a considerable migra-
tion during which birds passed during the entire forenoon in Lttle
groups, turning in spirals high in the air and traveling steadily
northward. A migrant flock of 30 individuals was seen following a
similar course on April 10. These undoubtedly included one or both
of the two northern races.

Family ACCIPITRIDAE
ELANUS LEUCURUS MAJUSCULUS Bangs and Penard

Elanus leucurus majusculus BANGS and PENARD, Proc. New England Zo0l.
Club, vol. 7, Feb. 19, 1920, p. 46 (San Rafael, Calif.)
Between Tlacotalpam and Boca San Miguel on March 6, 1939, I
saw several white-tailed kites flying over marshy places. Later in
the month a pair established themselves on the little savanna im-

238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

mediately below our camp at Tres Zapotes. I shot the male on
March 17, when the female was carrying sticks to build a nest in a
tree standing in a line of brush bordering a fence. ‘The structure
was located at the top of a tall, strong branch about 50 feet from the
ground. On March 27 I noted that the female had another mate
and recorded the pair several times after that in passing near the
nest. The male taken has a wing measurement of 322 mm.

ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS MAJOR Nelson and Goldman

Rostrhamus sociabilis major NELSoN and GotpMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasningwwun,
vol. 46, Oct. 26, 1933, p. 193 (Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico.)

Near Tlacotalpam the everglade kite was recorded in marshy places,
where it was rather shy. It was more common around Tres Zapotes
and there was usually tame, so that it was easily approached. I
secured two here on March 27 and April 1, 19389, and Carriker shot
two at the lagoon north of Hueyapa on March 5 and 21, 1940.

On March 27 at Laguna del Tular, I saw one resting in a dead
tree that stood in the water, holding a large water snail of the
genus Pomacea in its foot. It deftly extracted the animal with its
bill, let the shell fall, and then, holding the mollusk in its talons,
pulled it into small bits that it swallowed. Later I shot this in-
dividual and found that it was very fat. On April 1, while watch-
ing a flight of migrant hawks, I saw one of these kites circling
among them but did not recognize it until I killed it at very long
range. It seemed probable that it was one of the resident birds of
this area that had merely come up to soar for the pleasure of it,
so that its accompanying its migrant companions was a casual en-
counter. The long, broad wings and rather long, narrow tail with
notched end noted when this bird was high in the air gave a curious
silhouette strongly suggestive of the Old World kites of the genus
Milwus.

The four specimens in the present collection, which come from
near the typical locality of the race, bear out the characters of large
size on which major is based. All are fully grown, though still in
streaked and mottled plumage. Measurements are as follows: 3
males, wing 375, 380, 381, tail 203, 203, 210, culmen from cere 30.5,
31.2, 32.7, and tarsus 54.4, 55.1, 57.8 mm.; 1 female, wing 376, tail
200, culmen from cere 29.3, tarsus 54.9 mm.

ACCIPITER STRIATUS VELOX (Wilson): Sharp-shinned Hawk

Falco velor Witson, American ornithology, vol. 5, 1812, p. 116, pl. 45, fig. 1
(Philadelphia, Pa.)

On April 7 I killed an adult female as it crossed an old clearing
traveling in swift flight with a strong wind. I had glimpses of several

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 239

other sharp-shinned hawks along the borders of forest, probably all
of this same species, but did not see them clearly enough for certain
identification.

BUTEO ALBICAUDATUS HYPOSPODIUS Gurney: Sennett’s White-tailed Hawk

Buteo hypospodius GuRNEY, Ibis, 1876, p. 73, pl. 3 (Medellin, Colombia).

Migrant flights of these hawks were recorded near Tres Zapotes
from March 30 to April 12, the number seen varying from a few to
several hundred during one day. They appeared in bands of varying
size that traveled to the north, occasionally turning in spirals but even
then drifting steadily northward. They were seen usually early in
the morning and at times were accompanied by a smaller species that
was probably B. p. platypterus, though none of these passed suf-
ficiently near for certain identification. The white-tailed hawks were
always high in the air, so that it was necessary to use field glasses to
name them. They appeared white below, occasionally with a rusty
wash on the lower breast, and were marked by the single broad band
of black across the end of the white tail.

BUTEO MAGNIROSTRIS GRISEOCAUDA Ridgway

Buteo (Rupornis) magnirostis var. griseocauda RidDaeway, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. 16, Dec. 18738, p. 87 (in key), p. 88 (orig. descr.) (Mexico).

These were the commonest hawks of the region, being spread every-
where through the more open monte and through the trees bordering
the milpas, but not penetrating into dense forests. They are tame and
noisy, calling with complaining, petulant notes when their haunts are
invaded and usually allowing close approach without need for stealth
or cover on the part of the collector. They seem generally rather slug-
gish, watching from perches for prey or swinging down across swales
and openings to see what game they can surprise. Once I saw one in
rapid pursuit of a small bird, but ordinarily other birds seemed to pay
little attention to them.

In 1939 they were especially noisy during March and were seen at
times turning overhead in short circles. Actual nesting seemed to begin
at the end of the month, and on March 29 I saw one carrying nesting
material. On April 7 I recorded one resting in a rather slight nest of
sticks placed 25 feet from the ground in a small tree at the edge of a
field. The natives assured Carriker that these birds catch many young
chickens, but we saw no indication of this. Adults were taken on
March 15, 1939, and January 22, 1940, at Tres Zapotes. Carriker se-
cured one in immature plumage at Tlacotalpam on February 6, 1940.

These birds agree with specimens of griseocauda from elsewhere in
Mexico.

240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

There are three specimens in the collections of the U. S. National
Museum taken by Nelson and Goldman at Frontera, in eastern Tabas-
co, March 5 and April 26, and Monte Cristo, May 5, that belong to the
race conspectus,” which differs from griseocauda in paler gray colora-
tion.

BUTEO NITIDA PLAGIATA (Schlegel)

Asturina plagiata SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vol. 2, Asturinae, 1862, p. 1 (Veracruz,
Mexico).

One was seen April 12 at the border of an old field near Arroyo Cor-
redor. As Veracruz is the type locality of plagiata, it is assumed that
this is the race found at Tres Zapotes. In placing this bird in the genus
Buteo, I agree with van Rossem ™ that Astwrina has no characters to
separate it.

PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS HARRISI (Audubon): Harris’s Hawk

Buteo Harrisi AupusBon, Birds of America (folio), vol. 4, 1837, pl. 892 (Bayou Sara
and Natchez, Miss.).

On March 6, 1939, I observed a pair in a low tree standing in an
open savanna near Tlacotalpam.

LEUCOPTERNIS ALBICOLLIS GHIESBREGHTI (Du Bus)

Buteo ghiesbreghti Du Bus, Esquisses ornithologiques . . ., livr. 1, 1845, pl. 1
(Mirador, near Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico).

Carriker saw two of these beautiful hawks on the Cerro de Tuxtla,

where he collected a female at about 1,000 feet elevation on March 19.

HYPOMORPHNUS URUBITINGA RIDGWAYI (Gurney)

Urubitinga ridgwayi Gurney, A list of the diurnal birds of prey, 1884, p. 148
(Guatemala and Mexico).

In 1939 I saw this hawk on various occasions above Tlacotalpam but
did not secure specimens. Carriker shot one at Tlacotalpam on
February 19 and two on the Cerro de Tuxtla on March 13 and 19, 1940.

The more extensive white banding on the tibia in the adult is an
excellent character that distinguishes most individuals easily from
the South American races.

BUTEOGALLUS ANTHRACINUS ANTHRACINUS (Lichtenstein) : Mexican Black Hawk

Falco anthracinus LIcHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer Vogel. . .,
1830, p. 3 (Mexico).

Near Tres Zapotes I noted these birds regularly in the woodlands
bordering milpas, where they often greeted me with high-pitched

11 Rupornis magnirostris conspecta Peters, Auk, 1913, p. 370 (San Ignacio, Yucatan).
2 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 77, 1934, p. 429.

BIRDS ‘OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE QAI

eaglelike screams. The especially thick, heavy feathering made them
hard to kill, especially since it was difficult to approach them within
easy range. I secured an adult female that was laying at the Arroyo
Corredor, April 12, 19389. Carriker shot an adult female near Hue-
yapa on March 7 and an immature of the same sex on the Cerro de
Tuxtla at about 1,000 feet elevation near Tapacoyan on March 28,
1940.

BUSARELLUS NIGRICOLLIS NIGRICOLLIS (Latham)

Falco nigricollis LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 1, 1790, p. 35 (Cayenne).

On March 6, 1939, I saw a pair along the river below Boca San
Miguel and later recorded one over a lagoon near Tres Zapotes. Car-
riker found a pair north of Hueyapa and shot the female on March
5, 1940. These hawks locally are called cabeza vieja because of their
white heads.

In the small series at hand I can see no differences between birds
from various localities in Mexico, Central America, and South Amer-
ica north of the lower Amazon.

CIRCUS CYANEUS HUDSONIUS (Linnaeus): Marsh Hawk

Falco hudsonius LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 129 (Hudson
Bay).
On March 30, I recorded an adult female coursing over open milpas,
Another female was seen near Tlacotalpam April 16.

GERANOSPIZA NIGRA NIGRA (Du Bus)

-Ischnoceles niger Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. 14, pt. 2, 1847, p. 102
(Mexico).

On April 4, 1939, I shot a male at the Arroyo Corredor. As I
moved quietly among the trees I suddenly saw its dark form clearly
through the branches as it perched 15 feet from the ground in heavy,
open forest. It was eating a large orthopteran. The feathers are
dense, fluffy, and abundant, like those of some bird from a colder
region.

I agree with Kirke Swann ** that nzgra is a species distinct from
caerulescens. While the darker color of nigra might be considered
merely a melanism, the immature plumage is decidedly different in
the white throat and in the style of markings on the lower surface.
In the juvenile stage caerulescens is distinctly barred with white
while in nigra the white appears more as irregular blotching.

18 Monograph of the birds of prey, vol. 1, pt. 3, May 30, 1925, p. 156.

242 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93:

Family FALCONIDAE
POLYBORUS CHERIWAY AUDUBONII Cassin

Polyborus Audubonii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 17, 1865,.
p. 2 (Florida).

The caracara was seen regularly around Tres Zapotes during
March and April, but it was not abundant.

HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS CHAPMANI Bangs and Penard

Herpetotheres cachinnans chapmani Banes and Prnarp, Bull. Mus. Comp..
Zool., vol. 62, Apr. 1918, p. 87 (Santa Lucia, Rio Hondo, Quintana Roo,
Mexico). :

This interesting hawk was not rare around Tres Zapotes, the com-
bination there of clearings and low forest being favorable to it, as
it seems always to seek open tree growth, as at the borders of fields
and savannas, but does not enter extensive areas of heavy forests.
Usually its presence is revealed by its loud calls, which are heard
mainly in morning and evening and carry for long distances. The
notes seemed a little higher in tone than those of H. c. queribundus that
I heard years ago in Paraguay and northern Argentina. The natives
know it as the waquero and say that when it perches among leaves
it will rain, and that when it rests in the open on a dead tree the
weather will be fair, a belief with a certain amount of truth in a
country where rain is frequent and where the birds come out to sun
themselves on clear days. Occasionally I saw these falcons turning
in small circles 200 yards in the air with the short, round wings fully
extended so that the tips of the primaries were widely separated.
Under such circumstances the long tail gives an outline quite dif-
ferent from that of species of Buteo and allied hawks.

I secured a male at the edge of the forest at Arroyo Corredor on
April 7, 1939. Carriker took another on January 20, 1940. The
wing measurements are 261 and 273 mm. The smaller of the two has
the wing somewhat worn.

One taken by Carriker on January 25, 1940, at Tres Zapotes has
the wing 292 mm. In the National Museum there is a second speci-
men with the wing 289 mm. from Paso Nuevo, Veracruz, to the south-
east of Tres Zapotes collected by A. E. Colburn between March 27 and
April 22, 1901, and another (wing 283 mm.) obtained in March 18838
at “Santa Ana, Est. Veracruz” apparently Barra de Santa Ana, on
the coast of eastern Tabasco.

FALCO FUSCO-COERULESCENS SEPTENTRIONALIS Todd: Aplomado Falcon

Falco fusco-coerulescens septentrionalis Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
29, June 6, 1916, p. 98 (Fort Huachuca, Ariz.).

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 243

On April 6, 1939, I saw one near Cerro Chico Zapote, to the south
of Tres Zapotes.

FALCO SPARVERIUS SPARVERIUS Linnaeus: Eastern Sparrow Hawk

Falco sparverius LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 90 (South
Carolina).

The sparrow hawk was common on March 6, 1939, when I began
observations at Tlacotalpam, and a male shot the following day was
one of the first specimens that I secured at Tres Zapotes. The birds
were seen on commanding perches on palms and other trees through
the cornfields and were constantly observed about our camp. On
March 17 I noted a sudden decrease in their number, due apparently
to migration to the north. On April 2 two passed camp traveling
due north. Scattered individuals were seen daily until my departure,
and it appeared to me that some might be breeding birds, but of this
I was not certain. Two taken on March 30 and April 3 appear iden-
tical with the bird of the eastern United States. Whether the spar-
row hawk actually breeds in this area remains to be ascertained,
though Ramon, my native assistant, said that they nested in holes
in the palms..

Carriker secured specimens at Tres Zapotes on January 19 and
April 5, 1940.

FALCO ALBIGULARIS ALBIGULARIS Daudin

Falco aibigularis Dauprin, Traité d’ornithologie, vol. 2, 1800, p. 131 (Cayenne).

This falcon is rare in the region under discussion, as we recorded
it only twice. On March 22, 1938, I shot one from a tall, dead tree
at the border of a grove, above an old milpa. Carriker secured an-
other on May 5, 1940, from a dead limb of a very tall tree standing
high up on the slopes of Cerro de Tuxtla. Both are males.

Family CRACIDAE
CRAX RUBRA RUBRA Linnaeus

Crag rubra LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 157 (western
Ecuador) .14

Carriker secured a pair on Cerro de Tuxtla on May 4 and 8. The
bird was well known to inhabit the Tuxtla Mountains, but accounts
of it were confused and conflicting. His first view of it was of a
captive bird near Tuxtla, which had been reared from an egg. Near
Tapacoyan this species was called cholin, while on the eastern side
of the same mountain the natives knew it as the faisén, a name usually
applied to Penelope p. purpurascens. On Volein San Martin it was
called faisdn real.

4

14 See Hellmayr and Conover, Publi. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 1, No. 1,
Apr. 30, 1942, p. 130.

244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 98

Linnaeus gives the type locality in the original reference as
“America,” while in his twelfth edition in 1766, p. 270, he lists it as
from “Peru.”

PENELOPE PURPURASCENS PURPURASCENS Wagler
Penelope purpurascens Wacter, Isis von Oken, vol. 23, 1830, col. 1110 (Mexico).

. Two females were secured by Carriker on Volcan San Martin on
April 16 between 2,500 and 3,500 feet and on April 17 between 3,000
and 4,000 feet. His notes on this species are as follows: “My first
encounter with this magnificent bird was on Cerro de Tuxtla, on my
second trip up there. I surprised a pair on top of a ridge at about
2,000 feet, and they burst into a fearful racket. One was clearly
visible, so far as its head and tail, but a large limb concealed the body.
I waited quietly for it to emerge, but it suddenly launched into a power
dive down into the deep valley of the Rio Lirios, followed by the
concealed mate.

“On San Martin they were more abundant. On the second day of
my stay there, while I was skinning birds in the afternoon, a man
came along with a fine specimen he had shot and after considerable
pursuasion sold it to me for 3 pesos. The next day I shot another,
and afterward several were seen high up on the volcano near 4,500
feet.” He heard it called faisén and faisén roncador on San Martin
and cholin on the east side of Cerro de Tuxtla, the latter name being
applied to the curassow at Tapacoyan.

ORTALIS VETULA VETULA (Wagler)

Penelope vetula WAGLER, Isis von Oken, vol. 23, 1830, col. 1112 (near the city of
Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico).

The 10 specimens that we secured near Tres Zapotes were collected
on March 28 and 31, 1939, and March 3 and 16, 1940.

The chachalaca, a name varied by some of the natives to chichalaca,
is one of the most common of the larger birds of the region, hundreds
of them being present. They are found regularly in tracts of heavy
woodland, and they come out also from such cover into low thickets
and thin lines of trees bordering milpas.

Early in the season, in January and February, it was difficult to
see them, but with the opening of the breeding season in March and
April, when they began to call, their true abundance became appar-
ent. At alarms they flew heavily, or ran off along the larger limbs
through the tree tops; usually so far ahead that they were safely
hidden from our guns. Sometimes I found them dusting in loose soil
between rows of corn in the milpas where these adjoined thickets.
This must be a regular habit as I observed these dust baths on many
occasions. When flushed they went immediately into the trees.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 245

The calls are harsh and raucous and are sometimes mingled with a
variety of chattering, clucking sounds. On some days the woods re-
sounded with these notes, and when they were especially noisy our men
often remarked on the fact, saying that there would be a change in the
weather.

The names that have been employed for the more northern races of
this species are in considerable confusion, due to different interpre-
tations as to the identity of Wagler’s Penelope vetula. The type of
vetula, examined by van Rossem in the Munich Museum,’ is de-
scribed by him as being in molt. The newly grown third rectrices
have the tips pure white like those of birds from the lower Rio Grande
area, While in the outer pairs this color is somewhat dirty and grayish
owing to wear. Wan Rossem remarks that the body color is very
dark like that of birds from farther south (jalapensis of Miller and
Griscom). He concludes that this specimen cannot be placed with
the form that ranges north into Texas, and that it is unlike any other
chachalaca that he has seen, being perhaps of an unknown race,
though possibly an aberrant bird of the group currently known as
jalapensis. This last suggestion is the one that it seems to me we
must accept, a conclusion reached after careful examination of a
long series of specimens.

According to Miller and Griscom,* from information furnished
by Dr. C. E. Hellmayr, Wagler’s type was secured by a collector
named Keerl, who worked near the city of Veracruz and then went
up to Mexico City. The type locality for vetula was, therefore,
designated by Miller and Griscom as “neighborhood of the City of
Veracruz, Mexico,” correcting their earlier designation” of Tam-
pico, Tamaulipas. The latter could not be correct, as Keerl did not
enter that state. With the type of Wagler considered as coming
from near Veracruz, then vetula must be applied to birds from that
area.

Miller and Griscom™ have named Ortalis vetula jalapensis, with
the type from Jalapa at an elevation of 4,400 feet in the state of
Veracruz. Currently, for a number of years, the name vetula has
been applied to the race from the lower Rio Grande Valley from
Texas to Nuevo Le6én southward through Tamaulipas, while jala-
pensis has been accepted for the race of chachalaca of the lowland
area from Veracruz city southward through the state of Veracruz
and farther.

There are available in the National Museum two skins collected
by Nelson and Goldman at Jico, which is just outside Jalapa proper,

1 Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, May 31, 1934, p. 350.

16 Auk, 1921, p. 455.
17 Auk, 1921, p. 46.

246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

so that these may be taken as topotypical of jalapensis. There is also
an old skin from Mirador near Veracruz city that should be con-
sidered as from near the type locality of vetula; and, in addition,
there is the excellent series of 10 skins from Tres Zapotes. Except
for one specimen to be mentioned immediately, these all agree in
general in the buffy color of the tail tip and in dark-colored under-
parts when compared with a good series from Tampico north to the
Brownsville area in Texas. These latter have the tail tip definitely
white and the breast appreciably paler. One of the skins from Jico
has the tail tip quite white, there being only a slight bufly tinge,
so that it shows approach to the more northern form.

From consideration of this material, it appears that the area
around Veracruz city and around Jalapa represents a region of in-
tergradation between the more northern, lighter-breasted form with
white tail tips and the darker race with buffy extremities on the
rectrices that ranges south through southern Veracruz state into
Guatemala. We may expect in this intermediate area a mingling
of characters, which is found in the specimen from Jico mentioned
above with the tail tippings definitely white. It seems reasonable
to consider the type of vetula, which is described as having the third
pair of rectrices tipped with pure white and the others a little duller
also as an intermediate bird. The situation is highly unsatisfac-
tory, but it appears logical in view of what has been said to give
the name vetula to birds from Veracruz city and Jalapa southward,
with jalapensis as a synonym, and to retain mecallii for the north-
ern race found from Tamaulipas to the lower Rio Grande area.
(This is in accordance also with the opinion of Hellmayr and
Conover."®)

The birds from Tres Zapotes, therefore, are identified as typical
vetula.

Family ARAMIDAE
ARAMUS GUARAUNA DOLOSUS Peters
Aramus pictus dolosus Prerers, Occ. Pap. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, Jan. 30,
1925, p. 144 (Bolsén, Costa Rica).

Near Tres Zapotes, I flushed one of these birds April 15, 1939, at
the border of a small lagoon choked with grassy vegetation and
watched. it fly across into swampy woods. Carriker saw a pair at
Tlacotalpam and secured a female at a lagoon north of Hueyapa
on May 3, 1940. The species is not common in this region.

18 Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 1, No. 1, Apr. 30, 1942, pp. 169-171.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 247

Family RALLIDAE

ARAMIDES CAJANEA MEXICANA Bangs

Aramides albiventris mexicanus Banes, Amer. Nat., vol. 41, Mar. 1907, p. 185
(Buena Vista, Veracruz, Mexico).

At Tres Zapotes everyone knew the Montezuma, or pollo de Monte-
zuma, sometimes varied to Moctezwma, which for weeks I supposed
to be this rail, a matter difficult to prove, however, because the birds
were very shy. One day Ramon led me to a nest that he had found
at the Laguna del Tular, a platform of sticks and weed stems 15
inches across, placed 5 feet from the ground in a bush standing in
heavy forest just above the flooded edge of the swamp at the border of
the lagoon. We watched for the birds but did not see them. On
March 29, 1939, at Laguna Larga, I worked slowly along the edge
of a wooded swamp where trees 30 to 40 feet high stood on enormous,
flaring, buttressed roots that radiated from the trunk in all direc-
tions and rose to a height of 6 to 8 feet. Dark water lay beneath
the trees, leading to an open area grown thickly with plants. The
light was subdued and the air quiet in spite of a wind blowing
strongly overhead. Tracks of rails were impressed in the mud, and
twice I had indistinct glimpses of birds slipping away without
sound. Each time, by a quick shot, I secured a fine male of this
species, and the mysterious Montezuma was identified. Afterward,
on April 1, I saw one along the Arroyo Valdez, where there was little
water, and occasionally heard one call, but I had no further oppor-
tunity to get specimens. This species is sometimes called poposcala,
in imitation of its call.

PORZANA CAROLINA (Linnaeus)
Rallus carolinus LINNAEuvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 153 (Hudson
Bay).

Carriker secured a male at the edge of a pond near Tlacotalpam
February 29, 1940. He notes that he had shot several other birds
nearby, and apparently the rail had come out through curiosity to
learn the cause of the noise.

LATERALLUS RUBER TAMAULIPENSIS (Nelson)

Creciscus ruber tamaulipensis NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 39,
Aug. 25, 1926, p. 105 (near the Tamesi River, Alta Mira, Tamaulipas,
Mexico).

On March 16, 1940, at Tres Zapotes, a native brought a ruddy rail
alive to Carriker, stating that he had caught it in high grass on a
dry, open ridge in a pasture, far from any water. The bird was un-
known to all those who saw it.

497260—433

248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

The specimen, a female, is in a way intermediate between the two
previously known specimens of tamaulipensis and true ruber of Guate-
mala. The dorsal surface of the head is dark as in tamaulipensis.
The wings, including the scapulars, and the tail also are dark as in
the northern race. On the other hand, the reddish brown color ex-
tends over the back, though it is a little darker than in ruber. The
Tres Zapotes specimen while differing in the extent of the chestnut
of the dorsal surface, seems decidedly nearer the northern form and
is identified with it, thus marking out a considerable range for this
bird, from near Tampico, Tamaulipas, to southeastern Veracruz.

It is the only female at present known of the race. Measurements
are as follows: Wing 77.8, tail 29.9, culmen from base 19.3, tarsus
29.5, middle toe without claw 29.0 mm.

Family HELIORNITHIDAE

HELIORNIS FULICA (Boddaert)
Colymbus fulica BoppArrt, Table des planches enluminéez, 1783, p. 54 (Cayenne).

Along the Rio San Agustin below Boca San Miguel, and through
the channels to the neighborhood of Tlacotalpam, the finfoot is fairly
common. On March 6, 1939, on my journey up river, I observed sev-
eral, and others were recorded on my return April 15. Carriker saw
them in this same region the following year. As the launch in which
I traveled approached, they came swimming out with nodding head
from the cover of bushes along shore, often floating rather high on
the water. They flew rather quickly, being able to rise after four
or five strokes of the feet in the water. The flight was quite fast,
just above the surface, and was continued until the birds reached the
cover of aquatic growth, into which they disappeared instantly. As
they usually flew ahead, the white lower surface was not visible, the
birds appearing almost black, with an indication of the light line over
the eye.

On March 7, 1940, Carriker secured a pair on the small stream at
Hueyapa.

Family JACANIDAE

JACANA SPINOSA GYMNOSTOMA (Wagler): Mexican Jacana
Parra gymnostoma WaGLER, Isis von Oken, 1831, col. 517 (Mexico).

Near Tlacotalpam, the jacana is common about lagoons and ponds,
extending along the river and on small channels to Boca San Miguel
wherever there are floating masses of water-hycinth. They fly con-
tinually before the launches that furnish means of travel in the
streams, a pleasing and interesting sight. Natives call them the

gallito.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 249

At Tres Zapotes I found a few about the grassy shores of Laguna
del Tular, where I shot an adult female on March 28, 1939. Carriker
secured specimens near Tlacotalpam on February 6 and 9 and near
Hueyapa on March 21, 1940.

Family CHARADRITDAE

OXYECHUS VOCIFERUS VOCIFERUS (Linnaeus): Killdeer

Charadrius vociferus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150
(South Carolina).
In 1940 Carriker recorded the killdeer as fairly common around
Tres Zapotes in January (one taken January 26), and at Tlacotalpam
in February.

Family SCOLOPACIDAE

CAPELLA DELICATA (Ord): Wilson’s Snipe

Scolopax delicata Ord, in reprint of Wilson’s American ornithology, vol. 9, 1825,
p. 218 (Pennsylvania).

Carriker found this snipe rather common in boggy pastures near
Tlacotalpam, collecting a male on February 16, 1940.

NUMENIUS AMERICANUS Bechstein: Long-billed Curlew

Numenius americanus BECHSTEIN, in Latham’s Allgemeine Uebersicht der
Vogel, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1812, p. 482 (New York).

On February 8, 1940, Carriker found six or eight long-billed cur-
lews at a shallow lagoon surrounded by extensive wet meadows near
Tlacotalpam. He shot two females. One of these skins has the wing
267 and the culmen 160 mm. It might be identified as the northern
race occidentalis as the measurements come within the upper limits
assigned to that form. The second bird has the wing 263 mm. and
the culmen 173 mm. The tips of the longest primaries are abraded
so that the wing measurement is 3 or 4 mm. too short. This specimen —
therefore comes within the lower limits assigned to the larger south-
ern race. Thus, two forms may be identified but pending further
studies it seems better to record these two migrant individuals under
the specific name.

BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA (Bechstein): Upland Plover
Tringa longicauda BecHSTEIN, in Latham’s Allgemeine Uebersicht der Végel, vol. 4,
pt. 2, 1812, p. 453 (North America).

From April 8 to 11, 1939, I heard these birds calling occasionally
in evening as they passed Tres Zapotes in northward migration. On
the morning of April 9 I saw one flying to the northwest, traveling
about 80 yards above the earth.

250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

ACTITIS MACULARIA (Linnaeus): Spotted Sandpiper

Fringa macularia LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 249 (Penn-
sylvania).

Yn 1939 I recorded one on the beach at Veracruz city on March 4, and
saw several along the Papaloapan and San Agustin Rivers between
Tlacotalpam and Boca San Miguel, March 6 and April 16.

TRINGA SOLITARIA SOLITARIA Wilson: Eastern Solitary Sandpiper

Tringa solitaria Witson, American ornithology, vol. 7, 1813, p. 53, pl. 58, fig. 3
(Pocono Mountain, Pa.).

Solitary sandpipers were found about small lagoons on March 23
and 29, and April 11 and 13. A female shot March 29, with the wing
130 mm., while identified as the typical form on the basis of size,
may come from an intermediate area since the imner web of the outer
primary is distinctly freckled with white.

TRINGA SOLITARIA CINNAMOMEA (Brewster): Western Solitary Sandpiper

Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus Brewster, Auk, 1890, p. 3877 (San José del
Cabo, Baja California).

A female shot on March 29 with the wing 135.6 mm., while slightly
small, is identified as the western form. The grayish white spot-
ting on the upper surface is reduced in amount, and there is some
freckling of white on the inner web of the first primary. It is inter-
mediate but seems nearer cinnamomea.

TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS (Gmelin): Greater Yellowlegs

Scolopar melanoleuca GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (Cha-
teaux Bay, Labrador).
On April 11, 1939, I saw several at Laguna del Tular near Tres
Zapotes.
TOTANUS FLAVIPES (Gmelin): Lesser Yellowlegs
Scolopaw flavipes GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (New
York).
Near Tres Zapotes in 1939 I recorded this species about small la-
goons and pools on March 238 and April 3, 8, 11, and 18. Carriker
found them common near Tlacotalpam in February 1940.

PISOBIA MINUTILLA (Vieillot): Least Sandpiper

Tringa minutilla ViettioT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 34, 1819, p. 466 (Halifax,
Nova Scotia).

Carriker shot one near Tlacotalpam on February 19, 1940, and re-
cords seeing others about ponds in that vicinity.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN: VERACRUZ—WETMORE Dy

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE
HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS (Miller): Black-necked Stilt
Charadrius Mevicanus P. L. 8S. Miitter, Natursystem, Suppl., 1776, p. 117 (Mex-
ico).

Carriker found a few around a large pond near Tlacotalpam, where
he collected a female on February 6.

Family LARIDAE

LARUS ARGENTATUS SMITHSONIANUS Coues: American Herring Gull

Larus Smithsonianus CovEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 296
(eastern and western coasts of North America).
In 1939 I saw several in first and second year plumage at Veracruz
city, March 4. They were recorded at Alvarado, March 5 and April 16,
and over the Rio Papaloapan at Tlacotalpam on March 6.

LARUS ATRICILLA Linnaeus: Laughing Gull

Larus Atricilla LINNAEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 186 (Bahamas).

In 1989 I recorded this gull near Veracruz on March 4, at Tlacotal-
pam on March 5, and near Alvarado on April 16.

Carriker shot a female in winter dress at Tlacotalpam on May 17,
1940.

THALASSEUS MAXIMUS MAXIMUS (Boddaert): Royal Tern

Sterna marima BopDarErtT, Table des planches enluminéez, 1783, p. 58 (Cayenne).

Seen at Veracruz, March 4, and at Alvarado, April 16, 1939.

Family COLUMBIDAE
COLUMBA FLAVIROSTRIS FLAVIROSTRIS Wagler

Columba fiavirostris WaAGLER, Isis von Oken, 1831, col. 519 (state of Veracruz,
Mexico).

The torcaza, as this dove was called locally, was common in areas
of woodland near Tres Zapotes and is represented by specimens taken
on March 10 and April 1, 1939. In 1940 Carriker shot one on Feb-
ruary 10 at El Conejo on the coast south of Alvarado, and another at
Hueyapa on March 8. They were seen regularly flying across the
sky, and called daily from the forest. Their call is a guttural coo coo
co0-00 coo, followed by a growling sound. On April 1 I caught sight
of two rome each other on a branch and shot them, expecting to
secure a pair. It turned out that the two were males and that they

252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

had been fighting. As the dry season came on, these pigeons came
to drink at the arroyo near the village. I found palm seeds and figs
in the crops of those examined.

Van Rossem ?° has restricted the type locality to the state of Vera-
cruz. ;

COLUMBA NIGRIROSTRIS Sclater

Columba nigrirostris P. L. ScLater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859 (Feb. 1860),
p. 890 (Oaxaca, Mexico).

Carriker secured three of these pigeons on the Cerro de Tuxtla on
March 19 and May 7, the birds being rare. They were found also on
Volein San Martin. They ranged in the tops of giant trees, so high
that one bird was so broken on striking the ground, after the long fail
from the perch on which it was killed, that it could not be skinned.
Attention was usually drawn to them by their strongly accented calls.

ZENAIDURA MACROURA CAROLINENSIS (Linnaeus): Eastern Mourning Dove

Columba carolinensis LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 286
(South Carolina).

In 1940 Carriker did not record mourning doves until May 1,
when he saw several in riding from Tlacotalpam to Tres Zapotes.
The following day his native assistant shot three from a small flock
near Hueyapa, but only one was preserved as the birds were ex-
cessively fat. It appeared that these birds were on their northward
migration after having wintered in some other locality.

The male preserved is a typical specimen of the eastern form.

ZENAIDURA MACROURA MARGINELLA (Woodhouse): Western Mourning Dove

Ectopistes marginellus WoopHouss, Proc. ‘Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
6, 1852, p. 104 (Cross Timbers, north fork of the Canadian River, Okla.).

On March 11, 1939, I flushed two in a cornfield and killed an adult
male. No others were seen in the Tres Zapotes area.

ZENAIDA ASIATICA ASIATICA (Linnaeus): Eastern White-winged Dove

Columba asiatica LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163
(Jamaica).

In the region known as Para Madera near Tres Zapotes, I saw
a flock of about 50 of these pigeons in flight on April 18. Carriker
shot one on the lower slopes of the Cerro de Tuxtla on May 6, 1940.

19 Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, Aug. 30, 1930, p. 198.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 258

SCARDAFELLA INCA (Lesson): Inca Dove

Chamaepelia inca Lesson, Description de mammiféres et d’oiseaux récemment
découverts . . ., 1847, p. 211 (Mexico).

Carriker secured two in the coastal sand dunes at El Conejo on
February 12 and May 15, stating that he found one small flock here.
He reports another observed on the trail between San Andrés and
Cerro de Tuxtla. Apparently the species is rare in this region. It
seems desirable to me to consider this bird as specifically distinct
from the more southern Scardafella squammata.

COLUMBIGALLINA PASSERINA PALLESCENS (Baird): Mexican Ground Dove

Chamaepelia passerina ? var. pallescens Batrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 305 (Cape San Lucas, Baja California).
Carriker found this little dove not uncommon in the coastal sand-
hills near El Conejo below Tlacotalpam, where he collected three
females on February 12 and May 15. We did not see it elsewhere
in the area covered. The skins secured appear slightly darker than
a series from Texas.

COLUMBIGALLINA TALPACOTI RUFIPENNIS (Bonaparte)

Chamaepelia rufipennis Bonapartg, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 40, 1855,
p. 22 (Cartagena, Colombia).

The six specimens obtained were secured near Tres Zapotes on
March 13, 22, and 27, 1939, and March 3, 5, and 15, 1940. The species
is fairly common in the vicinity but local in its distribution, being
found in little groups of six or eight. In periods of rain these doves
came out to feed at the borders of clearings, one group being found
regularly about our camp, so that I saw them daily during the early
part of my work. As the dry season came on they remained in the
thickets and the second-growth monte, where they fed on the ground,
flushing when startled with a flash of reddish brown from their
wings. When rainy days returned briefly, they appeared again in
our camp clearing.

There is no question that rufipennis is conspecific with talpacotz.

COLUMBIGALLINA MINUTA INTERRUPTA Griscom

Chaemepelia minuta interrupta Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 879, Oct. 17, 1939,
p. 4 (Secanquim, Guatemala).

The only one obtained was a female that I took on March 25, 1939,
near the Arroyo del Sitio at Tres Zapotes. The bird was shot rather
hastily without recognizing its true identity until it came to hand
from a flock of half a dozen that flew up at the edge of a cornfield to
alight in a thicket. I suppose that in life this bird is often confused
with C. t. rufipennis.

254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Identification as interrupta is made after examination of only a few
specimens. Races in this small dove are uncertain, as there is much

individual variation.

LEPTOTILA VERREAUXI FULVIVENTRIS Lawrence

Leptoptila fulviventris LAWRENCE, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 2, 1882, p. 287
(Yueatén).

The seven specimens secured were collected on March 22 and April
10 and 12, 1939, and January 25, March 3 and 7, and April 9, 1940.
They were common all through the woodland areas about Tres ane
but were wild and difficult to secure. When the woods became dry as
the rains slackened, I seldom saw them as they always heard me and
retreated ahead of me. Males were calling constantly after the middle
of March, a resonant coo-oo with the last, accented syllable long drawn
out. Occasionally at camp one walked out into the open when all was
quiet to feed. Unlike the ground doves, which kept the head moving
steadily and rapidly as they picked up food from the ground, this bird
pecked only at intervals at small objects that it immediately swallowed.
When startled, it stood quickly erect, drew the head and neck back, and
then bowed suddenly, at the same time spreading the tail shghtly and
raising it. Females taken on April 10 and 12 were laying. Natives
call this pigeon the limonera.

LEPTOTILA PLUMBEICEPS PLUMBEICEPS Sclater and Salvin

Leptoptila plumbeiceps ScLaTER and Sayin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 59
(Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala).
Carriker shot a male on April 7, 1940, at 2,000 feet elevation on the
Cerro de Tuxtla where it was drinking water in a deep ravine. The
species is one easily confused with the more abundant L. v. fulviventris.

OREOPELEIA LAWRENCII CARRIKERI Wetmore

Oreopeleia lawrencii carrikeri WETMORE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, Dec.
8, 1941, p. 205 (Volcan San Martin, Sierra de Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico).

Two were taken by Carriker on the Cerro de Tuxtla on March 19
and 29, between 1,000 and 2,500 feet, and one on the Volcan San Martin,
on April 17, 1940, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet. They were quite
common in heavy forest where they walked on the darkly shaded
ground. Though retiring, they were not particularly shy, and when
flushed aranntly alighted again on the ground, though sometimes
they perched in trees.

This new race marks a great extension of range for the species, known
previously only from two forms, typical lawrenciti of Veraguas, Pan-
ama, and eastern Costa Rica, and dentipes named by Peters from Te-

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 255

norio, northwestern Costa Rica. 0. 1. carrikeri differs from these in
being definitely paler above, with the crown, hindneck, and upper back
lighter, brighter green, the center of the back and the scapular area
lighter, more purplish, the wing coverts, tail, lower back and rump
lighter, the sides and flanks paler brown and the under tail coverts
whiter. In addition, the black streak on the malar region is decidedly
wider and heavier.

OREOPELEIA MONTANA (Linnaeus): Ruddy Quail-dove

Columba montana Linnareus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163
(Jamaica).

Near Tres Zapotes we had occasional glimpses of pigeons in the
woodlands that we thought were this species. Carriker finally
secured a breeding male between 800 and 1,500 feet on Cerro de
Tuxtla on May 9, 1940.

Family PSITTACIDAE

ARATINGA ASTEC ASTEC (Souancé)

Conurus astec SouaNnck, Rev. Mag. Zool., vol. 9, 1857, p. 97 (Mexico).

These parakeets ranged in pairs and small bands of six to a dozen
individuals through woodland and second growth from Tres Zapotes
and Hueyapa across to Tapacoyan. Their high-pitched chattering
calls were heard regularly, and the birds themselves were seen con-
stantly, sometimes at rest and sometimes on the wing. Seven were
taken on March 8 and 18 and April 10, 1939, and on February 23, and
March 8 and 14, 1940.

AMAZONA ALBIFRONS NANA Miller

Amazona albifrons nana W. DEWITT Mitter, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.
21, 1905, p. 849 (Calotmul, Yucatan).

Carriker, who collected five specimens, found these parrots more
common than the larger species in the region between Tres Zapotes
and Boca San Miguel, though the previous year I saw few. The
five taken, four males and one female, vary in wing length from 160
to 169 mm. and so fall with the small race described originally from
Yucatan, marking an extension of range.

According to specimens that I have examined, in Amazona albi-
frons albifrons the wing varies from 172 to 189 mm., while in A. a.
nana it ranges from 154to170mm. The smaller race averages slightly
paler, more yellowish green, though this distinction is indefinite. I
have seen one specimen from Apazote, Campeche, with the wing 175
mm., but all others fall within the limits assigned above.

256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

AMAZONA AUTUMNALIS AUTUMNALIS (Linnaeus)

Psittacus autumnalis Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 102
(southern Mexico”).

This common parrot is represented by skins taken on March 8, 15,
and 28, 1939, and March 5 and 25, 1940. They ranged in pairs in the
forest and morning and evening traveled across the sky uttering
harsh notes that to me often suggested loud, ribald speech. Like
others of the family, they remain in pairs. There has been much
speculation on the part of aviculturists on methods of determining
sex in living birds, so that on March 28, when I killed a pair, I
was interested to note that in the female the head was distinctly
smaller, and the anal opening larger, though the birds were not in
breeding condition. In skinning these two, the skin of the neck im
the female passed easily over the head, while in the male it was
forced over with difficulty after considerable manipulation.

Family CUCULIDAE
PIAYA CAYANA THERMOPHILA Sclater

Piaya thermophila P. L. ScLAter, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1859 (Feb. 1860),
p. 368 (Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico).

Fairly common near Tres Zapotes where specimens were taken on
March 9, 15, and 16, and April 18, 1939, and on March 3, 1940. In
addition, Carriker collected specimens on the Cerro de Tuxtla on
May 6 and 9 and near Tlacotalpam on February 7, 1940. The taller
second-growth of abandoned milpas, and the small tracts of thickets
and low forest bordering the fields, were their principal haunts,
though I saw them occasionally in heavier forest in the more open
tree tops, as at Arroyo Corredor. Their colors and their long slender
forms, with their manner of movement, are excellent reason for the
name of squirrel cuckoo, as they often suggest these mammals.
While quiet in general, at times they move rapidly through the
branches.

CROTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS SULCIROSTRIS Swainson
Crotophaga sulcirostris SwArnson, Phil. Mag., new ser., vol. 1, 1827, p. 440
(Temascaltepec, Mexico).

Common through the fields and pastures near Tres Zapotes, where
I shot one March 18, 1939. Carriker collected one in the sandhills
near El Conejo, February 12. They were known as tigué.

Frequently in the evening a little flock came through the trees at
the edge of camp on their way to a roost, traveling always in the
same direction, and I gained the impression that the bands were
rather sedentary in that each had a limited range. On the day that

20 See Peters, Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 3, 1937, p. 219.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 257

I shot the specimen listed above, early in the morning I found a flock
resting in the tops of bushes in old milpa, waiting for the sun to
pierce a fog so as to dry their wet and bedraggled plumage. After
looking them over, they appeared in such poor shape that I decided
not to take a specimen. When I returned at 11 a.m. they were
within 50 yards of the same spot, and as they were then dry and in
good condition I shot one. They often rest with wings distended
and tail spread to catch the sun. The notes of this species are high
pitched and in the main are quite different from the querulous calls
ot Crotophaga ani.

TAPERA NAEVIA EXCELLENS (Sclater)

Diplopterus excellens P. L. ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857 (Jan. 12, 1858),
p. 229 (San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico).

This interesting cuckoo may be more common than is supposed, as
it is shy and is found mainly in the breeding season when its presence
is indicated by its calls. In 1939 I heard the double-noted whistle
at intervals in brushy localities in old fields, but did not succeed in
seeing one for some time. On April 13, in the region known as Para
Madera, as I came down toward the Arroyo Tepanaguasapan, I
heard one and began to imitate it, meanwhile walking slowly along.
The sound proved to be louder and to come from a greater distance
than I had supposed. Finally I caught sight of a grayish, long-
tailed, crested bird resting in the shadow of branches 10 feet from
the ground, but it disappeared immediately. I continued to call and
the bird to answer, until it showed again, when I shot it. The alula
has large, broad feathers, dark in color, in contrast to the rest of the
wing. The pollex is highly flexible, so that the feathers were ex-
tended as I extended the wing.

Carriker secured one on the trail to Tapacoyan, on the base of
Cerro de Tuxtla, April 9, 1940, and heard one calling at Tlacotalpam
on May 17.

Family STRIGIDAE

GLAUCIDIUM BRASILIANUM RIDGWAYI Sharpe
Glaucidium ridgwayi SHarpPE, Ibis, 1875, p. 55 (Mexico).

The nine specimens obtained were collected in 1940 by Carriker
among the coastal sandhills at El Conejo on February 6, at Tres
Zapotes on March 4, 6, 12, and 20, and near Hueyapa on March 8,
15, and 25 and April 2. Although these differ somewhat in depth of
color; all of them curiously enough are in rufescent phase.

SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA HYPUGAEA (Bonaparte)

Strix hypugaea Bonaparte, American ornithology, vol. 1, 1825, p. 72, pl. 7,
fig. 2 (plains of the Platte River).

258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

In March 1939 one came occasionally at dusk to perch on mounds
of earth at the archeological excavations adjacent to our camp.

CICCABA VIRGATA CENTRALIS Griscom

Ciccaba virgata centralis GriscoM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 69, Apr. 1929,
p. 159 (Chivela, Oaxaca, Mexico).

The ¢ecolote apparently is fairly common around Tres Zapotes,
though entirely nocturnal, so that it was seen only by chance. On
April 7, 1939, as we entered the heavy woodland at Arroyo Corredor,
Raméon’s keen eye discovered one of these owls resting in the top of
a palm 40 feet from the ground, under the projecting fronds of the
head, where it was protected from the rain that had been falling.
This was a female about to lay. The iris was deep yellow, bill olive-
green, cere dull brownish orange, toes dull olive, and claws horn
color tipped with dusky. The left ear opening was 15 mm. in length
and the right one 22 mm. The right opening appeared to include
approximately twice the area of the left one.

On another day I flushed one in second-growth forest from a
perch under a heavy mat. of creepers 10 feet from the ground. As it
flew silently away the light tail bars were prominent.

Carriker in 1940 secured skins at Tres Zapotes on March 6 and
April 5, one being shot at night near camp. Two others were obtained
near Hueyapa on March 7 and April 8. He noted two notes from
this owl, one a hooting call and the other, heard at camp, resembling
the crying of a child. The source of the latter was uncertain until
he shot the bird.

These specimens agree with the characters of centralis and include
birds in both light and dark phases. While Peters *‘ has placed the race
named eatoni by the Kelsos”? in the synonymy of centralis, more
material may prove this to be a valid form, with a range including
the extreme eastern section of Tabasco, Campeche, British Honduras,
and northern Petén. The few that I have seen from this area
appear to be smaller and generally paler than centralis, seeming
clearer white below in the light phase. Owing to the double color
phase in these owls, and their blending colors and color patterns,
large series are necessary to work out their geographic forms
successfully.

Family NYCTIBITIDAE

NYCTIBIUS GRISEUS MEXICANUS Nelson

Nyctibius jamaicensis mexicanus NeLson, Auk, 1900, p. 260 (Metlaltoyuca, Puebla,
Mexico).

21 Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 4, 1940, p. 154.
2 Oiccaba virgata eatoni Leon Kelso and Estelle H. Kelso, Auk, 1936, p. 216 (Apazote,
Campeche, Mexico).

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 259

On April 11, 1939, I shot a fine male of this strange bird. As we
crossed the savanna toward the village on that morning, Ramon
volunteered the information that the other evening he had seen a

lechusa in a tree nearby, so we walked over to see if it might again

be there. The tree was rather open-leaved, one of a group of three
or four growing on open savanna, with grasslands and low, scattered
thickets near, the nearest forest being a quarter of a mile distant.
I expected to find an owl, so that my astonishment was great to see
this strange bird perched on a knob projecting from the side of the
tree trunk 15 feet from the ground. It rested with the bill pointed
up and the tail hung down, so that the body throughout was per-
pendicular to the tree trunk. From its colors and position, it looked
exactly like a dead branch. In the hand, it gave me the usual feeling
of amazement at its great mouth and broad wings.

The pupil of the eye was perfectly round and the iris bright yel-
low. The brain was no larger than an ordinary marble. The na-
tives who examined it remarked that it had bad meat, and in skin-
ning it I noticed that the body gave, to a powerful degree, the rank
odor found in anis and trogons. The natives all seemed well ac-
quainted with the species, and all called it the lechusa.

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE
NYCTIDROMUS ALBICOLLIS YUCATANENSIS Nelson

Nyctidromus albicollis yucatanensis Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
14, Sept. 25, 1901, p. 171 (Tunkas, Yucatan).

The resident race of tapa camino, as these birds are known to the
natives, is represented by skins taken near Tres Zapotes on March
8 and 22, 1939, and March 5 and 6 and April 5, 1940. Carriker se-
cured two near Tlacotalpam on February 9 and 20.

At Tres Zapotes these birds were common and were seen on many
occasions when they flushed near at hand in the monte. They were
often in pairs in March and April and rested on the ground in places
where small areas of a few square feet were relatively free of under-
growth. As they flew the light wing markings showed prominently,
and at times it appeared that the wings were moved in such a way
as to display these spots. A flight of a few feet usually carried them
behind some cover when they dropped again to the ground, though
occasionally they alighted on logs or low branches where they rae
along the long axis of the perch in the manner common to members
of ‘heir family. Sometimes I could see them with ease on their new
resting places, and sometimes they circled around and were lost. On
one dull, cloudy day, one rose in heavy woodland and flew high and
swiftly away through the trees in contrast to the usual low, erratic
flight.

260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

At nightfall these birds came out of the dense forest by dozens
into more open areas, many frequenting the savanna near camp. I
saw them often at dusk, flying low along the ground, when the white
wing markings were little visible, and the birds appeared like any
other brownish goatsucker, being marked mainly by the long tail.
They remained out until dawn came to illuminate the trails and then
retreated again to cover.

By night they were active and moved frequently, especially when
feeding, resting on the ground and seeming at times to walk about
where the earth was bare. More often I saw them fly up a few feet
to seize insects in the air. Occasionally I picked one up in the light
of my flashlight, when the eye glowed with a beautiful light orange-
red. They rested with the head drawn in, but in the hight of the
flashlight often extended the neck and then retracted it, or sometimes
raised to the length of the long legs and then dropped back again.
By moving slowly while I held the circle of bright light steadily on
them sometimes I approached within 20 feet of them, but ordinarily
they were more alert and flew while I was at a distance.

They called regularly in evening for an hour or more, and again
before dawn, while on moonlit nights they were so vociferous and
so many were about that sleep in camp sometimes was difficult. The
notes were so different from the ordinary description of them that I
can see no reason for the common name of pauraque if that is assumed
to be onomatopoeic in origin. Instead, they seem to say with much
emphasis who are you, occasionally varied to who aré you. Another
call given in a steady monotone was bup bup bup, repeated steadily in
a low voice a number of times. Still another note at a short distance
sounded like the cutting swish of a heavy whip. After the first week
in April, the calling was reduced in amount. It was not unusual to
hear eight or ten at once near camp.

In the series taken two are in rufescent and six in grayish phase.

NYCTIDROMUS ALBICOLLIS MERRILLI Sennett: Merrill’s Pauraque

Nyctidromus aldicollis merrilli SENNETT, Auk, 1888, p. 44 (Nueces River, Nueces
County, Tex.).

Among the Vyctidromus that I collected near Tres Zapotes, there
is one male, shot on March 10, that belongs to this race, present as a
migrant from the north. It was found in a similar location as the
others obtained and, in fact, was not distinguished from them until
examined in the Museum. It is in the rufescent phase and is marked
by larger size and paler color when compared with yucatanensis.
The wing measures 172.5 mm. and the tail 165 mm.

CAPRIMULGUS CAROLINENSIS Gmelin: Chuck-will’s-widow

Caprimulgus carolinensis GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1028
(South Carolina).

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—-WETMORE 261

Carriker secured two, both in heavy forest, the first one at about
1,200 feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla on April 9, 1940. His assist-
ant, Modesto, shot another at about 3,000 feet on Volcan San Martin,
April 21.

CAPRIMULGUS VOCIFERUS VOCIFERUS Wilson: Eastern Whip-poor-will

Caprimulgus vociferus Witson, American ornithology, vol. 5, 1812, p. 71, pl. 41,
figs. 1-3 (Philadelphia, Pa.).
Carriker shot a female of this migrant at 1,500 feet elevation on
Cerro de Tuxtla on April 9, 1940.

Family MICROPODIDAE

STREPTOPROCNE ZONARIS MEXICANA Ridgway

Streptoprocne zonaris mexicana Ripeway, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 23,
Apr. 19, 1910, p. 53 (Rio Seco, near Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico).

These interesting swifts were seen at intervals of a few days about
Tres Zapotes during the period of my stay, the first being taken on
March 11, 1989. I secured others on March 25 and April 10. From
three or four to a dozen were observed, usually flying over the milpas,
but on April 10 I recorded 30 or more in company. One taken on
March 25 was molting. In the air they appear black, but as they turn
in swift flight there is occasionally a glimpse of white on the breast.
They are known as the golondrina.

Family TROCHILIDAE

ARCHILOCHUS COLUBRIS (Linnaeus): Ruby-throated Hummingbird

Trochilus Colubris LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 120 (South
Carolina).
Two females of this migrant from the north were shot at Tres
Zapotes, one on March 20, 1939, feeding through low trees near camp,
and the other on March 24, working about flowers in the open.

CHLOROSTILBON CANIVETIi CANIVETII (Lesson)

Ornismya canivetii Lesson, Histoire naturelle des colibris, Suppl., 1880-31, pp. 174,
177, pls. 37, 38 (“Bresil’=Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico).

Four specimens were secured near camp at Tres Zapotes on March
8 and 31, 1939, and January 29 and March 4, 1940. This was among
the less common of the hummers in this region, being found feeding
low down at the borders of thickets or in low, open brush. ‘They are
quite shy.

In the original description the type locality is given as Brazil, which
is obviously erroneous. In a later account, in the Revue Zoologique
for January 1839, page 15, Lesson refers to the two plates Nos. 37 and

262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

38 cited above, gives the description again, with something of the
habits as observed by DeLattre, and says “Elle est rare aux alentours
de Jalapa,” which fixes the type locality as I have listed it. Lesson’s
further statement that “M. DeLattre a tué une femelle & Kakamoukho,
au Mexique” probably refers to Chlorostilbon auriceps, which is the
related species found near Mexico City.

ANTHRACOTHORAX PREVOSTII PREVOSTII (Lesson)

Trochilus prevostii Lesson, Histoire naturelle des colibris, Suppl., 1830-81, p. o¢,
pl. 24 (locality unknown”).

The only specimen is a female that I shot on March 31, 1939, near
Tres Zapotes after it had darted at a becard resting in an open tree
top and then perched nearby. I had seen one in this same locality a
few days earlier, and recorded another near Arroyo Corredor on April
12. They are robust, heavy-bodied birds of rapid flight.

AGYRTRIA CANDIDA CANDIDA (Bourcier and Mulsant)

Trochilus candidus BouRcIER and MuLsant, Ann. Sci. Agric. Lyon, vol. 9, 1846,
p. 826 (Cobain, Guatemala).

The white-bellied emerald was one of the more common hummers,
though Carriker noted that it may not be resident here, since he did
not record it until February 28, 1940, after which it was widely dis-
tributed. I found the birds in the open, or at the border of thickets,
Specimens were taken at Tres Zapotes on March 7, 14, and 27, 1939,
February 28, March 15 and 16, and April 5, 1940, at Hueyapa May 15,
and on the Cerro de Tuxtla on March 13. Carriker noted them at
El Conejo near the coast in May.

AMAZILIA TZACATL TZACATL (De la Llave)

Trochilus Tzacatl DE LA LuLAVE, Registro Trimestre, vol. 2, no. 5, 1833, p. 48
(Mexico).

This is one of the most abundant hummers in the area covered,
being represented by a good series taken as follows: Tres Zapotes,
March 14 and April 4, 1939, January 25, March 3, 4, 7, and 16, and
April 5 and May 8, 1940; Hueyapa, March 14 and 25, 1940; and 600
feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla, April 3, 1940. There are other
specimens in the National Museum secured by Nelson and Goldman
at Tlacotalpam on May 28 and 29, San Andrés Tuxtla on May 10,
and Catemaco on May 4, 1894.

Rieffer’s hummer is a bird of strong, robust form that, with loudly
humming wings, feeds around flowers in open places bordering areas
of second growth forest, or penetrates the monte itself to range from

73 See Simon, Histoire naturelle des Trochilidae, 1921, p. 276, footnote 1.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 263

ground level to the tops of the trees. Like many of its kind, it is
highly pugnacious and is constantly driving at all others that come
near. As it hovers in the air before one, a common habit, the brown
tail and under tail coverts form a conspicuous mark. All hummers
are known to the natives in this region as chupa mel.

On March 27, 1939, I saw one working at a nest on a horizontal limb
25 feet above an open trail in the monte. On April 2, at camp, one
came to pick up tiny fluffs of cotton that had blown from my skinning
table, and on April 10 in the heavy forest at Arroyo Corredor I saw
one fly to its nest with a bit of plant down in its bill. The nest was
placed in a little bend in a branch of a small shrub 3 feet from the
ground, for support being built completely around the twig. The
structure was made of soft, whitish plant downs, covered externally
with green bits of hepatics stuck on with spider webs. It contained
two fresh eggs, pure white in color, that measure as follows: 14.3 by
9.2 and 14.5 by 9.2 mm.

AMAZILIA YUCATANENSIS CERVINIVENTRIS Gould

Amazilius cerviniventris GouLD, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, Noy. 11, 1856, p. 150
(Cérdoba, Veracruz).

Four specimens of this hummer were secured at Tres Zapotes on
March 7, 1939, and January 18 and 25, and March 4, 1940. I ob-
served them about flowers in bushy growth, the brown tail and ab-
domen being prominent. The abundance of this species in the
region is uncertain from existing information, as it mingles with the
omnipresent A. ¢. tzacatl.

CAMPYLOPTERUS HEMILEUCURUS (Lichtenstein)

Trochilus hemileucurus LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer Vogel,
1830, p. 1 (Mexico).

A fine series of males of this beautiful sabre-wing was taken by
Carriker on Cerro de Tuxtla on March 11, 18, 19, and 23 and April
1, 1940, at elevations of between 1,000 and 2,500 feet. The birds
were found in the undergrowth in heavy forest, rarely being seen
above 10 feet from the ground. They were not abundant and were
very shy. The call is a loud chirp. A female was shot between
2,500 and 3,000 feet on Volcan San Martin on April 21. j

PAMPA PAMPA EXCELLENS Wetmore

Pampa pampa excellens WErMorE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, Decem-
ber 8, 1941, p. 207 (Volcan San Martin, Sierra de Tuxtla, Veracruz,
Mexico).

This fine new subspecies is based on four males collected by Car-
riker, the first shot on March 13, 1940, at about 2,000 feet on Cerro

497260—43—_4

264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93 >

de Tuxtla. Attention was called to it by the loud whirring noise
that it made as it dashed about in short flights, chirping loudly. On
April 22 he saw a considerable number on Volcan San Martin, con-
eregated in one spot at about 3,300 feet, acting like the one found on
Tuxtla.

On casual examination these birds are so like the two previously
known races of Pampa pampa that there seems nothing especially
remarkable about them, until it is noted that the much larger size
of the four specimens of ewced/ens is actual and not due to any dif-
ference in preparation of skins. In fact, by bulk, the new form
appears nearly twice the size of its relatives. In actual measure-
ments, the bill and wing length are closely similar, though the bill
in excellens is heavier. The tail in the new form is broader and
longer, and the head is much larger. The clearer gray of the under-
parts in ewcellens is the principal color difference. The race pvrob-
ably is confined to the isolated Tuxtla Mountains.

PHAETHORNIS LONGIROSTRIS VERAECRUCIS Ridgway

Phaethornis longirostris veraecrucis Ripeway, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington,
yol. 23, Apr. 19, 1910, p. 54 (Buena Vista, Veracruz, Mexico.)

In March and April 1939 I had occasional glimpses of a large
Phaethornis near camp but did not succeed in getting a shot at one.
They are very shy and have the habit of flying up close to a person
for a second or two, then darting away at high speed so that they
are almost instantly out of sight. Carriker, the following year, was
more fortunate as he secured two on Cerro de Tuxtla, on April 3
and May 9. He recorded the species as occurring up to 1,500 feet
elevation on the mountain, and found a nest on May 9 fastened to
the tip of a pendant leaf of a palm, so that it hung only 3 feet from
the ground. The attachment was by means of spider webs, which
held the structure to the under side of the leaf. The nest was of
rather coarse material without a downy lining. The two eggs were

broken.
PHAETHORNIS ADOLPHI ADOLPHI Gould

Phaéthornis adolphi Goutp, A monograph of the Trochilidae, pt. 14, Sept. 1857
(vol. 1, 1861), pl. 85 and text, part (C6rdoba, Veracruz, Mexico).

This small hermit was one of the two most common hummingbirds
(the other being Amazilia t. tzacatl) in the region around Tres Za-
potes and over the lower slopes of the Sierra de Tuxtla. Specimens
were taken between March 9 and April 5, 1939, and from January 17
to April 12, 1940. The birds were found mainly in heavy forest,
though early in the morning before the light became too intense I
saw them occasionally in the open bordering the monte. They

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 265

ranged low down, ordinarily moving with a subdued humming of
the wings that was the only sound that I heard from them. As the
woodlands became drier with the cessation of rains, they sometimes
fed at higher levels. They were rather quiet for hummingbirds,
though I observed a certain amount of fighting among them. When
disturbed by my presence, possibly because of the proximity of a
nest, they perched near at hand with the tail vibrating in a vertical
arc of at least 60°, so rapidly that in the subdued light of the forest,
the whitish spot at the tip appeared as a white line while the bird
itself was almost invisible in the obscurity. A young bird just from
the nest that I caught by hand on March 21 moved the uropygium
rapidly in this same fashion, though the tail was only about one-
third grown. This juvenile specimen is like the adults, except that
the colors are duller. The feet in this species are yellowish white,
in contrast to the blackish claws.

Family TROGONIDAE

TROGON COLLARIS PUELLA Gould

Trogon puella Gout, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845, p. 18 (Escuintla, Guatemala).

Carriker found the Jalapa trogon in the Sierra de Tuxtla and
collected three pairs on Cerro de Tuxtla on March 11 and 19 and
April 1 and 9, 1940, between 1,000 and 2,500 feet elevation. He
records that they were as common both on the peak mentioned and
on Voleén San Martin as the black-headed trogon is through the
lowlands. They ranged almost invariably high among the trees
where it was difficult to find them unless they were calling or flying
about.

TROGON VIOLACEUS SALLAEI Bonaparte

Trogon sallaei Bonaparte, Compt, Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 42, 1856, p. 955
(Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico).

Apparently the gartered trogon was only fairly common. In
1939, on March 16, I shot a male from a shaded perch in open monte
where it was calling steadily. April 10 I collected another male
just inside the woods at Arroyo Corredor. In this bird the edge
of the eyelid was thickened to form a distinct fleshy ring, hght yellow
in color, clear around the eye. Carriker in 1940 saw only two, a
male taken on February 27 and a female on March 27. All were
found near Tres Zapotes.

TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS MELANOCEPHALUS Gould

Trogon melanocephalus Goutp, A monograph of the Trogonidae, ed. 1, 1838, pl. 12
(Tamaulipas, Mexico).

266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

The black-headed trogon was the most common species around
Tres Zapotes, being found in second-growth forest as well as in the
virgin timber. Carriker recorded one at 1,200 feet elevation on
Cerro de Tuxtla, but he considered the species uncommon over the
lower slopes of the mountains. Specimens were taken on March 9
and 17 and April 12, 1939, and January 18, 22, and 29, February 22,
and March 8, 1940, all near camp. The thickened fleshy eyelid is
bright light blue in life. In March these birds were calling, and
after the middle of the month I heard their notes constantly all
through the afternoon as I worked at camp, as well as during the
forenoon when I was afield. At this time also they seemed more alert
and active, and occasionally one came to shaded perches in small
trees outside my door to rest quietly, jerking the tail as it uttered
a low cuck. The song is a cooing call that becomes suddenly faster
at the end until it resembles a rattle. The natives called trogons
mira el sol.

TROGON MASSENA MASSENA Gould

Trogon massena GouLp, A monograph of.the Trogonidae, ed. 1, 1838, pl. 16
and text (Guatemala).

The only specimen obtained is a male, shot by Modesto, Mr. Carri-
ker’s assistant, at about 1,500 feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla on
March 19, 1940. The bird was resting rather high in a forest tree.

This individual apparently is immature, as the breast feathers are.
gray, barred with grayish black. The wing coverts and secondaries
are darker, having less mixture of whitish than others that I have
examined with the exception of one skin from Teapa, Tabasco.

Family ALCEDINIDAE
MEGACERYLE ALCYON (Linnaeus): Belted Kingfisher

Alcedo alcyon LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 115 (South
Carolina).

Several were recorded along the river channels between Tlacotal-
pam and Boca San Miguel on March 6, and near Tres Zapotes sin-
gle birds were observed at Laguna del Tular until March 29, 1939.
No specimens were taken, but it is supposed that these were the east-
ern subspecies.

MEGACERYLE TORQUATA TORQUATA (Linnaeus): Ringed Kingfisher

Alcedo torquata LINNAEus, Systema naturae, ed 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 180 (Mex-
ico).

In 1939 I saw these birds along the Rio San Agustin near Boca

San Miguel and observed them occasionally about the larger lagoons

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 267

near Tres Zapotes. On April 13 I shot a laying female from a pair
on the Arroyo Tepanaguasapan in the region known as Para Madera.
Carriker secured one on March 5, 1940, and recorded them on the
Rio Papaloapan below Tlacotalpam.

CHLOROCERYLE AMAZONA MEXICANA Brodkorb

Chloroceryle amazona mexicana BropKors, Auk, 1940, p. 543 (Barra de Cahua-
cain, Chiapas).

These kingfishers were fairly common along the main channels of
the San Agustin and Papaloapan, between Boca San Miguel and
Tlacotalpam, and were found in smaller number along the arroyo
at Tres Zapotes, as well as around the lagoons. From the latter
they ranged out through the flooded lands in the swampy woods
after rains. I secured one on March 27, 1939, and Carriker took
another on March 7, 1940.

CHLOROCERYLE AMERICANA SEPTENTRIONALIS (Sharpe): Texas Kingfisher

Ceryle septentrionalis SHarpe, Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum,
vol. 17, 1892, p. 184 (Teapa, Tabasco).

Carriker secured specimens near Tres Zapotes on March 26 and
May 2 and 3, 1940, along the arroyo, and recorded it as the most
common kingfisher of the region. In 1939 I noted it only along
the Rio San Agustin near Boca San Miguel.

CHLOROCERYLE AENEA STICTOPTERA (Ridgway)

Ceryle superciliosa stictoptera Riaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Voleaes
April 10, 1884, p. 95 (Sisal, Yucatan).
Carriker secured a male along a small stream east of Tres Zapotes
in rather heavy woodland. The wing measures 56.4 mm.

Family MOMOTIDAE

MOMOTUS LESSONII LESSONII Lesson

Momotus Lessonii Lesson, Rey. Zool., vol. 5, June 1842, p. 174 (Realejo, Nic-
aragua).

Lesson’s motmot, known as pdjaro coo from its call, was fairly
common near Tres Zapotes but was so unexpectedly shy that I did
not see one often. Though I heard their curious call of hoo hoot
occasionally in the forest near camp, they seemed most common near
the Arroyo del Sitio, where I shot a male on March 24, 1939. They
perched nearly always behind a screen of leaves and usually flew
before I caught sight of them. Carriker obtained specimens at Tres
Zapotes on February 27, near Hueyapa on March 7 and 27, and on
Cerro de Tuxtla on March 11 and May 10, 1940 They ranged at
least to 3,000 feet on Volcan San Martin.

268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

After somewhat prolonged examination of a good series of speci-
mens, I am not able to separate satisfactorily the Mexican race called
goldmani by E. W. Nelson from the bird of Panama, Costa Rica, and
Nicaragua. There is evident no difference whatever in size, individual
variation being considerable. Some of the northern birds are a little
greener than the average, but there is no definite distinction here,
particularly since many individuals are in rufescent phase, which
varies greatly in depth of color from specimen to specimen regard-
less of locality. The other color character that has been used, i. e.,
the amount of violet in the posterior margin of the blue crown cap, is
definitely variable. In the majority of specimens from southern Cen-
tral America, this color is extensive and prominent. It tends to lessen
in amount in Mexican and Guatemalan specimens, and in occasional
birds may be absent. Usually, however, it is present, and some indi-
viduals show as much as the southern birds. Any separation on this
character must be purely arbitrary, and I consider it merely a tend-
ency that has not become definitely stabilized with geographic lo-
cality. I believe, therefore, that it is necessary to unite all these
motmots from central Veracruz and Oaxaca to Panama under the
name lessonii. This is in agreement with the conclusions of Dr. van
Tyne.*

Momotus lessonii ewiguus Ridgway from Yucatan and Campeche is
well marked by paler coloration above and below, particularly in the
shades of green, and in smaller size, the wing ranging from 123.7 to
130.1 mm. in the birds that I have seen. The bill also appears more
slender. |

As for the rufescent phase in these birds, the juveniles I have seen
are all of a rufescent-brown shade above and below, so that the phase
mentioned may represent a partial stage of this early coloration.

Peters * has indicated his belief that all the blue-crowned motmots
of the genus Momotus are conspecific and therefore to be included
under the oldest specific name momota. This seems a reasonable con-
clusion, but until the question has been fully checked to determine it
completely I have preferred to list this series from Veracruz as
M. lessonii lessoniz.

HYLOMANES MOMOTULA MOMOTULA Lichtenstein

Hylomanes Momotula LicutTenstern, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1838 (1859), p-
449, pl. 4 (Valle Real, Mexico).

While found in the Sierra de Tuxtla, apparently these odd little
motmots are not common. Carriker secured two females on Cerro de

* Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. 27, Aug. 1, 1935, p. 19.
23 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 69, 1929, p. 425.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 269

Tuxtla on March 11, 1940, and two more of the same sex between 2,500
and 3,000 feet on Voleén San Martin on April 16 and 21. They were
encountered low down in the undergrowth in heavy forest.

Brodkorb recently has described a new form * from Chiapas, differ-
entiating it on the basis of shorter bill, darker pileum, and less bluish
wash on sides. His measurements of the culmen from base (without
regard to sex) range from 25.5 to 27 mm. It may be noted that in
eight available skins from Veracruz and Tabasco the same measure-
ment runs 24.5, 26.7, 26.7, 26.9, 27.1, 27.8, 27.3, and 30.2 mm., thus in-
cluding the dimensions of the proposed race. In view of the variation
exhibited by the species, the color differences proposed should be care-
fully checked. The only distinction I can find that holds in our
series to distinguish the southern form named obscurus by Nelson from
Panama, whose range extends into northwestern Costa Rica, is that
it has the abdomen less definitely whitish.

Ridgway *’ believed that Valle Real, the type locality of momotula,
is in Veracruz.

Family RAMPHASTIDAE
AULACORHYNCHUS PRASINUS PRASINUS (Gould)

Pteroglossus prasinus Goutp, 'A monograph of the Ramphastidae, 1834 (1833),
pl. 29 and text (Valle Real, Mexico).

Carriker found this species common through the forests across the
summit of Volcan San Martin, securing five specimens on April 17
and 20, 1940. As usual, the birds were hard to see among the green
leaves, though it was not difficult to approach them. He did not find
them on Cerro de Tuxtla.

These five specimens all agree in having the white of the throat
definitely yellowish, especially on the lower portion, and a distinct
yellow area on the side of the head below the eye, bordering the pos-
terior margin of the white of this region, and so forming the border
between the white and the green of the posterior area of the side of the
head. Six specimens of prasinus from Mirador, and Jalapa, Vera-
cruz, all lack this yellow, so that at first glance the San Martin birds
appear distinct. However, since I find these same two styles of
coloration in series of the races stenorhabdus and virescens, I assume
that it is individual variation, due possibly to age.

76 Hylomanes momotula chiapensis Brodkorb, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool, Univ. Michigan,
No. 369, Apr. 11, 1938, p. 2 (1,900 meters on Mount Ovando, Chiapas).
77U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 6, 1914, p. 486.

270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93
PTEROGLOSSUS TORQUATUS TORQUATUS (Gmelin)

Ramphastos torquatus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 354 (Central
America ™).

Near Tres Zapotes, the Aracari toucan was uncommon, but on the
lower slopes of the Tuxtla Mountains Carriker found it in greater
abundance. Our specimens were taken on April 5, 1939, and Febru-
ary 22 and 24 and May 6, 1940, the last being the only one obtained
on the mountain. On April 5 one flew past me into open woodland
on the Cerro Nestepe, which is really in the foothills of the mountains.
I followed and shot it and immediately thereafter secured a pair.
These birds were at the opening of the breeding season. On April 8
I found others nearer Tres Zapotes, feeding on fruits in an open tree
at the edge of monte. They were seen in small groups of four or five,
flying and moving about with greater celerity and much less awk-
wardly than the larger toucans. They utter harsh, rattling calls that
can be heard for some distance.

The iris is clear yellow, except that bordering the round pupil to-
ward the inner and outer canthi of the eye there is a slight area of black
that merges into the black of the pupil, so that it can be detected only
on careful examination in good light. This gives the pupillar open-
ing an oblong appearance, while in reality it is round.

RAMPHASTOS SULFURATUS SULFURATUS Lesson

Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson, Traité d’ornithologie, pt. 8, July 18380, p. 173
(Mexico). :

The large toucan was uncommon but not rare, being seen occa-
sionally through the forested areas east of Tres Zapotes, near
Hueyapa, and up to 2,000 feet elevation on the Sierra de Tuxtla.
They were usually found resting in the very tops of the taller trees,
where occasionally they called for long periods without moving,
except to swing the huge bill about. They were known locally as the
pico canoa. Carriker secured five specimens near Tres Zapotes on
March 4, 18, and 27, 1940.

Peters * has shown that Ramphastos piscivorus of Linnaeus, long
current as the name for this bird, is a composite, hopeless to identify.
The species therefore takes the next name available, sulfuratus of
Lesson.

3 Designated by Cory, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 2, No. 2, 1919,
p. 368. Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 69, 1929, p. 436, has listed the type locality as
southeastern Mexico.

” Auk, 1930, pp. 406-407.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 271

Family PICIDAE
DRYOBATES SCALARIS RIDGWAYI Oberholser

Dryobates scalaris ridgwayi OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, June
30, 1911, p. 148 (Jaltipan, Veracruz, Mexico).

The four specimens taken were found in the vicinity of camp at
Tres Zapotes on April 10 and 12, 1939, and March 8, 1940. They
ranged in the open pastures and old fields in which there were scat-
tered tracts of brush. On April 10 I found a nest hole 9 feet from
the ground in a dead tree standing just outside a thicket. A male
taken here showed definite incubation patches, while in a female, shot
at this same place two days later, they were absent.

Measurements are as follows: 2 males, wing 89.4, 90.5, tail 47.4, 49.8,
culmen from base, 19.3, 20.2, tarsus 16.1, 16.5 mm.; 2 females, wing
84, 85.5, culmen from base 17.6, 17.9, tarsus 16.5, 17.1 mm.

VENILIORNIS FUMIGATUS SANGUINOLENTUS (Sclater)

Chloronerpes sanguinolentus P. L. Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May 1859,
p. 60, pl. 151 (Omoa, Honduras).

This is the most common woodpecker of the region, ranging both
in forest and in the lower second growths that come to cover the
abandoned fields of the farmers. They often feed low down near the
ground, sometimes under rather heavy cover. Carriker found them
at 2,000 feet and higher in the Sierra de Tuxtla. They remind me of
the downy woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens) of the North in their
industrious habit of working with steady pecking at wood containing
food. Sometimes I found them climbing over palm spathes. The
call is a rattle somewhat suggestive of that of the downy woodpecker
already mentioned.

Specimens were obtained near Tres Zapotes on March 13 and 21
and April 4, 1939, and February 24 and 28 and March 4, 1940, and on
Cerro de Tuxtla on March 23, April 1 and 3, and May 4, 1940. The
bills in this series average larger than in birds from Honduras so
that the two groups probably are subspecifically distinct.

PHLOEOCEASTES GUATEMALENSIS REGIUS (Reichenbach)

Campephilus regius REICHENBACH, Icones ad synopsin avium, No. 12, Scan-
sores, Picinae, 1854, p. 393, pl. 649, figs. 4831-4882 (Papantla, Veracruz).
These large, handsome woodpeckers, of robust form, were fairly
common through areas of heavy forest, though somewhat less abun-
dant than Ceophloeus lineatus similis found with them. On April 4,
in the heavy woodland at Arroyo Corredor, I heard a clear, staccato

272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

woodpecker drum of two notes only, delivered rapidly with force
and emphasis, with a pause before repetition, that brought to mind
immediately the similar performance of the related Phloeoceastes
leucopogon of northern Argentina. And following this sound and
the loud hammering that accompanied it, I collected a fine pair of
P. g. regius. Others were observed and heard regularly throughout
my stay. Carriker secured three near Hueyapa on March 8 and 25,
1940, including two fully grown young birds in juvenal plumage.
These are strong-muscled, robust birds with tough, thick skins, so
that their preparation as specimens entails definite physical labor.
A needle will scarcely penetrate the thickened skin of the back of
the head.

Following are measurements of the adult specimens: 2 males,
wing 190, 195.5, tail 103.8, 105.4, culmen from base 56.2, 51.0, tarsus
38.2, 88.2 mm.; 1 female, wing 185.5, tail 111.8, culmen from base
47.5, tarsus 33.7 mm.

The race regius is separated from typical guatemalensis solely
by average larger size, there being definite overlap in dimension.
The birds from the Tres Zapotes area come within the limits set
for regius and are so identified, though it must be stated that the
form is based on differences that are not at all sharp cut or trench-

ant.
CEOPHLOEUS LINEATUS SIMILIS (Lesson)

Picus similis Lesson, Oeuvres complétes de Buffon, vol. 20, Apr. 1847, p. 204 (San
Carlos, El Salvador).

The five specimens secured were obtained near Tres Zapotes March
15 and 16, 1939, and January 26 and March 3, 1940, and Hueyapa,
March 15, 1940.

The species was fairly common through wooded areas, coming
into the more open second growth, and into dead trees in the fields
where clearings bordered the forest. It was known locally only by
the name carpintero applied to all woodpeckers. I heard them
uttering a chattering call that was not unlike that of a Centurus,
while the drum was a loudly resounding, rapid roll, slowing slight-
ly toward the end. It resembled the sound made by Ceophloeus
pileatus of the North but was slightly slower. The flight is bound-
ing, and seemed somewhat heavier than that of the pileated wood-
pecker, On April 8 I found a pair working on a nest hole 50 feet
from the ground in a dead tree at the border of a tract of forest. Two
days later I noted one looking out from a nest hole cut 20 feet from the
ground in a dead tree trunk standing in an old field.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE De
CELEUS CASTANEUS (Wagler)

Picus castaneus WagtrEr, Isis von Oken, 1829, p. 515 (Veracruz, Veracruz,
Mexico *).
Carriker secured a pair on March 19, 1940, at an elevation of
about 1,000 feet on Cerro de Tuxtla. The birds were ranging low
in an area where the forest was dense above and dark below.

PICULUS RUBIGINOSUS YUCATANENSIS (Cabot)

Picus yucatanensis Casot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, May 1844, p. 164
(road from Chemax to Yalahao, Yucatan”).

Carriker found these birds fairly abundant in the forest over the
higher elevations of the Sierra de Tuxtla, taking specimens on Cerro
de Tuxtla on March 19 and April 1 and 9 and on Volcan San Martin
on April 22 and 23, 1940. He saw them frequently low among the
trees on the smaller trunks, even on the thorny palms.

These specimens range somewhat smaller than the dimensions
usually given for this race, being as follows: 3 males, wing 114.5—
116.2, tail 62.2-65.2, culmen from base 24.3-26.3, tarsus 20.8-22.0 mm. ;
4 females, wing 111.4-115.4, tail 60.2-70.0, culmen from base 22.3—
25.8, tarsus 20.2-21.7 mm.

CENTURUS AURIFRONS VERAECRUCIS (Nelson)

Melanerpes dubius veraecrucis Netson, Auk, 1900, p. 259 (Coatzacoalcos, Vera-
cruz).

The 11 specimens come from near Tres Zapotes, March 8, 14,
23, and 31, 1939, January 20, February 26, and March 7, 1940, and
from Tlacotalpam, February 6, 1940. The form is one that ranges
throughout the area from the coastal sandhills to the lower slopes
of the Sierra de Tuxtla, principally in open country with scattering
trees, though found occasionally in the higher trees of the forests.
The lanes bordering the milpas were especially favored by them.
The natives recognize this form of carpintero as one that feeds on corn.

The general habits and appearance of this woodpecker are similar
to others of its group. The flight is bounding, accompanied often by
flashes of color from the white of the rump and the red of the head.
The call notes are chattering, and the drum is rapid, though rather
short. The nesting season came at the end of March, when the birds
became especially noisy and vociferous. On March 23 I observed a
pair working on a nest hole in a large dead tree standing in a weed-
grown field. By the end of the month all were mating.

30 Designated by Cory, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 2, No. 2, Dec. 31,
1919, p. 453.

81 Cabot, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, 1845, p. 92, says: “I saw only two of these
birds, and procured this one specimen in March, 1842, on the road from Chemax to Yalahao.”

274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

The relationships and name for the birds in this collection have
been established only after a detailed study of all the woodpeckers
of this type found from Texas to Costa Rica.

On first examination of this group of forms they appear a hopeless
jumble, but with study an orderly arrangement becomes evident.
The scheme here outlined in detail is that indicated by Griscom *
except that it appears that veraecrucis is distinct rather than a
synonym of grateloupensis.

After a somewhat prolonged study, it is evident that'there are two
principal types of these woodpeckers. The first comprises those with
the dorsal surface boldly barred with black and white, and the abdo-
men yellow, including the three subspecies aurifrons, polygrammus,
and frontalis. The second has the white barrings decidedly nar-
rowed, so that with the black predominant the appearance is quite
different, this group covering the subspecies veraecrucis, dubius, leet,
santacruzi, pauper, canescens, and insulanus. Iam inclined to believe
that the red abdomen found in typical weraecrucis, dubius, and leet
is the original condition, and that the yellow and orange-yellow of
the abdomen in santacruzi, pauper, canescens, and insulanus represent
a modification of this. I also think that the two general groups dis-
tinguished by difference in dorsal pattern have arisen independently
and that they have joined subsequently by merging at their points
of contact. The race grateloupensis is a present-day series of inter-
mediates between the two. On this thesis, the heavily barred group
may have had a more extensive former range from which it may
have been crowded in part by invasion of the other. This would
account for the present distribution, where there is apparently no
actual contact between aurifrons and polygrammus, though the sepa-
ration is for a small distance only, as well as for the far greater
separation of Centurus hoffmannii, which now is so different as to
rate treatment as a separate species.

Following is a synopsis of the races of Centurus aurifrons ac-
cording to my present understanding of them:

Centurus aurifrons aurifrons (Wagler) :

Picus Aurifrons Wacimr, Isis von Oken, vol. 22, pt. 5, May, 1829, col. 512
(Ismiquilpam, Hidalgo).

Abdomen yellow; bands of white and black on dorsal surface
broad and heavy; middle rectrices entirely black; male, forehead yel-
low, crown patch red, nape orange; female, with crown gray.

Birds from San Luis Potosi to Jalisco, i. e., those in the southern
part of the range, appear to have the black markings above some-
what heavier, but this is an indefinite tendency only.

2 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 64, 1932, pp. 226-230.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 275

Texas (most of the State) south into Mexico, from Tamaulipas
and eastern Chihuahua southward to Hidalgo, Jalisco, and Michoa-
cin (west of Veracruz).

Centurus aurifrons polygrammus Cabanis:

Centurus polygrammus Caxsanis, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1862, p. 362 (San Bar-
tolomé, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).

Similar to awrifrons, but both black and white dorsal bars de-
cidedly narrower; crown and nape patches in male more frequently
confluent; middle rectrices marked heavily with white; darker below;
nuchal area orange or orange-red.

Pacific slope from southeastern Oaxaca to western Chiapas
(Tonala).

Centurus aurifrons frontalis (Nelson) :
Melanerpes frontalis Netson, Auk, 1900, p. 257 (San Vicente, Chiapas).

Similar to polygrammus, but dorsal bars heavier, almost as heavy
as in aurifrons; rump and upper tail-coverts more or less marked
with black; yellow of abdomen paler and more restricted; nape in
female averaging paler; male with red crown patch averaging
smaller, separated in most by a wide gray space from the orange
nape. Male, wing 131-136 (183.6), tail 71-80 (74.4); female, wing
124.5-136 (180.6), tail 66.5-81 (72.6) mm. (measurements from
Ridgway).

Chiapas, except extreme west and north, possibly into northwest-
ern Guatemala.

Centurus aurifrons grateloupensis (Lesson) :
Picus grateloupensis LEsson, Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 41 (Mexico).

Abdomen yellow to orange; white bars on dorsal surface narrower ;
nasal tufts orange or yellow; male with nape and crown red, middle
rectrices black, in some with white on the inner webs.

This is an intermediate form between aurifrons and veraecrucis.

Extreme southern Tamaulipas (Altamira) south to central Vera-
cruz (Mirador, Jalapa, Motzorongo) and eastern Puebla (Metlalto-
yuca).

Centurus aurifrons veraecrucis (Nelson) :

Melanerpes dubius veraecrucis NELson, Auk, 1900, p. 259 (Coatzacoalcos,
Veracruz).

Abdomen orange-red to. red; white bars on dorsal surface much
narrowed; crown and nape in male bright red, usually confluent
though sometimes partly or wholly separated by gray; nasal tufts
red; lower surface darker. Wing, male, 122-133 (126.9); female,
118-134.5 (124.7) mm. (measurements from Ridgway).

276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Specimens from Frontera, San Juan Bautista, and Montecristi,
Tabasco, and Tila, Chiapas, are lighter below, thus showing approach
to dubius. Skins from Guichicovi and Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, also are
paler below, and are orange-red on the abdomen, thus showing tran-
sition to santacruzi.

South-central Veracruz (Tres Zapotes and Paso Nuevo) to Tabasco
and northern Chiapas. Possibly to north central Guatemala, west
of Petén. (There are five specimens in the National Museum, all
marked Guatemala, with no definite locality.)

Centurus aurifrons dubius (Cabot) :
Picus dubius Cazsor, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1844, p. 164 (Uxmal,
Yucatan).

Generally similar to veraecrucis but under surface distinctly paler,
and averaging slightly larger; abdomen bright poppy red; crown
and nape bright red with no gray bar. Wing, male, 130-137 (133.8) ;
female, 123-132 (127.2) mm. (measurements from. Ridgway).

Campeche and Yucatan to Petén and northern British Honduras
(limit to the south uncertain).

Centurus aurifrons leet Ridgway:
Centurus leei Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 8, Feb. 26, 1885, p. 22
(Cozumel Island, Yucatén).

Similar to dubiws but much darker; rump and upper tail-coverts

more or less barred with black; light frontal band sometimes lacking

in male.
Cozumel and Meco Islands; Mujeres Island ?

Centurus aurifrons canescens Salvin:
Centurus canescens SALVIN, Ibis, 1889, p. 8370 (Ruatan Island, Honduras).
Similar to dubius, but white dorsal bars wider, outer webs of inner

primaries spotted definitely with white.
Ruatan and Barburat Islands.

Centurus aurifrons santacruzi Bonaparte:

Centurus Santa Cruzi Bonaparte,. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 116
(Guatemala).

Abdomen deep yellow, this color being darker and more extensive
than in grateloupensis, differing further from that race in darker
ventral surface, and, on the average, in slightly narrower white bars
above; ordinarily with more white in the tail; averaging paler below
than veraecrucis; nuchal area usually red. Wing, male, 124.5-142
(131.8) ; female, 122.5-141.5 (130.2) mm. (measurements from Ridg-

way).

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE QUE

Some individuals vary to orange or orange-red on the abdomen.
The nasal tufts are orange, about as in grateloupensis. Specimens
from Santo Domingo in southeastern Oaxaca are of doubtful status.
They resemble this race but from their location are more probably
intermediate between polygrammus and veraecrucis. More material
is needed to settle this point.

Southwestern Chiapas (Finca Juarez) south through central and
eastern Guatemala and El Salvador to northern Nicaragua.

Centurus aurifrons pauper Ridgway:

Centurus santacruzi pauper Riwaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 10, Aug. 6, 1888,
p. 582 (Trujillo, Honduras).

Similar to santacruzi, but white dorsal bars averaging slightly nar-
rower; size averaging slightly smaller. Wing, male, 117.5-131
(123.7) ; female, 115.5-123 (119.5) mm. (measurements from Ridg-
way).

The Caribbean slope of Honduras, ranging possibly north to Belize,
British Honduras.

Centurus aurifrons insulanus Bond:

Centurus santa-cruzi insulanus Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 88,
Aug. 14, 1936, p. 8360 (Utila Island, Honduras).

Similar to pauper in color of abdomen, but with forehead and super-
ciliary region whiter ; upper parts more extensively barred with white;
larger. Wing, male, 130-138; female, 127-128 mm. (measurements
from Bond).

Utila Island, Honduras.

Centurus hoffmannii of Costa Rica and Nicaragua is generally simi-
lar to Centurus aurifrons frontalis but has the tail proportionately
shorter, the size decidedly smaller, the under surface darker with the
yellow on the abdomen darker and more extensive, the lower rump
and upper tail-coverts usually without black markings, and the white
on the middle rectrices reduced. The male has the red crown patch
averaging larger and usually confluent with the orange of nape.
Measurements, taken from Ridgway, are as follows: Male, wing
116.5-125 (120), tail 53-61.5 (57); female, wing 112-125.5 (117.8),
tail 50-60.5 (54.9) mm.

While closely related to the aurifrons group, this woodpecker dif-
fers sufficiently in the relative length of the tail when compared to the
wing to be held as specifically distinct. It is generally similar in ap-
pearance to the subspecies aurifrons, polygrammus, and frontalis but

_is isolated from the nearest of these by the intervention of the very
different Centurus aurifrons santacruzi. In boldness of dorsal pat-
tern, it is strongly suggestive of typical aurifrons.

278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Family DENDROCOLAPTIDAE
DENDROCINCLA ANABATINA ANABATINA Sclater

Dendrocincla anabatina P. L. ScLaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, May 1859, p. 54,
pl. 150 (Omoa, Honduras).

One of the rarer forest birds of the region, this form is represented
by skins from near Tres Zapotes, March 10 and April 14, 1939, and
January 19, 1940, and from near 2,000 feet elevation on Cerro de
Tuxtla, March 29 and May 11, 1940. I found them in heavy forest,
ordinarily rather low down, climbing over the tree trunks. They
uttered high-pitched calls.

Three specimens in the National Museum series from Pigres and
Buenos Aires, southwestern Costa Rica, and from Chiriqui appear
indistinguishable from skins from Nicaragua and Guatemala to south-
eastern Mexico, so that I see no basis for recognizing Dendrocincla
anabatina saturata, described by Carriker and recognized by Ridgway
and Hellmayr. The form ¢yphla of Yucatan is distinct in its paler
coloration.

SITTASOMUS GRISEICAPILLUS SYLVIOIDES Lafresnaye

Sittasomus sylvioides LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1850, p. 590 (State of
Veracruz, Mexico ™).

Four specimens were obtained by Carriker on Cerro de T uxtla
March 29 and April 16, and on Volc4n San Martin May 7. They were
found in the forest at 2,000 to 2,500 feet altitude.

Specimens taken by Nelson and Goldman at Metlaltoyuca, Puebla,
are slightly paler than birds from Veracruz.

LEPIDOCOLAPTES AFFINIS AFFINIS (Lafresnaye)

Dendrocolaptes affinis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., April 1838, p. 100 (Mexico).

Carriker shot two on April 17 and 20, 1940, in heavy forest above
3,500 feet on Volcan San Martin.

XIPHORHYNCHUS FLAVIGASTER EBURNEIROSTRIS (Des Murs)

Dryocopus eburneirostris Des Murs, Iconographie ornithologique, July 1847, pl.
52, with text (Realejo, Nicaragua).

Swainson’s woodhewer is one of the common forest birds in the
lowlands around Tres Zapotes, and it ranged to at least 1,000 feet
elevation on the Sierra de Tuxtla. Found singly or in pairs, usually
in heavy forest, it was the most abundant species of its family. Occa-
sionally it ranged through scrubby second growth, or came even into
clumps of trees scattered through the pastures. It is quite active in
moving over the tree trunks, climbing sometimes awkwardly and

* Designated by Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 68, 1928, p. 392.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 279

sometimes gracefully, ordinarily going steadily up, though when it
desired it moved downward like a woodpecker by simply raising the
tail and dropping down a few inches at a time. Occasionally I saw
one work around the underside of horizontal limbs. At the end of
March they began to sing a high, whistled song. Sometimes this was
varied by a low, tremulous whistle, given as the birds rested with
raised crests. They appear to be strictly resident. An excellent series
was taken near Tres Zapotes between March 7 and April 10, 1939, and
January 19 and March 9, 1940. Carriker shot two on Cerro de Tuxtla
on March 13 and May 8. There is considerable variation among them
from light to dark.

For use of the name eburneirostris for this form, long known as
flavigaster, the reader is referred to van Rossem’s finding * that
Swainson’s type of flavigaster is an example of the race described
later by Nelson as megarhynchus, so that flavigaster must transfer
to this large-billed subspecies. The name eburneirostris thus be-
comes current again for the form extending from southeastern Mex-
ico through Central America.

DENDROCOLAPTES CERTHIA SANCTI-THOMAE (Lafresnaye)

Dendrocops. Sancti-Thomae LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Mag. Zool., 1852, p. 466 (Santo
Toms, near Omoa, Honduras).

Carriker shot three at about 2,000 feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla
on March 11 and 29 and April 9, 1940. Two were high up in large
trees, while the third had come down into the shrubbery above a
band of hunting ants.

Family FURNARIIDAE

AUTOMOLUS OCHROLAEMUS CERVINIGULARIS (Sclater)

Anabates cervinigularis P. L. Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1856 (Jan. 26,
1857), p. 288 (Cordéba, Veracruz).

In the Sierra de Tuxtla, Carriker found this bird fairly common,
cbtaining specimens on Cerro de Tuxtla on March 11, 19, and 29 and
April 8, and on Voleén San Martin on April 22. He shot two near
Tres Zapotes on January 17 and April 12. These birds were found
in thick undergrowth in the forest and were rather shy.

While I have followed Hellmayr’s recent treatment, I am not
certain that true ochrolaemus is conspecific with cervinigularis and
its allies. The freshly taken birds from the present collection appear
darker on the flanks and back than older skins, a difference possibly
due to age, though it may be of a subspecific nature.

* Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 52, Feb. 4, 1939, p. 15.

497260—43——_5

280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93
XENICOPSOIDES MONTANUS VARIEGATICEPS (Sclater)

Anabazenops variegaticeps P. L. Scvarrmr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (Jan.
26, 1857), p. 289 (Cérdoba, Veracruz).
* Carriker shot a pair at about 3,700 feet altitude on April 20, 1940,
on Volein San Martin and reported two others in the same locality.
They were found in high undergrowth in very heavy forest.

SYNALLAXIS ERYTHROTHORAX FURTIVA Bangs and Peters

Synallaris erythrothrorax furtiva BAanes and Prrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,
vol. 67, Jan. 1927, p. 476 (Presidio, Veracruz).

One of the common species in the lowland area, these birds range
in thickets or in the low, dense growth at the border of monte.
From such protection they come out under cover of grass to feed in
the open, usually on the ground, but retreat at once when alarmed.
Carriker saw a few in the coastal sand dunes, and found them
common among the low thickets scattered over the savannas near
Tlacotalpam.

As they fly up with tilting flight or move about in the brush, they
often appear very bright colored, suggesting little finches. The
note is querulous with a curious cadence, often heard when the birds
themselves are under cover. Their large stick nests are placed 5 to
7 feet from the ground. On April 13 I saw one carrying twigs.

The series taken comes from near Tres Zapotes on the following
dates: March 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 18, and 27 and April 3 and 138, 1939;
January 17. and 18 and March 6, 8, and 18, 1940. The race furtiva,
as represented in this good series, is distinguished from typical
erythrothorax of eastern Guatemala by duller-colored flanks and
sides, with the lighter area of the abdomen more extended laterally.

XENOPS MINUTUS MEXICANUS Sclater

Xenops mezicanus P. L. SciaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (Jan. 26, 1857),
p. 289 (Cérdoba, Veracruz).

Carriker shot a male in the forest southeast of Tres Zapotes on
April 12, 1940.

Family FORMICARIIDAE
GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS GUATIMALENSIS Prévost and Des Murs

Grallaria guatimalensis PREvost and Drs Murs, Voyage autour du monde sur
... la Vénus, Zool., Atlas, livr. 1, 1846 (1842), pl. 4 (Guatemala).
The antpittas, always shy, elusive forest birds, are difficult to secure.
In 1939 I had no hint of their presence, but the following year Car-
riker obtained three in the forested area southeast of Tres Zapotes,

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 281

on April 11, and two at 1,500 feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla, May
5 and 9.

Griscom ** considers that the birds from southeastern Mexico are
to be united with those of Guatemala under the one name guatimal-
ensis. The material in the National Museum shows considerable
variation in depth of color, the four adult Guatemalan specimens
available averaging darker, and the seven from Veracruz and Ta-
basco paler. In view of the more extensive series examined by Gris-
com, I have followed his findings.

FORMICARIUS ANALIS MONILIGER Sclater

Formicarius moniliger P. L. ScuatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (Jan. 26,
1857), p. 294 (Cordoba, Veracruz).

The series of nine specimens was secured as follows: Near Tres
Zapotes, March 14 and April 7, 1939, and April 1, 1940; lower slopes
of Cerro de Tuxtla, May 5, 6, and 9; and at about 3,000 feet elevation
on Volcan San Martin, April 18 and 21. They are probably much
more common than the relatively few that are seen indicate, as they
live on the ground in heavy jungle, where they remain almost entirely
under cover. About the middle of March at Tres Zapotes they be-
gan to call, uttering a whistled note repeated quickly with varying
rapidity. They were heard most often on days of rain. They re-
sponded readily to a whistled imitation of the call but usually re-
mained where they could see but could not be seen. When they do
appear, they walk or run lke thrushes on the ground, with raised
tail, advancing a few steps and then stopping in shadow or beneath
the shelter of leaves to look about. One day at Arroyo Corredor, as
TI called, one walked out finally around the base of a palm only 10
feet away, and as it saw me it flew with a rattling noise of its short
wings to a perch on a branch 6 feet from the ground.

Carriker heard them frequently in May on the lower slopes of
Cerro de Tuxtla and on San Martin.

THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS INTERMEDIUS Ridgway

Thamnophilus intermedius Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 10, Aug. 1888,
p. 581 (Trujillo, Honduras).

This, the most common of the ant-shrikes, was taken near Tres
Zapotes on March 11, 14, 16, and 24, 1939, January 29, February 22,
March 14 and 25 and April 5, 1940, at Tlacotalpam on February 7,
and in the coastal sandhills near El Conejo on May 15. It ranged in
areas of dense brush to the base of the Tuxtla Mountains but did not
enter the forest that covers the slopes of this range. As just stated,

% Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 64, 1932, p. 237.

282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

it is an inhabitant of the densest coverts, where its rattling notes
are heard constantly but where the birds themselves keep carefully
under cover. The male in calling rises to full height and erects his
crest, while the effort of uttering the notes shakes his body visibly.
As Peters has written,” the proper subspecific name for this ant-
shrike is not mexicanus Allen (1889) but zntermedius Ridgway (1888).

TARABA MAJOR MELANOCRISSUS (Sclater)

Thamnophilus melanocrissus P. L. ScLATER, Proc. Zocl. Soe. London, Aug. 1860,
p. 252 (Santecomapam, Orizaba, Veracruz).

The six obtained were collected in the vicinity of Tres Zapotes
on March 24, 1939, and January 26, February 23, March 6, 7, and
April 1, 1940. I saw one near Boca San Miguel. They inhabit the
densest of thickets and masses of vines, where it is difficult to locate
them when their strange notes are heard.

It seems reasonable to follow Griscom’s treatment of this form”
in separating it from 7. m. transandeanus of distant Eenador. The
three males in the present series have the under tail-coverts without
white.

Family COTINGIDAE

ATTILA SPADICEUS FLAMMULATUS Lafresnaye

Attila flammulatus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., 1848, p. 47 (Veracruz, Mexico).

This forest bird was fairly common, specimens coming from Tres
Zapotes March 19, 31, and April 10, 1939, and March 38, 7, and April
1, 1940, and from Cerro de Tuxtla March 11. Carriker recorded it
also on Volcin San Martin. One I shot as it perched in an erect,
flycatcherlike attitude on an open limb in the center of a tree.
Another rested in the dense shadow beneath a heavy mass of vines
in a tree top, and another in tree tops in open gallery forest
near water. As they often remain quiet among leaves, they are
easily overlooked.

PACHYRAMPHUS MAJOR MAJOR (Cabanis)
Bathmidurus major Casants, Arch, fiir Naturg., vol. 13, 1847, p. 246 (Jalapa,
Veracruz).

Carriker shot a male on March 4, on the trail between Tres Za-
potes and Hueyapa, and a female on April 17 high in a tree in
heavy forest between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation on Volcin San
Martin. ‘The species apparently is rare in this region.

% Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 69, 1929, p. 439.
7 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 64, 1932, pp. 232-233.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 283
PLATYPSARIS AGLAIAE SUMICHRASTI Nelson

Platypsaris aglaiae sumichrasti NELSON, Auk, 1897, p. 52 (Otatitlan, Veracruz).

Near Tres Zapotes and Hueyapa this was among the most com-
mon birds, so that a good series was obtained between March 14 and
April 18, 1939, and February 26 and March 27, 1940. Carriker
found a few around Tlacotalpam, where he shot one February 7,
and saw one at El Conejo near the coast. They were known as the
copetén negro. They ranged in groves and to some extent in forest,
where they were found in the tops of the taller trees. It was com-
mon to encounter them along trails in second growth, and in low
trees standing in thickets. On April 11 I saw two nests and the
following day recorded a male’ carrying nesting material. The
structures were large, untidy masses of plant material, nearly as
large as a basketball, placed on the free ends of slender limbs in
trees growing in fairly open localities. They were conspicuous, but
because of their location on slender branches 25 feet or so from the
ground they were safe. About the first week in April, it appeared
to me, these birds became less common than they had been during

March.

TITYRA SEMIFASCIATA PERSONATA Jardine and Selby

Tityra personata JARDINE and SE py, Illustrations of ornithology, vol. 1, pt. 2,
June 1827, pl. 24 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo).

A fairly common bird, this species is represented by skins from Tres
Zapotes, March 11, 14, and April 6, 1939, and February 27 and March
5, 1940. These are heavy-bodied birds, found usually in little groups
of three or four individuals, sometimes of as many as half a dozen,
that travel over the monte with bounding flight to alight on open
limbs in the taller trees. Those that bear drupes are attractive to
them, and here they hop about in the branches rather slowly and
sluggishly to feed. The natives call them borreguttos, little lambs,
probably because of their chunky forms and light colors. The notes
are most curious, consisting of grunting, squeaking calls. On April
10 I recorded a male examining holes in palm trees standing in an old
field, and two days later noted another of the same sex carrying a leaf
into one of these openings. Ramén said that old woodpecker holes
made the usual nesting places.

ERATOR INQUISITOR FRASERII (Kaup)

Psaris Fraserii Kaur, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1851 (Oct. 1852), p. 47, pls. 37, 38
(Veracruz, Mexico*®).

% Designated by Hellmayer, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 18, pt. 6, 1929,
p. 223.

284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Apparently this species is uncommon, as only three were taken. On
March 21, 1939, I shot one from a tree top near camp at Tres Zapotes.
On March 27, 1940, Modesto, Carriker’s assistant, killed two from tall
trees near the arroyo at Hueyapa. Unless seen near at hand they may
be confused with the more abundant 7%tyra semifasciata personata.

While like 7%tyra in general style of coloration, this species in its
various races differs so distinctly in closely feathered loral and orbital
region, more swollen bill, with less strongly uncinate tip, longer gonys,
which is much greater than the mandibular rami, and in the taxas-
pidian type of scutellation of the tarsus, that it definitely merits treat-
ment as a distinct genus.

Family TYRANNIDAE

SAYORNIS PHOEBE (Latham): Eastern Phoebe

Muscicapa Phoebe LATHAM, Index ornithologicus, vol. 2, 1790, p. 489 (New York).

At Tlacotalpam on February 5 Carriker shot a female from a wire
fence in a pasture near a patch of thorn scrub.

PYROCEPHALUS RUBINUS BLATTEUS Bangs

Pyrocephalus rubineus blatteus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 24, June
23, 1911, p. 189 (Sabune district, British Honduras).

Vermilion flycatchers, known here as the cardenal, were taken at
Tres Zapotes on March 17 and April 7, 1939, and January 17, March 27,
and April 2, 1940, and at Tlacotalpam on February 5 and 20, 1940.
They were found in open pastures, being always present in the little
savanna near camp, and were especially common in the savanna area
in the section called Para Madera. In March and April I found them
often in pairs. Males were seen displaying during this period, and
Carriker saw a fully fledged young bird near Tlacotalpam on May 16.
He recorded the species as common in the coastal area at El Conejo.

Unexpectedly, the series taken is of the southern race, as indicated
by wing measurements of 74 to 77 mm. for males and 72.7 to 73.4 for
females. The bills in some are equal only to the maximum in P. *.
mexicanus but in others are definitely larger. The race is one known
previously north only to Yucatan, Campeche, and Petén.

MUSCIVORA FORFICATA (Gmelin): Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Muscicapa forficata GMrLin, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 981 (Mexico).

The ¢téjerilla seemingly is a migrant at Tres Zapotes, as neither
Carriker nor I observed it there until the latter part of March. 1
recorded the first one March 25, and on March 27 I saw two resting in
a dead tree that stood in water at Laguna del Tular. On April 1 I

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 285

collected one and on April 4 saw another. On April 11 half a dozen
came to feed on the fruits of a palo mulato, and two that I shot were
extremely fat. On April 15 I noted two at Boca San Miguel. In
1940 Carriker recorded about a dozen, collecting two on March 25.
Near El Conejo on the coast he saw a pair flying overhead in February
and shot a female there on May 15. They may therefore winter in
that area.

MUSCIVORA TYRANNUS MONACHUS (Hartlaub)

Tyrannus (Milvulus) monachus Hartiaus, Rey. Zool., vol. 7, 1844, p. 214
(Guatemala).

In 1939 I saw several at Tlacotalpam on March 6, and the follow-
ing year in February Carriker found a fair number there mainly on
the marshes surrounding a shallow pond west of town. He collected
a female on February 8. At Tres Zapotes on April 11, 1939, I shot
two, male and female, from four or five that came with the more
abundant scissor-tailed flycatchers to feed on the fruit of the palo
mulato. These were the first that I had seen here, so that it was my
impression that they were moving into the region from elsewhere.
Whether this movement was from near or far it is not possible to say.
The two taken were near breeding. While specimens of Muscivora
forficata secured with them were very fat, these two were in ordinary
body condition. The species is known as ¢éjerilla.

TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS CHLORONOTUS Berlepsch

Tyrannus chloronotus BERLEPSCH, Ornis, vol. 14, 1907, p. 474 (Temax, Yucatan).

The small series obtained came from Tres Zapotes on March 20
and April 3, 8, and 18, 1939, and April 6, 1940, with one from Tlaco-
talpam shot on February 15, 1940. These average lighter, less
yellowish across the breast band, and are very slightly paler yellow
than skins from Yucatdn and farther southward, showing in this a
beginning of intergradation with couchii of more northern distribu-
tion. In size, however, and in darker dorsal color, these belong with
chloronotus.

These kingbirds were common in open areas across the lowlands
to the base of the mountains. They range mainly in pastures and
old milpas and the borders of cultivated fields, occasionally flying
across to alight in the tops of taller trees projecting through the
monte. They rest on open perches as the tops of stakes, open
branches, or the tops of trees and bushes, and often are a little wild
and difficult to approach. The flight is direct and is performed with
rapidly fluttering wings. The call notes are high in pitch and rather
insignificant in volume. It appeared to me that they became some-

286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

what less common about the first of April, so that part of those
present earlier may have spread to other areas for nesting.

TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS COUCHII Baird: Couch’s Kingbird

Tyrannus couchii Barrp, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. 9, 1858, pp. 170, 175 (Nuevo
Leén).

Among the specimens from Tres Zapotes, there is one male taken
by Carriker on March 18, 1940, that is unquestionably of this race,
here asa migrant. The wing in this bird measures 125.2 and the tail
98.7 mm. The wing and tail feathers have the lighter brown color
characteristic of couchii, and the other colors agree.

LEGATUS LEUCOPHAIUS VARIEGATUS (Sclater)

Elaenia variegata P. L. ScuaTeR, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (Jan. 26, 1857),
p. 297 (Cordoba, Veracruz).

From the observations of our two seasons it appears that this fly-
catcher is not a permanent resident here. I did not record it in 1939
until April 11, when I collected two and saw several more. On April
13 and 15 a number of others were seen in places that I had had under
observation since early March without noting this species. The fol-
lowing year Carriker secured four near Hueyapa on April 8, and
found them common after that date, both through the lowlands and
over the lower slopes of the Sierra de Tuxtla. When first found in
April, the sexual organs showed activity. The evidence is rather
definite that they had come into this area to breed.

They are quiet birds of slow movement, found usually among the
upper branches of the trees. In pasture areas they are often at low
elevations, as many of the trees are small, but in open forests they may
be high overhead. They prefer open growth. At times they rest
upright, turning the head from side to side, and then suggest cedar
waxwings.' Again, they incline forward so that with their rather
heavy bodies, they resemble finches. The song is a double-noted sibi-
lant whistle that may be represented by the syllables whee-ces.

MYIODYNASTES LUTEIVENTRiS LUTEIVENTRIS Sclater

Myiodynastes luteiventris P. L. SctareR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 42
(Orizaba, Mexico).

April 1, 1939, marked the date of arrival of this migrant form at
Tres Zapotes, as on that day I saw two and collected an adult male.
They were found at the edge of forest in a cut-over area, where they
rested rather high in open trees. On April 12 I shot another male
from a dead tree in a weed-grown milpa. Both are good examples
of the typical race.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ——-WETMORE 287

MYIODYNASTES MACULATUS INSOLENS Ridgway

Myiodynastes audagx insolens Riw@wAy, Manual of North American birds, 1887,
pp. 832, 502 (Mirador, Veracruz, Mexico).
The only specimen is a female, taken at 2,500 feet elevation on
Volein San Martin, April 22, 1940. Carriker found a pair here in
a huge tree standing in an old clearing in the forest.

MEGARYNCHUS PITANGUA MEXICANUS (Lafresnaye)

‘Saurophagus mexicanus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Mag. Zool., 1851, p. 473 (Mexico).

These birds were fairly common along the border of woodland and
at times in the forest itself, ranging in leafy trees, usually where there
was a little shade. Two were taken on March 16 and 27, 1939. On
April 7 I recorded one carrying nesting material.

MYIOZETETES SIMILIS TEXENSIS (Giraud)

Muscicapa texrensis GirauD, A description of sixteen new species of North
American birds, 1841, (p. 5), pl. 1 (‘“Texas”).

The present form is widely distributed through the lowland areas
in the open limbs of high tree tops in the forests, and in groves,
scattered trees, and shrubbery elsewhere. Carriker recorded its ab-
sence in the Sierra de Tuxtla so far as his observations extended.
Specimens were taken at Tres Zapotes in 1939 on March 9, 23, and
April 11 and 18, and in 1940 on January 19, 25, and February 22.
Carriker shot one at El Conejo on February 10 and one at Tlacotal-
pam on May 16. He says that they were nesting in May and de-
scribes the nest as built of dry grass, of large size, and domed with
an entrance in the side, like that of Pitangus. I found these fly-
catchers feeding at the drupes of the palo mulato tree.

The name for this race has been one that recently has been under
question. Bonaparte in listing a collection of birds from Guate-
mala *® had one of these birds which he thought was representative
of a species that had been named Z'yrannula superciliosa by Swain-
son.*° Bonaparte therefore listed his Guatemalan specimen as
“Tyrannus superciliosus, Swains.” following the name by a brief
description and measurements in Latin. Swainson’s species, however,
was a different form, somewhat similar in color and size, his name
being considered now a synonym of Conopias trivirgata trwirgata.
Nelson,** and later Peters,*? have considered that the superciliosus of
Bonaparte is to be accepted as valid, and therefore the name to be used
for the race of Mytozetetes that has been generally called texensis, since

2? Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1837 (June 14, 1838), p. 118.

40 Tyrannula superciliosa Swainson, Ornithological drawings, pt. 4, pl.,46, 1836 (Brazil).
4 Auk, 1900, p. 124.

#2 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 69, Oct. 1929, p. 448.

288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

it antedates tevensis in publication. Hellmayr * and Zimmer * recently
have held that this is incorrect, which seems to me to be the case.
Zimmer, in support of his reasoning, cites Article 31 of the Inter-
national Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, which provides that
names based on a mistake in identification are not to be used for the
form wrongly identified. It appears to me that Opinion 14 by the
Commission also has definite bearing in so far as it deals with the
species that it discusses. It is evident that Bonaparte’s use of swper-
ciliosus was through error in identification of his specimens and that
it was Swainson’s name that he used through this error.

PITANGUS SULPHURATUS GUATIMALENSIS (Lafresnaye)

Saurophagus Guatimalensis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1852, p. 462 (Guate-
mala).

We secured specimens of this noisy, conspicuous bird at Tres
Zapotes on March 24 and 81 and April 7, 19389, and January 20 and
25,1940. Carriker in the latter year obtained examples at Tlacotal-
pam on February 5 and May 16 and 17. They ranged in open
pastures and fields, though in the heat of the day they often entered
the woodland. On March 14 I recorded one displaying with raised
crest and quivering wings, and on March 17 one was carrying nest
material to a crotch 25 feet from the ground in a tree growing in the
open near Laguna del Tular. On April 18 I examined a completed
nest at the Arroyo Tepanaguasapan, a large, untidy structure of grass
and other plant stems, domed and with a large opening in the side
through which I could touch the eggs. It was placed 8 feet from
the ground in a little tree growing in the open.

In identifying these specimens, I have followed van Rossem’s
recent treatment of this group,*® though with some misgivings, as to
this procedure. Specimens in the National Museum from Panama to
Honduras are appreciably darker, except that on the Pacific slope
from northwestern Costa Rica to western Nicaragua they are a little
grayer. Birds from Mexico north of southern Veracruz and Oaxaca
are lighter, with a considerable region between these two areas in
which individuals of more or less mixed character occur. In the
northern group skins from southern Texas and Nuevo Leén to
southern Veracruz have the frontal area more extensively white and
are called ¢ewanus. Specimens from Zacatecas and interior Jalisco
south in the region west of Veracruz to Oaxaca are a little darker
above and below and are recognized as derbianus.. Birds of north-
western Mexico from southern Sonora to the coastal area of Nayarit
are like derbianus but average smaller and are called palliatus.

48 Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, 1927, p. 144.

4 Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 963, 1937, pp. 20-21.
46 Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9,.Apr. 30, 1940, pp. 80-84.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 289

The specimens from Tres Zapotes and Tlacotalpam are variously
intermediate but seem nearer the guatimalensis type in slightly
darker color above and below. There is much individual variation
in depth of hue, and it must be recognized that as these are birds that
live much in the open under an intense sun they are subject to
definite fading, a fact that makes comparisons difficult where the
differences that may exist are slight at best. The races guatimalensis
and palliatus are smaller when compared to tevanus and derbianus.
The alleged differences in size and form of bill in the various races
to me are insignificant or not apparent.

MYIARCHUS CRINITUS BOREUS Bangs: Northern Crested Flycatcher

Myjiarchus crinitus boreus Banes, Auk, Apr. 1898, p. 179 (Scituate, Mass.).

Carriker shot the only one obtained on the lower slopes of Cerro de
Tuxtla on May 7, a late date for the species.

I heard one calling at the camp at Tres Zapotes on March 19,-19389,
and recorded others on March 20, 21, and 22. Whether these were the
northern or the southern form is, of course, unknown.

MYIARCHUS CINERASCENS CINERASCENS (Lawrence): Ash-throated Flycatcher

Tyrannula cinerascens LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, Sept.
1851, p. 121 (western Texas).

The only one secured is a female, shot by Carriker on February 10,
1940, in the sandhills near the coast at El Conejo. Apparently this
species is subject to some fading, since this specimen, in fresh plumage,
has clearer yellow and gray tones below than skins obtained later in
the year in the United States. |

MYIARCHUS TYRANNULUS NELSONI Ridgway: Mexican Crested Flycatcher

Myiarchus tyrannulus nelsoni Ripaway, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 4, 1907, p.
903 (Altamira, Tamaulipas).

A common species that is represented by the following specimens:
Tres Zapotes, March 15, 18, 25, and 27 and April 5, 1939, and March
18, 25, and 27 and May 2, 1940; El Conejo, May 15, 1940. Carriker
did not obtain it during winter, while after the middle of March it
was common. It appears that it may be migratory, at least in part.

I found these flycatchers in fairly open areas in the forest or along
lines of trees left standing at the borders of cultivated fields. The
common notes are louder than those of its smaller relative in this area
and were more like those of J/yiarchus crinitus. I heard it give an-
other call that suggested in tone the whistle of the Bartramian sand-
piper. The specimen taken on May 2 is decidedly paler below than
the others but offers no other peculiarities. It is in well-worn
plumage.

290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

MYIARCHUS TUBERCULIFER LAWRENCEII (Giraud)

Muscicapa lawrenceii Grraup, A description of sixteen new species of North
American birds, 1841, p. 7, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Nuevo Leén, Mexico *).

Specimens were taken in the vicinity of Tres Zapotes from March 7
to April 5, 1939, and January 19 to March 25, 1940, on Cerro de Tuxtla
on May 9, and at El Conejo near the coast on February 10 and 12.
Two skins from El Conejo are about typical of /awrencet, the wmg
in a male measuring 85.9 mm. and in a female 80.8. The rest of the
series is definitely on the boundary line toward connectens of farther
south, there being only one male taken at Tres Zapotes on March 4 that
has the wing 85.5. It is possible that this may be a migrant from some
point farther to the north. In eight other males the wing ranges from
82.7 to 83.8, while in three others it is 78, 81, and 82 mm. respectively.
Two females from Tres Zapotes have the wing 75 and 79.2 mm., while
in one from Cerro de Tuxtla it is 79.2 mm. The close approach to
typical connectens is easily evident.

The copetona or copetoncita was one of the common birds that
ranged both in the forest and along the lines of trees and shrubs bor-
dering the fields and trails. In woodland it was found in more open
branches of the tree tops. Individuals came constantly to the small
trees bordering our campsite. By March 24 the breeding season was
near, as the birds became more vociferous, and on April 5 I shot a male
in breeding condition at the Cerro Nestepe. The ordinary call was
a high-pitched whee-ee-ee, and I heard them also giving a song of
varied notes. Carriker found them ranging to 2,000 feet on the
Cerro de Tuxtla.

EMPIDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS (Baird and Baird): Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Tyrannula flaviventris W. M. Batrp and S. F. Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 1, Sept. 18, 1843, p. 283 (Carlisle, Pa.).

Six specimens were shot near Tres Zapotes on March 7, 16, and 17,

April 10, 1939, and March 3 and April 8, 1940. They were found low

down at the borders of thickets, in open woods, and occasionally in
heavy forest.

° EMPIDONAX TRAILLII TRAILLII (Audubon): Traill’s Flycatcher

Muscicapa Traillii Aupuzon, Birds of America, folio ed., vol. 1, 1828, pl. 45 (prairie
lands of the Arkansas River).
Carriker shot a late migrant male in a clump of shrubbery at El
Conejo May 15.

46 Designated by Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 159, 1925, p. 7.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 291
EMPIDONAX MINIMUS (Baird and Baird) : Least Flycatcher

Tyrannula minima W. M. Barrp and S. F. Barren, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 1, Sept. 18, 18438, p. 284 (Carlisle, Pa.).

This is the most common of the flycatchers from the north, specimens
having been taken as follows: Near Tres Zapotes, March 17, 20, 23,
98, and 31, and April 3 and 11, 1939, and January 18 and 19, March 14,
and 27, and April 6 and 11, 1940; near Tlacotalpam, February 15.
Specimens in full molt were shot on March 28 and April 3 and 8.
These flycatchers were found usually in quiet spots out of the wind in
the shelter of thickets and at the edge of forest. All were silent.

EMPIDONAX FLAVESCENS IMPERTURBATUS Wetmore

Empidonag flavescens imperturbatus WermoreE, Auk, vol. 59, Apr. 1942, p. 267
(Volcin San Martin, Sierra de Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico).

Carriker found this flycatcher fairly common in the smaller trees
and undergrowth in the virgin forest on Volcin San Martin, where
it ranged from 3,000 feet across the summit. It was quiet and rather
shy. Four specimens were taken on April 16, 17, and 18, including
two males and two females. This mountain marks the northern out-
post for the species which has not been known before north of Chiapas.

EMPIDONAX ALBIGULARIS AXILLARIS Ridgway

Empidonag axillaris Ripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, History of North
American birds, vol. 2, Jan. 1874, p. 363 (Orizaba, Veracruz).

The only specimen is a male taken by Carriker near Tlacotalpam on
February 20, 1940. It was found at the border of a clump of thorn
trees in a pasture north of the town and was the only one seen. This
bird has the following measurements: Wing 62.0, tail 55, culmen from
base 18.4, tarsus 16 mm. It is marked by the buffy brown of the
under wing coverts, edge of the wing, and tibia, differing in this
respect from other species of the genus found here.”

MYIOBIUS SULPHUREIPYGIUS SULPHUREIPYGIUS (Sclater)

Tyrannula sulphureipygia P. L. ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1856 (Jan. 26,
1857), p. 296 (Cérdoba, Veracruz).

Carriker found these interesting birds common on the lower slopes
of Cerro de Tuxtla below 1,200 feet, more abundantly below 800 feet.
They ranged in undergrowth and in the smaller forest trees, often in
company with the bands of little forest birds so common in the Ameri-
can tropics. He secured specimens on March 11 and 29, April 9, and
May 6 and 7. He did not record it on Volc4n San Martin.

47 For the latest treatment of this species, see Moore, R. T., Auk, 1940, pp. 879-383.

292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93
ONYCHORHYNCHUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS (Sclater)

Muscivora mewicana P. L. ScrAter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (Jan. 27, 1857),
p. 295 (Cérdoba, Veracruz).

These interesting flycatchers are inhabitants of the lower levels in
densely shaded woodland where the wet forest floor is open. My first
- one I found on March 7, 1939, resting on an open perch in the dark
shadow of a dense thicket in heavy monte on low wet ground, where
it appeared only as a silhouette, though I recognized it immediately
from the shape of the crest. On April 7 at the Arroyo Corredor I
heard a clear, rather plaintive whistle of several notes and imitated
it, and one of these birds came instantly to a perch before me 20 feet
from the ground. I saw others in this same region, and on April 12
secured a pair. A male in flight suddenly hovered with rapidly beat-
ing wings while the crest was spread and thrown forward. It then
whirled around and alighted. The birds decoyed readily to an imita-
tion of their calls and evidently were pairing. Carriker shot one on
January 22, 1940. None of the natives knew this bird in life.

PLATYRINCHUS CANCROMINUS Sclater and Salvin

Platyrhynchus cancrominus ScLATER and SatvIn, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1860,
p. 299 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala).

Near Tres Zapotes this is a common resident species, so that we
secured a good series from January to May. Carriker observed a
few over the slopes of Cerro de Tuxtla, where it ranged to 1,500 feet
elevation, taking specimens on May 6 and 9, 1940. In March and
April I found them in pairs, low down near the ground, in bushes
beneath the heaviest forest growths, where light was dim and shadows
heavy. As the birds were quiet, only occasionally hopping through
the twigs, there is little doubt that they were often overlooked. I
heard explosive, petulant notes from them, and one, on March 29, flut-
tered its wings while calling. Carriker recorded that the nest was a
tiny cup set in an upright fork 3 to 5 feet from the ground.

TOLMOMYIAS SULPHURESCENS CINEREICEPS (Sclater)

Cyclorhynchus cinereiceps P, L. ScLATER, Ibis, 1859, p. 443 (Oaxaca, Mexico).

Near Tres Zapotes I shot one on March 11, 1939, and Carriker
obtained others here on February 23 and April 26, 1940, as well as
one on the lower slopes of Cerro de Tuxtla May 7. The characteristic
nest, made of blackish, fibrous rootlets suspended at the end of a
slender branch was not uncommon, but the birds were hard to find.
They ranged usually among the lower limbs in gallery forest, or less
often in low, denser second growth.

The four specimens listed above, with two others in the Fish and
Wildlife Service collection from Santa Lucrecia, Veracruz, average

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 293

slightly darker gray on the foreneck and upper breast than specimens
from Oaxaca southward into Costa Rica.

TODIROSTRUM CINEREUM FINITIMUM Bangs

Todirostrum cinereum finitimum Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 17,
May 18, 1904, p. 114 (San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico).

The six specimens were taken as follows: Tres Zapotes, April 11
and 13, 1989, January 18, 1940; Tlacotalpam, February 5, 7, and 16,
1940. Carriker saw it at El Conejo. It was found in thickets and
low trees in the pastures and the borders of groves in masses of
creepers where it worked actively with much flirting of the slender
tail, Though rather rare at Tres Zapotes, it was common in the
dense thorny scrub around Tlacotalpam. Two from the latter point
ere partially albino, one having a patch of white feathers on the
posterior part of the crown, and the others the whole back of the head
extensively white, with a large yellowish white patch in the center
of the back.

TODIROSTRUM SYLVIA SCHISTACEICEPS Sclater

Todirostrum schistaceiceps P. L. ScLaTer, Ibis, 1859, p. 444 (State of Oaxaca,
Mexico).

Seven specimens were taken near Tres Zapotes on March 21, 25, and
30, 1939, and January 29, 1940. ‘They were fairly common, though
because of their tiny size they were difficult to see, and had it not
been that I soon learned their calls I would have considered them
rare. They ranged in tangles of vines and bushes in dense monte,
often in company with Oncostoma cinereigulare, and usually when
I succeeded in seeing them they were within a few feet of me. At any
distance their tiny forms disappeared behind the leaves. They
hopped about a great deal or fluttered short distances, ranging from
near the ground to an elevation of 15 feet or so. The call, uttered
in a nasal tone, was somewhat like that of Oncostoma but was quite
characteristic.

ONCOSTOMA CINEREIGULARE (Sclater)

Todirostrum cinereigulare P. L. SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1856 (Jan. 26,
1857), p. 295 (Cérdoba, Veracruz).

This tiny flycatcher was fairly common near Tres Zapotes, so that
it is represented by a small series taken from January 22 to April 1.
Carriker secured two on Cerro de Tuxtla, one near the base of the
mountain on April 3 and one at 1,500 feet on April 9. They range in
densely shaded thickets and in heavy undergrowth in the forest,
keeping always low down where they hop or flutter about or remain

294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

motionless for considerable periods. They are so small and live in
such obscure light that they are seen only by chance. In fact, they
are usually found through their low, trilling, toadlike calls. I heard
them often when I could not find them.

Examination of a good series substantiates what I have said else-
where ‘8 with regard to variation in this bird, which, so far as I can
see, cannot be divided into geographic races from material now at
hand. Hellmayr * includes Oncostoma olivacewm (Lawrence) as a
subspecies of cinereigulare, but I believe, with Peters, that it is
specifically distinct. We have an excellent series of olévacewm from
Panama in which no intergradation is evident, and further have one
typical skin of @. cinereigulare taken by J. McLeannan that is
marked “Lion Hill, near Aspinwall,” Lion Hill being the type
locality of olivaceum. The two apparently occur there in the same
general region, with no indication of intergradation. We have four
excellent olivaceum collected by E. A. Goldman at the type locality.

