Spee a eee Se a NED / a a an ee Sr pe ree An i ee A ene SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ad s PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 94 ce He Are, U, a TN x Hin Soy UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1944 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and re- visions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The present volume is the ninety-fourth of this series. The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consists of a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoo- logical groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar na- ture. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes un- der the heading Contributions from the United States National Her- barium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Acting Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. CONTENTS Pages Bracxman, M. W. New species of, American scolytoid beetles, mostly Neotropical. No. 3174. November 22, 1943 *_-___- 371-899 New genus: Carphobius. New species: Cnesinus cubensis, C. panamensis, OC. cognatus, C. robai, C. similis, C. foveatus, C. substrigatus, 0. nitidus, Camp- tocerus boliviae, C. quadridens, Ceratolepis nubilus, Hexacolus swieteniae, H. levis, Prionosceles ingae, P. spadix, Phloeotribus manni, P. argentinae, P. boliviae, P. harringtoni, P. jujuya, Renocis chapini, Chramesus panamensis, Phrizosoma magna, P. obesa, P. parva, Leperisinus hoferi, L. oregonus, Phloeosinus blackwelderi, Carphobius arizonicus. GaHAn, A. B. Revisions of two genera of chalcid-flies belong- ing to the family Eupelmidae from North and South America. INowsiits. November 26, 004340 ter. oo 339-369 New species: Arachnophaga hirtibasis, A. costalis, A. nocua, A. opaca, A. scutata, A. frontalis, A, aldrichi, A. ferruginea, A. ab- strusa, Encyrtaspis adjunctus. New combinations: Arachnophaga longiceps (Brues), Encyrtaspis laticeps (Brues), H. californicus (Ashmead). HrouicKa, Aur’. Catalog of human crania in the United States National Museum collections: Non-Eskimo people of the Northwest coast, Alaska, and Siberia. April 6, 1944*_____- 1-172 Ross, Epwarp S. A revision of the Embioptera, or web-spin- ners, of the New World. No. 3175. January 19, 19447__ 401-504 New genera: Microembia, Neorhagadochir, Schizembia, Idioembia. New subgenera: Protochelicera, Dilobocerca. New species: Calamoclostes gurneyi, Microembia rugosifrons, Ne- orhagadochir inflata, Pararhagadochir schadei, P. confusa, P. davisi, P. surinamensis, Saussurembia symmetrica, Mesembia aequalis, Schizembia grandis, S. minuta, 8S. callani, Chelicerca (Protochelicerca) dampfi, C. (Chelicerca) nodulosa, Idioembia producta, Oligembia (Oligembia) buscki, O. (O.) peruviana, O. (O.) darlingtoni, O. (O.) bicolor, O. (O) unicolor, O. (O.) mela- nura, O. (O.) armata, O. (Dilobocerca) lobata, O. (D.) jalapae, O. (D.) chiapae, O. (D.) excisa, O. (D.) emarginata, O. (D.) gigantea, O. (D.) nigrina, O. (D.) plauwmanni, O. (D.) vandykei, O. (D.) caribbeana. New combinations: Neorhagadochir salvini (McLachlan), Para- rhagadochir birabeni (Navas), Chelicerca (Chelicerca) davisi (Ross), C. (C.) wheeleri (Melander), C. (C.) heymonsi (Ender- lein), C. (Dactylocerca) rubra (Ross), Idioembia banksi (Davis). 1 Date of publication. Iit IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Pages Scuuttz, Leonarp P. The catfishes of Venezuela, with descrip- tions of thirty-eight new forms. No. 3172. February 11, POS ee eet ee ee ee 173-338 New subfamily: Sorubiminae. New genera: Sovichthys, Perrunichthys, Dupouyichthys, Triden- similis, Doraops, Spatuloricaria. New species: Sovichthys abuelo, Pimelodella linami, Cetopsorham- dia shermani, C. picklei, C. orinogo, Perrunichthys perruno, Platy- silurus malarmo, Ageneiosus freiei, Dupouyichthys sapito, Pygi- dium emanueli, Tridensimilis venezuelae, Doraops zuloagai, Astroblepus phelpsi, Chaetostoma tachiraensis, Pseudancistrus torbesensis, Panaque suttoni, Cochliodon pospisili, Lasiancistrus maracaiboensis, Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis, Spatuloricaria phelpsi. New subspecies: Pseudopimelodus villosus butcheri, Pimelodus clarias coprophagus, P. grosskopfii navarroi, Pimelodella chagresi odynea, Megalonema platycephalum psammium, Trachycorystes insignis peloichthys, Hoplomyzon atrizona petroleus, Pseudoce- topsis plumbeus orinoco, P. p. motatanensis, Pygidium emanueli emanueli, P. e. motatanensis, P. banneaui maracaiboensis, Chae- tostoma anomala sovichthys, Pseudancistrus pediculatus cobren- sis, Ancistrus triradiatus martini, A. brevifilis bodenhameri, Loricaria wracantha rupestre, L. variegata venezuelae, L. gyumnogaster lagoichthys. Tinxuam, Ernest R. Twelve new species of Chinese leaf- katydids of the genus XYiphidiopsis. No. 3176. April 29, POFFO ee ee 505-527 New species: Xiphidiopsis yachowensis, X. grahami, X. kweicho- wensis, X. phyllocerca, X. megafurcula, X. szechwanensis, X. spathulata, X. gurneyi, X. appendiculata, X. sinensis, X. trans- versa, X. emarginata. Witson, CuArtes Brancn. Parasitic copepods in the United States National Museum. No. 3177. July 10, 19441_____ 529-582 New genera: Unicalteutha, Ostrincola, Parmulodes, Pestifer, Ler- naeosolea, Paeonodes. New species: Lepeophtheirus christianensis, L. eminens, L. mar- cepes, Unicalteutha ovalis, Ostrincola gracilis, Parmulodes ver- rucosa, Pestifer agilis, Brachiella squali, Lernaeosolea lycodis, Paeonodes exiguus, Argulus intectus, A. longicaudatus, A. luna- tus, A. rotundus. New variety: Argulus megalops spinosus. New name: Argulus diversus. 1 Date of publication. =I 10. a 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. G 18. 19. 20-27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Following p . Sovichthys abuelo, new genus and species ; Pseudopimelodus vil- losus butcheri, new subspecies ; Pimelodus grosskopfii navarroi, new subspecies; Pimelodella linami, new species___---_-----_ . Pimelodella chagresi odynea, new subspecies ; Megalonema platy- cephalum psammium, new subspecies; Cetopsorhamdia sher- mani, new species; C. picklei, new species__-_-__-----__-__- . Cetopsorhamdia orinoco, new species; Perrunichthys perruno, new genus and species; Platysilurus malarmo, new species_- . Trachycorystes insignis peloichthys, new subspecies ; Ageneiosus freiei, new species; Hoplomyzon atrizona petroleus, new sub- species; Dupouyichthys sapito, new genus and species____-_ . Pseudocetopsis plumbeus orinoco, new subspecies; P. p. mota- tanensis, new subspecies; Pygidium emanueli emanueli, new Species andisubspeciess.2:=- 22 te oe A Ss 1 . Pygidium emanueli motatanensis, new subspecies; P. banneaut maracaiboensis, new subspecies ; Tridensimilis venezuelae, new genus and species.----- =~ - nnn ee . Doraops zuloagai, new genus and species; Chaetostoma tachi- raensis, new species; Astroblepus phelpsi, new species______~-~ . Chaetostoma anomala sovichthys, new subspecies; Pseudanci- Strus tOTnDeEsensis,.. NeW» SPECICS=2- == See ee eee . Pseudancistrus pediculatus cobrensis, new subspecies ; Ancistrus triradiatus martini, new subspecieS._-—_.___-+--_-.-----i-_=- Ancistrus brevifilis bodenhameri, new subspecies; Panaque sut- toni, new species; Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis, new species— Lasiancistrus maracaiboensis, new species; Cochliodon pospisili, NEW SDCCLOS=2 8 See 2 OE ee ee eee ee Loricaria uracantha rupestre, new subspecies; L. variegata wenezielae, new subspecies 24.45 222. = eee a 5 eee Loricaria gymnogaster lagoichthys, new subspecies_—-_-----__ Spatuloricaria phelpsi, new genus and species__---------------- New. Species; of \Cnesiius. 22 ao ee A Se New species of Camptocerus and Hexacolus_______--_--------_ New species of Phloeotribus, Phrixosomda, and Carphobius______ Wings of Clothoda urichi intermedia (Davis) and Pararhaga- dochir trinttatis: (Saussure) = 22-22. e ee eee Wings of Oligembia gigantea, new species, and Schizembia grandis, new genus andi species= += yee ee ee SPeClES TOR FAG: CHU sae a ee ae Ee ee ee ee Species of; Lepcopn theirs se ee ee ee Species of Dysgamus and Lepeophtheirus______--_____-__---__- Species of Krgyerina, Paeonodes, and Lernaeosolea__-_-__-----_ Species of Lepeophtheirus and Achtheinus_______-___----_--_--- 34. Species of Unicalteutha and Ostrincola_______-_______---___- Be Vv age 204 204 236 236 252 316 316 316 332 332 504 582 582 582 582 582 582 582 582 vI 23-31. 32-45. 46-51. 52-60. 61-63. 64-66. 67-75. 76-82. 83-88. 89-91. 92-97. 98-101. 102-107. 108-117. 118-120. 121-126. 127-129. 130-188. 139-141. 142-150. 151-156. 157. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM TEXT FIGURES . Map of the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela, showing localities where catfishes were collected in 1942__._______ = . Pimelodus clarias coprophagus, new subspecies_____-_-------- . Sketches of the toothed areas in roof of mouth of various species of South American Pimelodidaes== 2s). a . Sketches of the underside of head of two Venezuelan Bunocepha- RGR Sy eat ah EU eet EE Niles = oe a YS es ee eee eo! . Sketch of air bladder of Doraops zuloagai, new species________ . Clothoda urichi intermedia Davis, C. u. wrichi (Saussure), and Oaequicercata -(Mnderlein) 2 ee . Neorhagadochir inflata, new genus and species: Calamoclostes gurneyi, new species; and Microembia rugosifrons, new genus and. Speciese.« hs 22k Se ee eee ee Pararhagadochir trinitatis subsp. ?, P. t. trinitatis (Saussure), angle: trintiatis subsp* (eee es eee eee wee Pararhagadochir trachelia (Navas), P. birabeni (Navas), and P tenuis (Hnderlein i SS Soe ae ee eee a eee eee, i ee Pararhagadochir confusa, new species, and P. schadei, new Species. ee ee ee ee ee ee Pararhagadochir dawisi, new species, and P. surinamensis, new Species: 22 LAC = eee ae tee Saussurembia symmetrica, new species____-__________--_______ Mesembia aequalis, new species2_-__ a ee Schizembia grandis, new genus and species; S. minuta, new species; and 8. callani, new species_.-__-_-______--_________- Anisembia' venosa (Banks) 222 a ee ee Chelicerca (Protochelicerca) dampfi, new subgenus and species, and C. (Chelicerca) nodulosa, new species________-_-______- Chelicerca (Chelicerca) wheeleri (Melander)_—-_---_--________- Idioembia banksi (Davis) and I. producta, new species_____-__~ Oligembia hubbardi (Hagen) and O. brevicauda Ross__----_--__ Oligembia buscki, new species, and O. peruviana, new species__ Oligembia bicolor, new species; O. darlingtoni, new species; and OF wnicolor; newiSpecics === ae ae ee ee eee Oligembtia melanura; new species. eee aa eee Oligembia armata, new specicse a eee eee Oligembia lobata, new speciese es 2 rh sae ee eee Oligembia emarginata, new species ; O. chiapae, new species; and O. jalapaee, new species. - 24s Si tee ee) ae eae Ougembiatexcisa, New Species: see ee eee Oligembia plaumanni, new species; O. gigantea, new species; and. 0. nigrina, new species. 21 Suma ee ee Oligembia vandykei, new species, and O. caribbeana, new species— New species of Xiphidiopsis Redtenbacher___~-----__-------___ VOL, 94 432 436 435 442 447 450 453 456 463 464 466 471 ATS 478 480 483 486 490 517 a oO aa - "a Se ) cae CF | panne ne ae © @ TT ee ee as ag OF Ot ae a 7 > »y ¢ Ps ' - ’ 9 a = 2 AN = a os os en oe | ae nal ise ae 7 a ae - tan / 7 : : a. 7 oe” >: Tr a Ni a = y mtn we » Pee “7 az ne i as by en a - i : a a..% 7 ff , SS) = |!) aan a _ & : ie i. , en 1 es 7 7 7 ar} i” vf A ah - eo rie ra a (we So eee “i SARE 2 Pe. 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NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 94 Washington: 1944 No. 3171 CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM COLLECTIONS: NON-ESKIMO PEOPLE OF THE NORTHWEST COAST, ALASKA, AND SIBERIA By Aves HrpiiéKa* INTRODUCTION THE present catalog of crania is the seventh and concluding part of a work describing the large and valuable collections of human skulls in the United States National Museum. Its object, as that of all the previous parts, is to furnish American and other students of man with reliable, detailed measurements, made by the same experienced observer, using tested methods and standard instruments, as the basis of future studies and the solution of anthropological problems. The data given herein are supplemented by those obtained by me in various Russian institutions, principally the anthropological museums at Leningrad and Moscow and the City Museum at Irkutsk. They extend to the Indian and other non-Eskimo populations of the North- west Coast of North America, Alaska (including Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Islands), and Siberia. The extension of the catalog to the Siberian materials grew gradually in urgency, for as the work progressed evidence pointed more and more to northern Asia as the source of the original American Indian population. Since it was of prime importance that the data be col- lected and collated by the same observer and by the same methods as those for the North American skulls, I made a trip to the Soviet Union, including Siberia, in 1939. All possible facilities and aid were accorded *Dr. Hrdlitka died on September 5, 1943, a few days after galley proofs of this paper were received from the printer.—EDITOR. 533194441 1 ¢ 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 me by the Russian scientists, and as a result I was able to examine a considerable number of Siberian crania from all periods of occupation. In view of the importance of some of this material, particularly that from the neolithic and more modern periods, the gist of the observa- tions, with some details, was published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (vol. 29, pp. 435-481, 1942); but the detailed measurements of all except the prehistoric specimens were reserved for the present publication. Meanwhile there was published also the final catalog of the Eskimo crania (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 91, pp. 169-429, 1942). It was once hoped that this series of catalogs might be extended also to cranial materials from Mexico, Central America, the Antilles, and South America, but except for Peru the collections from these regions are still scarce, much of these vast territories being entirely unrepre- sented. For the present, therefore, nothing systematic covering these areas is feasible. It may be useful to show the field covered by the six previous catalogs. These were as follows: 1. The Eskimo, Alaska and Related Indians, Northeastern Asiatics: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 12, 51 pp., 1924. (Long out of print and wholly replaced by the 1942 catalog on the Eskimo in general and by the present number.) 2. The Algonkin and Related Iroquois, Siouan, Caddoan, Salish and Sahaptin, Shoshonean, and Californian Indians: Jbid., vol. 69, art. 5, 127 pp., 1927. 3. Australians, Tasmanians, South African Bushmen, Hottentots, and Negro: Jbid., vol. 71, art. 24, 140 pp., 1928. 4. Pueblos, Southeastern Utah Basket-makers, Navaho: Ibid., vol. 78, art. 2, 95 pp., 1931. 5. Indians of the Gulf States: Jbid., vol. 87, pp. 315-464, 1940. 6. Eskimo in General: Jbid., vol. 91, pp. 169-429, 1942. Meanwhile, since 1926, important collections were gathered in Alaska and the neighboring parts of the Northwest Coast on the Indian and other non-Eskimo groups of the region. These included materials from two hitherto unknown large groups, the Pre-Koniag of Kodiak Island and the Pre-Aleuts of the Aleutian Archipelago. The detailed measurements of the crania of all these are given in the present catalog. This includes, therefore, data on the crania from the following localities: 1. The Northwest Coast. 7. Kodiak Island (Koniag). 2. Southeastern Alaska. 8. Kodiak Island (Pre-Koniag). 3. Southwestern Alaska. 9. Aleutian Islands (Aleut). 4. The Yukon. 10. Aleutian Islands (Pre-Aleut). 5. Shageluk Slough. 11. Siberia. 6. The Alaska Peninsula. e CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA—HRDLICKA 3 The methods of measurement were outlined in the 1942 catalog on the Eskimo in general, and comparisons as well as other details are given in the same catalog and also in two papers now in press.! The present data will require, therefore, but little discussion. This will be found at the conclusion of this paper. 1 “Anthropology of Kodiak Island” and ‘‘Anthropology of the Aleutian and Commander Islands,” Wistar Institute, Philadelphia. 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Measurement eerste Lal Group A | Group B | Group C | Group A | Group B | Group C (31) (61) 12) 29) (29) (24) Approximate age of subject__- { 44.0 44,2 C3 Coa 34.2 30.5 Vault: { (31) (61) (12) (29) (29) (24) Lengtlit: coma cathe tt ee 18.37 7.88 17. 86 ae 4 16. 87 ) 1 ) 9 Breadth ------------------ { dt 70 ds 21 ane A 14. 39 4.75 31) 6 12) Height.------------------ j320 Gkis | cdg a 8 12. 67 ae ‘ 3 5 1 Cranial Inder_.--.------------ { Gat gst ae a 16 ae ial ; 31 ) 12) 29) 9 Mean height inder_--.--------- { & 16 ae rs Ay Hee 81 ne 81 a 29 ; 3 1 1 Cranial module-_.------------ 1 . 57 a 58 a 58 oe 84 Oss 80 Gas : 5 12) 2 Coneeity, oo noone ere eene------- r are 5 1, ae 1, oe 1, CE 9 1, aay 1, a : 1 14) 1 Total height__------------ (298 a 99 12 73 ee ps 64 a 70 5 47 ) 5 Ea or (30) ca ( a cay 29) (22) 3 1 Maximum breadth... { 14. 29 ee 14.58 a 18 a 22 13 26 ee 1 14) ) Facial indez, total_-------- { & 40 o 40 s 52 ae eae ee : 26 4 ) 5 2 eR ae En eras { Bor 55.16 54.15 54. 88 68. 45 53.08 Basion-Alveolar point....-|{ 0 “oo war ath hy i ; ; 3 6 12) ; Basion-Subnasal point____ { oh 93 8. 83 Be ai 49 ( 8.40 a Saas 1) 60) 1 9) 29) Basion-Nasion__---.------ { wae ae iM 75 os 64 oe eo : 2 3) 5 Facial angle....---.------- { (9.75 8,55 68,25 oa ae sa 26) ) Alveolar angle__-------------- { 55. 33 54. 20 50. 44 53. 37 52. 84 52. 82 Orbits, height: { (31) (60) (11) (29) (27) (23) ight nebo ee coh ot 3. 61 3. 59 3. 58 3. 49 3.42 3.47 Left (29) (59) (10) (29) (28) (24) oa 3. 61 3. 61 3 3. 5 3.4 3. 48 Breadth fF . 53) (60) (11) (29) (27) (23) ea at f (29 ‘ ( a) a0) (28 by ( 8) at 29) 5 0 ) 2 Wefbs coteeacaee ee sae soe 3.8 3. 87 3 ay; 3. 69 Indez: { (31) (60) (11) (29) (27) PRIDE ak ht SESE ak 92.68 91.58 88.93 92.17 90. 87 93. 89 Left (29) (59) (10) (29) (28) 24 Reon eae eae aS 93. 07 93. 40 90.74 93.60 92. 94 94.13 Nose (31) (61) (11) (28) (24) cece age iat boa Gi). i} _ aij” (28) ; (28). os 1) 1) eras \ ane ee es a 1 1 ul Nasal inder_-----.-------- { 47.78 49.09 48.18 60. 69 50.18 48.79 Upper Alveolar Arch: { (23) (41) (7) (22) (23) (21) Dengiha 02 ee: 5.47 5.42 5. 34 5. 10 5.0 4.89 Brkante RCo es say es eesti ie) MC ae Saale Ay Gn Tiles { (23) 41 (7) (22) (23) (21) ME won nn 81.62 80.30 80.09 80. 56 79. 80 77. 98 Lower jaw: ; 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(seen +7 AR TOBAEG) ‘9 ty “"""(Ureip uevew) o[npoyy 98k \ hoe he A (Or) Tapuy qySyay unapy I 68 onl} "7" >" Zapur yoyupsD EGiaa| ers ack Sa eee an] qWs1eH LORP UN eo 2 ee ee ee ns qi peg 98 At Noscroeanneen-o--e= saga () ; 4108 A I weno eee -- ee as ose ojyeuxolddy eee juoureinste “WRG WwW Ng oN ne ee (Z) (6) (g) () (82) $78 £18 9°88 £68 86k @) (6) ¢) 6) (gz) $e 9°§8 0°78 Pete ¥ Es (2) (6 (S) (F) (62) co"el | GPE | Bo"et | erst | F1°ET (Z) (6) (g) (#) (82) O9"ST | GOST | 8'FI | E8'sI | sO‘sT (Z) (6) (g) (F (02) O8'ST | 86°2ZT | 99'ZT | SO'sT | 90'8T (Z) (6) (g) (F) (62) wapv | wNpy | wopy | wunpy 68 @) (6) (232) ir puvysy | ed4A Lc od4 yy, Ui] at Bag Yysjo -yoo | CUA®S yeyang — orn APD SAIVIN (qovaqsqy) VINVYO NVIYdEIS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 168 09 ‘eI PI'el | eT | SVT | eeet | eet | ---mm| Heer | ee-VT | Sb VT | 19 Vt | OS -ST | BEST | EB TT | FLT | SCL | Ober \|--------------------qq31077 (28) (89) (1) (1) (2) (OT) (1) (€1) (2) (€1) (F) (6) (01) (92) (S11)} (8) Sf ‘FT OL'e1 | Gel | Set | eh L | HERE [oom] Get | OB FI | OCT | G6'ST | LOFT | LEFT | O8'eT | Lb'eT | 96'ET | OT FT \l------------------qypeoig (43) (02) (1) (1) (2) (€1) (1) (#1) () (€1) (FZ) (6) (01) (22) (SI1)| (8) 68 ‘LT LOST HOLE «| O20 WOOtET I T6-2E- i HST GOAT | GO-Or | e021 Serer | SBE. | 2°20) SL °20 i Te ote Ot 28 \ wneeeceeeeeeees-=*-q8UOT see ext | auney | aney | amey |ampy fo | amey | apy | ampy fampy | econ | amev | Se | ete | eel amey oda es) a | wm | am] @ | ep a |e | en | Poe | BY | oy | 7de | Bab] GY JI 98e seem erempxorday SHIVWaA coe poesia: Seas | casero Pelee cr rata sige se noe eee piles Wen rset sae le Trenec|erececnstoccoeecetoorconont-o----sishyduids 48 343}OH (£8) (8) :aef JOMO'T 4°08 CRUSE NGocccces|a esp ai cat || OEL, | Tree | Tete Ore NW FeL | ire tl Olere Lee cet caN@la | Olena) OMG at 08) \ pane aeee sens ----=-=-29pur (TZ) (OF) (g) (9) (2) (2) (F) (€) (3) (9) (IT) (FI) (88) (2) aL °9 MiROn gees care |e "see |e oo to z8‘9 | 06'9 | 08"9 O'2 | 80°2 | 04°9 | 19°9. | 29°9 |98°9 | 9F'9 | 99°9 | 02'9 \ ee oe eee -qaprorg (TZ) (OF) (¢) (9) (3) (2) (¥) (g) (¥2) (9) (11) (FT) ($8) (2) ers 02 °S geo | 829 | 98'o | $2°9 | 899 | eho | apo | ero |2H'¢ | 989 |90'9 | 89 \ ee eee ee eee yisueq (12) (CE 2) | [aca ba seers ta (G) (9) (@) (2) ) (€) (F2) (9) (11) (FI) (88) | (2) Gonmaeial eaaneal 9°87 Belg cree Ot ELF ORS V8 38r | TRF NOx OR Or Nh Gaey ol Sede 86h | eT eee hh Br } Saeceaeeeneneee zaput os0N (€or) (Gq) i saan cinenl| ae CD) (1) ) (2) ) (2 (s) @) (8) (y) (11) (¢1) (86) 9) : LG Bets |zcsnees gee | she |so% |o2% | 29% | 29% | 29° | 92% |79'% |G0'% | ws |6c's | 2c'3 | 09% \ eeeeae ~----------qypeaig (01) (Co) |e (1) (1) (9) (2) Ca (2) (g) (¥) (82) (9) (11) (g1) (86) 9) #9°S Lecce |= 0's Bo | 29's | OLS | Gh'G | Ab’ | ug"s | TSS | obS | | 09's | OFS | tes | | O'S | 6B"9 | I--------------------gq 31077 (e01) EY |FSotase sp eC (1) (9) (2) (2) (2) (s) (F) (sz) | (9) (11) | (et) | = (86) |= (on) ee § 66 dNOGe seamen ence) QON i PeNLe: tee Gcop wh cone elect Ler lO kek 68. |, O:pG.0|) O5e9 a) *L10bec| ak CGen|) 99-98" | 408. \\as-snasteneneee ; UE Oe a 1 oe ee Tec? | co Joc? | co | so | x8 | re | soit? | ore | co ® Gp} ae ere 6" ee ile sce ‘€ 6'e 6" 60% 6 20'F Be GL58) 16S | 28°85 | OL i8e | so7e | eRe --- (Z01) Gq) Wes B® Glew |e) ler lec) | 864 tes) | Sep an | eo cept aoe te 09'¢ LOROSY econ ae lei Pee y's | che | ere | che | ope | eos [ec | ore | ae | o9'e ae | 19'e | ere Weocvreoooo anion uveyy (co1) RES) Wack sie SGD) (1) (9) (2) (2) (2) (S) (e) (82) | (9) (tt) | Gn] (6) | (on) : aaratO inuly a Soa adh ‘"T | purysy Sie ‘ (499n0) 1qo «| jepeyd | .,, m3 (|, Weel ate rO el se}08 so]. 08 paso josuoyy |-ynyo | -wey HPO | 1qo01O exny gnyezA | -yxO | -eyyYeS gern g siden) sata - [nz0A | yeyWsO “eg queuemnsee jy Wola HPIID ponurju0p —(qovr3sqy) penuijuop—VINVUO NVIUGEIS 169 CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA——HRDLICKA “Ayjouded [syuvso ¢ “q[NpB e[lueselg 7 0Z'E Eran eg eal teenie ee | asta peal Pasa ate |e el cat ee oe re el ae YT. 0 aol aesaeiess. | Rae tea SSeS ac| Pepe a|psee oa | se SSISAQCUIAS 16 JUSTO Rf (62) (g) :Mef JOMO'T 9°6L COs ae ane GETSe Ie O.8L lis ae 6°89: | £718. | -octe |. 9°08: | e708 | Bek 12 este | Oss] Brie: .|-78"49 \ eae ees eka (99) (2S) (1) (21) (1) (6) (1) (OL) (9T) (6) (01) (81) (101) (2) zapuy 66 °9 : TOs0s 2 |aetee aml) O90 6Fs0 9 | 09°9 | %e'9 | 0F'9 | 12'9 | 60°02: |¢2°9 | $I°9 \ nae Shen cege Sia (99) (21) (1) (6) (1) (01) (91) (6) (OT) (81) (Tor)} = (2) ‘Sy qipveig og STG ie Neeser | 089-4 0g Go 1-7G°9:- leno: 01:9: 4-8%29. 7| 90:9: | Secg—|/60"9 NW eceaveoee eae (99) 40) () (6) (1) (01) (91) (6) (01) (81) (ToT)} (2) : qysuey 6°6t 167 |---| (0'19)| 9°87 | 8°69 | T'09 | 6:09 | 9:09 | Ser | Bog | Ser | Lior \J________ ‘yory sejooaTy sreddQ (18) (ZI) (1) ap (Z) (81) (12) (6) (OT) (92) (FIT)| (8) Tapur OSDNT 89° 69S |e a Oe. 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WO SL ln Oke UL OsOe ah eer. i Ahrens Is ee | Ge ti (99) |) (1) () (OT) (1) (ep | @ (eD | (%) | © (OT) | (98) | BIT)) (8) J[--- app qydzay una £88 ON Oe ore WETS a|eOs8k Wess ccm FECL || POreeer =O "oRe ||| OsSe. | 16-48: |, 268 84 | 8°92 | 8:08 | 9°88 } (8) (02) () (1) (@) (81) (1) (FT) (Z) (81) (¥2) (6) (Or) (22) (STD)| (8) Spor apuy qoyunsg 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 NOTES ON THE NON-ESKIMO CRANIA Less than a score of years ago Alaska from the point of view of anthropology was regarded as one of the simplest regions, with only the Indians and the Eskimo to be considered. How far this concept was from reality will be appreciated from a study of the data herein presented. The Alaska Indians in general offer much in common, though there are some regional differences among them. The only marked excep- tion is the group on the Shageluk Slough of the Yukon, which ap- proaches the dolichoid Shoshonean-Algonkin strains. The Eskimo, too, are fairly homogeneous, with local differences. But there were four groups at least in southwestern Alaska that, although belonging to the same basic complex, were distinctly different from the rest. Two of these, the Koniag and the Aleut, used to be erroneously counted with the Eskimo; but there were also two others, older and until recently not even suspected, that for a long time occupied the regions of the Koniags and the Aleuts but were more or less completely replaced by the latter. Of these four groups, the Koniags, the latest inhabitants of Kodiak Island, were related to the Aleuts, as well as to the southern Alaska Indians, yet had some individuality of their own. The Aleuts, shown to be completely different from the Eskimo, have marked Asiatic (Tungus) affinities. Both the Pre-Koniags and the Pre-Aleuts were entirely distinct from the Koniags and the Aleuts, as well as from each other, and were related to different types of the mainland Indian. Thus Alaska was a mosaic of differing types of people, and the main eroups have doubtless now been discovered. These peoples were not very ancient, none in all probability reaching much beyond the Christian Era. If there is any type still more ancient, evidence of it lies in the frozen grounds that cannot yet be explored. It would seem, however, that at best there could have been only sparse and few stations of earlier man—there is no indication of anything on a larger scale. Notwithstanding the differences in the various Alaska strains, there was found nowhere any sbarp line of demarcation. The masses differed, sometimes very markedly, but many of the individuals merged with others of separate groups. This was partly due, no doubt, to intermixture, but in the main the cause is the same as between the various mainland tribes; it is the same basic racial deriva- tion. Even the Eskimo in Alaska and the Indian merge to such a degree that in the case of many individual crania even an expert cannot be sure what he has before him. This matter naturally raises the question as to the meaning of existing differences between these and other American native groups. In general there is not one of the many American tribes, nor any two CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA—HRDLICKA 171 or more separate parts of even the same tribe, that do not present some physical differences. Yet all these tribes are basically closely related, and all belong plainly to one and the same stem of humanity. The differences are manifested, though never collectively, in most of the physical characters of both the living and the skeleton. The most marked ones are in stature, shape of the head, and robustness of the parts. These differences parallel those within the other two main stems of mankind, the White and the Black, and their explanation is not yet possible, but it may be approached. It is clear that all these differ- ences could not have existed from the beginnings of the species, for none of the human varieties of present times are of such antiquity; many in fact must be rather recent. Therefore they must have arisen in the course of man’s biological history and can have been due only to internal or external contemporaneous agencies. In an extended sense therefore they were not inherent but were acquired. Just what the reasons were that underlay these organic acquisitions it is not possible to fathom clearly, but we may be sure that the causes, multiple and elusive as they may be, are all natural, and as such all subject to eventual definitive determination. They may legitimately be called the causes of ‘“raciogeny,’’ and their study will constitute perhaps the most attractive and important task of future anthropology. For the present it may suffice to view all these human subtypes, types, or varieties, American or other, as so many more or less fixed results of the reactions between a plastic class of organisms and various sufficiently potent internal and external agencies. INDEX TO TABLES Northwest Coast: Page | Kodiak and Aleutian Islands Males! : 30h ak Be ie els 4 (abstract)Ul a. Sees emales# 2242s eateries 6 | Siberia: Southeast Alaska: Neolithic crania (abstract) __ Males\( Tlingit)... 2242%52 21. 8 Samoyedimalese ois: sas Females (Tlingit)____._____ 10 Samoyed females__________ Males (Haida and Tlingit) __ 11 Ostiakpmaless22. aes eee Females (Haida and Tlingit) 13 Ostiak femalesioi- = 520-2. South and Southwest Alaska: Viooullmalesie tease Mpeg sear ee a TAs oh as 1 Vogul’ females 22 azo Memales# 136) seis 17 Tungus: Moscow series____ Yukon: Tungus: Leningrad series___ 111 a 18 Buriat: U.S.N.M. series Héemaless: 2.8 SSR 20 (mialés) - 2322 se sal See Shageluk (Yukon): Buriat: Irkutsk series IMialese a8 one tees caemoae 22 (nralles) is Js ee Remalest: fac! 510s abet Ee 24 Buriat: U.S.N.M. series Northwest Canada (Dené)____- 29 (femiales) pee sree eens Northwestern and Alaskan erania Buriat: Irkutsk series (fe- (general abstract)......--..-- 28 males) iss. See aS ee Alaska Peninsula: Buriat: Summary. = 52s IMislegtinace re eas (ere aa 30 Ulchi- DO. 2.22 Aree eee Hemales 22 eases OE ae 32 Wichi- Ba. Desa sees pevren Kodiak Island: Giliak-LB (Sakhalin) _______ Kontag males = 3 = ere ee 34 Giliak=D) (Amun) 222s at Koniag females___...=---: 38 Walnitp o's 342. 2) oe eae Koniag children and ado- keer Je De lescentsx. 90553 Stab aces 41 Orochi 2 ce eee ye oe Pre-Koniag children____.-_ 438, 44 Koriak, Lamut, and Kam- Pre-Koniag males_____---- 46, 50 CHaAGal = toe oe So eee Pre-Koniag females_____ 52, 58, 59 Chukchi (Chukchi Penin- Aleutian Islands: Sula) 2). eas Sees ae Mleutvmales= 22 225 ee - 61 Chukchi (Anadyr region) _ __ eae mates — (Kagaril 66 Chukchi (miscellaneous) ____ ‘Aleuptemales: 252. 2 es 2 70 vee Saige Se ae Aleut females (Kagamil ee ek ee a ae @aves\ ob es sees 74 Mongol females__._.__.--.- Pre-Aleut males.__-._-_=- 78 Mongols (abstract) -_------ Pre-Aleut females_____---- 82 | Siberian crania (abstract) ______-_ O 172 120 122 124 126 128 132 134 156 138 140 142 148 152 154 156 162 166 167 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 94 Washington: 1944 No. 3172 THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-EIGHT NEW FORMS By Lronarp P. Scuuttz In THE winter of 1942, at the invitation of Dr. Guillermo Zuloaga, assistant chief of explorations, Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, Caracas, I undertook to study and make collections of fishes in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela. I proceeded to Venezuela under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the United States Department of State and was a guest there of the Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela and of the Lago Petroleum Corporation, Lago Maracaibo. To the offi- cials of these companies I must express my deep appreciation, for it was a great pleasure to accept this wonderful opportunity. This report on the catfishes of Venezuela is based on collections made by me in the Maracaibo Basin and in other localities of the country, totaling 9,920 specimens, as well as on additional specimens in the collections of the United States National Museum. It is planned to report later on the other groups of fishes represented in the collections made during this trip. I wish especially to thank the following for their aid and hospitality during the course of my work: Hon. Frank P. Corrigan, United States Ambassador, Caracas, Renwick S. McNiece, American Consul, Maracaibo, and Thomas Maleady, second secretary, American Em- bassy, Caracas, for their fullest cooperation in helping me obtain the necessary papers connected with my extensive travels in Venezuela and making my visit to that country so pleasant; Dr. Walter Du- pouy, director of the Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Caracas, who 533749—43——1 173 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 94 was especially helpful in regard to my work on the fishes; Mr. and Mrs. William H. Phelps and Mr. and Mrs. William H. Phelps, Jr., who made me so comfortable in their homes in Carcacas; and Dr. Guillermo Zuloaga, W. H. Phelps, Jr., and Roger H. Sherman for taking me on a short collecting trip in the upper part of the Rio Guarico, which I shall long remember.’ Nearly four months were spent in various parts of Venezuela from February through May, and during this time I was able to collect about 34,700 fish specimens, as well as numerous specimens of crusta- ceans, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, and insects, which are now in the collections of the United States National Museum. ITINERARY I left Washington, D. C., on February 1, 1942, for Miami, Fla., and departed from there on February 3 by plane, arriving in Maracaibo that evening, and proceeding the next day to Caracas by air. From February 4 to 11, I made numerous new acquaintances and obtained necessary travel papers and collecting permits from the Venezuelan Government officials, who were most cooperative at all times. Upon arriving again at Maracaibo on February 11, I was a guest of the Lago Petroleum Corporation, whose officials cooperated fully and helped me in every possible way to make collections in the Mara- caibo Basin and in the Andes. My equipment arrived at Maracaibo and was assembled so that collecting actually began on February 20, 1942. From then until March 14, I made various trips on the western side of Lago Maracaibo as far south as the Rio Negro (Santa Ana system) and as far as 35 kilometers north of Sinamaica in a cafio leading into the Golfo de Venezuela. Between March 14 and March 26, I collected along the eastern side of Lago Maracaibo from the Rio Motatén northward to the Rio Cocuiza at El Mene, east of Altagracia, as well as in Lago Maracaibo off Lagunillas. 1 In adciticn, I take this opportunity to express my thanks and sincere appreciation to the following perscns who cooperated and helped me in every way fossible: Jchn Allen, geologist, La Salina; Chester L. Babin, district superintendent, Lagunillas; Raymond L. Bodenhamer, warehouseman, La Salina; Walter W. Butcher, geologist, Maracaibo; James A. Cox, warehouseman, Lagunillas; John Durr, geologist, La Salina; Don Juan F. Emanuel, Maracaito; Dr. Alvin J. Freie, division geologist, Maracaibo; Marcus G. Geiger, gravity meter operator, Lagunillas; John Kallimnics, Maracaibo; Will S. Link, public relations supervisor, Maracaibo; Henry E. Linam, general manager, Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, Caracas; Rafael Navarro, Maracaibo; Bethea Martin, geologist, La Salina; Serafin Martinez, senior clerk, Maracaibo; Edward E. Peake, district superintendent, La Salina; Chesley B. Pickle, party chief, Lagunillas; Frank J. Pospisil, geologist, La Salina; Arthur T. Proudfit, division manager, Lago Petroleum Corporation, Maracaibo; Joseph Ratway, geologist, La Salina; Bernard C. Refshauge, geologist, Maracaibo; George H. Seely, resident engineer, Lagunillas; Mr. Slightholm, Lagunillas; Aden Stiles, Maracaibo; Dr. Frederick A, Sutton, senior geologist, Maracaibo; and John Taylor, Maracaibo. Mrs. Aime M. Awl, artist, United States National Museum, drew all the figures of the new species and retouched some of those photographed. I wish to express my thanks also to my wife, who spent much time helping me with the checking of the manuscript and proof. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ W745 Figure 1—Map of the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela, showing collecting localities visited by the author in 1942 and other localities recorded in this report. 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 In order to obtain fishes from the headwaters of the rivers at the southern end of Lago Maracaibo, a trip into the high Andes was made from March 27 to April 4. The Rio Chama, Rio Catatumbo, and Orinoco systems yielded many specimens. From April 7 to 23 collections were made in Lago Maracaibo in the vicinity of Lagunillas and Pueblo Viejo, eastern side of the lake. Between April 29 and May 5 collections were made in the lake and in rivers at the southern end of Lago Maracaibo. Chesley Pickle kindly took me and my equipment in the Jndiana so that I could stay on the boat Emma as guest of John Taylor. A second trip was made to Caracas on May 9 by airplane, and while there I was the guest of Mr. and Mrs. William H. Phelps, who enter- tained me graciously and to whom I extend my sincere thanks and appreciation for an enjoyable stay in Caracas. Upon returning again to Maracaibo on May 14, I secured specimens of fishes from the Maracaibo market until the 21st, when it was necessary to send my specimens and equipment to the dock for shipment back to the United States. I returned by plane to Miami, Fla., on May 24, and arrived in Washington, D. C., on May 26, 1942. LIST OF COLLECTING STATIONS The following is a list of the localities (see map, fig. 1, of Maracaibo Basin) where collections of fishes were made by me while in Venezuela from February through May 1942: February 20, 3 to 5 km. north of Maracaibo at Salina Santa Rosa, Salina Rica, and in Lago Maracaibo, opposite these salt marshes. February 21-22, Rio Palmar, about 100 km. west and a little southwest of Maracaibo, near an oilfield called Totuma. The river here was 100 to 300 feet wide and made up of a succession of rapids and ponds, with muddy to sandy bottoms in the quiet pools and rubble to sand in the rapids. February 24, Rfo Socuy, about 3 km. above its mouth, Rio Limén system north of Maracaibo. The river here was 100 to 150 feet in average width, with sandy to muddy bottom and very deep holes in the sharp bends. February 26, Rio Apén, about 35 km. by road south of Rosario. This river, about 100 feet wide, has a sandy bottom, muddy in pools. February 26, Rio San Ignacio, south of Rosario. This creek is dry except for isolated pools during the dry season. February 26, Rio San Juan, about 12 km. south of Rosario. This shallow stream is about 10 feet wide, with sandy to muddy bottom. February 27, Lago Maracaibo at Maracaibo Yacht Club located at northern end of city of Maracaibo. The lake here had gravel to sand bottom. Specific gravity 1.006. March 1, Lago Tulé, about 80 km. west of Maracaibo, is a body of water about three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile wide, about 10 feet deep, bottom mud, shores weedy and junglelike. This lake is said to overflow into the Rio Socuy system. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 177 March 2-3, Rio Negro, a tributary of the Rfo Santa Ana, below the mouth of the Rio Yasa, 75 km. by road south of Rosario. This river, 35 to 50 feet wide, with deep muddy holes and gravelly riffles, had cut itself a steep, clay-banked channel 10 feet or more below the general level of the ground. March 5, Lago Maracaibo at Maracaibo Yacht Club. March 6, Rio Palmar at the bridge about 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo. This stream, 75 to 100 feet wide, has a gravelly to sandy bottom, current rapid. No deep pools. March 6, Lago Maracaibo, 7 km. south of Maracaibo. Sandy beach. March 8, a small pond, tributary to the Rio Gé, Rfo Palmar system, 2 km, west of Rosario. March 10, Campo de Lago Petroleum Corporation, Maracaibo. March 11, Los Monitos, 45 km. north of Maracaibo, a tidal cafio connected with the lower Rfo Limén. March 11, cafio % km. west of Sinamaica, about 60 km. north of Maracaibo. This 1s a tidal cafio connected with the lower Rio Limén. March 11, Ciénaga del Guanavana, about 10 km. north of Sinamaica. This swamp was muddy and shallow, about 3 feet deep in places during the dry season. The bottom was made up of shell and vegetable debris. March 12, Cajio de Sagua, about 35 km. north of Sinamaica. Salinity 1.021. March 12, channel of Salina Rica, 5 km. north of Maracaibo. March 15, Lago Maracaibo, 2 km. off Lagunillas, water depth 15 feet, bottom muddy. Specific gravity 1.004. March 16, Rio Machango at bridge about 35 km. south of Lagunillas. This stream has a muddy bottom. It was about 20 feet wide, with high clay banks. March 17, Rio Motatdn at the bridge 22 km. by road north of Motatdn. This river is very swift, with rubbly to gravelly bottom and 200 feet or more wide. March 17, Rio San Juan (tributary of Rfo Motatdn), at bridge about 20 km. south of Mene Grande. This river, with deep pools and riffles, was 100 to 150 feet wide; riffles mostly rubble and the pools with muddy bottoms. March 19, a roadside pond, tributary to the Rfo Cocuiza during the rainy season, is about 50 km. by road east of Altagracia and 10 km. west of El] Mene. Bottom mud. March 20, Rio San Juan at bridge, same as March 17. This stream was nearly dry, except for the deep pools. March 20, Rio San Pedro (tributary of Rfo Motatdn), at bridge about 18 km. south of Mene Grande. This stream, with riffles and pools, was nearly dry except for the pools. Its width was about 50 feet. March 21, Rio Machango, about 20 km. above bridge south of Lagunillas. The river here was 75 to 100 feet wide, but now almost dry except for deep pools and a trickle of water over the stony riffles. March 21, a hot spring, temperature 109° F., tributary to Rfo Machango, 20 km. above the bridge south of Lagunillas. Fish were taken in water 100° F. and at lower temperatures. March 24, Rio Motatdn, about 8 km. below Motatdn. This river was 80 to 125 feet wide and flowing rapidly, torrential in places. Bottom rubble to gravel. Depth to 4 feet, no pools. March 24, Rio Jimelles, 12 km. east of Motatdn, tributary to Rfo Motatan. Width of river 50 to 100 feet, depth to 2 or 3 feet, current rapid to torrential. March 25, Rio Motatdn, 4 km. above Motatd4n. Width 75 to 150 feet; depth to 4 feet; current torrential. 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 March 28, Rio Chama above Mucuchies. Width 15 to 30 feet; current rapid to torrential; pools up to 4 feet in depth. Bottom stones, gravel, and sand. March 29, Rio Barregas, tributary of Rfo Chama, just below Egido, Estado de Mérida. Current rapid; bottom boulders, rubble to gravel and sand; depth to 2 feet; width 15 feet. March 29, Rio Gonzdles, tributary of Rio Chama at town of La Gonzdles, Estado de Mérida. Width 50 feet; bottom of big boulders, rubble to sand; depth to 4 feet; current very rapid. March 30, dry quebrada 4 km. below Lagunillas, Estado de Mérida, Rio Chama drainage. March 30, Rio Chama, 10 km. below Lagunillas, Estado de Mérida; width of river bed 400 feet; collected from channel 25 feet wide, depth to 2 feet, current torrential; bottom rubble and sand. March 31, Rio Cobre (tributary to Rio Quinta, latter tributary to Rfo La Grita of Catatumbo system), below La Grita, Estado de Téchira; width 20 feet; depth to 3 feet; bottom large rubble to sand; current torrential. March 31, Rfo Torbes, 1 km. above Tériba, Estado de Tachira, Orinoco drain- age. Width 30 to 50 feet; depth to 3 feet; big boulders, rubble to gravel and sand; current very rapid. April 1, Rio Tdchira, 7 km. north of San Antonio, Estado de Tadchira. Width of river bed up to 200 feet, but only a small flow of water among rubble bottom; current rapid; depth in a pool up to 2 feet. April 3, a quebrada at Estanques, Estado de Mérida, Rio Chama system; width 20 feet; bottom rubble to gravel; current rapid. April 7, Lago Maracaibo, 20 km. off Pueblo Viejo at surface. April 7-8, Lago Maracaibo, 1 to 2 km. off Pueblo Viejo; use of flashlight at night. April 7-9, Lago Maracaibo, 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo; depth 2 meters; gill nets set over night. April 10, Lago Maracaibo near Palmarejo; fishes received from Mr. Pospisil from hook and line fishing. April 11-12, Lago Petroleum Corporation camp at Lagurillas, Estado de Julia. April 14, Lago Maracaibo off dock at Lago Petroleum Corporation camp at Lagunillas. April 16-18, Lago Petroleum Corporation camp at Lagunillas. April 30, Rfo de Los Pajaros, 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo (southwestern end of the Lake); a cafio 200 feet wide; 15 feet deep; bottom mud and debris; shores swamp and dense jungle. May 1, Rfo Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo; cafio 300 feet wide, 15 feet deep; bottom mud and debris; shores swamp and dense jungle. May 2, Rfo Concha at its mouth and in Lago Maracaibo, gill nets set at 5 feet and 18 feet depth; bottom mud; shores swamp and dense jungle. May 12, Rio Gudrico and tributaries between San Sebastidn and San Casimiro, Estado de Aragua; water to 4 feet depth; width 40 feet, bottom rubble to sand and mud; aided in this collection by Dr. G. Zuloaga, Roger Sherman, and William H. Phelps, Jr. May 12, quebrada just south of Caracas, at El Valle, tributary to Rio Guaire (Rio Tuy system), Distrito Federal; width 10 to 20 feet, depth to 3 feet; bottom rock, sand, mud; aided in this collection by Dr. G. Zuloaga, Roger Sherman, and William H. Phelps, Jr. May 15-19, Maracaibo market (probably these fish were taken in E] Tablazo or in channel entrance of Lago Maracaibo). May 16, Lago Maracaibo at Maracaibo Yacht Club. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 179 DEFINITION OF TERMS Terms used in this report upon the catfishes of Venezuela are defined as follows: Standard length is measured from tip of snout to midbase of caudal fin ; length of head is distance from tip of snout to rear end of operculum unless otherwise specified, as in the family Loricariidae; width of head is across bony base just in front of insertion of first pectoral ray; depth is greatest depth of body; snout is from tip of snout to front of eye; distance between nostrils or nostrils to eye is measured from edge of nasal openings; ¢nterorbital space is distance between the eyes; postorbital length of head is distance from eye to rear end of operculum; caudal peduncle length is measured from base of last anal ray to mid- base of caudal fin; distances involving the anus are measured from center of anus. Simple, flerible, nonpungent rays are represented by small and pungent spines by large Roman numerals. Branched rays are indi- cated by Arabic numerals. Other terms will be found self-explanatory as the species involved are carefully studied. SUMMARY OF RESULTS IN THE MARACAIBO BASIN Catfishes belonging to 11 different families of Nematognathi were collected in the Maracaibo Basin, as follows: Bagreidae, Pimelodidae, Auchenipteridae, Ageneiosidae, Bunocephalidae, Cetopsidae, Pygidi- idae, Doradidae, Callichthyidae, Astroblepidae, and Loricariidae. I was able to collect 51 species and subspecies in 36 genera from the Maracaibo Basin and 8 species and subspecies in 7 genera in the headwaters of the Ormoco system. For the Maracaibo Basin, 36 genera and 53 species and subspecies are known. A species of Pygidium from above Mérida in the Rio Chama system and Bagre bagre were not collected by me. For all Venezuela, 127 species and subspecies in 63 genera are recog- nized in this study. Without doubt these totals will be greatly in- creased as soon as adequate collections are made in the Orinoco system and in the coastal streams and when further collections are made in the Maracaibo Basin. Certain elements among the Nematognathi are distinctive for the Maracaibo Basin, but in general the fauna of this great basin has much in common with that of the Orinoco and Magdalena systems. The number of genera and number of species of catfishes occurring in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela are distributed among the 11 families as follows: The Bagreidae, marine catfishes, as was expected, had no distinctive 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 species found only in the Maracaibo Basin. There were three genera and four species. The Auchenipteridae are represented by one genus and one species, closely related to a form in the Magdalena Basin. The Pimelodidae were represented by 11 genera and 13 species in the Maracaibo Basin. Two of these genera have not been found else- where in South America. The other genera have representatives that occur outside of the Maracaibo Basin. The Ageneiosidae were represented by a single genus and species, related to a form in the Magdalena Basin. In the Bunocephalidae two genera and three species occur in the Maracaibo Basin and these genera are not found elsewhere in South America. The Cetopsidae had but a single genus and species in the Maracaibo Basin, and this one was related to a similar form outside the basin. The Pygidiidae are represented by two genera and six species. A new genus and new species are especially distinctive for this basin, as the subfamily to which it belongs was never before reported out- side of the Amazon Basin. The Doradidae, not previously reported from the Maracaibo Basin, were represented by a new genus and species. The Callichthyidae, represented by one genus and species, appear to be the same as in adjoining basins. The Astroblepidae, with one genus and three species, had but one species confined to the Maracaibo Basin. In the Loricariidae 12 genera and 19 species were collected, and only one was a new genus as yet found only in the Maracaibo Basin. In this report 38 new forms are described: Four new species and one new subspecies from the Orinoco system; six new genera, 16 new species, and 17 new subspecies from the Maracaibo Basin. No attempt will be made to discuss in detail the distribution of Venezuelan fishes until all the material collected by me has been identified. TAXONOMIC SECTION Order NEMATOGNATHI Fishes without scales, bodies naked, or with bony plates; first four vertebrae united to form the Weberian apparatus; subopercle absent; opercle well developed or vestigial; maxillary reduced, forming the basis for the maxillary barbel; mental and nasal barbels present or ab- sent; adipose fin usually present, variable, absent in certain groups; air bladder well developed or minute, united with the Weberian apparatus; paired and median fins usually well developed, with certain exceptions. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 181 KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CATFISHES, OR BAGRE, REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Mouth terminal or inferior in position, but lower lip not reverted or folded back to form a disklike mouth. 2a. Anterior and posterior nasa] openings close together, posterior openings covered with a valve; skin naked, no plates; a pair of maxillary and 2 pairs of mental barbels present; teeth villiform, conical or granular on jaws, pres- ent or absent on vomer and palatines; gill membranes broadly attached to each other and to isthmus with or without a free fold across it; eyes superior in position; pelvics inserted behind base of dorsal fin; adipose fin present, base restricted; branched caudal fin rays usually 13 to 15 (marineseathishes os oe eee 28 ee es ee Bagreidae (p. 182) 2b. Nostrils distinctly separated by skin covering head, anterior and posterior nasal openings usually far apart. 8a. Skin smooth and naked, without bony plates completely covering sides and no series of plates along the lateral line with backward-projecting spines; 4a. Adipose fin present, long or short; opercle well developed; maxillary barbels sometimes obscured in a groove; pelvics inserted under or a little behind base of dorsal; 14 to 16 branched caudal fin rays. 5a. Mental barbels 4, usually arranged in 2 pairs; air bladder well developed. 6a. Gill membranes not joined to each other but extending far forward before their attachment to isthmus; eyes superior in position. 7a. Teeth villiform, in a band on lower jaw and usually a similar band on premaxillaries; pelvics usually inserted under rear of base of dorsal fin; adipose fin base long or short. Pimelodidae (p. 185) 7b. Numerous teeth in a single row in each jaw, these teeth evenly spaced and incisorlike, rounded distally; pelvics inserted a little behind dorsal base; adipose fin base very long. Callophysidae (p. 235) 6b. Gill opening not extending far forward, gill membranes joined to isthmus or in front of or above pectoral fin; eyes lateral in posi- tion, margins of eyes not free; dorsal rays I, 4 to I, 6; no teeth on palatines; pelvics inserted behind base of dorsal fin; adipose Mn Shorts Jee ok AC ae ees Auchenipteridae (p. 236) 5b. Mental barbels absent; teeth villiform on jaws only; gill membranes joined to isthmus, gill opening not extending forward; eyes lateral, margin not free; air bladder much reduced, enclosed in bony processes of cervical vertebrae__-----__- Ageneiosidae (p. 240) 4b. Adipose fin absent. 8a. Dorsal fin in middle or anterior part of body; a pair of maxillary barbels and 2 pairs of mental barbels; opercle and interopercle without spines; gill membranes joined to isthmus, gill opening restricted, not extending forward along isthmus; pelvics inserted under dorsal or behind it. 9a. Caudal fin rays usually i+ 6 to 8+i, or about 6 to 10 if they are all simple rays; anal rays always fewer than 11; teeth villiform; gill openings usually a small slit in front of pectorals; head and skin with knobs, sometimes with platelets along anal or dorsal fins; pectoral spines strongly serrated; opercle vestigial ; air bladder well developed; body depressed forward, expanded to form head; anus near middle of length__._______ Bunocephalidae (p. 243) 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 9b. Branched caudal fin rays usually 15, rarely 14 or 16; branched anal rays 20 to 29; skin naked; body excessively streamlined; teeth villiform to incisor on jaws and vomer; gill membranes joined to isthmus, or gill openings sometimes restricted to in front of pectoral base; eyes nearly concealed in skin, margins fused; opercle well developed; pelvics inserted under last dorsal ray or behind dorsal base; dorsal rays i, 6-__.Cetopsidae (p. 250) 8b. Dorsal fin posteriorly on body, usually in posterior half of standard length; anal also far back; opercle and interopercle spinous; no mental barbels; usually twin barbels at each corner of mouth; nasal barbels present or absent; pelvics inserted under or in front of dorsal fin; branched caudal fin rays usually 10 to 12. Pygidiidae (p. 256) 3b. Body covered with bony plates orat least a series along lateral line posteri- orly, these with backward-projecting spines. 10a. A series of bony plates along midsides, these with a backward-directed spine, at least posteriorly; a pair of maxillary and 2 pairs of mental barbels present; barbels sometimes branched or fimbriated; gill membranes united with isthmus; air bladder much specialized; adipose fin present, short, base usually somewhat restricted; branched caudal fin rays usually 15; dorsal rays I, 4 to I, 6; anal rays about 10 to 16; dorsal and pectoral spines strong, with a locking mechanism; humeral process present; pectoral spine serrated-Doradidae (p. 269) 10). Two longitudinal rows of plates completely covering sides of body; twin barbels at each rictus or corners of mouth; teeth villiform; gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus; nostrils not together but only a little distance apart; eyes superior or lateral; adipose, if present, represented by a spiny projection and membrane; branched caudal fin rays usually 12, occasionally 11; dorsal rays 7 to 12. Callichthyidae (p. 275) 1b. Mouth inferior; lower lip reverted, forming with upper lip a disklike mouth; gill membranes broadly united with isthmus; nasal openings close together; no mental barbels; maxillary barbel more or less joining with lips to form disklike mouth; adipose fin, if present, represented by a bony projection and a membrane. lla. Body naked, with plates; teeth bicuspid, in a narrow band on each jaw; pelvics inserted under dorsal base; branched caudal fin rays usually De beast aur ete tee pi fib epee es Astroblepidae (p. 278) 11b. Body completely covered with bony plates, in rows; teeth erect, with bilobed or spoon-shaped tips, on jaws, none on vomer or palatines; premaxillary elements separated at midline each with a single series of active teeth, dentary similar; branched caudal fin rays usually about 10 or about 14; intestinal canal coiled upon itself; air bladder minute. Loricariidae (p. 285) Family BAGREIDAE This family includes the marine catfishes, with representatives in brackish waters. They are naked forms, with a pair of maxillary barbels and one or two pairs of mental barbels, but differ from other related forms in having the anterior and posterior nasal openings close together, with the rear nasal opening covered with a valve; insertion of pelvic fins behind base of dorsal fin; adipose fin base shorter than THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 183 its length and posteriorly free from the caudal peduncle; gill mem- branes broadly attached to each other, with or without free fold across isthmus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BAGREIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Mental barbels in one pair; maxillary barbels broad, bandlike; dorsal and pectoral spines usually with long bandlike filaments. 2a. Anal rays about 20 to 24, including rudiments; distance of dorsal from tip of snout 2.9 to 3 in length; distanee of adipose from dorsal fin 2.8 to 3 in length; longest anal ray about as long as base of anal fin, the latter 5% to 6% in standard length... 215. __ Bagre marinus (Mitchill) 2b. Anal rays 32 to 35; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal 3% in length; distance of adipose fin from dorsal fin base 234 in length or longer; base of anal fin 4% in length or longer; longest anal ray less than half length of anal fin base; vomerine and palatine patches of teeth separate (aicer migenmann)) «2.2. sf 2S oe ee Bagre bagre (Linnaeus) 1b. Menta! barbels in two pairs. 3a. No groove across snout at rear of posterior nasal openings; palatine teeth granular in a patch at each side of front of mouth; no vomerine teeth; barbels short, maxillary reaching to front of pectorals; anal rays about vi or vii, 16; gill rakers about 6+14; pectoral rays I, 10; dorsal PGS Eek ER ee I GOP! NALS Oe Arius spixii (Agassiz) 3b. A groove across snout between posterior margins of rear nasal openings, and front of this groove with a membrane on adults, smooth in young, but somewhat finely papillate; vomerine patches of teeth, villiform, across front of roof of mouth; maxillary barbels short, not reaching quite to tips of pelvics in young and not to tips of pectorals in adults; anal rays about vi, 12; gill rakers about 6+17; pectoral rays I, 10; dorsal NGG spiny ge eae ts Sake, Yeh OS Selenaspis herzbergii (Bloch) Genus BAGRE Oken Bagre OxEn, Isis, 1817, p. 1183 (after les Bagres of Cuvier, Régne animal, vol. 2, 1817; type by tautonomy, Silurus bagre Linnaeus). (Ref. copied.) Breviceps Swainson, The natural history and classification of fishes . . . , vol. 1, p. 328. 1838 (preoccupied). - Felichthys Swainson, ibid., vol. 2, p. 305, 1839. (Type, Silurus bagre Linnaeus.) Ailurichthys Barrp and Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 7, p. 26, 1854 (Silurus marinus Mitchill). BAGRE MARINUS (Mitchill) Silurus marinus Mrircuttt, Trans. Lit. Philos. Soc. New York, vol. 1, p. 433, 1814. Aelurichthys marinus STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 41, p. 158, 1879 (Orinoco near Ciudad Bolivar). U.S.N.M. No. 121205, a specimen 273 mm. in standard length, bought by Leonard P. Schultz at the market in Maracaibo, probably caught in El Tablazo or Gulf of Venezuela, May 15, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 126417, 3 specimens from Gulf of Venezuela, Estanques Bay, December 8, 1924, U.S.S. Niagara; U.S.N.M. No. 126416, 2 specimens, Gulf of Venezuela off Cape Macolla, January 10 and February 18, 1925, U.S.S. Niagara. 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 BAGRE BAGRE (Linnaeus) Silurus bagre LiNNAEUvs, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 505, 1766. Galeichihys gronovii CuvirR and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 40, 1840 (Maracaibo). Bagre bagre Fowumr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 838, p. 408, 1931 (Punta Tigre at mouth of St. Juan River, Venezuela). Genus ARIUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Arius Cuvier and VALENCIENNEs, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 53, 1840. (Type, Pimelodus arius Buchanan.) ARIUS SPIXII (Agassiz) Pimelodus spixii Acassiz, in Spix, Selecta genera et species piscium ... Brasiliam ..., p. 19, 1829. Arius spizii Recan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pt. 1, p. 8386 (Brazil; Guiana; Caroni River, Trinidad; Venezuela). The following specimens were collected by Leonard P. Schultz, during 1942 in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela: U.S.N.M. No. 121206, 11 specimens, 120 to 162 mm. in standard length. Rfo de Los Pajaros, 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo, April 30. U.S.N.M. No. 121208, 2 specimens, 165 and 243 mm., Rfo Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo, May 1. U.S.N.M. No. 121207, 3 specimens, 137 to 142 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua, 35 km. north of Sinamaica, March 12. U.S.N.M. No. 121210, 13 specimens, 110 to 137 mm., Lago Aiencaibo: 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo, April 7-9. U.S.N.M. No. 121209, 1 specimen, 131 mm., Lago Maracaibo at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16. The following specimens from the Gulf of Venezuela were collected by the U.S. 8S. Niagara: U.S.N.M. No. 125527, 1 specimen, 66 mm. in standard length, off Jacuque Point, January 26, 1925. U.S.N.M. No. 125526, 4 specimens, 116 to 160 mm., off Point Macolla, April 19, 1925. Genus SELENASPIS Bleeker Selenaspis BLEEKER, Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 62, 1858. (Type, Silurus herzbergit Bloch.) SELENASPIS HERZBERGII (Bloch) Silurus herzbergii Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 8, p. 33, pl. 367, 1794. Arius herzbergii REGAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pt. 1, p. 386 (Trinidad; Brazil; Guiana; Venezuela). The following specimens were collected by Leonard P. Schultz during 1942 in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela: U.S.N.M. No. 121203, 8 specimens, 105 to 189 mm. in standard length, Lago Maracaibo at the Yacht Club, Maracaibo, May 16. U.S.N.M. No. 121204, 24 specimens, 40 to 244 mm., mouth of Cafio de Sagua, 35 km. north of Sinamaica (salinity 1.021), March 12. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 185 U.S.N.M. No. 121202, 2 specimens, 122 and 132 mm., Lago Maracaibo at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, March 5. The following 16 examples were collected by F. F. Bond for the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and were lent me through the courtesy of Dr. Carl L. Hubbs: 14 specimens, 47 to 86 mm., Laguna de Tacarigua, Estado de Miranda, Venezuela, February 3, 1939. 2 specimens, 173 and 188 mm., tributary of Lago Maracaibo, 10 km. south of Lagunillas, March 23, 1938. Family PIMELODIDAE KEY TO THE GENERA OF PIMELODIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA (INCLUDING CERTAIN OTHER RELATED GENERA) la. Gill membranes not joined to one another but extending far forward before their attachment to isthmus, sometimes with a narrow free fold; pelvics usually inserted under rear of base of dorsal fin. 2a. No prominent or distinct small to large patches or bands of teeth in roof of mouth other than on premaxillaries (occasionally a few scattered obsolete villiform teeth may be detected on vomer of Pimelodus, but these do not form a prominent patch); dentaries with a band of teeth; dorsal rays i, 6 or I, 6, rarely with 5 branched rays; eyes superior in position, not visible from below. 3a. Premaxillaries, vomer, and palatines edentulous except the first when fish are about 32 mm.; dentary with a narrow band of villiform teeth; pectoral spine pungent but not serrated anteriorly; first simple ray of dorsal flexible, not spinous; adipose fin very long; anal base short; caudal fin deeply forked; 1 pair of maxillary and 2 pairs of mental barbels, their bases almost in a straight line; margin of eye free above, but ventrally margin more or less fused or not free; predorsal plate and supraoccipital process meeting; dorsal surface of head bony, not covered with skin posteriorly; postcleithral process lacking; both sides of gill arches with papillae in rows at bases of filaments; gill rakers numerous, about 10+ 22; occipital fontanel a narrow slit, short; dorsal rays i, 6; anal v, 6 or 7; pectoral I, 10 or 11; pelvic i, 5. Sovichthys, new genus 3b. A distinct and wide band of villiform teeth on premaxillaries and on dentary; no rows of papillae at base of gill filaments on gill arches as in 38a. 4a. Width of head across base of pectorals equal to length of head or nearly so, snout noticeably depressed; dorsal and pectoral spines pungent; dorsal surface of head covered with skin. 5a. Margin of eye free, not fused with flesh around rim of eye; caudal fin forked, lobes more or less rounded, the two shortest mid- caudal fin rays with membrane deeply incised; adipose fin long; anil base short; predorsal plate not meeting supraoccipital process; postcleithral process short, broad-based; posterior nostril a little closer to eye than to anterior nostril; bases of the 2 pairs of mental barbels nearly or in a straight line. Rhamdia Bleeker 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 5b. Margin of eye not free, eye small; adipose fin short, with much restricted base; anal base short; postcleithral process a short knob in adults, a very small spiny projection in young; bases of anterior pair of barbels much farther forward than bases of posterior pair. 6a. Anterior edge of pectoral spine smooth; gill rakers 1 or 2+3 or 4; predorsal plate meeting and fitting into a small notch of supra- occipital process; posterior nostril about equal distance from eye and anterior nostril; caudal fin forked, lobes more or less pointed; outer ends of premaxillary band of teeth with back- ward-=projecting; angles=s =) ==. 9-2 Zungaro Bleeker 6b. Anterior edge of pectoral spine serrated; gill rakers 2 or 3+6 to 8; predorsal plate meeting or not meeting supraoccipital process, not fitting into a notch in it; posterior nostril closer to eye than anterior nostril; caudal fin more or less forked in young, lobes rounded, but caudal fin usually rounded in adults; outer ends of premaxillary band of teeth rounded in small ones or with backward-projecting angles in adults. Pseudopimelodus Bleeker 4b. Head much longer than its width across base of pectorals; lateral ends of premaxillary band of teeth rounded at all ages; caudal fin deeply forked. 7a. Barbels bandlike, long, with membranous border and reaching to anal fin; adipose fin long, 2 to 2.2 in standard length; first dorsal ray more or less pungent; first pectoral ray articulate, not pun- gent; supraoccipital process extending onto predorsal plate; head 4%, depth 6, in standard length; eye 3% to 5% in snout; head depressed. 1Ut SERB ReMi PO eo Pinirampus Bleeker 7b. Barbels round or nearly so in cross section, filiform, sometimes a little compressed basally. 8a. Dorsal and pectoral spines strongly pungent, very sharp-pointed; predorsal plate meeting tip of supraoccipital process; anal fin base short. 9a. Postcleithral process platelike, broad-based, triangular in shape, eye contained one or more times in width of base of this bone; dorsal truncate; anal emarginate; adipose base about as long as anal base; bases of mental barbels not in a straight line, inner pair farther forward; margin of eye dis- tinctly free all way around; top of head bony. Pimelodus Lacepéde 9b. Postcleithral process a spiny projection, width across its base about 4% to %4 eye; dorsal and anal rounded posteriorly; adipose base short to long, usually longer than anal base, which is short; bases of mental barbels in a straight line or nearly so; margin of eye free dorsally but more or less fused ventrally; top of head covered with thin skin. Pimelodella Eigenmann and Higenmann 8b. Dorsal ray flexible, not pungent; pectoral spines weakly pungent or flexible; predorsal plate not quite meeting supraoccipital process; posterior margins of dorsal and anal fins mostly truncate. 10a. Postcleithral process absent; first ray of pectorals not pungent but flexible. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 187 lla. Base of each lobe of caudal fin with embedded black pig- ment spot, this pair visible at all ages; bases of anterior pair of mental barbels much in front of bases of posterior pair; margin of eye free dorsally, more or less fused ventrally ; posterior pair of nasal openings closer to anterior ones than to eye; underside of snout flat, in same plane as underside of head and belly__..Megalonema Eigenmann 116. No pair of embedded pigment spots in caudal region; bases of mental barbels in a straight line or nearly so; margin of eye not free; posterior nasal openings closer to eye than to anterior nasal openings; underside of head convex; usually a pale saddle across occiput. Cetopsorhamdia Eigenmann and Fisher 10b. Postcleithral process represented by a very small spine off upper posterior base of pectoral fin; pectoral spine weakly pungent; dorsal margin of eye free in well-preserved speci- mens, otherwise the margin dorsally and ventrally appear- ing fused; posterior nostrils much closer to eye than to anterior nasal opening; bases of mental barbels in a straight line or- nearly sO=.- sinjo2e ote ee Nannorhamdia Regan 2b. Prominent and distinct paired patches or bilaterally symmetrical patches or bands of teeth in roof of mouth behind premaxillary band of teeth; dentaries with a band of teeth; teeth more or less conica!}, villiform, some- times depressible; head broad, depressed anteriorly, snout sometimes produced, spatula-shaped; margin of eye free; nostrils widely separated, the posterior one always much closer to anterior nasal opening than toeye; inner edge of operculum with one or two folds of skin or ‘‘pouches’’; dorsal rays I, 6to I, 10. (See fig. 3.) 12a. Upper jaw shorter than lower jaw, latter projecting a little beyond tip of snout; inner or anterior menta] barbels near tip of chin or lower lip; maxillary barbels not extending beyond base of adipose fin; adipose fin longer than anal fin base; patches of villiform teeth in upper surfaces of mouth; dorsal rays I, 6; anal v, 8; pectoral I, 9. Hemisorubim Bleeker 12b. Upper jaw equal to or longer than lower jaw; bases of mental barbels remote from edge of lower lip. 13a. Upper jaw and lower jaw equal; maxillary barbels bandlike, extend- ing to middle of pectorals; caudal forked; vomerine patch of teeth broad at sides; no teeth on palatines; dorsal rays I, 6; anal 16; pectoral WO ty ae kee ee Platynematichthys Bleeker 13b. Lower jaw distinctly shorter than upper jaw when closed. 14a.Upper jaw or snout greatly prolonged, flattisb, with teeth on under- side of snout, mostly in front of lower jaw; dorsal rays I, 6. 15a. Eyes lateral so that they can be seen from above or below; band of premaxillary tecth, mostly on underside of snout, horseshoe- shaped; patches of teeth in roof of mouth; maxillary barbel not reaching past dorsal fin; distance across angles of mouth about equal to widest part of head; adipose fin shorter than anal fin; anal v, 14; pectoral I, 8. (Fig. 3, h.) Sorubim Agassiz 15b. Eyes superior, not visible from below. 16a, Patch of premaxillary teeth arrow-shaped; adipose fin longer than anal fin base; vomer and palatine patches of teeth widely separated; first half of maxillary barbel ossified and 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 rest flexible, extending past caudal fin; width of mouth about 1% in length of head. (Fig. 3, f.) Platystomatichthys Bleeker 16b. Adipose fin base shorter than anal fin base; eye nearer to end of snout than end of operculum; premaxillary band of teeth very wide, not arrow-shaped; 2 patches of vomer and pala- tine teeth; width across angle of mouth % length of head; maxillary barbel reaching to anal fin; color darker above, paler below, with black spots on head, back, dorsal and pectoral fins; an interrupted blackish longitudinal band from axil of pectoral to base of anal fin____- Sorubimichthys Bleeker 14b. Upper jaw not greatly prolonged and flattish but normal, lower jaw 17a. only a little shorter than upper jaw; eyes superior. Dorsal rays I, 9 or I, 10; small patches of palatine teeth remote from vomer and transversely arranged; maxillary barbels long, reaching past caudal fin; adipose longer than anal fin base; caudal deeply forked; eyes superior. Sciades Miiller and Troschel 17b. Dorsal rays I, 7 or I, 8; patches of vomerine and palatine teeth separated, each patch smaller than eye, the two vomerine patches of teeth meeting in midline in large adult; width of head 1.2 in its length; maxillary barbels heavy, reaching to caudal fin; width of mouth 1% in width of head and 1%o in length of head; interorbital space concave; inner mental barbel remote from lip; occipital process longer than wide and meet- ing predorsal plate; adipose fin much longer than anal; gill rakers 4 or 5+11. (Fig. 3, d.)____Perrunichthys, new genus 17c. Dorsal rays I, 6 or I, 7; vomerine and palatine patches of teeth if widely separated larger than eye; 18a. Occipital process very broad, as is predorsal plate, and not meeting the latter; toothed areas of vomer and palatine contiguous, in large pentagonal patches; head as broad as long; dorsal I, 7; maxillary barbel not reaching past dorsal fin; adipose fin with rays distally; width of head at angle of mouth 2 in head; gill rakers 44+ 15_Phractocephalus Agassiz 18b. Occipital process longer than broad and meeting or almost meeting predorsal plate. 19a. Teeth on premaxillary longer, depressible, and slenderer than short villiform teeth on vomer and palatines arranged in a band; width of head about 114 to 1% in its length; dorsal rays I, 6; maxillary barbel reaches to adipose or as far as caudal fin; width of mouth 1% in head and 1) in width of head; occipital precess not quite meeting predorsal plate; caudal deeply forked; adipose fin longer than anal base. (Pigr'3; fe) ae ei Se Bao Brachyplatystoma Bleeker 19b. Villiform teeth in roof of mouth and on dentaries, all uniform. 20a. Teeth on vomer in form of a band behind premaxillary band of teeth (see fig. 3, c); width of head 1.2 in its length; maxillary barbel not reaching past dorsal fin; width of mouth at angle of jaws 1.4 in width of head. Paulicea Ihering THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 189 20b. Teeth not in form of a band behind premaxillary band of teeth. 21a. Width of head equals length of head; no patches of palatine teeth, but two patches of vomerine teeth; dorsal rays I, 6 or I, 7; maxillary barbel reaching or not reaching as far as adipose fin; width of mouth 1% in width of head. Steindachneria Eigenmann and Eigenmann 21b. Length of head longer than width of head, latter 1.5 to 2.3 in its length; premaxillary band of teeth very wide, with a backward-projecting arm, laterally. 22a. Palatine patch of teeth comma-shaped, confluent with vomerine patch; width of head 2.2 in its length; maxillary barbel not reaching past dorsal fin, width of mouth nearly equal to width of head, 3.2 in length of head; adipose about equal length of anal fin base; back and sides of body with blackish bars; all fins with black spots; anal rays v, 9; pectoral I, 8; gill rakers about 3+9. (Fig. 3, ) Re ee a ee Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker 22b. Palatine patches of teeth oval and separated from vomerine patches. 23a. Vomerine patches of teeth widely separated; pre- maxillary band of teeth with a concavity lacking teeth at inner midline but almost enclosed posteriorly by a toothed armlike projection to- ward midline; maxillary barbels longer than total length, ossified out as far as opposite dorsal fin, thence flexible and bandlike, ending in a long hairlike filament; total length of adipose fin much longer than base of anal fin; width of head 1%o in its length; width of mouth across angles 1%o in width of head and 2% in length of head; gill rakers about 5+12. (Fig. 3, g.) Platysilurus Haseman 236. Vomerine patches of teeth confluent in midline; premaxillary band of teeth wide without partially enclosed edentulous space at inner side at midline; maxillary barbel reaching a little past caudal fin but not ossified or bandlike; width of head 1% in length of head; width of mouth across angles 1% in width of head and 2.2 in length of head; gill rakers about 4-++11; adipose fin much longer than anal fin base. (Fig. 3, b.) Duopalatinus Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1b. Gill opening not extending far forward, gill membranes joined to isthmus or in front of pectoral fin; dorsal rays I, 6; teeth villiform in a band on pre- maxillaries and on dentaries; no teeth on vomer or palatines; margin of eye not free; pelvics inserted far behind base of dorsal fin; pectoral spine pun- gent, about I, 7; anal base long, of 16 to 40 branched rays; postcleithral process a triangular, broad-based spiny projection. (AUCHENIPTERIDAE). 533749—43——2 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 SOVICHTHYS, new genus This remarkable new genus of Pimelodidae differs greatly from all other members of that family, except Iheringichthys Eigenmann and Norris, 1900, in lacking teeth on the premaxillaries, except in the young. Sovichthys is remarkable in having about 14 to 17 minute tubes in the skin, associated with tiny papillae or pores, extending at right angles to the lateral line and mostly encircling the body. The Pimelodidae are usually defined as catfishes with nares widely separated, remote from the orbits; four mental barbels and two maxillary barbels; a well-developed adipose fin; gill membranes free from isthmus; the skin without bony plates; teeth in villiform bands on premaxillaries and dentaries. However, the description of the character of the premaxillary teeth as usually understood must be modified if Jheringichthys and Sovichthys are to remain in that family. The premaxillaries are edentulous in the adults of both these genera and in the half-grown of Sovichthys. On a specimen of Sovichthys at a lene¢th of 32 mm. a very small patch of delicate villiform teeth was found near the midline on each premaxillary, but at a length of 59 mm. the teeth were absent and a firm plate could be felt where the teeth were to be expected. The teeth in a specimen of Iheringichthys megalops (U.S.N.M. No. 52611), 134 mm. in standard length, were well developed on the premaxillaries. In the adults of Sovichthys the premaxillaries are thickly covered with the skin and tissues of the upper lip and each dentary has a narrow band of delicate villiform teeth. The supraoccipital process has a wide base, then tapers backward and meets the predorsal plate; the first simple ray of the dorsal is not spinous but articulated and is longer than the first branched ray; pectoral spines not locking open; the first ray of the pectoral fin is distinctly a spine, the front margin near tip with small teeth pointing basally, and with posterior edge of this spine having numerous sharp teeth pointing toward base of spine, in adults the anterior margin of the spine being rough; frontal fontanel present but narrow; occipital fontanel narrow, its anterior end beginning opposite rear margin of orbits; no postcleithral process from pectoral girdle behind and above base of pectoral; snout produced, mouth inferior; margin of eye free; gill membranes free from the isthmus, extending forward, joined in midline anteriorly; in front of this juncture is a pouch that extends to under inner pair of mental barbels; another pouch occurs between upper lip and base of maxillary barbel that extends nearly to midline under upper lip, separated from its fellow on opposite side by a mem- branous partition; interorbital space flat; air bladder well developed and in contact with skin behind pectoral girdle; inside of gill cavity, below orbit, are three folds of tissue; along front of gill arches at base THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 191 of gill filaments are two or three rows of short papillae; the gill rakers are triangular in shape and of a fleshy nature; the posterior side of the gill arches is broad with three or four rows of papillalike fleshy gill rakers, the inner row composed of more or less elongate ridges; at upper ends of gill arches occur a few folds of tissue; the fifth gill arch without gill filaments has a series of fleshy gill rakers, and then below is a band of villiform teeth. Remarks.—The following key indicates some of the essential char- acters that separate Sovichthys from Iheringichthys. la. Pectoral spine pungent, serrated anteriorly and strongly serrated posteriorly; locking mechanism fully and functionally developed; posterior process of cleithrum broad and extending backward nearly half length of pectoral spine; dorsal spine pungent, with locking mechanism fully and functionally developed; unlocking mechanism functions by pulling out short spine between predorsal plate and base of dorsal spine (encircling tubes in skin with pores extending at right angles to lateral Jine not observed by me and not described); origin of adipose fin more than two orbit diameters behind base of dorsal fin_______~ Theringichthys Eigenmann and Norris? 1b. Pectoral spine pungent, not serrated anteriorly but serrated postericrly; lock- ing mechanisms of pectoral spine and of dorsal first simple ray not developed and nonfunctional; no small spine between predorsal plate and hase of first dorsal ray; first dorsal ray flexible and thus not pungent; no backward- projecting process of cleithrum over base of pectoral fin; about 14 to 17 lines or tubes in skin, associated with tiny papillae or pores, extending at right angles to lateral line and mostly encircling body; origin of adipose fin immediately behind (about one orbit diameter) base of dorsal fin. Sovichthys, new genus Named Sovichthys in honor of the Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, an organization that has aided in the industrial development of Vene- zuela and helped make possible this study of the fishes of the Maracaibo Basin. Genotype.—Sovichthys abuelo, new species. SOVICHTHYS ABUELO, new species BaGrRe ABUELO Puate 1, A Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121183, a specimen 215 mm. in standard length, taken by Leonard P. Schultz, April 30, 1942, in the Rio de Los Pajaros, 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo, at a depth of 15 feet. Paratypes (all collected by Leonard P. Schultz) —U.S.N.M. No. 121198, 4 specimens, collected along with the holotype and bearing same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121188, Rio Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. ? Iheringichthys Eigenmann and Norris, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 4, p. 354, 1900. (Type, Pimelodus labrosus Kroyer.) Bergiella Eigenmann and Norris, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 4, p. 355, 1900. (Type, Pimelodus westermannt Reinhardt.) I have observed in the literature that three species have been referred to this genus: J. labrosus (Kroyer), I. westermanni Reinhardt, and J. megalops Eigenmann and Ward. 192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 above Lago Maracaibo, May 1, 1942, 3 examples, 170 to 183 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 121186, cafio half a mile west of Sinamaica, March 11, 1942, 2 specimens, 141 and 155 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 121185, Rio Palmar at bridge, 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, taken March 6, 1942, 3 examples, 169 to 177 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 121187, Ciénaga del Guanavana, about 10 km. north of Sinamaica, March 11, 1942, 3 specimens, 32, 136, and 146 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 121184, Rio Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa, March 2, 1942, 4 examples, 138 to 172 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 121211, Rio Apén, about 35 km. south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942, 17 specimens, 124 to 176 mm.; U.S.N.M. No. 121212, Rio Socuy, 3 km. above mouth, February 24, 1942, 57 examples, 59 to 220 mm. Description—Based on the holotype and paratypes. Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and two paratypes, data for these being expressed in hundredths of the standard length and recorded below, first for the holotype, then for the two paratypes in parentheses, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 215 (162; 101). Length of head to tip of supraoccipital process 30.2 (28.9; 30.5); length of head to end of gill cover 23.2 (22.0; 23.7); greatest depth of body 19.4 (17.3; 17.8); width of head at base of pectorals 15.1 (14.1; 14.6); length of snout 9.86 (10.2; 9.52); diameter of eye 5.11 (4.37; 6.44); diameter of bony orbit 5.58 (5.86; 7.23); width of fleshy inter- orbital 7.95 (8.88; 7.03); width of bony interorbital space 6.65 (6.30; 5.64); distance from eye to posterior nostril 4.65 (4.63; 3.96) ; distance between posterior and anterior nostrils 2.84 (3.08; 3.07); postorbital length of head 9.30 (7.90; 9.12); total length of adipose fin 3.91 (4.13; 3.77); greatest height of adipose fin 4.88 (5.74; 6.44); least depth of caudal peduncle 7.44 (7.78; 7.23); length of caudal peduncle 19.3 (19.8; 19.9); length of first simple ray of dorsal 25.4 (29.9; 35.0); length of pectoral spine 19.5 (21.3; 21.8); length of longest pelvic fin ray 18.0 (20.2; 20.3); length of longest anal ray 14.1 (15.5; 14.9); Jength of upper caudal fin lobe 33.0 (37.0; 35.2); length of lower caudal fin lobe 28.2 (30.9; 32.8); length of shortest midcaudal fin rays 8.93 (9.38; 9.12); distance from tip of snout to dorsal fin origin 29.8 (34.4; 34.9); distance from snout to anal origin 72.6 (78.4; 71.8); snout to adipose origin 51.6 (46.6; 52.1); snout to pelvic insertion 44.6 (42.0; 42.6); snout to pectoral insertion 22.1 (20.3; 23.0); snout to anus 49.0 (47.1; 47.0); anus to anal origin 24.2 (26.9; 23.7); length of maxillary barbel 102.0 (136.0; 156.0); length of outer mental barbel 30.0 (38.9; 42.1); length of inner mental barbel 16.7 (21.0; 24.8); width of base of supraoccipital process 4.65 (4.93; 4.96); length of supraoccipital process from rear end of occipital fontanel to its tip 5.58 (5.86; 7.23). Counts were made as follows: Dorsal rays i, 6 (i. 6; i, 6); anal v, 6 (v, 7; v, 7); pectoral I, 11 (I, 11; I, 10); pelvic always I, 5; branched rays of caudal fin 15 or 16 usually 16; number of gill rakers on first gill THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 193 arch —— (10+22; 10-+22). Five specimens had v, 7 anal rays and four had v, 6; one fish had I, 10 pectoral rays, 6 had I, 11, and ove I, 12; gill rakers on first gill arch were in 6 specimens counted, one with 9+21, two with 10+20, one 10+21, and two 10+22. In addition to the characters discussed under the description of the genus, a few other features of this new species should be described. The maxillary barbel in the young extends to tips of caudal fin rays or a little beyond, but in the adults only to the base of the caudal fin; outer mental barbels to base of pelvics or a little beyond; inner mental barbels about halfway out the pectoral fins; center of eye behind middle of head; origin of adipose near rear base of dorsal fin or not more than three-fourths diameter of eye behind base of last dorsal ray; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% in its length; barbels round in shape; pectoral spines not locking open; length of pectoral spine one-half length of adipose fin and reaching or almost reaching base of pelvics; the latter reaching two-thirds the way to anal origin. Color.—Darker above, paler below, upper surfaces profusely black- spotted, these spots often on dorsal and adipose fins; another color phase from muddy waters is pale, with but a few of the black spots evident; also this pale color phase has a more or less darkish blotchy band along upper midsides, above and below, which is a pale band without spots; in small specimens the general darker pigment of upper sides extends a little below the lateral line, then the lower sides are abruptly pale or white; paired and caudal fin darkish, without spots; mental barbels white, maxillary barbels blackish or grayish; in alcohol some of the specimens still retain a dull yellowish color in all the fins; underside of head dull yellowish. Remarks.—This new species is distinguished from all others in the family Pimelodidae by a combination of characters as follows: First dorsal ray simple, articulated; pectoral fin with a strong spine; no teeth on premaxillaries, vomer, or palatines; gill arches with papillae both anteriorly and posteriorly and fleshy gill rakers, triangular in shape; gill cavity with folds of tissue below orbit; pectoral spine not locking; supraoccipital process meeting the predorsal plate; adipose fin very long, its origin just behind base of dorsal fin. Named abuelo, the common name of this species as given to me by the people living in the Maracaibo Basin. Probably called abuelo, meaning grandfather, because of its extremely long ‘‘beard”’ or maxil- lary barbels usually nearly as long as, or longer than, its total length. Genus RHAMDIA Bleeker Rhamdia BuEEKER, Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, vol. 1, pp. 197, 207, sp., 1858; Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 101, 1863. (Type, Pime- lodus quelen Quoy and Gaimard.) 194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou, 94 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RHAMDIA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Maxillary barbel extending past middle of adipose fin or to caudal] peduncle; interorbital space 2.6 to 2.7 in head; pectoral spine with teeth on posterior margin and small ones anteriorly; depth 514; head 3.5 to 4 in standard length; anal rays vi, 9; gill rak2rs 54-14; p2ctoral I, 9. Rhamdia sebae (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1b. Maxillary barbel not reaching past tips of pelvics; depth 6 to 6% in standard length; dorsal I, 6; pectoral I, 9; anal 11 to 13; distance of adipose fin from dorsal 1144 to 1% in head. 2a. Pectoral spine slightly serrated along both edges; head 4% in standard length; coloration uniform, dorsal blackish with a pale band across its basal TOT GLO 1 nee ie cre ee ee oe Rhamdia humilis (Giinther) 2b. Pectoral spine nearly smooth behind, with hooks along anterior margin decreasing in size toward base; head 4 to 4% in standard length; pre- maxillary band of teeth slightly wider at sides, with smal] backward- DIOEChIN oe wanplo ae See ee ee Rhamdia guairensis Kigenmann Ic. Maxillary barbel extending past tips of pelvics but not past middle of adipose fin; interorbital 2.8 in head; pectoral spine serrated on both margins; depth 5 to 5%; head 4 to 4.5; anal about vi, 9; gill rakers about 4+8 from a Guiana‘ specimen. iu SoU ui ie ak Rhamdia quelen (Quoy and Gaimard) RHAMDIA SEBAE (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Pimelodus sebae Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 169, 1840. The specimens from the Maracaibo Basin, here tentatively identi- fied as R. sebae, may represent a distinct subspecies. This form, though fully described on the following pages, was not given a new name because critical comparative material is lacking at present. The following specimens were collected by Leonard P. Schultz dur- ing 1942 in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela: U.S.N.M. No. 121190, 16 specimens, 20.5 to 201 mm. in standard length, from the Rio Machango at the bridge south of Lagunillas, March 16. U.S.N.M. No. 121196, a specimen 209 mm. collected in Lago Maracaibo near the mouth of the Rio Concho, May 2. U.S.N.M. No. 121193, 3 specimens, 101 to 148 mm., taken in the Rio San Juan at the bridge, Motatan system, March 20. U.S.N.M. No. 121192, 5 examples, 170 to 269 mm., obtained on March 11 from a cafio half a mile west of Sinamaica. / U.S.N.M. No. 121197, 2 specimens, 91 and 277 mm., taken March 2 in the Rio Negro below the mouth of the Rio Yasa. U.S.N.M. No. 121191, a specimen 264 mm., collected February 26 in the Rfo San Juan, about 12 km. south of Rosario, Estado de Zulia. U.S.N.M. No. 121199, an example, 112 mm., taken February 21, 1942, in the Rio Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo. U.S.N.M. No. 121194, 2 specimens, 34 and 40 mm., collected March 17 in the Rio Motatdn at bridge 22 km. north of Motatadn. U.S.N.M. No. 121195, 4 specimens, 87 to 105 mm., taken in the Rio San Pedro at bridge (Motatdn system), March 20. This species was taken most frequently over muddy to sandy bot- toms of pools in rivers, as well as in swamps and in Lago Maracaibo. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 195 Detailed measurements of three specimens were made, and these data are expressed in hundredths of the standard length and recorded below. Standard length (in mm.) 188; 101; 277. Length of head to tip of supraoccipital 28.5; 28.2; 29.2; length of head to end of operculum 27.7; 28.2; 27.8; greatest depth of body 19.1; 18.3; 18.4; width of head at base of pectorals 20.5; 20.3; 21.8; length of snout 10.7; 11.7; 11.9; diameter of eye 3.62; 5.15; 3.72; width of fleshy interorbital space 11.3; 9.70; 12.1; length of maxillary barbel 86.7; 94.1; 68.6; length of outer mental barbel 31.9; 36.6; 27.8; length of inner mental barbel 22.3; 23.6; 20.4; total length of adipose fin 38.6; 40.6; 37.2; height of adipose fin 6.70; 6.83; 4.94; length of base of anal fin 13.2; 14.4; 12.4; least depth of caudal peduncle 10.2; 11.4; 9.40; length of caudal peduncle 19.2; 19.8; 20.6; distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 3.62; 3.56; 3.72; dis- tance from eye to posterior nasal opening 5.58; 5.15; 5.56; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 34.3; 34.4; 35.7; snout to origin of anal fin 68.4; 68.8; 72.2; snout to adipose origin 54.0; 54.1; 58.4; snout to pectoral insertion 24.7; 24.0; 24.8; snout to pelvic insertion 47.0; 48.7; 50.2; anus to anal origin 15.2; 12.0; 14.8; length of dorsal spine 12.0; 13.1; 11.3; length of pectoral spine 13.1; 14.9; 13.8; length of longest (third branched) ray of anal fin 12.5; 14.6; 12.3; length of longest ray of pelvic fins 13.8; 16.3; 14.7; snout to anus 54.8; 57.8; 58.2; length of longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin 22.5; 27.3; 21.5; length of longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin 22.6; 28.6; 21.7; postorbital length of head to end of operculum 14.1; 12.7; 13.9; width of head across rictus of mouth 14.5; 15.1; 16.2; tip of chin to base of inner mental barbel 4.63; 4.85; 4.62; tip of chin to base of outer mental barbel 5.58; 6.44; 6.35. The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays I, 6; I, 6; I, 6; anal vi, 8; v, 9; vi, 8; pectoral I, 9; I, 10; I, 9; pelvics always 1, 5; branched caudal rays 7+9; 7+9; 7+-9; gill rakers on first gill arch -—-; 4+8; 4+10. Head depressed anteriorly, snout rounded and broad, the distance across the mouth at angles 1% in the head to end of operculum; width of head at base of pectorals 1% to 1% in head; adipose fin about 2% to 2% in standard length; height of adipose fin 1% in interorbital space and 6 or 7 times in its total length; lower jaw a little shorter than upper jaw; all teeth similar, villiform, and in a band (with lateral ends rounded) on premaxillaries and on dentaries; gill membranes extending forward, free from the isthmus, in front of which is a pouch; dorsal and pectoral fins each with a sharp, stiff spine; posterior edge of pectoral spines serrated, anterior edge rough basally, with serrations distally but pointing basally; dorsal spine smooth; eye with a free margin; interorbital space nearly flat, a trifle convex; all barbels blackish; mental barbels all in a nearly 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 straight line; anterior nostrils tubular, forward of base of maxillary barbel; anterior and posterior barbels widely separated; supraoccipital process covered with skin and not meeting the predorsal plate; gill rakers about 4+8 to 10; caudal lobes rounded, upper lobe with 7 branched rays and lower with 9; caudal peduncle com- pressed. No teeth on vomer or palatines; posterior margins of dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins rounded; lower lobe of caudal fin rounded, broader than upper lobe; upper and lower lobes separated by a deep incision of the membrane between the two shortest mid- caudal fin rays; adipose fin very long, its origin about an eye diameter behind base of dorsal fin; maxillary barbel flattish, reaching to caudal peduncle or a little shorter, outer mental barbel extends to tips of pectorals or to base of pelvics; inner mental barbel reaching to base of pectorals or one-third out their length; pelvic fins reach two-thirds the way to origin of anal fin, and pectorals two-thirds the way to the insertion of the pelvic fins; the free margin of the eye becomes less free ventrally on the small specimens and on those as short as 20.5 and 26 mm. the margin of the eye is not free (it is thought that the identification of the two small specimens is correct); the top of the head is covered with rather thick skin, so that the posterior end of the supraoccipital process is obscured, but it does not meet the embedded predorsal plate; fontanel in middorsal line between the orbits small, closed or nearly closed in adults. Color.—The general color is blackish above, paler below, with the belly and underside of head nearly white; a blackish blotch occurs over the tympanic area of air bladder just behind head and forms a faint darkish band just in front of dorsal fin base, most distinct on the half grown and young; all fins grayish to blackish; in the young the lateral line is blackish; posteriorly the interradial membrane of the dorsal fin is blackish along its middle third with a hyaline area an- teriorly, less distinct in the larger specimens; peritoneum pale. RHAMDIA HUMILIS (Giinther) Pimelodus humilis GiNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5, p. 129, 1864 (Venezuela). Rhamdia humilis ErcENMANN and E1GENMANN, Occ. Pap. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 126, 1890 (Venezuela).—E1GENMANN and ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p. 94, 1942 (Venezuela). RHAMDIA GUAIRENSIS Eigenmann Rhamdia guairensis EIGENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 6, 1920 (Rfo Guaire near Caracas, Venezuela). RHAMDIA QUELEN (Quoy and Gaimard) Pimelodus quelen Quoy and Gaimarp, Voyage autour du monde... Uranie, Zool., pl. 49, figs. 3-4, 1824. Rhamdia quelen E1GENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 6, 1920 (Rio Castafio and Rfo Bue, Maracay; El Concejo, Rfo Tiquirito).—PrEaRsE, Univ. Wisconsin Studies, No. 1, pp. 23, 45, 1920 (Rfo Castafio, Venezuela). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 197 The specimens from British Guiana on which the key is based may differ from those in the Valencia Basin of Venezuela. Genus ZUNGARO Bleeker Zungaro BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 101, 1863. (Type, Pimelodus zungaro Humboldt.) (Ref. copied.) ZUNGARO ZUNGARO (Humboldt) Pimelodus zungaro HumpBoupt, Recueil d’observations de zoologie. . . , vol. 2, p: £70; p. 46, fig.1, 181d. Pseudopimelodus zungaro Risretro, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 10, p. 728, 1918 (Rfo Cabriale, Venezuela). The following nine examples of this fish were taken by Leonard P. Schultz during 1942 in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela: U.S.N.M. No. 121283, 8 specimens, 153 to 264 mm., from the Rfo San Juan at the bridge south of Mene Grande, tributary Rio Motatdén, March 20. U.S.N.M. No. 121284, a specimen, 242 mm., from the Rio Negro below mouth Rio Yasa, March 2. Genus PSEUDOPIMELODUS Bleeker Pseudopimelodus BuEEKeER, Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 196, 207, 1858 (sp.); Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 101, 1868. (Type, Pimelodus raninus Cuvier and Valenciennes.) (Ref. copied.) The relationships and validity of certain genera and species of South American catfishes allied to Pseudopimelodus are not well de- fined and need careful study. There are not sufficient specimens available at present to enable me to work out the limits of the genera or species under question, except to point out that Zungaro Bleeker differs from the related genera, Pseudopimelodus and Microglanis, in having the lower jaw a little longer than the upper, the predorsal plate slender, meeting and fitting into a notch of the supraoccipital process, and the anterior margin of the pectoral spine smooth. In defining the genus Pseudopimelodus Eigenmann and Allen (Fishes of western South America, pp. 90-91, 1942) describe the “‘intermaxillary teeth without angle projecting backward.” Eigenmann (Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 155, 1912) in defining the genus Microglanis distinguishes it from Pseudopimelodus by “premaxillary patches of teeth without backward projecting angles.” He says further that the members of this genus are “‘small Pimelodines, reaching a max- imum length of 110 mm.” Doubt is cast on the validity of this genus after studying a large series of a related form from the Maracaibo Basin. The premaxillary band of teeth in this series is angular in the small ones 40 to 50 mm. in length, and in the large ones this angle projects more posteriorly as described for Pseudopimelodus. In a small paratype of Microglanis poecilus the outer or lateral ends of the premaxilary band of teeth are more rounded and the predorsal plate does not meet the supraoccipital process; neither does it in the specimens from the Maracaibo Basin. 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 EKigenmann describes the predorsal plate of Pseudopimelodus raninus (op. cit., 154) as “‘nearly touching the occipital process,” and so it does in a small specimen before me from the Rio Meta in Colombia, but the premaxillary band of teeth has the lateral ends rounded. Unfortu- nately no specimen of Pseudopimelodus raninus is now available to me for study, and thus I am unable to determine with certainty that my specimens should be referred to Pseudopimelodus. Eigenmann (op. cit., pp. 152, 153) describes two new species of Pseudopimelodus from British Guiana. Certain features of Pseudo- pimelodus albomarginatus Eigenmann (op. cit., p. 153) indicate that this species is based on the young. I draw my conclusions from the large series of specimens of the related form from the Maracaibo Basin, because m this form the caudal fin changes with age from a deeply cleft, longer, rounder upper caudal lobe than lower, in the young, to then a concave caudal fin, later to a truncate one, and finally, in those 100 mm. to 184 mm., it is rounded or almost rounded. Thus P. albomarginatus agrees with the young from the Maracaibo Basin in regard to the caudal fin, and in addition it has the juvenile color pat- tern, which changes to the adult color pattern at about 100 mm. of length. Pseudopimelodus villosus Eigenmann (op. cit., p. 152), holotype 148 mm. in length, shows the rounded caudal fin and the spotted color pattern found on the adults of a similar form from the Maracaibo Basin. I would conclude that villosus and albomarginatus are the same species if Eigenmann did not separate them in his key (op. cit., p. 151) by the predorsal plate meeting the occipital process for albo- marginatus. Also, he distinguishes villosus from albomarginatus by no humeral spine in the former. Again, the humeral spine is reduced in length with increase in size in the form from Maracaibo Basin. Although the status of these two species is questioned, as well as the validity of the genus Microglanis, it is clear that the form in the Maracaibo Basin differs sufficiently from those in British Guiana to be recognized as a new subspecies, which I describe below. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF PSEUDOPIMELODUS VILLOSUS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Maxillary barbels reaching gill openings in largest specimens and much past gill openings in those 150 mm. and shorter; if white blotch is present on basal posterior half of dorsal fin it does not occur on more than last three inter- radial membranes except very rarely as a small speck on fourth, but usually much reduced in size on third from last; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 to 3.1 in the head; snout to dorsal spine base 2.4 to 2.6, head 2.8 to 3.1, depth 4.8 to 5.2, in the standard length; eye 3% to 5% in snout, 4 to 6 in interorbital space__.Pseudopimelodus villosus butcheri, new subspecies 1.6 Maxillary barbels not quite reaching gill openings; white blotch on basal half of posterior side of dorsal fin occurring on last four interradial membranes and — not reduced in size on any of them; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.9 to 3% in head; snout to dorsal spine base 2% to 2%, head 2% to 3.2, depth 4% to 5.3, in standard length; eye 3 to 4in snout and 5 in interorbital space. Pseudopimelodus villosus villosus Eigenmann THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 199 PSEUDOPIMELODUS VILLOSUS BUTCHERI, new subspecies Puate 1, B Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121270, a specimen 107 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 17 and 20, 1942, in the Rio San Juan near bridge south of Mene Grande, tributary to Rio Motatan, Maracaibo Basin. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz).—U.S.N.M. No. 121273, 58 specimens, 29.5 to 172 mm., collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121280, 2 examples, 34 and 184 mm., March 24, 1942, from the Rio Motatan, 8 km. below Motatan; U.S.N.M. No. 121272, 2 specimens, 39.5 and 44 mm., March 17, 1942, from the Rfo Motatdn, at bridge 22 km. north of Motatan; U.S.N.M. No. 121271, 25 specimens, 29.5 to 69 mm., March 20, 1942, from the Rio San Pedro near bridge south of Mene Grande, tributary to Motatdin system; U.S.N.M. No. 121278, 1 specimen, 27.5 mm., March 24, 1942, from the Rfo Jimelles, 12 km. east of Motatan, tributary to Rio Motatén; U.S.N.M. No. 121276, 11 examples, 35 to 60 mm., March 21, 1942, from the Rio Machango, 20 km. above bridge south of Lagunillas, Maracaibo Basin; U.S.N.M. No. 121277, 1 specimen, 45 mm., March 6, 1942, from the Rfo Palmar at the bridge 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo; U.S.N.M. No. 121275, 1 specimen, 38 mm., February 21, 1942, from the Rio Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo; U.S.N.M. No. 121274, 6 examples, 16 to 52 mm., February 24, 1942, from the Rio Socuy, 3 km. above its mouth, Maracaibo Basin; U.S.N.M. No. 121279, 5 specimens, April 1, 1942, from the Rio Tachira, 7 km. north of San Antonio, Catatumbo system. Description.—Based on holotype and paratypes listed above. Measurements, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded below, first for the holotype, then for two paratypes in par- entheses, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 107 (45.5; 184). Length of head to end of operculum 33.6 (36.2; 33.3); greatest depth of body 22.0 (20.9; 21.7); length of snout 12.2 (12.5; 12.5); diameter of eye 3.36 (3.73; 2.83); width of fleshy interorbital space 12.3 (11.4; 15.5); distance between rims of anterior and posterior nostrils 4.20 (4.18; 4.62); distance from eye to rim of posterior nostril 2.80 (2.42; 3.21) ; width of premaxillary band of teeth 2.24 (2.42; 2.39); width across outer angles of maxillaries 2.15 (2.20; 2.45); width across base of pectorals 29.2 (29.7; 29.6); length of maxillary barbels 30.4 (34.1; 28.8); length of anterior mental barbels 9.53 (9.44; 10.7); length of posterior mental barbels 19.6 (15.6; 16.8); least depth of caudal peduncle 13.5 (13.0; 12.8); length of caudal peduncle 14.5 (16.0; 16.5); total length of adipose fin 18.2 (22.0; 15.2); length of base of adipose fin 12.6 (15.8; 11.7); length of base of anal fin 13.1 (14.3; 12.8); dis- 200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 tance from snout to dorsal origin 42.1 (41.8; 41.6); snout to anal origin 72.5 (75.8; 74.5); snout to adipose origin 76.0 (71.4; 75.5); snout to pelvic insertion 52.8 (53.8; 55.4); snout to pectoral insertion 30.8 (31.9; 30.8); snout to anal origin 59.8 (62.6; 63.4); length of dorsal spine 10.8 (11.9; 7.50); length of pectoral spine 15.4 (16.5; 13.2); longest branched ray of pelvics 15.9 (17.8; 14.9); longest branched ray of pectorals 19.1 (18.7; 16.1); longest branched ray of dorsal 18.2 (19.8; 18.5); longest branched ray of anal 15.9 (16.5; 15.5); longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin 25.2 (28.6; 20.1); longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin 24.3 (25.5; 19.4). The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays I, 6 (I, 6; I, 6); anal iv, 8 (v, 8; iv, 7); pelvic 1, 5—i, 5 Gi, 5—1, 5; 1,.5—1, 5); pectoral I, 6—I, 6 (I, 6—I, 6; I, 6—I, 6); branched rays of caudal 12 (13; 18); gill rakers on first arch—(3+7; 3+6). For additional counts see table 1. TaBLE 1.—Counts made on species of Zungaro and Pseudopimelodus from the Maracaibo Basin Number of gill rakers Number of fin rays N or a on first gill arch SS SSS preached Species Dor-| _ Pel-|Pecto-| ,f2U Above a Anal sigh tral fin rays angle Below angle a | a nf Zungaro zungaro___.------------- 4 Pseudopimelodus villosus butcheri_ 4 Head depressed, its width across base of pectorals about 1.1 to 1.2 in its length; body compressed at caudal peduncle; adipose fin with a short base; anal base short, about equal to snout; origin of adipose fin over origin of anal fin or a trifle in front of the latter; insertion of pelvics under posterior end of dorsal fin base; margin of eye not free, the eye small, 3% to 5 times in interorbital space; gill membranes extend far forward, attached to isthmus without a free fold; nostrils wide apart, the anterior one tubular, near front of snout, the posterior nostril funnel-shaped with a minute point or barblet on the anterior edge of the membranous rim; teeth villiform, in a wide band on den- taries and premaxillaries; at the lateral ends of the premaxillary band is a posteriorly projecting arm on adults, but only angular to rounded in the young; no teeth on vomer or palatines; the predorsal plate does not meet the supraoccipital process; dorsal surface of head fleshy, the bones covered with thick skin; gill rakers short, pointed, two to three above and six to eight below the angle of first gill arch; both jaws equal, mouth terminal, gape wide; pectoral spine about 2 to 2% in the head, with long teeth on front and rear margins, those on front margin antrorse distally, and on inner margin retrorse; dorsal spine THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 201 short, 3 to 3} in the head, smooth on all sides and about two-thirds the length of the branched rays of the dorsal fin; posterior margins of pelvic fins rounded, of the pectoral truncate or a little rounded, the fleshy tip of the pectoral spine reaching beyond the longest branched ray; adipose fin with short base, the tip of adipose extending beyond base and free; the caudal fin changes remarkably with age, in specimens 20 to 40 or 50 mm. in standard length, the upper lobe longest and separated from the lower lobe by short rays, the caudal fin being deeply emarginate; but in a little larger specimen the caudal fin has rounded upper and lower lobes with the middle rays shorter, the fin being a little concave; in the largest specimens and some about 80 mm. and longer the caudal fin being evenly rounded; anal fin rounded; maxillary barbel reaching past head but not quite to opposite dorsal origin; posterior mental barbel reaching a little past the pectoral insertion; anterior mental barbel short, reaching a very little past a vertical line through rear margin of eye; pelvics not quite reaching to anal origin, and pectorals reaching about three- fourths the way to pelvic insertion; the larger specimens as well as some of the smaller ones are profusely covered all over the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head with minute papillae called “‘hair- like filaments” by Eigenmann for villosus. Color.—In large adults the upper parts are blackish to dark brown, ventral surfaces brownish mottled, and sides and dorsal surfaces sometimes dark spotted, almost obscured; the large specimens, when preserved, have a thick coat of mucus covering the color pattern; specimens 50 to 60 mm. in standard length have the following color pattern, which remains more or less apparent in even a few of the largest specimens: A pale bar across occiput; margins of gill mem- branes pale; usually a pale spot at origin of dorsal and another at origin of adipose fins; a pale bar on middle of length of side of body just behind base of caudal fin and extending directly upward and sometimes more or less confluent with a small white spot in middle to base of posterior rays of dorsal fin; another pale blotch on side under adipose fin; sometimes basal part of posterior anal rays with pale blotch; a small white blotch on both upper and lower edges of caudal peduncle; outer margins of all the fins white, remainder black or mottled with black and white; the caudal fin is variable, usually with a wide white margin posteriorly, then spotted or mottled with black and white, or it may be all white as in the specimens from the Rio Tachira and one from the Motat&n system; in some of the larger specimens just inside the wide pale band the caudal fin may have a wide blackish band somewhat broken by white spots. The above color pattern becomes obscured in the largest specimens, and its place is taken by a spotted or mottled pattern; the white margins to the fins remain distinct at all sizes. 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Remarks.—This new subspecies is very closely related to Eigen- mann’s Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus and P. v. villosus, differing from the former in having the predorsal plate not meeting the supra- occipital process. From P. v. villosus it differs in having longer barbels, as indicated in the key on page 198, and a reduction of the white central blotch on the dorsal fin to not more than the last three interradial membranes instead of four in villosus. The caudal fin in villosus appears to become rounded at a greater length than this new form in the Maracaibo Basin. Named butchert in honor of Walter W. Butcher, geologist, Lago Petroleum Corporation, who aided me in collecting fishes near Rosario, western side of Lago Maracaibo. PSEUDOPIMELODUS VILLOSUS VILLOSUS Eigenmann Pseudopimelodus villosus EIGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 153, pl. 10, fig. 1, 1912 (Potaro Landing; Kumaka, Demerara; Wismar). ?Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus EIGENMANN, ibid., p. 153, pl. 11, fig. 1 (Tukeit and Waratuk, British Guiana). ?Pimelodus (Pseudopimelodus) raninus Prrrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 470 (Apure River, Venezuela). Genus PIMELODUS Lacepéde Pimelodus Lacrr&p®, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, 1803 (polygeneric).— Cuvizr, Régne animal, vol. 2, p. 203, 1817 (restricted to species having only a single band of teeth in upper jaw). (Type, P. maculatus Lacepéde= clarias.) (Ref. copied.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PIMELODUS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Dorsal spine contained 6 to 6% times in standard length; teeth along nearly entire front margin of pectoral spine; total length of adipose fin contained 0.7 to 0.8 time in dorsal spine and 0.6 in pectoral spine; a large black blotch in dorsal fin; a light streak from dorsal spine to above pelvies, thence to middle of caudal fin rays, another above it; snout broad, depressed. Pimelodus ornatus Kner 1b. Dorsal spine length contained fewer than 5 times in standard length; no ornate spot in dorsal fin. 2a. Length of adipose fin contained 5 to 6% times in standard length; anal rays v, 8 to v, 10, usually v, 9: pectoral with I, 8 to I, 10, usually I, 9 or I, 10. 3a. Length of adipose fin contained 6 to 6% times in standard length, 1.3 to 1.8 in dorsal spine, 1.2 to 1.6 in pectoral spine; height of adipose fin 2.1 to 2.8 in its total length; width of head a little greater than length of adipose; greatest depth of body 3.5 to 4 in standard length; dorsal spine 3.4 to 4.2 in length of body; sides with black blotches more of less separated by about two pale streaks, the one along the lateral line always distinct____Pimelodus clarias coprophagus, new subspecies 3b; Length of adipose fin 5 times in standard length, 0.8 to 1.1 in dorsal spine and equal to length of pectoral spine; height of adipose fin 3% to 3% in its length; width of head 1.2 to 1.4 in length of adipose fin; greatest depth of body 5 to 5% in standard length; dorsal spine 4.1 to 4.5 times in length of body; color usually plain grayish above, lighter below te eke ee ee Pimelodus clarias clarias (Bloch) THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 203 2b. Length of adipose fin contained 3% to 44% times in standard length; anal rays v, 7 to v, 9, usually v, 7 or v, 8; pectoral rays I, 10 to I, 12, usually I, 10 or I, 11; greatest depth of body 4% to 5% in standard length. 4a. Length of adipose fin 4% to 4% times in standard length, 1.0 to 1.2 in dorsal spine, and 0.8 to 1.0 in greatest depth of body; height of adipose fin 3% to 3% in its length; width of head 1.1 to 1.2 in length of adipose fin saa LYS bere ald Pimelodus grosskopfii navarroi, new subspecies 4b. Length of adipose fin 3% in standard length, 0.6 to 0.8 in dorsal spine, and 0.6 to 0.7 in greatest depth of body; height of adipose fin 5 to 5% in its length; width of head 1.5 in length of adipose fin (Magdalena system) = 221 fsa Pimelodus grosskopfii grosskopfii Steindachner PIMELODUS ORNATUS Kner GUACAMAYO Pimelodus ornatus Kner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 26, p. 411, pl. 6, fig. 18, 1858 (Surinam; Rfo Negro; Cujaba).—PrtTrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 470 (Calabozo, Venezuela).—Ro6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 377, 1942 (no locality given). Megalonema rhabdostigma Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 65, p. 256, fig. 10, 1914 (Rupununi River, British Guiana). TABLE 2.—Counts made on two species of Pimelodus. Number of fin rays Number of gill rakers on first gill arch Species Anal Pectoral ee Below angle See ae aoa oa Pete” tet | sia isle ales, aly ea es v,7 Baie v, 101, 8iI, a 10,1, 111, 12) 6| 7 e 9/10 16 17/18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | clarias coprophagus_-_-__|_-_- | 30 J DSO eee eae tee 2! 9} 4] 1 1}__} 8] 4] 1] 1] 1 clarias clarias___..-....|__- 1] 3 a2 Oi) 275] = Ee D2 pray 2) 1 grosskopfii navarroi_-...| 1} 18} 3).---- | fate ee 2} 19{ 2) 2] 3 oefealely on} 4e1 gi osskopfii grosskopfii_ i 2. eee | ule Ao Steen oT Sale | PIMELODUS CLARIAS COPROPHAGUS, new subspecies BAGRE FIGURE 2 Pimelodus maculatus (in part) Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 192, 1840 (Maracaibo). Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121150, a specimen 163 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above the southwestern corner of Lago Maracaibo, in 15 feet of water on May 1, 1942. This is really a deep cafio with muddy bottom. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 121153, 6 specimens, 128 to 193 mm., collected along with the holotype and bearing same data. Other paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz) as follows: U.S.N.M. No. 121154, Lago Maracaibo, 7 km. south of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942, 10 specimens, 133 to 171 mm. 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 U.S.N.M. No. 121145, Rfo de Los Pajaros, 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo, April 30, 1942, 6 specimens, 123 to 158 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121159, Lago Maracaibo at Yacht Club, Maracaibo, March 5, 1942, 2 specimens, 123 and 148 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121158, Lago Maracaibo, 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo, April 7-9, 1942, 2 specimens, 230 to 239 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121147, Rfo Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo, February 21, 1942, 25 specimens, 117 to 154 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121157, Rfo Palmar at bridge 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942, 5 specimens, 110 to 159 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121152, Ciénaga del Guanavana about 10 km. north of Sinamaica, March 11, 1942, 1 specimen, 195 mm. U.S.N.M. 121156, Rfo Socuy, 3 km. above its mouth, Maracaibo Basin, Febru- ary 24, 1942, 15 specimens, 125 to 218 mm. Ficure 2.—Pimelodus clarias coprophagus, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121150), 163 mm. in standard length. U.S.N.M. No. 121148, Rfo Apén, about 35 km. south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942, 31 specimens, 118 to 192 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121155, Rio Negro below mouth of Rfo Yasa, March 2, 1942, 7 specimens, 118 to 195 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121149, cafio half a mile west of Sinamaica, March 11, 1942, 5 specimens, 162 to 176 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121151, Rfo Motatdn at bridge 22 km. north of Motatén, March 17, 1942, 11 specimens, 117 to 167 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121146, Rio Motatdén 8 km. below Motatdn, March 24, 1942, 1 specimen, 128 mm. Description.—Certain features on the holotype and two paratypes were carefully measured, and the resulting data, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded in table 3. The following counts were made on the holotype and paratypes, respectively: Dorsal rays I, 6; I, 6; I, 6; anal v, 9; v, 9; v, 9; pectoral I, 9; I, 9; I, 9; pelvic i, 5; i, 5; i, 5; branched rays of caudal fin 15; 15; 14; number of gill rakers on first gill arch -—; 9+24;8+23. Additional counts in table 2. Upper surface of head. bony, the supraoccipital process with broad base tapering to a rounded point posteriorly, touching but not fused with the predorsal plate; eye with free margin; premaxillary band of U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 1 A, Sovichthys abuelo, new genus and species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121183), 215 mm. in standard length; B, Pseudopimelodus villosus butcheri, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121270), 107 mm.; C, Pimelodus grosskopfit navarroi, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121174), 252 mm.; D, Pimelodella linam1, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121132), 75.2 mm. Retouched photographs. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 2 i A, Pimelodella chagresi odynea, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121133), 89 mm. in standard length; B, Megalonema platycephalum psammium, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121175), 133.5 mm.; C, Cetopsorhamdia shermant, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121216), 30.7 mm.; D, C. picklei, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121217), 88 mm. Retouched photographs. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 205 teeth broad with lateral end rounded; no teeth on vomer or palatines; snout projecting beyond lower lip the width of the upper lip; maxil- lary barbels reaching to anal fin or to caudal peduncle; outer mental barbels reaching almost to insertion of the pelvics and inner mental barbels extending a little past insertion of pectorals; the bases of the outer mental barbels are a little behind those of the anterior mental barbels; pectoral spine with numerous sharp-pointed retrorse teeth along its posterior margin and tiny numerous antrorse teeth along the basal half of the anterior margin of the pectoral spine in the half-grown, but in those specimens 200 mm. in standard length the front of the spine is rough only; posterior margin of dorsal spine with numerous retrorse teeth, anterior margin without teeth; length of gill rakers about % eye; posterior margin of dorsal fin a little concave; rear margin of adipose truncate to a trifle concave; posterior margin of anal concave, usually the first branched ray longest; first branched ray of pectoral longest, the rear margin of this fin a little concave; caudal deeply forked, usually the upper lobe is longest; in the almost perfectly pre- served specimens the head is profusely supplied with very minute papillae; head is depressed forward, but the supraoccipital process has a rounded keel; caudal peduncle a little compressed; total length of adi- pose fin less than length of snout and eye; dorsal spine 1% in distance from snout to dorsal origin; adipose fin shorter than distance from rear base of dorsal to adipose origin; pectoral spine not quite reaching to pelvic insertion, and dorsal spine not reaching adipose origin; gill membranes extend far forward, free from the isthmus. Color.—Color pattern variable but always with black spots or blotches more or less separated by pale streaks along sides. The holo- type has the profusely spotted color phase, in which the spots are round to elongate and more or less joined, giving a mottled pattern but with a very distinct pale streak along the lateral line; predorsal plate with black sides, this black color extending a short distance down on the skin below the plate; adipose fin faintly spotted, but often plain grayish, with its basal half a little yellowish; dorsal fin pigmented but usually with hyaline areas on the membranes a third of the way out, followed behind and below by intensification of the black pigment. Another color phase, probably the commonest, consists of a wide pale streak along the lateral line above and below, which is a row more or less of black blotches or an irregularly blackish band; below this blackish broken band another wide pale streak and then a series of blackish pigment areas occurs; sometimes the black blotches or black streak above the pale lateral band is set off by a pale streak from the blackish blotches on upper part of the back; dorsal surface of head usually not spotted, but sometimes blackish color bars more or less meet at middle 533749—43——_3 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM _ YOL. 94 base of supraoccipital process; belly usually silvery, but occasionally a few diffuse spots occur anteriorly; peritoneum pale. Named coprophagus in reference to its feeding habits. Remarks.—This new subspecies is so distinct from P. clarias clarias of the Magdalena River system that it might have been best to give it the rank of a full species. The relationships of P. clarias clarias and other populations close to clarias ranging southward from the Mara- caibo Basin need careful study, for they appear to differ somewhat from the Magdalena form, that in the Maracaibo Basin, and also P. clarias punctatus from Panama. P. clarias clarias has a plain color- ation without spots or streaks, P. clarias punctatus is spotted when young but plain in color when older, while P. clarias coprophagus is profusely spotted with pale streaks at all sizes and ages. This new subspecies differs from all other species with a similar color pattern in its very short and high adipose fin, the height usually continued about 2.5 times in its total length. In the key other differences are given that aid in its separation from species reported in Colombia or Venezuela. In Lago Maracaibo P. clarias coprophagus is one of the commonest species and is taken some distance up the rivers. Around the docks in the oilfields and along the waterfront at Maracaibo it is a scavenger, eating any refuse that it can get. Off Lagunillas in Lago Maracaibo I saw it swimming in large schools at the surface just under the film of oil that covers the water in that part of the lake. Often it sweeps its long blackish maxillary barbels forward and backward under this oil film, and on a few occasions I have seen individuals swallow large globules of thick petroleum more or less settling in the water. Because of its feeding habits around the oilfields it is thoroughly despised. PIMELODUS CLARIAS CLARIAS (Bloch) Silurus clarias Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische, pl. 35, figs. 1-2, 1785 [=S. clarias Linnaeus in part; not S. clarias Hasselquist, which is Synodontis clarias from the Nile (ref. copied) ]. Pimelodus clarias (Bloch) SternpacHNnER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 39, p. 15, 1878 (Magdalena River) (I have selected this locality as representing the type locality on which to base comparison); vol. 41, p. 158, 1879 (Ciudad Bolivar; Rio Mamoni at Chepo). Pimelodus maculatus Perers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 470 (Cala- bozo, Venezuela).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). ?Pseudariodes pantherinus LiivKen, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, pts. 12-16, p. 192, 1874 (Caracas, Venezuela). (One of Liitken’s specimens, probably a cotype, is in the United States National Museum, No. 44970, and it greatly resembles my specimens of Pimelodus clarias coprophagus from the Maracaibo Basin except in certain color characteristics. Liitken’s types of pantherinus need careful comparison with the Maracaibo form. Perhaps they were not taken at Caracas.) THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 207 PIMELODUS GROSSKOPFII NAVARROI, new subspecies PiaTE 1, C Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121174, a specimen, 252 mm. in standard length, taken in the Rio Palmar at the bridge 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo by Leonard P. Schultz, March 6, 1942. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121172, 17 specimens, 61 to 191 mm., collected by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Socuy 3 km. above mouth, north of Maracaibo, February 24, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121173, 4 specimens, 76 to 147 mm., collected by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa, March 2, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. TaBLE 3.—Measurements (in hundredths of the standard length) for species of Pimelodus clarias clarias clarias coprophagus _| 97088kopfitnavare roi Rio Rio U.S.N.M.No. | R10 | Rio | Agua | Pal- | Rfo 116456, Mag- | Secuy,| Apon, | Cali- | mar, | Socuy, dalena system | P8ta- | para- | ente, | holo- | para- type type pal type type ype Character 103 103. 122.62 |121.6 1163 252 150. 5 34.4 || 36. 36.0 | 36.7 | 36.3 | 31.0 33.3 28.6 | 28. 29.3 | 29.5 | 29.5 | 24.8 25.8 Standarddenrth! (inimm.))---_ =<. - 2 7, 0 2 16.75 [1% 5) 18.8) | °18.0": |) 19:5)" 18.8 18. 5. 8 0 Head to end of supraoccipital process___------ Head to end of operculum__------------------ Width of head at base of pelvies___---------- Greatestidepth of body2--2 222 sess sess ee Weng thiotisnoutises 2 3222.25 eee at eee Miameterokeyei=-< 20 - == = se eo eee ee Distance from eye to posterior nostril________- Distance between anterior and posterior MOSERILS = BeBe eR Se oa ee! Width of fieshy interorbital space_----------- Postorbital length of head_._---.------------- Total length of adipose fin__...-------------- Height ofiadipose fin: 2-2 22)---8- + =e ane Least depth of caudal peduncle_-_-_.---------- Length of caudal peduncle_.----------------- Mengehior dorsal\spine. 2 222 2. 28S Length of:pectoral-spine____..~--..2--2--<-- Length of longest ray of pelvics__..----------- Length of longest ray of anal.___-.---_---_--- Length of upper caudal lobe___-_------------- Length of lower caudal lobe___--------------- Length of shortest middle caudal rays-_------- Distance from snout to dorsal origin__--_-_-_- Distance from snout to anal origin_____-_-___- Distance from snout to adipose origin___-_-_- Distance from snout to pelvic insertion___--_- Distance from snout to pectoral insertion___-- Distance from snout to anus___..---_-------_- FATS EO Anal OFigiM Lohse Lk Length of maxillary barbel____-----.--------- Length of outer mental barbel___---_-_-_-___- Length of inner mental barbel____-___-_-___- Width of base of supraoccipital process__-_-___- Length of supraoccipital process____...._---- 20.9 20. 22.3 21.8 24, 2 19.4 19. 9 11.6 12. 12.7 12.5 13.1 11.5 12.3 6. 80 5. 98 6. 20 6. 25 5. 52 4.09 4.98 5. 24 5. 30 6. 69 6. 25 6. 75 6. 00 5. 38 3. 49 3. 57 3.75 3.78 3. 50 2. 90 3. 39 9. 80 9.84 | 10.3 10. 4 10.7 9.13 8. 30 10.0 11.6 11.3 12.2 11.4 9. 72 10.6 18.9 20.7 17.9 16.9 15.6 22.5 22. 2 6. 80 6.75 6. 60 6. 08 5. 21 5. 76 6. 04 9. 22 8. 97 9. 46 8. 64 9. 32 8. 02 8. 63 19. 4 19.8 20.1 171 16.6 18.7 18.7 21.8 22.3 25.7 28.0 27.0 22.2 26. 0 19:7 19.9 23.7 24.5 23.3 18. 8 20. 6 17.3 16.6 18.3 17.0 18.1 14.8 17.3 16.9 17.0 17.5 16.0 17.8 14.3 15.9 33.5 35. 2 37.2 35. 6 34.4 22. 2 33.3 29.6 30. 9. 22 9. 38. 4 39. 69.9 69. 0 34.0 30. 4 31.4 2254, pease oe 16 9.14 8. 64 8. 96 6. 75 8. 68 2 41.9 42.0 41.5 35. 6 39. 2 1 72.7 70.7 72.1 72.0 71.7 68.9 67. 2 69.1 70. 5 72.0 64.8 65.5 48.0 47.6 50. 4 49.8 61.8 46. 6 48.1 26. 2 25. 8 25. 8 25. 2 26. 4 22.9 23.7 53.0 54. 2 56. 8 56.1 57.0 55. 4 55.1 17.5 15.6 15.9 14.6 14.5 16.5 14.7 109 93. 6 89.5 92.6 84. 44.6 36. 2 24.7 23.1 24.1 26.7 27. 6. 31 6. 27 7.01 6. 99 te 10. 6 10.1 10.6 11.2 11. 7 78. 2 100. 0 37.5 45. 2 44.8 41.7 35. 9 6 22.2 21.6 05 6. 35 6.17 3 9. 84 10.7 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 101614, a 173-mm. specimen collected by Nicéforo Maria in the Rio Pamplonita, near Cucuta, Colombia (Catatumbo system). Description.—Measurements of the holotype and one paratype were carefully made, and the data, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded in table 3. The following counts were made: Dorsal rays I, 6; I, 6; anal v, 8; v, 8; pectoral I, 10 and I, 11; pelvic i, 5; i, 5; eaudal with branched rays —; 15. Additional counts are recorded in table 2. Upper surface of head depressed; the supraoccipital process elevated along the midline and touching the predorsal plate; eye with a free margin; premaxillary band of teeth broad with rounded corners later- ally; no teeth on vomer or palatines; snout projecting beyond lower jaw a distance a little greater than width of lower lip; maxillary barbel extends anywhere from rear of anal fin base to middle of length of caudal fin; outer mental barbel reaching a little beyond the base of pelvics and inner mental barbel to middle of pectorals; bases of outer mental barbels a trifle behind base of inner mental barbels; anterior edge of pectoral and dorsal spines smooth or nearly so; posterior sides of pectoral spine strongly toothed, that of dorsal weakly serrated or only rough with age; gill rakers % diameter of eye; rear margins of dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins a little concave; caudal fin deeply forked; minute papillae on head; body compressed posteriorly; total length of adipose fin a little shorter than length of head and longer than distance from base of dorsal to adipose origin by the depth of the caudal peduncle; dorsal spine 1% in distance from tip of snout to dorsal origin, pectoral spine reaching three-fourths the way to pelvic insertion; dorsal spine not quite reaching adipose origi; upper caudal lobe a little longer than lower lobe. — Color.—Black spots occur everywhere on upper surface, even on top of the head and adipose and dorsal fins in the type; paired fins and anal with their bases yellowish; underside of body whitish; caudal fin plain; peritoneum pale. In specimens up to 190 mm. the color pattern consists of black spots more or less separated by pale streaks, one extending from predorsal plate obliquely downward to lateral line, thence to caudal fin base, and one along middle of upper sides; often the top of head and all fins are plain in color, and in the smallest specimens before me the black spots disappear or fade out posteriorly. Named navarroi in honor of Rafael Navarro, of Maracaibo, who acted as my assistant in collecting many of the fishes herein reported upon from the Maracaibo Basin. Remarks.—This new subspecies, grosskopfiit navarroi, may be separ- ated from grosskopfii grosskopfit of the Magdalena system by the shorter adipose fin. Other differences are indicated in the key and in the tables. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 209 Genus PIMELODELLA Eigenmann and Eigenmann Pimelodella E1GENMANN and ErGENMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 131, 1888. (Type, Pimelodus cristatus Miller and Troschel.) It is with considerable regret that I must add new names to this already complicated group of species, but since it has been impossible to obtain the loan of needed comparative material, I have felt it necessary to describe the Maracaibo forms as new and hope their relationships can be worked out more correctly when the genus is -again carefully revised. Brachyrhamdia imitator Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 123-124, 1927, a new genus and species, described without a figure, based on a single specimen 50 mm. in length, is not dis- tinguishable from Pimelodella in the published account, and Dr. Chapman, of the California Academy of Sciences, informs me that the type cannot be found. I therefore quote the description: “‘BRACHYRHAMDIA, gen. NOV. “Boaxus, short, and Rhamdia, a genus of Pimelodidae. “Genotype.