ELAINEA FLAVOGASTER SUBPAGANA Sclater and Salvin
Elainia subpagana SciatTerR and SAtvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 36 (Dueflas, Guatemala).

The only specimen was taken by Carriker on January 18, 1940, near
Tres Zapotes. I saw no elaenias during my work in 1939, a matter
that aroused my interest since the region seems well adapted for them.

MYIOPAGIS VIRIDICATA PLACENS (Sclater)

Elainia placens P. L. ScLaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May 1859, p. 46 (Cordoba,
Veracruz).

Carriker secured specimens at Tres Zapotes on January 19 and
March 8, 7, 18, and 26, as well as one at El Conejo on February 10. He
found them both in heavy forest and in second growth, usually in the
smaller trees or shrubs. They were quiet, but not particularly shy.
I did not secure this species in 1939.

CAMPTOSTOMA IMBERBE Sclater: Beardless Flycatcher

Camptostoma imberbe P. L. SctatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Noy. 16, 1857, p. 203
(San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz).

On March 19 I saw one working quickly through the open branches
of a small tree at camp but did not collect it.

PIPROMORPHNA OLEAGINEA ASSIMILIS (Sclater)

Mionectes assimilis P. L. ScLArer, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, May 1859, p. 46 (Cor-
doba, Veracruz).

On the Sierra de Tuxtla Carriker found this flycatcher fairly com-
mon in the undergrowth of the heavy forest, where it rarely ranged

48 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 89, 1941, p. 555.
49 Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 5, 1927, p. 310.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 295

more than 20 feet from the ground. He collected three on Cerro de
Tuxtla between 1,000 and 2,500 feet elevation on March 29 and April 3,
and two on Volcan San Martin between 2,500 and 3,000 feet on April
16 and 21. These were breeding birds, active and noisy with a loud
call note. On January 18 Carriker secured one near camp at Tres
Zapotes and another came into one of the houses. This was during a
period of cold and heavy storm, and it was believed that they were
wanderers from the mountains, as neither of us found them again in
the lowlands.

The bill in this series of six specimens averages longer than in others
but the bird seems to be one that is variable in this respect, several
from Teapa in Tabasco being similar.

Family HIRUNDINIDAE

STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIS FULVIPENNIS (Sclater)

Cotyle fulvipennis P. L. Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1859, p. 864 (Jalapa,
Veracruz).

The only rough-winged swallow collected is an adult female taken
on April 3, 1989, at Tres Zapotes, shot as it passed in flight toward the
north. Later that same day I saw a band of 30, and on April 10 I noted
another little flock. On March 6 and April 15 I recorded swallows of
this species at nesting holes in the river bank at Boca San Miguel but
did not have opportunity to collect more for specimens. Carriker
noted them near Tlacotalpam and at El Conejo.

The one taken has the dark coloration of fulvipennis on the dorsal
surface and the sides but has only the faintest trace of buff on two or
three of the tiny feathers of the throat. It is thus intermediate
toward the more northern birds.

Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi, marked by very dark back and sides, I
believe to be a distinct species, as it has a decidedly heavier bill than
the various forms of the rujicollis group.

IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR (Vieillot): Tree Swallow

Hirundo bicolor Vrettrotr, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l’Amérique septen-
trionale, vol. 1, 1808, p. 61, pl. 81 (New York).
Carriker found a few over the marshes near Tlacotalpam February
7, 1940, and shot a male.
IRIDOPROCNE ALBILINEA (Lawrence)
Petrochelidon albilinea LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 8, May
1863, p. 2 (Panama).

Carriker found a few around the lagoons and near the river at
Tlacotalpam, taking a male on February 8, 1940.
497260436

296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM YOu, 93

Family CORVIDAE
XANTHOURA YNCAS LUXUOSA (Lesson)

Garrulus luzuosus Lesson, Rev. Zool., Apr. 1839, p. 100 (Mexico).

The green jay was noted only in the Sierra de Tuxtla, where
Carriker shot a male and saw another bird on May 19 on Cerro de
Tuxtla, and secured a pair on April 22 and a male on April 23 on
Volcan San Martin, between 2,500 and 3,500 feet elevation. ‘There are
specimens in the National Museum taken by Nelson and Goldman at
Catemaco on May 5 and at San Andrés Tuxtla on May 10, 1894, and by
A. E. Colburn at Paso Nuevo, April 22, 1901.

The seven specimens listed are so definitely intermediate that they
are cited under the name Zuauosa only because there is a very slight
preponderance of their characters toward that race. With du«uosa
they agree in size, including especially the bill and length of wing,
and in the restricted amount of white on the forehead. Actually they
look very similar to vivida with which they agree in brighter, more
yellowish coloration of the ventral surface, the under tail coverts
especially being yellow with only a slight wash of green. True vivida,
however, is larger and has more white on the forehead. ‘The southern
Veracruz birds thus appear intermediate between the race named
centralis and its slightly differentiated ally maya of van Rossem,”
which have clear yellow underparts, with little or no green, that color,
where present, being confined to the sides, and true dwxuosa of farther
north. The characters found do not warrant separation of the series
from the Tuxtla area under a distinct name.

PSILORHINUS MORIO MORIO (Wagler)

Pica Morio WaGaLER, Isis, 1829, p. 751 (Veracruz, Mexico).

Called pepe universally like the related species, this great jay,
marked by its uniform color without the white tips on the tail, ranged
everywhere through groves and woodlands around Tres Zapotes. The
two species were found often in company and were about equally
common. The three skins preserved were taken on March 28 and
April 3, 1939, and February 24, 1940. These have the duller colora-
tion of the southern race. Hellmayr, in the reference cited under
P.m. mexicanus, groups all these jays under the name morio. From
Nuevo Leén and Tamaulipas south into Chiapas and Tabasco these
birds present an unbroken series, specimens from the north being pale
and those from the south dark. Differences between the extreme
north and the south are striking, and the distinctions are definitely
joined with geographic distribution. It appears to me proper to

© Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo0l., vol. 77, Dec, 1934, pp. 395-397.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 297

recognize two forms with the break between them coming somewhere
north of the city of Veracruz. Details of range in this area will be
decided by more material than now available. The species apparently
represents a perfect example to illustrate complete intergradation
between two forms.

Possibly there are slight differences in note and habit between the
two species of jays found at Tres Zapotes, but if so my period of
observation in 1939 was not sufficient to allow me to detect them.
It appeared at times that morio produced a louder snapping noise
than its companion, but of this I was not certain. Both seemed
equally inquisitive and vociferous, and both ranged through the
same areas. Only in cold, rainy weather were they subdued and still.
On such occasions they remained in the thicker trees, coming out to
range among the more open growth only between showers and
retreating immediately to cover when the downpour was renewed.
In the first weeks of my work here the loud and constant calls of the
pepes dominated my attention, but in time I became so accustomed to
their noise that I often overlooked them. The male shot on March 28
was alone in the forest and scolded me so loudly that it may have
had a nest nearby, since it was in breeding condition. The follow-
ing day I saw one flying about over an open pasture carrying a
slender twig in its bill.

The bird taken on March 28 had the breast pouch a little smaller
than the individuals of the other species examined and the sac seemed
a little thicker walled. This, however, may have been merely individ-
ual difference.

The names to be applied to these jays have been discussed recently
by van Rossem.°*

PSILORHINUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS Riippell

Psilorhinus mexicanus RUPrett, Museum Senckenbergianum, vol. 2, pt. 2, 1837,
p. 189, pl. 11, fig. 2 (Tamaulipas, Mexico).

I shot a male on March 9 and a female bird on April 3, 1939, the
latter being prepared as a skeleton. The relationship of the present
species, which has the tail with broad white tips, to Pstlorhinus morto
is most interesting and is a subject that will warrant careful study.
At Tres Zapotes the two were in about equal number, and it was
common to find them feeding and traveling in company. ‘They were
rather social and often ranged in little groups of 3 or 4 to 10, though
sometimes they were encountered alone. ‘That we did not prepare a
series of the present species was due solely to preoccupation with
other work, as there was no difficulty whatever in shooting them, so

5t Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 77, Dec. 1934, pp. 414-416.

298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

that Hellmayr’s comment on this species * that there are only 10 or
12 recorded specimens is no criterion of its abundance. I saw dozens
of them in life. Further, it appears to me from the observations of
my one season that two species are involved, a conclusion that is
substantiated by the fact that both morio and meaicanus show varia-
tion in color in different parts of the range. Moreover, the color
variations are not correlated in the two types, since according to
present treatment P. m. meaicanus is found through the area in-
habited by the two accepted subspecies of Psilorhinus morto. Also,
the type with plain tail, morto, does not occur south of Chiapas, while
two races of mexicanus extend through the area from Guatemala to
the Almirante region in Panama.

Under the name of pepe these jays are known to every country
dweller, as they are vociferous and omnipresent. At our camp the
two jays always ushered in the dawn, since at the faintest hint of
light in the east, even as early as a few minutes after 4 a. m., scattered
individuals came flying out over the pastures calling, while it was
still far too dark to see them in the sky. In fact, their querulous,
complaining notes were often mingled with the last calls of the
goatsuckers (Vyctidromus), whose songs had continued throughout
the night, long before any of the other daytime birds were astir.

The pepes were the subject of universal complaint among the farm-
ers because of their destruction of corn. When the ears had formed
in the fields children or, if there were no children in the family, older
people went out at dawn into the milpas where, with shouting and
stones cast by hand or from slings, they endeavored to keep the jays,
the grackles, and the smaller blackbirds on the move. As I traveled
along the trails, jays were often in evidence, calling frequently when
they saw me and often coming down within 30 or 40 feet to scold me
with jerking tails and wings and much peering and posturing. Oc-
casionally they were shy, but this was unusual, as they were molested
little by shooting because of the cost of ammunition.

Often they flew out with a curious hesitant but steady flapping of
wings, calling loudly and at the same time producing a curious snap-
ping sound. Sometimes this latter noise was heard when the birds
were not calling, and almost on my first day afield here I saw when
birds flew overheac. a yellow spot appear on the breast, though when at
rest this was not visible. In handling my first specimen, I found this
spot of color was really a pouch of somewhat thickened skin, located
over the junction of the two branches of the furculum. In a fresh-
killed bird I could sometimes inflate and deflate this pouch by com-
pressing and releasing the posterior part of the body so that air was
driven into it and then withdrawn. The fully inflated sac was some-

®1 Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 7, 1934, p. 15.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 299

what elongate and was about the size of the terminal joint of my little
finger. On dissection, I found that the pouch was connected with the
interclavicular air-sac, and by that means with the lungs. The snap-
ping sound described apparently came through its sudden distension
with air. The structure was new to me and has been noted by few
naturalists.

On inquiry I learned that Dr. George M. Sutton also had observed
this curious structure during his work in eastern Mexico, and his notes
on it, which he showed me at the time, he recently has elaborated with
preserved material in collaboration with Perry W. Gilbert.°* The
earliest published note on the sac that I have found is by Cabot,
who saw it in the subspecies found in Yucatan, Psilorhinus mexicanus
vociferus, though he was wrong in his description of its anatomy. He
writes “they have a most peculiar formation in the trachea, being a
membranous bag, coming off between the rings, and half way down,
and intimately connected with the skin of the neck.” It was first
described accurately by Crandall,°> who recorded the sac in P. m. cyan-
ogenys in Costa Rica and also observed it in a captive specimen of
P. morio in the collections of the New York Zoological Society. This
bird produced the popping sound regularly. On dissection of this
bird after its death Crandall recorded that the sac was a diverticulum
from the interclavicular air-sac.

Family TROGLODYTIDAE

HELEODYTES ZONATUS RESTRICTUS Nelson
Heleodytes zonatus restrictus NELSon, Auk, 1901, p. 49 (Frontera, Tabasco).

The series obtained is as follows: Tres Zapotes, March 7 and 15,
1939, February 27, March 8 and 27, and April 5, 1940; Tapacoyan,
May 11; below 1,000 feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla, May 7. They
were fairly common, usually in little groups, but except when calling
they were often unnoted, as they kept in heavy cover of dense leaves
and tangles of vines. They ranged from the tops of bushes into the
taller trees. Rarely they were observed passing with tilting flight
between tracts of brush. The croaking, creaking calls are strange and
curious, and they are known locally as carrasquita from their notes.

The series obtained appears to be intermediate between true
restrictus of Tabasco and the style of this wren found from Veracruz
City northward and westward. It differs from restrictus in the
smaller amount of spotting and barring on flanks and abdomen but is
definitely more heavily marked than birds from farther north. The
species is one that is in need of revision, particularly since no type

5 Condor, 1942, pp. 160-165, figs. 58-60.

* Cabot, S., Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, 1844, p. 465.
® Zoologica, vol. 1, No. 18, Sept. 1914, p. 337.

300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

locality has been designated for the typical form so far as I am aware,
though several races have been segregated. Assignment of the speci-
mens from Tres Zapotes and vicinity is tentative, as it must be noted
that they seem to resemble the form émpudens described by Bangs
and Peters from Oaxaca.

PHEUGOPEDIUS MACULIPECTUS MACULIPECTUS (Lafresnaye)

Thriothorus maculipectus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., vol. 8, 1845, p. 337 (Veracruz,
Mexico™).

A good series comes from Tres Zapotes, taken between January 22
and April 11, with one bird from the base of Cerro de Tuxtla, May 7,
and three from El Conejo, February 10 and 12 and May 15. There is
a further specimen in the National Museum taken at Tlacotalpam on
May 28, 1894, by Nelson and Goldman. Carriker encountered it to
about 1,000 feet elevation in the Sierra de Tuxtla. This was a common
wren throughout the region, ranging indifferently in undergrowth in
heavy forest, in second growth, and in clumps of brush scattered
through old fields and pastures. It is found usually near the ground.
The clear, ringing song, to be represented by the syllables cho ho cho
hd, repeated several times, was heard daily at camp and during trips
into the field, one of the most pleasing bird sounds of the region. As
early as March 24 I saw one displaying before another with bill point-
ing skyward, spread tail and shaking wings. Carriker shot a grown
juvenile individual at El Conejo on May 15. This bird has only a
very few faint spots on the foreneck. Two adults from this same point
have the black spotting reduced in size and in extent over the lower
breast, and the dorsal surface slightly paler than other skins in the
present series. It is possible that there is a coastal form in this area.

TROGLODYTES AEDON AEDON Vieillot: Eastern House Wren

Troglodytes aédon VirttLoT, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de VrAmérique
septentrionale, vol. 2, 1807 (1808 or 1809), p. 52, pl. 107 (New York, N. Y¥.").
Carriker shot a male of this race of the house wren at Tres Zapotes
on January 20, 1940, this being the most southern point at which it
has as yet been found.

TROGLODYTES AEDON PARKMANII Audubon: Western House Wren

Troglodytes Parkmanii AupuBon, Ornithological biography, vol. 5, 1889, p. 310
(near Fort Vancouver, Wash.).

At Tres Zapotes I shot a female on March 8 and a male on April 4.

Other house wrens were seen on March 12 and 80, the latter being in

song. The race of these last two is uncertain, as the birds were not

% Designated by L. Griscom, Proe. New England Zol. Club, vol. 12, Apr. 3, 1930, p. 5.
5t Designated by H. C. Oberholser, Ohio Journ, Sci., vol. 34, Mar. 1934, p. 87.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 301

obtained. The birds were found in weed patches in old fields. The
western house wren has been recorded previously only south to
Orizaba, so that the two secured mark a southern extension of the
winter range.

HENICORHINA LEUCOSTICTA PROSTHELEUCA (Sclater)

Scytalopus prostheleucus P. L. SciaTer, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1856 (Jan. 26,
1857), p. 290 (Cérdoba, Veracruz).

The following are dates on which specimens were taken: Tres
Zapotes, March 10, 16, 24, 25, April 6, 1939, January 22, February 24,
1940; Cerro de Tuxtla, March 11, 19, April 3, 1940. They were found
in the original stands of heavy forest where shadows were dense and
often where it was damp and wet. Carriker recorded them to the
summit of Cerro de Tuxtla and to 4,000 feet elevation on Volcan
San Martin.

NANNORCHILUS LEUCOGASTER LEUCOGASTER (Gould)

Troglodytes leucogastra GouLD, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1886 (Feb. 20; 1837);
p. 89 (Tamaulipas).

Near Tres Zapotes this was the most common wren, so that we
secured a good series between January 22 and April 5. The birds
ranged in thickets and second growth, usually near the ground, but
occasionally they ascended into the lower tree tops where there was
a protective screen of creepers. They were found frequently in pairs,
and ordinarily were so tame and curious that they could be called out
into sight without much trouble. The clear, sweet song, of surprising
volume for so small a bird, was heard daily, and came regularly from
thickets about our camp. Their chattering calls greeted me on every
journey afield.

Family MIMIDAE
DUMETELLA CAROLINENSIS (Linnaeus): Catbird

Muscicapa carolinensis LinnaEus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 328
(Virginia).

This is one of the common winter residents among the North
American migrants. Carriker recorded them as common on his
arrival at Tres Zapotes in January and found them through the hills
up to the limit of open country at El Tular on Volcan San Martin.
They range along the lines of trees and thickets bordering the milpas
and penetrate thickets elsewhere where the light enters. In 1939
T saw several on April 13 on my last day afield.

302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

MIMUS POLYGLOTTOS LEUCOPTERUS (Vigors) : Western Mockingbird

Orpheus leucopterus Vicors, The zoology of Captain Beechey’s voyage, 1839,
p. 17 (Monterey, Calif.).

In the sand dune area near the coast at El Conejo, Carriker found
mockingbirds common, but we did not note them elsewhere in the
area that we covered, except that I saw one from the train near La
Piedra between Alvarado and Veracruz on April 16, also in the
coastal area but farther north. Carriker secured a series of ten birds
on February 10 and 12 and May 15. On the last date he observed
that they were nesting.

The specimens secured are of more than ordinary interest. Cur-
rently it has been held that Mimus polyglottos as a species, when
compared with If. gilvus, is marked by white primary coverts, exten-
sive white on the basal portions of the inner primaries, and by having
the outer rectrix white except occasionally when there is a blackish
margin on the outer web. In Mimus gilvus as a species the primary
coverts have been said to be black, the bases of the primaries without
white, and the outer rectrix with the base extensively black. Actually
the subspecies Wimus gilvus gracilis often has considerable white on
the inner webs of the primaries at the base. Also, in Mimus poly-
glottos polyglottos an occasional individual has extensive black mark-
ings across the center of the outer rectrix. We have two female birds
from Hornbeak, Tenn. (No. 351105), and Jacksonville, Fla. (No.
54867), that show this character. A female of M. p. leucopterus
from Fort Verde, Ariz. (No. 235964), shows the same marking to a
less extent. It appears then that the color of the primary coverts is
the most definite character separating the two species though here
there is occasional black tipping in polyglottos. It may be noted that
gilvus is always grayer and that its bill is somewhat more slender.
The two are close but sufficiently different to warrant maintenance
as distinct specific groups.

The two species polyglottos and gilvus meet across the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec, where they merit careful study. We have in the
National Museum from the city of Tehuantepec a skin of WM. g.
gracilis taken on October 29, 1869, and one of M. p. leucopterus on
February 12, 1904. Similarly, from Puerto México (Coatzacoalcos),
Veracruz, there is a series of M. g. gracilis taken on April 18 to 15,
1896, and January 27, 1904, and one leucopterus dated January 28,
1904.

At the point of junction through this region the two species appar-
ently hybridize at times. From El Conejo we have one male (No.
360063) with the black tail markings of gi/vus and the white primary
coverts of polyglottos, and another of the same sex (No. 360059) that
displays a slight tendency in this direction, as the inner web of the

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 303

outer rectrix shows some black and the tips of the white primary
coverts are definitely tipped with black. Among the specimens from
Puerto México (Coatzacoalcos) there is one female (No. 142601) with
the tail of gracilis and the primary coverts of Jeucopterus, and a sec-
ond female (No. 142555) with the center of the white outer rectrix
mottled with dusky and the primary coverts two-thirds black and one-
third white. Another example of this is found in specimens in the
National Museum from San Mateo del Mar, Oaxaca, where the three
taken on May 16, 1905, are MW. g. gracilis, and a fourth, a male (No.
142603) shot May 15, 1905, has the primary coverts white except for
dark tips, in this showing a character of polyglottos though other-
wise resembling the other three.

The skins just described all come from the area in which the two
species meet; the peculiar specimens offer characters in such combina-
tion that I consider them hybrids rather than intergrades, so that
polyglottos and gilvus remain as distinct entities.

Family TURDIDAE
TURDUS MIGRATORIUS MIGRATORIUS Linnaeus: Eastern Robin

Turdus migratorius LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 292 (South
Carolina, based on a winter migrant).

On February 28, 1940, Carriker shot a male in a clump of trees in a
large pasture near camp, this being the only bird of the species that
we found. It is a typical example of migratorius, a new record for
the country. Darker color above and below, white tail spots, and
larger bill distinguish it from 7. m. phillips Bangs. -

TURDUS ASSIMILIS LEUCAUCHEN Sclater

Turdus leucauchen P. L. SctaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858 (1859), p. 447
(Guatemala).

Carriker found these thrushes on the higher, forested slopes of
Sierra de Tuxtla, taking specimens on Cerro de Tuxtla on April 3 and
9 and May 10 and 11 and on Voleén San Martin on April 22 and 23.
On Tuxtla they were noted mainly above 1,800 feet, while on San Mar-
tin they were found between El Tular and 4,000 feet elevation.

The seven specimens include five males and two females, the latter
being distinctly browner above than the other sex. The birds agree
fairly well with a series of old trade skins from Guatemala, allowing
for discoloration due to age, and are distinctly different from typical
assimilis of a little farther north in Veracruz. It is of interest to note
that this is another species from the Tuxtla range that shows affinity
with the mountain areas of Chiapas and other regions to the south,
rather than with Orizaba and the other mountains of west-central
Veracruz.

304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

TURDUS GRAYI GRAYI Bonaparte

Turdus Grayi Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1837 (June 14, 18388), p. 118
(Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala).

Near Tres Zapotes we secured specimens on March 27 and 30, 1939,
and March 4 and 14 and May 14, 1940. These birds had the usual
habit of tropical thrushes of living in dense undergrowth or in the
borders of heavier forests, coming up into the tree tops to sing. The
call is a high-pitched pup pup pup, an imitation in higher tone of the
note of our northern robins, and the somewhat indefinite song is also
robinlike but also suggested to me the notes of an oriole. The natives
call them primavera, as they say that they come in spring. Carriker
secured two in the outskirts of Tlacotalpam on February 15 and 16,
but he saw no others until early in March. Possibly they may come
into the Tres Zapotes region from elsewhere to breed, but it seems
more probable that they remain under cover and are overlooked. In
April I heard them singing daily near our camp.

One male taken on March 30 at Tres Zapotes is lighter, less brown-
ish, than the others, showing some approach to the coastal race
tamaulipensis. It is, however, darker on the dorsum and the flanks
than the average of that race, and is placed with grayi.

MYADESTES UNICOLOR UNICOLOR Sclater

Myiadestes unicolor P. L. ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (Jan. 26, 1857),
p. 299 (Cordoba, Veracruz).

Above 2,000 feet on Cerro de Tuxtla Carriker found this to be a
common bird. On March 11 he took two specimens, with others on
March 13 and 29 and April 3. At his first visit they were in full
song, but he thought that actual nesting did not come until April.
On Vole4n San Martin he secured two on April 20, and considered
this the most common bird at the higher altitudes. He recorded many
on the rim of the crater where he heard at its best the beautiful song.
The species is known as jélguero on Tuxtla and as clarin on San
Martin. There is a female in the National Museum taken by Nelson
and Goldman on May 12, 1894, marked “Volcano Tuxtla.” The label
states that this bird was found with a nest containing two eggs. ‘The
latter apparently did not reach the Museum as they are not to be
found in the collection now.

HYLOCICHLA MUSTELINA (Gmelin): Wood Thrush

Turdus mustelinus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 817 (New
York).

On March 23, 1939, I heard the familiar call of the wood thrush
in swampy woodland near the Laguna del Tular and called two into

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 305

the open where I could see them. One of these I shot but by mischance
destroyed it.

In 1940 Carriker secured one from a boy at Tres Zapotes on Jan-
uary 26 and shot another in heavy forest on March 3. ‘Two more were
collected on Cerro de Tuxtla on March 11 and 29 between 1,000 and
2,500 feet elevation.

HYLOCICHLA USTULATA USTULATA (Nuttall): Russet-backed Thrush

Turdus cestulatus [=ustulatus] Nurratt, A manual of the ornithology of the
United States and Canada, ed. 2, vol. 1, 1840, pp. 400, 830, and vi (Fort
Vancouver, Wash.)

It is a matter of special interest to examine a female taken by

Carriker at Tres Zapotes on January 29, 1940.

HYLOCICHLA USTULATA ALMAE Oberholser: Western Olive-backed Thrush

Hylocichla ustulata alimae OseRHotser, Auk, Oct. 1898, p. 304 (east Humboldt
Mountains, Nev.).
Carriker shot a male on April 16, 1940, between 2,500 and 3,500 feet
elevation on Volcan San Martin.

CATHARUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS (Bonaparte)

Malacocychla mexicana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 43, 1856,
p. 998 (Jalapa, Veracruz).

Carriker found these birds on the Sierra de Tuxtla, where he se-
cured his first specimen on March 29, 1940, at about 2,000 feet elevation
on Cerro de Tuxtla. This individual flushed from the ground in thick
underbrush and alighted nearby on the ground. On Volcin San
Martin he secured a pair on April 16 between 2,500 and 3,500 feet
elevation. They seemed more common here but, as usual, were shy
and difficult to secure. They were building nests at this time.

Family SYLVIIDAE
POLIOPTILA CAERULEA CAERULEA (Linnaeus) : Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Motacilla caerulea Linnarvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 387 (Phila-
delphia, Pa.).

As migrants from the north, we secured specimens of the blue-gray
gnatcatcher at Tres Zapotes on March 8, 1939, and January 18 and
March 4, 1940. Carriker shot one at Tlacotalpam on February 7,
and another at 1,800 feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla on March 19.
The specimens have the following measurements: Two males, wing
51, 51.4, tail 46.9, 49 mm.; three females, wing 50, 50.2, 51.4, tail
46.2, 48.4, 49.5 mm.

306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
POLIOPTILA CAERULEA DEPPEI van Rossem

Polioptila caerulea deppei VAN ROSSEM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 77, 1934,
p. 402 (Rio Lagartos, Yucatdn).

Four specimens of this resident race were taken at Tres Zapotes
on January 20 and 26, March 26, and April 2, 1940. Measurements
are as follows: One male, wing 48.5, tail 41.1 mm.; three females,
wing 47.9, 48.2, 48.7, tail 46.2, 46.5, 47.2 mm. The difference in size
that marks this race actually is little but seems diagnostic. It ap-
pears to me also that the gray of the upper surface is slightly hghter
than in the average of the northern bird. Carriker noted that the
male, taken on April 2, was in breeding condition.

Van Rossem (loc. cit.) has found that the type of Bonaparte’s
Culicivora mexicana described in the Conspectus Generum Avium,
vol. 1, 1850, page 316, from Oaxaca is a female of Poltoptila c. cac-
rulea and has given the resident race of gnatcatcher of the lowlands
of southern Mexico the name deppet.

RAMPHOCAENUS RUFIVENTRIS RUFIVENTRIS (Bonaparte)

Scolopacinus rufiventris Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837 (June 14,
1838), p. 119 (San José de Guatemala, Guatemala ™).

This is a resident species around Tres Zapotes, where we secured
specimens on March 10, 11, and 15 and April 1, 1939, and January 26,
99, February 27, 28, and April 11, 1940. The birds were found in
dense thickets and masses of vines usually at the border of forest
where they remained in dense cover, so that it was difficult to see them
except when they were close at hand. Marked by the long, slender
bill, they hopped quickly among the twigs, jerking the narrow tail
up and down and at times cocking it over the back like a wren. The
song, heard frequently in sunny thickets, is a rapid, prolonged trill
that rises in tone at the end.

The syrinx is oscinine and in the pterylosis the dorsal tract is defi-
nitely interrupted below the median rhomboid.

Family CYCLARHIDAE
CYCLARHIS GUJANENSIS FLAVIVENTRIS Lafresneye

Cyclaris flaviventris LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., vol. 5, 1842, p. 183 (Santa Cruz=
?Veracruz, Mexico).

The small series was taken near Tres Zapotes on March 18 and 23,
1939, and March 4, 6, and 14 and May 8 and 6, 1940. Carriker did
not record these birds until they began to sing in March. In my
own observations, attention was drawn to them at the same period by

5% Designated by van Tyne and Trautman, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 439,.
July 1, 1941, p. 10.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 307

their singing, which I recorded at intervals until my departure on
April 15. They ranged in leafy cover, sometimes in tree tops pro-
jecting above the surrounding growth, and sometimes along thicket
lined trails, or in more open trees near the village. They moved

along rather quickly and kept under shelter.

Family VIREONIDAE

VIREO GRISEUS GRISEUS (Boddaert) : White-eyed Vireo

Tanagra grisea BoppaErt, Table des planches enluminéez, 1783, p. 45
(Louisiana).

This familiar bird is a common winter resident in the thickets
bordering the milpas about Tres Zapotes. In March I found them
singing regularly and for a time it almost seemed that they were on
their breeding grounds, but by the end of the month they had begun
to decrease in abundance. On April 11, 1939, I noted that they were
far less conspicuous, so that by then the majority apparently had
moved north. The song was puzzling as it differed somewhat from
that given in their breeding grounds, being not so emphatic or loud.
Carriker found them abundant from late January to March, when
they disappeared. Our specimens are all of the northern form.

VIREO FLAVOVIRIDIS FLAVOVIRIDIS (Cassin)

Vireosylvia flavoviridis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 5, 1851,
p. 152 (San Juan de Nicaragua, Nicaragua).

This bird in 1939 apparently arrived late in its return from its
winter home to the Tres Zapotes region, as I found none to the date
of my departure on April 15. The following year Carriker secured
the first one April 3 on Cerro de Tuxtla, followed by another from
Hueyapa April 8. They were common on Tuxtla, where additional
specimens were taken April 9 and May 4, and were found in smaller
numbers in the lowlands. Carriker shot one at El Conejo on May 15
and one at Tlacotalpam on May 17.

Vireo flavoviridis differs from Vireo olivaceus in the distinctly
yellowish-green sides and under tail-coverts, so that the two may be
distinguished at a glance. The yellowish-green color is as evident in
very young flavoviridis in full juvenal plumage as it is in adults.
In Vireo olivaceus, adult and juvenal, there !s never more than a trace
of this brighter color, and where present this is duller, more greenish,
perceptible only on close scrutiny. I have examined considerable
series of both birds without finding indication of intergradation, so that
I am forced to conclude that the two are specifically distinct in spite
of current treatment of them where flavoviridis has been listed as a
geographic race of olivaceus.

308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Vireo flavoviridis hypoleucus van Rossem and Hachisuka"® is a
race of flavoviridis marked by duller green above, and slightly paler,
less greenish sides, and is in no sense an intergrade toward olivaceus.
Nor is there any indication of intergradation in a series of flavoviridis
that. I have seen from Tamaulipas.

Van Rossem °° has suggested that the type locality of flavoviridis,
named by Cassin from specimens from Panama and from San Juan
de Nicaragua should be placed in “western Nicaragua.” It seems
better, however, to accept the more definite designation of Zimmer *
of San Juan de Nicaragua, since that is one of the places from which
Cassin had material. Examination of the good series in the National
Museum upholds Zimmer’s decision that the supposed southern race
insulanus named by Bangs is inseparable from flavoviridis.

VIREO FLAVIFRONS Vieillot: Yellow-throated Vireo

Vireo flavifrons Vie1LLor, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l’Amérique septen-
trionale, vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 85, pl. 54 (eastern United States).

Carriker collected a male at Tres Zapotes on February 24, 1940.
HYLOPHILUS OCHRACEICEPS OCHRACEICEPS Sclater

Hylophilus ochraceiceps P. L. ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859 (Feb.
1860), p. 375 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).

On April 12, 1939, I found a pair working quickly through the
denser undergrowth in heavy forest at Arroyo Corredor. Carriker
secured two here on April I and 6, 1940. In the Sierra de Tuxtla he
found them more common, taking specimens on Cerro de Tuxtla on
March 23, April 9, and May 7 and 11 and on Volcan San Martin on
April 16 and 23. They ranged to 3,000 feet elevation.

HYLOPHILUS DECURTATUS DECURTATUS (Bonaparte)

Sylvicola decurtata Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1887 (June 14, 1838),
p. 118 (Guatemala).

This was a common species in forested areas. Our series was taken
near Tres Zapotes on April 4, 6, 10, and 12, 1939, and February 23
and 28, March 26 and April 6, 1940; on Cerro de Tuxtla on March
19 and May 9; and at Tapacoyan on May 5, 1940. In the mountains
Carriker found them to about 1,500 feet elevation.

I observed them especially in the great forest at Arroyo Corredor
and in the swampy woods below the Cerro Chico Zapote. Their calls
were low and rather harsh, given with slight emphasis, while the song

% Vireo olivaceus hypoleucus van Rossem and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. 50, Sept. 30, 1937, p. 159 (San Francisco Canyon, eastern boundary of Sonora, Mexico,
lat. 27° N., 1,200 feet elevation).

© Tbid., p. 160.
61 Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1127, June 26, 1941, p. 2.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 309

may be represented by the syllables re seck re seck re seck, reminis-
cent of that of Hylophilus aurantiifrons saturata as I have heard it
in northern Venezuela, but lower and less clear in tone. They feed
in active fashion through the small leafy twigs of the middle and up-
per branches, suggesting small warblers in their movements.

The geographic treatment of this bird has varied from its division
into three subspecies to its listing as a species without races. The
series in the U. S. National Museum indicates clearly that it should
be divided. The following is my understanding of the races to be
recognized :

Hylophilus decurtatus decurtatus (Bonaparte) :

Sylvicola decurtata BoNAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1837 (June 14, 1838)
p. 118 (Guatemala).
Duller green above and on the sides and under tail-coverts; breast
and foreneck more grayish.
Cordoba, Veracruz, to Costa Rica (except lowlands of northern
Guanacaste, and Talamanca).

Hylophilus decurtatus pallidus (Dickey and van Rossem) :

Pachysylvia decurtata pallida Dickry and VAN Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash-
ington, vol. 40, Jan. 8, 1927, p. 4 (Puerto del Triunfo, Department Usulutaén,
El Salvador).

Lighter throughout; crown paler gray, back lighter, more yellowish
green; breast and foreneck whiter; sides and under tail-coverts lighter,
more yellowish green.

Pacific slope of southern Central America from western El Salvador
to northern Guanacaste (Liberia), Costa Rica.

Hylophilus decurtatus pusillus Lawrence:

Hylophilus pusillus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, 1862, p. 323
(Atlantic side, Isthmus of Panamé).

Crown definitely darker; duller green above and on sides, averaging
duller than decurtatus.

Talamanca, Costa Rica, and Chiriqui through western Panama to
the Canal Zone.

Hylophilus minor and its subspecies darienensis have the head green,
concolorous with the back, instead of gray as in decurtatus in all its
races, and are therefore to be held specifically distinct.

Family COKREBIDAE
CYANERPES CYANEUS CARNEIPES (Sclater)

Coereba carneipes P. L. ScLater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859 (Feb. 1860), p.
376 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).

310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

On March 29, 1939, near Tres Zapotes at the border of the low hills
back of Laguna Larga, I secured the male of a pair of these honey-
creepers as the two birds rested in the breeze in the top of an open-
limbed tree that projected above the heavy forest. On April 6 I shot
a female from a tall tree in heavy, swampy woodland below the Cerro
Chico Zapote. It was interesting to note the elongate, somewhat flat-
tened, and rather heavy body in these birds as compared with Coereba,
and also the large stomach and the wide diameter of the intestines.
It seems not impossible that these two genera should be placed in sepa-
rate subfamilies. The male mentioned had eaten three drupes as large
as medium-sized peas, which were held in the throat. Carriker found
these birds fairly abundant over the lower slopes of Cerro de Tuxtla
about old clearings and in second growth. He collected specimens on
March 19 and May 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11.

Mrs. Hobart M. Smith, when at Finca Juarez in Chiapas, Mexico,
during investigations there by Dr. Smith under the Walter Rathbone
Bacon Traveling Scholarship, collected for the U. S. National Museum
2 males and 3 females of the blue honey-creeper at the type locality of
Cyanerpes cyaneus striatipectus Brodkorb. Three females appear to
have slightly heavier bills than most carneipes seen but are equaled in
this by two of those from Tres Zapotes. The color is matched by occa-
sional birds from elsewhere in the range. Two males are not to be
distinguished in bill size or color from a considerable series of carneipes
from Mexico to Panama. After a prolonged examination of a large
series of specimens of Cyanerpes cyaneus throughout its entire range,
J incline to believe that more material is required to prove that striati-
pectus is definitely distinct in view of the individual variation in this
group.

COEREBA FLAVEOLA MEXICANA (Sclater)

Oerthiola mexicana P. L. Scratrer, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (Jan. 26, 1857),
p. 286 (southern Mexico).

This bird was rather rare. On March 15, 1939, I found two at a
flowering tree near camp and shot a female. I recorded others on
March 21 and 29. Carriker in 1940 secured specimens at Tres
Zapotes on January 29 and February 27, at between 800 and 1,200
feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla on May 4, and at about 3,500 feet
on Volean San Martin on April 16.

The specimen from which Sclater drew his description was with-
out locality but was part of a considerable collection brought by
Auguste Sallé from a journey in southern Mexico. The birds were
obtained principally near Cordoba in Veracruz, with some from else-

& Oyanerpes cyaneus striatipectus Brodkorb, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No.
369, Apr. 11, 1938, p. 5 (Finca Juérez, Chiapas, altitude 900 meters).

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 311

where in the southern part of that province and a few from adjacent
Puebla. Should need arise at any time for a more definite type
locality for this race of the honey-creeper, it appears quite certain
that the type came from near Cordoba.

Family COMPSOTHLY PIDAE
MNIOTILTA VARIA (Linnaeus): Black and White Warbler

Motacilla varia Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333
(Hispaniola).

In 1939 I noted single birds near Tres Zapotes regularly from March
15 to April 11, taking specimens on March 20 and April 4 and 5.
In 1940 Carriker shot one at ee on February 9 and one at
El Conejo on May 15.

HELMITHEROS VERMIVORUS (Gmelin): Worm-eating Warbler

Motacilia vermivora GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 951
(Philadelphia, Pa.).
Near Tres Zapotes in 1939 I saw one on March 15 and shot one on
March 28. The following year Carriker collected specimens on
February 23 and 28 and March 7.

VERMIVORUS PINUS (Linnaeus): Blue-winged Warbler

Certhia Pinus LINNagEvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 187 (Philadel-
phia, Pa.).

A beautiful male was taken near camp at Tres Zapotes, March 11,
1939.
VERMIVORA PEREGRINA (Wilson): Tennessee Warbler

Sylvia peregrina Witson, American ornithology, vol. 3, 1811, p. 83, pl. 25, fig. 2
(banks of the Cumberland River in Tennessee).

Carriker shot a female on April 20, 1940, at 5,400 feet elevation on
Volcan San Martin.

VERMIVORA CELATA CELATA (Say): Orange-crowned Warbler

Sylvia celatus Say, in Long, Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, vol. 1, 1823, p.
169 (Omaha, Nebr.).

The two obtained were secured at Tlacotalpam on February 9 and
Tres Zapotes March 26, 1940.

COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA PUSILLA (Wilson) : Northern Parula Warbler

Sylvia pusilla Witson, American ornithology, vol. 4, 1811, p. 17, pl. 28, fig. 3
(Philadelphia, Pa.).

Though not present in large numbers, as a winter resident and
migrant this warbler is not rare around Tres Zapotes. It is found in
scattered groves as well as in the forest. In 1939 I recorded it until

497260437

312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

March 22, taking specimens on March 7, 18, 17, and 18. Carriker
collected it in 1940 on January 20, February 22, and March 27.

The status of the parula warbler as regards its division into sub-
species appears to me unsatisfactory at present. The treatment here
is in accord with that of the fourth edition of the A. O. U. Check-list.

COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI INORNATA (Baird)

Parula inornata Barrp, Review of American birds, 1864, p. 171 (Choctum, Guate-
mala).

Though we did not encounter this warbler because of its rarity in
the general area, it is of interest to record a male received from A. E.
Colburn, taken at Buena Vista, Veracruz, May 18, 1901. This bird
while slightly intermediate toward nigrilora is decidedly nearer to
inornata.

DENDROICA PETECHIA RUBIGINOSA (Pallas): Alaska Yellow Warbler

Motacilla rubiginosa PaAtLas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, p. 496
(Kodiak Island, Alaska).

Among the yellow warblers there are three that are identified as
the present form distinguished from D. p. amnicola by duller, more
greenish dorsal color, and in the male by less yellow on the forehead.

On April 6, 1939, I shot an adult female at Tres Zapotes, this bird
having nearly completed the molt. Carriker secured a male at
Hueyapa in the Tres Zapotes area April 2, 1940, with the molt nearly
at anend. He also took a female at El Conejo on May 15, this being
an outstanding example of the late date to which some migrants from
the far northern parts of North America may linger within the
Tropics.

J. W. Aldrich®* has demonstrated recently that the yellow warblers
and golden warblers are conspecific, so that all are to be grouped
under the name petechia.

DENDROICA PETECHIA AMNICOLA Batchelder: Newfoundland Yellow Warbler

Dendroica aestiva amnicola BATCHELDER, Proc. New England Zod]. Club., vol. 6,
Feb. 6, 1918, p. 82 (Curslet, Newfoundland).

The present form, though not included in the fourth edition of the
A. O. U. Check-list (1931), in my opinion is to be recognized. As
has been indicated by Oberholser, it is separable from D. p. rubigi-
nosa by the more yellowish dorsal surface, with the forehead yellow
in the male. The female has the upper surface lighter. It differs
from typical aestwa by being darker above, with the yellow on the

63 Auk, 1942, pp. 447-449.
* Louisiana Dept. Conservation Bull, 28, 1938, pp. 530-531.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE oid

forehead of the male duller and the edgings on the remiges duller.
As pointed out by Oberholser, it is not restricted to Newfoundland
but extends across Canada to central Alaska. No doubt it is this bird,
which must be numerically far more abundant than the Alaska
yellow warbler, that has been the basis of part of the records of
D. p. rubiginosa at various localities in the eastern part of the
United States.

Specimens identified as ammnicola were secured as follows: Tres
Zapotes, March 20, 21, 30, and 31 and April 18, 19389, January 17 and
March 15, 1940; Tlacotalpam, February 19, 1940. Several of these
are in various stages of molt between the first fall plumage and the
nuptial dress. Identification of some of these immature individuals
is a difficult problem.

Further collecting should reveal others of the eight recognized
forms of the aestiva group in this region.

DENDROICA MAGNOLIA (Wilson): Magnolia Warbler

Sylvia magnolia Witson, American ornithology, vol. 38, 1811, p. 63, pl. 23, fig. 2
(Fort Adams, Miss.).

This is the most common of the migrant warblers that come to the
Tres Zapotes region. Carriker recorded it in January on his arrival,
and in 1939 I found it in numbers until April 18. Carriker secured
specimens at Tlacotalpam on February 5 and April 8. Immature
males were molting into adult body dress in March. ‘The species was
found everywhere in groves and woodland.

DENDROICA CORONATA HOOVERI McGregor: Alaskan Myrtle Warbler

Dendroica coronata hooveri MCGREGOR, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club., vol. 1, 1899, p. 32
(Palo Alto, Calif.).

On March 22, 1939, I shot a myrtle warbler near camp at Tres
Zapotes, the only one that I saw in this vicinity. Carriker collected
two at Tlacotalpam on February 5 and 8, 1940, reporting that the
birds were common in trees and bushes in the marshy lands. On
April 20 he secured a female on the summit of Volcan San Martin at
5,400 feet elevation.

These four specimens all belong to the Alaskan form, which is dis-
tinctly grayer brown above than the eastern subspecies in the plumage
stages of fall, winter, and early spring.

DENDROICA VIRENS VIRENS (Gmelin): Black-throated Green Warbler

Motacilla virens GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 985 (Philadelphia,
Pa.).

Carriker collected males near Tres Zapotes on March 25 and 27 and

on the summit of Volcan San Martin on April 20. The latter was in

314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

company with other migrant warblers. All three are examples of the
typical race, marked from D. v. waynei by larger bill and brighter
dorsal color.
DENDROICA DOMINICA ALBILORA Ridgway: Sycamore Warbler
Dendroica Dominica var. albilora Rweway, Amer. Nat., vol. 1, Oct. 1873, p. 606
(Belize, British Honduras).

In spring migration we secured this bird near Tres Zapotes on

March 20, 1939, and March 16 and 25, 1940.

SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linnaeus) : Ovenbird

Motacilla aurocapilla Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 334 (at
sea about 30 miles from Hispaniola).

4

The ovenbird is rather rare in forested areas as a winter resident
and passage migrant. Near Tres Zapotes in 1939 I found one recently
dead on March 24, and shot one on April 8. The following year Car-
riker secured specimens March 3 and April 1, and on February 10
he collected one at E] Conejo.

SEIURUS MOTACILLA (Vieillot): Louisiana Water-thrush

Turdus motacilla VIEILLOT, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de Amérique septen-
trionale, vol. 2, 1807 (18087), p. 9, pl. 65 (Kentucky).

Near Tres Zapotes I saw one in swampy woods on March 17 and an-
other March 23. March 25 I recorded several along the Arroyo del
Sitio, and shot an adult male that was as fat as any bird that I have
ever handled.

SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOTABILIS Ridgway: Grinnell’s Water-thrush

Seiurus naevius notabilis R1wawAy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 3, 1880, p. 12 (Como,
Carbon County, Wyo.).

Near Tres Zapotes these birds were common from March 27 to April
13, 1939, two being taken on March 28 and April 13. Carriker in 1940
found them abundant at Tlacotalpam in February and prepared speci-
mens on February 6 and 8. He also shot one at El Tular at 3,200 feet
elevation on Volcan San Martin. The five taken are all of the race
notabilis.

OPORORNIS FORMOSUS (Wilson): Kentucky Warbler
Sylvia formosa Witson, American ornithology, vol. 3, 1811, p. 85, pl. 25, fig.
8 (Kentucky).

The Kentucky warbler, found in thickets and forest, is more com-
mon than the hooded warbler in the region. Our specimens were
taken as follows: Near Tres Zapotes, March 21 and 25 and April

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 315

8, 1939, and January 19, February 28, and March 4, 1940; between
1,000 and 2,500 feet elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla, April 1, 1940.

OPORORNIS PHILADELPHIA (Wilson) : Mourning Warbler

Sylvia Philadelphia Witson, American ornithology, vol. 2, 1810, p. 101, pl. 14,
fig. 6 (within a few miles of Philadelphia, Pa.).

Carriker secured three of these birds, all males, near Tres Zapotes
on May 3, and on the lower slopes of Cerro de Tuxtla on May 7 and
10, 1940. Their winter home apparently is farther south, and be-
cause of the time of migration they have been missed in Mexico by
most collectors. Ridgway * knew of no valid records. Recently the
National Museum has received another male from A. E. Colburn
taken by P. W. Shufeldt in southern Veracruz, but without certain
data. The late dates for the Tres Zapotes specimens indicated
rapid northward migration for this species.

GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS TRICHAS (Linnaeus): Maryland Yellowthroat
Turdus trichas LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 293 (Maryland).

Four specimens assigned to the typical race were secured at Tlaco-
talpam on February 6, 1940, and near Tres Zapotes on March 21,
1940, and April 11, 1989. These are lighter, less greenish above, and
lighter yellow below than the other races secured at this point. All
are males, with wing measurements of 51.4, 52, 54, and 54.5 mm.

GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS BRACHIDACTYLA (Swainson): Northern Yellowthroat

Trichas brachidactylus Swainson, Animals in menageries, 1838, p. 295 (north-
ern provinces of the United States).

The four obtained were collected at Tres Zapotes on March 18,
1939, and March 27, 1940, and Tlacotalpam on February 16 and 19,
1940. ‘These are distinguished from ¢vichas by more greenish color
above and by more extensive yellow below.

GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS TYPHICOLA Burleigh: Athens Yellowthroat

Geothlypis trichas typhicola BurtLetcH, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 47,
Feb. 9, 1934, p. 21 (Athens, Ga.).

The four skins obtained were all secured at Tres Zapotes, January
18, 20, and 29 and March 5, 1940. ‘These are decidedly deeper yellow
below, with darker flanks and darker dorsal surface than any of the
other yellowthroats secured. Their presence as winter migrants
here in southeastern Mexico is of interest in view of the present
known range of the subspecies in the southeastern United States.
Oberholser °° has reported typhicola as casual in southern Louisiana
as a migrant and in winter.

® U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 2, 1902, p. 629.
* Louisiana Dept. Conservation Bull. 28, 1938, p. 561.

316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Yellowthroats are common as winter visitors to weed grown fields
and grassy pastures, though sometimes difficult to see as they keep
well under cover. Unless clearly observed at times they are hard to
distinguish from the Chamaethlypis that frequent the same coverts.
The three races of ¢richas identified seem to range together. Our 12
specimens of all include 11 males and 1 female.

CHAMAETHLYPIS POLIOCEPHALA PALPEBRALIS (Ridgway)

Geothlypis (Chamaethlypis) palpebralis Ripgway, Manual of North American
birds, 1887, pp. 526, 592 (Mirador, Veracruz).

This is a resident species, common in the Tres Zapotes region
wherever bushes are scattered through the grasslands. They kept
under cover ordinarily, flying out occasionally as I passed, or were
seen as they sang from the tops of bushes or tall grass stems. The
song is a low, rather inconsequential warble of several notes. I had
a better view of them at times in crossing these savannas on mule
back, as then from the elevation of the saddle I could see about more,
and the birds were less wary. They tend always to be inconspicuous
and to slip aside. They suggested the yellowthroats of the north in
most of their habits.

We secured a series at Tres Zapotes, while Carriker shot one at
Tapacoyan and one between 1,000 and 2,000 feet elevation on Cerro
de Tuxtla, both on May 5. He collected two more at about 2,500 feet
on Volcan San Martin, April 21. All these are typical of the race
palpebralis.

On comparison of material in the U. S. National Museum it is
evident that specimens from near Brownsville, Tex., in the lower Rio
Grande Valley, differ from typical poliocephala in significantly paler
color, with less yellow on the lower surface. 'They are to be separated
therefore as Chamaethlypis poliocephala ralphi (Ridgway) ® in
spite of the fact that Ridgway in his last account of the species %
placed the Texas birds under typical poliocephala. With a good
series of skins the differences are clearly evident.

ICTERIA VIRENS VIRENS (Linnaeus): Yellow-breasted Chat

Turdus virens LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 171 (South
Carolina, 200 or 300 miles from the sea).
Our small series from Tres Zapotes includes birds taken between
January 17 and March 10. I recorded them in 1939 until April 9.
Carriker found chats abundant in January but noted some decrease
later. They were seen regularly around camp, and occasionally they
% Geothlypis poliocephala ralphi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 16, Feb. 5, 1894,

p. 692 (Brownsville, Tex.).
*% U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 2, 1902, p. 689.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE old

came out into open branches to rest with jerking tail and clucking
notes. The habit seemed curious in view of their secretive nature in
the north. I observed one at camp with the forehead and an irregular
ring around the neck light yellow. On March 10 I saw one driving
another through a thicket, possibly through some territorial reaction.

GRANATELLUS SALLAEI SALLAEI (Bonaparte)

Setophaga sallaei “Bp. et Sclater,” Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
vol. 42, May 1856, p. 957 (Cordoba, Veracruz).

On March 11, 1939, near Tres Zapotes I took one male of two that
were moving about with tails wide spread on twigs and logs above
the ground in a wet thicket. Carriker shot another male among small
trees in rather open forest toward Tapacoyan on February 24. This
species is not common in collections.

WILSONIA CITRINA (Boddaert): Hooded Warbler

Muscicapa Citrina BoppaErt, Table des planches enluminéez, 1783, p. 41 (Loui-
siana).

This species is not uncommon as a winter resident in the lowland
forests and thickets where it ranges near the ground. Dates on
which we secured specimens are as follows: March 30, 1939, and
January 19, February 9 and 23, and March 3 and 18, 1940.

WILSONIA PUSILLA PUSILLA (Wilson) : Wilson’s Warbler

Muscicapa pusilla Witson, American ornithology, vol. 3, 1811, p. 103, pl. 26, fig. 4
(southern New Jersey).
One male and two females of the typical race of this warbler were
taken at Tres Zapotes on March 4 and 26 and on the summit of Vol-
cin San Martin on April 22.

WILSONIA PUSILLA PILEOLATA (Pallas): Northern Pileolated Warbler

Motacilla pileolata Patias, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, p. 497 (Ko-
diak Island, Alaska).

Specimens of the northern pileolated warbler were taken at Tres
Zapotes on January 27, February 26, and April 2 and at Tlacotalpam
on February 6, 1940. It would appear that this form is a regular
winter resident in this area.

WILSONIA PUSILLA CHRYSEOLA Ridgway: Golden Pileolated Warbler

Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Riwaway, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 50, pt. 2, 1902, p. 714
(Red Bluff, Calif.).

The golden pileolated warbler is represented by a female taken on
March 8, 1939, and by a male shot on March 26, 1940.

318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

WILSONIA CANADENSIS (Linnaeus): Canada Warbler

Muscicapa canadensis LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1776, p. 327
(Canada).

Carriker shot one on the higher slopes of Voleén San Martin on
April 16, 1940, and another on Cerro de Tuxtla, May 7. Both are
males.

SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linnaeus): American Redstart
Motacilla Ruticilla LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 186
(Virginia).

The redstart was fairly common near Tres Zapotes, where Carri-
ker shot one on January 27, 1940, indicating its presence through the
winter. In 1939, through March and until April 10, I recorded the
species nearly every day. Carriker saw it in the Sierra de Tuxtla
up to 2,000 feet elevation. In one adult male taken the wing spot is
small, while in two others it is decidedly more extensive, illustrating
the usual variation in this regard.

Redstarts came regularly to small trees in the little clearing in
which stood the houses of our camp, so that I noted them constantly
from the porch under which I prepared my specimens. On March
19 and 20 one female, marked by ragged feathering, ranged within a
space 35 feet long by 20 feet wide around a small group of shrubs
and little trees at the border of the clearing mentioned. Once I saw
it fly across to another clump of trees to join a flock of passing mi-
grants made up of parula and magnolia warblers, but soon it was
back, going over and over its selected area in search for insects. The
very limited space that it chose was remarkable, especially since to
my eye there was nothing to single out the few square feet of terri-
tory that it selected from miles of similar country on all sides. It
seemed an indication of rather sedentary habit on the part of one
_of our birds from the north when in its winter home.

MYIOBORUS MINIATUS MOLOCHINUS Wetmore

Myioborus miniatus molochinus WETMORE, Proce. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 55,
Aug. 18, 1942, p. 105 (between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation on Volein San
Martin, Sierra de Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico).

Carriker found this bird above 2,500 feet elevation on Volcin San
Martin but did not record it on the Cerro de Tuxtla. It was active
and conspicuous in the taller undergrowth and smaller trees of the
forest. Male and female were taken on April 16 and other males on
April 17 and 23.

When compared with Myioborus m. miniatus (Swainson), which is
found in the main mountain ranges to the west and northwest, molo-
chinus differs in the darker dorsal surface, including the wings and the
sides of the head and neck, the brighter brown crown patch, the

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 319

brighter red of the breast and abdomen, the less extensive white of the
under tail-coverts, and in the length of the tail, which is shorter than the
wing instead of the reverse. In three males the average length of the
wing is 66.7 and the tail 64.2 mm., and in one female these dimensions
are 62.4 and 61.5 mm., respectively.

BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS CULICIVORUS (Lichtenstein)

Sylvia culicivora LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer Végel, 1830,
p. 2 (Jalapa, Veracruz).

Carriker found this warbler to be one of the most common birds on
Cerro de Tuxtla, where he secured specimens on March 11, 19, and 29,
April 1, 3, and 9, and May 6, 1940. It was found mainly above 1,000
feet elevation, ranging in the undergrowth and lower trees. In the
lowlands it is a straggler, as Carriker secured one near Tlacotalpam on
February 7 and one at Tres Zapotes on January 26.

BASILEUTERUS BELLI SCITULUS Nelson

Basileuterus belli scitulus Netson, Auk, 1900, p. 268 (Todos Santos, Huehue-
tenango, Guatemala).

Carriker secured two males and a female on the higher slopes of
Volein San Martin on April 20 and 22, 1940. They were found from
3,500 feet elevation to near the summit, in undergrowth and the smaller
trees of the forest.

These birds are listed here under the name scitulus though with
more material the birds of Volein San Martin may prove distinct.
They are definitely darker above than B. db. belli, agreeing in this with
scitulus, but appear slightly smaller, the wing in the two males being
56.3 and 57 mm. and in the female 53.2, dimensions that are within the
lower limits of the other forms. This is another case where a species
from this mountain shows affinity with mountain forms of Chiapas
and Guatemala rather than with those of the Mexican tableland proper.

BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS SALVINI Cherrie

Basileuterus salvini CHERRIE, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, Sept. 4, 1891, p. 342
(Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala).

Specimens were obtained at Tres Zapotes, March 24 and 28 and April
6, 1939, and January 20 and April 5 and 8, 1940; Tapacoyan, May 5,
1940; on Cerro de Tuxtla, May 4, 1940; and on Volcan San Martin,
April 21,1940. In the mountains they occurred to 3,000 feet elevation.
They range in thickets, keeping well under cover and occasionally
venturing out into growths of weeds. On April 6 I shot a breeding
pair, and on April 9 I saw two more that were obviously mated.

All these birds have the abdomen partly yellow, this condition
ranging from a faint wash to a condition of quite solid color, They

320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

represent definitely the style of coloration recognized under the name
salvini and are all identified as that race. Variation among them
is due probably to intergradation toward rufifrons.

Family ICTERIDAE

GYMNOSTINOPS MONTEZUMA (Lesson)

Cacicus Montezuma Lesson, Centurie zoologique, livr. 2, Oct. 1830, p. 33, pl. 7
(Mexico).
Carriker saw a pair near camp at Tres Zapotes late in February
1940, and on March 8, Modesto, his assistant, shot a male near Hueyapa.
The species is rare in this area.

AMBLYCERCUS HOLOSERICEUS HOLOSERICEUS (Lichtenstein)

Sturnus holosericeus LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verzeichniss mexikanischer Vogel, 1830,
p. 1 (Alvarado, Veracruz).

Our series includes specimens from Tres Zapotes, March 8, 10, and
30, 1939, and January 26 and February 23, 1940, and from Tlacotal-
pam, February 6, 7, 15, and 19. Usually these birds were found in
heavy forest, where they were shy and difficult to see. Carriker noted
them more commonly at Tlacotalpam in low, tangled woodland
around the ponds so numerous there. In March, when the corn
ripened, they came into the fields from the surrounding thickets,
keeping under cover in the main and not flying in the open like the
marauding blackbirds. At any alarm they flew precipitately to heavy
cover. Sometimes I found small flocks resting low down in the
thickets bordering the milpas, singing musically, but though I heard
them near at hand it was difficult to see them. The natives consider
them destructive. Because of the light-colored bill they call them
pico de hueso or pico cerillo, cerillo being the common name for light-
colored matches made of wax.

TANGAVIUS AENEUS AENEUS (Wagler): Red-eyed Cowbird

Psarocolius aeneus “Licht.” WAGLER, Isis von Oken, vol. 22, 1829, col. 758 (Laguna,
Veracruz, Mexico).

Birds taken by Carriker at Tlacotalpam on February 15 and at
Tres Zapotes on March 8 are all in immature dress. On April 8, 1989,
I killed three adult males at the latter point and found them in partial
molt. Carriker saw the species at Tapacoyan.

Red-eyed cowbirds were found in small flocks, regularly at the
village, and also around the lagoons. As the corn matured they
spread out through the fields to feed on the grain in company with
Cassidix, and at times I saw them in such localities in flocks. When
the ears were ripened the natives went into the fields to bend or break

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE | 321

the stalks at an abrupt angle below the ears, so that these instead of
standing upright were turned down toward the ground and were
covered by the stalks above. Whole fields treated in this way
presented a curious appearance. The theory was that the ears were
thus hidden so that they were protected from damage by birds.
Before this, while grain was in the milky stage, men and boys went
out at dawn to the fields armed with slings and slingshots, or with
clods to be thrown by hand. They stood on small elevated platforms
of poles that gave them clear view across the corn, where by shouting
and by casting missiles they kept the birds moving and so prevented
damage.

On April 12 early in the morning a flock passed traveling north,
and on April 14 three bands of 50 to 75 each traveled in the same
direction, with their wings making a loud rushing sound. As there
had been no indication for some time of morning and evening flight,
I was of the opinion that these were migrants bound for the more
northern parts of the breeding range. On April 15, on the morning
of our departure, I recorded one more group.

The natives called this species tordo. Often as they rested in the
sun I noted the reddish-brown color of the eyes of these cowbirds.

MOLOTHRUS ATER ATER (Boddaert): Eastern Cowbird

Oriolus ater BoppAErT, Table des planches enluminéez, 1783, p. 87 (South Caro-
lina).

The only one recorded is a female taken by Carriker at Tlacotal-
pam on February 16, 1940. This bird, here as a migrant, is repre-
sentative of the eastern race, having the following measurements:
Wing 101.4, tail 66.5, culmen from base 15, tarsus 26 mm.

CASSIDIX MEXICANUS MEXICANUS (Gmelin)

Corvus mexvicanus GMELIN, Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 375 (Veracruz,
Veracruz, Mexico”).

T shot a pair at Tres Zapotes on March 16, 1939, and Carriker se-
cured 3 males and 3 females at Tlacotalpam on February 8, 9, and
16, 1940.

This is one of the conspicuous birds of the region. In Veracruz
City I found them in parks and along the boulevards, as well as in
the suburbs. In Alvarado they were common and familiar along the
waterfront street, and from Tlacotalpam to Boca San Miguel they
were seen constantly. During March at Tres Zapotes a number
occupied a roost near the village, so that there was regular morning

® Designated by G. H. Lowery, Jr., Occ. Papers Mus, Zool. Louisiana State Univ., No. 1,
May 4, 19388, p. 4.

322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

and evening flight of little flocks past our camp. By the end of
the month they were divided in pairs. On March 17 I saw a female
carrying nesting material to a crotch 40 feet from the ground in a
tree in the village, and on March 23 a:pair was seen at a nest in a
palm top at Laguna del Tular. About the houses they were most
familiar, especially near the arroyo. While they ranged through-
out the fields to feed they were most frequent near water. The
natives called them picho.

DIVES DIVES DIVES (Lichtenstein)

Icterus Dives LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer Vogel, 1830, p.
1 (Mexico).

This fairly common species is represented by skins taken at Tres
Zapotes on March 24 and 31, 1989, and March 3 and 4 and April 6,
1940. Carriker shot one at Tlacotalpam on February 16, 1940.

Sumichrast’s blackbird, while resembling many other blackbirds in
its uniform dark coloration, is more like an oriole in habits, as it
ranges mainly in trees and thickets and seldom comes down on the
ground. It was found in pairs and small flocks, usually in wood-
land, but in March when corn was ripe I saw them occasionally flying
over the fields. One pair ranged among scattered palms in an area
of abandoned milpas near camp, where often in the heat of the day
I saw them resting on shaded perches, panting with open bills.
Near the village I found pairs at the border of open groves, and they
sometimes came into dead trees at the edge of woodland. As they
moved about the tail was jerked up and down constantly in a decid-
edly greater arc of movement than in other blackbirds. The song is
musical and pleasing.

The contention of Hellmayr” that this bird of Central America
is conspecific with Dives warszewiczi and D. kalinowskii of Ecuador
and Pert is one that may be accepted but one that should be scruti-
nized to determine whether it is entirely correct. The first species
mentioned is so much smaller in all dimensions that its differences are
easily evident as a series of birds is laid out for examination. It is
obviously a dwarf member of the group and may possibly be specifi-
cally separable. The disparity in size for example is almost as great
as that existing between an ordinary rusty blackbird (Huphagus
carolinus) and a grackle (Quiscalus). Dives kalinowskii is some-
what larger than the northern bird. It is not impossible that when the
three are better known all may prove to be distinct species.

Publ. Field Mus, Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 18, Apr. 12, 1937, pp. 96-99.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 320

ICTERUS GALBULA (Linnaeus): Baltimore Oriole

Coracias Galbula LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 108
(Virginia).

This oriole was not common in 1939. I saw one on March 18,
and shot an adult male April 10 at Tres Zapotes. Carriker secured
females here in 1940 on January 18 and 25, and an adult male on
Cerro de Tuxtla, April 9. ;

4

ICTERUS SPURIUS (Linnaeus): Orchard Oriole

Oriolus spurius LINNAEuS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 162 (South
Carolina).

Near Tres Zapotes this oriole was common and was _ present
through the winter, as Carriker secured a male on January 20 and
a female on January 26. We took a number of specimens in March
and April. In 1939 I noted definite migratory movement among
them from March 20 to 22, when they were present in abundance
through the thickets and the overgrown abandoned milpas. On
March 31 another migration wave passed with the birds everywhere
from low brush to the tree tops. On April 6 and 10 they were seen
in large numbers sometimes in flocks, and on April 13 they were
noted in small loosely formed flocks at the Arroyo Teponaguasapan.
I saw them on April 15 on my last day in the field. On the days
when they were in migration they were so widespread that it was
necessary to scrutinize carefully every bird that I collected to avoid
taking orchard orioles that I did not want. They called but I heard
none singing.

ICTERUS FUERTESI Chapman
Icterus fuertesi CHAPMAN, Auk, 1911, p. 3, pl. 1 (Paso del Haba, south shore of
Rio Tamesi, 35 miles northwest of Tampico, Tamaulipas).

Among the orioles secured by Carriker there is a fine adult male of
this bird taken at Tlacotalpam, May 17, 1940. This is in full
plumage and agrees closely in the light, buffy brown color of the
under surface and rump with the plate accompanying the original
description. It is, however, definitely larger than the specimens ob-
tained by Dr. Chapman in Tamaulipas, being similar in size to the
smaller individuals of Zcterus spurius. The measurements are as
follows: Wing 76, tail 65.6, culmen from base 17.5, tarsus 21.2 mm.

A female collected by Carriker on May 15, 1940, near the coast at
El Conejo I have also identified as fuertest. It is in slightly worn
plumage and when compared with Jeterus spurius in similar stage
differs in faintly paler hue of the under surface and the rump. Like
the male from Tlacotalpam it is larger than the female described by
Dr. Chapman from Tamaulipas, as it measures as follows: Wing 72.5,

324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

tail 62.5, culmen from base 17.4, tarsus 21.5 mm. Its dimensions
therefore come within those of spurius.

These two records seem to indicate a range for this type of oriole
extending along the coastal plain from southern Veracruz to southern
Tamaulipas. The color difference between fuertest and spurius ap-
pears analogous to that noted recently by Burleigh in the barn swal-
low, where he has described as Hirundo rustica insularis ™ the birds
lightly pigmented with brown that nest on islands along the Gulf
coast of the United States from southeastern Louisiana to western

Alabama.
ICTERUS PROSTHEMELAS (Strickland)

Xanthornus prosthemelas SvRicKLAND, Contributions to ornithology, 1850, p. 120,
pl. 62 (Guatemala).

Although this is the rarest of the orioles in this section, we secured
several at Tres Zapotes on April 10 and 12, 1939, and February 22,
1940, and at El Conejo on February 12, 1940. I found them in forest
trees where these bordered milpas. In flight they appear noticeably
longer-tailed in proportion to their size than other species of the
genus found here. Four of the seven taken have the greenish-yellow
back of what is considered second year dress, while the remaining
three have the dorsal surface entirely biack.

Hellmayr’s thesis * that this oriole is specifically related to Zcterus
northropi Allen of Andros, Little Andros, and Abaco Islands in the
Bahamas is interesting but is one that requires more consideration
before acceptance. Unquestionably the two are closely related, but
the Bahaman birds to me seem merely to preserve a coloration that
may be more primitive. Proportions are quite similar except that
northropi has a longer bill and is less richly colored, the yellow being
lighter and more greenish, and the black on the breast less extensive.

ICTERUS MESOMELAS MESOMELAS (Wagler)

Psarocolius mesomelas WaAGLER, Isis von Oken, 1829, col. 755 (Mexico).

Our specimens come from Tres Zapotes, March 11, 23, and 27, 1939,
and February 23 and March 14, 1940, and from Tlacotalpam, Febru-
ary 7 and 15, 1940. This bird, known as the calandria, a name given
to all orioles, is not common. It ranges under cover of leaves and so
is easily missed, except when seen in flight. I found it among groves
in open pastures, and in the thickets that covered abandoned fields.
One came to the clearing at our camp to give a mellow, warbling song,
quite different from that of our northern orioles.

™ Hirundo rustica insularis Burleigh, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.,
No. 11, Mar. 4, 1932, p. 179 (Ship Island, 16 miles offshore from Gulfport, Miss.).
7 Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 10, Apr. 12, 1937, pp, 115-117.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE o20)
ICTERUS GULARIS TAMAULIPENSIS Ridgway

Icterus gularis tamaulipensis RipGway, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 3, Apr.
15, 1901, p. 152 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).

Taken at Tres Zapotes, March 9 and April 11, 1939, February 24
and March 25, 1940; at Tlacotalpam, February 7 and 19, 1940; and
at El Conejo, February 12, 1940.

These birds were found through the tree tops in heavy forest, in
the lines of trees bordering fields and streams, and in scattered
groves through the pastures. They were the most common of the
orioles and were often kept as cage birds. The song is a quick
repetition of two or three notes without the clear tone of that of the
Baltimore oriole or the troupial, though the alarm calls are like those
of the northern orioles. On April 11 I recorded two nests under
construction, one placed conspicuously in the top branch of a small
tree in a pasture and the other at the end of a branch in a huge tree
growing over the arroyo at the village. Both were of the usual
purselike, hanging type and were of large size.

This oriole is generally similar to Jcterus mesomelas mesomelas
but is marked by much larger size, more orange-yellow color, and
much heavier bill, particularly in the lower mandible.

AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS RICHMONDI Nelson

Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi Netson, Auk, 1897, p. 58 (Tlacotalpam, Vera-
cruz).

Our excellent series includes two males from Tres Zapotes, April
11, 1939, and a series of males and females from Tlacotalpam,
February 5, 7, 9, 19, and 20, 1940. In 1939 near Boca San Miguel
I found red-winged blackbirds common on March 6 and April 15.
At Tres Zapotes I noted a flock of a hundred along the arroyo at the
village, and at the end of the month I located a little colony at
Laguna Larga a short distance from town. Here the birds remained
in the main in the sedges growing in locations where I could not reach
them because of the depth of the mud. Finally on April 11 I shot
two adult males that came out to feed on the fruits of a palo mulato
on higher ground. Though I heard them singing a typical redwing
song, this was not their breeding season, as the sexual organs were
not active. Carriker found redwings abundant along the river and
through the ponds and marshes at Tlacotalpam.

Our series comes mainly from the type locality of the race at
Tlacotalpam, while the two from Tres Zapotes are only a short
distance away. The females are obviously different from those of
A. p. megapotamus from southern Texas and northeastern Mexico,
and the males average a little smaller. Measurements of available
topotypes of richmondi are as follows:

326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘VOL. 98

Thirteen males, wing 104.6-116.5 (110.3), tail 74.9-87.2 (82),
culmen from base 25.4-27.2 (25.6), tarsus 28.3-80.9 (29.7) mm.

Five females 85.6-92.5 (88.3), tail 63.3-73.3 (66.88), culmen from
base 22-23.2 (22.4), tarsus 24.5-26.9 (25.3) mm.

In the National Museum there is a small series of redwings from
Montecristo, Tabasco, in the drainage of the Rio Usumacinta about
40 miles in an airline farther inland from Palizada, Campeche, type
locality of the recently described A. p. matudae. As a matter of }
interest I have checked these against the Tlacotalpam series. Their
measurements are as follows:

Three males, wing 104.1, 111.5, 114.4, tail 72.6, 80.7, 84.8, culmen
from base 25.1, 25.5, 25.6, tarsus 28, 28.2, 29.8 mm.

Seven females, wing 89.6, 90.9, 92, 92.2, 92.5, 93.2, 93.5, tail 64.7,
64.9, 64.9, 66.3, 66.8, 68.6, 70.9, culmen from base (6 only) 20.6
90.6, 20.6, 20.8, 20.8, 20.9, tarsus 23.2, 24.2, 24.5, 24.7, 24.9, 25.5, 26 mm.

These dimensions coincide so closely with those given for richmondi
as to indicate no evident difference. The females taken by Nelson
and Goldman at Montecristo on May 10, 1900, are in rather more
worn plumage than part of the birds from Tlacotalpam, but when
compared with the worn specimens from that point they are closely
similar in color,

STURNELLA MAGNA MEXICANA Sclater

Sturnella mexicana P. L. Scuater, Ibis, 1861, p. 179 (Jalapa, Veracruz).

In 1939 I found occasional meadowlarks on the little savanna be-
low our camp, taking pairs on April 5and 10. At this time they were
in song and were preparing to nest, their song, call notes, and habits
being similar to those of the meadowlark of the eastern United
States. They are resident in this vicinity, as Carriker, in 1940,
secured specimens on January 25, as well as later on March 6 and 7.
He shot two near Tlacotalpam on February 16. The bird is known
locally as frijolera.

Family THRAUPIDAE

TANAGRA LAUTA LAUTA Bangs and Penard

Tanagra lauta lauta BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 63, 1919,
p. 35 (Guatemala).

Near our camp at Tres Zapotes these euphonias were common.
Carriker noted that they were much in evidence in January about
clumps of mistletoe in trees in the pastures. His three specimens
were secured on January 18 and 20. In March and April, 1939, I
shot several, finding them in heavy woods and also in more open

™%3 Agelaius phoeniceus matudae Brodkorb, Auk, 1940, p. 548 (Palizada, Campeche).

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE S27

areas near camp. They fed on mistletoe berries mainly, but I also
observed them working through leaves and smaller branches in the
trees and over the seed heads of palms standing in open fields. Males
in partly immature dress taken on March 25 and April 6 had the
testes about one-half developed. During April I heard their calls
constantly near camp but seldom saw them, as they are small
in size and remained quiet without much movement. This seemed
to be their nesting season. The flight is somewhat undulating
where they are observed in the open. Their chattering calls and
whistled notes seemed to be somewhat less musical than those of the
West Indian forms with which I have been most familiar.

TANAGRA GOULDI GOULDI (Sclater)

Euphonia Gouldi P. L. Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, June 6, 1857, p. 66, pl.
124 (Guatemala).

On Cerro de Tuxtla, on March 29, 1940, Carriker found a pair
with a band of forest birds and collected the male. This bird and an-
other male that was taken by Nelson and Goldman at Motzorongo,
Veracruz, March 3, 1894, the only two available from the extreme
northern part of the range, have definitely heavier bills than any
others seen. The difference is especially noticeable when compari-
son is made with Costa Rican specimens.

‘

THRAUPIS EPISCOPUS DIACONUS (Lesson)

Tanagra (Aglaia) diaconus Lesson, Rey. Zool., June 1842, p. 175 (Realejo, Nic-
aragua).

This tanager is here not far- from its northern limit, and in the
region that we worked it occurred sparingly. In 1939 I recorded only
a few, securing my first specimen on April 11 from a tree top high
above the arroyo at the village, and another at the Arroyo Tepana-
guasapan on April 18. Carriker in 1940 shot two at Tres Zapotes on
March 25 and May 2 and two at El Conejo on February 12. He saw
a few at Tlacotalpam in May.

THRAUPIS ABBAS (Lichtenstein)

Tanagra Abbas LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer Vogel, 1830, p. 2
(Oaxaca,™ Mexico).

This is a common forest bird around Tres Zapotes, and is repre-
sented by a series taken throughout the period of our work. Usually
it is a forest species, being found in little flocks of 6 or 8 that remain
fairly close together. In more open areas they come to small trees
where these are in fruit. Carriker found a pair at El Conejo on May
15 in a small clump of trees growing in the open at a distance from

4 See van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoUl., vol. 77, 1934, p. 419.
497260—43——8

328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

forest. They are heavy-bodied birds with relatively small heads,
often showing the yellow spot in the wing distinctly when in flight.

PHLOGOTHRAUPIS SANGUINOLENTA SANGUINOLENTA (Lesson)

Tanagra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson, Centurie zoologique, 1831,
p. 107, pl. 89 (Mexico).

Our series includes birds from Tres Zapotes, March 9 and 16, 1989,
February 24, March 15 and 18, and April 1, 1940. Carriker shot one
on the lower slopes of Cerro de Tuxtla on May 7. This beautiful
tanager is an inhabitant of dense coverts, either in heavy forest or
in thickets bordering fields. Its contrasted color pattern of black and
red and its light bill attract the eye immediately when it appears. It
is shy and may be more common than our records indicate.

PIRANGA RUBRA RUBRA (Linnaeus) : Summer Tanager

Fringilla rubra LInNarEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 181 (South
Carolina).

On March 12, 1939, a fine male came to the grove of little trees at
our Tres Zapotes camp, and apparently this same individual was
recorded here almost daily until April 2. On April 3 I shot an adult
female and on April 6 a particolored male. I recorded the last one
on April 8. Carriker shot a male partly in immature dress on Vol-
can San Martin on April 22, 1940.

PIRANGA LEUCOPTERA LEUCOPTERA Trudeau

Pyranga leucoptera TrupEau, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 8, 1839,
p. 160 (Mexico).
Our only record is of two beautiful adult males taken by Carriker
on March 23, 1940, on the high, exposed ridge forming the lower sum-
mit of Cerro de Tuxtla.

HABIA RUBICA RUBICOIDES (Lafresnaye)
Saltator rubicoides LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., 1844, p. 41 (Mexico).

Around Tres Zapotes Carriker and I found this bird occasionally,
sometimes at least mixed with the larger species that occurs in this
same area. I shot one on April 4, 1939, from such a mixed flock at
Arroyo Corredor. Carriker took others in the Tres Zapotes area on
January 17, February 26, and March 2, 1940. On Cerro de Tuxtla
he found them common to 2,500 feet and collected a good series. They
seemed less numerous on Volcin San Martin. Two males from
Tuxtla, taken on April 1 and 9, were in breeding condition but were
still in immature dress in which they resemble the female except for
slightly darker color. These tanagers range in undergrowth and the
smaller trees in the forest, rarely going high above the ground. They
travel in little flocks.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 329

HABIA SALVINI SALVINI (Berlepsch)
Phoenicothraupis salvini BerLerscH, Ibis, 1883, p. 487 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).

This is one of the most common tanagers around Tres Zapotes, being
represented in our collection by an excellent series. They were found
in small flocks in heavy forest, where they ranged through the bushes
and lower trees, chattering and calling as they moved along. They
were readily decoyed and sometimes came up very close tome. Often
I recorded several flocks in the course of a day. On Cerro de Tuxtla
Carriker secured specimens on March 13 and May 9, finding them
rather rarely to 2,500 feet elevation. He shot one breeding male
on May 9 in full immature dress.

Our series agrees with sa/vini in general and shows no approach to
littoralis. I am not certain that this form and its close relatives are
specifically allied to the more southern guttwralis. It is interesting
that the smaller species, H. 7. rubicoides, with dull-orange crown spot
in the female and black-bordered crown spot in the male, was common
in the mountains and rare in the lowlands, while with the present bird
the reverse was true.

LANIO AURANTIUS Lafresnaye

Lanio Aurantius LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 204 (Guatemala).

Carriker found this one of the more abundant birds in the Sierra
de Tuxtla, where it ranged in wandering bands, usually high in the
trees. He noted that the call note was loud. On Cerro de Tuxtla he
took specimens on March 19, 23, and 29, April 3 and 9, and May 4 and
6. He recorded them also on Volein San Martin. Apparently they
may wander somewhat during the colder weather, as he shot specimens
at Tres Zapotes on January 26 and February 28.

That Lanio leucothoraz in its geographic variation includes me/a-
nopygius and related subspecies is easily evident. But Hellmayr’s
treatment of all these as conspecific with Lanio awrantius has no basis
in fact. At present there appear to be no forms of aurantius, though
it may be noted that females in the present series from Veracruz ap-
pear a little duller on the dorsal surface than a few old skins from
Guatemala.

EUCOMETIS PENICILLATA PALLIDA Berlepsch

Eucometis spodocephala pallida BERLEPSCH, Auk, 1888, p. 451 (Yucatéin).

On March 31, 1939, Ramén brought one from the village that his
brother had killed with a stone. Isaw one several times at camp where
it came out of a little thicket to snatch berries growing at the border
and then slipped back into cover.

There is another specimen in the National Museum collection from
Buena Vista, Veracruz, taken on June 4, 1901, received from A. E.

330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Colburn. These seem to constitute the first published records for this
area and mark an extension of the known range. The two specimens,
both females, appear very slightly paler yellow below than the few
skins I have seen from Yucatan.

CHLOROSPINGUS OPHTHALMICUS OPHTHALMICUS (Du Bus)

Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, vol. 14, 1847, p.
106 (Mexico).

Carriker found this species in fair number on Volcén San Martin,
where he took four specimens at above 3,500 feet elevation on April
18, 20, and 22. Apparently in the colder period it may wander to the
lowlands, as he shot one near our camp at Tres Zapotes on January 17.

Family FRINGILLIDAE

SALTATOR ATRICEPS SUFFUSCUS Wetmore

Saltator atriceps suffuscus WeETMoRE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 55, Aug.
13, 1942, p. 106 (Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico).

This is one of the common resident species around Tres Zapotes that
is recorded almost daily. Strangely enough, the birds of this region
differ from others of the species throughout its extensive range from
Tamaulipas to Panama in having the throat deep brown, a mark so
prominent as to be readily evident in life. I noted this in 1939, and
the following season Mr. Carriker devoted definite attention to the
matter with the result that we assembled an excellent series, which
demonstrates that a well-marked form is concerned.

The peculiarity of the brown throat has been noted rather casually
in a few specimens by other authors but for various reasons has been
considered an individual variation. P.L. Sclater > described atriceps
as having “a large white (sometimes dark chestnut) guttural patch,”
remarking further that the “throat-spot, clear white in most speci-
mens, is dark chestnut in some Mexican examples, and in others tinged
with rufous.” Salvin and Godman” wrote that “a rarer form of
variation is in the color of the throat, which in some specimens, usually
Mexican, is of a rich chestnut instead of white; but intermediate forms
occur connecting the two.” Ridgway” noted of atriceps that “this
white throat patch is sometimes tinged with tawny or chestnut, and
according to Dr. Sclater is even occasionally dark chestnut.” I have
seen no other statements on this subject.

The color of the throat is easily seen in these birds in life as remarked
above, and the brown color is characteristic in the Tres Zapotes area.
In our 24 skins from this point there is one male (No. 360403) with the

7 Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, vol. 11, 1886, pp. 283-284.

™ Biologia Centrali-Americana, Aves, vol. 1, Feb. 1884, pp. 326-327.
™U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 1, 1901, p. 661.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE jor

throat completely white, one female (No. 360407) with the throat white
except for a slight ticking of brown in two or three feathers on the
lower margin of the patch, and one male (No. 360404) with the brown
suffusion covering the lower half of the patch with a brownish wash
extending beyond. All others have the throat area deep brown. There
are in addition in our collections two skins from Paso Nuevo near the
Rio San Juan, about 35 miles southeast of Tres Zapotes, that are typi-
cal suffuscus. A skin from the same locality is found in the Museum
of Comparative Zoélogy. One in the National Museum from Buena
Vista, about 15 miles farther up the valley of the San Juan, has the
throat white, as does another without certain locality that probably
comes from near this same point. These two, with one from Frontera,
Tabasco, are very slightly paler than atriceps, indicating intergrada-
tion toward the pale breasted S. a. raptor of the Yucatan Peninsula.
The brown-throated suffuscus seemingly is restricted to a region be-
tween Tres Zapotes and Paso Nuevo, extending for an undetermined
distance toward Catemaco, and so occupies a very limited range that
remains to be outlined fully. In the collection of P. W. Shufeldt I
have seen five specimens of atriceps from La Buenaventura, Acayucan,
Veracruz, of which four are typical atriceps, while one, a female, has
the throat brown, of a paler shade than typical suffuscus. It seems to
represent an intermediate. In the collection of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences of Philadelphia there is one old specimen, No. 7816, with
the brown throat of swffuscus, a female without locality, from the
Rivoli (Massena) collection presented by Dr. T. B. Wilson. We have
one bird from Motzorongo that has a very slight suffusion of brown on
the throat, the quantity being sufficient to be worth remark especially
since this locality is near the area of the brown-throated birds.

In summary, in specimens throughout the range of atriceps occa-
sional individuals show a little brown, usually in the lower margin of
the throat patch. In the Tres Zapotes region this tendency becomes
intensified to a point where the brown submerges the normal white
color of the throat. The whole anterior part of the body tends to be
more heavily pigmented also, since the black breast band averages
heavier than in other sections. This latter character, however, is one
subject to much individual variation.

These saltators were found spread through woodland as well as
along the lines of trees and thickets that border the fields. While
they live in heavy cover their presence is usually made known by
their loud, strange calls. The usual note is an explosive chuh chuh,
given with emphasis, and often followed by a loud warbling song
of rough notes. If one can imagine the song of a Bell’s vireo broad-
cast through an amplifier the effect can be understood. While
found near the ground saltators ranged also through the tree tops.

332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 98

‘

They were noisy and conspicuous through March and early April,
evidently the mating season, and then became more retiring. Some-
times during light fogs early in the morning I saw them resting
in the tops of low trees over the trails, but more often noted them
moving under cover in the thickets, or flying with bounding flight
through the forest, the green back and black head showing con-
spicuously.
SALTATOR MAXIMUS GIGANTODES Cabanis

Saltator gigantodes CABANIS, Museum Heineanum, vol. 1, Oct. 1851, p. 142
(Mexico).

Our specimens were secured near Tres Zapotes on March 23 and
28, 1939, and January 17, and 20 and March 7, 1940. This was de-
cidedly the rarest of the three kinds of saltators around Tres Za-
potes. In general habits it suggested the larger Saltator atriceps
suffuscus, but lived in heavier forest and kept more closely under
cover. Most of the few that I saw were in leafy tree tops where
they fed early in the morning. One came to sing in a low tree near
the border of our camp clearing where I sat writing, the loud,
slurred notes being entirely different from those of the other species,
suggesting in part the song of a Cyclarhis and in part the notes of
an oriole.

SALTATOR COERULESCENS GRANDIS (Lichtenstein)

Tanagra grandis LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer Végel, 1830, p. 2
(Jalapa, Veracruz).

Our specimens were taken at Tres Zapotes on March 14, 21, and 25,
1939, and January 25, and March 4, 5, and 8, 1940, and at Tlacotal-
pam, February 7, 9, 15, and 19, 1940. The species is one of wider
general distribution than the other two as is shown by its occurence
in the scattered thickets about Tlacotalpam. Carriker noted it also
among the dunes at El Conejo.

Near the Tres Zapotes camp these birds were common, being re-
corded daily, apparently occurring in greater number than S. a. suf-
Juscus. They were found in the brush bordering old fields and were
shy and retiring. In March and early in April I heard them sing-
ing a clear, loud warble suggestive of a grosbeak, with occasional
ringing notes that bring to mind the ecstasies of the northern bobo-
link.

CARYOTHRAUSTES POLIOGASTER POLIOGASTER (Du Bus)
Pitylus poliogaster Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, vol. 14, 1847, p. 105
(Guatemala).

Specimens were secured by Carriker at Tres Zapotes on February

23, and March 3 and 18, and on Cerro de Tuxtla on March 138, and

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 333

29, and May 8, 1940. This is a forest bird that ranges high in the
trees.
RICHMONDENA CARDINALIS COCCINEA (Ridgway)
Cardinalis virginianus var. coccineus RipGway, Amer. Journ. Sci., Jan., 1873, p.
39 (Mexico).

The cardinal is widely distributed through the shrubbery of old
fields, along the borders of forest, and in more open woodland.
Among our specimens are two from El Conejo, with a small series
from Tres Zapotes, where it ranged into the foothills of the Sierra de
Tuxtla. These cardinals, with all the usual mannerisms of this bird
in the north, remained under cover in the main except when the males
came out to sing in the tree tops, usually early in morning. ‘The nest-
ing period seemed under way by the middle of March, and males then
were in full song. The notes resemble those of the northern bird but
are given decidedly more slowly.

The bird of this area is definitely coccinea, with no evident approach
to Littoralis which has Puerto México (Coatzacoalcos) for its type
locality.

HEDYMELES LUDOVICIANUS (Linnaeus): Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Loxia ldoviciana LinNArEus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 306
(Louisiana).

On March 30, 1939, I saw one in the forest near Tres Zapotes.

GUIRACA CAERULEA INTERFUSA Dwight and Griscom: Western Blue Grosbeak

Guiraca caerulea interfusa DwicHt and GRiscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 257, Mar.
14, 1927, p. 4 (Fort Lowell, Ariz.).

The single specimen is a male taken in the weeds of an old milpa at
Tres Zapotes, March 21, 1939. This bird is molting around the fore-
part of the head. It is a little small, having the wing 86.8 mm., but
has the brighter blue and the paler wing bands of tnterfusa.

CYANOCOMPSA PARELLINA PARELLINA (Bonaparte)

Cyanolozia parellina Bonaparte, Conspectus generum avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 502
(Alvarado, Veracruz).

A female was taken by Carriker in heavy forest at about 1,000 feet
elevation on the lower slopes of Cerro de Tuxtla, May 9, 1940.
CYANOCOMPSA CYANOIDES CONCRETA (Du Bus)

Cyanolozia concreta Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. 22, 1885, p. 150
(Playa Vicente, Veracruz).

Our specimens were taken at Tres Zapotes, March 16, 1939, and
January 26 and March 26, 1940. One comes from about 1,000 feet

334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

elevation on Cerro de Tuxtla, March 29. They were found in heavy
undergrowth in forest, sometimes coming out to feed in fairly open

growth.
PASSERINA CYANEA (Linnaeus): Indigo Bunting

Tanagra cyanea LinnaEus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 315 (South
Carolina).

In 1939 I recorded males on March 22 and 25 and April 5, 6, and 10,
taking a bird in full plumage on April 10. One shot and destroyed on
April 6 was molting. Carriker secured the first one in 1940 on March
95 and another on the following day. Until the middle of April he
recorded them frequently. Apparently they winter elsewhere, at least
in any considerable number.

PASSERINA CIRIS CIRIS (Linnaeus). Eastern Painted Bunting

Emberiza Ciris Linnarus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 179 (South
Carolina).
An adult male was taken at Tres Zapotes by Carriker on March 4,
1940. The bird was found in a brushy locality.

PASSERINA CIRIS PALLIDIOR Mearns: Western Painted Bunting

Passerina ciris pallidior MEARNS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 24, Oct. 31,
1911, p. 217 (Fort Clark, Kinney County, Tex.).

Our skins include a male taken April 6, 1939, and two females Janu-
ary 23, 1940. The two females are well-marked examples of the west-
ern race, characterized by paler coloration and slightly larger size.
The male is slightly intermediate but is nearer pallidior, The species
is rare in this vicinity.

There is no reason to consider that the western race of the painted
bunting is migrant only to western Mexico. The two forms are
mingled in their winter quarters.

TIARIS OLIVACEA PUSILLA Swainson

Tiaris pusillus SWAINSON, Phil. Mag., June 1827, p. 438 (Temascaéltepec and Real
del Monte).

Our seven specimens were taken near Tres Zapotes on March 28,
1939, and March 25 and April 11, 1940, and on the lower slopes of Cerro
de Tuxtla May 6, 9, and 10, 1940. The species was scarce across the
level areas but was more common in the rolling country from Cerro
Chico Zapote across to the mountains,

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 335
SPOROPHILA TORQUEOLA MORELLETI (Bonaparte)

Spermophila morelleti BONAPARTE, Conspectus generum avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 497
(Petén, Guatemala).

This is one of the common species of the region, represented by a
small series. The birds were found in pastures and the borders of
cultivation, often in company with Volatinia jacarina atronitens. As
I passed they flew into the cover of low weeds or thickets and immedi-
ately were gone. Though I saw them daily, they are birds easily over-
looked because of these retiring habits and their small size. At the
beginning of April they were nesting, and I heard them singing a
pleasant warbling song. Carriker found them in the Tuxtla range
as high up as clearings had been made.

It seems reasonable to place this form as a race of Sporophila tor-
queola.

ORYZOBORUS FUNEREUS Sclater

Gryzoborus funereus P. L. ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859 (Feb. 1860), p.
878 (Suchapam, Oaxaca).
Carriker shot a male January 25, 1940, in a clump of bushes grow-
ing in a marshy spot in the savanna near camp, our only record.

VOLATINIA JACARINA ATRONITENS Todd

Volatinia jacarini atronitens Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 33, Dec. 30,
1920, p. 72 (Campeche, Campeche).

At Tres Zapotes these little birds were common in groups some-
times containing 25 or 30 individuals that ranged through weeds
and grassy growth in the fields and little clearings. When startled
they flew rapidly into the adjacent thickets and there slipped away
so quickly that it was seldom that I flushed one a second time. At
camp they came out into the edge of the clearing to feed, moving
quickly and nervously and occasionally flitting the wings. They are
found across the level lowlands, being common to the base of the
mountains. In 1939 I saw them in flocks until my departure on
April 15, though males were coming into breeding dress at the end
of March. Specimens were taken on March 7, 15, 22, 23, and 24
and April 8, 1939, and March 4, 1940.

ATLAPETES APERTUS Wetmore

Atlapetes apertus WETMORE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 55, Aug. 18, 1942,
p. 108 (Cerro de Tuxtla, Sierra de Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico).

Carriker secured five specimens of this fine bird on Cerro de Tuxtla
on March 19 and on Volcan San Martin on April 16 and 17, 1940.
They were found in the forests to the summit of the mountains, from
about 2,500 feet upward, sometimes in pairs that ranged on the
ground around rotting logs and fallen trees. Usually they were

336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

rather shy. They seemed to be more common on San Martin than on
the neighboring peak of 'Tuxtla.

This is one of the most remarkable of the discoveries that have
come from the careful exploration of the Sierra de Tuxtla and one
that offers an especially interesting problem for consideration in con-
nection with Dr, Chapman’s detailed and enlightening study of the
characters of this group written 20 years ago."®

Briefly, Atlapetes brunnei-nucha brunnei-nucha has an extended
range in the subtropical zone from central Veracruz south through
mountainous areas to southern Pera (with a closely allied subspecies
zanthogenys in the mountains from Caracas to Mérida in Venezuela).
The birds from the sections just outlined are marked by a distinct
black band across the breast. In the subtropical zone of western
Ecuador, in the mountains drained by the Chimbo and Chanchan
Rivers, there is found a closely allied form, Atlapetes tmornatus,
without the black breast band but on the dorsal surface closely similar
to the ordinary type. And now in southeastern Veracruz we have
Atlapetes apertus, quite like brunnei-nucha above but also lacking
the black band across the breast. We have then a widely ranging
group of birds, living under definitely restricted zonal conditions,
with plain-breasted representatives in isolated areas near either end
of the vast range in which the band-breasted type is encountered.

The three forms are generally similar in pattern and style of
coloration, being marked by a combination of brown and black in
the crown. They differ, however, appreciably from one another as
the following will indicate:

Atlapetes brunnei-nucha (Lafresnaye): A black band across the
chest, brown of pileum extending back on to the hindneck, bordered
laterally by a line of golden brown. (The subspecies wanthogenys
differs from the typical form only by having a longer, more slender
bill, and a whiter under surface.)

Atlapetes inornatus (Sclater and Salvin): Breast without a black
band, under surface more extensively white; brown of crown extend-
ing back only to back of head, not reaching the hind neck (but bor-
dered as in brunnei-nucha by a line of golden-brown).

Atlapetes apertus Wetmore: Breast without black band, brown of
pileum extending to hindneck with no lateral line of golden-brown.

From this it may be supposed that in inornatus and apertus we
have the descendents of an ancient species from which the band-
breasted brunnei-nucha has evolved and become dominant to spread
until it has swamped out the parent stock. Of this parent stock we
find now two isolated remnants, one in Veracruz and one in Ecuador.
Dr. Chapman has suggested the interesting possibility of an origin

78 Chapman, F. M., Mutation among birds in the genus Buarremon. Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., vol. 48, Oct. 15, 1928, pp. 243-278, figs. 1-3, pls. 14-17.

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 337

for Atlapetes brunnei-nucha from Pipilo torquatus found now
through the southern part of the tableland of Mexico, a species that
is closely similar in color pattern. In its large strong feet, with
long hind claw, as well as in its strong, conical bill, proportionately
longer tail, and much more robust form, Pipilo torquatus, however,
is quite distinct from any Atlapetes, agreeing wholly in its charac-
ters with other species of Pipilo. It would appear therefore that
the interesting similarity in color pattern is due to a parallel de-
velopment and not to actual relationship. If we combine the colors
and patterns of Oberholseria, which also is a towhee, and Pipilo,
then we can understand more easily what is found in Pépzlo tor-
quatus. YT may add that the keel of the sternum in Atlapetes brunnei-
nucha is low and the pectoral muscles weak. I do not at present
have a skeleton of Pipilo torquatus, but in its allies the sternal keel
is high and rounded and the breast muscles strong. Equivalent dif-
ferences appear in the skulls.

The three birds brunnei-nucha, tnornatus, and apertus obviously be-
long to the same group. Specimens of znornatus are recorded with
spots of black on the sides of the breast, and in brunnei-nucha there is
variation in the width of the black breast band (though some of this
supposed variation may be due partly to the preparation of the skin),
but in the reduced amount of brown on the crown 7nornatus is distinct.
Atlapetes apertus, on the other hand, appears to have no indication of
bridging characters. For the present I prefer to consider the three
as separate species until more is known of them.

Curiously enough, apertus below is almost identical in color with
wirenticeps, which is in the group of Adlapetes with green crown
streaked laterally with black.

In connection with apertus I have found a most interesting state-
ment by Berlepsch and Taczanowski,” who in writing of inornatus of
Ecuador state that “le Musée de Varsovie posséde un oiseau acquis de
feu Verreaux, nommé par Jules Verreaux B. brunneinuchus, et eti-
quetté comme provenant du Mexique, semblable en tout & notre oiseau
de l’Ecuadeur, sans aucune trace de collier noir, mais qui s’en distingue
par le brun du sommet de la téte plus sombre et sans bordure latérale,
plus claire et plus vive, semblables 4 celle du B. brunneinuchus;
Volive du dos plus sombre sans aucune trace de vert jaunatre sur le
nuque.” The description is obviously that of a specimen of apertus,
as the dark color of the crown without the light lateral line and the
unbanded breast are characteristic of that bird. This is especially
noteworthy since it indicates that one of Verreaux’s collectors secured
at least one specimen in the Sierra de Tuxtla at an early date. This
must be the supposition unless apertus is found elsewhere, which it
hardly seems will be the case.

™ Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 292.

338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

ARREMONOPS RUFIVIRGATUS CRASSIROSTRIS (Ridgway)

Embernagra rufivirgata 8 crassirostris Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 1,
1878, p. 248 (Mexico).

We obtained a good series of this common resident bird in the low-
lands as well as several from the lower slopes of the Sierra de Tuxtla.
It is an inhabitant of thickets and undergrowth, not of heavy forest,
so that in the overgrown, abandoned fields common in this area it finds
extensive areas suitable to its needs. We noted it also in underbrush
at the borders of forest, and in such growth commonly found along
the cultivated fields. On the mountain slopes it ascended with the
clearing of the land for planting. In habits it is quiet, remaining
usually under cover and moving about slowly near the ground so that
it is easily overlooked. The song, given from a low perch under shelter
of leaves, is simple repetition of a single note that at the end becomes
a trill. ;

PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA (Wilson): Eastern Savannah Sparrow

Fringilla Savanna Witson, American ornithology, vol. 3, 1811, p. 55, pl. 22, fig. 3.
(Savannah, Ga.).

In February 1940 Carriker found these sparrows common in marshy
grass near ponds and lagoons near Tlacotalpam, taking a pair on
February 8. He shot a male at El Conejo on February 12. Probably
other forms occur here also.

AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM PRATENSIS (Vieillot) : Eastern Grasshopper Sparrow

Passerina pratensis VirtmxLot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 25, 1817 (Dec. 1818),
p. 24 (New York).

On February 12, 1940, Carriker shot a female at El Conejo on an
open grass-grown slope in the sand dunes near the sea. One other was
seen.

CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS STRIGATUS Swainson: Western Lark Sparrow

Chondestes strigatus SwAINSON, Phil. Mag., June 1827, p. 485 (TemascAltepec,
Tableland of Mexico).

On February 10, 1940, at El Conejo, Carriker found a small flock
and shot two, male and female. They were wild and difficult to
approach. On subsequent trips here they were not found.

MELOSPIZA LINCOLNII LINCOLNII (Audubon): Lincoln’s Sparrow

Fringilla Lincolnii AupuBon, Birds of America (folio), vol. 2, 1834, pl. 193
(near the mouth of the Natashquan River, Quebec).

This is a common winter resident, our small series including speci-
mens from Tres Zapotes taken on March 8, 18, and 30, and April

BIRDS OF SOUTHERN VERACRUZ—WETMORE 339

3, and 18, 1939, and January 23, 1940; from Tlacotalpam, February
5, 1940; and from El Conejo, February 12, 1940. On their wintering
grounds these sparrows seem completely at home, and here in Mexico
I was able to appreciate fully the statements of E. A. Preble that
this species is the song sparrow of the far north. Since boyhood I
have been familiar with Lincoln’s sparrow as a migrant, and in east-
ern Kansas in fall I have seen many hundreds of them, but at Tres
Zapotes in less than two months I actually learned more of their
mannerisms than in 35 years of previous observation. Here instead
of being shy skulkers that never left the dense shelter of weeds and
shrubbery, their habit in migration, they came out like song spar-
rows to feed around the borders of the little clearing that we had
made about our camp. At any time of the day if all was peaceful
T had only to raise my eyes to see one or two feeding quietly on the
ground, sometimes only 15 feet away. They pecked steadily at the
earth, often scratching in typical finch fashion by jumping forward
and then back, dragging the forward claws on the earth on the re-
turn, and then feeding again in the soil disturbed by this action.
Others remained under the thin screen of leaves of the bordering
shrubbery, and sometimes I found them running along on the earth
in the protecting shelter of cornfields. When alarmed they retreated
instantly to cover, where sometimes I heard them scolding sharply,
the notes being suggestive of those of the swamp sparrow. I saw
one driving petulantly at a little blue-black grassquit (Volatinia
jacarina atronitens) that came too near. At dusk sometimes several
came down from a weed grown field back of camp to roost in or near
dense clumps of bushes. The daily appearance of this bird is to
me one of the many pleasant memories of my work in this interest-
ing locality.

On March 30 there was sudden increase in their number, evidence of
migration from farther south, as on that morning half a dozen came
skipping about on the ground in our clearing. They were passing
in increased numbers through the early days in April and were still
present on April 15, when I left for return home.

After examination of considerable material it appears to me that
the present species can be separated into two races, lincolnii and
gracilis, but that the additional form named by Miller and McCabe
from the mountain area of the Rocky Mountains of the United States
and other western mountains *° cannot be separated successfully from
lincolnit. Some specimens from this area have very slightly longer
wings and tails than specimens from the east and north, but others

80 Melospiza lincolnti alticola A. H. Miller and T. T. McCabe, Condor, 1935, p. 156 (Bluff
Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, Calif.).

340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM | VOL, 93

are no larger. There results a slight average difference in series, leav-
ing a number that can be placed with either group. Color differences
are not discernible except to note that there is considerable indi-
vidual variation.

There are two females from Tres Zapotes, taken on March 18 and
April 13, and one from Tlacotalpam shot on February 5, with wing
measurements of 61.9, 62.2, and 63 mm., that on the criteria set up
by Miller and McCabe could be placed with their a/ticola. The other
specimens coincide with the lincolnii of these authors. I prefer to call
all léncolniz.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

AE
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Naess

issued

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No. 3165

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF BARK BEETLES OF THE
SUBFAMILY MICRACINAE (SCOLYTIDAE, COLEOPTERA )

By M. W. BiackMAN

In a series of three earlicr papers* the writer revised the bark
beetles of the subfamily Micracinae of the United States, described
4 new genera and subgenera and 25 new species, and presented keys
to the genera and species. In the present paper 2 new genera and
16 new species are described. Of these 1 genus and 11 species are
from continental United States, while 1 new genus and 5 new species
are from the West Indies, Colombia, and Mexico.

The subfamily Micracinae is a rather small one containing rela-
tively few known genera, and with the exception of Hylocurus Eich-
hoff no genus contains more than 10 known species. Specimens of
Micracinae are usually not numerous in collections. This is due in
part to their small size and to the inconspicuous work of representa-
tives of such genera as Pseudothysanoes Blackman, Cryptocleptes
Blackman, and the new genus from the continental United States
described in this paper, which breed in the bark of dying or dead
twigs of hickory, oak, acacia, and other deciduous trees and shrubs,
and in other cases to the very secluded life vf such lignivorous forms
as Hylocurus FKichhoff, Mieracis LeConte, Micracisella Blackman,

1 Mississippi Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull. 9, pp. 1-62, 1920; New York State Coll. Forestry
Techn. Publ. 16, pp. 142-148, 1922 ; New York State Coll. Forestry Techn, Publ. 25, pp. 185—
208, 1928.

504078—43——1 341

342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

and Thysanoes LeConte, which live most of their life deep in the
wood of their hosts.

In so far as known, all species breed in the bark or wood of decidu-
ous trees or shrubs. Trees that are decadent, dying, or recently dead
and broken or cut limbs and twigs commonly serve as breeding places.
Large colonies of brood burrows are seldom found together, as is so
often the case with other scolytids, although with Hylocurus lang-
stoni (Blackman) such a massed attack is not uncommon. In most
cases, however, only single burrows or small groups of burrows are
found at one place. This is probably due to the paucity of indi-
viduals of most of the species, especially of the lignivorous forms
such as various species of Hyocurus, Micracis, and Thysanoes.

The proper development of the brood of such forms depends upon
whether the wood infested is in proper condition for the nourishment
of the larvae. This appears to involve the presence of sufficient
moisture and the presence of the hyphae of rapidly developing fungi.
If the wood dries too rapidly, fungi do not develop properly and the
larvae die either from lack of moisture or from the resultant slowing
up of the development of decay fungi. Whether it is lack of water,
lack of fungal hyphae, or lack of material produced by fungal decay
that is responsible for the death of the larvae cannot be definitely
stated. Perhaps the presence of all three is essential. It may well
be significant that in hickory, which is a favored host for a number
of species, decay of the sapwood is extremely rapid if sufficient mois-
ture and warmth are present.

As regards economic importance the various genera and species
of Micracinae vary considerably. None of the forms breeding in
bark are known to be strongly injurious, as they choose as hosts
decadent. or broken limbs or twigs. Such species, while they may
occasionally kill limbs that might otherwise survive, may in general
be classed as mildly beneficial in that they aid in the processes of
decay and thus hasten the return of such material to the soil.

Species of the hgnivorous genera Hylocurus, Micracis, and Thysa-
noes are potentially more injurious and in several cases are known
to be actually injurious. For example, Hylocurus langstoni (Black-
man), common in the Southeastern States, often attacks living trees
through injured or deadened areas of the bark, breeds in the wood
beneath such areas, and by feeding on the adjacent living bark
extends the injury until the entire tree is killed. Posts and poles
set in the soil before being thoroughly seasoned are also often
subject to heavy attack, resulting in a type of injury similar to that
made by powder-post beetles, by which the entire sapwood is often
riddled by larval mines filled with powdery frass.

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 343
KEY TO THE GENERA OF MICRACINAE

. Antennal club with distinct sutures on outer face; antennal scape

clavate or flattened, widened and subtriangular, funicle with

GiSCLIMONT Sir caer eae ee og Se a le ye irene eee AS 2
Antennal club without distinct sutures on outer face; antennal

seape clavate or slightly flattened, funicle typically with 6 seg-

ments but variously modified and occasionally with fewer_______-____-___ iG

. Posterior end of elytra drawn cut to form an acuminate sutural
Cah ra es Pa ge a ae ee Pe 2 3
Posterior end at ‘elytra (conjotmtly;rounded2 +2_~ a 5

. Antennal scape club shaped, with a few short or moderate hairs,

club with first suture broadly curved; eyes short oval, widely

separated above and beneath; fore tibia slightly wider distally,

with both edges sinuate, distal end with 2-5 submarginal

CGC et see be ee Seem 2 ee NE ce Hylocurus WHichhoff
Antennal scape flattened, subtriangular, with numerous long hairs,

club with first suture angulate or narrowly curved; eyes large,

elongate, more coarsely granulate, contiguous, narrowly or mod-

erately separated beneath; fore tibia with outer margin nearly

SUT GILG ies. Pertenece thie yr cet eee eS ee Pe NT et +

4. Eyes moderately separated beneath, their inner margins entire;

fore tibia with 5 teeth, all on distal submargin, terminal mucro
WOT Oe ee ores eee eee. See ee ee ee Micracis LeConte
Eyes contiguous or narrowly separated beneath, their inner out-
lines emarginate; fore tibia with 5 teeth, at least one of which
is on outer submargin, terminal mucro slender_____ Micracisella Blackman
. Antenna with scape crudely club shaped, not twisted, with long
hairs, club strongly flattened, sutures marked by setal rows of
short hairs; fore tibia similar to that of Micracis, with sides
nearly straight and subparaliel, with mucro wide and shorter ;
elytraladechiviliy Mot Suleates = cet eee : ee rcery ele ay PA is ot 8 vie Sh gy 1 tae 6
Antennal scape twisted clavate with fewer long hairs, club mod-
erately flattened, sutures marked by rows of long hairs and by
strong annulations; fore tibia somewhat similar to that of
Hylocurus, wider distally with sides sinuate, mucro long, rather
slender; elytral declivity suleate________________ Stenoclyptus, new genus
. Pronotum longer than wide, widest near middle, with sides weakly
arcuate, subparallel, summit not high, posterior area horizontal ;
fore tibia wide, with distal end squarely or obliquely truncate,
LerIMIN ae mMUChOMeNtINeS 2 2 = oe eee Thysanoes LeConte
Pronotum wider than long, widest near base, its outline subsemi-
circular or subtriangular, summit high, posterior area sloping;
fore tibia narrower, distal end obliquely truncate, terminal

mucro sometimes bifurcate_________________ Pseudothysanoes Blackman
. Antennae of male and female similar, funicle slightly longer than
the!shortiovate clubs 2.22 = a a eye oe ee Cryptocleptes Blackman

Antennae of male of the normal micracine type; that of female
with funicle more than twice as long as club or scape, club
elongate-securiform in female____________________ Chalcohyus, new genus

344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOI. 93

Genus HYLOCURUS Eichhoff

Hylocurus E1icuHorr, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 15, pp. 183-134, 1871; Ratio
Tomicinorum, Mém. Soe. Roy. Sci. Liége, ser. 2, vol. 8, pp. 298-301, 1878.—
BLANDForD, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Coleoptera, vol. 4, pt. 6,
pp. 220-225, 1898.—BLacKMAN, New York State Coll. Forestry Techn. Publ. 16,
pp. 142-148, 1922; Techn. Publ. 25, pp. 186, 192, 1928.—Scuep1, Rev. Ent.,

vol. 10, p. 723, 1939.

Micracis LeConte (in part), LeConte, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 15, pp. 368-369,
1876.—SwaInk, Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch, Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 83, 1918.—
BLACKMAN, Mississippi Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull. 9, pp. 19-27, 1920.

Genotype.—H ylocurus elegans KEichhoff. (Monobasic.)

The genus Hylocurus Eichhoff contains more species than any of
the other genera of Micracinae. Of these, 12 have been described
from the Neotropics and 11 species are found in continental United
States. Several of the species are known only from one sex, and the
secondary sexual differences vary so greatly in different species groups
that in some cases we cannot be certain of the sex without dissection.
This is not desirable when a species is represented by a single
specimen.

Blandford believed that in the males the elytral interspaces “be-
come subcarinate as they approach the declivity, round which they
form a marginal series of teeth, carinae, or In one species, acute spines”
and the sides of the elytra may appear to diverge behind. “In the
female the elytra are regularly and strongly declivitous behind, . . .
with no marginal tubercles.” This may be true of all the species he
treated, as it is of such northern species as parkinsoniae Blackman,
and guadrispinosus Blackman and to a lesser degree of langstoni
(Blackman), but it is not true of rudis (LeConte), biorbis (Black-
man), décornus (Blackman), harnedi (Blackman), spalia Blackman,
and schwarzi Blackman. In these latter species the most readily
seen secondary sexual differences have to do with frontal characters
or with differences in the number, size, and arrangement of tubercles
on the face of the declivity.

It would then appear that a key to the entire genus cannot be per-
fected until specimens of both sexes of all the species are available.
Until such time we must rely on Blandford’s key to the Neotropical
forms and on the existing keys for the more northern species. The
three new species described herewith can be readily fitted into the
latter key (Blackman, 1928, loc, cit.).

HYLOCURUS BICONCAVUS, new species
PLATE 29, Figure 1

Very dark reddish brown, the pronotum subopaque, elytra shin-
ing; 2.22 mm. long, 2.82 times as long as wide; related to rudis (Le-
Conte), biorbis (Blackman), and bicornus (Blackman).

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 345

Frons with a large, deep ovate concavity at each side of the median
line, extending dorsad from slightly above the epistoma, more than
half the long diameter being above the upper border of the eye, sur-
faces of concavities opaque, reticulate, apparently devoid of true punc-
tures and hairs; with a thick, high, median carina, completely sep-
arating the two concavities and extending anteriorly to form the
normal contour of the head, its surface opaque and reticulate; side
between concavity and eye finely aciculate. Eye small, short oval,
remotely separated above and below, inner margin entire, the facets
fine. Antenna of the rudis type, club short oval, with first two sutures
distinct, sinuate.

Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide, widest in middle third, pos-
terior outline weakly arcuate, posterior angles rounded; sides sub-
parallel on posterior two-thirds, very broadly rounded in front, ante-
rior margin not truly serrate; anterior area with rather numerous
broad, low asperities, summit low; posterior area granulate-punctate,
interstices reticulate; pubescence apparently lacking on posterior area,
inconspicuous on asperate area,

Elytra very slightly wider than pronotum and 1.50 times as long,
1.69 times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior three-fourths,
strongly rounded posterolaterally, with a prominent sutural apex; sur-
face moderately shining; striae weakly impressed, very closely, rather
coarsely punctured; interspaces narrow, very sparsely and finely punce-
tured, becoming granulate posteriorly, with a few very small, incon-
spicuous hairs. Declivity convex, rather steep, coarsely granulate;
suture not elevated; third, fifth, seventh, and ninth interspaces more
elevated, with coarse granules or small tubercles; with an indefinite
elevation at each side in third interspace in upper half of declivity ;
sutural apex prominent, densely granulate, its sides meeting at an
angle of about 90 degrees.

The specimen here described is probably a male. No female has
been seen.

Type locality —Kentucky.

Host.—Unknown.

Type material—Holotype, U. S. N. M. No. 56399.

The holotype bears the data “Ky., No. 83, Solt.” (Soltau collection).

HYLOCURUS FLAGLERENSIS, new species

PLATE 29, FIGURE 2

Female.—Dark reddish brown, with summit of pronotum red; 2.37
mm. long, 2.59 times as long as wide; related to /angstonz (Blackman)
and guadrispinosus Blackman.

Frons convex above, subopaque, reticulate, strongly granulate, with
a nearly straight, transverse carina at upper level of eyes, shining, con-
tinuous near median line, but more or less broken up into granules

346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

toward sides; area below carina transversely impressed, feebly shin-
ing, finely granulate, reticulate; hairs short, fine and very incon-
spicuous except on epistomal margin; devoid of coarser bristles such
as in langstoni and quadrispinosus. Eye small, short oval, inner
margin entire, facets fine. Antenna of the usual Hylocurus type, with
short, twisted scape bearing a few moderate hairs, much longer 6-seg-
mented funicle and short oval club with two strongly setigerous
sutures, the first sinuate-arcuate, the second bisinuate.

Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide, widest near base, posterior
outline arcuate, posterior angles strongly rounded; sides subparallel
on posterior half, moderately broadly rounded in front, with anterior
margin weakly serrate; anterior area with numerous low, wide asperi-
ties; summit moderately high; with a broad, moderately deep, trans-
verse impression behind it; posterior area opaque to subopaque,
eranulate-punctate, interstices distinctly reticulate; hairs inconspicu-
ous except in transverse impression.

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.37 times as long, 1.5
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior two-thirds, broadly
rounded at posterior angles, with a prominent sutural apex; surface
moderately shining, strongly sculptured; striae strongly impressed on
disk, less impressed on sides, punctures coarse, deep, closely placed,
becoming deeper and larger posteriorly, often with fine hairs; inter-
spaces moderately narrow, strongly rugose, becoming granulate-
tuberculate posteriorly, punctures small, numerous, each bearing a
stout, erect bristle, becoming longer and stouter toward declivity and
on sides. Declivity rather steep but rounded above and at sides;
suture flat, first and second striae nearly lacking, with punctures obso-
lescent; third, fifth, seventh, and ninth interspaces elevated and more
strongly granulate; face of declivity with small to moderately large
conical teeth as follows on each elytron: A small one near summit
opposite first stria, a row of three (sometimes two) in third interspace,
the uppermost small, the others progressively larger, a rather small
one in seventh interspace, and a row of several small and one large
tooth on ninth interspace; sutural apex prominent, densely, moder-
ately finely granulate, its sides making an angle of 90 degrees; vesti-
ture abundant, consisting of small hairs from striae and coarse bristles
from interspaces, more numerous and conspicuous than on disk.

The male is unknown.

This species resembles angstoni in size and general proportions but
differs in many respects. It can immediately be distinguished by
he abundant elytral vestiture and by the absence of conspicuous vesti-
{ure on the frons as well as by numerous structural differences. There
is a greater similarity between this species and guadrispinosus, but the
latter is much smaller, is less rugged in sculpture, and also has rather
conspicuous frontal vestiture.

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 347

Type locality—Florida.

Host—Unknown.

Type material—Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 56400.

Described from two specimens, both obtained from traps in the
Florida fruit-fly survey, the holotype from Flagler County, Fla., by
D. G. Webb, March 1, 1933, the paratype from Marion County, Fla.,
by R. B. Mathews, January 24, 1935.

HYLOCURUS CRINITUS, new species

PLATE 29, Figures 3, 4

Female—Dark reddish brown, hairy, rather shining, 2.52 mm.
long, 2.89 times as long as wide; very distinct from any other North
American form but moderately closely allied to schwarzi Blackman.

Frons convex above, subopaque, finely granulate-punctate, feebly,
transversely impressed below, finely granulate and subopaque at
sides, finely punctate and shining in median area; hairs of moderate
length, rather sparse. Eye short oval, inner margin entire, facets
moderate. Antenna (pl. 29, fig. 3) with 6-segmented funicle, 1.3 times
as long as club; club long oval, 1.58 times as long as wide, first two
sutures strongly indicated by sinuate rows of setae.

Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide, widest on posterior third,
posterior outline nearly straight, posterior angles slightly rounded;
sides subparallel behind, feebly constricted anterior to middle, mod-
erately broadly rounded in front, anterior margin with 10 distinct
serrations; anterior area with numerous irregularly arranged asper-
ities, with numerous moderate hairs; summit moderately high;
posterior area subopaque to weakly shining; granulate-punctate,
interstices reticulate, impressed at each side just behind summit;
vestiture of rather sparse, short hairs on most of disk, much longer
and more numerous in the two lateral impressions; sides more
roughly punctate-granulate.

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.76 times as long, 1.80
times as long as wide; sides nearly straight and subparallel on
anterior three-fourths, strongly rounded posterolaterally, with a
broad, rather short, sutural acumination; surface rather brightly
shining; striae impressed, punctures large and close, but rather
shallow, with fine, short hairs; interspaces narrow, rugose-granulate,
finely punctured, with erect hairs longer than on striae, becoming
shghtly coarser, more abundant, and much longer posteriorly.
Declivity rather steeply arched, coarsely, ruggedly punctured; all
interspaces more or less granulate; third and ninth interspaces
elevated, with coarser granules; all of interspaces bearing numerous
rather long, conspicuous, moderately coarse hairs; sutural apex prom-
inent, granulate, its sides meeting at an angle of more than 90°.

348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Fore tibia (pl. 29, fig. 4) of the usual Hylocurus structure,
widened distally, both sides sinuate, terminal mucro strong, its end
recurved; distal end oblique, with five submarginal teeth.

The male is unknown.

Type locality —Orange County, Calif.

Hosts —Rhus laurina Nuttall and R. integrifolia (Nuttall) B.
and H.

Type material—Holotype and five paratypes, U. S. N. M. No.
56401. The type series was collected October 24, 1934, by W. Ebeling,
from the two species of Rhus cited above.

Genus MICRACIS LeConte

Micracis LEConTE, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 164-165, 1868; Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc., vol. 15, pp. 867-868, 1876.—E1cHHorr, Ratio Tominicorum, Mém,
Soe. Roy. Sci. Liége, ser. 2, vol. 8, pp. 302-804, 1878—Swaine, Canada
Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch, Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 83, 1918.—BLacKMAN, Mississippi
Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull. 9, pp. 8-85, 1920; New York State Coll. Fores-
try Techn. Publ. 25, pp. 192-197, 1928.

Genotype.—Micracis suturalis LeConte.

The genus Micracis in the restricted sense used in this paper con-
tains 10 valid species as follows: suturalis LeConte (synonym
aculeatus LeConte), hirtellus LeConte, acutipennis Eichhoff, meri-
dianus Blackman, popult Swaine, swainei Blackman, cubensis
Blackman, lignator Blackman, dimorphus Schedl, and knulli, new
species, described below. Of these acutipennis and dimorphus occur
in Brazil and cubensis is from Cuba, while the other seven species
occur in continental United States.

MICRACIS KNULLI, new species

PLATE 29, FIGURES 5, 6

Female.—Dark reddish brown; 2.59 mm. long, 3.19 times as long
as wide; allied to lignator Blackman but much smaller.

Frons convex above, with surface hidden by numerous moderately
long, stout, spatulate bristles, sordid yellow in color and directed
dorsad; lower frons somewhat flattened between eyes, the middle
third bare, subopaque, distinctly reticulate, without punctures, lateral
third densely covered by yellow hairs, finer and longer than those
above. Eye long oval, moderately separated beneath, moderately
coarsely granulate, with inner margin slightly sinuate. Antenna
(pl. 29, fig. 5) testaceous, scape flattened, moderately strongly dilated
distally, and ornamented by long, fine hairs; club flattened, with
narrowly arcuate sutures, about 1.64 times as long as wide.

Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide, slightly widest near middle,
posterior outline feebly arcuate, posterior angles rounded ; sides nearly

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 349

straight and subparallel behind middle, feebly constricted before
middle, moderately broadly rounded in front, with anterior margin
rather strongly serrate; summit moderate, with a distinct, broad,
transverse impression behind it; anterior area with numerous mod-
erate asperities, and many short, coarse, clavate or spatulate bristles;
posterior area shining on disk, with small, moderately spaced punc-
tures, bearing fine, short hairs or somewhat longer, coarser bristles.
surface in impression not so shining, granulate-punctate and dis-
tinctly reticulate, with many coarser bristles; sides granulate-punctate.

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.97 times as long, 2.22
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior three-fourths,
then gradually narrowed and extended to sutural apex; surface shin-
ing, indistinctly reticulate; punctures in definite strial rows, only the
first stria distinctly, the others shghtly or not at all impressed on
anterior disk, all striae impressed toward declivity; interspaces
narrow, very finely punctured and bearing both short, fine hairs and
Jonger, spatulate bristles. Declivity convex, summit and _ sides
rounded, striae narrower and more strongly impressed than on disk,
punctures smaller and closer; interspaces wider, suture and second
interspace scarcely elevated, not granulate, third interspace elevated
and granulate, all lateral interspaces more or less granulate, the fifth.
seventh, and ninth more strongly than others; all interspaces with
numerous conspicuous, suberect, spatulate bristles, some of them,
especially on third and fifth interspaces, much longer, with ends
tapering but still flattened.

Fore tibia (pl. 29, fig. 6) of usual type with G3 subparallel,
outer edge entire, cecminal mucro large and slightly hooked; distal
end obliquely truncate, with five submarginal teeth.

Male.——Similar in general habitus to female, but smaller (2.4 mm.
long) and slightly stouter (3.03 times as long as wide); frons with
uniform, short, stout, erect bristles throughout; antenna with scape
not so broadly dilated distally, and with fewer, shorter hairs; vesti-
ture more abundant on pronotum and elytra, with bristles more
strongly spatulate and often scalelike.

Type locality—Huachuea Mountains, Ariz.

Host.—Unknown.

Type material—Holotype, allotype, and eight paratypes, U.S.N.M.
No. 56402.

The holotype was taken September 9, 1938, in the Huachuca Moun-
tains, Ariz., by D. J. and J. N. Knull; allotype and eight paratypes
bear the data “Huachuca Mts., Arizona, VII-1-07, Miller Canyon,
H. A. Kaeber.”

504078—43——_2

350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Genus MICRACISELLA Blackman

Micracisella BLACKMAN, New York State Coll. Forestry Techn. Publ. 25, pp.
192, 196-197, 1928.

Pseudomicracis BLACKMAN (not Eggers), Mississippi Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn.
Bull. 9, p. 20, 1920.

Genotype—Micracis nanula LeConte.

In 1920 the writer recognized that the species Micracis nanula
LeConte and I. opacicollis LeConte differed from MZ. sutwralis Le-
Conte and its allies in several important particulars. He there-
fore separated it under the subgeneric name Pseudomicracis. Later
it was found that Eggers earlier in the year had used this same name
as the generic designation of a group of African scolytids. There-
fore, in 1928 the new name Micracisella Blackman was substituted for
Pseudomicracis Blackman. It is now considered that the differences
between the suturalis and nanula groups are so important as to neces-
sitate the raising of Micracisella to full generic rank.

Generic description—Body cylindrical, with ends of elytra ex-
tended into an acuminate apex as in Micracis; color reddish brown
to black, with fine hairs and spatulate bristles or scales; antenna
with scape flattened and somewhat extended laterally, with long
hairs in female, club-shaped in male (as in Hylocurus), funicle 6-
segmented; club shorter than in Micracis; eye very large, contiguous
or narrowly separated in gular region, inner line emarginate, facets
coarse; fore tibia slightly wider distally, with outer margin nearly
straight, inner margin sinuate; submarginal, socketed teeth usually
five in number, with one or two on outer margin, terminal mucro
rather slender, curved.

Other species of Miécracisella are Micracis opacicollis LeConte
(synonym Micracis asperulus LeConte), Micracis opacithorax Schedl
from Mexico, and subnitida, new species, here described.

MICRACISELLA SUBNITIDA, new species
Prate 29, Ficures 7, 8

Male.—Dark reddish brown, with anterior half of pronotum and
elytral declivity lighter; 1.88 mm. long, 3.14 times as long as wide;
allied to opacicollis (LeConte) and nanula (LeConte).