—Brachyrhamdia imitator Myers. “‘Pimelodinae. Allied to Pimelodella. “Body rather compact; somewhat compressed and deep. Occipital process forming a bridge with the dorsal plate. Dorsal and pectoral spines pungent those of the latter with thorns along the basal half of the posterior edge. Humeral, process spine-like. Fontanel not continued behind eyes, without a bridge. Eyes with free orbital rims. Barbels normal. Caudal deeply forked. Head entirely covered with skin. ‘‘BRACHYRHAMDIA IMITATOR, Sp. NOV. “Head 3% in body-length. Depth 3%. Eye 3% in head, circular. Dorsal I, 6. Anal 9. “Body in general shape like Corydoras, the head deep and the skull arched. Maxillary barbel lying in a groove below eye, long, reaching tip of anal rays. Outer mental barbel nearly reaching tip of pectoral spine. Inner mental barbel shorter. Premaxillary teeth in a band, without backward projecting angles. Pectoral spines very slightly longer than dorsal spine, the latter smooth, the former with eight strong thorns along the basal half of the posterior margin. Dorsal origin 14 times as far from caudal base as from snout-tip. Pelvies inserted on vertical of next to last dorsal ray. Adipose fin high, the length of its base slightly less than length of dorsal spine. “Dull brownish yellow, light on belly. Posterior sides finely mottled. A black masque-like zone from occiput down over eyes and across cheek. Another wide black zone from dorsal origin to humeral process, this running up and involving the spine and first ray of dorsal. “Type.—17,695 I.U. 50 mm. Venezuela: Cafio de Quiribana, near Caicara. May, 1925. Carl Ternetz. _ “Taken with, and very similar in color and form to Corydoras melanistius Regan.” ' Unfortunately not enough information is given for B. imitator Myers to enable me to include it in the keys prepared for this report. 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PIMELODELLA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Upper caudal lobe shorter than lower; length of adipose fin 2.8 in standard length; eye 1.2 in distance from rear base of dorsal to origin of adipose fin; eye 1.25 in interorbital; maxillary barbel extending to end of adipose fin; outer mental barbel nearly to pelvics; inner mental barbel just beyond insertion of pelvics; first ray of dorsal not quite so long as head; a dark stripe from snout to caudal fin base; dorsal fin hyaline at base, dusky distally (Rio Tapa Tapa)-.-----.----- Pimelodelia tapatapae Higenmann 1b. Upper caudal lobe longer than the lower. 2a. First ray of dorsal fin prolonged into a filament about twice as long as other rays of dorsal and one-third longer than head; head contained in upper caudal lobe 1% times; length of adipose fin 3.2 in standard length; maxillary barbel reaching to tips of pelvics; outer mental barbel reaching to middle of length of pectorals; inner mental barbels reaching to insertion of pectorals; eye contained 2.8 in distance between base of dorsal and origin of anal fin; eye 1.8 in interorbital; anus closer to base of caudal than tip of snout by a distance equal to % of snout; dorsal fin hyaline in basal third, pale dusky distally; a black stripe from snout to base Of caudal. 2320 6 2a 2 ea sae eee Pimelodella linami, new species 2b. First ray of dorsal fin not extending beyond other rays of that fin, and about same length as head. 3a. Maxillary barbel extending to base of caudal fin or farther; upper lobe of caudal fin 2.5 in standard length; length of adipose fin less’ than 3 times in length____Pimelodella gracilis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 36. Maxillary barbel not extending beyond tip of anal fin. 4a. Basal portion of dorsal fin hyaline, with middle part blackish, fading distally; length of adipose fin contained 3 to 3.25 in standard length. Pimelodella metae Kigenmann 4b. Dorsal fin with dark pigment just in front of each ray on interradial membrane, anterior half of this membrane hyaline; length of adipose fin contained 2.8 to 3.2 times in standard length. 5a. Maxillary barbels reaching anywhere from middle of anal base to a trifle beyond tips of anal fin; outer mental barbel extending to opposite tips of pectorals, and inner a little past base of pectorals; dorsal and pectoral spines almost equal in length, rarely is pectoral Longer Ree Pimelodella chagresi odynea, new subspecies 5b. Maxillary barbels reaching almost to anal origin, sometimes only to tips of pelvics; outer mental barbels extending almost to middle of length of pectorals, and inner mental barbels reaching only two-thirds way to base of pelvics; pectoral spine a little longer than dorsal spine, rarely equal. Pimelodella chagresi chagresi (Steindachner) PIMELODELLA TAPATAPAE Eigenmann Pimelodella tapatapae EIGENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 5, 1920 (mouth of Rfo Tapa Tapa, Valencia Basin). PIMELODELLA LINAMI, new species Puats 1, D Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 121132, the only known specimen, 75.2 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 31, 1942, in the Rio Torbes, 1 km. above Ta4riba, Venezuela, Orinoco system. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 211 Description.—Body naked; two pairs of mental barbels, the outer reaching to middle of length of pectorals, the inner barely to the insertion of the pectorals; one pair of maxillary barbels that reach almost to anal origin; nostrils widely separated, the anterior pair tubular; mouth subterminal, the snout projecting a little beyond lower lip; gill membranes extending far forward, free from the isthmus except where they join it; supraoccipital process extending backward a distance equal to postorbital length of head almost reaching the predorsal plate but not joining it; orbital rim free from the eye; pec- toral spine with 9 or 10 teeth on posterior side, the distal third with- out teeth; anterior side of pectoral spine with a few low serrations on distal third; anus closer to base of caudal than tip of snout by a dis- tance equal to diameter of eye; first ray (spine) of dorsal elongated with a filamentous tip, the soft portion of ray extending twice the length of the spine beyond tip of the spine; upper lobe of the caudal fin elongate, 24 in standard length and almost twice length of head; a wide band of villiform teeth on premaxillaries and at front of den- taries; no teeth on palatines or vomer; adipose fin about 3 in the standard length; eye 1.8 in snout, 1.2 in interorbital, and 4.4 in head; head 4.2 in standard length; depth 5% in length. Detailed measurements of the holotype are presented in table 4. Dorsal rays I, 6; anal v, 8; pectoral I, 9; pelvics 1, 5; caudal with 15 branched rays. Color.—Grayish above, with a black lateral streak from snout to base of caudal peduncle; back a little more heavily pigmented than upper sides. Remarks.—This new species differs from all other species of Pimelo- della except P. griffini Eigenmann in having the first ray of the dorsal fin filamentous and extending beyond the spine and all branched rays. The adipose fin of griffini is less developed, its total length contained 3.5 to 4.5 times in the standard length instead of but 3 times in nami; also the barbels are longer in linami than in griffini, the maxillary reaching almost to anal origin, the outer mental to middle of pectorals and inner mental almost to insertion of pectorals instead of the max- illary barbel to middle of pelvics, the outer mental barbel a little beyond base of pectorals and the inner mental not to insertion of pectorals in griffini. Named linami in honor of Henry E. Linam, of Caracas, general manager of the Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, who extended the formal invitation for me to stay at their camps and study the fishes of the Maracaibo Basin. PIMELODELLA GRACILIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Pimelodus gracilis CuvirR and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 181, 1840 (Buenos Ayres, Parandat Corrientes). Zi? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 94 Pimelodella gracilis E1GENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, No. 4, p. 238, 1917 (La Plata Basin; Uruguay Basin; ? Amazon; ? Orinoco).—E1IGENMANN and ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p. 102, 1942 (Orinoco). Pimelodus (Pseudorhamdia) gracilis SrernDACHNER, Denkschr, Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 41, p. 157, 1879 (Ciudad Bolivar). TaBLE 4.—Measurements (in hundredths of the standard length) for species of Pimelodella chagresi chagresi chagrest odynea linami q Rio Motatan Characters (holo- U.S.N.M. | Rio system t 7 e) Rio Chama No. 78256 T& yP Upper chira system | ‘Trinidad, |(para- Panama |type) Para-| Para-} Holo- type | type | type Standard:leneth:(in;mim:): 2-2 Ss 4) 8 ee 75.2 | 84 83.1 | 86.0 {102.5 | 75.3 | 92 82.5 | 89 Length of head to tip of supraoccipital __--_--- 28.2 | 28.0 | 28.9 | 30.5 | 29.7 | 28.7 | 28.4 | 28.3 | 28.2 Length of head to end of operculum__-_-------- 24.1 | 23.2 | 24.4 | 25.0 | 23.9 | 22.6 | 23.9 | 22.0 | 22.4 Greatest depth at origin of dorsal___----.------ 18.0 | 18.7 | 19.3 | 17.6 | 18.5 | 19.9 | 18.6 | 17.7 | 17.0 Width of head at base of pectorals_----------- 16:08) 1754 1820 al 17.4 eee 17.4 | 18.5 | 16.4 | 16.4 ene h Ob SHOU bast esas a eee 9.84) 10.0 | 10.8 9.88! 9.27] 9.56} 10.1 8.60} 9.10 Diameter Of Cye----2-7._ 282k en 5.58] 4.88] 4.45] 6.16] 5.56] 5.71) 4.90} 5.58) 5.06 _ Least width of fleshy interorbital space -_----- 6.78] 6.90} 7.22} 5.93] 5.95] 5.98} 7.06] 6.54) 6.86 Postorbital length of head__...---------------- 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 9.37] 8.76} 10.0] 9.45) 8.76 Length of maxillary barbel___.---------------- 62.5 | 65.0 | 61.4 | 61.6 | 63.4 | 81.6 | 75.0 | 93.3 | 96.5 Length of inner mental barbel-__-_------------- 14.0 | 14.6 | 15.6 | 10.5 | 14.1 | 14.6 | 17.9 | 20.0 | 16.2 Length of outer mental barbel--_------------- 25.9 | 25.6 | 25.9 | 21.5 | 23.9 | 26.5 | 28.9 | 32.7 | 36.0 Total length of adipose fin___..-_------------- 31.0 | 32.4 | 30.8 | 31.1 | 33.2 | 32.5 | 32.1 | 31.5 | 34.8 Greatest height of adipose fin____------------- 4.65] 5.60} 4.94] 5.23] 4.68] 5.18] 6.20} 6.54| 4.94 Least depth of caudal peduncle_--_------------ 10.0. | 8.45] 8.19] 8.14] 8.30} 8.63} 8.80) 7.88) 7.75 Length of caudal peduncle_--_-_---------------- 20.6 | 19.6 | 20.8 | 19.5 | 21.0 | 22.4 | 21.7 | 21.3 | 20.9 Distance between anterior and posterior nos- Urls = soo ee oe ee eee ae 3.99} 2.98] 3.73] 3.72] 3.61] 3.32) 3.80} 3.15) 3.37 Distance from eye to posterior nostril__------- 3.19} 3.69] 3.73] 3.49) 3.61) 3.32). 3.80) 3.27] 3.48 Distance from snout to origin of dorsal_------- 32.7 | 33.3 | 34.4 | 35.5 | 33.7 | 33.3 | 32.6 | 32.7 | 33.2 Distance from snout to origin of amal_____----- 69.2 | 69.2 | 67.6 | 67.1 |] 66.9 | 65.0 | 66.5 | 67.8 | 68.6 Distance from snout to insertion of pelvics...-| 47.5 | 45.8 | 44.6 | 47.2 | 47.1 | 46.6 | 46.2 | 44.8 | 44.4 Distance from snout to insertion of pectorals._| 24.1 | 20.4 | 21.2 | 23.3 | 22.5 | 21.4 | 21.7 | 21.3 | 19.8 Distance from snout to center of anus_-------- 54.0 | 52.0 | 51.8 | 54.2 | 54.6 | 51.3 | 52.6 | 50.5 | 52.7 PANUSHtO ANAL OFIGINS § ee eee ee ee 15.6 | 15.5 | 16.5 | 12.8] 13.7 | 12.6 | 13.6 | 16.6 | 15.8 Length of longest ray of anal fin___-_----__-.-. 12.6 | 11.8 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 12.6 Length of first ray of dorsal fin____------------ 38.7 | 18.2 | 19.1 | 21.5 | 19.5 | 20.0} 19.6 | 20.0 | 21.7 Length of longest ray of upper caudal lobe__--| 39.9 | 31.1 | 28.9 | 29.8 | 28.3 | 35.8 |------ 36.4 | 33.2 Length of longest ray of pelvic fin____--------- 13.7 | 15.0 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 14.8 |] 14.5 | 14.1 | 16.4 | 14.7 Length of longest ray of lower caudal lobe__--- 26.6 | 22.1 | 20.1 | 23.3 | 23.9 | 25.4 | 23.8 | 26.0 | 23.8 Lengthiof dorsal'spines 2-22-2222 2 eee 14.0 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 15.3 | 16.1 | 18.9 | 14.1 | 20.0 | 15.5 Length of pectoral spine_-__._.---------------- 14.5 | 15.0 | 14.4 | 17.1 |] 18.1 | 15.1 | 14.9 | 19.4 | 15.8 PIMELODELLA METAE Eigenmann Pimelodella metae EIGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, No. 4, p. 244, pl. 31, fig. 2, 1917 (Quebrada Cramalote and Rfo Negro, near Villavicencia; Barrigona, Rfo Meta; all Colombia); Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 5, 1920 (Maracay, Rfo Bue, and Rio Castafio, all Valencia Basin, Vene- zuela).—PrarskE, Univ. Wisconsin Studies, No. 1, p. 22, 1920 (mouth Rfo Bue).—E1GenMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, No. 1, p. 222, 1922 (Lake Valencia Basin). ?Pimelodella buckleyi Rrserro, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 10, p. 731, 1918 (Rio Cabriale, Venezuela). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 213 PIMELODELLA CHAGRESI ODYNEA, new subspecies PLatTE 2, A Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121133, a specimen, 89 mm. in stand- ard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 17 and 20, 1942, in the Rio San Juan at the bridge south of Mene Grande, Motatan system, Maracaibo Basin. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121141, 26 specimens, 49 to 92 mm., collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data. Other paratypes as follows (collected by L. P. Schultz unless otherwise indicated): U.S.N.M. No. 121140, Rio Motatdn, 4 km. above Motatdén, March 25, 1942, 85 specimens, 29 to $0 mm. (several females have their abdomens enlarged with eggs), U.S.N.M. No. 121184, Rio Motatdn at bridge 22 km. north of Motatdn, March 17, 1942, 50 specimens, 44 to 80 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121136, Rio Motatdn, 8 km. below Motatdén, March 24, 1942, 103 specimens, 23.5 to 71 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121143, Rio Jimelles, 12 km. east of Motatén, Motatdn system, March 24, 1942, 8 specimens, 26.5 to 57.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121137, Rfo San Pedro at bridge, Motatdén system, March 20, 1942, 3 specimens, 70 to 77 mm. U.5.N.M. No. 121138, Rio Machango, at bridge south of Lagunillas, Mara- ecaibo Basin, March 16, 1942, 3 specimens, 51 to 80.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121144, Rio Machango, 20 km. above the bridge south of Lagunillas, March 21, 1942, 3 specimens, 26.5 to 77.5 mm. U.S.N.M. 121142, Rio Socuy, 3 km. above its mouth, Maracaibo Basin, Feb- ruary 24, 1942, 18 specimens, 33.5 to 90 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 82618, Sierra de Perija, obtained by Theodoor de Booy, moun- tains north of Maracaibo, 1 specimen, 42.5 mm. T.S.N.M. No. 121135, Rio Apén, about 35 km. south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942, 2 specimens, 52 and 61 mm. U.S.N.M. No, 121213, Rio Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa, Maracaibo Basin, March 2, 1942, 22 specimens, 30.5 to 69.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 101610, Rio Pamplonita, near Cucuta, Santander del Norte, Catatumbo system, Maracaibo Basin, Colombia, collected by Nicéforo Maria, 1 specimen, 84.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121252, Cucuta, Colombia, collected by Nicéforo Marfa, 1 specimen, 100 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121139, Rio Tdchira, 7 km. north of San Antonio, Catatumbo system, April 1, 1942, 1 specimen, 75.3 mm. Description.—Body naked, gill membranes extending far forward on isthmus; two pairs of nostrils, widely separated, the anterior pair tubular; a wide band of villiform teeth on premaxillaries and a nar- rower band on dentaries; posterior edge of pectoral spine with 9 to i2 teeth, the distal third smooth; the distal third of the anterior edge of pectoral spine with shallow serrations; maxillary pair of barbels reaching to caudal peduncle, sometimes only to end of anal fin; outer menial barbel reaching to opposite tips of pectorals, and inner mental barbel reaching a little past base of pectorals; eye 1.8 or 1.9 in snout, 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 and 1.1 to 1.3 in interorbital; pectoral and dorsal spines almost equal in length; supraoccipital process about as long as the snout; adipose fin elongate, its total length contained from 2.8 to 3.2 in the standard length, and origin of adipose 2%; eye diameters behind base of dorsal fin; head about 4}; in the standard length and depth 5 to 6 times; anus almost equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal fin; first dor- sal ray not longer than branched rays of that fin; intestine with a few convolutions. Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and a few para- types, and these data are recorded in table 4. Color.—Grayish, with a black lateral streak from snout to base of caudal fin, fading on middle rays of that fin; a blackish streak along each side of dorsal fin extending to head; dorsal fin with pigment in front of each ray on interradial membrane, the anterior two-thirds of membrane hyaline; anterior tubular nostril blackish; peritoneum silvery. Fin-ray counts are recorded in table 5, but the holotype has the following: Dorsal I, 6; anal v, 8; pectoral I, 8-I, 8; pelvic i, 5; branched rays in caudal fin 15. Remarks.—This new subspecies differs from P. chagrest chagresi (Steindachner) by having longer barbels, as indicated in the key. Named odynea in reference to the severe pain caused by these little catfishes when my fingers were pricked by their pectoral spines. PIMELODELLA CHAGRESI CHAGRESI (Steindachner) Pimelodus (Pseudorhamdia) chagresi STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 74, p. 34, 1876 (Rio Chagres and its tributary, near Obispo). U.S.N.M. No. 1211380, 14 specimens, 26 to 83 mm., collected by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Gonzd4les at La Gonzdles, Rio Chama system, Maracaibo Basin, Estado de Mérida, March 29, 1942. U.S.N.M. No. 121131, 32 specimens, 48 to 82 mm., collected by Leonard P, Schultz in the Rfo Chama at Estanques, Estado de Mérida, April 3, 1942. TABLE 5.—Fin-ray counts for certain species of Pimelodella from the Maracaibo : Basin, Venezuela Dorsal Anal Pectoral Pelvic Species Se ee I, 6 v,7 v,8 1,8 1,9 i, 5 MRAM en soe oe he ee eee ds eee. ee yee 8 = 1 1 chagrestiodyneas-2 7s 2 8e ee eh t es 10 2 8 6 7 4 CRAQT EST CHAQTERE =e a ee ee 10 3 Ge ee 8 3 Genus PINIRAMPUS Bleeker Pinirampus BuEEKeErR, Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 198, 1858. (Type, Pimelodus pirinampu Agassiz.) THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 215 PINIRAMPUS PIRINAMPU (Agassiz) Pimelodus pirinampu Aaassiz, in Spix, Selecta genera et species piscium ... Brasiliam ..., p. 20, pl. 8, 1829 (ref. copied). Pirinampus pirinampus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occ. Pap. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 104, 1890 (Venezuela).—Rrseiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. 16, No. 4, p. 304, 1911 (Venezuela). ? Pimelodus barbancho HumBoupt, Recueil d’observations de zoologie . . ., vol. 2, p. 172, 1811 (Venezuela). (Ref. copied.) Genus MEGALONEMA Eigenmann Megalonema E1GENMANN, Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, vol. 3, p. 383; 1910 (nomen nudum); Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 150, fig. 31, pl. 10, fig. 2, 1912. (Type, Megalonema platycephalum Eigenmann.) Since Megalonema punctatum Meek and Hildebrand and M. robustum Meek and Hildebrand have been referred to Pimelodus clarias punc- tatus by these authors, there remain three other species in the genus: Megalonema platycephalum Eigenmann, M. zanthum Eigenmann, and M. rhabdostigma Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1914, p. 256, fig. 10, from Rupununi River). Although I have not seen the type of the last-named species, Fowler’s figure 10 of rhabdostigma does not appear to belong to the genus Megalonema for the following reasons: (1) He says ‘‘eyelids free without adipose development,’ while the true members of this genus have free eyelids and the eyes have adipose eyelids strongly developed dorsally; (2) dorsal and pectorals with definite spines, but in Megalonema the first ray is articulated; (3) “occipital process and articulating predorsal buckler, besides exposure of shoulder-girdle over pectoral origin’; in Megalonema the supraoccipital process does not nearly reach the predorsal plate, there is no exposure of shoulder-girdle over the pectoral base, and there is no backward extension of the coracoids above or behind base of pectorals; (4) Fowler says “P. I, 9,’ while in Megalonema the various species have I, 12 to I, 14 rays in the pectoral fin; (5) the color pattern, shape, and all ehaeneter described by Fowler cause me to conclude that his Meg- lonema rhabdostigma should be referred to the genus Pimelodus, and it no doubt will be proved to be a synonym of Pimelodus ornatus Kner. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MEGALONEMA la. Total length of adipose fin contained about 2% times in standard length; first ray of dorsal fin two-thirds length of adipose fin; anal rays v, 8 to 10, usually 9 or 10 branched rays; pectoral I, 13 or I, 14; gill rakers 4 or 5+14 or 15; depth 4% to 5; first dorsal ray reaches 4 along adipose fin; maxillary barbel reaching to caudal fin base or nearly there. Megalonema xanthum ? Higenmann 3 This species was reported from Girardot and Apulo, Colombia, Magdalena system, by Eigenmanns Indiana Univ. Bull., vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 16-17, 1913. 216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 94 1b. Total length of adipose fin contained about 4% to 5 times in standard length; first dorsal ray longer than length of adipose fin; caudal fin base with a pair of hidden or embedded dark spots, persistent at all sizes. 2a. Lower lobe of caudal fin with a darkish oblong blotch, below which ventral margin of caudal fin is distinctly pale or whitish; upper sides and back above the lateral line grayish or brownish, below which the sides are pale, distinctly set off from darker pigment above, pale sides extending about an eye diameter above black lateral line; distance from base of dorsal to origin of adipose fin a little greater than snout and eye; anal rays v, 8 to 10, usually 9 branched rays; pectoral rays I, 13 or I, 14; gill rakers 2 or 3+10 or 11. Megalonema platycephalum psammium, new subspecies 2b. Pigment of lower lobe of caudal fin not restricted to a large blotch set off ventrally by a white ventral margin on lower caudal lobe; pigment on back and sides extends below lateral line anteriorly and along it posteri- orly, no pale area above lateral line; distance from base of dorsal to origin of adipose equal to snout and eye. Megalonema platycephalum platycephalum ‘ Kigenmann MEGALONEMA PLATYCEPHALUM PSAMMIUM, new subspecies Puate 2, B Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121175, a specimen 133.5 mm. in standard length, taken by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Palmar at the bridge, 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6, 1942. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz).—U.S.N.M. No. 121178, 15 specimens, 74 to 105 mm., taken along with the bolotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121177, 46 examples, 35 to 152 mm., Rio Socuy, 3 km. above mouth, February 24, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121176, 14 specimens, 64.5 to 102 mm., Rio Apén, about 35 km, south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942. The specimens were taken mostly over sandy bottoms. Description —The holotype and one paratype were carefully meas- ured, and data for these, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded below, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 133.5 and 107. Length of head to end of supraoccipital 28.5 (29.4); length of head to end of gill cover 28.8 (29.0) ; greatest depth of body at dorsal origin 15.0 (16.1); width of head at base of pectorals 16.2 (16.3); length of snout 12.7 (13.1); diameter of eye 4.42 (4.86); width of fleshy inter- orbital space 7.34 (6.73); width of bony interorbital space 5.02 (4.67); distance from margin of eye to posterior nostril 5.77 (5.89); distance from anterior to posterior nostril 4.64 (4.65); postorbital length of head 12.1 (11.7); total length of adipose fin 22.8 (21.1); height of adipose 5.62 (6.54); least depth of caudal peduncle 8.32 (7.85); length of caudal peduncle or distance from rear of anal base to midbase of caudal fin 18.0 (18.2); length of first ray of dorsal 23.2 (24.8); length ‘ This species is known from Tumatumari, British Guiana, in the original description by Eigenmann, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 150, fig. 31, pl. 10, fig. 2, 1912. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 217 of first ray of pectoral 20.4 (19.0); length of longest pelvic ray 15.9 (16.7); length of longest anal ray 15.0 (15.1); length of longest ray of upper caudal lobe 30.3 (30.0); length of longest ray of lower caudal lobe 24.7 (27.1); shortest midcaudal ray 9.36 (9.82); distance from tip of snout to dorsal origin 36.7 (86.9); snout to anal origin 72.6 (71.5); snout to adipose origin 66.1 (66.4); snout to pelvic insertion 47.2 (45.8); snout to pectoral insertion 26.2 (25.8); snout to anus 53.5 (51.4); anus to anal origin 19.6 (19.2); length of maxillary barbel 73.4 (79.4); length of outer mental barbel 29.6 (32.7); length of inner mental barbel 14.6 (16.8); distance across ends of premaxillary band of teeth 9.36 (9.35); diameter of bony orbit 5.69 (5.98). The following counts were made: Dorsal i, 6 (i, 6); anal v, 9 (v, 10); pectoral i, 13 (i, 13); pelvic i, 5 (i, 5); branched rays in caudal fin 15 (15); gill rakers—(3-+ 10). In addition the following counts were made: Anal v, 8 in one fish, v, 9 in nine specimens; pectoral i, 14 in six examples, and i, 13 in four; gill rakers 2 + 10 in one fish, 2 + 11 in another, 3 + 11 in two, and 3 + 10 in five specimens. Dorsal surface of head depressed anteriorly; ventral contour nearly straight, the lower surface flattish so that the upper lip is on same plane as lower jaw, the snout projecting a distance equal to diameter of eye; supraoccipital process with a narrow base and projecting backward a distance about equal to eye and not meeting the predorsal plate; premaxillary band of villiform teeth wide, teeth depressible; band of villiform teeth at front of dentaries; no teeth on vomer or palatines; interorbital space slightly concave or flattish; gill rakers not quite so long as pupil; adipose fin high, its height about 3.8 to 4 in its length; space between base of dorsal and adipose origin a little greater than length of snout and eye; adipose fin base twice length of anal fin base; adipose fin contained 4% to 434 in standard length; posterior margins of dorsal, anal, and pectorals a little concave; pelvics rounded ; caudal fin deeply forked, the upper lobe a little longer than lower; length of caudal peduncle 1.2 in adipose fin length; frontal fontanel extends to opposite rear margin of eye, this fontanel bordered by two small cartilaginous ridges that converge forward and then ex- pand at front of snout; nasal cavities bordered by a black cartilaginous rod at sides and anteriorly; occipital fontanel minute; center of eye in middle of head; first ray of dorsal and of pectoral simple, articulated, and not spinous, these rays a little longer or equal to the first branched ray; barbels somewhat flattened anteriorly, the maxillary one in young reaching to caudal fin but in larger specimens only to end of adipose fin; outer mental barbels with base farther back than inner mental barbels, and reaching in young to pelvic insertion but only to pectoral insertion in those about 150 mm. in standard length; inner mental barbels reach to or almost to pectoral insertion; gill membranes extend forward and are free from the isthmus. 218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 94 Color.—Grayish to light brownish above, white below, the color abruptly paler about an eye diameter above the blackish lateral line; two embedded black spots near base of each lobe of the caudal fin; black spots, more or less embedded, between bases of each ray of _ dorsal fin ; lower lobe of caudal fin darker, the ventral margin distinctly pale and contrasting with the blackish pigment; under the eye a dark band, with the cheek below abruptly white; peritoneum white. Remarks.—This new subspecies differs from other forms referred to the genus Megalonema as indicated in the key on page 215. The most distinct difference is in the color along its side, the pale area extending above the lateral line, while in platycephalum the darker pigment is continuous to below the lateral line. Named psammium in reference to its occurrence over sandy areas of rivers. Genus CETOPSORHAMDIA Eigenmann and Fisher Cetopsorhamdia E1GENMANN and FisuHer, in Eigenmann, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 88, 1916. (Type, Cetopsorhamdia nasus Eigenmann and Fisher.) Eigenmann described the genus Chasmocranus (genotype: C. longior Eigenmann) and referred another species, C. brevior, to it. An exam- ination of a paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 66133, indicates that Chas- mocranus has a depressed head and backward-projecting angles at the outer ends of the premaxillary band of teeth, as described by Eigen- mann. Gosline (Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 3, p. 88, 1941) recognizes the genus and refers to it the following species: C. truncatorostris Borodin, 1927, and C. quadrizonatus Pearson, 1937. Perhaps these species, along with those referred to the genera /mpar- finis and Pariolius by Gosline (loc. cit.), need careful reexamination, as certain of these species do not have their heads depressed so much as is indicated in Gosline’s key in contrast to the “head conical’’ for Cetopsorhamdia. The forms described as new below have the outer ends of the pre- maxillary band of teeth rounded. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CETOPSORHAMDIA la. Total length of adipose fin contained in standard length less than 4 times, and head in standard length about 4.6 to 4.8 times. 2a. Total length of adipose fin 0.7 times in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin and 2.9 in standard length; no pale bars on back or sides, color plain darkish; distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 2.1 in snout to pelvic insertion; length of shortest midcaudal fin rays in total length of adipose fin 3.1, in longest caudal fin ray 2.2, and 2.5 in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin (Magdalena Basin near Honda). Cetopsorhamdia boquillae Eigenmann > 5 Cetopsorhamdia boquillae Eigenmann, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 1, p. 37, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1922 (Boquilla). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 219 2b. Total length of adipose fin 0.8 to 0.9 in dorsal origin to adipose origin and 3% in standard length. Six pale bars across back and somewhat on sides, first between upper end of gill openings, second at origin of dorsal, next rear base of dorsal, fourth origin of adipose, another under middle of adipose and last across caudal peduncle; these pale bars separated by blackish; distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 1.5 in snout to pelvic insertion; length of shortest midcaudal fin rays in total length of adipose fin 1.9, in longest caudal fin ray 1.4, and 1.9 in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin-___ Cetopsorhamdia rosae (Kigenmann) 8 2c. Total length of adipose fin 1.2 in dorsal origin to adipose origin and 3.7 in standard length; color nearly uniform, with traces of paler bars on back anteriorly; distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 1.6 in snout to pelvic insertion; length of shortest midcaudal fin rays 3 times in total length of adipose fin, 2.2 in longest caudal fin ray, and 3.4 in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin... Cetopsorhamdia mirini (Haseman) 7 1b. Total length of adipose fin contained more than 4 times in standard length and about 1.4 to 2.0 times in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin. 3a. Greatest height of adipose fin contained 2 to 3.8 times in its total length. 4a. Three or four distinct pale bars across back and on sides, first between upper end of gill openings, second represented as a white spot at base of first rays of dorsal connecting with a palish area below, third from between dorsal and adipose, last across caudal peduncle (only a single blackish bar under adipose); greatest depth of adipose 2.2 in its total length; length of shortest midcaudal fin rays 1.6 in total length of adipose, 2.5 in longest ray of caudal fin, and 2.3 in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin; distance between pelvic insertion and anal origin 2.1 in snout to pelvic insertion; total length of adipose fin 4.8 in standard length and 1.4 in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin; head 3.6, and width of head across base of pelvics 5, in standard length; anal origin a very little in advance of adipose origin, almost undermit2 Joh Oi eA ae Cetopsorhamdia shermani, new species 4b. Color not as in 4a; no wide pale color bars between dorsals or on caudal peduncle; color plain blackish posteriorly; anal origin directly under adipose origin or a very little behind it. 5a. Distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 1.3 to 2.0 times in snout to pelvic insertion. 6a. Distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 1.4 in snout to pelvic insertion; total length of adipose fin 4.5 or 4.6 in standard length, and 1.5 in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin; width of head across pectoral bases 5%, head 5.2, depth about 5% in standard length; height of adipose about 3.7 in its length; length of shortest midcaudal fin rays 2% in total length of adipose, 3.1 in dorsal origin to adipose origin and 2.5 in longest (upper lobe) rays of caudal fin; a dark blotch or bar on back just behind head, one at origin of dorsal, third at rear base of dorsal, fourth between base of dorsal and adipose origin, the spaces between these a little paler but not white bars; caudal fin blackish, not white and sharply contrasting with blackish caudal base. es Cetopsorhamdia hasemani (Steindachner) 8 8 Chasmocranus rosae Eigenmann, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, No. 1, p. 220, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1922 (Rfo Negro, Villavicencio, Colombia). Gosline (op. cit., p. 88) refers this species to Pariolius Cope. I cannot agree that its head is noticeably depressed. 1 Imparfinis mirini Haseman, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, p. 318, pl. 47, 1911. Gosline (op. cit., p. 88) refers this species to Cetopsorhamdia also), 8 Imparfinis hasemani Steindachner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 93, p. 59, figs. 1-3, 1917 (Rio Surum4 at Serra do Mello; Rio Branco at Bem Querer; Rfo Tapajos at Santarem). 220) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 6b. Distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 1.6 to 1.9 times in snout to pelvic insertion; total length of adipose fin 5.4 to 6%4 times in standard length and 1.6 to 2.0 in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin. 7a. Shortest mideaudal fin rays in total length of adipose fin 2, in dorsal origin to adipose origin about 3.4, and in longest rays of caudal fin about 3 times; head 4%, depth 5 in standard length; color plain blackish without pale caudal fin sharply contrasting with black caudal base; a white spot at origin of dorsal fin. Cetopsorhamdia insidiosa (Steindachner) 7h. Shortest mideaudal fir. ray 1.5 to 1.7 in total length of adipose fin, 3.0 to 3.2 in dorsal origin to adipose origin, and 2.7 to 2.9 in longest (lower lobe) rays of caudal fin; head 3.8 to 4.0 and width across pectoral bases 5 to 5.5 in standard length; caudal fin white, sharply contrasting with blackish caudal base; a narrow pale bar over occiput connecting across upper ends of gill openings; a white spot at origin of dorsal fin; a short narrow white area along middorsal line of caudal peduncle just in front of bases of upper caudal rays; midventral line of caudal peduncle white _---- Cetopsorhamdia picklei, new species 5b. Distanee from pelvic insertion to anal origin 3 times in snout to pelvic insertion; length of shortest midcaudal fin rays into longest rays of lower lobe of caudal fin 3.2 times; head 4 to 4.3 times in standard length; everywhere darkish in color dorsally; a dark band at base of caudal and a light band about width of eye extend- ing between upper margins of gill openings across base of occipital; a pale spot at dorsal origin. Cetopsorhamdia nasus Eigenmann and Fisher 3b. Greatest height of adipose fin 5 to 7 times in its total length; origin of adipose fin nearly over middle of anal fin base; anal origin to midbase of caudal fin contained 1% times in snout to anal origin; total length of adipose fin 4.2 to 4.3, and head 4, width of head across base of pec- torals about 5, all in standard length; a pale bar between upper ends of gill openings across occiput; a wide, somewhat obscure, pale bar between dorsals and another across caudal peduncle; base of caudal fin black; sometimes a pale spot on half-grown at origin of adipose fin; no pale spot at origin of dorsal fin; no black color extending up on basal part of caudal fin rays; length of shortest midcaudal fin rays, 1.7 in total length of adipose fin, 2.0 in longest ray of caudal fin, and 2.7 in distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin. Cetopsorhamdia orinoco, new species CETOPSORHAMDIA SHERMANI, new species Puate 2, C Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121216, the only known specimen, 30.7 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, Guillermo Zuloaga, Roger Sherman, and William Phelps, Jr., May 12, 1942, in the Rio Gu4rico and tributaries between San Sebastian and San Casimiro (Orinoco system), Estado de Aragua, Venezuela. Description.—Detailed measurements are expressed in hundredths of the standard length: * Cetopsorhamdia nasus Eigenmann and Fisher, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 83, 1916 (Honda). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 2? 1, Length of head to end of operculum 28.7; width of head across base of pectorals 19.9; greatest depth of body 19.9; length of snout 12.1; diameter of eye 4.56; distance from eye to rim of posterior nostril 2.28; distance between anterior and posterior nostrils 4.89; width of interorbital space 9.45; postorbital length of head 14.3; total length of adipose fin 22.2; greatest height of adipose fin 7.50; least depth of caudal peduncle 10.4; length of caudal peduncle from base of anal to midbase of caudal fin 22.2; length of first ray of dorsal fin 27.4; length of first ray of pectoral 22.8; longest branched ray of pelvic fin 17.9; longest branched ray of anal fin 18.9; length of longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin 32.2; longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin 31.9; length of shortest rays of caudal fin 12.7; distance from snout to dorsal origin 40.0; snout to anal origin 67.1; snout to adipose origin 68.4; snout to pelvic insertion 45.6; snout to pectoral insertion 23.1: dorsal origin to adipose origin 31.3; anus to anal origin 10.1; length of maxillary barbel 46.9; length of outer mental barbel 22.8; length of inner mental barbel 13.4; length of base of anal 13.0. TABLE 6.—Counts made on seven species of Cetopsorhamdia Number of fin rays Number of gill rakers on first arch Dor- , Pel-| Above i 7 Species Sal Anal Pectorai ie angle Below angle Total iv,| iv Bo lpaiiys | | eval Telecel 1,6 71 7 8 9 10 11 i,5};1)/2/3;6)7{8 1] 9 |10/11/12/7/8 rides aa seve fie | Eel) a [Veale feral as ll Shot ead ep neal | eal ts ci] eatin ef HI Te Mie le Mle | | PELL orimoco____- 5 fee eee ne rere EG ae 6] v4 [Se SIL 2} 2 Poole SPS ME tre 20Qine LARS La esl oe shermant__- Dollie Poe [eee oe | se Eye Po Nn ed aE Se Sf ed ed mackicine se Gl ietb a oie= leer: 11 eee | Sate AT 2112 4lsol) eid 1 Se LID eel che ee TES Rae Ded a 1 1}2 she ee ee el ile boquillae___- Wetei a Ay Di sete. Lee] FOsdese Led eed | Le | brevior____-_- Ae | | Ae z The following counts were made: Dorsal rays i, 6; anal iv, 7; pectoral i, 8-1, 8; pelvic i, 5-1, 5; branched rays of caudal fin 15. First rays of pectoral and dorsal not spines but segmented rays; margin of eyes not free; gill membranes extending far forward, free from isthmus, not joined to each other; a pair of maxillary barbels in a groove to below eye and extending to opposite tips of pectorals; two pair of mental barbels, the outer pair reaching a little behind base of pectorals, the inner pair not quite reaching to opposite pectoral insertion; origin of anal a trifle in advance or under origin of adipose fin; pelvics inserted under fourth branched ray dorsal fin; caudal fin deeply forked, lobes about equal; nasal openings far apart, the posterior ones near eyes, funnel-shaped, the anterior nasal openings directly in front of the posterior ones and tubular; snout projecting, lower jaw 53974948 *- 4 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 shorter, included, so that mouth is subterminal; teeth villiform in a narrow band on premaxillaries and dentaries; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Body compressed posteriorly, head depressed anteriorly, profile rounded; distance from anal origin to midbase of caudal fin 1% in snout to pelvic insertion; snout to dorsal about 1%, head 3%, depth 5, width of head at pectoral base 5, all in standard length; first ray of dorsal longest, extending past next branched ray, margin of this fin concave; first branched ray of anal longest, rear margin a little con- cave; first ray of pectoral a trifle longer than first branched ray, rear margin truncate; first branched ray of pelvics longest, rear margins truncate. Color.—A pale color bar extending from base of pectorals past upper ends of gill openings across occiput, the blackish opercle extending into this band, but the thin membranes around operculum white; a white spot below base of first three dorsal fin rays, but not in front of fin; base of dorsal and back below dorsal blackish, then a pale hour- glass-shaped area, with an elongate blackish blotch along lateral line, then paler below; a wide pale bar between dorsals extending to in front of anal; another wide pale band across caudal peduncle; base of caudal fin blackish, sharply contrasting with pale caudal fin; all fins pale except base of adipose and base of dorsal; anal base with some black pigment cells; dorsal surface of head blackish; tip of snout white; mental barbels white; basal half of maxillary barbels pigmented. Remarks.—This new species differs in color from all other species referred to the genus Cetopsorhamdia and may be separated from them by the key on pages 218-220. Named sherman in honor of Roger Sherman, of the Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, who helped me in many ways while I was in Venezuela. CETOPSORHAMDIA PICKLE], new species PLATE 2, D Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121217, a specimen 88 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 25, 1942, in the Rio Motatan, 4 km. above Motat4n, Maracaibo Basin. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz). —U.S.N.M. No. 121218, 37 specimens, 45 to 118 mm., taken along with the holotype and bear- ing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121222, 29 examples, 46 to 96 mm., March 24, 1942, from the Rio Jimelles, 12 km. east of Motatan, Motatan system; U.S.N.M. No. 121220, 7 specimens, 53 to 95.5 mm., March 24, 1942, from the Rio Motatan, 8 km. below Motatan; U.S.N.M. No. 121219, 24 specimens, 37 to 75.5 mm., March 17 and 20, 1942, from the Rio San Juan near bridge south of Mene Grande, Motatan system; U.S.N.M. No. 121221, 17 examples, 37.5 to 70.5 THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 223 mm., February 21, 1942, from the Rio Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo. The largest specimens are females, their abdomens swollen with eggs. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Detailed measurements of the holotype and two paratypes, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded below, first for the holotype, then for the two paratypes in parentheses, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 88 (39.7; 118). Length of the head to end of operculum 25.7 (28.5; 23.7); width of head across base of pectorals 19.0 (16.9; 18.6); greatest depth 21.7 (16.6; 25.4); snout 10.5 (11.3; 9.58); diameter of eye 4.43 (5.04; 3.98); distance from eye to posterior nostril 2.16 (2.77; 2.20); dis- tance between anterior and posterior nostrils 4.54 (5.29; 3.90); width of fleshy interorbital space 6.59 (6.80; 6.02); postorbital length of head 12.4 (13.8; 11.7); total length of adipose fin 19.3 (16.4; 19.9); greatest height’ of adipose fin 6.14 (5.80; 5.59); least depth of caudal peduncle 13.3 (11.6; 13.7); length of caudal peduncle from rear base of anal to midbase of caudal fin 21.0 (21.2; 22.4); length of first (simple) ray of dorsal fin 22.7 (23.2; 21.1); length of first or upper pectoral ray 17.8 (18.9; 14.7); longest pelvic ray 16.8 (16.9; 15.9); longest anal ray 18.2 (16.4; 15.3); length of longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin 30.1 (33.2; 26.3); length of longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin 30.9 (383.2; 27.1); length of shortest middle ray of caudal fin 11.4 (11.3; 11.0); distance from tip of snout to dorsal origin 36.5 (41.6; 36.2); snout to anal origin 70.9 (70.5; 69.5); snout to adipose origin 70.8 (69.5; 68.3); snout to pelvic insertion 48.8 (47.4; 47.4); snout to pectoral insertion 24.1 (27.2; 21.7); distance from dorsal origin to adipose origin 33.5 (27.7; 33.9); anus to anal origin 12.5 (13.8; 12.7); length of maxillary barbel 30.9 (382.2; 25.8); length of outer mental barbel 15.3 (18.9; 14.5); length of inner mental barbel 8.52 (12.1; 8.48); length of base of anal fin 12.5 (12.3; 13.1). The following counts were made, respectively; Dorsal rays 1, 6 (i, 6; 1, 6); anal iv, 8 (iv, 7; iv, 8); pectoral i, 9-i, 9 (i, 9; 1, 9); pelvic 1, 5-1, 5 (i, 5; 1, 5); branched rays in caudal fin 15 (15; 15). Head a little depressed; body compressed posteriorly; gill mem- branes extending far forward, free from the isthmus; teeth villiform in a band on premaxillaries and on dentary, no posteriorly projecting toothed areas laterally; margins of eyes not free; a pair of maxillary barbels, in a groove to under eye, these barbels reaching to opposite middle of pectorals; two pairs of mental barbels, their bases nearly in a straight line; the outer mental barbel reaches to pectoral base and the inner one two-thirds the way to pectoral base; nasal openings far apart, the posterior nostril near eye and funnel-shaped, the anterior nostril near front of snout tubular; mouth subterminal, 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 the snout projecting; no teeth on vomer or palatines; pelvic insertion under the fifth branched ray of the dorsal; anal origin under the adipose origin; the adipose fin is short and high, its height about 2% to 3 times in its total length, and the latter 5% to 6% times in the standard length; the first rays of dorsal and pectorals are soft, not spinous; the first dorsal ray is about as long as the first branched ray, the rear margin of this fin slightly concave; last simple ray of anal about as long as first branched ray, rear margin of anal truncate; posterior margins of paired fins rounded; first ray of pectoral four- fifths as long as first branched ray; pectoral fins reaching two-thirds the way to the pelvics, the latter three-fourths the way to the anal origin; anus closer to snout than caudal fin base by length of snout and eye; lobes of caudal fin equal, this fin deeply forked; a membrane occurs along margin of shoulder girdle becoming free toward pectoral base but ending before reaching that far. Color. —General color blackish above, paler below; a white bar or saddle across occipital, extending down to base of pectorals; a white spot at origin of dorsal fin but no white spot at origin of adipose; middorsal line of caudal peduncle with a white oblong spot just in front of base of upper rays of caudal fin; caudal fin yellowish, sharply contrasting with its black basal portion; paired fins pale; anal fin pale with some dark pigment basally; base of dorsal fin black, pale distally; anterior base of adipose dark, pale distally; underside of snout white, blackish dorsally; maxillary barbel pigmented dorsally, pale ventrally; mental barbels whitish; when alive, this species was blackish above, tinged with orange-yellowish ventrally, abruptly so below groove behind base of maxillary barbel; pale saddle across occipital yellow, as is spot at origin of dorsal; all median fins tinged with orange-yellow color; posterior margin of caudal fin with a wide, slightly darkish band; anterior rays of anal orange-yellow as is mid- ventral area of caudal peduncle; peritoneum dusky laterally. Remarks.—This new species can be separated from all others in the genus Cetopsorhamdia by the key on page 218. Jt is most closely related to nasus, of the Magdalena system, but differs in a more robust body, depth 4.8 to 5.2 instead of over 6 times in nasus. Kigen- mann gives i, 11 pectoral rays for nasus, but picklei has i, 9; the lower caudal lobe of nasus is much longer than the upper lobe, while in this new species they are equal; the length of the adipose fin in pickle: equals the space between rear of dorsal and adipose origin, but in nasus the adipose is contained 1% times; other differences occur, and some are given in the key. Named picklei for Chesley B. Pickle, of the Lago Petroleum Cor- poration, who aided me in the collection of fishes at the southern end of Lago Maracaibo. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 205 CETOPSORHAMDIA ORINOCO, new species PuaTE 3, A Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121214, a specimen 53.5 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 31, 1942, in the Rio Torbes, 1 km. above T4riba, Orinoco system, Venezuela. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121215, 4 specimens, 32.5 to 51.5 mm., taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Detailed measurements of the holotype and a paratype, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded below, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 53.5 and 33.7. Length of head to end of operculum 25.4 and 29.1; width of head across base of pectorals 20.6 and 20.8; greatest depth 14.2 and 14.8; length of snout 10.7 and 11.6; diameter of eye 3.74 and 3.26; distance from eye to posterior nostril 2.42 and 2.38; distance between anterior and posterior nostrils 3.92 and 3.86; width of interorbital space 6.72 and 8.01; postorbital length of head 12.5 and 15.1; total length of adipose fin 22.6 and 24.3; height (greatest) of adipose fin 3.92 and 4.75; least depth of caudal peduncle 8.60 and 9.20; length of caudal peduncle from anal base to midbase of caudal fin 23.6 and 24.0; length of first ray of dorsal fin 18.5 and 22.6; length of first ray of pectoral fin 17.9 and 23.1; longest ray of pelvic fin 14.6 and 18.4; longest branched ray of anal fin 14.6 and 16.3; longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin 21.9 and 24.6; longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin 24.9 and 27.3; length of shortest midcaudal fin rays 12.3 and 15.7; distance from tip of snout to dorsal origin 37.9 and 40.0; snout to anal origin 67.3 and 68.0; snout to adipose origin 70.4 and 70.0; snout to pelvic insertion 44.5 and 45.1; snout to pectoral insertion 23.7 and 26.7; dorsal origin to adipose origin 34.2 and 30.9; anus to anal origin 14.0 and 13.7; length of maxillary barbel 28.6 and 37.1; length of outer mental barbel 15.1 and 20.5; length of inner mental barbel 11.6 and 13.4; length of anal base 13.1 and 13.7. Head depressed anteriorly, body compressed posteriorly; snout bluntly rounded, projecting beyond the subterminal mouth; villiform teeth in a band on premaxillaries and on dentaries, without posteriorly projecting angles laterally; no teeth on vomer or palatines; nostrils wide apart, the posterior one funnel-shaped near eye, the anterior one near front of snout; a pair of maxillary barbels, lying in a groove to under eye and extending to opposite four-fifths the length of pec- toral fin; two pairs of mental barbels, their bases almost in a straight line, the outer pair reaching almost to rear of base of pectoral fin and the inner pair about four-fifths the way to opposite pectoral insertion, eye without a free margin; a thin membrane along margin of shoulder girdle under gill cover; caudal fin deeply concave or forked, but the 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 lobes are not pointed and only partially rounded, of equal length; first dorsal ray soft, equal in length to first branched ray, margin of dorsal fin truncate; simple rays of anal fin graduated, the first branched soft ray longest, margin of this fin truncate; paired fins with rounded posterior margins; first ray of pectoral not spinous, about equal in length to first branched ray; the adipose fin is long but somewhat high, its total length about 4 times in the standard length, and much longer than the space from rear base of dorsal to adipose origin; pelvics inserted under second branched ray of dorsal; anal origin about an eye diameter in advance of a vertical line through adipose origin; anus a trifle closer to caudal fin base than tip of snout. Color.—General color blackish above, paler below, with the pale caudal fin sharply contrasting with the black base of caudal fin; a pale bar, sometimes obscure, across occipital and down to upper end of gill openings; origin of dorsal and the area just in front blackish, sometimes behind this a small, paler blotch, then at rear base of dorsal the pigment is more intensive; body below dorsal fin base paler except a blackish diffuse oblong blotch along lateral line; a wide pale bar between dorsal across body to in front of anal, another on caudal peduncle, these pale bar pigments somewhat obscure in larger speci- mens; the black bar from base of caudal fin to anal is obvious; on the smaller specimens a small pale spot occurs at origin of adipose, absent on larger specimens; paired fins pale, dorsal and anal pale; snout pale; front of chin and lower jaw pigmevted. Remarks.—This new species differs from the other members of the genus Cetopsorhamdia with elongate adipose fins in color, and it is the only one of the species having the anal fin origin so far in advance of the adipose origin. Named orinoco for the river system in which it was collected. Genus NANNORHAMDIA Regan Nannorhamdia Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 12, p. 467, 1913. (Type, Nannorhamdia spurrelli Regan.) The state of preservation determines to a large extent whether the rim of the orbit is free from the eye dorsally. If the eye bulges even a little, the dorsal edge of the rim does not appear free; only in well- preserved specimens the dorsal rim of the orbit is distinctly free and then not strongly. The first ray of the dorsal fin is definitely not a pungent spine. The segmentation of this ray can be seen occurring nearly to its base. The pectoral spine is not a pungent spine, but if the soft-rayed portion is broken off at the proper place a more or less sharp-pointed spine can be felt and seen. The posterior half of the first pectoral ray or spine is segmented nearly to its base. There are usually seven gill rakers on the lower half of the first gill arch. The number of fin rays varies according to the data recorded in table 7. The caudal fin usually has 15 branched rays. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 227 TABLE 7.—Fin-ray counts in specimens of Nannorhamdia nemacheir Dorsal : Anal rays Pectoral rays Locality eS i, 5 16. ivi6:liv,w, | iv, Sijcw 7) 1. 8) T9)| B10 Riovbalm ar teases sik LS eke Us eS 8 3 Aiea see We sees. 8). b on Rios Motatain and Machango________-_----__- 1 12 1 10 alesse 1 6 3 NANNORHAMDIA NEMACHEIR Ejigenmann and Fisher Nannorhamdia nemacheir EIGENMANN and FisHsr, in Eigenmann, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 83, 1916 (Girardot, Colombia). The following specimens of this catfish were collected in the Mara- caibo Basin, Venezuela, by Leonard P. Schultz during 1942: U.S.N.M. No. 121171, Rfo Machango, 20 km. above the bridge south of Lagunillas, March 21, 15 specimens, 36 to 53.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121166, Rio Machango, at bridge south of Lagunillas, March 16, 112 specimens, 24 to 45 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121168, Rfo Motatdn, at bridge 22 km. north of Motatdn, March 17, 43 specimens, 32.5 to 63.8 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121160, Rio Motatdn, 4 km. above Motatdn, March 25, 12 specimens, 49.5 to 74 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121169, Rfo Jimelles, 12 km. east of Motatin, Motatdin system, March 24, 3 specimens, 54 to 64 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121167, Rio San Juan, at and above bridge south of Mene Grande, Motatdn system, March 17 and 20, 33 specimens, 32.5 to 69 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121164, Rio Motatdin, 8 km. below Motatdn, March 24, 13 specimens, 35 to 64.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121170, Rio San Pedro, at bridge south of Mene Grande, Motatdn system, March 20, 12 specimens, 37 to 61.7 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121161, Rio Apén, about 35 km. south of Rosario, February 26, 8 specimens, 38 to 48.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121165, Rio Palmar, at bridge 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6, 3 specimens, 50.5 to 55 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121162, Rfo Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo, February 21, 118 specimens, 36.5 to 72.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121168, Rio San Juan, 12 km. south of Rosario, Estado de Zulia, February 26, 10 specimens, 28.5 to 39 mm. The specimens listed above do not agree exactly with Eigenmann’s descriptions of N. nemacheir, but since none are available for direct comparison from the Rio Magdalena, I hesitate to name the Mara- caibo specimens as a new subspecies. SORUBIMINAE, new subfamily The pimelodid catfishes herein grouped under the subfamily Sorubi- minae have certain characters in common, as follows: Broad heads much depressed anteriorly, with patches or bands of villiform teeth in the roof of the mouth on vomer or on palatines or on both, and with 298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 wide bands on the dentary and premaxillary; eye with free margin, and nostrils widely separated nearer front of snout than eye; inner edge of operculum with one or two folds or ‘‘pouches’’; gill rakers stiff. The similarity in the above-mentioned characters has influenced me to separate them as a subfamily, although its limits are ill defined, and doubt must be cast on such grouping. Only those genera and species so far found in Venezuela are listed below, but other genera were included in the key on pages 187-189 in order to indicate relationships among the various genera and to record those genera that may belong to the Sorubiminae. Genus HEMISORUBIM Bleeker Hemisorubim BueEKeER, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 97, 1863. (Type, Platystoma platyrhynchos Cuvier and Valenciennes.) HEMISORUBIM PLATYRHYNCHOS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) DorMILON Platystoma platyrhynchos Cuvinr and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 27, 1840. Hemisorubim platyrhynchus PrerErs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 470 (Calebozo, Venezuela). Genus SORUBIM Agassiz Sorubim Aaassiz, in Sprx, Selecta genera et species piscium .. . Brasiliam .. , p. 24, 1829. (Type, Silurus lima Bloch.) SORUBIM LIMA (Bloch) PALETA FicureE 3, h Silurus lima Buocn, in Schneider, Systema ichthyologiae, p. 384, 1801. Sorubim lima Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 469 (Calabozo, Venezuela).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). Genus SORUBIMICHTHYS Bleeker Sorubimichthys BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 98, 1863. (Type, Platystoma spatula Agassiz.) SORUBIMICHTHYS PLANICEPS (Agassiz) Platystoma planiceps Acassiz, in Spix, Selecta genera et species pisclum... Brasiliam ..., p. 25, 1829 (ref. copied).—PxrtTERs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 469 (Calabozo, Venezuela).—Ernst, Estudios sobre la flora y fauna de Venezuela, p. 282, 1877 (creeks near Caracas). Sorubimichthys planicens E1aeNMANN and ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p. 115, 1942 (Amazon and Orinoco). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 299 PERRUNICHTHYS, new genus This new genus of pimelodid catfish, with a greatly depressed head anteriorly, differs from all other genera of the subfamily Sorubiminae in its very small patches of villiform teeth on palatines and vomer, the latter with their long axis running transversely. The two palatine patches are widely separated from the vomerine patches, all teeth uniform. The premaxillary band of teeth does not have posteriorly projecting angles laterally, but the ends are rounded. In the adult Oo ye ee OON oe, a Vs a Figure 3.—Sketches of the toothed areas in roof of mouth of various species of South Ameri- can Pimelodidae: a, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum; b, Duopalatinus emarginatus; c, Paulicea hitkent (after Ribeiro); d, Perrunichthys perruno; e, Brachyplatystoma vaillanti (after Ribeiro); f, Platystomatichthys sturio; g, Platysilurus malarmo: h. Sorubim lima. =) 3 ct Es 2 ——_—_—* 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 the vomerine patches meet in the midline, but in the type they are a little separated; dentary with a band of villiform teeth. The width of the head is contained about 1% to 1% in length of head to end of opercle, while the width of the head across the angles of the mouth is contained 1.7 in head length and about 1% in width of head; interorbi- tal space a little concave, the eye contained about 3% in the interorbital space; eyes with a free margin; nostrils closer to end of snout than eye, and widely separated, the anterior nostril tubular, the posterior one covered with a flap; gill membranes extend forward, free from isthmus, with the usual narrow free fold in front of which is a pouch; a sharp- pointed, acutely triangular, spiny projection, a little longer than eye, extending backward from shoulder girdle above axil of pectoral fin; dorsal spine pungent, with a flexible produced tip extending beyond branched rays a distance nearly equal to eye; pectoral spine heavy, broad, with antrorse spines anteriorly and strong retrorse spines along its posterior margins; gill rakers stiff, about 4 or 5+11; the maxillary barbel is heavy, gradually tapering to a fine filament and ending opposite caudal fin, shorter in the large paratype; adipose fin very long, twice length of anal fin base, 1% in length of head, and 3.9 in standard length; caudal peduncle rounded; caudal fin deeply forked; air bladder large. Mental barbels remote from tip of chin; eyes superior, not visible from below; supraoccipital process longer than its base and meeting the predorsal plate; below the lateral line are groups of fingerlike canals branching from the lateral line and erding in pores. This new genus may be distinguished from related genera by the key on pages 187-189. Genotype.—Perrunichthys perruno, new species. Named Perrunichthys after the common name of this species, called bagre perruno by the people of the Maracaibo Basin. PERRUNICHTHYS PERRUNO, new species PERRUNO Ficure 3, d; Puate 3, B Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121189, a specimen 270 mm. in standard length, taken in the Rio Negro below the mouth of the Rio Yasa, about 75 km. south of Rosario, west side of Lago Maracaibo, by Leonard P. Schultz, March 2, 1942. Paratype.-—U.S.N.M. No. 121200, a large specimen 620 mm. in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data. In addition, a larger specimen was collected, but one of the men cut it in pieces with his machete and ruined it; thus it was not preserved. The top of head of the paratype also was cut deeply by a machete. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ Za Description.—Based on the holotype and paratype. Detailed measurements of the two type specimens, in hundredths of the stand- ard length, are given below, first for the holotype, followed by the paratype in parentheses. Standard length (in mm.) 270 (620). Length of head to tip of supraoccipital process 34.6 (— —); length of head to end of opercle 31.1 (29.4); greatest depth of body 17.6 (23.9); greatest width of head at base of pectorals 25.4 (26.9); length of snout 15.0 (14.8); diameter of eye 4.14 (3.23); width of fleshy interorbital space 12.8 (13.9); length of maxillary barbel 115 (82); length of outer mental barbel 50.4 (33.0); length of inner mental barbel 27.8 (21.0); total length of adipose fin 25.5 (24.7); length of base of anal fin 10.0 (12.3); height of adipose fin 5.36 (5.32); least depth of caudal peduncle 7.40 (7.90); length of caudal peduncle 18.9 (19.0); distance from anterior to posterior nasal opening 3.44 (2.90); distance from eye to posterior nasal opening 7.10 (7.58); snout to origin of dorsal fin 37.6 (— —); snout to origin of anal 71.0 (68.0); snout to adipose 63.3 (66.0) ; snout to pelvic insertion 49.6 (— —); snout to pectoral insertion 26.3 (--); anus to anal origin 10.7 (12.3); snout to anus 61.4 C -); length of dorsal spine 21.1 (14.5); length of dorsal spine and its pro- longed fleshy tip 26.7 (21.8); length of longest ray of anal (first or second branched ray) 14.4 (13.4); length of longest (first branched) ray of pelvic fins 16.6 (14.8); length of pectoral spine 21.8 (19.0); length of longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin 28.9 (25.3); length of longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin 26.8 (— —); length of shortest mideaudal ray 13.0 (11.3); postorbital length of head 14.0 (13.1); width of head across angle of mouth 18.5 (18.1); distance from tip of chin to base of inner mental barbel 5.00 (5.00); tip of chin to base of outer mental barbel 8.51 (7.90). The following counts were made: Dorsal rays I, 8 (I, 7); anal v, 7 (v, 7); pectoral I, 10-I, 11 (I, 11-I, 11); pelvic i, 5 G, 5); branched caudal fin rays 15 (15); number of gill rakers on first gill arch 5+11. In addition to the characters given in the generic diagnosis, others are mentioned below. The greatest depth is about 5%, head 3}, in standard length; eye 3% in snout, 7% to 9 in head; bases of inner mental barbels only a trifle in front of bases of outer mental barbels, the latter reaching to base of pelvies or a little beyond; inner mental barbels reaching a little past pectoral bases in the holotype; posterior margins of dorsal and anal fins a little rounded, pectoral almost truncate and pelvics a little rounded to truncate; adipose fin high, its depth 4% in its length, the distance from adipose origin to rear base of dorsal about 1% height of adipose or % interorbital space. All teeth villiform, and similar in mouth. Underside of head flat, nearly all in same plane. Color.—Plain dark brownish above, pale below; somewhat mottled with pale brown; all median fins with large roundish, dark blotches, 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 giving these fins a mottled appearance; paired fins blackish; maxillary barbel blackish to dark brown basally, barred with brown distally; outer mental barbel barred with brownish; inner mental barbel pale; just inside band of teeth on lower jaw is a darkish band. Remarks.—This new species differs from all other pimelodid cat- fishes in the shape, size, and arrangement of the villiform patches of teeth in the roof of the mouth, as well as in color pattern, length and shape of barbels, and concave interorbital space, among other dif- ferences. Named perruno after the common name of this species in the Maracaibo Basin. Genus BRACHYPLATYSTOMA Bleeker Brachyplatystoma BLEEKER, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 97, 1863. (Type, Platystoma vaillanti Cuvier and Valenciennes.) BRACHYPLATYSTOMA VAILLANTI (Cavier and Valenciennes) FIGURE 3, e Platystoma vaillanti Cuvinr and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 21, pl. 423, 1840 (Cayenne and Surinam).—Perers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 469 (Calabozo). Genus PSEUDOPLATYSTOMA Bleeker Pseudoplatystoma BuerxEr, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 97, 1863. (Type, Silurus fasciatus Linnaeus). PSEUDOPLATYSTOMA FASCIATUM (Linnaeus) BaGrRE RayabDo FIGURE 3, @ Silurus fasciatus Linnarnus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 505, 1766. Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum E1GENMANN and ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p. 108, 1942 (La Plata northward to the Magdalena, Orinoco, and Guiana).