Frons convex above, subopaque, finely granulate-punctate above
and at sides, with rather sparse, flattened, scalelike hairs; median
area below impressed, shining, with only a few very fine punctures;
epistomal hairs slender, directed orad. Eye large, long oval, nar-
rowly separated below, inner line emarginate, facets rather coarse.
Antenna (pl. 29, fig. 7) with scape club-shaped, with only a few long
hairs, slightly shorter than club, distinctly shorter than funicle;
club ovate, 1.27 times as long as wide, with arcuate sutures,

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 351

Pronotum 1.08 times as long as wide, widest near base, posterior
margin weakly arcuate, posterior angles distinctly rounded; sides
subparallel on posterior half, slightly constricted in front of middle,
rather broadly rounded in front, anterior margin with only a few
low serrations; anterior area lighter in color, asperities rather nu-
merous, of moderate size, with moderate hairs; summit slightly an-
terior to middle, rather low; posterior area dark reddish brown,
weakly shining, reticulate, sparsely punctate-granulate, with short,
flattened, scalelike, cinereous hairs directed toward summit.

Elytra equal in width to pronotum, and 1.92 times as long, 2.07
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior four-fifths,
narrowly rounded behind, with a short sutural apex; surface mod-
erately shining; strial punctures small, shallow, in regular sub-
impressed, strial rows; interspaces narrow, rugulose, finely punc-
tate-granulate, each with a row of short, scale-like hairs, less nu-
merous and more slender than in opacicollis. Declivity convex,
striae impressed, interspaces, except second, convex, granulate, with
spatulate hairs, slightly longer but no more numerous than on disk;
sutural apex small and inconspicuous.

Fore tibia (fig. 8) of same type as in opacicollis.

The female is unknown.

Type locality—Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz.

Host —Unknown.

Type Material—Holotype, U. S. N. M. No. 56403.

Described from a single specimen collected by H. F. Wickham.

Genus THYSANOES LeConte

Thysanoes LEContTE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 15, p. 369, 1876.—LECoNTE
and Horn, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 26, No. 507, pp. 519-520, 1883.—
Swainnb, Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch, Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 82, 1918.—

' BracKMAN, Mississippi Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull. 9, pp. 36-45, 1920;
New York State Coll. Forestry Techn. Publ. 25, pp. 197-199, 1928.

Genotype.—T hysanoes fimbricornis LeConte. (Monobasic.)

Aside from the genotype, three species have been described,
berchemiae Blackman and /obdelli Blackman from the southeastern
United States, and xylophagus Blackman from Arizona and New
Mexico. In the present paper three new species are described, two
from Texas and one from Mexico.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THYSANOES LECONTE

i arger, females, 274—2:0emm: Jong sera ste ives Eee 1 2

Smaller females 1.3921 5>mms longo 2s ae ed) os Pe 5
2. Mature color yellowish brown; frons with a small pit or fovea at
center ; punctures of elytra finer ; antennal club narrow, first seg-

ment about one-third its entire length _________-_____ fimbricornis LeConte

352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yOL. 93

Mature color dark brown to black; frons without central pit;

punctures of elytra moderate to coarse; antennal club broader,
first segment less than one-third its entire length_---~----__-------------- 3

8. Frons in female longitudinally sulcate below; summit of pro-

notum concolorous, asperities finer; fore tibia with distal end

iinet CE NO Oe ee ee berchemiae Blackman
Frons in female not sulcate below; summit of pronotum much
lighter in color, asperities coarser_------~~~-~------------------------- 4

4. Frons longitudinally carinate above; pronotum distinctly longer

than wide; elytral punctures not so coarse; body smaller and
more slender; southeastern United States________----- lobdelli Blackman

Frons not earinate above; pronotum not notably longer than wide ;

elytral punctures rather coarse; body larger and stouter; Ari-
FONG, New: Mexico: 2ac82 pti fen Magers ete ee xylophagus Blackman

5. Body slender, 3.0 times as long as wide; frons with short, broad,

cinereous scales; pronotum distinctly longer than wide; elytra

moderately rounded behind__-___-----------------—- texanus, new species
Body moderately stout, less than 2.7 times as long as wide; frons
with short, fine hairs; pronotum scarcely longer than wide_-------------- 6

6. Pronotal vestiture of spatulate setae; elytra with strial punctures
smaller and closer, interspaces narrower; declivital vestiture
nearly U0itorm — 22 S22 2: et See vachelliae, new species
Pronotal vestiture shorter, broader, more scalelike; elytral
punctures coarser, not so close, interspaces wider, more rugose ;
declivital vestiture notably longer on third interspace. retamae, new species

THYSANOES TEXANUS, new species

PLATE 30, FicurE 138

Female.—Reddish brown with elytra darker; 1.55 mm. long, nearly
exactly 3.00 times as long as wide.

Frons concave from eye to eye, rather sharply margined at sides,
surface shining, reticulate, with fine punctures bearing short, broad,
cinereous scales, easily abraded. Eye very large, broad ovate, inner
margin entire, facets coarse. Antennal scape (pl. 30, fig. 18) longer
than club or funicle; club 1.74 times as long as wide, with two distinct,
setose sutures, first arcuate, second more strongly arcuate.

Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide, widest near middle, posterior
outline feebly arcuate, posterior angles scarcely rounded; sides very
feebly arcuate from base to faint constriction anterior to middle,
broadly rounded in front, with anterior margin not regularly serrate ;
anterior area with broad, low asperities and short, stout, cinereous
bristles; summit moderate, slightly in front of middle; posterior area
horizontal, its surface subopaque, distinctly reticulate, with rather
sparse, very fine and shallow punctures and short, rather fine bristles
on disk, somewhat longer on sides.

Elytra equal in width to pronotum and 1.67 times as long, 1.85 times
as long as wide; sides subparallel on more than basal three-fourths,
moderately broadly rounded behind; strial punctures deep, close, of

NEW BARK BEETLES—-BLACKMAN she

moderate size, in regular strial rows, only first stria impressed on
disk and sides; interspaces narrow, rugulose, with sparse, fine punc-
tures on disk; vestiture of very fine, very short hairs from strial punc-
tures and a few short, moderately fine, erect, spatulate setae from
interspaces. Declivity-convex; striae impressed, punctures finer than
on disk, each with small, inconspicuous hair; interspaces slightly con-
vex, bearing short, erect, broadly spatulate, scalelike hairs, much more
numerous and more conspicuous than on disk.

The male is unknown.

Type locality Brownsville, Tex.

Host—Unknown.

Type material—Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 56404.

THYSANOES VACHELLIAE, new species
PLATE 30, Figures 11, 12

Female—Light reddish brown, with anterior pronotum and elytral
declivity distinctly darker ; hotoes pe 1.41 mm. long, 2.69 times as long
as wide.

Frons concave from eye to eye, moderately sharply margined at
sides, surface brightly shining, reticulate, very finely punctured, with
very fine, short, inconspicuous hairs. Eye very large, broad-oval,
facets coarse, inner margin entire. Antenna (pl. 30, fig. 11) with club
slightly shorter than funicle, scape longer than either; club 1.36 times
as long as wide, with qecee arcuate, setose sutures.

Pronotum 1.02 times as long as de widest near middle, posterior
outline feebly arcuate, posterior angles scarcely rounded; sides arcuate
from base to distinct constriction anterior to middle, very broadly
rounded in front, with anterior margin not serrate; anterior area
with sparse, rather low, small asperities and short, stout, spatulate bris-
tles; summit moderate, in front of middle; posterior area horizontal, its
surface subopaque, finely, distinctly reticulate, punctures sparse, fine
and very shallow, with shorter, smaller, more slender bristles than
on anterior area.

Elytra equal in width to pronotum and 1.69 times as long, 1.78 times
as long as wide; sides subparallel on more than basal two-thirds,
broadly rounded behind: strial punctures in nearly regular rows, oa
close, moderately coarse, first stria weakly impressed, others not im-
pressed ; interspaces narrow, rugulose, punctures small, bearing short,
stout bristles, longer and more spatulate posteriorly. Declivity
steeply arched, convex; striae impressed, punctures smaller than on
disk; interspaces somewhat convex, with punctures bearing moder-
ately short, erect, spatulate bristles, more numerous, longer, and more
conspicuous than on disk.

354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Fore tibia (pl. 30, fig. 12) with sides entire, nearly straight and sub-
parallel, terminal mucro long and stout, curved; distal end with three
submarginal, socketed teeth.

Male.—Somewhat shorter (1.34 mm. long) and stouter (2.61 times
as long as wide) ; frons transversely impressed below; anterior margin
of pronotum distinctly serrate, anterior area more strongly asperate ;
vestiture of elytral declivity more broadly spatulate, scalelike, that on
third interspaces longer than on others.

Type locality —Brownsville, Tex.

Host.—Vachellia farnesiana (.) W. and A.

Type material—Holotype, allotype, and nine paratypes, U.S.N.M.
~ No. 56405.

The type series was reared by H. 8. Barber in 1904 from limbs of
Vachellia farnesiana pruned by Oncideres sp.

THYSANOES RETAMAE, new species
PLATE 30, FIGURE 14

Female—Reddish brown, with posterior half of pronotum lighter ;
1.41 mm. long, 2.57 times as long as wide.

Frons strongly concave between eyes, distinctly margined, with a
few rather short hairs directed dorsad, and with a few finer, longer
hairs directed orad from the epistoma. Eye moderately broad, oval,
inner margin entire, facets rather coarse. Antenna (pl. 30, fig. 14)
with club and scape subequal in length, funicle somewhat shorter,
scape rudely club shaped, with a sparse fringe of rather long hairs;
funicle 6-segmented, with pedicel more than one-third of total length,
distal segments progressively wider; club 1.45 times as long as wide,
sutures all setose, and all arcuate.

Pronotum almost exactly as wide as long, widest slightly behind
middle, posterior outline weakly arcuate, posterior angles scarcely
rounded; sides arcuate from base to distinct constriction anterior to
middle, very broadly rounded in front, anterior margin not serrate;
anterior area with sparse, broad, low asperities, and short, stout, scale-
like setae; summit moderate, very near middle; posterior area hori-
zontal, surface subopaque, finely reticulate, with fine, shallow pune-
tures bearing short, spatulate setae.

Elytra very slightly narrower than pronotum and 1.61 times as long,
1.67 times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior two-thirds,
rather broadly rounded behind; surface shining, roughly punctured;
strial punctures, deep, rather large, in regular rows, only the first stria
impressed; interspaces narrow, rugose, with fine punctures bearing
short, erect, scalelike or spatulate setae, longer and coarser posteriorly.
Declivity steeply arched, convex, with strial punctures deep but slightly
smaller than on disk; interspaces narrow, rugose, with numerous con-

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 355

spicuous, spatulate setae, longer and wider than on disk, those on third
interspace notably longer than others near apex.

The male is unknown.

Type locality.—Mexico.

Host —‘Retama wood.”

Type material—Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 56406.

The holotype and paratype were intercepted at quarantine in “Re-
tama wood,” June 29, 1938.

Genus PSEUDOTHYSANOES Blackman

Pseudothysanoes BLACKMAN, Mississippi Agr. Exp. Stat., Techn. Bull. 9, pp. 46-50,
1920; New York State Coll. Forestry Techn. Publ. 25, pp. 199-207, 1928.

Cryphalus LECONTE (in part), Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 15, p. 362, 1876.

Thysanoes LECONTE, Swaine (in part), Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch, Bull.
14, pt. 2, p. 82, 1918.

Genotype-—Pseudothysanoes drakei Blackman.

Other specials are Pseudothysanoes (synonym Cryphalus) rigidus
(LeConte) and lJecontet Blackman from the eastern States, hopkinse
Blackman from California, and phoradendri Blackman, sedulus Black-
man, gambetti Blackman and barbevi Blackman from the southwestern
United States. To these is added P. huachucae, new species from
southern Arizona, described below.

PSEUDOTHYSANOES HUACHUCAE, new species

PLATE 30, Figure 15

Male.—Reddish brown; 1.21 mm. long, 2.44 times as long as wide;
allied to hopkinsi but differing in several respects.

Irons convex above, strongly, transversely flattened below, shining,
strongly, roughly punctured, with short, stout, scalelike hairs; epis-
tomal margin with longer, slender hairs extending orad and partly
concealing mandibles. Eye broadly oval, inner margin entire, facets
small. Antenna (pl. 30, fig. 15) with scape longer than either club
or funicle, slightly club shaped with scanty fringe of long hairs, club
shorter than funicle, 1.25 times as long as wide, sutures indicated by
setal rows, first slightly bisinuate, second nearly transverse.

Pronotum very slightly wider than long, subtriangular in shape,
widest near base, posterior outline weakly arcuate, posterior angles
rounded; sides convergently arcuate, weakly constricted anterior to
middle, narrowly rounded in front, subangulate medially, with several
small serrations; summit lighter in color, high, slightly behind center ;
anterior area with subconcentric rows of small asperities and short,
stout setae not extending to middle at sides; posterior area sloping
toward base, feebly shining, reticulate, finely, indistinctly punctured
on disk and sides, appearing glabrous but with a few very fine, in-
conspicuous hairs.

356 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.54 times as long, 1.47
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on basal two-thirds, rather
narrowly rounded behind, subangulate at apex, with a broad, shallow
emargination at suture, as seen from behind, exposing tip of abdomen;
surface moderately shining, irregularly, indistinctly reticulate; strial
punctures deep, close, rather coarse, in regular feebly impressed rows;
interspaces moderately narrow, slightly convex, rugulose, with a few
fine punctures; vestiture of minute, scarcely visible hairs from strial
punctures and short, moderately stout setae from interspaces, becom-
ing longer and spatulate posteriorly on disk and sides. Declivity
sloping, originating shghtly behind middle, with no special modifica-
tions except that the setae of interspaces are longer, and spatulate, and
the strial punctures are very small and more shallow, with strial rows
not impressed.

Female.—Larger and more slender, 1.43 mm. long, 2.69 times as long
as wide; frons weakly concave from eye to eye, finely, roughly punc-
tured ; pronotum broadly rounded in front, margin without serrations;
elytra with setae of interspaces short, spatulate, nearly uniform
throughout. |

Type locality —Huachuea Mountains, Ariz.

Host.—Unknown.

Type material—Holotype, allotype, and eight paratypes, U.S.N.M.
No. 56407.

The type series was collected by H. A. Kaeber, June 25, 1907.

STENOCLYPTUS, new genus

Genotype—Stenoclyptus rhois, new species, here described.

Body form subcylindrical; frons flattened and with conspicuous
vestiture ; eye short oval with inner margin entire; antenna of typical
micracine structure, with twisted, club-shaped scape, bearing numerous
long hairs; funicle of six segments and club with annulated sutures
notched at sides and marked by lines of setae; pronotum with summit.
postcentral, asperities rather coarse and sparse, confined to an oval
area, the sides being without asperities; elytra subtruncate behind,
declivity bisulcate; fore coxae separated; fore tibia slightly widened
distally and with sides sinuate as in Hylocurus Eichhoff, but with long
terminal mucro and two or three large submarginal teeth; tarsus with
third segment slender.

This new genus bears a deceptive, superficial resemblance to Cacto-
pinus Schwarz, but is only very remotely related.

NEW BARK BEETLES—-BLACKMAN 357

STENOCLYPTUS RHOIS, new species

PLATE 29, FicurEs 9, 10

Female—Dark piceous, nearly black; 1.89 mm. long, 2.50 times as
long as wide.

Frons convex above, flattened between eyes, surface shining, finely,
rather closely punctured, with moderately long, conspicuous, cinereous
hairs, directed dorsad. Eye short ovate, with inner line entire; facets
rather fine. Antenna (pl. 29, fig. 9) with scape club shaped, its shaft
strongly curved and twisted, with moderately abundant, long hairs;
funicle 1.21 times as long as either scape or club, with six segments,
pedicel more than one-third of entire length, distal segments not
greatly widened; club 1.7 times as long as wide, sutures weakly arcu-
ate, indicated by strong setal rows and annulations, with distinct
notches at sides.

Pronotum almost exactly as wide as long, widest on posterior half,
posterior outline weakly arcuate, posterior angles rounded, sides
weakly arcuate to beyond middle, scarcely constricted in front of mid-
dle, moderately narrowly rounded in front, anterior margin without
serrations but with two submarginal asperities extending beyond
margin; summit high, distinctly behind middle, lighter in color; an-
terior area rather coarsely but sparsely asperate on a limited ovate
area, with inconspicuous hairs interspersed, sides of anterior half
devoid of asperities, shining, reticulate, finely, rather sparsely punc-
tured, with longer, slender hairs; posterior area shining, distinctly
reticulate, with rather large punctures, closely placed near summit,
but progessively sparser laterally, hairs short and inconspicuous on
disk, longer at sides.

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.81 times as long, 1.61
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on more than anterior three-
fourths, very broadly rounded, subtruncate behind; surface shining,
indistinctly reticulate, roughly sculptured ; strial punctures moderately
coarse, rough, shallow, in fairly definite rows, only the first impressed
and it rather weakly; interspaces rugose, with fine punctures bearing
short, inconspicuous hairs, longer at sides. Declivity steep, suture ele-
vated, especially posteriorly, with a moderate sulcus at each side,
lateral convexities rather high; entire declivity subshining, distinctly
reticulate, rugose, strial punctures smaller than on disk, interspaces
with a few fine hairs of moderate length. Venter of thorax and ab-
domen with rather long, slender hairs.

Fore tibia (pl. 29, fig. 10) somewhat wider distally, sides sinuate,
mucro rather long and slender, curved, distal end diagonally truncate,
with two submarginal teeth.

The male is unknown.

358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Type locality—Orange, Calif.

Host—Rhus integrifolia (Nuttall) B. and H.

Type material—Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 56408.
The type series was collected October 24, 1934, by W. Ebeling.

STENOCLYPTUS CEANOTHI, new species

Female.—Piceous-black, subopaque; 1.68 mm. long, 2.68 times as
long as wide; similar to vAozs in habitus but with finer surface struc-
tures more or less hidden by an incrustation.

Frons convex above, weakly concave between eyes, finely, closely
punctured, with rather coarse, moderately long hairs directed dorsad
on most of surface, directed orad from epistoma so as to veil the mandi-
bles. Eye rather small, short ovate, inner line entire, facets moderately
small. Antenna very similar to that of rhozs, but with hairs of scape
more abundant and longer.

Pronotum about as long as wide, widest one-third of distance from
base, posterior outline nearly straight, posterior angles strongly
rounded; sides strongly arcuate from base to rather narrowly rounded
anterior margin, which bears two strong serrations; summit high,
lighter in color, distinctly behind middle; anterior area coarsely, rather
sparsely asperate on an ovate area, with hairs coarser and more con-
spicuous than in rhozs; sides and posterior disk subopaque or feebly
shining, reticulate, with small, shallow punctures (often concealed
by incrustation), hairs coarser than in rhois, short and inconspicuous
except on posterior margin and in impression behind summit.

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.76 times as long, 1.68
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior three-fourths, very
broadly, subtruncately rounded behind; surface opaque owing to an
apparent incrustation which conceals most of the strial punctures; first
stria feebly impressed, only near declivity, the others not impressed;
interspaces with surface concealed by incrustation, but indicated by
rows of short, fine hairs, longer and thicker at sides and behind.
Declivity rather steep, suture elevated, more strongly posteriorly, with
a sulcus at each side, lateral convexities rather high; higher than
suture above, surface incrusted in type but one paratype showing sur-
face subshining, finely rugosely punctate; hairs rather sparse, stouter
than in rhois.

Fore tibia with sides sinuate, subparallel as in Hylocurus, outer
edge not serrate, terminal mucro long, somewhat curved, distal end
oblique and armed with three submarginal teeth.

The male is unknown.

Type locality.—Y osemite National Park, Calif.

Host Ceanothus integerrimus H. and A.

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 359

Type material—Holotype and three paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56409.
The type series was collected February 28, 1934, from Ceanothus
integerrimus, by D. DeLeon.

Genus CRYPTOCLEPTES Blackman

Cryptocleptes BLACKMAN, Mississippi Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull. 9, p. 51, 1920;
New York State Coll. Forestry Techn. Publ. 25, pp. 207-208, 1928.

Genotype—Cry ptocleptes dislocatus Blackman.

Previously known species are two in number, C. dislocatus Black-
man from the southeastern part of the United States and minor Black-
man from Cuba. In the present paper four new species are described,
one from Texas, one from Cuba, and two from Colombia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRYPTOCLEPTES BLACKMAN

1. Antennal scape in female longer than funicle and with abundant,
VELVelone hades = CU Das sees ee ee ee oe insularis, new species

Antennal scape in female subequal to or shorter than funicle,
hairs Jess:abundantyand wmmoderately dlongs 22a esos «ee ee ee 2

. Pronotum much wider than long and very broadly rounded in front
in both sexes; head visible from above; Cuba___-----__-~- minor Blackman

Pronotum little wider than long in female, distinctly wider in male,

less broadly rounded in front; head concealed from above in
DOCNRRSEXES 2 Mees Ti eee SE Dee hs SS ee ee ee 5

3. Antenna with one or more funicular segments obsolescent (pl. 30,

fig. 21); Colombia, South America, in Albizzia malacocarpa
SUG STD GT ey a ee ee murilloi, new species
Antenna with funicular segments normal (pl. 30, fig. 22)__________________ 4

4. Male stouter, 2.24 times as long as wide; antennal club subglobose;
female unknown; Colombia, South America_____ colombianus, new species

Male more slender, 2.36—2.84 times as long as wide; antennal club

ovate or obovate; females 2.70-2.84 times as long as wide;
Southern s States ise ise a ee Ree feta ye eee 5

. Larger, 1.38 mm. long; frons strongly concave, with fovea at center ;

antennal club ovate; setae of elytral declivity coarser and
longer; southeastern United States, in Hicoria spp.___ dislocatus Blackman

Smaller, 1.06 mm. long; frons moderately concave, without central

fovea; antennal club obovate; setae of elytral declivity
shorter and finer ; Texas, in Acacia berlandieri Benth__ acaciae, new species

i)

On

CRYPTOCLEPTES INSULARIS, new species

PLATE 30, FicuRes 16, 17

Female—tLight reddish brown; 1.26 mm. long, 2.44 times as long
as wide.

Frons concave nearly from eye to eye, distinctly margined at sides;
surface of concavity shining, finely punctured; with fine, short, in-
conspicuous hairs, much longer on epistoma and directed orad so as
to conceal mandibles. Eye broad-oval, with inner line entire; facets

360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

moderately large. Antenna (pl. 30, fig. 16) with scape club shaped,
slightly flattened, longer than either funicle or club, ornamented
with a rather dense brush of long, light-colored hairs, which veil
frons when antennae are extended; funicle 6-segmented, with pedicel
more than half as long as five distal segments together; club slightly
shorter than funicle, about 1.39 times as long as wide, sutures incom-
pletely outlined by setae.

Pronotum only slightly wider than long, widest near base, posterior
outline nearly straight, posterior angles rounded; sides weakly arcu-
ate behind, feebly constricted in front of middle, anterior margin
moderately broad, weakly serrate; anterior area rather sparsely and
weakly asperate, with moderately fine and short hairs; summit mod-
erate; posterior area horizontal, surface shining, distinctly reticulate,
with sparse, shallow, fine punctures, subglabrous.

Elytra as wide as pronotum and 1.65 times as long, 1.55 times as
long as wide; sides subparaliel on more than basal two-thirds, with
ends meeting to form a shallow emargination at suture, exposing
tip of abdomen; surface moderately shining; strial punctures strong,
in definite, regular, not impressed rows, bearing minute hairs; inter-
spaces of moderate width, rugulose and finely punctured on disk near
suture, becoming finely, uniseriately granulate behind, hairs moder-
ately short, rather stout; sides with strial punctures not so deep;
interspaces smoother, hairs less numerous. Declivity convex, strial
punctures as on disk, first stria impressed; interspaces uniseriately,
finely granulate, with short, erect, spatulate setae.

Male.—Shorter and stouter than female, 1.09 mm. long, 2.23 times
as long as wide; frons transversely impressed below, surface sub-
opaque, reticulate, with fine punctures and fine, inconspicuous hairs;
pronotum with anterior margin bearing five serrations, asperities
stronger; elytra with spatulate setae longer at summit of declivity
and on third to sixth interspaces.

Type locality Cayamas, Cuba.

Host.—Unknown.

Type material—Holotype and allotype, U.S.N.M. No. 56410.

The type series was collected by E. A. Schwarz.

CRYPTOCLEPTES MURILLOI, new species
PLATE 30, Figure 21
Female.—Very dark reddish brown; 1.19 mm. long, 2.94 times as
long as wide.
Frons broadly concave between eyes, with a small, shallow pit at

center, surface moderately shining, reticulate, finely punctured, with
fine, short, inconspicuous hairs. Eye short oval, inner line entire,

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 361

facets moderately small. Antenna (pl. 30, fig. 21) with scape and
funicle subequal in length, and club shorter; scape flattened, widened
distally, fringed with long, fine hairs; funicle with pedicel nearly as
long as distal portion, of which the five segments are irregular in
size, the third and fifth funicular segments apparently obsolescent ;
club broad ovate, only slightly longer than wide, sutures imperfect.

Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide, widest behind, posterior
outline weakly arcuate, posterior angles scarcely rounded; sides
straight and subparallel on posterior half, distinctly but weakly
constricted in front of middle, very broadly rounded in front, an-
terior margin not serrate; anterior area with moderate asperities and
erect, spatulate setae; summit slightly anterior to middle, rather
high, lighter in color; posterior area shining, reticulate, punctures
very shallow, rather sparse; subglabrous.

Elytra equal in width to pronotum and 1.80 times as long, 1.91
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior three-fourths,
narrowly rounded behind, with ends meeting to form a broad, shallow
emargination at suture as seen from behind, exposing tip of abdomen;
surface moderately shining, feebly reticulate; strial punctures small,
rather shallow, in regular rows, striae except the first one not im-
pressed; interspaces of moderate width, finely rugulose, punctures
very fine, rather sparse on disk and sides, with a few short incon-
spicuous hairs. Declivity convex, strial punctures fine, not so shallow
as on disk, with minute hairs, first stria impressed; interspaces with
fine punctures and short, erect, spatulate setae.

Male—Considerably shorter (1.05 mm. long) and stouter (2.66
times as long as wide); frons convex above, transversely flattened
below, surface shining; pronotum more strongly sculptured with
anterior margin distinctly serrate; elytra with strial punctures
larger, vestiture more conspicuous.

Type locality—Colombia, South America,

Host.—Albizzia malacocarpa Standley.

Type materials—Holotype, allotype, and 18 paratypes, U.S.N.M.
No. 56411.

Holotype, allotype, and 10 paratypes bear the labels “San Vicente,
Sant. Colombia, L. M. Murillo 157, Calopo, June, 7385, 692 m. alt.,
27° C.”; 8 paratypes, “On branch Albizzia malacocarpa, Dpt. San-
tander, Colombia, 8. A., 700-1300 m., R. P. Roba, Numbers C. H.
and Bi”

CRYPTOCLEPTES COLOMBIANUS, new species
PLATE 30, FIGURE 18
Male.—Reddish brown, with summit of pronotum lighter; 0.99

mm. long, 2.24 times as long as wide; allied to mwrilloi, new species,
but shorter and much stouter.

362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Frons nearly flat from eye to eye, with a small, shallow pit at center ;
surface shining, reticulate, finely punctured, vestiture abraded. Eye
short oval, inner line entire, facets small. Antenna (pl. 30, fig. 18)
with club and scape subequal in length, funicle shorter; scape rudely
club-shaped with a few rather short hairs; club 1.31 times as long as
wide, with sutures imperfectly outlined by sparse setae.

Pronotum 1.11 times as wide as long, widest near base, posterior
outline nearly straight, posterior angles slightly rounded; sides
weakly arcuate from base to anterior constriction, moderately rounded
in front, with six rather weak serrations; anterior area with rather
small, sparse asperities, and a few inconspicuous setae; summit mod-
erate, at about middle; posterior area horizontal, surface feebly shin-
ing, reticulate, with a few fine, shallow punctures and a few incon-
spicuous hairs.

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.54 times as long, 1.37
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on slightly more than basal
half, narrowly rounded behind; surface fairly shining; striae regular,
impressed posteriorly, punctures small; interspaces reticulate, rugu-
lose, punctures fine, setae short, inconspicuous. Declivity sloping,
originating midway of elytra; striae impressed and punctures as on
disk; interspaces slightly convex, each with a row of conspicuous,
cinereous, erect, broadly spatulate setae or scales.

The female is unknown.

Type locality —San Vicente, Colombia, South America.

Host—Unknown.

Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 56412.

The holotype bears the label “San Vicente, Santander, Colombia ;
L. M. Murillo, Calapo, June, ’85, 692 m. alt., 27° C.”

CRYPTOCLEPTES ACACIAE, new species

PLATE 30, Ficures 19, 20

Female.—Reddish brown, with basal half of pronotum lighter ; 1.06
mm. long, 2.74 times as long as wide.

Frons moderately concave between eyes, finely, closely punctured
above and at sides, with fine, moderately short, cinereous hairs ex-
tending orad, median half of concavity shining, scarcely punctate,
with many scanty, short, fine, inconspicuous hairs. Eye broad oval,
inner margin entire, facets rather small. Antenna (pl. 30, fig. 19)
with club obovate, 1.28 times as long as wide, 0.70 as long as funicle,
sutures arcuate, with incomplete setal rows.

Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide, widest near base, posterior
outline faintly arcuate, posterior angles rounded; sides arcuate on
posterior half, distinctly constricted in front of middle, very broadly

ee eee

———

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 363

rounded in front, anterior margin not serrate; anterior area with
broad, low asperities and short, stout, spatulate setae; summit moder-
ately high, at middle; posterior area nearly horizontal, surface shin-
ing, reticulate, sparsely, shallowly, finely punctured, with short, fine
hairs.

Elytra equal in width to pronotum and 1.86 times as long, 1.79
times as long as wide; sides subparallel well behind middle, narrowly
rounded behind; surface subshining, faintly reticulate; strial punc-
tures in regular, not impressed rows; interspaces narrow, with very
fine uniseriate punctures, each bearing a fine, erect hair. Declivity
convex, strial punctures slightly smaller than on disk, each bearing a
minute hair; interspaces with much finer punctures bearing short,
erect, narrowly clavate setae, much more conspicuous than on disk.

Male.—Shorter than female and considerably stouter, 0.97 mi.
long, 2.43 times as long as wide; frons convex above, transversely
fiattened below, surface subopaque, reticulate, finely punctured; pro-
notum with anterior margin distinctly serrate; elytral vestiture
coarser and more abundant, especially on declivity.

This species is rather closely allied to Cryptocleptes dislocatus
Blackman but is slightly stouter, with elytra more narrowly rounded
behind and declivital vestiture not so coarse, and the detailed struc-
ture of frons, antenna, etc., shows considerable differences.

Type locality —Brownsville, Tex.

Host.—Acacia berlandievi Benth.

Type material—Holotype, allotype, and 44 paratypes, U.S.N.M.
No. 56413.

The type series was reared from the limbs of Acacia berlandieri col-
lected at Brownsville, Tex., August 1904, by H. S. Barber.

CHALCOHYUS, new genus

Genotype—Chalcohyus securigerus, new species.

Resembling certain species of Cryptocleptes in habitus but stouter ;
head concealed from above, frons flattened, weakly concave in female ;
antennal club securiform, with distal end pointed, sutures obscure;
funicle 6-segmented, segments not widened distally, loose jointed, as
long as or longer than club and scape together in female, not so ex-
cessively long in male; fore coxae nearly contiguous, fore tibia (fig.
22) slightly narrower distally, distal end very obliquely truncate with
three submarginal teeth, mucro thick, flattened, recurved and notched
at end; pronotum and elytra somewhat similar to those of 7hysanoes
in sculpture and vestiture.

364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

CHALCOHYUS SECURIGERUS, new species
PLATE 30, FieuRES 22, 23, 24

Female.—Light to dark reddish brown; 1.25 mm. to 1.68 mm. long,
holotype 1.60 mm. long, 2.55 times as iene as wide; anterior end of
pronotum and posterior ends of elytra darker.

Frons moderately concave from eye to eye and from epistoma to
well above upper border of eye, surface shining throughout, brilliantly
shining and impunctate below in median third, finely, rather closely
punctured at sides and above, hairs short and inconspicuous over most
of punctured area, with a thin fringe of very long yellow hairs extend-
ing from above nearly to epistomal margin and partly veiling surface;
epistomal margin at each side with a dense brush of long yellow hairs
arising just above base of mandible and extending ventromesad, con-
cealing all but the tip of the mandible. Eye small, short oval, inner
line entire, facets moderately small. Antenna (pl. 30, fig. 24) nearly
half as long as body, the club and distal joint of funicle extending
beyond posterior border of pronotum; scape less than one- -fourth as
long as entire antenna, testaceous, somewhat widened distally, with
aay a few short hairs; funicle of six long, loose-jointed segments, of
which the pedicel is testaceous and nearly half as long as the scape,
distal segments piceous-brown, more slender, of nearly uniform diam-
eter, and subequal in length except the last; club piceous, longer
than scape, little more than half as long as funicle, hatchet shaped or
lance shaped, arrangement of setae showing little evidence of sutural
rows.

Pronotum 1.05 times as wide as long, widest at base, posterior border
nearly straight, posterior angles scracely rounded; sides feebly, ar-
cuately converging on posterior half, feebly constricted in front of
middle, broadly rounded in front, anterior margin not serrate; an-
terior area with moderate-sized asperities and short, stout bristles;
summit moderately high; posterior area nearly horizontal, shining,
reticulate, finely, not closely punctured, with fine granules just behind
summit; vestiture of short, fine hairs on disk, longer and coarser near
summit.

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.66 times as long, 1.57
times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior three-fourths,
moderately rounded behind; surface moderately shining, indistinctly
reticulate; finely punctured in regular rows, only first strial row im-
pressed ; interspaces finely rugulose, very finely punctured, with rather
short, fine, erect bristles, scarcely visible except in profile. Declivity
convex, much darker in color, striae punctured as on disk, with a few
minute hairs; interspaces more closely punctured, with rather short,
erect spatulate, scalelike bristles in double rows on first three inter-
spaces.

NEW BARK BEETLES—BLACKMAN 365

Male—Considerably shorter and stouter than female, 1.35 mm. long,
2.15 times as long as wide; frons finely granulate-punctate, convex
above, subopaque, transversely impressed below, more shining, more
finely punctured, hairs short and inconspicuous; antenna (pl. 30, fig.
93) superficially different from that of female, but essentially similar,
except that the funicle is more nearly of the usual type and little
longer than the scape; pronotum with anterior margin serrate; elytra
about as wide as in female but much stouter, 1.27 times as long as wide.

Type locality —Puerto Rico and Haiti.

Host plant —Amyris balsamifera L.

Type material.—Holotype, allotype, and 22 paratypes, U. S. N. M.
No. 56414.

The holotype, allotype, and 4 paratypes were taken at Yauco, Puerto
Rico, February 12, 1934, by R. G. Oakley ; 18 paratypes were intercepted
at New York in wood of Amyris balsamifera in shipment from Haiti,
November 17, 1941.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1942

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93. PLATE 29

1. Hylocurus biconcavus, new species: Face view.

2. Hylocurus flaglerensis, new species: Face view.
3,4. Hylocurus crinitus, new species: 3, Antenna; 4, fore tibia.
5,6. Micracis knulli, new species: 5, Antenna; 6, fore tibia.
7.8. Micracisella subnitida, new species: 7, Antenna; 8, fore tibia.

9,10. Stenoclyptus rhois, new genus and species: 9, Antenna; 10, fore tibia.

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 30

11,12. Thysanoes vachelliae, new species: 11, Antenna; 12, fore tibia.
13. Thysanoes texanus, new species: Antenna.
14. Thysanoes retamae, new species: Antenna.
15. Pseudothysanoes huachucae, new species: Antenna.
16, 17. Cryptocleptes insularis, new species: 16, Antenna; 17, fore tibia.
18. Cryptocleptes colombianus, new species: Antenna.
19, 20. Cryptocleptes acaciae, new species: 19, Antenna; 20, fore tibia.
21. Cryptocleptes murilloi, new species: Antenna.
22-24. Chalcohyus securigerus, new genus and species: 22, Fore tibia; 23, antenna of male;
24, antenna of female.
[All drawings made by Mrs. Claudelle L. Gaddis under the author’s supervision.]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ag ziTV

ae SO On
GE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No, 3166

NOTES ON SOME BARNACLES FROM THE GULF OF
CALIFORNIA

By Dora Priautx Henry

Tue collection of Cirripedia made by Steinbeck and Ricketts (1941)
has added considerably to our knowledge of the barnacles of the
Gulf of California. Although most of the barnacles in the collec-
tion were identified by Iva E. Cornwall, of the Hopkins Marine
Station, Pacific Grove, Calif., nine lots of their material were ex-
amined by the author. Five species or subspecies, one new, were
represented in the nine lots; these are starred in the list below. Fif-
teen different barnacles have been reported so far from the Gulf of
California (see Pilsbry, 1907 and 1916: Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941;
and Henry, 1941) :

*Balanus amphitrite inerpectatus Pilsbry.

Balanus concavus Broun.’

Balanus improvisus Darwin.

Balunus tintinnabulum californicus Pilsbry.

*Balanus tintinnabulum peninsularis Pilsbry.

*Balanus trigonus Darwin.

Tetraclita squamosa (Bruguiére) .?

Tetraclita squamosa stalactifera (Lamarck).

*Tetraclita squamosa stalactifera forma confinis Pilsbry.

*Chelonibia patula (Ranzani}. new subspecies described herein (p. 370).

1 Reported by Steinbeck and Ricketts (1941), Probably should be subspecies pacificus
Pilsbry.
2? Provisionally identified as subspecies rubescens Darwin (Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941).

507381—43 367

308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 92

Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus).
Coronula diadema (Linnaeus).
Chthamalus anisopoma Pilsbry.
Chthamalus jfissus Darwin.

Lepas anserifera Linnaeus.

Further collecting in this region will undoubtedly increase the
number of known species of these crustaceans. No species of the
genera Scalpellum, Alepas, or Heteralepas* has been reported from
the Gulf of California, and only one species of Lepas and one species
of whale barnacles have been found. It seems possible that Balanus
tintinnabulum coccopoma Darwin, which extends from Panama to
Mazatlan, might occur in this area. Also two species, Balanus or-
cutti and Balanus regalis, described by Pilsbry (1916), and each
known from only one locality, on the west coast of Baja California,
should be looked for in the Gulf.

Genus BALANUS Da Costa

BALANUS AMPHITRITE INEXPECTATUS Pilsbry
PuaAte 31, Ficures 15-16

Balanus amphitrite inexpectatus Prtssry, 1916; NILSSON-CANTELL, 1933 ; STEINBECK
and Ricketts, 1941.

Localities: Estero de la Luna, Sonora, April 10, 1940, and Estero
de Agiabampo, Sonora, April 11, 1940, on Strombus gracilior Sowerby.

This species was described by Pilsbry (1916) from a series of about
40 specimens growing on oystershells from the Gulf of California.
Nilsson-Cantell (1933) reported B. a. inexpectatus from Bonaire
and figured two terga to show the variation in the short, wide spur
and also pointed out variations in the color of the wall. Specimens of
B. a. inewpectatus identified by Ira E. Cornwall were collected by
Steinbeck and Ricketts on the Mogote sand flats, La Paz Bay.

The specimens from Sonora are for the most part small; the largest
is 13 mm. in diameter. The maximum diameter listed by Pilsbry is 15
mm. and by Nilsson-Cantell, 17 mm. They are described as “large
barnacles” by Steinbeck and Ricketts. Unless eroded the parietes are
dark with white lines as in the type, except in a few small specimens,
which have light-colored parietes. The radii differ from Pilsbry’s de-
scription. They vary in color from tan to the dull purple of the walls

2 Steinbeck and Ricketts (1941) erroneously state in their bibliography under Pilsbry
(1907) that Heteralepas quadrata was reported from the Guif of California by Aurivillius.
Gruve! (1905) reported Heteralepas quadrata (Aurivillius) on Lepas hillii californiensis
Gruvel from Lower California.

4Von Kolosvary (1940) figures the rostrum, scutum, and tergum of a barnacle from
Mollendo, Peru, which he calls Balanus concavus regalis Pilsbry.

BARNACLES FROM GULF OF CALIFORNIA—-HENRY 369

and have white horizontal lines. The summits are oblique. The
white alae have summits parailel to the basis. Internally the com-
partments are ribbed basally.

The pit below the adductor ridge of the seutum varies in depth. In
one scutum the adductor and articular ridges are confluent (pl. 31, fig.
15). The valve is not roughened.

The spur of the tergum varies both in width and in length. The
tergum shows patches of purple both externally and internally. The
articular ridge is very prominent and reflexed.

Pilsbry did not describe the mouth parts and cirri of the specimens
from the Gulf of California, but Nilsson-Cantell has figured the in-
ternal parts of the specimens from Bonaire. The mouth parts and
cirri of the specimens from Sonora differ somewhat from the descrip-
tion of Nilsson-Cantell.

The labrum has two teeth on one side of the notch and three on the
other. The lower pair of spines of the maxilla are larger and longer
than the other spines and are set on a slight prominence. The fourth
and fifth teeth of the mandible are very short and blunt. There are
spines between the first and second teeth.

The posterior ramus of cirrus i is two-thirds the length of the an-
terior and has 9 segments. The anterior ramus has 18 segments.
Both rami are protuberant. The rami of cirrus ii have 11 and 10
segments, strongly protuberant; the anterior ramus is one segment
longer than the posterior. The lower segments of cirrus iii have
spinules on the distal sutures and teeth on the anterior borders of the
segments. ‘The anterior ramus is 3 segments longer than the posterior.
Median segments of cirrus vi have 6 pairs of spines and a few fine
spinules on the distal borders. The segments of the posterior cirri are
very elongate. The penis is very long, at least twice the length of
cirrus vi and has a fine dorsal point.

BALANUS TRIGONUS Darwin

Localities: Estero de Agiabampo, Sonora, April 11, 1940, on Cal-
linectes bellicosus Stimpson; Concepcién Bay, Baja California, on
Navicula pacifica Sowerby.

Genus TETRACLITA Schumacher
TETRACLITA SQUAMOSA STALACTIFERA forma CONFINIS Pilsbry

Locality: San Francisquito Bay, March 31, 1940, on Acmaea dal-

liana Pilsbry, with Chthamalus anisopema Pilsbry.

370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

Genus CHELONIBIA Leach
CHELONIBIA PATULA DENTATA, new subspecies

Plate 31, Figures +13

Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 79409, from Estero de Agiabampo, Sonora,
Mexico, April 11, 1940, on Callinectes bellicosus Stimpson.

Description —Largest diameter, 18 mm.; height, 7 mm. Steeply
conical. Orifice polygonal, large, varying from 63 to 77 percent of
the greatest diameter of the shell. Surface white, smooth.

Radii rather wide, smooth and glossy, very little sunken below the
parietes. Summits may be slightly oblique or very oblique, minutely
jagged. Edge of outer lamina and recipient furrow minutely but
distinctly toothed. Outer lamina of some compartments with one
to three oblique ridges and pits, so that the lines of suture become
toothed.

Alae: Summits oblique, edges minutely jagged.

Compartments: The rostrum is the highest compartment and at
the base is about twice the diameter of the carina. The sutures on
the internal surface of the rostrum are usually indistinct. The lat-
eral compartment is slightly wider than the carinolateral. The com-
partments may be irregular in shape, especially if the barnacle is
situated on the claws of a crab.

Sheath: Part formed by radii and alae horizontally grooved; part
extending to base as pillars vertically ribbed with base denticulate;
intermediate part smooth.

Inner lamina not well differentiated from sheath.

Vertical plates or septa: Alternate plates do not reach inner
lamina; basal edges finely denticulate.

Interspaces between vertical plates filled up at extreme top of
compariments; tubular for about two-thirds the height of compart-
ments, as alternate vertical plates reach the inner lamina; exposed
at base of compartment.

Opercular valves much smaller than the orifice, the opercular mem-
brane attached rather high in the orifice.

Scutum: Occludent margin only slightly inflected except near basal
margin; narrow but deep channel runs close to and parallel with
margin from apex to base; not sinuous. Pit for adductor muscle
deep. Articular ridge small but prominent, supporting a yellowish,
horny membrane, which is attached to the inner part of the tergum.
Basal ledge on exterior margin, narrows toward rostral end of
scutum.

Tergum: Scutal margin wider than carinal edge, curved. Artic-
ular furrow wide and deep, receiving horny crest from scutum.
Articular ridge represented by slightly raised edge of furrow.

oe

a a a eae ele

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 93 PLATE 31

pbs SR See ee ee eS ed

1-3. Chthamalus anisopoma Pilsbry: 1, From San Francisquito Bay on Acmaea dalliana
Pilsbry (< 3.5); 2, Port San Carlos on Tegula rugosa Adams (X 2); 3, Gabriel Bay
on Ostrea mexicana Sowerby (X 3.5).
. Chelonibia patula dentata, new subspecies: 4, 5, Internal view of scutum and tergum
(X 7); 6, carina showing teeth (X 3); 7, 8, external view of scutum and tergum
(X 7); 9, base of lateral compartment ( 2); 10, internal view of rostrum (X 2);
11, type specimen from the side ( 1.5); 12, apical view (X 1.5); 13, carinal view
of type specimen (X 1.5).
14. Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus) from La Paz (from collection of M. C. Z.):
Carina showing teeth (X 1).
15, 16. Balanus amphitrite inexpectatus Pilsbry from Estero de la Luna: 15, Scutum (X 6);
16, lateral view (< 1.5). (Photographs by Don Anderson.)

4-13

~

BARNACLES FROM GULF OF CALIFORNIA—HENRY avi

Longitudinal furrow narrow but distinct. Basal ledge narrower
than in scutum; widest toward scutal margin. Labrum short, blunt
teeth on each side of notch. The margin is hairy.

Palpi meet over labrum.

Mandible: Five teeth; fifth tooth united with inferior angle. Up-
per and lower margins hairy.

Maxilla: Margin straight with seven pairs of spines below the
upper pair. Cluster of small spines on inferior angle.

Cirri. All the cirri have pectinated spines. The spines of the
first two cirri are more coarsely pectinated than those of the pos-
terior cirri. Cirrus i, subequal rami of 9 and 8 segments. Cirrus il,
subequal rami of 14 and 13 segments; both rami slightly protuberant.
Cirrus iii, slenderer and longer than cirrus 11 but much shorter than
cirrus iv; rami have 21 and 20 segments; fine spines on distal sutures.
Cirrus iv and v long and slender; spination like that of cirrus vi.
Cirrus vi, median segments with two pairs of long spines and clumps
of short spines at the base of each pair. There are multifid spinules
on the distal sutures; the spines at the posterior-distal angle are two-
thirds the length of the segment. Both rami have 38 segments; all
the segments except those at the tip are twice as wide as long.

Penis nearly as long as cirrus vi; dorsal point lacking.

Remarks.—Chelonibia patula dentata, in addition to the presence
of teeth on the lines of suture between some of the compartments,
shows several minor differences from typical C. patula (Ranzani).
The inner lamina is not so distinct from the sheath, the sutures on
the interior of the rostrum are usually not very clear, and the inside
of the radii are transversely grooved.

All except the small specimens show teeth on the outer lamina of
at least the carina (pl. 31, figs. 11, 12, and 13). In the type specimen
there are three teeth on each side of the carina and two teeth on the
left carinolateral and left lateral but no teeth on the right or on the
rostrum. The teeth differ from those of C. testudinaria (fig. 14) by
being coarser and fewer in number (fig. 6), and they are oblique in-
stead of parallel to the basis as in that species.

Chelonibia patula (Ranzani) has never been reported from the
west coast of North America, although it is nearly a cosmopolitan
species in tropical and subtropical waters. It has been recorded
from the Hawaiian Islands by Gruvel, according to Pilsbry (1916).
Seven specimens of typical C. patula from Portunus sanguinolentus
from Honolulu from the collection of the Department of Zoology,
University of Washington, have been examined and agree with Dar-
win’s description of this species.

Chelonibia patula is the least modified species of this genus. The
development of the teeth in one to three compartments in (@. patula

372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

dentata connects this subspecies with C. testudinaria, although in
other respects the structure of the compartments has not changed.
Whether typical @. patula occurs on the west coast of North America
or whether this species is represented by subspecies dentata is an in-
teresting question, which cannot be answered until extensive collect-
ing has been done in this region.

Genus CHTHAMALUS Ranzani
CHTHAMALUS ANISOPOMA Pilsbry

PLATE 31, Figures 1-3

Chthamalus anisopoma PirsBpury, 1916; STEINBECK and RicketrTs, 1941.

Localities: Cape San Lucas, March 1940, on Acmaca atrata Car-
penter; Gabriel Bay, Espiritu Santo Island, April 12, 1940, on Ostrea
mexicana Sowerby; San Francisquito Bay, March 381, 1940, on Acmaea
dalliana Pilsbry, with Vetraclita squamosa stalactifera f. confinis
Pilsbry; Port San Carlos, Sonora, April 4, 1940, on Zegula rugosa
Adams.

Specimens of C. anisopoma from the above localities vary some-
what from those described by Pilsbry and from the general descrip-
tion given by Steinbeck and Ricketts. The parietes may be white or
buff, smooth (pl. 31, fig. 1), ribbed at base or strongly ribbed (fig. 2)
as in the type form. The specimens vary in shape from conic to
cylindrico-conic or they may be extremely flattened (fig. 3). The
largest specimen is 7 mm. in diameter and 3.5 mm. in height.

Young barnacles have smooth parietes, which are usually dark
gray. Ina specimen 1.5 mm. in diameter the orifice is closed by both
pairs of valves, and the right and left scuta and right and left terga
are similar in shape and size. They resemble the left valves of the
adult. Therefore this species is probably more closely related to C.
panamensis than to C. fissus. When the barnacle reaches the diam-
eter of 3 mm. the valves show the disparity in size and shape between
the right and left valves typical of the adult.

LITERATURE CITED
GRUVEL, ABEL,
1905. Monographie des Cirrhipédes ou Thécostracés, xii-+472 pp., 427 figs.,
Paris.
Henry, Dora PRIAULX.
1941. Notes on some sessile barnacles from Lower California and the west
coast of Mexico. Proce. New England Zool. Club, vol. 18, pp. 99-108,
pl. 16.
KotsovAry, G. VON
1940. Uber tertiare Balaniden Ungarns. Palaeont. Zeitschr., vol, 22, pp. 105-
109, 1 pl.
NILSSON-CANTELL, CARL AUGUST.
1933. Cirripeds from Bonaire. Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. Syst.), vol. 64, pp. 503—
508, 2 figs.
Piusspry, HeENry AUGUSTUS.
1907. The barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the U. S.
National Museum. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 60, 122 pp., 36 figs., 11 pis.
1916. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the
U. S. National Museum; including a monograph of the American
species. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 93, 366 pp., 99 figs., 76 pls.
STEINBECK, JOHN, and RICKETTS, E>wARD FLANDERS.
1941. Sea of Cortez, x-+598 pp., 40 pls. New York.
373

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No. 3167

NEW SPECIES OF BUPRESTID BEETLES OF THE GENUS
AGRILUS FROM TRINIDAD

By W. S. FisHer

A sMALL collection of Agrilus beetles, reported as being the prey of
a crabronid wasp in Trinidad, British West Indies, was received from
E. McC. Callan for identification. These specimens have been com-
pared with the descriptions of all the species described from the Gui-
anas, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, the Canal Zone, and Costa Rica,
and since no species of Agrilus have been described from Trinidad,
and none of the specimens received seem to be any of the species de-
scribed from the localities listed above, they are here described as new.

Genus AGRILUS Curtis
AGRILUS CALLANI, new species

Maie.—HKlongate, slender, subcylindrical, moderately shining; head
in front green, bronzy brown on occiput; pronotum dark green on disk,
with a distinct purplish tinge, and narrowly bronzy along lateral mar-
gins; scutellum bronzy brown; elytra black, with a faint purplish tinge
and ornamented with white pubescent spots; body beneath black, with
a feeble bronzy tinge, and femora slightly greenish.

Head with front broad, wider at top than at bottom, without distinct
median depression; sides parallel posteriorly, strongly converging an-
teriorly ; surface nearly glabrous, coarsely, shallowly, confluently punc-
tate, and densely granulose on front and vertex, longitudinally costate
on occiput; clypeus narrow between antennae, deeply, arcuately emar-
ginate in front; antenna short, extending to apical third of pronotum,
serrate from fourth segment.

524808—43 375

376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Pronotum quadrate, subequal in width at base and apex, widest along
apical half; sides nearly parallel anteriorly, slightly converging pos-
teriorly; posterior angles acute, slightly projecting outward; marginal
and submarginal carinae slightly sinuate, widely separated anteriorly,
united near base; anterior margin strongly sinuate, median lobe
strongly produced and broadly rounded; base arcuately emarginate on
each side, median lobe slightly produced, broadly subtruncate in front
of scutellum; disk broadly, shallowly, transversely depressed along
base, broadly depressed along lateral margins, vaguely, transversely
flattened at middle near anterior margin, but without longitudinal,
median depressions; prehumeral carinae strongly elevated, arcuate,
united to marginal carinae at middle; surface nearly glabrous, coarsely,
deeply, transversely rugose on disk, indistinctly punctate between
rugae. Scutellum strongly, transversely carinate.

Elytra broadly, shallowly constricted in front of middle; tips sepa-
rately broadly rounded, coarsely dentate, median tooth on each
slightly longer than other teeth; surface vaguely depressed along
sutural margins, densely, finely imbricate-punctate, each elytron
ornamented with three small, white, pubescent spots, one in basal de-
pression, one in front of middle, and one behind middle, and with a
few white hairs along sutural margin near apex.

Abdomen narrowly exposed above, strongly convex beneath; surface
densely, finely granulose, indistinctly punctate, nearly glabrous on
median part, with sparse white pubescent spots at sides of first, third,
fourth, and fifth sternites and on vertical portion of second sternite;
suture obsolete between first and second sternites, the first sternite
flattened at middle. Prosternum densely granulose, sparsely clothed
with short, semierect, inconspicuous, white hairs; prosternal lobe long,
broadly rounded in front; prosternal process broad, parallel at sides,
truncate, with an obtuse median tooth at apex. Tarsal claws similar
on all feet, cleft near middle, inner tooth of each slightly shorter
than outer one, turned inward, but not touching tooth on opposite
side.

Female.—Differs from the male in having the front of the head
coppery and more feebly converging anteriorly, and the first ab-
dominal sternite convex at the middle.

Length 6 mm., width 1.4 mm.

Type locality.—Talparo, Trinidad, British West Indies.

Type and allotype—U.S.N.M. No. 56602. Paratype returned to
Mr. Callan.

Remarks.—Described from three specimens (one male type), all
collected at the type locality, December 25, 1941, by E. McC. Callan.

This species is allied to Agrilus fallax Say but differs from that
species in being slenderer and more strongly acuminate posteriorly, in

NEW SPECIES OF AGRILUS FROM TRINIDAD—FISHER oe

having the front of the head narrower with the sides strongly con-
verging anteriorly, the clypeus narrow between the antennae, and the
prosternal process not expanded behind the coxal cavities.

AGRILUS PRAEDAE, new species

Female.—Elongate, slender, subcylindrical, strongly shining, glab-
rous on dorsal surface, uniformly black, with a faint purplish reflec-
tion, except pronotum, which is reddish coppery.

Head with front broad, wider at top than at bottom, with a vague,
broad, median depression; sides slightly sinuate, feebly converging
from top to bottom; surface densely granulose, coarsely, vaguely
punctate; clypeus rather narrow between antennae, shallowly,
arcuately emarginate in front; antenna short, extending slightly be-
yond apex of pronotum, separate from fourth segment.

Pronotum slightly wider than long, subequal in width at base and
apex, widest near apex; sides vaguely arcuate anteriorly, slightly,
obliquely converging posteriorly; posterior angles rectangular; mar-
ginal carina straight, submarginal carina short, the two carinae par-
allel and widely separated anteriorly, united at middle; anterior mar-
gin strongly sinuate, median lobe strongly produced and broadly
rounded; base arcuately emarginate on each side, median lobe slightly
produced, subtruncate or vaguely emarginate in front of scutellum;
disk broadly, shallowly, transversely depressed along base, more deeply,
broadly depressed at middle along lateral margins, vaguely, trans-
versely flattened at middle behind anterior margin, but without longi-
tudinal, median depressions or prehumeral carinae; surface densely,
finely granulose, finely, transversely rugose on disk, indistinctly punc-
tate between rugae. Scutellum strongly, transversely carinate.

Elytra broadly, shallowly constricted in front of middle; tips sep-
arately broadly rounded and finely dentate; surface slightly flattened,
densely, finely granulose, coarsely, densely imbricate-punctate.

Abdomen broadly exposed above, strongly convex beneath; surface
densely, finely granulose, indistinctly punctate, sparsely, uniformly
clothed with very short, recumbent, inconspicuous hairs; suture be-
tween first and second sternites vaguely indicated near middle. Pro-
sternum densely granulose, coarsely, shallowly punctate, sparsely
clothed with very short, erect, inconspicuous hairs; prosternal lobe
long, broadly rounded in front; prosternal process broad, sides
obliquely converging to apex, which is broadly rounded, with an acute,
median tooth. Tarsal claws similar on all feet, cleft near middle,
inner tooth slightly shorter than outer one, turned inward, touching
‘tooth on opposite side.

Male—Unknown.

Length 5.6-6 mm., width 1.4 mm.

378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Type locality.—Talparo, Trinidad, British West Indies.

Type-—U.S.N.M. No. 56603. Paratype returned to Mr. Callan.

Remarks.—Described from two females (one type) collected at the
type locality, December 25, 1941, by E. McC. Callan.

This species resembles Agrélus infidelis Fisher but differs from that
species in having the antenna serrate from the fourth segment and
in not having prehumeral carinae on the pronotum or pubescent spots
on the elytra.

AGRILUS PICINUS, new species

Male—Elongate, slender, subcylindrical, strongly shining, glabrous
on dorsal surface; uniformly brownish black, with a slight greenish
tinge on underside of body, and the head green in front, becoming
brownish on occiput.

Head with front broad, wider at top than at bottom, with a vague,
longitudinal, median depression on vertex; sides feebly converging
from top to bottom; surface densely, finely granulose, sparsely, finely
punctate, clothed with a few short, white hairs near clypeus; clypeus
narrow between antennae, deeply, arcuately emarginate in front; an-
tenna short, extending slightly beyond apex of pronotum, serrate from
fourth segment.

Pronotum slightly wider than long, subequal in width at base and
apex, widest near apex; sides nearly parallel anteriorly, obliquely
converging posteriorly; posterior angles rectangular; marginal and
submarginal carinae sinuate, widely separated anteriorly, united be-
hind middle, the submarginal carina obsolete near apex; anterior mar-
gin strongly sinuate, median lobe strongly produced and broadly
rounded; base angularly emarginate on each side, median lobe broadly
subtruncate in front of scutellum; disk broadly, transversely flattened
along base, deeply depressed at middle along lateral margins, vaguely
flattened at middle in front of middle, but without distinct longi-
tudinal, median depressions and prehumeral carinae; surface finely,
shallowly, transversely rugose on disk, finely granulose and indistinctly
punctate between rugae. Scutellum strongly, transversely carinate.

Elytra broadly, shallowly constricted in front of middle; tips sep-
arately broadly rounded and very finely dentate; surface flattened on
basal half, longitudinally depressed along sutural margins on apical
half, densely, finely granulose, densely, coarsely imbricate-punctate.

Abdomen broadly exposed above, strongly convex beneath; surface
indistinctly granulose, with fine, transverse, crenulate lines, which are
more distinct on basal sternites, very sparsely clothed with short, re-
cumbent, white hairs; suture between first and second sternites obsolete.
Prosternum densely, coarsely scabrous, densely clothed with short,
erect, white hairs; prosternal lobe long, subtruncate or vaguely, broadly
emarginate in front; prosternal process broad, sides nearly parallel,

NEW SPECIES OF AGRILUS FROM TRINIDAD—FISHER 379

obliquely converging at apex to an acute median tooth. Tarsal claws
similar on all feet, cleft near middle, inner tooth of each slightly
shorter than outer one, turned inward touching the tooth of opposite
side.

Female.—Differs from the male in having the front of the head black
and the pubescence on the prosternum shorter.

Length 6 mm., width 1.3 mm.

Type locality —Talparo, Trinidad, British West Indies.

Type, allotype, and paratype—U.S.N.M. No. 56604. Paratypes
returned to Mr. Callan.

Remarks —Described from five specimens, two males and three
females (one male type), collected by E. McC. Callan. The type and
allotype were collected at the type locality, December 25, 1941, and
three paratypes were collected at Mundo Neuvo, Trinidad, April 4,
1943.

This species is allied to Agrilus nigripennis Waterhouse but differs
from that species in having the front of the head wider and convex
and the pronotum without a deep depression in front of the scutellum
and without prehumeral carinae.

AGRILUS TRINIDADENSIS, new species

Male—Elongate, rather slender, subcylindrical, feebly shining; head
greenish black on front, becoming brownish black on occiput; pronotum
and scutellum brownish black; elytra greenish black; underside of
body black, with a faint bronzy-green reflection.

Head with front rather narrow, distinctly wider at top than at bot-
tom, with a broad, longitudinal, median depression extending from oc-
ciput to clypeus; sides parallel along occiput and vertex, strongly,
obliquely converging from vertex to bottom; surface densely granu-
lose, coarsely, shallowly, and confluently punctate, clothed with a few
short, semierect, inconspicuous, white hairs along sides and behind
clypeus; clypeus narrow between antennae, deeply, arcuately emar-
ginate in front. Antenna extending to apical third of pronotum, ser-
rate from fourth segment.

Pronotum distinctly wider than long, wider at apex than at base,
widest near apex; sides nearly parallel along apical half, then arcuately
converging to near posterior angles, which are rectangular and slightly
projecting outward; marginal and submarginal carinae slightly sinu-
ate, widely separated anteriorly, the submarginal carina not connected
with the marginal carina, and obsolete behind middle; anterior margin
slightly sinuate, median lobe shghtly produced and broadly rounded;
base arcuately emarginate on each side, median lobe slightly produced,
and broadly truncate in front of scutellum; disk rather deeply, broadly
depressed in front of scutellum, very broadly, deeply depressed along

380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

lateral margins, vaguely flattened at middle along anterior margin;
prehumera! carinae strongly elevated, sinuate, extending from base to
basal third, not united to marginal carinae; surface glabrous, finely,
densely granulose, finely, irregularly rugose on disk, finely, densely
punctate between rugae. Scutellum strongly, transversely carinate.

Elytra broadly, arcuately constricted in front of middle; tips sep-
arately, broadly rounded and finely dentate; surface slightly flattened
on basal half, finely, densely scabrous, sparsely, uniformly clothed
with very short, recumbent, inconspicuous hairs.

Abdomen narrowly exposed above, strongly convex beneath; sur-
face obsoletely granulose, with fine crenulate lines on basal sternites,
sparsely clothed with short, recumbent, white hairs, with a longitu-
dinal, median row of long, dense, white hairs on first and second
sternites, and small patches of slightly denser, white hairs at sides
of fourth and fifth sternites; suture between first and second sternites
obsolete. Prosternum finely, densely granulose, densely clothed with
moderately long, erect, white hairs; prosternal lobe long, broadly sub-
truncate in front; prosternal process broad, sides nearly parallel, apex
obliquely converging to an obtuse, median tooth. Tarsal claws dis-
similar on all feet; anterior and middle pairs cleft near tips, the teeth
nearly equal in length and inner ones not turned inward; posterior
pair cleft near middle, the inner tooth shorter than the outer one.

Female—Unknown.

Length 7 mm., width 1.6 mm.

Type locality —Talparo, Trinidad, British West Indies.

Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 56605.

Remarks —Described from the single male type collected December
25, 1941, by E. McC. Callan.

This species is allied to Agrilus latifrons Waterhouse but differs
from that species in being of a different color, in having the front of
the head narrower, with the sides strongly converging anteriorly, and
not very deeply depressed at the middle, the surface of the pronotum
more finely rugose, the elytra more strongly acuminate posteriorly
and the surface more finely scabrous, and the abdominal sternites
without distinct pubescent spots at the lateral margins.

O

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington : 1943 No. 3168

SOME FUNGUS BEETLES OF THE FAMILY ENDOMY-
CHIDAE IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
MOSTLY FROM LATIN AMERICA AND THE PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS

By H. F. Srrouecker

TurovueH the kindness of Dr. E. A. Chapin and other officials of
the U. S. National Museum, I have had opportunity to study some of
the endomychids in the collections of that institution. Although
comparatively few in number, these have proved of considerable in-
terest and include a number of new species. In addition, the follow-
ing records are of note:

Eumorphus marginatus (Fabricius): A single male specimen from Baguio,
Luzon, P. I.

Eumorphus tetraspilotus Hope: A male and a female from Palawan, P. I.

Cyclotoma pardalina (Gerstaecker) : Eleven specimens from Mindanao, P. I.
These are indistinguishable from specimens from Java, the type “locality.”

Cyclotoma testudinaria Mulsant: Three specimens from Palawan. I suspect
pardalina and coccinellina are color varieties of testudinaria.

Genus BECCARIA Gorham
BECCARIA SEPTEMGUTTATA, new species
FIGurE 12, k

Highly convex, black and shining, with the lateral portions of the
pronotum, three rounded spots on each elytron, and a median spot
common to both elytra reddish yellow. Head and antennae, except
basal three or four joints, black. Under surface black except meso-
sternum and prothorax, which are yellow. Legs black with piceous
tinge. Antennae half as long as body, joint 2 quadrate; joints 3 to

381
510123—43

382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

6 longer than wide; joints 7 and 8 stouter than preceding, quadrate ;
joint 9 as long as wide; joint 10 transverse; joint 11 oval, as long as
9 and 10 together. Pronotum three times as broad as long, finely,
evenly, and not closely punctured, narrowly margined; basal foveae
minute, very shallow; between these the pronotum is finely margined.
Elytra sparsely and coarsely punctured, especially in the regions of
the scutellum and humeri; the punctures finer toward apex.

Type.—U. 8. N. M. No. 55878.

Type locality—Surigao, Mindanao, P. I. (C. F. Baker). Pos-
sibly the same as B. septemmaculata Pic from Malacca but a little
smaller and with the legs black. Length 3.5 mm., width 1.75 mm.

BECCARIA DENTICORNIS, new species

Generally similar to the preceding but differs in several features,
including size. Antennae entirely black, joints 2 to 6 longer than
wide; joints 9 and 10 triangularly acuminate internally; joint 11 oval.
Head black. Pronotum three times as broad as long, finely margined
at sides and base; basal foveae minute and shallow. The pronotum is
black at base between the foveae and has a median black area extending
anteriorly to the front margin, leaving the sides broadly yellow. The
light spots of the elytra are arranged as in B. septemguttata, but the
two anterior ones are quite elongate and the median common one is
much smaller. The punctures of the elytra are very coarse in the hu-
meral and scutellar regions. Legs, epipleurae, and the epimera and
lateral area of metasternum sooty. Otherwise the under surface is
dull yellow. The metasternum is very coarsely punctured toward
the middle. Length 4.5 mm., width 3.5 mm.

Type—U.S.N.M. No. 55879.

Type locality —Island Samar, P. I. (C. F. Baker).

Genus MYCETINA Mulsant

MYCETINA CYANESCENS, new species

An elongate species having the general aspect of Endomychus but
with an exceptionally developed stridulatory membrane on the front
margin of the pronotum. Entirely black except the abdomen, which
is reddish yellow, and the elytra, which are steel-blue. Each elytron
bears, Just behind the humeral callus, a transverse yellow bar, which
closely approaches the lateral margin but is separated from the suture
by about its own breadth. This bar is twice as wide as long. The
antennae are half as long as the body, slender, joint 3 three times as
long as joint 2 but not much longer than 4; joints 2 to 8 progressively
shorter. Club distinct but gradually formed, not much longer than
joints 6 to 8 together; joint 11 transverse, truncate. Head, thorax,

SOME ENDOMYCHID BEETLES—STROHECKER 383

and elytra finely and sparsely punctured and finely alutaceous. Each
puncture bears a minute seta. Thorax with sides almost straight, con-
vergent from the acute hind angles to the acutely produced front
angles, narrowly margined. Lateral sulci deep, curved, and reaching
almost to middle of disk, basal sulcus broad, deep. There is a circular
depression within the hind angle. Scutellum as long as_ broad,
rounded behind. The elytra are slightly depressed at the scutellum,
elongate, little wider at base than the pronotum but broadening grad-
ually to posterior third, thence evenly convergent; tips separately
rounded. Legs long and slender, femora subclavate. Length 4.75
mm., width 2.6 mm.

Type.—Female, U.S.N.M. No. 55880.

Type locality.—Tat-sien-lu, Szechwan, China (D. C. Graham).

A single male specimen, allotype (author’s collection), closely re-
sembles the type but is a little larger, has the sides of the pronotum
straight, and the front tibia bears a low, blunt tubercle on its inner
face at the distal third. Data same as for type. I have not used the
male as the type because all its tarsi are damaged. This distinctive
species is unusual for a Mycetina, but the mouth parts and triangular
mesosternum lead me to refer it to that genus. It belongs to the sec-
tion that includes M. marginalis (Gebler) [= obliquesignata Gorham]
and the species that have been referred to Phacomychus.

Genus ENGONIUS Gerstaecker
ENGONIUS EXCISIPES, new species

FIaurE 12, h

Highly convex for the genus, glabrous, moderately shining, of
bronzy color, each elytron with a small yellow spot on the posterior
part of the humeral callus and another of equal size at the same level
and halfway between the callus and suture, and a yellow crossbar
behind the middle. The crossbar is bidentate anteriorly and uniden-
tate (internally) posteriorly and is equally removed from the lateral
margin and suture. Antennae black, slender, joint 3 twice as long as 4,
club broad, flattened but hardly compact. Antennal ridges of head
very prominent. Pronotum strongly transverse, its front angles pro-
duced and acutely rounded, sides narrowly margined, rather deeply
sinuate behind the middle, hind angles divergent and acute. Basal
foveae very deep and short, basal sulcus fine and deep. Disk of pro-
notum finely, sparsely punctured, the punctures thicker and coarser
at sides. The front margin has a very broad membrane. Elytra
strongly elevated, markedly depressed around the scutellum and
anterointernal to the humeral callus, rather coarsely and closely punc-

384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

tured, narrowly margined. Mesosternum broadening anteriorly, sub-
foveate on each side. Prosternum hardly surpassing front coxae,
broad, widely excised at tip. Legs long and slender, the last tarsal
joint especially so; front tibia straight, middle tibia straight, toothed
and excised internally beyond the middle; hind tibia slightly incurved
near apex. Last ventral segment with its posterior margin undulate.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55881.

Type locality —Szechwan, China (D. C. Graham).

Genus HELIOBLETUS Gorham

HELIOBLETUS PHILIPPINENSIS, new species
FIGURE 12, m, n

Characters of Heliobletus Gorham, ferruginous, clothed with
sparse, tawny pubescence. Antennae more than half as long as body,
ferruginous except for last four joints and apex of joint 7; joint 1
massive; joints 2 to 5 longer than broad, joints 6 and 7 quadrate, joint
8 beadlike, joint 9 globose, greatly swollen, rounded above, slightly
concave below, joint 10 triangular and transverse, joint 11 oval. Pro-
notum a little broader than long, rather strongly but evenly convex,
finely and closely punctured with a row of coarser punctures across
the base. Front angles produced, acuminate. Sides finely margined,
roundly contracted at middle, hind angles shghtly divergent and acute.
Scutellum transverse. Elytra decidedly but not much wider at base
than pronotum, evenly, strongly convex, their lateral margins invisi-
ble from above, finely and closely punctured. Front tibia straight,
simple; middle and hind tibiae enlarged in distal two-thirds, the
middle one shghtly incurved one-third the distance from apex. Length
3.6 mm., width 1.5 mm.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55882.

Type locality —Zamboango, Minandao, P. I. (C. F. Baker).

The four species of Heliobletus hitherto known are all from Borneo
and very similar. The specimen before me evidently does not belong
to any of the three species described by Arrow. The possibility
remains that it is the male of HZ. servilis described by Gorham from
a single female specimen from Borneo.

Genus SAULA Gerstaecker
SAULA LOBATIPES, new species
FIGURE 12, 1

Allied to S. curvipes Arrow but less convex and with slenderer
antennae, which are, however, similar to those of curvipes; joint 1

SOME ENDOMYCHID BEETLES—STROHECKER 385

Ficure 12.—Enpomycuip BEETLES

a-c, Trochoideus coelo-antennatus, new species: a, Type; b, ventral view of antenna of
type; c, antenna of allotype.

d, e, Epopterus decoratus Kirsch: d, Specimen from Peru; ¢, front tibia of male.

f, g, Anidrytus pardalinus, new species: f, Type; g, front tibia of type (male).
h, Engonius excisipes, new species: Middle tibia of type (male).

1, j, Parasymbius macrocerus, new species: 1, Pronotum of type; j, antenna of type.
k, Beccaria septemguttata, new species: Type.

, Saula lobatipes, new species: Front tibia of type (male).
m, n, Heliobletus philippinensis, new species: m, Middle tibia of type (male); n, kind tibia

~

of type.
Stenotarsus monrovius, new species: Antenna of type (male).

S

?

386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

stout, longer than broad, joint 2 half as long as 1, about quadrate,
joint 3 half again as long as 2, slender, joint 4 equal to 2, joint 5 as long
as 3 but stouter toward apex, joints 6 and 7 each a little shorter than 5,
joint 8 equal to 4, joint 9 about as long as 3, a little longer than broad,
joint 10 quadrate, joint 11 oval, as long as 9 and 10 together. Except
for the outer eight joints of the antennae, which are black, the insect
is entirely ferruginous. The most distinctive feature is the front
tibia, which is feebly undulate and distally expanded on its inner face
into a broadly triangular flange. Middle tibia straight, hind tibia
very feebly incurved. Length 2.5 mm.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55883.

Type locality —Cuernos Mountains, Negros, P. I.

Another specimen, a female, bearing the same data as the type, is
very similar to the type except for the tibiae, which are all simple.
Its length is2.75 mm. I designate it the allotype.

Genus STENOTARSUS Perty

STENOTARSUS MONROVIUS, new species
FIGurE 12, 0

General aspect of S. guineensis Gerstaecker but much smaller,
shorter, and more convex. Ferruginous except apical joint of anten-
nae, which is darker but hardly black. Antennae stout, scarcely
longer than head and pronotum, joints 2 to 8 beadlike, transverse, joints
9 and 10 suddenly broadened, short and transverse, not flattened, joint
11 a little shorter than 9 and 10 together, flattened only toward the
apex, which is truncate. Pronotum three times as broad as long (at
middle), sides evenly rounded but much less so than in guéineensis.
The elevated margin is very broad and somewhat deflexed in front,
narrowed posteriorly to half its anterior width. Hind angles right.
Disk of pronotum evenly, not greatly convex, finely and fairly closely
punctured. Elytra strongly convex, finely punctured and with widely
spaced, coarse, shallow punctures. These larger punctures are espe-
cially coarse and numerous along the sides but are discernible to the
apex whereas in gwineensis they are evanescent behind the middle.
Length 3 mm., width 2 mm.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55884.

Type locality.—Mount Coffee, Liberia (O. F. Cook).

Another male specimen identical with the type and bearing the
same data is designated paratype and is in the author’s collection.

STENOTARSUS ATRIPENNIS, new species

Elongate oval, moderately convex, ferruginous with antennae and
most of elytra black. Antennae with joint 1 short, subglobose, joints
2 and 4 to 7 about as long as broad, joint 3 a little longer than broad,

SOME ENDOMYCHID BEETLES—STROHECKER 387

joint 8 beadlike, joints 9 and 10 each about as broad as long, joint 11
oval, a little shorter than 9 and 10 together. Pronotum very trans-
verse, its sides strongly rounded behind the front angles, parallel in
posterior half; raised margin broad, narrowed posteriorly; basal
foveae deep; basal sulcus broad and deep and continued obliquely to
the hind angles. Disk of pronotum evenly, moderately convex, min-
utely and sparsely punctured, its pubescence sparse and erect. Scutel-
lum transverse. Elytra three times as long as pronotum, as wide at
base as pronotum, thence gently and slightly widened, gradually con-
vergent to apex, moderately convex, coarsely, sparsely and shallowly
punctured, pubescence sparse and semierect. The elytra are shining
and black except a very narrow basal border, a wider sutural stripe
and a still wider marginal stripe, which are red. The red areas are
continuous with each other. Length 3 mm.

Type—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55885.

Type locality—Ma-Ao, Occidental Negros, P. I., at light (W.
Dwight Pierce).

An unusual type among the oriental species of Stenotarsus. Its
general appearance is strikingly similar to that of S. miélitaris
Gerstaecker from Mexico, except the new species lacks the black patch
on the pronotum.

STENOTARSUS FLAVOMACULATUS, new species

Long-oval, strongly convex, black and moderately shining with the
umbo, an anterior juxtasutural spot and a postmedian transverse bar
on each elytron reddish yellow. Antennae a little longer than head
and pronotum, black except for the first two joints and apical half of
the last, which are piceous; joints 2 and 8 about as long as broad;
joints 3 to 8 subequal in length but progressively stouter; joints 9
and (especially) 10 transverse, little flattened; joint 11 oval, about as
wide as long. Head finely and sparsely punctured. Pronotum
abruptly and strongly convex, finely and sparsely punctured with
correspondingly sparse pubescence; raised margins moderately broad
and much deflexed at the front angles; hind angles right; basal foveae
very deep, grossly punctiform; basal sulcus shallow, marked by a row
of coarse punctures close to base of pronotum. Scutellum oval, trans-
verse. Elytra highly but not abruptly convex, rather coarsely and
sparsely punctured, pubescence sparse; umbones inflated, entirely
reddish yellow. The juxtasutural spot has vague outlines but is
broadest internally and triangularly narrowed toward (or to ?) the
umbo. The postmedian bar is concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly
and extends from the lateral margin almost to the suture. Under sur-
face, including legs and elytral epipleurae, pitchy red. The epipleurae
are coarsely punctured. Length 2.5 mm., width 1.5 mm.

388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55886.
Type locality—Cuernos Mountains, Negros, P. I. (C. ¥. Baker).

STENOTARSUS FLAVOSCAPULARIS, new species

Generally similar in markings to the preceding but easily dis-
tinguished by the much shorter and very convex form and the strongly
shining etytra. Antennae half as long as body, first two joints pitchy
red, remainder black except apical joint, which is reddish (probably
yellow in life) ; joints 2 to 7 subequal in length, joint 8 a little shorter,
joints 9 and 10 broadly obconical; the outer-apical border of joint 11
almost a semicircle, the inner border slightly convex; all three club
joints very little flattened. Pronotum very much as in 8. flavomacula-
tus, black, shining, very finely and sparsely punctured, each puncture
bearing a fine, erect seta. Elytra highly elevated, black, shining, finely,
sparsely punctured and with correspondingly sparse, erect pubescence ;
umbo moderately inflated, entirely gold-yellow. There is a broad
bar of like color between the umbo and suture and another bar of
similar shape and color between the middle and apex of each elytron.
Under surface and legs black; tarsi and coxae pitchy red. Length
2mm., width 1.25 mm.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55887.

Type locality —Dapitan, Mindanao, P. I. (C. F. Baker).

Three specimens bearing the same data as the type are designated
paratypes. On one of these the anterior elytral spot is small and
rounded; on another it is confluent with the light color of the umbo;
and on the third it is similar to that on the type, i. e., transversely
rectangular. A specimen from St. Thomas, Luzon, is very similar to
the type, while yet another, from Lamao, Luzon, has the elytra broadly
yellow at the base and the postmedian mark is a bar extending from
the suture to the lateral margin. This last specimen may represent
still another species, since in addition to the differences in markings
the punctures of the pronotum and elytra are coarser. In its markings
and puncturation it resembles S. flavomaculatus but is identical in
shape with the type of S. flavoscapularis, and: the difference in this
respect is too great to admit the hypothesis of intergradation. Both
these species present striking divergences from other species of Steno-
tarsus, but there are no characters worthy of generic recognition.

Genus ANIDRYTUS Gerstaecker
ANIDRYTUS PARDALINUS, new species

Figure 12, f, g

Size large for the genus, strongly but evenly convex (section A of
Gerstaecker). General color deep rust-red. Antennae with five basal

SOME ENDOMYCHID BEETLES—STROHECKER 3889

joints red ; joints 6 to 10 black; joint 11 black, with its apical half red.
The lateral sulci of the pronotum are shallow but sharply impressed
and extend to the middle of the disk. Between these sulci and occu-
pying most of this area is a pair of large, quadrate, black spots, nar-
rowly separated from each other. On the elytra the basal third,
including the humeri, black; internally this black area is continued
as a narrow stripe along the suture, broadening a little on its apical
third, thence becoming evanescent. At the middle of each elytron there
is a large, rounded, black spot, laterally placed and behind this a
similar but considerably smaller spot. The entire upper surface is
clothed with a short, declivent, coppery pubescence. The puncturing
is everywhere fine and sparse except at the sides of the pronotum,
where it becomes a little denser and coarser. The front tibia bears a
broad, sharp tooth internally at its distal third. Another feature,
probably sexual, is a densely pubescent area of semicircular shape at
the middle of the posterior margin of the first abdominal segment.
Length 8mm., width 4 mm.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55888.

Type locality—Costa Rica (F. Nevermann).

Genus MILICHIUS Gemminger and Harold

MILICHIUS IMPRESSICOLLIS, new species

General aspect of I. ampliatus (Gorham), Ferruginous, the elytra
with aeneous sheen. Antennae stout, joints 3 and 4 subequal, twice as
long as broad; joints 5 to 7 little longer than broad; joint 8 quadrate;
joints 9 and 10 cylindrical, each equal in length to joint 3 but stouter;
joint 11 oval, three-fourths as long as 9 and 10 together and very little
wider. Joints 1 to 5 ferruginous; joints 6 to 8 and 11 black; 9 and
10 light yellow. Pronotum transverse, front angles produced and
acutely rounded, sides bisinuate and reflexed, forming a broad groove
within the margin, disk coarsely, irregularly punctured (as is the head
also), smoother along midline and with a deep, large impression on
each side. Basal foveae short, linear; basal sulcus fairly deep, close
to hind margin of pronotum. Elytra broader at base than pronotum,
thence slightly widened, somewhat tapering posteriorly. Umbone
elevated, subcarinate laterally. Disk of elytra very finely and sparsely
punctured, the area around the umbo and posterior to it coarsely and
confluently punctured. Prosternum broad, coarsely punctured. Under
surface, including bases of femora ferruginous; apical half of femora
and proximal half of tibiae infuscate; distal half of tibiae and the
tarsi yellow. Length 3.75 mm. The yellow ninth and tenth antennal
joints and bifoveate pronotal disk are distinctive.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 55889.

Type locality—Mount Makiling, Luzon, P. I. (C. F. Baker).

390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Genus ENDOMYCHUS Panzer

ENDOMYCHUS FLAVUS, new species

In shape this species resembles those referred to Cyanauges by
Gorham. Antennae a little longer than head and pronotum, all its
joints longer than broad, joints 9 and 10 obconical, joint 11 oval,
scarcely longer than 10; these three joints form a distinct but little
flattened club. Basal foveae of pronotum deep, continued anteriorly
as curved grooves, which reach to middle of disk; basal sulcus
broad and shallow; hind angles subacute; the sides of pronotum
feebly sinuate in front of hind angles, convergent anteriorly; front
angles a little produced, rounded. Elytra hardly wider at base than
pronotum, rapidly broadened to middle, thence gradually convergent,
the apical portion of the elytra subattenuate. Clear reddish yellow,
with the clypeus, eyes, antennae, legs, and two small spots on each
elytron black. The first elytral spot is placed behind the umbo and the
second in the same longitudinal line. The distance between the first
and second spots is about equal to that between the first spot and the
base of elytron, and both spots are closer to the lateral margin than
they are to the suture. Head finely and thickly, pronotum and elytra
finely and very sparsely, punctured; entirely glabrous above. Under
surface of same color as upper, finely pubescent. The maxillary palps
are black, the last joint hatchet-shaped (Zndomychus s. s.). Length
4.5mm., width 2.5 mm.

Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 55890.

Type locality —Near Mupin, Szechwan, China (D. C. Graham).

Genus PARASYMBIUS Arrow
PARASYMBIUS MACROCERUS, new species

FIGURE 12, i, j

Characters of the genus as defined by Arrow, tarsi long, filiform,
quasi-3-jointed. Antennae with club joints greatly enlarged and elon-
gated, joint 1 stout, curved, joint 2 longer than broad, joint 3 very
slender, joints 4 to 7 progressively broader, joints 8 and 9 obconical,
three times as long as broad, joint 10 about as long as 9, rounded at
tip; the club joints (8 to 10) together are considerably longer than
the footstalk of antenna (joints 1 to 7). Joints 5 to 10 black, others
piceous. Pronotum transverse, rather broadly margined, narrowed
before and behind, basal sulcus deep, curved, lateral impressions broad
posteriorly, extending anteriorly to the middle of disk, which is finely
and very sparsely punctured. Elytra roundly convex, as wide at base
as pronotum, considerably widened at middle, roundly convergent
behind, finely and sparsely punctured. The insect is entirely ferrugi-

SOME ENDOMYCHID BEETLES—STROHECKER 391

nous (except for outer antennal joints) and the pubescence of the
upper surface is erect and sparse, especially upon the pronotum.
Length 1.5 mm. From the exposed sixth abdominal segment I judge
the specimen to be a male.

Type—Male?, U.S.N.M. No. 55891.

Type locality—Mount Makiling, Luzon, P. I. (C. F. Baker).

The only other species of the genus known at present is the geno-
type, P. philippinensis Arrow, described from a single specimen, the
sex of which was not noted. The insect before me meets all the generic
requirements proposed by Arrow for Parasymbius. He makes no
mention of the prosternum, but the present species has the prosternum
roundly carinate before the front coxae, flattened between them and
margined; posteriorly it is prolonged beyond the coxae, its tip a little
deflexed and rounded. It differs from Arrow’s species in its smaller
size, greater length of antennal club, and sparser pubescence.

Genus TROCHOIDEUS Westwood
TROCHOIDEUS COELO-ANTENNATUS, new species
Figure 12, a-c

Slenderer and less densely pubescent than 7. americanus Buquet
and 7. desjardinsi Guerin. Clypeus truncate anteriorly, the clypeo-
frontal suture a broad, low are. Front shallowly and broadly de-
pressed on each side near the insertion of antennae. Eyes prominent
and coarsely granulate. Antennae relatively shorter than in the
two species referred to above, massive; joint 1 bulbous, joint 2 very
small, narrow at base and rapidly expanded to its apex, joints 3 and
4 together forming a large bulb with nipplelike apex. There is no
fifth joint apparent. On the under side these two joints are so
deeply concave as to appear hollow; the margin of this concavity is
auriculate. Mandibles with slender, aciculate apex. Labium, labial
and maxillary palps as in 7. desjardinsi. Pronotum almost twice
as wide as long, front angles rounded, sides broadened before the
middle, thence subsinuately narrowed to the slightly acute hind an-
gles. The pronotum has a shallow, parabolic impression at the mid-
dle of its base and a transverse impression on either side of this.
Scutellum transverse, rounded behind. Umbones of elytra promi-
nent but not inflated. Elytra evenly and moderately convex, gently
widened in anterior third, thence evenly rounded to the apices, which
are subtruncate. The entire surface of the body is clothed with
fine, declivent, gray hairs. Elytra brown with a pale, narrow sutural
stripe but without a sutural stria. Head similar in color to elytra;
pronotum, antennae, legs, and mouth parts yellow-umber. Length
3 mm.

Type.—Male, U.S.N.M. No. 55892.

392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Type locality —El Quemado, Jujuy, Argentina (G. L. Harring-
ton).

Allotype, female (U.S.N.M.), same data as type. Identical with
_ type except for color and antennal structure. The antennae have
the first and second joints as in the male, joint 3 three times as
long as 2, as broad at its base as apex of joint 2, thence expanded to
about twice its basal diameter. Joint 4 is about as long as 3, broaden-
ing toward its apex, which ends in a small nipplelike elevation. In
figure 12, c, the third antennal is considerably foreshortened. The
color of the allotype is darker and more uniform than that of the
type, and the sutural stripe is scarcely evident. I am inclined to
think that all the specimens are teneral and that the allotype more
nearly represents the mature condition. Besides the type and allo-
type the U. S. National Museum collection contains an imperfect
male paratype, and there is a male paratype in the author’s col-
lection; data same as for type.

Figure 12, d, e, was made from a specimen of E'popterus from Peru.
Although it lacks the pronotal spots I consider it an individual of
E. decoratus Kirsch.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1f¢43

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

issued

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington: 1943 No. 3169

SUMMARY OF THE COLLECTIONS OF SNAKES AND CROC-
ODILIANS MADE IN MEXICO UNDER THE WALTER
RATHBONE BACON TRAVELING SCHOLARSHIP

By Hosart M. Smirn

By aw of the Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship of
the Smithsonian Institution, my wife and I were enabled to spend
the greater part of two years, from September 1938 to August 1940,
collecting reptiles and amphibians in certain areas in Mexico. The
work was intended primarily to supplement other investigations I
had conducted previously, but various opportunities were taken to
augment the collection of the National Museum by brief visits to areas
that had been formerly studied. We worked in several areas I had
not visited before, and the unusual opportunity was offered to collect
in numerous localities during the dry season. Practically all previous
work had been done during the rainy season, when the active fauna
is frequently much different from that of the dry season. Unfortu-
nately, it was impossible to reach certain other critical areas included
in the original itinerary, in spite of the very considerable length of
time at our disposal. Even had we been able to do twice as much
field work as was actually accomplished, the same statement probably
could be made; Mexico will remain an extraordinarily fertile field
for local studies for many years.

After our return the authorities of the Smithsonian Institution
very kindly approved the continuation of the Scholarship until Sep-
tember 1941, to afford a much-needed respite from other duties for
study of the collections secured. The simple task of sorting the

529454431 393

394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 92

miscellaneous collection of over 20,000 specimens occupied almost
one-tenth of this time. During the remainder of the year most of the
snakes and lizards were briefly studied. According to original plan,
a report on the entire collection was to be prepared, but circumstances
have unduly delayed this. Rather than await its completion, the
report will be issued in parts. This, the first, treats the snakes and
crocodiles only.

The total number of snakes obtained is 1,319, representing 175
species and subspecies. Among these are about 25 new forms, most
of them described in previous papers. Fifty-four are new to the
Museum’s Mexican collection. Examples of all three species of croco-
diles known to occur in Mexico were found, including some 19
specimens; only one of these species was previously represented in
the Museum’s collection from Mexico.

While the following notes are based largely upon the specimens
procured under the Bacon Scholarship, it has appeared desirable to
record also other Mexican species (exclusive of Baja California) repre-
sented in the Museum, though these are not so thoroughly annotated
as the specimens deserve. In all, 116 forms are thus added, making
a total of 291 mainland Mexican forms—about three-fourths of the
total ever recorded—represented in the United States National
Museum. The specimens already in the Museum are listed after the
Bacon specimens in the discussion of each species; species not repre-
sented in the Bacon collection have an asterisk preceding the name;
and species in the Bacon collection that are not otherwise represented
in the Museum’s collection (or that are not represented by Mexican
specimens) are indicated by a statement in the final paragraph of the
discussion concerned. Three species of Scaphiodontophis have been
omitted because of an unexpected delay in the publication of their
descriptions elsewhere.

In several previous papers (see bibliography: Smith, 1939-1942¢;
Smith and Taylor, 1941; Taylor and Smith, 1942a, b) discussions or
descriptions of certain specimens of the Bacon collection have ap-
peared. These notes are not repeated here, but a reference to them
is given in synonymy form for each species. References to more than
nominal mention of other specimens in the U. S. National Museum are
in footnotes.

OPHIDIA

ADELOPHIS COPEI Dugées

One specimen is in the collection, from Yautepec, Morelos (No.
110335). This has 143 ventrals, 58 caudals (male; 2 or 3 scales missing
at tip of tail); 5 infralabials and supralabials; fifth supralabial

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 395

separated from parietal by an elongate temporal; otherwise as in
neotype.

The Museum has no others,

The type is not now in existence, as Dugés (1887, p. 20) states,
“No tengo en mi poder el cuerpo mismo del reptil, pero he conservado
un créneo en muy buen estado...” A specimen now present in the
Dugés Museum, Guanajuato, is labeled “Cupataro” (perhaps Tupa-
taro, Guanajuato) and is designated neotype. It may be described as
follows:

Head not flattened, somewhat conical; portion of rostral visible
from above narrow, but its length about two-thirds length of inter-
nasals; latter about a third broader than long, their length slightly
less than half that of prefrontals; latter nearly twice as broad as long,
extending onto sides of head between preocular and nasal, in contact
with second and third supralabials; greatest width of frontal about
three-fifths length of same; posterior angle of frontal nearly a right
angle; sides of frontal slightly sinuous; greatest width of a supra-
ocular slightly more than greatest width of frontal; greatest length
of parietal one and one-half times the greatest length of frontal, their
length about equal to their distance from tip of snout.

Nasal large, its length as great as its distance from orbit, the two
separated from each other medially by a distance equal to half the
greatest width of an internasal; nasal divided below naris (on one
side there is an incomplete suture above the naris), the anterior moiety
about half the size of the posterior; no loreal, the prefrontal in contact
with labials; one preocular, twice as high as long; diameter of orbit
about two-thirds its distance from rostral; pupil round; third and
fourth supralabials entering orbit, the third narrowly; two postocu-
lars, the upper about twice as large as lower, which is wedge-shaped;
five supralabials, the last much the largest, its length nearly equal to
length of others combined; fifth supralabial broadly in contact with
parietals, bordered posteriorly by three scales.

Labial border of mental apparently slightly greater than that of
rostral (a small injury on right side); five infralabials, the first in
contact with its fellow medially; fifth infralabial as long as the third
and fourth combined; two pairs of chin shields, the posterior slightly
the longer and broader than anterior; three scales between chin
shields and first enlarged ventral.

Scale rows 15-15-15; dorsal scales keeled, except those of outer two
rows on each side; scales of first (outer) row broader than long,
those of second row as broad as long and at least twice as broad as
scales of inner dorsal rows; some of the scales appear to have two
pits, but this cannot be determined because of the flabby character of

396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yOu, 98

the scales (the original scales lost) ; ventrals 132; anal entire; caudals
54, divided, excluding the terminal spine; male.

The specimen has lost all its original scales; the ground color of
the back is now light slate-gray; a narrow dark line originating at
the posterior margin of the orbit passes posteriorly along the suture
between the parietal and fifth supralabial (most of the stripe on the
labial) and continues down the sides of the body on the third and
fourth scale rows; it disappears completely just before reaching the
anus; a median light line is very dimly visible, apparently occupying
but one scale row posteriorly, wider on the neck; at present the stripe
cannot be discerned on the tail.

Mental and gular region cream; dorsal color encroaching on edges
of ventrals, which are otherwise gray-cream; the extreme anterior
edge of each ventral is black, the color concealed beneath the posterior
edge of the preceding ventral; the extreme anterior edges of most of
the dorsals are black, particularly on the scales of the first and second
rows; ventral surface of tail somewhat more cream-colored than belly.

Length of head, parietal to rostral, 8.5 mm.; total length, 252
mm.; tail, 53 mm.

The specimen is in excellent condition except for the loss of the
original scales and a slight injury in the mental region.

*ADELPHICOS QUADRIVIRGATUS SARGII (Fischer)

The Museum has fourt from Mexico, three (Nos. 46612, 466145)
definitely from Chicharras, Chiapas, and one other (No. 46514) prob-
ably from that locality.

ADELPHICOS QUADRIVIRGATUS VISONINUS (Cope)

Adelphicos quadrivirgatus visoninus SmirH, Proce. Rochester Acad. Sei., vol. 8,
pp. 186-188, figs. 2, 6 (map), 1942.

A single specimen (No. 109706) was found near Palenque, Chiapas,
in a rotten log.
The Museum has no others from Mexico.

*AGKISTRODON BILINEATUS Giinther

The Museum has seven specimens, from Maria Madre Island, Tres
Marias Islands (No. 24685)?; Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (No. 30492) ; Los
Reyes, Michoacén (No. 46416); and “Mexico” (Nos. 32214, 84055,
85093-4).

1 Smith, 1942c, pp. 192-195, figs. 4 (ventral head scales), 6 (map).
4Stejneger, 1899, p. 71.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 397
AMASTRIDIUM SAPPERI (Werner)

One specimen (No. 110334) is from Las Nubes, Cerro Ovando,
Chiapas (2,500 feet). Ventrals 165; anal divided; caudals 70* a
few; female; 7 supralabials, third and fourth entering eye, fourth and
fifth narrowly in contact with parietal; loreal and preocular fused,
but outlines clearly indicating two scales; one postocular. Light
area on posterior part of head reddish.

The specimen was found hidden in gravel through (not over)
which water trickled, among boulders in a stream on a steep slope.

The Museum has one other (No. 46509) 3 from Chicharras, Chiapas.

*ARIZONA ELEGANS OCCIDENTALIS Blanchard

The Museum has two Mexican specimens, one (No. 14298)* from
“Chihuahua” and the other (No. 46874) from Casas Grandes, Chi-

huahua.
BOTHROPS ATROX ASPER (Garman)

Six specimens were collected, all from the state of Chiapas: Palen-
que (No. 110430); Javarinero (No. 110431); La Esperanza, near
Escuintla (Nos. 110432-8, HMS Nos. 15627, 16904). All are females,
with 210 to 219 ventrals and 61 to 67 caudals,

The Museum has 15 other Mexican specimens: Chicharras, Chiapas
(No. 46602) ; mountains near Santo Domingo, Oaxaca (Nos. 47931-2) ;
Teapa, Tabasco (Nos. 46406, 46595) ; Mirador, Veracruz (Nos. 25046—
9)°; Orizaba, Veracruz (No. 30220); San Rafael, Veracruz (No.
32149); Tuxpan, Veracruz (No. 25212); “Mexico” (Nos. 6372,
302434),

*BOTHROPS BARBOURI (Dunn)

The Museum has a single specimen, the type (No. 46347), from

Omiuiteme, Guerrero.®
*BOTHROPS BICOLOR Bocourt

The Museum has a single specimen (No. 46511), from Chicharras,
Chiapas.”

BOTHROPS DUNNI (Hartweg and Oliver)

Eleven specimens were obtained, all from the general vicinity of
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca: Mount Guengola (Nos. 110416-7, HMS No.
11750); Tres Cruces (Nos. 110418-20); Cerro de Huamelula (No.

3 Dunn, 1924, p. 1.

* Blanchard, 1924, pp. 1-5.

5 Cope, 1861, p. 295.

* Dunn, 1919, pp. 213-214; Smith, 1941g, p. 62.
7 Smith, 1941g, pp. 61-62.

398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

110461) ; Cajén de Piedra (No. 110422) ; Tehuantepec (Nos. 110423—
4); and Rio Grande, 12 miles north of Niltepec (No. 110425).

Scale rows 23-23-19, except in one with 25-25-21 rows; ventrals
143 to 153 in five males, 147 to 155 in six females; caudals 36 to 42
in five males, 32 to 37 in six females; supralabials 9-9 in one, 9-10
in four, 10-10 in four, 10-11 in two; infralabials 10-10 in three, 10-11
in two, 11-11 in four, 11-12 in one, 12-12 in one; preoculars 3-3 ex-
cept in one which has 4-4; suboculars 1-1 except in one which has
2-2; postoculars 2-2 to 3-4; bands on body 14 to 19.

The Museum has six others,’ one from Puerto Angel (No. 46422),
five from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (Nos. 30266-70).

BOTHROPS MELANURUS (Miiller)

Trimeresurus garciai SmirH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 53, pp. 55-64, 1940.

One specimen, a paratype of garciai (No. 108602), is from Caca-
loapam, Puebla.
The Museum has no others of the species.

BOTHROPS MEXICANUS (Duméril and Bibron)

Five specimens are in the collection, four (Nos. 110426-8, HMS.
No. 7654) from Piedras Negras, Guatemala, and one (No. 110429)
from Santa Rosa, near Comitan, Chiapas.

The Museum has no others of the species from Mexico.

The most conspicuous difference between mewicanus and nummefer
in pattern is the shape and lateral extent of the dorsal blotches. In
the former the blotches are large, dark brown rhombs that extend
laterally to the tenth or as far as the sixth scale row. Sometimes
these rhombs are black-edged. Opposite the lateral corner on each
side is a short, black or dark brown transverse bar, sometimes reach-
ing nearly to the ventrals. Usually, except on the anterior third of
the body, the lateral bars are fused with the dorsal spots. Fre-
quently, over all or a part of the body, the dorsal blotches are fused
in pairs, producing a broad cross band; the lateral spots remain dis-
tinct from one another. The bands or rhombs may be somewhat
staggered by displacement on the midline. In nummifer the pat-
tern is of much the same character, except that the dorsal blotches
tend to be less angular and more rounded, all are black-edged, and
do not fuse with the lateral spots. The median blotches may be stag-
gered and so fused with one another as to produce a rather broad,
zigzag median band (such a variation does not occur in mewxicanus),
but they do not fuse in pairs as they frequently do in mewicanus.

—_-

8 Amaral, 1929b, p. 22.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND GROCODILIANS—SMITH 399

Each species has about the same number of lateral spots; in nwmmifer
the dorsal blotches are always of about the same number as the lateral
spots; but in mexicanus the number may be reduced to as few as 10 or
11 by fusion of pairs of blotches.

Other pattern differences involve the tail and head. In mewicanus
the tail tip is very light (yellowish) in young specimens, and it
remains light until a size of at least 500 mm. is reached; specimens
of greater size than this may develop dark color at the tip of the
tail or may retain a light color. In nummifer the tail tip may be
slightly hghter than the base, but it is well pigmented in even the
youngest specimens; never is it distinctly light as in meaicanus. In
adult nwmmifer the tail may remain dark or become rather light at
the tip.

The position of the postocular dark stripe is generally diagnostic.
In mexicanus it continues straight back from the eye, parallel to the
lip, for about one-third its length; it then dips ventrally and reaches
the level of the mouth just posterior to the rictus oris, terminating
three or four scales posterior to that point; it usually involves only
the posterior edge of the last scale in the lower row of temporals and
never involves more than the last two scales. In nwmmifer the stripe
passes almost in a straight line diagonally toward the angle of the
mouth, thus almost always involving at least two, and usually three
and sometimes four, of the scales in the lower row of temporals.

There are apparently no differences in ventral pattern.

In scutellation there is a difference in number of scale rows, which
is 23 to 27 (one 23 in 6) anteriorly and 25 to 27 medially in mexicanus,
but 21 to 25 anteriorly (one 25 in 13) and 23 to 25 medially (one 25
in 15) in nummifer. Ventrals in two male mexicanus are 124 to 127,
in eight male nummifer 129 to 184; in four female mexicanus they
are 127 to 131, in six female nummifer 120 to 134. Caudals in two
male mewicanus are 32 to 36, in nine male nummifer 30 to 36; in four
female mexicanus they are 31 to 35, in six female numméfer 23 to 30.
Thus differences are apparent between the two forms in the ventrals
of males and the caudals of females. In mexicanus the supralabials
average somewhat more numerous, 9 seldom occurring (1 in 12
counts), and 11 frequently occurring (5 in 12 counts), while in nwm-
mifer 8 or 9 frequently occur (19 in 80 counts) and 11 not at all. In
mexicanus the nasal is completely separated from the rostral by three
small scales, while in nwmmifer it contacts the rostral, and the row
of small scales is reduced to two, one, or none. The temporal scales of
the lower row are somewhat smaller in mexicanus than in nummifer.
In mexicanus the lower preocular is very poorly differentiated and
does not enter the orbit; in nwmmifer it enters the orbit below the
much larger upper preocular and is rather well defined.

400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

The vertebral ridge is more accentuated in the southern form,
although dissections of the neural spines of the anterior vertebrae
show no noticeable differences. The keels of the median scale rows
anteriorly are markedly different, however, as those of meaicanus
terminate in an enlarged knob near the posterior tip of the scale,
while those of nwmmifer reach the extreme tip; in the latter the knob
is present but less distinct.

A large nummifer (female) measures 573 mm. in total length; some-
what shorter than this are other females with well-developed young.
The larger male nummifer measures 567 mm. Apparently this species
is notably smaller than mexicanus, one specimen (female) of which has
been seen that measures 934 mm. in total length. The southern species
probably reaches a maximum length of about 1,100 mm.

The southern form is distinctly shorter in proportion to body
diameter, and the head is somewhat larger; these have long been
known as characteristic features of the “jumping viper” (meaicanus).
In nummifer, however, the head and body are of more nearly normal
proportions. The differences are not of a type that may well be
treated statistically.

It appears obvious that these two forms are distinct from each other
yet closely related. Whether they are separate species or are subspecies
is not clearly evident from data now available; certainly they are
members of a single morphologic group and have complementary
ranges, but this does not necessarily mean that an intergradation takes
place. Since all specimens can readily be differentiated, and there
is no overlap of variation in certain features differentiating them, it
seems best to consider the two forms as distinct species.

TanLe 1.—Variation in Bothrops mexicanus

5 | arin
oD 2 S
é 5 a | a
Zz, ee 2 > Earle
is S 0 ‘s 3 Se ee ere
a 2 EB n n Q “= Ss 2 qa oo
S o & 2 os = = 3 = a x a
Z 5 = 3 Baihor Bie aig reufekeirs ane
wo ‘3 PD = a 5 S| a. & e £ & a
is o iS & S o 3 3 a S 3 ° a
YP nD Zz o a > o n fo} QA 4 & a
Mm.| Mm.
110426 | of 3-3. | Duightare- s-=.-- eae 23-25-19 | 124 32 | 10-10 | 12-12 19 21 | 266 31
110427 | ot S30 duighto pee 6 eene 25-25-21 | 127 36 | 9-10 | 12-12 16 Bi) Bis 40
110428 | 9Q 3-3 | Lightish____..-.-: 27-27-19 | 127 31 | 11-11 | 13-? 20 23 | 93 84
710429 | Q 323" | Black =~ eee 25-25-19 | 129 33 | 11-11 | 11-13 21 19 | 583 7

BOTHROPS NASUTUS Bocourt

Trimeresunus nasutus SMITH, Zoologica, vol. 26, p. 62, 1941.

One specimen was secured at Piedras Negras, Guatemala (No.
110415). It was found sunning itself among the loose rocks of the

MEXICAN SNAKES AND OROCODILIANS—SMITH 401

ruins of one of the Mayan buildings. Scale rows 23-23-19; ventrals
145; caudals 30; supralabials 9-9; infralabials 11-11; two preoculars
(or three, but the middle very minute, not reaching orbit); three
suboculars; two postoculars; 17 bands on body; female.

The Museum has no other northern specimens of the species.

*BOTHROPS NUMMIFER (Riippell)

The Museum has eight specimens, from Mirador (No. 6371) and
Orizaba (Nos. 61993-7), Veracruz, and “Veracruz” (Nos. 25044-5).
Other specimens examined are from Zacualtipan, Hidalgo (A.N.S.P.
No. 14768), and Necaxa, Puebla (U.M.M.Z. 63942) ; five bear no locality
(A.N.S.P. 7245-9).

TABLE 2.—Variation in Bothrops nummifer

E n 3 3 3 Ke 2 Ke = =

22 2\2|3|2 |23lge\2/ 2

Museum No. ES Tail tip |Scalerows s 3 z s iF BY g Be aoe

* na = "23

3\2 ee We |e eete eile
Mm.|Mm
U.S.N.M. No. 6371..| 9 2-2 | Black__-_---- 23-24-19 | 129 | 30 {10-10 | 11-11 23 Z3n| 2008 59
IANS CP. NOs 7@245:.-| 9 s|----== Blacks te2-2- 23-24-20 | 131 | 27 9-9 | 12-13 23 23 | 573; 54
A.N.S:P. No. 7247..-| 9 |-----2 Black__----- Pood F194 | OG 110-10) TI? |a88 tee |e lhe
A.N.S.P. No. 14768 _| 9 |------ Black 2:22. 23-23-19 | 127 | 29 |10-10 | 11-11 25 25 | 462 | 46
U.S.N.M. No. 25045_| 9 0-0 | Light____-.-| 25-25-20 | 133 | 23 8-9; 11-11 23 24) 516| 45

U.M.M. Z. No. |
GaGa 2er en See ee. oti OF ie eas Black-.-----]| 23-23-19 |°120 | 29 9-10 | 11-11 20 21 | 190 25
U.S.N.M. No. 25044.) o 1-0) Darks-<3.82 2-23-19 |____- 33 9-9 | 12-12 |_----|------ yg yg
U.S.N.M. No. 61995_| of 2-2 | Dark brown! 23-24-19 | 130 | 33 9-10 | 11-12 21 22) 70-1 P23:
U.S.N.M. No. 61996_| of 2-2 | Dark brown_| 23-23-19 | 131 | 34 9-10 | 10-10 22 Zeon 26
U.S.N.M. No. 61993_| 2-2 | Dark brown_| 23-23-19 | 134 35 9-10 |} 10-11 |----- 22 | 187 | 27
U.S.N.M. No. 61994_| o 2-2 | Dark brown_| 23-23-19 | 132 | 33 9 9 | 11-11 20 22 | 169 24
U.S.N.M. No. 61997_| o 2-2 | Dark brown_| 23-23-19 | 131 | 35 9- 9] 11-11 |----- MWe} 25
AEN: S22. NO. 7249:--| (ot? |s22- Black_-_---.- 21-23-17 | 129 | 30 9-9 | 10-11 22 22156: | 65
A:<N.8SP. No27248---| Gi\z--e- Black--.---- | 23-23-19 | 1382 | 34 8- 9 |. 12-12 23 Dole ie eae.
ANG Sse. INO: ¢240-22|-O) |esasas Black. s=s= 23-23-19 | 133 | 36 9-10 | 11-12 20 20) |eonas {iter
|

*BOTHROPS UNDULATUS (Jan)

The Museum has five specimens, from Orizaba, Veracruz (No.
6319), Omilteme, Guerrero (Nos. 46345-6, 46348), and Oaxaca, Oaxaca
(No. 46466).

*BOTHROPS YUCATANICUS (Smith)

The Museum has a single specimen, the type (No. 46571), from
Chichen Itza, Yucatan.°

* Smith, 1941g, pp. 62-63.

402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

CHERSODROMUS LIEBMANNI Reinhardt

Twenty specimens were secured, all at Cuautlapan, Veracruz (Nos.
109915-34). They were found under fallen banana trunks and other
debris in banana patches.

Supralabials 6-7 in one, 7-7 in nineteen; infralabials 6-6 in two,
7-7 in four, 7-8 in six, 8-8 in eight; no preoculars, a postocular on
one side in two, on both sides in five (sometimes very small), no
postocular (i. e., fused with supraocular) in twelve, no postocular but
temporal broadly in contact with eye in one. The belly is nearly or
quite unspotted in some, nearly all black in others.

The Museum has two others, both from Orizaba, Veracruz (Nos.
6330, 7102).

TABLE 3.—Variation in Chersodromus liebmanni

U.S.N.M.

ee M. Sex Ventrals Caudals Nol Sex Ventrals Caudals
109915 2 132 35 109931 9 135 35
109916 2 142 33 109933 Q 134 35
109917 2 132 33 109919 J 128 39
109918 2 134 32 109920 a 129 39
109922 Q 138 37 109921 a 129 37
109923 2 139 35 109924 a 127 38
109926 2 134 of 109925 a 124 38
109927 Q 142 32 109929 Ci 127 40
109928 2 135 37 109932 a 129 43
ee 2 Tol 33 109934 J 129 41
ot ay j

CLELIA BAILEYI Smith

Clelia baileyi SmrruH, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 92, pp. 391-393, 1942.

One specimen, the type (No. 111261), was secured at Potrero Viejo,
Veracruz, by Dyfrig McH. Forbes.

The Museum has no others.

CLELIA CLELIA CLELIA (Daudin)

Six specimens are in the collection, one from Potrero Viejo, Vera-
cruz (No. 111267), and five from various localities near Escuintla,
Chiapas (Cruz de Piedra, Nos. 111262-3; La Esperanza, Nos. 111264—
5; Las Gradas, No. 111266). Scale rows uniformly 17-17; ventrals
210, 217, 204, 220, 206, 206, respectively; caudals 828, 22, 884,
162,908, %8 5 supralabials 7-7; infralabials 8-8; preoculars 1-1;
postoculars 2-2; temporals 2-3 or 2-2.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 403

The Museum has three other specimens, from San Juan Bautista
(No. 6581, type of Scolecophis scytalinus Cope, 1866, p. 320), “Mex-
ico” (No. 16388), and Tehuantepec (No. 32272, collected by Dr.
Spear). These agree well with the others; all have the dorsal scales
black-tipped.

*CLELIA CLELIA IMMACULATA Smith

The Museum has a single specimen, the type (No. 24966), from
Guadalajara, Jalisco.”

*COLUBER CONSTRICTOR STEJNEGERIANUS (Cope)

The Museum has a single Mexican specimen, the type of Zamenis
conirostris Cope (No. 1768), from Matamoros, Tamaulipas.”

CONIOPHANES BIPUNCTATUS BISERIATUS Smith

Coniophanes bipunctatus biseriatus SmitTH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
53, pp. 59-60, 1940.

Four specimens (Nos. 108595, 109716-8) of the type series, as well
as one embryo not included in the series (No. 109719), are from near
Palenque, Chiapas. One other (No. 109715) is from Potrero Viejo,
Veracruz, collected by Dyfrig McH. Forbes. The latter is a male,
with 128 ventrals, the tail broken.

The type series was separated from bipunctatus (which was then
considered as occurring in central Mexico as well as in Central Amer-
ica) largely on the basis of what appeared to be an exceptional pat-
tern, with the inner edge of the lateral stripe scalloped, or two rows
of spots enclosed between the two lateral stripes. Since this dis-
tinct pattern was not mentioned by Bailey (1939, pp. 24-26), it was
considered a development restricted to specimens of this area. They
were also compared with two large specimens from Tierra Colorada,
Veracruz, which showed no evidence of the pattern characteristic of
the Palenque specimens.

However, an examination of the Mexican specimens” of bipwne-
totus in the National Museum (including No. 30326, Orizaba, and
No. 30343, Tehuantepec) shows that the peculiar pattern described is
characteristic of the young and is still visible even in the Potrero
specimen, which measures 357 mm. in body length. Accordingly, it
cannot be held that the Palenque specimens are any different from
other Mexican specimens now known.

10 Smith, 1942g, p. 394.
11 Cope, 1895, p. 679.
2 Bailey, 1939, p. 26.

404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

The whole Mexican population is, however, different from the
Central American specimens, in two characters: Ventral counts and
pattern of the young and subadults. Young b¢punctatus from British
Honduras in the Field Museum, recently examined, are not spotted
and do not have scalloped inner edges of the lateral stripes as in
Mexican specimens; thus their separate identity is certain. The
stripes are more distinct in Central American specimens.

CONIOPHANES FISSIDENS FISSIDENS (Giinther)

Coniophanes fissidens fissidens SMITH, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 91, p. 104, 1941.

Four specimens were secured, all at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
(Nos. 109720-2; HMS 7353). The ventral and caudal counts, re-
spectively, of these in the order given are: 127, 71( 2); 123, 75 (4);
128, ? (2); 127, 70 (2). Scale rows 21-21-17; supralabials 8-8;
infralabials 10-10; preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2 in all. A distinct,
regular row of moderately large spots is present on each side of the
belly.

The Museum has two other Mexican specimens,'* from Teapa,
Tabasco (No. 46590), and San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz (No. 46389).
The last is somewhat intermediate between f. fissidens and f. pro-
terops.

CONIOPHANES FISSIDENS PROTEROPS Cope
Coniophanes fissidens proterops SmitH, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 91, pp. 105-106,
1941.

Ten specimens were secured, from the following localities: Teque-
yutepec, Veracruz (Nos. 109769-73) ; Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (Nos.
109767-8) ; Cuautlapan, Veracruz (Nos. 109764-6). The Teque-
yutepee specimens were found under stones on grassy slopes of the
mountainous area west of Jalapa, after a period of rains in the middle
of the dry season.

The Museum has 10 other specimens (see Smith, loc. cit.).

CONIOPHANES FISSIDENS PUNCTIGULARIS Cope

Coniophanes fissidens punctigularis Smirn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 91, pp.
107-109, map fig. 33, 1941.

Forty-five specimens, all from the vicinity of Escuintla, Chiapas,
are in the collections: Finca Judérez (Nos. 109723-5) ; Salto de Agua
(Nos. 109726-7) ; Cruz de Piedra (Nos. 109728-35); La Esperanza
(Nos. 109736-63, HMS Nos. 16556, 17053, 17162, 17279). Some were
found during the day in rotten logs, but by far the greater part was
found at night along trails through forest or coffee groves.

The Museum has five other specimens (see Smith, loc. cit.).

18 Smith, 1941s, p. 104.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 405
*CONIOPHANES IMPERIALIS IMPERIALIS (Kennicott)

The Museum has two specimens, the type (No. 2060) from Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas, and one (No. 25204) from Tuxpan, Veracruz.

CONIOPHANES IMPERIALIS CLAVATUS (Peters)

Twelve specimens are in the collection, as follows: Potrero Viejo,
Veracruz (Nos. 10977482); Tenosique, Tabasco (Nos. 109783-4) ;
Palenque, Chiapas (No. 109785).

The scutellation of the series is fairly uniform. All have one pre-
ocular, two postoculars, and eight supralabials; the infralabials are
9-9 in eight, 9-10 in one, 10-10 in two, 10-11 in one; ventral and
caudal counts are given in table 4.

TaBLE 4.—Variation in Coniophanes imperialis clavatus

pee Sex | Ventrals’} Caudals ee Ug NM: Sex |Ventrals | Caudals ee

109774 fou 120s sk 19-17 109789 on 127 83 | 19-15
109775 o D4 te 19-15 109781 J 124 80 | 19-15
109776 a 124 | ae | 19-15 109782 og |i 124 | eee. 19-16
109777 ao | 127 | 82 | 19-15 109783 2 131 | 191) LOAN
109778 | o& 126 | 79 | 19-15 109784 Q 129 | 78 | 19-15
108779 J 118 | 77 | 19-15 109785 | Q 129 | 80 | 19-15

| | | |

The variation in coloration is considerable and regional. The
Potrero specimens have a short temporal stripe, not reaching the
end of the parietals (in one it comes very near); the dorsolateral
stripes are not broken on the nape; and the middorsal stripe is about
one scale wide in five, much less in three. The Palenque and Ten-
osique specimens agree with each other and differ from the Potrero
specimens in having a longer temporal stripe (reaching end or very
near end of parietals) and the dorsolateral stripes broken at the
nape, leaving a round, nuchal spot on each side. The middorsal
stripe in the Palenque specimen is very narrow, while in the Tenosique
specimens it is broader but has a spotted appearance, as described
by Bailey (1939, pp. 36, 37).

The Potrero specimens differ from the others also in having what
appears to be a distinctly smaller, narrower head.

The Potrero specimens were found under stones; the one from
Palenque was found under a rotten log; and the two Tenosique spec-
imens were found at night along a cart road, shortly after a heavy
rainstorm.

The Museum has one other, from Orizaba, Veracruz (No. 12123).

44 Baird and Girard, in Baird, 1859, p. 23, pl. 19, fig. 1.

406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93
CONIOPHANES IMPERIALIS COPEI Hartweg and Oliver

Twenty-one specimens were collected (Nos. 109786-99, 109800-3;
HMS Nos. 12628, 12829-30), all in the vicinity of Tehuantepec,

Oaxaca.

The supralabials are 8-8 in all; infralabials 10-10 in two, 9-10 in
two, 9-9 in 17; there are two preoculars on both sides in one, on one
side in another. Variation in ventral and caudal counts is shown in

the accompanying table.

TABLE 5.—Variation in Coniophanes imperialis copei

No. Sex Scale rows | Ventrals Caudals
ELMS. NOI 262888 es ee ee eee Q 19-15 136 69+?
UESIN- Mi Nowl0S(S6S2=22— 82s eee 2 19-17 LG 70
UiSInN Mia No 109783. 4.6 == ae ee Q 19-17 133 72
UISANSME INOFSI09 7942 ee eee 2 19-15 1S Sees yee
URSUNEIM. INO d09 71962 eee Q 19-15 136 68
FEMS Nos2829) 2 Ue ee Se sees See a 19-16 130 67+?
FUMSt NOMIEZSS0M2 28 bos See See eee J 19-17 134 74
WeSaNeii. No lO97Siviae = ee eee J 19-15 129 76
WeSeaNeiVieNo. 1097892. = 2. = 2 eee ee J 19-16 132 80
WiSsN Me Nos 1097902. 2. 22 eS see see J 19-17 132 75
WISSN MS No 109791 24s e eae toe a 19-15 132 se sae
WESsNeME NiO; WO97922 2 22 oo ae ee a 19-15 Si | eee
WESeNeM No. lO9U95. Se 22 22 eee oO 19-17 131 76
WESaN. MipNosl0919%28 = 2A see es eee _® a 19-15 LSS ease SS
WESSNEME NO A109798- == 2 ee J 19-15 127 70
We San VE INOslO9 7992-8 = =e see ee oO 19-17 127 74
USSNEME, Nos l098002. 22-228" o7 Joe aee a 19-15 130 74
WES Neve NO, 210980 lee ee eee a 19-16 134 82
UISIN. Mo No: 109802. 20 2. SO2ee2 fe a 19-17 136 69
U:SSNuME Nos 109805 2s =6 2h eee a 19-15 130 70
UcSENGME Now 0979S. ae so ee See J 19-15 131 74

The dorsolateral stripes are separate from the white, lateral nuchal
spots in all; the sides of the body are much lighter on the outer scale
rows (first and second) than on the third and fourth scale rows, both
anteriorly and posteriorly. The width of the median stripe varies,
but in all it is about one scale width anteriorly, less in the middle and
posterior parts of the body.

The difference between the character of the lateral stripes in copez
and clavatus is most apparent on the posterior part of the body, for
anteriorly clavatus as well as copet has the lower half of the stripe
much lighter than the upper half. Posteriorly the stripe is uniform
black (or dark brown) in clavatus.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 407

The specimens were most frequently found in piles of rotting debris
in banana patches.
The Museum has one other specimen (No. 30299) , from Tehuantepec.

CONIOPHANES PICEIVITTIS Cope

Two small females (Nos. 109804, 109805) were collected in the
vicinity of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. One of these (No. 109805) was found
by army ants, routed from the leaves where it attempted to hide and
brush off the ants, and eventually the snake wriggled off the edge of
a bank into our camp site beside a stream.

Scutellation of head typical, except lower labials 9-9 in one. Ven-
trals 172, 173, respectively; caudals 83, 86. Scale rows 23-25-19 in
both.

The Museum has two others, the cotypes (Nos. 30264-5) from
Chihuitéan, Oaxaca.

CONIOPHANES QUINQUEVITTATUS (Duméril and Bibron)

One specimen (No. 109806) was presented to me by Dr. Manuel
Maldonado K., of the Instituto Politécnico de México. It was col-
lected by Dr. Alfonse Dampf. The locality data are lost. Male,
ventrals 153, tail incomplete.

The Museum has one other, from “Coatzacoalecos River, Veracruz”
(No. 61182) ,'° the type of Hydrops lubricus Cope (1871, p. 217).

CONOPHIS LINEATUS LINEATUS (Duméril and Bibron)

Conophis lineatus lineatus SmitH, Journ. Washington Aead. Sci., vol. 31, p. 122,
1941.

A single specimen in the collection (No. 109708) , secured by Dyfrig
McH. Forbes, was taken at Paso del Macho, Veracruz. It is a female
with 166 ventrals, 55+? caudals, 19-19-17 scale rows, 8-8 suprala-
bials, 10-10 infralabials, 1-1 preoculars, 2-2 postoculars, and 2-2
temporals. The pattern has previously been described. Another
specimen (C. A. S. 73640) from Veracruz, Veracruz, has a pattern
exactly as the former, and is similar in scute!lation; the ventrals are
167, the caudals 70( ¢ ).

The Museum has no others.

*CONOPHIS LINEATUS CONCOLOR Cope

The Museum has three specimens, one from Chichen Itza, Yuca-
tan (No. 46395), and the two cotypes from “Yucatén” (No. 12368) 27

15 Cope, 1869, p. 149; Bailey, 1939, p. 31.
18 Bailey, 1939, p. 28.
1 Cope, 1867b, p. 318.

A408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

CONOPHIS PULCHER SIMILIS Bocourt

Conophis pulcher plagosus SmirH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp.
121-122, 1941.

Conophis pulcher similis SmirnH, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 92, p. 395, 1942.

The type of plagosus (No, 109707) was found near Tonala, Chiapas,
moving about very slowly, during the day, at the base of a large bush
the outer branches of which well shaded the area where the snake
was lying.

The Museum has no others.

*“CONOPHIS VITTATUS VITTATUS Peters

Five specimens are in the Museum, including No. 2912378 from
Guadalajara, Jalisco, and Nos. 313947, from Colima.

CONOPHIS VITTATUS VIDUUS Cope

Conophis vittatus viduus SmirH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp.
120-121, 1941.

Seven specimens were secured in the vicinity of Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca (Nos. 109709-14; HMS No. 12100). Supralabials 7-7 in all;
infralabials 8-9 in three, 9-9 in two, 9-10 in two; preoculars 1-1 in
all; postoculars 2-3 in one, 2-2 in the remainder; two primary tem-
porals in all, two to four secondary temporals; scale rows 19-19-17
in all.

The Museum has two others, both from “Tehuantepec” ?® (No.
30259, type of viduus, and No. 30258, cotype of swmichrasti).

TABLE 6.—Variation in Conophis vittatus viduus

No. Sex | Ventrals Caudals
USN. Ma Nosl0o( Ties ee ae ees a 157 66
WeSsNeM NOs 109M 2 ae eee ee J 156 67
WS NM NOe 10 9 i(01 4 eca el e fof 164 68
Lis N-E+NO-109;709 242 art Ae ee ae Q 164 57
EMS INOS 22100! seer SY LETH Q 166 65
WSs NIM. Noe LOOT 22 5 3 Cite oe ed aes | Q 175 57
WSN MNOS LOOT 3 tae 2 ee a a ee es Q 167 57

CONOPSIS NASUS Giinther

Conopsis nasus TAYLor and SMITH, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. 28, pp. 329-
332, 1942.

Eight specimens were secured, three at Guanajuato, Guanajuato
(Nos. 110663-5), one 10 miles east of Morelia, Michoacin (No.

8 Lectoholotype cotype of Conophis sumichrasti sumichrasti Cope, 1876, p. 137.
19 Cope, 1876, p. 137.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 409

110670), and four at Tacicuaro, Michoacan (Nos. 110666-9). The
internasals are lacking in all. All have 7-7 supralabials, 6-6 infra-
labials, 1-1 preoculars, 2-2 postoculars, and 1-2 temporals; the pos-
terior chin shields are in contact medially in 4, separated in 4; each
of these have a single undivided subcaudal scale; the prefrontals con-
tact the labials on one side of one, on both sides of another. Other
details are given in table 7.

Taste 7.—Variation in Conopsis nasus

ve Sex Ventrals Caudals Loreal Total length Tail length
Mm. Mm

110665 2 131 29 0-0 263 37
110663 a 122 34 1-1 119 19
110664 a 123 37 1-1 273 46
110666 J 127 32 0-0 311 48
110667 J 129 32 0-0 280 43
110668 J 131 385+ 0-0 375+ 55+
110669 J 128 36 0-0 20 44
110670 a 123 35 0-1 275 49

CONSTRICTOR CONSTRICTOR IMPERATOR (Daudin)

Thirty-two specimens were secured, as follows: Curapas: Palenque
(Nos. 111285-6); Acacoyagua (No. 111288); La Esperanza, near
Escuintla (No. 111287). Oaxaca: Cerro Arenal (No. 111289);
Coyul (No. 111293); Salina Cruz (Nos. 111294311); Tehuantepec
(Nos. 111290-2). Veracruz: Matacabresto (Nos. 111280-2) ; Potrero
Viejo (Nos, 111283-4).

The Museum has 23 other Mexican specimens, as follows: Cutapas:
Huehuetin (No. 46477). Conrma: Colima (Nos. 62024, 62074,
63846-8) ; Manzanillo (No, 46608). Gurrrero: Zacatula River, near
Lauria (No. 63851). MicHoacAn: Nesha River, Sierra Madre (No.
62025) ; Chacan River, Sierra Madre (Nos. 62078, 63849-50) ; Plains
of Nuroapa, Huroha Volcano (No. 63852). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec
(Nos. 30420-1). Srvatoa: Sierra de Choix (No. 46503). Sonora
(No. 61956). Veracruz: Mirador (Nos. 6404, 6582) ; Cérdoba (No.
30520) ; Santa Maria (No. 46561). Yucarsn (No. 11380): Chichen
Itza (No. 46394). I have also examined three others from Chichen
Itzi, Yucatan, in the Field Museum of Natural History (Nos.
26990-2).

A total of 41 specimens from all localities represen’ ‘he above
series have been counted, and the number of media oWs was

529454432

410

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

found to vary from 65 to 79. The fact that these specimens repre-
sent practically all extremes of the range of Constrictor in Mexico,

TABLE 8.—Variation in Constrictor constrictor imperator

Museum No.

N

Lap
Ge
Used.

N.

AAAAAAZAAZALZAAYAAAAAAAAAAAAAAZ

N.

ANADDADAADNRMANANESNNNNNNMAMNMNDMMN Mmmm mmm

a
oA aN

HAAS ddddddddddddatdddddddadadddddad:

1 Head on!
2 Analan.
3 Middle of 5

M.

M.
oe VE
Mi:
2M
. M.
. M.
M.
M.
M.
si:
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
ape.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
eM:
Vi
VE.
aM,
ove
M,

.N. M. No. 6404-_--
M.

No. 6582_ ~ =

No.
N. M. No. 30420 !__
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
N. M. No. 111281 1_
.S. N. M. No. 11128223
> Ne MONO... 119283:
.S. N. M. No. 111284.
. 5S. N. M.

No.

11380_-

30421__
46561__
61956_-
63846 __
63851 __
63852 __
111280_
111286_
111287_
111288_
111289_
111290_
111291_
111292_
111293-
111311_
26991__
30520_-_
46394__
46477 __
46503 __
46608 __
62024__
62025 __
62073 __
62074__
63847 __
63848 __
63849 __
63850__

111285_
)
Q*)

sw

Sex

anal divided.

Seale rows

53-69-35
55-69-37
59-79-41
55-? —?
51-75-39
49-65-35
55-75-39
59-79-39
59-75-39
61-79-41
51-66-34
54-69-36
57-67-35
59-69-39
72-39
53-71-37
61-75-39
Dd ahold,
57-73-40
55-71-41
59-75-41
51-73-37
57-75-39
57-69-41
59-73-37
63-79-39
59-75-39
61-75-37
57-75-41
55-69-41
59-75-39
57-77-41
55-69-35
57-71-39

50-67-34
53-67-35
56-74-37
59-75-41
59-73-43

Ventrals

244
249
242

Caudals

Supra-
labials

19-20
20-20
21-?

18-19
19-19
18-21
21-21
21-22
23-2?

20-21
18-?

19-20
18-19
20-21
20-19
20-20
19-21
20-21
20-20
18-18
19-20
22-22
21-22
19-20
21-21
20-21
21-?

20-20
19-89
21-19
19-20
20-22

Infra-
labials

21-22
22-22
24—?

22-22
23-23
22-24
24-25
21-24
23-?

22-?

21-?

22-23
22-23
24-24
25-22
22-24
25-25
23-23
24-23
21-23
23-24
24-25
26-26
23-23
23-24
23-24
22-?

22-23
25-?

23-23
21-23
24-?

21-21
24-24
21-21
23-23
20-21
22-22
23-24
24-24
23-24

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH At].

justifies, I believe, the assumption that Jan’s mexicana (Jan, 1863, p.
23; supposedly with 55 scale rows) either does not occur in Mexico
or else was improperly counted. The low counts given by Andrews
(1937, p. 356) are not correct; he cites them as 56 to 62 in four speci-
mens, but a recheck of three (Nos. 26990-2) of the same specimens
(the fourth could not be found) yielded maximum counts of 73 to
75. Since little has been recorded of the variation in this species,
table 8 is of interest.

It appears that C. ¢. ¢émperator does not reach the large size of its
southern relative, ¢. constrictor. I have never seen a specimen in the
field that would exceed perhaps 7 feet in total length, and the largest
measured specimen is a dried, stretched skin of about 2,420 mm. in
total length (7.9 feet).

The only apparent geographic cor relation of the variation recorded
in Mexican Constrictor is an increase in number of ventral scales on
Maria Madre Island. The three known specimens have counts higher
than any from the rest of Mexico, and accordingly they may be con-
sidered to represent a recognizably different race, which may be called

*CONSTRICTOR CONSTRICTOR SIGMA, new subspecies

Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 46484, collected by Nelson and Goldman
on Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands, May 12, 1897.

Paratypes.—Two, including U.S.N.M. No. 24672, collected with the
preceding, and Calif. Acad. Sci. No. 58681, collected by Joseph R.
Slevin at the type locality on May 21, 1925.

Diagnosis —Like Constrictor constrictor imperator, but ventrals
more numerous, 258 to 259 as compared with the range of 225 to 253
in mainland specimens.

Description of holotype.—Alcoholic skin of an adult female, esti-
mated length about 200 cm., tail and head intact. Scale rows 59-77-
39; ventrals 259; 55 subcaudals, a few near tip probably missing;
five subcaudals divided, others entire; 20-20 supralabials, 23-23
infralabials.

Color as typical of the species, markings rather indistinct. Preoc-
ular dark stripe very short, not so long as eye; postocular dark stripe
very narrow for a short distance behind eye (a little less than length
of eye), then abruptly expanding; lower edge of stripe distinct, upper
poorly defined; lower edge of stripe passes through rictus oris. No
other marks on head, except for two large spots in the infralabial
region on each side. Belly with rather small, black spots, scattered
along edges of ventrals.

Variation.—Nos. 24672 and 58681 have, respectively, 258 and 258
ventrals, 57-77-41 and ?-77-? scale rows, 65 and 66 subcaudals, 22-22
and 19-20 supralabials, 24~-? and 23-24 cnrualebanle! Both are males.

412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Remarks.—For comparison with sigma I have had available not
only the counts given in table 8 for ¢mperator, but also 26 others given
by Allen, 1933, p. 11; Bocourt, 1882, pp. 519-521; Boulenger, 1893, p.
119; Brown, 1893, p. 429; Gaige, 1936, p. 298; Hartweg and Oliver,
1940, p. 19; Oliver, 1937, p. 19; and Ruthven, 1912, pp. 323-324. With
one exception, all these counts are less than 253, my maximum; this
exception is a count of 261 on a specimen from Tehuantepec. This
seems aberrant, since it is 9 higher than the 61 other counts available,
but in any case there is no doubt that at least an average difference
exists between the Tres Marfas specimens and those from the main-
land. Exclusive of the single aberrant count, those from the main-
land vary from 225 (Boulenger) to 253, with an average of 241.6
and an interquartile range of 235 to 249.

CROTALUS ATROX Baird and Girard
Eleven specimens were secured, as follows: Curauanva: 7 miles
west of Carrizal (No. 104614); 4 miles south of Ascencién (No.
104625) ; Rio Santa Maria, near Progreso (Nos. 104619-20, 1046224).
Nuevo Lré6n: 20 km. south of Sabinas Hidalgo (HMS No. 11530).
Tamau.ipas: Hacienda La Clementina, 4 miles west of Forlén (No.
110607) ; 20 to 26 km. south of Nuevo Laredo (Nos. 110608-9).

The Museum has 14 other Mexican specimens, from CuiHuAHvA:
“Chihuahua” (Nos. 14280, 36995); Lake Santa Marfa (Nos. 46475,
46596) ; Santa Cruz (No. 268). Nuxrvo Leén (No. 1802). San Luts
Potosi (No. 46474). Sonora: Camoa (Nos. 46378-9) ; San Bernar-
dino (Nos. 21045-6) ; Colorado River 10 miles south of United States-
Mexican border (Nos. 21824-5). Tamautipas: Soto La Marina (No.
37577).

*CROTALUS BASILISCUS (Cope)

The Museum has three specimens, including the type (No. 53586) ”°
from Colima, one (No. 46468)?! from Yaganiza, San Pablo, Oaxaca,
and one (No. 46467)?1 from Oaxaca, Oaxaca.

CROTALUS DURISSUS DURISSUS Linnaeus

Five specimens are from La Esperanza, Chiapas (near Escuintla)
(Nos. 110613-4) ; Xochicalco, Morelos (No. 110610) ; Las Vacas, 24 km.
from Tequexistlin, Oaxaca (No. 110612) ; Paso del Macho, Veracruz
(No. 110611). The ventrals and caudals of these specimens, in the
above order, are: 172, 32 ( 4); 173, 29 (2); 182, —(?) ; 182, 25 (2);
174,24 (2). In the Oaxaca specimen the neck stripes are only as long
as the head; they are followed after an interval of one scale length by a

»® Cope, 1864, p. 166.
*1 Gloyd, 1940, pp. 142-149, map 10, pl. 16, fig. 1.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 413

short pair of stripes five scales long; after an interval of one (two on
one side) scale length, follows another pair of stripes, these covering
seven scale lengths; posterior to this the markings are blotchlike. In
the other specimens the neck stripes are unbroken for a distance equal
to about three or four times the length of the head. In one the poste-
rior third of the stripes is expanded laterally somewhat, appearing
blotchlike.

The Museum has nine other Mexican specimens, from CamPprcHe:
Apazote (Nos. 46399-46400). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec (No. 30260) ;
Huilotepec (No. 46473). Tasasco: Montecristo (Emiliano Zapata)
(No. 46522). Yucatan: Chichen Itza (No. 46570); “Yucatan” (No.
6557[2]). Locatrry unKNown: No. 12716, “City of Mexico,” cer-
tainly incorrect.

*CROTALUS LEPIDUS KLAUBERI Gloyd

Nine ” specimens of this race are in the Museum, as follows: Cut-
HUAHUA: Lake Santa Maria (Nos, 46597-8); “Chihuahua” (Nos.
36994, 56165). Duranco: Guanacevi (No. 46349). Janisco: Bolanos
(No. 46472). Zacatecas: Berriozabal (No. 46454); Plateado (Nos.
46470-1).

*CROTALUS MOLOSSUS MOLOSSUS Baird and Girard

Four specimens are in the Museum, from Sierra Encarnacién,
Coahuila (No. 46507), Dist. Guerrero, Chihuahua, 2,193 m. (No.
42499), Carbonero Canyon, Sierra del Carmen, Coahuila (No.
103738) ,?* and San Esteban Island (No. 64586) .?#

CROTALUS MOLOSSUS NIGRESCENS Gloyd

Five specimens are from Puente Colorada, Veracruz (No. 110603),
and Tacicuaro, Michoacin (Nos. 110599-602). The scale counts of
these, in the order cited, are: Scale rows 27-25-21, 27-25-19, 27-23-19,
27-25-19; ventrals 171, 171, 165, 175, 166; caudals 25 (¢), 24 (2),
19 (2 ),21( 2,26 (26). Nos. 110600 and 110602, which have the lowest
ventral counts known for nigrescens, are somewhat lighter posteriorly
than the other specimens, and the black tail bands are faintly visible
(4 or 5 in one, 6 or 7 in the other). In the other specimens, including
a smaller nigrescens (No. 110601) from the same locality, the tail is
completely and uniformly black. The specimens in question do not,
however, seem to approach dbaszliseus, in which the tail is considerably
lighter.

2 Gloyd, 1940, pp. 109-112, map 7, pl. 11, fig. 2.
3% Gloyd and Smith, 1942, p. 235.
% Gloyd, 1940, p. 160.

414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

The Museum has eight other specimens, as follows: CummuaHvA:
Guadelupe y Calvo (Nos. 46486-7), Disrrrro Frprrat: Mexico City
(No. 12724) ; Tlalpam (No. 46353). Duranco: El Salto (No. 46485).
Micnoackn: Patzcuaro (No. 46424). San Luis Porosi: Mountains
near Jestis Maria (No. 46425). Zacatecas: Plateado (No, 46469).

CROTALUS POLYSTICTUS (Cope)

Three female specimens are from Tacicuaro, Michoacan (Nos.
1106046). Scale counts of these, in the order numbered, are: Scale
rows ?-27-19, 33-27-21, 29-27-21; ventrals 168, 171, 169; caudals 20,
90, 22; supralabials 14-14, 18-14, 13-14; infralabials 15-15, 14-15,
14-15.

The Museum has nine others, from “Guanajuato” (Nos. 24448, 26152,
46508) ; “Mexico” (No. 29775) ; Valley of Mexico (No. 32170); Pla-
teado, Zacatecas (Nos. 46330-1) ; and Tupataro (Guanajuato? Micho-
acin? Jalisco?) (Nos. 10250, 11863).

CROTALUS SCUTULATUS SCUTULATUS (Kennicott)

Ten specimens, all from the state of Chihuahua, were collected : 10
miles north of Casas Grandes (No. 104609), and Rio Santa Maria,
near Progreso (Nos. 104610-8, 104615-8, 104621).

The Museum has four other Mexican specimens, from “Chihuahua”
(Nos. 14225, 14278); Chihuahua City (No. 46450); and Casas
Grandes, Chihuahua (No. 46378).

CROTALUS SCUTULATUS SALVINI Giinther

Crotalus scutulatus salvini GLoyp, Chicago Acad. Sci. Spec. Publ. 4, pp. 201-202,
map 15, 1940.

One specimen, from San Diego, south of Tehuacin, Puebla (No.
110926). A male, with 21-25-17 scale rows, 164 ventrals, 26 caudals,
13-15 supralabials, and 14-15 infralabials.

The Museum has no others.

*CROTALUS STEJNEGERI Dunn

The Museum has two specimens, the type (No. 46486) and a para-
type (No. 46460) from Plomosas, Sinaloa.”

CROTALUS TRISERIATUS TRISERIATUS (Wagler)

Two specimens (male) are from Tacicuaro, Michoacan (Nos. 110597,
110925). Scale rows 25-23-17, 23-23-17, respectively; ventrals 147,
146; caudals 24, 25; supralabials 11—?; infralabials 12-?, 11-12. Dor-

* Dunn, 1919, p. 213; Gloyd, 1940, pp. 232-233, map 21, pl. 29.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH A15

sal surface very dark, number of blotches indeterminate. Certain
blotches that can be discerned are four scales long and cover about
five rows transversely.

The Museum has two others, from Santa Teresa, Nayarit (No.
46333), and Ameca, Jalisco (No. 46465), referred by Gloyd (1940, p.
87) to this subspecies,

CROTALUS TRISERIATUS ANAHUACUS Gloyd

One male specimen (No. 110598) is from El Limon Totalco, Vera-
cruz. It was found quietly sunning itself in a lava field at about 10
o’clock on the morning of March 1, 1940. The preceding night had
been very cold, and even Zoluca (typically nocturnal snakes) were
found sunning themselves the following day. The elevation was 7,600
feet. Scale rows 21-21-15, ventrals 161, caudals 25, supralabials 9-10,
infralabials 9-9, body spots 40, tail spots 7.

The Museum has no others of the subspecies.

*CROTALUS TRISERIATUS OMILTEMANUS Giinther

A single specimen in the Museum (No. 46343) is from Omilteme,
Guerrero.”®
*CROTALUS TRISERIATUS PRICEI Van Denburgh

The Museum has 18 specimens,” all from the state of Chihuahua:
Dist. Galeana, 15 miles north of Chuichupa, 2,418 m. (Nos. 42865—
72); Rio Piedras Verdes, 6,800 feet. (No. 26594); Dist. Guerrero
(Nos. 40062, 42494-5, 42498) ; Colonia Garcia (Nos. 46327-9; Guade-
lupe y Calvo (No. 46350) ; “Chihuahua” (No. 55858).

*CROTALUS VIRIDIS VIREIDIS (Rafinesque)

The Museum has four specimens,?* No. 264 from Espia, Chihuahua,
and Nos. 61955 and 61957-8 from Sonora.

_ *CROTALUS WILLARDI Meek

The Museum has 10 specimens, from CrrnuAnua: Rio Piedras
Verdes (No. 26593); Dist. Guerrero (Nos. 42496-7); Sierra Madre
(No. 42709); Colonia Garcia (Nos. 46322-6). Zacatecas: Sierra
Madre (No. 46332).

DENDROPHIDION VINITOR Smith
Figure 13
Dendrophidion vinitor SMITH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, pp. 74-76,
1941.

26 Gloyd, 1940, p. 95-96, map 6, pl. 8.
27 Amaral, 1927a, p. 53.
% Amaral, 1929a, p. 89.

A416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

One specimen, the type (No. 110662), was collected at Piedras
Negras, Guatemala.

The Museum has two Mexican specimens, from Teapa, Tabasco
(No. 46589), and “Mexico” (No. 7099).

Dugés (1892, pp. 100-101, pl. 5, colored) describes and illustrates
this species on the basis of a specimen from Motzorongo, Veracruz.
His specimen has 155 ventrals, 120 caudals, and a single anal, and
thus agrees with vinitor.

Ficure 13.—Head scales and pattern of Dendrophidion vinitor Smith, from EHT-HMS
No. 27496, La Gloria, Oaxaca. Twice natural size.

Three other specimens recently examined are EHT-HMS Nos.
27496-8, from La Gloria, Oaxaca (north of Niltepec), collected by
Thomas MacDougall. These are all females, with 163, 160, 154 ven-
trals, respectively; all with a single anal; caudals ?, 117, 113, re-
spectively. The preoculars are 1-1, postoculars 2-2, and temporals
2-2 in all; the fourth, fifth, and sixth labials border the orbit, and
the temporals are separated from the sixth labial in all. All have
the barred pattern typical of the species.

*DIADOPHIS REGALIS LAETUS Jan

The Museum has a single specimen, No. 2067, from Santa Magda-
lena, Sonora.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 417
DIADOPHIS DUGESII Villada

One specimen (No. 109935) was taken 6 miles east of Quiroga,
Michoacin. It was found under a large stone in an open oak woods,
after a heavy shower.

In addition to this specimen, six others in the National Museum have
been examined: Guanajuato (Nos. 11361, 12681) ; Mirador, Veracruz
(No. 31051) ; Mexico (Nos. 12728, 26141-2). The variation in scutella-
tion of these follows: Scale rows 17-15 in two, 17-17 in five; suprala-
bials 7-7 in five, 8-8 in two; infralabials 7-8 in one, 8-8 in five, 8-10 in
one; three postoculars on one side in two, otherwise two preoculars and
two postoculars; temporals 1-2 on one side in two, on both sides in four,
1-1 on one side in two, on both sides in one. Ventrals and caudals in
the order listed above: 178, 56 (4 ) ; 207, 53 (2); 201, 52 (2); 180, 57
(6); 177, 2% (8) 53 179, 57 (8 ) 5 205, 53 (2). The range in ventrals
and caudals of five males now known of the species is 177 to 183, 56 to
57, respectively, in five females, 201 to 207, and 49 to 53, respectively.
In no specimen does the white of the ventral surface extend onto the
first row of dorsal scales.

The maxilla of the Michoacdén specimen has nine subequal teeth,
followed after a long diastema by two much enlarged, ungrooved
(although flanged) teeth, which are distinctly offset from the other
teeth.

This species is very distinct from regalis, differing by having the
white of the ventral surface not encroaching upon the first row of
dorsal scales (does in regalis), a distinctly lower ventral count (more
than 206 in males, more than 220 in females of regalis), usually 17
scale rows posteriorly (rarely 17 in regalts). These differences may
be subspecific, but they are so great that they are here considered
specific. D. regalis has a maxillary dentition exactly like that of the
specimen described of dugesiz.

The proper orthography of the specific name of this species 1s
dugesii, not dougesii as it was spelled in the original description. Two
reasons support this conclusion: (1) The species is named for Dugés;
(2) the spelling is corrected in two places in the same volume. In
the index to that volume, the article is listed “E] Diadophis punctatus,
v. Dugesii.” In the page of “Erratas Notables del Tomo ITI,” the
correction is made in the spelling of the name in the description itself

(“Pagina 226, Dice DOUGESII, Debe Decir DUGESH”).
*DRYADOPHIS MELANOLCMUS MELANOLOMUS (Cope)

The Museum has three specimens, including the type (No. 24985) *°
and two others (Nos. 10302, 24986) from Yucatan.

29 Cope, 1868a, p. 134.

418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93
*DRYADOPHIS MELANOLOMUS SLEVINI (Stuart)

The Museum has six specimens, five from Maria Madre Island
(Nos. 24674-8) and one from Maria Magdalena Island (No. 24679),
in the Tres Marfas Islands. One other specimen has been examined,
from Maria Madre Island (lL. M. Klauber No. 22686). The ventrals
and caudals, respectively, in the order listed, are 188, 110; 185, ?; 183,
2; 188, 2; 184, 111; 182, 2; 185, ?. Slevin (1926, p. 201) gives counts
for six other specimens.

DRYADOPHIS MELANOLOMUS STUARTI, new subspecies

Holotype—vU. S. N. M. No. 110924, collected near Acapulco, Guer-
rero, on September 3, 1939, by Rozella Smith.

Paratypes.—¥our, including EHT-HMS No. 10094, a topotype;
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. No. 80202, Paso del Rio, Colima; Carnegie
Mus. No. 7258, Cualata, Colima; and U.S.N.M. No. 56283, Colima.

Tarte 9.—Variation in Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti

Museum No. Sex Ventrals Caudals
EHTA-HMS No. 1009422. - 22 ? 195 TENS:
CarnegiewNO.: (200.4... =. Soee eee ? 179 117
UEMENEZ INO 80202)" =o 52 208 es eee it 184 115
UesS NEMEINo E1899 225 tee eee eee J 182 116
WESANGIMEENo: W090 Oss tee eee See J [SO eae ae eee
UES NS Mice Nos E0904 22 2s, ew eee ee a LS 0) eee ree ce ace
WeSaNic Mic INO VL1090b 32. = ee ee eee oe 180 118
Use NEM: Now O090(2 = 2 Sa eee oe wes tated a 179 115
USENEME No 09082252. eho ee ee J 180 Lis
U:SANUMs Not E109 24ot are Le eee a LS5) |aep et eee et
WES UNGMe ANO: 56283 322-22 o26 2 bee SE 2 185 118
UeSeNaMiINo.- 11090 TS. 2 eee ae eee 2 USA eos ee
Ur SeNe Me Nos 109022228 222 2 See ee 2 U88> 2352 eS
WESeNE VIS NO: PLOS0S22e. See eee a eee 9 188 113
WSN. ME" Nov PlO90GRe Ss 2 eae ee 2 184 113

1From Taylor, 1940, p. 458.
2From Smith, 1939, p. 317.
8 From Oliver, 1937, p. 19.

Diagnosis —Like D. m. slevini, except markings on chin, gular
region, and anterior part of belly very poorly defined in adults, more
distinct in the young; middle of belly not dark-pigmented; dorsal
scales uniform light olive in adults, practically without evidence of
remnants of the dark juvenile markings.

Description of holotype-—A large male; dorsal color uniform light
olive (bluish shine where scales are shed) ; supralabial region some-
what lighter, but not abruptly differentiated in color from top of

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 419

head; most dorsal scales with a very narrow black border on their
anterodorsal and anteroventral edges. Ventral surface of head with
scattered, irregular, bluish stippling not forming distinct marks;
dorsal ground color extending to “keel” on each edge of ventrals; a
poorly defined light line following the lateroventral “keel”; some
bluish stippling medial to this light line, but middle of belly scales
immaculate. A small, dark spot at the median corner of each sub-
caudal, forming a zigzag series of dots down middle of tail.

Scale rows 17-17-15; ventrals 185; anal divided; tail broken;
supralabials 9-9, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering orbit; infralabials
11-11; preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2; temporals 2-2; body length
855 mm,

Variation —Ten specimens from the mainland have been examined
and are referred to stuarti. They are from Finca Juarez (Nos.
110901-6), Salto de Agua (No. 110900), La Esperanza (No. 110899),
Acacoyagua (No. 110908), and Colonia Soconusco (No. 110907), all
in the vicinity of Escuintla, Chiapas. For reasons noted by Stuart
(1941, p. 95) these cannot be considered paratypes of stuart, although
for the time being they are referred to that race in the absence of
any apparent morphological differences.

The entire series of 15 stuarti show a range of variation in ventral
counts from 179 to 195. The latter count (from literature) may be
in error, as the next highest is 188. Exclusive of this count, the
average for 14 specimens is 182.9. One specimen has 10-10 supra-
labials, another 9-10; the infralabials are 10-10 in one, 10-11 in one;
in one specimen only two labials enter the eye; otherwise the scutel-
lation is much as in the holotype.

Comparisons.—The chief differences between stuarti and slevini
are in pattern. In the latter the dark, checkered, anterior ventral
pattern is extremely prominent in the young; the marks extend pos-
teriorly more than a third the length of the belly. Large adults of
the same race still show very distinct, although somewhat more dif-
fuse, ventral markings, and they retain a fairly distinct black edging
on the dorsal scales. In half-grown specimens, a dark stripe passing
through the eye is still evident, while in adults it may disappear. The
supralabials are mostly white (cream) in subadults but may become
partly suffused with olive in adults. In stwarti the anterior ventral
pattern is lost almost completely in adults and subadults; by this char-
acter all except the young can be distinguished at a glance. The black
edging on the dorsal scales is so faint that it can be distinguished only
by completely exposing the bases of the scales, while in slevind the
marks are evident without spreading the scales. The ocular stripe
is not apparent, and in adults the supralabial region is entirely pig-
mented.

420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

There is a significant difference in number of ventrals, but this
is not one than can certainly be used in identifying specimens. In 18
specimens of sleviné (6 counts from Slevin, 1926, p. 201) the ventrals
vary from 182 to 202, average 189.7, while the average in stuarti is
182.9. In the latter 86 per cent are less than 185, while in slevini 76.9
per cent are 185 or more.

DRYADOPHIS MELANOLOMUS TEHUANAE, new subspecies

Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 110917, from Cerro Guengola, Oaxaca.

Paratypes.—Twenty, including U.S.N.M. Nos. 110909-16, from
Tres Cruces, Oaxaca, and Nos. 110918-23, La Concepcién, Oaxaca;
and U. M. M. Z. Nos. 82546-52, from Tres Cruces, San Pedro, and Mix-
tequilla Mountains, Oaxaca. AI these localities are in the vicinity of
Tehuantepec.

TABLE 10.—Vartation in Dryadophis melanolomus tehuanae

|
|
|

—

|
Museum No. Sex | Ventrals Caudals

192 | 106

|

WMG M22 Nos 25465 aeons oe bes Qiieapl

UWE MZ. Noe 825480. ok oom ace eee 2 189 106
MMI, NOY R254 8 VUE ee © 9 | 187 103
USI, Wodd0009 uust) Uitmeae7)ee @. RE 184 106
WS NIMG No» M0901. 20ja.ts2 Oh on Bar ee 2 184 107
USN. Ma Noe 110913 2 anon 9 188 os ee
BLS NM. No. M094. ee ete oe 2 189 108
BSN Win No nMI0SIG see cece see 9 176 108
TES NE Nor P1091 7/9 2002 OAS IO ee 9 186 107
US NM Nor 110018. eno ani pete eS 9 186 105
USN. MENo, 110919s- cect b-aoce5s dH 9 187 105
USN MC Nov D002. ene Q LO ae ee
ULM MZ. No, 82549. 2s os ieee ee d 182 110
UME MLZ. No, 82550) 2 <2 tet ee he Ueda d 182 110
DVM, 2? No 62551001 0t, SG 20. a a 181 111
WME. MiZiiNoy 8255200.cbvioe la! fortiiat? a 183 110
WN. MNG M0010 26 sehen eee d 188 108
SONI, No AINE 8 a 185 112
USN: Me No. 11000522. ke nate d 181 109
ULSIN. MONE: W070. 2. Senet eee a 174 107
Wes MINS COZ AS: NS a 178 108
WISIN’. (Nowo11092218 Sel. ES ath a 182 106

Diagnosis.—Like D. m. stuarti, except caudals 103 to 112, as opposed
to 113 to 118 of the first.

Description of holotype-—A female with 17-17-15 scale rows, 186
ventrals, 107 caudals, 9-9 supralabials (fourth, fifth, and sixth enter-
ing orbit), 10-10 infralabials, 1-1 preoculars, 2-2 post-oculars, and
2-2 temporals.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 421

Remarks.—Hartweg and Oliver (1940, p. 21) give the counts of
seven specimens with complete tails, and 13 of the series in the Na-
tional Museum also have complete tails. In these 20 specimens the
range of variation is from 103 to 112. Tail counts on 10 stuart2 from
Chiapas, Guerrero, and Colima show a variation of from 118 to 118.
The caudals of Tres Marias Islands specimens (slevinzi) may be as
few as 105, but these are differentiated by another character (anterior
ventral pattern).

DRYADOPHIS MELANOLOMUS VERAECRUCIS Stuart

Four specimens were secured, at Potrero Viejo (Nos. 110895-6) and
Cuautlapan (Nos. 110897-8), Veracruz. All are males, with the fol-
lowing scale counts (in the order given above) : Ventrals 176, 179, 171,
177; caudals 104+, 112, 115, 110; supralabials 9-9, 9-9, 8-9, 9-9; in-
fralabials 11-11, 10-11, 10-11, 10-11; preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2;
temporals 2-2. The two Cuautlapan specimens (both young) differ
trom all other young and subadults by completely lacking light cross-
bars. In their stead are two dorsolateral light lines, one on each side,
running between the fifth and sixth scale rows; these lines are visible
only anteriorly. They are faintly indicated in one of the Potrero
specimens, which also has light cross bands anteriorly.

The Museum has eight other specimens, from Tabasco (Teapa, No.
46592) and Veracruz (Catemaco, Nos. 46478-9; Jalapa, No. 5346;
Mirador, No. 25007; Orizaba (?), No. 30357; San Rafael, Jicaltepec,
No. 82162; Tuxpan, No. 25194).

*DRYMARCHON CORAIS CLEOFAE Brock

The Museum has a single specimen (No. 24683) ®° from Maria Ma-
dre Island, Tres Marias Islands.

DRYMARCHON CORAIS EREBENNUS (Cope)

Drymarchon corais erebennus SmitH, Journ, Washington Acad, Sci., vol. 31,
pp. 478-479, 1941.

Six specimens were collected, at three localities: Hacienda La Clem-
entina, near Forlén, Tamaulipas (Nos. 105307-8, 110866-7) ; 5 km.
south of Chapulhuacin, Hidalgo (No. 110868) ; and Huichihuayan,
San Luis Potosi (No. 110869).

The Museum has three others from Mexico: No. 1859 from Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas; No. 25200 from Tuxpan, Veracruz; and No.
37515 from Sabinas, Coahuila.

80 Smith, 1941r, p. 475.

422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
DRYMARCHON CORAIS MELANOCERCUS Smith

Drymarchon corais melanocercus SmitH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31,
pp. 473-474, 1941.

Four specimens were secured: Nos. 110872-3 at Piedras Negras,
Guatemala; No. 110870 at Tenosique, Tabasco; and No. 110871 at
Palenque, Chiapas. A very large specimen found at Piedras Negras
measured 8 feet 9 inches in total length, in life.

The Museum has four other typical Mexican specimens, from Mex-
ico (No. 1416); Yucatan (No. 6554); Chichen Itza, Yucatan (No.
46393); and Mirador, Veracruz (No. 25093). One specimen (No.
46447), from Metlatoyuca, Puebla, is an intergrade with erebennus;
its color is like that of melanocercus, with which it may be associated.

Two specimens collected at Tonalé, Chiapas (Nos. 110875-6) and
one from near Escuintla (La Esperanza), Chiapas (No. 110874), ap-
pear to be intergrades between rubidus and melanocercus; for geo-
graphic reasons it seems best to associate them with the latter race.
Like them are four others in the Museum: No. 30526 from El Barrio,
No. 46496 from Santa Efigenia; No. 61959 from “Tehuantepec,” Oax-
aca; and No. 46587 from Valley of Comitin, Chiapas. These pre-
sumed intergrades may well be considered eventually as a distinct
race.

DRYMARCHON CORAIS ORIZABENSIS (Dugés)

Drymarchon corais orizabensis SmitH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31,
pp. 477-478, 1941.

A single specimen, No. 110886, is from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz,
collected by Dyfrig McH. Forbes.

The Museum has one other typical specimen, No. 24999, from Mi-
rador, Veracruz. Included in the same series (Nos. 25000-3) are four
specimens that appear to be intergrades between melanocercus and
orizabensis ; I consider that they more closely approach the latter than
the former.

DRYMARCHON CORAIS RUBIDUS Smith

Drymarchon corais rubidus SmiruH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp.
474-476, 1941.

Nine specimens were taken: Oaxaca: Ixtepec (No. 110885) ; Tres
Cruces (No. 110880); Tehuantepec (Nos. 1108814); Cerro Arenal
(Nos. 110878-9). Pursna: San Diego, south of Tehuacin (No.
110977).

The Museum has six other typical specimens: Rosario, Sinaloa (No.
46430, type) ; San Sebastian, Jalisco (No. 46588) ; Colima (Nos. 61948-
9); Acapulco, Guerrero (No. 46538) ; and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (No.
30425). Another specimen, from Maria Madre Island (No. 24683),

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 493

tentatively referred previously to this race, is Drymarchon corais
cleofae Brock.
DRYMARCHON CORAIS UNICOLOR Smith
Drymarchon corais unicolor SmirnH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp.
470-472, 1941.

Two specimens were collected, one near La Esperanza (near Escu-
intla), Chiapas (No. 110865), and one at Colonia Hidalgo, 8 km. north
of La Esperanza (HMS No. 14556).

The Museum has three other Mexican specimens, from “Tehuante-
pec” (No. 30424); Huehuetan, Chiapas (No. 46464); and “Mexico”

(No. 39051).
DRYMOBIUS CHLOROTICUS (Cope)

Two specimens were taken, one on Cerro Ovando, 5,000 feet, Chia-
pas (No. 110824), the other from Finca Juarez, 3,000 feet, Chiapas
(No. 110825). These are, respectively, male and female; ventrals 158,
168; caudals 91+, 125; supralabials 9-9; infralabials 10-11, 10-10;
preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2; temporals 2-2.

The Ovando specimen was found under a small piece of wood, pre-
paring to shed (eyes translucent, nearly opaque). The Juarez spec-
imen was found on the ground beneath bushes.

The hemipenes of the Ovando specimen agree perfectly with the
generic characters of Drymobius as redefined by Stuart (1932, pp.
1-16, pls. 1-5), as does also the number of maxillary teeth (81) of
the same specimen. However, this number is considerably greater
than that given by Boulenger (1894, p. 16), who says the teeth
number no more than 25. The ventral and caudal counts, however,
agree with those of chloroticus (Stuart, 1933, p. 10).

The Museum has one other Mexican specimen, from Tuxtla Volcano,
San Andrés, Veracruz (No. 46404).

DRYMOBIUS MARGARITIFERUS MARGARITIFERUS (Schlegel)

Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus SmitH, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol.
92, p. 393, 1942.

Thirteen specimens were collected, as follows: Veracruz: Cuautla-
pan (Nos. 110828-83) ; Potrero Viejo (Nos. 110826-7) ; Orizaba (No.
110834). Tasasco: Tenosique (No. 110835). Curtapas: San Juanito,
near Palenque (No. 110835); Tonalé (No. 110836). GuatTemaLa:
Piedras Negras, Petén (No. 110838).

The fact that the southernmost specimens, from Tonalé, Piedras
Negras, and Tenosique, have the lowest ventral counts probably has
some significance ; the present series is not sufficiently large to warrant
segregation of two races, however. The scale rows are regularly 17-15,
with the exception of one (No. 110829) with 13 scale rows near the

424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

anus; the preoculars are uniformly 1-1, the postoculars 2-2; the tem-
porals are 2-1 in one, 1-2 in another, and 2-2 in the remainder.

The Piedras Negras specimen contained in its stomach two Lleuthe-
rodactylus rhodopis, one EF. alfredi, two Syrrhopus, and one other
unidentifiable amphibian.

TarLE 11.—Variation in Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus

pod ee

Se | Sex Ventrals Caudals Supralabials | Infralabials catia Oe
SS a ee eae
rresag t: gr kM eaes eee 114 9-9 10-11 4-5-6
110831 | 9 bse eee St 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110836 | 9 PRO ees eee 9-10 10-10 4-5-6
110838 | Q 148 105 9-9 10-11 4-5-6
110827 | a 152 123 9-9 ite 4-5-6
110828 | a 152 131 9-9 {1 tt 45-6
110829} ¢ 150 127 9-9 10-11 4-5-6
110830 | a 158 123 9-9 Lut 4-5-6
110832 | a 155 128 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110833 | J 152 125 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110834 | a 155 120 gtaher ys tac, vere 4-5-6
110835 | J Lae | Aeeeel eet 9-9 10? 4-5-6
110837 | a Agia © tencred 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
|

The Museum has 23 other Mexican specimens, as follows: Cam-
pECHE: Campeche (No. 46454). Curapas: El Salto (No. 46510). San
Luis Potosi (No. 46539). Tasasco (No. 6625). Tamavripas: Alta-
mira (Nos, 46540-1). Veracruz : Catemaco (No. 46480) ; Minatitlan
(No. 64194 [Old no. 5254]); Mirador (Nos. 24996-7) ; Orizaba (Nos.
12119, 65436); San Rafael (No. 32161); Tuxpan (Nos. 95195-9).
Yucarin: Chichen Itz’ (No. 46572); Puerto Morelos (No. 46532).
There are three other specimens from “Mexico” (Nos. 12088, 12099,
16396).

DRYMOBIUS MARGARITIFERUS FISTULOSUS Smith

Drymobius margartiferus fistulosus Smiru, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 92, pp. 882-
383, 1942.

Nineteen specimens, all from the vicinity of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca,
are referred to this race, although they are so faded by long preserva-
tion in formalin that the details of scale pattern are largely obliterated.
The precise localities are: Tehuantepec, Nos. 110839-47, 110859-60 ;
Tres Cruces, No. 110848; Cerro Arenal, Nos. 110849-50; Escurana,
No. 110851; Rincén San Pedro, Nos. 110852-8; La Concepcion, Nos.
110854-5.

The scale rows are uniformly 17-15, the preoculars 1-1, and the
postoculars 2-2; the temporals are 1-2 in one, 2-1 on one side of one,
and 2-2 in the others.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 425

TABLE 12.—Variation in Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus

U Se : Sex Ventrals Caudals Supralabials | Infralabials ee ae ter
110839 J 150 116 9-9 9-9 4-5-6
110840 J TA Nee eee 8-8 9-9 3-4-5
110844 a U5Os | Loe a ee 9-9 10-11 4-5-6
110845 J 150) eee oe ee 9-9 11-11 4-5-6
110846 J 148 117 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110849 a AGIs eee ae 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110850 J AG eee 9-9 11-11 4-5-6
110852 J 150 125 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110854. J 150 142 9-10 11-11 |4/5-5/6-6/7
110860 a 152 TZ. 8-9 11-10 |3/4-4/5-5/6
110841 Q 149 115 9-9 10-10 4—5-6
110842 Q AG yl aupee ate ys a) 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110843 Q 149 eles 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110847 9 TAOS ee ee am 9-9 9-10 4-5-6
110848 Q 150 126 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110851 9 149 125 9-9 10-11 4-5-6
110853 9 152 121 9-9 10-11 4-5-6
110855 9 TO) | ean oer ha 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110859 2 HDL en 9-9 10-10 4—5-6

The Museum has eight other specimens, from Miramar, Nayarit (No.
51480, type), Colima (Nos. 31480-8, 56163), Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (No.
30484), and Puente de Ixtla (No. 46545).

DRYMOBIUS MARGARITIFERUS OCCIDENTALIS Bocourt
Drymobius margaritiferus occidentalis SmMiruy, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 92,
p. 383, 1942.

Seven specimens, all from southern Chiapas near Escuintla, were
collected: Cruz de Piedra (Nos. 110861-2) ; Rancho Las Gradas (No.
110863) ; La Esperanza (Nos. 110856-8, 110864). Table 13 gives varia-
tion in certain characters.

TABLE 13.—Variation in Drymobius margaritiferus occidentalis

erat, Sex Ventrals Caudals Supralabials | Infralabials | eS
110856 2 148 118 9-9 11-11 4—5-6
110857 2 143 123 9-10 11-11 |4/5-5/6—-6/7
110862 ° 145 15 9-9 11-11 4-5-6
110858 x 147 121 9-9 11-11 4-5-6
110861 a WAS Ae eke Ste 9-9 11-11 4—5-6
119863 a 140? 122 9-9 10-10 4-5-6
110864 a JAS? Eee eo ae | 9-9 11-11 4—5-6

426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

The scale rows are uniformly 17-15, the preoculars 1-1, the post-
oculars 2-2, and the anterior temporals 2-2. The ventrals average
somewhat fewer than in fistulosus.

The Museum has no other specimens from Mexico.

*ELAPHE BAIRDI (Yarrow)

The Museum has a single Mexican specimen, No. 103692, from Car-
bonero Canyon, Sierra del Carmen, Coahuila.**

ELAPHE CHLOROSOMA (Giinther)

Three specimens (Nos. 110299-110301) are from Tres Cruces,
Oaxaca. The scale characters of these in the order given are: Scale
rows 27-83-21, 31-37-23, 29-34-23; ventrals 257, 281, 269; caudals
126( 6), 105(2), 99+ (9); supralabials 9-9, 8-9, 8-8; infralabials
11-11, 10-11, 11-12; labials entering eye 4-5(5-6), 4-5 (5-6), 4-5(4-5).
All are adults, lacking spots.

The Museum has one other, from Guanajuato (No. 11354).

ELAPHE FLAVIRUFA FLAVIRUFA (Cope)

Elaphe flavirufa flavirufa SmitH, Copeia, 1941, p. 133.

A single specimen (No. 110302) is from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz,
collected by Dyfrig McH. Forbes. It is a male; scale rows 27-31-21;
ventrals 254; caudals more than 108; supralabials 9-9, fourth, fifth,
and sixth in contact with eye; infralabials 13-14; 38 blotches on body.

The Museum has four others, from Yucatin (No. 6566, type), Ta-
basco (No. 6626), Campeche? (No. 14848), and Mirador, Veracruz
(No. 24998).

ELAPHE FLAVIRUFA MATUDAI Smith

Elaphe flavirufa matudai SmMirH, Copeia, 1941, pp. 1382-134, fig. 1.

One specimen, the type (No. 110303), was found crawling along a
trail at night near Salto de Agua, at 1,200 feet, Cerro Ovando,
Chiapas.

The Museum has no others.

ELAPHE LABTA LAETA (Baird and Girard)

‘Two specimens are in the collection, one from between Lerdo and
La Goma, Durango (No. 105294), the other from 25 km. north of
Monterrey, Nuevo Leén (No. 110484). Scale data on these two, re-
spectively, are: Ventrals 228, 223; caudals 72 ( 2 ), 81 (6); scale rows
25-29-21, 25-27-19; supralabials 8-8, 8-9; infralabials 13—?, 14-14;
labials enter eye, 4-5, 4-5 (5-6) ; dorsal blotches, 48 and 34, on body.

31 Smith, 1938, p. 150.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 427

The Museum has four other Mexican specimens, from Santa Ca-
terina, Nuevo Ledén (No. 2263), and Chihuahua (Nos. 14223, 14253,

14284).
*ELAPHE TRIASPIS (Cope)

Eight specimens are in the Museum, from Chichen Ttz4, Yucatan
(Nos. 46398, 46574-9), and Chilédn, Chiapas (No. 46512).

ENULIUS SUMICHRASTI Bocourt

One specimen (No. 109913) was collected at night along a trail near
La Esperanza, Chiapas. It is a male, with 185 ventrals and the tail
incomplete; infralabials and supralabials 7-7; one postocular, the
upper fused with the parietal.

This is a well-defined species, characterized chiefly by the shape of
the enlarged rostral. The type apparently did not originate west
of Tehuantepec, but probably from the east (the only other definite
record is from Tonalié, Chiapas). ,

The Museum has no others of the species.

ENULIUS UNICOLOR (Fischer)

One specimen (No. 109912) is from Tres Cruces, Oaxaca. It is a
male, with 174 ventrals, 125 caudals, and 7-7 supralabials and infra-
labials.

This species is well differentiated from swmichrasti, which has a
distinctly larger rostral, but in that character it is very similar to
flavitorques, which also has a smaller rostral. The only difference of
any constancy I can find between flavitorques and unicolor is the pres-
ence in the former of a light nuchal collar, its absence in the latter.
All known Mexican specimens are collarless, while the only collar-
less specimen of flavitorques of which I am aware is one in a series of
five from Escuintla, Guatemala (No. 12694). None of this series
shows any tendency toward the characters of swméichrasti in form of
rostral, Eventually it may be possible to show some average differ-
ences between flavitorques and unicolor in scutellation.

Ff. murinus Bocourt (and therefore longicaudatus Cope) is based
upon “Tehuantepec” specimens, which, according to the figure, corre-
spond with the present specimen, and with two secured by Hartweg
and Oliver (1940, p. 23). The species may not occur in the lowlands
about Tehuantepec, but Dr. Hartweg has it from farther east along the
Pacific coast.

The Museum has no others of the species.

428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
*ERYTHROLAMPRUS AESCULAPII (Linnaeus)

One specimen in the Museum (No. 31283) is labeled “Guadalajara,”
Jalisco, without further comment or indication of collector. As there
is no other precise record of this genus in Mexico, and the authority for
the above specimen is unknown, I believe it unwise to accept this record
as valid. It is a male, with 15 scale rows; ventrals 194; caudals 59;
supralabials 7-7; infralabials 9-9; preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2;
temporals 1-2; 16 pairs of black rings on body, 3 on tail. Scales in
red areas black-tipped; red areas covering about 8 scale lengths; pairs
of black rings usually complete about belly ; scales between the rings of
a single pair also black-tipped. Black rings covering 1144-2 scale
lengths laterally, 2-214 dorsally; a whole pair, with its enclosed light
rings, covers 514-6 scale lengths. Belly with but a few flecks of black,
aside from rings. Rings about tail very distinct ventrally. <A large
area on top of head dark; anterior edges of internasals and prefrontals,
anterior and median edges of first and upper secondary temporals,
anterior half of lower secondary temporal, and all except anterior
upper edge of rostral, light cream; a curved, cream line near posterior
edge of parietals; supralabials cream, except for dark posterior edges;
posterior edges of a few anterior infralabials dark. First pair of
black rings (nuchal) barely involving tips of parietals, and the two
partially fused middorsally, thus interrupting the narrow light band
between them.

In spite of the belief that acceptable evidence of the occurrence of
this genus in Mexico is lacking, there are numerous vague references,
summarized in the following synonymy, which refer only to “Mexico?”
records:

Erythrolamprus aesculapii LicutENsTEIN, Nomenclator . .. Berolinensis, p. 30,
1856.—Miitier, Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada und Mexico,
p. 607, 1865.—GiinrHer, Biologia Centralia-Americana, Rept. Batr., p. 166,
1895.—BouLencer, Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, vol. 3,
pp. 200-204, 1896.—AmARAL, Mem. Inst. Butantan, vol. 4, p. 216, 1929.

Erythrolamprus larvatus JAN, Cenni sul Museo Civico di Milano, ed indice siste-
matico dei rettili ed anfibi esposti nel medecimo, p. 48, 1857 (nomen nudum).

Erythrolamprus bizona JAN, Arch. Zool., vol. 2, pp. 104, 105 (part), 1863.

Erythrolamprus aesculapii bizona JAN, Elenco sistematico degli ofidi . . ., p. 55
(part), 1863.

Erythrolamprus venustissimus var, B. JAN, Cenni sul Museo Civico di Milano, ed
indice sistematico dei rettili ed anfibi esposti nel medecimo, p. 48, 1857.

Erythrolamprus venustissimus var. D GUNTHER, Catalogue of the snakes in the

British Museum, pp. 47-48, 1858—GarMAN, Bull. Essex Inst. vol. 16, p. 28,
1884.
Brythrolamprus venustissimus Bocourt, Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans
VAmérique centrale, Rept., livr. 10, pp. 658-660, pl. 38, fig. 4, 1886.
Erythrolamprus guentheri GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 8, p. 154, 1883
(for #. venustissimus var. D of Giinther).

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 429

*FICIMIA OLIVACEA OLIVACEA Gray

Two specimens are in the Museum, including No. 6329 from Orizaba,
Veracruz, and No. 30181 said to be from “Tehuantepec.” The locality
for the latter appears to be erroneous.

*FICIMIA OLIVACEA STRECKERI Taylor

Two specimens (Nos. 25201-2) are in the Museum, from Tuxpan,
Veracruz.
FICIMIA PUBLIA Cope

Ficimia publia SmMirH and TaAyLor, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp.
362-364, 1941.

Four specimens were secured, at Piedras Negras, Guatemala (No.
110295), Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (No. 110297), La Concepciédn, Oaxaca
(about 50 km. west of Tehuantepec) (No. 110298), and La Esperanza,
near Escuintla, Chiapas (No. 110296). The Piedras Negras and La
Esperanza specimens were found at night along trails through forests.

This species has not previously been reported from Pacific slopes
north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, from where it is represented
by M. C. Z. No. 33609 and U. M. M. Z. No. 85713, both from Chilpan-
cingo, Guerrero, collected by W. W. Brown. The former has 34
blotches on the body, the latter 32. The ventrals are 156, 153; caudals
32 (2), 36 (3); supralabials 7-7, 7-7; infralabials 8-8, 7-8; preoc-
wars 1-1; postoculars 2-2; total length 279 mm., 314 mm.; tail 39
mm., 50 mm., respectively. Both specimens have the internasals dis-
tinct. In pattern the specimens are like others of the species.

In spite of the discovery of typical pud/ia in this region, it does not
appear wise to consider ruspator a synonym of it, although if valid two
closely related species would appear to occupy much the same territory.
The number of blotches in the two known ruspator (43 to 45) is much
higher than in any of the 19 publia for which this character is known
(range 25 to 35).

The Museum has two other Mexican specimens, both from “Yucatan”
(Nos. 16427-8).

*FICIMIA VARIEGATA (Giinther)

A single specimen in the Museum is from Guichicovi, Oaxaca (No.
30126) .*4

32 Smith and Taylor, 1941, pp. 366-367, figs. 4, 9, 13.

3 Smith and Taylor, 1941, p. 368, figs. 3, 8, 14.
34 Smith and Taylor, 1941, pp. 365-366.

430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
GEAGRAS REDIMITUS Cope

Twenty-nine specimens were secured (Nos. 109876-902, HMS Nos.
12097, 15722), all from the vicinity of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca.

This curious snake bears no relationship to Geophis, near which it is
allocated by Boulenger. It more nearly resembles J'anéilla, as con-
cluded by Dunn. The maxillary teeth are 12 in number, thickened,
and flattened at the tips; the two rear teeth are distinctly grooved,
distinctly (although not greatly) enlarged, and are preceded by a short
diastema. The hemipenis extends to the suture between the sixth and
seventh caudals; the distal third (corresponding to two caudal
lengths) is covered by calyces, and appears to be capitate; the median
third is covered with nearly straight spines; the proximal third is
spineless, ridged. The sulcus is single, not divided.

TaBLE 14.—Variation in Geagras redimitus

No. Sex Ventrals Caudals No. | Sex Ventrals Caudals
109876 J 119 29 15722 cI 122 31
109877 On 8 sneer ae 29 109901 a 117 29
109878 J 122 28 109902 a 123 29

12097 oJ 124 30 || 109879 2 113 29
109881 Co 123 33 || 109880 2 115 28
109882 J 119 28 109883 2 113 26
109885 J 119 32 109884 2 114 26
109886 J 122 32 109888 2 113 26
109887 a 124 30 109889 2 114 27
109890 J 118 29 109892 2 114 28
109891 J 120 28 109893 Q ale ee
109895 o 121 29 109894 Q 116 29
109896 fot 124 28 109898 9 119 27
109897 J 121 26 109900 2 Jus) "| tee

J 120 29

109899 |

The Museum has one other, the type, from Tehuantepec (No.

30115) .®
*GEOPHIS ANOCULARIS Dunn

A single specimen, the type, is in the Museum, from Totontepec,
Oaxaca (No. 46556) .*

GEOPHIS BLANCHARDI Taylor and Smith

Four specimens (Nos. 109936-9) are from the type locality, 2 miles
southwest of Acultzingo, Veracruz. The ventrals and caudals, re-

35 Cope, 1876, p. 141.
36 Dunn, 1920, pp. 127-128.

SMITH 431

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS

spectively, of these are: 9, 164 ?; 9, 165, 34; ¢, 152, 388; 6, 150,
37. A distinct difference is indicated between the sexes in these
counts. Supralabials 6-6 in all; infralabials 7-7 except in one, which
has 6-7; third and fourth labials entering orbit in all; mental sepa-
rated from chin shields; posterior pair of chin shields slightly smaller
than anterior in one, three-quarters as large in another, two-thirds in
one, and one-half in the other. Belly checkered, the light area about
equal in extent to the black area, or somewhat greater.

These specimens were found under stones on grassy hillsides, at
the summit of the ridge in the Sierra Madre Oriental.

The Museum has no others of the species.

*GEOPHIS CANCELLATUS Smith

Two specimens * are in the Museum, including the type (No. 46440)
from Chicharras, Chiapas, and one paratype (No. 46441), probably
from the same locality.

*GEOPHIS CHALYBEUS (Wagler)

Three specimens, cotypes of Rhabdosoma guttulatum Cope, are in
the Museum, from Mirador, Veracruz (Nos. 25024-5, 30399) .*°

GEOPHIS MUTITORQUES (Cope)

Geophis mutitorques SuirH, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 18, pp. 53-55,
1941.

Six specimens were collected, all at Pan de Olla, Veracruz (near
Teziutlin, Puebla) (Nos. 109940-4, HMS 13074). ‘These have been
discussed elsewhere.

Three specimens from near Zacatlin, Puebla (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Nos. 14218, 15251, 19773) add somewhat to the knowledge of the range
of variation in the species. All are males, with 161, 158, 157 ventrals,
respectively; 41, 34, 40 caudals; 6-6, 5-6, 6-6 supralabials; 7-7 infra-
labials; 0-O preoculars; 1-1 postoculars; 1-2 temporals; posterior
chin shields in contact.

The Museum has no others of the species.

*GEOPHIS NASALIS (Cope)

Two specimens (Nos. 46611, 46613) in the Museum are from Chi-
charras, Chiapas.*®

37 Smith, 1941a, pp. 1-2.
35 Cope, 1885b, p. 885; Smith, 1941a, pp. 3, 6.
89 Smith, 1941a, pp. 4-5.

432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
GEOPHIS OMILTEMANA Giinther

Geophis omiltemana Smiru, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 18, p. 51, 1941
(footnote).

One specimen (No. 109945) is from Omilteme, Guerrero, collected
by E. H. Taylor. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 148; caudals 45; male.
Supralabials 6-6; infralabials indeterminate; third and fourth labials
entering orbit; chin shields separated from mental. Color as de-
scribed for the species.

The Museum has no others of the species.

*GEOPHIS ROSTRALIS (Jan)

Two specimens in the Museum (Nos. 31351-2) are from “Mexico.”
The scale rows are 17, supralabials and infralabials 6-6, in each;
respectively the ventrals are 137, 138, caudals 48 3, 43.

GEOPHIS SEMIDOLIATUS (Duméril and Bibron)

Of this species 349 specimens were collected, of which Nos. 109968-
110294 are from Cuautlapan, Veracruz, and Nos. 109946-67 from
Potrero Viejo, Veracruz. These were invariably found in banana
patches under fallen banana trunks or under débris. They are rarely
found in the dry season but are common after the rains start.

The Museum has 11 other specimens, from Mirador (Nos. 12114,
25026-8), hills west of Veracruz (No. 5315), and Orizaba (No. 12118),
Veracruz; and “Mexico” (Nos. 7294, 12090, 12307, 12485, 12732).

*HETERODON NASICUS NASICUS Baird and Girard
The Museum has a single specimen (No. 61954) from “Sonora.”
£ p
HETERODON NASICUS KENNERLYI Kennicott

Six specimens in the collection are as follows: Progreso, Chihuahua
(No. 104665) ; 17 miles west of Carmen, Chihuahua (No. 105290) ; 13
miles west of San Pedro, Coahuila (Nos. 105296-9).

TABLE 15.—Variation in Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi

U.S.N.M. Suprala- Azygous Accessory

No. Sex Ventrals Caudals Biats Bones Beales Loreals
104665 2 144 al 8-8 1 3 1-1
105290 g 143 3] 8-8 1 3 1-1]
105296 2 142 29 8-8 1 3 1-2
105297 a 134 42 8-8 1 2 1-2
105298 ot Si 41 8-8 ] 4 1-2
105299 J 138 40 8-8 1 2 1-1

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 433

Five other specimens 1n the Museum are like the above: No. 1282(2),
Matamoros, Tamaulipas; No. 17531, Corralitos, Chihuahua; No. 56182,
Chihuahua; and No, 60044, Tlahualilo, Durango. These five have two
to five accessory scales; one has no azygous scale; one has two loreals,
the others one. These specimens and those reported by Dunkle and
Smith (1937, pp. 9-10) outline very well the geographic distribution
of kennerlyi, which occurs in southern New Mexico, western ‘Texas,
and northern Mexico east of western Chihuahua to the exclusion of
other forms.

However, a specimen from “Sonora” (collected by Jenkins and
Evermann, No. 61954) has 3-4 loreals and 16 azygous scales, and
accordingly cannot be considered hennerlyi. I have examined several
similar Arizona specimens. I cannot observe readily definable dif-
ferences between these and typical nastcws, to which I refer them.
The area occupied by them in Sonora and Arizona no doubt borders
the western edge of the range of kennerly?, and it is conceivable that
the southwestern and northern ranges of nasicus are continuous
through northern New Mexico. The southwestern population is most
curiously situated, however, and may perhaps have characters, not
now defined, that will separate it from other n. nasicus.

*HYPSIGLENA OCHRORHYNCHUS OCHRORHYNCHUS Cope

The Museum has a single specimen, No. 14287, from “Chihuahua.”
It is a female with 21-21-15 scale rows, 168 ventrals, 46 caudals, 8-8
supralabials, 10-10 infralabials, 1-1 preoculars (no subpreocular) , 2-2
postoculars, 1-2-3 temporals. The postocular stripe is partially inter-
rupted near the angle of the jaws.

*HYPSIGLENA OCHRORHYNCHUS JANII (Duges)

Four specimens in the Museum are from “Guanajuato” (Nos. 9889,
11369), Tupataro, Michoacan (No. 46513) ,*° and Rio Verde, San Luis
Potosi (No. 46444). These cannot be referred to torqguatus or affinis,
since they show no vestige of a hight nuchal collar. They differ from
typical ochrorhynchus at least in the large size of the nuchal spot,
which covers 9 to 10 scale lengths, while northern specimens of the
species have a considerably shorter nuchal spot or spots (2 to 6 scale

lengths). '
*HYPSIGLENA TORQUATA (Giinther)

Two specimens * in the Museum are from Colima (No. 31385) and
San Blas, Nayarit (No. 51479). The nuchal light collar is well defined
in both.

© Taylor, 1939b, p. 378.
“Taylor, 1939b, pp. 372-373.

A34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
IMANTODES CENCHOA LEUCOMELAS Cope

Imantodes cenchoa leucomelas SmMitTH, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 92, pp. 384-885,
1942.

Fifteen specimens were taken, as follows: Guaremaa: Piedras
Negras (No. 110549). Curapas: La Esperanza (No. 110538), Las
Gradas (Nos. 110540-2), and La Magnolia (No. 110539), all near
Escuintla; Palenque (Nos. 110535-7). Tasasco: Tenosique (No.
110548). Veracruz: Cuautlapan (Nos. 110544-7); Tezonapa (No.
110543).

TasLe 16.—Variation in Imantodes cenchoa jleucomelas

UNM. | sox | Ventral | Cangatsl Sar | Pod trains toutes Mebane
— | — sae
110535 Q 245 175 8-8 1-1 2-2 2-2 4-5 35-31
110536 2 241 156 8-9 1-1 3-3 2-2 | 4/5-5/6 40-31
110537 2 233 149 8-9 1-1 4-4 2-2 | 4/5-5/6 34-23
110538 2 243 144 8-8 2-2 2-3 2-2 4-5 33-23
110539 2 245 146 8-8 1-1 2-3 2-2 4—5 38-19
110541 2 246 148 8-8 2-2 2-2 2-2 3-4-5 34-24
110544 2 233 142 8-8 1-1 2-3 2-2 4-5/4 35-19
110546 2 227 145 8-8 2-2 3-3 2-3 4-5 31-20
110549 ° 235 153 8-8 1-1 2-2 2-2 4-5 34-22
110540 a 250 153 8-8 1-2 3-3 2-2 3-4-5 36-22
110542 Co 203 161 8-8 2-2 2-2 2-2 4-5 35-27
3/4-4/5-
110543 a 243 150 8-9 1-1 2-2 2-2 / A 37-24
110545 a 243 147 8-8 1-2 2-3 2-2 3-4-5 35-26
110547 o 243 155 8-8 1-1 2-3 1-2 3-4-5 34-25
3-4/3-
110548 a 243) | Soa 7-8 1-1 2-2 2-2 ea 32-?

The Museum has five other Mexican specimens: No. 16395, “Mex-
ico”; Nos. 25035-6,2 Mirador, Veracruz (cotypes of leucomelas) ; No.
25037, “Mexican Plateau”; and No. 46388, Otatitlan, Veracruz.

IMANTODES GEMMISTRATUS Cope

Imantodes gemmistratus SmMirH, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 92, pp. 385-386, 1942.

One specimen (No. 110521) is from La Esperanza, near Escuintla,
Chiapas. It was found at night crawling on the ground and contained
an Anolis sericeus. Female, with ventrals indeterminate; caudals 114;
preoculars 1-1; supralabials 8-8, third, fourth, and fifth entering orbit;
anterior temporals 1-1; 61 bands on body.

The Museum has no other Mexican specimens.

42 Cope, 1861, p. 296.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 435

*IMANTODES LATISTRATUS (Cepe)

The Museum has one specimen (one of two cotypes) from Guadala-
Jara, Jalisco (No. 24963),** and three others (Nos. 51481-3) from
Miramar, Nayarit.

IMANTODES SPLENDIDUS LUCIODORSUS Oliver

Imantodes splendidus luciodorsus SmMivH, Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus. vol. 92, p. 388,
1942.

‘T'welve specimens were collected, six at Palma Sola, Veracruz (Nos.
110529-34), and six at Palenque, Chiapas (Nos. 110522-7). All were
found in dead, dry bromelias, during the dry season.

TABLE 17.—Variation in Imantodes splendidus luciodorsus

ge Sex Ventrals | Caudals | Preoculars ata Se Temporals ae
110534 2 218 | 118+ 1-1 9-9 4-5-6 1-1 42
110530 9 224 | 114+ 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 ile
110533 © 225 o\-S5u6 45 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 42
110522 2 219 | 118 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 48
110526 2 205 | 118 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 45
110523 a 215 | 121 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 43
110524 a 216 | 126 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 11 49
110525 a 27 |i, 124 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 I-1 51
110527 Co 217 | 118 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 47
110529 CS 221 | 124 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 2-2 48
110531 a 225_| 12 J-1 8-8 3-4-5 2-2 52
110532 oft 225 | 184 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 I=] 45

The Museum has no other specimens of this race.
IMANTODES SPLENDIDUS OLIVERI Smith

Imantodes splendidus oliveri SmitH, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 92, pp. 388-390,
1942,

A single specimen (No. 110528) was collected, near Tonala, Chiapas.
It was found at night crawling on the ground at the bank of a small
stream, during the dry season.

The Museum has nine other specimens referred to this race: Nos.
12443, 80164-6, 30178-9, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; and Nos. 30386-8,
Juchitan, Oaxaca.

43 Cope, 1887, p. 68.

436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

TaBLe 18.—Variation in Imantodes splendidus oliveri

U ee Sex |Ventrals} Caudals | Preoculars pire pes Temporals| Spots
12443 2 230 125 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 54
30164 Q 229 7 1-1 8-8 4-5 1-1 59
30165 9 229 118 1-1 8-8 4-5 1-1 67
30166 Q 234 123+ 1-1 8-8 4-5 1-1 52
30178 9 227 130 1-1 8-8 3—4-5 1-1 58
30179 Q 226 105+? 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 47
303886 Q 224 117+ 1-1 8-8 4-5 1-1 47
30387 2 222, 130 1-1 8-8 4-5 1-1 59

110528 9 226 121 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 55
30388 2 23 0tl ee eee 1-1 8-8 3-4-5 1-1 60

*IMANTODES TENUISSIMUS Cope

The Museum has two specimens, both from “Yucatan,” including
the type (No. 6563) ** and a topotype (No. 24889).

LAMPROPELTIS ALTERNA (Brown)

Lampropeltis alterna SmiruH, Copeia, 1941, p. 112; Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci.,
vol. 8, pp. 204-206, 1942.

A single specimen (No. 110819) is from near Saltillo, Coahuila.
The Museum has no others of the species.

LAMPROPELTIS GETULUS SPLENDIDA (Baird and Girard)

Three specimens (Nos. 1046624) are from Rio Santa Maria, near
Progreso, Chihuahua. All are females, with 23-23-19 scale rows, 7-7
supralabials, 1-1 preoculars, 2-2 postoculars, and two primary tem-
porals; ventrals 213, 213, 219, and caudals 40, 46, 48, respectively.

The Museum has no other Mexican specimens.

*LAMPROPELTIS GETULUS YUMENSIS Blanchard

A single specimen in the Museum (No. 21720) is from Santo
Domingo, Sonora.*®

*LAMPROPELTIS PYROMELANA (Cope)

A single specimen in the Museum is from Dist. Guerrero, Chihuahua
(No. 40063) .*°

4* Cope, 1867b, pp. 817-318.
45 Blanchard, 1921, p. 74.
4 Blanchard, 1921, p. 235.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 437

*LAMPROPELTIS RUTHVENI Blanchard

A single specimen, the type (No. 46558), is in the Museum, from
eS p 3 ’ Hy
Patzcuaro, Michoacan.** :

*LAMPROPELTIS TRIANGULUM ANNULATA Kennicott

Three specimens are in the Museum, including No. 425 from “Mex-
ico,” No. 1845 from Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, and No. 37535 from
Montemorelos, Nuevo Leén.**

LAMPROPELTIS TRIANGULUM ARCIFERA (Werner)

Lampropeltis triangulum arcifera SmirH, Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci., vol. 8,
pp. 198-199, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1942.

One specimen (No. 110823) is from the city golf links of Orizaba,
Veracruz (presented by friends). It is a male; scale rows 21-21-17;
ventrals 223; caudals 55; supralabials 7-7; infralabials 8-8; preoculars
1-1; postoculars 2-2; temporals 2-3; white bands (including nuchal)
28.

The Museum has three others: One from Orizaba, Veracruz (No.
30222), the others from “Mexico” (Nos. 1854, 32278).

*LAMPROPELTIS TRIANGULUM NELSONI Blanchard

Ten specimens are in the Museum, including: Nos. 314924,
Colima; No. 12680, Guanajuato; No. 46552, Acimbaro, Guanajuato
(type) ; Nos. 24967-8, Guadalajara, Jalisco; No. 31491, Neshpa River,
Sierra Madre, Michoacan; and Nos. 30504-5, “Mexican Plateau.” *

*LAMPROPELTIS TRIANGULUM OLIGOZONA (Bocourt)

Two specimens (Smith, 1942d, pp. 201-202) are in the Museum:
One (No. 46439) is from Huehuetan, Chiapas, and the other (No.
62210) lacks precise locality data (collected by Sumichrast).

LAMPROPELTIS TRIANGULUM POLYZONA Cope

Lampropeltis triangulum polyzona SmirH, Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci., vol. 8,
pp. 200-202, 1942.

Three specimens are in the collection, two from Potrero Viejo,
Veracruz (Nos. 110820-1), and one from Palma Sola, Veracruz (No.
110822). The latter was found in a bromelia; all were collected by
Dyfrig McH. Forbes. Ventrals 230, 221, 229, respectively; caudals

“ Blanchard, 1920, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 2.
4 Blanchard, 1921, p. 164.
*? Blanchard, 1921, p. 158.

438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

58, 60, 50; supralabials 7-7; infralabials 9-9; preoculars 1-1; postoc-
ulars 2-2; temporals 2-38; white bands (including nuchal) 26, 32, 28.

The Museum has 16 others, all (with definite locality) from the
state of Veracruz: Minatitlan, No. 5254; Mirador, Nos. 6370, 25008-12;
Orizaba, Nos. 7103(2), 12121, 61026; Tuxpan, Nos. 25192-8; no local-
ity, Nos. 4506, 11377, 12487.

*LAMPROPELTIS TRIANGULUM SCHMIDTI Stuart

The Museum has a single specimen, No. 24684, from Maria Madre
Island, Tres Marias Islands.°°

TABLE 19.—Variation in Leptodeira annulata polysticta

eee Sex Seale rows Ventrals Caudals Preoculars Body spots
111224 2 21-23-17 206 86 3-3 ol
111229 2 21-23-16 211 82 1-2 59
111231 2 21-23-17 197 84 2-2 54
1112382 2 21-23-15 199 85 2-3 57
111236 Q 21-23-15 207 89 3-3 59
IAS 2 21-23-16 201 79 3-3 61
111242 2 21-23-15 2 oon | eee oe 2-3 61
111247 2 21-23-16 206 84 3-3 62
111249 Q 21-23-14 205 87 3-3 55
111250 Q 21-23-17 205% 4 |e eee 3-3 64
111225 J 21-21-15 202-5 ieee, eee 3-3 54
111226 a 21-23-16 195 97 3-3 54
114227 a 21-23-16 200 97+ 3-3 50
111228 CS 21-23-15 204 93 3-3 58
111230 a 21-23-15 200 98 2-3 61
111233 a 21-23-15 205 91 3-3 54
111234 a 21-23-15 204 74a ose see ee 2-2 57
111235 a 19-23-15 205 92 2-3 54
111238 a 20-22-15 205 96 3-3 59
1112389 a 19-23-14 200 90 3-3 60
111240 a 18-23-15 196 93 3-3 61
111241 on 21-23-16 201 94 3-3 58
111243 a 21-23-16 205 98 2-2 56
111244 J 21-23-15 199 93 1-2 60
111245 a 21-23-15 TOS PF a herent aves ae 3-3 58
111246 a 21-23-15 202 96 2-3 66
111248 J 20-23-15 203 88 3-3 590
P1251 SJ 21-23-16 200 99 2-3 Oe
LV1T252 a 21-23-15 200 97 3-3 59
LET253 o 19-23-15 204 89 3-3 59
111254 Co 21-23-15 200; 22a ae 2-3 50

60 Blanchard, 1921, p. 158.

|
|

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 439

LEPTODEIRA ANNULATA POLYSTICTA Giinther

Thirty-one specimens are from the following localities: Cutapas:
Near Escuintla (Las Nubes, Cerro Ovando, Nos. 111228-30; Salto de
Agua, Cerro Ovando, Nos. 111231-8; La Esperanza, Nos. 111239-41;
Rancho Las Gradas, Nos. 111242-3; La Magnolia, No. 111244; Finca
Juarez, Nos. 111245-54). Gurrrero: Agua del Obispo, No. 111224.
Oaxaca: La Concepcion, No. 111226; Lachiguiri, 7,100 feet, No. 111225.
GuaTeMALA: Piedras Negras, No. 111227. Nearly all were found at
night by means of a lantern. One was climbing a tree trunk (Piedras
Negras) ; two were on top of calladium leaves, searching for frogs and
salamanders (La Esperanza) that were common on the leaves; many
were found in arroyos, where frogs were abundant; and the ten from
Finca Juarez were found climbing about in trees looking for and eating
the eggs of Agalychnis moreletiii. One was found during the day, in
the axil of a calladium (Agua del Obispo). All except one were found
in the dry season, when they congregate about arroyos.

All have 8-8 supralabials and 2-2 postoculars; one has 1-3-4 tem-
porals, another 1-8-4 on one side, and another 1-3-8 on one side, but
except for these the temporals are uniformly 1-2-3. The infralabials
are 10-11 in four, 10-12 in one, 11-11 in three, and 10-10 in the remain-
der. Other data on variation are given in table 19.

The Museum has no others from Mexico.

*LEPTODEIRA ANNULATA SEPTENTRIONALIS (Kennicott)

The Museum has eight specimens,*' two of which (No. 4267) are the
cotypes from Matamoros, Tamaulipas; another specimen (No. 4278)
is from the same locality, and five others (Nos. 25206-7, 25209-11) are
from Tuxpan, Veracruz.

LEPTODEIRA ANNULATA TAYLORI Smith

Leptodeira annulata taylori SMitH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, pp.
115-118, 1941.

A single specimen, a paratype of taylori (No. 111257), was collected.
It was found in a bromelia.

The Museum has 10 other typical specimens: Nos. 30208 (type),
30207, 7088, Orizaba, Veracruz; No. 30508, “Veracruz”; No. 65154, hills
west of Veracruz, Veracruz; and No. 12113 (5), Mirador, Veracruz.
Another specimen, an intergrade with septentrionalis, is No. 25211
from Tuxpan, Veracruz.

*LEPTODEIRA BRESSONI Taylor
A single specimen (No. 46459) in the Museum is from Plomosas,
Sinaloa.”

5%. Taylor, 1989a, pp. 329-331.
'3 Taylor, 1939a, p. 324.

440) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
LEPTODEIRA FRENATA (Cope)

Leptodeira frenata SmirH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 52, pp. 192-195, fig. 8,
1939.

Three specimens (Nos. 111193-4, HMS No. 3771) are from Palma
Sola, Veracruz. They were found in bromelias in the dry season.

This forms shows a great similarity to y. yucatanensis, even to the
paired parietal spots and the fusion of the postocular stripe with the
first dorsal blotch.

The Museum has no others of the species.

LEPTODEIRA MACULATA (Hallowell)

Twenty-six specimens were secured, as follows: Cutapas: Tonala
(Nos. 111216-8). Guerrero: Acapulco (No. 111201); Coyuca (Nos.
111202-8) ; Tierra Colorado (Nos. 111204-5); Agua del Obispo (No.
111206). Oaxaca: Cerro Arenal (No, 111214); Tehuantepec (Nos.
111207-13); Cerro Guengola (No. 111215). San Luis Porosi:
Huichihuayin (Nos. 111219-20). Veracruz: Potrero Viejo (Nos.
111195-7) ; Palma Sola (Nos. 111198-200). Some were found in bro-
melias, others under bark on trees, others at night in arroyos.

One (No. 111208) from Tehuantepec agrees with the dark color
phase described by Taylor (1939a, p. 339, pl. 32, fig. 1). The suprala-
bials are uniformly 8-8; preoculars 1-1 in one, 1-2 in two, 2-3 in one,
and 2-2 in the remainder, postoculars 2-2 in all; and temporals 1-2-3
in all except two, which have four posterior temporals. Other details
of variation are given in table 20.

The Museum has 40 other specimens, all from Mexico except per-
haps the type (No. 7367), which presumably is from Nicaragua. They
are as follows: Cotima: Orolata (No. 56344); Colima (Nos. 31426,
31485-90). Gurrrero: Acapulco (No. 46403); Coyuca (No. 46344).
Jatisco: Guadalajara (No. 24962); Miramar (Nos. 51471-7); San
Blas (No. 51478). Oaxaca: Zanatepec (No. 46498) ; Santa Efigenia
(No. 46497) ; Tehuantepec (Nos. 30306-7, 30480). Srnatoa: Mazatlin
(No. 6836); Rosario (No. 62201). Veracruz: Orizaba (Nos. 6324,
7095) ; hills west of Veracruz (No. 5317); Mirador (Nos. 6378, 25040,
61990-2) ; Tuxpan (No. 25208). Inprrmnire: “Mexico” (Nos. 11378,
16389, 32169) ; “Cape St. Lucas” (No. 11299).

Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 11420, from “Colima” (Gliickert), has the
fewest body spots (17-18) of any recorded in maculata, closely ap-
proaching sm7thi in this respect. Another (No. 11419) with the same
locality data has 21-22 body spots, a number within the previously
known range of the species.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 441

TABLE 20.—Variation in Leptodeira maculata

ee Sex Scale rows Ventrals Caudals Infralabials tk
111195 J 2-??-17 |- 174 67 ?-? 28-14
111196 J 21-23-17 178 68 10-10 27-13
111198 J 21-23-16 175 67 10-10 28-11
111199 ot 21-23-17 173 63 10-10 26-11
111200 a 21-23-17 179 68 10-10 32-14
111205 o 21-23-17 167 75 10-10 27-13
111209 J 21-23-16 174 81 10-10 37-16
111210 oS 21-23-16 173 81 10-10 31-12
A213 J 21-25-17 174 12 10-10 30-14
111214 J 21-25-17 170 74 10-11 35-14
111218 oJ 21-23-16 172 70 10-10 29-15
111197 Q 23-25-17 181 59 10-10 27-10
111201 Q 23-23-17 177 72 10-10 33-12
111202 Q 22-25-17 172 71 9-9 31-15
111203 Q 23-25-17 176 70 10-10 36-15
111204 Q 21-23-17 177 68 10-10 38-15
111206 Q 21-23-17 Ap ea eee 10-10 33-?
111207 2 21-23-17 DNase tars bo 11-11 33-?
111208 Q 21-23-16 174 69 9-10 32-13
111211 Q 21-23-17 179 62 10-10 38-13
ED 9 21-23-17 M72, 67 10-10 29-11
111215 Q 21-23-17 174 62 10-10 48-13
111216 Q 21-23-17 175 62 10-10 35-12
LLIZL7 Q 21-23-17 171 64 10-10 29-13
111219 Q 21-23-17 170 60 10-10 25-8
111220 2 23-25-17 170 55 10-10 24-7

LEPTODEIRA MYSTACINA Cope

Three specimens were secured, one (No. 111221) 3 miles north of
Acapulco, Guerrero (under a fiake on a boulder); one (No. 111222)
from Cerro Arenal, Oaxaca (at night in an arroyo, hunting geckos) ;
and one (No. 111223) on Cerro Guengola, Oaxaca. All have 19-19-
17 scale rows; the ventrals are 193, 194, 193, respectively; caudals
75 (8), 2( 2), 66+( 2); preoculars and postoculars 2-2; temporals
1-2-8; spots on body 11, 11-13, 14-15; spots on tail 6-7 in No. 111228.

The Museum has three others, the types from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca
(Nos. 30339-40),°° and one from Acapulco, Guerrero (No. 46551).

*LEPTCDEIRA PUNCTATA (Peters)

A single specimen, the type of Leptodeira pacifica Cope, is in the
Museum (No. 6833), from Mazatlan, Sinaloa.**

53 Cope, 1869, p. 151.
54 Cope, 1868b, p. 310.

529454—43—_4

442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOI. 93
LEPTODEIRA SMITHI Taylor

Two specimens (Nos. 111255-6) were secured 4 km. north of Ap-
atzingin, Michoacin. They were found at night in an arroyo hunt-
ing frogs (Hyla smithi). These agree in detail with the description
by Taylor. The scale rows are 21-21-17, 21-23-17, respectively;
ventrals 169, 166; caudals 73+( 3), 75 (3); supralabials 8-8; in-
fralabials 10-10; preoculars and postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2-8;
spots on body 18-14, 15; spots on tail 6-7, 6.

The Museum has no others of the species.

* LEPTODEIRA YUCATANENSIS YUCATANENSIS (Cope)

The Museum has three specimens, including the type (No. 24887) *5
from “Yucatan,” and one other specimen (No. 46566) from the same
locality; also No. 46397, Chichen Itza, Yucatan.

LEPTODEIRA YUCATANENSIS MALLEISI Dunn and Stuart

Three specimens (Nos. 111258-60) are from Palenque, Chiapas.
Data on these specimens, respectively, are: Scale rows 21-21-15, 21-
21-15, 21-23-17; ventrals 181, 184, 182; caudals 79 (3), 70 (2),
¢( 2) 3 supralabials 8-8; infralabials 11-11 (or 10-10) in all; preocu-
lars 2-2, 2-2, 1-2; postoculars 2-2, 2-2, 1-1; temporals 1-2-3 in all;
anal divided; total length 627 mm. 567 mm., 414+mm.; tail length
143 mm., 118 mm., 82+-mm.; rhombs on body and tail 30-16, 28-13,
29-13. The dorsal rhombs usually terminate laterally on the first
scale row. The chin is stippled, the edges of the lower labials dark.
Nape stripe is short and fails to reach the first dorsal rhomb by two or
three scales. The temporal stripe from eye to first dorsal rhomb is
completely broken on one side in one, and partially interrupted on
both sides of another.

All were found in bromelias.

The Museum has no others from Mexico.

LEPTOPHIS DIPLOTROPIS DIPLOTROPIS (Ginther)

Three specimens are in the collections, all from the state of Oaxaca:
Escurana (No. 110550); San Pedro Quiechapa (No. 110551); and
La Concepcién (No. 110552). All have 15-11 scale rows, 8-8 supra-
labials, 1-1 preoculars, 2-2 postoculars, and 1-2 temporals; respectively
the ventrals are 178 (2 ),170 (6), 176 ( 8); caudals 145, 187+, 153+.

The Museum has three others, from Acaponeta, Nayarit (No.
46458), and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (Nos. 30175-6).

The ventral counts of 30 mainland Mexican specimens vary from
165 to 181, and the caudal counts of 23 specimens from 126 to 161.

55 Cope, 1866, p. 127.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 443

It is noteworthy that two British Museum specimens, recorded by
Boulenger (1894 p. 111), from the Tres Marias Islands (collected
by A. Forrer) have higher ventral (185, 186) and a higher caudal
(160, 166) count than other specimens. This corresponds with the
differences found between mainland Drymarchon corais rubidus and
the Islands D. m. cleofae; between Constricior c. imperator and C.
c. siema; Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti and D. m. slevini; Lam-
propeltis triangulum blanchardi and L. t. schmidti; Masticophis
flagellum striolatus and M. f. variolosus; and completely restricted to
the Islands, without close mainland relatives, is Hxelencophis nelsoni.
The only snakes known from the Tres Marias Islands that do not
show obvious differences from mainland specimens are Owybelis acu-
minatus, Pelamis platurus, and Agkistrodon bilineatus, a rattlesnake
is said to occur, but its identity is unknown (Stejneger, 15899, p. 71).
Even some of these three, when known from more numerous specimens,
may show differences not now apparent. The race of Leptophis dip-
lotropis from Tres Marias Islands, which lacks a name, is here called—

*LEPTOPHIS DIPLOTRCPIS FORRERI, new subspecies

Type.—Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. specimen m of Boulenger’s Catalogue
of Snakes, vol. 2, p. 111, 1894, from Tres Marias Islands, collected by
A. Forrer.

Paratype.—Specimen n, of the same Catalogue.

Liagnosis —Like Leptophis d. diplotropis, except the ventral scales
more numerous (185 to 186 as opposed to 165 to 181), and the caudal
scales perhaps usually more numerous (160 to 166 as opposed to 126
to 161).

Description of type—An adult male, with ventrals 185; caudals
160; otherwise as typical of the species.

LEPTOPHIS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS Duméril and Bibron

Seven specimens were secured: Cutapas: Aguacate, near Escuintla
(No. 110555) ; Cruz de Piedra, near Escuintla (No. 110556); Tonala
(No. 110554). Tasasco: Tenosique (No. 110553). Veracruz: Mata
de Cafia, 25 miles southeast of Jalapa (No. 110557); San Juan de la
Punta (No. 110558); Potrero Viejo (No. 110559). Scale rows 15-11
in all; supralabials 8-9 in two, 8-8 in others; infralabials 9-10 in
one, 10-10 in one, 12-12 in one, 11-11 in the others; preoculars 2-2 in
one (No. 110555), 1-1 in others; postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2. Re-
spectively the ventrals are 160 (8), 151 (2), 160 (46), 155 (2),
169 (2), 164 (2), 157 (6); caudals 157, 149, 151, ——, 167, 1507,
f52+-,

The Museum has two others, so identified but not checked by me,
from Orizaba, Veracruz (No. 30493), and Altamira, Tamaulipas (No.
46524),

444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

*LEPTOPHIS MEXICANUS YUCATANENSIS Oliver

The Museum has three specimens, from Chichen Itz4, Yucatan (No.
46567), and “Yucatan” (Nos. 24884—-5), all paratypes (Oliver, 1942,
p. 10).

*LEPTOTYPHLOPS DULCIS (Baird and Girard)

Two Mexican specimens are in the Museum, No. 4872 from Mon-
terrey, Nuevo Leon, and No. 46580 from Bagdad, Tamaulipas.

*LEPTOTYPHLOPS HUMILIS DUGESII (Bocourt)

Three specimens are in the Museum, No. 26140 from “Mexico,” No.
49632 from Talpa, Jalisco, and No. 48537 from “Guanajuato.” ©

*LEPTOTYPHLOPS MYOPICA MYCPICA (Garman)

Two specimens are in the Museum, No. 7291 from Monterrey, Nuevo
Leén, and No. 66886 from Panuco, Veracruz.

LEPTOTYPHLOPS PHENOPS PHENOPS (Cope)

Seventeen specimens were collected, from Palma Sola (10 miles east
of San Juan de la Punta), Veracruz (Nos. 110308-11) ; vicinity of
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (Nos. 110312-21, HMS Nos. 18584, 18597) ; Rio
Grande, 12 miles north of Niltepec, Oaxaca (No. 110322).

The Museum has 18 other Mexican specimens, from Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca (Nos. 12444, 300914, 30289-95, 30531-8, 46560), Jalpan, Que-
rétaro (No. 46581), and Coatzacoaleos (Puerto Mexico), Veracruz
(No. 611838).

The Veracruz specimens do not seem distinguishable from the Oax-
aca ones. Most distinctive of all is the one from Jalpan, Querétaro, in
which the pupil is not at all visible, there is no striping whatever, and
the light marks so characteristic of the species, on the tail and head,
are completely lacking. In scale counts it is normal, and until other
specimens are available from the same region it is referred to this
species and race. The Rio Grande specimen approaches the character
of bakewelli in having the rostral elongate and the first dorsal scale
reduced, so that the rostral contacts the supraocular on one side (nar-
rowly separated on the other). On the basis of the latter specimen,
and because of geographic probability, bakewelli is considered a race
of phenops.

The dorsal scales, from rostral to spine, and the subcaudals, re-
spectively, are as follows: 12444, 238, 19; 30091, 243, 19; 30092, 236, 19;
30093, 234, 18; 30094, 248; 2; 30289, 254, 16; 30290, 247, 13; 30291, 237,

56 Klauber, 1940, pp. 129-131.

SMITH 445

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS

16; 30292, 236, 18; 30293, 243, 19; 30294, 244, 18; 30531, 241, 18; 30532,
932, 20; 30533, 240, 16; 46560, 258, 14; 46581, 249, 19; 61183, 252, 22;
110308, 258, 15; 110309, 249, 19; 110310, 241, 19; 110311, 257, 17;
110312, 247, 21; 110313, 252, 13; 110314, 260, 17; 110315, 256, 14; 110316,
241, 19; 110317, 263, 14; 110318, 259, 17; 110319, 260, 16; 110320, 239, 20;
110321, 250, 16; 110322, 249, 13.

LEPTOTYPHLOPS PHENOPS BAKEWELLI Oliver

Three specimens were taken, one (No. 110805) at Chilpancingo,
Guerrero, and two (Nos. 110306-7) at Acahuitzotla, Guerrero. Dorsal
scales from rostral to spine 248, 259, 256, respectively; subcaudals 17,
18, 16, respectively.

The Museum has two others, No. 46340 from La Salada, Michoacan,
and No. 30295 from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. The former has no light
spot on the head, 262 dorsals, and 19 subcaudals; the latter is normally
marked and has 265 dorsals, 18 subcaudals.

LOXOCEMUS BICOLOR Cope

One specimen (No. 110324) is from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. The
scale rows are 31-33-25; ventrals 256; tail broken, female; suprala-
bials 11-11; infralabials 14-14; preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-3.

The Museum has one other, from “Nicaragua” (No. 16131).

LOXOCEMUS SUMICHRASTi Boccurt

One specimen (No. 110323) is from Acapulco, Guerrero. Scale
rows 31-33-25; caudals 43, male; supralabials 11-11; preoculars 1-1;
postoculars 3-3.

The Museum has three others, from Colima (No. 61924) and “Mex-
ico” (Nos. 86639, 89387).

MANOLEPIS NASUTUS (Cope)

Eleven specimens were taken, all in the state of Oaxaca: Tres
Cruces (Nos, 110336-7) ; Cruz de Piedra, 24 km. west of Salina Cruz
(Nos. 110341-2) ; El Limon, 28 km. northwest of Tehuantepec (No.
110343) ; Tehuantepec (Nos. 110338—40) ; Las Pilas, 20 km. southwest
of Tehuantepec (No. 110344) ; between Ingenio Santo Domingo and
San Miguel Chimalapa (Nos. 110345-6).

These specimens uniformly have 19-19-15 scale rows; 8-8 suprala-
bials; 1-2-3 temporals; and 0-0 loreals. The preoculars are 1-1
in all except one, which has 1-2; and the postoculars are 2-2 in all
except two, which have 2-3. Variation in other characters is given
in table 21.

The Museum has nine other specimens, from “Colima” (Nos.
31478-9, 56319) ; Acapulco, Guerrero (No. 46601) ; Magdalena, Jalisco

446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

(No. 67372), San Geronimo (Ixtepec), Oaxaca (No. 46360), and Te-
huantepec (No. 30086-8), Oaxaca.

TasLe 21.—Variation in Manolepis nasutus

pee: Sex Ventrals Caudals ee Oe Sex Ventrals Caudals
110336 roe il ies 110338 2 175 62
110337 a 173 Ot 116340 2 182 67
110339 o LA 76 110341 Q 176 70
110345 Co 165 Ce 110342 ° 175 67
1103846 Co 167 79 110348 Q id 67
110344 2 178 71

*MASTICOPHIS BILINEATUS Jan

Six specimens are in the Museum, from Guaymas, Sonora (No.
15880; Batopilas, Chihuahua (No. 46382); San Juan Capistrano,
Zacatecas (No. 46481) ; Pedro Pablo, Nayarit (No. 46417) ; Guadala-
jara, Jalisco (No. 32212) ; Cuicatlin, Oaxaca (No. 46499) .57

MASTICOPHIS FLAGELLUM TESTACEUS (Say)

Masticophis flagellum flavigularis SmMirn, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31,
p. 397, 1941.

One specimen was collected 15 miles north of Monterrey, Nuevo
Leon (No. 111268).

The Museum has five others, as follows: Pesquerfa Grande (No.
1995) and Santa Caterina (No. 1992), Nuevo Leon; Mier, Tamaulipas
(No. 48091) ; Chijol, San Luis Potosi (No. 46476) ; and San Bernar-
dino Ranch, Sonora (No. 21052).

Ali have 8-8 supralabials, and 2-2 preoculars, postoculars and tem-
porals. Respectively the scale rows are 17-12, ?-?, 17-13, 17-18,
17-12, and 17-13; ventrals 190( 3 ), 2,197, ?( 2), 193, 197; infralabials
10-11, 10-10, 10-10, 10-11, 10-11, 11-11. The tails are incomplete in
all; two have counts of 100+ and 110+.

MASTICOPHIS FLAGELLUM LINEATULUS Smith

Masticophis flagellum lineatulus Smitu, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31,
pp. 394-397, 1941.
Three specimens are from 11 miles north of San Buenaventura, Chi-
huahua (No. 105292, type) and from Progreso, near the Rio Santa
Maria, Chihuahua (Nos. 104675-6).

'7 Smith, 1941n, pp. 389-390.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 447

The Museum has four other specimens from Mexico: No. 1988, Ala-
mo de Parras, Coahuila; Nos. 14279, 14283, Chihuahua; and No. 46355,
Guanacevi, Durango.

* MASTICOPHIS FLAGELLUM PICEUS (Cope)

A single specimen in the Museum, from Mexico, is labeled Altata,
Sinaloa (No. 33570).

MASTICOPHIS FLAGELLUM STRIOLATUS (Mertens)

Masticophis flagellum striolatus SmMiTH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31,
1941, pp. 393-394.

Two specimens were secured, one 10 km. south of Cuernavaca,
Morelos (No. 111277), the other at Coyuca, near Acapulco, Guerrero
(No. 111278).

The Museum has 18 other specimens, as follows: Acaponeta, Nayarit
(No. 46483); Atemajac, Jalisco (No. 46386); Colima (Nos. 32178,
32221-2, 322324, 62027-9, 62031-4) ; Zacatula River, near Lauria,
Guerrero (No. 32344) ; Sierra Madre, Chacan River, Michoacan (No.
62026) ; Hurcha Volcano, plains of Nuruapa, Michoacan (No. 62030).

All specimens have 17-13 scale rows, 2-2 preoculars and postoculars ;
the supralabials are 8-8 except in two (Nos. 32344, 62030), which have
9-9; and the temporals are 2-2 except in eight, which have three
posterior temporals. Other data on variation are given in table 22.

TABLE 22.—Variation in Masticophis flagellum striolatus

wx | sex [Yor] cauaat | Wale || SNM | sox | YOR] conan | Hale
32178 Q Vie Wes Oe ee 10-11 62031 Q 185 101+ | 10-10
S222 Q 190 105+ | 1i-? 62633 Q 189 108+?) 10-i1
32232 Q NO Sp core ee et 10-10 32221 Cuil | ees ee eee
32280 2 192 LO? |S oae 46483 ot. 1183 118+ | 10-11
32234 2 190 110 9-10 62028 co {189 125 10-11
32344 Q 189. 115 10-10 62030 co |189 118 10-10
46386 Q 1194 112 1i-1i1 62032 o {1838 123 10-10
62026 Q {191 113 10-11 62034 oc 1193 99+ | 10-11
62027 2 191 111+?) 10-11 WET e7. co |189 1204- |EzSe =
62029 2 191 96+ | 10-il 111278 oa «1184 117 10-10

Fifteen other counts on mainland specimens of this race are avail-
able in the literature (Boulenger, 1893, pp. 388-389 ; Oliver, 1937, p. 19;
Taylor, 1938, pp. 524-525; Van Denburgh, 1897, p. 463). All counts
available (35) show a total range of from 183 to 195 ventrals, sexed

448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

specimens showing a variation of 184 to 194 in females, 183 to 193 in
males; the single count of 195 is not sexed. These may be
contrasted with 13 counts on specimens from the Tres Marias
Tslands, which show a range from 192 to 197, sexed specimens showing
a variation of from 192 to 197 in males, 195 to 197 in females. Seven
of these counts (including the 197 4 ) are from Boulenger (Joc. cit.)
and may need verification. There is a distinct average difference be-
tween mainland and Tres Marfas Islands specimens in this character,
however; only one female and one male from the mainland overlap
the entire Islands series. Accordingly it appears that the Islands
specimens represent a different race, which may be named—

*MASTICOPHIS FLAGELLUM VARIOLOSUS, new subspecies

Holotype—U. S. N. M. No. 24681, an adult male skin from Maria
Magdalena Island, Tres Marias Islands.

Paratypes.—Twelve, including U. S. N. M. Nos. 24680, 24682, topo-
types; L. M. Klauber Nos. 22650, 22685, 22715, Maria Madre Island;
and seven specimens in British Museum (Natural History) from
“Tres Marfas Islands,” collected by Forrer.

Diagnosis.—As in M. f. striolatus, except ventrals 192 to 197 in
males, 195 to 197 in females; lips not notably mottled in adults.

Description of holotype——Brownish olive above, this color extend-
ing to the “keel” on each side of the belly; belly and tail otherwise
immaculate, yellowish. All dorsal scales with a dark spot at the
posterior apex, smaller on anterior scales, larger and elongate on
median and posterior scales; caudal scales with two or three black
dots at tip, one on each scale pit. Head slightly reddish; sides of
head uniform brownish; lower labial border yellow, not stippled;
median gular region suffused with light brown.

Scale rows 17-17-13; ventrals 195; tail incomplete; supralabials 8-8,
4th and 5th entering orbit; 9-9 infralabials; 2-2 preoculars, post-
oculars and temporals,

Variation—The paratypes are much like the type. The only devia-
tion in scutellation, except in ventral and caudal counts (given in the
accompanying table) is in number of infralabials; two have 9-10,
one has 10—?, and two 10-10.

Remarks.—As stated above, the chief difference between the present
race and striolatus is in ventral count; there also appear to be a dif-
ference in the extent of mottling on the sides of the head; there is none
in variolosus adults, while in striolatus the upper labials are promi-
nently mottled (cf. Ortenburger, 1928, pl. 25).

SMITH 449:

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS

TaBLE 23.—Variation in Masticophis flagellum variolosus

at

Number Sex Ventrals Caudals
rite Siege eS cles Se. JE ee ee 2 eee a 192 125
[Bait VIS see RP 5. Soe ie a 197 128
TASS INCOMING: C400 aes ee fee 8 Se cee od 1G 5s |e ae
Kiauber NOm22000s. 225-526 ese sseecee == a 194 118+
Kiaubear Now 22tloe. 2.2 0b 22 te J 193 125
eS eNwIVES INOS 2468022. oa ee eee ee ee Q 196 106+
WASSNE Mis, INOw 246820 52252 Sane he ae Q 1G ese eee om
KilaiiberuNoOy 22680 20a4 so Pe ees ee eS Q 197 111+
PUES Tei tsem UU SS eee pe a a a ee | Q 195 113
Britey Mists fied eh dese ee to Ee rear tee 9 195 Hee)
Bria buses eee ek ee Se AA ee 2 197 115
Tre eee eee eee ee Q 195 1S
PASS Te tee VT eee eee Q 197 120

MASTICOPHIS MENTOVARIUS MENTOVARIUS (Duméril and Bibron)

Masticophis mentovarius SmitH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp. 888-
389, 1941.

Eighteen specimens were collected : Curapas: 314 miles southwest of
Colonia Soconusco (No. 111269); Tonala (No. 111270). Oaxaca:
Tehuantepec (Nos. 111274-6; HMS Nos. 12082, 12293, 12450-3, 12476,
12761, 12775) ; Cerro de Huamelula (No. 111272) ; Mixtequilla (No.
111271) ; Cerro Arenal (No. 111273, HMS No. 18352).

The Museum has three others, from Juchitén (No. 30231) and
Tehuantepec (Nos. 30422-3), Oaxaca.

Data taken on 11 of this series show a constant scale row count of
17-13, supralabials 7-7 (except in one which has 6-6), preoculars and

TABLE 24.—Variation in Masticophis mentovarius mentovarius

Number Sex Ventrals Caudals Infralabials

SOA 2 ee ee Ne ee en oy See ae 2 197 110+ 10-10
PAIQ6QU Les Ss NAM Yo 9 205 107 id-10
TDD Owfsck 6 its eye poce Q 1 OS vi fees te sset o_ 10-10
EU ones Sates Ahh Ae ia Ey se, 2 1 OQ yr Pe 11-11

30423 Se ee oe eke Be oC 195 1i8 10-10
POTN esa sage a eta eee, J 197 104-++ 10-10
NSLS Dries ee eee ee ee J VEO cs) t? nee 10-10
PED2 FAISAL ve SEES 2 o 194 110 10-10
PIU 2G ols yz is Jas eet ee) pe J 192 105-+ 10-10
AGS. ast ote eee eee J 194 110+ 10-10.

450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

postoculars 2-2; the temporals are 2-2 except on both sides of two
and on one side of two others, which have 2-8. Other data are given
in table 24.

*MASTICOPHIS TAENIATUS TAENIATUS (Hallowell)

A single Mexican specimen (No 46594) in the Museum is from
Lake Santa Maria, Chihuahua.

MASTICOPHIS TAENIATUS AUSTRALIS Smith

Masticophis taeniatus australis SMirH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp.
390-392, 1941.

One specimen was secured, at Tacicuaro, Michoacin (No. 111312).
The Museum has one other, the type (No. 10240), from Guanajuato.

The adults of this race still remain somewhat dubious. A series
of specimens from Alvarez, San Luis Potosi, recently examined, is
of considerable interest (Mus. Comp. Zool. Nos. 19027-31, 19552-8,
24999-25001). There are four juveniles that are identical with the
type series of australis; there is one juvenile typical of ruthvent
(lacking lateral stripe); and one juvenile is about intermediate be-
tween the two color patterns; all are of about the same size. There
are three adulis, all typical ruthveni. Thus one is faced with these
possibilities: Either ruthveni normally has two types of patterns in
the young—some very distinctly striped and some unicolor as in the
adults—or the Alvarez population is an intergrading one between
typical ruthveni of the coast and another plateau race, presumably
«australis. Unfortunately, there are no considerable series of speci-
mens from areas in which ruthveni might be considered typical;
practically all specimens are from southern Texas, where intergrada-
tion with schotti occurs, or from the plateau in San Luis Potosi,
where intergradation with australis may be indicated. Thus it is not
assured that two patterns do not normally occur in the young. Never-
theless, for the present such an assumption—an unusual one—is not
necessary. A more reasonable assumption is that on the plateau the
young are striped (such specimens=australis), while on the coast
they are unicolor and like the adults (=ruthveni); the adults of
both forms are unicolor and practically indistinguishable. Thus the
specimen from Zamora, Michoacan, referred by me (op. cit., p. 893)
to ruthveni seems more properly associated with australis, a disposi-
tion in keeping with geographical facts and in support of the present
theory. While specimens now known are insufficient to assure its
accuracy, they do support the premise that two races of unicolored
adults occur on the plains of the southern part of the plateau and on
the coast from Texas to San Luis Potosi; one (rwthveni) has uni-

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 451

colored young, like the adults, and occurs only on the coastal plain;
the other (australis) has very distinctly striped young, and occurs
only on the plateau; in the eastern part of the plateau intergradation
of the two forms occurs.

M. t. australis accordingly remains an important link in the evolu-
tionary history of ¢aeniatus, linking ruthveni with schotti and girardi.
Retention of the juvenile stripes in the adults led to girardi and
schott?, while loss of them completely, even in juveniles, led to
ruthvent.

MASTICOPHIS TAENIATUS GIRARDI (Stejineger and Barbour)

Masticophis taeniatus girardi SmiruH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31,
p. 393, 1941.

One specimen (No. 105300) was collected on La Cuchilla Mountain,
5 miles south of San Pedro, Coahuila. The Museum has one other
Mexican specimen, from “Chihuahua” (No. 14272).

Respectively, these specimens have 15-11, 15-12 scale rows; 205( 2),
208(2) ventrals; 123+, 259 caudals; 2-2 preoculars and postoculars;
1-2, 2-2 temporals.

MASTICOPHIS TAENIATUS RUTHVENI Ortenburger

Masticophis taeniatus ruthvenit SmirH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31,
pp. 392-398, 1941.

One specimen was secured, 22 km. north of Victoria, Tamaulipas
(No. 111279). The Museum has two* other Mexican specimens,
from Soto La Marina (No. 37546) and 50 miles south of Brownsville,
Tex. (No. 64681), Tamaulipas.

All are males, with 10-10 infralabials, 2-2 preoculars and post-
oculars, and 2-2 temporals (except on one side of one, with 2-3);
respectively the scale rows are 15-12, 15-13, 15-13; ventrals 189, 197,
196; caudals 147+, 146*, ? ; supralabials 8-8, 7-8, 8-8.

*MICRUROIDES EURYXANTHUS (Kennicoit)

Four Mexican specimens are in the Museum, including the type
(No. 1122)® from Sonora; another (No. 1131) bears the same data;
No. 8566 is from Tiburén Island, Sonora; and No. 8850 is from
Chihuahua.

5 Ortenburger, 19238, p. 8.
® Kennicott, 1860, p. 337.

452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

MICRURUS AFFINIS AFFINIS (Jan)

Three specimens were collected, one at Cuautlapan (No. 111325),
one at Potrero Viejo (No. 111826), and another at Metlac (No.
111327), Veracruz. They are apparently typical, with complete black
rings and very narrow, sometimes scarcely distinguishable yellow
rings; the scales in the red areas are black-tipped. None of the sub-
caudals are entire. The anterior infralabials are black; the narrow
yellow head ring passes through the middle of the parietals. The
black rings cover two to three scale lengths. In all the supra-
labials and infralabials are 7-7, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, tem-
porals 1-1-2; respectively the ventrals are 214, 197, 198; caudals
36 (2), 47 (4), 45 (4); black rings on body and tail 12-6, 11-6,
11-5.

The Museum has four other specimens, from Orizaba, Veracruz
(No. 30359) ; Carrizal, Veracruz (No. 46391); Tierra Caliente (No.
7089) ; and “Mexico” (No. 75343).

*MICRURUS AFFINIS ALIENUS (Werner)

Three specimens in the Museum are from “Mexico” (No. ee
and El Barrio, Oaxaca (Nos. 30521-2).

MICRURUS AFFINIS APIATUS (Jan)

Tentatively referred to this subspecies is No. 111324 from Aguacate,
Chiapas. It is a female; scale rows 15-15-15; ventrals 214; caudals
37 (18 entire); supralabials and infralabials 7-7; preoculars 1-1;
postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2-2. Black bands 30 on body, 7 on tail.
Total length 631 mm., tail 64mm. Yellow bands very narrow, one-
half or one-third of a scale wide, not visible on belly; black bands
two or three scales wide on venter; most of the red scales on back
with a black tip; red spaces on belly immaculate; head black to
posterior edge of supraoculars; nuchal band including posterior tips
of parietals and corner of mouth, incomplete ventrally.

The Museum has one other Mexican specimen, from Palenque,
Chiapas (No. 46392).

*“MICRURUS AFFINIS MAYENSIS Schmidt

Five specimens in the Museum are from Yucatin (Nos. 6567,
24890-1, 24892), and Chichen Itza, Yucatin (No. 46562).

*MICRURUS DIASTEMA DIASTEMA (Duméril and Bibron)

A single specimen in the Museum (No. 67374) is from Magdalena,
Jalisco,

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 453
*MICRURUS DIASTEMA DISTANS (Kennicott)

A single specimen (No. 1144) the type, is in the Museum, from
Batosegachic, Chihuahua. ©

MICRURUS DIASTEMA MICHOACANENSIS (Dugés)

A single specimen (No. 111833) was found 4 km. north of Apatzin-
gin, Michoacin. It was captured at night, crawling on the ground
near the bank of a stream. It is a male with 15 scale rows, 208
ventrals, 50 caudals, 7-7 supralabials and infralabials, 1-1 preoculars,
2-2 postoculars, 1-1-2 temporals, 7-3 black rings on body and tail.

The Museum has no others.

*MICRURUS ELEGANS ELEGANS (Jan)

Four specimens in the Museum are from Mirador, Veracruz (Nos.
6367, 25041-3).
MICRURUS EPHIPPIFER (Cope)

Three specimens are from the state of Oaxaca: Tehuantepec (No.
111328); Cerro Arenal (No. 111829); and La Concepcién (No.
111330). The specimen from Cerro Arenal was found at night with
the aid of a lantern, as it crawled in the bottom of a dry arroyo.
All have 15 scale rows, 7-7 supralabials and infralabials, 1-1 preocu-
lars, 2-2 postoculars, and 1-1-2 temporals; the ventrals are 228, 213,
214, respectively; the caudals are 41 (2), 51 (¢), 52 (4), respec-
tively, primary black rings on body and tail 23-5, 18-6, 19-6. The
complete black rings are separated from each other by two yellow
rings enclosing a red ring the dorsal part of which is all black; the
black in the red areas reaches the second or third scale rows.

The Museum has two others—the type (No. 30085) from Tehuan-
tepec and one (No. 46559) from Huilotepec, Oaxaca.

MICRURUS FITZINGERI FITZINGERI (Jan)

Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri BRowN and Smiru, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington,
vol. 55, pp. 63-65, 1942.

One specimen (No. 111334), found crushed in the road between
Kilometers 62 and 63, 12 to 13 km. north of Cuernavaca, Morelos, well
in the pine zone, has previously been described.

The Museum has two others, both from “Guanajuato” (Nos. 10231,
14432).

*MICRURUS FULVIUS TENERE (Baird and Girard)

A single Mexican specimen is in the Museum, from Alta Mira, Ta-
maulipas (No. 46523).

® Kennicott, 1860, p. 338.

454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
*MICRURUS LATICOLLARIS (Peters)

A single specimen in the Museum is from a barranca near Cuerna-
vaca, Morelos (No. 20167).

MICRURUS LATIFASCIATUS Schmidt

One specimen (No. 111323) was taken near La Esperanza, near
Escuintla, Chiapas.
The Museum has no others from Mexico.

MICRURUS NIGROCINCTUS ZUNILENSIS Schmidt

Two specimens, one from La Esperanza (No. 111332), the other
from Salto de Agua, Mount Ovando (No. 111331), both near Escuintla,
Chiapas, are tentatively referred to this subspecies. ‘They differ from
described specimens in having the yellow bands distinct, complete
about body, one and one-half scales wide; black bands on body and
tail fewer, 12+3 or 4; and the prefrontals in contact with the labials
(narrowly separated on one side in one).

The Museum has no others from Mexico.

*MICRURUS NUCBALIS Schmidt

Four specimens in the Museum are from “Tehuantepec,” Oaxaca
(Nos. 30261-3, 32348).

*NATRIX ERYTHROGASTER TRANSVERSA (Hallowell)

Three specimens in the Museum are from Santa Catarina, Nuevo
Leon (No. 1814); San Diego, Nuevo Leén (No. 1819); and Mier,
Tamaulipas (No. 46582).

NATRIX RHOMBIFERA RHOMBIFERA (Hallowell)

One specimen (No. 110511) was found in the Usumacinta River near
the village pier at Emiliano Zapata (Montecristo), Tabasco. It rep-
resents the southernmost record of the genus in this continent and
also presents an interesting problem with regard to its identity.

The specimen is rather typical, with the belly spotted distinctly;
scale rows 27-25-20; ventrals 1388; caudals 82; supralabials 8-8; in-
fralabials 11-11; preoculars 2-2; postoculars 3-38; temporals 1-2-3.
The presence of this form south as well as north of the range of r.
blanchardi explains the specimen mentioned by Clay from La Antigua,
Veracruz, which he referred with question to r. rhombifera, in spite
of the fact that it was separated by several hundred miles from other
records of the race, skipping over the entire range of 7. blanchardi.
While this distribution is not exactly orthodox, I can find no char-

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 455

acters whatever that might serve to distinguish the southern

population.
The Museum has no others from Mexico.

NATRIX RHOMBIFERA BLANCHARDI Clay

One specimen referred to this form is from Huichihuayan, 42 km.
north of Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi (No. 110512). It is typi-
cal, with the belly practically unmarked; it has 25-25-20 scale rows;
ventrals 141; tail broken; supralabials 8-8; infralabials 11-12; pre-
oculars 1-1; postoculars 3-3; one anterior temporal; 22 maxillary
teeth; female.

The Museum has one other specimen (No. 46533, a paratype “*),
from Tlacotalpam, Veracruz.

*NATRIX VALIDA (Kennicott)

The type (No. 1309),°? from Durango, and one specimen (No.
31384) from Colima, are in the Museum.

NINIA DIADEMATA DIADEMATA Baird and Girard

Sixteen specimens are from the following localities: Tequeyutepec,
Veracruz (Nos. 109808-10) ; Cuauilapan, Veracruz (Nos. 109811-22) ;
and Piedras Negras, Guatemala (No. 109807).

Supralabials 5-5 in one, 5-6 in one, 6-6 in 14; infralabials 6-6 in
13, 6-7 in two, 7-7 in one; a small preocular split off corner of pre-
frontal in one; in another a small preccular wedged between labial,
loreal and orbit; prefrontal separated from orbit (by contact of
supraocular and loreal) on one side in one, on both sides in another;
postoculars 1-1 in two, 1-2 in one, 2-2 in 18. Variation in ventral
and caudal counts is given in table 25.

TABLE 25.—Vaviation in Ninia diademata

oe Sex Ventrals Caudals Oe Sex Ventrals Caudals
— | —!
10$811 Q 149 86}; 109810 9 15a: 87
109807 2 136 $6 || 109820 Q 153 &3
109813 2 149 79 109821 2 146 83
109815 2 146 87 109812 a 142 90
109818 © 149 82 109814 J 143 92
109819 2 153 94 109815 a 143 97
i09808 Q 159 88 |; 109817 a | 136 86
109809 2 154 85 109822 oa 145 93

& Clay, 1938, p. 252.
@ Kennicott, 1860, p. 334.

456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

The Tequeyutepee specimens were found under stones after a
short period of rains during the dry season; the Piedras Negras
specimen was found at night along a trail through the forest.

The Museum has 11 other specimens, as follows: Oaxaca: Tehuante-
pec (No. 30342) ; Totontepec (Nos. 20834, 46486). Veracruz: Jalapa
(Nos. 4536-7) ; Mirador (Nos. 25017-8) ; Orizaba (No. 12122) ; hills
west of Veracruz (No. 5316). No Locauiry: “Mexico” (Nos. 14602,
30408).

NINIA SEBAE SEBAE (Duméril and Bibron)

Fifty-four specimens were secured, as follows: Veracruz: Cuautla-
pan (Nos. 109823-58); Tezonapa (Nos. 109870-1); Potrero Viejo
(Nos. 109859-69). Cutapas: Palenque (Nos. 109872-5, HMS No.
8847.) In Veracruz specimens were usually found in piles of debris
in banana patches. The Chiapas specimens were found in the debris

TABLE 26.—Variation in Ninia sebae sebae

ae | * Sex Ventrals Caudals Cee Sex Ventrals Caudals
[High olen | pene eet i

109863 2 144 SL} 109861 St 135 55
109864 9 144 50 109862 J 136 54
109865 Q 142 49 109867 ov TS G5) Sere ee
109866 9 141 45 199870 cs 137 57
109868 Q 141 53 109871 a 132 57

8847 QO. Theat tees 2 48 109823 CS. 139 53
109873 Q 149 45 || 199872 oJ 142 57
109824 2 140 48 109874 CS 140 54
109826 Q 146 46 109875 a 138 58
109827 Q 140 46 109825 a 138 59
109828 2 138 47 109829 a 140 57
109830 2 143 48 109831 a 135 55
109834 2 147 48 109832 J 137 54
109837 Q 146 48 109833 cS 137 53
109839 o 140 48 109835 J 140 53
109840 9 142 50 109836 a 141 55
109844 Q 145 53 169838 Cs 139 54
109846 Q 140 50 109841 a 145 55
109850 2 142 47 109842 ot 140 57
109851 2 38 47 109843 a 137 OL
109869 Q 146 45 109845 co 145 OL
109853 Q 139 40 109847 Jc 4 Dig one ee
109856 9 13 48 109848 cS 137 55
109857 Q 143 50 109849 a 140 57
109858 Q 143 50 109852 a 136 62
109859 ce 138 55 109854 a 134 52
109860 ref: 136 54 109855 a 139 57

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 457

accumulated in the axils of dead palm trees. They would occasionally
flatten the head and fore part of the body when discovered.

Variation in cephalic scutellation of this series is extensive. Supra-
labials 6-7 in one (sixth and seventh fused), 7-8 in four, 7-7 in 48;
infralabials 5-6 in one, 5-7 in one, 6-7 in four, 7-8 in two, 7-7 in
forty-five; postoculars 3-3 in two, 2-3 in two, one or both fused with
supraocular in four, 1-1 in two, 1-2 in two, 2-2 in forty-one; a pre-
subocular (sometimes double, always minute) on one or both sides in
sixteen; a small preocular split off corner of prefrontal in two. Twenty
specimens are uniform red above, with no evidence of black cross bars
(except that following light nuchal collar) ; in four others there are one
or two small black spots on the body; other specimens represent inter-
mediate conditions between this and the strongly barred phase repre-
sented by the majority of the remaining specimens.

The Museum has 11 other specimens, from “Mexico” (No. 56432),
Cérdoba, Veracruz (No. 30239), Mirador, Veracruz (Nos. 25019-23),
and Orizaba, Veracruz (Nos. 63352-8, 12120, 12124).

*NINIA SEBAE MORLEYI Schmidt and Andrews

Five specimens are in the Museum, from “Yucatan” (Nos. 24893-6),
and Chichen Itz4, Yucatdn (No. 46569).

*OPHEODRYS AESTIVUS (Linnzeus)

The Museum has a single Mexican specimen, No. 2445, from Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas.
*OPHECDRYS MAYAE (Gaige)

A single specimen in the Museum is from La Vega, Yucatan (No.

46531).
*OPHEODRYS VERNALIS BLANCHARDI Grobman

Two specimens (No. 484) are labeled “Mexico.” That the form
actually occurs in the country is in doubt.®

OXYBELIS ACUMINATUS (Wied)

Forty-four specimens were secured, as follows: Cutapas: La Esper-
anza, near Escuintla (Nos. 110579-84). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec (Nos.
110576-8; HMS Nos. 11983, 12378, 12716-8, 127624, 161714, 18369,
18552) ; Tres Cruces (Nos. 110574-5; HMS Nos. 12349, 12390, 12438,
12557) ; Portillo Los Nanches, near El Limon, 7 leagues northwest of
Tehuantepec (Nos. 110566-7); Tenango (No. 110568; Mount Guen-

6 Grobman, 1941, p. 14.
529454—43—_5

458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

gola (Nos. 110572-8; HMS Nos. 18038-40, 18042, 18044) ; Escurana
(No. 110569); La Concepcidn (Nos. 110570-1); Rio Grande, 12
miles north of Niltepec (No. 110565). Tamaunipas: Hda. La Clemen-
tina, 4 miles west of Forlén (No. 105306).

The Museum has 15 other Mexican specimens, from the states of
Conima (Manzanillo, No. 46606) ; Guerrero (Acapulco, No. 46461) ;
Nayarir (Maria Madre Island, No. 24673; Tepic, No. 46455) ; Oax-
aca (Choapam, No. 46501; Tehuantepec, Nos. 30482-8, 32347) ; So-
Nora (Guaymas, No. 5318); Tapasco (No. 6627 [2]); Veracruz
(Santa Lucrecia, No. 67375; Tuxpan, No. 25205) ; YucarAn (Chichen
Itza, No. 46565) ; and from “Mexico” (No. 16394).

OXYBELIS FULGIDUS (Daudin)

Six specimens were secured, all from the state of Oaxaca: Tehuan-
tepec (Nos. 110562-3) ; Tres Cruces (Nos. 110560-1, HMS No. 12047) ;
Palmar (No. 110564). Scale rows 17-13; ventrals 202, 202, 204, 203,
204, 214, respectively; caudals 156 (4), 160 (8), 167 (3), 159 (4),
163 (3), 154 ( 2); supralabials 10-10, except on one side of one (11) ;
infralabials 10-10; preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2, except in one
(1-1) ; temporals 1-2.

One of these contains a bird in its stomach.

The Museum has three other Mexican specimens, from Huilotepec,
Oaxaca (No. 46603) ; Tapanatepec, Oaxaca (No. 30417) ; and Chichen
Itza, Yucatan (No. 46573).

PELAMIS PLATURUS (Linnaeus)

One specimen (No. 110414) is from Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. Nine
supralabials, none touching prefrontal or entering orbit; 10 infrala-
bials; scales in 57 rows.

The Museum has 12 other specimens: Cormma: Manzanillo Bay
(Nos. 51464-7). Guerrero: Acapulco (No. 46415). Jarisco: Ban-
deras Bay (Nos. 51468-70, 55911). Nayarrr: Santa Margarita Island,
Tres Marias Island (No. 51078). Srnatoa: Mazatlan (No. 51463) ;
“Sinaloa” (No. 65833).

PITUCPHIS CATENIFER AFFINIS Hallowell

Eleven specimens were secured: Coanuma: 21 miles north of
Saltillo (Nos. 105301-2). Curavanua: 39 miles east of Carmen
(No. 105291); 9 miles west of Carrizal (No. 104678); Rio Santa
Maria, near Progreso (Nos. 104681-6, 110894).

The Museum has seven * other Mexican specimens, six from the
state of Chihuahua (Chihuahua, Nos. 14222, 14293 ; Casas Grandes, No,
46372; Batopilas, No. 46381), and one from “Sonora” (No. 1518).

* Stull, 1940, pp. 134-135.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 459

TasLeE 27.—Variation in Pituophis catenifer affinis

Number Sex Scale rows | Ventrals;Caudals lee ces Er boes P Opto: es
104678 a 29-33-23 223 61 8-8 | 12-12 1-1 3-3 | 44-11
104681 a 27-31-22 221 59 S86 et acane 1-1 3-3 | 49-11
104683 oO 27-31-23 220 56 8-8 | 11-13 1-1 3-3 | 39-10
104685 o 27-31-23 229 Oil 8-8 | 12-12 1-1 3-3 | 49-13
104686 oO 27-31-23 DOO a aes 8-8 | 11-? 1-1 3-4 | 38-?

105291 Co 27-31-23 222 O2F ene 12-? 1-1 38-3 | 52-12
104682 2 27-31-23 229 56 8-8 | 12-13 1-1 3-4 | 44-12
104684 2 29-33-23 237 59 8-8 | 12-13 1-1 4-5 | 51-13
105301 2 27-31-22 226 51 8-9 | 12-138 2-2 4-4 |} 38-11
105302 2 27-31-21 228 53 8-8 | 13-13 1-1 2-3 | 38-9

110894 e 29-31-23 231 Be 8-8 | 138-138 1-1 3-4 | 38-9

All the above specimens have four prefrontals; the fourth supra-
labial only enters the eye in all except two, in which the fifth also
enters the orbit; in four specimens there is an azygous scale.

*PITUOPHIS CATENIFER SAYI (Schlegel)

Eight Mexican ® specimens in the Museum are from San Antonio,
Chihuahua (No. 1519)*; Castanuelos, Coahuila (No, 1539 [2]);
Presidio del Norte, Chihuahua (No. 1542) ; and “Mexico” (Nos, 1415,

29347-9).
PITUOPHIS DEPPEI DEPPEI (Duméril)

Three male specimens come from Tacicuaro, Michoacin (No.
110888) ; Chalco, Mexico (No. 110889); and 30 km. north of Puebla
(No. 110887). Scale counts of these, in order listed, are: scale rows
Di-29-21, 27-29-21, 25-28-21; ventrals 224, 216, 218; caudals 61, ?, 59;
supralabials 8-?, ?-?, 8-?; infralabials 12-?, ?-?, 12-13; spots on
body and tail 88-18, 30—?, 35-13. The two from Michoacan and
Puebla have the posterior spots black (also the anterior), as is typical
of deppei, but the Michoacan specimen (a juvenile measuring 437 mm.
in total length) has all the spots brown, dark-edged. This condition
may be typical of the young, as three other young specimens (Ada
Magdalena, Durango, and “Chihuahua’) have spots of similar nature.

The Museum has 12 other specimens *? from Distrrro FEepErAu:
Mexico City (No. 12731 [2]). Duranco: Ada Magdalena (No. 46365).
Guanagsuato (Nos. 11355, 16442). Jatisco: Atemajac (No. 46385) ;
Guadalajara No. 24969). Micuoackn: Acimbaro (No. 46557).

6 Stull, 1940, p. 114-116.
% Type of Churchillia bellona Baird and Girard, 1852, p. 350.
Stull, 1940, p. 40.

460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Pursia: Atlixco (No. 46433). San Luis Potosi: Jestis Maria (No.
46554). Two final specimens (No. 8321 [2|) bear the data “between
Chihuahua and Mexico.”

PITUOPHIS DEPPEI JANI (Cope)

Pituophis deppei jani SMitH, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser. (in press).

Two very large males (No. 110890-1) were found a few kilometers
north of Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo.

The Museum has one other specimen, the type (No. 1522), from
Buenavista, Coahuila.®

PITUCPHIS DEPPEI LINEATICOLLIS (Cope)

Two specimens were secured. One (No. 110892) is from near
Acultzingo, Veracruz. It is a specimen that had been dragged on
the asphalt pavement by a rope held by men on a truck direct toward
Orizaba, from Tehuacin. The snake had been dragged by the tail,
and apparently from no great distance, since only the belly scales
have been scored, and these only relatively little. In all probability
the snake was killed in the vicinity of Pajaro Verde (near the crest
of the pass) and dragged only from there halfway down the slope to
Acultzingo, before it was cast aside on bushes by the road. It
certainly could have been dragged from no greater distance than
Tehuacin (some 35 km.), else the scales would have been completely
mutilated and impossible to count.

In this specimen the scale rows are 27-29-21; ventrals 231; caudals
67; supralabials 9-?; infralabials 12-?; loreal 1-1; labials entering
eye, fifth and sixth; no azygous scale; spots on body about 33, on tail
12; male.

The second specimen (No. 110893) is a female from San Pedro
Quiechapa, Oaxaca. Scale rows 27-27-21; ventrals 245; caudals 62;
supralabials 8-8, fourth and fifth entering orbit; infralabials 11-12;
preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-3; loreals 1-1; spots on body 29, on
tail 9.

The Oaxaca specimen is perfectly typical, its characters falling well
within the limits of variation shown by Stull (1940, pp. 47-52, fig. 26).
The Veracruz specimen, however, is not typical, and approaches the
characters of deppei deppei. The chief differences between the two
species are:

88 Cope, 1860, p. 369; Stull, 1940, p. 41.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 461
lineaticollis deppei deppet
1. Ventrals 286 to 249 1. Ventrals 211 to 235
2. Dorsal scales between the blotches 2. Dorsal scales between the blotches
unmarked (and many of those involved by
blotches) with a dark, median,
longitudinal streak
3. Neck stripes 3. No neck stripes
4. Blotches conspicuously light-centercd, 4. Blotches sclid black anteriorly and
anteriorly as well as posteriorly, posteriorly, light-centered medially,
dark borders well defined and dark borders incomplete when
broad present (medially)

The Acultzingo specimen has 231 ventrals, as in d. deppez, and the
dorsal scales have longitudinal dark streaks, giving much the general
appearance of d. deppei. In these two characters it is unquestionably
referable to the latter race. In the more important characters of the
neck stripes and light-centered dark-edged blotches, however, it is
unquestionably referable to dineaticollis. In view of the fact that
the specimen probably comes from an area between the known
peripheral range of léneaticollis, and the known central plateau range
of d. deppei, intergradation between these two is very strongly indi-
cated. It is possible that a race distinct from either lineaticollis or
deppei deppei is represented, but if so, it still would occupy a position
linking deppet and lineaticollis. The latter possibility is not very
great, since typical deppei is known from the Tehuacaén desert basin
(Cacaloapam, Puebla; see Taylor, 1940, p. 463) as well as from Jalapa,
Veracruz (type locality).

The Museum has four other specimens,®® from Guerrero (Acahui-
zotla, No. 46537; Omilteme, No. 46462) and unknown localities (Nos.
30506, 32220).

*PLIOCERCUS BICOLOR Smith

A single specimen, the type, is in the Museum, from Tuxpan,
Veracruz (No. 25203) .7°

PLIOCERCUS ELAPOIDES ELAPOIDES Cope

Pliocercus elapoides elapoides SmitH, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, pp.
119-120, 1941.