—R6ut, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 375, 1942 (Rio Apure at Bolivar). Platystoma fasciatum Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 469 (Cala- bozo, Venezuela). Genus PLATYSILURUS Haseman Platysilurus Haseman, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, p. 320, pl. 52, 1911. (Type, Platysilurus barbatus Haseman.) This genus of pimelodid catfishes was not adequately described by Haseman. The following description is based entirely on the species found in the Maracaibo Basin: THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA——SCHULTZ 933 Head greatly depressed; wide bands of villiform teeth on premaxil- laries, vomer, palatines, and dentary. The arrangement of the teeth in roof of mouth is illustrated in figure 3, g. A broad, depressed snout, projecting a little beyond the lower jaw; nostrils widely separated, far forward on snout; eye superior; extremely long maxillary barbels, ossified as far back as opposite end of dorsal fin, then becoming flexible, band-shaped to opposite caudal fin base, thence tapering to a fine, hairlike filament opposite rear of caudal fin and continued beyond tips of rays of caudal fin; outer pair of mental barbels not quite so long as length of snout; inner or anterior pair of mental barbels about half length of outer or posterior ones; supraoccipital moderately broad, meeting the predorsal plate; a wide fontanel beginning on snout continues in middorsal line to behind eye where it becomes a narrow groove in the supraoccipital process; center of eye a little closer to tip of supracccipital process than to tip of snout, and the width of the interorbital space closer to posterior end of gill cover than to tip of snout; interorbital space a little concave; pectoral spines strong, wide, with weak antrorse teeth on anterior margin and strong retrorse teeth on posterior margin, this spine as long as snout and eye together; dorsal spine strong, smooth anteriorly, but toothed along its posterior margin; gill membranes extending forward, free from the isthmus; a pouch in front of isthmus between bases of mental barbels; a large dermal fold on inside of gill cover; gill rakers bony, about 5 + 14; air bladder large, extending as far back as opposite pelvic girdle; snout projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; width of head at base of pectorals one-half distance from tip of snout to rear of supraoccipital process, or equal to distance from tip of snout to center of eye; base of adipose fin longer than anal fin base; caudal peduncle slender, caudal fin deeply forked; upper lobe with the upper ray produced, more or less filamentous; contour of ventral surface from pelvics to tip of snout flat, mostly in same plane. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PLATYSILURUS la. Total length of adipose fin 2.1 in snout to dorsal origin; anal origin barely behind a vertical line through adipose origin; pelvic insertion under bases of third to fourth dorsal soft rays and equal distance between tip of snout and midbase of caudal fin rays; head 3% in standard length; shortest mideau- dal fin rays 2 times in eye to dorsal origin__Platysilurus barbatus Haseman 1b. Total Jength of adipose fin 2.3 to 2.7 in snout to dorsal origin; anal origin distinctly behind a vertical line through adipose origin; pelvie insertion under bases of 5 to 6 soft rays of dorsal and equal distance between base of maxillary barbel and midbase of caudal fin; head about 3 in standard length; shortest mideaudal fin ray about 3 times in distance from rear of eye to Gorgas OVI gin. ee ieee Om Platysilurus malarmo, new species 234 PROCEEDINGS. OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou.94 PLATYSILURUS MALARMO, new species MALARMO Figure 8, g; PLATE 3, C Holotype—U. S. N. M. No. 121179, a specimen 316 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz on May 2, 1942, in Lago Maracaibo, near the mouth of the Rio Concho. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz).—U.S.N.M. No. 121182, 4 specimens, 276 to 328 mm., Rio Socuy, 3 km. above mouth, Febru- ary 24, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121201, a specimen 560 mm., same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121180, 4 specimens, 223 to 323 mm., Rio Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa, March 2, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121181, 4 specimens, 288 to 350 mm., Rio Ap6én, about 35 km. south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942. All these specimens came from deep pools over sandy to muddy bottoms. Desecription.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed. Meas- urements for these, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, first for the holotype, then for the paratype in parentheses, respec- tively, are given below. Standard length (in mm.) 316 (223). Length of head from tip of snout to tip of supraoccipital process 38.9 (38.3); length of head to end of operculum 34.5 (34.1); greatest depth 18.7 (15.5); width of head at base of pectorals 20.0 (19.3); length of snout 19.3 (19.5); postorbital length of head (to end of oper- culum) 12.2 (11.9); width of snout through corners (rictus) of mouth 12.7 (12.6); diameter of eye 3.16 (3.95); width of fleshy interorbital space 7.55 (7.62); length of maxillary barbel 194.5 (to where filament begins 161); length of outer mental barbel 22.0 (16.8) ; length of inner mental barbel 12.3 (10.3); total length of adipose fin 17.5 (17.8); greatest height of adipose fin 5.44 (7.18) ; length of base of anal fin 9.82 (10.5); least depth of caudal peduncle 5.85 (4.93); length of caudal peduncle 16.2 (16.2); distance from anterior to posterior nostril 4.55 (5.16); distance from eye to posterior nostril 13.0 (12.4); tip of chin to base of inner or anterior mental barbel 12.7 (12.6); tip of chin to outer or posterior mental barbel 13.0 (11.4); snout to origin of dorsal fin 43.1 (42.6); snout to origin of anal 76.6 (74.9); snout to origin of adi- pose fin 71.2 (69.5); snout to insertion of pelvics 55.4 (52.0); snout to insertion of pectorals 33.4 (29.7); anus to anal origin 17.1 (17.1); snout to anus 60.1 (57.8); length of dorsal spine 17.6 (—); length of pectoral spine 21.7 (23.6); length of longest ray of pelvics 15.2 (12.7); length of longest ray of anal 13.8 (12.6); length of longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin 51.2 (38.6 with tip broken off) ; length of longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin 39.5 (—); length of shortest midcaudal fin ray 10.3 (7.2). “.HE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 235 The following counts were made: Dorsal I,6 (1,6); anal vi, 9 (vi,9); pectoral I,10 (1,9) ; pelvic i,5 (1,5); branched rays of caudal fin 15 (16); number of gill rakers on first gill arch — (5-+-12). The caudal peduncle is slender, rounded; origin of anal a little behind that of adipose origin; pelvics inserted about under the fourth branched ray of the dorsal; the supraoccipital process is a little divided in the midline posteriorly, so that the predorsal plate projects a little into the supraoccipital process; a fontanel begins on snout and extends back- ward through interorbital space almost to base of supraoccipital pro- cess; eyes superior-lateral in position, not showing from below, about 2 to 2.2 in interorbital space, and 4.8 to 5.3 in the snout; postorbital length of head about %o length of snout; width of snout at corners of mouth % width of head at base of pelvics; total length of adipose fin 5 to 6% times in standard length; height of adipose fin about 2% in its total length; adipose fin length a little shorter than snout but much longer than base of anal fin; pectoral spine almost as long as snout and eye; the filamentous end of the maxillary barbel, if unbroken, is as long as or longer than the ossified part of this barbel, the ossified part reaching to opposite rear of dorsal fin; other characters described under the genus. Color —Grayish to blackish or brownish above, paler on lower sides, white ventrally; the most consistent and prominent color mark is a large black spot at base of upper lobe of caudal fin; sides of body with an irregular row of large black blotches more or less along lateral line anteriorly, but above it on caudal peduncle; in the holotype the black spots are less prominent than on all the other paratypes, but it was selected because it was a more perfect specimen otherwise; sometimes smaller black spots are scattered on back, as well as on dorsal, adipose, and sometimes on basal parts of caudal fin; anal and paired fins white; lower half of lower lobe of caudal fin blackish, the upper part of this lobe white; upper lobe pale grayish, the long upper simple ray dark grayish; peritoneum pale. Remarks.—This new species differs from all other pimelodid cat- fishes in the extremely long barbels in combination with the color pat- tern and arrangement of the broad villiform patches of teeth widely separated from each other and from P. barbatus as indicated in the key on page 233. Named malarmo (bony-cheek) after the common name of this species as given to me by the Venezuelans who went along with me on the trip to the Rio Negro in the territory of the hostile Motilone Indians. Family CALLOPHYSIDAE Genus CALLOPHYSUS Miiller and Troschel Callophysus Mituter and Troscuet, Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 3, p. 1, 1849. (Type, Pimelodus macropterus Lichtenstein.) (Ref. copied.) * 936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vd vou. 94 CALLOPHYSUS MACROPTERUS (Lichtenstein) | ZAMURITO Pimelodus macrepterus LICHTENSTEIN, Wiedemann’s Zool. Mag., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 59, 1819 (Brazil). Callophysus macropterus Peters, Monatsb, Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 470 (Apure River, Venezuela). Family AUCHENIPTERIDAE KEY TO THE GENERA OF AUCHENIPTERIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Anal base long, of 16 to 40 branched rays; pectoral spine pungent, pectoral rays usually I, 7; postcleithral process a triangular, broad-based, spiny projection. 2a. Teeth villiform in a band on premaxillaries and on dentaries, no teeth on palatines. 3a. Pelvic rays i, 5; caudal fin truncate or a little concave; anterior or outer margin of pectoral spine serrated distally, the teeth antrorse; bases of anterior pair of mental barbels far in advance of bases of posterior ones; lower jaw a little longer than upper jaw--Trachycorystes Bleeker 3b. Pelvic rays i, 7; caudal fin forked; anterior margin of pectoral spine smooth, not serrated; bases of anterior pair of mental barbels in front of bases of posterior ones__...--------- Pseudauchenipterus Bleeker 2b. Upper jaw sharp-edged, with a single series of teeth along edge, lower Jaw with about 2 series of teeth in front, a single series on side; pectoral spine with spines on anterior and posterior sides; caudal fin forked; adipose fin short; dorsal and pectoral spine pungent__Entomocorus Eigenmann 1b. Anal base short, of about 7 to 11 rays; adipose fin base shorter than anal fin base; pelvic rays i, 5 and pectoral about i, 5; postcleithral process a narrow- based spiny projection; dorsal surface of head covered by a wide bony plate with lateral wings opposite dorsal origin, this plate formed by ex- panded supraoccipital process fused with dorsal plate; caudal fin forked. Centromochlus Kner Genus TRACHYCORYSTES Bleeker Trachycorystes BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind.-Med., vol. 4, p. 200, 1857-58. (Type, Trachycorystes typus Bleeker.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TRACHYCORYSTES REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.7 in length of anal base and 1.6 to 2.0 in pectoral spine; caudal fin slightly concave; anal rays iii, 23 to ili, 25. Trachycorystes insignis peloichthys, new subspecies 1b. Least depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 to 1.9 in length of anal base and 1.2 to 1.4 in pectoral spine; caudal fin truncate or a trifle rounded; anal rays iii, 24 in a specimen from British Guiana_----- Trachycorystes galeatus (Linnaeus) TRACHYCORYSTES INSIGNIS PELOICHTHYS, new subspecies PuaTE 4, A Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121281, a specimen 160 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, May 1, 1942, in the Rio Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo, Venezuela. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121282, 4 specimens, 133 to 160 mm. in U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 3 A, Cetopsorhamdia orinoco, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121214), 53.5 mm in standard length; B, Perrunichthys perruno, new genus and species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121189), 270 mm.; C, Platysilurus malarmo, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121179), 316 mm. A and B, retouched photographs; C, drawing. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 4 A, Trachycorystes insignis peloichthys, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121281), 160 mm. in standard length; B, Ageneiosus freiei, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121260), 207 mm.; C, Hoplomyzon atrizona petroleus, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121070), 25.3 mm.; D, Dupouyichthys sapito, new genus and species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121072), 23 mm. Retouched photographs. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 227 standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data. These types were taken in about 18 feet of water, the bottom very muddy and with much vegetable debris. Description.—Based on the holotype and four paratypes. Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and two paratypes, and these data are recorded in table 8. The following counts were made, respectively, for holotype, then paratypes: Dorsal rays I, 6; I, 6; 1, 6; 1, 6; anal iii, 25; iii, 25; iii, 245 nit253. nny 23; pectoral: Li 7+k,. 77:1, ) 83-1, 721, 73.1¢ 71, 734, 7-I, 7; pelvic i, 5; 1, 5; 1, 5; 1, 5; 1, 5; branched caudal rays on three paratypes counted were 15;a paratype had 2+7 gill rakers on first gill arch. TaBLE 8.— Measurements, expressed in hundredihs of the standard length, for two subspecies of Trachycorystes insignis peloichthys insignis U.S.N.M. Characters No. 79238 Holotype | Paratypes | Paratype | (from El (9) (2) (a) Banco, Colombia) (Q) Standaradength' Gnumm: oes! ee 160 161 140 162.5 Length of head to end of opetculum--_-.---.-.-----..-- 27.3 29.2 271 Wat. Greatestidepthe® = seem Pile yw ce h ek ee ty hk 26.3 25. 5 26.1 26.5 Wenetbrof snout sss) sores eee sete sete 10. 2 9. 63 10.7 9.53 Diameter ONeye= 245 8. oe 52 SE eR ee eae koe 5. 32 6.33 4.71 4.92 Faterorbitali wid thes 2h. ae aha e Te ee a 17.4 17.0 18. 2 16.6 Anterior tO,posterlormosteus.- 22225. =--- ee 4. 69 4. 66 4, 36 4.61 Distance from eye to anterior nostril_________.-.__-_-_- 5. 63 4. 97 6. 07 5. 66 Width of mouth across its outer angles___________-__---- 15.6 17.4 Ub: 14.6 Width of head across base of pectorals___--__---.------- 23. 4 25. 5 25.1 23.4 Benet hroreamaxi any Darvel. cewee ae- a See eos ee Se 33.5 35. 4 40.7 34.5 Length of anterior mental barbel:_._.._...___-_-_____--- 12 12.7 11.9 9. 84 Length of posterior mental barbel___-.-_-__--_--------- 20. 4 22.1 23.9 18.5 Least depth of caudal peduncle___._..__._._.-.--------- 10. 6 11.8 10.7 11.4 Lenegth-of caudal peduncle: :2:2) 3.23 sR eet 11.8 11.0 9. 43 117. Lotallength ofadiposewine. fo 8. £22 8 ae noe a | VO ee 2 2 ice 12.7 10.5 ength:of baseof adipose: fim. 2s. 4---.2 2 oU2 ss SEs 6. 88 6. 20 5. 72 5. 54 eneth-of base. oflanalmdin=» £25 _ Jad ehh. ede SEE te ey es | 26.3 27.3 28. 6 25.8 Snoutwodorsaloripiny 902 hs ee ees 31.9 32. 2 32.0 31.4 Snoutitoanalonigine a= 2 ess anki a a sade he 65.6 63.5. 64.3 63.8 Snout to adipeseiorigin 29-42 F sth eee Oy 81.0 79.5 78.0 79.4 snout to.pelvic insertiont~.. . Fs 5 12! $s tt p> 51.6 50. 9 50. 2 51.0 SNOW’. LOMDeCtOLalINSeLiblON semana no ee ns eee 21.9 24.2 23.9 22.5 BOMOUtLOLAUIIS = 2 oie een Sek ee ee eee ee 63.5 61.5 60. 7 62.1 Length of dorsal spine___-__._--------- oi eee DN pil err ee 32.9 25. 6 Weneih Ofpectoral spineless - =) s=- fa sa. See 21.1 22.0 21.4 24.6 Longest branched ray of pelvics__-__----_-.-__----.---- 13.3 4.0 16.4 3.8 Longest branched ray of pectorals___________1___-----_- 18.8 20. 7 18.6 21.2 longest branched ray, of‘ dorsal:2-— 2:02 222 2-2-2 ee 20. 7 17.9 24.0 21.8 Longest ‘branched! ray of anal’! 0.8. 222. 42.425: 10.3 10.9 12a 8. 61 Longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin____-________-___- 24.1 25. 5 24.0 23:7 Longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin___-____________-- 2153 22.7 23.4 22.6 Distance from tip of gill cover to tip of postcleithral process above upper base. of pectoral fins _______--___- 7.56 | 7. 76 7. 86 9. 54 | 533749—43——_5 238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 94 Head much depressed anteriorly, body compressed; snout bluntly rounded, the lower jaw a little projecting; eyes lateral, visible from below as well as from above; gill membranes joined to sides of head, the gill opening not extending beyond base of pectoral fin; margin of eye not free; teeth villiform, in a narrow band on premaxillaries and on dentary, no teeth on vomer or palatines; pectoral spine strong, the anterior or outer margin with antrorse teeth, and much stronger retrorse ones on inner surface; dorsal spine strong, not serrated, in males this spine longer, bent, and crooked; nostrils wide apart, the anterior pair tubular at front of snout; maxillary barbel in a groove below eye, not extending quite to tip of pectoral spine, this barbel with a bony base in males; two pairs of mental barbels, the anterior pair shortest, their bases near front of lower jaw and reaching a little past a line between rear margins of eye, the posterior pair about op- posite front of eye and reaching to behind pectoral base; adipose fin base short and fin short; anal base as long as head; least depth of caudal peduncle about 3 times in snout to dorsal origin, 1.6 to 2.0 in pectoral spine, and 2.2 to 2.7 in anal fin base; length of postcleithral process behind head 2.3 to 3.1 in length of pectoral spine, 3.5 to 4.5 in snout to dorsal origin, and 1.5 to 1.7 in least depth of caudal peduncle; head 3.4 to 3.7 and depth 3.7 to 4.0 in standard length; caudal fin a little concave; eye 3.7 to 3.9 in interorbital space; rear margins of dorsal and of pectorals truncate, other fins rounded; dorsal and pectoral spines about equal in length, except in males the dorsal spine elongated and crooked; supraoccipital process broad, reaching base of dorsal fin and giving off nine pairs of wings that reach a little below front of dorsal fin base; frontal fontanel narrow, between orbits; anus near anal origin; pelvics reach to anal origin, pectoral reaches two-thirds the way to pelvic base; first anal rays of male longer than other rays of this fin. Color.—Blackish above with golden-brown reflections showing on upper sides and back when alive, this golden-brown fading when specimens were preserved and remaining as pale areas, giving an ob- scure mottled effect; belly paler, white in most of the specimens, although the black pigment occurs on front of lower jaw and under side of head in irregular patches; all fins blackish, the caudal a little mottled; peritoneum pale. Remarks.—This new subspecies differs from Trachycorystes wsignis insignis in having a shorter postcleithral process, the length of this behind the operculum being 2.3 to 3.1 in length of pectoral spine, 3.5 to 4.5 in snout to dorsal origin and 1.5 to 1.7 in least depth ot caudal peduncle instead of 2.1 to 2.5 in the pectoral spine, 2.8 to 3.2 in snout to dorsal origin, and 1.0 to 1.3 in least depth of the caudal peduncle. The dorsal and pectoral spines in females are little longer in insignis than in peloichthys. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 239 Named peloichthys in reference to its living in very muddy bottoms with much vegetable debris. TRACHYCORYSTES GALEATUS (Linnaeus) Silurus galeatus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 503, 1766 (based on Seba, Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri .. ., vol. 3, pl. 29, fig. 7, 1761). (Ref. copied.) Auchenipterus galeatus Prters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 470 (Calabozo, Venezuela). Auchenipterus maculosus PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). Trachycorystes galeatus EIGENMANN and ALLEN, Fishes of western South America, p. 119, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1942 (Orinoco). Genus PSEUDAUCHENIPTERUS Bleeker Pseudauchenipterus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 88, 1863. (Type, Silurus nodosus Bloch.) PSEUDAUCHENIPTERUS NODOSUS (Bloch) Silurus nodosus Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 8, p. 35, pl. 368, 1794. Pseudauchenipterus guppyi Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 63, p. 488, 1911 (Pedernales, Venezuela). Pseudauchenipterus nigrolineatus Fow er, tbid., p. 434, fig. 5 (Pedernales, Venezuela). P. guppyt Regan, and P. nodosus as figured by Eigenmann (Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, pl. 20, fig. 2, 1912), are the same species as described by Fowler as P. nigrolineatus (op. cit., fig. 5). Although guppyr and nigrolineatus are the same species, it is possible that they differ from nodosus, but they cannot be separated until a large series of color variations is studied. Genus ENTOMOCORUS Eigenmann Entomocorus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 11, p. 403, 1917. (Type, Entomocorus benjamini Eigenmann.) ENTOMOCORUS BENJAMINI Eigenmann Entomocorus benjamini E1IGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 11, p. 408, fig. 3, pl. 41, 1917 (San Joaquin; Rfo Santa Rita)——Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 97, 1942 (Laguna El Guacimo, 3 km. west of San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela). Genus CENTROMOCHLUS Kner Centromochlus Kner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 26, p. 430, 1858. (Type, Centromochlus megalops Kner.) (Ref. copied.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CENTROMOCHLUS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Insertion of pelvic fins closer to tip of snout than to midcaudal base; anal rays 9 or 10; chocolate-brown above, pale below, sides and caudal with OvValupNtispOtse 2222558 Sele es os Centromochlus aulopygius Kner 1b. Insertion of pelvic fins closer to midcaudal base than to snout tip; anal rays 7; no oval light spots___.__...__- Centromochlus heckelii (Filippi) YAN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 CENTROMOCHLUS AULOPYGIUS Kner Centromochlus aulopygius KNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 26, p. 432, pl. 8, figs. 25, 1858 (Rio Guapore).—Pxr.LiEecRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). CENTROMOCHLUS HECKELII (Filippi) Auchenipterus heckelii Frurpp1, Guer. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 166 (ref. copied). Centromochlus heckelii PeELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). : Family AGENEIOSIDAE Genus AGENEIOSUS Lacepéde Agenciosus Lacerép®, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 182, 1803. (Type, Ageneiosus armatus Lacepéde.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AGENEIOSUS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Caudal fin forked; pectoral] spines pungent. 2a. No wide black band along middle of sides continuous to base of caudal fin and no trace of another black band below this one; anal base without pig- ment or with just a trace; greatest depth at dorsal origin 1.6 to 1.75 in the head; center of eye to tip of snout greater than distance from center of eye to rear of head by the distance between anterior and posterior nostrils; pectoral rays usually I, 11 or I, 12; anal rays iv, 32 to iv, 35. Ageneiosus caucanus Steindachner 2b. A wide black lateral band, sometimes broken into more or less continuous black blotches posteriorly, continuing to base of caudal fin; another band below this anteriorly, fading into a series of small spots over anal base and not reaching caudal fin; all black bands separated by wide pale bands, the one above black lateral band enclosing a large black blotch each side in front of dorsal fin; anal base heavily pigmented; greatest depth at dorsal origin 2.0 to 2.3 times in head; center of eye to tip of snout equal to distance or greater than distance from center of eye to rear of head by not over 0.4 distance between nostrils; pectorals usual yl ed S oe eo Ses et Se Ageneiosus freiei, new species 1b. Caudal fin emarginate; pectoral rays not pungent; width of head about 1% in its length; steel-blue above, pale below; dorsal spotted; caudal with Pale Maren Se Pe a Ageneiosus brevifilis Cuvier and Valenciennes AGENEIOSUS CAUCANUS Steindachner Ageneiosus caucanus STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 42, p. 61, pl. 6, figs. 1, la, 1879 (Rfo Cauca). Ageneiosus paradalis Liirken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, pts. 12-16, p. 190, 1874 (Caracas, Venezuela). (Probably this is some other species, but since its identity is not clear from the description by Litken it is best to leave it with caucanus where other authors have referred it.) AGENEIOSUS FREIEI, new species DoNCELLA Piate 4, B Agenciosus caucanus Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull, vol. 2, No. 4, p. 97, 1942 (river 10 km. south of Lagunillas, tributary to Lago Maracaibo, Venezuela). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 241 Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121260, a specimen 207 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, May 1, 1942, in the Rio Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121261, 2 examples, 215 and 228 mm., collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121262, 2 specimens, 203 and 370 mm., collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 2, 1942, in the Rio Negro below the mouth of the Rio Yasa, west side of Lago Maracaibo, Venezuela. Deseription.— Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and two paratypes, and these data are recorded in table 9. Certain counts were made and these have been recorded in table 10. In one specimen of freiet the pectoral fin on one side had the count of I, 11, but the last ray was much larger than usual and perhaps an injury had removed the last rays, although it looked normal otherwise. The holotype has the following fin-ray counts: Dorsal rays I, 6; anal iv, 33; pectoral I, 13-I, 13; pelvic i, 6; branched caudal fin rays 15. The number of gill rakers is 3-++10. The body is compressed, but the front of the head, especially the snout, is greatly depressed, flat, and thin; the snout projects beyond the lower jaw; the eyes are lateral and can be seen equally from above or below; the width of the head across outer angle of maxillaries is about equal to the width across base of pectorals; the profile just in front of dorsal fin is steep; the supraoccipital process meets the bony predorsal plate; the nostrils are widely separated, the posterior one is twice the distance between the anterior and posterior ones from the eye, anterior nostril near front of snout; teeth villiform, in a wide band on premaxillaries, and a narrower band on dentaries; gill membranes joined to the isthmus; adipose fin small, with a narrow base; dorsal spine pungent, as is pectoral spine; anal fin long, its base almost as long as the head; depth at origin of dorsal about 5% to 6% in the standard length, and 2 to 2% in the head; width across angles of mouth 1.6 to 1.95 in the head; head 2.6 to 3 in standard length; maxillary barbel not reaching past rictus of mouth; gill rakers short, stiff, few in number; margin of eyes not free; caudal fin deeply con- cave, forked, lobes almost equal, the upper a little more pointed and a trifle longer; rear margin of pectoral fin truncate; posterior margin of pelvics truncate to a little concave; first branched rays of anal longest. 942 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 TaBLE 9.—Measurements, in hundredths of the standard length, for two species of Ageneiosus. Sreiei caucanus Characters U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. No. 121260 | No. 121261 | No. 121262 | No. 78254 Standard length (in!mums)- 2. 2222208 See eee es 207 215 370 204 Length of head to end of operculum_-_-..----.--_-.-_-_- 33. 6 35.7 32.3 29.4 Greatestidepthtot hod y= - = -25- = ee ee 19.3 18.6 16.7 17.4 Bengthiof'snontsi.<22 22) 2 ess eee Ba ee: 15.9 16.7 16.5 14.5 Diamoteroneye: 22-6) 2-28 ee ee eee 4. 83 4.05 3.11 4.76 Width’ of interorbital space:s2.22 2 s2--2 52 8os- see 14, 4 16.0 16.9 13.4 Distance between anterior and posterior nostrils______- 3. 67 3. 68 3. 40 3. 68 Distance from eye to anterior nostril. ____.______-_____- 10. 2 11,2 10.8 9.85 Width (greatest) of premaxillary band of teeth________- 3. 29 3.35 2.97 2. 55 Width of mouth across outer corners of upper jaw------ 16.5 16.7 18.9 15.7 Width of head at base of pectorals__._...._..-...._-__-- 18.8 18.7 19.9 17.9 enethiofimaxillanyparvele-+-s- =. ee en 4. 54 3.05 5. 86 3.73 Least depth of caudal peduncle._.- 2 _--2 2 2222 22.2. 7.49 6. 51 6.49 6. 86 engi hroricandal peduncle -- + ss- pase ee 10.8 Qa 12.0 121 Totvallengéhoradiposeiint 2 ees se nae ee eee 8. 50 6. 70 7.43 7. 45 engthioflanalsfin; base:: - 25-43-22) 2 et eee eee es Ca 27.8 29.7 29.6 29.1 Snontito dorsalioripine eos -— en ee es 35. 1 36.3 34.7 32.5 Snont coranaionigine ss eet a ee eee eee ee 63.3 62.8 60. 8 62.2 Snout'toiadipose. origins Se ee ee 82.2 81.7 81.9 80.9 Snout to pel vicinserbhion. 2 == sense eee ee pope ee te 52.6 51.6 49.8 47.6 Sout to pectoral insenvionees- a. = esate ae ee 30.7 32.1 29. 2 28.7 Snout.to/anus-- ==. 2 tee) Se I es 61.1 60. 5 59. 4 57.0 banat hl ondorsal spine so = see a ee ee L624 59): Sets Se TN 10.5 17.9 enethionpectoralispine 2-2 st na ee eee 14.5 12.9 13.5 14.7 Longest branched ray of pelvic fin____.---__--.---_------ 13.0 12:3 10.1 13.0 Longest branched ray of pectoral fin____..______________ 14.3 14.5 13.3 14.0 Longest branched ray of dorsal fin___..__-.._-_-_-----_- 18.0 17.4 15.7 17.6 Longest branched ray of anal fin._____._.._.__._-_-.-_- 10.6 9.07 8. 38 11.0 Longest ray of upper lobe of caudal fin_____.......____- 22.0 eu 14.6 20.7 Longest ray of lower lobe of caudal fin....-.._.---__-_-- 21.5 19.0 14.5 19.4 TABLE 10.—Counts made on three species of Ageneiosus. Number of fin rays Number of gill rakers on first arch Species Dor Anal Pectoral ate Below angle Total iv," |vivs:| lv,e| iv, i LW | Belial de I,6 32 33 | 34 38 | di 12 1 14/15 3 4 |10/11)| 12/13) 13] 14] 15; 16|17 frelci_= as 5 1 2 aa oe 1's eee 5 8 Fijian. 2 1} TED pect: (eee caUucanus__-__ 6 1 4 4 1 3 te eee | ee 3 BL TRS Pe ee eel en hort eal ee brevifilis__..- 2 Di fee Sie | ee 2 ee ee | ee Amy eee a Color.—Dark above, paler below, with a pale band beginning around a large black blotch back of head and a little in front and below dorsal origin, continuing to base of caudal fin, where it may be interrupted by a more or less broken band at base of caudal fin rays; a wide black band beginning near upper end of gill opening continues along upper midsides to midbase of caudal fin, this band posteriorly sometimes THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 243 composed of more or less joined black blotches; another black band beginning near upper base of pectoral fin, sometimes connected to the black band above by branching black bars, continues posteriorly and curves gently below middle of sides, then fades out over base of anal fin; sometimes the pale areas on sides are finely spotted; dorsal surface of head mottled; a pale middorsal streak along the back behind dorsal fin; the black band at each side of this pale streak meets in front of dorsal origin; upper surfaces of paired fins pigmented; dorsal and anal fins speckled; the caudal fin is variable in color, usually a black blotch occurs in middle of basal part of caudal rays surrounded by pale, then enclosed dorsally and posteriorly by wide areas of black pigment and sometimes anteriorly and ventrally too; in the largest specimen the color of the caudal fin is reduced to the midbasal black blotch and a Jarge black blotch near middle of each lobe of the caudal fin with other black blotches of various sizes distally and basally; underside of head and belly white except a narrow line of pigment under and around lower margin of orbit. Remarks. —This new species is most closely related to Agenevosus caucanus and differs from it and all other species of Ageneiosus in its color pattern. It has two black bands on sides below the one along the back instead of but one or two very incomplete ones on caucanus. In addition, freiei has I, 13 or I, 14 (usually I, 13) pectoral fin rays instead of I, 11 or I, 12 (usually I, 12) in caucanus (counts made on specimens from the Rio Tuyra, Panama). No specimen was available from the type locality, Rio Cauca, but since Eigenmann, as well as Meek and Hildebrand, has identified the Panama specimens as the same as those in the Rio Cauca, my separation is based on examination of numerous Panama specimens, and figures published by Steindachner on specimens from the Rio Cauca of Colombia. Named freiei in honor of Dr. Alvin J. Freie, division geologist of the Lago Petroleum Corporation, Venezuela, who helped me in many ways to collect fishes in the Maracaibo Basin. AGENEIOSUS BREVIFILIS Cuvier and Valenciennes LavuLAo Ageneiosus brevifilis Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 242, 1840 (Cayenne). Hypophthalmus dawall Rout, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 385, 1942 (Apure and Orinoco; market of Ciudad Bolivar). Family BUNOCEPHALIDAE KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF BUNOCEPHALIDAE FROM THE MARACAIBO BASIN la. Three plates between anus and origin of anal fin, these plates appearing to be fused in midventral line and the one in front of anal fin having lateral wings; no papillae or barbel on upper lip or around corners of mouth; 4 black color bars meeting in midventral line; a narrow black band across 244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 94 head through eyes; 6 barbels, 4 mental and 2 maxillary; dorsal i, 4 or i, 5; anal ii, 5 or ii, 6; platelets in lateral line 33 to 39. (Fig. 4, b.) Dupouyichthys sapito, new genus and species 1b. Five or six plates between anus and origin of anal fin; a barbel at each corner of gape of mouth near base of maxillary barbel; dorsal i, 6; anal usually iii, 4; 4 short papillae on upper lip; 4 mental and 2 maxillary barbels; no black streak across eyes; platelets in lateral line 50. 2a. Four black saddles dorsally, the last one on base of caudal fin rays and next to last at posterior end of caudal peduncle, separated by a narrow pale interspace; black area of dorsal fin with concave dorsal margin and the black is restricted to basal part of fin. (Fig. 4, a.) Hoplomyzon atrizona petreleus, new subspecies 2b. Three black saddles dorsally, the last one extending on basal portion of caudal fin rays; black blotch on dorsal fin with convex dorsal or distal margin and occupying anterior two-thirds of fin. (Fig. 4, a.) Hoplomyzon atrizona atrizona Myers DUPOUYICHTHYS, new genus This new bunocephalid catfish genus from the Motat&an system, Maracaibo Basin, is related to Hoplomyzon Myers. It differs in hav- ing but three plates in front of the anal origin instead of five or six, in lacking a barbel at front corners of mouth, and the absence of four papillae on the upper lip; in addition, the fleshy tips of the spiny pelvic fin rays are exserted. This genus has a depressed head and hexagonally shaped body posteriorly, the under surface on the same general plane; a bony protuberance at rear of supraoccipital, followed by two or more be- tween this one and origin of dorsal; a line passing through insertion of pelvics is about a third closer to origin of dorsal than to insertion of the pectoral fin; greatest depth of body at origin of dorsal and greatest width of body at bases of pectoral fins; body armed by a dorsal and a ventral series of plates and a series of tiny platelets along the lateral line; these plates are essentially the same as in H. atrizona; skin everywhere finely papillate; upper lip without the four papillae found in the other related species; lower lip thin, not papillate; nos- trils widely separated, the anterior one tubular; anus a trifle closer to tip of snout than end of depressed anal fin and about a snout’s length in front of the origin of the anal fin; snout broadly rounded, with a median depression; interorbital a little concave, the supraorbital rims elevated anteriorly; six barbels, two pairs of mental barbels and a maxillary pair, the latter connecting with the side of the head in front of the orbits by a membrane; maxillary barbels extend to front of base of coracoid process; pectoral spine armed on its inner side with five or six spines; pelvic spine with exserted tip, the first soft ray about a third longer than the spine; a membrane connects the tip of the last soft dorsal ray with the back; but the membrane connecting the last ray of anal with the body does not extend quite to the tip of the THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 945 last anal ray; gill openings small, inferior, a little in front of base of pectorals; eyes small, their rear margin about equidistant between the tip of snout and end of supraoccipital knob; caudal fin truncate, the first branched ray of lower lobe longest. Genotype. —Dupouyichthys sapito, new species. Named Dupouyichthys in honor of my friend Dr. Walter Dupouy, director of the Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Caracas, Venezuela. DUPOUYICHTHYS SAPITO, new species SAPITO Puate 4, D; Ficure 4, b Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 121072, a specimen 23 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 17, 1942, in the Rio Motatan, at the bridge 22 km. north of Motatan. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz) —U.S.N.M. No. 121073, 3 specimens, 21 to 22.7 mm. in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121074, 3 speci- mens, 18 to 18.5 mm., from the Rio San Juan about 12 km. south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121122, 1 specimen, 18.5 mm., from the Rio Negro, below mouth of Rio Yasa, Maracaibo Basin, March 2, 1942. Ficure 4.—-Sketches of the underside of the head of two Bunocephalidae: a, Hoplomyzon airizona atrizona Myers and H. a. peiroleus, new subspecies; b, Dupouyichthys sapito, new genus and species. Description.—Based on the holotype and 7 paratypes listed above. Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and one paratype and recorded in hundredths of the standard length, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 23 and 20.7; total length 27.4 and 26 mm. Length of head from tip of snout to posterior tip of supraoccipital 30.9 and 31.4; width of head at coracoids 30.0 and 33.3; greatest depth of body 17.4 and 18.4; postorbital length of head 16.1 and 17.4; length of snout 13.5 and 15.0; diameter of eye 2.61 and 2.90; width of fleshy 246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 94 interorbital space 7.82 and 8.21; width of gape of mouth 9.13 and 9.66; longest (outer) mental barbel 11.3 and 11.1; length of maxillary barbel measured from its anterior base to its tip 22.2 and 20.3; distance between anterior nostrils 5.15 and 5.80; anus to anal origin 11.7 and 13.5; tip of snout to anus 4.09 and 5.84; length of base of dorsal fin from bony origin to end of membraneous base 24.8 and 24.6; length of first ray of dorsal fin 20.9 and 22.2; length of last ray of dorsal fin 13.5 and 12.5; length of first ray of anal fin 23.9 and 19.3; length of pectoral spine to its fleshy tip 28.2 and 32.4; length of pelvic spine to its fleshy tip 16.5 and 18.4; length of upper ray of caudal fin 18.3 and 19.3; length of lower simple ray of caudal fin 21.9 and 25.1; length of (longest) branched ray of caudal fin 21.7 and 22.9; length of depressed anal fin 28.3 and 28.5; length of caudal peduncle or distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin rays 32.1 and 33.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.91 and 4.75; distance from eye to origin of dorsal fin 45.6 and 47.3; distance from eye to origin of anal fin 52.2 and 57.0; distance from eye to insertion of pelvic fins 36.1 and 38.2. The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays 1, 4; 1, 4:54; 5:.1,.531, 4: 4,46 1, 43.4,-4> anal’ tays 015.5; 11, 5: ai.268 11, Sesion. ii, 5; ii, 5; 11, 5; pelvics always i, 5 and pectorals always I, 6; number of caudal fin rays i+7+1; i+7+31; i+7+1; 1+8+1; 1+7+1; i+7-+1; i+7-+i; number of platelets along the lateral line 37; 39; 34; 38; 35; 35; 33; number of plates in the dorsal series from origin of dorsal to base of caudal fin 21; 21; 21; 20; 21; 22; 23; number of plates in the ventral series from anus to base of caudal fin 21; 20; 20; 21; 21; 21; 21; plates behind base of last anal ray to base of caudal 12; 11; 11; 11; 12; 13; 13; plates in front of origin of anal fin always 3; number of spines on inner edge of pectoral spine 5; 5; 5; 6; 6; 6; 6. Color.—The cs'or pattern consists of four wide black bars, the first through middle of dorsal fin across body, meeting its fellow around the anal origin, thus basally from the first to third dorsal rays the color is white, with a wide white margin posteriorly on the dorsal fin; the second bar is at rear of anal fin but does not extend on that fin; third across caudal peduncle and the fourth across second quarter of the caudal fin; conspicuous black bar near middle front of pectoral fin; basal third of soft rays of pelvics black, the spiny ray pale; a narrow black line across top of head through eyes to base of outer mental barbel; anal fin pale. Remarks.—This new species differs from Hoplomyzon atrizona petroleus and Hoplomyzon atrizona atrizona in lacking barbels near front corner of mouth, and in having four black color bars and a black line across top of head. The three plates in front of the anal fin separate it from both species. Named sapito after the common name of this species in the Mara- caibo Basin. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 247 Genus HOPLOMYZON Myers Hoplomyzon Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 94, 1942. (Type, Hoplomyzon atrizona Myers.) It was with more than usual interest that I examined, late in 1942, the description of the new genus Hoplomyzon, especially after I had described two new genera in my manuscript in preparation on the Venezuelan catfishes. One of these, Dupouichthys, I still believe is valid, but the other one, after careful study, I consider to be the same as Hoplomyzon, but that could not be determined from the description. Since my two specimens from the Rio Motatan of the Maracaibo Basin resembled H. atrizona in so many details, I sus- pected at once that Dr. Myers in his necessary haste to prepare the paper for publication may have overlooked the barbel at each corner of the mouth. The artist who drew one of the paratypes did not include that pair of barbels either. At my request, Miss Margaret Storey, in the absence of Dr. Myers in Brazil, kindly lent a paratype, Stanford University No. 36495, of Hoplomyzon atrizona, and, upon examination, the barbels were seen to be as obvious as those on my specimens from the Rio Motatan, Maracaibo Basin. This paratype, however, differed slightly in color from my specimens, so again I wrote to Miss Storey to see if the type could be examined. She asked William Gosline to examine the type, and he replied to me as follows: “T have reexamined the type of ‘the species that Myers described as Hoplomyzon atrizona,’ and am enclosing a rough sketch of the mouth parts. The only additional barbel I can find is at the point indicated.” His sketch of H. atrizona confirmed my suspicion that a barbel at the front corners of the mouth should have been drawn and described, as the pair was present, as shown in figure 4, a. The generic description follows: Head depressed, under surface of the body forming a plane surface, body quadrangularly shaped an- teriorly and hexagonally shaped in cross section posteriorly; greatest depth at origin of dorsal fin, greatest width at pectoral fin insertion; body armed by a dorsal series of paired bony plates beginning near origin of dorsal fin and a similar series of paired plates along the ven- tral side beginning behind anus; along the lateral line at each pore is a tiny platelet; behind the anal and dorsal fins the plates are close to- gether and probably fused; all plates are covered with a thin skin; skin everywhere rugose, especially on the head; vent equidistant be- tween rear edge of basal membrane of anal fin and tip of snout; a vertical line through insertion of pelvics about equidistant between such a line through insertion of pectorels and origin of dorsal fin; anal origin under base of next to last ray of dorsal; anus about twice the YAS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 width of the interorbital space in front of the anal fin origin; eight barbels as follows: two pairs of mental barbels, the outer pair longest; a pair of large maxillary barbels, with a membrane that connects with the side of the head opposite the eye, the maxillary barbels reaching a little past the middle of the coracoid process; a pair of barbels near outer front corners of the mouth at base of maxillary barbels on ven- tral surface of snout; snout broadly rounded anteriorly, with a median indentation; upper lip composed of four large papillae; lower lip thin, without papillae, the small gill opening just in front of base of pectoral fin on lower surface of body; upper surface of head with a lump at rear tip of supraoccipital, behind which are two more elongated ridges, then the origin of the dorsal; orbital rims slightly elevated, the inter- orbital space otherwise flattish; eyes very smali, the posterior margin of orbit a little closer to tip of snout than to rear tip of supraoccipital; mouth opening equal to interorbital space; two pairs of nostrils widely separated, the anterior ones tubular; caudal fin truncate, the first outer branched ray of lower lobe longest, the upper simple ray short- est: pectoral spine with six long spines on its inner edge, pectoral spine with a fleshy tip; pelvic spine about two-thirds the length of the first branched ray; dorsal fin connected with body by a membrane to tip of last ray; anal similarly connected by a membrane to the body but not quite to the tip of the last anal ray. HOPLOMYZON ATRIZONA PETROLEUS, new subspecies PuatE 4, C; Figure 4, a Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121070, a specimen 25.3 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 25, 1942, in the Rio Motatan, 4 km. above Motatan, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. Paratype —U.S.N.M. No. 121071, a specimen 24.7 mm. in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing the same date. Description.—Based on holotype and paratype. Detailed measure- ments of these, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 25.3; 24.7; total length 30.9 and 29.5 mm. Length of head from tip of snout to posterior tip of supraoccipital 26.5 and 27.1; width of head at coracoids 26.9 and 26.7; greatest depth of body 12.0 and 12.1; postorbital length of head 14.6 and 14.2; length of snout 11.1 and 10.1; diameter of eye 1.98 and 2.02; width of fleshy interorbital space 7.90 and 7.29; width of gape of mouth 7.90 and 7.70; longest (outer) mental barbel 7.90 and 6.48; length of maxillary barbel measured from its anterior base to its tip 20.5 and 19.4; length of barbel at front corner of upper lip 4.74 and 4.86; distance between anterior nostrils 5.14 and —; anus to anal origin 14.2 and 15.4: tip of snout to anus 36.3 and 35.6; length of base of dorsal fin from bony THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 249 origin to end of membranous base 30.4 and 32.5; length of first ray of dorsal fin 17.8 and 16.6; length of last ray of dorsal fin 12.6 and 13.0; length of first ray of anal fin 15.4 and 14.2; length of pectoral spine to its fleshy tip 26.1 and 27.1; length of peivic spine to its fleshy tip 13.0 and 14.2; length of upper ray of caudal fin 18.2 and 16.2; length of lower simple ray of caudal fin 18.6 and 22.3; length of lower (long- est) branched ray of caudal fin 22.9 and —; length of depressed anal fin 27.3 and 28.3: length of caudal peduncle, or distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin rays 34.0 and 34.4; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.95 and 4.04; distance from eye to origin of dorsal 39.5 and 38.5; distance from eye to origin of anal 51.8 and 47.4; dis- tance from eye to insertion of pelvics 30.4 and 28.3. The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays i,6 and i,6; anal i,4; and 1,4; pelvic i,5 and i,5; pectoral I,6 and I,6; number of caudal fin rays it+7-+i and i+7+i; number of platelets along the lateral line 50 and 50; dorsal series of plates from origin of dorsal to base of caudal fin 23 and 23; ventral series of plates from anus to base of caudal fin 23 and 23; plates behind the base of last anal ray 12 and 11; plates in front of origin of anal fin 5 and 6; number of spines on inner edge of the pectoral spine 6 and 6. Color.—The general color pattern consists of four black saddles across back and on sides, the first from under base of dorsal fin rays down to and including the lateral line and below it a little posteriorly, this bar extending only on the base of the dorsal fin except anteriorly where it reaches halfway out the first ray; the second is just behind the end of basal membrane of dorsal fin; third at smallest part of caudal peduncle and last across the basal fifth of the caudal fin rays; the ventral bony plates are pigmented, more so under the region of the dorsal saddles; the area around the tubular anterior nostrils is blackish; undersides pale, dorsal surface of head brownish. Remarks.—This new subspecies differs in color from Hoplomyzon a. atrizona Myers and Dupouyichthys sapito, as indicated in the key. Named petroleus in honor of the Lago Petroleum Corporation of Venezuela, the company that aided me so much in traveling around the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela and in whose camps I stayed. HOPLOMYZON ATRIZONA ATRIZONA Myers Hoplomyzon atrizona Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 95, fig. 3, 1942 (brook tributary to Rfo Zulia, Estacion TAchira, 60 km. north of San Cristobal, Venezuela). The following counts were made on a paratype: Dorsal i,6; anal iii,4; pelvic i, 5—i,5; pectoral I, 6—I, 6; caudal fin raysi+7-++i; plates in lateral line 50; plates on dorsal side 23; plates on ventral side 23; spines on inner edge of pectoral spine 6; plates behind base last anal ray 11; plates in front of anal origin 5. 250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Family CETOPSIDAE The genera and species centering around Cetopsis Agassiz have caused me some trouble in attempting to learn their limits, and their nomenclature has not been clarified by EKigenmann in his various papers. Bleeker divided the genus Cetopsis into three parts (Versl. Akad. Amsterdam, vol. 14, p. 403, 1862) and added the fourth genus (Paracetopsis) in his Atlas ichthyologique. .., vol. 2, p. 16, 1862. He retained Cetopsis Agassiz and designated Cetopsis coecutiens Agassiz as its type, defining the genus somewhat as follows: Teeth simple, on premaxillary triserial, on dentary and vomer uniserial; branchial opening a small slit before base of pectoral fin; pelvic fins not united; eye small; B. 10; A. 21. Hemicetopsis Bleeker (op. cit., pp. 403 and 16) was defined as having teeth simple, on premaxillaries, dentaries, and vomer uniserial; pelvics not united; eye inconspicuous; A. 29. Bleeker designated as type “ Hemicetopsis candira=Cetopsis candira Ag.” ' Pseudocetopsis Bleeker (op. cit., pp. 403 and 16) was defined as having teeth on premaxillaries and dentaries many-rowed, vomer uniserial; gill opening about as long above as below base of pectoral fin; pelvic fins united; eye conspicuous; dorsal and pectorals with a produced filament, A. 22. Bleeker designated as type ‘‘ Pseudocetopsis gobioides= Cetopsis gobioides Kner.” Paracetopsis Guichenot (ia Bleeker, op. cit., p. 16) is defined as having the teeth on premaxillaries, dentaries, and vomer in many rows, vomerine teeth in a transverse band interrupted in the middle; eye conspicuous; B. 9; A. 30. Bleeker designated as the type “ Para- cetopsis bleekeri Guich. (Mus. Paris).” Neave (Nomenclator Zool- ogicus, vol. 8, p. 558, 1940) indicates that Bleeker used a manuscript name of Guichenot for the new genus and species. Bleeker (Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, pp. 115, 116, 1863) cites the genera Cetopsis, Hemicetopsis, and Pseudocetopsis and defines them the same as in 1862. Paracetopsis was not mentioned. Eigenmann and Eigenmann (Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 157, 1888) list Hemicetopsis, Cetopsis, Pseudocetopsis, and ‘‘? subgen. nov. ?” Under the last they list two species, Cetopsis occidentalis Steindachner and Cetopsis ventralis Gill. The genera are not defined. Eigenmann and Bean (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 665, 1907) give a key to the genera discussed above and name the fourth genus listed that lacked a name in Eigenmann and Eigenmann (op. cit., p. 157). They say ‘‘the fourth, with occidentalis as the type, may be named Paracetopsis (see fig. 3).”’ In their key they define their new genus as: ‘Teeth all villiform, in bands, those on vomer in two patches; ventrals partly joined to the belly—Paracetopsis.” This definition by Eigenmann and Bean (op. cit., p. 665) agrees with that THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 251 of Bleeker (Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 2, p. 16, 1862), but the type species have different names. Now Bleeker (loc. cit.) apparently used a manuscript name of Guichenot when he designated the genotype Paracetopsis bleekert Guichenot of his new genus Paracetopsis. This is the first description of P. bleekeri, and apparently it is valid, so the name must be accepted. Steindachner (Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 42, p. 99, pl. 8, fig. 2, 2a, 1879) described Cetopsis occidentalis from Guayaquil, Ecuador, which agrees in dentition with bleekert. Since no locality is given for bleekeri, as first reviser I am referring occidentalis to Paracetopsis bleekeri. Thus Paracetopsis Kigenmann and Bean becomes a synonym of Paracetopsis Bleeker because they have the same species as geno- type. Eigenmann (Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, vol. 3, p. 398, 1910) proposed the genus Cetopsogiton as a new name for Paracetopsis Eigenmann and Bean, which he says is preoccupied; he gave the type as Cetopsis occidentalis Steindachner. Thus Cetopso- giton Kigenmann becomes a synonym of Paracetopsis Bleeker. Unfortunately, Eigenmann and Bean (op. cit., p. 665) in their key do not define the other three genera (Cetopsis, Hemicetopsis, and Pseudocetopsis) the same as Bleeker did, and from this confusion has resulted. In the following key I have attempted to define the genera according to Bleeker’s diagnoses based on the genotypes: KEY TO THE GENERA OF CETOPSIDAE ia. Gill opening restricted to a slit mostly in front of pectoral fin base. 2a. Teeth conical, in three rows on premaxillaries and in one row on dentaries and on vomer; pelvic fins not united____-_-_._____- Cetopsis Agassiz 2b. Teeth simple (probably all are incisors) in a single row on premaxillaries, dentaries and on vomer; pelvic fins not united; anterior nasal openings much farther apart than posterior ones_____-___- Hemicetopsis | Bleeker 16. Gill opening wide, not restricted to in front of pectoral fin base but reaching a little farther below than above pectoral base; pelvic fins united to each other and to abdomen along their inner ray. 3a. Teeth conical, in a band of 3 or 4 rows on premaxillaries and dentaries and transverse band on vomer interrupted in middle; anterior pair of nostrils a little farther apart than posterior ones_______.-Paracetopsis * Bleeker 3b. Teeth conical, in a band of 2 to 4 rows on premaxillaries and dentaries, and in 1 to 3 irregular rows on vomer, not interrupted in middle. Pseudocetopsis 8 Bleeker Genus CETOPSIS Agassiz Cetopsis AGAssiz, in Spix, Selecta genera et species piscium . . . Brasiliam .. ., p. 11, 1829. (Type designated as Celopsis coecutiens Agassiz by Bleeker, 1862.) 10 Genotype, Cetopsis coecutiens Agassiz. 11 Genotype, Hemicetopsis candira (Agassiz). 12 Genotype, Paracetopsts bleekeri Guichenot, in Blecker=Cetopsis occidentalis Steindachner. 13 Genotype, Cetopsis gchwoides Kner. The following species undoubtedly belong to this genus: Cetopsis ventralis Gill; Cetopsis chalmersi Norman; Hemicetopsis macilentus Eigenmann; Hemicetopsis minutus Eigenmann; Hemicetopsis othonops Eigenmann; [HWemicetopsis amphilora Eigenmann; Cetopsis plumbeus Steindachner. 2h? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 94 CETOPSIS COECUTIENS (Lichtenstein) Silurus coecutiens LicHrENSTEIN, Wiedemann’s Zool. Mag., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 61, 1819 (ref. copied). Cetopsis coecutiens AGassiz, in Spix, Selecta genera et species pisclum. . . Brasiliam . . ., p. 12, tab. 10, fig. 2, and tab. A., fig. 5, 1829 (ref. copied). Cetopsis coecutiens PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). Genus PSEUDOCETOPSIS Bleeker Pseudocetopsis BLEEKER, Vers]. Akad. Amsterdam, vol. 14, p. 403, 1862; Atlas ichthyologique, vol. 2, p. 16, 1862. (Type, Cetopsis gobioides Kner.) TENTATIVE KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PSEUDOCETOPSIS la. Dorsal rays i, 5; anal rays about iii or iv, 20 to 23. 2a. Head 4 to 4% and depth 4% to 5% in standard length. 3a. Snout to dorsal origin 2.7 and length of anal base 3.4 in standard length; caudal peduncle longer than deep; maxillary barbel reaching to end of head, posterior mental barbel to end of gill membranes under head; maxillary barbel 1.7 in anal base; pelvics reaching to anus; anus a trifle closer to base of caudal than end of snout. Pseudocetopsis minutus (Higenmann) 3b. Snout to dorsal origin a little over 3 in standard length; caudal peduncle asideep asilonge 2)" 2a tees es Pseudocetopsis chalmersi (Norman) 2b. Head 3.2, depth 3.2, snout to dorsal 2.8, all in standard length; snout to dorsal 0.85 in anal base and latter 3.1 in standard length; maxillary barbel reaches halfway to end of head and posterior mental barbel two- thirds way to edge of gill membrances below head; anus much closer to base of caudal fin than to snout tip; branchings of chromatophores parallel or nearly so. [This may be the young of some other species already named]o_..--_.2.-24: Pseudocetopsis macilentus (Ligenmann) 1b. Dorsal rays i,6; anal rays iii or iv, 20 to 29; pelvies i,5; head 4 to 4%; depth 4 to 5% in standard length. 4a. Anal rays about iii or iv, 26 to 29; barbels short, about 3 or 4 times diameter of eye and none reaching more than halfway to end of gill membranes; pelvies reach to anus; latter about equal distance from caudal base to tip of snout or a trifle closer{Pseudocetopsis ventralis (Gill) tovcaudal*bases! 222 esea2 |Pseudocetopsis amphiloxa (Kigenmann) 4b. Anal rays iii or iv, 20 to 24; anus a little closer to base of caudal fin than to tip of snout. 5a. Color plain grayish above, paler to silvery below, without dark blotches about size of eye; anal rays iii or iv, 20 to 21; head 4 to 4% and depth 4 to 414. 6a. Snout to dorsal origin in anal base 1.1 and 3.2 in standard length; anal base 3 in standard length; posterior mental barbel reaches half- way to edge of gill membrane below head, and maxillary barbel two-thirds way to end of head; length of maxillary barbel 2.9 in anal fin base; longest rays of both pectoral and dorsal fins about 1.9 in SHNOUt tO, GOISAl ee ee ee Pseudocetopsis gobioides (Kner) 6b. Snout to dorsal origin 0.8 in anal base and 2.9 in standard length; anal base 3.2 to 3.6 in standard length; posterior mental barbel reaching to edge of gill membranes below head, and maxillary barbel reaching halfway to end of head; maxillary barbel 2.2 in anal base; longest U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 5 i einai ieee Se cc a s ~ ——- ~ = Ls memes = i increas iia ot £ a ae £ Le a Ko —— A, Pseudocetopsis plumbeus orinoco, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121263), 95 mm. in standard length; B, P. plumbeus motatanensis, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121265), 146.5 mm.; C, Pygidium emanueli emanuel?, new species and subspecies: Holo- type (U.S.N.M. No. 121223), 174mm. A and B, retouched photographs; C, drawing. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 6 Se ee RTO ° ee Se - x a C A, Pygidium emanueli motatanensis, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121232), 71 mm. in standard length; B, P. banneaui maracaiboensis, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121227), 43.7 mm.; C, Tridensimilis venezuelae, new genus and species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121290), 19.5 mm. Retouched photographs. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA SICHULTZ 253 branched rays of dorsal and pectorals 2 to 2.4 in snout to dorsal, (Pectoral rays on six specimens i,8; anal rays iv,20 and iv, 21 equally on four examples; pelvies i, 5 on six specimens). Pseudocetopsis othonops (Higenmsnn) 5b. Color darker above, paler below, with numerous dark blotches on sides, a little larger than eye; anal base 3.0 to 3.2 in standard length; snout to dorsal 2.8 to 3.2 in standard length and 0.9 to 1.0 in length of anal base; longest branched ray of pectorals 2.0 to 2.3 in snout to dorsal; anal rays ili or iv, 21 to 24. 7a. Posterior mental barbel reaching to edge or a little past gill mem- branes on underside of head; depth 4.9, head 4.2, all in standard length; least depth of caudal peduncle equal to its length and 2.2 in anal fin base; length of maxillary barbel 3.1 in anal base and it reaches two-thirds way to end of head; anal rays iii (iv ?), 23 or 24, Pseudocetopsis plumbeus plumbeus (Steindachner) 7b. Posterior mental barbel reaching four-fifths way to edge of gill mem- brane; depth 3.7 to 4.0; head 3.5 to 4.0 in standard length; least depth of caudal peduncle 0.98 to 1.01 in its length and 2.2 to 2.5 times in length of anal fin base; length of maxillary barbel 4 to 4.2 in anal base and it reaches halfway to end of head; pelvies do not reach anus; anal rays ii or iv, 22 or 23; pectoral rays usually i,9. occasionally i,8. Pseudocetopsis plumbeus orinoco, new subspecies 7c. Posterior mental barbel reaching two-thirds way to edge of gill mem- branes or four-fifths in some males; depth 4.6 to.5.1, head 3.5 to 4.0 in standard length; léast depth of caudal peduncle 1.2 to 1.25 in its length and 2.6 to 2.8 times inlengthof anal fin base; length of maxillary barbel 244 to 84% in anal base and reaching one-half to three-quarters way to end of head; pelvics not reaching to anus; anal rays iii or iv, 21 to 24, usually 22 or 23; pectoral rays i,9, rarely i,8. Pseudocetopsis plumbeus motatanensis, new subspecies PSEUDOCETOPSIS PLUMBEUS ORINOCO, new subspecies PLate. 5,, A Holotype.-—U.S.N.M. No. 121263, a specimen 95 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 31, 1942, in the Rio Torbes, 1 km. above Tariba, Orinoco system, Venezuela. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121264, 2 specimens, 64.5 and 92 mm., collected by L. P. Schultz, G. Zuloaga, Roger Sherman, and William Phelps, Jr., May 12, 1942, in the Rio Gu4rico and tributaries between San Sebastian and San Casimiro, Estado de Aragua, Venezuela. Description.—Detailed measurements made on the three types are recorded below, in hundredths of the standard length, first for the holotype and then for the paratypes in parentheses, respectively. Standard lengths (in mm.) 95 (92; 64.5). Length of head 26.1 (27.3; 27.1); greatest depth 25.3 (26.7; 25.1); length of snout 9.16 (7.94; 8.22); diameter of eye 2.53 (2.61; 3.26); width of interorbital space 10.0 (10.8; 9.46); postorbital length of head 17.8 (17.9; 17.7); distance between anterior pair of nasal openings 533749436 254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 6.10 (6.20; 6.51); distance between the posterior pair of nasal openings 5.48 (5.32; 5.58); tip of snout to dorsal origin 34.7 (85.1; 33.6); snout to anal origin 59.0 (58.7; 59.0); snout to pectoral insertion 24.2 (25.1; 24.2); snout to pelvic insertion 40.8 (42.4; 41.4); snout to anus 53.7 (54.4; 54.2); length of maxillary barbel 10.2 (8.70; 9.46); length of inner or anterior mental barbel 9.05 (9.24; 6.98); length of posterior (outer) mental barbel 10.1 (9.78; 9.61); length of anal base 31.8 (32.1; 31.5); length of caudal peduncle or distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of the caudal fin 13.2 (14.1; 14.7); least depth of the caudal peduncle 13.2 (13.9; 13.9); length of first simple ray of dorsal fin 19.5 (19.3; ); length of longest or first branched ray of dorsal 17.0 (17.5; 17.2); length of first simple ray of pectoral fin 17.9 (16.6; 18.9); length of first or longest branched ray of pectoral fin 14.7 (14.9; 15.5); length of longest branched ray of pelvic fins 11.0 (10.3; 10.4); length of longest upper ray of caudal fin 23.8 (20.1; 24.0); length of longest lower ray of caudal fin 24.7 (19.7; 24.3); shortest middle ray of caudal fin 11.6 (12.5; 13.8); width of head across base of pectorals 18.4 (19.6; 18.0). The following counts were made, respectively: Anal rays 111,23 (iii,23; iv,22); dorsal i,6 (i,6; i,6); pectoral 1,8-4,8 (1,9-1,9; 1,8-44,8) ; pelvics always i,5; branched rays of caudal fin 15 (15; 15); eill rakers (2-6; ys Head rounded anteriorly, body compressed posteriorly, snout projecting a little beyond the lower jaw, so that mouth is subterminal; anterior nostrils at sides of tip of snout, this pair a little farther apart than posterior pair; eyes embedded, without free margins; gill mem- branes broadly joined to isthmus, the gill opening wide and extending a little farther below the pectoral base than above it; gill rakers short about 2 + 6 or 7; the pair of maxillary barbels lying in a groove, as do the two pairs of mental barbels on underside of head; first ray of dorsal and pectoral produced beyond branched rays in males; anus equidistant between midcaudal fin base and tip of chin; caudal fin deeply concave; pectoral fin a little rounded; dorsal truncate posteriorly; pelvics at midline joined to body and to each other; caudal peduncle as long as deep; teeth conical in three of four rows on premaxillaries and on dentaries and in one or two irregular rows on the vomer, the latter parallel with premaxillary band of teeth, not interrupted in the middle. Color.—Brownish black, dark or grayish above, silvery below, the upper sides with numerous blackish blotches, some a little larger than eye; all margins of caudal fin edged with a narrow white band; paired fins pale; dorsal plain grayish, anal with a few black pigment cells mostly posteriorly; peritoneum mostly pale. Remarks.—This new subspecies is separated from all related forms as indicated in the key on pages 252-253. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 255 This species was taken in a mountain stream in very swiftly flowing water among gravel and rubble. Named orinoco in reference to the river system in which it was collected. PSEUDOCETOPSIS PLUMBEUS MOTATANENSIS, new subspecies PuiateE 5, B Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121265, a specimen 146.5 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 25, 1942, in the Rio Motatan, 4 km. above Motatan. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz).—U.S.N.M. No. 121268, 2 specimens, 113 and 160 mm., collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121266, an example 57 mm. in standard length, from the Rio San Juan at the bridge, south of Mene Grande, Motatin System, March 20, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121267, 2 specimens, 67 and 81 mm., from the Rio Motataén, 8 km. below Motatan, March 24, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121269, 5 examples, 57 to 113 mm., from the Rio Motatan at the bridge 22 km. north of Motatan, March 17, 1942. Description.