Four specimens were collected, at Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (No.
110063), and Cuautlapan, Veracruz (Nos. 1107646). The Museum
has six others, from Orizaba (Nos. 4383, 63823, 12125) and Mirador
(Nos. 6368, 25029-80), Veracruz; and in addition an intergrade be-
tween this and dzastemus, from an unknown locality, possibly Santa
Efigenia, Oaxaca (No. 62088).

6 Stull, 1940, p. 51.
70 Smith, 1941p, pp. 123-124.

462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
PLIOCERCUS ELAPOIDES DIASTEMUS (Bocourt)

Pliocercus elapoides diastemus SmrrH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, pp.
120-121, 1941.

Seven specimens, from various localities near Escuintla, Chiapas,
were secured: Cerro Ovando, 6,500 feet (No. 110768) ; La Esperanza
(Nos. 110772-8, HMS No. 17148) ; Cruz de Piedra (Nos. 110770-1) ;
and Rancho Las Gradas (No. 110769). Those I observed in the field
were crawling about during the day.

The Museum has two others, from Chicharras, Chiapas (Nos.
46437-8).

PLIOCERCUS ELAPOIDES LATICOLLARIS Smith

Pliocercus elapoides laticollaris SmirH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54,
pp. 122-123, 1941; vol. 55, pp. 159-160, 162, 164, 1942.
One specimen, the type (No. 110767), is from Tenosique, Tabasco.
The Museum has no other specimens.

*PSEUDOFICIMIA FRONTALIS (Cope)

Three specimens are in the Museum, one from Guadalajara,
Jalisco (No. 24961), and two (cotypes) from “Colima” (Nos.
31424-5).7

*PSEUDOLEPTODEIRA LATIFASCIATA (Giinther)

A single specimen (No. 46550) is in the Museum, from Piaxtla,
Puebla.

PSEUSTES POECILONOTUS ARGUS (Bocourt)

Five specimens were collected, one (No. 110516) from near
Palenque, Chiapas, the others (Nos. 110517-20) from Piedras Negras,
Guatemala.

Two of these are young, No. 110519 measuring 822 mm. in total
length (tail 224 mm.), the other dried and broken; both have the
pattern of Junulatus and in this feature do not resemble adult argus
in the least. This type of pattern, however, seems to be typical of
young poeécilonotus, as it occurs in p. poecilonotus as well as in p.
argus, and is closely matched in the young of p. shrepshirei. A sub-
adult of p. argus from Santo Domingo, Oaxaca (No. 46502) gives
evidence of the transition from the juvenile dunulatus type of pattern
to the adult argus pattern.

The Museum has three other Mexican specimens, from Mirador,
Veracruz (No. 6373, locality open to question, as the catalog is blank;
this data given by a label in jar); mountains near Santo Domingo,
Oaxaca (No. 46502) ; “Tierra Caliente” (No. 7096). The last specimen

™ Taylor and Smith, 1942a, pp. 243-246.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 463

is identified as p. poecilonotus by Amaral (1929, p. 312), but this form
occurs in Mexico only in the Yucatén Peninsula, from which the
specimen probably did not originate. It is a juvenile, with the Zunu-
latus pattern; present specimens show that this pattern is not confined
to p. poecilonotus as previously thought. In fact, the young of p.
argus and p. poecilonotus are practically inseparable.

TABLE 28.—Variation in Pseustes poecilonotus argus

U.S.N.M. No. Sex Scale rows Ventrals Caudals | Infralabials Max. teeth

110516___- J 21-23-15 207 135 12-12 20
ILO5T 7 22 co 23-23-15 208 134 13-13 21
PLIOSL8= 2 = a 21-23-15 208 129 1=13: jee oases
POSSE a= Cr 21-23-15 209 135 13-14 22
110520_ 2 =. Q 22-24-15 215 128 14-? 19

RHADINAEA AEMULA Bailey

One specimen (No. 110378) is from Kilometer 58, near Tres Cum-
bres, Morelos, collected by E. H. Taylor and H. M. Smith. It is a
female, with 169 ventrals, 106 caudals, 8-8 supralabials, 10-10 infra-
labials, a presubocular present.

The Museum has no others.

RHADINAEA CRASSA Smith
PLATE 32, FIGURE 1.

Rhadinaea crassa SmirH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 55, pp. 190-191, pl. 3,
figs. 4, 5, 1942.

One specimen, a paratype (No. 110366), is from Barranca de los
Horcones, 10 km. south of Durango, Hidalgo. It is a badly crushed
specimen found in the road.

The Museum has no others.

RHADINAEZA DECORATA (Giiniher)

PLATE 32, FIGURE 8.

Sixteen specimens are from the following localities in Veracruz:
Pefuela (Nos. 110362-3). Cuautlapan (Nos. 110354-61); Potrero
Viejo (Nos. 110348-53). One of the specimens from Penuela con-
tained a Bolitoglossa rufescens in its stomach.

The infralabials are 9-9 in one; one preocular on both sides in one,
on one side in another; three preoculars on one side in one. Variation
in caudal and ventral counts is given on the accompanying table.

464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

TaBLE 29.—Variation in Rhadinaea decorata

Be Sex Ventrals Caudals pros Sex Ventrals Caudals
110350 2 124 111 110359 ° 124 107
110356 | Q 127 109 110353 Q 129 I
110363 Q 128 104 110355 Q TDR | Toke ose Be
110357 ° 23> |S eee 110351 a 123 119
110358 Q 125 102 110354 J 124 121
110349 9 126 100 | 110248 a LUG) |nbe eee
1103861 Q 2 9os -=aeee | 110352 a ee
110360 | Q 134 12 | 110362 o | IPA | $22

; |

The Museum has six other specimens from Mexico—two from
“Mexico” (Nos. 12096, 30409), three from near Santo Domingo,
Oaxaca (Nos, 46361-3), and one from Ocuilapa, Chiapas (No. 46527).

RHADINAEA FORBESI Smith

Riadinaea forbvesi SmitH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 55, pp. 188-189, pl. 3,
fig. 3, 1942.

The type series of three specimens, from Tequeyutepec, Veracruz
(Nos. 110364-5, HMS No. 18211), are in the collection. They were
found under stones in a grassy area in the mountains, after a spell of
rain in the dry season.

The Museum has one other (No. 29124) from an unknown locality.

RHADINAEA FULVIVITTIS Cope
PLATE 32, FIGURE 2

A single specimen (No. 110347) is from Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca,
collected by E. H. Taylor. It is a male, with 159 ventrals, 98 caudals,
8-8 supralabials, 10-10 infralabials, and presubocular present.

The Museum has three ” other specimens, two from Orizaba (Nos.
7075, the type, and no. 6333), and one (No. 46484) from Mount
Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca.

*RHADINAEA HESPERIA HESPERIOIDES Smith

Three specimens 7 are in the Museum, from “Guanajuato” (No.
15430), Magdalena, Jalisco (No. 67373), and Plomosos, Sinaloa (No.
46456). As noted elsewhere (Smith, doc. cit.) the locality for the
first specimen is probably erroneous.

72 Bailey, 1940, p. 11.
*8 Smith, 1942h, pp. 186-187, pl. 3, fig. 1.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLE-.93) ) PEATE, 32

2

3 t

1, Rhadinaea crassa, EHT-HMS No. 5526, from Durango, Hidalgo.

2, Rhadinaea fulvivittis, EHT-HMS No. 5524, from Cerro de San Felipe, Oaxaca, Oaxaca.
3, Rhadinaea decorata, EHT-HMS No. 55

4+, Rhadinaea laureata, EHT-HMS No. 55

30, from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz.
27, from Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 465

*RHADINAEA HESPERIA HESPERIA Bailey

Two specimens are in the Museum, from “Guanajuato” (No. 15429)
and Cuernavaca, Morelos (No. 20166).

RHADINAEA LACHRYMANS (Cope)

Four specimens (Nos. 110367-9, HMS No. 14789), all females,
were secured on Mount Ovando, Chiapas, at elevations between 5,200
and 6,500 feet. All were found under or in rotten logs. There is
but one preocular in all; ventrals and caudals, respectively, in the
order listed: 175 and 71; 172 and 78; 170 and 72; 168 and 76.

The Museum has no others of the species.

RHADINAEA LAUREATA (Giinther)

PLATE 32, FIGURE 4

Three specimens (Nos. 110370-2) are from a locality 5 miles south
of Carapa, Michoacan. All were found under logs. One specimen
contained a Sceloporus scalaris. The scutellation of the head is nor-
mal; ventrals and caudals, respectively, in the order listed, ¢ 159 and
90; 8 157 and 92; @ 164and 79.

The Museum has no others of the species.

RHADINAEA OMILTEMANA (Giinther)

One specimen, a topotype, collected by E. H. Taylor (No. 110374),
is from Omilteme, Guerrero. It is a male, with 151 ventrals, 87
caudals, 8-8 supralabials, 10-10 infralabials, 2 pre- and 2 post-oculars,
temporals 1-2-8. Color as described and figured by Bailey (1940,
pp. 13-14, pl. 2, fig. 2).

The Museum has no others of the species.

*RHADINAEA QUINQUELINEATA Cope

A single specimen, the type, is in the Museum, from Tezuitlain,
Puebla (No. 31350) ."4

RHADINELLA SCHISTOSA Smith

Rhadinella schistosa SMiTH, Copeia, 1941, pp. 7-10, fig, 1.

A single specimen, a paratype (No. 109914), is from Cuautlapan,
Veracruz.

This genus shows a relationship with 7rmetopon as well as with
Rhadinaea and Diadophis. From the former it differs in having more
numerous maxillary teeth, and thus a longer maxillary bone. The

74 Cope, 1886, p. 277; Smith, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser. (in press).

466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

teeth in Rhadinella number 16 and 17, while in two Trimetopon ex-
amined they are 11 to 13. Rhadinaea has 16 to 22 teeth in Mexico;
thus Rhadinella would appear closer to that genus in this character.
Another difference is the character of the hemipenial spines, which
are perfectly straight in Rhadinella, hooked in both 7rimetopon and
Rhadinaea. Finally, the tail is extremely short in Rhadinella, with
492 or fewer caudals, while in 7’rimetopon and Rhadinaea the subcau-
dals are 58 or more.
The Museum has no others of the species.

*RHINOCHEILUS ANTONIE ANTONITI Dugés

A single specimen in the Museum is from Culiacan, Sinaloa (No.
46370).

SALVADORA BAIRDI Jan

Ten specimens were secured, from the following localities: GuaNna-
guato: Acdmbaro (No. 109244). Micuoackn: Tacicuaro (Nos.
109236-42). Purpsia: 20 km. south of Puebla (No. 109235). Vura-
cruz: El Limon (No. 109248).

On two occasions specimens were startled in brush, whereupon
they raced away with considerable noise, stopping abruptly a few
yards away. In both cases the snakes stopped within gunshot, and
in spots where they could be seen without change in my own position.

In eight specimens examined, the maxillary teeth are 9-8, with the
exception of No. 109240, in which they are 10-3. The posterior chin
shields are closely approximated, usually in partial contact. In one
specimen the preocular is single, and in another there are three post-

TABLE 30.— Variation in Salvadora bairdii

Row reduction

ae M. Sex Ventrals | Caudals cone ee ———
17-15 15-13

109242 2 200 99 8-8 11-11 120-117 142-138
109238 Q 20 iy ee ss 8-8 10-10 125-123 127-126
109235 2 188 87 8-8 10-10 111-112 121-123
109244 2 200 103 8-8 10-10 116-? 144-140
109236 a 193 103 8-8 10-? 115-? ?-?

109240 a 194 eee Se 8-8 10-10 124-124 135-138
109241 J 195 87 8-8 10-10 121-120 143-143
109237 J LOG ae ee ee 8-8 10-? 127-127 145-141
109239 a 195 101 8-8 9-9 109-108 124-125
109243 a 198 101 8-8 9-9 110-108 156-155

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 467

oculars; in all others the preoculars and postoculars are 2-2. Loreal
single in all; antepenultimate labial in contact with postoculars in
all; and anterior section of nasal separated from second supralabial
in all. Supraanal keels are present in adult males.

The National Museum has five other specimens, from Orizaba,
Veracruz (No. 30495); San Cristébal, Jalisco (No. 46419) ; Guana-
juato (No. 9883) ; “between Mexico City and Chihuahua” (No. 8325) ;
and “Jalisco” (No. 56576).

*SALVADORA BOGERTI Smith

A single specimen, the type, is in the Museum, from Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca (No. 30296) .”°

*SALVADORA GRAHAMIAE Baird and Girard

Two specimens from Mexico are in the Museum, from Presidio del
Norte, Chihuahua (No. 2080), and from “Sonora” (the type, No.
2081) 7°

#SALVADORA HEXALEPIS HEXALEPIS (Cope)

Two specimens from Mexico are in the Museum, from “Sonora” (No.

2082) and Sierra Blanca, Sonora (No. 43187).

*SALVADORA HEXALEPIS CELERIS Smith

A single specimen, the type (No. 40043), is in the Museum, from
San Blas, Sinaloa.”

SALVADORA HEXALEPIS DESERTICOLA Schmidt

Six specimens were collected, all near the Rio Santa Marfa, near
Progreso, Chihuahua (Nos. 104668-73).

Preoculars 1-2 in one, and 2-2 in the remainder; postoculars 2-2 in
all; loreal single in all; anterior section of nasal contacts second labial
in all; antepenultimate supralabial contacts postoculars in all.

The Museum has eight others from Mexico, all from the state of
Chihuahua: “Chihuahua” (Nos. 14255, 14295) ; Lake Santa Maria (No.
46593) ; Batopilas (No. 46505); Balleza (No. 46504); Casas Grandes
(Nos. 46375-6) ; and Chihuahua City (No. 46451).

45 Smith, 1941b, pp. 2-6, figs. 1-2.
78 Baird and Girard, 1853, p. 104; Schmidt, 1940, pp. 144-145,
1 Smith, 1941b, pp. 9-11.

468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
TABLE 31.—Variation in Salvadora hexalepis deserticola

Row reduction

eee M. Sex Ventrals | Caudals et Eee — —
17-15 15-13
104671 9 188 68 9-9 11-11 129-129 156-153
104670 Q 191 73 9-9 10-11 143-147 162-166
104673 Q 190 da 9-9 10-10 125-127 149-149
104672 Oe Wek CE OS] Seas Spa Re ee ee ee
104669 J 186 76 9-9 10-11 122-123 146-141
104668 o 189 79 9-9 10-11 131-133 162-162

The specimen from Galeana has 10-8 maxillary teeth; the anterior
section of the nasal is in contact with the second supralabial in both;
the antepenultimate supralabial is in contact with the postoculars ex-
cept on one side of one.

The Museum has no others of the species from Mexico.

SALVADORA INTERMEDIA INTERMEDIA Hartweg

Salvadora intermedia Hartwea, Copeia, 1940, pp. 256-259.

One specimen (No. 109228) is from Chilpancingo, Guerrero, col-
lected by W. W. Brown. This is a paratype (originally Univ. Mich.
Mus. Zool. No. 85726) and is discussed in the original description.

The specimen is a unique in the Museum collections.

SALVADORA LEMNISCATA (Cope)

Twenty specimens were collected, at the following localities:
Oaxaca: Mixtequilla, 3 miles northwest of Tehuantepec (Nos.
109253-5) ; Tehuantepec (city) (Nos. 109259-64) ; Tres Cruces, about
40 km. northwest of Tehuantepec (Nos. 109256-8); Yerba Santa,
foot of Mount Guengola, 15 miles northwest of Tehuantepec (Nos.
109247-8) ; Cerro Arenal, 30 km. northwest of Tehuantepec (No.
109251) ; Escurana, 15 km. northwest of Tehuantepec (No. 109250) ;
El Limoén, 35 km. northwest of Tehuantepec (No. 109252); near
Lachiguiri (No. 109249). Crtapas: Tonalé (Nos. 109245-6).

The preoculars are invariably single, the postoculars invariably
double. The frontal is in contact with the preocular on both sides
in eight, on one side in three. Other variation in scutellation is given
in the accompanying table.

The Museum has no other specimens.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 469

TABLE 32.—Variation in Salvadora lemniscata

U.S.N.M.

AIO. Sex Ventrals Caudals Supralabials | Infralabials Labials enter
109255 a Gh js oO oe 9-9 12-12 | 4-5, 4-5-6
109253 a 207 139+ 9-9 11-12 4-5-6
109264 rol 201 142+ 9-9 11-12 4-5-6
109262 J 202 SRS Ae ae 9-9 12-13 4-5-6
109258 a 205 aia2. 8202 5s0 9-9 12-12 4-5-6
109250 J 197 136+ 9-9 12-13 4-5-6
109252 J 202 131+ 9-9 13-138 4-5-6
109245 a DOSE en scsedt te 9-9 12-12 4-5
109254 Q 203 136 8-9 11-12 | 4-5, 4-5-6
109263 Q 198 137 9-9 12-12 4-5-6
109259 9 20 ee 8-9 11-11 | 4-5, 4-5-6
109261 9 200 133 9-9 11-12 4-5-6
109260 2 198 134 9-9 11-11 4-5-6
109256 2 202 139+) — 9-9 11-12 4-5-6:
109257 9 199) 52 9-9 12-12 4—5-6)
109247 2 20 GH Gee a ee aes 9-9 12-12 4-5-6
109248 9 206 |_.-2----.- 9-G 11-12 | 4-5, 4-5-6
169251 e 200 144 9-9 12-12 | 4-5, 4-5-6
109249 Q 205 141 9-9 11-12 4-5-6
109246 Q POOL s 2 5 eee 9-9 11-11 4-5-6

SALVADORA LINEATA Schmidt

Two specimens were collected, one (No. 105304) 17 miles west of
Santa Caterina, Nuevo Leén, the other (No. 109233) 15 miles west of
Galeana, Nuevo Leén. The former was found crawling on the high-
way, the latter under a rock shortly after a rainstorm.

TABLE 83.—Variation in Salvadora lineata

Row reduction
Supra- | Infra- Preoc- | Postoc-
labials | labials ulars ulars
17-15 15-13

ee gor op

ae Sex peta Caudals

105304 | ¢ | 18 | een
109233 | @ | 183

8-8 |10-11 | 111-109 | 127-125 2-3 2-2
8-8 aes 132-1383 | 157-153 2-2 2-3

SALVADORA MEXICANA (Duméril and Bibron)

One specimen (No. 109234) was collected 4 km. north of Apatzingan,
Michoacan, on March 15, 1939. This specimen was discovered in a
fence formed of loose rocks, with the body concealed and a small portion
of the neck protruding straight up from the top of the fence, the head
turned toward meas Lapproached. The snake made no movement, and
it was quite by accident that Isaw it. The stomach contained a Sce/lo-
porus pyrrhocephalus and a Uta gadovi.

470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Male, ventrals 183 ; caudals 127 ; supralabials 9-9; infralabials 11-11;
preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2; temporals 2-1-2, 2-2; 4th, 5th, and 6th
supralabials enter orbit.

The Museum has 14 other specimens, from the states of Colima
(Colima, Nos. 31618-9, 31621-2, 61966-9; Manzanillo, Nos, 31620,
46607, 61970), Guerrero (Acapulco, No. 46341), Guanajuato (‘Tupa-
taro, No. 10230), and Michoacan (Huetamo, No. 31077).

*SIBON BREVIFACIES (Cope)

Two specimens are in the Museum, one the type (No. 24886)*® and
another (No. 6562) from the same locality, Yucatan.

SIBON DIMIDIATUS (Giinther)

Five specimens (Nos. 109903-6, HMS No. 7311) were secured at
Piedras Negras, Guatemala. They were most frequently found under
loose bark of fallen trees. One is in too poor condition for scale counts
to be made.

The supralabials are 8-9 in one, 8-8 in the others; infralabials 9-9 in
one, 9-10 in two, 10-11 in one; preoculars none in two, 1-1 in one (loreal
split vertically), 2-2 in one (loreal split, and in addition a small scale
split off lower corner of prefrontal) ; prefrontal entering orbit in all;
temporals 1-2; dark body bands 24 to 31, tail bands 17 to 19.

The young are considerably different in coloration from the adults.
The young were described in the field as follows: All light areas of head
dark orange (burnt sienna) ; lower sides of head white, dorsal areas of
light body bands dark orange; these areas not so broad anteriorly
(2 scales) , broader posteriorly (5 to 7 scales) ; sides of light bands, belly
and tail pure white. In the single adult specimen the dark bands are
light brown, with a black border; the ight bands are heavily stippled
with black on the 11 median scale rows, nearly white on the two outer
rows. The belly is also stippled somewhat. The Museum has no
others of the species.

Ventrals and caudals, respectively, in No. 7311, 191, 122; No. 109903,
189, 111; No. 109905, 200, 124; No. 109906, 194, 126.

*SIBON NEBULATUS (Linnaeus)

A single specimen (No. 7100) in the Museum is from Tierra Caliente,
Mexico.
*SIBON SANNIOLUS (Cope)
Three specimens are in the Museum, Nos. 6564 (type)7® and 24888
from “Yucatan,” and No, 46568 from Chichen Itz4, Yucatan.

78 Cope, 1866, p. 127.
7 Cope, 1867b, p. 318.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 471

*SISTRURUS CATENATUS TERGEMINUS (Say)

A single specimen in the Museum bears the locality “Sonora” (No.
506). ‘This was probably taken in an area now included in Arizona.

SISTRURUS RAVUS (Cope)

Eleven specimens are in the collection, eight of which were removed
from the uteri of one of the three adults secured; the latter are from
Cacaloapam, Puebla (No. 110594), El Limén Totalco, Veracruz (No.
110595), and Puente Colorada, Veracruz (No. 110596) ; the last named
is the one with the young, and the other two are males. The scutella-
tion of the adults, in the order numbered, follows: scale rows 21-21-17,
93-21-17, 25-21-17; ventrals 144, 142, 147; caudals 26, 26, 29; supra-
labials 11-11; infralabials 11-11, 10-10, ?-?; spots on body 28, 33,?;
spots on tail 4 in all.

The Museum has six others, from localities as follows: Oaxaca:
Totontepec (Nos. 46555, 46609). Puppia: Chalchicomula (No, 46352) ;
Rinconada (No. 46351). Veracruz: South Table Land (Nos. 25050-1).

*SONORA SEMIANNULATA SEMIANNULATA Baird and Girard

A single specimen in the Museum bears the locality “Sonora” (No.
2109, type.° This was probably taken in an area now included in
Arizona.

*SONORA SEMIANNULATA BLANCHARDI Stickel

A single Mexican specimen in the Museum is from Lake Santa
Maria, Chihuahua (No. 46591).

SPILOTES PULLATUS MEXICANUS (Laurenti)

Fight specimens are as follows: Cutapas: La Esperanza (Nos.
110589-92); Cruz de Piedra (Nos. 110587-8); Finca Juarez (No.
110586. Veracruz: Xuchil, near Paraje Nuevo (No. 110593). All the
Chiapas localities are in the vicinity of Escuinila. One specimen was
found in a palm tree, chasing a rat. Others were seen on the ground;
one was attempting to crawl up the trunk of a large tree.

The Museum has nine other specimens as follows: Mexico: Tamauli-
pas (Alta Mira, No. 46387). Veracruz: Mirador (Nos. 25004-6) ;
Orizaba (No. 6320) ; Santa Maria (No. 46543) ; hills west of Veracruz
(No. 5312). Cutapas: Huehuetan (No. 64546) ; “Mexico” (No. 12098).
A juvenile is marked as the adult.

8 Baird and Girard, 1853, p. 117.

472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

TaBLE 34.—Variation in Spilotes pullatus mexicanus

Ven- | Cau- | Supra- | Infrala- | Preoc- | Postoc- | Tempo-| Lore-

No. _ Sex Seale rows trals dals | labials bials ulars ulars rals als
110586 | @ 17-18-12 | 218 | 126 8-8 | 9-9 1-1 2-2 1-1 | 1-1
110587 | 9 | 17-18-14 | 217 | 130 8-8 {10-10 1-1 2-2 1-1 | 0-0
110588 | @ 17-18-12 | 215 | 130 8-8 | 9-9 1-1 2-2 1-1 | 1-1
110589 | @ 17-18-14 | 218 | 134 8-8 |10-10 1-1 2-2 1-1 | 0-0
110590 | @ 17-18-14 |} 218 | 136 8-8 | 8-9 1-1 2-2 1-1 | 1-1}
110592 | 9° 17-18-14 | 215 | 130 8-8 | 8-8 1-] 2-2 1-1 | 1-1
110591 | o& | 16-18-14 | 207 | 130 8-8 | 9-9 1-1 2-2 1-1 | 1-1!
110593 | o& | 16-18-12 | 205 |_-_-- 7-7 | &8 1-1 2-2 1-1 | 1-l

*STENORHINA DEGENHARDTII MEXICANA (Steindachner)

Ten specimens are in the Museum, from “hills west of Veracruz,”
Veracruz (Nos. 5318-4) ; Orizaba, Veracruz (No. 6322 [2]) ; Mirador,
Veracruz (Nos. 25013-6) ; “Mexico” (No. 12086) ; Tehuantepec, Oaxaca
(No. 30416). The latter probably is not from Oaxaca, as no other
specimens are recorded from Pacific slopes; if the “Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec” is intended, then the Atlantic slopes are implied, and therefore,
probably the state of Veracruz.

STENORHINA FREMINVILLIL FREMINVILLII Duméril and Bibron

Two specimens (Nos. 1105184) are from San José Lachiguiri,
Oaxaca (20 km. southeast of Miahuatlin). Ventrals 174, 162, respec-
tively; caudals 32 (2), 40 ( ¢); supralabials 7-7; infralabials 7-7;
preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2; loreal 0-0; nasal
broadly in contact with preocular. Ground color gray; five dorsal
black lines; belly white, unpigmented; a black temporal stripe.

The Museum has four others, from Guichicovi, Oaxaca (No. 30090),
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (No. 31415), and “Mexico” (No. 11874 [2]).

*STENORHINA FREMINVILLI APIATA Cope

Six Mexican specimens are in the Museum, from Ei Barrio, Oaxaca
(No. 70405, type) ,8? Chichen Itza, Yucatan (Nos. 46396, 46563-4), and
Cérdoba, Veracruz (Nos. 30518-9). The locality for the last is proba-
bly erroneous, as there is no other indication that the race occurs west
of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

STENORHINA FREMINVILLII LACTEA Cope

One specimen (No. 110515) is from the vicinity of Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca. Itis a female, with 178 ventrals, 31 caudals, 7-7 infralabials

81 Cope, 1876, p. 142.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 473.

and supralabials, 1-1 preoculars, 2-2 postoculars, 1-1 loreals; latter
broadly in contact with preocular and nasal. Ground color red; a
black temporal stripe; a very distinct median stripe and on each side
two very indistinct, irregular dark stripes (in same position as stripes.
of typical f. freménvilliz) ; belly white, unpigmented.

The Museum has a single specimen, from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (No.
30414).

*STORERIA DEKAYi DEKAYI (Holbrook)

Two Mexican specimens in the Museum are from Matamoros,
Tamaulipas (No. 7279 [2]).

STORERIA DEKAYI ANOMALA Dugés

One specimen (No. 110328) was secured at Tequeyutepec, Veracruz.
It was found under a stone on a grassy slope in the mountains west of
Jalapa, after a period of rains in the middle of the dry season.

To this subspecies are referred four other specimens in the Museum :
Nos. 7081, 8939, Orizaba, Veracruz; No. 5565, Jalapa, Veracruz; and
No. 32148, Jicaltepec, Veracruz. All except one of the six Veracruz
specimens have the anterior chin shields transversely divided, pro-
ducing three pairs of chin shields. No. 110828 has 17 scale rows,
139 ventrals, divided anal, 50 subcaudals, 7-7 supralabials and infra-
labials, 1-1 precculars, 2-2 postoculars, and 1-8 temporals.

STORERIA STORERIOIDES (Cope)

Three specimens, from the following localities: 10 miles west of
Villa Victoria, Mexico (No. 110327); Llano Grande, 5 miles west of
Rio Frio, Mexico (Nos. 110325-6). They were found under logs in
high mountains (approximately 10,000 feet). Ventrals and caudals,
respectively, in the order given, 128,39 ( 2); 185, ? (2); 186, 45 (¢@ ).
Supralabials and infralabials 7-7 in all; oculars 2-2 in all; loreal
present and temporals 1-2 in all.

The Museum has six others—the cotypes from “Mexico plateau
between the eastern range and the Valley of Mexico” (Nos. 24987-90) ;
Guadalajara, Jalisco (7?) (No. 29125) ; mountains near Jestis Maria,

an Luis Potosi (No. 46428).

Three specimens examined recently from Chilpancingo, Guerrero,
do not seem notably different from the central plateau populations.
They are F. M. N. H. Nos. 38346-7 and M. C. Z. No. 42663. Respec-
tively these have ¢ 122, 9 132, 2 131 ventrals; 48 (+ ?), 40, 40 caudals;
7-2, 8-2, 7-7 supralabials; ?—-?, 8-?, 7-7 infralabials; 2-2 postoculars
and preoculars; 1-2 temporals; 1-1 loreals; 261 mm., 194 mm., 269
mm. total length; 56 mm., 40.5 mm., and 51 mm. tail length.

529454—43 6

A474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
*SYMPHIMUS LEUCOSTOMUS Cope

Two specimens are in the Museum, from Chihuitaén, Oaxaca (No.
30310) ,** and from “Oaxaca” (No. 30311).

*SYMPHOLIS LIPPIENS Cope

Two specimens (Nos. 31345-6) are in the Museum, from “South-

western Mexico.”
TANTILLA CALAMARINA Cope

One specimen (No. 110386) from 8 km. northwest of Cuernavaca,
Morelos. Found under a stone in an ancient lava flow.

Preocular very minute; prefrontals and second supralabial broadly
in contact; second supralabial narrowly entering orbit on one side;
temporal broadly separated from single postocular; mental in contact
with chin shields; ventrals 130, caudals 27 (female).

The Museum has three others, from Mazatlan, Sinaloa (No. 6834,
type of bimaculata*), Guadalajara, Jalisco (No. 6600, type of
calamarina **), and Valley of Mexico and Toluca (No. 32290).

*TANTILLA CANULA Cope

Three specimens, cotypes, in the Museum are from “Yucatan” (Nos.

248802) .®
TANTILLA BOCOURTI (Giinther)

Three specimens were secured: No. 110395, La Virgin, 22 km. north
of Tehuacin, Puebla; No. 110396, 8 km. northwest of Cuernavaca,
Morelos; and No. 110397, 5 miles south of Carapa, Michoacan.

In the smallest (No. 110397) the nuchal hght collar crosses the
tips of the parietals; in the other two the collar borders the posterior
edges of the parietals. Two tiny, juxtaposed pineal light spots in
two (Nos. 110395, 110397) ; an irregular, small light spot at anterior
edge of parietal; a light spot on anterior edge of supraocular faintly
visible; a larger light spot on each internasal; a middorsal dark
stripe very faintly indicated in two (Nos. 110395, 110397). The
young specimen is considerably darker above than the other two.
The Cuernavaca specimen is more flesh-color above, while the Tehua-
can specimen is light gray. There is faint evidence of pigment on
the lower labials.

The secondary temporal is scalelike (about as long as broad), the
sixth labial is higher than the fifth; the first infralabials are in con-
tact medially; the frontal is broadest in the Michoacin specimen

®2 Cope, 1869, p. 150; Gaige, 1936, p. 300.
83 Cope, 1867b, p. 320.
84 Cope, 1876, p. 143.
8 Cope, 1876, p. 144.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH A475

(1.52 mm.), narrowest in the Tehuacén specimen (1.72.6 mm.) 5
the sides of the frontal are convergent posteriorly in the latter speci-
men, parallel in the other two. A loreal is present on one side in
one (No. 25032, Mirador, split off the preocular) and on both sides
of another (No. 110396, split off the prefrontals).

The Museum has two other specimens (Nos. 25032-3), from Mira-
dor, Veracruz.

Ventrals and caudals, respectively, in No. 110395, 164, 57 (3); No.
110396, 181, 49 (2) ; No. 110397, 180, 57 (6); No. 25032, 179, 61 (¢) ;
No. 25033, 179, 65 (3).

TANTILLA JANI (Giinther)

Two specimens (Nos. 110377-8) were secured at La Esperanza,
Chiapas. One was found during the dry season (April 12) in a
rotten log. The cther was routed from its hiding quarters under
leaves during the day in the wet season (June 3). Both are females,
with 154 and 150 ventrals, 45 and 44 caudals, respectively. The dor-
sal stripe is confined to the vertebral scale row; all scales in that
row are dark-edged posteriorly.

The Museum has no others of the species.

*TANTILLA MINIATA Cope

A single specimen (No. 25031) in the Museum is from Mirador,
Veracruz.®
*TANTILLA MOESTA (Giinther)

Two specimens in the Museum are from Yucatan (Nos. 6565,
24883).

TANTILLA NIGRICEPS NIGRICEPS Kennicott

Tantilla nigriceps nigriceps SmirH, Zoologica, vol. 27, p. 38, 1942.

One specimen (No. 104674) is from Rio Santa Marfa, Chihuahua
(near Progreso). Ventrals 158 (female), tail injured. Black cap
of head pointed posteriorly, the apex extending four scales posterior
to parietals.

The Museum has no others from Mexico; in fact, this is the only
specimen known as yet from Mexico.

*TANTILLA NIGRICEPS FUMICEPS (Cope)

Two Mexican specimens in the Museum are from Mier, Tamaulipas
(Nos. 46584-5) #7

85 Cope, 1863, p. 100.
87 Smith, 1938, p. 150.

476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93
TANTILLA PHRENITICA Smith

Tantilla phrenitica SmirH, Zoologica, vol. 27, p. 39, 1942.

Seven specimens are in the collection, all from Cuautlapan, Vera-
cruz (Nos. 110379-85).

The upper and lower labials are 7-7 in all except one, which has
6-7 lower labials; preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2 in all. Collar in-
volves tips of parietals in four, borders them in three; the first
infralabials are separated medially in all.

The Museum has one other Mexican specimen, from Totontepec,
Oaxaca (No. 20835), and a specimen from Guatemala (No. 38134).

TaBLE 35.—Variation in Tantilla phrenitica

ve 5 Sex Ventrals Caudals aoe M. Sex Ventrals Caudals
110879 2 139 37 110382 a 139 43
110381 Q 137 40 | 110383 a 140 43
20835 ° 147 36 110380 | oO 141 42
38134 Q 136 37 | 110384 a 140 37
1103885 2 138 36 |

TANTILLA RUBRA Cope

Eight specimens, one from 22 km. north of Tehuacin, Puebla (No.
110387), the others from the vicinity of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (Nos.
110388-94). The Tehuacin specimen was found inside a large mound
of Mammillaria cactus, but already dead, stiffened, and slightly dis-
colored. It seemed to have no injury. The Tehuantepec specimens
were found under piles of earth, brush, and leaves in banana patches.
The largest specimen (No. 110388) measures 353 mm. in total length
(tip of tail missing).

The upper and lower labials are 7-7 in all, the preoculars 1-1, post-
oculars 2-2. The first infralabials are in contact medially, and the
nuchal collar involves the tips of the parietals in all.

TABLE 36.—Variation in Tantilla rubra

U. OE et Sex Ventrals Caudals | a M. Sex Ventrals Caudals
110389 9 158 63 110388 Q Loowisoa ee
1103891 Q 160 66 110390 9 | ALS a ae ene ee
110392 ° Pe ee ee eae 110393 Q 158 64
110387 9 159 68 || 110394 9 | 151 64

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 477

The Museum has two others, from the vicinity of Tehuantepec
(Tapana and Barrios, Nos. 26500, 30530).

TANTILLA STRIATA Dunn

Four specimens were secured; one is a topotype, from Mixtequilla,
Oaxaca (No. 110375); another is from La Concepcién, about 40 km.
west of Tehuantepec (HMS No. 18518); a third is from Cajén de
Piedra, west of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca (No. 110376); the last is from
Las Pilas, 20 km. southwest of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (No. 110585).

The upper and lower labials are 7-7, the preoculars 1-1, postoculars
2-2 in all; the mental is in contact with the anterior chinshields.

The Museum has no others of the species.

Ventrals and candals, respectively, in Nv. 110375 (2), 160, 34;
No. 110376 (4), 157, 42; No. 18518 (2 ), 163, 37.

TANTILLA WILCOXI RUBRICATA Smith

Tantilla wilcoxi rubricata SmirH, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 40-41, 1942.

The two types (Nos. 110398-9) were found under stones in a semi-
arid region, during a period of drizzling showers, 15 miles southeast
of Galeana, Nuevo Leon.

The Museum has no others of this race.

Of considerable interest are five specimens (77241[3]-77242[2])
in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, from Charcas,
San Luis Potosi. All have 7-7 supralabials and the mental separated
from the chin shields, but in other characters of scutellation there
is considerable variation. The preocular is fused with the prefrontal
on one side in one (1-1 in others); the postoculars are 2-2 except in
one which has the lower scale fused with the 4 supralabials; the pre-
frontal is in contact with the labials in three; there are 44 infra-
labials in one (several scales fused) 6-7 in one, and 7-7 in three; and
the secondary temporal is elongate on one side in one, on both sides
in two, but divided on both sides of two and on one side of one. The
scale rows are reduced to 13 posteriorly in one specimen. Variation
in ventral and caudal count is given in table 37.

TaBLE 37.—Variation in Tantilla wilcoxi rubricata

Total Tail Total Tail

Sex Ventrals | Caudals length length Sex Ventrals Hee length | length
a 152) |e ake 239+) 42+ ? Voie | be Sess | pecs delle 2 De
a 145 59+] 250 59 Q 147 54 199 43. 5
?

152 | Bee 2UOs | Sal

478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

In head pattern these specimens agree exactly with the types of
rubricata. The dark head cap (which is dark gray, not jet black)
fades below the level of the orbit on the sides of the head, reaching the
tip only in the posterior temporal region. The light nuchal collar is
distinct, with a narrow, dark posterior border, and involves the tips
of the parietals.

In head pattern it is impossible to allocate these specimens with any-
thing but w. rubricata. From this, however, they differ in having the
mental separated from the chinshields (separated on one side in the
type), and in having more numerous ventrals (140, 144, 146 in other
w. rubricata, as against 145 to 155 in the present series). In spite of
these differences I believe it best to associate these specimens with
w. rubricata, the total range in ventral counts is not unduly large, and
the mental character is admittedly variable. They have nothing to
do with bocourti, which has divided secondary temporals, as that species
has 164 or more (to 185) ventrals. 7. deviatrix has a broader collar and
different head pattern, as well as perhaps a higher average number of
ventrals (154 to 160). 7. atriceps has a narrower collar and fewer
ventrals (139 or less, with no close approach to w. rubricata when sexes
are separated). Apparently the only other form approached by these
specimens is w. wilcoa?, their higher counts nearly or quite reach those
of the latter race. Three males of w. wilcowi have 152 to 155 ventrals,
and one has 62 caudals (145 to 152 ventrals, 54 to 59 caudals, in four
w. rubricata) ; three females of w. wilcoxi have 159 to 164 ventrals, and
two have 64 and 67 caudals (146 to 155 ventrals, 51 to 55 caudals, in four
w. rubricata).

TANTILLITA LINTONI (Smith)
Tantilla lintoni SM1TH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 53, pp. 61-62, fig. 1, 1940.
Tantillita lintont SmirH, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp. 115-117, 1941.

The type (No. 108603) was found at night wriggling over the surface
of leaves near a trail near Piedras Negras, Guatemala,

The Museum has no others of the species.

*THAMNOPHIS ANGUSTIROSTRIS (Kennicott)

A single specimen, the only known, is in the Museum, from Alamo de
Parras, Coahuila (No. 959, type) .°

THAMNOPHIS CHRYSOCEPHALUS (Cope)

Three specimens were secured, one above Acultzingo, Veracruz (No.
110774), the other two at Pajaro Verde, Puebla (Nos. 110775-6).

The Museum has 12 other specimens, from the states of Veracruz
(Orizaba, Nos. 7077 [6], 30494 [type] *°), Oaxaca (Mountain Zempoal-

88 Kennicott, 1860, p. 332; Smith, 1942f, pp. 120-121,
8 Cope, 1885a, pp. 173-174.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 479

tepec, No. 46446; Totontepec, Nos. 46445, 46610), and Guerrero (Omil-
teme, Nos. 46342, 47747). Other specimens recorded in table 388 are
from Acultzingo, Veracruz (KHT-HMS Nos. 21536-8) ; Xuchil, Vera-
cruz (F. M. N. H. No. 1519) ; Omilteme, Guerrero (EHT-HMS Nos.
23778, 23780, 23782); and Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca (EHT-HMS
No. 5556).

TaBuLE 38.—Variation in Thamnophis chrysocephalus

Museum No, sex | Senlerows | Ver | Gap |Supre| Intra. | Pre: | cour
U;S.N.M...No. 7007 .- 225222 2 17-17-15 |147 |____| 8-8 | 9-9 1-1 | 3-3
WESUN Mis Noi O07 (d= s22-2- 2 17-17-15 |145 | 75 | 8-8 | 9-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
U.S.N.M. No. 46445____--- o 17-17-15 |147 | 71 | 8-8 | 9-9 1-1 | 2-3
U.S.N.M. No. 46446______- 2 17-17-15 |154 |____-| 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 2-3
U.S.N.M. No. 110774... ...- 2 17-17-15 |148 | 70 | 8-8 | 9-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
U:S.NUM. Nos 1t0775U 282% 2 17-17-15 |145 | 72 | 8-8 |10-11 | 1-1 | 3-3
EHT-HMS No. 23778_.___-- Q 17-17-15 |148 | 65 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-38
EHT-HMS No. 238782-__-_-_-- 2 17-17-15 |151 | 71 | 8-8 |10-10 |} 1-1 | 3-3
EHT-HMS No. 21536_____-- o |} 17-17-15 |149 | 77 | 8-8 |10-12 | 1-1 | 3-3
EHT-HMS No. 215387____-__- o | 17-17-15 |152 | 80 | 7-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
EHT-HMS No. 21538____-__- o& | 17-17-15 |148 | 79 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
EHT-HMS No. 23780___-___- o& | 17-17-15 |146 | 80 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
EHT-HMS No. 5556__---__| o | 17-17-15 |146 | 76 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
ES MEN UE. Nor fol9= 222 22 o | 17-17-15 |148 | 77 | 8-9 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
WiSAN SM. No:-7077a_.-- od | 17-17-15 |149 |__--| 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
U2S2N.M. No: 707 (bs 2252 o | 17-17-15 |154 |----| 8-8 10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
U.S.N.M. No. 7077c_____-__- o& | 17-17-15 |149 | 78 | 8-8 | 8-9 1-1 | 3-3
U.S.N.M. No. 7077e____--_- o& | 17-17-15 |151 | 81 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
U.S.N.M. No. 30494_______ o' | 17-17-15 !153 | 80 | 8-8 | 9-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
WSs N: Me INoO. 46342522222 o& | 17-17-15 |148 | 77 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-3
U.S.N.M. No. 46610_______- o' | 17-17-15 |148 | 77 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 2-3
U:S-Ne ME No. 4774722 2 oc | 17-17-15 |142 | 83 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 4-4
USN. ME No, L107 76222222 o' | 17-17-15 |146 | 82 | 8-8 |10-10 | 1-1 | 3-4

THAMNOPHIS EQUES EQUES (Reuss)

Thamnophis eques eques SMITH, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 106-107, 1942.

A series of seven specimens is from Tacicuaro, Michoacan (Nos.
110777-83).

The Museum has 19 other specimens, as follows: Duranco: Huasa-
mota (No. 46482) ; Durango (No. 8066). Guanagsuaro: Nos. 9892, 9899
(type of pulchrilatus),°° 144334, 25363, 26147-8. Mexico: Nochi-
tongo Ditch, 30 miles north of Mexico City (No. 19003). MrcroacAn:
Los Reyes (No. 46463). Oaxaca: Huajuapam (No. 46605). Srvatoa:
Rosario (No. 46457). Veracruz: Las Vigas (No. 46432); Mirador

% Cope, 1885a, p. 174.

480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

(No, 25088) ; Orizaba (No. 30496). Zacatecas: San Juan Capistrano
(No. 46423). Two (Nos. 82279-80) without locality.

THAMNOPHIS EQUES CYRTOPSIS (Kennicott)

Thamnophis eques cyrtopsis SMITH, Zoologica, vol. 27, p. 108, 1942.

One specimen (No. 105303) is from 21 miles north of Saltillo,
Coahuila.

The Museum has 14 others from Mexico: Cnrmuanua: Arroyo del
Alamos, Casas Grandes (No. 42876) ; Cajén Bonito Creek (No. 21056) ;
Chihuahua (No. 14256) ; Guadelupe y Calvo (Nos. 463568) ; San Luis
Mountains (Nos. 21057-8). Coanuita: Rinconada (No. 8067, type of
cyrtopsis). Duranco: Guanacevi (No. 46367). Nayarir: Santa
Teresa (Nos. 46420-1). San Luis Porost: Hacienda La Parada (No.
46410). Sonora: Guadelupe Cation (No. 21059).

THAMNOPHIS MACROSTEMMA MACROSTEMMA (Kennicott)

Nine specimens were secured: Chimalhuacan, Mexico (Nos. 110784-
7); 7 miles west of Villa Victoria, Mexico (No. 110788); Patzcuaro,
Michoacan (Nos. 110789-91) ; and Tecamachalco, Puebla (No. 110792).

TABLE 39.—Variation in Thamnophis macrostemma macrostemma

Vey Sex Scale rows |Ventrals| Caudals ae ee one Preoculars | Postoculars
110784 J 19-21-17 161 76 $8 pif s ea Ok alee ee eee
110788 oO 20-21-17 163 hl 8-8 9-10 1-1 3-4
110790 a 21-21-17 NG ual aee 8-8 10-12 1-1 3-3
110791 a 21-21-17 164 75 8-8 10-11 1-1 3-3
110792 a 19-21-17 164 68 8-8 10-11 1-1 3-3
110785 Q 19-21-17 157 “A 8-8 10-10 1-1 3-3
110786 Q 19-21-17 155 65 8-8 10-10 1-1 3-4
110787 2 21-21-17 160 66 8-8 10-10 1-1 3-3
110789 2 21-21-18 154 67 8-8 10-11 1-1 3-3

The Museum has 47 others, as follows: Distrrro Frperau: Mexico
City (No. 7247); La Viga Canal (Nos. 18997-19002) ; Chapultepec
(Nos. 32163-4). Guanasuato (Nos. 15427-8, 17484-6). Jaxisco:
Atemajac (Nos. 46383-4); Magdalena (No. 67371); Ocotlin No.
46544). Mrxitco: Lerma (Nos. 46599-600); Toluca (No. 32282).
Micuoacasn: Tupataro (No. 11366 [2]). Oaxaca: Mitla (No. 46500).
Puesia: Atlixco (No. 46431). San Luis Porost: La Parada (Nos.
46407-9). Veracruz: Mirador (No. 25039). InpEFINITE LOCALITY:
Nos. 12725, 12727, 14597, 14606, 24991-5, 252547, 26143-6, 46359.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 481 .

THAMNOPHIS MACRGSTEMMA MEGALOPS (Kennicott)

Seventeen specimens were collected near Progreso, Chihuahua (Nos..
104633, 104642-57).

TaBLE 40.—Variation in Thamnophis macrostemma megalops

a Sex Scale rows | Ventrals} Caudals es Infralabials! Preoculars | Postoculars
PRESS ING Tes, ee 8 Lae aoe onde eee ee eee
104633 2 21-21-17 15 AT sees 8-8 10-10 1-1 3-3
104642 2 21-21-17 LOW | eeees 2 8-8 10-11 1-1 3-3
104646 2 21-21-17 E60} }2 oes 8-8 1i-11 1-1 3-3
104648 Q 21-21-17 LOO eee 8-8 1li-11 1-1 3-3
104649 9 21-21-17 15 OS 8-9 Ti-f1 | 1-1 3-4
104650 2 21-21-17 154 72 8-38 10-11 1-1 3-4
104653 2 21-21-17 16) 73 8-8 10-11 1-1 3-3
104654 2 21-21-17 157, 69 8-§ LOFL 1-1 3-3
104643 J 21-21-17 HiGiiete Noes eee 10-11 1-1 3-3
104644 J 21-21-17 dis \7@or led ates 8-8 10-10 I-1 3-3
104645 or 21-21-17 166 82 8-8 10-10 1-1 3-3
104647 Co! 21-21-17 162 82 8-8 i0d-10 1-1 3-3
104651 a 21-21-17 1G GMa oe ee. 8-8 10-10 1-1 3-3
104652 a 21-21-17 164 | 81 8-8 10-11 1-1 3-3
104655 a 21-21-17 162 sl 8-8 10-? 1-1 3-3
104656 a 21-21-17 Bie ie a 8-8 10-10 1-1 3-3
104657 o 21-21-17 163 | 79+ | 8? 2+? 1-? 3-7

The Museum has 18 others from Mexico, as follows. Sonora:
Santa Magdalena (No. 965; Tucson, Ariz.?). Duraneo: Ada Magda-
lena (No. 46366). Crinuanva: Casas Grandes (No. 46377) ; Colonia
Garcia (No. 46335); Santa Rosalia (No. 46542); Sierra Madre (No.
46506) ; Chihuahua City (Nos. 14226 [2], 46448) ; “Chihuahua” (Nos.
7248, 14258, 14977 [2], 14289 [2], 14292, 45596). Navarir: ?Santa
Teresa (No. 46429).

THAMNOPHIS MARCIANUS (Baird and Girard)

Thamnophis marcianus SMITH, Zoologica, vol. 27, p. 114, 1942.

Eight specimens (Nos. 104634-41) were collected near Progreso,
Chihuahua.

The Museum has 26 others from Mexico, as follows: CHIHUAHUA:
15 leagues north of Guerrero (No. 46583) ; Ojos del Diablo (No. 80887).
“Sonora”: No. 7235. Tamautreas: Charco Escondido (No. 849) ;
Matamoros (Nos. 15344, 861 [19], 5491); 88 miles south of Reynosa
(No. 95183).

482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 25
THAMNOPHIS MELANOGASTER MELANOGASTER (Peters)

Thamnophis melanogaster melanogaster SMITH, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 116-117,
1942.
Six specimens were secured, at Chimalhuacin, Mexico (Nos.
110793-8), where the species is common in irrigation ditches.
The Museum has two other specimens (Nos. 12726, 12729), from
Mexico, D. F.

THAMNOPHIS MELANOGASTER CANESCENS Smith

Thamnophis melanogaster canescens SMITH, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 117-120, 1942.
1 - » Dr

Two specimens were secured, one (No. 110799) at La Palma,
Michoacan, the other at Tacicuaro, Michoacin (No. 110800). Both
are paratypes.

The Museum has 14 other specimens referred to this race: Nos.
11365 (2), 14604, 26149-50, probably from Guanajuato (Dugés, coll.) ;
Nos. 23985-9, from Durango, Durango; and Nos. 464114, Hacienda
La Parada, San Luis Potosi.

*THAMNOPHIS ORDINOIDES ERRANS Smith

A single specimen, the type, in the Museum is from Colonia Garcia,
Chihuahua (No. 46336).

*THAMNOPHIS PHENAX PHENAX (Cope)

Five specimens * are in the Museum, from “Alpine region, Orizaba,
Veracruz” (No. 7079 [3]), and Cordoba, Veracruz (Nos. 30498-9,
latter type **). It seems probable that the locality data for one or
the other of these series are incorrect.

THAMNOPHIS PHENAX HALOPHILUS Taylor

Thamnophis phenag halophilus Smirn, Zoologica, vol. 27, p. 100, 1942.

A single specimen (No. 110801) was collected at Tequeyutepec,
Veracruz.

The Museum has no others of this subspecies.

A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 27114)
recently examined closely agrees with the above specimen. It bears
the locality data “Alpine region, Orizaba” and was collected by
Francois Sumichrast. It is a male withe 19-19-17 scale rows, 154
ventrals, 71 (+ ?) subcaudals, 8-8 supralabials, 11-11 infralabials, 1-1
preoculars, 3-8 postoculars, and 1-2-8 temporals; it measures 579
mm. in total length, and 131 mm. in tail length. The light parietal

1 Smith, 1942f, pp. 112-114.
8 Cope, 1868a, p. 134; Ruthven, 1908, p. 1381.
8 Smith, 1942f, pp. 99-100.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 483

spots are present, surrounded by a very narrow border of black; in
this respect only it differs in pattern from the above. In the other
specimens of this race the black areas on the parietals are more ex-
tensive. The lack or dimness of the stripes and the presence of the
light, dark-edged parietal spots are the chief characters distinguishing
this from egues, which occurs in the same vicinity although perhaps
not in exactly the same localities. There are 26 maxillary teeth in
the above specimen,

It is probable that phenaz is, as most other authors have supposed
but I had refused to believe, a lowland form; a specimen recently
acquired by the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, from
Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (No. 89363), is from about the same eleva-
tion as Cordoba, the type locality. Since the latter is the only speci-
men known aside from series collected many years ago by Sumichrast,
much remains to be discovered of the normal range of the race. ‘Ten-
tatively it must be concluded that phenaw phenax is a lowland race
intergrading at higher elevations with phenaw halophilus; thus the
locality data on U.S.N.M. No. 7079 (instead of that of the type), said
to be from “Orizaba, Alpine Region,” must remain in doubt. Both
forms are so rare that the possibility that they are near extinction is
suggested.

The Potrero Viejo specimen of p. phenaw is a female with 19-19-17
scale rows, 152 ventrals, 63 caudals, 8-8 supralabials, 10-11 infra-
labials, 1-1 preoculars, 44 postoculars, a total length of 323 mm., tail
70 mm. All markings are very dim, since the snake unfortunately
was killed shortly before shedding; however, about 38 dark cross
bands can be discovered on the body separated from each other by
narrow, transverse light bands covering the length of about one scale
row; the posterior edges of the third, fifth, and seventh supralabials
are dark; an irregular dark-edged, elongate light spot on the suture
between the parietals can be discerned; the belly is grayish, darker
posteriorly and on tail.

Another specimen of phenaw phenaw (M.C.Z. No. 45688) is said to
be from Tequeyutepec, Veracruz; this, as the University of Michigan
specimen, was collected by Dyfrig McH. Forbes. It is a male with
19-19-17 scale rows, 154 ventrals, 73 caudals, 7-8 supralabials, 10-10
infralabials, 1-1 preoculars, 3-8 postoculars, a total length of 298 mm.,
tail 71mm. Although this, like the preceding, was about to shed when
caught, the pattern is fairly distinct; there are 45 broad blotches on
the body; the posterior edges of all supralabials except the last are
black, and the last has a dark anterior edge; an elongate light streak,
with undulating lateral margins, occupies the median parietal suture,
and is bounded on either side by a large dark spot that occupies most
of the parietal; there are large irregular dark marks on other dorsal

484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

head scales. Whether this specimen actually was collected near Te-
queyutepec is not certain. It does not seem probable that the form
occurs both at Potrero and at Tequeyutepec, although this is not
impossible; also it does not seem probable that p. phenax would occur
with p. halophilus at Tequeyutepec, although this also is not impos-
sible; if the latter is true, then some doubt is thrown upon the asso-
ciation of the two forms as subspecies. Data available at present
are much too inadequate for the formation of definite conclusions.

THAMNOPHIS RUFIPUNCTATUS (Cope)

Thamnophis rufipunctatus Smiru, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 120-121, 1942.

Four specimens were secured near Progreso, Chihuahua (Nos.
104658-61).

The Museum has 15 other specimens, from Mexico, as follows: Guan-
acevi, Durango (No. 46369) ; Meadow Valley, Chihuahua (No. 26592) ;
Rio Casas Grandes (No. 26°91) ; Arroyo del Alamos, 70-74 km. south of
Nueva Casas Grandes, Chihuahua (Nos. 42874-5); Chihuahua (Nos.
14254, 14261 (2), 14265, 14271, 14275, 14286, 14288) ; Rio Papagochic,
Guerrero, Chihuahua (No. 95607) ; Guadelupe y Calvo (No. 46368).

THAMNOPHIS RUTHVENI Hartweg and Cliver

Thamnophis rutiveni SmitH, Zoologica, vol. 27, p. 114, 1942.

A single topotype, from near Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (No. 110802),
was collected.

The Museum has one other, from Chivela, Oaxaca (No. 46364).

THAMNOPHIS SAURITUS CHALCEUS (Cope)

One specimen (No. 110805) was secured at Jonuta, Tabasco. It is a
male with 150 ventrals and 92 caudals.

The Museum has three others from Mexico, from Montecristo, Ta-
basco (No. 46548) ; Puerto Morelos, Yucatdin (No. 46530), and Cozumel
Island (No, 13906, type of rutiloris)

THAMNOPHIS SAURITUS PROXIMUS (Say)

Thamnophis sauritus proximus SmirH, Zoologica, vol. 27, p. 116, 1942.

Three specimens were secured, one (No. 105805) at Hacienda La
Clementina, near Forlén, Tamaulipas, and two (Nos. 110803-4) near
Acultzingo, Veracruz. The ventrals of these, in the above order, are
160, 159, 160; caudals 102+ (3 ),97 (¢),98(¢).

Cope, 1885b, pp. 388-389.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH A485

The Museum has eighteen others from Mexico: Nurvo Lrén: Cade-
rita (No. 749). Tamaunipas: Matamoros (Nos. 5484, 15343) ; Hidalgo
(No. 46435). Veracruz: Gutierrez Zamora (No. 46525) ; Jalapa (No.
5487 [2]); Orizaba (Nos. 755 [2], 7080 [2], 80355-6, 46449) ; Tuxpan
(Nos. 25190-1). Oaxaca: “Tehuantepec” (Nos. 30161-2) (in error?).

THAMNOPHIS SCALARIS SCALARIS Cope

Thamnophis scalaris scalaris SMiTH, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 100-101, 1942.

A single specimen is from Cruz Blanca, Veracruz (No, 110806), found

under a fallen pine log.
The Museum has seven other specimens, all from “Orizaba,” Vera-

cruz (Nos. 7076 [4], 12115-6, 30497).
THAMNOPHIS SCALARIS GODMANI (Giinther)

Thamnophis scalaris godmani Smiru, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 101-108, 1942.

Four specimens are from above Acultzingo, Veracruz (Nos. 110807-
9), San Diego, Puebla (No. 110810), and Pajaro Verde, Puebla (No.
110811).

The Museum has two others, from Oaxaca, Oaxaca (Nos. 46534,

46604),
THAMNOPHIS SCALARIS SCALIGER (Jan)

Thamnophis scalaris scaliger SM1TH, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 108-104, 1942.

Seven specimens are from Popocatepetl (No. 110815), Zempoala
(No. 110816), and 15 km. west of Toluca (Nos, 110812-4), Mexico;
and 2 miles east of Rio Frio, in Puebla (Nos, 110817-8).

The Museum has four others, from Nahuatzén, Michoacin (No.
46553) ; Mexico City, D. F. (No. 12730) ; Toluca, México (No. 32281) ;
and Guanajuato (No. 12675).

*THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS PARIETALIS (Say)

A single Mexican specimen is in the Museum from Casas Grandes,
Chihuahua (No. 46371) .%

THAMNOPHIS SUMICHRASTI SUMICHRASTI (Cope)

Thamnophis rozellae SmitH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 53, pp. 56-57, 1940.
Thamnophis sumichrasti suntichrasti SMrrH, Zoologica, vol. 27, pp. 110-111, 1942.
Three specimens were secured, the type of rozellae (No. 108597)
from Palenque, Chiapas, and two paratypes (Nos. 108598-9) from
Aguacate, Chiapas.
In addition the Museum has the type and paratype of sumichrasti

% Smith, 1942f, p. 114.

486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

(Nos. 26501-2)* from “Orizaba,” Veracruz; a specimen from Monte-
cristo, Tabasco (No. 46549); and another from “Guatemala” (No.
25934).

*THAMNOPHIS SUMICHRASTI PRAEOCULARIS (Bocourt)

Two specimens are in the Museum, from Puerto Morelos, Yucatan
(Nos. 46528-9).°7
*TOLUCA CONICA Taylor and Smith

Six specimens ** are in the Museum, from Guajamaloya, Oaxaca
(No. 46535, paratype), and “Mexico” (Nos. 30558, 31861, 31363-5).

TOLUCA LINEATA LINEATA Kennicott
Toluca lineata lineata Taytor and SmirH, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. vol. 28, pp.
343-3846, 1942.

Nine specimens were collected, at the following localities: VEra-
cruz: Cruz Blanca (No. 110747) ; El Limén Totalco (Nos. 110744-6).
México: 15 km. west of Toluca (Nos. 1107514) ; 10 miles west of
Villa Victoria (No. 110755).

TaBLE 41.—Variation in Toluca lineata lineata

U.S.N.M. No. | Sex Ventrals Caudals | Supralabials| Infralabia!s |Postoculars| Loreals
110744 9 128 30 7-7 7-7 2-2 0-6
110745 2 127 30 7-7 7-7 2-2 1-1
110746 os 116 41 7-7 6-7 2-2 0-6
110747 cS 119 37 7-7 6-7 2-2 1-1
LLOCaL 2 124 27 7-7 7-7 1-1 0-0
110752 2 124 26 7-7 7-7 1-2 1-1
110753 2 126 28 7-7 7-7 1-1 0-0
110754 oS 119 34 7-7 7-7 2-2 0-1
110755 J PG ot 7-7 7-7 1-2 0-0

The internasals and prefrontals are present in all; scale rows 17-17;
preoculars 1-1; temporals 1-1 on one side of one, but otherwise 1-2;
posterior chin shields separated in all; there are no entire caudal scales
in any specimen.

The Museum has eight other specimens, from Tulancingo, Hidalgo
(No. 86271) ; Valley of Mexico (Nos. 2103-4, 32379) ; Guanajuato (No.
9913) ; 2Puebla (No. 30553) ; mountains near San Luis Potosi, S. L. P.
(No. 46427) ; and Nahuatzén, Michoacan (No. 46426).

8 Cope, 1867a, p. 306.
7 Smith, 1942f, p. 111.
* Taylor and Smith, 1942b, pp. 340-343.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITEH 487
TOLUCA LINEATA ACUTA (Cope)

Toluca lineata acuta Taytor and Smirn, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull, vol. 28,
pp. 346-348, 1942.

Two typical specimens (Nos. 110761-2) are from Cacaloapan, Pueb-
la. The first is a male, the second a female. Respectively the ventrals
are 119, 128; caudals 38, 32; supralabials and infralabials 7-7; pre-
oculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2, 1-2 (2-2); total length
228 mm., 123 mm.; tail length 45 mm., 19 mm.

The Museum has one other specimen, the type (No. 80552), said to
be from Juchitan, Oaxaca, but almost certainly not.

TOLUCA LINEATA VARIANS (Jan)

Toluca lineata varians 'TAyLor and SmirH, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. 28, pp.
348-350, 1942.

Sixty-three specimens were secured, above Acultzingo, Veracruz
(Nos. 110671-725), near Puente Colorada, Veracruz (Nos. 110748-50),
and at Pajaro Verde, Puebla (Nos. 110760, 110756-9). One of these,
when discovered by turning a stone, flattened the fore part of the body
somewhat as an Heterodon or Ninia. No other specimen of the genus
has been observed to do so by me. All were found under stones.

The Museum has two others, No. 30551 from “Mexico” (Sumi-
chrast), and No. 110957 from Orizaba, Veracruz.

The veracity of the locality data on these specimens cannot be
doubted, since practically all were collected by my wife and me.
Although three localities are cited, all are within a radius of half a
mile and in the same sort of terrain. Five of this series have 15
scale rows posteriorly (26,32), and one (?) has 16; all others have
17 scale rows throughout the body. In 29 females the ventrals vary
from 128 to 188, average 133.1 (128, 3; 129, 3; 180, 1; 131, 1; 132, 3;
133, 4; 184, 7; 185, 3; 186, 1; 138, 3); in 33 males they vary from 119
to 127, average 123.4 (119, 2; 120, 3; 122, 2; 128, 8; 124, 8; 125, 6; 126, 3:
127, 1). The caudals vary in 27 females from 29 to 36, average 32.9
(29, 1; 30, 2; 81, 3; 82, 4; 38, 7; 34, 5; 35, 4; 36, 1); in 31 males they
vary from 36 to 44, average 40.5 (36, 1; 37, 2; 38, 2; 39, 4; 40, 6; 41,5;
42,5; 48,5; 44,1). There is one entire subcaudal scale in one speci-
men; in all others all the caudals are entire. The posterior chin
shields are separated in 35 (162, 19¢), in contact in 28 (132, 15¢).
The minimum rows of scales from the chin shields to the first full
width (first counted) ventral vary from 2 to 6. The total ventral
counts, including these small scales, from chin shields to anal plate,
vary from 1381 to 142 in females, 122 to 181 in males; in both sexes
the range of variation is increased by 1, but also both variation curves
are somewhat smoothed (females, 131, 1; 132, 2; 133, 2; 134, 8; 185, 2;

AS&8S PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

186, 3; 187, 4; 138, 4; 189, 4; 140, 1; 142, 3; in males, 122, 1; 123, 1;
124, 2; 125, 1; 126, 4; 127, 8; 128, 7; 129, 4; 180, 3; 181, 2) ; this possibly
indicates that, with larger series, the more accurate measurement of
ventral scale number is secured by counting all ventral scales from
chin shields to anal, as both the obvious variation in the position of

100 120 40 0 180 200 220 240 250 280 300 320

ig. 14.—Variation in tail-total length proportion (abscissa) plotted against total length
(coordinate) in females of Toluca l. varians.

100 20 /40 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320

Fig. 15.—Variation in tail-total length proportion (abscissa) plotted against total length
(coordinate) in males of Toluca I. varians.

the first ventral, as well as the human variable introduced by the
necessity of arbitrarily deciding which ventral should be counted as
first, are eliminated; larger series will be necessary, however, to dem-
onstrate whether this indication is true.

Without exception the supralabials are 7-7. The infralabials are
normally 7-7, but in six specimens (three of each sex), there are 6-7

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 489

(the loss caused by fusion of the sixth and seventh labials in two,
by second and third in two, and by fourth and fifth in one; in one
the sixth labial is eliminated from the labial border by contact of
5 and 6); in 18 (86,592) there are 7-8, and in three (23,19) there
are 8-8. In all the preoculars are 1-1, the postoculars 2-2; in all
but three the temporals are 1-2, and in the exceptions they are 1-1.
Without exception the loreal is present on both sides. All have 2
internasals and 2 prefrontals; in one a large, azygous scale between
the prefrontals is partially formed. In no specimen do the pre-
frontals contact the labials. The second supralabial contacts the pre-
ocular on one side in 9 (5 9,4¢ ), on both sides in 13 (129,122).

The percent of the total length comprised by the tail length varies
from 12.8 to 17.5 in females, and from 16.8 to 21.7 in males. The
percentages tend to increase more sharply and over a longer period
in males than in females, as shown in figures 14, 15. The maximum
percentages in males are reached at about 250 to 275 mm. total length,
while in females they are reached at about 210 to 245 mm. snout to
vent.

One specimen (No. 110746) has a number of well-developed young,
nearly ready for birth, in the uteri.

TOLUCA LINEATA WETMOREI, new subspecies

Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 110727, male, collected at Pan de Olla,
Veracruz.

Paratypes.—Sixty-eight, including U.S.N.M. Nos. 110726, 11072843,
and Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. No. 89370 (13), all topotypes, collected
March 22, 1940, by Dyfrig McH. Forbes, Luis, Gilberto, and Gavino
Gurcia, and H. M. Smith; U.S.N.M. Nos. 46405, 46442, EHT-H.M.S.
No. 16241, Las Vigas, Veracruz; Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 45685,
Tequeyutepec, Veracruz; and E.H.T.-H.M.S. Nos. 23693-5, 27917-28,
27939-57, near Tezuitlin, Puebla.

Dragnosis.—Like Toluca 1. lineata, except infralabials generally
(94 percent) 6-7 or less; differing from 7. varians and 1. acuta in
this character and in pattern and number of ventrals and caudals.

Description of holotype.—Rostral protruding, pointed, not turned
upward, its length visible from above about equal to its distance
from frontal; two internasals, almost as long as prefrontals, not
extending so far laterally as latter; frontal hexagonal, with an obtuse
angle anteriorly, an acute one posteriorly, sides slightly convergent;
length of frontais (3.2 mm.) very slightly less than that of parietals,
considerably greater than its distance from tip of snout (2.5 mm.) ;
nasal entire, in contact with preoculars, narrowed posteriorly; pre-

529454437

490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98

ocular single, large, in contact with second and third supralabials;
one postocular; 1-2 temporals (the anterior abnormally fused with
penultimate labial on one side) ; 7-7 supralabials, penultimate largest;
6-6 infralabials, the last elongate and not quite reaching even with
posterior margin of last supralabial; two rather large anterior chin
shields, in contact with three anterior infralabials; posterior chin
shields separated from each other medially, scarcely larger than small
gular scales; four small scales from posterior chin shields to the first
full-width ventral.

Dorsal scale rows 17-17, with single apical pits, all smooth; ventrals
119; anal divided; subcaudals 38; two subcaudals entire.

Dorsal surface slate-gray; a middorsal series of small, black spots
extending from nape onto tail; these spots involving the edges of
the paravertebral scale rows, separated from one another by spaces
of less than one scale length. Most dorsal scales with dark bases,
and scattered, irregular dark streaks over the rest of the surface.
Belly whitish, with a very few, small, dark spots on the posterior
edges of the ventrals, near their ends; tail whitish, slightly stippled.

Variations —Most specimens are colored like the type, but a few
are reddish instead of gray in ground color. The pattern closely
resembles that of J. lineata.

The variation of the entire series of 69 specimens examined is as
follows: One has 16 scale rows near the anus, all others 17 throughout
the body. In 30 females the ventrals vary from 120 to 180, average
126.2 (120, 1; 123, 1; 194, 4; 125, 5; 126, 5; 197,.7; 128, 2: 129, 3; 130.2) ;
in 89 males they vary from 117 to 126, average 120.9 (117, 3; 118, 4; 119,
5; 120, 9; 121, 5; 122, 3; 193, 9: 194, 3; 195,3;196,2). The caudals vary"
in 80 females from 25 to 33, average 29.2 (25, 2; 27, 4; 28, 45 29, 8; 30, 4;
31, 3; 382, 4; 33, 1); in 38 males they vary from 34 to 48, average 38.5
(34, 1; 36, 5; 37, 4; 38, 8; 39, 10; 40, 6; 41, 2; 42,1; 48,1). Eighteen
specimens have 1 to 21 entire subcaudals; of the 30 females only four
specimens have entire subcaudals (1, 1, 3, 6), while of the 39 males,
14 have entire subcaudals (1, three; 2, three; 3, four; 4, one; 5, one; 16,
one; 21, one); the latter two are of moderate size, of 219 mm. and
162 mm. total length, respectively; the others are of varying length,
from 287 to 106 mm.; with the character there is no obvious linkage
with lethal characters. The posterior chin shields are separated in 45
(23 8,229) in contact medially in 24 (16 6,8 9). The number of
small gular scales from the posterior chin shields to the first full-sized
ventral varies from 3 to 6. The total ventral counts, including three
small scales, from chin shields to anal plate, vary from 126 to 136 in
females, 122 to 131 in males; the range of variation with this count is
not increased over that obtained by excluding the smaller anterior

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 491

scales ; in females the curve of variation is somewhat more regular (126,
1; 128, 1; 129, 4; 130, 5; 131, 7; 182, 5; 183, 3; 134, 2; 135, 1; 136, 1), but
in males it.is considerably spread (122, 5; 128, 5; 124, 5; 125, 5; 126, 7;
127, 1; 128, 5; 129, 8; 180, 2; 181, 1) ; the counts are insufficient for an
accurate estimation of significance of differences between total and the
typical ventral count.

The supralabials are 7-8 in four, 7-7 in the others. The infralabials
are 5-5 in 1 ( ¢ ), 6-6 in 47, 6-7 in 17 (112,62), 7-7 in4 (39,12).
In ali the preoculars are 1-1; the postoculars are normally 2-2, but
fused together on one side in 9 (52,4 ), on both sides in 7 (49,34);
two specimens have 2-3 postoculars. There are two anterior temporals
on both sides in two, on one side in six; the secondary temporals are
single on one side of one, triple on one side of one, double in others.
The loreals are 0-0 in 28 (82, 204), 0-1 in 13 (72,64), 1-1 in the
remainder. In one the suture between the internasal and prefrontal
on one side is incomplete; otherwise the internasals and prefrontals
are distinct and separate. On one side of one specimen the prefrontal
contacts the labials. The second supralabial contacts the preocular on
one side in 10 (52,52 ), on both sides in 54, on neither side in 5.

The percent of the total length comprised by the tail length varies
from 12.7 to 17.6 in 80 females, and from 17.0 to 22.8 in 39 males.

rom lineata varians, of an adjacent range, 2. wetmorei differs as
follows:

lL. wetmorei 1. varians
ventrals in Q_-_-____ 83 percent 128 or less (25 of 90 percent 129 or more (26 of
30 29)
caudals in 9______ 83 percent 81 or less (25 of 80 percent 32 or more (21 in
30) 26)
infralabials --.-___ 94 percent 6-7 or less (65 in 90 percent 7-7 or more (57 in
69) 68)

Between these two races there are a number of other differences of
considerable significance, but they are of less than 70 percent occur-
rence, Hrom /. acuta there are obvious differences in pattern and in the
number of infralabials.

The race with which /. wetmorez is to be compared, however, is 7.
lineata. In 64 females and 60 males of the latter, from the states of
Guanajuato, Hidalgo, western Mexico, Michoacin, Morelos, Puebla,
and San Luis Potosi, the chief difference evident, from 2. wetmorei,
is the number of infralabials. In J. lineata, 10 percent have 6~7 in-
fralabials or less while in 2. wetmorei 94 percent have 6-7 or less.
Specimens from eastern Mexico, Distrito Federal, and central western
Veracruz (El Limon Totalco, Cruz Blanca, Toxtlacuaya, and between
Las Vigas and La Jolla), are intergrades. In 18 specimens from

492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

Cruz Blanca, five have 6-7 or fewer infralabials; two from Toxtla-
cuaya, Veracruz, have 7-7 infralabials; these seem typical intergrades.
Another series of 35 specimens is from El Limon Totalco, Veracruz;
20 have 6-7 infralabials or less, the remainder 7-7 or 7-8; these are
apparently intergrades not only of J. lineata and 1. wetmorei, but also
with 2. acuta, since some specimens have the large dorsal spots of that
race. Others (18) from between Las Vigas and La Jolla, Veracruz,
are intermediate between J. wetmorei and l. lineata, with 6-7 or 6-6
infralabials occurring in 12, 7-7 or more in 6. Thirty-three specimens
from Distrito Federal and eastern Mexico also appear intermediate
between these races; 15 have 67 or fewer infralabials. The area of
intergradation of J. lineata is therefore of considerable extent, from
Distrito Federal east to western Veracruz.

Remarks.—This Veracruzian race is named for Dr. Alexander Wet-
more in reference to his studies of the avifauna of that state and in
appreciation of the many courtesies extended to my wife and me dur-
ing my tenure of the Walter Rathbone Bacon Scholarship.

TRIMORPHODON BISCUTATUS BISCUTATUS (Duméril and Bibron)

Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus SmirH, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 91, pp.
159-160 (part), 1941.

Seven specimens were secured, one in the state of Chiapas (Tonala,
No. 110409), the others in the state of Oaxaca (Tres Cruces, No.
110403-4; Tehuantepec, Nos. 110405-6; Cerro Guengola, No. 110407;
La Concepcion, No. 110408).

The Museum has five other specimens, from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca
(Nos. 30406, 30427-9), and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca (No. 46547).

TRIMORPHODON BISCUTATUS SEMIRUTUS, new subspecies

Type—vU. 8S. N. M. No. 110410, from Acapulco, Guerrero.

Paratypes—Nine in the EHT-HMS collection, including Nos.
5338-9, El] Sabino, Michoacin; Nos. 5145-8, Agua del Obispo, Guer-
rero; No. 4588, near Organos, Guerrero; No. 21404, La Crucita, Guer-
rero; and No. 23619, 10 miles north of Tafetan, Michoacin. Also
U. M. M. Z. No. 80200, 6 miles northwest of Villa Alvarez, Colima, and
No. 80201, Las Ortices, Colima.

Diagnosis —Like Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus, except ven-
trals 260 to 275, caudals 85 to 102, total ventral-caudal count 358 to
376, as compared with 251 to 271 ventrals, 81 to 96 caudals, total
ventral-caudal counts 343 to 359 of the typical subspecies.

Description of type.—Male: scale rows 23-24-16; ventrals 275; anal
divided; caudals 100; supralabials 8-9; infralabials 11-12; preoculars

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 493

and postoculars 3-3; loreals 2-2; preocular in contact with frontal;
spots on body 20, on tail 13.

Variations —Twelve specimens of 6. semirutus from Colima, Mich-
oacin, and Guerrero have a total of 358 to 376 ventrals and caudals
(358, 1; 360, 2; 362, 1; 365, 1; 370, 2; 371, 1; 378, 1; 874, 1; 375, 1;
376,1). Sixteen specimens of b. biscutatus from Morelos, Oaxaca, and
Chiapas have a total count of 341 to 359 (341, 1; 348, 1; 344, 1; 345, 3;
346, 1; 847, 1; 349, 2; 351, 1; 354, 1; 355, 1; 59,2). An interlacing of
the ranges of the two races in Guerrero and Morelos is indicated by
the Morelos specimen (Taylor, 1940, p. 477).

Remarks.—The type was found under an exfoliated slab on the
side of a large granite boulder.

*TRIMORPHODON COLLARIS Cope ”

A single specimen, the type, is in the Museum; it is labeled
“Orizaba,” Veracruz; it is actually from Tuxpango, near Orizaba
(Sumichrast).

TRIMORPHODON FASCIOLATA Smith

Trimorphodon fasciolata SmirH, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 91, pp. 160-162, 1941.

A single specimen, the type (No. 110400), from Zardracua, 6 miles
southeast of Uruapan, Michoacan, is in the collection. It was found
under the bark of a dead tree.

The Museum has no other specimens of the species.

TRIMORPHODON FORBESI Smith

Trimorphodon forbesi Smiru, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 91, pp. 163-165, 1941.

A single specimen is from San Diego, near Tehuacdn, Puebla (No.
110402) ; it is the type.
The Museum has no others specimens of the species.

*TRIMORPHODON LAMBDA Cope

Two Mexican specimens are in the Museum, from Guaymas, Sonora
(No. 13487, type), and “Sonora” (No. 56321).

*TRIMORPHODON PAUCIMACULATUS Taylor

A single specimen in the Museum is from San Blas, Nayarit
(No. 46618) 2

© Cope, 1876, p. 131; Smith, 1941t, pp. 165-166.
1 Cope, 1886, pp. 286-287 ; Taylor, 1939b, p. 360, pl. 35, fig. 4.
2 Smith, 1941t, p. 155.

494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98
*TRIMORPHGODON TAU Cope

A single specimen, the type (No. 30338),? is in the Museum, labeled
“Tehuantepec,” but is actually from Quiotepec, Oaxaca, according to

Sumichrast.
TRIMORPHODON UPSILON Cope

One specimen was found dead in the road 10 km. north of Jacala,
Hidalgo (No. 110401). Scale rows 21-23-16; ventrals 226; caudals
63 (2); supralabials 8-8; infralabials 12-12; preoculars and post-
oculars 3-3; loreals 2-3; blotches on body 27, on tail, 14.

The Museum has nine other specimens: “Mexico” (Nos. 9911-2, 25361
96138-9) ; Guanajuato (No. 11870) ; Guadalajara (Nos. 12419, 31358) ;
San Juan Capistrano, Zacatecas (No. 46334) .*

*TRIMORPHODON VILKINSONII Cope

A single Mexican specimen, the type (No. 14268),° is in the Museum,
from “Chihuahua.”

TROPIDODIPSAS SARTORIL SARTORII Cope

Three specimens were obtained, one (No. 109909) at Potrero Viejo,
Veracruz; another (No. 109908) at Tenosique, Tabasco; and a third
(No. 109907) at Emiliano Zapata, Tabasco.

The Museum has only one other specimen of this race, from Chun-
tuqui, Guatemala (No. 71361). Aside from these I have examined
another from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (EHT-HMS No. 21809), and
four in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, three of which are from
Alvarez, San Luis Potosi (Nos. 250024), the other from Tamazun-
chale, San Luis Potosi (No. 45689). In three specimens of this entire
series the loreal enters the orbit on both sides (Nos. 109907, 25002,
95003), and in one specimen it enters the orbit on one side (No. 25004).
Tn one the nasal contacts a lower preocular below the loreal (No. 21809),
and in No. 25002 the temporal enters the orbit on one side. Other de-
tails of variation are given in table 42. The dorsal scales are feebly
keeled in all.

In one Potrero specimen and in the Guatemala specimens the only
light band complete about the body is the nuchal collar; the remain-
ing light bands reach the edges of the ventrals and caudals. In the
other Potrero specimen (No. 21809) 10 of the 13 body bands are very
narrowly interrupted medially. In the Tenosique specimen all the
light bands are complete about the body, except one immediately pre-
ceding the anus. In the Zapata specimen most of the bands are nar-

2 Cope, 1869, p. 152; Taylor, 1939b, p. 374, fig. 8, pl. 51.
4Taylor, 1939b, p. 366.
5 Cope, 1886, pp. 285-286.

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 495

TaBieE 42.— Variation in Tropidodipsas sartorii sartorii

No. Sex eta Caudals | Supra. | eee | a | ene ‘i Body | band
a
25002 | of 176 | 63 7-7 | 9-9 | | 2-9 18 6
71361 a | 185 64 TET, 15829 29 2-5 22 7
10s908 | of 180 | 65 TR GEO 99 24? 24 8
109907 | 184 | 61 7-7 | 10-10 | 242 5-9 20 | 6
25003 2 180 58 Geile 1? | 22 da, 16 6
25004 | 9 179 | 56 77 10) 3-3 9-9 21 | 5
45689 | 9 | 176 63 ark 2-2 229 17 5
109909 | @ 182 61 27 |) tong 99 yy) 15 5
21809 | ¢ 183 59 27 | Si9L9 3-4 dy 13 4

rowly interrupted on the midventral surface. All the San Luis
Potos{ specimens have complete light rings. Some of the dorsal scales
in the light bands are black-tipped in all. In all my specimens the
nuchal collar was yellow in life, the remaining light bands red.

Eventually it may be possible to discern more than one subspecies
in this apparently very variable form. The color variants now known,
however, do not segregate very well geographically. A specimen with
all the annuli complete is recorded by Boulenger (1894, p. 297) from
Orizaba, while mine from Potrero has the entire midventral surface
black; Boulenger’s specimen probably agrees more closely with the
San Luis Potosi specimens. My southern snakes show the bands tend-
ing toward completeness ventrally, yet the specimen from Guatemala
shows the midventral surface entirely biack.

The number of bands seems to be associated with sex. The four
females have 15 to 21 body and 5 to 6 caudal bands, while four males
have 18 to 22 body and 6 to 8 caudal bands,

TROPIDODIPSAS SARTORIE ANNULATUS (Peters)

Two specimens were secured, one (No. 109910) from Finca Judrez,
Chiapas, the other from La Esperanza, Chiapas (No. 109911). Both
were found at night near trails through the forests.

Two other specimens of this form have been examined, one (No.
46436) from Chicharras, Chiapas, the other (No. 12689) from
Escuintla, Guatemala. In these four specimens, the supralabials are
6-7 in two, 7-7 in two; infralabials 8-9 in two, 9-9 in one, 9-10 in one;
postoculars 2-2 in all; preoculars 2-2 in two (loreal enters orbit in
one of these, passing between preoculars), 1-1 in two; in the two
latter, the loreal enters the orbit below the preocular in one, and in the
other it enters above the preocular and below a narrow extension of
the prefrontals which also enter the orbit. The ventrals are 175, 177,

«

496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

173, 181, respectively, as listed above; caudals 59%, 589, 646, 54°,
respectively. In three females the dark bands are 14 or 15 on the
body, 5 or 6 on the tail; in the single male the body bands are 18, tail
bands 6. The dorsal scales in the light bands are usually black-tipped
(not in No. 109910). All the light bands are light yellow, and com-
plete about the body.

The form differs from typical sartorii chiefly in (1) regularity of
the bands, and (2) light bands all yellow. In s. sartori the bands are
complete or incomplete ventrally, and tend to be somewhat variable,
while in s. annulatus they are very even and regular. In the latter
they are broader than in most s. sartorii, and perhaps average less
numerous. In annulatus all the light bands are yellow, while in
s. sartorii only the nuchal collar is yellow, the remaining bands red.

I may add here a few notes on another species, 7ropidodipsas
philippii, of which one specimen (M. C. Z. No. 11410) from “Colima”
has been examined. It is a male with 15-15-15 scale rows, 181
ventrals, single anal, 85 caudals, 8-8 supralabials (fifth and sixth
entering orbit on one side, fourth also on other), 9-9 infralabials,
2-2 preoculars and postoculars, and 1-2 temporals; the prefrontals
enter the orbit on both sides, above the preoculars; the loreal does
not enter the orbit; total length 519 mm., tail 142 mm. There are
feeble but distinct keels on the dorsal scales posteriorly and numerous
pits on the scales of the ventral surface of the head. On the body
there are about 11 long, dark cross bands narrowly separated from
each other by light rings (several broken medially and alternating)
covering two or three scale lengths medially, four or five laterally;
on the tail there are nine similar black rings. The belly is mostly
light, the black rings involving the ends (one-third or one-fourth on
each side) of the ventrals. In caudal count this snake broadly over-
laps the count of occidentala, an obviously related species with 81
caudals; other philippzi have 67 to 71. Nevertheless, occidentala
appears to be well differentiated from piilippii on the basis of ventral
color (all black except where light rings cross belly) and the total
absence of keels on the dorsal scales.

TYPHLOPS BASIMACULATUS Cope

One specimen (No. 110304) is from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz, col-
lected by Dyfrig McH. Forbes. Dorsals 379; caudals 9; scale rows
18. I follow Taylor in restricting tenuis to Guatemala, pending
further collections from intermediate territories.

The Museum has three others, from Cordoba and Orizaba, Veracruz
(Nos. 6344 [2], 6602).

MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 497
TYPHLOPS BRAMINUS (Daudin)

One specimen (No. 110510) was collected at Agua del Obispo,
Guerrero, under a log shortly after a rainstorm.
The Museum has no others of the species from Mexico.

*TYPHLOPS MICROSTOMUS Cope

Two specimens are in the Museum, both from ”Yucatén” (Nos.
6569, 61064, type).°
XENODON MEXICANUS Smith

Six specimens are as follows: Piedras Negras, Guatemala (No.
108596, type) ; Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (No, 110329) ; La Esperanza,
Chiapas (Nos. 110330-2) ; and Salto de Agua, Chiapas (No. 110333).

The ventrals in this series vary between 126 and 137; caudals 40
to 46; supralabials 8-8 (7-8 in one) ; infralabials 8-9 in one, 9-9 in
two, 10-10 in one; two preoculars on one side in one; three post-
oculars on one side in one, others with two; crossbars 13-8 (body and
tail) in two, 13-4 in one, 14-8 in one, 14-4 in one. The bands are
very distinct and complete about the body in the very young.

The Museum has no other Mexican specimens.

CROCODILIA
CAIMAN FUSCUS (Cope)

Fifteen specimens (Nos. 115337-51) are from the vicinity of
Colonia Soconusco, Chiapas, and three others (Nos. 115334-6) are
from Belén, Chiapas. They were found in sluggish streams and in
ponds by several of the local hunters.

The Museum has no others from Mexico,

CROCODYLUS ACUTUS Cuvier

Two skulls (Nos. 115352-3) were picked up on the beach at Laguna
Coyuca, near Acapulco, Guerrero. One small specimen, preserved
entire, is from Rio Hondo, near San Bartolo (east of Miahuatlan,
Oaxaca (No. 115354). The premaxillo-maxillary sutures are pro-
duced posteriorly to the level of the posterior border of the seventh
tooth in all.

The Museum has one other specimen from Mexico, from Colima
(No, 56777) ; another very small specimen from Tabasco (No. 6624)
may belong to the same species.

* Cope, 1866, p. 125.

498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM YOR. 98

CROCODYLUS MORELETTH Duméril

Seven specimens are from the following localities: Curapas: Palen-
que (Nos. 115358-60). Tasasco: Tenosique (Nos. 115356-7).
Veracruz: Maguey, near Tampico (No. 115861). Guarrmaa:
Rio Usumacinta, near Piedras Negras, Petén (No. 115355),

The Museum has no other specimens from Mexico.

LITERATURE CITED

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1933. Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Sonora, Mexico,
with the description of a new lizard. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
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Amer., vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 48-54, 2 figs.
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500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Brown, ARTHUR ERWIN.
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MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 501

DunkK LE, Daviy Hossroox, and SmirH, Hoparr Murr.

1937. Notes on some Mexican ophidians. Oce. Pap. Mus. Zool. Uniy. Michi-

gan, No. 3638, 15 pp.
Dunn, EMMErt RED.

1919. Two new crotaline snakes from western Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soe.
Washington, vol. 32, pp. 213-216.

1920. A new Geophis from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 33, pp.
127-128.

1924. Amastridium, a neglected genus of snakes. Proe. U, S. Nat. Mus., vol.
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GAIcE, HELEN THOMPSON.

1936. Some reptiles and amphibians from Yucatan and Campeche, Mexico.

Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 457, pp. 289-304.
GLoyp, Howarp Kay.

1940. The rattlesnakes, genera Sistrurus and Crotalus: A study in z00-
geography and evolution. Chicago Acad. Sci. Spec. Publ. 4, viii+-270
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GuLoyp, Howarp Kay, and SmirH, Hosarr Mur.

1942. Amphibians and reptiles from the Carmen Mountains, Coahuila. Bull.

Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. 6, No. 18, pp. 231-235.
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1941. A contribution to the knowledge of variation in Opheodrys vernalis
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HARTWEG, NORMAN.

1940. Description of Salvadora intermedia, new species, with remarks on the

grahamiae group. Copeia, 1940, pp. 256-259.
HartTwec, NoRMAN, and OLIVER, JAMES ARTHUR.

1940. A contribution to the herpetology of the isthmus of Tehuantepec, IV:
An annotated list of the amphibians and reptiles collected on the
Pacific slope during the summer of 1936. Mus. Zool. Uniy. Michigan
Mise. Publ. 47, 31 pp.

JAN, GEORG.

1863. Elenco sistematico degli ofidi descritti e disegnati per l’iconografia gen-

erale, vii-+143 pp.
KENNICOTT, ROBERT.

1860. Descriptions of North American serpents in the museum of the Smith-
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1860, pp. 328-3838.

KLAuBER, LAURENCE MONROE.

1940. The worm snakes of the genus Leptotyphlops in the United States and
northern Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, pp. 87-162,
8 figs., 2 maps, 1 pl.

OLIVER, JAMES ARTHUR.

1937. Notes on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the state of Colima,
Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 360, 30 pp., 1
fig., 1 pl.

1942. A check list of the snakes of the genus Leptophis, with descriptions of
new forms. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 462, 19 pp.

ORTENBURGER, ARTHUR IRVING.

1923. A note on the genera Coluber and Masticophis, and a description of a
new species of Masticophis. Oce. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
No. 189, 14 pp., 3 pls.

502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

ORTENBURGER, ARTHUR IrRviNG—Continued.

1928. The whip snakes and racers: Genera Masticophis and Coluber. Mem.

Univ. Michigan Mus., vol. 1, xviii+-247 pp., 64 figs., 36 pls.
RUTHVEN, ALEXANDER GRANT.

1908. Variations and genetic relationships of the garter-snakes. U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 61, xii-+201 pp., 82 figs., 1 pl.

1912. The amphibians and reptiles collected by the University of Michigan-
Walker expedition in southern Vera Cruz, Mexico. Zooi. Jahrb., vol
32, pp. 295-332, 6 pls.

ScHMIpT, KAri PATTERSON.

1940. Notes on Texas snakes of the genus Salvadora. Publ. Field Mus. Nat.

Hist., zool. ser., vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 148-150, 3 figs.
SLEVIN, JOSEPH RICHARD.

1926. Expedition to the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, in 1925, III: Notes on
a collection of reptiles and amphibians from the Tres Marias and
Revillagigedo Islands, and west coast of Mexico, with description
of a new species of Tantiila. Proce. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol
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SMITH, HoparT MUvIR.

1938. Additions to the herpetofauna of Mexico. Copeia, 1938, No. 3, pp.
149-150.

1939. Mexican herpetological novelties. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 52,
pp. 187-196, 2 pls.

1940. Descriptions of new lizards and snakes from Mexico and Guatemala.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 53, pp. 55-64, 2 figs.

1941a. Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus Geophis. Smithsonian Misc.

Coll., vol. 99, No. 19, 6 pp.

1941b. Further notes on Mexican snakes of the genus Salvadora. Smith-

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1941d. Notes on snakes of the genus Conophis. Journ. Washington Acad.
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1941e. A new genus of Mexican snakes related to Rhadinaea. Copeia, 1941,
No. 1, pp. 7-10, 1 fig.
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1941g. Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus Z'rimeresurus. Zoologica, vol.
26, pp. 61-64.

1941h. An analysis of the biotie provinces of Mexico, as indicated by the dis-
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19411. Snakes, frogs and bromelias. Chicago Nat., vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 35-48,
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1941j. A new Geophis from Mexico. Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol 18,

pp. 49-55.

1941k. Lampropeltis alterna from Mexico. Copeia, 1941, No. 2, p. 112.

19411. Synonymy of Tantilla nigriceps fumiceps Cope. Copeia, 1941, p. 112.

194im. A new name for the Mexican snakes of the genus Dendrophidion.

Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 54, pp. 73-76.
1941n. Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus Masticophis. Journ. Washing-
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MEXICAN SNAKES AND CROCODILIANS—SMITH 503

Smira, Hopart Murr—Continued.
19410. A new Lepiodecira from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54,
pp. 115-118.
1941p. On the Mexican snakes of the genus Pliecercus. Proce. Biol. Soc.
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1941q. Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus Elaphe. Copeia, 1941, No. 3,
pp. 132-136, 2 figs.
1941r. A review of the subspecies of the indigo snake. Journ. Washington
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1941s, The Mexican subspecies of the snake Coniophanes fissidens. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. $1, pp. 103-111, 1 fig.
1941t. Notes on the snake genus Trimorphodon. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
91, pp. 149-168, 2 figs.
1942a. A resume of Mexican snakes of the genus Tantilla. Zoologica, vol.
27, pp. 33-42.
1942b. Notes on Masticophis mentovarius. Copeia, 1942, No. 2, pp. 85-88,
1 fig.
1942. A review of the snake genus Adelphicos. Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci.
vol. 8, pp. 175-195, 6 figs.
1942d. Remarks on the Mexican king snakes of the triangulwm group. Proce.
Rochester Acad. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 196-207, 1 fig., 1 pl.
1942e. Additional notes on Mexican snakes of the genus Pliocercus. Proce.
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1942f. The synonymy of the garter snakes (Thamnophis), with notes on
Mexican and Central American species. Zoologica, vol. 27, pp.
97-123.
1942¢. Mexican herpetological miscellany. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 92,
pp. 349-395, 1 fig., 1 pl.
1942h. Descriptions of new species and subspecies of Mexican snakes of the
genus Rhadinaea. Proe. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 55, pp. 185-192,
1 pl.
SmitH, Hopart Murr, and Taytor, EpwArp HARRISON,
1941. A review of the snakes of the genus Ficimia. Journ. Washington Acad.
Sei., vol. 31, pp. 356-868, 17 figs.
STEJNEGER, LEONHARD.
1899. Reptiles of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. North Amer. Fauna 14,
pp. 63-71.
Stuart, LAURENCE CoGPER.
1932, Studies on Neotropical Colubrinae, I: The taxonomic status of the
genus Drymobius Fitzinger. Oce. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
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1933. Studies on Neotropical Colubrinae, III: The taxonomic status of cer-
tain Neotropical racers. Copeia, 1933, No. 1, pp. 9-10.
1941. Studies of Neotropical Colubrinae, VIII: A revision of the genus
Dryadophis Stuart, 1939. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan Mise. Publ.
49, 106 pp., 18 figs., 4 pls.
STULL. OLIVE GRIFFITH.
1940. Variations and relationships in the snakes of the genus Pifuophis.
U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 175, vi--255 pp., 84 figs.
TAYLOR, EDWARD HARRISON.
1838. Notes on the herpetological fauna of the Mexican state of Sinaloa.
Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull, vol. 24, pp. 505-537, 3 pls.

504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Taytor, EDWARD Harrison—Continued.
1939a. Notes on the Mexican snakes of the genus Leptodeira, with a proposal
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vol. 25, pp. 315-855, 7 figs., 5 pls.
1939b. On Mexican snakes of the genera Trimorphodon and Hypsiglena.
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1940. Some Mexican serpents. Univ. Kansas. Sci. Bull., vol. 26, pp. 445-487,
9 figs., 4 pls.
TAYLOR, Epwarp Harrison, and SMitTH, Hosparrt Murr.
1942a. Concerning the snake genus Pseudoficimia Bocourt. Uniy. Kansas
Sci. Bull., vol. 28, pp. 241-251, 4 figs., 1 pl.
1942b. The snake genera Conopsis and Toluca. Univ. Kansas Sei. Bull.,
vol. 28, pp. 825-863, 12 figs., 6 pls.
VAN DENBURGH, JOHN.
1897. Reptiles from Sonora, Sinaloa and Jalisco, Mexico, with a description
of a new species of Sceloporus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1897, pp. 460-464.

O

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

issued

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Vol. 93 Washington : 1943 No. 3170

THE NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC WASPS OF THE
GENUS TETRASTICHUS—A CONTRIBUTION TO BIO-
LOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS

By B. D. Burxs*

Tre genus Zetrastichus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in-
cludes a large number of species of minute chalcid-flies. These may
be either primary parasites or hyperparasites, and they attack a wide
variety of hosts (see host list hereinafter), including such destructive
pests as the Hessian fly and the cotton boll weevil and many kinds of
thrips. aphids, midges, leaf miners, scales, tent caterpillars, borers,
roaches, beetles, and gall-makers injurious to agriculture, horticulture,
and forestry. They have been reared from the eggs, larvae, and
pupae of other insects, as well as from many plant galls. Economi-
cally, therefore, this is an important group of the Chalcidoidea, and
a thorough understanding of its species and relationships is desirable.
Twenty-three species are herein described for the first time.

From a taxonomic standpoint this genus is a difficult one for
several reasons. The species are so small that very good microscope
equipment is needed for studying them. Specimens are only lightly
sclerotized, so that they almost invariably shrivel badly in drying;
this tends to conceal or distort their morphological characters. It
has not. however, been possible satisfactorily to study specimens pre-
served in alcohol or on slides. There is, furthermore, a great lack of
good, definite morphological characters for the separation of species

*Acknowledgment is made to the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, II1.,
for granting the author a leave of absence on two occasions, which permitted him to accept
a temporary appointment by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, during
which period the work on this paper was done.

530798—43——_1 505

506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

in this genus. Color differences alone are seldom reliable for the
separation of species, but, in some cases, only color characters could
be found.

The males of Zetrastichus often exhibit good differences in the
antennae and genitalia, but males are so rare that a useful classifica-
tion cannot be based on them. Females of a given species are gener-
ally ten or more times as numerous as are the males; in one-third of
the species in this genus males are unknown, and in some forms males
apparently do not exist. Finally, the study of the species in this
genus is greatly impeded by the very poor condition of many of the
types.

A. B. Gahan, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar-
antine, has taken an active interest in the completion of this synopsis,
and many of the decisions as to specific limits, validity of characters,
and synonymy have been made in consultation with him. He also
generously allowed me to make full use of his notes and a manuscript
key to part of the genus; the latter contained several valuable charac-
ters for the segregation of species.

In 1848, Haliday? described the genus JVetrastichus in a paper
giving his somewhat preliminary classification of the chalcid-flies.
The genus is monobasic, with Cirrospilus attalus Walker clearly in-
dicated as the type. Walker apparently accepted this generic segre-
gate at once, as he published the description of a new species in
Tetrastichus the following year,? and, shortly thereafter, transferred
many of his species, previously described in Czrrospilus, to Tetrasti-
chus. Walker,‘ also, treated Aprostocetus Westwood as a synonym
of Tetrastichus, but that, according to present-day standards of
taxonomic procedure, would be impossible, as Aprostocetus is the
older of the two names.

Foerster, in 1856,° published his comprehensive classification of the
chalcids and acknowledged the fact that it was based largely on the
works of Haliday and Walker. Foerster, however, distributed the
genera of chalcid-flies among more than 20 families. Tetrastichus
was made the type genus for one of these families. The genera 7'r-
phasius Foerster, Anozus Foerster, Pteroptrix Westwood, Trichaporus
Foerster, Ceranisus Walker, Baryscapus Foerster, Hyperteles Foer-
ster, and Zetrastichus Haliday were grouped together to form the
family Tetrastichoidae.® In his discussion of the genus Jetrastichus;

1Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 3, p. 297, 1843.

2 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, p. 17, 1844.

* List of the specimens of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum,
Chalcididae, 237 pp. in 2 vols., London, 1846-1848.

LOC. Cit, D. Co:

° Hymenopterologische Studien, vol. 2, 152 pp., Aachen, 1856.

° Loc. cit., p. 83.

7 Locx.cit., p. 86.

BURKS 507

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS

Foerster stated that he considered Walker to have been correct in
combining Aprostocetus and Tetrastichus but that in the future if
the species with an elongate ovipositor were segregated generically
they should be placed under the name Aprostocetus, with Lonchen-
tedon Ratzeburg as a generic synonym.

When Walker published his final classification of the chalcid-flies,®
he treated the genera of the family Tetrastichidae briefly, but his
classification differs very little from Foerster’s. Walker, even at that
comparatively late date, continued to regard Aprostocetus as a syn-
onym of Z'etrastichus,? although observance of the right of priority
had become quite general by that time.

In 1878, Thomson '° published keys and descriptions for the Scan-
dinavian species of Tetrastichus, listed Aprostocetus Westwood and
Lonchentedon and Geniocerus Ratzeburg as generic synonyms, and
transferred a number of species from Hulophus and Entedon to
Tetrastichus.

Howard, a few years later, keyed out the genera of the chalcids but
did not modify the concept of the genus Tetrastichus prevailing in
the works of European authors." When Ashmead published his clas-
sification of the suprageneric categories of his superfamily Chalci-
doidea,” he considered Foerster’s family Tetrastichoidae (or Walker’s
Tetrastichidae) as the subfamily Tetrastichinae of the Eulophidae.
In his classification of the chalcid-flies down to genera, Ashmead in-
cluded 18 genera in the Tetrastichinae.* He considered J'etrastichus
and Aprostocetus to be distinct, and listed Geniocerus and Trichoceras
Ratzeburg as synonyms of the former. He cited Lulophus miser Nees
as the genotype of Tetrastichus, apparently because of the fact that
Dalla Torre ** had listed Cirrospilus attalus as a synonym of Lulophus
miser.

Ashmead grouped Afelittobia Westwood, Tetrastichodes Ashmead,
Trichaporus Foerster, Hyperteles Foerster, Gyrolasia Foerster, Syn-
tomosphyrum Foerster, Ceranisus Walker, Baryscapus Foerster,
Aprostocctus Westwood, Crataepus Foerster, and Pentastichus Ash-
mead with 7'etrastichus in the tribe Tetrastichini and, making a tribe
Ceratoneurini for the genus Ceratoneura Ashmead, placed these two
tribes in the subfamily Tetrastichinae. Five years later, Schmiede-
knecht * used Ashmead’s classification almost without change but
pointed out that the genus Oomyzus Rondani is a synonym of Tetra-
stichus.

® Notes on Chalcidiae, 129 pp. in 7 pts., London, 1871-1872.
® Loc. cit., p. 113.

10 Hymenoptera Scandinaviae, vol. 5, p. 278, 1878.

11 Ent. Amer., vol. 2, p. 100, 1886.

1 Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 4, p. 249, 1897.

38 Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 1, p. 348, 1904.

* Catalogus hymenopterorum, vol. 5, p. 18, 1898,

35 Genera insectorum, fase. 97, p. 471, 1909.

508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

In 1913, Kurdjumoy** published the results of his extensive re-
searches on Z'etrastichus and its allies. His conclusions were based
on a careful study of almost all the types involved, so these conclusions
may be accepted without question. Kurdjumov showed that 7'7ri-
chaporus is a synonym of Astichus Foerster (belonging in the sub-
family Entedoninae), and Gyrolasia is the same as Pteroptrix West-
wood (a member of the subfamily Aphelininae). He also considered
Syntomosphyrum, Ceranisus, and Baryscapus to be synonyms of T'etra-
stichus. He resurrected the genus Geniocerus, however, for those
species, formerly placed in 7'etrastichus, which have more than one
dorsal bristle on the submarginal vein of the forewing, and restricted
Zetrastichus to those species with but one dorsal bristle. He used the
name A prostocetus for those species having a long, exserted ovipositor.
Kurdjumoy confirmed the fact that Cirrospilus attalus is a synonym
of Lulophus miser, and, since he presumably saw the types of both
species, this synonymy may be accepted without further question.

The following year, Gahan published a key to the few Nearctic
species then known to him that would be referable to the genus Tetra-
stichus as defined by Kurdjumov.* Crawford ?* was of the opinion
that Kurdjumov’s definition of 7’etrastichus and Geniocerus was wn-
satisfactory but that nothing better was available. Since that time,
the genus Geniocerus has been used by few authors, but, for the rest,
Kurdjumov’s findings have been quite generally followed.

Beginning in 1912 and for several years following, A. A. Girault
published descriptions of numerous new genera and species of Tetra-
stichinae, many of which must be considered in treating 7'etrastichus
in the Nearctic region. Girault based his work almost entirely on
Ashmead ’s classification. Many of Girault’s generic names were pro-
posed originally for Australian species, but a large number of these
genera were used by him when he later described species from North
America. As authentic material of the genotypes of these genera is
not available, it is difficult to form reliable conclusions regarding their
validity. A study of the North American species that he placed in
these genera leads to the conclusion that many of them should be
considered as synonyms of Zetrastichus, but study of the genotypes
themselves very well might show that at least some of them should be
retained for Australian and other non-Nearctic species. Some of
Girauit’s genera, however, can safely be synonymized after studying
material he referred to them; others must be left in abeyance for the
time being.

Girault was not always consistent in his treatment of his genera.
lor example, he described the genus A prostoceroloides in his first ac-

™ Russ. Ent. Obozr. (Rev. Russe Ent.), vol. 13, p. 242, 1913.
17 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 166, 1914.
18 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 584, 1915.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 509

count of the Eulophidae of Australia,’ but in the supplement to this
work he listed this genus as a synonym of his 7richaporoidella.”°
Later he evidently decided that the two genera were not the same,
as he placed one of his new species from the United States * in the
genus Aprostoceroloides, The characters given in the original de-
scriptions of Aprostoceroloides and Trichaporoidelia would not sug-
gest that they are the same, and my opinion is that Aprostoceroloides
is a synonym of 7Z'etrastichus, while Trichaporoidella is more than
likely the same as Syntomosphyrum. It also might fairly be said that
it is often difficult to reconcile Girault’s generic assignments of his
North American species with the characters he gave for those genera
when he described them.

My own conclusions regarding the limitation of Zetrastichus and its
related genera differ little from those of Kurdjumov. I do not, how-
ever, agree with him that Syntomosphyrum is a synonym of 7J'eérasti-
chus, as I consider the two groups recognizably distinct. Further-
more, the use of the name Geniocerus seems unnecessary; the species
referred to that genus may well be placed in Vetrastichus. The genus
Ceranisus, as identified by Ashmead (and apparently by Kurdjumov
as well), is not the same as Walker’s genus as originally described.
Ceranisus Ashmead, not Walker, is undoubtedly the same as Z'etrasii-
chus, but Ceranisus Walker (having but two funicle segments) is close
to Pentastichus Ashmead.

The true genus Hyperteles has not, so far, been found to occur in
North America. Most of the Nearctic species which have been de-
scribed in Hyperteles, however, belong in Tetrastichus. Although I
have transferred a number of species from Ootetrastichus Perkins to
Tetrastichus, 1 do not consider Ootetrastichus a synonym of Tetrasti-
chus. The genera Thymus” and Prothymus,® described by Girault,
and related to T'etrastichus, seem to be recognizably distinct, although
the available material of them is in extremely poor condition.

Genus TETRASTICHUS Haliday

Tetrastichus Hatipay, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, vol. 3, p. 297, 1843.~-KurpsuMoV,
Russ. Ent. Obozr. (Rev. Russe Ent.), vol. 13, p. 253, 1913.—GaAHAN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 166, 1914. (Type, Cirrospilus attalus Walker.)

Trichoceras RavzeBuRG, Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten ..., vol. 2, p. 171,
1848. (Type, Trichoceras erythrophthaimus Ratzeburg. )
Geniocerus RatzEBuRG, Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten ..., vol. 2, p. 175,

1848. (Proposed unnecessarily for Trichoceras Ratzeburg, 1848, which was
thought to be preoccupied by Trichocera Meigen, 1803.)

19 Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 2, p. 2438, 1913.

20> Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 3, p. 229, 1915.

21 Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis, pt. 2, p. 2, 1917.
2 Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 113, 1916.

23 New chalcid flies, p. 1, 1917.

510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Baryscapus Forrster, Hymenopterologische Studien, vol. 2, p. 84, 1856. (Type,
Baryscapus centricolae Ashmead.)

Oomyzus Ronpant, Bull. Agr. Comm. Parma, vol. 3, p. 140, 1870. (Type,
Oomyzus gallerucae Rondani.)

Tetrastichodes ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 208, 1887. (Type,
Tetrastichodes floridanus Ashmead.)

Ceranisus ASHMEAD (not Walker), Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 1, p. 349, 350, 1904.

Neotetrastichus PERKINS, Bull. Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Assoc. Exp. Stat., Ent.
Ser., vol. 10, p. 14, 1912. (Type, Neotetrastichus mimus Perkins.) (New
synonymy.)

Hpitetrastichus GirrRAvuLT, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 2, p. 205, 1913. (Type,
Hpiietrastichus speciosissimus Girault.) (New synonymy.)

Neomphaloidella Gmavutt, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 37, p. 69, 1913.
(Type, Neomphaloidella fasciativentris Girault.) (New synonymy.)

Neotetrastichodes G1IRAULT, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 2, p. 228, 1913. (Type,
Neotetrastichodes flavus Girault.) (New synonyruy.)

Epomphaloides Giravutt, Arch. fiir Naturg., vol. T9A, No. 6, p. 49, 1913. (Type,
Epomphaloides flavus Girault.) (New synonymy.)

Aprosioceroloides GIRAULT, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 2, p. 248, 1918. (Type,
Aprosioceroloides speciosus Girault.) (New synonymy.)

Blattotetrastichus GIRAULT, Ent. News, vol. 28, p. 257, 1917. (Type, Entedon
hagenowii Ratzeburg.) (New synonymy.)

The following combination of characters will differentiate the mem-
bers of the genus 7Z'etrastichus from all other members of the super-
family Chalcidoidea:

Margin of clypeus with a pair of toothlike projections (fig. 17, a); antennae
never inserted at or immediately dorsad of clypeal margin; maxillary and labial
palps each composed of one segment; mandibles each with three teeth; female
antenna with three funicle segments, male with four, club in both sexes com-
posed of three segments, terminal two often more or less fused, club always
with a minute terminal style; eyes with sparse, short hairs; pronotum narrow,
transverse (figs. 18, 19); front and middle tibiae slender; all tarsi with four
segments; front wing with a break where Rs diverges from the stem of R,
submarginal vein of front wing with from one to seven dorsal bristles; marginal
vein always longer than stigmal vein, postmarginal vein wanting, no trace re-
maining of vein M; axillae produced anteriorly far in advance of tegulae;
mesoscutelum with two longitudinal, dorsal grooves (fig. 18); hindwing with
three hamuli (fig. 20, f) ; abdomen often with a rudimentary petiole (fig. 21, 8) ;
but never distinctly petiolate; ovipositor not markedly exserted (fig. 21, g-i).

KEY TO SPECIES

1. Ovipositor sheaths short, thickened, and somewhat flattened (fig. 21, g)_--- 2
Ovipositor sheaths elongate, more slender, as in fig. 21, h, i----_-_________ 3

2. Gaster nearly circular in outline, ovipositor sheaths densely covered with
short,-stout setae’ (fig: 21s. ee chrysopae (Crawford) (p. 525)
Gaster fully twice as long as broad, sheaths with only three or four
Werk: Seta@s-. see eee thripophonus Waterston (p. 525)

3. Gaster as long as thorax; body very dark brown or black, noniridescent ; sub-
marginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle; mesopraescutum with

one row of bristles at each lateral margin, this row consisting of only three

10.

W.

13.

14.

17.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 511

or four long bristles ; apices of ovipositor sheaths usually just reaching apex
of abdomen, occasionally not quite reaching apex.
johnsoni Ashmead (p. 526)

Not having that combination of characters__-_-------------------------- 4
Apieces of sheaths and ovipositor, when in repose, not reaching apex of
SUID CLO TG INAS pL Lo gol cD we ee 5
Apices of sheaths and ovipositor, when in repose, reaching or slightly exceed-
ing apex of abdomen, as in fig. 21, h_--------------------------------- a
Marginal and stigmal veins of forewing almost equal in length, the latter
nearly three-quarters as long as the former____ lissus, new species (p. 527)
Marginal vein at least twice as long as stigmal vein---------------------- 6

Mesopraescutum with two or three rows of bristles at each lateral margin 5
dorsal surface of thorax dull, and with dense, well-marked sealelike retic-
Lal Ss 1) Se ee ee eee ichthyus, new species (p. 528)

Mesopraescutum with only one row of bristles at each lateral margin; dorsal
surface of thorax rather shining, and with shallow scalelike reticulations,
or lacking such sculpture entirely_-______-__-------------~------------- 7:

Thorax black or brown, noniridescent.-—___-_---_-----_--~_-------------- 8
Thorax bright, iridescent green or blue-green__---~---------------------- 10
Metatibiae partly dark brown or black----~~- melanis, new species (p. 529)
Metatibiae entirely light yellow or white_______-_---_------------+------ 9
Femora partly brown; stigmal vein of forewing short, subsessile, as in

fi a () 0) Re ee ee eee brevistigma Gahan (p. 530)
Femora entirely light yellow or white; stigmal vein of forewing long, as in fig.

21 Se ee are koe ee pandora, new species (p. 550)

Antennal club twice as long as third funicle segment; third funicle segment
nearly twice as long as broad; scape almost always yellow ; mandibles and
mouth opening reduced in size (fig. 17,@)-- hylotomae (Ashmead) (p. 531)

Antennal club two and one-half times as long as third funicle segment ; third
funicle segment only slightly longer than broad ; scape almost always brown;
mandibles and mouth opening large (fig. 17, b) --asparagi Crawford (p. 582)

Mesopraescutum with only one bristle at each lateral margin (fig. 18, d,e) -- 12
VS iit @) ace on 5 Se ee ee a 12

Mesopraescutum with two or more bristles at each lateral margin, or with
one to several rows of bristles at each lateral margin, or with bristles
distributed over entire sclerite, as in figs. 17, 6, c.; 18, a-e_-_-___--___- Aly)

2. Anterior pair of scutellar bristles longer than posterior pair (fig. 18, e) ;

thorax black or brown, marked with yellow, sometimes almost entirely
NN ea eerie eae a A eee a a ee flora (Girault) (p. 583)
All seutellar bristles equal in length or posterior pair longer; thorax never
yellow and brown; either iridescent blue or green, or entirely dark brown

Oe DAC Keats ane ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 13
Thorax iridescent ereen2 22 2 hillmeadia (Girault) (p. 53+)
Thorax, very dark brown or black, moniridescent.___-= 2. ===__-___-_ ==. 14

Gaster entirely dark brown, or mostly dark brown with base tan.
solidaginis, new species (p. 534)

faster partly.or almost. entirely, whites-<--.--. = 5 =) == eee ee 15
5. Abdomen almost entirely white; brown only along dorsolateral margins__ 16
Abdomen white only at base-—2= =" 22 2552-2 es eee oe oe ee 18

. First and second funicle segments equal in length.

pulchriventris (Girault) (p. 535)
Second «fLunicle sesment Jonger, than first-—-—— === === 2a 17
AIST EMO A Wile = ee oe a ee ee ulysses (Girault) (p. 5386)
Front and mid femora partly brown__semilongifasciatus (Girault) (p. 536)

ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

18.

19.

20.

21.

o5

26.

Length of ocellocular line nearly twice as great as maximum diameter of
lateral ocellus; propodeum long, its mesal length one-third as great as
length of mesoscutellum; all femora light yellow or white; male antenna
Withlon=-bristles;7as in: fe 16,) 12 eee ainsliei Gahan (p. 537)

Length of ocellocular line only slightly greater than maximum diameter of
lateral ocellus ; propodeum shorter, its mesal length only one-sixth as great as
length of mesoscutellum; front and middle femora partly tan; male antenna
with Short bristles: as inviig 16; 9-22 a whitmani (Girault) (p. 538)

Mesopraescutum with numerous, slightly irregular longitudinal rugae on
meson, and whole dorsum of thorax with extremely coarse sculpture.

gelastus, new species (p. 559)

Mesopraescutum without longitudinal rugae on meson; dorsum of thorax not
so Coarsely Sculptured 22226 22 S20 SEE hh ee ee 20

30dy very dark, iridescent blue or blue-green: propodeum extremely short,
its mesal length only one-fifth as great as length of mesoscutellum ; abdo-
men long and narrow, at most only one-half as wide as maximum width
of thorax; base of gaster broadly joined to propodeum ; propodea! spiracles
minute, almost round and nearly touching anterior margin of propodeum.

malacosomae Girault (p. 539)

Not having that’ combination ‘of characters 2 See eae eee eee anes eee 21
Submarginal vein of forewing with only one dorsal bristle, as in fig.
20 CAG A ee a SC EAE oe ae ee 2
Submarginal vein of forewing with two to seven dorsal bristles__________ 36
Only two bristles present at each lateral margin of mesopraescutum____ 23

At least three bristles present at each lateral margin of mesopraescutum__ 25

. Thorax elongate, with mesopraescutum as long as wide; postscutellum and

propodeum smooth; anterior and posterior praescutal bristles approxi-
mately the SAMEISIZOs 9 ee eee ee baldufi, new species (p. 540)
Thorax broad and compact, with mesopraescutum much wider than long;
postscutellum and propodeum with distinct, netlike sculpturing; pesterior
praescutal bristles larger and longer than anterior onesS________-_-____-_ 24
Surface of forewing uniformly ciliated on area just distad of point of con-
junction of submarginal and marginal veins (fig. 20, e) ; antennae slender,
elongate, first funicle segment twice as long as broad, club only slightly
wider than third funicle segment (fig. 16, 2); metatibiae almost aiways
entirelyyellow= ee ee ee eee dyrus, new species (p. 541)
Surface of forewing with a large bare area just distad of point of conjunction
of submarinal and marginal veins (fig. 20, d@); antennae more compact,
first funicle Segment as broad as long, club considerably wider than third
funicle segment (fig. 16, 7); metatibiae always partly dark brown or
Deck a ot ee 2 ae triozae, new species (p. 5#2)

5. Body dark, iridescent blue; scape yellow and quite short, its apex far from

reaching level of anterior ocellus; flagellum brown; femora mostly dark
brown or black; gaster slender, not so wide as thorax, but only slightly
longer than thorax; stigmal vein of forewing with a slender anterior spur
(fig. 20, ¢); propodeal spiracles separated from anterior margin of pro-
podeum by space equal to the diameter of a spiracle.
ovipransus Crosby and Leonard (p. 544)
Not having that:combination of characters! 3 eee 26
Propodeum with a median carina, but without paraspiracular Carinae. as
in fig. 21, e, f; surface of propodeum smooth or very weakly sculptured_ 27
Propodeum with both median and paraspiracular earinae, as in fig. 21, a—d;
surface of propodeum strongly shagreened or sculptured______-________ 28

to
=]

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

34.

35.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 513

. Thorax dark, iridescent blue-green or green; propodeum weakly reticulated.

xanthomelaenae (Rondani) (p. 544)

Thorax dull brown, noniridescent; propodeum smooth.
compsivorus Crawford (p. 545)
Metafemora entirely light yellow or white___---______-_-___-_------__~_ 29
Metafemora partly or almost entirely dark brown, black, or iridescent___ 30
Dorsum of thorax with greenish iridescence; outer surface of metacoxae
Siron liv pitted =— os = eee ee ee euplectri Gahan (p. 546)
Dorsum of thorax bright, iridescent blue-green; outer surface of meta-

coxae with very weak and shallow indentations.

aeneoviridis (Girault) (p. 547)
Apex of hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin one-half as wide as

Wine ae NamMUllecaAsS i ie. OO atta ee ee ee ee ee 31
Apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin not more than one-third
as wide as wine at hamuliisaks se fe a ae ae es a ee ee 382

Second funicle segment slightly longer than first; mesal length of pro-
podeum one-fifth as great as length of mesoscutellum.

diarthronomyiae Gahan (p. 547)

First and second funicle segments equal in length; mesal length of pro-
podeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum.

tibialis (Ashmead) (p. 548)

Mesotibiae almost entirely dark brown_--------~--- scolyti Ashmead (p. 548)

Mesotibiaeientirely- lightyellowsor white. 2202). eee ee tee 333°

, Sides of pronotum with a deep femoral groove (fig. 17, e); body deep,

iridescent: Dwele es oe Lee ee eee re op ee agrili Crawford (p. 549)

Sides of pronotum without a femoral groove, as in fig. 17, d; body brown

or black with iridescent greenish or brassy cast, or iridescent green__ 34
Apex of antennal scape reaching level of vertex ; thorax iridescent green.

scriptus, new species (p. 550)

Apex of antennal scape not surpassing level of ventral margin of anterior

ocellus; thorax dark brown or black, with faint iridescent greenish or

Brassy castles 2 eA igs ee ea sos ee ae Ne oD
Antennal scape and pedicel uniformly brown; body very dark brown, with
faint ereenish iridescence_______-- -- -__+___+_____ productus Riley (p. 550)

Antennal scape and apex of pedicel light yellow or white, base of pedicel
brown; body black or very dark brown with brassy cast.
paracholus, new species (p. 551)

. Head considerably broader than pronotum; entire dorsum of thorax covered

by close, scalelike reticulations, as in fig. 18, c, and very dark steel-blue or
shining black (old or teneral specimens may be brown) ; entire surface of

gaster, shagreened=_______-_S2un see te Bi eae Besa od
Dorsum of thorax differently sculptured; surface of gaster usually not com-
pletely shagreened_-2s-_-- 2 - alee ee be e+ <2 --- 38

. Marginal vein of forewing four to four and one-half times as long as

stigmal; funicle segments of antenna long, slender; first segment three
and one-half times as long as broad_-----~- tesserus, new species (p. 552)
Marginal vein of forewing only two and one-half to three times as long as

stigmal; first funicle segment twice as long as broad.
fumipennis (Girault) (p. 553)

. Body dark brown or black, sometimes with indistinct iridescent reflections,

and with middle and hind coxae entirely light yellow or white_____--~ 39
Not having that combination of colors: body and middle and hind coxae
either both yellow, or body brown, black, or iridescent with coxae partly
GI MEIC] Van lev ese ee ee eee eee 40

514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 93

39.

40.

43.

44,

46.

47.

48.

Mesopraescutum with bristles distributed over its entire surface, as in
fir IO sieiit eet ee iat ae eee hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (p. 554)
Mesopraescutum with bristles at lateral margins only.
cassidis, new species (p. 555)
Body elongate, slender; head rounded, with antennae inserted approximately
in center of frons, well above level of ventral margins of compound eyes,
as in fig. 16, @; postocellar line only slightly, if at all, longer than
ocellocular’ Vine Gis Men ee ee 41
Antennae inserted at or near level of ventral margins of compound eyes, and
much below center of frons; postocellar line at least one and one-half

timessas' lone“as*ocellocular=2 == 3 ee ee 43
. Body iridescent bluelts- Sareea semiauraticeps (Girault) (p. 556)
Body-dull-brown;-or -brown-and yell Owasso eee 42

Ocelli in a nearly straight line; apex of scape reaching level of anterior
ocellus, first funicle segment twice as long as broad.
longicorpus (Girauit) (p. 557)
Ocelli forming a low triangle, apex of scape exceeding level of vertex;
first funicle segment three times as long as broad.
oklahoma (Girauit) (p. 557)
Mesoscutellum bearing five pairs of bristles, three of which are located along
posterior margin of this sclerite; mesopraescutum bearing several rows of
silver-colored bristles at each lateral margin-- argyrus, new species (p. 558)
Mesoscutellum almost always bearing only two pairs of bristles, sometimes
with? three or Lour pairs wes 2 Sa eee ee I ae a a: NER ea es ae ea 44
Mesoscutellum with four pairs of bristles; mesopraescutum with three rows
of bristles at each lateral margin; length of malar space two-thirds as great
as height of compound eye, antennae inserted slightly ventrad of level of
ventral margins of compound eyes__________ phegus, new species (p. 559)
Mesoscutellum with two or three pairs of bristles__.____._______-____..-- 45
Length of malar space slightly greater than height of compound eye; antennae
inserted slightly ventrad of level of vetral margins of compound eyes, apex
of scape reaching level of vertex; abdomen elongate, slender, twice as long
as thorax and propodeum combined; marginal vein twice as long as stig-
THA SES SAel as ae oe 6 er ee ee, gigas, new species (p. 560)
Length of malar space less than height of compound eye________________ 46
Color black with faint green or blue-green iridescent reflections ; body elongate,
narrow ; gaster one and three-fourths to twice as long as thorax and pro-
podeum combined; antennae inserted slightly ventrad of level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; length of malar space four-fifths as great as

heizhtrofscompound ey ese: = ists Nae holbeini Girault (p. 461)
Not having that combination of characters__.______=_»_/ 47

Mesopraescutum with bristles distributed over entire surface, as in fig. 19, e;
or, at least, with more than two rows of bristles at each lateral margin__ 48
Mesopraescutum with one or two rows of bristles at each lateral margin__ 56
Bristles of mesopraescutum distributed over entire surface in a rather hap-
hazard manner; some bristles contiguous with mesal furrow, as in fig.
RO Css PS eh att ths 9 ge shed al ced in Dg BS ee kes ae ee ae Ee eR 49
Mesopraescutal bristles not present on meson; three to five rows of bristles
present at each lateral margin, but none contiguous with mesal furrow,
AS in He Als. 04 Rahs es bk aes eR ES ery ee 52
Metatibiae almost entirely dark brown or black__ modestus Howard (p. 562)
Metatibiae entirely light yellow or white__..__.___________-__=-.-___=__- 59

50.