—Detailed measurements made on the holotype and two paratypes, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded below, respectively, first for the holotype, then in parentheses for the paratypes. Standard length (im mm.) 146.5 (1138; 57). Length of head 25.2 (25.2; 28.4); greatest depth 21.5 (19.9; 20.5) ; length of snout 7.16 (7.52; 7.19); diameter of eye 2.46 (2.65; 4.20); interorbital space 10.2 (9.30; 10.0); postorbital length of head 17.1 (17.3; 17.5); distance between anterior pair of nasal openings 5.46 (5.13; 5.61); distance between posterior pair of nasal openings 4.10 (3.81; 4.74); tip of snout to dorsal origin 33.5 (32.7; 35.4); snout to anal origin 58.4 (55.8; 60.2); snout to pectoral insertion 23.2 (23.4; 25.4); snout to pelvic insertion 44.1 (41.6; 44.2); snout to anus 53.9 (53.2; 57.4); length of maxillary barbel 9.56 (12.8; 13.9); length of anterior mental barbel 7.85 (9.74; 11.9); length of outer or posterior mental barbel 8.53 (10.7; 12.3); length of anal fin base 30.7 (30.6; 31.6); length of caudal peduncle 13.6 (13.7; 14.4); least depth of caudal peduncle 11.1 (11.3; 11.9); length of first or simple ray of dorsal fin 21.9 (30.5; 21.8); length of first or simple ray of pectoral fin 16.1 (20.9; 16.0); length of longest or first branched ray of dorsal fin 17.7 (20.3; 18.6); length of longest or first branched ray of pectoral fin 14.4 (16.8; 15.3); length of longest branched pelvic ray 9.22 (11.1; 12.1); length of longest upper ray of caudal fin 20.2 (25.2; 22.3); length of longest lower branched ray of caudal fin 21.9 (24.0; 23.2); length of shortest midcaudal ray 12.3 (13.7; 14.2); width of head across base of pelvics 18.1 (16.4; 16.8). The following counts were made, respectively: Anal rays ii, 24 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 av, 22 ii¥; 23% 111, 1223 11, 22<-1v, 22: 101, 235.40, 2391) 222d QPeavi 21). dorsal rays i, 6 (i, 6; 1, 6;1, 6; 1, 6; 1, 6; 1, 631, 6;1, 6); pectoral rays on ten i, 9-1, 9, on one paratype i, 8-1, 8; pelvics always i, 5 and branched caudal fin rays 15 (15; 15); gill rakers — (—; 2+7). Head bluntly rounded anteriorly, body compressed posteriorly, snout projecting a little beyond the lower jaw; mouth subterminal; gape moderately wide; anterior pair of nostrils at sides of snout a little more separated than the posterior pair, which is situated between the eyes; interorbital space convex; eyes embedded, their margins not free; gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; gill openings wide, a little longer below than above base of pectoral fins; gill rakers short, stiff, about 2+6 or 7; maxillary barbels lying in a groove; mental barbels lying in a shallow depression on under side of head; first ray of dorsal and of pectoral considerably produced in the males beyond the branched rays; anal rays of males longer than in females; anus equal distance from midbase of caudal fin and a little behind rear of eye; caudal fin deeply concave; dorsal truncate or slightly concave posteriorly; pelvics a little rounded and pectorals truncate or rounded; inner sides of pelvics joined and fused with midline of abdomen; caudal peduncle longer than deep; teeth all conical in about three irregular rows on premaxillaries, two on dentaries and an irregular row on vomer, the latter not interrupted in the middle. Color.—Grayish to brownish above, paler below, with the sides well supplied with small dark blotches, more or less obscure in some speci- mens; these spots are much less evident in this form than in orinoco. Caudal fin edged with white on all margins; inside of white posterior margin the caudal fin pigment is intensified considerably; paired fins plain, pale in color, the dorsal grayish; anal with distal half dark, the edge white; peritoneum mostly pale. Remarks.—This new species may be separated from all related forms, by means of the key on page 253. It was taken in swiftly flowing water among rubble to coarse gravel. Named motatanensis after the stream system in which it was collected. Family PYGIDIIDAE KEY TO THE GENERA OF PYGIDIIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA (MODIFIED MOSTLY AFTER EIGENMANN) la. Anal fin short with 7 to 11 rays, its origin usually behind, rarely under that of dorsal fin; eyes superior. . 2a. A pair of nasal barbels; no mental barbels; mandible with considerable anteroposterior extent, teeth extending along less than half its total length; teeth strong; anal short; no mental barbels; opercle and inter- opercle with spines; two barbels at angle of mouth; opercle without a dermal flap; caudal peduncle compressed; anal partly or entirely behind dorsal; pelvics present; outer pectoral ray usually prolonged. Pygidium Meyen THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 257 2b. No nasal or mental barbels; mouth inferior; anal short, of 7 to 11 rays, its origin usually behind, rarely under that of dorsal; lower barbel at angle of mouth minute; eyes superior. 3a, Mouth wide, teeth very numerous, in several very regular series; rami of lower jaw transverse, meeting, with teeth along its entire length; premaxillary large. 4a. Accessory caudal rays few, not conspicuous; caudal not fan-shaped or excessively contracted at base; upper tip with fine, hairlike, movable teeth. ; 5a. Gill membrane confluent with isthmus; gill openings reduced to a narrow slit in front of pectoral; opercle with 4 to 12 spines. 6a. Caudal emarginate or obliquely rounded, origin of pelviecs nearly equidistant from base of caudal fin and snout. to opercle; color, if present, in spots___._._._._Homodiaetus Eigenmann and Ward 6b. Caudal rounded; few accessory rays; origin of pelvics 134 to 2 times as far from snout as from caudal. 7a. Eyes superior and elose together_______ Stegophilus Reinhardt 7b. Eyes large, far apart, and lateral_______ Haemomaster Myers 5b. Gill membrane, united free from isthmus___Acanthopoma Litken 4b. Accessory caudal rays very numerous, tail Jike that of a tadpole, base of caudal very narrow; no hairlike teeth on upper lip. Ochmacanthus Higenmann 3b. Mouth narrow, rami of lower jaw not transverse, teeth few, feeble, not meeting in middle; a few depressible teeth in a single series in middle of upper jaw; mandibles without teeth, or with a few excessively minute teeth on ends of rami; caudal rounded to emarginate; long, slender; fishes.) hs SU SLi 7 tks Vandellia Cuvier and Valenciennes 1b. Anal long with 15 to 25 rays; its origin in front of that of dorsal fin; eyes lateral, seen as well from above as from below. (TRIDENTINAE.) Tridensimilis, new genus Subfamily STEGOPHILINAE Genus PYGIDIUM Meyen Trichomycterus VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt, Recueil d’observations de z0o- logie . . . , vol. 2, p. 348, 1811 (non Thrichomycierus Humbo!dt). Pygidium Mryen, Reise um die Erde, vol. 1, p. 475, 1834 (ref. copied from Neave). (Type, Pygidium fuscum Meyen.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PYGIDIUM REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Caudal fin rounded; maxillary barbels slender, reaching to middle of pectoral rays; nasal barbel short, reaching a little past eye or about halfway to end of operculum; origin of dorsal a trifle closer to base of midcaudal fin rays than to tips of branched rays of pectoral; insertion of pelvics equal distance between base of midcaudal fin rays and end of operculum; length of upper prolonged pectoral ray 144 times in distance from its tip to inser- tion of pelvics; a vertical line through origin of dorsal passes a little closer to insertion of pelvics than to anus; color pattern of dark diffuse spots or blotches, no lateral: band. 22:2 -- 4-2-2 Pygidium meridae (Regan) 1b. Caudal fin emarginate or a little concave; teeth all pointed, no incisors, on jaws. 2a. Color plain or sides with one or more continuous dark bands, but no dark spots on back or sides, 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 3a. Three dark bands, two on sides and one along middorsal line anteriorly; a wide diffuse blackish band along lateral line, with wide pale streaks above and below; above upper pale band a second wide blackish band beginning at base of nasal barbel and passing through eye, thence along upper sides close to base of dorsal fin, thence fading posteriorly on upper sides of caudal peduncle; a third blackish streak separated from second black band by a pale streak running along middorsal line of head and back, fading in front of dorsal fin; nasal barbel long, reaching past end of operculum; origin of dorsal equal distance between base of midcaudal fin rays and posterior one-quarter of length of branched pectoral rays; insertion of pelvics equal distance from base of mideaudal fin rays and middle of postorbital length of head or eye in young; length of prolonged upper ray of pectoral fin about equal to distance from its tip to insertion of pelvics; usually a more or less evident dark streak across outer two-thirds of length of caudal fies eee Pygidium emanueli emanueli, new species and subspecies. 3b. Three dark bands on sides, none along middorsal line of back anteriorly ; a blackish band on midsides along lateral line, above and below which is.a pale band or streak; below lower pale streak a band, more or less a series of diffuse blotches running together, beginning in axil of pectoral and continuing above pelvic base and fading posteriorly; above upper pale streak a third intense dark band, beginning at base of nasal barbel, passing through eye, thence a little distance away from base of dorsal, fading posteriorly; no middorsal dark streak; origin of dorsal fin equal distance from base of mideaudal fin rays and middle of length of branched rays of pelvies: insertion of pelvics equal distance from base of midcaudal fin rays and about middle of postorbital length of head; nasal barbel reaches past end of operculum; length of upper prolonged pectoral ray contained 1 to 1% times in distance from its tip to insertion of pelvics. Pygidium emanueli motatanensis, new subspecies 3c. Color plain in adults, but in young about 30 to 40 mm. or shorter, a single black streak along midsides, but at 70 mm. the streak barely discernible; origin of dorsal equal distance from base of midcaudal fin rays and tips of branched rays of pectoral; insertion of pelvies equal distance from base of midcaudal fin rays and middle of postorbital length of head; length of first (prolonged) ray of pectoral contained 1% to 1% in distance from its tip to insertion of pelvies; nasal barbel reaches a little past end of operculum; pelvics not reaching past anus. Pygidium knerii (Steindachner) 2b. Back or sides or both with numerous blackish or brownish spots, these small or of moderate size; caudal fin a little concave; belly plain; some- times spots along midsides more or less fusing into a dark, narrow streak; origin of dorsal a little closer to tips of branched rays of pectoral fin than to midbase of caudal fin; insertion of pelvics equidistant from midecaudal fin base and second third of postorbital length of head; length of upper prolonged ray of pectoral equal to 0.9 to 1.2 times in distance between its tip and pelvic insertion; nasal barbel extending considerably past end of operculum. Pygidium banneaui maracaiboensis, new subspecies THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 259 PYGIDIUM MERIDAE (Regan) Trichomycterus meridae Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 12, p. 624, 1903 (Rio Albireggas, above Mérida, Venezuela [Rio Chama system]).— Riperro, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 10, p. 725, 1918 (Mérida). Pygidium meridae ErGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, No. 5, p. 315, pl. 49, fig. 2, 1918 (Cordillera of Mérida, Venezuela); Bol. Soe. Col. Cien. Nat., vol. 8, p. 161, 1920 (Mérida). PYGIDIUM EMANUELI EMANUEL, new species and subspecies LaucHA PLATE 5, C Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 121223, a specimen 174 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, April 3, 1942, in the Rio Chama at Estanques, Estado de Mérida, Venezuela. Paratypes (all taken by L. P. Schultz) —U.S.N.M. No. 121224, 51 examples, 52 to 170 mm. in standard length, collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121225, 19 speci- mens, 74 to 203 mm., from the Rio Gonz4les tributary to Rio Chama, at La Gonzdles, Estado de Mérida, March 29, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121226, 14 specimens, 58 to 245 mm., in the Rio Chama, 10 km. below Lagunillas, Estado de Mérida, March 30, 1942. The above specimens were taken in swift mountain streams among rubble and loose gravel in the Rio Chama system. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Measurements of the holotype and two paratypes, expressed in hun- dredths of the standard length, are recorded below, the paratypes in parentheses, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 174 (245; 77.7). Length of head to end of opercle 18.0 (18.5; 19.0); width of head across base of pectorals 14.2 (15.3; 14.1); greatest depth of body 18.6 (20.8; 16.1); length of snout 8.9 (9.3; 9.0); diameter of eye 1.38 (1.55; 2.06); least width of fleshy interorbital space 5.17 (6.12; 6.05); post- orbital length of head 8.15 (8.57; 9.01); length of longest ray (first branched) of anal fin 11.8 (12.2; 12.5); length of longest ray of dorsal 10.6 (12.1; 14.2); length of longest ray of pelvics 8.67 (9.43; 10.7); length of prolonged upper ray of pectoral fin 18.3 (18.2; 17.6); least depth of caudal peduncle 12.6 (13.9; 12.2); length of caudal peduncle 21.0 (22.0; 22.0); length of longest ray of caudal fin 14.6 (15.3; 19.0); distance from snout to origin of dorsal fin 62.0 (63.7; 64.6); distance from snout to origin of anal fin 69.8 (73.0; 71.5); snout to anus 65.4 (67.4; 67.7); snout to pelvics 55.5 (56.6; 57.7); distance from insertion of pelvics to anal origin 17.3 (17.1; 18.1); length of maxillary barbel 15.9 (16.3; 17.4); length of lower maxillary barbel 12.2 (12.2; 14.2); length of nasal barbel 14.5 (13.6; 16.1); distance from eye to margin of posterior nostril 3.39 (3.88; 3.22); distance from tip of prolonged upper pectoral ray to pelvic fin insertion 20.3 (23.8; 17.5); distance that upper ray of pectoral extends beyond tips of branched pectoral rays 6.60 (6.32; 3.86). 260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 94 The following counts were made: Dorsal rays v, 6 (v, 6; v, 6); anal v, 4 (v, 4; v, 4); pectoral i, 8—i, 8 (i, 8—i, 8; 1, 8); pelvic always i, 4; branched rays of caudal fin 11 (11; 11); number of gill rakers on first gill arch usually 2-++5. Head depressed, body compressed posteriorly; gill membranes ex- tending moderately forward, joined, and forming a narrow free fold; anus about three-fourths the way from base of pelvics to anal origin; a vertical line through dorsal origin passes about midway between pelvic insertion and anal origin; pelvics do not reach past anus; caudal fin truncate; other fins rounded; eye small, without free margin, more or less embedded; maxillary barbel reaching to rear of base of pectoral fin; lower maxillary barbel reaching to insertion of pectorals or a trifle beyond; nasal barbel reaching a little past tip of opercle; teeth villiform, pointed, in a band on premaxillaries and at front of dentaries. Color consisting of a dark band along midsides, another along upper sides from nostrils through eye past base of dorsal fin and a third along middorsal line anteriorly fading before dorsal fin, these three black bands separated by pale bands; no spots anywhere; belly plain, light grayish yellow. The band along midsides very intense in the young but more or less diffuse in adults; all fins grayish. Remarks.—TLhis species differs from all other forms with a truncate caudal fin and nasal barbels that reach past the opercle in having three blackish bands, two on the side and one along middorsal line anteriorly. Named emanueli in honor of Juan F. Emanuel, former governor of the district of Goajira, who acted as my guide in much of my collecting in the lowlands of the Maracaibo Basin. PYGIDIUM EMANUELI MOTATANENSIS, new subspecies LAUCcHA Puate 6, A Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121232, a specimen 71 mm. in standard length, taken by Leonard P. Schultz, March 17 and 20, 1942, in the Rio San Juan at the bridge south of Mene Grande, Motatan system, Maracaibo Basin. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121233, 5 specimens, 42.5 to 56 mm., collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data. All the types came from among rubble and coarse gravel. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Measurements of the holotype and paratype, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded below, first for the holotype, then for the paratype in parentheses, respectively, Standard length (in mm.) 71 (45.6). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SICHULTZ 261 Length of head to end of operculum 18.4 (21.5); width of head to base of pectorals 14.4 (16.9); greatest depth 18.0 (16.5); length of snout 8.17 (8.77); diameter of eye 2.53 (3.29); width of fleshy inter- orbital 5.92 (6.59); postorbital length of head 9.16 (9.87); length of longest (first branched) ray of anal fin 11.5 (13.2); length of longest dorsal ray 14.5 (15.4); length of longest pelvic ray 9.43 (10.5); length of first (upper) ray of pectoral 18.3 (18.6); least depth of caudal peduncle 13.4 (12.9); length of caudal peduncle 20.4 (20.0); length of longest ray of caudal fin 18.4 (20.4); distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal 63.0 (65.8); snout to anal origin 73.4 (73.7); snout to pelvic insertion 58.0 (57.2); snout to anus 65.9 (66.9); distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 18.2 (17.5); length of maxillary barbel 18.3 (21.9); length of lower maxillary barbel 13.4 (15.1); length of nasal barbel 18.4 (20.0); distance from eye to rim of posterior nostril 2.96 (2.85); distance from tip of prolonged upper pectoral ray to pelvic insertion 21.8 (21.1); length of prolonged tip of upper pectoral ray beyond branched rays of pectoral 6.34 (4.17). Caudal fin truncate or a trifle concave; other fins rounded; barbels as in P. emanueli emanueli. The following counts were made: Dorsal always v, 6; anal always v, 4; pelvic always i, 4; branched caudal rays 11; pectoral rays i, 8—i, 8 (i, 8—1i, 8); gill rakers about 2+5 to 7, rather rudimentary. The shape and proportions of the body are the same as in Pygidiwm emanueli emanueli from the Rio Chama system. Color—No black band along middorsal line of back; belly pale, yellowish in alcohol. The black band along midsides is most dis- tinct, bordered above and below by a pale band; above the upper pale band is another blackish band extending from nostrils through eye backward to opposite dorsal fin, fading porsteriorly; below the lower pale band is a third darkish band made up of more or less diffuse spots that run together, this band begins in axil of pectoral fin and passes above base of pelvics, then fading posteriorly; all fins a little grayish; peritoneum pale. Remarks—This subspecies differs from P. emanueli emanueli in lacking the black streak anteriorly along the middorsal line and in the presence of a dark streak on lower lateral sides. Named motatanensis after the river system in which it was collected. PYGIDIUM KNERII (Steindachner) Trichomycterus knerii StEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 86, p. 81, pl. 5, fig. 1, la, 1882 (Canelos). U.S.N.M. No. 121235, 9 specimens, 29 to 160 mm. in standard length, collect- ed March 31, 1942, by Leonard P. Schultz, in the Rfo Torbes, 1 km. above T4riba, Orinoco system. The three smallest specimens in this lot have a distinct black streak along midsides; on a specimen about 71 mm. in length, this black streak is barely visible, while on larger sizes the sides are plain brownish in alcohol. 262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 U.S.N.M. No. 121234, 2 specimens, 29 and 65.5 mm., collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 31, 1942, in the Rfo Cobre above its mouth, tributary to Rio Quinta, thence Rio La Grita, Catatumbo system; U.S.N.M. No. 101616, an example 53.5 mm., collected by Nicéforo Maria in the Rfo Pamplonita near Cucuta, Colombia (Catatumbo system). Certain measurements were made on two specimens of knerii, the first from the Rio Torbes and the other from the Rio Cobre; these data, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, respectively, are recorded below. Standard length (in mm.) 71.2, 64.7. Length of head to end of opercle 19.2, 19.3; greatest depth 15.7, 16.2; length of longest pelvic ray 9.97, 10.2; length of upper prolonged ray of pectoral 14.9, 16.2; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal 64.0, 64.2; snout to pelvic insertion 54.8, 59.5; snout to anal origin 71.4, 74.2; distance from dorsal origin to tip of caudal fin 52.5, 52.8; pelvic insertion to tip of caudal fin 61.0, 60.1; distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 15.9, 15.3; length of snout 8.85, 8.50; post- orbital length of head 9.13, 8.81; interorbital space 5.62, 6.18; length of nasal barbel 16.3, 14.8; length of upper maxillary barbel 19.8, 18.6. For counts of fin rays see table 11. PYGIDIUM BANNEAUI MARACAIBOENSIS, new subspecies PLATE 6, B Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121227, a specimen 43.7 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 17 and 20, 1942, in the Rio San Juan near bridge, south of Mene Grande, tributary to Rio Motatan, Maracaibo Basin. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz).—U.S.N.M. No. 121228, 5 examples, 31 to 56 mm., taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121229, 16 specimens, 31.5 to 48.6 mm., from the Rio Machango, 20 km. above the bridge south of Lagunillas, Maracaibo Basin, March 21, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121231, 2 specimens, 33.5 and 65 mm., from the Rio Motat&n, 4 km. above Motatdn, March 25, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121230, an example 50.7 mm., from the Rio Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo, February 21, 1942. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Measurements of the holotype and two paratypes, expressed in hun- dredths of the standard length, are recorded below, first for the holo- type followed by those for the paratypes in parentheses, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 43.7 (46.5; 33.5). Length of head to end of opercle 20.1 (19.3; 20.3); width of head across base of pectorals 15.6 (15.3; 15.2); greatest depth 15.6 (19.3; 14.3); length of snout 8.70 (8.17; 8.36); diameter of eye 2.29 (1.93; 2.39); interorbital space (fleshy) 5.26 (5.38; 5.97); postorbital length of head 10.3 (11.2; 10.4); length of longest or first branched ray of THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 263 anal fin 13.0 (14.4; 12.8); length of longest ray of dorsal 13.0 (15.3; 14.0); length of longest ray of pelvics 10.8 (9.89; 9.85); length of pro- longed ray of pectoral 20.4 (19.3; 18.8); least depth of caudal peduncle 11.9 (13.1; 9.85); length of caudal peduncle 19.9 (18.9; 21.2); length of longest ray of caudal fin 19.7 (17.6; 17.6); tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 67.0 (69.0; 66.2); snout to origin of anal 73.2 (74.8; 72.2); snout to anus 68.2 (69.9; 67.2); snout to pelvic insertion 57.9 (57.0; 56.7); distance from pelvic insertion to anal origin 15.1 (17.4; 15.8); length of maxillary barbel 25.2 (22.6; 20.9); length of lower maxillary barbel 18.3 (16.1; 14.9); length of nasal barbel 21.3 (18.5; 16.7); distance from eye to posterior nostril 2.52 (2.15; 2.09); distance from tip of prolonged upper ray of pectoral fin to pelvic insertion 19.7 (21.5; 20.0); length of the prolonged upper pectoral ray beyond tips of branched rays 5.95 (5.59; 4.18). The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal v, 6 (v, 6; v., 6); anal v, 4 (v4 v4): -pectoralii.)7—1, ‘7 |G,-721 pio, FS pelvic i, 4 (i, 4; i, 4); branched rays of caudal fin always 11. For additional counts refer to table 11. Head depressed, body compressed, greatest depth a little in front of pelvics; nasal barbel extending considerably past rear of head; upper . maxillary barbel reaching almost to middle of branched pectoral rays; lower maxillary barbel reaches a little past pectoral insertion; caudal fin a little concave, all other fins rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle is near the middle of its length instead of just behind anal fin base; distance from origin of dorsal fin to midbase of caudal fin is equal to distance from origin of dorsal fin to tip of prolonged upper pectoral ray; pelvics equidistant from midbase of caudal fin and second third of postorbital length of head; origin of dorsal a little in front of a line through anus, about over tips of pelvics which do not quite reach to anus; length of upper prolonged ray of pectoral equal to 0.9 to 1.2 times in the distance from its tip to insertion of pelvics. Color.—Everywhere, except on ventral surface in front of anus, the body is profusely brown-spotted; on some specimens these spots are a little larger than the eye, while on others they are smaller; usually the spots are more or less arranged in a row along midsides, with a pale streak above and below more or less setting that series of spots off; however, in females with abdomens distended with eggs, the spots are smaller and not arranged in such definite rows; dorsal surface of head spotted; fins plain grayish, with a little intensification of the pigment basally. Remarks.—This new subspecies is like Pygidium banneaui banneaw Eigenmann, except in color. In banneaui there is a series of large brown spots well separated from each other along midsides and another 264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 similar series each side of middorsal line anteriorly, with a few along middorsal line, while in the new subspecies, maracaiboensis, the dorsal surface has numerous small irregularly placed brown spots, and below the series along the midsides is another series of small spots, lacking in banneaut. Named maracaiboensis after the drainage basin in which it was collected. TaBLe 11.—Fin-ray counts for various species of Pygidium Caudal Dorsal Anal Pectoral Pelvie | (branched Species rays) v,6 v,4 i,7 i,8 i,9 i,4 ll orertics. Sierra gar 5 5 2 Gy esse ee 3 3 emanueli emanueli____________- 9 St pee 2st seo PT eet ee 7 5 emanueli montanensis__--_____- 7 Uizveee 2 12 1 4 3 banneaui maracaiboensis--_____- 12 12 Dhy | ot ke e 4 3 banneaut banneaui____________- 4 4 7 rere A Seas cA 3 3 Genus HOMODIAETUS Eigenmann and Ward Homodiaetus E1GENMANN and Warp, in Eigenmann, McAtee, and Ward, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 117, 1907. (Type, Homodiaetus anisiist Eigenmann and Ward.) HOMODIAETUS HAEMOMYZON Myers Homodiaetus haemomyzon Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 98, 1942 (Rio Gudrico, at Calabozo and at El Sombrero; lagoon 10 km. south of San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela). Genus STEGOPHILUS Reinhardt Stegophilus Re1inparvt, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, 1858, p. 79, pl. 2. (Type, Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt.) STEGOPHILUS SEPTENTRIONALIS Myers Stegophilus septentrionalis Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 130, 1927 (Santa Barbara, Orinoco, Venezuela). Genus HAEMOMASTER Myers Haemomaster Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 131, 1927. (Type, Haemomaster venezuelae Myers.) HAEMOMASTER VENEZUELAE Myers Haemomaster venezuelae Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 131, 1927 (Santa Barbara, Orinoco; Playa Tama-Tama, Bifurcation, Orinoco, Venezuela). Genus ACANTHOPOMA Liitken Acanthopoma LiitKeNn, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, 1891, p. 53, fig. (Type, Acanthopoma annecteris Liitken.) THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 265 ACANTHOPOMA BONDI Myers Acanthopoma bondi Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 97 fig. 5, 1942 (Rio Apure at San Fernando de Apure; Rfo Gudrico at El Sombrero, Venezuela). Genus OCHMACANTHUS Eigenmann Ochmacanthus E1GeENMaNN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 218, 1912. (Type, Ochmacanihus flabelliferus HKigenmann.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OCHMACANTHUS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la, Marking variable, a double or triple series of large, irregular, alternating blotches with nserrow interspaces, the spots usually partially coalescing forward on back; some specimens finely mottled; caudal mottled, in some a dark medium streak to tip; head 5%, depth 5% in standard length; dorsal rays 8, anal 8, pectoral 6; eve 4% in head. Ochmacanthus alternus Mvers 1b. Back mottled, a single series of oblong dark patches of unequal length down middle of sides to caudal base; head 6, depth 634 in standard length: eye 4 in head; dorsal rays 8, anal 7, pectoral 5. Ochmacanthus orinoco Myers OCHMACANTHUS ALTERNUS Myers Ochmacanthus alternus Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 129, 1927 (Cafio de Quiribana, near Caicara, Venezuela). OCHMACANTHUS ORINOCO Myers Ochmacanthus orinoco Myrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 8, p. 130, 1927 (Playa Matepalma, Orinoco, Venezuela). Subfamily VANDI LLIINAE Genus VANDELLIA Cuvier and Valenciennes Vandellia Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 18, p. 386, pl. 547, 1846. (Type Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier and Valenciennes.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VANDELLIA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA (AFTER EIGENMANN) la. Dorsal rays 8 or 9; anal 9 or 10; pectoral 6; depth 9 in standard length; pre- maxillaries with 5 to 8 teeth; maxillary barbel 2 in the head; caudal fin slightly emarginate, the lobes rounded, equal; pectorals longer than head. Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier and Valenciennes 1b. Dorsal rays 9; anal 8; pectoral 7; depth 12; premaxillaries with 5 to 9 teeth; maxillary barbels less than half length of head; caudal emarginate, lobes rounded; pectorals as long as head___________ Vandellia plazaii Castelnau VANDELLIA CIRRHOSA Cuvier and Valenciennes Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 18, p. 386, pl. 547, 1846.—PrLirecrin, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 1, p. 198, 1909 (Apure).—E1cenmann, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, No. 5, p. 361, fig. 29, 1918 (Apure, Orinoco). VANDELLIA PLAZATI Castelnau Vandellia plazati CastELNAU, Expédition dans !es parties centrales de l’ Amérique du Sud .. ., vol. 3, Poissons, p. 51, pl. 28, fig. 1, 1855. 266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM You. 94 Vandellia plazai Priiecrtin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). Subfamily TRIDENTINAE KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY TRIDENTINAE la. Opercular and interopercular patches of spines confluent; several series of strong teeth in each jaw; gill membranes broadly united with isthmus, without a free margin___------- Miuroglanis 4 Eigenmannand EKigenmann 1b. Opercular and interopercular patches of spines distinct and separately mov- able; eyes lateral, seen as well from below as from above; gill membranes joined across isthmus, forming a wide free fold. 2a. Opercle with 10 curved spines; interopercle with 3 or 4 smaller but similar spines; depth 13, head 9, in standard Jength; 2 maxillary barbels present but minute; nasal barbels absent; branchiostegals 4; dorsal rays 10 to 12; anal 20 to 25; pelvic i, 2, minute; pectoral i, 4; caudal said to be POUNGCO 9. Sod Ae, eee Tridens 1° Eigenmann and Eigenmann 2b. Opercular spines 6 to 10; interopercular spines 4 to 8; depth 4 to 8; head 5 to 6% in standard length; teeth curved and in 3 rows in upper jaw. 3a. Opercular spines 10; interopercular spines 8; 2 maxillary barbels well developed; nasal barbel present or absent; dorsal rays 7 to 10; anal 17 to 21> pelvic probalnlyes t=: Se Cee Tridentopsis '* Myers 3b. Opercular spines 6; interopercular spines 4 to 6, usually 6; dorsal rays 9 to 11; anal 20 to 23; nasal barbel absent; branchiostegals 5; pelvies 1, 4: MectOraise, Ore) 2oee 2 ee eee Tridensimilis, new genus TRIDENSIMILIS, new genus Eigenmann and Eigenmann (Proce. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 2, pp. 53-54, 1889) described the genus Tridens, based on T. melanops (genotype) and represented by 27 specimens from Iga, Amazons. One of the paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 41522, was sent to the National Museum and has been studied by me. At the same time, Kigenmann and Eigenmann (op. cit., p. 54) described Tridens brevis from a single specimen taken at Tabatinga, but this type was lost years ago at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Myers (Copeia, No. 148, p. 84, 1925) described the genus T’ridentopsis, based on T’.. pearsoni (genotype) and recorded previously by Pearson (Indiana Univ. Studies, No. 64, pp. 17-18, 1924) as Tridens brevis from Lake Rogoagua, Bolivia. Miss La Monte (Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1024, p. 1, 1939) described Tridentopsis tocantinsi from the Rio Tocantins, northeastern Brazil. Obviously her species is close to pearsoni, except in the absence of nasal barbels. It should be noted that up to the present time all species referred to the Tridentinae have come from the Amazon Basin. However, I had 4 Genotype, Miuroglanis platycephalus Eigenmann and Eigenmann, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 56, 1889 (Jutahy). 18 Genotype, Tridens melanops Eigenmann and Eigenmann, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 53, 1889 (Ica). Most of these data are from U.S.N.M. No. 41522, one of the paratypes of T. melanops. 16 Genotype, Tridentopsis pearsoni Myers, Copeia, No. 148, p. 84, 1925, based on Tridens brevis Pearson (not of Eigenmann and Eigenmann) (Lake Rogoagua, Bolivia).— Tridentopsis tocantinsi La Monte, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1024, p. 1, 1939 (Rio Tocantins, Brazil). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 267 the good fortune to collect 29 specimens of a new species in the Lago Maracaibo Basin. ‘This is the first record of this subfamily in northern South America. Eigenmann (Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 7, No. 5, p. 369, 1918) suggested that Tridens brevis should probably be placed in*a separate genus. Thus Myers created the genus Jridentopsis and said, “I feel justified in forming a new genus for brevis and Pearson’s fish, which I provisionally recognize as a distinct species.”’ Thus brevis, because of its inadequate description with no figure, has been shifted about. Now I feel justified in view of new material in putting brevis into still another genus. This new genus, 7ridensimilis, may be distinguished from all other members of the subfamily Tridentinae by the following combination of characters: Opercular spines 6 in number and interopercular spines 4 to 6, these patches of spines separately movable and distinctly separated; gill membranes joined across isthmus with a broad free fold; eyes lateral; depth of body 6 to 8, head 5 to 643 in standard length, teeth small, curved, conical, in three separate rows above; dorsal rays ii or iii (probably ii), 7 or 8; anal ii or ili (probably iii as the first simple ray is rudimentary) 18 to 21; pelvic i,4; pectoral i,5; branchiostegals 5; nasal barbel absent. Other characters are those of the new species, Tridensimilis vene- zuelae, described below. Genotype.— Tridensimilis venezuelae, new species. TRIDENSIMILIS VENEZUELAE, new species PiaTsE 6, C Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121290, a specimen 19.5 mm. in standard length (total length 23.5), collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 2, 1942, in the Rio Negro below the mouth of the Rio Yasa, Maracaibo Basin. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 121291, 28 specimens, 13.8 to 20.5 mm. in standard length and 16.5 to 24 mm. in total length, collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data. Description —Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Measurements of the holotype and one paratype, expressed in hun- dredths of the standard length are recorded below, first for the holo- type, then for the paratype in parentheses. Standard length (in mm.) 19.5 (20.4). Length of head 16.9 (15.7); width of head across eyes 14.9 (15.7); greatest depth of body 16.9 (17.1); length of snout 8.72 (8.82); diameter of eye 4.62 (3.92); width of interorbital space 8.72 (9.32); postorbital length of head 6.16 (5.88); length of longest ray of anal fin 6.66 (7.35) ; longest ray of dorsal fin 8.20 (8.33); longest ray of pelvics 268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 7.18 (7.84); longest ray of pectorals 10.2 (9.80); least depth of caudal peduncle 6.66 (6.86); length of caudal peduncle 17.9 (17.6); longest ray of caudal fin 14.9 (16.7); distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 7.08 (6.96); snout to anal origin 55.9 (64.2) ; snout to pelvics 45.1 (44.6). The following counts were made: Dorsal rays iii,8 (iii,8) and, in addition, 6 paratypes had iii,8, and 8, iii,9 rays; anal rays 11,18 (11,20), in addition one paratype had iii, 18, 2, iii,19, 3, ii,20, and 2, 111,21 anal rays; pectoral rays i,5 (i,5) and i,5 in 9 other examples counted; pelvic rays always i,4; branched caudal fin rays always 11, with 5 above and 6 below. The head is greatly depressed forward, the body becoming rounded opposite pectoral fins and much compressed from pelvic fins posteri- orly; the greatest depth occurs between pelvics and anal origin; the greatest width is across the eyes; mouth inferior but lower lip not reverted except at corner of mouth; a single maxillary barbel not reaching past pupil; margin of eyes not free; pupil round; gill mem- branes joined across isthmus with wide free fold; pectorals reaching about one-third the way to pelvics; pelvics short, the distance between pelvic insertion and anal origin about 6 times in standard length; pelvics inserted closer to tip of snout than to base of caudal fin by 2 eye diameters; anal origin about 14 eye diameters in front of a vertical line through dorsal origin; first rays of anal longest, tapering to shorter rays posteriorly; caudal fin concave; nostrils widely separated, con- nected by a tube, the anterior nostril with a raised rim, posterior opening covered by a valvular flap; anus immediately in front of anal origin. Color (in alcohol).—White, eyes black; a series of black pigment cells along bases of dorsal and anal fins, and a line of larger black pigment cells extends from below and behind pectoral fins to anal origin; caudal fin slightly dusky posteriorly, other fins translucent. No pigment spots on top of the head. Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from all other members in the subfamily Tridentinae by means of the keys on page 266 and below. The following key gives the main differences between Tridensimilis venezuelae and T. brevis, which I believe should be referred to this new genus until such time as additional specimens of brevis are collected and then its true nature determined. Perhaps then on the basis of two maxillary barbels brevis should be made the type of still another genus. la. A single maxillary barbel present at angle of mouth not extending past pupil; distance of origin of dorsal 2% in total length; distance of anal origin from tip of caudal 2% to 2% in total length; first pectoral ray not produced; no pigment spots on head__-------- Tridensimilis venezuelae, new species | | => ee ee ee THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 269 16. Two maxillary barbels at angle of mouth, outer one extending to base of pectoral, inner to gill opening; distance of origin of dorsal from tip of caudal a little more than 2 in length; origin of anal from tip of caudal less than 2 in length; first pectoral ray greatly produced; head with brown dots. Tridensimilis brevis (Kigenmann and Eigenmann) Family DORADIDAE KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF {DORADIDAE JREPORTED FROM [VENEZUELA !"! la. Head depressed, width of head across base of pectorals (cleithrum) greater than length of head to end of opercle; barbels all simple. 2a, Series of lateral scutes, numbering 19 to 25, beginning over region of anus and continuing posteriorly along the lateral line; anteriorly lateral line without scutes; caudal peduncle naked above and below; eye in front of middle of head; mouth subterminal, upper lip in front of tip of lower jaw; pectoral spines serrated in front and behind; dorsal spine serrated in front and in small specimens behind, only rough in adults; adipose fin base longer than base of anal, but without keel forward; caudal fin forked; dorsal II, 5; anal iv, 8 to 10; pectoral about I, 9; scutes 19 to 25; color blackish above, paler below, peritoneum white. Doraops zuloagai, new genus and species 2b. Lateral scutes in a continuous series along lateral line; caudal peduncle covered above and below by plates. 3a. Lateral scutes very narrow, as wide as eye, leaving greater part of sides naked, with one in feeble contact with dorsal plate; eye just anterior to middle of head; head 3% in standard length; eye 6% in head; dorsal I, 5; anal 11; lateral scutes 29; mouth terminal; caudal forked; color blackish with a white line down row of scutes, continued forward to eye; dorsal mottled lightly, first soft ray and its membrane black; caudal mottled, with two longitudinal black bands, these continuing the black of sides above and below white scutes. Crinocodoras eigenmanni Myers 3b. Lateral scutes very deep, leaving only a narrow naked area along back; 3 scutes in contact with aorsal plate; eye in middle of head; dark brown, rows of large white spots above and below lateral line; smaller white spots on belly and caudal; dorsal black with a few large white spots; maxillary with black and white rings; outer surface of humeral process with two series of spines, reaching fourth lateral scute; 29 lateral scutes; maxillary barbel reaching pectoral. Agamyxis albomaculatus (Peters) 1b. Head not depressed; width of head across base of pectorals (cleithrum) shorter than length of head to end of opercle; teeth feeble or lacking. 4a. Maxillary barbel simple; mental barbels not united by a membrane joining their bases; nuchal shields without a foramen; adipose fin continued forward as a low keel, longer than anal fin base; first nostril remote from lip; eye behind middle of head; caudal peduncle naked above and below; lateral scutes 3 + 18 to 23; rows of tentacles on roof of mouth; dorsal I, 6; anal 11; head 3 to 3% in length; eye 434 to 8 in head; color dark brown tins: blacki 2 2220 vs Pseudodoras niger (Valenciennes) 177 am not certain which species is actually involved in Eigenmann and Eigenmann’s (Occ. Papers Cali- fornia Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 234, 1890) reference to Doras armatulus from Venezuela. 533749—43——7 270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 4b. Maxillary barbel fringed with minute barbels; mental barbels with barblets; nuchal shields with a foramen; back without scutes; origin of pelvics nearer caudal fin than to snout; adipose not continued forward as a ridge; scutes well developed, keel and point of humeral process below line of hooks of lateral series; a black spot on base of dorsal and a narrow oblique black spot on base of each caudal lobe; color marking diffuse; pale along lateral scutes, which number 33 to 35; dorsal I, 5; anal De Se ees Se eee ee eee aes Opsodoras leporhinus (Eigenmann) DORAOPS, new genus Description—Head depressed, its length a little greater than its width at base of pectoral spines, or the width of coracoids 1% in length of head; eye in front of middle of length of head and from 3 to 4 times in the snout; width of mouth contained about 2% times in head; gill openings restricted, extending a little below base of pectorals and their length a little greater than length of snout; mouth subterminal, the upper lip in front of lower jaw; a wide me- dian dorsal groove in front of middle of head with a fontanel pos- teriorly between rear of orbits; a wide band of villiform teeth on premaxillaries and at front of dentaries, the length of these bands about equal to the length of the snout; barbels all simple, not fringed, a pair of maxillary and two pairs of mental barbels; two pairs of nostrils, without barbels, the anterior pair tubular and the posterior pair with elevated rims; lateral scutes posteriorly beginning over region of anus and ending at base of caudal fin rays, numbering 19 to 25; each scute provided with a spine posteriorly directed; no scutes on dorsal or ventral sides of caudal peduncle; three or four partly em- bedded bony scutes, without spines, at front of the lateral line, the first two of which are each connected with the epiotic by a bony stay; pectoral spines serrated in front and behind; dorsal spine serrated in front and in small specimens behind, rough only in adults 300 mm. in standard length and becoming obsolete with age; adipose fin base longer than base of anal but not continued forward to form a keel; intestines much convoluted; peritoneum white; skin leathery; caudal fin forked; air bladder very large, with an anterior compart- ment separated from the posterior section by a constriction, the posterior section having long fingerlike projections, with numerous constrictions across them, that extend to under the end of the body cavity posteriorly. Remarks.—This new genus differs from other genera of the family Doradidae in having spiny scutes only posteriorly in the lateral series, for in all other genera referred to the family as revised by Eigenmann (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 22, pp. 304-306, 1925) the lateral series of spiny scutes is continuous. Myers (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 124, 1927) described the new genus Orinocodoras as having laminate plates THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 271 entirely covering the caudal peduncle above and below, while in Doraops this area is naked. Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 91, p. 226, 1940) described a new Peruvian genus, Liosomadoras, and referred it to the family Doradidae. This genus differs from Doraops in lacking the lateral series of bony scutes and in having an adipose fin with its base shorter than that of the anal fin. The large air bladder does not agree in structure with any figure of an air bladder from other species. Named Doraops in reference to its similarities to other members of the family Doradidae. Genotype.—Doraops zuloagai, new species. DORAOPS ZULOAGATL, new species MARIANO Ficure 5; Puate 7, A Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121015, a female, 287 mm. in standard length, taken by Leonard P. Schultz in Rio de Los Pajaros, 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo, April 30, 1942. This “rfo” is actually a cafio about 200 feet wide and 15 feet deep that extends back into a “ciénaga”’ or swampy jungle for several kilometers. Bottom of deep mud and debris. Paratypes (all taken by L. P. Schultz)—U.S.N.M. No. 121017, 4 specimens, 231 to 355 mm. in standard length, from the Rio Negro, about 3 km. below the mouth of the Rfo Yasa, Santa Ana system, Maracaibo Basin, March 2, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121018, a specimen 365 mm. in standard length, taken April 7-9, 1942, in a gill net set in Lago Maracaibo 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo in 2 meters of water; U.S.N.M. No. 121016, 7 specimens, 318 to 460 mm. in standard length, from the Rio Apén, a few kilometers below the mouth of the Rio Cogolio and about 35 km. south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942. In all these localities where this fish occurred the bottom was muddy. They had been feeding on small crabs and snails. Description.—Based on the holotype and 12 paratypes listed above. All measurements are given in hundredths of the standard length, those for the holotype outside the parentheses and those for the paratypes within parentheses, respectively. Standard length (in'mm.) 287 (365; 355; 317; 231); total length (in mm.) 345 (447; 432; 380; 275). The caudal fin appears to wear off with age so that the upper and lower lobes wear off rounded, thus giving a pro- portionally shorter fish in relation to the standard length. Width of head at base of pectoral spine 23.0 (23.3; 21.8; 22.5; 23.3); length of head 24.9 (25.2; 26.2; 24.9; 25.4); length of snout 9.23 (9.04; 8.73; 8.36; 8.49); postorbital length of head 14.5 (14.5; 15.8; 272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 94 14.5; 14.9); least width of fleshy interorbital space 7.51 (7.59; 7.47; 7.35; 7.36); diameter of eye 2.54 (2.28; 2.90; 2.90; 3.46); length of caudal peduncle or distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin rays 16.9 (17.0; 15.8; 18.5; 16.5); least depth of caudal peduncle 6.00 (6.51; 5.38; 6.30; 6.50); length of base of adipose fin 18.1 (17.8; 16.2; 14.5; 16.7); length of base of anal fin 12.4 (ars 11.7; 11.5; 12.5); length of base of dorsal fin 14.4 (13.1; 12.8; 12.4; 13.8); greatest depth of body at base of dorsal spine 24.4 (21195 2L7; 19.4; 18.2); distance between centers of anterior and posterior nostrils 5.05 (4.21; 3.95; 4.42; 4.37); length of maxillaries or tip of snout to oy > i \ Ficure 5, Sketch of air bladder of Doraops xuloagai: a, Ventral side; b, Dorsal side. rear edge of mouth 6.76 (8.04; 6.99; 7.10; 6.71); length of maxillary barbel 32.3 (17.5; 29.0; 31.3; 27.9), this pair of barbels becoming shorter and heavier with age; length of inner mental barbel 7.67 (6.01; 8.17; 7.57; 8.87); length of outer mental barbel 14.5 (11.0; 12.5; 12.9; -12.3)% distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 35.5 (35.6; 36.6; 34.7; 36.4); snout to origin of anal 72.2 (69.9; 73.2; 73.5; 72.7); snout to origin of adipose fin 68.0 (67.1; 70.4; 68.1; 68.0); snout to insertion of pelvies 54.0 (54.8; 55.2; 54.6; 53.7); snout to anus 66.9 (66.0; 66.8; 67.2; 65.0); snout to tip of humeral process 36.1 (35.93 384k 3+36.03 39.4); length of shortest midray of caudal fin 8.01 (8.86; 8.74; 8.20; 8.76); length of longest upper ray of caudal lobe 20.6 (25.4; 23.5; THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ De 23.8; 23.8); length of longest lobe of caudal 18.7 (20.8; 20.0; 20.3; 20.2); length of pectoral spine 19.2 (21.9; 21.2; 20.5; 23.4); length of dorsal spine 20.9 (24.7; 19.9; 22.4; 22.3); distance from origin of anal fin to center of anus 4.45 (5.04; 6.68; 6.30; 5.84). The following counts were made: Anal rays iv, 8; (iv, 10; iv, 9; iv, 9; iv, 8; iv, 9; iv, 8; iv, 8; iv, 8; iv, 8;iv, 8; iv, 8; iv, 8); dorsal rays always II, 5; pectoral I, 9; number of scutes with spines in the lateral series 21-21 (21-21; 20-20; 24-25; 19; 20; 20; 19; 20; 20; 22; 21; 19); branched caudal fin rays usually 15. Head depressed; dorsal surface of head bony, with a raised crest from occiput to origin of dorsal fin and a shallow groove in middorsal line between orbits, but not quite reaching tip of snout; posteriorly this groove has a fontanel; mouth small, subterminal, the upper lip in front of lower jaw, both lips somewhat plicate; a wide band of villi- form teeth on front of premaxillaries and on front of dentary; the pair of maxillary barbels blackish and the two pairs of mental barbels grayish, pale on some specimens; gill membranes united, the opening restricted mostly to the sides, and the distance between the lower edges of gill opening equal to length of caudal peduncle; posterior nostril about an eye diameter in front of eye; pectoral spine with a backward curve serrated anteriorly and posteriorly ; dorsal spine with a similar backward curve serrated anteriorly and posteriorly in young, but the posterior serrations becoming obsolete with age; pelvics reach- ing to opposite anus; intestine much coiled and convoluted; the lateral series of scutes, each bearing a spine, directed posteriorly beginning over anus and ending at base of midcaudal fin rays; the length of the humeral process about 1% times interorbital space; gill rakers on first gill arch of one paratype 7+17, short and slender; air bladder large, the anterior compartment divided by a median partition, and deep groove along dorsal midline; at the outer ventral anterior angles is a convoluted horn; the posterior section separated from the anterior by a constriction with several long convoluted tubelike projections extending past the anus to the posterior end of the body cavity; these fingerlike projections constricted in several places; measurements as follows: Total length of air bladder 185 mm., in a female specimen 405 mm. standard length, greatest width anterior compartment 65 mm. and its length 70 mm.; greatest width of posterior section 38 mm. and to first constriction on dorsal side 28 mm.; the fingerlike projections extend backward for 90 mm. with a forward-projecting recurved tip 30 mm. Origin of adipose fin above anus, its base a little longer than that of anal fin; caudal peduncle somewhat constricted without plates on its dorsal or ventral sides; caudal fin forked, the upper lobe longest. The lateral series of plates is represented by three or four more or less embedded rough plates without spines at the anterior end of the series; then no scutes until over the anus, where they begin and con- | 274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 tinue to base of caudal fin rays, each scute posteriorly with a single backward-directed sharp spine; the first two plates at the anterior end of the series are each connected with the epiotic by a bony stay just under the skin; skin somewhat thick and a little leathery. Color —Blackish above and white to pale grayish below; in some specimens the belly is mottled with grayish and in others almost blackish; dorsal and pectoral fins blackish with a wide, pale border distally; adipose blackish; caudal fin blackish, on one specimen gray- ish with some scattered blackish spots; distally the caudal fin is pale in color; pelvics and anal grayish to blackish; maxillary barbels blackish, mental barbels grayish; peritoneum white. Remarks.—This new species can be distinguished from all other genera and species referred to the family Doradidae by the absence of lateral scutes anteriorly, these beginning over region of anus and continuing to base of caudal fin. Named zuloagai for Dr. Guillermo Zuloaga, assistant chief of ex- ploration, Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, who was largely responsible for inviting me to study the fishes of the Maracaibo Basm. In his honor I take much pleasure in naming this species. Genus ORINOCODORAS Myers Orinocodoras Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 124, 1927. (Type, Orinocodoras eigenmanni Myers.) ORINOCODORAS EIGENMANNI Myers Orinocodoras eigenmanni Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, No. 3, p. 124, 1927 (Cafio de Quiribana, near Caicara, Venezuela). Genus AGAMYXIS Cope Agamyzis Corx, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 17, p. 822, 1878. (Type, Agamyzxis pectinifrons Cope.) AGAMYXIS ALBOMACULATUS (Peters) Doras albomaculatus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 470 (Cala- bozo, Venezuela). —EI1GENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 161, 1888; Oce. Papers California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 231, 1890 (Calabozo, Venezuela). Platydoras albomaculatus ErGENMANN, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soe., vol. 22, pt. 5, p. 317, 1925 (Calabozo). Agamyzis albomaculatus Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 97, 1942 (Cafio de Quiribana, Caicara, Rfo Orinoco, Venezuela). Genus PSEUDODORAS Bleeker Pseudodoras Buryxer, Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 53, 1858. (Type, Doras niger Valenciennes.) PSEUDODORAS NIGER (Valenciennes) Doras niger VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt, Recueil d’observations de zoologie...; vol. 2, p. 184, 1811. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ AO Rhinodoras niger Perers, Monatsh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 471 (Calabozo, Venezuela). Pseudodoras niger E1GENMANN, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 22, pt. 5, p. 333, pl. 1, fig. 16; pl. 17, figs. 1-4; pl. 23, fig. 1; figs. 2, 6, 7, 10; 1925. Genus OPSODORAS Eigenmann Opsodoras E1GENMANN, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 22, pt. 5, p. 348, 1925, (Type, Opsodoras orthacanthus Eigenmann.) OPSODORAS LEPORHINUS (Eigenmann) Hemidoras leporhinus E1GENMANN, Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, vol. 3, p. 394, 1910 (nomen nudum); Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, p. 195, pl. 19, fiz. 1, 1912 (British Guiana at Tumatumari, Potaro River and Crab Falls, Essequibo River). Opsodoras leporhinus E1cENMANN, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 22, pt. 5, pp. 303, 354, 1925 (Orinoco and Venezuela). Family CALLICHTHYIDAE KEY TO THE GENERA OF CALLICHTHYIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA (AFTER GOSLINE, 1940) la. Snout depressed, interorbital width greater than or equal to depth of head at forward margin of orbit; eye more or less superiorly situated, i. e., not equally visible from above and below, its diameter contained two or more times in its distance from lower end of bony opercle; foremost plates of upper lateral series, or nuchal plates, fused across midline between supra- occipital and dorsal. 2a. Abdomen between pectoral fins completely covered with flesh; suborbital Coveredawithsieshat ey at a ae aS ee ss Callichthys Scopoli 2b. Coracoids expanded on surface of abdomen between bases of pectorals; suborbital bones not covered with flesh__-_.------- Hoplosternum Gill 1b. Snout compressed or rounded, interorbital width considerably less than depth of head at forward rim of orbit; barbels at cither end of mouth, i. e., rictal barbels, not reaching much beyond gill opening; lower lips reverted to form a single pair of short barbels; nuchal plates not meeting along middorsal line; coracoids usually more or less expanded on abdomen between pectoral bases; fontanel elongate; dorsal fin with a spine and 7 or 8, possibly 9, rays. Corydoras Lacepéde Genus CALLICHTHYS Scopoli Callichthys (Gronovius) Scorori, Introductio ad historiam naturalem, p. 451, 1777. (Type, Callichthys cirris quattuor Gronovius= Callichihys callichthys Linnaeus). (Ref. copied.) CALLICHTHYS CALLICHTHYS (Linnaeus) CuRITo Silurus callichthys LinNaEvus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 307, 1758 (America). Callichthys callichthys PeLuEecRin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela) —Fow er, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83, p. 408, 1931 (Pitch Lake at Guanoco, Venezuela). Genus HOPLOSTERNUM Gill Hoplosternum Git, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 6, p. 395, 1858. (Type, Callichthys laevigatus Valenciennes= H. litiorale Hancock.) 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoru. 94 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HOPLOSTERNUM REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA (AFTER GOSLINE, 1940) la. Median (azygous) preadipose scutes extending two-thirds of way or less forward to dorsal; postorbital a weak vertical rod; no platelet below anterior scute of upper lateral series; all caudal rays of approximately same thick- ness; body, dorsal, and caudal spotted. Hoplosternum thoracatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1b. Azygous preadipose scutes extending the entire distance between adipose and dorsal; postorbital well developed, longer than deep; a roundish platelet below anterior scute of upper lateral series; outer caudal rays considerably thickened; body, dorsal, and caudal plain in color. Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock) HOPLOSTERNUM THORACATUM THORACATUM (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Callichthys thoracatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 309, pl. 443, 1840.—Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 471 (San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela).—RercGan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pt. 1, p. 388 (Brazil; Guiana; Venezuela; Trinidad).—R6uat, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 375, 1942 (Orinoco). Hoplosternum thoracatum Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 63, p. 436, 1911 (La Pedrita, on the Cafio Uracoa, Venezuela). Hoplosternum thoracatum thoracatum Gos.ink, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 7, 1940 (Orinoco). Hoplosternum oronocoi Fow Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 66, p. 229, fig. 8, 1915 (La Pedrita, Cafio Uracoa, Venezuela). HOPLOSTERNUM THORACATUM MAGDALENAE Eigenmann Hoplosternum magdalenae EiGENMANN, in Ellis, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 8, Nos. 3, 4, p. 412, 1913. I do not have available at present sufficient specimens of the forms from the Orinoco and Magdalena systems to be able to distinguish the form in the Maracaibo Basin from the other supposed subspecies. The following specimens were collected by Leonard P. Schultz dur- ing 1942, in the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela: U.S.N.M. No. 121118, a specimen 87.7 mm. in standard length, from the Rio San Juan at bridge, tributary to Rio Motataén, March 20, 1942. U.S.N.M. No. 121120, 30 specimens, 17 to 65 mm., muddy pool, tributary, during rainy season, Rfo Gé, near Rosario, collected with the aid of Mr. Butcher and Mr. Refshauge, March 8, 1942. U.S.N.M. No. 121119, 4 specimens, 17 to 30 mm., pond tributary to Rfo Gé at Rosario, Rio Palmar drainage, March 8, 1942, collected with the aid of Mr. Butcher and Mr. Refshauge. The fishes were dark reddish brown, pale ventrally, barbels dark reddish brown. They lived in the mud and among weeds. HOPLOSTERNUM LITTORALE (Hancock) Callichthys littoralis Hancock, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 244, 1828.—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). Hoplosternum littorale Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 63, p. 436, 1911 (La Pedrita, on the Cafio Uracoa, Venezuela); vol. 66, p. 229, 1915 (Trinidad and Venezuela). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ Fa Genus CORYDORAS Lacepéde Corydoras Lacrprrpsr, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 145, 1803. (Type, Corydoras geoffroy=C. punctatus Bloch.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CORYDORAS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA (AFTER GOSLINE, 1940) la. Snout long, its profile straight or concave; bony interorbital contained 1.7 to 2 times in snout; 22 or 23 scutes in upper lateral series; no bristles on cheek; width of body contained 1.4 times or less in depth; sides of body in adult without small spots but with striking black blotches; anal and posterior rays of dorsal plain; posterior dark blotch extending vertically across caudal peduncle just ahead of caudal fin; interorbital 2.6 to 3.3 WMG head eee eee lees See at pe Corydoras septentrionalis Gosline 1b. Snout short, its profile rounded or sometimes nearly straight; bony inter- orbital contained 1.4 or less in snout; no black, hastate spot at base of caudal; width of naked area between coracoids greater than diameter of eye; coracoids incompletely surrounding pectoral bases on surface of body; dorsal spine not reaching adipose when laid back. 2a. Depth of suborbital in adult equal to or greater than diameter of eye; dorsal spine short, about equal to length of snout. Corydoras aeneus (Gill) 2b. Depth of suborbital in adult less than diameter of eye. 3a. Sides of body with a trilineate pattern formed of a dark band along junction of rows of lateral scutes bordered on either side by a lighter band, these lighter bands in turn delimited above and below by darker pigmentation of sides; flesh of abdomen without small platelets; dorsal without a black blotch; caudal plain__Corydoras bondi Gosline 3b. Sides of body without a trilineate pattern; sides with many small dark spots but no blotches and no band along junction of rows of scutes; depth 3 or less in standard length; 21 to 24 scutes in upper lateral series; eye 5 or less in head; dorsal spine about equal to length of head; a vertical band from top of head through eye. Corydoras melanistius Regan CORYDORAS SEPTENTRIONALIS Gosline Corydoras septenirionalis GosLInE, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 16, 1940 (Rio Pina, north of Maturin; Rio Guanipa, north of El Tigre; Rio Amana, east of Santa Barbara; Rfo Tinaquillo, at Tinaquillo, Venezuela).— Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 100, fig. 6, 1942 (Venezuela). CCORYDORAS AENEUS (Gill) Hoplosoma aeneum Giuu, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 6, p. 403, 1858 (Trinidad). Corydoras venezuelanus IneRtne, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 8, p. 383, 1911 (Rfo Cabriales, Valencia, Estado de Carabobo, Venezuela). Corydoras aeneus EIGENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 9, 1920 (Maracay, Rio Bue, Venezuela).—Gostine, Stanford Ichth. Bull, vol. 2, No. 1, p. 19, 1940 (Lake Valencia; Rio Urana, 40 km. west of Puerto Cabello; Rio Carichapo, 30 km. east of Upata, in Venezuela).—RiBetro, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 10, p. 721, 1918 (Rio Cabriale, Venezuela). 978 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 94 CORYDORAS BONDI Gosline Corydoras bondi Gostine, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 20, 1940 (Rfo Yuruari, 3 km. east of El Callao and at El Callao; Rio Carichopo, tributary of Rio Yuruari, 30 km. east of Upata, in Venezuela).—Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 100, fig. 2, 1942 (Venezuela). CORYDORAS MELANISTIUS Regan Corydoras melanistius REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, p. 216, 1912 (Essequibo).—Myers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 68, p. 126, 1927 (Cafio de Quiribana, near Caicara, on the Orinoco).—Gos Link, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 21, 1940 (Venezuela). Family ASTROBLEPIDAE Genus ASTROBLEPUS Humboldt Astroblepus Humpoxpt, Recueil d’observations de zoologie . . ., vol. 1, p. 37, 1805. (Type, Astroblepus grizalvii Humboldt.) In working up the fishes of this family from the Maracaibo Basin, I found it necessary to prepare the following tentative key, separating various species referred to the genus Astroblepus. This key should not be considered a revision, since many of the data were obtained from the original description and specimens of several species were not obtainable for examination. This genus is a very difficult one and is in need of careful revision. Perhaps too much emphasis has been placed on the length of the first rays of pelvics and pectorals. TENTATIVE KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ASTROBLEPUS OF NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA la. Teeth in outer row of premaxillary (except possibly last one or two lateral ones) bicuspid or incisors. 2a. Teeth (except sometimes one or two of lateral ones) in outer row of pre- maxillary Y-shaped or bicuspid, sometimes one lobe smaller than the other; pectoral spine extending one-half to three-quarters way out pelvics; nasal flaps not ending in a distinct barbel. 3a. Maxillary barbel reaching to gill oper ing or beyond; pelvic fins reaching two-thirds to three-quarters way to anus. 4a. Adipose fin with spine connected by a membrane to caudal peduncle; pelvics inserted in front of dorsal origin (Colombia). Astroblepus homodon (Regan) 4b. Adipose fin without spine or with it embedded and only tip showing; pelvics inserted under dorsal origin. 5a. Interorbital space equal to distance from eye to posterior nasal opening (Ecuador). 22-2 Astroblepus fissidens (Regan) 5b. Interorbital space about equal to three-quarters distance from eye to posterior nasal opening (Magdalena system, Colombia). Astroblepus nicefori Myers 3b. Maxillary barbel not quite reaching gill opening, usually three-quarters to four-ffths of the distance; pelvic fins reaching to anus; adipose fin with » spine connected by membrane to caudal peduncle; pelvies in- serted almost under origin of dorsal; interorbital space a little narrower than distance from eye to posterior nasal opening (Colombia). Astroblepus guentheri (Boulenger) THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 279 2b. Bilobed teeth of outer row of premaxillaries gradually changing to broadly pointed incisors laterally; nasal flap ending in a barblet; adipose fin elongate but no spine showing; interorbital space about equal to distance from eye to posterior nostril; pelvies reach from three-quarters way to a little beyond anus; pectorals extending one-half to two-thirds way out pelvics; pelvics inserted a little behind origin of dorsal; maxillary bar- bel reaches to gill opening or beyond; anus closer to base of caudal than gill opening?) 422 bleh sees 2else eel e Astroblepus festae (Boulenger) 2c. Outer row of premaxillary teeth incisors, but sometimes with a notch at centers; these teeth never sharp-pointed. 6a. Teeth of both upper and lower jaws broad incisors; adipose fin with spine eonnected to caudal peduncle by a membrane; interorbital space a little shorter than distance from eye to posterior nostril; pelvics in- serted under or a trifle in front of dorsal origin; pectoral spine reaches to middle of pelvics; nasal flap ending in a barblet; barbel reaches to gill opening; pelvics extending one-half way to anus (Magdalena system, Colombia) _------------ Astroblepus chapmani (Eigenmann) 6b. Teeth of only upper jaw incisors, those of lower jaw bilobed; adipose fin without spine or with it embedded and only tip showing; pelvics extend- ing one-half to two-thirds way to anus; pectorals extending one-third to one-half way out pelvies; nasal flap not ending in a barbel. 