Si
ome

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 515

Malar furrow curved and forming, with ocular suture, a triangle at ventral
margin of compound eye (fig. 16, ¢), length of malar space two-thirds as

great as height of compound eye_-__-_—__- pattersonae Fullaway (p. 563)
Malar furrow straight (fig. 16, 6) ; length of malar space one-half as great
as heightiof compound ey e222! A Ais spe tet Ser totes te ee ges ee 51

. Antennal club short, ovate, less than twice as long as second funicle segment;

body usually bright, iridescent green, with femora entirely light yellow or
white ; forewing of male with a conspicuous patch of dark setae on anterior
margin'mear apextcit 62 fe2t Ss ot spilopteris, new species (p. 564)
Antennal club almost three times as long as second funicle segment; body
usually entirely very dark brown, almost black, occasionally with faint
iridescent refiections, femora always partly brown; forewing of male with-
out‘a patch.of-dark setae____=_-____-_________ verrucarii Balduf (p. 565)

. Body varying from very dark brown to black, and with only very faint

iridescent biue or blue-green reflections ; submarginal vein of forewing with

two dorsal bristles; mesoscutellum often bearing three pairs of bristles;

propodeal spiracles round, paraspiracular carinae faint, posterior end reach-
ing postspiracular suture, as in fig. 21, 6b; postscutellum smooth.

carpatus, new species (p. 566)

Not having that combination of characters; propodeum either lacking para-

spiracular Carinae, or these carinae present and posterior end reaching

posterior margin’: of propodeumuesses Les 4h ee ee EU ee eye 53

. Marginal vein of forewing three or more times as long as stigmal vein____ 54
Marginal vein of forewing twice as long as stigmal vein__________________ 5d
Surface of propodeum shagreened, paraspiracular carinae present, median
carina well deéveloped.2 22232825) hunteri Crawford (p. 567)
Surface of propodeum smooth, paraspiracular carinae wanting, median carina
only-vaguely indicated 26.6 2 es es turionum (Hartig) (p. 568)
Metatibiae partly dark brown_______________ caerulescens Ashmead (p. 568)
Metatibiae entirely light yeliow or white______-____ dolosus Gahan (p. 570)

Setae laterad and ventrad of scrobe cavity set in deep pits; ocellar triangle
with large, deep punctures (fig. 17, ¢); a triangular fracture present at
ventral margin of each compound eye (this fracture very small in one
SITS) ace sR NN i ae a Dn eo Se on De

Setae on face not set in deep pits; ocellar triangle not with large, deep pits;
triangular fracture not present at ventral margin of each compound eye_ 60

Paraspiracular carinae absent, surface of propodeum shining and with very
shallow, obscure reticulations; prepectus faintly reticulated.

strobilus, new species (p. 570)

Paraspiracular carinae present, surface of propodeum strongly sculptured ;
prepectus deeply punctured or strongly reticulated____________________ 58

Rudimentary petiole with dorsal surface smooth, as in fig. 21, e; propodeum
with shallow reticulate sculpturing_____-________ sobrius Gahan (p. 572)

Rudimentary petiole with dorsal surface distinctly sculptured, as in fig. 21, 0;
propodeum closely and deeply punctured_________-_______ 59

Thorax dark, iridescent blue-green with occasional purplish reflections ; median
groove of mesopraescutum relatively broad; propodeum with median and
paraspiracular carinae, fig. 21, p_--_--__ punctatifrons (Girault) (p. 572)

Thorax dark, shining brown or black, noniridescent ; median groove of meso-
praescutum fine; propodeum with median, paraspiracular, and oblique
carinaesas in figh21, gels 202). Be essUls Pero 2 banksii Howard (p. 573)

(Apex of hindwing acute, as in fig. 20, f, h; fringe at posterior margin one-half or
more’as wide: asawine at hamulin 22 Se ce ee ee st ee 61

516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 93

61.

67.

69.

Apex of hindwing blunter, as in fig. 20, g. i; fringe at posterior margin one-
third or less as wide aS wing at hamuli__-__-__--____----~------------- 63
First funicle segment of antenna, long, slender, more than four times as long
as Wwidesdiz, 16, 9: uiete in dee gibboni (Girault) (p. 574)
First funicle segment not more than two and one-half times as long as
Wid@lo te fees is br ot ee ore ee 62

. All funicle segments equal in length; surface of mesoscutellum smooth.

polynemae Ashmead (p. 575)

First funicle segment one and one-half times as long as second (fig. 16, e) ;
surface of mesoscutellum with distinct, shallow reticulations.

oecanthivorus compar Gahan (p. 575)

. Dorsum of thorax bright yellow with iridescent black or bluish-green spots.

venustus Gahan (p. 576)
Dorsum of thorax not having a combination of yellow and iridescent colora-
Pinte ete Sige ee 2 fn ee ee ee 64

. Thorax metallic green with the tegulae and a spot on dorsal margin of

mesopleuron yellow; bases of hind coxae dark, remainder of hindlegs and
other legs entirely, yellow or white-_------ xanthops (Ratzeburg) p. 577)
Not having that combination of colors; thorax either entirely yellow, or brown,
black, or iridescent blue-green without a yellow spot on dorsal margin of

mesopleurqh: 222 22-3 sees a ee eee ee eh eee 65
. Propodeum with paraspiracular carinae, as in fig. 21, a-d_-_-------------- 66
Propodeum without paraspiracular carinae, as in fig. 21, e, f------------ 67

. Metatibiae usually entirely light yellow or white, sometimes slightly darkened,

occasionally mostly brown; metapleuron with rather deep, close, scale-like
reticulations, the lateral area of propodeum with shallower, more indistinct
reticulations (fig. 17, f) ; metacoxae with a distinct, iridescent purple luster ;
gaster never greatly longer than thorax and propodeum combined, at most
one and one-third times as long, the two tagmata often equal in length.
racemariae Ashmead (p. 578)
Not having that combination of characters; metatibiae always mostly dark
brown; metapleuron and lateral area of propodeum both with nearly the
same type of sculpture (fig. 17, g) ; metacoxae black.
cormus, new species (p. 579)
Mesopraescutum lacking a median, longitudinal groove and bearing one row
of bristles at each lateral margin ; body black or very dark brown, with very
faint bluish or greenish iridescent reflections sometimes visible; tibiae
entirely light yellow or white; surface of propodeum almost smooth, its
median length one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum; spiracles
contiguous with anterior margin of propodeum; gaster only slightly longer

than thorax and propodeum combined_—___~-_ minutus (Howard) (p. 5:0)
Not having that combination of characters; median longitudinal groove of
mesopracscutumusually, distinct] 2225 = ee ee 68

. Marginal vein of forewing four or more times as long as stigmal vein; body

elongate and black, with very faint iridescent bluish or greenish luster_- 69
Not having that combination of characters; marginal vein of forewing never
more than three and one-half times as long as stigmal vein, usually less

than: three) times aAshlon 22-25 a 70
Mesotibiae entirely light yellow or white; marginal vein of forewing four
and one-half times as long as stigmal vein___ faustus, new species (p. 582)

Mesotibiae partly dark brown; marginal vein four times as long as stigmal.
hibus, new species (p. 582)

. Body iridescent green, blue, blue-green or somewhat purplish (not visible in

teneral specimens) ; may be very dark brown or black with rather faint

aa;

~Y
ho

73.

74.

05.

78.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—-BURKS 517

iridescent green or blue-green sheen, but dorsum of thorax always with a
distinct bright-colored sheen, and never dull brown or black or shining,
5) ce ae Meco aeee e ee 71
Body: yellow, brown .or black, noniridescent==~2=—--____-i 7 80
First funicle segment elongate, from one and two-fifths to one and one-half
times as long as second segment (fig. 16, d@) ; mesal length of propodeum
one-sixth as great as length of mesoscutellum; antennae inserted slightly
dorsad of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; legs distad of coxae
almost always entirely light yellow or white, metafemora occasionally
darkenedion basalihalf_- 2-2-7 eee eee carinatus Forbes (p. 583)
Not having that combination of charactérs_—_=—-+----_==-=2_ == 2 == 72

. Body bright, iridescent blue-green; frons iridescent purple; apex of scape

almost reaching level of vertex ; abdomen acute at apex and elongate, almost
twice aslong as thoraxs:. 23 sss ee repulsus Girault (p. 584)
HACeenOlirid escent spl ole ee ee at ee ee ee eee i
Body iridescent blue; gaster equal in length to thorax, and these tagmata
equal in width; submarginal vein of forewing with two dorsal bristles ;
antennae unusually short, the funicle segments becoming progressively
broader and shorter toward apex, much as in fig. 16, f.

malophilus, new species (p. 585)

Not having that combination of Glaracters ii oe Se 74
Spiracles almost or quite contiguous with anterior margin of propodeum,
as inifige Oi foe te Shee 2 kee A Sr oe eee eee 7d
Spiracles separated from anterior margin of propodeum by a space at least
one-half as great as length of a spiracle, as in fig. 21, a, c, e-------------- 76
Thorax bright, iridescent blue; marginal vein of forewing only slightly more
than twice as long as stigmal vein-___------- bruchophagi Gahan (p. 585)

Thorax brown, with a rather faint blue luster ; marginal vein of forewing three
and one-half times as long as stigmal vein.
marcovitchi (Crawford) (p. 586)

. Propodeum long; its mesal length more than one-fourth as great as length of

MeSOSCUTO LL = ee ee oe ee ae ae aaa Ee = V4.
Propodeum shorter; its mesal length only one-fifth or one-sixth as great as
length of mesoscutellum____---------------------------------------- 78

. Body bright, iridescent green or blue-green ; anterior tibiae tan or brown,

usually slightly darker than middie and hind tibiae ; antennal scape mostly
Ee ie ee ee rapo (Walker) (p. 587)
Body brown with rather faint green iridescent sheen ; all tibiae white or
yellow ; antennal scape almost entirely light yellowish or white.
microrhopalae Ashmead (p. 588)
Body dark, iridescent blue; antennal scape short, its apex not reaching leve}
of anterior ocellus, club longer than two distal funicle segments combined,
chlamytis Ashmead (p. 589)
Body dark brown or black with rather faint iridescent blue or blue-green
sheen; apex of antennal scape reaching level of anterior ocellus, club as
long as two distal funicie segments Combineg = 2-222 s2e-"—2-2en SE oe 79

_ Head and body faintly iridescent blue-green ; mesopraescutum with one row

of bristles at each lateral margin__----~-.- gerstaeckeriae Gahan (p. 590)
Head and body iridescent blue or blue-green with faint purplish cast ; meso-

praescutum with two rows of bristles at each lateral margin.
rugglesi Rohwer (p. 580)

518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 93

80. All funicle segments broad and short, and each segment slightly broader and
shorter than the segment proximad of it, club broad, subglobose, as in

fie NG fea a ee es en oe ee ee 81
All funicle segments nearly or quite equal in width, and club not conspicu-
ously, Short <4 52724 stws. bet ae a ee A ee oe Sg ee eee 82

81. Mesopraescutum with two rows of bristles at each lateral margin; spiracles
separated from anterior margin of propodeum by a space one-half as great
as length of a spiracle: antennal funicle and club both brown.

thanasimi Ashmead (p. 591)
Mesopraescutum with one row of bristles at each lateral margin; spiracles
contiguous with anterior margin of propodeum; antennal funicle brown,

Clubfiyell0ws222 = =e ee eee eee varicornis (Girault) (p. 592)

2 pHead: and body entirely. brown: or blag 2 32 ee eee 83
Head and body partly or entirely yellow; at least area of head around mouth-
parts and mesal area of postscutellum yellow__-______________________ 87

83. Mesal length of propodeum one-fourth as great as length of mesoscutellum ;
body broad, short and compact; length of gaster equal to or less than length
of thorax; gaster broad, thorax and abdomen appear to be equal in width;
mesopraescutum broader than long; body uniformly dull brown or black.

neuroteri (Ashmead) (p. 592)
Not having that combination,of characters. ==) ee eee S4
84. Tibiae partly dark brown or black; first funicle segment one and one-sixth
times as long as second segment; body shining black, and antennae entirely
bla Gees s5 eb ose Fe lee a 8 ea ooo ee Eee ae silvaticus Gahan (p. 593)
Tibiae usually entirely light yellow or white, occasionally faintly shaded with
tan but never partly: dark brown or black] =2 2 = eee 85
85. Segments of antennal funicle elongate, first segment one and one-third times
astlongeyasiSecond See} eles Fee, nebraskensis (Girault) (p. 594)
Segments of antennal funicle subquadrate, first and second segments equal in
length; or, secondushizhtly: Jonger than first= 2-2 ee 86

86. Caster elongate, slender; twice as long as thorax__ rosae Ashmead (p. 595)

Gaster subglobose (flattened in dry specimens), only slightly longer than
GO raxees Oo eel a ke a ea . blastophagi (Ashmead) (p. 595)

87. Spiracular grooves of propodeum almost obliterated, median length of pro-
podeum three-eighths as great as length of mesoscutellum ; one stout bristle
present laterad of each propodeal spiracle; abdomen subglobose, slightly
broader than thorax, and apices of ovipositor sheaths just reaching apex
Of abdomen ates as oe ek lasius, new name (p. 596)

Spiracular suture clearly extending from spiracle to posterior margin of
propodeum; apices of ovipositor sheaths slightly exceeding apex of

SNE TMC oe en cn we tc ie Eee 838

88. First funicle segment of antenna one and one-third times as long as second
SOSMON Ge a ae eS es Ik EF ne ee ee 89
First funicle segment as long as or slightly shorter than second segment__ 90

89. Dorsum of thorax mostly yellow, abdomen yellow with transverse brown
bands: ok Sos ee he i Ds lee juniperi (Crawford) (p. 597)

Dorsum of thorax almost entirely brown; abdomen uniformly brown.
nebraskensis (Girault) (p. 594)
50. Second funicle segment of antenna longer than first; median length of pro-
podenum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum ; body mostly brown,
abdomen uniformly, browne s--===-- = se impexus Girault (p. 597)
First and second funicle segments equal in length; median length of propodeum
one-fifth as great as length of mesoscutellum; body usually mostly yellow,
abdomen with transverse brown bands__ marylandensis (Girault) (p. 598)

iota dd etd pad seta

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS

POSTOCELLAR
Pen RINE a

Ficure 16.—Herapb anp ANTENNAE OF TETRASTICHUS

. longicorpus (Girault): Anterior aspect of head.
. spilopteris, new species: Latera! aspect of head.

pattersonae Fullaway: Lateral aspect of head.

carinatus Forbes: Pedicel and flagellum of 9 antenna.
oecanthivorus compar Gahan: Pedicel and flagellum of 2 antenna.
varicornis (Girault): Pedicel and flagellum of 2 antenna.

gibboni (Girault): Pedicel and fiagellum of 2 antenna.

dyrus, new species: Pedicel and fiagellum of ? antenna.

triozae, new species: Pedicel and flagellum of 9 antenna.

cormus, new species: Pedicel and flagellum of o@ antenna.

. xanthops (Ratzeburg): Pedicel and flagellum of 9 antenna.

triozae, new species: Pedicel and flagellum of o@ antenna.

520

a Pc We a a AOI

ar | in eae este be Ba

Q

t

Ficure 17.—HeEap, THorax, AND ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES OF TETRASTICHUS

hylotomae (Ashmead): Anterior aspect of lower half of head.
asparagi Crawford: Anterior aspect of lower half of head.
punctatifrons (Girault): Dorsal aspect of head. (Ce, compound eye; Oc, ocellus.)

. bruchophag: Gahan: Lateral aspect of prothorax and part of mesothorax. (Cx, coxa;

Mbps, mesopraescutum; Msc, scapula; Pn, pronotum; Pp, prepectus.)
longicorpus (Girault): Lateral aspect of prothorax and part of mesothorax.

. racemariae Ashmead: Lateral aspect of propodeum and metapleuron. (Cx, coxa;

Mpl, metapleuron; Pr, propodeum; Psc, postscutellum; Sp, spiracle.)

. cormus, new species: Lateral aspect of propodeum and metapleuron.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 524

Ficure 18.—Tuorax, Dorsar Aspect, oF TETRASTICHUS

a, Generalized Tetrastichus thorax. (ASB, anterior scutellar bristle; 4x, axilla; M/ps, meso-
praescutum; Msc, scapula; Msc/, mesoscutellum; MsS, thoracic spiracle; Pn pronotum;
PrB, praescutal bristles; PSB, posterior scutellar bristle; ScB, scapular bristles.)

b, T. asparagi Crawford.

c, T. fumipennis (Girault).

d, T. whitmani (Girault).

e, T. flora (Girault).

530798—43

2

522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

mt

Ficure 19.—Tuorax, Dorsat AsprEct, OF TETRASTICHUS

. punctatifrons (Girault).
. caerulescens Ashmead.
. melanis, new species.

. huntert Crawford.

. verrucarit Balduf.

-

~ &

VO
SS SiS

of

qn
Ne)
eo

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS

yu Mt, b.
~ EB
a ——_

a8

Zz

2 2 7h Aes

nies pe

= ee ee SAF

i = LLFS AOC r yp
> aie -

= vr

d.

\
Yj

d
»,

4,

SSIES epee Oe Oe
= ee
Z

=
“7
-

.
\

SOLE
=

Ke Sonny es ‘
KWGCCT oe 2

RAG, Ss =

REE SEES

q.

Sa aga g
Wier RAK we
> AN NK IWS ee ie Cte

QQ RAKE gs

Beare

SAI A TEAAES
Te

Figure 20.—Wincs or TEeTRASTICHUS

. johnsont Ashmead: Forewing.

. brevistigma Gahan: Forewing.

ovtpransus Crosby and Leonard: Forewing.
triozae, new species: Anterobasal area of forewing.
dyrus, new species: Anterobasal area of forewing.
polynemae Ashmead: Hindwing.

asparagi Crawford: Hindwing.

. ainshe1 Gahan: Hindwing.

. carinatus Forbes: Hindwing.

8
Beta oot

s
-

524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

“HHS AO S'S
SSS ss sss

’

Ficure 21—ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES OF 'TETRASTICHUS

. fumipennis (Girault): Propodeum.

. punctatifrons (Girault): Propodeum.

. cormus, new species: Propodeum.

. racemariae Ashmead: Propodeum.

rapo (Walker): Propodeum.

. bruchophagi Gahan: Propodeum.

. chrysopae (Crawford): Ventral aspect of apex of 9 gaster.
. cormus, new species: Ventral aspect of apex of 9 gaster.

. hylotomae (Ashmead): Ventral aspect of apex of 2 gaster.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 525
TETRASTICHUS CHRYSOPAE (Crawford), new combination

Ficure 21, g

Geniocerus chrysopae CRAWForD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 584, 1915.

Tetrastichodes chrysopae (Crawford) Giravuur, Societas entomologica, vol. 31,
p. 35, 1916.

Aprostoceroloides annapolis GiRAULT, Chaleidoidea nova Marilandensis, pt. 2, p. 2,
1917. (New synonymy.)

Black or very dark brown, sometimes faintly iridescent; apices of
femora, tibiae usually, and basal three segments of tarsi, white or light
yellow; tibiae often more or less brown.

Female—Length, 1.0-1.2 mm. Antennae inserted at level of
ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level
of anterior ocellus; all funicle segments equal in length; antennal
club equal in length to funicle; length of malar space one-half height
of compound eye; length of postocellar line twice as great as ocelloc-
ular. Mesopraescutum slightly wider than long, bearing one row
of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing
with two dorsal bristles; hindwing blunt at apex, fringe at posterior
margin one-third as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum
almost smooth, under strong light showing faint reticulations, mesal
length of propodeum one-third as great as that of mesoscutellum;
median carina of propodeum usually entirely wanting, occasionally
faintly indicated, paraspiracular carinae wanting; spiracles almost
contiguous with anterior margin of propodeum; diameter of spiracles
two-thirds as great as mesal length of propodeum; gaster slightly
shorter than thorax; ovipositor sheaths flattened and padlike (fig.
21, 9).

Male—tLength, 1.0mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape almost
as long as scape, first funicle segment three-fifths as long as second,
three distal segments equal in length, setae borne by funicle segments
slightly shorter than segments themselves; club slightly longer than
three apical funicle segments; gaster one-fifth shorter than thorax;
apex of ninth tergite acute, as in female.

Type locality —Batesburg, S. C.

Type—U.S.N.M. No. 18380,

Hosts—Pupae of lacewing flies, Chrysopa rufilabris Burmeister,
C. plorabunda Fitch, C. oculata Say.

Distribution —California, District of Columbia, Florida, Tlinois,
Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas;
Mexico.

TETRASTICHUS THRIPOPHONUS Waterston

Tetrastichus sp. Mason, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 199, 1922.

Tetrastichus thripophonus WATERSTON, Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 13, p. 453, 1923.—
Taytor, Fiji Legis. Council Paper, No. 14, 5 pp., 1928.—SrmMonps, Journ.
Agr. Fiji, vol. 3, p. 58, 1930.

526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 93

Tetrastichus tatei DoztrR, Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 21, p. 129, 19387.
(New synonylpy.)

Dull brown, with antennae, area of head around mouthparts, tegu-
Jae, entire front and middle femora and apices of hind femora, tibiae,
basal segments of tarsi, and base of gaster light yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 1.0-1.1 mm. Antennae inserted at level of
ventral margins of compound eyes; margin of ventral tooth of
mandible minutely serrulate; apex of antennal scape not quite reach-
ing level of anterior ocellus; pedicel and second and third funicle
segments equal in length, first segment slightly shorter than second,
club wider than funicle and almost as long as it; postocellar line one
and one-half times as long as ocellocular; area of frons Jaterad and
dorsad of scrobe cavity with well-marked, transverse reticulations.
Mesopraescutum bearing two bristles at each lateral margin; sub-
marginal vein of forewing with two dorsal bristles; apex of hind-
wing acute, fringe at posterior margin two-thirds as wide as wing
at hamuli. Surface of propodeum smooth, median and paraspiracu-
Jar carinae absent; mesal length of propodeum two and one-third
times as great as mesal length of metanotum, and two-thirds as long
as mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles contiguous with anterior
margin; gaster narrow, blunt at apex, and as long as thorax; apex
of ovipositor sheaths not quite reaching apex of abdomen, sheaths
enlarged, and bearing only four or five bristles.

Male.—Unknown.

Type locality.—Trinidad, British West Indies.

T'ype—One female specimen in the British Museum.

Hosts.—Prepupae of thrips, Léothrips laureli (Mason), Liothrips
urichi Karny, Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmerman).

Distribution —F lorida; Puerto Rico; Trinidad, British West In-
dies; Fiji.

Remarks.—Waterston’s excellent description makes it possible to
identify with certainty this distinctive species without examining the
type.

TETRASTICHUS JOHNSONI Ashmead

Ficure 20, a

Tetrastichus johnsoni ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 23, p. 238, 1896.—
FrRIson, Bull. Iinois Nat. Hist. Surv., vol. 16, p. 223, 1927.
Aprostocetus johnsoni (Ashmead) GrravuLt, Societas Entomologica, vol. 31, p. 35,
1916.
Very dark brown or black, noniridescent; scape and pedicel, apices
of coxae, trochanters, bases and apices of femora, tibiae, and basal
three segments of tarsi light yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 1.1-1.2 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 527

margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of ventral
margin of anterior ocellus; pedicel three-quarters as long as first funi-
cle segment, al! funicle segments subequal in length, first slightly
shorter than second; club as long as two distal funicle segments;
length of malar space one-half as great as height of compound eye;
postocellar line one and one-half times as long as ocellocular line.
Mesopraescutum wider than long and bearing three or four long
bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one
dorsal bristle; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin
one-third as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum strongly
reticulated, paraspiracular carinae present; mesal length of propo-
deum one-half as great as length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spira-
cles almost touching anterior margin; gaster rounded, short, equal
in length to thorax; apices of ovipositor sheaths just reaching apex
of abdomen, occasionally not quite reaching apex.

Male.—Length, 0.6-0.9 mm. Pedicel and first funicle segment of
antenna equal in length, three distal segments of funicle equal in
length and each one-eighth longer than first, funicle segments slightly
enlarged near bases, bearing long setae, as in figure 16, 7; gaster as
long as thorax.

ZT ype locality—Urbana, Ill.

Types—U. 8S. N. M. No. 385; paratypes in Illinois State Natural
History Survey Collection.

Host.—Reared from the nest of a spider wasp, Phanagenia bom-
bycina (Cresson), but may not be a primary parasite of it.

Distribution —Iinois.

TETRASTICHUS LISSUS, new species

Thorax black, with iridescent blue luster; head and gaster very
dark brown or black, with very faint iridescence; antennal scape, bases
and apices of femora, tibiae, and basal three segments of tarsi light
yellow or white; flagellum of antenna and apical segment of tarsi tan.

Female.—Length, 1.6-1.7 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reach-
ing level of anterior ocellus; pedicel one and one-half times as long
as first funicle segment, all three funicle segments of equal length
and each almost as wide as long, club as long as funicle; height of
compound eye only one and one-quarter times as great as length of
malar space; postocellar line one and one-half times as long as ocelloc-
ular. Mesopraescutum with two or three rather irregular rows of
bristles at each lateral margin; longitudinal grooves of mesoseutellum
obliterated at anterior margin; submarginal vein of forewing with
four or five dorsal bristles, marginal vein short, less than twice as
long as stigmal vein; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior

528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 93

margin one-fifth as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum
slightly reticulated, almost smooth, obscure median, paraspiracular
and oblique carinae present; spiracles round, almost touching anterior
margin of propodeum; median length of propodeum one-third as
great as length of mesoscutellum; gaster broad, blunt at apex, slightly
shorter than thorax; apices of ovipositor sheaths not reaching apex
of abdomen.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —Snowflake, Ariz.

Types —U.S.N.M. No. 56236.

Described from 4 female specimens, one of which is the holotype.
reared June 10, 1932, from the pods of locoweed (Astragalus mollis-
simus) by KE. E. Russell, under Tempe No. 6882.

TETRASTICHUS ICHTHYUS, new species

Head and thorax with relatively large and intense reticulate sculp-
turing, and with blue, blue-green, or purplish iridescence, frons
strikingly iridescent purple; gaster, coxae, trochanters, and most of
femora very dark brown; area of head around mouthparts, pedicel
and flagellum of antenna usually, and apical segment of tarsi tan;
scape, bases and apices of femora, tibiae, and basal three segments
of tarsi light yellow or white; entire antenna may be yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.5-1.7 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level of
anterior ocellus; pedicel slightly longer than first funicle segment,
first and second segments equal in length, third slightly shorter, club
as long as first and second funicle segments combined; length of
malar space two-thirds as great as height of compound eye; posto-
cellar line twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum with two
or three rather irregular rows of bristles at each lateral margin;
submarginal vein of forewing with three or four dorsal bristles,
marginal vein two and one-half times as long as stigmal; apex of
hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-fifth as wide as wing
at hamuli. Surface of propodeum shagreened, and with strong me-
dian, paraspiracular, and oblique carinae, as in figure 21, d; median
length of propodeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum ;
spiracles almost touching anterior margin of propodeum; gaster broad
and slightly shorter than thorax; apices of ovipositor sheaths not
quite reaching apex of abdomen.

Male—Length, 1.4 mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape two-
thirds as long as scape, pedicel slightly longer than first funicle seg-
ment, all four funicle segments of equal length, semiquadrate and
without long bristles, club slightly more than twice as long as a funicle

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 529

segment; marginal vein twice as long as stigmal vein; gaster two-
thirds to four-fifths as long as thorax.

Type locality —Idlewild, Tex.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56259.

Described from the female holotype, male allotype, and 1 male and
12 female paratypes reared January 8-April 9, 1891, from small
globose leaf galls on live oak, under Bureau of Entomology No.
4841°°. The host is probably Dryophanta emoryi Ashmead. The
galls were sent in to the Bureau by L. Biediger. Seven additional
specimens of this species, not included in the type series, were possibly
reared from the gall of Veuroterus rileyi (Bassett). These latter
specimens are from some unknown locality.

TETRASTICHUS MELANIS, new species
FIGURE 19, ce

Shining black; mouthparts, bases and apices of femora and tibiae,
and basal segments of tarsi yellow or brown; teneral specimens dark
brown instead of black.

Female.—Length, 1.3-1.9mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of anterior
ocellus; all funicle segments slightly longer than broad, and equal in
length, club slightly longer than two funicle segments; length of malar
space two-thirds to three-quarters height of compound eye; postocellar
line one and one-half times as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum
as wide as long (fig. 19, ¢) and bearing one row of bristles at each
lateral margin, median furrow absent; submarginal vein of forewing
bearing one dorsal bristle; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior
margin one-fourth as wide as wing at hamuli; scutellum sometimes
with three pairs of bristles, anterior pair located close to anterior
margin. Propodeum shagreened; paraspiracular carinae present;
mesal length of propodeum one-third length of mesoscutellum ; propo-
deal spiracles large, close to but not quite touching anterior margin;
gaster as long as thorax; ovipositor sheaths not reaching apex of
abdomen.

Male.—tULength, 1.3-1.4mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape two-
thirds as long as scape, second funicle segment one-fifth longer than
first, third and fourth equal in length and each one-half longer than
first, club as long as two apical funicle segments; funicle segments
bearing bristles approximately as long as segments; gaster slightly
longer than thorax; apex of ninth tergite acute, as in female.

Type locality —Wenatchee, Wash.

Types —U.S.N.M. No. 56237.

Described from 36 female and 7 male specimens as follows: Female
holotype, male allotype, and 18 female and 2 male paratypes, reared

530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 93

from the pupa of Coccinella 5-notata Wirby, August 1, 1915 (Quaint-
ance No. 11467), by E. J. Newcomer; 1 male and 11 female paratypes,
Guelph, Ontario, reared from a coccinellid predaceous on a turnip
aphid, August 20, 1934, W. E. Heming; and 11 female and 3 male
paratypes, Cambridge, Mass., reared from Coccinella sp.

TETRASTICHUS BREVISTIGMA Gahan

FIGurE 19, 0b

Tetrastichus brevistigma GAHAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 38, p. 76,
1936.—Berry, U.S. Dept. Agr. Cire. 485, 1988.

Body shining black; head, antennae, middle parts of middle and
hind femora, and apical segments of tarsi brown; coxae black at base,
yellow or white at apex; rest of legs yellow; abdomen slightly lighter
at base.

Female.—Length, 1.0-1.5 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of vertex;
first funicle segment slightly longer than second, second and third
equal in length; club slightly shorter than three funicle segments;
length of malar space three-fourths as great as height of compound
eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular. One row of bristles
present at each lateral margin of mesopraescutum; submarginal vein
of forewing with one dorsal bristle; stigmal vein at most one-sixth as
long as marginal; hindwing acute at apex, fringe at posterior margin
one-third as wide as wing at hamuli. Propedeum very faintly sha-
greened ; mesal leneth of propodeum slightly less than one-third length
of mesoscutellum; median carina of propodeum vague, no paraspiracu-
lar carinae present; spiracles touching anterior margin of propodeum;
gaster and thorax equal in length; apices of ovipositor sheaths not
quite reaching apex of abdomen.

Male—Length, 0.8mm. All four funicle segments equal in length
and bearing setae only slightly longer than segments; club equal in
length to three funicle segments.

Type locality —Middleboro, Mass.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 51446.

Host—Pupa of the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella wanthomelaena
(Schrank).

Distribution.—Connecticut, District. of Columbia, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New York, Ohio. It has also been introduced into
California.

TETRASTICHUS PANDORA, new species
Brown, or black, with very faint iridescent blue or lavender luster;

area of head around mouthparts, antennae, and all of legs except bases
of coxae light yellow or white; apical segment of tarsi and sometimes

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 531

antennal flagellum slightly darkened. Male may have thorax largely
yellow and abdomen yellow at base, with legs entirely yellow.

Femaie—Length, 1.4-1.6 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reach-
ing level of anterior ocellus; pedicel globular, and slightly narrower
and shorter than first funicle segment, all three funicle segments equal
in length, club slightly more than twice as long as a funicle segment;
length of malar space one-half as great as height of compound eye;
postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular line. Mesopraescutum with
one row of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of fore-
wing with from four to six dorsal bristles, marginal vein three times
as long as stigmal; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin
almost one-fourth as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum
smooth, paraspiracular carinae wanting; spiracles contiguous with
anterior margin of propodeum; median length of propodeum almost
one-fourth as great as length of mesoscutellum; gaster broad, varying
from as long as to one-fifth longer than thorax; apices of ovipositor
sheaths not quite reaching apex of abdomen.

Male —Length, 1.1-1.8 mm. Scape greatly enlarged, darkened an-
terior carina extending almost entire length of scape, pedicel small,
beadlike, siightly longer than first funicle segment but narrower than
it, second funicle segment one and one-half times as long as first, three
apical segments equal in length, club slightly more than twice as long
as fourth funicle segment; length of malar space three-fifths as great
as height of compound eye; median length of propodeum one-third
as great as length of mesoscutellum; gaster varying from one and
one-tenth to one and one-quarter times as long as thorax.

Type locality —Williamson River, Oreg.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56238.

Described from the female holotype, male allotype, and 35 female
and 15 male paratypes, reared from eggs of Coloradia pandora Blake,
on Pinus ponderosa, June 24-July 28, 1924, by J. E. Patterson, under
Hopkins U.S. No. 16247-C.

TETRASTICHUS HYLGTOMAE (Ashmead)
FIGUBES 17, a; 21,1

Hyperteles hylotomae ASHMEAD, Can. Ent., vol. 20, p. 105, 1888.
Tetrastichus hylotomae (Ashmead) Scuwarz, Proc. Ent. Soe. Washington, vol. 11,
p. 107, 1909.

Tridescent green; antennae, mouthparts, trochanters, apices of
femora, tibiae, and tarsi white or light yellow; male antennae some-
times entirely brown; female gaster often reddish brown, sometimes
lighter at base.

Female.—Length, 2.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of antennal scape reaching, or

532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

slightly exceeding, level of vertex; scape almost three times as long
as pedicel, second funicle segment slightly longer than first or third,
club as long as scape; length of malar space two-thirds as great as
height of compound eye; postocellar line slightly less than twice as
long as ocellocular. Pronotum with a slight femoral groove, much
as in figure 17, e; one row of bristles present at each lateral margin
of mesopraescutum, this sclerite one-fifth wider than long; submargi-
nal vein of forewing bearing one dorsal bristle; hindwing blunt at
apex, width of fringe at posterior margin one-sixth as great as width
of wing at hamuli. Propodeum strongly shagreened, its mesal length
one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum, both median and par-
aspiracular carinae present; spiracles almost touching anterior margin
of propodeum; gaster and thorax equal in length; gaster flattened at
apex, cerci and spiracles of eighth segment ventral, rather than lateral
or dorsal in position, apex of ovipositor sheaths not reaching apex of
abdomen (fig. 21,7).

Male—Length, 1.6mm. First funicle segment slightly longer than
pedicel, and shorter than second segment, third and fourth segments
equal in length and each one-fourth longer than second; gaster slightly
shorter than thorax. The male is extremely rare.

Type locality Southeastern Canada.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 11982.

Hosts—Larvae of sawflies, Arge dulciaria (Say), A. pectoralis
(Leach), (?) Neodiprion sp.

Distribution —AIllinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Maine, Manitoba, New
Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Rhode Island, Virginia, West Virginia.

Remarks.—Vhis species is evidently quite closely related to the
European species, 7’. atrocoeruleus (Nees), which also parasitizes Arge
larvae.

TETRASTICHUS ASPARAGI Crawford
FicurEs 17, b; 18, b; 20, g

Tetrastichus asparagi CrAwr¥orpD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 150,
1909.—FERNALD, Rep. State Ent. Massachusetts, No. 22 (2), p. 73, 1910.—How-
ARD, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 3, p. 258, 1910.—RussELL and JOHNSTON, Journ.
Econ. Ent., vol. 5, p. 429, 1912.—Jounnsron, Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 4, p. 308,
1915.—Ross, Agr. Gaz. Canada, vol. 2, p. 1055, 1915; Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Onta-
rio No. 46, p. 23, 1916.—GuRavtt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 128, 1916.—
Hewirr, Canada Dept. Agr. Dominion Ent. Rep., 1917, p. 56.—CHITTENDEN,
U.S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bull. 837, p. 8, 1917.—Patmor, Ann. Epiphyt., vol. 4,
p. 335, 1917.—Ross and Carsar, Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, No, 50, p. 101,
1920.—Britron, Connecticut State Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 234, p. 174, 1922.—
CHITTENDEN, Oregon Board Hort. Bienn. Rep. No. 17, p. 187, 1923.—F Ext, Rep.
State Ent. New York, No. 35, p. 92, 1923—Lronarp, New York (Cornell)
Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 984, 1928.—Drake, Iowa Agr. Exp. Stat. Cire. 134,
p. 5, 1932.—BrauLne, Quebec Soc. Protect. Plants Ann. Rep., 1935, p. 59.—
Burks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 31, p. 159, 19388.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 533

Iridescent blue-green; sometimes scape and pedicel of antennae,
anterior trochanters usually, apices of femora, tibiae, and basal seg-
ments of tarsi white or light yellow; abdomen slightly lighter at
base.

Female —Length, 1.8-2.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of vertex;
all funicle segments equal in length and each slightly longer than
pedicel; club as long as two funicle segments; malar space two-thirds
height of compound eye; postocellar line one and one-third times as
long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum wider than long and bearing one
row of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing
with one dorsal bristle; marginal vein three times as long as stigmal;
apex of hindwing blunt, width of fringe at posterior margin one-sixth
width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum shagreened, lateral
carinae present; median length of propodeum one-half length of
mesoscutellum; spiracles not quite touching anterior margin of pro-
podeum; gaster as long as thorax, apices of sheaths not reaching apex
of abdomen.

Male.—Unknown and probably does not exist; this species has been
reared many times and has always been found to be parthenogenetic.

Type locality —Amherst, Mass.

Ty pes.—U.S.N.M. No. 12676.

Host—The asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi (Linnaeus).

Distribution —Commonly distriv...ed in eastern and central United
States and Canada, wherever asparagus is grown. Occurs also in
Europe.

TETRASTICHUS FLORA (Girault), new combination

Ficure 18, e

Aprostocetus flora GiRAULT, New chalcid flies, p. 3, 1917.
Epitetrastichus tricolor GiRAuLT, Descriptiones stellarum novarum, p. 9, 1917
[not Tetrastichus tricolor Ashmead] (New synonymy.)

Varying from yellow and brown to almost entirely black; antennae
usually, head, except areas surrounding ocelli and on occiput, venter
of thorax, metacoxae, and basal half to two-thirds of abdomen yel-
low; femora, tibiae, and tarsi white; male mostly brown.

Female.—Length, 1.25-1.4 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape flattened, reaching
level of anterior ocellus, first funicle segment three-quarters as long
as pedicel, all funicle segments equal in length, club one and one-half
times as long as pedicel; length of malar space two-thirds height of
compound eye; postocellar line equal in length to ocellocular. Each
lateral angle of pronotum produced in a minute point (fig. 18, e) ;
mesopraescutum as wide as long and bearing one pair of bristles,

534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vOoL, 93

median carina vague or wanting; submarginal vein of forewing with
one dorsal bristle, hindwing acute at apex, fringe at posterior margin
one-half width of wing at hamuli; anterior scutellar bristles longer
than posterior ones. Surface of propodeum aimost smooth, mesal
length one-half length of mesoscutellum; median carina only present;
spiracles contiguous with anterior margin; gaster usually short, broad,
shorter than thorax, although sometimes slightly elongate.

Male—Length, 1.2mm. Scape broadened from near base to apex,
with darkened anterior carina extending almost entire length of
scape; first funicle segment three-fourths as long as pedicel, second
segment equal to pedicel, third and fourth equal and each one-eighth
longer than second; club slightly longer than three distal funicle
segments; gaster shorter than thorax.

Type locality.—Jacksonville, Fla.

Types —U.S.N.M. No. 21017.

Host.—The boxwood leaf miner, Aonarthropalpus buxi (Laboul-
bene).

Distribution —District of Columbia, Florida, Maryland, Tennessee.

TETRASTICHUS HILLMEADIA (Girault), new combination

Ootetrastichus hillmeadia Grravuur, Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis, pt. 3, p. 2,
1917.

Thorax iridescent blue-green; legs white; base of abdomen white,
distal part brown and slightly iridescent.

The single available specimen of this species is in such poor condi-
tion that the character given here may be shown, when additional
material is available, to be partly or wholly incorrect.

Female—Length, approximately 1.0 mm. First funicle segment
narrower than second, but slightly longer, second and third segments
equal in length, club twice as long as pedicel; length of malar space
one-half as great as height of compound eye; pronotum with an in-
distinct femoral groove; only one bristle at each lateral margin of
mesopraescutum; submarginal vein of forewing apparently with one
dorsal bristle; hindwing acute at apex; surface of propodeum smooth,
median carina present, paraspiracular carinae absent; gaster one and
one-half times as long as thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —Glenn Dale, Md.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 21540. (Specimen in very poor condition.)

Host.—Unknown.

Distribution —Maryland.

TETRASTICHUS SOLIDAGINIS, new species

Head, thoracic pleura and sternum, and gaster dull brown; dorsum

of thorax and propodeum shining black; antennal pedicel and fla-

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 535

gellum, bases of coxae, and apical segment of each tarsus brown, all
other parts of legs and antennal scape light yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.6-1.8 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes and almost in center of frons; apex
of scape slightly exceeding level of vertex; pedicel two-thirds as
long as first funicle segment, second segment one-sixth longer than
first, third equal to first, club twice as long as third funicle segment ;
length of malar space four-fiiths as great as height of compound
eye; ocellocular line one and one-half times as long as postocellar.
Mesopraescutum as long as wide and bearing one bristle at each lateral
margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle; apex
of hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin one-half as wide as
wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum shagreened, paraspiracular
carinae present ; mesal length of propodeum one and one-half times as
long as metanotum and one-third as long as mesoscutellum; spiracles
separated from anterior margin of propodeum by a space one-half as
great as length of a spiracle; gaster broad near base, acute at apex
(flattened in dry specimens), longer than thorax.

Male—Length, 1.83 mm. Funicle segments bearing conspicuously
long setae on enlargements near bases; pedicel and first funicle seg-
ment equal in length, second segment one-third longer than first,
third shghtly longer than second, fourth equal to second; club as
long as third and fourth segments combined; gaster equal to thorax
in length.

Type locality—Probably Utah.

Types —U.S.N.M. No. 56239.

Described from five female and two male specimens; holotype fe-
male, allotype male, and four female and one male paratypes, said to
have been reared from goldenrod gall made by Fwurosta solidaginis
(Fitch), under Bureau of Entomology No. 2493 °, by H. K. Morrison.

Remarks.—This species probably is not a primary parasite of
Eurosta solidaginis.

TETRASTICHUS PULCHRIVENTRIS (Girault), new combination

Neomphaloidella pulchriventris GIRAULT, Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 101, 1916.

Head and thorax very dark brown, almost black, faintly iridescent
under strong light; gaster almost entirely white, brown at dorsolat-
eral margins; legs, except bases of coxae, light yellow or white; middle
femora partly brown.

Female—Length, 15 mm. Pedicel two-thirds as long as first
funicle segment, all funicle segments equal in length; club slightly
shorter than second and third funicle segments combined. Meso-
praescutum wider than long and bearing a single pair of bristles;
submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle; apex of hind-

536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 93

wing acute, fringe at posterior margin almost as wide as wing at
hamuli. Mesoscutellum two and one-half times as long as propodeum
at meson, and mesal lengths of metanotum and propodeum equal;
surface of propodeum slightly shagreened, paraspiracular carinae pres-
ent; propodeal spiracles nearly touching anterior margin; gaster one
and three-fourth times as long as thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality—Glenn Dale, Md.

Types—U.S.N.M. No. 19915.

ZHost.—Unknown.

Distribution—Maryland.

Remarks.—This species is known only from the unique type; addi-
tional material will very likely show variation in the color of the
legs and abdomen.

TETRASTICHUS ULYSSES (Girault)

Aprostocetus ulysses GIRAULT, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe., vol. 11, p. 112, 1916.

Head and thorax dark brown, almost black, faintly iridescent
under strong light, abdomen almost entirely white, brown at dorso-
lateral margins; legs, except bases of coxae, white.

Female.—Length, 1.2 mm. Pedicel equal in length to first funicle
segment, second slightly longer than first, club slightly longer than
second and third funicle segments combined. Mesopraescutum one
and one-half times as wide as long and bearing one bristle at each
lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle;
apex of hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin almost as wide as
wing at hamuli. Mesal length of propodeum two-fifths length of
mesoscutellum, mesal length of propodeum and metanotum equal;
surface of propodeum faintly shagreened, paraspiracular carinae
present; propodeal spiracles almost touching anterior margin; gaster
one and one-half times as long as thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality—Glenn Dale, Md.

Ty pes.—U.S.N.M. No. 20445. (Specimens distorted and broken.)

Host—Unknown.

Distribution.—Mary land.

Remarks.—This species is known only from the two type speci-
mens, and these specimens are in such poor condition that positive
assignment of this specific name is difficult. More material might
show this species to be the same as ains/iei Gahan.

TETRASTICHUS SEMILONGIFASCIATUS (Girault), new combination

Neomphaloidella semilongifasciatus GiRAULT, Societas Entomologica, vol. 31, Dp.
35, 1916.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 537

Head and thorax shining black; gaster almost entirely white, brown
at dorsolateral margins; bases of coxae, anterior and middle femora
partly, and apical segment of each tarsus brown, other parts of legs
white.

Female.—Length, 1.8mm. Pedicel two-thirds as long as first funi-
cle segment; second one-third longer than first, third slightly longer
than first, club as long as first and second segments combined, Meso-
praescutum two-thirds as long as wide and bearing one bristle at
each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal
bristle; apex of hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin almost
as wide as wing at hamuli. Mesal length of propodeum two-fifths as
great as length of mesoscutellum, mesal length of propodeum greater
than mesal length of metanotum; propodeum shagreened, paraspirac-
ular carinae present, propodeal spiracles not quite touching anterior
margin; gaster more than twice as long as thorax.

Male.—Unknown.

Type locality—Glenn Dale, Md.

Type.—vu.S.N.M. No. 19990.

Host.—Unknown.

Distribution —District of Columbia, Maryland.

TETRASTICHUS AINSLIEI Gahan

FIGURE 20, h

Tetrastichus ainsliei GAHAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,., vol. 53, p. 214, 1917; U.S.
Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 174, p. 144, 1933.

Neomphaloidella medioguita Girauut, Ent. News, vol. 28, p. 255, 1917. (New
Synonynyy.)

Head and thorax very dark brown or black; antennae, legs (except
bases of coxae), and base of abdomen white; apex of abdomen and
darkened parts of legs brown, abdomen sometimes almost entirely
white.

Female.—Length, 1.2-1.5 mm. Antennae inserted shghtly dorsad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of vertex, second funicle segment slightly longer than first, club
as long as two apical funicle segments combined; length of malar
space three-fifths height of compound eye. Only one pair of
praescutal bristles present; mesopraescutum wider than long; sub-
marginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle; hindwing acute at
apex, fringe at posterior margin one-half width of wing at hamuli.
Surface of propodeum shagreened; mesal length of propodeum one-
third maximum length of mesoscutellum; both median and para-
spiracular carinae present on propodeum; propodeal spiracles near to
but not quite touching anterior margin; gaster from one and one-
quarter to one and one-half times as long as thorax.

530798433

538 PROICEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Male—Length, 1.1-1.2 mm. First funicle segment one-fifth longer
than pedicel, second, third, and fourth equal in length and each one-
fifth longer than first, funicle segments enlarged near bases and bearing
setae twice as long as segments, as in figure 16, 7; club as long as two
apical funicle segments; gaster equal in length to thorax.

Type locality. — Elk Point, S. Dak.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 20394.

Hosts.—Larvae of Jordellistena pustulata Melsheimer, Mordellis-
tena sp., Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), and, rarely, the
Hessian fly, Phytophaga destructor (Say).

Distribution.—Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, New York, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS WHITMANI (Girault), new combination

Fiaure 18, d

Aprostocetus whitmani GIRAULT, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, p. 296, 1916.
Aprostocetus marilandicus GIRAULT, Ent. News, vol. 28, p. 21, 1917. (New
synonymy. )

Head and thorax black, noniridescent; apex of abdomen and dark-
ened parts of legs, brown; apices of coxae, bases and apices of fore
and middle femora, hind femora, all tibiae, basal segments of tarsi,
and base of gaster light yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 2.0mm. AI] funicle segments subequal in length;
apex of scape reaching level of dorsal margin of anterior ocellus;
length of malar space one-half height of compound eye. Mesopraescu-
tum with one bristle at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of fore-
wing with one dorsal bristle; apex of hindwing acute. Surface of
propodeum shagreened; paraspiracular carinae present; mesal length
of propodeum one-sixth length of mesoscutellum ; gaster one and three-
quarters times as long as thorax.

Male—Length, 1.8 mm. First and second funicle segments equal
and each slightly shorter than third segment, third and fourth equal,
funicle segments semiquadrate and without long setae, as in figure 16, j;
gaster equal in length to thorax.

Type locality—St. Paul, Minn.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 19936.

Host.—Eges of leaf beetle, Physonota unipunctata (Say).

Distribution.—Maryland, Minnesota, South Dakota.

Remarks.—TVhe characters of the male antennae show conclusively
that this species and ainsliez Gahan are different; the differentiation of
the females is, however, quite difficult.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 539
TETRASTICHUS GELASTUS, new species

Black, with very faint iridescent reflections, area of head around
mouthparts, base of gaster, front and middle coxae, and inner side of
hind coxae, trochanters, and most of femora tan or brown; antennae,
bases and apices of femora, and tibiae and tarsi ight yellow or white.

Female—Length, 1.8 mm. Antennae inserted dorsad of level of
ventral margins of compound eyes, apex of scape not reaching level
of anterior ocellus; first funicle segment one and one-half times as
long as pedicel, second segment as long as pedicel, third segment
slightly shorter than second, club twice as long as second funicle seg-
ment; length of malar space one-half as great as height of compound
eye; a broad, rather poorly defined groove extending obliquely from
antennal bases to ventral margins of compound eyes; postocellar line
one and one-half times as long as ocellocular ; interocellar triangle with
several large, closely set punctures. Mesopraescutum with several
longitudinal rugae on median area, confused, somewhat oblique and
very irregular, elongate punctures on lateral areas, and two or three
irregular rows of bristles present at each lateral margin; inner tri-
angular part of scapula almost smooth, remainder of scapula strongly
sculptured; mesoscutellum with deep, irregular, somewhat transverse
folds on median sector, two lateral sectors with longitudinal rugae
principally, small dorsal area of mesepisternum almost smooth, rest
of thoracic pleuron strongly sculptured ; submarginal vein of forewing
with three or four dorsal bristles, stigmal vein short, slightly less than
one-fourth as long as marginal vein; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe
at posterior margin one-third as wide as wing at hamuli; metacoxa with
an irregular longitudinal carina along outer dorsal and ventral
margins. Surface of propodeum strongly sculptured, median, para-
spiracular, and oblique carinae present, area between spiracle and
paraspiracular carina extremely wide, spiracles contiguous with
anterior margin of propodeum; surface of gaster smooth, one and one-
quarter times as long as thorax.

Male——Unknown.

Type locality.—Lutz, Fla.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56240.

Described from the female holotype and three female paratypes,
reared from nymphs of a psyllid, 7ioza sp.. on Chinese elm, June 18,
1939, by W. Kersey.

TETRASTICHUS MALACGSOMAE Girault

Tetrastichus malacosomae GIRAULT, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 4, p. 110,
1916.—Porter, Ent. News, vol. 28, p. 186, 1917 —Lronarp, New York (Cornell)
Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 984, 1928.

540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Black, or sometimes very dark brown, with iridescent blue or blue-
green reflections; antennae yellow and brown; trochanters, basal three-
fourths of femora, and often hind tibiae brown; apices of femora,
front and middle tibiae, and tarsi white or yellow; abdomen sometimes
brown at base.

Female.—Length, 1.1-1.5 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; scape broad and short, only slightly more
than twice as long as pedicel, apex of scape not reaching level of
anterior ocellus, first funicle segment slightly shorter than second or
third, latter two each slightly shorter than pedicel, club twice as long
as pedicel; malar space one-half height of compound eye; postocellar
line three times as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum one-third
wider than long and usually with one row of bristles at each lateral
margin, a partial second row sometimes present; marginal vein of
forewing with two dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, width of
fringe at posterior margin one-third width of wing at hamuli; scutellar
grooves vague anteriorly. Thorax wide, abdomen elongate and nar-
row; propodeum extremely short so that abdomen appears broadly
joined to thorax; surface of propodeum almost smooth, median carina
vague or wanting entirely; mesal length of propodeum one-fifth
length of mesoscutellum ; propodeal spiracles large, almost contiguous
with anterior margin; gaster long, slender, twice as long as thorax.

Male—Length, 0.8-1.1 mm. Scape with a darkened anterior carina
two-thirds as long as scape; first funicle segment two-thirds as long
as second, following three segments equal in length, funicle segments
moniliform and without long setae; club almost three times as long as
fourth funicle segment; gaster equal in length to thorax.

Type locality —Maxwell, N. Mex.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 20446.

Hosts —EKggs of tent caterpillars, Walacosoma fragilis Stretch, M.
americana (Fabricius), I. disstria Huebner.

Distribution—Delaware, Idaho, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New
Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania.

TETRASTICHUS BALDUFI, new species

Brown; antennae, trochanters, bases and apices of femora, tibiae,
basal segments of tarsi, and usually spot at base of gaster white or
yellowish; base of gaster may be tan, rather than yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 1.0-1.4mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of anterior
ocellus; first funicle segment slightly shorter than second, third and
second equal in length; club two and one-half times as long as third
funicle segment; length of malar space one-half height of compound
eye; malar suture curved; postocellar line one and one-half times as

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 541

long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as wide as long and bearing two
bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one
dorsal bristle ; apex of hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin one-
half as wide as wing at hamuli. Mesal carina of propodeum wanting
or only faintly indicated, paraspiracular carinae wanting, surface of
propodeum smooth or very faintly roughened, mesal length of
propodeum one-fourth length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles
almost touching anterior margin; gaster one-third longer than thorax.

Male—Length, 1.0-1.2 mm. Scape three times as long as pedicel;
funicle segments bearing conspicuously long bristles near bases, first
funicle segment equal in length to pedicel, second segment one-eighth
longer than first, third and fourth equal and each one-eighth longer
than second, club one-fifth longer than scape; gaster slightly shorter
than thorax.

Type locality—Urbana, Tl.

Types —U.S.N.M. No. 56241.

Described from the female holotype, male allotype, and many male
and female paratypes reared from oakleaf gall of Neuroterus verru-
carum (Osten Sacken), June 25, 1927, by W. V. Balduf; many addi-
tional specimens reared May 11-—June 17, 1927, and May 1-26, 1928.
All specimens reared from galls collected from the same tree.

TETRASTICHUS DYRUS, new species
FicureE 16, 2; 20, e

Black; apices of antennal scape and pedicel, flagellum, sometimes
apices of coxae, bases and apices of femora, tibiae, and basal three
segments of tarsi light yellow or white; antennal flagellum and tibiae
sometimes very slightly darkened, femora occasionally almost entirely
yellow.

Female.—Length, 0.9-1.lmm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes, apex of scape not quite reaching level of
anterior ocellus, pedicel enlarged at apex and slightly longer than first
funicle segment, each funicle segment shorter and very slightly wider
than segment proximad of it, club long, relatively slender, three times
as long as third funicle segment (fig. 16, 2); length of malar space
two-thirds as great as height of compound eye; postocellar line twice
as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum with two long bristles at each
lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle,
marginal vein four and one-half times as long as stigmal; apex of
hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin two-thirds as wide as wing
at hamuli. Surface of propodeum obscurely reticulated, paraspiracu-
lar carinae absent, well-marked oblique ones usually present, spiracle
almost contiguous with anterior margin of propodeum; median length

542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 93

of propodeum one-half as great as length of mesoscutellum; gaster as
long as or slightly longer than thorax.

Male—Length, 1.1mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape minute,
located at a point one-third the distance from apex to base of scape,
pedicel one and two-thirds times as long as first funicle segment, second
segment almost twice as long as first, third and fourth equal in length
and each slightly longer than second, club two and one-half times as
long as fourth funicle segment; funicle segments bearing conspicu-
ously long bristles on elevations near bases of segments; recone vein
of fleas three and one-half times as long as tier fringe at
posterior margin of hindwing one-half as wide as wing at hamuli;
gaster slightly longer than thorax.

Type locality —F airy Lake, Gallatin County, Mont.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56242.

Described from 1 male and 10 female specimens, as follows: Female
holotype, male allotype, and 1 female paratype from the type locality,
reared from 7'rioza sp. nymphs on Angelica lyalli, September 4, 1939,
D. J. Pletsch; 2 female paratypes having the same locality, date and
collector as above, but taken sweeping vegetation infested with unde-
termined pantie: 5 female paratypes, same locality, date and col-
lector, but reared from 7rioza sp. nymphs on Thalictrum occidentale ;
10 female paratypes, Bozeman, Mont., reared from 7’rioza sp. nymphs
on Salix sp., September 23, 1939, D. J. Pletsch.

TETRASTICHUS TRIOZAE, new species
FIGURES 16, i, 1; 20, d

Black, noniridescent; apices of scape and pedicel and variable areas
of flagellum, wing veins, bases and apices of femora and tibiae, and
basal segments of tarsi white or light yellow; anterior tibiae usually
darkened only on outer face; base of gaster sometimes tan; antennae
and legs of males sometimes entirely white or light yellow.

Female —tLength, 0.95-1.05 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ven-
trad of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; scape short, its
apex reaching a point only two-thirds the distance from clypeal mar-
gin to anterior ocellus; pedicel one-half as long as scape, each funicle
segment shorter and wider than that proximad of it; third segment
three-fourths as long and one and one-third times as wide as first,
maximum width of club almost twice as great as width of third funicle
segment (fig. 16,7). Mesopraescutum with two bristles at each lateral
margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle, stigmal
vein one-third as long as marginal; apex of hindwing acute, fringe at
posterior margin one-half as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of
propodeum almost smooth, faintly reticulated and with median carina

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 543

obsolescent or wanting, paraspiracular carinae absent, a few vague
wrinkles present at posterior margin; spiracles large, contiguous with
anterior margin, mesal length of propodeum one-third length of meso-
scutellum; gaster and thorax equal in length.

Male—Length, 0.7-0.9 mm. Antennal scape broadened from base
to apex, twice as long as pedicel, each funicle segment bearing long
setae on a basal elevation, first segment shorter than others, all funicle
segments and club equal in width; fringe at posterior margin of hind-
wing one-half as wide as wing at hamuli; gaster equal in length to
thorax; male genitalia prominent, apparently never wholly retracted
into abdomen, sagittae elongate, acutely pointed, aedeagus long, nar-
row, acute at apex.

Type locality —F ive miles northwest of Marinette, Ariz.

Types.—U. S. N. M. No. 56243.

Described from many male and female specimens, as follows: Fe-
male holotype, male allotype, and 5 female and 6 male paratypes,
reared from nymphs of Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc), April 9, 1935,
by V. E. Romney; 17 female and 13 male paratypes, from 10 miles
north of Phoenix, Ariz., reared from nymphs of Paratrioza cockerelli,
April 1935, V. E. Romney; 3 females, Mesilla Valley, N. M., reared
from Paratrioza cockerelli (?), October 1923, Chittenden No. 6900;
1 male, Hollister, Idaho, June 2, 1931, D. E. Fox; 1 male, Hobbs
Butte, Idaho, June 11, 19381, in wind-vane trap; 2 females, Lawrence,
Kans., reared from (?) Calophya nigripennis Riley, 1930, P. B. Law-
son; 3 females, Spanaway, Wash., reared from infested Amelanchier-
berry material, August 26, 1933, W. Baker; 5 females and 4 males,
Billings, Mont., September 2-3, 1939, from Paratrioza cockerelli on
tomato, H. B. Mills; 23 females and 29 males, Billings, Mont., Sep-
tember 11, 1939, from Paratrioza cockerelli nymphs, D. J. Pletsch; 9
females and 6 males, Colorado, February 12, 1940, from Paratrioza
cockerelli on potato, Hill and Tate; 1 female and 5 males, Garden
Grove, Calif., September 17, 1928, A. C. Davis; and 12 females and 2
males, Fort Collins, Colo., December 138, 1932, Colo. Agr. Coll. No.
5319. Many additional males and females, not included in the type
series, were reared at Billings and Bozeman, Mont., from nymphs of
Paratrioza cockerelli during September 1939 by D. J. Pletsch. Other
specimens, not included in the type series, are from Scottsbluff, Nebr.,
reared from Paratrioza cockerelli on potato, August 20, 1939, by John
Standish.

Remarks.—This species and 7’. dyrus evidently are closely related to
Tetrastichus dryi Waterston, which parasitizes “77ioza citr’” in Kenya
Colony, Africa, and Tetrastichus radiatus Waterston, parasitic on
Euphalerus citri (Kuwayama) in the Punjab, British India. All four
species apparently possess the same general kind of remarkable male
genitalia.

544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

TETRASTICHUS OVIPRANSUS Crosby and Leonard
FIGURE 20, ¢
Tetrastichus ovipransus Crospy and LEONARD, Ent. News, vol. 28, p. 368, 1917.

Shining black with an iridescent blue cast; antennae yellow or
brown, apices of femora, tibiae, and bases of tarsi light yellow or
white.

Female.—Length, 0.9-1.0mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not quite reaching level
of anterior ocellus, second funicle segment slightly longer than first,
second and third equal in length, club as long as funicle; malar space
two-thirds height of compound eye; ocellocular line one-half as long
as postocellar. Mesopraescutum wider than long and bearing three
bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one
dorsal bristle, stigmal vein with an apical spur (fig. 20, c); outer
margin of wing with a fringe of long setae; hindwing acute at apex.
Propodeum faintly shagreened, rather faint median and paraspiracu-
lar carinae present; mesal length of propodeum one-third that of
mesoscutellum ; propodeal spiracles almost round and separated from
anterior margin by a space equal to diameter of a spiracle; gaster as
long as thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality—Norfolk, Va.

Ty pes.—Cornell University Collection No. 76.

Host.—Eggs of the sumac leaf beetle, Blepharida rhois (Forster).

Distribution —Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS XANTHOMELAENAE (Rondani)

Oomyzus gallerucae RonpAni [not Fonscolombe], Bol. Comm. Agr. Parma, vol.
3, p. 187, 1870; Bol. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 3, p. 53, 1872; vol. 9, p. 191, 1877.
Oomyzus xranthomelaenae RonvDANtI, Repertorio degli insetti parassiti e della

loro vittime, pt. 2, p. 16, 1872.

Tetrastichus zanthomelaenae (Rondani) MarcHat, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1905,
pp. 64, 81—Howard, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 1, p. 281, 1908—Masr, Bol.
Portici Scuola Super. Agr., Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr., vol. 3, p. 131, 1908.—
SMITH, Rep. State Ent. New Jersey, 1908, p. 312; 1909, p. 411.—Bnrirton,
Rep. State Ent. Connecticut, No. 8, p. 821, 1909.—Sitvestr1, Bol. Portici
Scuola Super. Agr., Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr., vol. 4, p. 271, 1910.—Howarp
and Fiske, U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 91 (n. s.), p. 40, 1911.—Kurpsumov, Russ.
Ent. Obozr. (Rev. Russe Ent.), vol. 13, p. 253, 19183—Howarp, Journ.
Econ. Ent., vol. 10, p. 504, 1917—Marcuat and Forx, Ann. Epiphyt., vol.
6, p. 14, 1919.— Parker, Bull. Soe. Ent. France, vol. 93, p. 293, 1924.—Howarp,
Rep. Chief U. S. Bur. Ent., 1926, p. 28.—Provasor1, Bol. Lab. Zool. Milano,
vol. 3, p. &3, 1932.—HrisaFt, Notat. Biol., vol. 2, p. 37, 1934.Strone, Rep.
Chief U. S. Bur. Ent., 1935, p. 60—KFLANDERS, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 29,
p. 1024, 1936.—Brrry, Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 57, p. 859, 1938.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 545

Dark, iridescent blue-green or green; antennae usually, apices of
femora, tibiae, and bases of tarsi white or light yellow.

Female.—Length 0.75 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; scape short, its apex not reaching level of
anterior ocellus; all funicle segments equal in length, and each three-
quarters as long as pedicel, club as long as funicle; postocellar line
twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum wider than long and
bearing one row of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein
of forewing with one dorsal bristle; apex of hindwing acute, fringe at
posterior margin one-half as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of
propodeum almost smooth, only very faintly reticulated ; paraspiracu-
lar carinae wanting; mesal length of mesoscutellum three and one-
half times as great as mesal length of propodeum; propodeal spiracles
contiguous with anterior margin; length of gaster equal to length of
thorax, gaster somewhat rounded, and flattened in dry specimens.

Male.—Length, 0.65 mm. Scape with a minute anterior carina;
pedicel one-third as long as scape and greatly enlarged at apex, sec-
ond, third, and fourth funicle segments equal, first segment one-half
as long as second; funicle segments bead-like and without long bristles,
club as long as three distal funicle segments.

Type locality —Parma, Italy.

Types.—Probably in the Pondani collection in Parma, Italy.

Host.—Kggs of Galerucella wanthomelaena (Schrank), the elm
leaf beetle.

Distribution —Western and central Europe; Massachusetts, New
Jersey, New York.

TETRASTICHUS COMPSIVORUS Crawford

Tetrastichus compsiworus CRAWFoRD, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 2, p.
180, 1914.

Very dark brown, almost black; trochanters, apices of femora and
tibiae, and basal segments of middle and hind tarsi white or light
yellow.

Female—Length, 1.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level of ante-
rior ocellus, pedicel slightly less than one-half as long as scape, first
and second funicle segments equal and each slightly shorter than
pedicel, third segment slightly shorter than second, club equal in
length to scape, malar space three-fifths height of compound eye.
Mesopraescutum with one row of bristles at each lateral margin; sub-
marginal vein of forewing bearing one dorsal bristle, outer margin
of forewing with a fringe of long setae; apex of hindwing acute.
Surface of propodeum almost smooth, slightly reticulated, median
carina vague, paraspiracular carinae wanting; mesal length one-third

546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 93

length of mesoscutellum; propodeum and metanotum of equal length
at meson; gaster slightly longer than thorax.

Male—tLength, 0.9 mm. Funicle segments slightly enlarged near
bases, and bearing setae slightly longer than segments; pedicel slightly
longer than first funicle segment, first and second funicle segments
equal in length; club one-fourth longer than pedicel and first funicle
segment; gaster and thorax equal in length.

Type locality —Chickasha, Okla.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 19067. (Specimens in very poor condition.)

Host.—Egegs of snout beetle, Compsus auricephalus (Say).

et oN Oklahoma, Texas.

TETRASTICHUS EUPLECTRI Gahan

Tetrastichus euplectri GAHAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 167, 1914.—
Vickery, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 8, p. 391, 1915.

Body mostly iridescent blue-green; base and apex of abdomen some-
what brown, legs (except coxae) and base of gaster of male white.

Female.—Length, 1.5 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad of
level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of vertex; funicle segments long, first one and two-thirds times
as long as pedicel, second twice as long as pedicel, third as long as
first, club twice as long as first funicle segment; length of malar space
one-half height of compound eye; postocellar line one and two-thirds
times as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum two-thirds as long as
wide and bearing three bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal
vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle; hindwing acute at apex,
fringe at posterior margin one-third as wide as wing at hamuli. Pro-
podeum shagreened, mesal length slightly less than one-half as great
as length of mesoscutellum; propodeum bearing median, paraspiracu-
lar, and oblique carinae, as in figure 21, d; propodeal spiracles not
quite touching anterior margin; gaster nearly twice as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.1 mm. Scape enlarged and bearing a darkened
anterior carina one-half as long as scape, first funicle segment equal
in length to pedicel, second, third, and fourth equal in length
and each one-quarter longer than pedicel, funicle segments enlarged
at base and narrowed toward apex, and bearing long setae, club as
long as two distal funicle segments; gaster equal in length to thorax.

Type locality.—Tallulah, La.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 18338.

Hosts —Euplectrus plathypenae Hogans Meteorus sp., primary
parasites on the larvae of various enideptaca

Distribution.—Louisiana, Texas.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 547
TETRASTICHUS AENEOVIRIDIS (Girault), new combination

Trichaporus aeneoviridis GirRaAuLT, Can. Ent., vol. 44, p. 75, 1912—Frison,
Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey, vol. 16, p. 228, 1927.

Bright iridescent green, with occasional purple reflections; legs
(except bases of coxae) entirely light yellow or white; antennae and
area of head around mouthparts tan or yellowish.

Female.—Length, 1.8mm. Apex of scape reaching level of vertex ;
second funicle segment slightly longer than first, third equal to first;
mesopraescutum with four or five bristles at each lateral margin,
median groove vague, almost obliterated; one dorsal bristle on sub-
marginal vein of forewing; hindwing blunt at apex; surface of pro-
podeum shagreened, paraspiracular carinae present, spiracles sepa-
rated from anterior propodeal margin by a space equal to diameter
of spiracle.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —Centralia, Ill.

T'ypes.—Lectotype, paratypes, and metatypes in Illinois Natural
History Survey Collection; paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 12200.

Host—This species was originally said to be a primary parasite
of the larva of the apple-tree tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana
(Fabricius), but the insectary records in the Illinois Natural History
Survey show that the specimens came from syrphid puparia.

Distribution.—Ulinois.

TETRASTICHUS DIARTHRONOMYIAE Gahan

Tetratichus diarthronomyiae GAHAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, p. 65
1923.—HamMILton, Maryland Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 269, p. 28, 1924.

Shining black or very dark brown, sometimes faintly iridescent
bluish or greenish; antennae usually, trochanters, bases and apices of
femora, tibiae, and basal segments of middle and hind tarsi white or
light yellow.

Female —Length, 1.0-1.5 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of ante-
rior ocellus, first funicle segment three-quarters as long as second,
third as long as first, club slightly more than twice as long as first
funicle segment; length of malar space two-thirds height of com-
pound eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular. Mesoprae-
scutum slightly wider than long and bearing three bristles at each
lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle;
apex of hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin one-half width
of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum shagreened, mesal length
one-fifth length of mesoscutellum, both median and paraspiracular
carinae present; propodeal spiracles near to but not quite touching
anterior margin; gaster one and one-half times as long as thorax.

548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Male.—Unknown.

Type locality —Coilege Park, Md.

Types—U.S.N.M. No. 25592.

Host—The chrysanthemum gall midge, Diarthronomyia hypogaea
(Loew).

Distribution.—Maryland.

TETRASTICHUS TIBIALIS (Ashmead)

Tetrastichodes tibialis ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 21, p. 344, 1894.
Tetrastichus tibialis (Ashmead) GrRavutt, Societas Entomologica, vol. 31, p. 35,
1916 [not Tetrastichus tibialis Kurdjumov].

Body very dark brown, or black with faint iridescent green reflec-
tions; scape and part of pedicel of antennae, apices of femora, tibiae,
and tarsi white.

Female.—Length, 1.4 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level of ante-
rior ocellus, three funicle segments equal in length, club slightly shorter
than two funicle segments combined; malar space three-fifths height
of compound eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular. Meso-
praescutum wider than long, and each lateral margin with one row
consisting of but three or four bristles; submarginal vein of forewing
with one dorsal bristle; apex of hindwing acute, fringe at posterior
margin one-half as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum
roughened; median, paraspiracular, and oblique carinae present, as
in fig. 21, 2; median length of propodeum one-third as great as length
of mesoscutellum; rudimentary petiole present; propodeal spiracles
not quite contiguous with anterior margin; gaster equal in length to
thorax.

Male—Length, 1.2mm. Funicle segments enlarged near bases and
bearing setae slightly longer than the segments themselves; gaster
slightly shorter than thorax.

Type locality—Morgantown, W. Va.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 41341. (Specimens in very poor condition.)

Hosts—A panteles sp. parasitic on Apatela americana (Harris), the
American dagger moth; Apanteles sp. parasitic on other, undeter-
mined Lepidoptera.

Distribution—Delaware, Ontario, West Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS SCOLYTI Ashmead

Tetrastichus scolyti ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 21, p. 348, 1894.

Black with iridescent-green or blue-green cast; scape and ventral
side of pedicel and flagellum, apices of femora and tibiae, and basal
segments of tarsi white or yellow; setae of head may be white; basal
parts of tibiae may be lighter in color than bases of femora.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 549

Female.—Length, 2.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of central
margins of compound eyes, apex of scape not quite reaching level of
anterior ocellus, funicle segments long, first one and one-half times
as long as pedicel, second one and two-thirds as long as pedicel and
third one and one-third times as long as pedicel, club twice as long as
pedicel; malar space two-thirds height of compound eye; postocellar
line one and one-third times as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum
as long as wide and bearing one row of bristles at each lateral margin:
submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle; apex of hind-
wing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-fifth as wide as wing at
hamuli. Propodeum shagreened, mesal length one-third length of
mesoscutellum, both median and paraspiracular carinae present,
spiracles separated from anterior margin by a space equal to one-
half length of.a spiracle; gaster one and one-third times as long as
thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —Morgantown, W. Va.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No, 41339. (Specimens in very poor condition. )

Host.—The shot-hole borer, Scolytus rugulosus Ratzeburg.

Distribution —New Jersey, West Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS AGRILI Crawford

Tetrastichus agrili CRAw¥orD, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 2, p. 181, 1914.—
Leonarp, New York (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 984, 1928.

Black, with iridescent blue-green cast; mouthparts, scape, tro-
chanters, tibiae, and tarsi white or light yellow.

Female.—Length, 3.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of anterior
ocellus, first funicle segment one-fifth longer than second, third five-
sixths as long as second, club one and two-thirds times as long as
third funicle segment; malar space two-thirds height of compound
eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular line. Pronotum with
well-defined femoral grooves, as in figure 17, e¢; mesopraescutum as
long as wide and bearing a single row of bristles at each lateral mar-
gin; submarginal vein of forewing with a single dorsal bristle; apex
of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-sixth or one-seventh
as wide as wing at hamuli. Propodeum shagreened, mesal length
one-fourth as great as length of mesoscutellum, both median and
paraspiracular carinae present; spiracles almost touching anterior
margin of propodeum; gaster long, narrow, acutely pointed, twice as
long as thorax.

Male.—Unknown.

Type locality.—Geneva, N. Y.

Types —U.S.N.M. No. 19068.

550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

Host.—The sinuate pear tree borer, Agrilus stnuatus Olivier.
Distribution—New York.

TETRASTiCHUS SCRIPTUS, new species

Dark, iridescent green, with antennal pedicel and flagellum, coxae,
basal two-thirds of femora, and apical segment of each tarsus brown;
antennal scape, trochanters, apices of femora, tibiae, and basal seg-
ments of tarsi light yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.4-1.8 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of vertex; pedicel slightly more than one-half as long as first
funicle segment, first and second segments equal in length, third
shghtly shorter than second, club as long as second and third com-
bined; length of malar space two-thirds as great as height of com-
pound eye, postocellar line one and one-half times as long as ocellocu-
lar. Mesopraescutum bearing one row of bristles at each lateral
margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle; apex
of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-third as wide as
wing at hamuli; thoracic pleuron and bases of metacoxae shagreened.
Surface of propodeum shagreened, strong median, paraspiracular,
and oblique carinae present; mesal length of propodeum two-fifths as
great as length of mesoscutellum; spiracles separated from anterior
margin of propodeum by a space one-half as great as length of a
spiracle; gaster longer than thorax, provided with rather incon-
spicuous setae on sides and venter.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality.—Irvington, N. J.

T'ypes.—uU.S.N.M. No. 56244.

Described from the female holotype and four female paratypes
reared from a primary parasite (Huplectrus sp.?) parasitic on the
cottonwood leaf beetle, Lina seripta (Fabricius), by E. L. Dickerson
in July.

TETRASTICHUS PRODUCTUS Riley

Tetrastichus productus RitEy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, p. 419, 1885.—GAHAN,
U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 174, p. 148, 1933 (this paper contains a bibliog-
raphy complete through 1932).

Very dark brown, almost black, with iridescent green reflections;
trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi white; antennae sometimes tan or yellow;
mesal lobe of metanotum yellow.

Female—Length, 2.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not quite reaching level of
anterior ocellus, first funicle segment slightly longer than second,
second and third segments equal in length, club as long as last two
funicle segments combined ; length of malar space height of compound

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 551

eye; postocellar line one and one-half times as long as ocellocular.
Mesopraescutum as long as wide, with one row of bristles at each
lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle;
hindwing blunt at apex, fringe at posterior margin one-fourth as wide
as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum roughened; mesal length
of propodeum three-eighths length of mesoscutellum; median, para-
spiracular, and short, oblique carinae present, much as in figure 21, d;
rudimentary petiole present; propodeal spiracles separated from an-
terior margin by a space equal to one-half length of a spiracle; gaster
twice as long as thorax.

Male—Length, 1.5 mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape two-
thirds as long as scape; first funicle segment four-fifths as long as
second segment, three distal segments equal in length, funicle segments
enlarged near bases and bearing long setae, club as long as first three
funicle segments; gaster equal in length to thorax.

Type locality —Cadet, Mo.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 2796.

Host—The Hessian fly, Phytophaga destructor (Say). (May be
incorrect. )

Distribution.—Missouri.

TETRASTICHUS PARACHOLUS, new species

Very dark brown or black, with faint brassy iridescence; scape and
apex of pedicel of antenna, apices of coxae, bases and apices of femora,
tibiae, and tarsi white or light yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.5-1.8 mm. Entire body long and narrow. An-
tennae inserted at level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of
scape not quite reaching level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus;
first funicle segment slightly longer than second, second and third
funicle segments equal in length and their combined lengths equal to
that of club; ocellocular line two-thirds as long as postocellar. Meso-
praescutum bearing one row of bristles at each lateral margin; sub-
marginal vein of forewing with one dorsal bristle; apex of hindwing
blunt, fringe at posterior margin slightly less than one-third as wide as
wing at hamuli; entire surface of thoracic pleuron reticulated; meta-
coxae shagreened near base, smooth at apex. Surface of propodeum
shagreened, strong median and paraspiracular carinae present; mesal
length of propodeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum;
propodeal spiracles separated from anterior margin by a space one-
half as great as diameter of a spiracle; rudimentary petiole present, its
dorsal surface faintly reticulated; gaster elongate, narrow, longer
than thorax.

Male—Length, 1.5mm. Funicle segments enlarged near bases and
provided with long setae; pedicel and first funicle segment equal in

552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 93

length, three following segments equal in length and each one-fifth
longer than first, club three times as long as first segment; gaster as
long as thorax.

Type locality—Vienna, Va.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56245.

Described from 20 female and 4 male specimens, all said to have been
reared from the goldenrod stem-gall moth, Gnorimoschema gallaesoli-
daginis (Riley): Holotype female and 9 female paratypes, Vienna,
Va., May 17, 1911, R. A. Cushman; allotype male and 8 female and 3
male paratypes, Richmond, Va., G. W. Barber; 2 female paratypes,
New Lisbon, N. J., May 15, 1931, E. P. Darlington. An additional
lot of 14 females and 3 males, not included in the type series, were
reared from G. gallaesolidaginis at Washington, D. C., March 22, 1886.
These specimens were set aside as a new species by Ashmead and bear
a manuscript name, but his description was never published.

Remarks.—Although said to have parasitized the goldrenrod gall
moth, this species may actually have come from some parasite or in-
quiline associated with that moth.

TETRASTICHUS TESSERUS, new species

Shining, jet black; area of head around mouthparts, base of antennal
scape, and most of femora dark brown; bases and apices of femora,
tibiae, and tarsi light yellow or white; apices of tarsi sometimes dark-
ened; legs of male almost entirely yellow; old or teneral specimens
may be brown rather than black. Surfaces of thorax and abdomen
with strong, reticulate sculpturing, much as in figure 18, e.

Female.—Length, 1.6-2.1 mm. Antennae inserted dorsad of level
of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape surpassing level
of vertex; pedicel slightly more than one-half as long as first funicle
segment, second segment four-fifths as long as first, second and third
equal in length, club one and one-half times as long as third funicle
segment ; length of malar space two-thirds as great as height of com-
pound eye; postocellar line slightly longer than ocellocular, inter-
ocellar triangle usually with seven large, setigerous punctures. Meso-
praescutum short, semiquadrate, as in figure 18, c, one row of bristles
present at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with
three or four dorsal bristles, marginal vein four times as long as
stigmal; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-
third as wide as wing at hamuli; surface of propodeum shagreened,
but paraspiracular carinae absent or only vaguely indicated, spiracles
contiguous with anterior propodeal margin, median length of propo-
deum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum; gaster twice as
long as thorax.

Male—Length, 1.6-1.7 mm. Anterior carina of scape extending
almost the entire length of scape, pedicel and first funicle segment

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 503

equal in length, fourth segment twice as long as first, club two and
one-half times as long as fourth funicle segment; funicle segments
bearing conspicuously long bristles on enlargements near bases of
segments; marginal vein of forewing three times as long as stigmal ;
gaster one and one-fourth times as long as thorax.

Type locality—Midland County, Mich.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56246.

Described from 9 females and 3 males, as follows: Holotype female,
collected at the type locality, June 28, 1938, R. R. Dreisbach; 1 female
paratype, collected at White Heath, Ill., June 18, 1939, P. C. Dirks; 4
female paratypes, collected at Arlington, Va.; 1 female paratype, Ser-
geant Bluff, Iowa, reared from Asteromyia sp. gall on goldenrod, C. N.
Ainslie; allotype male and 1 female paratype, Sioux City, Iowa,
reared from Cecidomyia sp. galls on goldenrod, 1917, C. N. Ainslie;
and 1 female and 1 male paratypes, Sioux City, Iowa, reared from
Lasioptera sp. galls on goldenrod, October 6, 1916, C. N. Ainslie.

Remarks.—Despite the apparent diversity of hosts, as indicated
above, this species is very likely to be restricted to a single gall maker
on goldenrod.

TETRASTICHUS FUMIPENNIS (Girault), new combination
FIGcuREs 18, c; 21, a

Neomphaloidella fumipennis GIRAULT, Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis, pt. 1,
p42, 1917.

Very dark, steel blue or shining black, teneral specimens brown;
variable areas on scape, pedicel, apices of femora, tibiae, and basal
segments of tarsi light yellow or white; mouthparts, apices of pedicel
and flagellum, trochanters, basal two-thirds of femora, and apical
segment of each tarsus brown; forewing sometimes with a vague
brown cloud in basal half; surfaces of head, thoracic notum, and
abdomen uniformly covered with scalelike shagreening (fig. 18, c).

Female.—Length, 1.3-1.5 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes, apex of scape reaching
level of anterior ocellus; all funicle segments equal in length, and
each as long as pedicel, club two and one-half times as long as pedicel;
length of malar space four-fifths height of compound eye; postocellar
line twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum wider than long,
and bearing one or two somewhat irregular rows of bristles at each
lateral margin (fig. 18, ce) ; submarginal vein of forewing with two
or three dorsal bristles, marginal vein twice as long as stigmal; apex
of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-fourth as wide
as wing at hamuli; surface of propodeum reticulated, median, para-
spiracular, and oblique carinae present (fig. 21, a), mesal length of
propodeum one-third length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles

530798434

554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

separated from anterior margin by a space one-half as great as length
of a spiracle; gaster equal to or slightly longer than thorax; entire
dorsum of gaster shagreened.

Male.—Leneth, 1.1 mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape two-
thirds as long as scape; first funicle segment shorter than second;
funicle segments enlarged near bases and bearing setae much longer
than the segments themselves; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality—Glenn Dale, Md.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 20444. (Specimen in poor condition. )

Host.—Black blister leaf gall of Asteromyia carbonifera (Felt) on
goldenrod; some specimens also were said to have been reared from
the goldenrod gall moth, Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis (Riley),
but this is probably an error.

Distribution—District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Mary-
land, Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS HAGENOWII (Ratzeburg)

Entedon hagenowii Ratrzesure, Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten . . ., vol. 3,
p. 211, 1852.

Geniocerus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) KurpsuMoy, Russ. Ent. Obozr. (Rev. Russe
Ent.) vol. 13, p. 249, 1918.—CrawForD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 584,
1915.

Blattotetrastichus hagenowi (Ratzeburg) Grrautt, Ent. News, vol. 28, p. 257,
LOL.

Tetrastichus hagenowi (Ratzeburg) ASHMEAD, Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 1, p. 329;
1901.—FuLLAwAy, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, p. 287, 1913.—GAHAN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 168, 1914.—SrverINn and SEVERIN, Journ. Econ. Ent.,
vol. 8, p. 329, 1915.—Marrart, U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bull. 658, p. 11, 1915.—
Mast, Nov. Zool., vol. 24, p. 218, 1917.—Se1n, Puerto Rico Dept. Agr. and
Comm. Cire. 64, p. 5, 1923.—TIMBERLAKE, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., vol. 5, p. 442,
1924.— WiLLi1AMs, Handbook of insects, p. 256, 1931.

Tetrastichodes floridanus ASHMEAD, Proc. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 208, 1887.

Tetrastichoides browni ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 113, 1905.
(New synonymy.)

Body black, with faint iridescent green reflections; areas of head
around mouthparts, scape and pedicel, tegulae, legs (except procoxae),
and sometimes base of gaster white or yellow; entire supraclypeal area
of head may be yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.2-2.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of an-
terior ocellus, first funicle segment long, one-third longer than second
segment, third slightly shorter than second, funicle segments densely
covered with short bristles, club considerably broader than funicle
segments and short, only one-fourth longer than second funicle seg-
ment; malar space one-half height of compound eye; postocellar line
twice as long as ocellocular. Entire surface of mesopraescutum cov-

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 555

ered with bristles, some of which are contiguous with mesal furrow
(fig. 19, e); submarginal vein of forewing with four to six dorsal
bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-sixth
width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum smooth, median
carina only present; mesal length one-third length of mesoscutellum,
propodeal spiracles almost contiguous with anterior margin, length
of spiracle one-half length of lateral margin of propodeum; minute
petiole usually discernible; gaster slightly longer than thorax.

Male—Length, 1.2-1.9 mm. Scape with darkened anterior carina
extending from near base to apex; first funicle segment four-fifths
as long as pedicel, second and third segments equal in length and
each as long as pedicel, fourth segment as long as first, club slightly
longer than second and third funicle segments combined, long setae
borne singly or in pairs on dorsal sides of funicle segments, these
setae slightly longer than segments bearing them; gaster as long as
or slighter longer than thorax.

Type locality —Germany.

Types.—Presumably in the Forestry Academy in Eberswalde, Ger-
many.

Hosts—Egg capsules of domestic cockroaches, Blatta orientalis
(Linnaeus), Blatella germanica (Linnaeus), Periplaneta americana
(Linnaeus), ?. australasiae (Fabricius), and possibly other roaches.

Distribution—Probably worldwide; commonly collected or reared
in the eastern and southern United States and the West Indies
islands; also known from South and Central America, Europe, the
Hawaiian Islands, and the Orient.

TETRASTICHUS CASSIDIS, new species

Dull brown, with scape, pedicel and funicle of antenna, areas bor-
dering sutures on mesopleuron, apices of forecoxae, entire middle and
hindcoxae, femora, tibiae, and tarsi light yellow; antennal club
slightly darkened, and pedicel and funicle sometimes darkened toward
apices.

Female.—Length, 0.8-1.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes and only slightly ventrad of center of frons;
apex of scape reaching level of vertex; pedicel slightly shorter than first
funicle segment; all funicle segments equal in length, club as long as
two funicle segments combined; postocellar line as long as ocellocular
line. Mesopraescutum wider than long and bearing one row of bristles
at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with two or three
dorsal bristles. Surface of propodeum covered with minute reticula-
tions, paraspiracular carinae vague or absent; mesal length of pro-
podeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum; propodeal
spiracles contiguous with anterior margin; gaster ovoid, slightly
shorter than thorax, venter with conspicuously long bristles.

556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 93

Male—Length, 0.9 mm. Funicle segments bearing conspicuously
long setae on dorsal enlargements near bases; pedicel one-sixth longer
than first funicle segment, second one-third longer than first, third
and fourth each as long as second, club as long as last two funicle seg-
ments combined; length of postocellar line greater than length of
ocellocular line; gaster shorter than thorax.

Type locality Baton Rouge, La.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56247.

Described from 9 female and 2 male specimens as follows: Female
holotype and two female paratypes, reared from larva of Chirida
signifera (Herbst), August 24, 1921, Guy Fletcher; male allotype and
one male and six female paratypes, reared from larva of the golden
tortoise beetle, Metriona bicolor (Fabricius), July 1921, C. E. Smith.

TETRASTICHUS SEMIAURATICEPS (Girault), new combination

Epitetrastichus semiauraticeps GiraAuLtT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 127,
1916.

Black with a strong, iridescent blue cast; supraclypeal area of head,
anterior margin of antennal scape, apex of pedicel, tegulae, inner tri-
angular part of scapulae, apices of coxae, trochanters, bases and apices
of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi yellow or white; almost
entire head may be yellow.

Female.—Length, 2.8 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad of
level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of anterior ocellus, first and second funicle segments equal in
length, third segment slightly shorter than second, club as long as
first two funicle segments combined; length of malar space three-
fifths as great as height of compound eye; ocellocular line almost as
long as postocellar. Pronotum with femoral grooves as in figure 17, e;
mesopraescutum as long as wide and bearing one row of bristles at
each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with four or five
dorsal bristles, stigmal vein one-fifth length of marginal; hindwing
blunt at apex, fringe at posterior margin one-fifth width of wing at
hamuli. Surface of propodeum faintly reticulated, almost smooth,
median carina only present; mesal length of propodeum one-fifth
length of mesoscutellum ; propodeal spiracles contiguous with anterior
margin, minute petiole partly differentiated; gaster one and one-half
to one and two-thirds times as long as thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —Denver, Colo.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 196438.

Hosts.—Reared from bud gall on Pinus scopulorum and needle gall
on Pinus ponderosa; hosts probably one or more species of midges.

Distribution.—Arizona, Colorado, Maine.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 557

TETRASTICHUS LONGICORPUS (Girault), new combination
FicuReES 16, a; 17, e

Neotetrastichodes longicorpus GiRAvuLt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 129,
1916.

Yellow with variable, somewhat iridescent dark spots; all of head
but posterior side, dorsolateral areas of pronotum, prepectus, lateral
and inner triangular parts of scapulae, lateral and posterior areas of
mesopraescutum, all of mesoscutellum but spot at anterior margin on
meson and areas bordering sutures and grooves, area around meso-
pleural suture, median lobe of metanotum, anterior coxae, and apices
of middle and hind coxae, more distal segments of all legs, and base
of gaster yellow; male mostly shining black.

Female.—Length, 3.0-3.5 mm. Antennae inserted nearly in center
of frons, dorsad of level of ventral margins of compound eyes as in
figure 16, a; apex of scape reaching level of anterior ocellus, first
funicle segment one-fifth longer than second, second and third almost
equal in length, club twice as long as second funicle segment; length
of malar space two-thirds as great as height of compound eye; posto-
cellar and ocellocular lines equal in length. Pronotum with a femoral
groove (fig. 17, e) ; mesopraescutum as long as wide and bearing one
row of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing
with five to seven dorsal bristles, marginal vein four times as long as
stigmal; hindwing blunt at apex, fringe at posterior margin one-
fifth width of wing at hamuli; scutellum usually bearing three pairs
of bristles. Propodeum faintly reticulated, almost smooth, median
carina only present; mesal length of propodeum one-fifth length of
mesoscutellum ; spiracles contiguous with anterior margin; rudimen-
tary petiole present; gaster more than twice as long as thorax.

Male.—tLength, 2.25 mm. Scape greatly enlarged, without a dark-
ened anterior carina; first funicle segment slightly shorter than sec-
ond, three distal segments subequal in length, funicle segments
enlarged near bases and bearing conspicuously long setae; length of
malar space two-thirds height of compound eye; mesal length of pro-
podeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum; gaster and
thorax equal in length.

Type locality —tLas Vegas, N. Mex.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 19645.

Host.—The western pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana bushnelli
(Busck), on Pinus ponderosa.

Distribution—New Mexico.

TETRASTICHUS OKLAHOMA (Girault), new combination
Neomphaloidella oklahoma Giravtt, Descriptiones stellarum novarum, p. 9, 1917.

Black; area of head around ocelli, bases of coxae, and gaster very
dark brown; area of head around mouthparts, tegulae, inner trian-

558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

gular part of scapulae, mesal lobe of metanotum, apices of coxae,
trochanters, bases and apices of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of
middle and hind tarsi white or light yellow.

Female—Length, 2.5-3.0 mm. Antennae inserted considerably
dorsad of level of ventral margins of compound eyes, as in figure 16,
a; apex of scape slightly exceeding level of vertex, funicle segments
slender, elongate, first segment one and one-fifth times as long as
second, club one and one-fifth times as long as second segment; length
of malar space five-eighths height of compound eye; postocellar and
ocellocular lines equal in length. Mesopraescutum one-third wider
than long and bearing one and a partial second row of bristles at each
lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with four or five dorsal
bristles; stigmal vein one-fourth as long as marginal vein; hindwing
blunt at apex, fringe at posterior margin one-fifth width of wing at
hamuli. Surface of propodeum faintly reticulated, median carina
only present; mesal length of propodeum almost one-half as great
as length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles contiguous with
anterior margin; gaster elongate, one and two-fifths times as long as
thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.7 mm. Scape bearing a small darkened anterior
carina near apex; all funicle segments equal in length and each one
and two-fifths times as long as pedicel, funicle segments enlarged near
bases and bearing conspicuously long bristles, club one-half as long as
funicle; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality—Tulsa, Okla.

Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 20244. ;

Host.—Associated with joint worm, Harmolita sp., in grass stems;
actual host unknown.

Distribution —Oklahoma, Utah.

TETRASTICHUS ARGYRUS, new species

Body black, clothed with long, silver-colored bristles; frons, anten-
nae, most of femora and tibiae, front tarsi and apical segment of mid-
dle and hind tarsi, and small areas at base and apex of gaster dark
brown; darkened parts of tibiae lighter brown than those of femora;
bases and apices of femora and tibiae and basal three segments of
middle and hind tarsi light yellow or white.

Female—Length, 2.0 mm. Entire body elongate, slender. An-
tennae inserted at level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex
of scape reaching level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; funicle
segments elongate, club short, first and second funicle segments equal
in length and each almost one and one-half times as long as pedicel,
third segment slightly shorter than second, club only one and one-

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 559

third times as long as first funicle segment; postocellar line twice as
long as ocellocular, area of interocellar triangle with several short,
irregular, transverse rugae. Mesopraescutum with long bristles dis-
tributed over its entire surface in a rather haphazard manner; sub-
marginal vein of forewing with five dorsal bristles, marginal vein
three times as long as stigmal; mesoscutellum with five pairs of bris-
tles on either side; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe as posterior margin
one-third as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum almost
smooth, paraspiracular carinae absent; mesoscutellum five times as
long as propodeum at meson; gaster long, slender, more than twice as
long as thorax, and clothed with long bristles laterally and ventrally.

Male.—Length, 1.5 mm. Scape with small darkened anterior ca-
rina near apex; pedicel narrow, but as long as first funicle segment,
second segment one and one-half times as long as first, three distal
segments each of the same length, fourth segment one-half as long as
club; funicle segments bearing conspicuously long bristles on enlarge-
ments near bases; submarginal vein with four dorsal bristles; meso-
scutellum only two and one-half times as long as propodeum at meson ;
gaster sparsely clothed with bristles and only slightly longer than
thorax.

Type locality —Ames, Iowa.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56248.

Described from the female holotype, male allotype, and 1 female
paratype, collected at Ames, Iowa, August 28, 1927. An additional
single female specimen, not included in the type series, was collected
at Arlington, Va. This last-mentioned specimen is in very poor

condition.
TETRASTICHUS PHEGUS, new species

Iridescent green or blue-green, with a distinct purplish cast,
especially on pronotum, scapulae, pleurae, and sternae; antennal scape,
ventral side of pedicel, bases and apices of femora, usually most of
tibiae, and basal three segments of middle and hind tarsi light yellow
or white; antennal flagellum, area of head around mouthparts, vari-
able, poorly defined areas near bases of tibiae, front tarsi, and apical
segment of middle and hind tarsi tan or light brown.

Female.—Length, 1.9-2.1mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of margin of anterior ocellus; pedicel and first and third
funicle segments each of the same length, second funicle segment
slightly longer, club twice as long as third funicle segment; length
of malar space two-thirds as great as height of compound eye; posto-
cellar line twice as long as ocellocular; area of frons laterad and
dorsad of scrobe cavity with numerous short, erect bristles. Meso-
praescutum with two or three rather irregular rows of bristles at

560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with four or five
dorsal bristles, marginal vein twice as long as stigmal; mesoscutellum
with four bristles on either side, these bristles usually arranged in a
straight row and evenly spaced, but sometimes rather irregular;
apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-sixth to one-
seventh as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum sha-
ereened anteriorly, more smooth posteriorly, median, paraspiracular,
and oblique carinae present, as in figure 21, d; spiracles almost con-
tiguous with anterior margin of propodeum; length of mesoscutellum
three and one-half times as great as median length of propodeum;
gaster one and one-third times as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.5 mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape three-
fourths as long as scape; pedicel and each segment of funicle equal in
length, club twice as long as fourth funicle segment; funicle segments
semiquadrate, and without long bristles; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality.—Victoria, Tex.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56249.

Described from 25 female and 2 male specimens, as follows:
Female holotype, male allotype, and 1 male and 10 female paratypes
from the type locality, reared from Disholcaspis cinerosa (Bassett)
gall on live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), July 1-August 6, 1909, J. D.
Mitchell; 4 female paratypes, Kern County, Calif., reared from gall
of Heteroecus pacificus Ashmead, June 30, 1893, under Bureau of
Entomology No. 5542; and 10 female paratypes from Oneida, IIL,
reared from gall of Disholcaspis mamma (Walsh), July 12, 1893,
under Bureau of Entomology No. 5724 ©.

TETRASTICHUS GIGAS, new species

Iridescent green or blue-green, sometimes very dark, almost black,
but always with at least a distinct, iridescent sheen, especially at
meson of thoracic notum; usually base and anterior side of antennal
scape, apices of femora, bases and apices of tibiae, and basal segment
of middle and hind tarsi light yellow or white; darkened parts of
tibiae and tarsi usually tan or brown, lighter than dark parts of
femora; pronotum usually with a faint iridescent bluish or purplish
cast.

Female.—Length, 3.0-4.0 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad
of level of ventral margin of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of dorsal margin of anterior ocellus; pedicel and each funicle
segment equal in length, club slightly shorter than two funicle seg-
ments combined; length of malar space slightly greater than height
of compound eye; postocellar line one and one-half times as long as
ocellocular; area of frons dorsad and laterad of scrobe cavity set with
numerous short, erect bristles, area immediately ventrad of antennal

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 561

bases with minute, closely set transverse reticulations. Mesopraescu-
tum with two or three irregular rows of bristles at each lateral margin;
submarginal vein of forewing with four or five dorsal bristles, marginal
vein twice as long as stigmal, latter usually weak near base ; mesoscutel-
lum bearing three pairs of bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at
posterior margin one-seventh to one-eighth as wide as wing at hamuli.
Surface of propodeum shagreened, paraspiracular carinae present;
mesal length of mesoscutellum three and one-half times as great as
mesal length of propodeum; spiracles separated from anterior margin
of propodeum by a space one-half as great as length of a spiracle;
gaster narrow, elongate, twice as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 2.0-8.0mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape one-
half as long as scape; pedicel slightly longer than first funicle segment,
first and second segments equal in length, third and fourth equal in
length and each slightly longer than second; club two and one-half
times as long as fourth funicle segment ; segments of antennal flagellum
without long bristles; gaster one and one-half times as long as thorax.

Type locality—Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56250.

Described from 47 female and 39 male specimens. Holotype female,
allotype male, and 8 female and 1 male paratypes from the type lo-
cality, reared from gall of Andricus californicus Bassett, February 19,
1932, F. H. Sumner; 1 female paratype and 1 male paratype, Oregon
Mountain, Josephine County, Oreg., reared from gall of Andricus
californicus, November 17, 1927, H. A. Scullen; and the following para-
types, all reared from Andricus californicus by S. M. Dohanian, April
6-7, 1939: 4 females, 4 males, Sacramento, Calif.; 4 females, 4 males,
Washington County, Oreg.; 4 females, 4 males, Benton County, Oreg.;
8 females, 8 males, Marion County, Oreg.; 8 females, 8 males, Eugene
and vicinity, Oreg.; 4 females, 4 males, Polk County, Oreg.; and 4
females, 4 males, Clark County, Wash.

TETRASTICHUS HOLBEINI Girault

Tetrastichus holbeini Girautr, New chalcid flies, p. 2, 1917.

Very dark brown or black with green or blue-green iridescence;
antennae, apices of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi light
yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 2.0 mm. Antennae inserted ventrad of level of
ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not quite reaching
level of anterior ocellus; pedicel and first funicle segment equal in
length, second and third segments equal in length and each four-fifths
as long as first; club as long as first and second funicle segments; length
of malar space four-fifths as great as height of compound eye. Meso-
praescutum as long as wide and bearing one or two rows of bristles at

562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with five or six
dorsal bristles; marginal vein three and one-half times as long as
stigmal vein; prepectus reticulated, rest of mesopleuron almost smooth ;
apex of hindwing blunt, width of fringe at posterior margin one-fifth
as great as width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum very
faintly reticulated, almost smooth; median carina almost entirely
obliterated, paraspiracular carinae wanting; mesal length of propo-
deum one-fifth as long as mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles separated
from anterior margin by a space almost as great as length of a spiracle;
gaster twice as long as thorax.

Male—Length, 1.4mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape one-half
as long as scape; all four funicle segments equal in length and each
three-fourths as long as pedicel; segments of funicle approximately
quadrate and bearing relatively short setae; gaster one-third longer
than thorax.

Type locality —Yreka, Calif.

Types. —U.S.N.M. No. 21064.

Hosts—The Pacific flathead borer, Chrysobothris mali Horn, in
Platanus racemosus,; the flat-headed apple tree borer, Chrysobothris
femorata Olivier; Chrysobothris spp. in various trees.

Distribution.—California, Missouri, West Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS MODESTUS Howard

Tetrastichus modestus HowArp, in Scudder, Butterflies of Eastern United States,
p. 1894, 1889.—VirreEck, Connecticut State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.
22, p. 453, 1916.

Epitetrastichus mundicornis GrrauLt, Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis, pt. 3,
p. 1, 1917. (New synonymy.)

Dark brown or black; apices of femora and tibiae, and three proxi-
mal segments of tarsi white; antennae may be partly or entirely
yellowish.

Female.—Length, 0.8-1.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching a point consider-
ably below level of anterior ocellus, pedicel one and three-quarters
times as long as first funicle segment, second and third segments
equal and each slightly longer than first, club as long as funicle;
malar space two-thirds height of compound eye; postocellar line two
and one-half times as long as ocellocular. Mesothoracic spiracles oval,
only partly concealed by projecting angle of pronotum; mesoprae-
scutum slightly wider than long, surface entirely covered by long
bristles; submarginal vein of forewing with two or three dorsal
bristles; marginal vein three times as long as stigmal; hindwing
blunt at apex, marginal fringe one-third width of wing at hamuli;
anterior pair of scutellar bristles conspicuously long and located

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 563

near anterior margin of segment. Surface of propodeum smooth,
median carina only present; mesal length of propodeum one-third
length of mesoscutellum ; propodeal spiracle round, minute, separated
from anterior margin by a space equal to diameter of a spiracle;
gaster equal in length to thorax.

Male—Length, 0.8 mm. Scape broadened from base to apex and
bearing a long, darkened anterior carina; funicle segments semi-
quadrate and without long bristles, club two and one-half times as
long as fourth funicle segment.

Type locality —Coalburg, W. Va.

Types.—U.5S.N.M. No, 2677. (Specimens in poor condition. )

Hosts.—A panteles atalantae (Packard) parasitic on the red admiral
butterfly, Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus), and Apanteles sp. parasitic
on the semicolon butterfly, Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius) ;
Apanteles sp. parasitic on the grape leaf folder, Desmia funeralis
Huebner.

Distribution—Iowa, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS PATTERSONAE Fullaway
FIGURE 16, c

Tetrastichus pattersonae FULLAwAY, Journ, New York Ent. Soc., vol. 20, p. 280,
1912.

Bright, iridescent green or blue-green; antennae, trochanters, apices
of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi light yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 1.9-2.2 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of anterior
ocellus; funicle segments globular, second and third segments equal
and each slightly shorter than first, all funicle segments equal in width;
club as long as first and second funicle segments combined; length of
malar space two-thirds height of compound eye; malar furrow form-
ing a triangle with ocular suture just ventrad of compound eye (fig.
16, ¢), ocellocular line two-thirds as long as postocellar. Mesoprae-
scutum wider than long, entire surface densely covered by bristles, as
in figure 19, e; submarginal vein of forewing with five or six dorsal
bristles; surface of entire mesopleuron reticulated; apex of hindwing
blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-ninth width of wing at hamuli;
longitudinal grooves of mesoscutellum sometimes vague. Surface of
propodeum lightly shagreened, paraspiracular carinae absent, mesal
length of propodeum one-third length of mesoscutellum, propodeal
spiracles almost touching anterior margin, one pair of submesal bristles
usually present at posterior margin of propodeum; gaster one-fourth
longer than thorax.

Male.——Length, 1.8-2.0 mm. First funicle segment three-fifths as
long as pedicel, second to fourth funicle segments equal in length and

564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

each as long as pedicel, funicle segments elongate, enlarged near bases,
and with bristles slightly longer than the segments, club slightly longer
than scape; gaster equal in length to thorax.

Type locality —California.

Types.—The types cannot now be found and are probably lost; they
were originally supposed to be in the collection at Stanford University
and were labeled L. S. J. U., Lot 508, s. 19.

Hosts—Diplolepis echina (Osten Sacken) ; Callirhytis pomiformis
(Bassett) ; (2) Disholeaspis chrysolepidis (Beutenmiiller).

Distribution —California, Florida, Utah.

TETRASTICHUS SPILOPTERIS, new species

FIGURE 16, b

Bright, iridescent green, occasionally becoming dark purple or
almost black; antennae, all of coxae except bases, trochanters, most or
all of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi white or light yellow;
male with a conspicuous patch of dark setae in forewing near apex.

Female —Length, 1.0-2.2 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ven-
trad of level of ventral margins of compound eye; apex of scape
not quite reaching level of anterior ocellus; first funicle segment
two-thirds as long as pedicel, second segment four-fifths as long as
first, third three-fourths as long as second, club short, globose, twice
as long as second funicle segment; length of malar space one-half
height of compound eye; malar furrow straight; length of posto-
cellar line twice as great as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum slightly
wider than long and its entire surface densely covered with bristles,
as in figure 19, ¢; submarginal vein of forewing with two or three
dorsal bristles; marginal vein three and one-half times as long as
stigmal; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-
sixth as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum faintly
reticulated, almost smooth, paraspiracular carinae wanting, mesal
length of propodeum one-third length of mesoscutellum, propodeal
spiracles contiguous with anterior margin; gaster one and one-half
times as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.1-1.5 mm. Scape twice as long as pedicel, first
funicle segment four-fifths as long as pedicel, second segment equal to
first, third three-fourths as long as second, fourth one-sixth shorter
than third, funicle segments without conspicuously long. bristles,
club three times as long as fourth funicle segment; gaster as long
as thorax.

Type locality.—Berkeley, Calif.

Types.—-U.S.N.M. No. 56251.

Described from 11 female and 15 male specimens, as follows: From
the above locality, holotype, female, and allotype, male, September

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 565

18, 1921, reared from gall of Neuroterus saliatorius (Riley), C. T.
Dodds; 1 female paratype reared from gall of Andricus kingi Bas-
sett, C. T. Dodds; and 1 male paratype collected May 26, 1907; also,
6 female and 7 male paratypes from Los Altos, Calif., May 18, 1922,
E. O. Essig; 1 female and 3 male paratypes, Beaverton, Oreg., June
1, 1934, reared from an undetermined gall on Quercus garryana, under
Hopkins U. S. No. 20559a; 2 female and 2 male paratypes, Los An-
geles, Calif., reared from gall of Callirhytis bicornis McCracken and
Egbert, April 1940, R. H. Smith; and an additional single male para-
type was collected at Mesilla, N. Mex., May 31, 1938, by Christen-
son and Clancy, and bears the number C-9504.

TETRASTICHUS VERRUCARII Balduf
FIGURE 19, e
Tetrastichus verrucarii BALDuF, Can. Ent., vol. 61, pp. 125, 221, 1929.

Dull, dark brown, occasionally with very faint iridescent reflections ;
antennae sometimes, apices of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of
tarsi white; abdomen of male may be white at base.

Female.—Length, 1.8-1.6 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not quite reaching
anterior ocellus, first funicle segment one-sixth longer than second,
second and third segments equal in length, club two and one-half
times as long as first funicle segment; malar space one-half height
of compound eye; malar furrow straight; postocellar line twice as
long as ocellocular. Mesothoracic spiracle only partly covered by
minute emarginate flange; mesopraescutum slightly wider than long
and surface completely covered with bristles (fig. 19, e) ; submarginal
vein of forewing with three to five dorsal bristles, marginal vein
three and one-half to four times as long as stigmal; apex of hind-
wing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-fifth width of wing at
hamuli. Propodeum very faintly reticulated, almost smooth, median
carina only present; mesal length of propodeum one-fourth length of
mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles contiguous with anterior margin;
gaster equal to or only slightly longer than thorax.

Male—Length, 1.0-1.4 mm. Antennal scape with darkened an-
terior carina two-thirds as long as scape; pedicel and first funicle
segment equal in length, second, third, and fourth equal and each
one-quarter longer than first, setae slightly longer than segments borne
on dorsal elevations near bases of segments, club as long as pedicel and
first two funicle segments; postocellar line three times as long as ocel-
locular. Gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality—Urbana, Tl.

Types —vU.S.N.M. No. 40986.

566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 93

Hosts —Oak-leaf galls, Neuroterus verrucarum (Osten Sacken),
N. niger Gillette, V. varians Kinsey, NV. floccosus (Bassett).

Distribution —California, District of Columbia, Hlinois, New York,
Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS CARPATUS, new species

Varying from very dark brown with iridescent bluish cast to black
with iridescent blue-green luster; antennal flagellum, apices of femora,
bases and apices of tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi yellow or
white; apex of antennal pedicel lighter in color than base; males
usually considerably lighter than females.

Female.—Length, 1.1-1.6 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; scape short, its apex
not reaching level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; pedicel con-
spicuously enlarged at apex; first funicle segment one-sixth shorter
than pedicel, second and third segments wider than first and each
shorter than first, club as long as pedicel and first funicle segment;
length of malar space three-fourths height of compound eye, malar
furrow gently curved, almost straight; length of postocellar line
four times as great as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum slightly wider
than long and bearing three sometimes irregular rows of bristles at
each lateral margin, each row usually consisting of but three to five
bristles, and sometimes only two bristles present in a row; submar-
ginal vein of forewing with two dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing
blunt, fringe at posterior margin slightly less than one-fourth as wide
as wing at hamuli. Propodeum lightly shagreened, vague paraspir-
acular carinae present; propodeal spiracles round, mesal length of
propodeum one-third dorsal length of mesoscutellum; gaster elongate,
acuminate, from one and two-thirds to two times as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 0.8-1.3 mm. Scape broadened from near base to
apex, pedicel globose, one-fifth longer than first funicle segment, all
funicle segments beadlike, approximately equal in length, with first
segment slightly narrower than fourth, conspicuously long setae absent,
club one-sixth shorter than three funicle segments; gaster slightly
longer than thorax.

Type locality—Monrovia, Calif.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56252.

Described from 105 female and 9 male specimens. Female holo-
type, male allotype, and 66 female and 4 male paratypes, from the
type locality, reared from Apanteles carpatus (Say), Wm. Moore;
13 female paratypes, Columbus, Ohio, reared from clothes moths
in 1934, H. C. Mason; 4 female paratypes, Columbus, Ohio, reared
from Tincola biselliclla Hummel, November 24, 1931, H. C. Mason;
6 female and 3 male paratypes, Silver Spring, Md., August 1931, from
Linea pellionella Linnaeus, W. Colman; 1 male and 9 female para-

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 567

types, Silver Spring, Md., April 6, 1933, reared from clothes moths,
W. S. Abbott; and 6 female paratypes, St. Louis, Mo., reared from
Tinea fuscipunctella Haworth, P. Rau.

Remarks —This species is most likely always a parasite of Apan-
teles carpatus (Say), and thus a secondary parasite of clothes moths,
although sometimes it has been said to have come from clothes moths
themselves. Tinea fuscipunctella Haworth, from which some speci-
mens were said to have been reared, is not a clothes moth but or-
dinarily develops in bird nests. Occasionally 7’. fuscipunctella is,
however, a pest in carpets and other articles of wool in houses and
thus is undoubtedly subject to attack by the same parasites as are
the true clothes moths. The male of this parasite evidently is
quite rare.

TETRASTICHUS HUNTERI Crawford
Ficure 19, d

Tetrastichus hunteri CrAwForD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 150, 1909.—
Prerce, U. 8. Bur. Ent. Bull. 100, p. 52, 1912.— Hunter and Pierce, U. 8. Bur.
Ent. Bull, 114, p. 142, 1912.

Iridescent blue-green, sometimes with a slight purple tinge; an-
tennal flagellum, coxae, all but apices and bases of femora and tibiae,
front tarsi and apical segments of middle and hind tarsi brown or
black; scape, apices and bases of femora and tibiae and basal seg-
ments of middle and hind tarsi yellow; abdomen brown or tan at
base.

Female.—Length, 1.8-2.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not quite reaching level of
anterior ocellus, first funicle segment as long as pedicel, second slightly
longer than first, third as long as first, club as long as two apical
funicle segments; length of malar space two-thirds height of com-
pound eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular. Mesoprae-
scutum slightly wider than long and bearing three rows of bristles
at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with four or
five dorsal bristles; marginal vein three times as long as stigmal,
mesoscutellum usually with six bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe
at posterior margin one-fifth width of wing at hamuli. Propodeum
shagreened and both median and paraspiracular carinae present;
mesal length of propodeum one-fourth length of mesoscutellum;
propodeal spiracles separated from anterior margin by a space equal
to diameter of a spiracle; gaster slightly longer than thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —Natchez, Miss.

Types —uvU.S.N.M. No. 12677.

568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Host.—Larvae of the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis
Boheman.

Distribution—Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas. (Probably occurs
wherever cotton is grown.)

TETRASTiCHUS TURIONUM (Hartig)

Eulophus turionum Hartic, Jahresb. Fortschr. Forstw., vol. 1, p. 268, 1838.—
RatzesurG, Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten ... , vol. 1, p. 168, 1844.
Entedon turionum (Hartig) RAtTzeEBure, Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten ... ,

vol. 2, p. 170, 1848; vol. 3, p. 214, 1852.

Tetrastichus turionum (Hartig) Dowpen, Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer., vol. 27, p. 602,
1934.—BeERGoLp and Ripper, Zeitschr. fiir Parasitenk., vol. 9, p. 415, 1937.—
DowpDEN and Berry, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 31, p. 459, 1988.

Tridescent blue-green; antennae brown; trochanters, apices of
femora, usually tibiae, and tarsi light yellow or white.

Female—Length, 11-20 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level of
anterior ocellus, all funicle segments equal in length and each as
long as pedicel, third funicle segment slightly constricted at base,
club as long as two funicle segments; malar space three-fifths height
of compound eye; mesopraescutum wider than long and each lateral
margin bearing three rows of bristles, mesal row on each side may be
irregular; submarginal vein of forewing with three or four dorsal
bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-
fifth width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum smooth,
median carina vague; mesal length of propodeum one-fifth length
of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles not quite touching anterior
margin; gaster varying from one and three-quarters to twice as long
as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.0-1.4 mm. Scape thickened and with a long ante-
rior carina, all funicle segments equal in length and each equal to
pedicel, funicle segments slightly enlarged near bases, and bearing
setae as long as the segments, club slightly longer than two apical
funicle segments,

Type locality.—Germany.

T ypes.—Possibly in Munich, Germany.

Host.—Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller), the European pine
shoot moth.

Distribution —Massachusetts, New York; western and central
Europe. :

TETRASTICHUS CAERULESCENS Ashmead
Figure 19, b

Tetrastichus caerulescens ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 4, p. 130,
1897.—VirRrEcK, Connecticut State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 22, p.
455. 1916.—Frison, Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey, vol. 16, p. 223, 1927.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 569

Tetrastichus doteni CRAW¥orD, Proc. Hat. Soc. Washington, vol. 13, p. 234, 1911.
(New synonymy.)

Iridescent blue-green; scape sometimes, apices of femora, bases and
apices of tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi ight yellow or white;
darkened areas of tibiae sometimes lighter than dark parts of femora,
but generally they are the same color; mesal lobe of metanotum
slightly lighter than dorsum of thorax.

Female —Length, 1.6-1.8 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of ventral
margin of anterior ocellus; pedicel and first funicle segment equal in
length, second and third segments equal and each slightly shorter
than first, club as long as pedicel and first funicle segment; length
of malar space one-half as great as height of compound eye; postocel-
lar line three times as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as long
as wide and bearing three or four rows of bristles at each lateral
margin, meson always bare (fig. 19, 6) ; submarginal vein of forewing
with four or five dorsal bristles; stigmal vein long, slightly more
than one-half as long as marginal; hindwing blunt at apex, fringe at
posterior margin one-fourth as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface
of propodeum very faintly reticulated, almost smooth, paraspiracular
carinae wanting, mesal length of propodeum one-fifth as great as
length of mesoscutellum; spiracles almost contiguous with anterior
margin of propodeum; gaster one and one-half times as long as
thorax.

Male—Length 1.5mm. Darkened anterior carina of scape one-half
as long as scape; funicle segments semiquadrate and bearing setae
only as long as the segments; first segment three-fourths as long as
second ; gaster and thorax equal in length; apex of ninth tergite acute,
rather than blunt.

Type locality —Urbana, Ill.

Types.—Holotype and allotype in Illinois Natural History Survey
collection.

Hosts.—Microbracon gelechiae (Ashmead), parasitic on Canarsia
hammondi Riley ; Microbracon sp. and Apanteles sp. parasitic on vari-
ous Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Specimens have been reared, appar-
ently as primary parasites, from Coleophora malivorella Riley and an
unidentified lepidopterous miner on arborvitae (probably Argyresthia
thuiella (Packard) or Recurvaria thujaella Kearfott). A series was
also reared from the cocoons of a coniopterygid, Malacomyza (Aleu-
ronia) westwoodi (Fitch); another series was reared from the heads
of bush clover (Lespedeza) infested with Apion sp. (probably A.
decoloratum Smith) and an unidentified bruchid. The specimens of
T. caerulescens in this case, however, probably emerged from the
cocoons of some Microgaster parasitic on the weevils. The same may

530798—43——_5

570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yon) e8
be true of a series said to have been reared from 7’ychius lineellus
LeConte in the seed heads of Lupinus.

Distribution.—Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Nevada,
New Brunswick, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS DOLOSUS Gahan

Tetrastichus dolosus GAHAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, p. 215, 1917.

Very dark, iridescent blue-green; head, antennae, coxae, and basal
parts of femora brown; tibiae and tarsi light yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 1.25-1.85 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching anterior
ocellus; all funicle segments equal in length and each as long as pedicel,
and as wide as long, club as long as scape; length of malar space one-
half as great as height of compound eye; postocellar line three times
as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as wide as long, surface
almost entirely covered with bristles, bare only on meson, so that
there are four or five rows of bristles at each lateral margin; sub-
marginal vein of forewing with thiee or four dorsal bristles; marginal
vein twice as long as stigmal; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at pos-
terior margin one-quarter width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propo-
deum almost smooth, slightly roughened; paraspiracular carinae
absent; mesal length of propodeum one-third length of mesoscutellum ;
propodeal spiracles separated from anterior margin by a space equal to
diameter of a spiracle; gaster as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.1 mm. Scape broadened, its darkened anterior
carina three-eighths as long as scape, pedicel and all funicle segments
equal in length, funicle segments nearly quadrate and without long
setae, club as long as three funicle segments.

Type locality—Tallulah, La.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 20395.

Hosts —Euplectrus comstockii Howard parasitic on Caradrina sp. ;
Euplectrus sp. parasitic on larvae of the spring cankerworm, Palea-
erita vernata (Peck); Fuplectrus plathypenae Howard parasitic on
larvae of the green clover worm, Plathypena scabra (Fabricius) and
other Lepidoptera. Specimens were also reared, possibly as primary
parasites, from the strawberry leaf roller, Ancylis comptana (Froe-
lich), and Fascista cercerisella (Chambers).

Distribution.—Kansas, Louisiana.

TETRASTICHUS STROBILUS, new species

Head and thorax black, with strong iridescent bluish luster ; antennal
flagellum, area of head around mouthparts, metanotum, small area at

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 571

base of gaster, darkened area on femora, entire front tarsi, and apical
segment of middle and hind tarsi brown; usually entire scape, pedicel
and ventral side of first funicle segment of antenna, inner triangular
part of scapulae, bases and apices of femora, usually entire tibiae,
and basal three segments of middle and hind tarsi light yellow or
white. Inner side of tibiae, dorsal line on scape, and basal area of
pedicel may be somewhat darkened.

Female.—Length, 1.5-2.2 mm. Area of frons dorsad and laterad
of scrobe cavity deeply punctured; area immediately ventrad of an-
tennal bases shagreened; fracture at ventral margin of compound eye
obscure, small; antennae inserted slightly dorsad of level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes, apex of scape reaching level of
ventral margin of anterior ocellus; pedicel and first funicle segment
equal in length, second segment slightly shorter than first and third
slightly shorter than second, club one and one-half times as long as
first funicle segment, length of malar space one-half as great as height
of compound eye; postocellar line one and one-half times as long as
ocellocular line. Mesopraescutum bearing one row of bristles at each
lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing bearing three or four
dorsal bristles, submarginal vein three and one-half times as long
as stigmal vein; posterior scutellar bristles located slightly nearer
lateral margin of sclerite than are anterior scutellars; apex of hind-
wing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-fifth as great as width of
wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum very faintly reticulated,
almost smooth, paraspiracular carinae wanting, postspiracular cari-
nae obscure; spiracles contiguous with anterior margin of propodeum;
gaster one and two-thirds to almost twice as long as thorax.

Male—Length, 1.5-1.9 mm. Scape with short darkened anterior
carina near apex; pedicel globose, slightly longer than first funicle
seoment. Second segment one and two-thirds times as long as first,
third and fourth equal in length and each one and one-fourth times as
long as second, club slightly longer than two apical funicle segments
combined; funicle segments bearing conspicuously long bristles on
enlargements near bases of segments; marginal vein three times as
long as stigmal; gaster as long as or slightly longer than thorax.

Type locality—Jenny Creek, Oreg.

Types. —uU.S.N.M. No. 56253.

Described from the female holotype, male allotype, and 8 female
and 7 male paratypes reared from an unidentified lepidopteron in
the cones of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, during 1938-1939, by
J. E. Patterson, under Hopkins U.S. No. 32333-C.

Host.—The host of this species probably is Barbara colfaxiana
(Kearfott).

572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 93
TETRASTICHUS SOBRIUS Gahan

Tetrastichus sobrius GAHAN, Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer., vol. 12, p. 166, 1919.

Body brown or black; antennae, apices of femora, tibiae and basal
segments of tarsi light yellow or white; abdomen of male white at
base.

Female—Length, 1.5-2.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of antennal scape reaching
level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; first funicle segment
slightly longer than pedicel, second equal to pedicel in length, third
slightly shorter, each segment slightly wider than the one proximad
of it, club as long as second and third funicle segments combined ;
ocellocular line one-half as long as postocellar. Mesopraescutum as
wide as long and bearing two rows of bristles at each lateral margin;
submarginal vein of forewing with three or four dorsal bristles, mar-
ginal vein six times as long as stigmal; both pairs of scutellar bristles
located posterior to middle of segment. Apex of hindwing blunt,
fringe at posterior margin one-fifth width of wing at hamuli. Sur-
face of propodeum slightly roughened, both median and paraspiracu-
lar carinae present; mesal length of propodeum one-sixth length of
mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles touching anterior margin, length
of spiracle equal to mesal length of propodeum; gaster long, narrow,
and acutely pointed, twice as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.0-1.25 mm. Scape broad and bearing a short,
darkened anterior carina near apex, first funicle segment two-thirds
as long as pedicel, second segment twice as long as first, third and
fourth equal and each slightly longer than second, conspicuously long
setae borne on transverse dorsal elevations near bases of segments;
club as long as third and fourth funicle segments; gaster slightly
shorter than thorax.

Type locality —Tempe, Ariz.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 22300.

Hosts.—Originally said to be a parasite of the alfalfa gall midge,
Asphondylia websteri Felt; additional material was reared from
flower galls on Senecio douglassi, probably made by Asphondylia
bea Felt.

Distribution —Arizona, California; Russia.

Remarks.—Specimens of a species of Tetrastichus woated from
alfalfa in Russia were found to be the same as this species; European
authors may have referred to this species under some other name.

TETRASTICHUS PUNCTATIFRONS (Girault), new combination
FiauREs 17, c; 19, a; 21, b

Epitetrastichus punctatifrons Gmautt, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 51, p. 128,
1916.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 573

Body black or very dark brown, with metallic-green reflections;
head metallic blue-green or purple; antennae, bases and apices of
femora and tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi white, light yellow,
or tan; color of metatibiae variable; abdomen paler brown at. base;
all setae borne by head and body set in conspicuous pits.

Female.—Length, 2.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of ventral
margins of anterior ocellus; scape two and one-half times as long as
pedicel, first funicle segment slightly shorter than pedicel, second
equal to pedicel, third as long as first, club as long as second and third
funicle segments combined; malar space two-thirds height of com-
pound eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular. Mesoprae-
scutum wider than long, two rows of bristles present at each lateral
margin, bristles arising from conspicuous pits (fig. 19, @); median
groove slightly broadened posteriorly; submarginal vein of forewing
with three to five dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, width of
fringe at posterior margin one-fourth as great as width of wing at
hamuli; metacoxae deeply pitted. Surface of propodeum shagreened
(fig. 21, 6); mesal length two-fifths as great as length of meso-
scutellum; both median and lateral carinae present; propodeal
spiracles contiguous with anterior margin; gaster slightly longer than
thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.6-1.8 mm. Scape bearing a short darkened
carina near apex, first funicle segment two-thirds as long as pedicel,
second almost twice as long as first, third and fourth each one-third
longer than second, funicle segments elongate, enlarged near bases,
and bearing conspicuously long setae, club as long as three apical
funicle segments; gaster slightly longer than thorax.

Type locality.— Tempe, Ariz.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 19644.

Host——Leaf miner in cottonwood (Populus), probably Paraleu-
coptera albella (Chambers).

Distribution.—Arizona.

TETRASTICHUS BANKSII Howard

Tetrastichus banksii Howarp, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 2, p. 299, 1892.

Body brown; scape of antennae, apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsi
light yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 1.9 mm. Frons strongly punctured laterad of
scrobe cavity; antennae inserted at level of ventral margins of com-
pound eyes; apex of scape not quite reaching level of anterior ocellus;
first and second funicle segments equal in length; third segment
slightly shorter than second, club as long as pedicel and first funicle
segment; length of malar space two-thirds height of compound eye;

574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 93

ocellocular line two-thirds as long as postocellar. Prepectus much
more strongly reticulated than rest of mesopleuron; mesopraescutum
wider than long and bearing one row of bristles at each lateral
margin, these bristles set in conspicuous pits; submarginal vein of
forewing with two or three dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt,
fringe at posterior margin one-fourth width of wing at hamuli.
Propodeum shagreened and bearing median, paraspiracular, and
oblique carinae, as in figure 21, d; propodeal spiracles almost touch-
ing anterior margin; gaster one-fourth longer than thorax.

Male-——Unknown.

Type locality —Washington, D. C.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 2688.

Host.—This species is a primary or secondary parasite of argiopid
spiders, issuing from the egg sacs.

Distribution.—District of Columbia, Florida.

TETRASTICHUS GIBBONI (Girault), new combination
Ficure 16, g
Ootetrastichus gibboni Grrautt, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 12, p. 86, 1917.

Head and base of gaster white, yellow, or tan; thorax brown, with
iridescent green reflections; apical part of gaster brown, legs (except
bases of metacoxae and apical segments of tarsi) white.

Female.—Length, 1.3-1.6 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape exceeding
level of vertex, pedicel and flagellar segments slender, elongate; three
ring segments discernible, first funicle segment one-third longer than
pedicel, second and third equal in length and each two-thirds as long
as first, club as long as second and third funicle segments combined
(fig. 16, 7) ; length of malar space three-fourths height of compound
eye; postocellar line one and two-thirds times as long as ocellocular.
Mesopraescutum slightly wider than long and bearing only two or
three bristles at each lateral margin ; submarginal vein of forewing with
two dorsal bristles; hindwing acute at apex; fringe at posterior margin
one-half width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum smooth,
bearing a median carina only; mesal length of propodeum one-third
length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles round, minute, sep-
arated from anterior margin by a space equal to diameter of a spira-
cle; minute petiole present, gaster twice as long as thorax.

M ale-—Unknown.

Type locality—Tempe, Ariz.

Types.—vU.S.N.M. No. 20787.

Host.—Larvae of the clover stem borer, Languria mozardi (La-
treille).

Distribution.—Arizona.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 575

TETRASTICHUS POLYNEMAE Ashmead
Figure 20, f

Tetrastichus polynemae 'ASHMEAD, Ent. News, vol. 11, p. 616, 1900.

Aprosiocetus polynemae (Ashmead) GrIRAvLt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 130,
1916 (not Aprostocetus polynemae Ashmead).

Ootetrastichus mymaridis Grravutt, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 180, 1916.
(New synonymy.)

Bright, iridescent green; abdomen varying from brown to iridescent
green; legs, except coxae, anterior tarsi, and apical segments of middle
and hind tarsi white.

Female.—Length, 1.0-12 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; scape short, its apex
not reaching level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; first funicle
segment one-third longer than pedicel, second and third segments equal
and each slightly shorter than first; club as long as second and third
funicle segments; length of malar space two-fifths height of compound
eye; postocellar line equal in length to ocellocular. Mesopraescutum
as long as wide and bearing two or three bristles at each lateral margin ;
submarginal vein of forewing with two or three bristles; apex of hind-
wing acute, width of fringe at hind margin equal to width of wing
at hamuli; first bristle of hamuli one-half as long as width of wing
(fig. 20, f). Surface of propodeum slightly reticulated; inconspic-
uous paraspiracular carinae present; propodeal spiracles minute, not
quite contiguous with anterior margin; gaster one and one-half times
as long as thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —Lake Forest, Tl.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 5323.

Host.—Eggs of damselfly, Lestes sp,

Distribution.—Delaware, Illinois.

TETRASTICHUS OECANTHIVORUS var. COMPAR Gahan
FIGURE 16, e

Tetrastichus oecanthivorus var. compar GAHAN, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 25,
p, 743, 1932.

Thorax and apex of abdomen iridescent green; variable areas of head
and antennae, tegulae, and dorsal sector of metapleuron, legs (except
coxae of female), and base of gaster yellow; all tarsi light brown.

Female.—Length, 1.3-1.4mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of coinpound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of vertex, first
funicle segment one and one-third times as long as second, second and
third equal in length (fig. 16, e); club two and one-quarter times as
long as third funicle segment; malar space one-half height of com-
pound eye; postocellar line one-fourth longer than ocellocular. Meso-

576 PROICEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 93

praescutum slightly wider than long and bearing two bristles at each
lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with two or three dorsal
bristles; apex of hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin two-thirds
as wide as wing at hamuli. Propodeum very faintly sculptured, almost
smooth, well-defined median carina present; mesal length of pro-
podeum one-fifth length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles minute,
not quite touching anterior margin; gaster narrow, elongate, twice as
long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.2-1.3 mm. Scape enormously enlarged, and lack-
ing a darkened anterior carina; first funicle segment as long as pedicel,
three apical funicle segments equal in length and each two-thirds as
long as first, funicle segments nearly quadrate and without conspicu-
ously long bristles, club as long as three distal funicle segments com-
bined, gaster one-third longer than thorax.

Type localities —Mount Holly Springs and Carlisle, Pa.

Types.—U.8.N.M. No. 43916.

Host.—Eggs of tree cricket, Oecanthus sp.

Distribution—Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas.

Remarks.—This variety is only doubtfully distinct from the Euro-

pean form.
TETRASTICHUS VENUSTUS Gahan

Tetrastichus venustus GAHAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 168, 1914.—
URBAHNS, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 812, p. 18, 1920.—NrKow’sKayA, Rey. Ent.
U.S. S. R., vol. 25, p. 119, 1933.

Female yellow with variable greenish-brown iridescent spots; most
of head, dorsum of pronotum, areas outlining sutures on dorsum of
thorax, tegulae, prepectus, metanotum, apices of coxae, trochanters,
femora (except variable areas near bases), basal segments of tarsi, and
base and variable lateral areas of gaster yellow. Male usually almost
entirely iridescent brownish green.

Female. —Length, 1.3-1.8mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of vertex;
first funicle segment one-fifth longer than pedicel, second and third
segments combined equal in length to club; length of malar space two-
thirds as great as height of compound eye; postocellar line two and
one-quarter times as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as long as
wide and bearing one row of bristles at each lateral margin; submar-
ginal vein of forewing with three or four dorsal bristles, marginal
vein three and one-half times as long as stigmal; apex of hindwing
blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-fifth as wide as wing at hamuli.
Surface of propodeum very faintly reticulated, paraspiracular
carinae absent, mesal length of propodeum one-third as great as length
of mesoscutellum, propodeal spiracles contiguous with anterior margin
of propodeum; gaster one and three-fourths times as long as thorax.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 577

Male.—Length, 1.3mm. Pedicel one and two-fifths times as long as
first funicle segment, second to fourth segments equal and each twice as
long as first, conspicuously long bristles borne by funicle segments on
dorsal elevations near bases, club as long as three apical funicle seg-
ments combined; interocellar line three times as long as ocellocular ;
gaster and thorax equal in length.

Type locality —Corcoran, Calif.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No, 18339.

Hosts.—Probably the clover and alfalfa seed chalcid, Bruchophagus
funebris (Howard), or the alfalfa gall midge, Asphondylia webstert
Felt.

Distribution.—California, Indiana, Iowa; Russia.

Remarks.—This species may be a synonym of the European species,
T. brevicornis (Panzer). Nikol’skaya** held the same opinion.

TETRASTICHUS XANTHOPS (Ratzeburg)
Fiaurp 16, k

Eulophus xanthops RatzEsuRG, Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten, vol. 1, p. 170,
1844.

Entedon xanthops (Ratzeburg) RarzesurG, Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten,
vol. 2, p. 170, 1848; vol. 3, p. 215, 1852.

Tetrastichus xanthops (Ratzeburg) THomson, Hymenoptera Scandinaviae, vol. 5,
p. 287, 1878—Dowpen, U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn. Bull. 757, p. 32, 1941.

Geniocerus ranthops (Ratzeburg) Kurpsumoy, Russ. Ent. Obozr. (Rev. Russe
Ent.), vol. 13, p. 248, 1913.

Body iridescent green; variable areas of frons and antennae, tegulae,
and spot at dorsal margin of mesopleuron yellow; front coxae, and
apices of middle and hind coxae, and remainder of all legs white; base
of gaster usually white.

Female.—Length, 1.0-1.6mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad of
level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus, all three funicle segments
equal in length and each slightly longer than pedicel, club two and
one-half times as long as a funicle segment; malar space three-fifths
height of compound eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular.
Mesopraescutum as wide as long and bearing two rows of bristles at
each lateral margin, median groove vague; entire mesopleuron almost
smooth ; submarginal vein of forewing with four or five dorsal bristles ;
marginal vein five times as long as stigmal; apex of hindwing acute,
fringe at posterior margin one-third width of wing at hamuli, meso-
scutellum usually with six bristles. Surface of propodeum faintly
reticulated, almost smooth, only a faint median carina present; mesal
lengths of propodeum and postscutellum equal; propodeal spiracles
minute, separated from anterior margin by a space equal to diameter

* Rey. Ent. U.S. S. R., vol. 25, p. 119, 1933.

578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 93

of a spiracle; gaster blunted at apex and its length equal to that of
thorax, apex of ovipositor forming a minute, pointed projection in
otherwise blunt abdomen.

Male—Length, 0.8mm. First funicle segment slightly shorter than
pedicel, three distal funicle segments equal in length and each twice
as long as first segment, all funicle segments bearing conspicuously
long bristles on dorsal elevations near bases, bristles borne by first seg-
ment as long as entire funicle; club two and one-quarter times as long
as fourth funicle segment; gaster as long as thorax.

Type localities Sweden; Germany.

Types.—Presumbly in the Forestry Academy in Eberswalde, Ger-
many.

Hosts——The European birch leaf miner, Phyllotoma nemorata
(Fallen); the elm leaf miner, Fenusa ulmi (Sundevall); the apple
flea weevil, Orchestes pallicornis Say ; Phanomeris phyllotomae Muese-
beck; Chrysocharis sp. Several other hosts mentioned in European
literature.

Distribution —Massachusetts, Ohio; northern, central, and western
Europe.

Remarks.—This species should not be confused with 7'etrastichus
wanthopus (Nees), which parasitizes Dendrolimus pini (Linnaeus) in

Europe.
TETRASTICHUS RACEMARIAE Ashmead

Ficures 17, f; 21, d

Tetrastichus racemariae ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 18, p. 134, 1886.—
CREsSON, Synopsis of families and genera of Hymenoptera of America north
of Mexico, p. 245, 1887.—VirrEck, Connecticut State Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey
Bull. 22, p. 453, 1916. °

Tetrastichus californicus ASHMEAD, Proc. Amer. Ent. Soe., vol. 14, p. 203, 1887.
(New synonymy.)

Hyperteles flocci ASHMEAD, Proc. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 203, 1887. (New
synonyny. )

Dark brown or black with varying degrees of metallic-green iri-
descence ; antennae, trochanters sometimes, bases and apices of femora,
tibiae usually, and basal segments of tarsi white or light yellow; color
of metatibiae variable.

Female.—Length, 1.8-2.2 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad of
level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; scape two and one-third
times as long as pedicel, all funicle segments equal in length and each
slightly longer than pedicel, club not quite twice as long as first funicle
segment: malar space three-fifths height of compound eye; postocellar
line two to two and one-half times as long as ocellocular. Mesoprae-
scutum wider than long and provided with two rows of bristles at each

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 579

fateral margin ; submarginal vein of forewing with three or four dorsal
bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, width of fringe at posterior margin
one-seventh width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum strongly
shagreened; mesal length of propodeum one-third length of meso-
scutellum; median, paraspiracular, and oblique carinae usually pres-
ent (fig. 21, @), oblique carinae sometimes obscure; propodeal spiracles
almost contiguous with anterior margin, their diameters equal to one-
half median length of propodeum; gaster one and one-half times as
long as thorax.

Male—Length, 1.5-2.0 mm. Scape bearing darkened carina near
apex, first funicle segment one-third longer than pedicel ; second, third,
and fourth segments equal in length and each slightly shorter than
first; funicle segments subquadrate, without conspicuously long
bristles, club short, only as long as pedicel and first funicle segment
combined ; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality —Jacksonville, Fla.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 2488. (Male type specimens missing.)

Hosts.—Oak galls, Amphibolips cinereae (Ashmead), Amphibolips
racemaria (Ashmead), Amphibolips prunus (Walsh), Callirhytis
pomiformis (Bassett), Disholcaspis mamma (Walsh), Andricus
lasius Ashmead, Andricus flocct (Walsh), Neuroterus batatus (Fitch).

Distribution—Apparently to be found over most of the United

States.
TETRASTICHUS CORMUS, new species

Ficures 16, j; 17, 9; 21, ¢, h

Head and thorax minutely shagreened; dark iridescent blue-green;
usually dorsal side of entire antenna, coxae, basal four-fifths of femora,
central parts of middle and hind tibiae, apical segment of each tarsus,
and gaster dull brown; ventral side of antennae, apices of femora, fore
tibiae, apices and bases of middle and hind tibiae, and basal segments
of tarsi hght yellow; entire antennal flagellum may be yellow rather
than brown dorsally.

Female.—Length, 2.0-2.5 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; pedicel and first funicle
segment equal in length, second segment one-fifth longer, third equal
to first; club twice as long as third segment; malar suture arcuate,
length of malar space three-fourths as great as height of compound
eye; length of postocellar line twice as great as ocellocular. Meso-
praescutum slightly wider than long and bearing two rows of bristles
at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with three or
four dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior mar-
gin one-sixth as wide as wing at hamuli; entire thoracic pleuron sha-
greened. Surface of propodeum shagreened, strong mesal and para-

580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

spiracular carinae present and a series of short carinae radiating latero-
anteriorad from posterior margin (fig. 21, ec); mesal length of pro-
podeum one-fifth greater than that of postscutellum and slightly more
than one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spira-
cles, separated from anterior margin by a space one-half as great as
length of a spiracle; rudimentary petiole narrow, obscure; dorsal sar-
face of gaster very obscurely reticulated, almost smooth, longer than
thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.5-1.9 mm. Antennal scape broadened only near
apex, flagellar segments without conspicuously long setae, shaped as
in female; pedicel and each funicle segment of the same length, club
slightly more than twice as long as fourth funicle segment; gaster
slightly longer than thorax and propodeum.

Type Woality: —Urbana, Ill.

T'ypes.—Holotype, alleys: 9 male and 16 female eaeedo in Hh-
nois Natural History Survey collection; 6 female and 3 male ee atypes,
U.S.N.M. No. 56254.

Described from 23 female and 13 male specimens: Female holotype,
male allotype, and 22 female and 12 male paratypes reared from wild
lettuce galls of Awlactdea podagrae (Bassett), January 26, 1891, C. A.
Hart. An additional 20 female and 7 male specimens of this species,
not included in the type series, are in the National Museum collection;
these appear to have been reared from a stem gall on blueberry made
by Hemadas nubilipennis Ashmead, March 8, 1872, but these data may
not be correct; no locality record is available for these specimens.

TETRASTICHUS MINUTUS (Howard)

Astichus minutus Howarp, in Comstock, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Rep. Ent., 1881, p. 369.—

Cresson, Synopsis of families and genera of Hymenoptera ..., p. 245,
1887.—VirRECK, Connecticut State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. on p. 457,
1916.

Epomphaloides minutus (Howard) GIRAvttT, Societas Entomologica, vol. 31, p. 35,
1916.

Tetrastichus lecanitti ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 12, p. xix, 1885.—
Cresson, Synopsis of families and genera of Hymenoptera . . ., p. 246, 1887.

(New synonymy.)

Ceranisus lecanii (Ashmead) ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 202,
1887.

Tetrastichus blepyri ASHMEAD, Can. Ent., vol. 32, p. 304, 1902.—ARMITAGE, Journ.
Econ. Ent., vol. 16, p. 511, 1923.—Gauan, Proc, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 65, art. 4,
p. 19, 1924.—TIMBERLAKE and CLAUSEN, Univ. California Publ. Ent., vol. 3,
p. 248, 1924.—Minrer and THompson, Florida Ent., vol. 11, p. 3, 1927—
SMITH and CompERrE, Univ. California Publ. Ent., vol. 4, p. 306, 1928.—MILLeR,
Florida Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 203, p. 456, 1929. (New synonymy.)

Tetrastichus (Tetrastichodes) detrimentosus GAHAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 46,
p. 439, 1913; vol. 65, art. 4, p. 19, 1924.

Tetrastichodes detrimentosus Gahan, GmRAULT, Societas Entomologica, vol. 31,
p. 35, 1916.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 581

Varying from dull brown to shining black, faintly iridescent; vari-
able areas on scape and pedicel of antennae, trochanters, apices of
femora, tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 0.9-1.3mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching anterior ocellus,
all funicle segments subequal in length and equal in width; club short,.
globose, wider than funicle segments and as long as two funicle seg-
ments; length of malar space two-thirds as great as height of compound:
eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular line. Mesopraescutum.
longer than wide, lacking a median groove and having one row of
bristles at each lateral margin, posterior pair of bristles much longer
than more anterior ones, as in figure 19, c; submarginal vein of fore-
wing with three to five dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt. Sur-
face of propodeum smooth or very slightly roughened anteriorly,
median carina only present; spiracles almost touching anterior margin
of propodeum; gaster clothed with fairly long bristles.

Male—Length, 0.8-13 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad of
level of ventral margins of compound eyes; funicle segments enlarged.
near bases and bearing numerous, conspicuously long bristles, first seg-
ment one-half as long as second; gaster slightly shorter than thorax.

Type locality—Washington, D. C.

Type—U.S.N.M. No. 2619. (The type specimen, a male, is in
very poor condition; only fragments of the thorax remain. A wing
from this type was at one time preserved on a slide, but that slide
cannot be found.)

Hosis.—Anagyrus spp. parasitic on the grape mealybug, Pseudo-
coccus maritimus (Ehrhorn) ; Aphycus lounsburyi (Howard) parasitic
on Lecanium spp.; the cotton and melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover ;
the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer; Aphis spp.; Cycloneda san-
guinea (Linnaeus) (may be incorrect) ; the European fruit lecanium,
Lecanium corni Bouché; the terrapin scale, Lecaniwm nigrofascia-
tum Pergande; the European peach scale, Lecaniwm persicae (Fab-
ricius) ; the false maple scale, Phenacoccus acericola (King) ; Phen-
acoccus helianthi Cockerell; Physokermes insignicola (Craw); Pul-
vinaria bigeloviae Cockerell; the black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bernard),

Distribution —Occurs over most of the United States, especially
in the Southeast and on the Pacific coast; specimens from South
Africa can, also, be placed under this name.

Remarks.—It is possible that this species is always a hyperpara-
site. It is very likely that the species will eventually be shown to:
be very widely distributed over the world and have a lengthy
synonymy.

582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 93

TETRASTICHUS FAUSTUS, new species

Black, with blue-green iridescence; usually entire scape and apex
of pedicel, apices of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of middle
and hind tarsi yellow or white; tibiae may be slightly darkened near
base; teneral specimens have broad yellow areas bordering sutures
on dorsum of thorax; postscutellum always somewhat lighter in color
than rest of thorax.

Female.—Length, 1.5-1.7 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level of
ventral margin of anterior ocellus; first funicle segment as long as
pedicel and one and one-fifth times as long as second; third slightly
shorter than second and both wider than first, club as long as second
and third funicle segments combined; length of malar space two-
thirds height of compound eye, malar suture curved just dorsad
of base of mandible; length of ocellocular line two-thirds as great
as postocellar. Mesopraescutum wider than long and bearing one
row of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of fore-
wing with four or five dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt; en-
tire dorsum of thorax closely and evenly reticulated. Surface of
propodeum faintly reticulated, almost smooth, mesal length of pro-
podeum equal to that of metanotum and one-third as great as dorsal
length of mesoscutellum; median carina only present; spiracles con-
tiguous with anterior margin of propodeum; gaster elongate, acumi-
nate, one-third longer than thorax.

Male—Unknown. :

Type locality —East shore, Flathead Lake, Mont.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56255.

Described from the female holotype and 23 female paratypes reared
from the cherry maggot, Rhagoletis fausta (Osten Sacken), August
10, 1934, R. D. Eichman. Many of the type specimens are teneral.

TETRASTICHUS HIBUS, new species

Black or very dark brown, with faint iridescent sheen, base of gaster
somewhat lighter than thorax; apex of pedicel, narrow areas at bases
and apices of femora and tibiae and three basal segments of middle
and hind tarsi light yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 1.8-2.2mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of ventral
margin of anterior ocellus; first funicle segment one and one-fourth
times as long as pedicel and one and one-third times as long as second
funicle segment, second and third segments equal in length, club
slightly shorter than second and third funicle segments combined;
length of malar space two-thirds as great as height of compound eye;
postocellar line one and one-half times as long as ocellocular. Pro-

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 583

notum with distinct femoral grooves, as in figure 17, ¢; mesopraescutum
with surface almost smooth, obscure, somewhat longitudinal sculptur-
ing discernible, one row of bristles present at each lateral margin;
submarginal vein of forewing with four or five dorsal bristles, marginal
vein four times as long as stigmal; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at
posterior margin one-fifth as wide as wing at hamuli; postscutellum
somewhat flattened at meson. Surface of propodeum faintly sculp-
tured, almost smooth, median carina only present; mesal length of
propodeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum; spiracles
contiguous with anterior margin of propodeum; gaster from one and
one-third to one and one-half times as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.4-2.0 mm. Anterior carina of scape short, located
near apex; pedicel slightly longer than first funicle segment, second
segment twice as long as first, third and fourth equal in length and
each slightly longer than second; club as long as two distal funicle
segments combined; funicle segments bearing conspicuously long bris-
tles on enlargements near bases of segments; marginal vein three times
as long as stigmal; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality—Claremont, Calif.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56256.

Described from the female holotype, male allotype, and 15 female
and 12 male paratypes reared from a “cup gall” on white sage (Ar-
temisia ludoviciana) , January 25-February 22, 1923, by J. G. Needham.

Host.—The host of this species possibly is Diarthronomyia occiden-
talis (Felt).

TETRASTICHUS CARINATUS Forbes
FicurEs 16, d; 20, i

Tetrastichus carinatus Fores, Dlinois State Ent. Rep, 1885, p. 48—Gauan, U. S.
Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 174, p. 188, 1933 (this paper includes a bibliography
complete through 1932).—Rockwoop and REEHER, U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn.
Bull. 361, p. 18, 1933.—Hii1, PINCKNEY, and UpINng, U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn.
Bull. 689, p. 12, 1939.—H1xt and Pinckney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn. Bull. 715,
p. 10, 1940.

Tetrastichus rileyi LINDEMANN, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscoun, ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 183, 1887.

Body light to dark brown, sometimes black, with rather faint metal-
lic iridescence; legs (except bases of coxae) usually entirely yellow or
white, femora occasionally darkened on basal half.

Female.—Length, 0.75-2.0 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of anterior ocellus or slightly higher; first funicle segment from
one and two-fifths to one and one-half times as long as second segment,
segments two and three equal in length, club slightly shorter than sec-
ond and third funicle segments combined (fig. 16, 7) ; length of malar

584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vOL. 93

space one-half height of compound eye; postocellar line twice as long
as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as wide as long and bearing one and
a partial second row of bristles at each lateral margin; prepectus retic-
ulated, rest of mesopleuron smooth, submarginal vein of forewing
with two to four dorsal bristles; mesoscutellum either with two or
three pairs of bristles; hindwing blunt at apex, fringe at posterior
margin usually one-fifth as wide as wing at hamuli (fig. 20,2). Sur-
face of propodeum faintly sculptured, strong median carina present,
paraspiracular carinae absent; mesal length of propodeum one-fourth
as great as length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles not quite
touching anterior margin; gaster from one-quarter to one-third longer
than thorax.

Male —Length, 1.5 mm. First funicle segment two-thirds as long
as second, second to fourth equal in length; pedicel and first funicle
segment equal in length; club as long as third and fourth funicle seg-
ments combined; setae borne by funicle segments twice as long as
segments; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality —Anna, IIL.

Types.—Female lectotype and one female paratype in Illinois Na-
tural History Survey collection.

Hosts —Phytophaga destructor (Say), the Hessian fly ; Phytophaga
phalaris (Barnes).

Distribution—Probably worldwide; generally distributed in the
wheat-growing areas of the United States, except those immediately
west of the Mississippi River.

TETRASTICHUS REPULSUS Girault

Tetrastichus repulsus GIRAULT, New chalcid flies, p. 4, 1917.

Iridescent blue-green or purple; pedicel or entire antenna, tro-
chanters partly, apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsi light yellow or
white.

Female.—Length, 1.9-2.8 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of ver-
tex; first funicle segment one-half longer than pedicel, second and
third segments equal in length and each one-fifth shorter than first;
club as long as pedicel and first funicle segment; length of malar
space two-thirds as great as height of compound eye; postocellar line
slightly more than twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum wider
than long, and bearing two rows of bristles at each lateral margin;
submarginal vein of forewing with three or four dorsal bristles; apex
of hindwing blunt, width of fringe at posterior margin one-fifth as
great as width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum almost
smooth, showing very faint reticulations under strong light; length of
mesoscutellum three and one-half times as great as mesal length of

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 585

propodeum, paraspiracular carinae wanting; propodeal spiracles
large, almost touching anterior margin; gaster narrow and acutely
pointed, almost twice as long as thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —Ames, Iowa.

Types —U.S.N.M. No. 20965.

Host.——Unknown.

Distribution.—lowa.

Remarks.—Known only from the two type specimens.

TETRASTICHUS MALOPHILUS, new species

Very dark, iridescent blue, with antennal flagellum, apices of
femora, tibiae, basal segments of tarsi, and all bristles and pubescence
white or light yellow.

Female.—Length, 0.8-1.0mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; scape short, its apex reaching a point only
two-thirds the distance from clypeal margin to anterior ocellus; pedicel
and first two funicle segments each equal in length, third segment
one-fifth shorter, funicle segments as wide as long; club as long as
first two funicle segments; length of postocellar line three times as
great as ocellocular. Spiracles clearly visible at posterolateral angles
of pronotum; mesopraescutum wider than long and bearing one or two
rows of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing
with two dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior
margin one-fourth as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum
slightly roughened, faint median carina present; mesal length of pro-
podeum one-fifth greater than length of postscutellum, and one-third
as long as mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles separated from anterior
margin by a space equal to diameter of a spiracle; gaster globose
(flattened in dry specimens), as long as thorax.

Male.—Unkown.

Type locality —Milford Center, Ohio.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56257.

Described from the female holotype and 4 female paratypes reared
from the apple flea weevil, Orchestes pallicornis Say, June 24-25, 1930,
by J. S. Houser.

TETRASTICHUS BRUCHOPHAGI Gahan
Ficures 17, d; 21, f

Tetrastichus bruchophagi GAHAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, p. 349, 1913.—
Ursauns, Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 8, p. 277, 1917.—WILL1AMSON, Minnesota Rep.
State Ent. No. 17, p. 106, 1918.—Gauan, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 12, p. 167,
1919.—Ursauns, U. S. Dept. Agr. Dept. Bull. 812, p. 17, 1920.—Swezry, Proc.
Haw. Ent. Soc., vol. 7, p. 383, 1931.—NiKor’sKAyA, Plant. Prot. (Russian),

530798 —43—6

586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

No. 1, p. 109, 1932—Swezry, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., vol. 8, p. 381, 1934—
SorENsSON, Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, vol. 11, p. 241, 249, 1934.—
NIKOL’SKAYA, Bull. Cent. Asia. Sci. Res., Cotton Inst. (Russian), p. 120, 1934.

Bright, iridescent blue; apices of femora, tibiae, and basal segments
of tarsi, light yellow or white ; occasional specimens have the metatibiae
darkened; antennal scape sometimes yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.3-1.6 mm. Antennae inserted ventrad of level
of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level
of anterior ocellus; pedicel one-third longer than first funicle segment,
second segment one-sixth longer than first, third one-eighth longer
than second; club one-third longer than second and third funicle seg-
ments combined; length of malar space slightly more than one-half
height of compound eye; postocellar line three times as long as ocel-
locular. Mesopraescutum slightly wider than long and bearing two
rows of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing
with two or three dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, width of
fringe at posterior margin one-fourth width of wing at hamuli; disk
of mesopleuron smooth, prepectus only faintly reticulated. Surface
of propodeum smooth or very faintly reticulated, paraspiracular
carinae absent; length of mesoscutellum three and one-half times as
great as mesal length of propodeum; propodeal spiracles large, not
quite touching anterior margin; length of gaster one and one-third
times as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.4mm. Antennae usually entirely yellow; pedicel
one-sixth longer than first funicle segment, funicle segments quadrate,
second one-sixth longer than first, third and fourth equal in length and
each one-eighth longer than second; setae as long as funicle segments
borne on obscure basal elevations; club one-fifth longer than second
and third funicle segments combined; gaster as long as, or slightly
shorter than, thorax.

Type locality—Corcoran, Calif.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 16357.

Host.—The clover and alfalfa chalcid, Bruchophagus funebris
(Howard).

Distribution —Probably worldwide; generally distributed in North
America and Europe; known also from Argentina.

TETRASTICHUS MARCOVITCHI (Crawford)

Geniocerus marcovitchi CRAWForRD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 586, 1915.—
Marcovitcu, Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer., vol. 8, p. 170, 1915.—Lronarp, New York
(Cornell) Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 984, 1928.

Brown, with faint bluish iridescent luster, anterior side of scape, all
of pedicel but dorsobasal area, ventral side of flagellum, mesal lobe of
metanotum, bases and apices of femora and tibiae, and basal segments

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 587

of tarsi light yellow or white; anterior tibiae may be almost entirely
yellow.

Female—Length, 1.5-1.9 mm. Antennae inserted slightly dorsad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching
level of anterior ocellus; length of malar space one-half height of
compound eye; postocellar line one and one-half times as long as
ocellocular; mesopraescutum with one row of bristles at each lateral
margin; submarginal vein of forewing with four or five dorsal bris-
tles; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin one-third as
wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum smooth, paraspiracu-
lar carinae absent; spiracles touching anterior margin of propodeum ;
median length of propodeum one-fourth as long as mesoscutellum;
gaster one and one-half times as long as thorax.

Male——Length, approximately 1.5 mm. Small, darkened anterior
carina located near apex of scape; funicle segments bearing conspicu-
ously long bristles on enlargements near bases; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality—tthaca, N. Y.

Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 18382.

Host.—This species originally was thought to be parasitic on Z'etra-
stichus (Geniocerus) juniperi, or a species of Lurytoma, but it more
likely is parasitic on some midge larvae or the larvae of Anthonomus
juniperinus Sanborn, which develop in juniper berries.

Distribution —Nevada, New York.

TETRASTICHUS RAPO (Walker)
FIGURE 21, e

Cirrospilus rapo WALKER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 415, 1839.

Geniocerus rapo (Walker) KurpsJumov, Russ. Ent. Obozr. (Rev. Russe Ent.),
vol. 13, p. 250, 1913 (this paper lists European synonymy).

Tetrastichus rapo (Walker) WALKER, List of the specimens of hymenopterous
insects in the collection of the British Museum, Chalcidoidea, vol. 1, p. 76,
1846.—Masr, Bol. Portici Scuola Super. Agr., Lab, Zool. Gen. e Agr., vol. 3,
p. 133, 1908.—SitvestRI, Bol. Portici Scuola Super. Agr., Lab. Zool. Gen. e
Agr., vol. 4, p. 281, 1910.—GaurTier, Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], vol. 82,
p. 720, 1919; Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1921, p. 143.—Picarp, Bull. Soc. Ent.
France, 1921, p. 206; Bull. Biol. France et Belg., vol. 56, p. 54, 1922.—GAUTIER
and Bonnamour, Rev. Path. Veg. et Ent. ‘Agr. France, vol. 11, p. 246, 1924.—
Faure, Compt. Rend. Soe. Biol. [Paris], vol. 93, p. 524, 1925.—FERRIERE and
Favre, Ann. Epiphyt., vol. 11, p. 221, 1925.—Grorcr, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.
VAfrique du Nord, vol. 18, p. 55, 1927.—Lronarp, New York (Cornell) Agr.
Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 984, 1928.—Moss, Journ. Anim. Ecol., vol. 2, p. 210,
1933.—MuccEripcE, New Zealand Journ. Agr., vol. 47, p. 135, 1933.

Tetrastichus microgastri CHITTENDEN, U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 54 (n. s.), p. 79, 1905;
U. S. Bur. Ent. Cire. 60, p. 5, 1905; U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bull. 766, p. 8,
1916.

Bright, iridescent green; base of abdomen often tan or brown;
apices of femora and usually entire middle and hind tibiae white;

588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATTONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

anterior tibiae tan or brown, middle and hind tibiae sometimes
slightly darkened.

Female —Length, 1.4-1.8 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; first funicle segment as long as
pedicel, all funicle segments equal in length and each as long as wide;
club as long as two funicle segments combined; length of malar space
three-fourths height of compound eye; postocellar line two and one-
half times as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as long as wide
and bearing two rows of bristles at each lateral margin; disk of meso-
pleuron smooth; submarginal vein of forewmg with two or three
dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior margin
one-fifth as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum smooth,
paraspiracular carinae wanting (fig. 21, e); mesal length of propo-
deum one-fourth length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles al-
most round, not quite touching anterior margin; gaster equal to or
slightly longer than thorax, :

Male—Length, 1.1-1.5 mm. Pedicel enlarged, globose, as long as
first funicle segment, second funicle segment slightly longer than
first, third and fourth segments equal and each as long as second,
funicle segments subglobose, bearing setae only one-half longer than
themselves; club four-fifths as long as three apical funicle segments;
easter and thorax equal in length.

Type locality —England.

Types.—In the British Museum; specimens compared with types by
Dr. Ch. Ferriére.

Host.—Apanteles glomeratus (Linnaéus) parasitic on the cabbage
butterfly, Péerts rapae (Linnaeus).

Distribution—Probably worldwide; generally distributed both im
Europe and North America.

TETRASTICHUS MICRORHOPALAE Ashmead

Tetrastichus microrhopalae ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 238, p. 234,
1896.—CHITTENDEN, U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 38 (n. s,.), p. 88, 1902.—GIRAULT,
Societas Entomologica, vol. 31, p. 86, 1916.

Brown, with faint greenish iridescence; trochanters, apices of fe-
mora, tibiae, and basal segments of middle and hind tarsi white or
yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.1-1.8 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level of
anterior ocellus, first funicle segment one-quarter shorter than pedicel,
second segment equal to pedicel, third slightly longer, club equal to
second and third funicle segments combined; length of malar space
three-fifths height of compound eye; postocellar line three times as
long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum slightly wider than long and

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 589

with one irregular row of bristles at each lateral margin; submar-
ginal vein of forewing with two or three dorsal bristles; apex of
hindwing acute, fringe at posterior margin one-third width of wing
at hamuli. Surface of propodeum smooth, and with oniy a vague
median carina; median length of propodeum slightly more than one-
quarter length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles round, sepa-
rated from anterior margin by a space equal to diameter of a spiracle;
gaster one and one-third times as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.2 mm. Scape with a darkened anterior carina
on its apical two-thirds; first funicle segment two-thirds as long as
pedicel, second segment slightly longer than first, third and fourth
equal in length and each as long as pedicel, funicle segments bearing
setae as long as the segments, club as long as last three funicle seg-
ments; gaster equal in length to thorax.

Type locality—Rosslyn, Va.

Types —U.8.N.M. No. 41333. (Specimens in rather poor condition.)

Host—WUarvae of goldenrod leaf miner, A/icrorhopala werene (New-
man).

Distribution.—V irginia.

TETRASTICHUS CHLAMYTIS Ashmead

Tetratichus chlamytis ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 23, p. 284, 1896.

Dark iridescent blue; scape of female usually, pedicel, bases and
apices of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi light yellow or
white.

Female.—Length, 2.6 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad of
level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching
level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; second and third funicle
segments equal in length, first segment slightly shorter than either,
club longer than two distal funicle segments; length of malar space
two-thirds as great as height of compound eye; length of postocellar
line twice as great as ocellocular line. Pronotum with well-marked
femoral groove, as in figure 17, ¢; median longitudinal groove of meso-
praescutum almost entirely obliterated, mesopraescutum as long as
wide and usually bearing one row of bristles at each lateral margin,
occasionally with one or two bristles mesad of each lateral row near
anterior margin; submarginal vein of forewing with two dorsal bris-
tles, marginal vein two and one-quarter times as long as stigmal vein;
hindwing blunt at apex, width of fringe at posterior margin slightly
less than one-fourth as great as width of wing at hamuli. Surface of
propodeum smooth, or very faintly roughened, paraspiracular carinae
wanting; mesal length of propodeum slightly less than mesal length
of metanotum and one-fifth as great as length of mesoscutellum;

590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 93:

propodeal spiracles well separated from anterior margin; gaster
from one and two-thirds to twice as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.4-1.75 mm. Pedicel and second to fourth funicle
segments each equal in length, first funicle segment one-fourth shorter,
funicle segments subquadrate, without conspicuously long bristles,
club as long as funicle; gaster and thorax equal in length.

Type locality.—Rosslyn, Va.

Types—U.S.N.M. No. 41334.

Hosts —Chlamys gibbosa (Fabricius), Chlamys spp.

Distribution.—District of Columbia, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Min-
nesota, Mississippi, Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS GERSTAECKERIAE Gahan
Tetrastichus gerstaeckeriae GAHAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 83, p. 485, 1936.

Very dark brown or black with iridescent blue-green reflections;
antennae, trochanters, apical third of femora, tibiae, and tarsi yellow.

Female.—Length, 2.0-8.0 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of ventral
margin of anterior ocellus, all funicle segments equal in length and
each three-fourths as long as pedicel, club as long as two funicle seg-
ments combined; postocellar line two and one-half times as long as
ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as wide as long and bearing one row of
bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with
three or four dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, width of fringe
at posterior margin one-fifth width of wing at hamuli. Surface of
propodeum smooth, or very faintly roughened, median carina only
present; mesal length of propodeum one-fifth length of mesoscutel-
lum; propodeal spiracles separated from anterior margin by a space
equal to one-half diameter of a spiracle; gaster from twice to almost
three times as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.4mm. Scape greatly enlarged, globular, darkened
anterior carina extending from near base to apex; first funicle segment
one-third shorter than pedicel, three following funicle segments equal
and each one-fifth shorter than first, club as long as first two funicle
segments, segments quadrate, and bearing setae no longer than those
on female antennae; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality—Probably Uvalde, Tex.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 51450.

Hosts—Cactus weevils, Gerstaeckeria porosa (LeConte), Ger-
staeckeria nobilis (LeConte).

Distribution —Texas.

TETRASTICHUS RUGGLESI Rohwer
Tetrastichus rugglesi ROHWER, Can. Ent., vol. 51, p. 160, 1919.

Brown, with purple and blue-green iridescence; antennae, tro-
chanters, apices of femora, tibiae (except for occasional vague ring

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 591

near base), and basal segments of middle and hind tarsi white; front
tarsi usually tan, gaster light brown at base.

Female.—Length, 2.0 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad of
level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level
of anterior ocellus; all funicle segments equal in length and each one-
eighth shorter than pedicel, club as long as two distal funicle segments ;
postocellar line two and one-half times as long as ocellocular; length
of malar space two-thirds as great as height of compound eye; meso-
praescutum with two rows of bristles at each lateral margin; sub-
marginal vein of forewing with two or three dorsal bristles; metacoxae
entirely glabrous; surface of propodeum smooth, paraspiracular
carinae absent; propodeal spiracles large, not touching anterior mar-
gin; mesal length of propodeum one-fifth as great as length of meso-
scutellum; gaster twice as long as thorax.

Male—Length, 1.8 mm. Funicle segments with transverse basal
enlargements, these bearing setae slightly longer than segments; gaster
and thorax equal in length.

Type locality.—St. Paul, Minn.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 22182.

Hosts.—F lat-headed borers, Agrilus arcuatus (Say), Agrilus rubt-
cola Abeille, Agrilus champlaini Frost.

Distribution Connecticut, Minnesota, New York, West Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS THANASIMI Ashmead

Tetrastichus thanasimi ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 21, p. 343, 1894.—
GIRAULT, Societas Entomologica, vol. 31, p. 36, 1916.

Tetrastichodes thanasimi (Ashmead) GIRAULT, Societas Entomologica, vol. 31,
p. 35, 1916.

Very dark, shining brown, non-iridescent; antennae, trochanters,
apices of femora, bases and apices of tibiae, and basal segments of
middle and hind tarsi white or light yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.1-1.8 mm, Antennae inserted slightly ventrad
of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; scape two and one-
quarter times as long as pedicel, funicle segments becoming progres-
sively shorter, so that third segment is two-thirds as long as first, club
as long as pedicel and first funicle segment combined, length of malar
space three-fourths as great as height of compound eye; postocellar line
twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum with one or two rows of
bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with
three to five dorsal bristles; marginal vein two and one-half times as
long as stigmal vein; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at posterior
margin one-fourth as wide as wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum
smooth, mesal length two-fifths as great as length of mesoscutellum;
paraspiracular carinae wanting; spiracles separated from anterior mar-

592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

gin by a space as great as length of a spiracle; gaster only slightly
longer than thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.0mm. Al four funicle segments equal in length,
semiquadrate, and without long bristles, club three-quarters as long
as funicle; gaster and thorax equal in length.

Type locality—Morgantown, W. Va.

Types —vU.S.N.M. No. 41340.

Hosts—Larvae of clerid beetles, Oymatodera sp., Thanasimus
trifasciatus Say, Thanasimus spp.

Distribution.—California, Montana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS VARICORNIS (Girault), new combination
Ficure 16, f

Epitetrastichus varicornis GrRavuLt, Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidi-
carum variorum cum observationibus, pt. 3, p. 4, 1917.

Body black; part of scape, antennal club, middle and hind trochan-
ters, bases and apices of femora and tibiae, and basal segments of
middle and hind tarsi white.

Female.—Length, 1.8 mm. Antennal pedicel one-eighth longer
than first funicle segment; second four-fifths as long as first, third
three-fifths as long as first, each flagellar segment shorter and wider
than preceding one (fig. 16, /), club globose, as long as second and
third funicle segments combined. Mesopraescutum as long as wide
and bearing one row of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal
vein of forewing with five dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt,
fringe at posterior margin one-fifth as wide as wing at hamuli.
Surface of propodeum lightly shagreened ; mesal length of propodeum
slightly greater than that of postscutellum, and one-fourth as great
as length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles small, almost con-
tiguous with anterior margin; gaster as long as thorax.

Male.—Unknown.

Type locality.—Glenn Dale, Md.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 20858. (Specimen in poor condition.)

Host.—Unknown.

Distribution —Maryland.

Remarks.—Only known from the unique type specimen ; additional
material may greatly alter the conception of this species.

TETRASTICHUS NEUROTERI (Ashmead), new combination
Hyperteles neuroteri ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 208, 1887.

Dull brown or black, noniridescent; apices of coxae, trochanters,
bases and apices of femora and tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi
light yellow or white.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 593

Female.—Length, 1.1-1.8 mm. Antennae inserted at level of ven-
tral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of
ventral margin of anterior ocellus; all funicle segments subequal in
length; club as long as first two funicle segments combined; length
of malar space two-fifths height of compound eye; postocellar line
twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as wide as long and
bearing one row of bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein
of forewing with three or four dorsal bristles; marginal vein four
times as long as stigmal vein; apex of hindwing blunt, fringe at
posterior margin one-fourth width of wing at hamuli. Surface of
propodeum smooth, paraspiracular carinae wanting; mesal length of
propodeum one-third length of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles
contiguous with anterior margin; gaster short, globose, one-third
longer than thorax.

Male—tLength, 0.8 mm. Scape with darkened anterior carina
short, located near apex; pedicel one-fifth longer than first funicle
segment, second to fourth segments equal and each twice as long as
first segment, funicle segments enlarged near bases and bearing long
setae; club as long as last two funicle segments; gaster and thorax
equal in length.

Type locality.—Jacksonville, Fla.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 25953.

Hosts.—Jumping bullet gall, Veuwroterus saltarius Weld, on Quercus
undulata; Neuroterus rileyi Bassett on Quercus stellata; also a series
was said to have come from peppergrass seeds, but that record is
probably incorrect. The host name mentioned for this species in the
original description, NVeuroterus atomus Ashmead, is a nomen nudum.

Distribution.—District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Missouri,
New York, Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS SILVATICUS Gahan
Tetrastichus silvaticus GAHAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 39, p. 266,
1937.—Hopson, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 32, p. 131, 1939 (sylvaticus).

Black, noniridescent; variable areas on pedicel and basal segments
of flagellum, trochanters, bases and apices of femora and tibiae, and
basal segments of tarsi light yellow or white.

Female.—Length, 1.1mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape reaching level of anterior
ocellus; first funicle segment one-third shorter than pedicel and one-
sixth longer than second segment, second and third equal in length;
club as long as second and third funicle segments combined; length
of malar space one-half as great as height of compound eye; post-
ocellar line twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum wider than
long, provided with one row of bristles at each lateral margin; sub-
marginal vein of forewing with two or three dorsal bristles; marginal

594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yor. 93

vein three and one-half times as long as stigmal vein; apex of hind-
wing blunt, width of fringe at posterior margin one-third as great
as width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum faintly reti-
culated, sometimes smooth, paraspiracular carinae wanting; mesal
length of propodeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum ;
propodeal spiracles almost contiguous with anterior margin; gaster
one and one-third to one and one-half times as long as thorax.

Male.—Length, 1.0 mm. Pedicel one-sixth longer than first funicle
segment; second to fourth segments equal in length and each one-third
longer than first, funicle segments enlarged near bases and bearing
long setae; club as long as three distal funicle segments; gaster
slightly shorter than thorax.

Type locality.—Ely, Minn.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 52258.

Host.—Eggs of the forest tent caterpillar, AMalacosoma disstria
(Huebner).

Distribution—Minnesota, New Brunswick, Vermont.

TETRASTICHUS NEBRASKENSIS (Girault), new combination
Neomphaloidella nebraskensis Grrautt, Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 103, 1916.

Usually entirely dull brown, sometimes almost black; area around
mouthparts, trochanters, bases and apices of femora, tibiae, and basal
segments of tarsi light yellow or white; metatibiae often partly
brown; mesal area of postscutellum and base of abdomen usually yel-
low, always somewhat lighter in color than dorsum of thorax.

Female.—Length, 1.5-1.8 mm. First funicle segment as long as
pedicel, second and third segments equal in length and each three-
fourths as long as first; club as long as first two funicle segments;
length of malar space one-half as great as height of compound eye;
postocellar line one and one-half times as long as ocellocular. Meso-
praescutum slightly wider than long and bearing one row of bristles
at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with from
three to five dorsal bristles; marginal vein three times as long as
stigmal vein; hindwing blunt at apex, fringe at posterior margin one-
fourth as wide as wing at hamuli; both pairs of mesoscutellar bristles
located posterior to midpoint of mesoscutellum. Surface of propo-
deum almost smooth; paraspiracular carinae wanting; mesal length
of propodeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum; propo-
deal spiracles contiguous with anterior margin; thorax two-thirds as
long as gaster.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality—Lincoln, Nebr.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 19919.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 595

Host—Either the clover seed midge, Dasyneura leguminicola
(Lintner), or the clover leaf weevil, Hypera nigrirostris (Fabricius).
‘The former is probably the true host.

Distribution.—Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, New Brunswick, Oregon,
Washington.

TETRASTICHUS ROSAE Ashmead

Tetrastichus rosae ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 13, p. 134, 1886.—
CrEsson, Synopsis of families and genera of Hymenoptera, p. 245, 1887.

Brown or black, noniridescent; apices of coxae, trochanters, bases
and apices of femora, tibiae, and basal segments of tarsi, light yel-
low or white; color of legs somewhat variable; middle and hind
tibiae may be slightly darkened, and femora sometimes almost
entirely yellow.

Female—Length, 1.8 mm. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad of
level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not quite
reaching level of anterior ocellus; pedicel and all funicle segments
equal in length; club three-fourths as long as funicle; length of malar
space three-fourths as great as height of compound eye; postocellar
line twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum as long as wide
and bearing a single row of setae at each lateral margin; submarginal
vein of forewing with four to six dorsal bristles, marginal vein
thickened at base and three and one-half times as long as stigmal vein;
apex of hindwing blunt, width of fringe at posterior margin one-
fourth width of wing at hamuli. Propodeum lightly reticulated,
paraspiracular carinae absent; mesal length of propodeum one-third
length of mesoscutellum ; propodeal spiracles almost touching anterior
margin; gaster narrow, acutely pointed, twice as long as thorax.

Male—Unknown. The male specimens mentioned in the original
description are not conspecific with the female.

Type locality—Jacksonville, Fla.

Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 2848. The type series is mixed; a lectotype
female has, therefore, been designated.

Hosts—Mealy rose gall, Diplolepis ignotus (Osten Sacken) ; Dip-
lolepis ostensackeni (Beutenmiiller).

Distribution —Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho,
Michigan, Virginia.

TETRASTICHUS BLASTOPHAGI (Ashmead)
Hyperteles blastophagi ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 202, 1887.

Tetrastichus blastophagi (Ashmead) GtRauLt, Societas Entomologica, vol. 31,
p. 35, 1916.

Body light brown, noniridescent; antennae, apices of femora, tibiae,
and basal segments of tarsi light yellow or white; metatibiae may be
slightly darkened.

596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

Female.—Length, 1.2-1.4mm. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes; apex of scape almost reaching level of
anterior ocellus; pedicel and first funicle segment equal in length, sec-
ond segment slightly shorter than first, third funicle segment as long
as first; club as long as second and third funicle segments combined ;
length of malar space slightly less than one-half height of compound
eye; postocellar line twice as long as ocellocular. Mesopraescutum
slightly wider than long and bearing one row of bristles at each lateral
margin, median groove well defined; submarginal vein of forewing
with from three to five dorsal bristles; apex of hindwing blunt, width
of fringe at posterior margin one-fourth as great as width of wing at
hamuli. Surface of propodeum smooth, paraspiracular carinae want-
ing, median carina vague; mesal length of propodeum one-fifth length
of mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracles contiguous with anterior mar-
gin; gaster globose (flattened in dry specimens), its length one-third
greater than that of thorax.

Male—Length, 1.0mm. Abdomen slightly lighter in color at base.
Pedicel of antenna globular, twice as long as first funicle segment, sec-
ond to fourth funicle segments equal in length and each one-fifth longer
than pedicel, funicle segments enlarged near bases, and bearing long
setae on these enlargements; club as long as three apical funicle seg-
ments; apex of scape reaching level of dorsal margin of anterior ocel-
lus; gaster equal in length to thorax.

Type locality.—Jacksonville, Fla.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 25954.

Host.—Callirhytis blastophaga (Ashmead), the staminate fiower
gall of Quercus cinerea.

Distribution.—District of Columbia, Florida.

TETRASTICHUS LASIUS, new name

Tetrastichodes lasiopterae ASHMEAD, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol 17,
p. 54, 1894.—Daria Torre, Catalogus hymenopterorum, vol. 5, p. 1898. [Not
Tetrastichus (Geniocerus) lasiopterae (Lindemann) Dalla Torre.]

Almost completely brown; area of head around mouth parts, median
area of postscutellum, and legs almost white; femora and tibiae slightly
darkened.

Apex of scape reaching level of anterior ocellus; all funicle segments
equal in length; mesopraescutum with one row of bristles at each lat-
eral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with four or five dorsal
bristles; apex of hindwing blunt; propodeum almost smooth, minutely
roughened; median carina only present, spiracles contiguous with an-
terior margin of propodeum.

Male antenna bearing conspicuously long bristles on elevations near
bases of funicle segments.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 597

Type locality —Cincinnati, Ohio.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 56258.

Host-——Grass midge, Asteromyia agrostis (Osten Sacken), on
Muhlenbergia and Distichlis.

Distribution.—Ohio.

TETRASTICHUS JUNIPERI (Crawford)

Geniocerus juniperi Crawrorp, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 585, 1915.—
MarcovitcH, Ann. Hnt. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, p. 169, 1915—Lronarp, New York
(Cornell) Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, p. 984, 1928.

(?) Epitetrastichus silvae GiRAuLT, in Felt, New York State Mus. Bull. 200,
p. 21, 1917 (manuscript name).

This species differs from 7’. marylandensis (Girault), redescribed
on p. 598, only in having the apex of the antennal scape reaching the
level of the dorsal margin of the anterior ocellus, the first funicle seg-
ment one and one-third times as long as the second, and the propodeum
one-fourth as long as the mesoscutellum, rather than only one-fifth
as long.

Type localitzy.—tlthaca, N. Y.

Types.—U.S.N.M. No. 18381.

Host.—T. juniperi was originally thought to be phytophagous and
develop in juniper berries. This species is more likely to be para-
sitic an some midge larvae or Anthonomus juniperinus Sanborn, which
develop in the juniper berries.

Distribution —New York, Oregon.

TETRASTICHUS IMPEXUS Girault

Tetrastichus imperus GIRAULT, New chalcid flies, p. 2, 1917.

Dark brown, noniridescent; mouthparts and area on head imme-
diately around them, bases and apices of femora and tibiae, and
mesal area of postscutellum yellow.

Female.—Length, 2.2 mm. Apex of scape not reaching level of
anterior ocellus; first funicle segment as long as pedicel, second seg-
ment slightly longer than first, third as long as first, club as long
as pedicel and first funicle segment combined; mesopraescutum as
long as wide and bearing one row of bristles at each lateral margin;
marginal vein of forewing with three or four dorsal bristles; mesal
length of propodeum one-third as great as length of mesoscutellum ;
spiracles contiguous with anterior margin, paraspiracular carinae
wanting; gaster one-third longer than thorax.

Male—Unknown.

Type locality —F alls Church, Va.

Type—U.S.N.M. No. 21066. (Specimen in poor condition.)

598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 93:

Host—Gall of Disholcaspis globulus (Fitch) on Quercus stellata.
Distribution.—V irginia.
Remarks—Known only from the single type specimen.

TETRASTICHUS MARYLANDENSIS (Girault)

Epitetrastichus marylandensis GrrAutt, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, p. 295,.
1916.—FENNAH, Rep. St. Lucia Agr. Dept. for 1938, p. 35, 1939; for 19389;
p. 25, 1940.

Epitetrastichus cuneiformis G1rAuLt, Descriptiones stellarum novarum, p. 18;
1917. (New synonymy.)

Tetrastichus marylandensis (Girault) FennAn, Rep. St. Lucia Dept. Agr. for
1938, p. 35, 1939: for 1939, p. 25, 1940.

Body usually almost entirely yellow, with variable light brown
areas on head and thorax, transverse brown stripes on dorsum of
gaster, occasional specimens almost entirely brown; legs usually en-
tirely yellow, femora sometimes darkened; males usually entirely
brown, occasionally almost entirely yellow.

Female.—Length, 1.0-1.85 mm. Apex of antennal scape not quite
reaching level of anterior ocellus, all funicle segments subequal in.
length; mesopraescutum with one row of bristles at each lateral mar-
gin; submarginal vein of forewing with three to five dorsal bristles;
propodeum smooth, paraspiracular carinae wanting, spiracles touch-
ing anterior margin of propodeum, mesal length of propodeum one-
fifth as great as length of mesoscutellum; gaster acutely pointed,
longer than thorax.

Male—Length, 0.8-1.5 mm. Funicle segments bearing conspicu-
ously long setae near bases; gaster as long as thorax.

Type locality—Glenn Dale, Md.

Type.—vU. 8. N. M. No. 19935.

Hosts——The host records for this species are somewhat confusing $
T. marylandensis is said to have come from various unidentified midge
larvae, as well as from the pine twig moth, Rhyacionia frustrana
(Comstock), the pine leaf miner, Y'xoteleia pinifoliella (Chambers),
the corn leaf aphid, Aphis maidis Fitch, and eggs of various Lepi-
doptera and Coleoptera. Some of those records undoubtedly are
wrong.

Distribution.—District of Columbia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachu-
setts, Mississippi, Missouri, Virginia.

HOST LIST

The following list contains the information at present available
concerning the hosts for the various species of Tetrastichus. These
hosts are heterogeneous, ranging from the Orthoptera to the Hyme-
noptera and Diptera, and include even some spiders. There is, also,
no uniformity in the particular stage of the host that is affected.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 599

Species of this genus have been reared from the eggs, larvae, nymphs,
pupae, and (very rarely) adults of other insects. A number of the
species of Zetrastichus are hyperparasites. Further rearing work
and study very well may show that some of the species of Tetrastichus
now thought to be primary parasites are actually secondary.

Known hyperparasites in this list are indicated by a dagger, and
the primary host (when known) is given in parentheses; an asterisk
is placed before those species which are probably or possibly secondary
parasites; and those species having a questionable host record are
indicated by a double dagger.

Host Parasite
ORTHOPTERA
Blatta orientalis Linnaeus hagenowit (Ratzeburg)
Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) hagenowii (Ratzeburg)
Oecanthus sp. oecanthivorus compar Gahan
Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus) hagenowii (Ratzeburg)
Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) hagenowit (Ratzeburg)
ODONATA
Lestes sp. polynemae Ashmead
THYSANOPTERA
Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmerman) thripophonus Waterston
Liothrips laureli (Mason) thripophonus Waterston
Liothrips urichi Karny thripophonus Waterston
HOMOPTERA

Aphis gossypi Glover *minutus (Howard)
Aphis maidis Fitch tmarylandensis (Girault)
Aphis pomi De Geer *minutus (Howard)
Aphis spp. *minutus (Howard)
Calophya nigripennis Riley ttriozae Burks
Lecanium corni Bouché *minutus (Howard)
Lecanium nigrofasciatum Pergande *nuinutus (Howard)
Lecanium persicae (Fabricius) *minutus (Howard)
Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc) triozae Burks
Phenacoccus acericola (King) *minutus (Howard)
Phenacoccus helianthi Cockerell *minutus (Howard)
Physokermes insignicola (Crawford) *minutus (Howard)
Pulvinaria bigeloviae Cockerell *minutus (Howard)
Saissetia oleae (Bernard) *ninutus (Howard)
Trioza spp. dyrus Burks

gelastus Burks

NEUROPTERA
Chrysopa oculata Say chrysopae (Crawford)
Chrysopa plorabunda Fitch chrysopae (Crawford)
Chrysopa rufilabris Burmeister chrysopae (Crawford)

Malacomyza westwoodi (Fitch) caerulescens Ashmead

600

Host

PROICEEDINGS OF THE NATTONAL MUSEUM

voL. 93

Parasite

COLEOPTERA

Agrilus arcuatus (Say)

Agrilus champlaini Frost

Agrilus rubicola Abeille

Agrilus sinuatus Olivier
Anthonomus grandis Boheman
Anthonomus juniperinus Sanborn

Apion sp.

Blepharida rhois (Forster)

Chirida signifera (Herbst)

Chlamys gibbosa (Fabricius)

Chlamys sp.

Chrysobothris femorata Olivier
Chrysobothris mali Horn
Chrysobothris sp.

Coccinella 5-notata Kirby

Coccinella sp.

Compsus auricephalus (Say)

Criocoris asparagi (Linnaeus)
Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus)
Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte)
Cymatodera sp.

Galerucella canthomelaena (Schrank)

Gerstaeckeria nobilis (LeConte)
Gerstaeckeria porosa (LeConte)
Hypera nigrirostris (Fabricius)
Languria mozardi (Latreille)
Metriona bicolor (Fabricius)
Microrhopala xerene (Newman)
Mordellistena pustulata Melsheimer
Mordellistena sp.

Orchestes pallicornis (Say)

Physonota unipunctata (Say)
Scolytus rugulosus Ratzeburg
Thanasimus trifasciatus Say
Thanasimus sp.

Tychius lineellus LeConte

rugglesi Rohwer
rugglesi Rohwer
rugglesi Rohwer
agrili Crawford
hunteri Crawford
tmarcovitchi (Crawford)
tjunipert (Crawford)
*caerulescens Ashmead
ovipransus Crosby and Leonard
cassidis Burks
chlamytis Ashmead
chlamytis Ashmead
holbeini Girault
holbeini Girault
holbeini Girault
melanis Burks
melanis Burks
compsivorus Crawford
tasparagi Crawford
minutus (Howard)
ainsliei Gahan
thanasimi Ashmead
brevistigma Gahn
ranthomelaenae (Rondani)
gerstaeckeriae Gahan
gerstaeckeriae Gahan
tnebraskensis (Girault)
gibboni (Girault)
cassidis Burks
microrhopalae Ashmead
ainsliei Gahan
ainsliei Gahan
malophilus Burks
ranthops Ratzeburg
whitmani (Girault)
scolyti Ashmead
thanasimi Ashmead
thanasimi Ashmead
*caerulescens Ashmead

LEPIDOPTERA

Ancylis comptana (Froelich)

Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfott)

Coleophora malivorella Riley

Coloradia pandora Blake

Heroteleia pinifolieila (Chambers)

Fascista cercerisella (Chambers)

Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis
(Riley)

Malacosoma americana (Fabricius)

Malacosoma disstria Huebner

Malacosoma fragilis Stretch

dolosus Gahan

strobilus Burks
caerulescens Ashmead
pandora Burks
tmarylandensis (Girault)
dolosus Gahan
*paracholus Burks

malacosomae Girault
malacosomae Girault
silvaticus Gahan

malacosomae Girault

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS

Host

601

Parasite

LEPIDOPTERA—Continued

Paraleucoptera albella (Chambers)
Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock)
Rhyacionia frustrana bushnelli (Busck)
Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller)

tpunctatifrons (Girault)

tmarylandensis (Girault)
longicorpus (Girault)
turionum (Hartig)

DIPTERA

Asphondylia bea Felt
Asphondylia websteri Felt

Asteromyia agrostis (Osten Sacken)
Asteromyia carbonifera (Felt)
Asteromyia sp.

Cecidomyia sp.

Dasyneura leguminicola (Lintner)
Diarthronomyia hypogaea (Loew)
Diarthronomyia occidentalis (Felt)
Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch)
Lasioptera sp.

Monarthropalpus buxvi (Laboulbene)
Phytophaga destructor (Say)

Rhagoletis fausta (Osten Sacken)
“Syrphid,” undetermined

tsobrius Gahan
sobrius Gahan
tvenustus Gahan
lasius Burks
funipennis (Girault)
tesserus Burks
tesserus Burks
tnebraskensis (Girault)
diarthronomyiae Gahan
ghibus Burks
*solidaginis Burks
tesserus Burks
flora (Girault)
ainsliei Gahan
carinatus Forbes
tproducius Riley
faustus Burks
aeneoviridis (Girault }

HYMENOPTERA

Amphibolips cinereae (Ashmead)
Amphibdolips prunus (Walsh)
Amphibolips racemaria (Ashmead)
Anagyrus sp.
(Pseudococcus
horn) )
Andricus californicus Bassett
Andricus flocci (Walsh)
Andricus kingi Bassett
Andricus lasiuvs Ashmead
Apanteles atalantae (Packard)
(Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus) )
Apanteles carpatus (Say)
(Tinea fuscipunctella Haworth)
(Tinea pellionella Linnaeus)
(Tineola biselliella Hummel)
Apanteles glomeratus (Linnaeus)
(Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) )
Apanteles sp.
(Apatela americana (Harris) )
(Desmia funeralis Huebner)
(Polygonia interrogationis (Fabri-
cius) )
(various Lepidoptera)
Aphycus lounsburyi (Howard *
(Lecanium sp.)
Arge dulciaria (Say)
Arge pecioralis (Leach)
530798—43——_7

maritimus (Hhr-

racemariac Ashmead
racemariae Ashmead
racemariac Ashmead

tminutus (Howard)
gigas Burks
racemariae Ashmead
spilopteris Burks

racemariae Ashmead

ymodestus Howard

tcarpatus Burks

trapo (Walker)

ylibialis (Ashmead)
tmodestus Howard
tmodestus Howard

+ceaerulescens Ashmead
minutus (Howard)

hylotomae (Ashmead)
hyloiomae (Ashmead)

602

Host

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

Parasite

HYMENOPTERA—Continued

Aulacidea podagrae (Bassett)
Bruchophagus funebris (Howard)

Callirhytis bicornis McCracken and Eg-
bert

Callirhytts blastophaga (Ashmead)

Callirhytis pomiformis (Bassett)

Chrysocharis sp.

Diplolepis echina (Osten Sacken)

Diplolepis ignotus (Osten Sacken)

Diplolepis ostensackeni (Beutenmiiller )

Dishoicaspis chrysolepidis (Beutenmiil-
ler)

Disholcaspis cinerosa (Bassett)

Disholcaspis globulus Fitch

Disholcaspis mamma (Walsh)

Dryophanta emoryi AShmead

Dryophanta polita (Bassett)

Euplecirus comstockii Howard
(Caradrina sp.)

Euplectrus plathypenae Howard
(Plathypena scabra (Fabricius) )
(various Lepidoptera )

Euplectrus sp.

(Lina scripta (Fabricius) )
(Paleacrita vernata (Peck) )

Fenusa ulmi (Sundeyall)

Heterocecus pacificus Ashmead

Meteorus sp.

(various Lepidoptera)

Microbracon gelechiae (Ashmead)
(Canarsia hammondi Riley)

Microbracon sp.

Neodiprion sp.

Neuroterus batatus Fitch

Neuroterus floccosus (Bassett)

Neuroterus niger Gillette

Neuroterus rileyi (Bassett)

Neuroterus saltarius Weld

Neuroterus saltatorius Riley
Neuroterus varians Kinsey

Neuroterus verrucarum (Osten Sacken)

Phanagenia bombycina (Cresson)

Phanomeris phyllotomae Muesebeck
(Phyllotoma sp.)

Phyllotoma nemorata (Fallen)

cormus Burks
bruchophagi Gahan
tvenustus Gahan
spilopteris Burks

blastophagi (Ashmead)
racemariae Ashmead
paitersonae Fullaway
yrantheps (Ratzeburg)
pattersonae Fullaway
rosae Ashmead

trosae Ashmead
tpattersonae Fullaway

phegus Burks
imperus Girault
phegus Burks
racemariae Ashmead
tichihvus Burks
racemariae AShmead

tdolosus Gahan

ydoelosus Gahan
yceuplectri Gahan

scriptus Burks
doiosus Gahan
ranthops (Ratzeburg)
phegus Burks

Ly

af
pes

!

yeuplectri Gahan

¢caerulescens Ashmead
yeaerulescens Ashmead
<hylotomae (Ashmead)
racemariae Ashmead
verrucariit Balduf
verrucarii Baiduf
tichthyus Burks
neuroteri (Ashmead)
neuroterit (Ashmead)
sptlopteris Burks
verrucartit Balduf
baidufi Burks
verrucarti Balduf
*johnsoni Ashmead

yranthops (Ratzeburg)
vanthops (Ratzeburg)

ARANEAE

“Argiopid,” undetermined

*banksit Howard

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 603
UNPLACED SPECIES

The following species cannot be placed satisfactorily from the pub-
lished descriptions, and the types are lost, too broken to be of much
assistance in identifying the species, or not at present available to me
for study. Specific differences are so cbscure and critical in this genus
that the placing of species is impossible unless the types for all the
species are available for study together.

TETRASTICHUS ACUTUS Ashmead

Tetrastichus acutus ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. En¢. soc, vol: 13, p. 34,-1886.—

Cresson, Synopsis of families and genera of Hymenoptera . . +, Dp. 245, 1887.

This species was described from a male specimen from Florida;
the type is lost.

TETRASTICHUS ALASKENSIS Ashmead

Tetrastichus alaskensis ASHMEAD, Proc. Acad. Sci. Washington, vol. 4, p. 146, 1902.

Type.—US.N.M. No. 5529; this type, a male, from Popof Island,
Alaska, July 19, is too badly broken to be placed.

TETRASTICHUS ANTHRACINUS Ashmead

Tetrastichus anthracinus Asumrap, Proc. Acad. Sci. Washington, vol. 4, p. 146,
1902.—(?) BurKE, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 13, p. 384, 1920.

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 5528; described from a single female from
Seldovia, Alaska, July 7. This specimen is too broken to be recog-
nizable.

TETRASTICHUS CANADENSIS Ashmead
Tetrastichus canadensis ASHMEAD, in Howard, Ent. News, vol. 17, p. 292, 1906;
Redia, vol. 3, p. 390, 1806.—BarroeraveNa and GiroLa, Bol. Argentina Min.
de Agr., vol. 20, p. 314, 1916.

This evidently is a manuscript name; the name has been quoted at
least three times, but never with a description. The host originally
cited by Howard was Diaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti. There
are, in the National Museum, five specimens bearing the name
Letrastichus canadensis Ashmead, in Ashmead’s handwriting, but
these specimens were reared from a gall on the leaves of Rosa. The
exact status of this name cannot, therefore, be determined.

TETRASTICHUS CENTRICGLAE (Ashmead), new combination
Baryscapus centricolae ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 202, 1887.

Type locality—Asheville, N.C.
Lype.—vU.S.N.M. No. 51756. (Specimen much broken.)
Host.—Dryophanta centricola (Osten Sacken).

604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 93

TETRASTICHUS EPIDIUS Walker

Vetrastichus epidius WALKER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 28, 1847.—Howarp,
U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 5, p. 47, 1885 Cresson, Synopsis of families and genera
of Hymenoptera ..., p. 245, 1887.

The types, two females from Florida, were in the British Museum
in 1938. At that time, Dr. Ferriére sent the following notes: “The
entire body finely and closely punctate, also the propodeum and the
abdomen. Median furrow of mesonotum (mesopraescutum) very
weak. Inner furrows on scutellum also weak, visible only at apical
half; outer furrows strong. Propodeum short; middle carina well
marked; no lateral (paraspiracular) carinae; spiracles small and
round .. . Abdomen elongate and pointed at apex.”

TETRASTICHUS FLAVIPES Ashmead

Tetrastichus flavipes ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 18, p. 135, 1886.—

Cresson, Synopsis of families and genera of Hymenoptera . . ., p. 245, 1887.
Ceranisus flavipes (Ashmead) ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 202,
1887.

Ceranisus flaviceps ASHMzEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 202, 1887.

T. flavipes was described from a female specimen from Florida;
the type has subsequently been lost. The name flaviceps, published
without description, was undoubtedly a misspelling of flavipes.

TETRASTICHUS FLAVOPICTUS (Ashmead), new combination

Ceranisus flavopictus ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 202, 1887.—
GIRAUL?, Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer., vol. 9, p. 300, 1916.

No types for this species can be found; in 1916 Girault stated, “types
too mutilated to place . . . Species hopeless.”

TETRASTICHUS GALA Walker

Tetrastichus gala WALKrR, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 28, 1847.—Howakgp,
U.S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 5, p. 47, 1885.—Cresson, Synopsis of families and genera
of Hymenoptera .. ., p. 245, 1887.

The type, a single female from Florida, was in the British Museum
in 1938. Dr. Ferriére kindly furnished the following notes: “Body
reddish yellow, more or less brownish in the thoracic sutures and on
the sides of the propodeum near the postscutellum (metanotum) ;
abdomen with transverse brown stripes. Hindwing acute at apex.
Propodeum short, almost smooth; median carina short; no lateral
(paraspiracular) carinae.”

This species is evidently close to, or identical with, that called 7.
marylandensis Girault in this synopsis.

TETRASTICHUS GRANULATUS Walker

Tetrastichus granulatus WALKER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, p. 17, 1844.—
Howarp, U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 5, p. 47, 1885.—Cresson, Synopsis of families
and genera of Hymenoptera .. ., p. 245, 1887.

NORTH AMERICAN TETRASTICHUS—BURKS 605

The types of this species, three females from Hudson Bay, Canada
(Barnstone), were in the British Museum in 1938. Dr. Ferriére fur-
nished these notes: “Hindwings acute at apex. Propodeum very finely
shagreened, almost smooth; median carina weak and short; no carina
between it and the spiracles.”

TETRASTICHUS HAEMON Walker

Tetrastichus haemon WALKER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 28, 1847.—
Howakzp, U. 8. Bur. Ent. Bull. 5, p. 47, 1885 [laemon].—Cresson, Synopsis of
families and genera of Hymenoptera . . ., p. 245, 1887.

The types, three females and a male from Florida, were in the
British Museum in 1938. Dr. Ferriére was at that time of the opinion
that the species should be placed in Hovismenus, as the mesopraescutum
has no median furrow, and the mesoscutellum has a median furrow.

TETRASTICHUS MICROCOSMUS Girault

Tetrastichus microcosmus GIRAULT, Descriptiones stellarum novarum, p. 22, 1917
(new name for 7. granulatus Ashmead, preoccupied).

This name probably was proposed to be applied to Aprostocetus
granulatus Ashmead at a time when Girault considered A prostocetus
and Tetrastichus not generically distinct. In no published work,
however, have these two genera been combined, and I do not consider
them synonymous.

TETRASTICHUS SAUNDERSII (Packard)

Eulophus saundersii PACKARD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, p. 34, 1881;
Howapgp, U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 5, p. 46, 1885.—Cresson, Synopsis of families
and genera of Hymenoptera, ..., p. 244, p. 1887.

Tetrastichus saundersi (Packard) Howarp, in Seudder, Butterflies of Bastern
United States, p. 1898, 1889.—VimrEck, Connecticut State Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Surv. Bull. 22, p. 454, 1916.

The type, a male bred from a Y'hecla pupa, is in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology.

TETRASTICHUS SEMIDEAE (Packard)

Eulophus semideae PacKarpD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, p. 35, 1881.—
Howakpgp, U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 5, p. 46, 1885.—Cresson, Synopsis of families
and genera of Hymenoptera, .. ., p. 244, 1887.

Tetrastichus semideae (Packard) Howarp, in Scudder, Butterflies of Bastern
United States, p. 1893, 1889.—Virreck, Connecticut State Geol. and Nat.
Hist. Survey Bull. 22, p. 453, 1916.

The types, male and female, are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. These type specimens were reared from pupae of the White
Mountain butterfly, Oeneis semidea (Say), in New Hampshire.

606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 93
TETRASTICHUS STANFORDIENSIS Fullaway

Tetrastichus stanfordiensis FurtAway, Journ. New York Ent. Soec., vol. 20,
p. 281, 1912.

The single female type of this species cannot now be found. It
was originally supposed to be in the collection of Stanford University,
and bore the numbers Lot 497, sub. 8. It was reared from a pimply
gall (possibly Cynips douglasiti Ashmead) on California blue oak
(Quercus douglasit); farther rearing of material from this gall
should yield specimens that could be placed under this name.

TETRASTICHUS THECLAE (Packard)

Eulophus theclae PacKarp, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, p. 34, 1881.—
Howakrp, U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 5, p. 46, 1885.—Cresson, Synopsis of families
and genera of Hymenoptera . . ., p. 244, 1887.

Tetrastichus theclae (Packard) Howarp, in Scudder, Butterflies of Eastern
United States, p. 18938, 1SS89.—Viereck, Connecticut State Geol. and Nat
Hist. Survey Bull. 22, p. 454, 1916.

The type of this species, a male reared from a 7'hecla pupa, is in the

Museum of Comparative Zoology.

TETRASTICHUS TRISULCATUS Provancher

Tetrastichus trisulcatus PRovANCHER, Additions et corrections a la faune hymén-
optérologique ... Canada, p. 211, 1887—RoHwer and GAHAN, Can. Ent.,
vol. 50, p. 198, 1918.

The types are in the Harrington collection, Canadian National Mu-
seum, Ottawa, Ontario. In 1915, Mr. Gahan made the following notes
from the type: “Apparently bas but a single bristle on submarginal
vein, . . . first funicle jomt much longer than the pedicel (about
twice), the funicle joints all nearly equal in length, the third very
slightly shortest. Club not quite equal to second and third funicle
combined, . . All femora black, tibiae pale.”

INDEX

[Accepted names are in roman, Synonynis in italics }

Page
ACULUSPASDMCad= = 52-2 =e eee 603
aeneoviridis (Girault)-__---------- 547
aerili: ;Crawiord. t= 2-2-2 549
ainsliel: Gahan_=. === -2s-222252= 537
alaskensis Ashmead a= -—=— 2-==-2=— 603
annapolis. (Girault)——.-__ == =. == 525
"ANOZUS} -BOeCrster=so-- === ae Se 506
anthracinus Ashmead—-—-~-==.----— 603
Aprostoceroloides Girault____-_ 508, 509, 510
Aprostocetus Westwood__-_-_--~- 506, 507, 508
ATEYIUS, New species__.-+=—-—=-_—-==-= 558
asparasi -Crawford=—= 22 3.22 3222s. 532
Astichus: Woerster.---==—2=5=-5--—=. 508
atrocoeruleus (Nees) ___------_----- 532
attalus (Walker) —~------- 506, 507, 508, 509
baldufi, new species-——=_-=---+__--= 540
banksils Howard = 222-22) esse 573
Baryscapus Foerster--—--~ 506, 507, 508, 510
blastophagi (Ashmead)_—~---------__ 595
Blattotetrastichus Girault____----~~- 510
olepyrt Ashmead= == 2522+. -— 580
brevicornis (Panzer) —----—#—.2-— == BCT
brevistigma Gahan 2+——-- -——__- 530
brown Ashmead) ———_—=—_ === === 554
bruchophagi Gahan_—._-____-=-=-—--= 585
caerulescens Ashmead__------------ 568
californicus Ashmead___--~----~—--- 578
canadensis Ashmead___---------_---- 603
carinatus Porbes==== ===== —— === 583
carpatus) new. species_==- —=— == = = 566
cassidis, new species____-----_---_- 555
centricolae (Ashmead)_-_-------~_- 510, 603
Ceranisus .Ashmead———--—-——-----~—- 510
Ceranisus Walker___--~--- 506, 507, 508, 509
Geratoneura: Ashmead=--_—~--=.--==- 507
ehlamytis Ashmead— = —-=-=__=...-==— 589
chrysopae (Crawford) —=-----_--=-__ 525
Cirrospilus Westwood_----------~-- 506
compsivorus Crawford——_-—-—_—=-=_— 545
cormus, new species====—=— -2222=—— 579
Crataepus: Hoerster2——_=——-- 2 == 507
cuneiformis (Girault) ---__--------- 598
detrimentosus Gahan __--------_---- 580
diarthronomyiae Gahan____--------~ 547
dolosus Gahan=ss22- 22 2222-92 = se 570
dotent (Crawiord= =. = 22S 569
aryl. Waterston]=—2=2— = 222. =e 543
dyrus; new species—.. ==> -__.___ =~ 541
Hntedon-Dalman. 222 ——=22==-—_2-=-— 507
epidiuspiwalker===-22 =) s- = 22 604
Epitetrastichus Girault___----------- 510
Epomphaloides Girault___-_---------- 510
erythrophthalmus (Ratzeburg)------ 509

530798—43

Page
Eulophus Geoffrey_=-..-__=-=--=2_ = 507
euplectri (Galan 32 Se 546
fasciativentris Girault)__._-__--______ 510
faustus, new species______-_ =2 2S 582
flaviceps (Ashmead) -~-_-_-_---_____ 604
favipessAshmesd = — = 2. 2 ee 604
flavopictus (Ashmead) --_-._________ 604
favus:, (Girault) 2222-2 2 510
occ (Ashmead)i2 =- 2 25 Saas ee 578
Mona, (Gina) a ee ee 533
floridanus (Ashmead) -~-__---____~ 510, 554
fumipennis, (Girault) 2222-42 asa SS 553
galley Walkers 22 Ses) Seat ee 604
gallerucae (Rondani)—__-____--___ 510, 544
gelastus, new species_______-- ae 539
Geniocerus Ratzeburg________~_ 507, 508, 509
mippont (Girault) 22] - = 2 2 ee 574
gigas, new species_______-___-_-____- 560
gerstaeckeriae Gahan____-____- Fs Soe 590
eranulatus: Walkers = 222522222 = 604
Gyrolasia Foerster________-______ 507, 508
haemon ‘Walker... = 2 605
hagenowii (Ratzeburg) -----__----- 510, 554
hibus, new species=._..2=22 2542 = 582
hillmeadia (Girault) _~___________-- 534
holbeini Girault-==———=- 2 -=-_ 561
hunteri Crawford____________-_____ 567
hylotomae (Ashmead) —~____.__-___~- 531
Hyperteles Foerster___-----~~- 506, 507, 509
ichthyus, new species__—___--~-_ ne ean 528
PMPEXUS! Gaal Gs ee ee ee 597
johnsoni Ashmead=======-—-—- = = 526
junipert (Crawford)==— === -—= ee 597
lasiopterae (Ashmead) —-------------_- 596
lasiopterae (Lindemann) -~~-~~--~--~- 596
lasius; new name=— 222] 2-=== == eel 596
lecanit, Ashmead a22==- = 580
lissus, new species._-__-- —- --_=______ 527
Lonchentedon Ratzeburg_----------- 507
longicorpus: (Girault)/====2=====22=—= 557
malacosomae Girault-_-_----_- Lene 539
malophilus, new species_—----------- 585
marcovitehi (Crawiord)———-=="=—_—— 586
marilandicus (Girault)-----+------- 538
marylandensis (Girault)_----_---- 598, 604
meadioguita (Girault) === 22=-=_—==- = 537
MelANIS: | NeW, SPCCLOS ee eee 529
Melittobia Westwood_------------- 507
microcosmus Girault=——-2=-—--—=_ == 605
microgastri Chittenden____-_-__---~- 587
microrhopalae Ashmead__------~---- 588
mimus~- (Perkins) —~—-=--—--=_-=_-_--=_= 510

607

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

608

Page
minutus (Howard) 2s 580
MISE NCGS oe ee ee 507, 508

modestus) Howard=22=2 = 322 562
mindicornis (Girault)_.----..--___— 564
mymaridis: (Girault)=——22 2 ee 575
nebraskensis’ “(Girault)==2==22-->2e" 594
Neomphaloidella Girault-___.___-_-_-_ 510
Neotetrastichodes Girault_____--____ 510
Neotetrastichus, Perkins-—.-—-_.—..-— 510
neuroteri (Ashmead) ==4=2==*=2--==2= 592
oecanthivorus compar Gahan ________ 575
oklahoma. (Girault) = =~ =2) 2s 55a,
Gomyzus Rondani= ae 507, 510
Ooatetrastichus “Perkins2W2--=2223 = 509
ovipransus Crosby and Leonard____-- 544
pandora, new species_____--______-— 530
paracholus;.newispecies=— =a 551
pattersonae Fullaway—__.__-__-.__—_ 563
Pentastichus Foerster__-_.---___-~ 507, 509
phegus; mew species. == = Sibe eee 559
polynemae Ashmead__-_~-_-_--_-_. 575
productusi) Riley==—= == 2 ee 550
Prothymus Girault)——— he ssehies 1 ee 509
Pteroptrix. Westwood —{* 5s 2-5) aie 508
pulchriventris: .(Girault)——=--=_ =e 535
punctatifrons (Girault)--_______-___~ 572
racemariae Ashmead-----_--___-_-~-_ 578
Tradiatus, Waterston] 22S kas 543
rapo: (Walker), ==> >=. see 587
repulsus. Giratlt=2=— == = =e 584
eileyt. Dindemann. = === = 225 eee 583
rosae. Ashmead. 22. 22 wit hate ee 595
rurelesi “Rohywers 2. YS)! sae ee 590
Saundersii )(Packard)e = a8 605
scolytic Ashmead =. 2 ee 548
scriptus, new species._____=-~2=--2— = 550
semiauraticeps (Girault)_.--_______ 556

NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 93

Page
semideae (Packard) —-_.._.______---_ 605
semilongifasciatus (Girault)-------~- 536
silgae: .(Girault)i 2222 ot. Bove ees 597
silvaticus Gahano=-s-— ==) = 2s Se 593
sobrius) Gahan=-- <= eee 572
solidaginis, new species____________ 534
speciosissimus (Girault)_-_---------_ 510
speciosus ‘ (Girault)i2_C 2222-53 510
spilopteris, new species____-___---__ 564
stanfordiensis Fullaway__---------~_ 606
strobilus, new species___________-__ 570
Syntomosphyrum Foerster____ 507, 508, 509
tatet Dozier-—— SS eee 526
tesserus, new species___-_________-- 552
Tetrastichodes Ashmead___-----~_ 507, 510
Petrastichus-Haliday-.-~—.-2 1 = 509
thanasimi -Ashmead_— == 2) 2 2224_ 224 591
theclae- -(Packard)—_——-~ -24 SiS) 606
thripophonus Waterston__--_-_-_--- 525
Thymus - 'Girault 2h ene es Bie 509
tibialis (Ashmead)2=)22+__-22' eee 548
Trichaporoidella Girault_____-___-__ 509
Trichaporus Foerster. 2 Lb 2228 507
Trichoceras Ratzeburg_——-_£_- LL 507, 509
tricolor - -(Girault) ——-—==—22 24004 533
triozae, new species.__—_i_-._ Sue 542
Triphasius ‘Poerster2-2 = See rs 506
trisulcatus -Provanecher= 22222 53 4. 606
turionum: - (Hartig)—. =. - 2-34 568
nlysses': (Girault) 2 ato fea 536
varicornis~ -(Girault) 22 a ees eee 592
venustus -'Gahan=222 022 2 hse 576
verrucarii~ Balduf2=—=— = = Uae 565
whitmani- (Girault) 338422) o4 5388
xanthomelaenae (Rondani)--_______ 544
xanthops -(Ratzeburg)——— eee 5TT
xanthopus (Nees) -=——J2G8s! ss8eq 578

O

INDEX

(New genera, species, etc.,

are printed in italics)

abbas, Tanagra, 327.
Thraupis, 327.
abbottii, Sphecodina, 20.
Abies, 124, 126, 127.
concolor, 70.
Abrostola asclepiadis, 10.
tripartita, 58.
triplasia, 58.
Acacia berlandieri, 359, 368.
acaciae, Cryptocleptes, 359, 362.
Accipiter striatus velox, 238.
Accipitridae, 237.
acericola, Phenacoccus, 581, 599.
aceris, Acronicta, 58.
Acmaea atrata, 372.
dalliana, 369, 372.
acraea, Hstigmene, 49, 50, 63, 81, 101.
Acrobasis caryae, 16.
comptoniella, 20,
juglandis, 22.
Sp.,. 22.
Acronicta aceris, 58.
alni, 82.
auricoma, 10.
oblinata, 18.
rumicis, 10.
tridens, 82.
dactylina, 17.
grisea, 17.
hamamelis, 44.
impressa, 17.
leporina vulpina, 17.
Acronycta luteicoma, 101.
Actitis macularia, 250.
acuminatus, Oxybelis, 443, 457.
acuta, Toluca lineata, 487, 489, 491.
acutipennis, Micracis, 348.
acutus, Crocodylus, 497.
Tetrastichus, 603.
Adelophis copei, 394.
Adelphicos quadrivirgatus sargeii, 396.
quadrivirgatus visoninus, 396.
adolphi, Phaéthornis, 264.
Phaéthornis adolphi, 264.
adspersus, Cylindrocopturus, 538, 600.
aédon, Troglodytes, 300.
Troglodytes aédon, 300.
aeliaria, Metanema, 140, 141.
aemula, Rhadinaea, 468.
aeneoviridis, Tetrastichus, 518, 547, 601.
Trichaporus, 547.
aeneus, Psarocolius, 320,
Tangaviu; aeneus, 320.
aequaliaria, Eliopia, 130,

567686—44——_2

aesculapii, Erythrolamprus, 428.

aestivus, Opheodrys, 457.

affinis, Aplomya, 72, 73, 80, 81.

affinis, Dendrocolaptes, 278.
Exorista, 79, 81, 92.

Fuligula, 236.

Huebneria, 81.

Hypsiglena, 433.
Lepidocolaptes affinis, 223, 278.
Micrurus affinis, 452.

Nyroca, 236.

Pituophis catenifer, 458.
Tachina, 70, 79, 81.

Zenillia, 79.

Agalychnis morelettii, 439.

agassizi, Metula, 200.

Agelaius phoeniceus matudae, 326.
phoeniceus megapotamus, 325.
phoeniceus richmondi, 325.

Agkistrodon bilineatus, 396, 443.

agria, Peristichia, 195.

agrili, Tetrastichus, 513, 549, 600.

Agrilus, new species of buprestid beetles

of the genus, from Trinidad, 375.

Agrilus arcuatus, 591, 600.
callani, 375.
champlaini, 591, 600.
fallax, 376.
infidelis, 378.
latifrons, 380.
higripennis, 379.
picinus, 378.
praedae, 377.
rubicola, 591, 600.
sinuatus, 550, 600.
trinidadensis, 379.

agrostis, Asteromyia, 597, 601.

Agrotis ypsilon, 44.

Agyrtria candida candida, 227,

ainsliei, Pyrausta, 89, 90.
Tetrastichus, 512, 523. (fig.), 536-

538, 600, 601.

Ajaia ajaja, 235.

ajaja, Platalea, 235.

Alabama argillacea, 22.

alapapilionis, Natica, 196.

alaskensis, Tetrastichus, 603.

albella, Paraleucoptera, 573, 601.

albifrons, Amazona albifrons, 255.

albigularis, Falco, 243.

Falco albigularis, 243.

albilinea, Iridoprocne, 295.
Petrochelidon, 295.

albilora, Dendroica dominica, 314.

609

262.

610

Albizzia, new pest of, in District of
Columbia, 205.
Albizzia julibrissin, 205, 207.
malacocarpa, 359, 361.
albizziae, Homadaula, 206.
albocincta, Pusia, 201.
Alcedinidae, 266.
Alcedo aleyon, 266.
torquata, 266.
aleyon, Alcedo, 266.
Megaceryle, 266.
Alepas, 368.
alfredi, Eleutherodactylus, 424.
alienus, Micrurus aflinis, 452.
almae, Hylocichla ustulata, 305.
alni, Acronicta, 82.
Alsophila pometaria, 37.
alterna, Lampropeitis, 436.
alticola, Melospiza lincolnii, 339, 340.
altriceps, Saltator, 330, 331.
Alypia octomaculata, 96, 103.
alypiae, Sisyropa, 99, 101, 103.
Amastridium sapperi, 397.
Amazilia cerviniventris, 263.
tzacatl tzacatl, 262-264.
yucatanensis cerviniventris, 263.
Amazona albifrons albifrons, 255.
albifrons nana, 255.
autumnalis autumnalis, 256.
Amblycerecus holosericeus holosericeus,
9
americana, Apatela, 548, 601.
Cimbex, 93.
Malacosoma, 12, 52,
600.
Mycteria, 234.
Periplaneta, 555, 599.
americanus, Ceanothus, 78.
Numenius, 249.
Trochoideus, 391.
Ammodramus savannarum pratensis,
338.
amnicola, Dendroica aestiva, 312.
Dendroica petechia, 312.
Amphibolips cinereae, 579, 601.
prunus, 579, 601.
racemaria, 579, 601.
amphion, Carcelia, 38.
amplexa, Carcelia, 39, 40, 42, 58, 60, 63,
66, 67, 98.
Exorista, 63.
Oxexorista, 63.
Zenillia, 58-60, 63, 65, 67, 69.
ampliatus, Milichius, 389.
Amyris balsamifera, 365.
Anabates cervinigularis, 279.
anabatina, Dendrocincla, 278.
Dendrocincla anabatina, 278.
Anabazenops variegaticeps, 280.
Anacamptodes ephyraria, 18.
Anachis tincta, 198.
anachoreta, Pygaera, 10.
Anagyrus sp., 581, 601.
anahuacus, Crotalus triseriatus, 415.
Anas autumnalis, 235.
collaris, 236.

53, 5D, 56, 547,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

Anas discors, 235.
moschata, 235.

Anatidae, 235.

Aneylis comptana, 570, 600.

Andricus californicus, 561, 601.
floeci, 579, 601.
lasius, 579, 601.

Angelica lyalli, 542.

angusta, Carcelia, 38.

Sisyropa, 48.
angustata, Exorista, 12.

Zenillia, 5, 6, 12.

Angustia, 3, 107.
angustivitta, 107.

angustifrons, Chrysoexorista, 26.
Chrysoexorista viridis, 30.
Zenillia, 5, 8, 24, 30, 107.

angustirostris, Thamnophis, 478,

angustivitta, Angustia, 107.

Zenillia, 107.

Anhinga anhinga anhinga, 233,
anhinga leucogaster, 232.
anhinga minima, 283.

Anhingidae. 222.

ani, Crotophaga, 257.

Ania limbaria, 147.

Anidrytus, 388.
pardalinus, 385 (fig.), 388.

anisopoma, Chthamaius, 368, 369, 372.

annapolis, Aprostoceroloides, 525.

annulata, Lampropeltis triangulum, 437.

annulatus, Tropidodipsas sartorii, 495.

anocularis, Geophis, 480.

anomala, Storeria dekayi, 473.

Anomis erosa, 20.

Anozus, 506.

anserifera, Lepas, 368.

Antemetula, 199.

antennata, Graptolitha, 37.

Anthonomus grandis, 568, 600.
juniperinus, 587, 597, 600.

anthracinus, Buteogallus anthracinus,

240.

Falco, 240.

Tetrastichus, 608.
Anthracothorax prevostii prevostii, 262.
Antillean region, new marine mollusks

from, 187.

antiqua, Notolophus, 20, 65, 70.
Orgyia, 47.

antonii, Rhinocheilus antonii, 466.

apamiformis, Septis, 12.

Apanteles atalantae, 563, 601.
carpatus, 566, 567, 601.
glomeratus, 588, 601.
sp., 548, 563, 569, 601.

Apantesis phalerata, 12.

Apatela americana, 548, 601.

apertus, Atlapetes, 228, 225, 335, 337.

Aphelininae, 508.

Aphis gossypii, 581, 599.
maidis, 598, 599.
pomi, 581, 599.
sp., 581, 599,

INDEX

Aphycus lounsburyi, 581, 601.
apiata, Stenorhina freminvillii, 472.
apiatus, Micrurus affinis, 452.
Apion decoloratum, 569.

sp., 569, 600.

Aplomya, 1, 8, 5, 70, 71, 97, 98, 107.
affinis, 72, 73, 80, 81.
caesar, 37, 72, 85, 88, 90.
cerurae, 72, 75, 94.
confinis, 72, 75.
confusionis, 72-74, 86.
erassiseta, 72, 73, 84.
epicydes, 72, 74, 92.
estigmenensis, 72, 73, T9, 82.
fronto, 72, 75, 85, 96.
helvina, 72, °74, 91.
imitator, 72, 74, 98.
mitis, 72, 74, 88, 90.
neurotomae, 72, 73, 85.
pheosiae, 72, 75, 9d.
polita, 72, 74, 90.
polychaeta, 83.
setinervis, 72, 73, 83.
submissa, 2, 72, 75.
theclarum, 72, 73, 76.
trichiosomae, 72, 74, 94.
trisetosa, 72, 78.
zonata, 70.

Aporia crataegi, 76.

Aprostoceroloides, 508-510.
annapolis, 525.
speciosus, 510.

Aprostocetus, 506-508, 605.
flora, 533.
granulatus, 605,
johnseni, 526.
marilandicus, 538,
polynemae, 575.
ulysses, 536.
whitmani, 5388.

Arachnis picta, 52.

Aramidae, 246.

Aramides albiventris mexicanus, 247.
cajanea mexicanus, 247.
Aramus guarauna dolosus, 246.

pictus dolosus, 246.

(Araneae, 602.

Aratinga astec astee, 255.

Archilochus colubris, 261.

Archips argyrospila, 20, 37, 52, 89.
cerasivorana, 20, 36.
fervidana, 20.
fumiferana, 37, 89.
infumatana, 37.
parallela, 89.
purpurana, 89.
semiferana, 89.
sp., 89.

arcifera, Lampropeltis triangulum, 437.

Arctia caja, 47, 82, 83.
hebe, 82, 83.
sp., 81.
Villica, 82.

Arctiidae, 49.

arcuatus, Agrilus, 591, 600.

611

Ardea caerulea, 233.
egretta, 2338.
hoactli, 234,
violacea, 234.
virescens, 233.
Ardeidae, 233.
Arene, 192.
brasiliana, 192.
cruentata, 193.
riisei, 192.
vanhyningi, 192.
aresta, Pusiolina, 201.
Arge dulciaria, 532, 601.
pectoralis, 582, 601.
sp.,/da2:
argillacea, Alabama, 22.
argus, Pseustes poecilonotus, 462.
Argyresthia thuiella, 569.
argyrospila, Archips, 20, 87, 52, 89.
argyrus, Tetrastichus, 514, 558.
Arizona elegans occidentalis, 397.
Arremon ophthalmicus, 330.
Pico rufivirgatus crassirostris,
338.
‘Artemisia ludoviciana, 583.
asclepiadis, Abrostola, 10.
asiatieca, Columba, 252.
Zenaida aSsiatica, 252.
Asiocarcelia, 38.
asparagi, Crioceris, 533, 600.
Tetrastichus, 511, 520 (fig.), 521
(fig.), 523° (fig.), 582, 600.
asper, Bothrops atrox, 397.
asperulus, Micracis, 350.
Asphondylia bea, 572, 601.
websteri, 572, 577, 601.
asplenifolia, Myrica, 20.
assimilans, Phragmatobia, 52.
assimilis, Mionectes, 294.
Pipromorphna oleaginea, 288, 294.
Turdus, 303.
astec, Aratinga astec, 255.
Conurus, 255.
Asteromyia agrostis,. 597, 601.
carbonifera, 554, 601.
sp., 553, 601.
Asthenothaerus, 189.
balesi, 189.
hemphilli, 189.
Astichus, 508.
minutus, 580.
Astragalus mollissimus, 528.
‘Asturina, 240.
plagiata, 240.
atalanta, Vanessa, 12, 18, 20, 101, 563,
601.
atalantae, Apanteles, 563, 601.
ater, Molothrus ater, 321.
Oriolus, 3821.
athaliae, Phryxe, 31, 33.
athasaria, Ellopia, 130.
Lambdina, 121, 131-133.
Lambdina athasaria, 130.
athasiaria, Therina, 1309.
atlantica, Cooperella, 187.

612

Atlapetes apertus, 223, 225, 335, 337.
brunnei-nucha, 3836, 337.
brunnei-nucha brunnei-nucha, 336.
brunnei-nucha xanthogenys, 336.
inornatus, 336, 387.
virenticeps, 337.

atomaria, Olene, 68.

Therina, 149.

atomus, Neuroterus, 593.

atrata, Aemaea, 372.

atratus, Coragyps, 236,

atriceps, Tantilla, 478.

atricilla, Larus, 251.

atripennis, Stenotarsus, 386.

Atriplex canescens, 78.

atrocoeruleus, Tetrastichus, 532.

atronitens, Volatinia jacarina, 335, 339.
Volatinia jaearini, 355.

atrox, Crotalus, 412.

attalus, Cirrospilus, 506-509.

Attila flammulatus, 282.
spadiceus flammulatus, 282.

audubonii, Polyborus, 242.
Polyborus cheriway, 242.

Aulacidea podagrae, 580, 602.

Aulacorhynchus prasinus, 269.
prasinus prasinus, 223, 269.
stenorhabdus, 269.
virescens, 269.

aura, Cathartes aura, 237.

Vultur, 237.

auratius, Lanio, 228, 329.

auricephalus, Compsus, 546, 600.

auriceps, Chlorostilbon, 262.

auricoma, Acronicta, 10.

aurifrons, Centurus aurifrons, 274, 275,

277.
Picus, 274.

aurocapilla, Motacilla, 314.

aurocapillus, Seiurus aurocapillus, 314.

australasiae, Periplaneta, 555, 599.

australis, Masticophis taeniatus, 450.

Autographa brassicae, 23, 24.
californica, 12, 79.

autographae, Zenillia, 5, 7, 23.

Automeris io, 44, 101.

Automolus ochrolaemus, 279.
ochrolaemus cervinigularis, 279.

autumnalis, Amazona autumnalis, 256.
Anas, 235.

Dendrocygna autumnalis, 235.
Laurentia, 10.
Psittacus, 256.

axillaris, Empidonax, 291.
EXmpidonax albigularis, 291.

axion, Lambdina, 121, 129.
Neotherina, 118.

Therina, 118.

axona, Therina, 118.

bada, Therina, 148.

baileyi, Clelia, 402.

bairdi, Elaphe, 426.

bairdii, Salvadora, 466.

bakewelli, Leptotyphlops phenops, 444,
445.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 98

Balanus, 368,
amphitrite inexpectatus, 367, 368.
concavus, 367.
concavus regalis, 368.
improvisus, 367.
oreutti, 368.
regalis, 368.
tintinnabulum californicus, 367.
tintinnabulum coecopoma, 368.
tintinnabulum peninsularis, 367.
trigonus, 367, 369.
baldufi, Tetrastichus, 512, 540, 602.
balesi, Asthenothaerus, 189.
balsamifera, Amyris, 365.
bangsi, Colymbus dominicus, 231.
banksii, Tetrastichus, 515, 573, 602.
Barbara colfaxiana, 571, 600.
barberi, Pseudothysanoes, 355.
barbouri, Bothrops, 397.
Oocorys, 198.
Barnacles, from Gulf of California, 367.
Bartramia longicauda, 249.
bartschi, Oocorys, 197.
Bartschia, 199.
significans, 199.
Baryscapus, 506-508, 510.
centricolae, 510.
baselliella, Tineola, 566, 601.
Basileuterus belli belli, 319.
belli scitulus, 223, 319.
culicivorus culicivorus, 221, 223, 224,
228, 319.
rufifrons salvini, 319.
salvini, 319.
basiliscus, Crotalus, 412, 413.
basimaculatus, Typhlops, 496.
batatus, Neuroterus, 579, 602.
Bathmidurus major, 282.
bea, Asphondylia, 572, 601.
Becearia, 381.
denticornis, 382.
septemguttata, 381, 382, 385 (fig.).
septemmaculata, 382.
Beetles, bark, new genera and species of
subfamily Micracinae, 341.
buprestid, new species of genus
Agrilus from Trinidad, 375.
fungus, of family Endomychidae,
mostly from Latin America and
Philippine Islands, 381.
belli, Basileuterus belli, 319.
bellicosus, Callinectes, 362, 370.
bellona, Churchillia, 459.
berchemiae, Thysanoes, 351, 352.
berlandieri, Acacia, 359, 363.
Besma, 117, 118, 185.
brea, 186, 142-144.
marilacta, 186, 138.
mattearia, 136, 143.
quercivoraria, 136, 189, 140, 142, 148.
quercivoraria endropiaria, 141.
rubritineta, 136, 139.
Sesquilinearia, 1385-128.
sesquilinearia cavillaria, 137, 189.
betala, Therina, 148.
bibularia, Ellopia, 130.

INDEX

bicolor, Bothrops, 397.
Hirundo, 295.
Iridoprocne, 295.
Loxocemus, 445.
Metriona, 556, 600.
Pliocerus, 461.

biconcavus, Hylocurus, 344.

bicornis, Callirhytis, 565, 602.

bicornus, Hylocurus, 344.

bigeloviae, Pulvinaria, 581, 599.

bilineatus, Agkistrodon, 396, 443.

Masticophis, 446.

bimaculata, Tantilla, 474.

‘biorbis, Hylocurus, 344.

bipunctatus, Coniophanes, 403, 404.

Birds, of southern Veracruz, Mexico,
215.

biscutatus,
492, 493.

biseriata, Oscilla, 195.

Triptychus, 195.

' biseriatus, Coniophanes bipunctatus, 403.

bizona, Erythrolamprus, 428.
Erythrolamprus aesculapii, 428.

Blackbird, rusty, 322.

Blackman, M. W., cn new genera and
species of bark beetles of subfamily
Micracinae, 341.

blanchardi, Geophis, 430.

Lampropeltis triangulum, 443.
Natrix rhombifera, 455.
Sonora semiannulata, 471.

blanda, Eusisyropa, 17, 19.
Exorista, 4, 17, 19, 22.
Zenillia, 5, 7, 19, 21-24.

Zenillia blanda, 19, 22, 23.

blandaria, Hvita hyalinaria, 145, 146.

Therina, 145.
blandita, Exorista, 18.
Zenillia, 5, 18.

blastophaga, Callirhytis, 596, 602.

blastophagi, Hyperteles, 595.
Tetrastichus, 518, 595, 602.

Blatella germanica, 555, 599.

Blatta orientalis, 555, 599.

blatteus, Pyrocephalus rubinus, 284.

Blattotetrastichus, 510.

hagenowii, 554.
Blepharida rhois, 544, 600.
Blepharidea, 32, 35.

vulgaris, 353.

blepyri, Tetrastichus, 580.

Boarmia pampinaria, 20, 22.

boarmiae, Eusisyropa, 19, 22.

Exorista, 19-22.

Zenillia, 5; 7, '21, 23.

bocourti, Tantilla, 474, 478.

bogerti, Salvadora, 467.

Bolitoglossa rufescens, 463.

bolliana, Gretchena, 20.

bombycina, Phanagenia, 527, 602.

bombylans, Carcelia, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 48.

Bombyx mori, 10.

borealis, Chrysomasicera, 4, 30, 31.

boreus, Myiarchus crinitus, 289.

Trimorphodon _ biseutatus,

613

Bothrops atrox asper, 397.
barbouri, 397.
bicolor, 397.
dunni, 3897.
melanurus, 398.
mexicanus, 398.
nasutus, 400.
nummifer, 398-401.
undulatus, 401.
yucatanicus, 401.
boucardi, Crypturellus boucardi, 2380.
Tinamus, 230.

brachidactyla, Geothlypis trichas, 315.

brachidactylus, Trichas, 315.

bra Colymbus dominicus, 230,

braminus, Typhlops, 497.

prasiliana, Arene, 192.

brassicae, Autographa, 28, 24.

brea, Besma, 136, 142-144.

Metanema, 142.

Brephidium exilis, 78.

Brephos nothum, 10.

bressoni, Leptodeira, 439.

brevicornis, Tetrastichus, 577.

brevifacies, Sibon, 470.

brevistigma, Tetrastichus, 511, 523
(fig.),, 580, 600.

brizo, Erynnis, 19, 20.

broderipiana, Natica, 196.

browni, Tetrastichoides, 554.

bruchophagi, Tetrastichus,
(fig.), 524 (fig.),, 585, 602.

Bruchophagus funebris, 577, 586, 602.

brunnei-nucha, Atlapetes, 336, 357.

Atlapetes brunnei-nucha, 336.
brunneolineata, Ellopia, 147.

Eugonobapta, 147.

Nematocampa, 147.

brunnescens, Fenimorea moseri, 202.

Buccinum metula, 199.

bucephala, Phalera, 58.

Bunting, eastern painted, 354.

indigo, 334.
western painted, 334.

buoliana; Rhyacionia, 568, 601.

Buprestid beetles, new species of genus
Agrilus from Trinidad, 375.

Burial customs, Cupisnique, 157.

Mochica, 157.
shown by skeletal remains from
Peru, 157.

Burks, B. D., on North American para-
sitie wasps of genus Tetrastichus,
505.

Busarellus nigricollis nigricollis, 241.

pushnelli, —Rhyacionia frustrana, 557,
601.

Buteo, 242.

albicaudatus hypospodius, 239.
ghiesbreghti, 240.

harrisi, 240.

hypospodius, 239.

magnirostris conspectus, 240.
magnirostris griseocauda, 239.

O17, 520

614

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

Buteo (Rupornis) magnirostris griseo- | canivetii, Chlorostilbon canivetii, 261.

eauda, 239.
nitida plagiata, 240.
Buteogallus anthracinus anthracinus,
240.
Butorides virescens virescens, 233.
buxi, Monarthropalpus, 5384, 601.

Cacicus montezuma, 320.
Cactopinus, 356.
Caecum, 190.
(Caecum) cayosense, 190.
caerulea, Ardea, 233.
Florida caerulea, 233.
Motacilla, 305.
Polioptila caerulea, 305, 306.
caerulescens, Geranospiza, 241.
Tetrastichus, 515, 522 (fig.), 568,
599-602.
caesar, Aplomya, 87, 72, 85, 88, 90.
Exorista, 86, 88.
Zenillia, 86, 88:
Caiman fuscus, 497.
Cairina moschata, 235.
caja, Arctia, 47, 82, 83.
calamarina, Tantilla, 474.
calanus, Strymon, 78.
calidaria, Lambdina, 118, 121, 128.
Therina, 128,
californica, Autographa, 12, 79.
californicus, Andricus, 561, 601.
Balanus tintinnabulum, 367.
Tetrastichus, 578.
californiensis, Lepas hillii, 368.
callani, Agrilus, 375.
Callaretia ornata, 52.
proxima, 52.
Caliinectes bellicosus, 369, 870.
Callirhytis bicornis, 565, 602.
blastophaga, 596, 602.
pomiformis, 564, 579, 602.
Callophrys rubi, 76.
Callosomia promethea, 18.
Calocalpe undulata, 20.
Calophya nigripennis, 543, 599.
Calpitaria, 188.
Calymnia trapezina, 90.
Campephilus regius, 271.
Camptostoma imberbe, 294.
Campylopterus hemileucurus hemileu-
curus, 2238, 263.
canadensis, Muscicapa, 318.
Tetrastichus, 603.
Wilsonia, 318.
canaliculatus, Turbo, 191.
Canarsia hammondi, 569, 602.
cancellatus, Geophis, 431.
Cancroma zeledoni, 234.
cancrominus, Platyrinchus, 292.
candida, Agyrtria candida, 227, 262.
candidus, Trochilus, 262.
canescens, Atriplex, 78.
Centurus, 276.
Centurus aurifrons, 276.
Thamnophis melanogaster, 482.

Ornismya, 261.
eanula, Tantilla, 474.
Capélla delicata, 249,
Capps, Hahn W., on American geometrid
moths of subfamily Ennominae, 115.
Caprimulgidae, 259.
Caprimulgus carolinensis, 260.
vociferus, 261.
vociferus vociferus, 261.
Caradrina sp., 570, 602.
Carbo mexicanus, 232.
carbonifera, Asteromyia, 554, 601.
Carcelia, 1, 2, 5,37, 38, 39, 67, 71, 97, 98.
amphion, 38.
amplexa, 389, 40, 42, 58, 60, 63, 66,
67, 98.
angusta, 38.
bombylans, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 48.
cheloniae, 40, 48, 50-53, 83.
diacrisiae, 40, 42, 58, 61, 65, 69.
flavirostris, 40, 42, 58, 60.
formosa, 40, 41, 43, 45, 58, 65.
gnava, 38, 40, 41, 45, 48, 57, 65.
inflatipalpis, 40, 41, 45.
lagoae, 40, 42, 58, 65.
laxifrons, 40, 42, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54.
malacosomae, 40, 42, 48, 50, 54-56.
nigripes, 70.
olenensis, 40, 43, 67.
perplera, 40, 42, 61, 65, 67-69.
processioneae, 46.
protuberans, 40, 42, 54.
rasa, 38, 40, 48.
reclinata, 40, 41, 48,
101.
separata, 40-42, 47, 56.
yalensis, 40, 43, 69.
Carceliella, 38.
Carceliini, 40, 71, 98.
Carceliopsis, 38.
Cardinalis virginianus coccineus, 333.
caribaea, Rissoella (Phycodrosus), 194.
carinatus, Tetrastichus, 517, 519 (fig.),
523 (fig.), 583, 601.
cariosa, Omphalocera, 16.
carneipes, Coereba, 309.
Cyanerpes cyaneus, 309.
carolina, Porzana, 247.
carolinensis, Caprimulgus, 260.
Columba, 252.
Dumetella, 301.
Muscicapa, 301.
Pelecanus occidentalis, 232.
Zenaidura macroura, 252.
carolinus, Euphagus, 322.
Rallus, 247.
carpatus, Apanteles, 566, 567, 601.
carpatus, Vetrastichus, 515, 566, 601.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 29.
carrikeri, Oreopeleia lawrencii, 223, 225,
254.
caryae, Acrobasis, 16.
Caryothraustes poliogaster poliogaster,
332.
Casmerodius albus egretta, 233.

52, 55, 61, 81,

INDEX

eassidis, Tetrastichus, 514, 555, 600.
Cassidix mexicanus mexicanus, 321.
castaneus, Celeus, 273.
Picus, 273.
Catacarcelia, 38.
catalpae, Ceratomia, 18.
catenaria, Cingilia, 18, 20, 36.
Cathartes aura aura, 237.
Cathartidae, 236.
Catharus mexicanus mexicanus, 223, 805.
Catoeala sp., 20.
sponsa, 105.
cavillaria, Besma_ sesquilinearia,
39.
Destutia, 137.
Euchlaena, 137.
Tetractis, 187.
Therina, 137.
cayosense, Caecum (Caecum), 190.
ceanothi, Stenoclyptus, 358.
Ceanothus americanus, 78.
integerrimus, 358, 359.
Cecidomyia sp., 553, 601.
cecropia, Platysamia, 18.
celata, Vermivora.celata, 311.
celatus, Sylvia, 311.
celeris, Salvadora hexalepis, 467.
Celeus castaneus, 273.
centralis, Ciccaba virgata, 258.
Xanthoura yneas, 296.
centricola, Dryophanta, 603.
centricolae, Baryscapus, 510.
Tetrastichus, 603.
Centurus, 272.
aurifrons aurifrons, 274, 275, 277.
aurifrons canescens, 276.
aurifrons dubius, 276.
aurifrons frontalis, 274, 275, 277.
aurifrons guateloupensis, 274, 275,
ZG.
aurifrons insulanus, 277.
aurifrons leei, 276.
aurifrons pauper, 277.
aurifrons polygrammus, 274, 275,
207.

137,

aurifrons santacruzi, 276.
aurifrons veraecrucis, 273, 275-277.
canescens, 276.
hoffmannii, 277.
leei, 276.
polygrammus, 275.
santa-cruzi, 276.
santa-cruzi insulanus, 277.
santacruzi pauper, 277.
Ceophloeus lineatus similis, 271, 272.
pileatus, 272.
Ceranisus, 506-510.
flaviceps, 604.
flavipes, 604.
flavopictus, 604.
lecanii, 580.
cerasivorana, Archips, 20, 36.
Ceratomia catalpae, 18.
undulosa, 16.
ceratomiae, Exorista, 15, 16.
Zenillia, 13, 15.

615

Ceratoneura, 507.
Ceratoneurini, 507.
cercerisella, Fascista, 570, 600.
Certhia pinus, 311.
Certhiola mexicana, 310.
Cerura cinerea, 95.
cerurae, Aplomya, 72, 75, 94.
cervinigularis, Anabates, 279.
Automolus ochrolaemus, 279.
cerviniventris, Amazilia, 263.
Amazilia yucatanensis, 263.
Ceryle septentrionalis, 267.
superciliosa stictoptera, 267.
cestulatus, Turdus, 305.
Chaemepelia minuta interrupta, 253.
Chaetolyga, 387.
chalceus, Thamnophis sauritus, 484.
Chalcidoidea, 507, 510.
Chalcohyus, 343, 363.
securigerus, 363, 364.
chalybeus, Geophis, 431.
Chamaepelia inca, 253.
passerina pallescens, 253.
rufipennis, 253.
Chamaethlypis poliocephala palpebralis,
16.

poliocephala ralphi, 316.
champlaini, Agrilus, 591, 600.
chapmani, MHerpetotheres cachinnans,

242.
Charadriidae, 249.
Charadrius mexicanus, 251.
vociferus, 249.
Chat, yellow-breasted, 316.
cheloniae, Carcelia, 40, 48, 50-53, 88.

Exorista, 37, 50, 55, 83.

Paraexorista, 50.

Parexorista, 50, 54, 55.

Zenillia, 50, 55.

Chelonibia, 370.

patula, 367, 371, 372.

patula dentata, 370.

testudinaria, 368, 372.
Chersodromus liebmanni, 402.
Chetoliga, 37, 40.

gnava, 46.

Chetolyga, 37.

chiapensis, Hylomanes momotula, 269.
Chirida signifera, 556, 600.

Chlamys gibbosa, 590, 600.

sp., 590, 600.
chlamytis, Tetrastichus, 517, 589, 600.
Chloroceryle aenea stictoptera, 267.

amazona mexicana, 267.

americana septentrionalis, 267.
Chloronerpes sanguinolentus, 271.
chloronotus, Tyrannus, 285.

Tyrannus melancholicus, 285.
chlorosoma, Elaphe, 426.
Chlorospingus, brown-headed, 228.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus ophthal-

micus, 223, 224, 228, 330.
Chlorostilbon auriceps, 262.

canivetii canivetii, 261.

chloroticus, Drymobius, 423.

616

Chondestes grammacus strigatus, 338.
strigatus, 338.

chryseola, Wilsonia pusilla, 317.

Chrysobothris femorata, 562, 600.
mali, 562, 600.
sp., 562, 600.

chrysocephalus, Thamnophis, 478.

Chrysocharis sp., 578, 602,

Chrysoexorista, 4, 5.
angustifrons, 26.
viridis, 4, 6, 26, 106, 107.
viridis angustifrons, 30.

chrysolepidus, Disholeaspis, 564, 602.

chrysolepis, Quercus, 560,

Chrysomasicera, 4, 5.
borealis, 4, 30, 31.

Chrysopa oculata, 525, 599.
plorabunda, 525, 599.
rufilabris, 525, 599.

chrysopae, Geniocerus, 525.
Tetrastichodes, 525.
Tetrastichus, 510, 524 (fig.), 525,

599.

ehrysophani, Eixorista, 77.

Chrysophryze, 3, 5, 26, 71, 98, 106.
tibialis, 6, 8, 26, 106.

chrysorrhoea, Eurproctis, 10.

Chthamalus, 372.
anisopoma, 368, 369, 372.
fissus, 368, 372.
panamensis, 372.

Chuck-will’s-widow, 260.

Churchillia bellona, 459.

Ciccaba virgata centralis, 258.
virgata eatoni, 258.

Ciconiidae, 234.

Cigclirina, 198.

Cimbex americana, 93.

cinerascens, Myiarchus cinerascens, 289.
Tyrannula, 289:

cinerea, Cerura, 95.

Quercus, 596.
cinereae, Amphibolips, 579, 601.
cinereiceps, Cyclorhynchus, 292.

5 Tolmomyias sulphurescens, 292.

cinereigulare, Oncostoma, 293, 294.
Todirostrum, 298.

cinerosa, Disholeaspis, 560, 602.

Cingilia, 116.
eatenaria, 18, 20, 36.

cinnamomea, Tringa solitaria, 250.

cinnamomeus, Crypturellus, 229.
Totanus solitarius, 250.

cippus, Huclea, 18.

Circus cyaneus hudsonius, 241.

ciris, Emberiza, 334.

Passerina ciris, 334.

Cirphis unipuncta, 36, 37.

Cirripedia, 367.

Cirrospilus, 506.
attalus, 506-509.
rapo, 587.

citri, Euphalerus, 548.

Trioza, 548.

citrina, Muscicapa, 317.

Wilsonia, 317.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

Clarke, J. F. Gates, on a new lepidop-
teran pest of Albizzia in District of
Columbia, 205.

clarus, Proteides, 18, 20.

clathrata, Metula, 199.

clavatus, Coniophanes imperialis, 405,
406.

Clelia baileyi, 402.

clelia clelia, 402.
clelia immaculata, 403.

cleofae, Drymarchon @corais, 421, 423,

443

coalitaria, Therina, 149.

eoceinea, Richmondena cardinalis, 333.

Coccinella 5-notata, 530, 600.
sp., 530, 600.

coccinellina, Cyclotoma, 381.

coccineus, Cardinalis virginianus, 333.

coccopoma, Balanus tintinnabulum, 368.

Cochleariidae, 234.

Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni, 234.

cockerelli, Paratrioza, 548, 599.

coelo-antennatus, Trochoidenus,

(fig.), 391.

Coereba, 310.
carneipes, 309.
flaveola mexicana, 310.

Coerebidae, 309.

coerulea, Zenillia, 92, 93.

coeruleiventris, Exorista, 26-28.

cognataria, Lycia, $2.

cognatella, Hyponomeuta, 10.

Coleophora malivorella, 569, 600.

Coleoptera, 341, 569, 598, 600.

colfaxiana, Barbara, 571, 600.

collaris, ‘Anas, 236.

Nyroeca, 236.
Trimorphodon, 493.

Collatia, 71, 72.
submissa, 71, 75.

Coloeasia coryli, 9, 10, 58.

colombianus, Cryptocleptes, 359, 361.

Coloradia pandora, 531, 600.

Coluber constrictor stejnegerianus, 403.

eolubris, Archilochus, 261.

Trochilus, 261,

Columba asiatica, 252.
carolinensis, 252.
flavirostris, 251.
flavirostris flavirostris, 251.
montana, 255.
nigrirostris, 252.

columbella, Crepitacella, 195.

Columbella monilifera, 198.

Columbidae, 251.

Columbigallina minuta interrupta, 253.
passerina pallescens, 253.
talpacoti, 253.
talpacoti rufipennis, 253.

Colymbidae, 230.

Colymbus dominicus, 230, 232.
dominicus bangsi, 231.
dominicus brachypterus, 230, 231.
dominicus dominicus, 230.
dominicus speciosus, 281.
fulica, 248.

385

INDEX

commixtalis, Loxostege, 79, 89.
compar, Tetrastichus oecanthivorus,
516, 519 (fig.), 575, 599.

Compsilura concinnata, 56.

Compsilurini, 5.

compsivorus, Tetrastichus, 518, 545, 600.

Compsothlypidae, 311.

Compsothlypis americana pusilla, 311.
nigrilora, 812.
pitiayumi inornata, 312.

Compsus auricephalus, 546, 600.

comptana, Ancylis, 570, 600.

Comptonia peregrina, 20.

comptoniella, Acrobasis, 20.

comstockii, Euplectrus, 570, 602.

concavus, Balanus, 367.

concinnata, Compsilura, 56.

coneolor, Abies, 70.

Conophis lineatus, 407.

concreta, Cyanocompsa cyanoides, 333.
Cyanoloxia, 333.

confinis, Aplomya, 72, 75.

Exorista, 76, 77.

Tachina, 70,75.

Tetraclita squamosa_ stalactifera,
367, 369, 372.

Zenillia, 77.

confusionis, Aplomya, 72-74, 86.

conica, Toluca, 486.

Coniophanes bipunctatus, 403, 404.
bipunctatus biseriatus, 403.
fissidens fissidens, 404.
fissidens proterops, 404.
fissidens punctigularis, 404.
imperialis clavatus, 405, 406.
imperialis copei, 406.
imperialis imperialis, 405.
piceivittis, 407.
quinquevittatus, 407.

Coniosaurus ecrassus, 210.

conirostris, Zamenis, 403.

connectens, Myiarchus, 290.

Conophis lineatus concolor, 407.
lineatus lineatus, 407.
pulcher plagosus, 408.
pulcher similis, 408.
sumichrasti, 408.
sumichrasti sumichrasti, 408.
vittatus viduus, 408,
vittatus vittatus, 408.

Conopias trivirgata trivirgata, 287.

Conopsis nasus, 408.

consequens, Neotherina, 118, 120.
Nephodia (Nipteria), 120.

conspecta, Rupornis magnirostris, 240.

conspectus, Buteo magnirostris, 240.

Constrictor constrictor imperator, 409,

411, 412, 448.
constrictor sigma, 411, 443.

Conurus astee, 255.

Cooperella, 187, 188.
atlantica, 187.
subdiaphana, 188.

copei, Adelophis, 394.

Coniophanes imperialis, 406. «

coquilletti, Zenillia, 12, 13.

617

Coracias galbula, 323.
Coragyps atratus, 236.
cordui, Vanessa, 12, 19, 20.
Cormorant, Mexican, 232.
cormus, Tetrastichus, 516, 519 (fig.),
520 (fig.), 524 (fig.), 579, 602.

ecorni, Lecanium, 581, 599.
Coronula diadema, 368.
Corvus mexicanus, 321.
eoryli, Colocasia, 9, 10, 58.
Cotingidae, 282.
Cotyle fulvipennis, 295,
couchii, Tyrannus, 286.

Tyrannus melancholicus, 227, 285,

286.

Cowbird, eastern, 321,

red-eyed, 320.
Cracidae, 248.
Cranial measurements, Harly Peruvians,

160-168.
crassa, Rhadinaea, 463.
erassirostris, Arremonops rufivirgatus,
3388.; =

Embernagra rufivirgata, 338.
crassiseta, Aplomya, 72, 73, 84.

Zenillia, 84.

Crassispira, 202.

(Crassispirella) mesoleuca, 202.
crassus, Coniosaurus, 210.
crataegi, Aporia, 76.

Crax rubra, 248.
rubra rubra, 248.
Crambus mutabilis, 87.
trisectus, 87.
Crataepus, 507.
Creciscus ruber tamaulipensis, 247.
Crepitacella, 194.

columbella, 195.

gabbi, 195.

leucophlegma, 195.

vestalis, 194.
crinitus, Hylocurus, 347.
erinitus, Myiarchus, 289.
Crioceris asparagi, 583, 600.
crispata, Lagoa, 16.

Megalopyge (Lagoa), 59.
Crocodilia, 497.

‘eollected in Mexico, 393.
Crocodylus acutus, 497.

morelettii, 498.

Crotalus atrox, 412.

basiliseus, 412, 4138.

durissus durissus, 412.

lepidus klauberi, 413.

molossus molossus, 413.

molossus nigrescens, 413.

polystictus, 414.

seutulatus salvini, 414.

scutulatus scutulatus, 414.

stejnegeri, 414.

triseriatus anahuacus, 415.

triseriatus omiltemanus, 415.

triseriatus pricei, 415.

triseriatus triseriatus, 414.

viridis viridis, 415.

willardi, 415.

618

Crotophaga ani, 257.
sulcirostris, 256.
sulcirostris sulcirostris, 256.

cruentata, Arene, 193.

Cryphalus, 355.

Cryptocleptes, 341, 348, 359, 363.
acaciae, 359, 362.
colombianus, 359, 361.
dislocatus, 359, 363.
insularis, 359.
minor, 359.
murilloi, 359-361.

Crypturellus boucardi boucardi, 230.
cinnamomeus, 229.
cinnamomeus sallaei, 229.
soui meserythrus, 229.

cubana, Pusia, 200.

cubensis, Micracis, 348.

Cuculidae, 256.

culicivora, Sylvia, 319.

Culicivora mexicana, 306.

culicivorus, Basileuterus

221, 223, 224, 228, 319.

cultraria, Drepana, 10.

Cultural remains, Cupisnique, 157.
Mochiea, 157.

cunea, Hyphantria, 16, 18, 20, 22, 52.

cuneiformis, Epitetrastichus, 598.

Cupisnique skeletons and cultural re-

mains, 157.

Curlew, long-billed, 249.

curriei, Exorista, 104.
Thelymyia, 104.
Zenillia, 104-106,

curvipes, Saula, 384.

Cyanauges, 390.

cyanea, Passerina, 334.

Tanagra, 334.

Cyanerpes cyaneus, 310.
cyaneus carneipes, 309.
cyaneus striatipectus, 310.

cyanescens, Mycetina, 382.

cyaneus, Cyanerpes, 310.

Cyanocompsa cyanoides conereta, 333.
parellina parellina, 333.

cyanogenys, Psilorhinus mexicanus, 299.

Cyanoloxia concreta, 333.

Cyclarhis, 332.
gujanensis flaviventris, 227, 306.

Cyclaris flaviventris, 306.

Cycloneda sanguinea, 581, 600.

Cyclorhynchus cinereiceps, 292.

Cyclotoma coccinellina, 381.
pardalina, 381.
testudinaria, $81.

Cycnia inopinata, 14.
tenera, 14.

Cylindrocopturus adspersus, 538, 600.

Cymatodera sp., 592, 600.

Cynips douglasii, 606.

cyrtopsis, Thamnophis eques, 480.

culicivorus,

dactylina, Acronicta, 17.
dalliana, Aemaea, 369, 372.
Danaus plexippus, 17, 18, 36.
Daphnella, 195.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL

MUSEUM VOL. 98

darienensis, Hylophilus minor, 309.

Dasychira fascelina, 55.
pudibunda, 10, 38, 47, 82.

Dasyneura leguminicola, 595, 601.

Datana integerrima, 52.

dawsoni, Zenillia, 5, 8, 24, 29.

decoloratum, Apion, 569.

decorata, Rhadinaea, 463.

decoratus, Epopterus, 385 (fig.), 392.

decurtata, Sylvicola, 308, 309.

decurtatus, Hylophilus decurtatus. 308,

309.

dekayi, Storeria dekayi, 473,

delicata, Capella, 249.
Scolopax, 249.

delphinii, Euclea, 18.

Dendrocincla anabatine, 278.
anabatina anabatina, 278.
anabatina saturata, 278.
anabatina typhla, 278.

Dendrocolaptes affinis, 278.
certhia sancti-thomae, 279.

Dendrocolaptidae, 278.

Dendrocops sancti-thomae, 279.

Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis,

235.

Dendroica aestiva amnicola, 312.
coronata hooveri, 313.
dominica albilora, 314.
magnolia, 313.
petechia, 312.
petechia amnicola, 312.
petechia rubiginosa, 312, 318.
virens virens, 313.

Dendrolimus pini, 82, 578.