7a. Pelvies inserted considerably in advance of dorsal origin; maxillary barbel reaching to rear of lip or one-half way to gill opening; adi- pose fin with spine embedded but showing; interorbital space equals distance from eye to posterior nasal opening (Rio Negro in Colombia), Astroblepus latidens Kigenmann 7b. Pelvies inserted under or almost under dorsal origin; adipose fin with- out an evident spine. 8a. Interorbital about equal to distance from eye to posterior nasal opening; maxillary barbel reaching about three-quarters to four- fifths way to gill opening; pelvics reach two-thirds way to anus (Bera e ose CR 6s har se Benita Astroblepus simonsi (Regan) 8b. Interorbital a little less than distance from eye to posterior nasal opening; pelvies reaching one-half to three-fifths way to anus (Pera Selo ie nd eT AS Astroblepus peruanus (Steindachner) 1b. In outer row all lateral teeth on premaxillary unicuspid, but sometimes blunt pointed, often one or two pairs of bicuspid teeth occurring at midline. 9a. Adipose fin absent or almost absent, at least not developed enough to be definitely evident; pelvics inserted under dorsal origin; maxillary barbel extending three-quarters to four-fifths way to gill opening; pelvics reach- ing two-thirds to three-quarters way to anus; interorbital space a little less than distance from eye to posterior nasal opening; pectorals extend- ing one-third to one-half way out pelvies; nasal flap without barbel (Peru and Ecuador) iio 232 £25222 2 Astroblepus vanceae ® (Kigenmann) 9b. Adipose fin developed, with a free spine or with it embedded in adipose tissue of fin or with it absent. 10a. Insertion of pelvies considerably in advance of a vertical] line through origin of dorsal fin; interorbital space a little narrower than distance from eye to posterior nasal opening. 48 To this species I refer as a synonym Astroblepus mariae (Fowler). 280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 11a, Adipose fin well developed, with spine absent or embedded; barbel short, barely reaching to opposite rear margin of lower lip; teeth in outer row of premaxillary broadly unicuspid; pelvics reaching one-half to two-thirds way to anus; pectorals reaching one-third way out along pelvics; no nasal barbel on flap; anus usually a little closer to base of pelvics than base of caudal fin. Astroblepus orientalis (Boulenger) 11b. Adipose fin with an obvious spine and usually connected by a mem- brane to caudal peduncle. 12a. Maxillary barbel reaching to gill opening, pelvics extending three- fourths way to anus; pectorals extending two-thirds out pelvics; nasal flap without barbel (Canelos, Ecuador). Astroblepus boulengeri (Regan) 12b. Maxillary barbel reaching not more than one-half distance to gill opening or to opposite lower lip. 13a. Pectorals reaching one-third to two-fifths way out pelvics; nasal flap with a small barblet; barbel reaching halfway to gill opening; pelvics reaching four-fifths way to anus; color pattern in young with three pale bars, but in adults reduced to a single bar across caudal peduncle (Balsas, Peru). Astroblepus supramollis Pearson 13b. Pectorals reaching one-half to four-fifths distance out pelvics; nasal flap triangular without barblet. 14a. A pale bar across caudal peduncle in adults and three in young; premaxillary teeth broadly pointed; pelvics reach two-thirds way to anus; maxillary barbel reaches to rear of lower lip (Rio Dagua, Colombia). Astroblepus trifasciatus (Higenmann) 14b. No pale bars on body; teeth pointed; maxillary barbel reaching halfway to gill openings. 15a. Lips very thick and wide; pelvics reach three-fourths way to anus (Balsas, Peru) ------- Astroblepus labialis Pearson 15>. Lips normal; pelvics reach two-thirds way to anus (Rio Dagua, Colombia)_---Astroblepus retropinna (Regan) 10b. Insertion of pelvic fins a trifle in front, directly under, or a little behind origin of dorsal fin. 16a. First ray of pectorals long, reaching to tips of pelvics or beyond, pelvies long too, the first ray reaching to anus or beyond; adipose fin elongate without a spine or spine completely embedded; teeth on outer row of premaxillary broadly pointed, and in large adults, 140 mm. long, some of teeth may be bilobed: maxillary barbel reaching to gill opening or a little beyond; interorbital equal to or a trifle shorter than distance from eye to margin of posterior nostril; anus about one-third to three-eighths closer to pelvic base than to caudal fin base; nasal flap ending in a short barbel (Peru to Colombia)! 22224 s2-hes=— Astroblepus longifilis (Steindachner) 16>. First ray of pectorals not reaching to tips of first ray of pelvies, usually not more than three-fourths way out pelvics. 17a. Adipose fin without spine, or spine completely embedded, or with tip of spine showing. 18a. Maxillary barbel reaching to gill opening or beyond. 19 To this species I refer as a synonym A. heterodon (Regan). THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 981 19a. Interorbital space equal to or a little greater than distance from eve to margin of posterior nasal opening, 20a. Nasal flap without a barbel at its tip; pelvies reaching a little beyond anus; pectorals reaching three-fourths way out pelvies. 21a. Spine of adipose fin embedded, its tip sometimes showing (Ecuador, Colombia, northern Venezuela). Astroblepus chotae 7 (Regan) 216. No trace of spine in adipose fin. Astroblepus pirrense (Meek and Hildebrand) 205. Nasal flap with a short barbel at its tip; pelvics reach to anus; pectorals extend halfway out pelvies (Peru). Astroblepus rosei Eigenmann 19b. Interorbital space a little less than distance from eye to margin of posterior nasal opening. 22a. Pelvics reaching two-thirds way to anus; pectorals reaching two-thirds way out pelvies; triangular nasal flap without a barblet at its tip (Peru to Colombia). Astroblepus taczanowskii (Boulenger) 22b. Pelvics reaching to anus or a little beyond; pectorals one- third to one-haif way out pelvics; nasal flap sometimes with a small barblet (Ecuador to Colombia). Astroblepus grixalvii 2! Humboldt 18b. Maxillary barbel not reaching to gill opening. 23a. Pelvies reaching to anus or beyond; interorbital space a little shorter than distance between eye and margin of posterior nasal opening; nasal flap without a barbel. 24a. Maxillary barbel reaching halfway to gill opening; pectorals extend to middle of pelvies (Peru and Ecuador). Astroblepus sabalo ” (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 24b. Maxillary barbel reaching three-fourths to four-fifths way to gill opening; pectorals extending two- thirds to three-fourths way out pelvics (Magdalena system) U2b 3) 8 Astroblepus micresens Higenmann 23b. Pelvics not reaching to anus; nasal flap without barblet at its tip. 25a. Maxillary barbel relatively long, reaching three-fourths to four-fifths way to gill opening; no pale bar across caudal peduncle; pectorals extending two-thirds way out pelvics; interorbital space a little narrower than distance from eye to rim of posterior nasal opening; pelvics reaching two-thirds to three-fourths way to anus (Peru and Bolivia). Astroblepus longiceps Pearson 25b. Maxillary barbel short reaching not over halfway to gill openings, usually about opposite the lower lip. 26a. Pelvics reaching only halfway to anus; interorbital space a little wider than distance from eye to 2 To this species I refer as asynonym A. marmoratus (Regan). 21 To this species I follow Eigenmann and refer as synonyms the following species: A. prenadilla (Cuvier and Valenciennes); A. brachycephalus (Giinther); A. vaillanti (Regan); A. regani (Pellegrin); A. whymperi (Boulenger); A. eigenmanni (Regan). 22 T refer to this species as a synonym A. ubidiai Pellegrin, which was described from Lake St. Paul. 282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 94 posterior nasal opening; pectorals extending one- third way out pelvics; anus five-elevenths or five- twelfths closer to pelvic base than base of caudal fin; no pale bar across caudal peduncle (Peru). Astroblepus praeliorum Allen 26b. Pelvics extending two-thirds to four-fifths way to anus; interorbital space a little narrower than dis- tance from eye to rear margin of posterior nasal opening; a pale bar across caudal peduncle below spine of adipose fin; pectorals extending one-third to one-half way out pelvics; premaxillary teeth in outer row broadly pointed (Peru to Colombia). Astroblepus frenatus Higenmann 17b. Adipose fin with spine movable and connected by a membrane to dorsal surface of caudal peduncle, or continuation of adipose tissue. 27a. Pelvics reaching to anus; interorbital space equal to or a little greater than distance from eye to margin of posterior nasal opening; barbel reaches out to last fifth before gill opening; : nasal flap sometimes with a short barbel. 28a. A pale color bar across peduncle; maxillary barbel reaching to gill opening; pectorals reach one-fourth to middle of pelvics (Ecuador and Colombia). Astroblepus cyclopus cyclopus % (Humboldt) 28b. A pale color bar across caudal peduncle; maxillary barbel not quite reaching to gill opening; pectorals reaching only to base of pelvics (Rios Dagua and San Juan). Astroblepus cyclopus cirratus % (Regan) 28c. No pale color bar across caudal peduncle (Santander, Colom- bia)__.._Astroblepus cyclopus santanderensis Higenmann 27b. Pelvics not reaching to anus; interorbital space two-thirds to equal to distance from eye to margin of posterior nasal open- ing; no barbel at tip of nasal flap. 29a. Maxillary barbel extends four-fifths way to gill opening; pec- torals extend to middle of pelvics; a pale bar across the caudal peduncle (Rfo Dagua and Magdalena systems). Astroblepus unifasciatus (Higenmann) 29b. Maxillary barbel reaching to rear of lower lip or a trifle farther, not over halfway to gill opening; no definite pale bar across caudal peduncle, but region just behind and below the adi- pose spine pale; body plain grayish or with black spots, or sometimes marbled; anus halfway between insertion of pel- vies and base of caudal fin or a little closer to base of pelvies. Astroblepus phelpsi, new species ASTROBLEPUS ORIENTALIS (Boulenger) Arges orientalis BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 601, 1903 (Albirregas and Milla Rivers above Mérida, Venezuela).—ReEGAN, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, vol. 17, pt. 8, p. 313, pl. 21, fig. 4, 1904 (Albirregas and Milla Rivers above Mérida). 23 To this epecies I refer A. mancoi Eigenmann as a synonym, 24 To this species I refer as a Synonym A. chimborazoi Fowler. 23 T follow Eigenmann and refer A. ventrale (Eigenmann) to this species as a synonym. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 283 The following specimens were collected by Leonard P. Schultz in the Maracaibo Basin during 1942: U.S.N.M. No. 121125, Rio Gonzales, tributary to Rfo Chama at La Gonzales, Estado de Mérida, March 29, 78 specimens, 18.5 to 60.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121124, Rio Chama at Estanques, Estado de Mérida, April 3, 1 specimen, 45.7 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121123, Rfo Barregas, tributary to Rfo Chama just below Egido, Estado de Mérida, March 29, 2 specimens, 28.5 and 47 mm. ASTROBLEPUS CHOTAE (Regan) Arges chotae RuGan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 313, pl. 21, fig. 5, 1904 (Chota Valley, Maranon Basin, northern Peru). Three of the specimens listed below from the Rio Cobre were meas- ured, and the data are presented in table 12. ‘U.S.N.M. No. 121129, Rio Cobre, above its mouth, tributary to Rio Quinta, latter tributary to Rfo La Grita, Catatumbo system, March 31, 1942, Leonard P, Schultz, 9 specimens, 35 to 93.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 101617, Rio Pamplonita, near Cucuta, Colombia, Maracaibo Basin, Nicéforo Marfa, 1 specimen, 60 mm. ASTROBLEPUS FRENATUS Eigenmann Astroblepus frenatus E1geNMANN, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 56, p. 676, 1918 (Quebrada de San Joaquin, Santander, Colombia), U.S.N.M. No. 121128, Rio Torbes, 1 km. above Tériba, Venezuela, Orinoco drainage, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 31, 1942, 72 specimens, 20.5 to 52.5 mm. ASTROBLEPUS PHELPSI, new species PuatE 7, D Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121126, a male specimen 53.6 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, March 31, 1942, in the Rio Cobre above its mouth near La Grita, tributary of Rio Quinta, latter tributary to Rio La Grita, Catatumbo system, Venezuela. Paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 121127, 550 specimens, 9 to 65 mm., collected along with the holotype and bear the same data. These types were taken from among rubble in rapidly flowing water. Description —The holotype and two paratypes, male and female, were measured, and data for these, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded in table 12. In addition certain counts were made, and these are presented in table 13. The head is contained about 4 times in the standard length, and the greatest depth at origin of dorsal about 4 times; the insertion of the pelvics is nearly under the origin of the dorsal; premaxillary teeth unicuspid but blunt-pointed in outer row, but as is usual in this genus one or two pairs of the median teeth may be bilobed, outer row of teeth on each ramus numbers seven or eight; teeth of lower jaw all 284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 04 strongly bilobed; interorbital space a little narrower than the distance from the eye to the rim of the posterior nasal opening; maxillary barbel short, scarcely reaching as far back as opposite the rear margin of the lower lip; all the lips finely papillate; anus five-elevenths to five-twelfths closer to the insertion of the pelvics than to the midbase of the caudal peduncle; adipose fin elongate, with a spine partly em- bedded but the tip is connected by a membrane to the caudal peduncle, which sometimes appears to be a continuation of the adipose fin; first ray of dorsal not extending beyond the branched rays, this fin short, contained 2 times in distance from insertion of pelvics to origin of anal fin; pectorals short, reaching about one-fourth the way out the short pelvics, the latter extending three-fourths the way to the anus, tips of first rays of pelvics, pectorals, and caudal very slightly elongate; snout 1 in the head; eye small, 2% to 3 times in the inter- orbital space. Color.—Variable, usually plain grayish with a pale area at adipose spine, or the body may be mottled to brown or black spotted; caudal fin barred; sometimes on small specimens the pale area at adipose spine extends as a broken pale bar across the caudal peduncle, and a similar pale bar across middle of caudal fin, belly pale. TapLE 12.,—Measurements, in hundredths of the standard length, for species of Astroblepus from the Maracaibo Basin Astroblepus phelpsi Character I Astroblepus chotae Paratype Holotype! Paratype ieee Aha i eee Sk a al a Standard length (in mm.)-----__---------- 64 53.6 35. 6 93.5 64.7 47.6 Length of head to gill opening__-_-.------- 25.8 27.4 28. 1 25.6 26.0 26.0 Width of head at base of pectorals_---_---- 25.3 25.9 28.4 28. 4 28.6 28.6 Length of maxillary barbel_--.-..-.------- 10.9 8. 58 8. 70 16.0 17.9 16. 2 Postorbital length of head_---..----------- 6. 72 7. 28 7.02 7.49 7.73 6. 93 Greatest depthts= 22-2225 22 22 eae een ene 20.3 20. 5 19.9 23.0 22.4 21.8 en eth Of SNOU Gees = aaa ee eee eee ae 18.1 18.6 19.7 17.6 17.3 17.0 Miameter of Cyeis22 355. So eee eee 2.03 2.05 3. 09 2. 24 2. 63 3. 36 Width ofinterorbital—-. -22-22=--22s2255= 5. 78 6. 90 7.30 6.95 8. 04 7. 98 Distance from eye to rear nostril__-------- 9. 22 7. 28 8.14 6.95 ioe 6. 51 Width of ramus of upper jaw_------------ 7.50 7.10 7.30 6. 20 7.42 6. 51 Width. of gape of mouth=.=2)---- 2-2 13.3 13.2 1352 12.9 12.4 11.3 Distance from anus to anal origin____----- 11.4 Die 10.1 14.6 13.4 12.8 ‘TpOrsnoutto) ANUS: -- eet. eae ee 71.9 67.4 69.1 64.6 68.0 65.1 Tip of snout to dorsal origin-_-_---------- 42.6 45.0 45.2 47.0 42.6 43.9 Tip of snout to anal origin. _..---.-------- 84.6 78.4 Tine 79.4 78.6 78.0 Tip of snout to pectoral insertion_-_---.--- 26.6 28.2 30.9 30. 2 28.6 27.1 Tip of snout to pelvic insertion__-_-__---- 43.9 43.8 43.0 39.1 44.2 41.0 Length of first dorsal ray_..-...-_.-------- 17.5 18.1 21.3 20.1 227 21.0 Length of first anal ray_:..........-...--- 11.8 13.6 15.7 12.4 13.8 17.2 Length of first pelvic ray_.--..-.-.-------- 20.5 21.5 22.8 21.9 23. 5 21.4 Length of first pectoral ray_..-.-...-.----- 20.6 24.4 22.5 31.0 32.8 30.7 Length of longest upper caudal ray____-_-_- 25n5 25.9 28.9 26.1 Sica 33. 2 Length of shortest middle caudal ray__-__-- 18.6 18.8 21.9 19.8 18.9 22.1 Length of caudal peduncle____-_.-__..---- 18.3 LTE 16.9 16.0 16.1 17.0 Least depth of caudal peduncle______--__- 14.1 14.9 WBE A ce ee Set ee See ss ae THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 285 Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from others referred to the genus Astroblepus by the key to the species prepared for this genus, pages 278-282. Named phelpsi in honor of William H. Phelps, of Caracas, who is a well-known leader in furthering the development of the biological sciences in Venezuela. TaBLeE 13.—Counts made on two species of Astroblepus Number of fin rays | Number oO | | branched ; rays in Species Dorsal | Anal Pectoral | Pelvie |caudal fin | 16 i,7 i, 6 i,9 | i, 10 i, 11 i, 4 i | phelpsitccnsos see sen- Sly oeet acces 13 1 10 2 10 3 CTT i a ee 7 2 4 deat | 6 | Family LORICARIIDAE KEY TO THE GENERA OF LORICARIIDAE REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA BASED ON SPECIMENS FROM THAT AREA la. Eyes on dorsal surface of head and not at all visible from below; bones of pectoral arch not exposed that connect across ventral side of body between pectoral fin bases. 2a, Caudal peduncle not greatly depressed and elongate, but if present rounded or triangular or compressed; adipose fin represented by a spine; no notch in posterior part of orbit; snout not greatly produced or pointed; plates in lower lateral series 30 or fewer. 3a. Width of ramus of lower jaw contained fewer than 1% times in interor- bital space, usually the two being nearly equal in length and width; belly naked; teeth, bilobed, very numerous, about 100 to 150 on each ramus of jaw; dorsal origin a little in advance of a vertical line through insertion of pelvics; dorsal rays I, 7 to I, 9; anal I, 2 to I, 5; plates along lower sides 23 to 27. 4a. At least one-fourth of anterior dorsal surface of snout naked and without barbels; interopercle and opercle separately movable, former with short evertible spines, sometimes with curved or hooked CLS eye ee ee eae ete ren ean ay eer 3 ee Chaetostoma Heckel 4b. Snout bony to its tip; interopercle and opercle separately movable, former with graduated elongate, hooked spines not arranged in a rosette; but! evertible.=_ 224-2 22s25 8.5 - Pseudancistrus Bleeker 3b. Width of ramus of lower jaw contained more than 1% times in inter- orbital space, usually 2 to 5 times. 5a. Dorsal rays I, 10 to 15; anal I, 3 or I, 4; interopercle and opercle moderately but not independently movable, former sometimes with spines or with spines rudimentary; dorsal origin in front of the pelvic insertion; plates keeled; teeth numerous, bilobed. Pterygoplichthys Gill 50. Dorsal rays I, 6 to I, 8 (usually I, 7); anal I, 3 toI, 5. 6338749—43——8 286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 6a. Anterior fourth or more of upper surface of snout naked and with barbels at least in males well developed; in females snout bonier and barbels sometimes absent; interopercle and opercle separately movable, former with graduated evertible spines with tips hooked; belly naked; teeth with elongate bilobed tips; dorsal a little in front of pelvics; about 23 to 26 plates in lower lateral series. Ancistrus Kner 6b. Anterior dorsal surface of snout bony, except on a few species with tip of snout having a roundish naked patch not much larger, sometimes smaller than orbit. 7a. Teeth usually 3-3 on premaxillaries and 6 to 12+6 to 12 on den- taries, tips elongate but not spoon-shaped; interopercle with a bunch of spines with curved tips; dorsal I, 7; anal I, 3 to I, 5; pectoral I, 5 or I, 6; lateral scutes about 24 to 26. Lithoxus Higenmann 7b. Teeth in ramus of each jaw number 5 to 16, expanded tips spoon- shaped or cupped, with or without a smaller lobe; dorsal rays always I, 7; anal I, 4; no barbels on tip of snout. 8a. Interopercle and opercle separately movable, former with graduated, elongate, evertible spines, except in young; about 6 to 8 cup-shaped teeth on ramus of each jaw; belly covered with platelets, except on young; dorsal origin nearly over insertion of pelvics; 24 to 26 plates in lower lateral series. Panaque Ligenmann and Ligenmann 8b. Interopercle and opercle slightly but not independently mov- able; spines on interopercle absent or obsolete; dorsal origin a little in front of a verticle line through insertion of pelvics; 25 to 28 plates in lower lateral series; color of upper surfaces usually consisting of numerous dark spots, these sometimes Occurring On belly< 9a see eae Cochliodon *§ Heckel 7c. Teeth in each ramus of jaws number more than 20, usually 25 to 65, and expanded tips are elongate and bilobed; dorsal origin in front of that of pelvies. Qa. Interoperele and opercle separately movable, former with a rosette of graduated spines with hooked tips and long slender bristles arranged around outer margin of spines; dorsal I, 7; anal I, 5; plates in lower lateral series 24 or 25; belly Naice dwn. Lett Se ee ewe Nag Re arene yn Lasiancistrus Regan 9b. Spines and bristles on interoperculum, if present, not arranged in pattern of a rosette; belly with platelets except in young. 10a. Interopercle and opercle separately but moderately movable, former with short or elongate evertible spines; plates along lower sides 26 to 28 in number. Hemiancistrus Bleeker 10b. Interopercle and opercle slightly but not independently movable; interopercle without spines, or spines obsolete; plates along lower sides about 28 in number. Hypostomus Lacepéde 26 On the young up to a standard length of about 50 mm. the unworn teeth of my specimens from the Maracaibo Basin have their expanded tips twice as long as wide and a small lobe on the outer side, but in those about 60 mm. the lobe seems to have fused with the rest of the tooth as it wears down to half its original length; the teeth on the lower jaw lack the second small lobe at a much shorter length, it appears, therefore, from the specimens available, that one must cast serious doubt on the validity of the genus Cieiridodus Eigenmann. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 287 2b. Caudal peduncle greatly depressed and sometimes almost knifelike; adipose fin lacking; snout may be greatly produced and pointed; inter- opercle and opercle not separately movable; dorsal surface of snout bony; spines absent on interopercle, except bristles on males. lla. Teeth on each ramus of jaws about 4 to 13; a more or less distinct notch at posterior dorsal corner of orbit; dorsal origin over insertion of pelvics; plates in lower lateral series 28 to 31. 12a. Teeth with elongate bilobed tips.__-._--.------- Loricaria Linnaeus 12b. Tips of teeth with both lobes spoon-shaped, inner lobe largest. Spatuloricaria, new genus 11b. Bilobed teeth on ramus of each jaw 15 to 40; no notch at rear of orbit; plates in lower lateral series 32 to 37; belly plated. 13a. Dorsal origin nearly over anal origin; 8 or 9 plates between dorsal and supraoccipital; teeth 15 to 29 on each ramus of jaws. Farlowella Higenmann and Wigenmann 13b. Dorsal origin nearly over insertion of pelvics; 4 plates in front of dorsal; teeth 30 to 40 on each ramus of jaws__Sturisoma Swainson 1b. Eyes at sides of head situated so that they are visible from below as well as from dorsal aspect; bones exposed on under side of body that connect between base of pectorals, in two series of one pair each; adipose a rudi- mentary spine; snout depressed; teeth numerous, bifid in a single row; 23 or, 24; plates along, sides... hate ee ak Hypoptopoma Giinther Genus CHAETOSTOMA?” Heckel Chaetostoma Hecke, in Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Ichthyologie, p. 26, 1846. (Type, C. loborhyncha Tschudi.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHAETOSTOMA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. A small, fleshy, usually blackish keel at rear tip of supraoccipital plate; dorsal rays I, 8; anal I, 5; usually 4 or 5 hooked spines on interopercle; blackish spots on membranes of dorsal fin between rays and not on rays. 2a. About 25 to 28 marginal lappets on rear edge of lower lip; a group of about 3 short papillae inside of mouth about two-thirds way out from mid- line on plate; a similar group but longer papillae about halfway out on plate of lower jaw; upper surface of head anteriorly with numerous small darkish spots, none on body; a black spot on the membrane be- tween base of dorsal spine and first soft ray and fainter dark spots, mostly on membrane and naked area at base of fin near base of each soft ray; 5 or 6 dark spots on membranes between dorsal rays and not on rays; other fins mostly plain pale; caudal fin deeply concave, color plain, with dark pigment evident near tips of middle rays forming an obscure dark band across rear edge of caudal, except white tips of upper and lower lobes__-_----- Chaetostoma tachiraensis, new species 2b. Dorsal surface of head and that of body everywhere covered with numerous blackish spots, those on sides of body arranged in about 4 to 6 rows; caudal fin only slightly concave, tips of upper and lower lobes white; about 16 to 22 marginal lappets on rear edge of lower lip; inside of mouth about halfway out on plate of upper jaw a group of 3 or 4 papiilae, sometimes lacking; those on plate of lower jaw well developed. Chaetostoma milesi Fowler 27 The specimen reported upon by Myers as C. anomalus Regan from the upper Rio Meta system, Quai- caramo, Colombia, is without doubt some other species and should not be associated with the true C. ano- mala of the Maracaibo Basin, I8Ss PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 1b. No fleshy keel at posterior edge of supraoccipital plate; if dark color bars present on dorsal fin, color occurring on rays, not as round dark spots on membranes between rays; dorsal surface of head and of body without dark spots. 3a. Anal rays I, 4; dorsal I, 8; about 4 or 5 hooked spines on interopercle. 4a. A dark spot on membrane between dorsal and first soft ray; upper surface of head with some pale areas; pectoral fin with 2 or 3 cross bars; eye 5 to 7 times in head. Chaetostoma guairensis 7° Steindachner 4b. Eye diameter 10 times in head; no black spots anywhere along base of Orsay tee eee eee Chaetostoma stanni Litken 3b Anal rays usually I, 3 or I, 4, rarely I, 5; dorsal rays I, 7 to I, 9; about 5 to 10 spines on the interopercle, these spines nearly straight, except a little hooked in pearset. 5a. Dorsal rays I, 8 or I, 9; anal I, 4 occasionally I, 38. 6a. A distinct black spot on membrane between dorsal spine and first soft ray, but no such spots near base of following soft rays. 7a. Usually 3 (2 to 4) dark bars across upper rays of caudal fin; eye contained in interorbital space 2.3 to 3.0 times; Rfo Motatén system, Maracaibo Basin. Chaetostoma anomala sovichthys, new subspecies 7b. Usually 4 (3 to 5) dark bars across upper rays of caudal! fin; eye 2.6 to 3.2 in interorbital space. Chaetostoma anomala anomala Regan 6b. No black spots at bases of dorsal rays; dorsal fin rays I, 9, anal I, 4; upper parts with faint light spots__Chaetostoma pearsei Kigenmann 5b. Dorsal I, 7, anal I, 4; a black spot on membrane between dorsal spine and next ray and on membrane near base of each following ray. Chaetostoma nudirostris Liitken CHAETOSTOMA TACHIRAENSIS, new species CorRRONCHO PuatE 7, B, C Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121052, a specimen 58.6 mm. in standard length collected by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Tachira 7 km. north of San Antonio, Estado de T&chira, Venezuela, on April 1, 1942. The Rio Tachira is a tributary of the Rio Zulia, Catatumbo system, Maracaibo Basin. Paratype-—U.S.N.M. No. 101612, a specimen 87.0 mm. in standard length collected by Nicéforo Marfa in the Rio Pamplonita, near Cucuta, Colombia, Catatumbo system, Maracaibo Basin. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratype; all measure- ments are given in hundredths of the standard length, those for the paratype in parentheses. Standard length (in mm.) 58.6 (87.0); total length 83.0 ( ) mm. %8 Although I have not seen material of this species, I am inclined to believe that it was based on an im- mature specimen and may be the same as milesi or my tachiraensis. THE OATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 289 TasBLE 14.—Counts and measurements made on the species and subspecies of Chaetostoma from the Maracaibo Basin a Number of Number of fin rays dark bars : across up- | Number of times eye is contained in inter- Species and pe a orbital space locality Dorsal Anal fin I, 7| I, 8/1,9 y I,3| I,4 y 2}3)4 Hediealweaiaale cla cats 812.9 30]3.1.3.2 anomala anomola: Rio Chama.------- 2a jee Die Sea es ee ea aaa ead Pha Sed ea ete 2 alin e| ak Rio Barregas_--_-._|_-- Cee a ae etl) Le ae cath NU Dt Sct es Oe SS ale Seat electors Rio Chama (Re- Gan) yess 25 15 S197 SSCA AT e186 lee eee ee eer ae a ee |e ee a eens eee Motalises 2 sa. AT QUG E82 |e 49h LOD teelh. Lenk leone lease Seat oot se Soe 2| 4) 2) 2 anomala sovichthys: Rio San Pedro-___|--- T5 [sesso She h2 [kal 2| LOM AQIEMess| 2a tas ey Die te Tad Sissel, 2h sizes Rio San Juan_____|--- Bie Lee} eos ff at ees 8 pee |e | re a ee ee eee Se ee eee ee |e eof eee Rio Motatén__-___ 1 Bl Ses ease eG | ee ee |e ae |e tS 2 ee eae eee eee Total 2k -2o% WP COG Ds aS DAT IP SISIG | phe | se sle eee 2 Ble S|) Sil aS lea ce te 2c tachiraensis__.-.....-|--- ie. Nal 2 te oD e emaes Set eee eee to ee Dee eee aoe Miles aie ee Res Aye Me | ere aes ate Dee [ees Pas Reb Bese es ooo See Set Taste 15.—Measurements, in hundredths of the standard length, made on various species of Chaetostoma ND tachiraensis milest a 4 fisheri = Characters soeichings gnomela Holo-| Para-| (Pana-| Honda,| Rio type | type ma) bon Guar- ico Standard longthi22 222s 43. 2-72.0 | 82.5 | 44.2 | 61.1 | 58.6 | 87.0 76.6 89.0 108. 5 Greatest depth body_..__--___----- 16.9-18.7 | 19.5 7.9 | 19.1 | 20.6 | 21.3 17.0 18.2 21.2 Width head at coracoids__-__-_.__- 36. 6-40. 2 | 39.3 | 37.6 | 38.1 | 35.4 | 35.6 30.3 32.8 32.9 Length head (to supraoccipital)__..] 34. 7-37.3 | 33.4 | 35.7 | 36.0 | 36.0 | 33.6 31.1 34.5 32.0 SNOUGE Mas 22 Fas heh mE ee HEL esse 24. 5-28.0 | 24.6 | 25.1 | 24.5 | 24.9 | 24.3 21.0 24.3 22.6 anterorbital 2 jo. P sae Ee 11. 5-12.7 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.4 10.4 10.3 10.7 PVG Pe rn See tae a 4,20-5.09 | 3.64 | 4.75 | 4.58 | 5.12 | 4.55 4. 57 4.72 4.06 Length caudal peduncle__________- 22. 2-26.9 | 27.9 | 25.1 | 25.07] 26.3 | 29.0 28.9 28.7 24.9 Least depth caudal peduncle__.___- 11. 8-12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 13.3 | 14.7 | 14.6 12.0 12.8 13.2 Length first ray dorsal____._-___-_- 18.°7-22.5 | 21.2 | 24.4 | 23.7 | 28.5 | 29.1 27.5 26.1 27.2 Length last ray dorsal__..-.._----- 16. 4-20.1 | 16.5 | 14.9 | 17.2 | 16.6 | 17.4 14,6 16.6 16.8 Length outer upper ray caudal-_--__ 18) 5=255.0))| 245.4.) 285514, 27. 8 1.35. On|2=225- 26.1 30. 2 29.5 Length outer lower ray caudal _____ 26. 8-32.4 | 29.6 | 34.2 | 33.4 | 40.3 |----.- 33.3 36.6 35.0 Length pectoral spine_-_-__.-__--.- 94. 5-27.1 | 25.2 | 25.3 | 26.4 | 30.9 | 35.4 28.1 28.5 28.9 Longest.ray anali--. 22. 4:22.52. 2.2 8. 10-9. 51 | 9.94 | 10.2 | 8.84 | 12.0 | 12.8 12.4 13:7 12.0 Length ramus lower jaw-_---------- 10. 1-10.9 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 12.0 | 12.5 9.00 10.3 10.6 Distance nostrils to snout__________ 18. 5-25.0 | 17.0 | 17.2 | 19.3 | 17.0] 18.6 15.0 V7 16.8 Distance nostrils to eye_________-_- 5. 32-6.48 | 5.54 | 6.79 | 6.3 | 5.12 | 5.98 4.30 4.72 5.18 Distance snout to origin dorsal_____| 46.5-48.6 | 46.8 | 48.2 | 48.2 | 48.1 | 44.3 42.0 44.8 42.4 Distance snout to origin anal______ 69. 6-74.1 | 69.7 | 72.4 | 71.8 | 70.3 | 69.5 67.4 71.6 61.3 Distance snout to origin adipose___| 82.4-85.7 | 83.1 | 83.7 | 83.8 | 83.7 | 84.0 80. 4 81.0 77.0 Length base of dorsal fin-_________- 25. 2-26.6 | 26.7 | 27.1 | 27.1 | 27.5 |.25.6 Zane 25.0 25.0 Eye to rear edge temporal plate____| 8.40-9.20 | 8.12 | 8.60 | 7.69 | 8.88 | 10.5 8. 50 8. 20 7. 92 Snout to gill opening._.___..______- 30. 6-34.0 | 32.2 | 30.6 | 31.1 | 29.2 | 28.4 20D. 27.6 27.5 | 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 94 Width of head at base of humeral! process or coracoids 35.4 (35.6); length of head from tip of snout to posterior end of supraoccipital plate 36.0 (33.6); length of head from snout to rear of temporal plate 37.9 (34.6); tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening 29.2 (28.4); greatest depth of body 20.5 (21.3); length of snout 24.9 (24.3); width of fleshy interorbital space 12.5 (12.4); diameter of eye 5.12 (4.55); length from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin rays 26.3 (29.0): least depth of caudal peduncle 14.7 (14.6); length of ramus of lower jaw 12.0 (12.5); greatest width of lower lip 6.49 (6.55) ; rear edge of eye to posterior edge of temporal plate opposite first lateral line pore 8.88 (10.5); length of first ray of dorsal fin 28.5 (29.1); length of last ray of dorsal 16.6 (17.4); length of pectoral spine 30.9 (35.4); length of upper ray of caudal fin 35.0 (——); length of lower ray of caudal fin 40.3 (——); length of ray of adipose fin 11.1 (10.8); length of longest anal fin ray 12.0 (12.8); length of base of dorsal fin 27.5 (25.6); distance from bony edge of nasal opening to tip of snout 17.0 (18.6); distance from edge of nasal opening to eye 5.12 (5.98); tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 48.1 (44.3); tip of snout to origin of anal fin 70.3 (69.5); tip of snout to origin of adipose 83.7 (84.0); distance from anus to anal origin 8.20 (9.30). The following counts were made: Dorsal rays I,8 (1,8), anal 1,5 (1,5); pelvic I,5 (1,5); pectoral 1,6 (1,6); series of lateral scutes 24 (24) ; pores in lateral line 25 (25) ; interopercle with 4 (5) hooked spines; about 6 (8) spines on operculum; 11 (12) scutes between anal and base of caudal; 5 (5) scutes between dorsal and adipose and 4 (4) in front of dorsal. The body is short and its width broad as in C. anomala; the width at coracoids is equal to the distance from tip of snout to rear of supraoccipital plate and is contained 2.9 times in the standard length; a small dermal keel, a little longer than pupil, lies along middorsal line at rear tip of the supraoccipital plate; interorbital space about 1% in the snout; eye 2% in interorbital space and 4%» in the snout; length of depressed anal a little longer than the width of interorbital space; plates all prickly; dorsal spine not much larger than the soft rays; pectoral spine enlarged with strong spines; soft rays of pelvics and pectorals with prickles; anterior third of snout fleshy, without plates, but with small folds; lips papillate; belly naked; a barbel at each corner of the mouth; a narrow naked area along base of dorsal, but along base of adipose the naked area is obsolete; intestines much coiled; peritoneum blackish; caudal fin deeply concave, the upper lobe equal to distance from snout to rear of supraoccipital. Color.—Grayish brown above paler below; top of head and sides with small dark spots caudal plain grayish, as in many specimens of C. anomala anomala and C. anomala sovichthys, but the forked caudal THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 291 has pale tips to the upper and lower caudal lobes; the middle rays at tips are slightly blackish, interradial membranes of caudal with black pigment; a somewhat diffuse yet distinct dark streak along midsides; traces of four dark saddles on back, one in front of dorsal, the second at front of dorsal, third at rear of dorsal, fourth through adipose base and on caudal peduncle; pectoral spines blackish above; pelvics plain like body; the conspicuous black spot between dorsal spine and first branched ray is present but smaller, then less distinct dark spots occur on the naked area of body between the bases of each soft dorsal ray, the pigment extends a trifle on the base of the interradial mem- branes; membranes between soft dorsal rays with five or six dark spots, the rays pale. Named tachiraensis for the river in which it was taken. Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from all other species of Chaetostoma by the small dermal fold or keel at rear tip of the supraoccipital, this keel about equal in length to diameter of pupil. Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 91, p. 238, figs. 28, 29, 1940) describes C. furcata from Peru as having a bony protuberance at rear tip of supraoccipital, but in tachiraensis this is a dermal keel. C. furcata has I, 4 anal and I, 7 dorsal rays, while the new species has I, 5 and I, 8 rays, respectively. The color pattern of small dark spots anteriorly on head and with the pigment spot on the interradial membranes of the dorsal instead of on the rays is char- acteristic of this new species. The species most closely related to tachiraensis is Fowler’s C. milesi (Notulae Naturae, No. 73, p. 2, figs. 1-5, 1941) described from Honda, Colombia. This species is repre- sented by three specimens in U.S.N.M. No. 116467, measuring 64 to 89 mm. in standard length, from the Magdalena River, Honda, Colombia. Regan’s species C. thomsoni (Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 250, pl. 14, fig. 2, 1904), from Villeta, Colombia, is very similar to C. milesi Fowler. However, both of these species differ in color; the dorsal fin of C. techiraensis has the color spots on the membranes of the dorsal instead of on the rays as in C. thomsoni, there is a lateral dark band on tachiraensis, but in C. malesi there are about four rows of small dark spots along the sides; all three speci- mens of milesi before me agree with Fowler’s figures, except there are no spots on the dorsal membranes. The caudal fin is much less con- cave in milesi and thomsoni than in tachiraensis, it is almost forked in the latter. CHAETOSTOMA MILESI Fowler Chaetostoma milesi FowLER, Notulae Naturae, No. 73, p. 2, figs. 1-5, 1941 (Honda, Colombia). U.S.N.M. No. 121051, 2 specimens, 98 and 130 mm., from Rio Gudrico (Orinoco system) and tributaries between San Sebastidn and San Casimiro, Estado de 292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM YOL. 94 Aragua, Venezuela, collected by Leonard P. Schultz, W. H. Phelps, Jr., Roger Sherman, and G. Zuloaga, May 12, 1942. U.S.N.M. No. 116467, from Magdalena River, near Honda, Colombia, collected by Cecil Miles. Measurements for this species are given in tables 14 and 15, CHAETOSTOMA GUAIRENSIS Steindachner CoRRONCHO Chaetostomus guairensis STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 43, p. 121, pl. 3, figs. 1, la, 1882 (Guaire at Caracas, Venezuela).—REGAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 249, 1904 (Caracas).—EIGENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 9, 1920 (Rfo Castafio, at Maracay, Venezuela).—ROuL, Fauna descriptiva de Venezuela, p. 384, 1942 (no locality). CHAETOSTOMA STANNII Liitken Chaelostomus stannit LiitKEN, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, pts. 12-16, p. 206, 1874 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 43, p. 120, pl. 5, fig. 4, 4a, 1882 (Puerto Cabello).—Reraan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 248, 1904 (Puerto Cabello). CHAETOSTOMA ANOMALA SOVICHTHYS, new subspecies CorRONCHO PuaTE 8, A, B Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 121053, a specimen 71.5 mm. in standard length taken by Leonard P. Schultz on March 20, 1942, near the bridge over the Rio San Pedro, a tributary of the Rio Motatan, southeast of Mene Grande, in the Maracaibo Basin. This river was a succession of pools and riffles, the bottom covered with rubble. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz).—U.S.N.M. No. 121056, 118 specimens, 19 to 72.5 mm. in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121058, 14 specimens, 43.8 to 62.7 mm. in standard length, taken on March 17 and 20, 1942, near the bridge in the Rio San Juan, tributary of the Rio Motatan, southeast of Mene Grande, Maracaibo Basin; U.S.N.M. No. 121055, 20 specimens, 12.8 to 45.2 mm. from the Rio Motatan, 4 km. above Motatan, March 25, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121057, 3 speci- mens, 17.5 to 45 mm., from the Rio Jimelles, 12 km. east of Motatan, a tributary of the Rio Motatan, Maracaibo Basin, March 24, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121054, 15 specimens, 12 to 30 mm., from the Rio Motat4n, 8 km. below Motatan, March 24, 1942. In addition, Dr. H. Pittier, in 1923, collected 2 specimens, U.S.N.M. No. 86262, 20 and 36.5 mm., in the Rio Motat4n near Valeria, Estado de Trujillo, Venezuela. In all the localities where this species occurred the water flowed rapidly and the stream bottoms were composed of gravel to rubble. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 7 A, Doraops zuloagai, new genus and species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121015), 287 mm. in standard length; B, C, Chaetostoma tachiraensis, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121052), 58.6 mm.; D, Astroblepus phelpsi, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121126), 53.6mm. A, drawing; B and C, photographs; D, retouched photograph. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 8 A, B, Chaetostoma anomala sovichthys, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121053), 71.5 mm. in standard length; C, D, Pseudancistrus torbesensis, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121001), 64.6 mm. Photographs. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 293 Description.—Based on the holotype and numerous paratypes listed above. All measurements are given in hundredths of the stand- ard length, those for the holotype first and then in parentheses those for the paratypes that were measured in detail. Standard length (in mm.) 71.5 (72.0; 43.2; 60.2); total length 96.1 (92.0; 58.1; 77.0) mm. Width of head at base of humeral process in front of base of pectoral spine 28.0 (27.5; 25.0; 24.5); length of head from tip of snout to pos- terior end of supraoccipital plate 36.5 (36.4; 37.3; 34.7); tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening 33.0 (34.0; 30.8; 33.0; 30.6); greatest depth of body 18.3 (18.7; 17.4; 16.9); length of snout 28.0 (27.5; 25.0; 24.5); width of fleshy interorbital space 11.9 (11.5; 12.7; 11.5); diameter of eye 4.20 (4.30; 5.09; 5.00); the eye is larger on the smaller specimens; length from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin rays 26.9 (25.7; 22.2; 24.4); least depth of caudal peduncle 12.2 (11.8; 12.3; 12.1); length of ramus of lower jaw 10.6 (10.1; 10.9; 10.3); greatest width of lower lip 7.27 (6.94; 7.64; 6.29); rear edge of eye to posterior edge of temporal plate opposite first lateral lime pore 8.40 (8.61; 9.20; 8.71); length of first ray of dorsal fin 22.4 (22.4; 22.5; 18.7); length of last dorsal ray 17.5 (20.1; 16.4; 18.7); length of pectoral spine 26.7 (27.1; 24.5; 24.5); length of upper bony ray of caudal fin 23.6 (22.5; 25.0; 18.5); length of lower bony ray of caudal fin 30.1 (30.0; 32.4; 26.8); length of ray of adipose fin 6.71 (7.08; 6.72; 8.38); length of longest anal fin ray 9.51 (8.48; 8.10; 8.54); length of base of dorsal fin 26.6 (26.5; 25.7; 25.2); distance from bony edge of nasal opening to tip of snout 19.9 (19.7; 25.0; 18.5); distance from edge of nasal opening to eye 6.29 (5.73; 6.48; 5.32); tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 47.6 (46.5; 48.6; 47.6); tip of snout to origin of anal 74.1 (73.1; 73.2; 69.6); tip of snout to origin of adipose 84.6 (85.2; 85.7; 82.4); distance from anus to anal origin 8.67 (9.03; 10.4; 8.55). The following counts were made, respectively: Rays in dorsal fin I, 8 Ci, 8;1, 8;1, 8); anal fin I, 4 (1, 4; I, 4; I, 4); pectoral rays always I, 6 and pelvic rays always I, 5; pores in lateral line 24 (24; 24; 25); series of plates along sides 24 (23; 24; 24); always 4 series of plates in front of dorsal, and 4 or 5 plates between dorsal and adipose fins; 11 series of plates between anal base and midbase of caudal fin rays; the spines on the opercle consist of 2 strong ones and 6 to 8 weaker ones, those on the interopercle are irregular in number, usually in three groups of 2 or 3 + 2 to 4 + 3 or 4, starting dorsally. Head broad, depressed, its width at base of pectoral a little greater than its length (from tip of snout to rear of supraoccipital) ; eyes small mostly in posterior quarter of the head; bony covering everywhere 294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 prickly; the first rays of all the fins, except anal, are enlarged and bony, with strong prickles, and those on the pectoral spine recurved spinules; the soft rays of pelvics and pectorals also with prickles; the anterior third of the snout not bony and without prickles, this fleshy area is more or less composed of very small plicate folds; both lips papillate; the small barbel at the outer corners of the lips is rather short, and is contained about 3 to 3% times in the fleshy interorbital space; two pairs of nasal openings close together near middorsal line, a little in front of the eyes, the posterior opening of each pair covered by a dermal flap; a rather wide area along base of dorsal and adipose fins naked; belly naked to anal fin; intestine elongate, much coiled. Color.—Grayish to brownish above, paler below, the blackish peritoneum conspicuous through the skin; five pale areas dorsally separated by dark saddles, the first at front of dorsal, second at rear base of dorsal, third in front of adipose fin, last behind that fin; these dark-colored saddles join along midsides to form a more or less obvious wide lateral band. Top of head finely mottled or speckled with pale; dorsal fin barred, the black and pale areas on the rays, the membranes pale or plain grayish; caudal fin with three distinct bars on upper and middle rays with an additional bar on the lower lobe near the ends of the rays, seldom are there two or four bars on the upper lobe of the caudal fin; pelvics sometimes with two dark bars and pec- torals plain or with about three or four bars; anal with its base usually blackish; dorsal fin with a conspicuous black spot on the membrane between, the bases of the spine and first soft ray; belly yellowish when alive and also the tip of the upper lobe of caudal fin yellowish. Named sovichthys in honor of and in appreciation of the help ex- tended to me by the Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela while I was a guest at the camps of the Lago Petroleum Corporation. Remarks.—This new subspecies differs from Chaetostoma anomala anomala Regan of the Rio Chama system, Maracaibo Basin, in having a larger eye, in reference to width of interorbital space, and in color. The eye is contained 2.3 to 3.0 (average about 2.7) in the interorbital space in sovichthys of the Rio Motatan system, and in anomala 2.7 to 3.3 (average about 3.0) on specimens of comparable sizes, 25 to 75 mm. in standard length. The dark bars on the upper lobe and middle rays of the caudal fin in sovichthys are wider and number three, only occasionally two or four, while in C. a. anomala they are narrower and almost always number four, only rarely three or five; thus the caudal fin of the Rio Chama form is barred the same as the dorsal, while sovichthys of the Motatan system has more distinct but fewer dark bars across its caudal. There are in addition some statistical differences in bodily proportions when the same sizes of specimens are compared. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 995 CHAETOSTOMA ANOMALA ANOMALA Regan CorRONCHO; CHAROCA Chaetostomus anomalus Reaan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 11, p- 599, 1903 (Mérida, Venezuela, 1,500 meters; Albirregas and Milla Rivers above Mérida, 3,500 meters); Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 250, pl. 12, fig. 2, 1904 (Mérida, Venezuela). Collections made in 1942 by Leonard P. Schultz in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela: U.S.N.M. No. 121059, taken April 3, in the Rfo Chama at Estanques, Estado de Mérida, 60 specimens, 23.5 to 79 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121060, taken March 30, in the Rfo Chama 10 km. below Lagu- nillas, Estado de Mérida, 5 specimens, 18.5 to 26 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121061, Rio Tdchira, 7 km. north of San Antonio, Catatumbo system, April 1, 1 specimen, 61.1 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121062, Rio Barregas, tributary to Rfo Chama just below Egido, Estado de Mérida, March 29, 457 specimens. U.S.N.M. No. 121063, Rfo Gonzdles, tributary to Rio Chama at La Gonzales, Estado de Mérida, March 29, 159 specimens, 10.2 to 76.6 mm. In addition, US.N.M. Nos. 101608 and 101615, one specimen each, were collected by Nicéforo Maria in the Rio Pamplonita, near Cucuta (Catatumbo system), Santander del Norte, Colombia. The following measurements, expressed in hundredths of the stand- ard length, were made on two specimens from the Rio Barregas at Egi- do, Estado de Mérida (standard length 82.5; 44.2 mm., total length 107; 60.2 mm.): Width of head at base of humeral process or in front of base of pectoral spine 39.3; 37.6; length of head from tip of snout to posterior end of supraoccipital plate 33.4; 35.7; tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening 32.2; 30.6; greatest depth of body 19.5; 17.9; length of snout 24.6; 25.1; width of fleshy interorbital space 11.6; 12.4; diameter of eye 3.64; 4.75; length from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin rays 27.9; 25.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 12.2; 12.2; length of ramus of lower jaw 11.5; 12.00; greatest width of lower lip 7.52; 7.96; rear edge of eye to posterior edge of temporal plate opposite first lateral line pore 8.12; 8.60; length of first ray of dorsal fin 21.2; 24.4; length of last dorsal ray 16.5; 14.9; length of pectoral spine 25.2; 25.3; length of upper bony ray of caudal fin 24.4; 28.5; length of lower bony ray of caudal fin 29.6; 34.2;length of ray of adipose fin 6.30; 5.56; length of longest anal fin ray 9.94; 10.2; length of base of dorsal fin 26.7; 27.1; distance from bony edge of nasal opening to tip of snout 17.0; 17.2; distance from edge of nasal opening to eye 5.54; 6.79; tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 46.8; 48.2; tip of snout to origin of anal fin 69.7; 72.4; tip of snout to origin of adipose 83.1; 83.7; distance from anus to origin of anal 10.5; 10.6. The number and arrangement of scutes and spines appear to be the same in both anomala and sovichthys. 296. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 CHAETOSTOMA PEARSEI Eigenmann CorrRONCHO Chaetostomus pearsei E1GENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 8, fig. 3, pl. 2, 1920 (Rfo Castafio at Maracay, Rfo Tuy at El Concejo, Venezuela) .— PEARSE, Univ. Wisconsin Studies, No. 1, pp. 20, 43, 1920 (Rio Castafio, Venezuela). CHAETOSTOMA NUDIROSTRIS Liitken Chaetostomus nudirostris LUTKEN, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhayn, 1874, p. 207 (Valencia, Venezuela).—SrT5inDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 43, p. 120, pl. 5, fig. 2, 2a, 1882 (Valencia).—Rere@an, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 251, 1904 (Valencia). —E1cENMaNN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 8, 1920 (no specimen secured). Genus PSEUDANCISTRUS Bleeker Pseudancisirus BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique, vol. 2, p. 2, 1862; Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., 1863, vol. 1, p. 78. (Type, Hyposiomus barbatus Cuvier and Valen- ciennes.) (Ref. copied.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PSEUDANCISTRUS FROM VENEZUELA la. Anal rays I, 5; 3 plates from dorsal fin base to adipose origin. Pseudancistrus torbesensis, new species 1b. Anal rays I, 4; 4 to 6 plates from dorsal base to adipose origin, 2a. Dorsal rays usually I, 6 or I, 7. 3a. Five plates from dorsal fin base to adipose origin; 11 plates from anal base to midbase of caudal fin. Pseudancistrus coquenani (Steindachner) 3b. Four plates from dorsal fin base to adipose origin; 9 (probably 10) plates from base of anal to midbase of caudal fin. Pseudancistrus yaravi (Steindachner) 2b. Dorsal rays usually I, 8 or I, 9; usually 11 plates between anal base and midcaudal fin base; 5 or 6 plates from dorsal fin base to adipose origin. Pseudancistrus pediculatus cobrensis, new subspecies PSEUDANCISTRUS TORBESENSIS, new species PuaTeE 8, C, D Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121001, a specimen 64.6 mm. in standard length, taken by Leonard P. Schultz on March 31, 1942, 1 km. above Tariba in the Rio Torbes, Orinoco system. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121002, 174 specimens, 15.5 to 64.6 mm. in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data. These types all came from swiftly running water among boulders, rubble to coarse gravel. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes; detailed meas- urements, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded for the holotype and three paratypes, the data for the latter included in parentheses, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 64.6 (64.5; 51.2; 44.2; 21.5); total length 83.0 (82.0; 66.8; 59.8; 28.7) mm. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 297 TaBLE 16.—Counts recorded for certain species and subspecies of Pseudancistrus Number of fin rays Number of plates | ini From Aor- sae Number of spines on n lower sal fin interopercle Species Dorsal Anal lateral | to origin peeAot series adipose vandal fin uda fin rays t Gageiges

lg ae |i Seale cn al cel | sea steele eee | eee eee Loe | See = |mon aena pS aptoulojsoosIad: +> S35 | oe pe | | Ts |All gemincs Ha esol biaees |r| ers alg | Sal coe |g mol Pea (are | ae ee lncc | eerelecealeroa| meres as TIS lat lage ee w9poz]4909 “OD OT ST | HT) eT | Zr itr | 8 | 4) 9 |g }6s)sz) zz | 9% | oe] or} ot | et} er|et}imlor)/6|s}2io9lelorler|slerlerlmlorlelsi|2z/9 uy [epnevd jo ostq | osodipe 04 -piw 0} [vue worg | [esiop wosg STE CCRT Mel JOMO'T Mel odd gq sopedg SSDINO Cig JO LC COE ie ee ed ee soyerd Jo 1aquinN snwel 00 4400} JO JQUINN a ee onbeueg pup woporyooy fo sarvads urpsao sof paps09e4 sun0g—GT AIAV I, 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 coracoids or in front of base of pectoral spine 35.7 (33.9; 33.8; 33.2); greatest depth of body 25.7 (27.2; 25.4; 25.7); length of snout 28.6 (30.3; 29.5; 27.6); width of fleshy interorbital space 23.4 (22.8; 22.3; 21.5); diameter of eye 3.93 (3.57; 4.06; 3.77); postorbital length of head 10.9 (11.2; 10.4; 10.2); length of longest spine on interopercle 27.5 (29.0; 26.9; 30.4); length of caudal peduncle or the distance from base of last anal ray to base of middle caudal fin rays 25.7 (25.4; 26.8; 28.3); least depth of caudal peduncle 9.82 (10.8; 10.2; 10.2); length of base of dorsal fin 26.4 (25.9; 25.4; 25.7); length of bony dorsal spine 29.1 (26.3; 27.2; 27.6); length of bony pectoral spine 36.4 (37.9; 38.1; 35.5); length of anal spme 16.8 (15.6; 15.2; 15.1); length of pelvic spine 26.1 (25.9; 25.9; 24.5); length of upper ray of caudal fin 30.4 (regenerating on holotype) (43.3; 42.2; 36.8); length of lower ray of caudal 35.4 (—; 35.0; 33.6); length of shortest midcaudal rays 22.8 (22.3; 20.3; 21.5); distance from snout to origin of dorsal fin 47.5 (51.3; 51.8; 49.0); snout to origin of adipose fin 83.2 (82.1; 84.3; 84.5); snout to origin of anal fin 70.3 (68.7; 69.0; 68.7). The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays always 1,7; anal rays always I,4; pectorals always I,6; pelvics always 1,5; teeth in ramus of upper jaw then of lower jaw on one side 8-9 (8-8; 8-8; 8-9); number of plates in lower lateral series 25 (25; 26; 25); pores in lateral line 25 (25; 26; 25); plates from base of anal fin to midbase of caudal 13 (13; 13; 12); plates from anal base to origin of adipose 6 (5; 5; 6); always three plates before dorsal fin. Front of head depressed, contour from eyes forward almost straight, the supraoccipital arched but no median keel posteriorly; flattish shelf from eye to nostrils, the space between nostrils convex, this continuing to tip of snout; eye in rear two-thirds length of head; the posterior margin of the supraoccipital plate is gently convex, all of the scutes from head posteriorly are carinate with one to three or four prominent spines; spines on interopercle long, with the tips hooked outward, and the longest spine reaching to middle of second plate of lower lateral series; pectoral spine long, heavy, with numerous long spines on its dorsal surface posteriorly; the pectoral spine reaches a little beyond the middle of the pelvic spine and the latter reaches almost to opposite rear base of anal fin; caudal peduncle a little com- pressed, its least depth about 2% in its length; origin of anal fin a little behind a vertical through rear base of dorsal fin; belly and under- side of head completely covered over with rough platelets; no naked area at tip of snout; intestine much coiled; upper ray of caudal fin elongate on the two smaller paratypes, extending considerably behind the other rays. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ oll Color—Uniformly grayish; peritoneum dusky. My 31-mm. speci- men has the basal two-thirds of the paired fins black, and the tips of these fins white; the posterior margin of dorsal is white, a narrow white bar across caudal peduncle, middle of caudal fin white then some black blotches; the tips of the rays are white. Remarks.—This new species is closely related to Panaque gibbosus (Steindachner) but differs in having a more robust body. The greatest depth at origin of dorsal fin is contained 3% to 4 in the stand- ard length, and the least depth of the caudal peduncle is 2% to 2% in its length in P. suttoni, but in P. gibbosus it is 4% and 3 to 34, respec- tively. Other differences are given in the key. Named sutioni in honor of Dr. and Mrs. Frederick A. Sutton, who were very kind to me while I stayed at the camp of the Lago Petroleum Corporation in Maracaibo. Genus COCHLIODON Heckel Cochliodon HeckBt, in Giinther, Catalogue of fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5, pp. 231, 238, 1864. (Type, Hypostomus cochliodon Kner.) Cheiridodus E1gENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, No. 1, p. 70, 1922. (Type, Plecostomus hondae Regan.) Eigenmann in describing the genus Cheiridodus separated it from Cochliodon by the presence of a “small lobe on the outer edge of the base of each tooth.” JI am able to find such a lobe on small specimens up to a standard length of about 60 mm. from the Mara- caibo Basin, but the little lobe disappears with age and the tooth wears down until it becomes cup-shaped. It is possible that Cheiri- dodus hondae (Regan) is very close to Cochliodon plecostomoides Eigenmann, neither of which I have seen. The relationship of these two genera needs investigation. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF COCHLIODON REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Usually 7 or 8 strongly cup-shaped teeth on ramus of each jaw. Cochliodon cochliodon (Kner) 1b. From 11 to 16 spoon-shaped teeth on ramus of each jaw. 2a. Teeth 11 or 12 on each ramus; depth 4.5, head 3.1, in standard length; eye 8.5 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in its length. Cochliodon plecostomoides Higenmann 2b. Teeth 13 to 16 on each ramus of jaws__Cochliodon pospisili, new species COCHLIODON COCHLIODON (Kner) PANAQUE Hypostomus cochliodon Kner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 7, p. 265, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1854 (Rio Cujaba). Plecostomus cochliodon PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Rfo Apure, Venezuela), 312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 COCHLIODON PLECOSTOMOIDES Eigenmann Cochliodon plecostomoides EI1GENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 7, 1920 (Rio Bue, Maracay, Venezuela) (nomen nudum); Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, No. 1, p. 225, pl. 11, fig. 1, 2, 3, 1922 (type from Quebrada Cram- alote, Villavicencio, Colombia; Rfo Bue at Maracay, Valencia Basin). COCHLIODON POSPISILI, new species Puate 11, C, D Cheiridodus hondae Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull, vol. 2, No. 4, p. 100, 1942 (Rio Monay, 35 km. north of Trujillo, Motatén system, Venezuela). Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 121003, a specimen 66.6 mm. in standard length, taken by Leonard P. Schultz on February 21, 1942, in the Rio Palmar near Totuma about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz).—-U.S.N.M. No. 121010, 13 specimens, 25.2 to 66 mm. in standard length, taken with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121908, 24 speci- mens, 15 to 62.6 mm. from the Rio Machango about 20 km. above the bridge south of Lagunillas, Maracaibo Basin, March 21, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121006, a specimen 14 mm. long from the Rio Machango at the bridge, March 16, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121009, a specimen 27 mm. in length taken March 6, 1942, in the Rio Palmar at the bridge 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo; U.S.N.M. No. 121005, one fish 36.6 mm. in standard length, taken March 25, 1942, in the Rio Motatan, 4 km. above Motatan; U.S.N.M. No. 121011, 11 specimens, 21 to 35 mm. long, taken on March 24, 1942, in the Rio Motatén, 8 km. below Motat4én; U.S.N.M. No. 121007, 46 specimens, 16 to 47 mm., from the Rio Motatan at bridge 22 km. north of Motatan, March 17, 1942. All localities in the Maracaibo Basin. In addition, U.S.N.M. No. 121004, 6 specimens, 15 to 19 mm. in standard length that I am not certain are this species because of their small size. They were collected in the Rio Socuy 3 km. above its mouth on February 24, 1942. Description.—Based on the holotype and the numerous paratypes listed above. All measurements are expressed in hundredths of the standard length, those for the holotype first, followed by those for the paratypes in parentheses. Standard length (in mm.) 66.6 (62.6; 56.6); total length (in mm.) 101.6 (95.6; 83.7). Length of head from tip of snout to rear edge of temporal plate 34.7 (32.8; 36.7); length of head from tip of snout to posterior edge of supraoccipital plate 34.5 (35.6; 37.1); tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening 26.0 (25.9; 26.8); width of head at coracoids or in front of base of pectorals 29.3 (29.7; 29.2); greatest depth of body 22.8 (24.1; 21.2); length of snout 21.9 (20.8; 23.7); width of fleshy inter- orbital space 16.5 (17.4; 17.3); diameter of eye 6.16 (6.70; 6.39); postorbital length of head 9.31 (10.4; 10.8); length of caudal peduncle (distance from base of last anal ray to base of midcaudal fin rays) THE OATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 313 32.3 (31.3; 30.2); least depth of caudal peduncle 9.76 (9.26; 9.36); length of base of dorsal fin 25.5 (27.8; 26.7); length of bony dorsal spine 33.9 (36.7; 36.7); length of bony pectoral spine 30.3 (33.7; 32.0) ; length of anal spine 14.0 (—; 15.0); length of bony pelvic spine 29.3 (29.2; 28.4); length of upper ray of caudal fin 47.4 (—; 45.0); length of lower ray of caudal fin 51.1 (53.2; —); length of shortest midcaudal rays 23.7 (24.4; 24.6); distance from snout to origin of dorsal fin 42.1 (42.8; 44.5); snout to origin of adipose 79.6 (80.0; 83.2); snout to origin of anal 64.7 (64.2; 65.6). The following counts were made, respectively. Dorsal rays always I, 7; anal always I, 4; pectoral always I, 6; and pelvic I, 5; teeth in ramus of upper jaw on one side 15 (16; 15); and ramus of lower jaw 16 (15; 16); number of scutes in lower lateral series 28 (28; 28) - pores in lateral line 29 (29; 29); plates from dorsal to origin of adipose fin 7 (8; 7); plates from last ray of anal to base of midcaudal fin rays 15 (15; 14); always three pilates in front of dorsal fin. Head somewhat depressed, its contour from supraoccipital forward almost straight; supraoccipital convex or arched, the posterior tip extending backward into the plate; the area of the interorbital space above eyes flattish, but the middle two-thirds, convex; the series of lateral plates above and below the lateral line carinate the other scutes on body weakly carinate; no spines on opercle or interopercle; depressed dorsal fin reaching almost to origin of adipose; pectoral spine about one-third the way out the pelvic spine, the latter reaching a little beyond middle of anal fin; belly covered with small platelets, the area of breast in front of bases of pectorals mostly naked (this may become plated on adults however); dorsal fin truncate; caudal fin deeply forked, the lower lobe with the longest ray, although this is variable; caudal peduncle slender, about 3}, in its length; intestine much coiled, peritoneum blackish. Color.—Brownish everywhere, with numerous blackish spots nearly the size of the pupil, except on head where they are very small and more numerous; these large spots occur on fins and on the belly. Remarks.—This new species is closely related to Cochliodon pleco- stomoides Kigenmann and Plecostomus hondae Regan but differs in the number of teeth. C. pospisili has 13 to 16 teeth on each ramus of the jaws and plecostomoides and hondae only 9 to 12. Named pospisii for Frank J. Pospisil, of the Lago Petroleum Cor- poration, who made it possible for me to collect fishes in the Rio Machango and also in the Andes of Venezuela. Genus LASTANCISTRUS Regan Lasiancisirus Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 224, 1904. (Type, Chaetostomus heteracanthus Giinther.) 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LASIANCISTRUS REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Lower lobe of caudal fin blackish; posterior margin of caudal fin pale. Lasiancistrus mystacinus (Kner) 1b. Caudal fin barred and without a pale edge posteriorly. Lasiancistrus maracaiboensis, new species LASIANCISTRUS MYSTACINUS (Kner) Ancistrus mystacinus Kner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 7, p. 276, 1854 (Caracas, Venezuela) (ref. copied).—Rucan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 238, 1904 (Caracas). Hemiancistrus mystacinus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occ. Papers California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 420, 1890 (Caracas). Lasiancisirus mystacinus EIGENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 7, 1920 (no specimens collected). Chaetostomus mystacinus GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5, p. 244, 1864 (Caracas). LASIANCISTRUS MARACAIBOENSIS, new species Puate 11, A, B Because certain characters are not mentioned in the descriptions of species referred to this genus, it has been difficult, if not impossible, to come to definite conclusions as to the exact differences between this new species and those supposed to be closely related to it. If ma- terial were available for examination of each species, I would be more satisfied, but the war prohibits the sending of specimens at present; it is thought best, therefore, to describe this form as a new species, and later, when the genus is revised, the validity of this new species and of others can be determined. Holotype.-—U.S.N.M. No. 121038, a specimen 119 mm. in standard length (the largest one collected) taken by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rio Socuy, 3 km. above its mouth on February 24, 1942. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz) —U.S.N.M. No. 121049, 8 specimens, 65.6 to 111 mm. in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121043, 2 specimens, 37.3 and 46 mm., taken March 2, 1942, in the Rio Negro below the mouth of Rio Yasa, Maracaibo Basin; U.S.N.M. No. 121039, 17 specimens, 23.5 to 73 mm., taken February 21, 1942, in the Rio Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. west of Maracaibo; U.S.N.M. No. 121041, 2 specimens, 27.5 and 66.5 mm., taken March 6, 1942, in the Rio Palmar at the bridge 70 km. southwest of Mara- caibo; U.S.N.M. No. 121046, 1 specimen, 20 mm., collected March 21, 1942, in a creek close by a hot spring tributary to Rio Machango, about 20 km. above the bridge south of Lagunillas; U.S.N.M. No. 121044, 3 specimens, 33.5 to 41 mm., taken March 21, 1942, in the Rio Machango 20 km. above the bridge south of Lagunillas; U.S.N.M. No. 121048, 34 specimens, 26.5 to 92 mm. collected March 25, 1942, in. the Rio Motatdén, 4 km. above Motatén, Maracaibo Basin; THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 315 U.S.N.M. No. 121047, 85 specimens, 14.5 to 49 mm., collected March 24, 1942, in the Rio Motatan, 8 km. below Motatdn; U.S. N.M. No. 121045, 91 specimens, 14.5 to 70 mm., taken March 17, 1942, in the Rio Motatan, at the bridge 22 km. north of Motataén; U.S.N.M. No. 121040, 49 specimens, 14.4 to 73 mm., collected March 24, 1942, in the Rio Jimelles, 12 km. east of Motatan, tributary of Rio Motatan; U.S.N.M. No. 121050, 11 specimens, 24.2 to 90.5 mm., taken March 20, 1942, in the Rio San Pedro, a tributary of the Rio Motatdn, at the bridge south of Mene Grande; U.S.N.M No. 121042, 36 specimens 18.5 to 70 mm., collected March 17-20, 1942, in the Rio San Juan near the bridge south of Mene Grande, tributary of Rio Motatan. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. Detailed measurements are expressed in hundredths of the standard length, those for the holotype first, followed by those for the para- types in parentheses, respectively. Standard length (in mm.) 119 (92; 80.7; 62.5; 45.6); total length 156 (122.8; 99; 86.3; 63.6) mm. Length of head from tip of snout to rear edge of temporal plate 40.7 (38.3; 37.5; 38.4; 38.1); length from tip of snout to posterior tip of supraoccipital 38.7; (37.8; 37.3; 37.9; 38.6); width of head at base of pectoral spine 33.2 (29.8; 31.2; 32.3; 31.1); postorbital length of head 14.2 (12.3; 12.4; 12.0; 12.1); greatest depth of body 19.9 (14.9; 18.6; 17.1; 15.3); length of snout 22.7 (23.9; 22.3; 23.0; 21.9); width of fleshy interorbital space 18.1 (16.4; 17.3; 16.8; 17.1); distance from eye to bony edge of nostril 6.80 (5.10; 5.95; 5.60; 5.92); longest spine of interopercle 13.9 (11.4; 15.5; 13.6; 10.3); diameter of eye 5.46 (5.10; 5.08; 5.76; 6.58); length of ramus of lower jaw 5.12 (5.87; 4.83; 6.72; 6.68); greatest width of lower lip 5.55 (5.87; 5.70; 6.72; 6.58); length of caudal peduncle (distance from base of last anal ray to base of midcaudal fin rays 27.5 (28.5; 29.2; 29.6; 27.2); least depth of caudal peduncle 10.1 (10.0; 9.82; 10.1; 9.42); length of depressed dorsal fin 36.9 (37.1; 35.0; 35.2; 36.2) ; length of anal fin 13.0 (12.5; 12.4; 13.9; 12.1); length of base of dorsal fin 21.8 (20.8; 20.4; 21.0; 20.6); length of dorsal spine 26.0 (27.2; 26.0; 24.3; 26.3); length of adipose spine 7.56 (9.13; 8.18; 7.36; 9.65); length of pectoral spine 33.8 (36.5 31.7; 33.1; 30.7); length of pelvic spine 25.6 (26.4; 26.0; 27.2; 26.5); length of anal spine 11.7 (11.5; 10.2; 11.7; 9.42); length of upper ray of caudal fin 29.5 (30.5; 30.5; 30.4; 33.3); length of lower ray of caudal fin (34.1; 36.0; 35.2; 36.0); distance from snout to origin of dorsal fin 46.7 (46.2; 45.6; 48.0; 45.2); snout to origin of adipose fin 84.0 (81.2; 81.8; 82.7; 85.6); snout to origin of anal fin 70.3 (67.0; 68.2; 70.7; 70.2); snout to insertion of pelvic fin 48.5 (47.8; 49.2, 48.3; 49.4). The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays always I, 7; anal rays always I, 5; pectoral rays always I, 6, and pelvic I, 5; number of plates in lower lateral series 25 (24; 24; 24; 24); plates 316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 from base of anal to base of midcaudal fin rays 12 (12; 12; 12; 12); plates in front of dorsal fin 4 (4; 4; 4; 4); plates from dorsal to origin of adipose fin 6 (6; 6; 6; 6); number of spines and bristles on the interopercle about 22+22 (23+14; 20+15; 21+12; 22+18); for additional counts see table 20. Head depressed, the interorbital flat, a slightly convex ridge on middorsal line of snout; snout prickly all over except a small naked area near tip; rarely absent in large adults; width of head at base of pectorals equal to snout and 1% to 1% eye diameters; the depressed dorsal extends to origin of adipose or falls short of it by one plate; caudal fin very deeply forked; the shortest middle rays of young one-half length of lower caudal fin ray, which is longest; posterior margin of dorsal fin slightly convex; belly naked to origin of anal fin; pectoral spines extending about one-third the way along the pelvic spines, a little longer in males than in females; barbel at corners of mouth, shorter than pupil; posterior margin of lower lip finely papil- late and without lappets; length of bony ramus of lower jaw 2% in inteorbital space; the interopercle has a rosette of about 20 to 25 spines, and around the outer anterior margin of these there are usually 10 to 20 long hairlike bristles; each spine and bristle is enclosed basally in a thick dermal sheath that may be expanded distally to enclose the entire spine except its tip; the interopercular spines can be folded down and most of them under the opercle; bristles do not appear to be present in the young, and the number of bristles increases with size; teeth in jaws bifid, very small and numerous; plates on body not keeled, but they are covered with tiny spinules; the first ray of all the fins is enlarged and covered with spinules; intestine coiled. Color.—The general color is grayish, or brownish to blackish brown, with the upper and lower surfaces everywhere with faint pale spots, smaller on the head than posteriorly; these pale spots are absent in the young and sometimes rather obscure in certain adults; no black spots along base of dorsal fin; all fins, except anal and adipose, are barred, the ground color of the fins dark, with the pale spots on the fin rays and not in the membranes between the rays; the number of bars on the fins increases with age, varying from three or four to about six or seven. In some of the smaller specimens there are four or five obscure darkish saddles across the back, one in front of dorsal, the second through front of dorsal fin, third behind base of dorsal, fourth in front of adipose fin and the last under rear of adipose fin; these saddles more or less join to form a dark streak along midsides; lateral line pores white. Remarks.—This new species can be distinguished from all other species with I,5 anal rays referred to the genus Lasiancistrus by its numerous (20 to 25) spines on the interopercle, except from L. mys- tacinus Kner, L. eaucanus EKigenmann, L. mayolor Eigenmann, and L. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 9 A, B, Pseudancistrus pediculatus cobrensis, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121036), 78.6 mm. in standard length; C, D, Ancistrus triradiatus martini, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121064), 81.5 mm. Photographs. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 10 A, Ancistrus brevifilis bodenhameri, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121066), 61.2 mm. in standard length; B, Panaque suttoni, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121033), 280 mm.; C, Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis, new species; Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121012), 285 mm. A, drawing; B and C, photographs. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 11 A, B, Lasiancistrus maracaiboensis, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121038), 119 mm. in standard length; C, D, Cochliodon pospisili, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121003), 66.6 mm. Photographs. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 12 A, B, Loricaria uracantha rupestre, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121102), 79 mm. in standard length; C, L. variegata venezuelae, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121108), 161 mm. A, B, photographs; C, drawing. —- THE OATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SICHULTZ S17 planiceps (Meek and Hildebrand). JZ. mystacinus has the lower lobe of the caudal blackish, but in LZ. maracaiboensis the lower lobe of the caudal is the same as rest of the fin, barred and without a pale posterior edge; L. caucanus has only 10 or 11 plates from the anal to the caudal fin base, 7 plates from dorsal to adipose origin, while the new species has 12 or 13 and 5 or 6, respectively; L. planiceps has seven scutes from dorsal to adipose, and pale spots on the membranes between the rays of the dorsal, while in maracaiboensis there are five or six plates and no pale spots on the membranes of any of the fins, the pale spots occurring on the rays instead; L. mayolot appears to be closely related to maracaiboensis in regard to number of spines and plates, but the new species has the lateral line pores conspicuously white not shown on drawings or mentioned in descriptions of mayoloi or any other species of Lasiancistrus. Named maracarboensis for the basin in which it was taken in many localities. TABLE 20.—Counts recorded for species of Lasiancistrus Number of fin Number of plates rays Species . Dor- . From dorsal fin to From anal to midbase sal Anal) In lower lateral series origin of adipose fin of caudal fin Dive ol, eh 24 25 26 27 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 CAOUCANUS....---- 1 Ae eae 1 SLR EE eres A ee Sane Se 1 | eee 1 | se eee ges eee eoaee MOYO ee a 1 1 1 TL a Eee RU ah oe Paes | RoeE OG Fsllpne he Pore planiveps -_..--_- 1 1 1 IF Ae ae ee eee ee 1 | SPAS ASPs ods 1 Lyles mystacinus______- ib 1 SA eee eee | Pe a eae Ry |. Oe i | ele oe: |e oe ae as maracaiboensis_-_| 13 13 28 UD be | ee bee o Bae a Bl | nN a a ete ed) Ce eB 32 6 Genus HEMIANCISTRUS Bleeker Hemiancistrus BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 78, 1863. (Type Ancistrus medians Kner.) HEMIANCISTRUS MARACAIBOENSIS, new species CaJALo Prats 10, C Holotype.-—U.S.N.M. No. 121012, a specimen, 285 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz near the mouth of the Rio Concha in Lago Maracaibo on May 2, 1942. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz).—U.S.N.M. No. 121014, a specimen 200 mm. in standard length, from an isolated muddy pool 5338749—43——10 318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 of the Rio San Ignacio, 25 km. south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, on February 26, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121013, 2 specimens, 85.7 and 210 mm., from a cafio, half a mile west of Sinamaica, Maracaibo Basin, March 11, 1942. The holotype and paratypes when captured were all living on muddy bottoms and in shallow water. Description.—Based on the holotype and three paratypes. De- tailed measurements and counts are presented in table 21. Bony ramus of upper and lower jaws about equal in length, the teeth bifid, the inner lobe much the largest, teeth numbering about 27 to 32 above and 26 to 31 below; barbel at corner of mouth 1% to 2% in the interorbital space; supraoccipital with a rounded keel in the middorsal line posteriorly and bounded posteriorly by a single median plate in the adult, but in the small specimen this plate has not yet fused in the middorsal line to form a single plate; the next dorsal plate is double, but the first plate in front of the dorsal fin origin is a single plate with expanded wings; interorbital space convex, rims of orbits dorsally a little elevated, especially so in the young; snout with prickles to its tip and no naked area present; breast and belly with platelets, rough in the young; the interopercle is movable, but the spine on it is not concealed by the opercle; interopercle and opercle not so freely movable as in other related genera; most of the plates of the body are keeled, especially in the young, these plates becoming smoother with age; body robust, its greatest depth at origin of dorsal, 3.8 to 4.0 in the standard length, width of body at coracoids 3.0 to 3.4 and head 2.9 to 3.3; ramus of lower jaw 3.0 to 3.6 in interorbital space; eye 4.0 to 6.9, in snout, and 7 to 12 times in the head; the least depth of the caudal peduncle is contained 2.4 to 3.3 in its length; the pectoral spine, very spiny in the adults, reaches past middle of the pelvic spine; the depressed dorsal fin on the adult does not quite reach the origin of the dorsal, falling short by one plate, but im the young it reaches to opposite the base of the caudal fin; the caudal fin with outer upper and lower rays exserted is less deeply forked in the large speci- mens; the depressed anal fin reaches to opposite the middle of the adipose; in the small specimen a keel extends backward from upper part of eye, but in the adult the ridges on the head are obsolete; the interopercle has one spine, hooked at its tip, and several very short small points or spines around it, but on the young the hooked spine is undeveloped. Color.—Ground color of body brownish to blackish, the upper parts of head with very numerous small black spots, larger in the young; sides of body anteriorly with numerous larger black spots, these absent on the caudal peduncle; but present on the belly and under- sides of the head; in the young the spots are much larger and less THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 319 numerous; all the fins except the caudal with rows of black spots, those on the dorsal membranes in two rows and numbering about 10 to 12, in the young but 9; caudal fin plain blackish, anus white; peritoneum more or less dusky. Named maracaiboensis in reference to the Maracaibo Basin, where the species was collected. TasLE 21.— Measurements, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, and counts made on four specimens of Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis Character Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | Holotype Standardilengthi(in mm.) ets are oe ees 85.7 210 200 285 Totaliiongthi(ni mms) = a2. st see. ooo tue 5 See 139 322 295 425 Head—tip of snout to posterior edge temporal plate _ --- 36.7 31.2 32:7) 31.2 Greatest: depth ts *s225- fake eos fey ees Sete e th lose se 26.3 25.1 24.8 26. 9 enethiot snouts ss = ee eae en ke eet eel ood 20.5 1729 18.0 19.9 Widthiotinteronbital spaces—s-- 22 22s 2-2 i 2 esto 16.5 13.9 13.5 12.3 Miametenoleye: west eee aes ee eee ee Se 5. 25 3. 29 3. 25 2. 63 Postorbitallength'of head=_-~- 2822-22 hes. f=. ee ee Se 11 10.5 10.8 10.3 Tip of snout to rear of supraoccipital________.---------- 36.9 31.4 31.3 30.5 ~ Diancemostril toieye: tse eek ok Be ay te 4, 20 4. 29 3. 85 4, 25 engthiofzmaxillary: barbel:_-=- S72. = 5. 95 7. 62 6.75 6. 84 Length of ramus of lower jaw (bony) --_.--.------------ 4. 67 3. 82 4. 50 4.21 Width of head/at. coracoids. ..e-../s22- 22 =e een. sae 33.3 29.8 30.8 30. 2 Least depth of caudal peduncle__._-______.__------------ 10.8 10.1 11.4 10.6 length offesudal peduncles. 22.60 '2" 22. ee Sh eee 30.6 33. 4 28.5 28.9 Hengthi ofjdorsal spine byaiwe tye dh Nees se SO ues ee ce he oa ees 36.8 38. 1 37.2 Tengthiotanal’spine: 225 ai ees ee ee aah ou 22:2 20.0 19.8 18.6 Agenet nor DeCuOral SPiINO-c---a-=s-es eae so eee oe 38.5 37.2 36.6 39.3 ent h Orad Pose SPING]. = a2. ess aa ae ee 7.59 7.14 7.40 7. 26 Length of pelvic'spine_2-_-. -fs0s Ge - Pea er 33.3 28.1 30.0 28.6 Length of depressed dorsal______--.=..----------------- 68.8 47.4 49.8 50. 5 engthrofi depressed janal® 224s 6 ets ee 23.9 20.0 20.8 21.9 Distance from snout to origin of dorsal_____________-_-- 43.4 40.1 43.7 40.0 Distance from snout to origin of adipose____.__________- 82.9 84.8 87.5 86.0 Distance from snout to origin of anal___.___._____-____- 64.4 65.7 68.0 67.0 Length of longest interopercular spine._____________-_-_|__-________-- 0. 95 3. 80 2. 63 Bengthyof)/base of dorsalis es Ses 38a. as eae ste 85.2 32.1 Sled 33.0 Length of longest upper ray of caudal.________________- 645s) PR = soe 47.9 44.8 Length of longest lower ray of caudal__________...--____]_-_-______-- 50. 2 47.5 47.5 Length of shortest middle ray of caudal_________._____- 23.8 24.2 29.8 29.3 MY OTSali ral ySseeeeeen eA SEE ge Petal ae EE ieee ge et Le ne Dg Tid I,7 TATIAUT AY See ete Ce ee eee LE ee AE Oe 1,4 i,4 I,4 I,4 POL VIG TAY S tee ae ace ee ae ER ae Ae They MY 135 1,5 I,5 I,5 ROCCOTSUT AVS ee ater ae en eee ee eee Binet ee 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 Number of plates in lower lateral series__...._._________ 26 26 26 26 Number of plates anal base to caudal fin base____-____- 13 13 13 13 Number of plates dorsal to adipose_______-____._______- a 7 7 a. Number of plates before dorsal_______________--_------- 3 3 3 3 Number of pores in the lateral line____________-________- PY 27 2 27 Number ofteeth inijawsit4_ oh oe ens ig 27/26 30/28 32/31 30/28 Remarks.—Considerable uncertainty as to the limits of some of the species of Hemianevstrus already described for northern South America makes it difficult to distinguish the species. It appears from my material and that figured by Eigenmann that in some characters the species referred to this genus must vary considerably with age, such 320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 as fusion in the middorsal line of the plate behind the supraoccipital to form a single plate in large specimens; the dorsal fin becomes less high and when depressed does not extend so far back in the adults as in those less than 100 mm. in standard length; the spines on the interopercle and distal part of the pectoral spine develop with age, while the spiny keels on the plates of head and body are reduced with age, almost obsolete on the head. H. maracaiboensis differs from the following species in northern South America: H. landoni Eigenmann, H. annectens (Regan), H. holostictus Regan, H. wilsont Eigenmann, H. schomburgkii (Giinther), and H. brauert Eigenmann, in a more robust body and head, depth 3.8 to 4.0 instead of 4.75 to 8 times in the species listed above. The single short hooked spine on the inter- opercle among other characters helps to distinguish this species. H. megacephalus (Giinther) has a smooth lower surface on body, rough in the new species. Genus HYPOSTOMUS Lacepéde Hypostomus LACEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 144, 1803. (Type, Hypostomus guacari Lacepéde= Loricarta plecostomus Linnaeus.) KEY TO GENUS HYPOSTOMUS, AFTER EIGENMANN (1912) la. Supraoccipital bone bordered posteriorly by a single nuchal plate; plates along sides 25 or 26; ramus of lower jaw 3 times in interorbital space. Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus) 1b. Supraoccipital bone bordered posteriorly by a median plate and 1 or 2 or more at each side; plates along lower sides 28 to 30. 2a. Caudal peduncle normally formed, scutes of fourth series not strongly angulated; ramus of lower jaw 2.8 to 3.2 in interorbital space. Hypostomus watwata Hancock 2b. Caudal peduncle broad and flat below, scutes of fourth series strongly angulated; ramus of lower jaw 3 to 4 in interorbital space. Hypostomus emarginatus Cuvier and Valenciennes HYPOSTOMUS PLECOSTOMUS (Linnaeus) PANAQUE Acipenser plecostomus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 238, 1758 (ref. copied). Plecostomus guacari Lacepéde, Reaan, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 206, 1904 (River Amazon, Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad) ; Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1906, vol. 1, p. 389 (Paraguay to Venezuela, Trinidad). Plecostomus bicirrhosus GiNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5, p. 231, 1864 (Venezuela). Plecostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus) Rrpeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. 16, No. 4, p. 47, 1911 (Venezuela).—Eia@nnMann, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, p. 44, 1920 (Concejo, Rio Tuy, and Rfo Tiquirito; Isla del Buro; Maracay, Rio Bue; Venezuela).—PraRsE, Univ. Wisconsin Studies, No. 1, p. 23, 1920 (Isla del Buro, Lago Valencia, Venezuela).—E1cENmMaNN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, No. 1, p. 223,1922 (Lago Valencia, Rio Tuy, Venezuela). —Rusetro, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 10, p. 718, 1918 (Rio Cabriale, Vene- zuela). THE OATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 3821 HYPOSTOMUS WATWATA Hancock ARMADILLO DE Rio Hyposiomus watwata Hancock, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 245, 1828 (Georgetown) (ref. copied). Hypostomus plecostemus (not of Linnaeus) Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 489, 1840 (Laguna de Maracaibo). Plecostomus verres (Valenciennes) Rrcan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 209, 1904 (Venezuela, Guiana, Marajo Island).—Fowusr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 63, p. 486, 1911 (Pedernales, Venezuela). Piecosiomus watwota (Hancock) Fow usr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83, p. 408, 1931 (Caio Guanoco; Yarapa River at Yarapa; stream at La Soledad, Yarapa; Punta Tigre, at mouth St. Juan River, Venezuela). Collections made by Leonard P. Schultz in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela in 1942: U.S.N.M. No. 121019, Rio Apén, about 35 km. south of Rosario, February 26, i specimen, 405 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121020, Rfo Socuy, about 3 km. above mouth, February 24, 3 specimens, 204, 232, and 450 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121297, 7 larvae with yolk sac may belong to this species, from Rio Socuy. Same:data. U.S.N.M. No. 121021, Rio Negro, below mouth of Rio Yasa, 75 km. south of Rosario, March 2, | specimen, 365 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121022, Ciénaga del Guanavana, 10 km. north of Sinamaica, March 11, 1 specimen, 490 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121023, Rio Palmar at bridge 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6, 3 specimens, 15 to 37 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121024, Rfo Socuy, 3 km. above mouth, February 24, 9 speci- mens, 14.5 to 40 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121025, Ciénaga del Guanavana, about 10 km. north of Sina- maica, Mareh 11, 1i specimens, 14 to 16 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121026, Rfo Motatén, 8 km. below Motatdn, March 24, 3 speci- mens, 15 to 18 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121027, Rio Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. Sones of Maracaibo, February 21, 9 specimens, 29 to 60 mm. and one 225 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121028, Rio Apén about 35 km. south of Rosario, February 26, 24 specimens, 14.5 to 59.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121029, Rio Motatdn at bridge 22 km. north of Motatan, March 17, 60 specimens, 19 to 67 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121030, Lago Maracaibo, 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo, April 7-9, 1 specimen, 188 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121031, Lago Maracaibo, near mouth of Rio Concha, May 2, 2 specimens, 181 and 290 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121032, cafio half a mile west of Sinamaica, March 11, 9 speci- mens, 53 to 177 mm. This species is one of the commonest fishes in the lowland waters of the Maracaibo Basin and occurs in the market at Maracaibo in large numbers on certain days. It is taken most frequently over muddy bottoms of swamps and of the rivers as well as in Lago Mara- caibo. The measurements in table 22 indicate the general change in shape of the body with age. 322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 TABLE 22.—Measurements and counts made on 5 specimens of Plecostomus watwata Hancock from the Maracaibo Basin Characters 1 2 3 4 5 Standard lencth: (intmim:) 2 s3-—- =a 73 171 181 290 450 Dopth in standard lene the s22- =~ ee eee eee 5% 5 5% 6 7% Head in standard: length-222-- 2-42-32 = 2% 30 3Ko 344 334 Width head in standard length-_-_-__-_- ha eyh tte TO 3% 344 3% 414 434 Width'head:iniits length: -.2—--- == eee ee 1% 1%o 1Ho 1% 1% Snoutin:head 34- = 2 as0= cess oe 2 eee ae 1%o 1% 2 14% 14% Wrye in Nea <2 os aoe ne ee eee es 534 714 844 9 11% Interorbital inchead 2% - ro ee ee eek 2% 2% 214 234 2% Ramus lower jaw in interorbital_----__.------------- 2% 3 3% 2%o 3Yo Depth caudal peduncle in its length_----_-__._------ 344 4 3% 0 5 5%4 Scutes in lower lateral series... 22: _-L__------.~--+.- 28 28 28 28 28 Scutes dorsal to adipose fin__.._-...-..----_--------- 7 8 7 iz 8 Scutes anal to caudal fin base_.---------------------- 15 15 15 15 15 Namber ofiteath222 82-222 2 22 ee 2565 2746 264 2943 3443 There is considerable variation in the fusion of the plates bordering the supraoccipital; in the young the plate at the apex of the supra- occipital is in two parts, but on the large specimens 300 to nearly 490 mm. these plates appear to be fused into a single plate. When alive, this species is yellowish brown, with numerous black spots all over its body and fins. HYPOSTOMUS EMARGINATUS Cavier and Valenciennes PANAQUE Hypostomus emarginatus Cuvinr and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 500, 1840 (Brazil). Plecostomus emarginaius RreGan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 210, 1904 (Brazil to Colombia).—Rrerrro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. 16, No. 4, p. 42, pl. 24, fig. 1, 1911 (Venezuela). Plecostomus villarsit Liirken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, pts. 12-16, p. 211, 1874 (Caracas, Venezuela).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occ. Pap. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 408, 1890 (Caracas). Plecostomus horridus Parrrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 471 (Cala- boza, Venezuela). Genus LORICARIA Linnaeus Loricaria Linnanus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 307, 1758. (Type, Loricaria dura Linnaeéus= Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LORICARIA# REPORTED FROM VENEZUEI A la. Upper lip narrow with a single row of barbels around its margin, and without or with not more than a single row of rudimentary papillae between row of barbels and rami of upper jaw, the latter protrusible and bearing 7 to 13 small bilobed teeth; barbel at corner of mouth not reaching gill opening. 31 Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899, reports Loricarta maculata Bloch from the Apure River. Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 15, p. 479, 1840 (Orinoco), and Giinther, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5, p. 260, 1864, both mention Loricaria brunnea from the Orinoco. I have not included these species in the key because of the uncertainty of just what forms they might be. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 323 2a. Barbels in front of rami of upper jaw not larger or stouter than those at each side of rami; plates in front of dorsal smooth or with traces of low ridges, but not sharply keeled; belly covered with plates, even on those specimens only 40 mm. in standard length; two black blotches at each side of a pale median area on upper lips or underside of snout; a blackish blotch near base of barbel at corner of mouth, then a pale area forward; preanal plate bounded anteriorly with 3 plates; tip of snout with a small naked area. 3a. Three plates across belly between fourth ventrolateral plates in front of insertion of pelvies; 15 or 16 + 14 or 15 plates in lower lateral series SOM g Sid esuesers Lobe selene ste Loricaria magdalenae Steindachner 3b. Five to seven, usually six, plates on belly between fourth ventrolateral plates in front of pelvic insertions; 13 to 17 + 12 to 16 plates along sides \ofibody_4..L2- (Loricaria uracantha Kner and Steindachner) 4a, Plates anteriorly along midsides with the two keels widely spaced num- bering 12 to 17 (usually 14 or 15), and posterior plates with the keels close together numbering 12 to 16 (usually 14); barbels on margin of lower lip usually 17 to 22; width of body at anal origin in length of caudal peduncle 3.2 to 5.5 (usually 3.9 to 5.2), the males are broader and shorter; no black pigment on naked area of body at front base of anal fin (Rio Chagres, Panama). Loricaria uracantha uracantha Kner and Steindachner 4b. Plates anteriorly along midsides with the keels widely spaced num- bering 15 to 17 (usually 16), and posterior plates with the keels close together numbering 12 to 14 (usually 18 or 14); barbels along margin of lower lip numbering 138 or 20 (usually 15 to 19); width of body at anal origin 3.1 to 4.0 (usually 3.2 to 3.7); along each side of anterior part of base of anal fin occurs black pigment areas on the naked area of the body except in certain small specimens (Maracaibo IBAsin) es keh Len Loricaria uracantha rupestre, new subspecies 2b. Four enlarged fleshy barbels in front of rami of upper jaw, a few times longer than those at each side; plates along sides 18 to 21 + 9 to 13; about 21 to 30 barbels along margin of lower lip; plates in front of dorsal keeled; membrane between thick portions of lower lip and whitish barbel at corner of mouth, blackish, rest of lower lips whitish; spiny ray of pelvies produced beyond tips of branched rays. Loricaria filamentosa Steindachner 1b. Upper lip wider, with 2 or more well-developed rows of elongate barbels and papillae in front of mouth; all plates in front of dorsal keeled. 5a. Lower lip with short tentacles and lower lip with barbels, those along rear margin reaching to gill opening and one at corner of lip reaching past gill opening; front of mouth inside rami of upper jaw with a pair of median tentacles followed by a pair of lateral ones. 6a. Belly plated, about 6 plates across belly, between fourth ventrolateral plates in front of pelvic insertion; none of barbels along margin of lower lip bearing numerous short tentacles; plates along sides 18 to 20S tt Owl Gee eeeme epee ye Seas A Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 6b. Belly with a median series of plates, each side of which is a naked area; 13 to 16 barbels along rear margin of lower lip that bear several papillae and short tentacles; plates along sides 13 to 16+15 to 19. (Loricaria variegata Steindachner) 7a. First two plates along front of base of dorsal with serrated keels and occasionally the third plate having a low keel, all ending in small 324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 spines; width of plate through origin of anal fin contained 3.2 to 3.4 in adults and 3.8 times in young in distance from anal fin base to caudal fin base; keels on dorsal surface anteriorly all with small serrations; underside of body white. (Maracaibo Basin.) Loricaria variegata venezuslae, new subspecies 7b. Only first plate at each side of front of base of dorsal fin with a keel, second plate having an obsolete smooth keel only rarely; width of body at origin of anal fin contained 3.8 to 4.1 in adults and nearly 5 times in young in distance from base of anal fin to base of caudal fin; keels on dorsal surface anteriorly lower and smoother; under- side of body posteriorly with brown splotches. Loricaria variegata variegata Steindachner 5b. Lower lip with papillae and a fringe of short barbels along its posterior margin; none of barbels or tentacles reaching gill opening; inside of mouth with short papillae not much longer than papillae on lower lips; plates usually 18 to 21+10 to 13. (Loricaria gymnogaster Higenmann and Kigenmann) 8a. Widely spaced keels on lateral plates anteriorly numbering 19 to 21 (usually 20) and those plates posteriorly on sides of caudal peduncle with keels all close together numbering 10 to 13 (usually 11). (Mara- caibo Basin)___Loricaria gymnogaster lagoichthys, new subspecies 8b. Widely spaced keels on lateral plates anteriorly 18 or 19 (usually 18) and keels uniformly close together posteriorly about 12 or 13 (usually 13). Loricaria gymnogaster gymnogaster Higenmann and Vance LORICARIA MAGDALENAE Steindachner Loricaria magdalenae STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 39, p. 74, 1878; vol. 41, pl. 7, figs. 2, 2a, 3; 3a, 3b, 1879 (Rio Magdalena). Two of Eigenmann’s specimens of L. jubata from Istimina, Colombia (U.S.N.M. No. 79242), do not appear to agree in the number of plates across the midveniral region of the belly as indicated by him in his key (Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, p. 88, 1922) for this species. There is not enough material available to enable me to work out the rela- tionships between jubata, magdalenae, and the form in the Maracaibo Basin, but from the material at hand the Maracaibo form appears to be a little more robust, and perhaps when an adequate study is made this will be considered as a distinct subspecies. The following collections were made by Leonard P. Schultz in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela in 1942: U.S.N.M. No. 121113, 8 specimens, 57 to 116 mm. in standard length, from a cafio half a mile west of Sinamaica, Marcb 11. U.S.N.M. No. 121114, 7 specimens, 54 to 203 mm., from the Rfo San Ignacio in a pool left by drying up of river during dry season, about 20 km. south of Rosario, February 26. U.S.N.M. No. 121117, a specimen 42.5 mm., taken in the Rio Machango at the bridge south of Lagunillas, March 16. U.S.N.M. No. 121116, a specimen 47 mm., from the Rio San Juan, 12 km. south of Rosario, Estado de Zulia, February 26. U.S.N.M. No. 121115, a specimen 78 mm. from Lago Tulé, about 80 km. west of Maracaibo, 5 km. from Rio Socuy, March 1. THE GATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 325 LORICARIA URACANTHA RUPESTRE, new subspecies Prats 12, A; B Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121102, a male specimen 79 mm. in standard length, taken by Leonard P. Schultz, March 20, 1942, in the Rio San Pedro at the bridge south of Mene Grande, Motatsn system, Maracaibo Basin. Paratypes (all taken by L. P. Schultz).—U.S.N.M. No. 121104, 39 specimens, 45 to 85 mm. in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121105, 67 speci- mens, 27 to 91 mm., collected March 17-20, 1942, in the Rio San Juan above the bridge south of Mene Grande, Motatan system; U.S.N.M. No. 121103, 4 specimens, 20 to 78 mm., collected March 25, 1942, from the Rio Motatan, 4 km. above Motataén; U.S.N.M. No. 121106, 3 specimens, 38 to 90 mm., taken April 1, 1942, in the Rio Tachira 7 km. north of San Antonio, Catatumbo system, Maracaibo Basin; U.S.N.M. No. 121107, 2 specimens, 24 and 28 mm., taken March 24, 1942, in the Rio Motatdn 8 km. below Motatan. The above listed specimens were taken in rapidly to slow flowing water among small stones and rubble; none was seen over muddy bottom. Description.—Based on the holotype and paratypes listed above. In table 24 are recorded certain measurements for the holotype and two paratypes, as well as for a specimen of Loricaria uracantha uracantha from the Rio Chagres, Panama. The following counts were made on the holotype and paratypes, respectively: Dorsal rays I, 7, I, 7, I, 7; anal I, 5; I, 5; I, 5; pectoral always I, 6; pelvic always I, 5; caudal fin rays always i+10-+; plates along midsides 17+13; 15+14; 16+ 12; plates from last ray of anal fin (including the plate in which last ray occurs) to base of caudal fin 18; 17; 17; tecth in ramus of upper jaw 8; 8; 9; and in lower jaw 9;10; 9; barbels 20;16; 20; 6 or 7 plates across middle of belly between the fourth plates in front of pelvic fin base. Body greatly depressed, covered all over with bony plates, those along sides with keels that end in a spine; supraoccipital with a pair of low keels diverging posteriorly; next two median plates behind supraoccipital with a pair of low keels, but the plate in front of the origin of the dorsal fin without keels; orbital rims a little elevated, the interorbital space concave, area between nostrils convex, this convexity extending to tip of snout; eye with a notch posteriorly; adult males with bristles along cheeks and on top of head and body from between eyes to second plate in front of dorsal fin; all fins rather short, the upper ray of caudal fin filamentous, this about half standard length on some specimens; upper surface of pectoral rays of males spiny; first ray of each fin a little produced except on adult mates; VOL. 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 326 De cee ot ep S|r-=a]--=-|-4"-|-=--|=---|=-<=|---=-2<5-=<----2_se DIDINIDUL @Ut |e Yt clrrtciece-|----]----|----|----|--=- Se AO be |sPe alin: aul aaa sae |e Fs tats P| TA |e Ltee | sees estes | pai Saar pees aujsadns DYUDIDIN ---|----]----|----]---- @ fe [at [rrr |rccr|---- [ere [eee |---| -- SoleT Omnlhe aR set “lenge amano | cree eee eee om | le | Pie ARLGeG lee anes ~ DyjUDIDIN DYJUBIDIN Ral aal ae le ool aes lee clk pels a- ses ie Galess3| Se aleee es | Roe ete er oarsmen | cake |e | ee Sie seem ee ee al ee Woe oe ae anuayupbnu, eee eee bee Gf eet die ga) ee | oma | tense = eee Aa) te arg lRaon| nce a [Sa i Gat camer ce | ee a i la UISBG OqlwovIB]Y WOIj ie |e | Carr Cee | Poet (acl ieee (eee | cece eee oe nae 255 ek NE Al. 79 T OVE TC) GN Se Rice act fre ag Pil 3 ime ve ose pre mete: arcane BUlB -uBg puB viqmojop wmoy ‘pDsojuamnjyyf Bea |aass|conc|eeas|a—=| an === Ta aie wile. 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TaBLE 24.—Measurements in hundredths of the standard length, for two subspecies of Loricaria uracantha rupestre uracantha Rio San Rio San Characters Pedro Juan Rio Rio Eran: Tachira | Chaeres, Holotype | Paratype Standardlength Gn mims)C. etna oe ee eo 79 75. 4 87.9 91.7 Length head to tip supraoccipital_-_.---.-.------------- 22.5 22.1 22.1 20.9 Length head to end of opercle_--.-.-.---+---+----£----- 16.6 16.6 16.5 17.3 Length head to end of post-temporal plate___.---------- 22.9 2287, 21.6 21.3 Width of head at base of pectorals__-_------------------ 16.6 16.6 17.3 15.5 Mene th OL SnOUlee eee = eee onan eee eee 11.0 10.9 10.2 11.0 Diameter of eye (not including notch)__---------------- 4.18 S271 3.47 3. 49 Least width of bony interorbital_._...----------------- 5/57 5.71 5,12 5.45 Greatest depth ofibodly 22-8 5-8. as a eet ec 9.75 1126 9. 67 8.18 Wadthiofibody at analorigin:*<2522 522-225 S22 Se 12.0 13.3 12.3 11.0 Postorbitalilenethiof nead!s=-48_-22 ese ss Sea 8. 23 8.09 8.08 7.09 Least depth of caudal peduncle___...-.------.---------- 1.52 1.59 1.36 1.53 Least width of caudal peduncle-_.---=--.-.--------------- 2. 66 2. 78 2. 50 3. 16 Length’of.catidal pedunelé! 22... 022 ue seek et 49.4 48.4 48. 2 50. 8 Lensth:of last-ray of pectoral. 2.412222. 2 8. 23 8. 36 9. 67 8. 40 Mensth. of lastsray Of DelWie:-222--- ~~ == 2 2 aes e wee eee 11.4 10. 2 11.6 8. 62 sength of lastiray oftanal: to 225_ 22 Ste ee td 11.0 12.6 11.0 9.16 enetin of last LayiOMgorsales=- steno eee Sa 8. 86 8. 62 9. 33 8. 29 ensthotispime Ondorsals.--<--8 = se aoe e ae ene se eee i 22.9 21.9 22.8 18.7 Length of spine Ofanalu® £22 2-2 9s 4 bho 22 ses 20.0 20. 6 20. 5 15.8 Length offspine’of pelvies-_-_ 25-2 56. 2-0 et 17.3 18.8 18.2 15.0 Mengthyor spine. of,pectorale 2.) 225 ere Ok er ee 19.1 20.6 19.3 16.9 Tip'ofsnout to origin ofidorsale: 42! 2222-822 be i 33. 5 34.0 34.6 30.9 RipOSnout to One imoLanale= tees sce eee ee 47.0 47.4 48.4 44, 2 Tip of snout to insertion of pelvic__-.------------------- 32.2 32. 6 33.9 30. 8 Tip of snout to insertion of pectoral. ___---------------- Lied 17.2 16.2 Li Distance from anus to anal origin____.----------------- 8.10 8.49 8.99 8.18 Length of upper ray of caudal fin___-------------------- 50.6 AGIAN NG fee oo Sec ake Color.—Brownish above, yellowish or pale below; five black bars across dorsal surface, the first through front of dorsal fin base, the second under tips of depressed dorsal fin, then three on caudal pedun- cle; base of branched rays of caudal fin blackish; all fins barred; 328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 94 black blotch on body on upper base of pelvic fins; one or two black blotches on naked area of body at each side of front of anal fin, sometimes lacking in young specimens; often black pigment areas on under sides of lateral plates; black blotch around bases of last dorsal rays; blackish blotch in middle of first plate in front of dorsal fin; peritoneum dusky. Remarks.—This new subspecies differs from ZL. uracantha. uracantha Kner and Steindachner in having a wider body, a shorter caudal peduncle (see table 24 and key), the plates along midsides with keels widely spaced numbering 15 to 17 (average 16), and the plates with keels approximated numbering 12 to 14 (usually 13 or 14) instead of 13 to 17 (average 14 or 15) and 12 to 16 (usually 14 or 15), respectively. The black spots each side of anal fin base on naked area at front of anal are lacking in ZL. uracantha uracantha. Named rupestre in reference to its habitat among rocks and stones on the stream bottom. LORICARIA FILAMENTOSA Steindachner ARMADILLO MACHETE Loricaria filamentosa STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 39, p. 45; pl. 9, 1878 (Magdalena River). Loricaria fimbriata EIGENMANN and VANCE, Indiana Univ. Studies, No. 16, p. 12, 1912 (Boca de Certegui)—Mrrx and HinpEsranp, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 10, No. 15, p. 260, 1916 (Rio Capeti, tributary to Rfo Tuyra). Loricaria filamentosa latiura E1GENMANN and Vancr, Indiana Univ. Studies, No. 16, p. 13, 1912 (Boca de Certegui, Colombia).—Mrxrx and HiLDEBRAND, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 10, No. 15, p. 257, 1916. Loricaria tuyrensis Mrrnx and HitpEBRanp, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 10, No. 8, p. 81, 1913 (Tuyra Basin). After examining a series of paratypes of the species described by Eigenmann and Vance, Meek and Hildebrand, and the figure by Steindachner, then making comparisons with my material from the Maracaibo Basin, I conclude that L. jimbriata.is.the young of this species and has a naked abdomen until it reaches a length of about 100 mm. when the plates begin to form; at a length of 114 mm. (see Eigenmann’s fig. 1, pl. 15, in Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, 1922) some plates have formed along midventral region and at sides. Stein- dachner’s figure of flamentosa and Eigenmann’s figure 3, plate 15 (loc. cit.), of latiura represent the abdomen as almost completely plated except an area from the anus to the base of pelvics, this condi- tion being found in specimens about 200 to 250 mm. in standard length. Specimens of larger sizes up to 355 mm. have been described as tuyrensis and latiura. The form from the Magdalena system appears to be slenderer than the specimens before me from the Maracaibo Basin. I hesitate to describe these from the Maracaibo Basin as a new subspecies because = se ast -_ THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 329 I lack comparable sizes from the Magdalena system. However, the greater width of the body through the anal origin on 200-mm. speci- mens from the Maracaibo Basin is 3% in the length of the caudal peduncle as compared to 4 to 6 in examples from Panama and the Magdalena regions. It also appears possible that the lateral plates, including the ones close together, average greater in number for the Maracaibo Basin than for Colombia and Panama. The following collections were made in 1942 by Leonard P. Schultz in the Maracaibo Basm of Venezuela. U.S.N.M. No. 121085, 6 specimens, 27 to 89 mm. and 246 to 295 mm. in standard length, from a cajio half a mile west of Sinamaica, March 11. U.S.N.M. No. 121084, 3 specimens, 273 to 335 mm., from Rio de Los Pajaros, 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo, April 30. U.S.N.M. No. 121086, a specimen 283 mm. from the Rio Agua Caliente, 2 to 3 km. above Lago Maracaibo, May 1. U.S.N.M. No. 121089, a specimen 89 mm. from the Rfo Palmar at the bridge 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, March 6. U.S.N.M. No. 121088, 9 specimens, 28 to 67 mm., from the Rfo Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa, March 2. U.S.N.M. No. 121087, 3 specimens, 88 to 244 mm., taken in the Ciénaga del Guanavana, about 10 km. north of Sinamaica, March 11. U.S.N.M. No. 121090, a specimen, 184 mm. from Lago Tulé about 80 km. west of Maracaibo, 5 km. from the Rio Socuy, March 1. The smaller specimens of this species were taken in the rivers, but the largest specimens came from the slightly brackish waters up the mouths of the Rio de Los Pajaros and Rio Agua Caliente, as well as the cafio west of Sinamaica. LORICARIA CATAPHRACTA Linnaeus Loricaria cataphracta LinNAEuvs, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 307, 1758.—PrErErs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 471 (Calabozo, Venezuela).—PELLE- GRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, p. 158, 1899 (Apure River, Venezuela). LORICARIA VARIEGATA VENEZUELAE, new subspecies PLATE 12, C Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121108, a specimen 161 mm. in standard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz in the Rfo Palmar at the bridge about 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo, on March 6, 1942. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz) —U.S.N.M. No. 121109, 50 specimens, 33 to 167 mm. in standard length, collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121110, 73 specimens, 46 to 170 mm., taken in the Rio Socuy 3 km. above its mouth, north of Maracaibo, February 24, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121112, 27 specimens, 25 to 143 mm. collected in the Rio Apén about 35 km. south of Rosario, Maracaibo Basin, February 26, 1942; U.S.N.M. No. 121168, 8 specimens, 27 to 153 mm., taken in the Rio Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa, Maracaibo Basin, March 2, 1942. 330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 The above listed specimens occurred mostly over sandy to fine gravelly bottoms in a moderately flowing current. Description.—Based on the holotype and the paratypes. Detailed measurements were made on two of the types of Loricaria variegata venezuelae and on two of L. v. variegata and those measurements are recorded in table 25. The following counts were made: Dorsal rays, I, 7, rarely I, 8; anal and pelvic always I, 5; pectoral always I, 6; caudal fin rays always i+ 10 + i; teeth are from 4 to 6 on the upper ramus and 6 or 7 on the lower ramus of jaws; there are 3 plates in front of dorsal fin and 19 plates from anal fin to base of caudal fin rays, and usually 14 barbels on the posterior margin of the lower lip between the maxillary barbels at each corner of the mouth, TaBLeE 25.—Measurements (expressed in hundredths of the standard length) of two subspecies of Loricaria variegata venezuelensis variegata Characters x Standard length: (invmim,)- === = Ss eee 161 150. 5 226. 5 230 Length of head to tip of supraoccipital__._------------- 23.0 22. 2 20. 4 21.4 Length of head to end of opercle____-------------------- 18.3 18. 1 16.1 16.8 Length of head to end of temporal plate__.----_-------- 25. 2 25. 2 22.5 23. 5 Width of head at base of pectorals___---.------.-------- 20.0 19.8 17.5 18.7 Greatestidepth of body. 2 =. 2— Steere ue? geek cee 10.9 7. 24 8. 47 7. 65 Width of body at plate that crosses anal origin___---__- 14.6 14.7 1257 12.9 eng biol snort ee eee re ee os 12:7 12.7 11.6 11.8 Diameter of eye (not including notch)__--___---_--____- 3.73 3. 65 2. 87 2.70 Bony interorbital space (rear of notch) _---------------- 4.91 4.32 3. 66 3. 57 (Postorbitallenethiof head 2-582 ss-246- coe = ee eae 9. 00 9.10 8. 43 8. 57 Least depth of caudal peduncle___._-----_-------------- 1.55 1. 53 1.46 1. 52 Width of caudal peduncle in front of caudal fin___---_-- 3.42 3.45 3.18 3. 26 Length of caudal peduncle. -_.--.----------------------- 47.9 48.7 50.8 49.0 Lenethiotisping of dorsal fins 22 2e ee e 20.8 19.6 20.3 17.8 enetiiotspine of anal fineas=- = eee nee eee 15.8 15.6 16.1 16.4 Lengthiof spine\of pectoral! finy=- 222222 32522. ee ee 19.5 17.6 17.3 17.4 Lengthiofispineiof pelvietin= -2---2- 28 16.5 16.3 16. 4 16.2 Length of last ray of pelvic fin.__........-.-....-------- 8. 38 8.3 7. 86 7.78 Length of last ray of pectoral fin__......_._-.._-_--_-.- 8.72 8.70 8. 25 7.48 Tength'of lastirayiokanalfins 22-22 8 ses ey 2 ee ees 10.0 11.4 9. 93 9. 22 Length of last.rayof'dorsabfin § = 211-25) 9.13 8. 37 7. 24 7.09 Tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin._.._..-.__....-_-___- 32.9 33. 2 30. 4 31.8 Tipiof snoutito origin of anal fin. 5 323_- 22) 46.6 47.8 44.6 46.8 Tip/of,snont'to base’of pelvic fin. = .2----- 9-82 se 31.4 S17 30. 0 32.9 Tip of snout to base of pectoral fin______._____-________- 18. 6 18. 2 15.7 17.2 Distance from center of anus to anal origin____________- 9.07 10.4 9. 27 10.2 The body of this species is much depressed throughout its length; its greatest depth at origin of dorsal is about one-half its width at base of pectorals and only twice the width of the interorbital space; the belly is only partially covered with plates; there is a series of plates along the midventral line from anus to over pectoral girdle THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 331 where it joins a group extending between the pectoral bases; a series of plates extends from front of pelvics forward to pectoral base, and the space between the midventral series and ventral lateral series is naked; no naked area behind the base of pectorals; the upper and lower lips are filamentous, and their margins have numerous branched barbels, the only place without barbels being a small space on the upper lip in front of the teeth of upper jaw; in the mouth behind teeth of upper jaw are two barbels in the midline with a pair behind them; area around teeth of lower jaw without barbels; usually 14 barbels on margin of lower lip between maxillary barbels, the latter long, ex- tending a little past gill opening; teeth small, a little cupped in shape, with a smaller lobe on their outer side; outer ray of pelvic a little produced, reaching a little past the anal origin; outer ray of pectoral longest and reaching a little past the base of pelvics; first ray of dorsal longer than second, the posterior margin of this fin truncate; middle rays of anal longest, the margin rounded; posterior margin of pectoral a little concave; orbital rims elevated, interorbital space concave, the center of which, however, is convex; supraoccipital with a double keel converging and then diverging a little near rear of that bone; plate in front of dorsal with a single keel, then the next two forward with two keels; gill opening in front of base of pectoral fin; tip of snout bony; this bony snout in front of naked area around mouth is equal to bony area between the nostrils; one or two plates in front of the anus, three series of plates from anus to anal origin. Color.—Pale or white below, speckled above with darker brown on a lighter brown background; all fins mottled except the anal, which is usually plain white, about 9 to 14 black spots on the first ray of dorsal. Remarks.—This new subspecies may be distinguished from Loricaria variegata variegata by its wider body and by the extra keeled plate along front of dorsal fin. That variegata is a more elongate sub- species than venezuelae is obvious by comparing the measurements recorded in table 25. Named venezuelae in honor of the country in which it was collected and in recognition of the courtesy shown me while collecting speci- mens there. LORICARIA GYMNOGASTER LAGOICHTHYS, new subspecies Puate 13 Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 121092, a specimen 305 mm. in standard length, collected in the Rio Palmar near Totuma, about 100 km. southwest of Maracaibo, by Leonard P. Schultz on February 21, 1942. Paratypes (all collected by L. P. Schultz) —-U.S.N.M. No. 121096, 18 specimens, 53 to 272 mm. in standard length, collected along with the holotype and bearing the same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121098, 433 332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 specimens, 21 to 138 mm., taken March 17, 1942, in the Rio Motatan at the bridge 22 km. north of Motatén; U.S.N.M. No. 121097, 43 specimens, 53 to 260 mm., collected February 24, 1942, in the Rio Socuy 3 km. above its mouth; U.S.N.M. No. 121100, 3 specimens, 62 to 139 mm., taken March 2, 1942, in the Rio Negro below mouth of Rio Yasa; U.S.N.M. No. 121101, 18 specimens, 22 to 139 mm., taken March 6, 1942, in the Rio Palmar at the bridge 70 km. southwest of Maracaibo; U.S.N.M. No. 121094, 15 specimens, 57 to 100 mm., collected March 24, 1942, in the Rio Jimelles 12 km. east of Motatan, tributary of the Rio Motatan; U.S.N.M. No. 121095, 41 specimens, 19 to 81.5mm., collected March 24, 1942, in the Rio Motatan, 8 km. below Motatén; U.S.N.M. No. 121099, 4 paratypes, 67 to 105 mm., taken February 26, 1942, in the Rio Apén, about 35 km. south of Rosario, Estado de Zulia; U.S.N.M. No. 121093, 3 specimens, 73 to 122 mm., taken March 11, 1942, in a cafio half a mile west of Sinamaica. The above-listed specimens occurred mostly over sandy to gravelly bottoms, as well as over firm mud in a moderate current and in quiet water. TasLe 26.—Measurements (expressed in hundredths of the standard length) of two subspecies of Loricaria gymnogaster lagoichthys cree Characters SS Holotype | Paratype | Paratype v by punts Standardilengtha (inn) es- eee ee ee eee 305 139 | 77.6 80 Length of head to tip of supraoccipital.--_-------------- 23.9 21.9 24.0 22.5 Length of head to end of opercle___--------------------- 20.1 18.1 18. 2 17.6 Length of head to end of temporal plate_-.------------- 24.4 227, 24.1 22.4 Width of head at base of pectorals___------------------- 18.6 Lies 18.6 17.7 Greatestdepthiof bodye.-°5)-2 4 ----2= ene pa 11.9 | 11.7 8. 87 Width of body at plate through anal origin_------------ 15.9 14.9 13.0 11.6 enetholsnots stk. ssa 2 PS eT a Se ee ee 14.6 12.4 12.4 11.9 Diameter of eye (not including notch) __------------ pM Stl 4. 68 4. 25 3. 25 Bony interorbital space (least width) __----------------- 5. 57 5.11 5. 28 5. 25 ‘Postorbitallength) of/head:- =--="— ===. =~ 2-2 ee 8.55 7.05 7.99 7.13 Least depth of caudal peduncle_____-------------------- 1.80 1. 58 1.42 1.50 Width of caudal peduncle in front, of caudal fin_____---- 4. 26 3. 31 3. 22 2. 62 Dengthiof.caudalipeduncle!: 2) 22--& 2-228 sa. = 45.1 49.4 47.7 52.7 enethiof spine ofidorsal finssc252255-" 2 oan eee 22.2 22.0 22.9 19.0 Hengthiof spine ofanalfins 0 ooo Loe eee ee ea 19.5 18.7 19.6 18.1 Length) of'spine of pectoral fins 23-22 22 es ae 22.6 21.2 21.9 20.6 Length of spine of pelvic fin. =o 2 = 52h sos 2 2 23. 0 19.9 21.9 22. 2 Heneth of last ray of pelviesin:.------2--4-----------+ == 10.3 8. 63 8. 64 | 10.0 Length of last ray of pectoral fin___...---------------- 7.87 6.98 7.73 | 8.88 Lengthiof last ray of anal fin =o 22"* = 2s. ee ee aaa 11.4 1152 10.8 10.0 Leugthof lastiray ofdorsal fin)... -2-25------ 222-222 8. 40 8. 64 9. 67 8. 88 Tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin_--_----------------- 35.9 32.8 33.3 30. 1 Tip of snout. to/origin’ of anal fin! !2: 2. =--*---2--Ee == 51.0 45.3 46.5 43. 2 Tip of snout to origin of pectoral fin___----------------- 19.9 17.6 19.1 16.9 Tip of snout to origin of pelvic fin_------.-------------- 34.5 31.4 31.2 30.1 Distance from center of anus to anal origin. ------------ 10.8 9. 72 10.3 8. 25 | See eee ee ee eee eee) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 13 Loricaria gymnogaster lagoichthys, new subspecies: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121092), 305 mm. in standard length. Drawing. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 14 Spatuloricaria phelpsi, new genus and species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121121), 338 mm. in standard length. Drawing. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ 333 In addition to the paratypes, I refer with some uncertainty U.S.N.M. No. 121091, a specimen 275 mm. from Lago Maracaibo 1 km. off Pueblo Viejo, caught by L. P. Schultz in a gill net, April 7-9, 1942, but before it was removed crabs ate most of the underside of the head, thus rendering identification almost impossible. Description.—Based on the holotype and the paratypes listed above. Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and two paratypes and on one paratype of L. gymnogaster gymnogaster from Girardot, Colombia. These data are expressed in hundredths of the standard length and recorded in table 26. The following counts were made: Dorsal rays always I, 7; both anal and pelvic always I, 5; pectoral I, 6; caudal fin rays i+10+1; plates along sides 18 to 21+ 10 to 138 totaling 30 to 32; plates from anal fin base to base of caudal fin (counting as first the plate containing last anal ray) 17 or 18; teeth 3 to 5 on ramus of upper jaw and 4 or 5 on ramus of lower jaw; barbels on margin of lower lip 24 to 32 usually about 26 to 28. The body is greatly depressed throughout its length, and the greatest depth occurs at origin of dorsal fin, about 8 or 9 times and greatest width at base of pectorals about 5 to 5% times, all in standard length; there is a shallow notch at rear of orbit; the interorbital space is con- cave, the rims of the orbits are elevated; the nostrils lie more or less in a depression, the space between them convex and extending to the tip of the snout as a ridge; tip of supraoccipital with a serrated keel, then a pair of small keeled plates, followed by two median plates, each with two keels, the plate in front of the dorsal with one keel; all the plates along lower sides of body keeled, these keels spiny; temporal plate with a low, spiny keel, followed by six keeled plates, the last the base of the fourth branched ray of dorsal fin; belly naked in young, but in specimens 150 to 200 mm. small platelets begin to form in front of the anus and along the sides of the belly; in large adults 275 to 305 mm. in length the belly is partially covered with tiny platelets along its sides and between the bases of the pectoral fins; a space behind pectoral fin naked; the teeth are bilobed, the outer lobe is small and sharp pointed, and the inner lobe elongate with a rounded tip; the lips have a fringe of barbels; the lower lip is papillate, and its rear margin with 24 to 32 barbels; the maxillary barbel, also papillate, does not quite reach to the gill opening; the upper lip has numerous papillate barbels, the longest ones at front of lip equal to greatest diameter of the eye; at each inner corner of the lips is a pair of elongate barbels; two median barbels between the rami of upper jaws, and a pair of lateral barbels 5337494811 334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 94 inside of front of mouth; first ray of all fins longest, the pelvics and pectorals lanceolate; posterior margin of dorsal concave; intestine coiled. Color.—Pale brownish to brownish with more or less evident bars in front of dorsal fin, then five distinct blackish bars, first through base of dorsal, second under tips of depressed dorsal fin, then three on caudal peduncle; base of caudal fin with a black bar and distal three-fourths of that fin more or less coarsely barred in young, but whole fin evenly dark colored in large specimens; undersides pale yellowish; pelvic fins with blackish blotches or pigment in the middle third; pectorals dark in their distal two-thirds; all the fins are more or less darkish in the large adults; peritoneum pale. SPATULORICARIA, new genus This new genus of the subfamily Loricarinae is a Loricaria with spoon-shaped teeth (spatula) just as Cochliodon is a Plecostomus with spoon-shaped teeth. However, the teeth of Spatuloricaria are bi- lobed, and each lobe is spoon-shaped, the inner lobe several times larger than the outer lobe, all teeth long and slender except expanded tips; at the rear of the eye, dorsally, is a notch, the supraoccipital ends in an elevated, spiny keel behind, on the side of which is a pair of small, keeled plates, followed by two median plates, each with a pair of keels, the next median plate in front of base of first dorsal spine with a single short keel; all the plates along the sides with serrated keels; the first five plates in the series behind the posttemporal are keeled, the last two at sides of base of dorsal fin. The belly is covered with numerous very small platelets, and the young of this species may have naked bellies as in certain species of Loricaria, but the belly of the large adult is plated; sides of head with numerous (about 125) stiff setiform bristles longer than width of interorbital space, these bristles not depressible; upper surface of pectorals also spiny; lips papillate, lower with barbels or dermal lappets along its margin, and upper lip with a series of barbels along its anterior margin but in the form of a double row in front of gape of mouth; barbel at corner of mouth not reaching to gill opening; interorbital space concave; space between nostrils convex; snout bony, no naked area near its tip; rear margin of dorsal fin concave, the first rays longest and that of anal rounded; spine of pelvic fins produced a little beyond the soft rays, the similar spine of pelvics and anal about the same length as next branched ray;intestine coiled. The upper ray of caudal fin is elongate and about one-third the standard length; the lower ray is long, too, but shorter than the upper ray. Named Spatuloricaria in reference to the spoon-shaped teeth that separate it from the only genus, Loricaria, with which it is closely related. Genotype.-—Spatuloricaria phelpsi, new species. THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULTZ Sao SPATULORICARIA PHELPSI, new species Puatse 14 Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 121121, the only known specimen, 338 mm. in standard length, was collected by Leonard P. Schultz, February 24, 1942, in the Rfo Socuy 3 km. above its mouth, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. Description.—Based on the holotype, all measurements expressed in hundredths of the standard length, which is 338 mm. Length of head to tip of supraoccipital 23.3; length of head to end of opercle 18.8; length of head to rear edge of the posttemporal plate 23.8; width of head at base of pectorals 19.5; length of snout 13.1; diameter of eye 3.50; least width of bony interorbital space 5.59; great- est depth of body at origin of dorsal fin 13.6; width of body across anal fin origin 16.7; postorbital (from notch in eye) length of head (to end of posttemporal plate) 8.90; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.80; width of caudal peduncle (third from last plate) 4.88; length of caudal peduncle or distance from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin 4.76; length of last ray of pectoral 9.26; length of last ray of pelvics 10.5; length of last ray of anal 11.9; length of last ray of dorsal 10.4; length of spine of dorsal fin 25.6; length of spine of anal fin 17.9; length of pelvic spine 17.9; length of pectoral spine 20.3; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 34.2; tip of snout to origin of anal 48.2; tip of snout to insertion of pelvics 32.6; tip of snout to insertion of pectorals 18.8; distance from anus to anal origin 9.32. The following counts were made: Dorsal rays I, 7; anal I, 5; pec- toral I, 6; pelvic I, 5; caudal i+10+1; plates along sides 19+-12, totaling 31; 18 plates behind anal fin base, counting as number one the plate containing last anal ray; teeth 4/5 and 6/6 on each ramus of jaws; about 26 barbels on margin of lower lip. Color in alcohol pale brownish gray, yellowish on lower sides; all fins evenly brownish in color, except the caudal fin which shows some traces of bars; distally the fins are darker in color; peritoneum pale, almost without pigment. Remarks.—This new genus and species differs from all other mem- bers of the related genus Loricaria in its spoon-shaped teeth, four to six in number. Named phelpsi in honor of William H. Phelps, Jr., president of the Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales of Caracas, a leader in the biological sciences of Venezuela, in appreciation of his aid while I was in Caracas. Genus FARLOWELLA Eigenmann and Eigenmann Farlowella EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 32, 1889. (Type Acestra acus Kner.) 336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FARLOWELLA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA (See tables 27 and 28) la. Produced part of bony snout measured from anterior edge of naked area con- taining mouth to tip of snout 4 to 4-1/2 times in distance from middle of anal depression (anus) to tip of snout_______-~--- Farlowella acus (Kner) 1b. Produced part of bony snout in front of mouth depression 3.3 to 3.6 times in distance from anus to tip of snout_-_._-_----- Farlowella vittata Mvers lc. Produced part of bony snout 9.3 to 10 times in distance from anus to tip of SNOUb. soos eee Se ee ee eee Farlowella curtirostra Myers FARLOWELLA ACUS (Kner) Acestra acus KNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 6, p. 93, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1853 (ref. copied).—Gitnruer, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5, p. 261, 1864 (Caracas). Farlowella acus Reaan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 304, 1904 (Venezuela).—E1GENMANN, Indiana Univ. Studies, vol. 7, No. 44, p. 9, 1920 (El Concejo, Rfo Tiquirito, Venezuela)—Myers, Stanford Ichth. Bull. vol. 2, No. 4, p. 102, 1942 (Rio Amana, 6 km. east of Santa Barbara, Monagas, in the Rfo Guanipa drainage, Venezuela).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Oceas. Pap. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 358, 1890 (Caracas, Venezuela).— Rieerro, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 10, p. 717, 1918 (Rio Cabriale, Venezuela). FARLOWELLA VITTATA Myers Farlowella vittata Mymrs, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 103, fig. 12, 1942 (Rio Uribanto, from San Cristobol to the Llanos, Venezuela). U. 8. N. M. No. 121083, Rfo Gudrico and tributaries, between San Sebastian and San Casimiro, Estado de Aragua, Venezuela, L. P. Schultz, G. Zuloaga, Roger Sherman, and William Phelps, Jr., May 12, 1942, 5 specimens. FARLOWELLA CURTIROSTRA Myers Farlowella curtirostra Myxmrs, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 102, fig. 11, 1942 (Quebrada Tabor, tributary to Motatan system, 30 km. north of Trujillo, Venezuela). U.S. N. M. No. 121081, Rfo San Pedro at bridge, Motatdn system, L. P. Schultz, March 20, 1942, 4 specimen, 52.7 to 112.5 mm. U.S. N. M. No. 121082, Rfo San Juan at bridge, Motatdn system, L. P. Schultz, March 20, 1942, 2 specimens, 49.2 and 87.6 mm. Genus STURISOMA Swainson Sturisoma Swatnson, The natural history and classification of fishes, etc., vol. 1, pp. 333, 335, 337; vol. 2, pp. 189, 304, 1838. (Type, Loricaria rostrata Agassiz.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STURISOMA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA la. Number of plates along midsides 18+16; head 4} in standard length; width of head at base of pectorals 1%; snout 1%; dorsal fin 14; pectoral 1}; pel- vies 1% in length of head; width of body at anal 6% times in distance from anal to caudal base (Rfo Meta)_._Sturisoma tenuirostris (Steindachner) 1b. Plates ?+10 to 13 totaling 33 to 37 (according to Regan and to Ribeiro) ; head 414 in standard length; width of head 2, snout 1%, eye 8, all in length of head; width of body at anal origin 5 in length of caudal peduncle. Sturisoma rostrata (Agassiz) THE CATFISHES OF VENEZUELA—SCHULT% San Ic. Plates 14 or 15+ 17 to 19; all fins with first rays elongate and filamentous, the upper and lower rays of caudal fin sometimes as long as standard length; produced part of bony snout 10% to 12% times in the distance from tip of snout to anus; head 4.9 to 5.2 in standard length; width of head 1.4 to 1.5 and interorbital 2.6 to 2.7 in head; width of body at anal origin 6% times in distance from anal base to caudal fin base (Maracaibo Basin). Sturisoma festivum Myers TABLE 27.—Detailed measurements of two specimens of Sturisoma festivum and a specimen of Farlowella curtirostra, expressed in hundredths of the standard length Character apie urea: Standardvongthi (nym) sews se See ee eee ees ee 96. 0 104, 1 112.5 Head(tip.of/snout to end of opercie)2i: 2-220 82 ieee aa 16.0 16.9 17.3 Head (tip of snout to rear supraoccipital) ____-.___.....-.._-___-___--- 18.7 19.8 | 20. 4 Greatest depth ee icn 2 se 0 a Se ae ee 97 11.6 4.89 Snout:(eye:to'tip ofsnout) 2b sss iis oe ee ee 11.5 12.6 13.7 Interorbitalispace! Gleshy).<.-2222--2 282252 2s 2 6. 56 7. 24 5. 06 MD IAMeLET OMY Css et ee as Se ee 2 ek eee 2.92 2.90 17 Eye to rear edge of post-temporal plate_______._____-...-.__-_-_____.-- 5. 42 5. 90 5. 06 Henpunofcaudal peduncle: sass == as ewe ee ee ee ee 60.9 58.0 53.3 Least depth of caudal peduncle__..-.-_....__.-..._-.--.--_._____----- 115 1.16 0.98 iceast; width of caudal peduncle! $i . = =v 22. fil See St 2. 50 2. 61 1.33 ‘Width of head at baseiof pectorals__--.--.---_--i2 42 22224 beet 12.5 13.0 7.91 eRIpIsnout, tOjanusess-< cae ue A ee ee ee 31.8 34.1 36. 2 FATS LOVAM AN OEIS Ts ease ere A De ee ee eee Se 3. 65 4. 03 7. 20 Length oral depression (to rear edge naked area)_____________________- 8. 96 10. 2 8. 44 Distance:supracceipital' to dorsal) a tse es 9.15 10.1 21.9 eng LRramusipper jaw 22s= a= 28-2 aaa Sn ee oe 2. 70 1.78 enethiramus) lowerjaw -. 22-22-22 tn Ro ot ee St 2.41 1. 69 Length longest first ray of pectoral____..____-___-___-_-__-_-___-_-_-___-_- 31.8 30. 4 120 Length longest first ray of pelvic____.____-.____-_______-______-_-_____- 19.5 19.0 7. 82 Length longest first ray of dorsal__........_.--....-.-----_------.-_--- 36. 2 34.9 14.2 Length longestiirst. ray of anal 2-2 2c 30.7 28.5 13.1 hip of snout totorizin of dorsal'-<=.2.-> 2-2-3127 be ee 27.3 30.1 42.3 ‘Tiprofisnoutitoorigimoc anales. -+ 2 Se 35. 4 38. 2 43.6 Tip of snout to insertion of pectorals._........