Dendrophidion vinitor, 415, 416 (fig.).

dentata, Chelonibia patula, 370.

denticornis, Beccaria, 382.

deppei, Pituophis deppei, 459-461.
Polioptila caerulea, 306.

Depressaria heracliana, 20.

dermestina, Pusia, 201.

deserticola, Salvadora hexalepis, 467.

desjardinsi, Trochoideus, 391.

Desmia funeralis, 17, 563, 601.

desmiae, Zenillia, 5, 7, 16.

despoliata, Ellopia, 148.

destructor, Phytophaga, 588, 551, 584,

601.

Destutia, 118.
cavillaria, 187.
modica, 148.
rubritineta, 139.
rubritineta nigripuncta, 139.
sesquilinearia, 136.

detrimentosus, Tetrastichodes, 580.
Tetrastichus (Tetrastichodes), 580.

deyiatrix, Tantilla, 478.

diaconus, Tanagra (Aglaia), 827.
Thraupis episcopus, 327.

Diacrisia virginica, 49, 63, 81.

diacrisiae, Carcelia, 40, 42, 58, 61, 65, 69.

diadema, Coronula, 368.

diademata, Nania diademata, 455.

Diadophis, 465.
dougesii, 417.

INDEX

Diadophis dugesii, 417.
punctatus dugesii, 417.
regalis, 417.
regalis laetus, 416.

Diarthronomyia hypogaea, 548, 601.
occidentalis, 5838, 601.

diarthronomyiae, Tetrastichus, 5138, 547,

601.

Diaspis pentagona, 603.

diastema, Micrurus diastema, 452.

diastemus, Pliocercus elapoides, 461, 462.

Dichogama redtenbacheri, 22, 23.

Didyma exigua, 15.

dimidiata, Phoesia, 96.

dimidiatus, Sibon, 470.

dimorphus, Micracis, 348.

dione, Lycaena, 78.

Diplolepis echina, 564, 602.
ignotus, 595, 602.
ostensackeni, 595, 602.

Dipiopterus excellens, 257.

diplotropis, Leptophis diplotropis, 442,

448.

Diptera, 1, 601.

discors, Anas, 235.
Querquedula, 235.

Disholeaspis chrysolepidis, 564, 602.
cinerosa, 560, 602.
globulus, 598, 602.
mamma, 560, 579, 602.

dislocatus, Cryptocleptes, 359, 363.

dispar, Porthetria, 9, 10, 17, 18, 34, 47, 55,
57, 65, 81, 82.

disposita, Graptolitha, 44.

Gisstre: Malacosoma, 12, 52-56, 540, 594,

600.

distans, Micrurus diastema, 453.

Distichlis, 597.

distineta, Ellopia, 150,

District of Columbia, a new pest of

Albizzia from, 205.
diversilineata, Lygris, 16.
dives, Dives dives, 322.

Icterus, 322.

Dives dives dives, 322.
kalinowskii, 322.
warszewiczi, 322.

Dolophanes, 195.

doiosus, Aramus guarauna, 246.
Aramus pictus, 246.
Tetrastichus, 515, 570, 600, 602.

dominicus, Colymbus, 230, 232.
Colymbus dominicus, 230.

doteni, Tetrastichus, 569.

dougesii, Diadophis, 417.

douglasii, Cynips, 606.

Quercus, 6086,

douglassi, Senecio, 572.

Dove, eastern mourning, 252.
eastern white-winged, 252.
Inca, 220, 253:

Mexican ground, 253.

western mourning, 252.
drakei, Pseudothysanoes, 355.
Drepana cultraria, 10.

619

Dryadophis melanolomus melanolomus,
417.
melanolomus slevini, 418-420, 443.
melanolomus stuarti, 418, 420, 421,
443.
melanolomus tehwanae, 420.
melanolomus veraecrucis, 421.

dryi, Tetrastichus, 548.

Drymarchon corais cleofae, 421, 428, 448.
corais erebennus, 421, 422.
corais melanocercus, 422.
corais orizabensis, 422.
corais rubidus, 422, 443.
corais unicolor, 423.

Drymobius chloroticus, 423.
margaritiferus fistulosus, 424, 426.
margaritiferus margaritiferus, 423.
margaritiferus occidentalis, 425.

Dryobates pubescens, 271.
sealaris ridgwayi, 271.

Dryocopus eburneirostris, 278.

Dryophanta centricola, 603.
emoryi, 529, 602.
polita, 602.

dubius, Centurus aurifrons, 276.

Picus, 276.

Duck, black-bellied tree, 235.
lesser scaup, 236.
ring-necked, 236.

dugesii, Diadophis, 417.

Diadophis punctatus, 417.
Leptotyphlops humilis, 444.

dulciaria, Arge, 532, 601.

dulcis, Leptotyphlops, 444.

Dumetella carolinensis, 301.

dunni, Bothrops, 397.

durissus, Crotalus durissus, 412.

dyrus, Tetrastichus, 512, 519 (fig.), 528

(fig.), 541, 543, 599.

eatoni, Ciccaba virgata, 258.
eburneirostris, Dryocopus, 278.
Xiphorhynchus flavigaster, 278.
echina, Diplolepis, 564, 602.
Hepantheria eridanus, 65.
Kctopistes marginellus, 252.
egle, Euchaetias, 10, 12, 14.
Egret, American, 233.
egretta, (Ardea, 283.
Casmerodius albus, 233.
Dgretta ruficollis, 283.
Elaenia variegata, 286.
Elainea flavogaster subpagana, 294.
Elainia placens, 294.
subpagana, 294.
Elanus leucurus majusculus, 287.
Elaphe bairdi, 426.
chlorosoma, 426.
flavirufa flavirufa, 426.
fiavirufa matudai, 426,
laeta Jaeta, 426.
triaspis, 427.
elapoides, Pliocercus elapoides, 461.
elegans, Hylocurus, 344.
Micrurus elegans, 453.

620

Hleutherodactylus alfredi, 424.
rhodopis, 424.
Elliopia invexata, 127.
Ellopia, 115.
aequaliaria, 130.
athasaria, 130.
bibularia, 130.
brunneolineata, 147.
despoliata, 148.
distincta, 150.
endropiaria, 141.
fervidaria, 122.
fiscellaria, 120, 123, 124, 125.
fiscellaria lugubrosa, 126.
flagitiaria, 123, 124.
flavilinearia, 128.
hyalinaria, 144.
irrorata, 149.
jacularia, 1382.
laectea, 29.
laeta, 128.
myandaria, 148.
ordinata, 150.
pellucidaria, 131.
phantoma, 134.
(Therina) phantoma, 134.
pultaria, 127.
punctata, 134,
punctularia, 149.
quercivoraria, 140.
scitata, 127.
seminudata, 130.
siccaria, 180.
silanaria, 149.
somniaria, 125, 126, 127.
turbataria, 123.
vincinaria, 149.
vitraria, 131.
Emberiza ciris, 334.
Embernagra rufivirgata crassirostris,
338.
emmedonia, Nephelodes, 12, 37, 79.
emoryi, Dryophanta, 529, 602.
Empidonax albigularis axillaris, 291.
axillaris, 291.
flavescens imperturbatus, 223, 225,
291.
flaviventris, 290.
minimus, 291.
traillii traillii, 290.
Endomychidae, fungus beetles,
Latin America
lands, 381.
Endomychus, 382, 380.
flavus, 390.
Endropia mattearia, 148.
sesquilinearia, 136.
textrinaria, 140, 141.
endropiaria, Besma quercivoraria, 141.
Ellopia, 141.
Therina, 141, 142.
Engonius, 383.
excisipes, 383, 385 (fig.).
Ennomos subsignarius, 12, 17, 18, 20, 36.
Entedon, 507.
hagenowii, 510, 554.

from
and Philippine Is-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL, 93

Entedon turionum, 568.

xanthops, 577.
Entedoninae, 508.
Enulius flavitorques, 427.

longicaudatus, 427.

murinus, 427.

sumichrasti, 427.

unicolor, 427.

Eocarcelia, 38.

Eocarceliopsis, 38.

ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 20.
ephippifer, Micrurus, 453.
ephyraria, Anacamptodes, 18.
epicydes, Aplomya, 72, 74, 92.

Exorista, 92.

Tachina, 92.

Zenillia, 92.
epidius, Tetrastichus, 604.
epimensis ,Psychomorpha, 103.
epiphanea, Pusia, 201.
Hpitetrastichus, 510.

cuneiformis, 598.

marylandensis, 598.

mundicornis, 562.

punctatifrons, 572.

semiauraticeps, 556.

silvae, 597.

speciosissimus, 510.

tricolor, 533.

varicornis, 592.
Epomphaloides, 510.

flavus, 510.

minutus, 580.

Epopterus, 392.

decoratus, 385 (fig.), 392.
eques, Thamnophis eques, 479, 483.
Erannis tiliaria, 36.

Erator inquisitor fraserii, 283.
erebennus, Drymarchon corais, 421, 422.
erecta, Thelymyia, 104, 105,

eridanus, Eepantheria, 65.

erosa, Anomis, 20.

Malacosoma disstria, 12.
errans, Thamnophis ordinoides, 482.
Ervilia, 189.

rostratula, 189.

subeancellata, 189.

Erynnis brizo, 19, 20.
Erythrolamprus aesculapii, 428.

aesculapii bizona, 428.

bizona, 428.

guentheri, 428.

larvatus, 428.

venustissimus, 428.
erythrophthalmus, Trichoceras, 509.
erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 232.
erythrothorax, Synallaxis, 280.
Estigmene acraea, 49, 50, 63, 81, 101.
estigmenensis, Aplomya, 72, 73, 79, 82.

Juecareelia, 38, 39.
EBueaterva variaria, 16.
euchaetiae, Zenillia, 5, 6, 13.
Euchaetias egle, 10, 12, 14.
Euchlaena ecavillaria, 137.

sesquilinearia, 136.

INDEX

Euclea cippus, 18.
delphinii, 18.
Eucometis penicillata pallida, 329.
spodocephala pallida, 829.
eudryae, Exorista, 43, 44, 97, 99, 101, 103.
Oxexorista, 43, 98, 99.
Sisyropa, 48, 50, 55, 99, 101, 103.
Zenillia, 48, 99, 101, 108.
Euexorista, 4, 5.
futilis, 11.
Eugonobapta brunneolineata, 147.
Eulophidae, 507, 509.
Hulophus, 507.
miser, 507, 508.
saundersil, 605.
semideae, 605.
theclae, 606.
turionum, 568.
xanthops, 577.
Humorphus marginatus, 381.
tetraspilotus, 881.
Euphagus carolinus, 322.
Euphaierus citri, 543.
Euphonia gouldi, 327.
euplectri, Tetrastichus, 513, 546, 602.
Euplectrus comstockii, 570, 602.
plathypenae, 546, 570, 602.
sp., 550, 570, 602.
Eurosta solidaginis, 535, 601.
Eurproctis chrysorrhoea, 10.
Euryclea, 38, 39.
Eurytoma sp., 587.
euryxanthus, Micruroides, 451.
Eusisyropa, 4-6, 22.
blanda, 17, 19.
boarmiae, 19, 22.
Huthisanotia grata, 101.
(Hudryas) grata, 101.
sp., 101.
unio, 101.
Evergestris straminalis, 34.
Evita, 117, 144.
hyalinaria, 144-146.
hyalinaria blandaria, 145, 146.
hyalinaria hyalinaria, 144-146.
perpectinata, 144, 146.
evonymaria, Therapis, 88.
evonymella, Hyponomeuta, 10.
excellens, Diplopterus, 257.
Pampa pampa, 223, 225, 263.
Tapera naevia, 257.
excisa, Tachina, 37, 38.
exrcisipes, Engonius, 388, 385 (fig.).
Exelencophis nelsoni, 443.
exigua, Didyma, 15.
exiguus, Momotus. lessonii, 268.
exilis, Brephidium, 78.
Exorista; 1, 4; 32,38, 3971, 9, 98;)08,
104.
affinis, 79, 81, 92.
amplexa, 63.
angustata, 12.
blanda, 4, 17, 19, 22.
blanda proserpina, 19.
blandita, 18.
boarmiae, 19-22.

62]

Exorista caesar, 86, 88.
ceratomiae, 15, 16.
cheloniae, 87, 50, 55, 88.
chrysophani, 77.
coeruleiventris, 26-28.
confinis, 76, 77.
curriei, 104.
epicydes, 92.
eudryae, 43, 44, 97, 99, 101, 103.
flavirostris, 58-61.
fronto, 96.
futilis, 4, 11.
griseomicans, 63, 65.
heivina, 91.
hirsuta; 33, 35:
hypenae, 21, 23.
lagoae, 58, 59.
libatrix, 9.
lobeliae, 98.
mitis, 90.
nigripalpis, 86, 88, 89.
ochracea, 30, 31.
polita, 90.
polychaeta, 81, 83.
separata, 56.
setinervis, 83.
theclarum, 76.
trisetosa, 78.
vulgaris, 33, 35.

Exoteleia pinifoliella, 598, 600.

expunctaria, Nematocampa, 146, 147.
Nematocampa limbata, 146.

facialis, Zenillia, 5, 8, 28.

faiacer, Strymon, 78.

Falco albigularis, 243. :
albigularis albigularis, 243.
anthracinus, 240.
fusco-coerulescens septentrionalis,

242.
hudsonius, 241.
nigricollis, 241.
sparverius, 2438.
sparverius Sparverius, 248.
velox, 238.

Falcon, Aplomado, 242,

Falconidae, 242.

fallax, Agrilus, 376.

farnesiana, Vachellia, 254.

Fartulum, 190.
nebulosum, 190.

fascelina, Dasychira, 55.

fasciaria, Therina, 115, 116.

fasciata, Neurotoma, 86.

fasciativentris, Neomphaloidella, 510.

fasciolata, Trimorphodon, 493.

Fascista cercerisella, 570, 600.

fatuaria, Therina, 141, 142.

fausta, Rhagoletis, 582.

faustus, Vetrastichus, 516, 582, 601.

femorata, Chrysobothris, 562, 600.

Fenimorea, 202.
moseria, 202.
moseri brunnescens, 202.

Fenusa ulmi, 578, 602.

622

fervidana, Archips, 20.

fervidaria, Ellopia, 122.
Lambdina, 121, 122.
Therina, 122.

Ficimia olivacea olivacea, 429.
olivacea streckeri, 429.
publia, 429.
ruspator, 429.
variegata, 429.

filamentaria, Nematoecampa, 147.

Filatima monotaeniella, 20.

filosa, Pyrgoeythara, 203.

fimbricornis, Thysanoes, 351.

finitimum, Todirostrum cinereum, 293.

fiscellaria, Ellopia, 120, 1238, 124, 125.

Lambdina, 121, 125-131.
Lambdina fiscellaria, 123.
Therina, 123, 124, 1250127!

Fisher, W. S., on new species of bupres-
tid beetles of genus Agrilus from
Trinidad, 375.

fissidens, Coniophanes fissidens, 404.

fissus, Chthamalus, 368, 372.

fistulosus, Drymobius margaritiferus,
424, 426.

fitzingeri, Micrurus fitzingeri, 453.

5-notata, Coccinella, 530, 600.

flagitiaria, Ellopia, 123, 124.

flaglerensis, Hylocurus, 345.

flammulatus, Attila, 282.

Attila spadiceus, 282.

flaviceps, Ceranisus, 604.

flavifrons, Vireo, 308.

flavigularis, Masticophis flagellum, 446.

flavilinearia, Hlopia, 128.

flavipes, Ceranisus, 604.

Scolopax, 250.
Tetrastichus, 604,
Totanus, 250.

flavirostris, Carcelia, 40, 42, 58, 60.
Columba, 251.

Columba flavirostris, 251.
Exorista, 58-61.

flavirufa, Elaphe flavirufa, 426,

flavitorques, Enulius, 427.

flaviventris, Cyclarhis gujanensis, 227,

306.
Cyclaris, 306.
Empidonax, 290.
Tyrannula, 290.

flavomaculatus, Stenotarsus, 387, 388.

flavopictus, Ceranisus, 604.
Tetrastichus, 604.

flavoscapularis, Stenotarsus, 388.

flavoviridis, Vireo, 307.

Vireo flavoviridis, 227, 307.
Vireosylvia, 307.

flayus, Epomphaloides, 510.
Neotetrastichodes, 510.

flavus, Endomyechus, 390.

Flies, parasitic, Nearctiec species be-
longing to Zenillia and allied genera, 1.

flocei, Andricus, 579, 601.

Hyperteles, 578.
floccosus, Neuroterus, 566, 602.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

flora, Aprostocetus, 533.
Tetrastichus, 511, 521 (fig.), 533,
601

Florida caerulea caerulea, 233.
floridana, Glyphepithema, 196.
jJloridanus, Microdochus, 193.
floridanus, Tetrastichodes, 510, 554.
Flycatcher, ash-throated, 289.
least, 291.
Mexican crested, 227, 289.
northern crested, 289,
scissor-tailed, 284.
striped, 227.
sulphur-bellied, 227.
Traill’s, 290.
yellow-bellied, 290.
forbesi, Rhadinaea, 464.
Trimorphodon, 493.
forficata, Muscieapa, 284.
Muscivora, 284, 285.
Formicariidae, 280.
Formicarius analis moniliger, 281.
moniliger, 281.
formosa, Carcelia, 40, 41, 43, 45, 58, 65.
Oxexorista, 43.
Sylvia, 314.
Zenillia, 43, 98.
formosus, Oporornis, 314.
forreri, Leptophis diplotropis, 443.
fragilis, Malacosoma, 540, 600.
franconia, Phragmatobia assimilans, 49,

fraserii, Erator inquisitor, 283.
Psaris, 283.
Fregata magnificens rothschildi, 233.
Fregatidae, 233.
freminvillii, Stenorhina freminyillii, 472,
473.
frenata, Leptodeira, 440.
Fringilla lincolnii, 338.
rubra, 328.
savanna, 338.
Fringillidae, 330.
proutaus: Centurus aurifrons, 274, 275,
dt
Melanerpes, 275.
Pseudoficimia, 462.
Frontinini, 32.
fronto, Aplomya, 72, 75, 85, 96.
Exorista, 96:
Zenillia, 96.
frugiperda, Laphygma, 16.
frustrana, Rhyacionia, 598, 601.
iuertesi, Icterus, 323.
fulgoris, Zenillia, 5, 6, 8, 24.
fulica, Colymbus, 248.
Heliornis, 248.
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia, 82.
Fuligula affinis, 236.
fulvipennis, Cotyle, 295.
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, 295.
fulviventris, Leptoptila, 254.
Leptotila verreauxi, 254.
fulvivittis, Rhadinaea, 464.

INDEX

fumiceps, Tantilla nigriceps, 475.
fumiferana, Archips, 37, 89.
fumipennis, Neomphaloidella, 558.
Tetrastichus, 513, 521 (fig.), 524
(fig.), 5538, 601.
funebris, Bruchophagus, 577, 586, 602.
funeralis, Desmia, 17, 568, 601.
funereus, Oryzoborus, 335.
Furnariidae, 279.
furtiva, Synallaxis erythrothorax, 280.
Ttuscipunctella, Tinea, 567, 601.
fuscus, Caiman, 497.
fusiformis, Metula, 200.
futilalis, Pyrausta, 14.
futilis, Euexorista, 11.
Wxorista, 4, 11.
Zenillia, 5, 6, 11.

gabbi, Crepitacella, 195.
gadovi, Uta, 469.
gala, Tetrastichus, 604.
galbula, Coracias, 323.
Icterus, 328.
Galerucella xanthomelaena,
600.
gallaesolidaginis, Gnorimosehema, 552,
554, 600.
gallerucae, Oomyzus, 510, 544.
gambetti, Pseudothysanoes, 355.
garciai, Trimeresurus, 398.
Garrulus luxuosus, 296.
garryana, Quercus, 126, 565.
gazini, Paraglyphanodon, 211,
(fig.), 218, (fig.), 214 (fig.).
Geagras redimitus, 430.
gelastus, 'Tetrastichus, 512, 539, 599.
gelechiae, Microbracon, 569, 602.
geminatus, Smerinthus, 20.
gemmata, Mitra, 201.
gemmistratus, Imantodes, 434.
Geniocerus, 507-509.
chrysopae, 525.
hagenowli, 554.
juniperi, 597.
mareovitehi, 586.
rapo, 587.
xanthops, 577.
geographica, Oxycesta, 9, 10.
Geophis anoeularis, 480.
blanchardi, 430.
eancellatus, 431.
chalybeus, 4381.
mutitorques, 4381.
nasalis, 481.
omiltemana, 432.
rostralis, 482.
semidoliatus, 482.
Geothlypis (Chamaethlypis) palpebra-
lis, 316.
poliocephala ralphi, 316.
trichas brachidactyla, 315.
trichas trichas, 315.
trichas typhicola, 315.
Geranospiza caerulescens, 241.
nigra nigra, 241.

530, 545,

to
eS
bo

623

germanica, Blatella, 555, 599.
Gerstaeckeria nobilis, 590, 600.
porosa, 590, 600.
gerstaeckeriae, Tetrastichus, 517,
600.
ghiesbreghti, Buteo, 240.
Leucopternis albicollis, 240.
gibboni, Ootetrastichus, 574.
Tetrastichus, 516, 519 (fig.), 574,
600.
gibbosa, Chlamys, 590, 600.
gigantodes, Saltator, 332.
Saltator maximus, 3382.
gigas, Tetrastichus, 514, 560, 601.
Gilmore, Charles W., on a new fossil
reptile from Upper Cretaceous of
Utah, 109.
on osteology of Upper Cretaceous
lizards from Utah, 209.
gilvus, Mimus, 302.
girardi, Masticophis taeniatus, 451.
Glaucidium brasilianum ridgwayi, 257.
ridgwayi,. 257,
globulus, Disholecaspis, 598, 602.
glomeratus, Apanteles, 588, 601.
Gloveria howardi, 16, 78.
Gluphisia septentrionis, 18.
Glyphepithema, 196.
fioridana, 196.
Glyphipterygidae, 205.
Gnatcatcher, blue-gray, 805.
gnava, Carcelia, 38, 40, 41, 45, 48, 57, 65.
Chetoliga, 46.
Tachina, 37, 38, 46.
Gnorimoschema_ gallaesolidaginis,
554, 600.
godmani, Thamnophis scalaris, 485.
goldmani, Momotus lessonii, 268.
gonostigma, Orgyia, 388, 82.
gossypii, Aphis, 581, 599.
gouldi, Euphonia, 327.
Tanagra gouldi, 327.
gracilior, Strombus, 368.
gracilis, Melospiza lincolnii, 339.
Mimus gilvus, 302, 303.
Grackle, 322.
grahamiae, Salvadora, 467.
Grallaria guatimalensis, 280.
guatimalensis guatimalensis, 280.
Granatellus sallaei sallaei, 317.
grandis, Anthonomus, 568, 600.
Saltator coerulescens, 882.
Tanagra, 3382.
granulata, Poromya, 190.
granulatus, Aprostocetus, 605.
Tetrastichus, 604, 605.
Graptolitha antennata, 37.
disposita, 44.
innominata, 44.
grata, Euthisanotia, 101.
Euthisanotia (Eudryas), 101.
grayi, Turdus, 304.
Turdus grayi, 304.
Grebe, Mexican, 230, 231.
Gretchena bolliana, 20.

590,

552,

624

grisea, Acronicta, 17.
Tanagra, 307.
griseocauda, Buteo (Rupicornis) mag-
nirostris, 239.
griseomicans, Exorista, 68, 65.
griseus, Vireo griseus, 307.
Grosbeak, rose-breasted, 333.
western blue, 333.
guateloupensis, Centurus aurifrons, 274,
215, 217.
Picus, 275.
guatemalensis, Phloeoceastes, 272.
guatimalensis, Grallaria, 280.
Grallaria guatimalensis, 2890.
Pitangus sulphuratus, 288.
Saurophagus, 288.
guentheri, Erythrolamprus, 428.
guineensis, Stenotarsus, 386.
Guiraca caerulea interfusa, 3383.
Gulf of California, barnacles from, 367.
Gull, American herring, 251.
laughing, 251.
guttulatum, Rhabdosoma, 431.
gutturalis, Habia, 329.
Gymnoearcelia, 40,
ricinorum, 40.
Gymnostinops montezuma, 320.
gymnostoma, Jacana spinosa, 248.
Parra, 248.
Gynaikothrips uzeli, 526, 599.
Gyrolasia, 507, 508.

Habia gutturalis, 329.

littoralis, 329.

rubica rubicoides, 328, 829.

salvini, salvini, 329.
haemon, Tetrastichus, 605,
hagenowii, Blattotetrastichus, 554.

Entedon, 510, 554.

Geniocerus, 554.

Tetrastichus, 514, 554, 599.
Halisidota tessellaris, 70.
halophilus, Thamnophis, phenax, 482,

484,
Halopsephus, 191.

pulcher, 191.
hamamelis, Acronicta, 44.
hammondi, Canarsia, 569, 602.
hanleyi, Mitra, 201.

Harmolita sp: 558.
harnedi, Hylocurus, 344.
harrisi, Buteo, 240.

Parabuteo unicinctus, 240.
harrisii, Papaipema, 17, 18.
Hawk, eastern sparrow, 243.

Harris’s, 240.

marsh, 241.

Sennett’s white-tailed, 239.

sharp-shinned, 288.
hebe, Arctia, 82, 83.

Hedymeles ludovicianus, 333.
Heleodytes zonatus impudens, 300.

zonatus restrictus, 299.
helianthi, Phenacoccus, 581, 599.
Heliobletus, 384.

philippinensis, 884, 385 (fig.).

servilis, 384.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

Heliornis fulica, 248.
Heliornithidae, 248.
Helmitheros vermivorus, 3811.
helyina, Aplomya, 72, 74, 91.
Exorista, 91.
Huebneria, 91.
Zenillia, 91.
Hemadas nubilipennis, 580.
Hemerocampa leucostigma, 65, 67, 70.
hemerocampae, Oxexorista, 63.
Sisyropa, 63, 65, 98.
Hemileuca lucina, 37.
maia, 37, 52.
hemileucurus, Campylopterus hemileu-
curus, 223, 263.
Trochilus, 2638.
hemphilli, Asthenothaerus, 189.
Pyrgocythara, 208.
hendersoni, Pusia, 200, 201.
Henicorhina leucosticta prostheleuca,
yA 0)
henrici, Simyra, 17.
Henry, Dora Priaulx, on barnacies from
Gulf of California, 367.
heracliana, Depressaria, 20.
Heron, black-crowned night, 2384.
eastern green, 233.
little blue, 238.
Louisiana, 283.
yellow-crowned night, 234.
Herpetotheres cachinnans chapmani,
242
cachinnans queribundus, 242.
hesperia, Rhadinaea hesperia, 465.
hesperioides, Rhadinaea hesperia, 464.
Heteralepas, 368.
quadrata, 368.
Heterocampa marthesia, 101.
Heterodon, 487.
nasicus kennerlyi, 482.
nasicus nasicus, 452, 433.
Heteroecus pacificus, 560, 602.
hexalepis, Salvadora hexalepis, 467.
hibus, Tetrastichus, 516, 582, 601.
Hicoria sp., 359.
hillmeadia, Ootetrastichus, 534.
Tetrastichus, 511, 5384.
Himantopus mexicanus, 251.
hirsuta, Exorista, 38, 35.
Phryxe, 38, 35.
hirtellus, Micracis, 348.
Hirundinidae, 295.
Hirundo bicolor, 295.
rustica insularis, 824.
histrio, Pusia, 201.
hoactli, Ardea, 234.
Nycticorax nycticorax, 254.
hoffmannii, Centurus, 277.
holbeini, Tetrastichus, 514, 561, 600.
holosericeus, Amblycerus holosericeus,
320.
Sturnus, 320.
Homadaula, 205.
albizziae, 206.
lasiochroa, 205.
Homoptera, 599. .

INDEX

hooveri, Dendroica coronata, 313.
hopkinsi, Pseudothysanoes, 355,
Horismenus, 605.

howardi, Gloveria, 16, 78.

huachucae, Pseudothysanoes, 355.

hudsonius, Circus ecyaneus, 241.
Falco, 241.

Huebneria, 70-72.
affinis, 81.
helvina, 91.

Hummingbird, ruby-throated, 261.
white-bellied emerald, 227.

humuli, Hypena, 22, 23

hunteri, Tetrastichus,

567, 600.

hyalinaria, Ellopia, 144.
Evita, 144-146.
Evita byalinaria, 144-146.

Therina, 144.

Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 233.

Hydrops lubricus, 407.

Hyla smithi, 442.

Hylocichla mustelina, 304.
ustulata almae, 305.
ustulata ustulata, 305.

Hylocurus, 341-344, 346, 350, 358.
biconcavus, 344.
bicornus, 844.
biorbis, 344.
crinitus, 347.
elegans, 344.
flaglerensis, 345.
harnedi, 344.
langstoni, 342, 344-346.
parkinsoniae, 344.
quadrispinosus, 344-346.
rudis, 344, 345.
schwarzi, 344.
spalix, 344.

Hylomanes momotula, 268.
momotula chiapensis, 269.
momotula momotula, 268.
obscurus, 269.

Hylophilus aurantiifrons saturata, 309.
decurtatus decurtatus, 308, 309.
decurtatus pallidus, 309.
decurtatus pusillus, 309.
minor, 309.
minor darienensis, 309.
ochraceiceps, 308.
ochraceiceps ochraceiceps, 308.
pusillus, 309.

hylotomae, Hyperteles, 531.
Tetrastichus, 511, 520 (fig.), 524

(fig.), 531, 601, 602.

Hymenoptera, 601, 602.

Hypena humuli, 22, 23.
textor, 23.

hypenae, Exorista, 21, 23.

Hypera nigrirostris, 595, 600.

Hyperteles, 506, 507, 509.
blastophagi, 595.
flocci, 578.
hylotomae, 531.
neuroteri, 592. «;

Hyphantria cunea, 16, 18, 20, 22, 52.

567686—44——2. .

515, 522 (fig.),

625

hyphantriae, Hyphantrophaga, 15.
Meigenia, 4, 15.
ZFenillia,, dels dor LO.
Hyphantrophaga, 4, 5, 6.
hyphantriae, 15.
hypogaea, Diarthronomyia, 548, 601.
hypoleucus, Vireo flavoviridis, 308.
Vireo olivaceus, 308.
Hypomorphnus urubitinga ridgwayi, 240.
Hyponomeuta cognatella, 10.
evonymella, 10.
padella, 10.
rorella, 10.
Hyponomeutidae, 205.
hypospodius, Buteo, 239.
Buteo albicaudatus, 239.
Hypsiglena affinis, 433.
ocbrorhynchus janii, 483.
ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus, 433.
torquata, 483.
hypugaea, Speotyto cunicularia, 257,
Strix, 257,

Ibis, wood, 2384.
Ichthyura strigosa, 18.
ichthyus, Tetrastichus, 511, 528, 602.
Ieteria virens virens, 316.
Icteridae, 320.
Icterus dives, 822.
fuertesi, 323.
galbula, 325.
gularis tamaulipensis, 325.
mesomelas mesomelas, 324, 325.
northropi, 324.
prosthemelas, 824.
spurius, 323, 324.
idiopoma, Natica, 196.
ignotus, Diplolepis, 595, 602.
ilicis, Thecla, 76.
Imantodés cenchoa lenucomelas, 434.
gemmistratus, 4384.
latistratus, 435.
splendidus luciodorsus, 435.
splendidus oliveri, 435.
tenuissimus, 436.
imberbe, Camptostoma, 294..
imitator, Aplomya, 72, 74, 93.
immaculata, Clelia clelia, 403.
imperator, Constrictor constrictor, 409,
411, 412, 443.
imperialis, Coniophanes imperialis, 405.
imperilla, Neotherina, 118, 119, 120.
Nephodia, 119.
imperturbatus,
2938225, 291%
impexus, Tetrastichus, 518, 597, 602.
impressa, Acronicta, 17.
impressicollis, Milichius, 389.
improvisus, Balanus, 367.
impudens, Heleodytes zonatus, 300.
inamisformis, Septis, 12.
inca, Chamaepelia, 253.
Scardafella, 220, 258.
incerta, Taeniocampa, 82.
inclusa, Melalopha, 10.
incongruaria, Metanema, 140, 141.

Empidonax flavescens,

626

inconspicua, Neotherina, 118, 119, 120.

inexpectatus, Balanus amphitrite, 367,

368.
infidelis, Agrilus, 378.
inflatipalpis, Carcelia, 40, 41, 45.
Zenillia, 45.
infumatana, Archips, 37.
innominata, Graptolitha, 44.
inopinata, Cyenia, 14.

inornata, Compsothlypis pitiayumi, 312.

Parula, 312.
inornatus, Atlapetes, 336, 337.
insignicola, Physokermes, 581, 599.
insolens, Myiodynastes audax, 287.
Myiodynastes maculatus, 287.
insulanus, Centurus aurifrons, 277.
Centurus santa-cruzi, 277.
insularis, Cryptocleptes, 359.
insularis, Hirundo rustica, 324.
integerrima, Datana, 52.
integerrimus, Ceanothus, 358, 359.
integrifolia, Rhus, 348, 358.
interfusa, Guiraca caerulea, 333.
intermedia, Salvadora, 468.
Salvadora intermedia, 468.
intermedius, Thamnophilus, 281.
Thamnophilus doliatus, 281.

interrogationis, Polygonia, 18, 20, 568,

601.

interrupta, Chaemepelia minuta, 253.
Columbigallina minuta, 253.

invexata, Elliopia, 127.

io, Automeris, 44, 101.

Tridoprocne albilinea, 295.
bicolor, 295.

irrorata, Ellopia, 149.

TIschnoceles niger, 241.

isabella, Isia, 12, 81.

Isia isabella, 12, 81.

Isocarcelia, 38, 39.

Tsocarceliopsis, 38.

Isturgia truncatoria, 19, 20, 22.

Ividella pedroana, 195.

Jacana, Mexican, 248.

Jacana spinosa gymnostoma, 248.
Jacanidae, 248.

jacularia, Ellopia, 132.

Lambdina athasaria, 182, 183.
jalapensis, Ortalis vetula, 245, 246.
jani, Pituophis deppei, 460.

Tantilla, 475.
janii, Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus, 433.
Jeffreysina, 194.
johnsoni, Aprostocetus, 526.

Tetrastichus, 511, 523 (fig.), 526,

602.
Therina fiscellaria, 123, 124.
juglandis, Acrobasis, 22.
julibrissin, Albizzia, 205, 207.
juniperi, Geniocerus, 597.
Tetrastichus, 518, 597, 600.
Tetrastichus (Geniocerus), 587.
juniperinus, Anthonomus, 587, 597, 600.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 98
kalinowskii, Dives, 322.
kennerlyi, Heterodon nasicus, 432.
Killdeer, 249.
Kingbird, Couch’s, 227.
Kingfisher, belted, 266.
ringed, 266.
Texas, 267.
klauberi, Crotalus lepidus, 418.
knulli, Micracis, 348.
krugii, Megalopyge, 61.
lachrymans, Rhadinaea, 465.
lactea, Ellopia, 29.
Stenorhina freminvillii, 472.
laeta, Elaphe laeta, 426.
HuUopia, 128.
Lamodina fiscellaria, 128, 129.
Therina, 128.
Jaetus, Diadophis regalis, 416.
Lagoa crispata, 16.
sp., 59.
lagoae, Carcelia, 40, 42, 58, 65.
Eyxorista, 58, 59.
lambda, Trimorphodon, 493.
Lambdina, 117, 120-122, 144.
athasaria, 121, 181-133.
athasaria athasaria, 130.
athasaria jacularia, 132, 138.
Auuddsalia pC-.ul.ud. ia, 4
athasaria vitraria, 131- 133.
axion, 121, 129.
calidaria, 118, 121, 128.
fervidaria, 121, 122.
fiscellaria, 121, 125-131.
fiscellaria fiscellaria, 123.
fiscellaria laeta, 128, 129.
fiscellaria lugubrosa, 126.
fiscellaria pultaria, 127.
fiscellaria somniaria, 125.
lugubrosa, 124.
negata, 121, 133.
pellucidaria, 122.
punctata, 121, 135.
punctata phantoma, 134.
punctata punctata, 134, 135.
somniaria, 124, 127.
Lampropeltis alterna, 436.
getulus splendida, 436.
getulus yumensis, 436.
pyromelana, 436.
ruthveni, 437.
triangulum annulata, 437.
triangulum arcifera, 437.
triangulum blanchardi, 448.
triangulum nelsoni, 437.
triangulum oligozona, 437.
triangulum polyzona, 437.
triangulum schmidti, 438, 443.

‘angstoni, Hylocurus, 342, 344, 345, 346.
Languria mozardi, 574, 600.
Lanio auratius, 228, 329.

leucothorax, 329.

melanopygius, 329.

INDEX

Laphygma frugiperda, 16.

Laridae, 251.

Larus argentatus smithsonianus, 251.
atricilla, 251.

' Smithsonianus, 251.

Larvaevoridae, 1.

larvarum, Musca, 1.

larvatus, Erythrolamprus, 428,

lasiochroa, Homadaula, 205.

Lasioptera sp., 553, 601.

lusiopterae, Tetrastichodes, 5986.
Tetrastichus (Geniocerus), 596.

lasius, Andricus, 579, 601.

lasius, Tetrastichus, 518, 596, 601.

Laterallus ruber, 248.
ruber tamaulipensis, 247,

laticoNaris, Miecrurus, 454.

Pliocercus elapoides, 462.
latifasciata, Pseudoleptodeira, 462.
latifasciatus, Micrurus, 454.
latifrons, Agrilus, 380.

Latin America, fungus beetles of fam-

ily Endomychidae from, 381.

latistratus, Imantodes, 435.

laureata, Rhadinaea, 465.

laureli, Liothrips, 526, 599.

Laurentia autumnalis, 10.

laurina, Rhus, 348.

lauta, Tanagra lauta, 826.

lawrenceii, Muscicapa, 290.

Myiarchus tuberculifer, 290.
lawrencii, Oreopeleia, 254.
laxifrons, Carcelia, 40, 42, 48, 50, 51,

53, 54:

Paraexorista, 55.
lecanii, Ceranisus, 580.

Tetrastichus, 580.

Lecanium corni, 581, 599.
nigrofasciatum, 581, 599.
persicae, 581, 599.
sp., 581, 599, 601. ‘

lecontei, Pseudothysanoes, 355.

leei, Centurus, 276.

Centurus aurifrons, 276.

Legatus leucophaius variegatus, 227,

286.

legitima, Polia, 18.

leguminicola, Dasyneura, 595, 601.

lemniscata, Salvadora, 468.

lentipes, Oreopeleia lawrencii, 254.

Lepas, 368.
anserifera, 368.
hillii californiensis, 368.

Lepidocolaptes aftinis affinis,

Lepidoptera, 115, 205,

570, 598, 600, 602.

Leptodeira annulata polysticta,

439.

223, 278.
546, 548, 569,

438,

annulata septentrionalis, 439.
annulata taylori, 439.
bressoni, 439,

frenata, 440.

maculata, 440.

mystacina, 441.

627

Leptodeira pacifica, 441.

punctata, 441.

smithi, 440, 442.

yucatanensis malleisi, 442,

yucatanensis yucatanensis, 442.
Leptophis diplotropis diplotropis, 442,

443.

diplotropis forreri, 448.

mexicanus mexicanus, 443.

mexicanus eet,
Leptoptila fulviventris, 254.

plumbeiceps, 254.
Leptotila plumbeiceps plumbeiceps, 254,

verreauxi fulviventris, 254.
Leptotyphlops dulcis, 444.

humilis dugesii, 444.

myopica myopiea, 444.

phenops bakewelli, 444, 445.

phenops phenops, 444,

Lespedeza sp., 569.
lessonii, Momotus, 267.

Momotus lessonii, 267.
Lestes sp., 575, 599.
leucauchen, Turdus, 303.

Turdus assimilis, 223, 303.
leucogaster, Anhinga anhinga, 282,

Nannorchilus leucogaster, 801.

Plotus, 232.
leucogastra, Troglodytes, 801.
leucomelas, Imantodes cenchoa, 434.
leucophlegma, Crepitacella, 195.
leucopogon, Phloeoceastes, 272.
leucoptera, Piranga, 328.

Piranga leucoptera, 223, 328.
Leucopternis aibicollis ghiesbreghti, 240.
leucopterus, Mimus polyglottos, 220, 302.

Orpheus, 302.
leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 65, 67, 70,

Notolophus, 65.
leucostomus, Symphimus, 474.
leucothorax, Lanio, 329.
libatrix, Exorista, 9.

Musca, 4, 8.

Myxexorista, 9.

Tachina, 8.

Zenillia, 5, 6, 8.
liebmanni, Chersodromus, 402.
lignator, Micracis, 348,
limbaria, Ania, 147.
Lina secripta, 550, 602.
lincolnii, Fringilla, 838.

Melospiza lincolnii,
lineata, Mystacella, 27.

Salvadora, 469.

Toluca lineata, 486, 489-492.

Zenillia, 5, 8, 26, 27.
lineaticollis, Pituophis deppei, 460.
lineatulus, Masticophis flagellum, 446.
lineatus, Conophis lineatus, 407.
lineellus, Tychius, 570, 600.
lintoni, Tantilla, 478.

Tantillita, 478.
Liothrips laureli, 526,

urichi, 526, 599.

444,

338.

599.

628

Liotia riisei, 192.

Liparis monacha, 10.

lippiens, Sympholis, 474.

lissus, Tetrastichus, 511, 527.

littoralis, Habia, 329.
Richmondena, 333.

Lizards, Upper Cretaceous, from Utah,

209.

lobatipes, Saula, 384, 385 (fig.).

lobdelli, Thysanoes, 351, 352.

lobeliae, Exorista, 98.

Lonchentedon, 507.

longicauda, Bartramia, 249.
Tringa, 249.

longicaudatus, Hnulius, 427.

longicorpus, Tetrastichus, 514, 519 (fig.),

520 (fig.), 557, 601.

lota, Sisyropa, 98.

lounsburyi, Aphycus, 581, 601.

loweii, Thelymyia, 103.

Loxia ludoviciana, 3383.

Loxocemus bicolor, 445.
sumichrasti, 445.

Loxostege commixtalis, 79, 89.
similalis, 16, 22, 23.
sticticalis, 10, 89.

lubricus, Hydrops, 407.

lucina, Hemileuca, 37.

luciodorsus, Imantodes splendidus, 485.

lucorum, Parexorista, 54.

ludoviciana, Artemisia, 583.
Loxia, 333.

ludovicianus, Hedymeles, 333.

lugubrosa, Elopia fiscellaria, 126.
Lambdina, 124.

Lambdina fiscellaria, 126.
Therina, 126.

lunulatus, Pseustes poecilonotus, 462.

Lupinus sp., 570.

luteicoma, Acronycta, 101.

luteiventris, Myiodynastes, 286.
Myiodynastes luteiventris, 227, 286.

luxuosa, Xanthoura yneas, 296.

luxuosus, Garrulus, 296.

lyalli, Angelica, 542.

Lycaena dione, 78.
sp., 78.
thoe, 78.
xanthoides, 78.

Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus, 78.

Lycia cognataria, 92.

Lydellini, 32, 71, 104.

Lygris diversilineata, 16.

Lymantria monacha, 82.

macrocerus, Parasymbius, 385 (fig.), 390.
macrostemma, Thamnophis macro-
stemma, 480.

macularia, Actitis, 250.
Tringa, 250.

maculata, Leptodeira, 440.

maculipectus, Pheugopedius

pectus, 300.

Thriothorus, 300.

Madremyia, 32, 34.

maculi-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

magnolia, Dendroica, 318.
Sylvia, 313.
maia, Hemileuca, 37, 52.
maidis, Aphis, 598, 599.
major, Bathmidurus, 282.
Pachyramphus major, 282.
Rostrhamus sociabilis, 238.
majusculus, Elanus leucurus, 237.
malacocarpa, Albizzia, 359, 361.
Malacocychla mexicana, 305.
Malacomyza (Aleuronia)
569, 599.
Malacosoma americana, 12, 52, 53, 55, 56,
547, 600.
disstria, 12, 52-56, 540, 594, 600.
disstria erosa, 12.
disstria erosa thoracica, 12.
fragilis, 540, 600.
neustria, 10, 47, 82.
malacosomae, Careelia, 40, 42, 48, 50,
54-56.
malacosomae, 512, 539,
600.
mali, Chrysobothris, 562, 600.
malivorella, Coleophora, 569, 600.
malleisi, Leptodeira yucatanensis, 442.
malophilus, Tetrastichus, 517, 585, 600.
mamma, Disholeaspis, 560, 579, 602.
Manolepis nasutus, 445.
Man-o’-war-bird, Caribbean, 233.
mantiensis, Pinacosuchus, 109, 110 (fig.),
111; (fig. )),? 112+ (figs).
marcianus, Thamnophis, 481.
marcovitchi, Geniocerus, 586.
Tetrastichus, 517, 586, 600.
margaritiferus, Drymobius margariti-
ferus, 4238.
marginalis, Mycetina, 383.
marginata, Zenillia, 5, 8, 24, 29, 30.
marginatus, Eumorphus, 381.
marginella, Zenaidura macroura, 252.
marginellus, Ectopistes, 252.
mariaria, Nepytia, 148.
Therina, 148.
marilacta, Besma, 136, 138.
Metanema, 138.
marilandicus, Aprostocetus, 5388.
maritimus, Pseudococcus, 581, 601.
marmorata, Salebria, 10.
marthesia, Heterocampa, 101.
marylandensis, EHpitetrastichus, 598.
Tetrastichus, 518, 597-601, 604.
massena, Trogon, 266.
Trogon massena, 266.
Masticophis bilineatus, 446.
flagellum flavigularis, 446.
flagellum lineatulus, 446.
flagellum piceus, 447.
flagellum striolatus, 443, 447, 448.
flagellum testaceus, 446.
fiagellum variolosus, 448, 448.
mentovarius mentoyarius, 449.
taeniatus, 451.
taeniatus australis, 450.
taeniatus girardi, 451.

westwoodi,

Tetrastichus,

INDEX

Masticophis taeniatus ruthveni, 450, 451.
taeniatus schotti, 450, 451.
taeniatus taeniatus, 450.

mattearia, Besma, 136, 1438.
Endropia, 148.

matudae, Agelaius phoeniceus, 326,

matudai, Elaphe flavirufa, 426,

maxima, Sterna, 251.

maximus, Thalasseus maximus, 251.

maya, Xanthoura yncas, 296.

mayae, Opheodrys, 457.

mayensis, Micrurus affinis, 452.

mecallii, Ortalis, 246.

mediogutta, Neomphaloidella, 537.

Megaceryle alcyon, 266.
torquata torquata, 266.

megalops, Thamnophis macrostemma,
481,
Megalopyge (Lagoa) crispata, 59.
krugii, 61.

opercularis, 59.
(Lagoa) operecularis, 59.

629

Metanema novellata, 137.
quercivoraria, 135, 140.
trilinearia, 140, 141.

Meteorus sp., 546, 602.

Metriona bicolor, 556, 600.

metula, Buecinum, 199.

Metula, 199.
agassizi, 200.
clathrata, 199.
fusiformis, 200.

mexicana, Certhiola, 310.
Chloroceryle amazona, 267.
Coereba flaveola, 310.
Culicivora, 306.
Malacocychla, 305.
Muscivora, 292.

Ostrea, 372.

Salvadora, 469.

Stenorhina degenharatii, 472.
Streptoproene zonaris, 261.
Sturnella, 326.

Sturnella magna, 326.

megapotamus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 325. | mexicanus, ‘Aramides albiventris, 247.

megarhynchus, Xiphorhynchus, 279.
Megarynchus pitangua mexicanus, 287.
Meigenia hyphantriae, 4, 15.

Melalopha inclusa, 10.

Melanerpes dubius veraecrucis, 273, 275.

frontalis, 275.
melanis, Tetrastichus, 511, 522 (fig.),

529, 600.
melanocephalus, Trogon, 265.

Trogon melanocephalus, 265.
melanocercus, Drymarchon corais, 422.
melanocrissus, Taraba major, 282.

Thamnophilus, 282.
melanogaster, Thamnophis melanogas-

ter, 482.
melanoleuca, Secolopax, 250.
melanoleucus, Totanus, 250.
melanolomus, Dryadophis melanolomus,
417.
melanopygius, Lanio, 329.
melanurus, Bothrops, 398.
melinus, Strymon, 78.
melissa, Plebeius, 78.
Melittobia, 507.
Melospiza lincolnii alticola, 339, 340.

lincolnii gracilis, 339.

lincolnii lincolnii, 388.
mentovarius, Masticophis mentovarius,

meridianus, Micracis, 348.

merrilli, Nyctidromus albicollis, 227, 260.

meserythrus, Crypturellus soui, 229.
Tinamus, 229.

mesoleuca, CrassiSpira (Crassispirella),

mesomelas, Icterus mesomelas, 324, 325.
Psarocolius, 324.
Metanema aeliaria, 140, 141.
brea, 142.
incongruaria, 140, 141.
marilacta, 188.

Aramides cajanea, 247,
Bothrops, 398.
Carbo, 232.
Cassidix mexicanus, 821.
Catharus mexicanus, 223, 305.
Charadrius, 251.
Corvus, 321.
Himantopus, 251.
Leptophis mexicanus, 443.
Megarynchus pitangua, 287.
Nyctibius griseus, 258.
Nyctibius jamaicensis, 258.
Onychorhynchus mexicanus, 292,
Phalacrocorax olivaceus, 232.
Psilorhinus, 297.
Psilorhinus mexicanus, 296, 297.
Saurophagus, 287.
Spilotes pullatus, 471.
Thamnophilus doliatus, 282,
Xenodon, 497.
Xenops, 280.
Xenops minutus, 280.
Mexico, snakes and crocodiliang from,
393.
michoacanensis,
453.
Micracinae, 341-343.
Micracis, 341-344, 348, 350.
acutipennis, 348.
asperulus,. 350.
cubensis, 348.
dimorphus, 348.
hirtellus, 348.
knulli, 348.
lignator, 348.
meridianus, 348,
nanula, 350.
opacicollis, 350, 351.
opacithorax, 350.
populi, 348.
suturalis, 348, 350.
swainei, 348.

Micrurus diastema,

630

Micracisella, 341, 3438, 350.
subnitida, 850,
Microbracon gelechiae, 569, 602,
sp., 569, 602.
Microcarcelia, 38.
microcosmus, Tetrastichus, 605.
Microdochus, 193.
floridanus, 193.
Microgaster sp., 569.
Inicrogastri, Tetrastichus, 587.
Micropodidae, 261.
Microrhopala xerene, 589, 600.
microrhopalae, Tetrastichus, 517, 588,
600.
microstomus, Typhlops, 497.
microzonias, Pusia, 201.
Micruroides euryxanthus, 451.
Micrurus affinis affinis, 452.
affinis alienus, 452.
affinis apiatus, 452.
affinis mayensis, 452.
diastema diastema, 452.
diastema distans, 453.
diastema michoacanensis, 453.
elegans elegans, 453.
ephippifer, 453.
fitzingeri fitzingeri, 453.
fulvius tenere, 453.
laticollaris, 454.
latifasciatus, 454.
nigrocinctus zunilensis, 454.
nuchalis, 454.
migratorius, Turdus, 303.
Turdus migratorius, 303.
milberti, Nymphalis, 12, 16.
Milichius, 389.
ampliatus, 389.
impressicollis, 389.
militaris, Stenotarsus, 387.
Milvus, 2388.
Mimidae, 301.
minus, Neotetrastichus, 510.
Mimus gilvus, 302.
gilvus gracilis, 302,303.
polyglottos, 302.
polyglottos leucopterus, 220, 302.
polyglottos polyglottos, 302.
miniata, Tantilla, 475.
miniatus, Myioborus miniatus, 318,
minima, Anhinga anhinga, 233,
Tyrannula, 291.
minimus, Empidonax, 291.
minor, Cryptocleptes, 359.
Hylophilus, 309.
minutilla, Pisobia, 250.
Tringa, 250.
minutus, Astichus, 580.
Epomphaloides, 580.
Tetrastichus, 516, 580, 599-601.
Mionectes assimilis, 294.
miser, Eulophus, 507, 508.
mitis. Aplomya, 72, 74, 88, 90.
Exorista, 90.
Parexorista, 90,
Tachina, 90.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93
ide.

Mitra gemmata, 201.
hanleyi, 201.
Mniotilta varia, 311.
Mochica, cultural remains and burial
customs of, 157.
Mockingbird, western, 220, 302.
modestus, Tetrastichus, 514, 562, 601.
modica, Destutia, 148.
Therina, 148.
moesta, Tantilla, 475,
mollissimus, Astragalus, 528.
Mollusks, marine, from Antillean region,
187.

molochinus, Myioborus miniatus, 223,
225, 318.

molossus, Crotalus molossus, 413.

Molothrus ater ater, 321.

momota, Momotus, 268.

Momotidae, 267.

momotula, Hylomanes, 268,

Hylomanes momotula, 268.
Momotus lessonii, 267.

lessonii exiguus, 268.

lessonii goldmani, 268.

lessonii lessonii, 267.

momota, 268.
monacha, Liparis, 10.

Lymantria, 82.
monachus, Muscivora tyrannus, 285.

Tyrannus (Milvulus), 285.
Monarthropalpus buxi, 534, 601.
monilifera, Columbella, 198.

Psarostola, 198.
moniliger, Formicarius analis, 281.

Formicarius, 281.
monotaeniella, Filatima, 20.
monrovius, Stenotarsus, 385 (fig.).
montana, Columba, 255.

Oreopeleia, 255.
montezuma, Cacicus, 320.

Gymnostinops, 320.
Mordellistena pustulata, 538, 600.

sp., 538, 600.
morelettii, Agalyehnis, 439.

Crocodylus, 498.
morelleti, Spermophila, 335.

Sporophila torqueola, 335.
mori, Bombyx, 10.
morio, Pica, 296.

Psilorhinus, 297.

Psilorhinus morio, 296,
morleyi, Ninia sebae, 457.
moschata, Anas, 235.

Cairina, 235.
moseri, Fenimorea, 202.
motacilla, Seiurus, 314.

Turdus, 314.

Motacilla aurocapilla, 314.

caerulea, 305.

pileolata, 317.

rubiginosa, 312.

ruticilla, 318.

varia, 311.

vermivora, 311,

virens, 3138.

INDEX

Moths, geometrid,
with Ellopia, 115.
mozardi, Lanuguria, 574, 600.
Muhlenbergia, 597.
munda, Therina, 148.
mundicornis, Epitetrastichus, 562.
murillot, Cryptocleptes, 359-861.
murinus, Hnulius, 427.
Musca larvarum, 1.
libatrix, 4, 8.
Muscicapa canadensis, 318.
carolinensis, 301.
citrina, 317.
forficata, 284.
lawrenceii, 290.
phoebe, 284.
pusilla, 517.
texensis, 287.
traillii, 290.
Muscivora forficata, 284, 285.
mexicana; 292.
tyrannus monachus, 285.
mustelina, Hylocichla, 304.
mustelinus, Turdus, 304.
mutabilis, Crambus, 87.
mutitorques, Geophis, 431.
Myadestes unicolor unicolor, 228, 804.
myandaria, Ellopia, 148.
Mycetina, 382, 383.
» eyanescens, 382.
marginalis, 383.
obliquesignata, 388.
Mycteria americana, 234.
Myiadestes unicolor, 304.
Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens, 289.
connectens, 290.
crinitus, 289.
crinitus borens, 289.
tuberculifer lawrenceii, 290.
tyrannulus nelsoni, 227, 289.
Myiobius sulphureipygius suiphureipy-
gius, 291.
Myioborus miniatus miniatus, 318.
miniatus molochinus, 228, 225, 318.
Myiodynastes audax insolens, 287.
luteiventris, 286.
luteiventris luteiventris, 227, 286.
maculatus insolens, 287,
Myiopagis viridicata placens, 294.
Myiozetetes similis texensis, 287.
mymaridis, Ootetrastichus, 575.
myopica, Leptotyphlops myopiea, 444.
Myrica asplenifolia, 20.
Mystacella lineata, 27.
mystacina, Leptedeira, 441.
Myxexorista, 4.
libatrix, 9.
Myxoeareelia, 38.

Nacophora quernaria, 92.

nana, Amazona albifrons, 255.

Nannorchilus leucogaster leucogaster,
301.

Nanopitar, 188.

nanula, Micracis, 350.

631

closely associated | nasalis, Geophis, 431.

nasicus, Heterodon nasicus, 432, 433.

Nassarina, 198.

nasus, Conopsis, 408.

nasutus, Bothrops, 400.

Manolepis, 445.
Trimeresurus, 400.

Natica alapapilionis, 196.
broderipiana, 196.
idiopoma, 196.
turtoni, 196.

Natrix erythrogaster transversa, 454.
rhombifera blanchardi, 455.
rhombifera rhombifera, 454.
valida, 455.

Navicula pacifica, 369.

nebraskensis, Neomphaloidella, 594.
Tetrastichus, 518, 594, 600, 601.

nebulatus, Sibon, 470.

nebulosum, Fartulum, 190.

negata, Lambdina, 121, 133.
Therina; 133.

nelsoni, Exeleneophis, 443.
Lampropeltis triangulum, 487.
Myiarchus tyrannulus, 227, 289.

Nematocampa, 147.
brunneolineata, 147.
expunctaria, 146, 147.
filamentaria, 147.
limbata expunctaria, 146.

nemorata, Phyllotoma, 578, 602.

Neodiprion sp., 5382, 602.

Neomphaloidella, 510.
fasciativentris, 510.
fumipennis, 553.
mediogutta, 537.
nebraskensis, 594.
oklahoma, 557.
pulchriventris, 535.
semilongifasciatus, 536.

Neotetrastichodes, 510.
flavus, 510.

Neotetrastichus, 510.
mimus, 510.

Neotherina, 117, 118, 121.
axion, 118.
consequens, 118, 120.
imperilla, 118-120.
ineconspicua, 118-120.
noxiosa, 150.

Nephelodes emmedonia, 12, 37, 79.

Nephodia (Nipteria) consequens, 120.
imperilla, 119.

Nepytia, 116.
mariaria, 148.
nomia, 148.

Neuroptera, 599.

neuroteri, Hyperteles, 592.
Tetrastichus, 518, 592, 602.

Neuroterus atomus, 593.
batatus, 579, 602.
floccosus, 566, 602.
niger, 566, 602.
rileyi, 529, 593, 602.
salitarius, 593, 602.

632

Neuroterus saltatorius, 565, 602.
varians, 566, 602.
verrucarum, 541, 566, 602.

Neurotoma fasciata, 86.

neurotomae, Aplomya, 72, 73, 85.

neustria, Malacosoma, 10, 47, 82.

nidicola, Opsosturmia, 56.

niger Ischnoceles, 241.
Neuroterus, 566, 602.

niger, Ischnoceles, 241.

nigrescens, Crotalus molossus, 413.

nigriceps, Tantilla nigriceps, 475.

nigricollis, Busarellus nigricollis, 241.
Falco, 241.

nigrilora, Compsothlypis, 312.

nigripalpis, Exorista, 86, 88, 89.

nigripennis, Agrilus, 379.
Calophya, 548, 599.

nigripes, Carcelia, 70.

nigripuncta, Destutia rubritincta, 139.
Sabulodes rubritincta, 139.

nigrirostris, Columba, 252.
Hypera, 595, 600.

nigrofasciatum, Lecanium, 581, 599.

Ninia, 487.
diademata diademata, 455.
sebae morleyi, 457.
sebae sebae, 456.

nitela, Papaipema, 89.

nivea, Oscilla, 195.

niveus, Triptychus, 195.

nobilis, Gerstaeckeria, 590, 600.

nomia, Nepytia, 148.

Therina, 148.
North America, parasitic wasps of genus
Tetrastichus from, 505.

northropi, Icterus, 324.

notabilis, Seiurus naevius, 314.
Seiurus noveboracensis, 314.

Nothocernus sallaei, 229.

nothum, Brephos, 10.

Notolophus antiqua, 20, 65, 70.
leucostigma, 65.

novellata, Metanema, 137.
Sabulodes, 137.

noxiosa, Neotherina, 150.

nubilalis, Pyrausta, 12, 74, 89, 90.

nubilipennis, Hemadas, 580.

nuchalis, Micrurus, 454,

nudata, Therina, 150.

Numenius americanus, 249.
occidentalis, 249.

nummifer, Bothrops, 398-401.

Nyctanassa violacea violacea, 234.

Nyctibiidae, 258.

Nyctibius griseus mexicanus, 258.
jamaicensis mexicanus, 258.

Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli, 234.

Nyctidromus, 298.
albicollis merrilli, 227, 260.
albicollis yucatanensis, 259.

Nygmia phaeorrhoea, 9, 20, 35, 58, 55,

56, 89.
Nymphalis milberti, 12, 16.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

Nyroca affinis, 236.
collaris, 236.

Oberholseria, 337.
oblinata, Acronicta, 18.
obliquesignata, Mycetina, 383.
obscurus, Hylomanes, 269.
occidentale, Thalictrum, 542.
occidentalis, Arizona elegans, 397.
Diarthronomyia, 583, 601.
Drymobius margaritiferus, 425.
Numenius, 249.
occidentata, Tropidodipsas, 496.
ochracea, Exorista, 30, 31.
Zenillia, 5, 8, 24, 25, 28, 30.
ochraceiceps, Hylophilus, 308.
Hylophiius ochraceiceps, 308.
ochrolaemus, Automolus, 279. .
ochrorhynchus, Hypsiglena ochrorhyn-
chus, 488.
octomaculata, Alypia, 96, 103,
oculata, Chrysopa, 525, 599.
Odonata, 599.
Odontophorus, 226.
Oecanthus sp., 576, 599.
Oeneis semidea, 605.
oklahoma, Neomphaloidella, 557,
Tetrastichus, 514, 557.
oleae, Saissetia, 581, 599.
Olene atomaria, 68. e
plagiata, 67.
olenensis, Carcelia, 40, 43, 67.
oligozona, Lampropeltis triangulum, 487.
olivacea, Ficimia olivacea, 429,
olivaceum, Oncostoma, 294.
olivaceus, Vireo, 307, 308.
Oliveri, Imantodes splendidus, 435.
omiltemana, Geophis, 432.
Rhadinaea, 465.
omiltemanus, Crotalus triseriatus, 415.
Omphalocera cariosa, 16,
Oncostoma cinereigulare, 293, 294.
olivaceum, 294.
Onicideres sp., 354.
Onoba, 193.
Onychorhynchus mexicanus mexicanus,
292.
Oocorys, 197.
barbouri, 198.
bartschi, 197.
Oomyzus, 507, 510.
gallerucae, 510, 544.
xanthomelaenae, 544,
Ootetrastichus, 509.
gibboni, 574.
hillmeadia, 534.
mymaridis, 575.
opacicollis, Micracis, 350, 351.
opacithorax, Micracis, 350.
opercularis, Megalopyge, 59.
Opheodrys aestivus, 457.
mayae, 457,
Ophidia, 394.
ophthalmicus, Arremon, 3380.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus,
224, 228, 330.

223,

INDEX

Oporornis formosus, 314.
philadelphia, 315.

Opsosturmia nidicola, 56.

Orchestes pallicornis, 578, 585, 600.

oreutti, Balanus, 368.

ordinata, Ellopia, 150.

Oreopeleia lawrencii, 254.
lawrencii carrikeri, 223, 225, 254.
lawrencii lentipes, 254,
montana, 255.

Orgyia antiqua, 47.
gonostigma, 38, 82.

orientalis, Blatta, 555, 599.

Oriole, Baltimore, 323.
orchard, 323.

Oriolus ater, 321.

orizabensis, Drymarechon corais, 422.

ornata, Callarctia, 52.

Ornismya canivetii, 261.

Orpheus leucopterus, 302.

Ortalis mecallii, 246.
vetula jalapensis, 245, 246.
vetula vetula, 244.

Orthoptera, 599.

Oryzoborus funereus, 335.

Oscilla, 195.
biseriata, 195.
nivea, 195.

ostensackeni, Diplolepis, 595, 602.

Ostrea mexicana, 372.

Ovenbird, 314.

ovipransus, Tetrastichus, 512, 523 (fig.),

544, 600.

Oxexorista, 38, 40, 97, 98.
amplexa, 638.
eudryae, 48, 98, 99.
formosa, 43.
hemerocampae, 63.
thompsoni, 43, 98, 99, 100, 101.

Oxybelis acuminatus, 448, 457.

Oxycesta geographica, 9, 10.

Oxyechus vociferus vociferus, 249.

Pachyramphus major major, 282.
Pachysylvia decurtata pallida, 300.
Pachytelia villosella, &2.
pacifica, Leptodeira, 441.

Navicula, 369.
pacificus, Heteroecus, 560, 602.
padella, Hyponomeuta, 10.

Paleacrita vernata, 570, 602.
pallescens, Chamaepelia passerina, 253.
Columbigallina passerina, 253.

pallicornis, Orchestes, 578, 585, 600.
pallida, Eucometis penicillata, 329.
Eucometis spodocephala, 329.
Pachysylvia decurtata, 309.
pallidior, Passerina ciris, 334.
pallidus, Hylophilus decurtatus, 309.
palpebralis, Chamaethylpis polioce-
phala, 316.
Geothlypis (Chamaethlypis), 316.
palpinum, Pterostoma, 57.
Pampa pampa, 264.
pampa excellens, 223, 225, 263.

633

pampinaria, Boarmia, 20, 22.
panamensis, Chthamalus, 572.
pandora, Coloradia, 531, 600.

pandora, Tetrastichus, 511, 580, 600.

papa, Sarcoramphus, 236.

Vultur, 236.

Papaipema harrisii, 17, 18.
nitela, 89.

Parabuteo unicinetus harrisi, 240.

paracholus, Tetrastichus, 518, 551, 600.

Paraexorista, 87, 39, 40, 71, 97.
cheloniae, 50.
laxifrons, 55.
protuberans, 51, 54.
reclinata, 48.

Paraglyphanodon, 209, 211.
gazini, 211, 212 (fig.), 218 (fig.), 214

(fig. ).
utahensis, 209, 210 (fig.), 211, 213.

Paraleucoptera albella, 573, 601.

parallela, Archips, 89.

Parasymbius, 390, 391.
macrocerus, 3885 (fig.), 390.
philippinensis, 391.

Paratrioza cockerelli, 548, 599.

pardalina, Cyclotoma, 381.

pardalinus, Anidrytus, 385 (fig.), 388.

pardiria, Therina, 149.

parellina, Cyanocompsa parellina, 333.

Parexorista, 38, 39.
cheloniae, 50, 54, 565.
luecorum, 54.
mitis, 90.

parietalis, Thamnophis sirtalis, 485.

parkinsoniae, Hylocurus, 344.

parkmanii, Troglodytes, 300.
Troglodytes aédon, 300.

Parra gymnostoma, 248.

Parula inornata, 312.

Passerculus sandwichensis

338.

Passerina ciris ciris, 334.
ciris pallidior, 334.
cyanea, 3384.
pratensis, 388.

pattersonae, Tetrastichus,

(fig.), 563, 602.

patula, Chelonibia, 367, 371, 372.

paucimaculatus, Trimorphodon, 493.

pauper, Centurus aurifrons, 277.
Centurus santacruzi, 277.

Pauraque, Merrill’s, 227, 260.

pavonia, Saturnia, 82.

peceataria, Therina fiscellaria, 123, 124.

pecosensis, Phryxe, 33-35.
Plagiophryxe, 82, 35-37.

pectoralis, Arge, 532, 601.

pedroana, Ividella, 195.

Pelamis platurus, 448, 458.

Pelecanidae, 282.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 232.
occidentalis carolinensis, 232.

Pelican, brown, 232.
white, 232.

pellionella, Tinea, 566, 601.

savanna,

515, 519

634

pellucidaria, Ellopia, 131.
Lambdina, 122.
Lamobdina athasaria, 131.
Therina, 131.

Pelmatomyia, 39.

Pempelia sp., 16.

Penelope purpurascens, 244.

purpurascens purpurascens, 243,
244.
vetula, 244, 245.

peninsularis, Balanus tintinnabulum,

367.

penitalis, Pyrausta, 37, 89, 90.

pentagona, Diaspis, 603.

Pentastichus, 507, 509.

Peppershrike, 227.

percautus, Tinamus major, 228.

peregrina, Comptonia, 20.

Sylvia, 311.
Vermivora, 311.
Periplaneta americana, 555, 599.
australasiae, 555, 599.
Peristichia, 195.
agria, 195.
toreta, 195.
permaculata, Turuptiana, 52.
perpectinata, Hvita, 144, 146.
Therina, 146.

perplexa, Carcelia, 40, 42, 61, 65, 67-69.

persicae, Lecanium, 581, 599.

personata, Tityra, 283.

Tityra semifasciata, 283, 284.

Peru, skeletal remains, with cultural
associations, from Chicama, Moche,
and Virti Valleys, 153.

petechia, Dendroica, 312.

Petrochelidon alhilinea, 295.

Phaeomychus, 383.

phaeorrhoea, Nygmia, 9, 20, 85, 58, 55,
56, 89.

Phaethornis adolphi, 264.

adolphi adolphi, 264.
longirostris veraecrucis, 264.
Phalacrocoracidae, 232.

Phalacrocorax olivaceuS mexicanus,
232.
phalaris, Phytophaga, 584.

Phalera bucephala, 58.
phalerata, Apantesis, 12.
Phanagenia bombyeina, 527, 602.
Phanomeris phyllotomae, 578, 602.
phantoina, HMopia (Therina), 134.
Lambdina punetata, 134.
phegus, Tetrastichus, 514, 559, 602.
Phenacoccus acericola, 581, 599.
helianthi, 581, 599.
phenax, Thamnophis phenax, 482-484.
phenops, Leptotyphlops phenops, 444.
Pheosia tremula, 57.
pheosiae, Aplomya, 72, 75, 95.
Pheugopedius maculipectus maculipec-
tus, 300.
Phigalia titea, 18.
philadelphia, Oporornis, 315.
Sylvia, 315.

philippii, Tropidodipsas, 496. pee

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98

Philippine Islands, fungus beetles of
family Endomychidae from, 381.
philippinensis, Heliobletus, 3884,
(fig.).
philippinensis, Parasymbius, 391.
phillipsi, Turdus migratorius, 303.
Phioeoceastes guatemalensis, 272.
guatemalensis regius, 271.
leucopogon, 272.
Phiogothraupis sanguinolenta sanguino-
lenta, 328.
Phlyctaenodes verticalis, 10.
Phoebe, eastern, 284.
phoebe, Muscicapa, 284.
Sayornis, 284.
Phoenicothraupis salvini,
Phoesia dimidiata, 96.
phoraderdri, Psendothysanoes, 355.
Phoroecera, 1, 98.
Phoroceratini, 5.
Phosphila turbulenta, 18, 20.
Phragmarobia assimilans, 52.
assimifans franconia, 49, 50.
fuliginosa, 82.
fuliginosa rubricosa, S81.
phrenitica, Tantilla, 476.
Phrynoini, 71.
Phryxe, 1, 3, 5, 31, 32, 34):'71)°98;1 104,
166.
athaliae 31, 38.
hirsuta, 33, 35.
pecosensis, 83-35.
vulgaris, 32, 33, 35, 36.
Phycodrosus, 194.
Phyllotema nemorata, 578, 602.
sp., 602.
phyllotomae, Phanomeris, 578, 602.
Physokermes insigricola, 581, 599.
Physonota unipunctata, 538, 600.
Phytophaga destructor, 588, 551, 584,
601.
phalaris, 554.
Piaya cayana thermophila, 256.
thermophila, 256.
Pica morio, 296.
piceivittis, Coniophanes, 407.
piceus, Masticophis flagellum, 447.
Picidae, 271.
picinus, Agrilus, 378.
picta, Arachnis, 52.
Piculus rubiginosus yueatanensis, 273.
Picus aurifrons, 274.
eastaneus, 278.
dubius, 276.
guateloupensis, 275.
similis, 272:
yucatanensis, 275.
Pieris rapae, 34, 35, 37, 588, 601.
pigra, Pygaera, 9, 10.
pileatus, Ceophloeus, 27
pileolata, Motacilla, 317.
Wilsonia pusilla, 317.
pilula, Pitar (Nanopitar), 188.
Pinacosuchus, 109, 118.
Che) ye 111

mantiensis, 109, 110
(fg-), 112 (figs.)._

385

329.

>

ae

INDEX

pini, Dendrolimus, 82, 578.
pinifoliella, Exoteleia, 598, 600.
pinus, Certhia, 311.
Vermivorus, 311.
Pinus, 131.
ponderosa, 531, 556, 557.
scopulorum, 556.
Pipilo torquatus, 837.
Pipromorphna, Mexican, 228.
Pipromorphna oleaginea assimilis, 228,
294.
Piranga leucoptera, 328.
leucoptera leucoptera, 223, 328.
rubra rubra, 328.
Pisobia minutilla, 250.
Pitangus, 287.
sulphuratus guatimalensis, 288.
Pitar, 189.
(Nanopitar) pilula, 188.
Pituophis catenifer affinis, 458.
eatenifer sayi, 459.
deppei deppei, 459-461.
deppei jani, 460.
deppei lineaticollis, 460.
Pitylus poliogaster, 832.
placens, Elainia, 294.
Myiopagis viridicata, 294.
plagiata, Asturina, 240.
Buteo nitida, 240.
Olene, 67.
Plagiophryxe, 32.
pecosensis, 32, 35-37.
plagosus, Conophis pulcher, 408.
Platalea ajaja, 235.
Platanus racemosus, 562.
Plathypena scabra, 22, 23, 65, 570.
plathypenae, Euplectrus, 546, 570, 602.
platurus, Pelamis, 448, 458.
Platypsaris aglaiae sumichrasti, 283.
Platyrinechus cancrominus, 292.
Platysamia ceeropia, 18.
Plebeius melissa, 78.
Plematomyia, 388.
plexippus, Danaus, 17, 18, 36.
Pliocercus bicolor, 461.
elapoides diastemus, 461, 462.
elapoides elapoides, 461.
elapoides laticollaris, 462.
plorabunda, Chrysopa, 525, 599.
Plotus leucogaster, 282.
Plover, upland, 249.
plumbeiceps, Leptoptila, 254.
Leptotila plumbeiceps, 254.
podagrae, Aulacidea, 580, 602.
poecilonotus, Pseustes poecilonotus, 462,
463.
Polia legitima, 18.
poliogaster, Caryothraustes poliogaster,
»
Pitylus, 332.
Polioptila caerulea caerulea, 305, 306.
caerulea deppei, 306.
polita, Aplomya, 72, 74, 90.
Dryophanta, 602.
Exorista, 90.
Zenillia, 90.

Polyborus audubonii, 242.
cheriway audubonii, 242.
polychaeta, Aplomya, 83.
Hxorista, 81, 83.
polyglottos, Mimus, 302.
Mimus polyglottos, 302,
Polyglyphanodon, 210, 211.
sternbergi, 210, 211.
Polyglyphanodontidae, 209, 210.
Polvgonia interrogationis, 18, 20, 563,
601.
polygrammus, Centurus, 275. __
Centurus aurifrons, 274, 275, 277.
polynemae, Aprostocetus, 575.
Tetrastichus, 516, 523: (fig.), 575,
599.
polysticta, Leptodeira annulata, 438, 439.
polystictus, Crotalus, 414.
polyzona, Lampropeltis triangulum, 437.
pometaria, Alsophila, 37.
pomi, Aphis, 581, 599.
pomiformis, Callirhytis, 564, 579, 602.
pomonella, Carpocapsa, 29.
ponderosa, Pinus, 531, 556, 557.
populi, Micracis, 348.
Populus sp., 578.
porecula, Zenillia, 5.
Poromya, 189.
granulata, 190.
rostrata, 189.
porosa, Gerstaeckeria, 590, 600.
Porthesia similis, 10.
Porthetria dispar, 9, 10, 17, 18, 34, 47, 55,
57, 65, 81, 82.
Portunus sanguinolentus, 371.
Porzana carolina, 247.
pracdae, Agrilus, 377.
praecocularis, Thamnophis sumichrasti,
486.
prasinus, Aulacorhynchus, 269.
Aulacorhynchus prasinus, 223, 269.
Pteroglossus, 269.
pratensis, Ammodramus savannarum,
338.
Passerina, 338.
prevostii, Anthracothorax prevostii, 262.
Trochilus, 262.
pricei, Crotalus triseriatus, 415.
processionea, Thaumatopoea, 9, 10.
processioneae, Carcelia, 46.
productus, Tetrastichus, 513, 550, 601.
promethea, Callosomia, 18.
proserpina, Exorista blanda, 19.
prostheleuea, Henicorhina leucosticta,
22 Sod
prostheleucus, Seytalopus, 301.
prosthemelas, Icterus, 324.
Xanthornus, 324.
Proteides clarus, 18, 20.
proterops, Coniophanes fissidens, 404.
Prothymus, 509.
protuberans, Carcelia, 40, 42, 54.
Paraexorista, 51, 54.
Zenillia, 51, 54.
proxima, Callarctia, 52.
proximus, Thamnophis sauritus, 484.

636

prunus, Amphibolips, 579, 601.
Psaris fraserii, 283.
Psarocolius aeneus, 320.

mesomelas, 324.
Psarostola, 198.

monilifera, 198.

monilifera sparsipunctata, 198.
pseudargiolus, Lycaenopsis, 78.
Pseudococcus maritimus, 581, 601.
Pseudoficimia frontalis, 462.
Pseudoleptodeira latifasciata, 462.
Pseudomicracis, 850.
Pseudothysanoes, 341, 348, 355.

barberi, 355.

drakei, 355.

gambetti, 355.

hopkinsi, 355.

huachucae, 355.

lecontei, 355.

phoradendri, 355.

rigidus, 355.

sedulus, 355.

Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 571.
Pseustes poecilonotus argus, 462.

poecilonotus lunulatus, 462.

poecilonotus poecilonotus, 462, 463.

poecilonotus shropshirei, 462.
Psilorhinus mexicanus, 297.

mexicanus cyanogenys, 299.

mexicanus mexicanus, 296, 297.

mexicanus vociferus, 299.

morio, 297.

morio morio, 296.

Psittacidae, 255.

Psittacus autumnalis, 256.
Psychomorpha epimensis, 108.
Pteroglossus prasinus, 269.

torquatus torquatus, 270.
Pteroptrix, 506, 508,

Pterostoma palpinum, 57.
pubescens, Dryobates, 271.

publia, Ficimia, 429.

pudibunda, Dasychira, 10, 38, 47, 82.
puella, Trogon, 265.

Trogon collaris, 265.
pulchella, Pusia, 201.
pulcher, Halopsephus, 191.
pulchrilatus, Thamnophis, 479.
pulchriventris, Neomphaloidella, 585.

Tetrastichus, 511, 585.
pullata, Zenillia, 5.
pultaria, Ellopia, 127.

Lambddina fisceliaria, 127.
Pulvinaria bigeloviae, 581, 599.
punctata, Bllopia, 134.

Lambdina, 121, 1385.

Lambdina punctata, 134, 135,

Leptodeira, 441.

Therina, 134.
punctatifrons, Epitetrastichus, 572.

Tetrastichus, 515, 520 (fig.), /522

(fig.), 524 (fig.), 572, 601.
punctigularis, Coniophanes fissidens, 404.
punctillaria, Therina, 149.
punctularia, HWopia, 149.
purpurana, Archips, 89.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

purpurascens, Penelope, 244.
Penelope purpurascens, 243, 244.
purpurata, Rhyparia, 76.
Pusia, 200, 201.
albocineta, 201.
cubana, 200.
dermestina, 201.
epiphanea, 201.
hendersoni, 200, 201.
histrio, 201.
microzonias, 201,
pulchella, 201.
suleata, 201,
trophonia, 201.
variata, 201.
pusilla, Compsothlypis americana, 311.
Muscicapa, 317.
Sylvia, 311.
Tiaris olivacea, 334.
Wilsonia pusilla, 317.
pusillus, Hylophilus, 309.
Hylophilus decurtatus, 309.
Tiaris, 334.
Pusiola, 201.
Pusiolina, 201.
aresta, 201.
tricolor, 201.
pustulata, Mordellistena, 538, 600.
Pygaera anachoreta, 10.
pigra, 9, 10.
Pyrausta ainsliei, 89, 90.
futilalis, 14.
nubilalis, 12, 74, 89, 90.
penitalis, 37, 89, 90.
sp., 89.
Pyrgocythara, 203.
filosa, 203.
hemphilli, 203.
pyri, Saturnia, 82.
Pyrocephalus rubinus blatteus, 284.
pyromelana, Lampropeltis, 436.
pyrrhocephalus, Sceloporus, 469.

quadrata, Heteralepas, 368.
quadrispinosus, Hylocurus, 344-346.
Quail-dove, ruddy, 255.
quercivoraria, Besma, 136, 139, 140, 142,
1438.

Eulopia, 140.

Metanema, 135, 140.
quercus, Zephyrus, 76.
Quercus, 124-127, 130-132, 134, 135, 141,

142.

chrysolepis, 560.

cinerea, 596.

douglasii, 606.

garryana, 126, 565.

stellata, 593.

undulata, 593.

utahensis, 128.

virginiana, 128.
queribundus, Herpetotheres cachinnans,

242.

quernaria, Nacophora, 92.
Querquedula discors, 235.
quinquelineata, Rhadinaea, 465.

INDEX

quinquevittatus, Coniophanes, 407.
Quiscalus, 322.

racemaria, Amphibolips, 579, 601.
racemariae, Tetrastichus, 516, 520 (fig.),
524 (fig.), 578, 601, 602.

racemosus, Platanus, 562.

radiatus, Tetrastichus, 543.

Rallidae, 247.

Rallus ecarolinus, 247.

ralphi, Chamaethlypis poliocephala, 316.
Geothlypis poliocephala, 816.

Ramphastidae, 269.

Ramphastos sulfuratus, 270.
sulfuratus sulfuratus, 270.
torquatus, 270.

Ramphocaenus rufiventris rufiventris,

rapae, Pieris, 34, 35, 87, 588, 601.
rapo, Cirrospilus, 587.
Geniocerus, 587.
Tetrastichus, 517, 524 (fig.), 587,
601.
raptor, Saltator atriceps, 331.
rasa, Carcelia, 38, 40, 48.
ravus, Sistrurus, 471.
reclinata, Carcelia, 40, 41, 48, 52, 55, 61,
81, 101.
Paraexorista, 48.
Zenillia, 48, 50.
Recurvaria thujaella, 569.
Recurvirostridae, 251.
redimitus, Geagras, 480.
Redstart, American, 318.
redtenbacheri, Dichogama, 22, 23.
regalis, Balanus, 368.
Balanus conecayus, 368.
Diadophis, 417.
regius, Campephilus, 271.
Phioeoceastes guatemalensis, 271.
Rehder, Harald A., on new marine mol-
lusks from Antillean region, 187.
Reptile, new fossil, from Upper Creta-
ceous of Utah, 109.
Reptiles, Mexican, 393.
repulsus, Tetrastichus, 517, 584.
restrictus, Heleodytes zonatus, 299.
retamae, Thysanoes, 352, 354.
revayanus, Sarrothripus, 12, 18.
Rhabdosoma guttulatum, 431.
Rhadinaea, 465, 466.
aemula, 463.
erassa, 463.
decorata, 463.
forbesi, 464.
fulvivittis, 464.
hesperia hesperia, 465.
hesperia hesperioides, 464.
lachrymans, 465.
laureata, 465.
omiltemana, 465.
quinquelineata, 465.
Rhadinella, 466.
schistosa, 465.
Rhagoletis fausta, 582.
Rhinocheilus antonii antonii, 466.

637

rhodopis, Eleutherodactylus, 424.
rhois, Blepharida, 544, 600.

rhois, Stenoclyptus, 356, 357, 358.
rhombifera, Natrix rhombifera, 454.
Rhus integrifolia, 348, 358.

laurina, 348.

Rhyacionia buoliana, 568, 601.

frustrana, 598, 601.

frustrana bushnelli, 557, 601.
Rhyparia purpurata, 76.
Richmondena cardinalis coccinea, 333.

littoralis, 333.
richmondi, Agelaius phoeniceus, 325.
ricinorum, Gymnocarcelia, 40.
ridgwayi, Dryobates sealaris, 271.

Glaucidium, 257.

Glaucidium brasilianum, 257.

Hypomorphnus urubitinga, 240.

Stelgidopteryx, 295.

Urubitinga, 240,
rigidus, Pseudothysanoes, 355.
riisei, Arene, 192.
riisei, Liotia, 192.
rileyi, Neuroterus, 529, 593, 602.

Tetrastichus, 588.

Rissoella, 194.

(Phycodrosus) caribaea, 194.
Robin, eastern, 303.
robustus, Tinamus major, 228, 229.
rorella, Hyponomeuta, 10.

Rosa sp., 608.

rosae, Tetrastichus, 518, 595, 602.
rostralis, Geophis, 432.

rostrata, Poromya, 189.

rostratula, Ervilia, 189.

Rostrhamus sociabilis major, 238.
rothschildi, Fregata magnificens, 233.
rozellae, Thamnophis, 485.

ruber, Laterallus, 248.

rubescens, Tetraclita squamosa, 367.
rubi, Callophrys, 76.

rubicoides, Habia rubica, 328, 329.

Saltator, 328.
rubicola, Agrilus, 591, 600.
rubidus, Drymarchon corais, 422, 443.
rubiginosa, Dendroica petechia, 312, 318.

Motacilla, 312.
rubra, Crax, 248.

Crax rubra, 243.

Fringilla, 328.

Piranga rubra, 328.

Tantilla, 476.
rubricata, Tantilla wilcoxi, 477.
rubricosa, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, 81
rubrifrontaria, Synclora, 37.
rubritineta, Besma, 136, 139.

Destutia, 139.

Sabulodes, 139.
rudis, Hylocurus, 344, 345.
rufescens, Bolitoglossa, 463.
ruficollis, Egretta, 233.

Hydranassa tricolor, 233.
rufilabris, Chrysopa, 525, 599.
rufipennis, Chamaepelia, 253.

Columbigallina talpacoti, 253.
rufipunctatus, Thamnophis, 484.

638

rufiventris, Ramphocaenus rufiventris,
306.
Scolopacinus, 306.
rugglesi, Tetrastichus, 517, 590, 600.
rugosa, Tegula, 372.
rugulosus, Scolytus, 549, 600.
rumicis, Acronicta, 10.
Rupornis magnirostris conspecta, 240.
ruralis, Sylepta, 10.
ruspator, Ficimia, 429.
ruthveni, Lampropeltis, 437.
Masticophis taeniatus, 450, 451,
Thamnophis, 454.
ruticilla, Motacilla, 318.
Setophaga, 318.

Sabulodes novellata, 187.

rubritineta, 139.

rubritincta nigripuncta, 139.
Saissetia oleae, 581, 599.
Salebria marmorata, 10.
salicis, Stilpnotia, 9, 10, 20, 47.
Salix sp., 542.
sallaei, Crypturellus cinnamomeus, 229.

Granatellus sallaei, 317.

Nothocernus, 229.

Setophaga, 317.

Trogon, 265.

Trogon violaceus, 265.
saltarius, Neuroterus, 593, 602.
Saltator atriceps, 3380, 331.

atriceps raptor, 331.

atriceps suffuscus, 330, 332.

coerulescens grandis, 332.

gigantodes, 332.

maximus gigantodes, 332.

rubicoides, 328.
saltatorius, Neuroterus, 565, 602.
saltuum, Tachina, 103.

Thelymyia, 104, 105.
Salvadora bairdii, 466.

bogerti, 467.

grahamiae, 467.

hexalepis celeris, 467.

hexalepis deserticola, 467.

hexalepis hexalepis, 467.

intermedia, 468.

intermedia intermedia, 468.

lemniseata, 468.

lineata, 469.

mexicana, 469.
salvini, Basileuterus, 319.

Basileuterus rufifrons, 319.

Crotalus seutulatus, 414.

Habia salvini, 329.

Phoenicothraupis, 329.
sancti-thomae, Dendrocolaptes certhia,

279.

Dendrocops, 279.
Sandpiper, eastern solitary, 250.

least, 250.

spotted, 250.

western solitary, 250.
sanguinea, Cycloneda, 581, 600.
sanguinolenta, Phlogothraupis sanguino-

lenta, 328.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

sanguinolentus, Chloronerpes, 271.

Portunus, 371.

Tanagra (Tachyphonus), 828.

Veniliornis fumigatus, 221, 271.
sanniolus, Sibon, 470.
santa cruzi, Centurus, 276.
santacruzi, Centurus aurifrons, 276.
sapperi, Amastridium, 397,
Sarcoramphus papa, 236.
sargeii, Adelphicos quadrivirgatus, 396.
Sarrothripus revayanus, 12, 18.
sartorii, Tropidodipsas sartorii, 494, 496.
saturata, Dendrocincla anabatina, 278.

Hylophilus aurantiifrons, 809.
Saturnia pavonia, 82,

pyri, §2.

Saula, 384.

curvipes, 384.

lobatipes, 384, 885 (fig.).
saundersii, Hulophus, 605.

Tetrastichus, 605.

Sauria, 299.
Saurophagus guatimalensis, 288.

mexicanus, 287.
savanna, Fringilla, 388.

Passereculus sandwichensis, 338.
sayi, Pituophis catenifer, 459.
Sayornis phoebe, 284.
scabra, Plathypena, 22, 28, 65, 570.
scalaris, Sceloporus, 465.

Thamnophis scalaris, 485,
sealiger, Thamnophis sealaris, 485.
Scalpellum, 368.

Seaphiedontophis, 394.
Seardafella inca, 220, 253.

squammata, 253.

Sceloporus pyrrhocephalus, 469.

scalaris, 465.
schistaceiceps, Todirostrum, 293.

Todirostrum sylvia, 293.
schistosa, Rhadinella, 465.
schmidti, Lampropeltis triangulum, 438,

443.
schotti, Masticophis taeniatus, 450, 451.
schwarzi, Hylocurus, 344.
scitata, Ellopia, 127.
ecitulus, Basileuterus belli, 223, 319.
Seolecophis scytalinus, 403.
Seolopacidae, 249.
Scolopacinus rufiventris, 306.
Scolopax delicata, 249.

flavipes, 250.

melanoleuca, 250.
scolyti, Tetrastichus, 513, 548, 600.
Scolytidae, 341.

Scolytus rugulosus, 549, 600.
scopulorum, Pinus, 556.

seripta, Lina, 550, 602.

scriptus, Tetrastichus, 518, 550, 602.
seutulatus, Crotalus scutulatus, 414.
scytalinus, Seolecophis, 403.
Scytalopus prostheleucus, 301.

sebae, Ninia sebae, 456.

securigerus, Chaicohyus, 363, 364.
sedulus, Pseudothysanoes, 355.

INDEX

Sedum stenopetalum, 78.
Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus, 314.

motacilla, 314.

naevius notabilis, 314.

noveboracensis notabilis, 314.
Sellers, Wendell F., on Nearctic species

of parasitic flies belonging to Zenillia
and allied genera, 1.
semiannulata, Sonora
471.
semiauraticeps, Epitetrastichus, 556.

Tetrastichus, 514, 556,
semidea, Oeneis, 605.
semideae, Eulophus, 605.

Tetrastichus, 605.
semidoliatus, Geophis, 482.
semiferana, Archips, 89.
semilongifasciatus, Neomphaloidella,

536.

Tetrastichus, 511, 536.
seminudata, Hllopia, 130.
semirutus, Trimorphodon

492.
semiundaria, Therina, 130.
Senecio douglassi, 572.
Senexorista, 38, 39.

sumatrana, 388.
Senometopia, 37, 39, 40.

separata, 57.
separata, Carcelia, 40-42, 47, 56.

Exorista, 56.

Senometopia, 57.
sepiemguttata, Beecaria, 381, 382, 385

(fig.).
septemmaculata, Becearia, 382.
septentrionalis, Ceryle, 267.

Chloroceryle americana, 267.

Falco fusco-coerulescens, 242.

Leptodeira annulata, 439.
septentrionis, Gluphisia, 18.

Septis apamiformis, 12.

inamisformis, 12.

Servilis, Heliobletus, 384.
sesquilinearia, Besma, 135-138.

Destutia, 136.

Endropia, 136.

EKuchlaena, 136.
setinervis, Aplomya, 72, 73, 83.

Exorista, 83.

Zenillia, 83.

Setophaga ruticilla, 318.

sallaei, 317.

Shrike-tanager, Mexican, 228.
shropshirei, Pseustes poecilonotus, 462.
Sibon brevifacies, 470.

dimidiatus, 470.

nebulatus, 470.

sanniolus, 470.
sicecaria, Ellopia, 130,
sigma, Constrictor constrictor, 411, 443.
signifera, Chirida, 556, 600.
significans, Bartschia, 199,

Silanaria, Ellopia, 149.

silvae, Epitetrastichus, 597.
Silvaticus, Tetrastichus, 518. 593, 600.
similalis, Loxostege, 16, 22, 23.

semiannulata,

biscutatus,

639

similis, Ceophloeus lineatus, 271, 272.

Conophis pulcher, 408.

Picus, 272.

Porthesia, 10.

Simyra henrici, 17.

sinuatus, Agrilus, 550, 600.

Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus, 471.

ravus, 471.

Sisyropa, 1, 3, 5, 38, 40, 48, 71, 97, 98

alypiae, 99, 101, 1638.

angusta, 4S.

eudryae, 48, 50, 55, 99, 101, 108.

hemerocampae, 63, 65, 98.

lota, 98.

thermophila, 98.

Sittasomus griseicapillus sylvioides, 278.

Sylvioides, 278.

Skeletal remains, with cultural associa-
tions, from Chicama, Moche, and Virt
Valleys, Peru, 153.

slevini, Dryadophis melanolomus, 418,
419, 420, 443.

Smerinthus geminatus, 20.

Smith, Hobart M., on collections of
snakes and crocodilians made in
Mexico under the Walter Rathbone
Bacon Traveling Scholarship, 393.

smithi, Hyla, 442.

Leptodeira, 440, 442.
smithsonianus, Larus, 251.

Larus argentatus, 251.

Snakes, collected in Mexico, 393.

Snipe, Wilson’s, 249,

sobrius, Tetrastichus, 515, 572, 601.

solidaginis, Eurosta, 535, 601.

solidaginis, Tetrastichus, 511, 534, 601.

Solitaria, Tringa, 250.

Tringa solitaria, 250.
somniaria, Ellopia somniaria, 125-127,

Lambdina, 124, 127.

Lamobdina fiscellaria, 125.

Therina fervidaria, 125, 126, 127.
Sonora semiannulata blanchardi, 471,

Semiannulata semiannulata, 471.
spalix, Hylocurus, 344.

Sparrow, eastern grasshopper, 338.

eastern Savannah, 338.

western lark, 338.
sparsipunctata, Psarostola monilifera,

198.

sparverius, Falco, 243.

Falco sparverius, 243.
speciosissimus, Epitetrastichus, 510,
speciosus, Aprostoceroloides, 510.

Colymbus dominicus, 231.

Speotyto eunicularia hypugaea, 257.

Spermophila morelleti, 335.

Sphecodina abbottii, 20.

spilopteris, Tetrastichus, 515, 519 (fig.),
564, 601, 602.

Spilotes puliatus mexicanus, 471.

splendida, Lampropeltis getulus, 436.

sponsa, Catocala, 105.

Spoonbill, roseate, 235.

Sporophila torqueola, 335.

torqueola morelleti, 335.

640

spurius, Icterus, 323, 324.
squammata, Scardafella, 253.
squamosa, Tetraclita, 367.
stalactifera, Tetraclita squamosa, 367.
stanfordiensis, Tetrastichus, 606.
stejnegeri, Crotalus, 414.
stejnegerianus, Coluber constrictor, 403.
Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi, 295.
ruficollis fulvipennis, 295.
stellata, Quereus, 598.
Stenoclyptus, 348, 356.
ceanothi, 358.
rhois, 356-358.
Stenometopia, 37.
stenopetalum, Sedum, 78.
stenorhabdus, Aulacorhynchus, 269,
Stenorhina degenhardtii mexicana, 472.
freminvillii apiata, 472.
freminvillii freminvillii, 472, 473.
freminvillii lactea, 472.
Stenotarsus, 386, 387, 388.
atripennis, 386.
flavomaculatus, 387, 388.
flavoscapularis, 388.
guineensis, 386.
militaris, 387.
monrovius, 385 (fig.).
Sterna maxima, 251.
sternbergi, Polyglyphanodon, 210, 211.
Stewart, T. D., on skeletal remains with
cultural associations from Chicama,
Moche, and Virti Valleys, Peru, 153.
sticticalis, Loxostege, 10, 89.
stictoptera, Ceryle superciliosa, 267.
Chloroceryle aenea, 267.
Stigmaulax, 196.
Stilpnotia salicis, 9, 10, 20, 47.
Stilt, black-necked, 251.
Storeria dekayi anomala, 473.
dekayi dekayi, 478.
storerioides, 4738.
storerioides, Storeria, 473.
straminalis, Evergestris, 34.
streckeri, Ficimia olivacea, 429.
Streptoprocne zonaris mexicana, 261.
striata, Tantilla, 477.
striatipectus, Cyanerpes eyaneus, 310.
strigatus, Chondestes, 338.
Chondestes grammacus, 338.
Strigidae, 257.
strigosa, Ichthyura, 18.
striolatus, Masticophis flagellum, 443,
447, 448.
Strix hypugaea, 257.
strobilus, Tetrastichus, 515, 570, 600.
Strohecker, H. F., on some fungus
beetles of family Endomychidae in
the United States National Museum,
mostly from Latin America and
Philippine Islands, 881.
Strombus gracilior, 868.
Strymon calanus, 78.
falacer, 78.
melinus, 78.
stuarti, Dryadophis melanolomus, 418,
420, 421, 448.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 838

Sturmia, 40, 98.

Sturmiini, 40, 98.

Sturnella magna mexicana, 326.
mexicana, 326.

Sturnus holosericeus, 320.

subeancellata, Ervilia, 189.

subdiaphana, Cooperella, 188.

submissa, Aplomya, 2, 72, 75.
Collatia, 71, 75.
Zenillia, 71, 75.

subnitida, Micracisella, 350.

subpagana, Elainea flavogaster, 294.
Elainia, 294.

subsignarius, Hnnomos, 12, 17, 18, 20,

36

suffuseus, Saltator atriceps, 330, 332.
suleata, Pusia, 201.
sulecirostris, Crotophaga, 256.
Crotophaga sulcirostris, 256.
sulfuratus, Ramphastos, 270.
Ramphastos sulfuratus, 270.
sulphureipygius, Myiobius sulphureipy-
gius, 291.
Tyrannula, 291.
sumatrana, Senexorista, 38.
sumichrasti, Conophis, 408.
Conophis sumichrasti, 408.
Enulius, 427.
Loxocemus, 445.
Platypsaris aglaiae, 288.
Thamnophis, 485.
Thamnophis sumichrasti, 485.
superciliosa, Tyrannula, 287.
superciliosus, Tyrannus, 287.
suturalis, Micracis, 348, 350.
swainei, Micracis, 348.
Swallow, tree, 295.
Sylepta ruralis, 10.
sylvaticus, Tetrastichus, 593, 600.
Sylvia celatus, 311.
culicivora, 319.
formosa, 314.
magnolia, 313.
peregrina, 311.
philadelphia, 315.
pusilla, 311.
Sylvicola decurtata, 308, 309.
Sylviidae, 305.
sylvioides, Sittasomus, 278.
Sittasomus griseicapillus, 278.
Symphimus leucostomus, 474.
Sympholis lippiens, 474.
Synallaxis erythrothorax, 280.
erythrothorax furtiva, 280.
Synclora rubrifrontaria, 37.
Syntomosphyrum, 507, 508, 509.
Syrrhopus sp., 424.

Tachina affinis, 70, 79, 81.
confinis, 70, 75.
epicydes, 92.
excisa, 37, 38.
gnava, 37, 38, 46.
libatrix, &.
mitis, 90.
saltuum, 103.

INDEX

Tachina theclarum, 76.
thermophila, 97.
vulgaris, 31-33.
Tachinidae, 3.
taeniatus, Masticophis, 451.
Masticophis taeniatus, 450.
Taenioeampa incerta, 82.
Taenioturbo, 191.
taglinoi, Zenillia, 5, 8, 25, 27, 28.
talpacoti, Columbigallina, 253.
tamaulipensis, Creciscus ruber, 247.
Icterus gularis, 325.
Laterallus ruber, 247.
Turdus, 304.
Tanagra abbas, 327.
eyanea, 334.
(Aglaia) diaconus, 327.
gouldi gouldi, 327.
grandis, 332.
grisea, 307.
lauta lauta, 826.

(Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus, 328.

Tangavius aeneus aeneus, 320,
Tantilla atriceps, 478.
bimaculata, 474.
bocourti, 474, 478.
ecalamarina, 474,
canula, 474.
deviatrix, 478.
jani, 475.
lintoni, 478.
miniata, 475.
moesta, 475.
nigriceps fumiceps, 475.
nigriceps nigriceps, 475.
phrenitica, 476.
rubra, 476.
striata, 477.
wilcoxi rubricata, 477.
wilcoxi wileoxi, 478.
Tantillita lintoni, 478.
Tapera naevia excellens, 257.
Taraba major melanocrissus, 282,
major transandeanus, 282,
tatei, Tetrastichus, 526.
tau, Trimorphodon, 494.
taxifolia, Pseudotsuga, 571.
taylori, Leptodeira annulata, 439,
Teal, blue-winged, 235.
Tegula rugosa, 372.

tehuanae, Dryadophis melanolomus, 420.

templadaria, Therina, 149,

tenera, Cyecnia, 14.

tenere, Micrurus fulvius, 453.

tenuis, Typhlops, 496.

tenuissimus, Imantodes, 436.
Tephroclystia sp., 76.

Tephrosia virginiana, 78.
tergeminus, Sistrurus catenatus, 471.
Tern, royal, 251. -

tessellaris, Halisidota, 70.

fesserus, Tetrastichus, 513, 552, 601.
testaceus, Masticophis flagellum, 446.

567686—44—_-4

641

testudinaria, Chelonibia, 358, 372.
Cyclotoma, 381.
Tetraclita, 369.
squamosa, 367.
squamosa rubescens, 367.
squamosa stalactifera, 567.
squamosa stalactifera f. confinis,
867, 369, 372.
Tetractis cavillaria, 187.
tetraspilotus, Humorphus, 381.
Tetrastichidae, 507.
Tetrastichinae, 507.
Tetrastichini, 507.
Tetrastichodes, 507, 510.
chrysopae, 525.
detrimentosus, 580.
floridanus, 510, 554.
lasiopterae, 596.
thanasimi, 591.
tibialis, 548.
Tetrastichcidae, 506, 507.
Tetrastichoides browni, 554.
Tetrastiechus, revision of genus, 505.
Tetrastichus acutus,. 603.
aeneoviridis, 513, 547, 601.
agrili, 518, 549, 600.
ainsliei, 512, 523 (fig.), 536-538, 600,
601.
alaskensis, 603.
anthracinus, 608.
argyrus, 514, 558.
asparagi, 511, 520 (fig.), 521 (fig.),
523 (fig.), 532, 600.
atrocoeruleus, 532.
baldufi, 512, 540. 602.
banksii, 515, 573, 602.
blastophagi, 518, 595, 602.
blepyri, 580.
brevicornis, 577,
brevistigma, 511, 528 (fig.), 530, 600.
bruchophagi, 517, 520 (fig.), 524
(fig.), 585, 602.
caerulescens, 515, 522 (fig.), 568,
599-602.
ealifornicus, 578.
canadensis, 603.
carinatus, 517, 519 (fig.), 523 (fig.),
583, 601.
carpatus, 515, 566, 601.
cassidis, 514, 555, 600.
centricolae, 603.
ehlamytis, 517, 589, 600.
chrysopae, 510, 524 (fig.), 525, 599.
compsivorus, 5138, 545, G00.
cormus, 516, 519 (fig.), 520 (fig.),
524 (fig.), 579, 602.
(Pepasden odes) detrimentosus,
SO.
diarthronomyiae, 513, 547, 601.
dolosus, 515, 570, 600, 602.
doteni, 569.
dryi, 543.
dyrus, oe 519 (fig.), 523 (fig.), 541,
599.

’

epidius, 604.

642

Tetrastichus euplectri, 518, 546, 602.

faustus, 516, 582, 601.

flavipes, 604.

flavopictus, 604.

flora, 511, 521 (fig.), 533, 601.

fumipennis, 513, 521 (fig.), 524
(fig.), 5538, 601.

gala, 6U4.

gelastus, 512, 539, 599.

gerstaeckeriae, 517, 590, 600.

gibboni, 516, 519 (fig.), 574, 600.

gigas, 514, 560, 601.

granulatus, 604, 605.

haemon, 605.

hagenowii, 514, 554, 599.

hibus, 516, 582, 601.

nillmeadia, 511, 584.

holbeini, 514, 561, 600.

hunteri, 515, 522 (fig.), 567, 600.

hylotomae, 511, 520 (fig.), 524 (fig.),
531, 601, 602.

ichihyus, 511, 528, 602.

impexus, 518, 597, 602.

johnsoni, 511, 523 (fig.), 526, 602.

juniperi, 518, 597, 600.

(Geniocerus) juniperi, 587.

(Geniocerus) lasiopterae, 596.

lasvus, 518, 596, 601.

lecanii, 580.

ssus: 514, 527

longicorpus, 514, (fig.),
(fig.), 557, 601.

malacosomae, 512, 589, 600.

malophilus, 517, 585, 600.

marcovitchi, 517, 586, 600.

marylandensis, 518, 597-601, 604.

melanis, 511, 522 (fig.), 529, 600.

microcosmus, 605.

microgastri, 587.

microrhopalae, 517, 588, 600.

minutus, 516, 580 599-601.

modestus, 514, 562, 601.

nebraskensis, 518, 594, 600, 601.

neuroteri, 518, 592, 602.

oecanthivorus compar,
(fig.), 575, 599.

Oklahoma, 514, 557.

ovipransus, 512, 528 (fig.), 544, 600.

pandora, 511, 580, 600.

paracholus, 5138, 551, 600.

pattersonae, 515, 519 (fig.), 568, 602.

phegus, 514, 559, 602.

polynemae, 516, 523 (fig.), 575, 599.

productus, 5138, 550, 601.

pulchriventris, 511, 535.

punctatifrons, 515, 520 (fig.), 522
(fig.) , 524 (fig.). 572. 601.

racemarie, 516, 520 (fig.), 524 (fig.),
578, 601, 602.

radiatus, 548.

rapo, 517, 524 (fig.), 587, 601.

repulsus, 517, 584.

rileyi, 583.

rosae, 518, 595, 602.

519 520

516, 519

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

Tetrastichus rugglesi, 517, 590, 600.

saundersii, 605.

scolyti, 518, 548, 600.

scriptus, 513, 550, 602.

semiauraticeps, 514, 556.

semideae, 605.

semilongifasciatus, 511, 536,

Silvaticus, 518, 593, 600.

sobrius, 515, 572, 601.

solidaginis, 511, 534, 601.

$03) 525;) biz.

spilopteris, 515, 519 (fig.), 564, 601,
602.

stanfordiensis, 606.

strobilus, 515, 570, 600.

sylvaticus, 593, 600.

tatei, 526.

tesserus, 518, 552, 601.

thanasimi, 518, 591, 600,

theclae, 606. .

thripophonus, 510, 525, 599.

tibialis, 5138, 548, 601.

tricolor, 533.

triozae, 512, 519 (fig.), 523 (fig.),
542, 599.

trisulcatus, 606,

turionum, 515, 568, 601.

ulysses, 511, 536.

varicornis, 518, 519 (fig.), 592.

venustus, 516, 576, 601, 602.

verrucarii, 515, 522 (fig.), 565, 602.

whitmani, 512, 521 (fig.), 538, 600.

xanthomelaenae, 544, 600.

xanthops, 516, 519 (fig.), 577, 600,
602.

xanthopus, 578.
texanus, Thysanoes, 352.
texensis, Muscicapa, 287.

Myiozetetes similis,
textor, Hypena, 23.
textrinaria, Endropia, 140, 141.
Thalasseus maximus maximus, 251,
Thalictrum occidentale, 542.
Thamnophilus doliatus intermedius, 281.

doliatus mexicanus, 282.

intermedius, 281.

melanocrissus, 282.

Thamnophis angustirostris, 478.

chrysocephalus, 478,

eques cyrtopsis, 480.

eques eques, 479, 483.

macrostemma macrostemma, 480.

macrostemma megalops, 481.

marcianus, 481,

melanogaster canescens, 482.

melanogaster melanogaster, 482.

ordinoides errans, 482.

phenax halophilus, 482, 484,

phenax phenax, 482-484.

pulchrilatus, 479.

rozellae, 485.

rufipunctatus, 484.

ruthveni, 484.

gauritus chalceus, 484.

sauritus proximus, 484.

287.

INDEX

Thamnophis scalaris godmani, 485,
sealaris scaralis, 485.
sealaris sealiger, 485.
sirtalis parietalis, 485.
sumichrasti, 485.
sumichrasti praeocularis, 486.
sumichrasti sumichrasti, 485.
thanasimi, Tetrastichodes, 591.
Tetrastichus, 518, 591, 600.
Thanasimus sp., 592, 600.
trifasciatus, 592, 600.
Thaumatopoea processionea, 9, 10,
Thecla ilicis, 76.
sp., 605, 606.
theclae, Eulophus, 606.
Tetrastichus, 606.
theclarum, Aplomya, 72, 73, 76.
Exorista, 76.
Tachina, 76.

Thelymyia, 1, 355, 32, 71,98, 103, 106.

curriei, 104.
erecta, 104, 105.
loweii, 103.
saltuum, 104, 105.
Therapis evonymaria, 83.
Therina, 115.
athasiaria, 130.
atomaria, 149.
axion, 118.
axona, 118.
bada, 148.
betala, 148.
blandaria, 145.
calidaria, 128.
cavillaria, 137.
coalitaria, 149.
endropiaria, 141, 142.
fasciaria, 115, 116.
fatuaria, 141, 142.
fervidaria, 122.
fervidaria somniaria, 125-127.
fiscellaria, 123-125, 127.
fiscellaria johnsoni, 123, 124.
fiscellaria peccataria, 128, 124.
hyalinaria, 144.
laeta, 128.
lugubrosa, 126.
mariaria, 148.
modica, 148.
munda, 148.
negata, 138.
nomia, 148.
nudata, 150.
pardiria, 149.
petlucidaria, 131.
perpectinata, 146.
punctata, 134.
punctillaria, 149.
semiundaria, 130.
templadaria, 149.
vitraria, 132.
thermophila, Piaya, 256.
Piaya cayana, 256.
Sisyropa, $8.
Tachina, 97,

643

thoe, Lycaena, 78.

thompsoni, Oxexorista, 48, 98-101.

thoracica (f.), Malaeosoma disstria

erosa, 12.

Thraupidae, 326.

Thraupis abbas, 327.
episcopus diaconus, 327.

Threskiornithidae, 235.

Thriothorus maculipectus, 300.

thripophonus, Tetrastichus, 510, 525,

599.

Thrush, russet-backed, 305.
western olive-backed, 305.
wood, 304.

thuiella, Argyresthia, 569.

thujaella, Recurvaria, 569.

Thymus, 509.

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 20,

Thysanoes, 342, 343, 351, 355, 363.
berchemiae, 351, 352.
fimbricornis, 351.
lobdelli, 351, 352.
retamae, 352, 354.
teranus, 352.
vachelliae, 352, 353.
xylophagus, 351, 352.

Thysanoptera, 599.

Tiaris olivacea pusilla, 334.
pusillus, 384.

tibialis, Chrysophryze, 6, 8, 26, 106.

tibialis, Tetrastichodes, 548.
Tetrastichus, 513, 548, 601.

tiliaria, Hrannis, 36.

Tinamidae, 228.

Tinamus boucardi, 230.
major percautus, 228.
major robustus, 228, 229.
meserythrus, 229,

tineta, Anachis, 198.

Tinctora, 188.

Tinea fuscipunctella, 567, 601.
pellionella, 566, 601.

Tineola baselliella, 566, 601.

titea. Phigalia, 18.

Tityra personata, 283.
semifasciata personata, 283, 284.

Todirostrum cinereigulare, 293.
cinereum finitimum, 293.
sehistaceiceps, 293.
sylvia schistaceiceps, 293.

Tolmomyias sulphurescens cinereiceps,

292.

Toluca conica, 486.
lineata acuta, 487, 489, 491.
lineata lineata, 486, 489-492.
lineata varians, 487, 488 (fig.), 489,

491.
lineata wetmorei, 489.

toreta, Peristichia, 195.

torquata, Alcedo, 266.
Hypsiglena, 4383.
Megaceryle torquata, 266.

torquatus, Pipilo, 337.

Pteroglossus torquatus, 270.
Ramphastos, 270.
torqueola, Sporophila, 335.

644

Totanus flavipes, 250.
melanoleucus, 250.
solitarius cinnamomeus, 250.
traillii, Empidonax traillii, 290.
Muscicapa, 290.
transandeanus, Taraba major, 282.
transversa, Natrix erythrogaster, 454.
trapezina, Calymnia, 90.
tremula, Pheosia, 57.
triaspis, Elaphe, 427.
Tricarcelia, 38, 39.
Trichaporoidella, 509.
Trichaporus, 506-508.
aeneoviridis, 547.
trichas, Geothlypis trichas, 315.
Turdus, 315.
Trichas brachidactylus, 315,
Trichiosoma sp., 94.
trichiosomae, Aplomya, 72, 74, 94.
Trichocera, 509.
Trichoceras, 507, 509.
erythrophthalmus, 509.
tricolor, Epitetrastichus, 533.
Pusiolina, 201.
Tetrastichus, 533.
tridens, Acronicta, 82.
trifasciatus, Thanasimus, 592, 600.
trigonus, Balanus, 367, 369.
trilinearia, Metanema, 140, 141.
Trimeresurus garciai, 398.
nasutus, 400.
Trimetopon, 465, 466.
Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus, 492,
493.
biscutatus semirutus, 492.
collaris, 498.
fasciolata, 493.
forbesi, 4938.
lambda, 493.
paucimaculatus, 493.
tau, 494.
upsilon, 494.
vilkinsonii, 494.
Tringa longicauda, 249.
macularia, 250.
minutilla, 250.
solitaria, 250.
solitaria cinnamomea, 250.
solitaria solitaria, 250.
Trinidad, new species of buprestid bee-
tles of genus Agrilus from, 875.
trinidadensis, Agrilus, 379.
Trioza citri, 543.
sp., 5389, 542, 599.
triozae, Tetrastichus, 512, 519 (fig.), 523
(fig.), 542, 599.
tripartita, Abrostola, 58.
Triphasius, 506.
triplasia, Abrostola, 58,
Triptychus, 195.
biseriata, 195.
niveus, 195.
trisectus, Crambus, 87.
triseriatus, Crotalus triseriatus, 414.
trisetosa, Aplomya, 72, 78.
Exorista, 78.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 93

trisetosa, Zenillia, 78.
trisulcatus, Tetrastichus, 606.
trivirgata, Conopias trivirgata, 287.
Trochilidae, 261.
Trochilus candidus, 262.
colubris, 261.
hemileucurus, 263.
prevostii, 262.
tzacatl, 262.
Trochoideus, 391.
americanus, 391.
coelo-antennatus, 385 (fig.), 391.
desjardinsi, 391.
Troglodytes aédon, 300.
aédon aédon, 300.
aédon parkmanii, 309.
leucogastra, 301.
parkmanii, 300.
Troglodytidae, 299,
Trogon collaris puella, 265.
massena, 266.
massena massena, 266.
melanocephalus, 265.
melanocephalus melanocephalus,
265.
puella, 265,
sallaei, 265.
violaceus sallaei, 265.
Trogonidae, 265.
trophonia, Pusia, 201.
Tropidodipsas occidentata, 496.
philippii, 496.
sartorii annulatus, 495.
sartorii sartorii, 494, 496.
truncatoria, Isturgia, 19, 20, 22.
Tsuga, 124, 126, 127, 130.
tueumanensis, Zenillia, 5, 7, 21.
turbataria, Ellopia, 123.
Turbo canaliculatus, 191,
Turbonilla, 195.
turbulenta, Phosphila, 18, 20.
Turdidae, 308.
Turdus assimilis, 303.
assimilis leucauchen, 223, 303.
cestulatus, 305.
grayi, 304.
grayi grayi, 304.
leucauchen, 303.
migratorius, 303.
migratorius migratorius, 303.
migratorius phillipsi, 308.
motacilla, 314.
mustelinus, 304.
tamaulipensis, 304.
trichas, 315.
ustulatus, 305.
virens, 316.
turionum, Entedon, 568.
Eulophus, 568.
Tetrastichus, 515, 568, 601.
turtoni, Natica, 196.
Turuptiana permaculata, 52.
Tychius lineellus, 570, 600.
Typherini, 5.
typhicola, Geothlypis trichas, 315.
typhla, Dendrocincla anabatina, 278.

INDEX

Typhlops basimaculatus, 496.
braminus, 497.
microstomus, 497.
tenuis, 496.

Tyrannidae, 284.

Tyrannula cinerascens, 289.
fiaviventris, 290.
minima, 291.
sulphureipygius, 291.
superciliosa, 287.

Tyrannus chloronotus, 285.
couchii, 286.
melancholicus chloronotus, 285,
melancholicus couchii, 227, 285,

286.

(Milvulus) monachus, 285.
superciliosus, 287.

tzacatl, Amazilia tzacatl, 262-264.
Trochilus, 262.

ulmi, Fenusa, 578, 602.
ulysses, Aprostocetus, 536.
Tetrastichus, 511, 536.
undulata, Calocalpe, 20.
Quercus, 593.
undulatus, Bothrops, 401.
undulosa, Ceratomia, 16.
unicolor, Drymarchon corais, 423.
Enulius, 427.
Myadestes unicolor, 223, 304.
Myiadestes, 304.
unio, Huthisanotia, 101.
unipuncta, Cirphis, 86, 37.
unipunctata, Physonota, 588, 600.
Upper Cretaceous of Utah, new fossil
reptile from, 109.
osteology of lizards from, 209.
upsilon, Trimorphodon, 494,
urichi, Liothrips, 526, 599.
urticae, Vanessa, 82.
Urubitinga ridgwayi, 240.
ustulata, Hylocichla ustulata, 305.
ustulatus, Turdus, 805.
Uta gadovi, 469.
Utah, new fossil reptile from Upper
Cretaceous of, 109.
osteology of Upper
lizards from, 209.
utahensis, Paraglyphanodon, 209, 210
(fig.), 211, 218,
Quercus, 128.
uzeli, Gynaikothrips, 526, 599.

Cretaceous

Vachellia farnesiana, 354.

vachelliae, Thysanoes, 352, 3538.

valens, Zenillia, 98.

valida, Natrix, 455. |

Vanessa atalanta, 12, 18, 20, 101, 568,
601

cordui, 12, 19, 20.

Sp: 12:

urticae, 82.
vanhyningi, Arene, 192.
varia, Mniotilta, 311.

Motacilla, 311.

645

varians, Neuroterus, 566, 602.
Toluca lineata, 487, 488 (fig.), 489,
491.

variaria, Hucaterva, 16.
variata, Pusia, 201.
varicornis, Epitetrastichus, 592.
Tetrastichus, 518, 519 (fig.), 592.
variegata, Elaenia, 286.
Ficimia, 429,
variegaticeps, Anabazenops, 280.
Xenicopsoides montanus, 223, 280,
variegatus, Legatus leucophaius, 227,
286.
variolosus, Masticophis flagellum, 443,
448.
velox, Accipiter striatus, 238.
Falco, 238.
Veniliornis fumigatus Sanguinolentus,
2218 Dal,
venustissimus, Erythrolamprus, 428.
venustus, Tetrastichus, 516, 576, 601,
602.
Veracruz, Mexico, birds of, 215.
veraecrucis, Centurus aurifrons,
275-277.
Dryadophis melanolomus, 421.
Melanerpes dubius, 273, 275.
Phaethornis longirostris, 264.
vermivora, Motacilla, 311.
Vermivora celata celata, 311.
peregrina, 311.
vermivorus, Helmitheros, 811.
Vermivorus pinus, 311.
vernata, Paleacrita, 570, 602.
verrucarii, Tetrastichus, 515, 522 (fig.),
565, 602.
verrucarum, Neuroterus, 541, 566, 602.
verticalis, Phlyctaenodes, 10.
vestalis, Crepitacella, 194.
vetula, Ortalis vetula, 244.
Penelope, 244, 245.
viduus, Conophis yittatus, 408.
vilkinsonii, Trimorphodon, 494
villica, Arctia, 82.
villosella, Pachytelia, 82.
vincinaria, Ellopia, 149.
vinitor, Dendrophidion, 415, 416 (fig.).
violacea, Ardea, 234.
Nyctanassa violacea, 234.
virens, Dendroica virens, 313.
Icteria virens, 316,
Motacilla, 313.
Turdus, 316.
virenticeps, Atlapetes, 337, .
Vireo, white-eyed, 307.
yellow-green, 227.
yellow-throated, 808.
Vireo flavifrons, 308.
flavoviridis, 307.
flavoviridis flavoviridis, 227, 307.
flavoviridis hypoleucus, 308.
griseus griseus, 307.
olivaceus, 307, 808.
olivaceus hypoleucus, 308.
Vireonidae, 307.

273,

646

Vireosylvia flavoviridis, 307.
virescens, Ardea, 233.
Aulacorhynchus, 269.
Butorides virescens, 233.
virginiana, Quercus, 128.
Tephrosia, 78.
virginica, Diacrisia, 49, 63, 81.
viridis, Chrysoexorista, 4, 6, 26, 106, 107.
Crotalus viridis, 415.
Zenillia, 5, 8, 26.
virilis, Zenillia, 5, 6, 7, 17, 19, 20.
Zenillia blanda, 17.
visoninus, Adelphicos
396.
yitraria, Ellopia, 131.
Lambdina athasaria, 131-133.
Therina, 1382.
vittatus, Conophis vittatus, 408.
yivida, Xanthoura yncas, 296.
yociferus, Caprimulgus, 261.
Caprimulgus vociferus, 261.
Charadrius, 249.
Oxyechus yociferus, 249.
Psilorhinus mexicanus, 299.
Volatinia jacarina atronitens, 335, 339.
jacarini atronitens, 339.
yulgaris, Blepharidea, 33.
Pxorista, 33, 35.
Phryxe, 32, 33, 35, 36.
Tachina, 31-33.
Zenillia, 33, 35, 37.
yulpina, Acronicta leporina, nt
Vultur aura, 237.
papa, 236.
Vulture, black, 236.

quadrivirgatus,

Warbler, Alaska yellow, 312.
Alaskan myrtle, 318.
black and white, 311.
black-throated green, 313.
blue-winged, 311.

Canada, 318.
golden pileolated, 317.
hooded, 317.
Lichtenstein’s, 228.
magnolia, 313.
mourning, 315.
Newfoundland yellow, 312.
northern parula, 311.
northern pileolated, 317.
orange-crowned, 311.
sycamore, 314.
Tennessee, 311.
Wilson’s, 317.
worm-eating, 311.
warszewiczi, Dives, 322.
Wasps, North American,
genus Tetrastichus, 505.

Water-thrush, Louisiana, 314.

Water-turkey, 252.

websteri, Asphondylia, 572, 577, 601.

westwoodi, Malacomyza (Aleuronia),
569, 599.

Wetmore, Alexander, on birds of south-

ern Veracruz, Mexico, 215.
wetmorei, Toluca lineata, 489.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

parasitic, of |

VOL. 93

Whip-poor-will, eastern, 261.

whitmani, Aprostocetus, 538.
Tetrastichus, 512, 521 (fig.), 538,

600.

wilcoxi, Tantilla wilcoxi, 478.

willardi, Crotalus, 415.

Wilsonia canadensis, 318.
citrina, 317.
pusilla chryseola, 317.
pusilla pileolata, 317.
pusilla pusilla, 317.

Winthemia, 40.

Woodpecker, downy, 271.

Wren, eastern house, 300.
western house, 800.

xanthogenys, Atlapetes brunnei-nucha,
336.
xanthoides, Lycaena, 78.
xanthomelaena, Galerucella, 530, 545,
600.
xanthomelaenae, Oomyzus, 544.
Tetrastichus, 544, 600,
xanthops, Entedon, 577.
Eulophus, 577.
Geniocerus, 577.
Tetrastichus, 516, 519 (fig.), 577,
600, 602.
xanthopus, Tetrastichus, 578.
XNanthornus prosthemelas, 324.
Xanthoura yneas centralis, 296.”
yncas luxuosa, 296.
yneas maya, 296.
yneas vivida, 296.
Xenicopsoides montanus variegaticeps,
223, 280.
Xenodon mexicanus, 497.
Xenops mexicanus, 280.
minutus mexicanus, 280.
xerene, Microrhopala, 589, 600.
Xiphorhynehus flavigaster eburneiros-
tris, 278.
megarhynchus, 279.
xylophagus, Thysanoes, 351, 352.

yalensis, Carcelia, 40, 43, 69,
Yellowlegs, greater, 250.
lesser, 250.
Yellowthroat, Athens, 315.
Maryland, 315.
northern, 315.
ypsilon, Agrotis, 44.
yucatanensis, Leptodeira yucatanensis,
442.
Leptophis mexicanus, 444,
Nyctidromus albicollis, 259.
Piculus rubiginosus, 273.
Picus, 273.
yucatanicus, Bothrops, 401.
yumensis, Lampropeltis getulus, 436.

Zamenis conirostris, 405.

Zanassarina, 198.

zeledoni, Cancroma, 234.
Cochlearius cochlearius, 234.

Zenaida asiatica asiatica, 252.

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 25

INDEX

=4

sy
macroura marginella, 252.

Zenillia, 1-6, 32, 38, 71, 72, 97, 98, 103.

affinis, 79.

amplexa, 58-60, 68, 65, 67, 69.
angustata, 5, 6, 12.
angustifrons, 5, 8, 24, 30, 107.
anguStivitta, 107.
autographae, 5, 7, 23.
blanda, 5, 7, 19, 21-24.
blanda blanda, 19, 22, 23.
blanda virilis, 17.
blandita, 5, 18.

boarmiae, 5, 7, 21, 28.
caesar, 86, 88.
ceratomiae, 13, 15.
cheloniae, 50, 55.
coerulea, 92, 93.

confinis, 77.

coquilletti, 12, 13.
crassiseta, 84.

eurriei, 104-106.

dawsoni, 5, 8, 24, 29.
desmiae, 5, 7, 16.
epicydes, 92.

«
a

647

Zenillia fronto, 96.

fulyoris, 5, 6, 8, 24.
futilis, 5, 6, 11.

helvina, $1.

hyphantriae, 5, 7, 15, 16.
inflatipalpis, 45.

libatrix, 5, 6, 8.

lineata, 5, 8, 26, 27.
marginata, 5, 8, 24, 29, 30.
ochracea, 5, 8, 24, 25, 28, 30.
polita, 90.

porcula, 5.

protuberans, 51, 54.
pullata, 5.

reclinata, 48, 50.
setinervis, 83.

sp., 61, 65, 67, 69, 94, 95, 101.
submissa, 71, 75.
taglinoi, 5, 8, 25, 27, 28.
trisetosa, 78.
tucumanensis, 5, 7, 21.
valens, 98.

viridis, 5, 8, 26.

Winilis; by 6%, Lied 20;
vulgaris, 33, 35, 37.

euchaetiae, 5, 6, 138.
eudryae, 48, 89, 101, 103.
facialis, 5, 8, 28.
formosa, 43, 98,

Zephyrus quercus, 76.

zonata, Aplomya, 70.

zunilensis, Micrurus nigrocinctus, 454.
Zygocarcelia, 38.

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