-.--.-.-.----.<____---- 16.1 17k Liat Tip of'snout to.insertion of pelvics=_+-_..-.--..---__.-------2-2---.--. 26. 5 28. 6 30. 5 TABLE 28.—Counts made on species of Sturisoma and Farlowella Number of fin rays Number of teeth in ramus of jaws Number of plates along sides to base of caudal fin Species Dorsal ae Pelvic Upper Lower TG) tyes | bee es 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 15 | 20 | 25 Sturisoma _ festt- CUM ae sae ees 3 Be seat seeps a 1 2 eo eee s & 1 Farlowella: CuriirOstrdie.-- |) 40 (2 Pee Salas Aviles) |e eee ee Sa [eee |e eel | eae ait 24 | 29 | 34 39} 19 | 24] 29 | 34 30 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 94 STURISOMA TENUIROSTRIS (Steindachner) Oxyloricaria tenuirostris STEINDACHNER, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, p. 410, 1910 (Rio Meta, Venezuela). Steindachner gives an abbreviated description of this species, and I have included in the key for festivwm the same characters even though they may not be very diagnostic. STURISOMA ROSTRATA (Agassiz) Loricaria rostrata AGAssiz, in Spix, Selecta genera et species piscium ... Bra- siliam ..., vol. 5, pl. 3, fig. 1, 2, 1829.——PrtTers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 471 (Calabozo, Venezuela).—E1GENMANN and EIGENMANN, Oce. Papers California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 366, 1890 (Calabozo) STURISOMA FESTIVUM Myers Sturisoma festivuum Myxmrs, Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 100, figs. 8-10, 1942 (Rio Monay, 35 km. north of Trujilla, Motatdn system, Venezuela). Collections from the Maracaibo basin, Venezuela, made by Leonard P. Schultz in 1942: U.S.N.M. No. 121079, Rfo Motatén, 8 km. below Motatdn, March 24, 3 specimens, 29.1 to 44.3 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121078, Rio Jimelles, 12 km. east of Motatdin, Motatan system, March 24, 2 specimens, 35.7 and 103.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121077, Rio Negro below mouth of Rfo Yasa, March 2, 3 speci- mens, 83.5 to 104.1 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121076, Rio Apén, about 35 km. south of Rosario, February 26, 1 specimen, 50.5 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 121080, Rio Motatdn at bridge 22 km. north of Motatan, March 17, 5 specimens, 45 to 128 mm. Genus HYPOPTOPOMA Giinther Hypoptopoma Gtnruer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 234. (Type, H. thoracatum Gunther.) HYPOPTOPOMA THORACATUM Giinther Hypoptopoma thoracatum GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 234, fig. 2.— Prrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, p. 471 (Calabozo, Venezuela) .— STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 41, p. 47, 1879 (Amazon River at mouth of Rio Negro, Calabozo, Venezuela). ? ' wt ' A Ay ty HSE 6, soi) 7 + teas we ot a SAAN | , ~ ay P . y & 7 1 ‘yp . in ; Ps 7 / 7 7 7 A - . ' ; Z ; Ci “ ae ted Wh Os sai pee a Ve To aa ae Kis Cie ‘Lae as. AS Te, + eo To ‘Oy. u oe uh ee of ae ) af a : i a ; ae on ; amet Fs nes on : nas a n> ar : h 7: oo Moe ¥ ah . a a "ee aXe A - - 7 ‘ s bed - yay ti J i i 1h aaa 1 We ae on tt ad é oe ia che OD " / ae aT he J a in eh A 7 3 \ = ie. _ mai ~ Mr . ™ f & Bons i ha u 1° ee i Wy hy ie Ks P * i o a : st ; 13 Ay ; Ay rye Oe " i: 1 we 4 an ; : a oni ay ; we. : ain vy s in 4 y a “ ue vf, me i ee . 4 ot 1 o% ’ re a) ». lb, us a ie , eo 7 a j / a i a | aay 7 any ¥ we ea Hi nh i cae AA) a a hi Li - ty : ~ 1 é a ; “ahs? - aie lh : ee he sei na me a ag pee? un ~ cy ie vo Lge / i Ye rere frat "i : nr - "e ay “: ret i hy te hs - (ia yy ay a . oi ia hy oo¥ nC Mh aes ied = ie “ee . 5 - “ y . Aye or ‘ - : sy ao : a a ay * lt - ies ty, is al "i a nie a A ab aie Wee oa hi or ie oe 7 = oy af 7 : a : Po qh a =i : tae ae Us ona Att mo, shin coe SB heehee en, a ii i tee ni ey 7 i 7 - - iim li : : ‘i i ie e ie ‘ a ae iN vas ety 7 ae i ih y. ‘ ' ” a, ate an, anes be ao bie pe sg Doge Nats am ae lor 7 Se i ; Yay) i \ pi ti oe ® a PaaS im? - Tar m ul. nian a betas ales ie ba mi Sih ie Hele | 4 | : Las nis Ata ‘i, pany Me Aapinghe OT ot PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 94 Washington: 1943 No. 3173 REVISIONS OF TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES BE- LONGING TO THE FAMILY EUPELMIDAE FROM NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA By A. B. Gawan Tue family Eupelmidae contains some of the most interesting forms to be found in the Chalcidoidea. Only a comparatively small number of the species-belonging to the group have yet been described notwithstanding the fact that many of them are associated, either as primary or secondary parasites, with important insect pests of agri- culture. The two genera Arachnophaga and Encyrtaspis each con- tain species associated with such pests and therefore are of some eco- nomic interest, although it is probable that they are secondary para- sites oftener than primary ones and hence oftener harmful than beneficial. Family EUPELMIDAE Genus ARACHNOPHAGA Ashmead Arachnophaga ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 4, pp. 9, 10, 18, 1896. Arachnophaga can be distinguished from Encyrtaspis Ashmead only by the fact that the female does not have a tuft or pencil of long black hairs on the middle of the scutellum and that the hind tibia, although more or less strongly compressed, is not so broad as in Encyrtaspis and its posterior margin never has a white border. Males of the two genera are apparently indistinguishable. It is also very similar to Anastatus Motschulsky, differing principally in that the head as viewed from in front is somewhat more elongate; the anterior extremity of the frons forms a more or less distinct, often 546424 43-1 339 340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 cariniform ledge from the lower extremities of the eyes to the anten- nal fossae; the eyes are usually pubescent; the scutellum is broadly rounded posteriorly, moderately convex dorsally, and finely sculp- tured; the tergites, except the fifth, are not emarginate at apex; and the ovipositor is always distinctly exserted. It differs from Anas- tatoidea Gahan by having the scrobes never margined above, the ocelli in an obtuse triangle, the frons not narrow, the frontal ledge from the antennal fossae to the eyes present, the scutellum broader and a little more convex and with finer sculpture, the hind tibia some- what compressed but never expanded into a broad flange on the posterior margin, and the posterior basitarsus not strongly com- pressed. The eyes are more or less convergent above; frons not narrow; lat- eral ocelli farther from each other than from the front ocellus; an- tennal scrobes shallow, confluent, and not sharply margined; anten- nae broadly separated at base, 13-jointed, and inserted below a line connecting the lower eye margins; parapsidal grooves deep; axillae separated; propodeum deeply emarginate medially; marginal vein two to four times as long as stigmal vein, postmarginal vein usually less than twice as long as stigmal; forewing in large part fuscous, with or without a hyaline band; front femora distinctly thickened toward apex; middle tarsus thickened basally and with a double row of short, stiff spines on the ventral side of basal segments 1 to 3; hind tibia either slender or strongly compressed and moderately broad, with two apical spurs. The male is similar to the male of Anastatus but may be distin- guished by its somewhat longer and slenderer scape, by the short anten- nal club, which is obliquely truncate from base to apex, by the shallow and flat scrobal cavity, by the usually pubescent eyes, by the shghtly longer head as viewed from in front, and by the incomplete or less distinctly impressed parapsidal grooves. Genotype, Hupelmus piceus Howard. KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES OF ARACHNOPHAGA ASHMEAD aE PROM all gs oe os oe 7, ee ee ee 2 Males’ _ 1.atby: antisera 0 rerre se Seria se ae sh oe ee 14 2. Forewing in large part strongly infuscated, but hyaline at base and with a distinct crossband beyond and just touching apex of stigmal vein, this crossband distinctly angled and connected with hyaline basal area by a broad medium longitudinal stripe, crossband and median stripe clothed with whitish cilia, infuscated portion of wing with dark cilia; posterior femur a little thicker beyond than before middle; costal cell densely ciliated ShADEX + 2s 22 = a aie a en ee ee 1. albolinea Gahan Forewing infuscated but without a definite hyaline crossband and without a; medianvhyaline stripe = eee ee ee 3 TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 341 . Apex of costal cell densely ciliated distad of point where submarginal vein begins to curve toward anterior margin of wing; frontal ledge not carini- form; vertex forming an abrupt sharp angle with occiput; lateral ocellus less than twice its own diameter in front of occipital truncation________ 4 Apex of costal cell bare except for a row of slender, straight hairs on ventral surface adjacent to curve in submarginal vein; frontal ledge cariniform ; vertex not forming an abrupt, sharp angle with occiput but declining pos- teriorly for a short distance before reaching occipital truncation; lateral ocellus two or more times its own diameter in front of occipital trunca- ULE eae 8 er ase as Sea es telson Fel es set es | st eB Stay en taey Puen BF 8 . Mesoscutum nearly uniformly densely punctate, dull; base of forewing behind submarginal vein densely ciliated except for a narrow area along posterior margin and sometimes a narrow subtriangular area adjacent to submar- ginal vein basad of point where vein begins to curve; hind femur slightly narrowed beyond middle and without a marginal flange on its ventral Taya Ba Sk oe tt ee ee a heed ee ete eae et tious! Binet. ol 5 Mesoscutum with concave posterior portion and scapulae less strongly sculp- tured than prescutum; base of forewing behind straight portion of sub- marginal vein bare except on a narrow streak or area extending obliquely distad from basal angle of wing nearly to reach densely ciliated median portion; hind femur broader beyond than before its middle and with a dis- tinct, narrow flange on apical one-third of its ventral margin___________ 6 . Mesoscutum, axillae, and scutellum clothed with long, coarse, whitish hairs; forewing behind and adjacent to submarginal vein with a narrow sub- triangular area bare or nearly bare; general color dull black 2. hirtibasis, new species Mesoscutum and axillae clothed with short, pale hairs; scutellum with numer- ous black bristles; forewing without a bare area behind and adjacent to submarginal yein; general color dark brownish testaceous varied with lack. Stic. oN fore aie Pele yeh en Fryar Bae ert oe 3. longiceps (Brues) . Infuscated medial area of forewing with a strong yellowish or golden tint; general color of head and thorax pale yellowish testaceous, only middle of mesoscutum and middle of mesosternum blackish__-__--- 7 Infuscated medial area of forewing blackish, without a strong yellowish or golden tint; general color darker, mesoscutum at least mostly black- LS Dies ses ep sed ores ew wat tL 4. costalis, new species . Length 4.5 mm. Posterior ocellus distinctly more than its own diameter in front of the sharp cecipital margin_-________ 5. aureicorpus (Girault) Length 2.75 mm. Posterior oeellus about its own diameter in front of occipital PATS a at te ld a Syed et ae 6. nocua, new species . Mesoscutum nearly uniformly densely punctate over its whole surface, con- cave posterior portion and scapulae about as strongly sculptured as pre- SS CUMIN acetone Stet ee tgs eT dete tt hes 9 Mesoscutum with concave posterior portion perfectly smooth and polished, or, if weakly sculptured, sculpture obviously weaker than that of pre- S CUCU S22 afer Eat $m ats eeee enh SE ae ert I ess | 10 . Mostly black or piceous; anterior femur distinctly broadened beyond middle; scutellum nearly as broad as long; mesoscutum and scutellum conspicu- ously hairy, hairs moderately long; posterior tibia compressed and broad; prothorax conical but fully twice as broad as long____ 7. opaca, new species Mostly testaceous, mesoscutum always brownish and abdomen always more or less brownish apically; anterior femur only slightly broadened; scutellum nearly twice as long as broad; mesoscutum and scutellum less conspicu- 342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 ously hairy, hairs very short; posterior tibia compressed but not broad; prothorax conical and about as long as broad____- 8. scutata, new species 10. Head and thorax black or brownish black, more or less faintly tinged with metallic green, sutures around base of wings, scutellum basally, axillae dorsally, and pleura sometimes diluted with reddish: 24224 5 Sree ost Head reddish testaceous; thorax variable but usually reddish testaceous, mesoscutum sometimes more or less tinted with metallic green posteriorly ; only one species with thorax extensively marked with dark brown or blaeizishs 0) 2) ta oh ba ee eS ee oat es sesso 12 11. Marginal vein about twice as long as stigmal vein; lateral ocellus a little more than its own diameter from eye margin; frons obviously sculptured but weakly so; concave posterior portion of mesoscutum smooth and pol- ished; eyes bare or very nearly so_-.---------------- 9. picea (Howard) Marginal vein obviously a little more than twice as long as stigmal vein; lateral ocellus not more than its own diameter from eye margin; frons dull, with very distinct reticulate sculpture; concave posterior portion of mesoscutum weakly sculptured; eyes distinctly pilose 10. frontalis, new species 412. Frons above scrobicular depression perfectly smooth and polished; meso- scutum uniformly testaceous or with only faint metallic reflections pos- teriorly ; forewing with infuscated area clothed with pale yellowish, scale- like hairs on anterior portion, hairs on a little less than posterior half of {ts 4width darker 260 eres fy Pea ete SI ee NaS a ee 13 Frons above scrobicular depression not perfectly smooth, weakly reticulated ; concave posterior portion of mesoscutum dark with metallic green reflec- tions, prescutum and inner faces of scapulae also usually dark metallic; anterior half of mesopleuron usually dark brown with weak metallic reflec- tions; forewing with infuscated portion uniformly dark except for a narrow proximal border, which is paler__-------~ 11. aldrichi, new species 13. Concave posterior portion of mesoscutum nearly bare, with only a few weak and inconspicuous hairs scattered over surface; scape reaching level of vertex ; hypopygium extending very nearly to apex of abdomen 12. ferruginea, new species Concave posterior portion of mesoscutum clothed with conspicuous, short, silvery hairs; scape not quite reaching level of front ocellus ; hypopygium attaining approximately apical one-fourth of abdomen 13. abstrusa, new species 14. Thorax beneath at least partly yellowish testaceous; head also usually more or less marked with yellowish__--~-----------~---------------+------ 16 Thorax not yellowish beneath; head without yellowish markings except some- times narrowly around mouth___---~-----__--~--------------------=- 15 15. Head and thorax densely and closely punctate, dull black with little or no metallic tinge; hind femur broad, hind tibia also compressed and moder- ately brosdesi2 2 etre BOE eee ee 7. opaca, new species Head and thorax densely punctate but punctures shallower, with a distinct metallic tinge especially on face and frons; hind femur and tibia not so Hroag wed les ail CAAA Se eee ee eee 9. picea (Howard) 16. Posterior ocelli about diameter of an ocellus in front of occipital trunca- ELON Lewsee pes ees eee PTO IEE SRE ee 2d Ea See eee ee ae Posterior ocelli about twice diameter of an ocellus in front of occipital trunestion 2 ols Don ies ee ee 18 17. Basal cell of forewing uniformly ciliated; whole dorsum of thorax dull dark green and mesopleuron and metapleuron more or less infuseated or aene- TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 343 ous; head largely yellowish but with vertex, broad lateral margins of frons, occiput below neck, and posterior margins of temples greenish; LESS BLO Wil Siete eee ees a ee 38. longiceps (Brues) Basal cell of forewing outlined by cilia but otherwise mostly bare; dorsum of thorax medially dull green, pronotum laterally, broad lateral margins of mesoscutum, declivous portion of axillae, perpendicular sides of scutel- lum, pleura, legs including coxae, and head except vertex and lateral margins of frons orange-yellow_—--__._-___--__--- 6. nocua, new species 18. Whole head, except narrowly around the mouth, dull black with a purplish tinge; dorsum of thorax mostly black with a purplish tinge 10. frontalis, new species Head mostly pale orange-yellow with more or less of vertex and frons greenish or brassy ; dorsum of thorax bronzy or metallic green medially_ 19 19. Dorsum of thorax almost entirely dark bronzy; vertex and frons brassy 8. scutata, new species Dorsum of thorax with broad lateral margins orange yellowish, median por- tion of mesoscutum and scutellum metallic green; head with only a trans- verse area on the vertex greenish_____________ 138. abstrusa, new species 1. ARACHNOPHAGA ALBOLINEA Gahan Arachnophaga alvolinea GAHAN, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 8, p. 125, 1984. This species is easily distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the hyaline crossband and median stripe on the fore- wing. The types are said to have been reared from puparia of Argy- rophylax albincisa Wiedemann that had parasitized the pyralid Lam- prosema indicata Fabricius infesting lima beans in Cuba. 2. ARACHNOPHAGA HIRTIBASIS, new species This species is very similar to /ongiceps (Brues) but is distinguished immediately by the much longer and more conspicuous hairs on the mesoscutum and by the much darker color. Female —Length 3.6mm. General color black, very slightly tinged with metallic on vertex, pleura, apex of scutellum, and dorsum of ab- domen; face below antennae, cheeks mesad of malar groove, posterior orbits narrowly, antennal grooves, and scape testaceous; legs dark brownish varied with testaceous, the anterior pair usually somewhat lighter than the others and the posterior femora slightly tinged with metallic; antennal pedicel, basal two or three segments of funicle, and the club dark brown to blackish, apical four or five funicular seg- ments yellowish; forewing from base to beginning of curve in sub- marginal vein hyaline, from that point to apex of stigmal vein dark fuscous, and beyond apex of stigmal vein subfuscous; posterior wing hyaline; abdomen black with dorsum basally tinged with testaceous; ovipositor sheaths pale yellowish. Head, viewed from in front, about as long as broad, slightly nar- rowed below; cheeks nearly straight; eyes converging above, sparsely pubescent; frons equal to about one-third the width of head; scrobe 344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 shallow, immargined, extending more than half the distance between antennal fossae and front ocellus; frontal ledge very distinct but not cariniform; malar furrow distinct; ocellar triangle obtuse; ocelloc- ular line very slightly shorter than diameter of an ocellus; posterior ocellus a little more than its own diameter in front of the sharp pos- terior margin of vertex; head in dorsal view thin at vertex and rather deeply concave, the vertex and occiput forming a sharp angle; whole head with fine, strong, ruguloso-punctate sculpture and clothed with pale hairs which are longest along the inner eye margins. Antenna long, slightly clavate; scape subcylindrical, slightly curved and ex- tending above level of anterior ocellus; pedicel nearly three times as long as broad; ring joint quadrate; first funicular segment a little longer than pedicel, nearly four times as long as broad; seventh funicular segment subquadrate; club a little longer than two preced- ing segments combined. Thorax rather short and robust; pronotum rather short and strongly sculptured; mesoscutum uniformly and unusually strongly sculptured, only the crest of the very short carinae at the posterior end of scapulae shining; parapsidal grooves and depression at pos- terior middle of mesoscutum deep; scutellum and axillae also strongly sculptured; whole of mesoscutum, scutellum, and axillae covered with unusually conspicuous, long, pale hairs; mesosternum and anterior half of mesopleuron shagreened and clothed with short, pale hairs. posterior half of mesopleuron finely striated and bare; propodeum with shallow reticulate sculpture and hairy only at lateral margins. Anterior femur swollen, broadest very near apex, the apical trunca- tion rounded, less oblique than usual; calcarium of middle tibia strong, about two-thirds as long as basitarsus; posterior femur dis- tinctly narrower beyond than before the middle; posterior tibia strongly compressed, very nearly as broad as femur, its posterior margin with a fringe of moderately long hairs. Forewing about two and one-third times as long as broad; costal cell densely ciliated in apical angle and weakly ciliated basad of middle, with a bare area between; area behind straight portion of submarginal vein for the most part strongly ciliated but with a narrow, subtriangular area adjacent to the vein and a rather broad strip along the posterior mar- gin bare; discal cilia on dark medial portion of wing coarser than those on basal and apical portions. Abdomen about as long and as broad as thorax, strongly sculptured; ovipositor exserted about half length of abdomen. Type locality —Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 56648. Remarks—Described from four females reared from Brassolis as- tyra Godart at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1931, by C. Camargo. TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 345 3. ARACHNOPHAGA LONGICEPS (Brues), new combination Anastatus longiceps Brurs, Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc. Bull. 5, p. 108, 1907. The female agrees very closely with the description of hirtibas?s on another page of this paper but may be distinguished at once by the shorter and less conspicuous hirsute covering of the mesonotum, by the uniform ciliation of the basal area of the forewing behind the sub- marginal vein, and by the fact that the head and thorax are mostly brownish testaceous, the abdomen mostly blackish but marked with testaceous basally above and on the sides. Male—Length 2.5 mm. Vertex, frons above and laterad of scrobe, area between antennal fossae, and posterior portion of temples and cheeks dark green or tinted with green; scrobal depression, face below antennae, cheeks adjacent to malar furrow, posterior orbits narrowly, and upper part of occiput yellowish testaceous; apices of mandibles and the rest of mouthparts more or less fuscous; antennal scape tes- taceous, flagellum dark brown to blackish; thorax above dull greenish black with the region around base of wings more or less yellowish; thorax beneath largely yellowish, the mesopleura, mesosternum, and metapleura more or less aeneous; propodeum dark brown; legs brownish testaceous with the anterior pair not quite so dark as the posterior pair; wings hyaline, venation yellowish ; abdomen brownish black, paler at base above and beneath. Head viewed from above strongly transverse, shallowly concave behind, almost perpendicularly truncate behind vertex; lateral ocellus very slightly less than its own diameter in front of the sharp posterior margin of head and about half its own diameter from the eye margin; postocellar line twice as long as the line from lateral ocellus to median ocellus; anterior margin of frons not forming a sharp ledge; malar space equal to a little more than half the vertical length of eye; eye distinctly pubescent; antennae inserted distinctly below eyes; scape distinctly though not greatly thickened beyond the middle, attaining the level of anterior ocellus; pedicel a little more than twice as long as broad; ring joint broader than long; first funicu- lar segment about as long as pedicel, and about twice as long as broad; last segment of funicle subquadrate ; club a little longer than two pre- ceding funicular segments, obliquely truncate. Mesoscutum convex, with fine, close sculpture; parapsidal grooves complete but shallow; scutellum a little more finely sculptured than mesoscutum; axillae narrowly separated and sculptured dorsally about lke mesoscutum ; propodeum with shallow but distinct reticulate sculpture and a deli- cate median carina, bare medially, densely hairy at posterior lateral angles. Anterior femur distinctly swollen; basitarsus of middle leg not at all thickened, the calcarium moderately thick and about two- thirds as long as basitarsus; posterior femur moderately broad, and 346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 about as broad before as beyond the middle; posterior tibia slightly compressed, not so broad as femur. Forewing with costal cell ciliated throughout its whole length, the hairs in apical angle longer and more numerous than in rest of cell; area behind submarginal vein nearly uniformly ciliated except along the posterior margin; surface of wing distad of point where submarginal vein begins to curve toward margin uniformly ciliated ; marginal vein about twice as long as postmarginal and a little over twice as long as stigmal. Abdomen nearly as long as thorax but narrower, parallel-sided, smooth at base above and weakly sculptured elsewhere, with a very short, ringlike, and smooth petiole. Originally described by Brues from a single female taken at Brownsville, Tex., and deposited in the Brooklyn Museum but now in the United States National Museum collection. Besides the type the national collection now possesses 30 females and 7 males reared at Brownsville, November 21, 1938, by O. D. Deputy, from a chrysalis of Papilio sp. 4. ARACHNOPHAGA COSTALIS, new species Agrees very closely with the description of nocua and may prove to be only a host variant of that species. It apparently differs from that species only by being much larger, by having the black bristles on the scutellum somewhat more numerous, by having four instead of three short, stiff spines on the outer apical margin of the middle tibia, by having the antenna proportionally somewhat longer, by having a distinctly more conspicuous though narrow flange on the apical one-third of the ventral margin of the posterior femur, and by being more extensively marked with black or dark brown. Female.—Length 4.4mm. Color varying to some extent but mostly brownish black with some metallic reflections. Holotype brownish black; face below antennae, mandibles except their apices, palpi, occi- put, and temples testaceous; a median stripe on frons starting at median ocellus and embracing the whole scrobicular cavity and a narrow longitudinal stripe along upper part of each inner orbit dark reddish testaceous with brassy tints in some lights; vertex and frons, except as indicated, blackish with some metallic greenish reflections; cheeks and lower part of temples brownish testaceous. Antennal scape testaceous, flagellum black. Pronotum yellowish testaceous; mesoscutum brownish black with its anterior lateral angles dark testaceous; scutellum dark brownish, slightly paler toward base; propodeum brownish with weak metallic reflections; pleura testaceous mixed with brownish; mesosternum with a broad black longitudinal stripe down the middle. Anterior legs entirely testaceous; middle and posterior legs also testaceous but tinged with brownish, the pos- terior tibiae especially dark. Forewing hyaline from base to begin- TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 347 ning of curve in submarginal vein, dark fuscous from that point to apex of stigmal vein, and subfuscous from there to apex. Abdomen mostly dark brown with apex of first tergite, all of second, and most of third paler on dorsum. Malar groove distinct; malar space equal to about one-third length of eye; ocellocular line a little shorter than the diameter of an ocellus; posterior ocellus about one and one-half times its own diameter in front of occipital margin; antennae long, weakly clavate; scape very nearly reaching anterior ocellus; pedicel two and one-half times as long as broad at apex; ring joint very nearly as long as broad; fourth segment of anterna about three times as long as broad; following segments successively a little shorter, the tenth approxi- mately one-third longer than broad; club somewhat longer than two preceding segments combined, obliquely truncate. Mesonotal scapulae and medio-posterior portion of mesoscutum with sculpture only slightly less distinct than that of prescutum; scutellum with approxi- mately 50 black bristles of varying lengths; propodeum behind the spiracles obviously but weakly reticulated, spiracles elliptical and large. Forewing nearly three and a half times as long as broad, marginal vein nearly four times as long as stigmal; postmarginal vein about a half longer than stigmal; costal cell finely ciliated on approximately the basal half, entirely bare medially, its apex beyond the point where submarginal vein starts to curve toward anterior margin of wing densely ciliated; area behind submarginal vein basad of curve in vein bare except for a moderately broad streak of rather coarse cilia running obliquely distocaudad from the basal angle of wing, this streak broadest basally, tapering distad, and terminating before reaching the heavily ciliated discal area of wing; surface of wing distad of curve in submarignal closely ciliated. Middle tibia with four or five short, blunt spines on outer apical margin; posterior femur a little broader beyond than before the mid- dle, with a very distinct though narrow flange on a little more than one-third its ventral margin apically; posterior tibia strongly com- pressed, about as broad as femur. Abdomen as long as head and thorax combined, a little narrower than thorax; ovipositor sheaths exserted about one-third length of abdomen. Two paratypes from Maryland agree in nearly every particular with the holotype except that one of these is slightly darker in color, the posterior legs being almost entirely brownish black. Male —Unknown. Type locality—Moorestown, N. J. Type.—vU. 8. N. M. No. 56649. 546424—43 2 348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Remarks. — Described from three females. The holotype was reared in 1931 at the Oriental Fruit Moth Laboratory, Moorestown, N. J., from the cocoon of a Macrocentrus infesting Grapholitha molesta (Busck) and recorded as specimen No, 564. A second female, reared at the same laboratory in 1933 as specimen 1504, apparently emerged from a pupa of @. molesta taken at Berlin, Md. One female was reared by H. S. McConnell, of the Maryland Agricultural Ex- periment Station, from a cocoon of Macrocentrus infesting G. molesta taken at Salisbury, Md., in 1929. 5. ARACHNOPHAGA AUREICORPUS (Girault) Anastatus aureicorpus GmrAuLt, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, p. 299, 1916. In color this species is almost exactly like nocua and can be dis- tinguished only by its much larger size, by the more numerous bristles on the scutellum (approximately 50), and by the fact that the posterior ocelli are placed distinctly more than the diameter of an ocellus in front of the sharp angle formed by vertex with occiput. Also ex- tremely similar to costalis, from which it differs mainly in that the heavily infuscated medial area of forewing is yellowish (golden in some lights) instead of blackish; the head, thorax, abdomen, and legs are mostly pale yellow with only the prescutum, concave posterior portion of mesoscutum, middle of mesosternum, and to some extent the vertex and frons blackish with slight metallic reflections. In the type the scutellum is entirely yellow, but in two specimens from South Carolina it is weakly tinged with metallic apically. Described by Girault from one female specimen reared by Carl Hartman, at Austin, Tex., from what Girault said appeared to be a syrphid puparium. The alleged puparium, however, is a lepidopter- ous pupa and, according to Carl Heinrich, is that of some species of Lycaenidae. Besides the type, the national collection contains two females from Greer, S. C., taken September 18, 1930, by J. O. Rowell. 6. ARACHNGPHAGA NOCUA, new species Female—Length 2.75 mm. Color yellowish testaceous, only the ocellar triangle, medioposterior depressed portion of mesoscutum, and middle of mesosternum dark brownish or blackish; antennal flagellum and scape brownish testaceous, and club blackish; forewing hyaline from base to beginning of curve in submarginal vein, strongly fuscous from there to apex of stigmal vein, and subhyaline at apex with an irregular transverse band just distad of stigmal vein slightly paler, the coloration of different areas due to differently colored cilia, thos on infuscated median portion giving to that area a distinctly yellow- ish tinge in some lights while on the obscure, transverse, pale band TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 349 the cilia are whitish; posterior wing hyaline; legs uniformly yel- Jowish testaceous; ovipositor yellow. Head, viewed from in front, as long as broad, rounded above, nar- rower below; cheeks slightly rounded, nearly straight; eyes rather large, shghtly converging toward vertex, sparsely pilose; frons equal m width to a little more than one-third width of head; scrobe shallow, immargined, extending approximately half the distance between an- tennal fossae and anterior ocellus; ventral margin of frons laterad of antennal fossa more or less abruptly truncate and forming an oblique ridge extending from ventral margin of eye to base of antenna; malar groove complete but very fine and obscured by sculpture; ocelli in an obtuse triangle; ocellocular line equal to diameter of a lateral ocellus; entire head with nearly uniform, fine, shallow, reticulate- punctate sculpture; lateral margins of frons clothed with long whitish hairs; vertex and middle of frons with much shorter and sparser hairs; head, in dorsal view, thin anteroposteriorly ; occiput slightly concave and forming with vertex a sharply abrupt angle. Antenna slender, weakly clavate; scape not quite attaining front ocellus, cylindrical; pedicel about two and one-half times as long as broad; ring joint twice as broad as long: first funicular segment a little shorter than pedicel, fully twice as long as thick; second and third segments each about equal in length to first; following funicular segments successively de- creasing in length, the seventh subquadrate; club obliquely truncate, nearly as long as the three preceding funicular segments. Thorax, when in natural position, approximately twice as long as broad; prothorax conical, short; mesoscutum a little longer than broad; parapsidal grooves deep and broad; prescutum with fine, shal- low, reticulate-punctate sculpture; scapulae and the depressed medio- posterior portion of mesoscutum very weakly sculptured; whole mesoscutum sparsely clothed with very short, inconspicuous hairs; scutellum finely sculptured, opaque, with about 30 black bristles of varying lengths scattered over the disk; axillae sculptured like scutel- lum, each with several short black bristles; propodeum deeply emargi- nate, almost reduced to a transverse line medially, the lateral lobes practically smooth; propodeal spiracles conspicuous and nearly circular. Forewing very nearly thrice as long as broad; marginal vein about three times as long as stigmal vein; postmarginal vein a little longer than stigmal: costal cell in large part bare but with some weak cilia on the basal one-third and with apical area in front of the curved portion of submarginal vein densely clothed with coarse blackish cilia; area behind the straight portion of submarginal vein mostly bare but with a few irregularly placed cilia in the proximal angle and extending in a narrow streak a short distance distad near the posterior 350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 margin of wing; whole surface of wing distad of the upward curve in submarginal vein densely ciliated; marginal cilia very short. Anterior femur distinctly swollen, broadest between middle and apex; anterior tibia moderately stout and shorter than femur; middle tibia with three short, blunt spines on outer apical margin, the calcar- ium a little shorter than basitarsus; basitarsus and two following tar- sal segments of middle legs each with a double row of stiff spines beneath; posterior coxa densely clothed with short white pile; pos- terior femur moderately broad, a little broader beyond than before the middle, and with its apical one-third weakly margined beneath by a very narrow flange; hind tibia strongly compressed, not quite so broad as femur, its posterior margin sharp; basal segment of pos- terior tarsus about as long as two following segments combined. Abdomen as long as thorax and slightly narrower, weekly sculp- tured, its apex rounded; ovipositor sheaths exserted about one-third the length of abdomen. , Male.—Length 2.1mm. Color in large part testaceous, the vertex, broad stripe along inner orbits, mesoscutum except broad lateral margins, entire scutellum, and dorsal angles of axillae dark metallic green or aeneous; frons medially, cheeks, most of propodeum, and mesosternum more or less tinged with metallic or brassy; dorsum of abdomen, except at base and apex, dark brown; antennal flagellum blackish; legs concolorous with sides of thorax, only the hind legs sometimes a little brownish; wings hyaline. Pubescence pale, short, and moderately dense on dorsum of thorax, longer on inner orbits and propodeum. Head strongly transverse, broadly but not deeply concave behind, almost perpendicularly truncate behind vertex; lateral ocellus a little less than its diameter in front of sharp posterior margin of head and about equally distant from the eye margin; ocellar triangle obtuse, the postocellar line about twice as long as line from lateral ocellus to front ocellus; anterior margin of frons not forming a sharp ledge at its junction with malar space but with a trace of this ledge; malar space equal to about half the vertical length of eye; eye weakly pubes- cent; antenna inserted below a line connecting lower extremities of eyes; scape cylindrical, not quite attaining level of front ocellus; pedicel about twice as long as broad; ring joint transverse; first funic- ular segment about as long as pedicel; last funicular segment sub- quadrate; club a little longer than two preceding segments combined, obliquely truncate. Mesoscutum convex, with fine reticulate-punctate sculpture above, more weakly reticulated laterally ; parapsidal grooves traceable but not deeply impressed; scutellum convex, with very fine reticulate-punctate sculpture giving an almost granular appearance; axillae narrowly separated, the dorsal portion with sculpture like that TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 351 on middle of mesoscutum, the declivous portion nearly smooth; pro- podeum faintly reticulated, shining, with a delicate median carina and with the extreme lateral margin covered with silvery-white hairs. An- terior femur distinctly but not greatly thickened ; basitarsus of middle leg only slightly thickened, the calearium about three-fourths as long as basitarsus and moderately stout; posterior femur broad, not more slender beyond than before the middle; posterior tibia strongly com- pressed, a little narrower than the femur and tapering from near middle toward base; two calcaria very distinct. Forewing with the costal cell mostly ciliated; area behind submarginal vein with some rather coarse cilia marking the obsolete basal and median veins and a few similar hairs irregularly placed within the median cell; beyond point where submarginal vein begins to curve toward wing margin nearly uniformly ciliated; marginal vein a little more than twice as long as stigmal, postmarginal approximately three-fourths length of marginal, Abdomen about as long as thorax but much narrower; first tergite smooth, the following tergites weakly reticulated. Type locality —Brownsville, Tex. Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 56650. Remarks.—Described from 1 female (holotype) and 19 males reared by T. C. Barber, in May 1933, as secondary parasites of H'stigmene acraea Drury, the actual host in this case probably having been Apanteles sp. 7. ARACHNOPHAGA OPACA, new species Similar in most respects to picea but distinguishable at once by the more strongly and more uniformly sculptured mesoscutum. Female.—Length 3 mm. General color dull black; pronotum later- ally and head behind the eyes usually tinted with metallic green; pro- podeum smooth with strong metallic reflections; pleura, legs, and base of abdomen brownish black; scape yellowish testaceous, flagellum brownish black; forewing hyaline at base, fuscous behind the marginal vein, and subhyaline apically; hind wing hyaline; ovipositor sheaths yellowish. Head viewed from in front about as broad as high; cheek nearly straight; malar space equal to about two-thirds the length of eye; eyes sparsely pilose, converging above, the frons equal in width to about two-fifths the width of head; scrobal depression broad, shal- low, and poorly delimited; frontal ledge forming a sharp carina from lower extremity of eye to antennal fossa; ocelli in an obtuse trian- gle; ocellocular line equal to very slightly more than the diameter of an ocellus; head in dorsal view thin anteroposteriorly; occiput concave; angle formed by occiput and vertex rounded, not sharp; whole head with unusually strong and nearly uniform sculpture and 352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 clothed with long whitish hairs which are particularly conspicuous on the frons and Raking the eyes. Antenna weakly clavate; scape reach- ing level of anterior ocellus, cylindrical, and shghtly eee pedicel two and one-half to three times as long as thick; ring joint a little longer than broad; first funicular segment about as long and as broad as pedicel, following segments gradually decreasing in length and in- creasing in thickness, the sev one funicular segment a little broader than long; club about as long as three preceding segments combined, not thicker than last funicular segment, obliquely truncate at apex. Prothorax short, conical, strongly sculptured; mesoscutum longer than broad, aoe eal strongly sculptured, and rather densely clothed with moderately long whitish hairs; concave medio-posterior portion of mesoscutum as strongly spulptuned as prescutum; parap- sidal grooves deeply impressed; scutellum a little longer than broad, eel circular, strongly sculptured, and more sparsely clothed with longer hairs; axillae sculptured like scutellum; propodeum deeply triangularly Gaanis medially, its surface smooth, polished, and bare except for a dense row of white hairs along the lateral mar gin; metanotum with a rounded flangelike elevation ‘medially just behind apex of scutellum; mesosternum and mesopleuron strongly sculptured, clothed with short, whitish hairs except that the posterior half of mesopleuron is bare. Forewing a little more than two and one-half times as long as broad; marginal vein not over twice as long as stigmal vein; post- marginal vein a little longer than stigmal; costal cell mostly bare, but with some weak discal cilia basally and with about 8 to 10 rather long hairs arranged in an irregular row on the under surface of wing near the apex of cell and adjacent to the curved portion of submar- ginal veins; area of wing behind straight portion of submarginal vein bare except for a few very weak cilia in the basal angle; rest of wing surface densely ciliated; marginal cilia very short. Anterior femur broad, broadest between middle and apex; anterior tibia slightly thickened and about equal to femur in length; middle tibia with four short, blunt spines on its apical margin; calearium of middle tibia about two-thirds as long as basitarsus; hind femur somewhat broader basad than distad of its middle and without a carinate ventral margin; hind tibia compressed, about as broad as femur, its posterior margin sharp and with a fringe of rather coarse, pale hairs. Abdomen ovate, about as long and as broad as thorax, strongly sculptured and hairy except first and second segments, which are dorsally bare and practically smooth; hypopygium extending to ap- proximately the apical third of abdomen; ovipositor exserted ap- proximately one-fourth the length of abdomen. TWO GENERA. OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 353 Male—Length 1.9mm. Dull black; scape and mouth parts testa- ceous; pedicel and flagellum brownish black; legs brownish black, the apices of tibiae very narrowly and basal three joints of middle and hind tarsi pale yellowish; propcdeum with metallic greenish reflec- tions; wings hyaline; abdomen more or less brownish biack. Pubes- cence aule shorter and less conspicuous than in female. Head strongly transverse, broadly concave behind, the angle formed by vertex and occiput slightly rounded; lateral ocellus nearly or quite twice its own diameter in front of occipital margin and about its own diameter from eye margin; ocellar triangle strongly obtuse; anterior margin of frons slightly angulated but not forming a sharp carin: from antennal fossa to lower margin of eye; malar space equal to more than half the vertical length of eye; eye pubescent; antennal scape obviously somewhat swollen, thickest beyond the middle; pedicel about twice as long as thick; ring joint broader than long; first funic- ular segment a little fas than pedicel, seventh about as broad as long; club apparently solid, obliquely truncate, not thicker than last funicular segment, and nearly equal in length to three preceding seg- ments. Entire head densely scuiptured and with short pubescence. Mesoscutum convex, densely punctate, dull, clothed with short pubes- cence; parapsidal grooves barely indicated; scutellum convex, sculp- tured like mesoscutum; axillae with same sculpture as mesoscutum ; propedeum practically smooth, without definite folds or carinae, bare except at jateral margins; ail: round and rather large. Anterior femur rather broad, tibia slightly thickened; middle tibial spur mod- erately stout and about two-thirds as long as basitarsus; posterior femur compressed and about three times as long as broad, evenly ellip- tical in outline; posterior tibia also compressed but only about half as broad as femur. Forewing with marginal vein about one and one- half times as long as stigmal vein and usually somewhat shorter than postmarginal vein. Abdomen about as long as thorax but narrower, rather weakly reticulately sculptured. Type locality —Pedro Miguel, Canal Zone, Panama. Type.—vU.S. N. M. No. 56651. Remarks.—Described from 30 females (1 holotype) and 14 males (1 allotype) reared from egg masses of an unidentified spider collected by H. Dietz and sent in for identification by James Zetek, 8. ARACHNOPHAGA SCUTATA, new species Similar to opaca in sculpture but easily distinguished from that species by color as well as by other characters, Resembling ferru- ginea in color but differing markedly in sculpture. Female—Length 3 mm. General color testaceous; mesoscutum brownish and abdomen mostly dark brown; propodeum shining; scape 354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 9t testaceous, flagellum blackish ; legs concolorous with thorax; forewing hyaline at base and apex, distinctly infuscated behind marginal veln 5 hind wing hyaline; abdomen testaceous at base, dark brown to black- ish on apical half or more; ovipositor sheaths testaceous. Head viewed from in front as long as broad; cheek nearly straight in profile; malar furrow distinct, malar space equal to more than half vertical length of eye; eyes inconspicuously pilose, converging above; frons constituting a little more than one-third the total width of head; serobes shallow, poorly delimited; frontal ledge sharply cariniform; ocellar triangle obtuse; ocellocular line about equal to diameter of lateral ocellus; head in dorsal view transverse; occiput slightly con- cave; vertex not abruptly truncate behind, forming with occiput a slightly rounded angle; lateral ocellus placed fully three times its own diameter in front of occipital margin; whole head strongly re- ticulate punctate; pubescence of head pale and rather short except on lower part of frons along eye margins, where the hairs are longer; antenna long, slightly clavate; scape cylindrical, slightly curved, reaching to front ocellus; pedicel about two and one-half times as long as broad; ring joint very slightly longer than broad; first funicu- lar segment equal to pedicel, seventh funicular segment very slightly longer than broad; club obscurely 3-segmented, obliquely truncate, very slightly thicker than last segment of funicle and not quite equal] in length to three preceding funicular segments combined. Pronotum conical, about as long as broad, strongly sculptured ; mesoscutum about a half longer than broad, finely and almost uniform- ly punctate, dull, deeply concave behind the prescutum, the concave portion sculptured about like the rest; parapsidal grooves deep; pre- scutum a little longer than the concave area behind it; scapulae sharp- ly cariniform for a short distance posteriorly; scutellum very nearly twice as long as broad, finely reticulate punctate, dull, with many short, brownish hairs scattered over its surface; axillae sculptured like scutellum; mesopleuron finely reticulated and clothed with whit- ish pubescence anteriorly, approximately the posterior half finely longitudinally striated and bare; propodeum deeply emarginate medially; metanotum with a subtriangular, translucent, flangelike elevation medially adjacent to apex of scutellum. Forewing nearly or quite three times as long as broad; marginal vein fully twice as long as stigmal vein; postmarginal longer than stigmal; costal cell mostly bare but with some weak cilia basally and with a row of about 7 or 8 moderately long, straight hairs on the under surface of wing near the apex of cell adjacent to the curve in submarginal vein; area behind the straight portion of submarginal vein mostly ciliated but with the cilia sparse distad of middle; infuscated middle portion of wing clothed with short, flattened, scalelike hairs; area distad of stigmal vein with normal cilia. TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 300 Anterior femur only slightly swollen; middle tibia with four short, stiff spines on its apical margin; calcarium of middle tibiae two-thirds as long as basitarsus; posterior femur and tibia both slender, only very slightly compressed, the femur slightly narrower beyond than before the middle. Abdomen about as long and as broad as thorax, ovate, rounded at apex, distinctly sculptured, and clothed with short, pale hairs except the first and second segments dorsally, which are apparently smooth and bare; hypopygium extending about to middle of abdomen; oviposi- tor exserted one-third to one-half the length of abdomen. Male—Length 2.2 mm. Head mostly testaceous, the vertex dull blackish with a slight greenish tinge, and the frons tinted with cop- pery; scape testaceous, flagellum brownish black. Dorsum of thorax mostly dull greenish black, the scapulae anteriorly and laterally, sclerites adjacent to bases of wings, and whole underside of thorax testaceous, the mesosternum and mesopleura with mixed brownish and metallic tints; propodeum with strong metallic green and coppery re- flections; legs including all coxae testaceous, more or less mixed with brownish and with some metallic reflections on middle and hind coxae. Wings hyaline. Abdomen mostly dark with metallic re- flections, basally more or less testaceous. Agreeing structurally with the description of the male of opaca except in the following particulars: Scape a little less obviously thickened ; pedicel no longer than first funicular segment; propodeum with shallow reticulate sculpture, shining; propodeal spiracles dis- tinct but not large; femur of anterior legs very slightly enlarged, tibia scarcely at all thickened; middle tibial spur fully three-fourths as long as basitarsus and moderately stout; posterior femur about five times as long as broad; posterior tibia weakly compressed and about two-thirds as broad as femur. Marginal vein of forewing twice the length of stigmal vein and as long as postmarginal. Abdomen a little shorter and narrower than thorax. Type locality.—Urbana, Ill. Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 56652. Remarks.—Described from 7 females (1 holotype) and 6 males (1 allotype) reared from the egg sac of an unidentified spider, Feb- ruary 19, 1922, by A. O. Weese. 9. ARACHNOPHAGA PICEA (Howard) Eupelmus piceus Howarp, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 2, p. 296, 1892. Arachnophaga picea ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 4, p. 18, 1896. Female.—Length 2-2.75 mm. General color brownish black; scape, mandibles, clypeal area, and thoracic sutures around bases of wings 356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 more or less testaceous; legs brownish testaceous to dark brown or nearly black; forewing with a dark fuscous cloud behind marginal vein and embracing its whole width, hyaline basally, and subhyaline apically beyond apex of stigmal vein; abdomen blackish. Head with cheeks rounded; frons about two-fifths as broad at its narrowest point as the greatest width of head; malar space equal to more than half the height of eye and with numerous coarse bristles studding its surface; ocelli in a low triangle; ocellocular line a little longer than the diameter of an ocellus; frons shining, more weakly sculptured than the rest of head. Scape not quite reaching level of front ocellus; ring joint subquadrate. Prescutum extending dis- tinctly beyond middle of mesoscutum; concave posterior portion of mesoscutum perfectly smooth, polished, and very nearly bare; pro- podeum smooth and entirely bare, the elevated flange at middle of metanotum distinct. Anterior femur broadest beyond middle, with some weak bristles on the obliquely truncated apical margin; posterior femur not thickened, a little broader before than beyond the middle, and with a very delicate carina on approximately the apical half of its ventral margin. Forewing about two and one-half times as long as broad; marginal vein about twice as long as stigmal vein and one-third longer than postmarginal; costal cell mostly bare but with a few cilia basally and a single short row of about six hairs on the under surface near where submarginal vein begins to curve toward margin of wing; area behind submarginal vein basad of beginning of curve entirely bare; clouded portion of wing densely clothed with short, flattened, scalelike hairs, the remainder of wing densely covered with normal cilia. Abdomen about as long and as broad as thorax; basal two segments dorsally shining and nearly smooth, remainder of abdomen with distinct sculpture and less shining; hypopygium reaching a point approximately one-third the length of abdomen before its apex; ovi- positor sheaths exserted about one-third the length of abdomen. Male.—Length 1.8-2.25 mm. Black, more or less distinctly tinged with metallic green or bronze; face and pleura sometimes brownish ; legs concolorous with sides of thorax, tinted with metallic; anterior tarsi dark; intermediate and posterior tarsi white with two apical segments brownish; wings hyaline, venation brownish; abdomen uniformly black with slight metallic tints. Lateral ocellus about its own diameter from eye margin; malar space equal to more than half the eye height; scape slightly thickened beyond middle and not reaching frent ocellus; pedicel about twice as long as broad; ring joint broader than long; first funicular segment approximately as long as pedicel but distinctly thicker, about one and a half times as long as thick; last funicular segment subquadrate ; TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 357 club nearly equal to three preceding segments together. Whole head with distinct sculpture, which is slightly shallower on frons than elsewhere; propodeum smooth and bare except for a few moderately long hairs laterad of spiracle. Marginal vein not more than twice as long as stigmal vein and no longer than postmarginal vein; base of forewing a little more sparsely ciliated than outer portion, with a bare area along the posterior margin. Other characters in both sexes as described for fvontalis, new species. Redescribed from the types and many specimens of both sexes reared from spider egg sacs collected at Los Angeles, Santa Ana, Riverside, and Orange, Calif., and at Tempe, Ariz. 10. ARACHNOPHAGA FRONTALIS, new species Very similar to picea (Howard) but may be distinguished by the characters given in the key. Female.—Length 4.4mm. Color mostly blackish; oral region, pre- pectus, tegulae, sutures about base of wings, scutellum, and legs red- dish testaceous to dark brown; mesopleuron dark reddish varying to brownish black; palpi black; antennal scape pale testaceous, flagellum black; abdomen mostly black but mixed with some reddish basally ; ovipositor sheaths uniformly yellowish testaceous; base of forewing including entire costal cell hyaline, except for a slight fuscous stain in basal angle; wing medially with a dark-fuscous band embracing its whole width from a little proximad of base of marginal vein to apex of stigmal vein, the apical portion of wing subfuscous; hind wing en- tirely hyaline. Head, viewed from in front, as long as broad, narrower below than above; cheeks nearly straight; eyes converging dorsally; frons equal in width to approximately one-third the greatest width of head; scrobes very shallow, poorly defined; frontal ledge extending from antennal fossa to lower eye margin sharply cariniform; malar space equal to a little less than half the length of eye; malar furrow delicate but complete; ocelli in an obtuse triangle; ocellocular line equal to very nearly the diameter of an ocellus; head, in dorsal view, thin an- teroposteriorly; vertex not abrupty truncate behind, forming with occiput a slightly rounded angle; whole head strongly reticulate- punctate; frons dull, clothed with pale hairs, which are somewhat longer along the lateral margins than on median portion; cheeks with numerous rather coarse blackish hairs. Antenna long; scape cylin- drical, slightly curved, reaching to level of front ocellus; pedicel about two and a half times as long as broad; ring joint longer than broad; first funicular segment about equal to pedicel, following seg- ments successively a little shorter, the seventh funicular segment sub- 358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 quadrate; club very slightly thicker than funicle, obliquely truncate at apex, and slightly longer than two preceding segments combined. Mesoscutum much longer than broad, deeply concave posteriorly ; parapsidal grooves deep; prescutum extending a little beyond middle of mesoscutum, very finely sculptured, opaque; scapulae anteriorly sculptured like prescutum, posteriorly a little less strongly sculptured and compressed into sharp cariniform ridges for about one-third their length; concave posterior portion of mesoscutum somewhat shining but with distinct shallow sculpture and with pubescence similar to that on rest of mesoscutum; scutellum sculptured about like prescu- tum, with numerous erect black bristles evenly distributed over its surface; axillae sculptured like scutellum; propodeum very faintly reticulated, shining and bare except for a row of hairs along the lateral and posterior margins, the elevated flange at middle of metanotum distinct; mesopleuron finely reticulated anteriorly, its posterior half very finely longitudinally striated. Forewing a little less than three times as long as broad; marginal vein slightly more than twice as long as stigmal vein; postmarginal longer than stigmal; costal cell with weak ciliation basally, a little more than apical half entirely bare except for a conspicuous and more or less double row of long, straight hairs on under surface near the point where submarginal vein begins to curve; area behind submar- ginal vein and basad of beginning of curve in that vein bare except for a few weak cilia in basal angle; whole width of wing between beginning of upward curve in submarginal vein and apex of stigmal vein densely clothed with flattened, scalelike cilia; beyond apex of stigmal vein about as densely ciliated as behind marginal vein, hairs slender, not scalelike; hind wing more weakly ciliated than forewing. Anterior femur broad, obliquely truncate apically, with about four moderately strong, black bristles on the oblique part of margin; mid- dle tibia with five short, blunt, spines on outer apical margin; pos- terior femur narrower beyond than before the middle, without a marginal flange; posterior tibia compressed but not especially broad, its margin with a fringe of short, pale hairs. Abdomen about as long and as broad as thorax, distinctly sculp- tured all over but with the first, second, and third tergites dorsally more shining than rest of abdomen; ovipositor sheaths exserted one- fourth to one-third the length of abdomen. Male—Length 2.5 mm. Head black with a slight purplish tinge on vertex, the clypeal region yellowish; scape yellow; flagellum black ; apices of mandibles brownish ; thorax above mostly black with a slight purplish tinge, the lateral margins of mesoscutum and perpendicular sides of axillae and scutellum pale orange yellow; pleura yellow mixed with fuscous on mesopleura and metapleura; mesosternum TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 359 blackish; anterior legs including their coxae yellow; middle legs brownish yellow; posterior legs dark brownish with aeneous reflec- tions, the apices of their coxae yellowish; wings hyaline; abdomen black with the short petiole and base of following tergite yellow. Structurally similar to longiceps but with head not perpendicularly truncate behind; lateral ocellus about twice its own diameter in front of occipital margin and not more than half its diameter from eye mar- gin; distance between lateral ocelli a little less than twice the distance from lateral ocellus to anterior ocellus; malar space equal to about half the height of eye; scape subcylindrical, not thickened, and not quite attaining level of front ocellus; pedicel more than twice as long as thick; ring joint short; first funicular segment a little shorter than pedicel, last segment about as broad as long; club about as long as two preceding segments. Whole head with nearly uniform, close, fine, and shallow punctate sculpture. Pronotum short, conical; mesoscutum a little broader than long, narrowing and rounded anteriorly; parapsidal grooves traceable but very shallow; axillae narrowly separated; scutellum moderately con- vex, a little shorter than mesoscutum, rounded at apex; propodeum less than half as long as scutellum, without carinae or grooves, bare medi- ally but densely hairy laterad of spiracles. Dorsum of thorax sculp- tured like head, and clothed with short pubescence; pleura more weakly sculptured and more shining. Marginal vein of forewing a little more than twice as long as stigmal vein and a little longer than postmar- ginal; base of wing nearly uniformly ciliated but more sparsely so than remainder of surface. Anterior femur slightly enlarged, straight above, nearly evenly rounded beneath; hind femur moderately broad, straight beneath, evenly rounded above; hind tibia compressed, not so broad as femur. Abdomen nearly as long as thorax, and a little nar- rower, elongate-elliptical in outline, and very weakly reticulated. Type locality—Beverly, N. J. Type.—vU. S. N. M. No. 56653. Remarks.—Described from 32 females and 1 male. Twenty-four of these specimens were received from the Oriental Fruit Moth Lab- oratory, at Moorestown, N. J., and of this number 20 are labeled as having been reared from Grapholitha molesta (Busck). It is evident, however, that at least 8 of these were not primary parasites of the fruit moth, since cocoons of Macrocentrus from which they had obviously emerged were pinned with the specimens. It is possible that in some instances the species was actually a primary parasite of Grapholitha. Localities represented in the Oriental Fruit Moth material were Beverly, Masonville, Moorestown, Parry, Evesboro, and Burlington, N. J. The 4 other specimens received from the Moores- town Laboratory bear the following data: 1 from Farmington, Conn., 360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 reared in 1933 from Macrocentrus sp.; 1 from Moorestown, N. J., reared January 2, 1932, from the egg cluster of an unidentified spider ; 1 from Staunton, Va., reared in 1932 from a chrysopid cocoon; and 1 from Broadway, Va., reared August 17, 1932, from an unidentified ichneumonid cocoon. Other paratypes include 1 from Greer, S. C., collected September 20, 1930, by J. O. Rowell; 1 from Clemson, S. C., taken August 29, 1932, by W. C. Nettles; 2 females from Tucson, Ariz., reared from the creosote bagworm, Thyridopteryx meadii (Edwards), by R. H. Crandall, January 12, 1939; and 4 females and a single male (allotype) said to have been reared from Anarsia lineatella Zeller, at Brigham, Utah, August 25, 1942, by C. J. Sorenson. 11. ARACHNOPHAGA ALDRICHI, new species Female.—Length 3.1mm. Agrees with abstrusa except in the fol- lowing particulars: Frons above scrobicular depression faintly re- ticulated, not perfectly smooth and polished; flagellum black, scape testaceous; pronotum dorsally, concave posterior portion of mesoscu- tum, inner faces of scapulae, usually the greater part of prescutum, dorsal portion of axillae, more or less of scutellum apically, mesopleu- ron anteriorly, mesosternum, propodeum, and metapleuron dark brownish with some metallic greenish reflections; legs varying from mostly dark testaceous to dark brown, the intermediate tarsus pale, except at apex, and the posterior tarsus more or less pale with the basal and apical segments dark; forewing strongly infuscated across middle, the infuscated area dark with a narrow band of paler cilia along its proximal border; posterior wing hyaline; abdomen black with a broad base more or less brownish testaceous; ovipositor exserted half the length of abdomen and testaceous. Readily distinguished from picea by the longer marginal vein, which is more than three times as long as stigmal and by the markedly lighter color, especially of the head. Distinguished from frontalis by the less strongly sculptured frons, by the longer ovipositor, by the bare eyes, and by the more extensive tes- taceous coloration. Male unknown. Type locality —Chesapeake Beach, Md. Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 56654. Remarks.—The species is named in honor of the late Dr. J. M. Ald- rich, who collected the holotype on June 2, 1933, at Chesapeake Beach, Md. Six paratypes, some of which are now imperfect specimens, were collected at Hagerstown, Md., July 7, 1914, by J. A. Hyslop, and bear the number P135. Other paratypes are 1 from Cranford, N. J., col- lected August 5, 1926, by I’. M. Schott; 1 from Sherborn, Mass., swept June 10, 1934, by C. A. Frost; and 1 from Mississippi State College, Miss., taken in a cage containing cotton squares, August 25, 1934, by P. M. Gilmer. TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 361 12. ARACHNOPHAGA FERRUGINEA, new species This species differs from picea chiefly in color, in the scape extending to or a little above the anterior ocellus, and in the longer hypopygium. Female—Length 3.5 mm. Antennal pedicel and flagellum dark brown: palpi black; mandibular teeth dark brown; abdomen beyond first segment black; head, thorax, legs, and base of abdomen nearly uni- formly ferruginous, the propodeum and posterior coxae dark brown; tegula concolorous with thorax, its apex dark brownish; forewing hyaline basally to near apex of submarginal vein; strongly infuscated from that point to stigmal vein and across the whole width of wing, subfuscous from stigmal knob to apex; hind wing entirely hyaline; ovipositor reddish testaceous, sometimes more or less fuscous at base and apex. Frons above the shallow scrobal depression smooth and polished ; rest of head finely sculptured, the sculpture strongest on sides of face and on cheeks; malar space longer than half the height of eye and without bristles; antennal scape reaching to or a little beyond an- terior ocellus; pedicel about twice as long as broad; ring joint sub- quadrate; first funicular segment very slightly longer than pedicel, about twice as long as broad; seventh segment of funicle subquadrate ; club as long as three preceding joints combined, not broader than last funicular segment, and obliquely truncate. Prescutum finely and densely punctate, extending distinctly beyond middle of mesoscutum ; scapula anteriorly sculptured like prescutum, posteriorly smooth and compressed into a sharp ridge; concave posterior portion of mesoscu- tum perfectly smooth and polished and very nearly bare of pubes- cence; scuteilum sculptured like prescutum, with a few stiff hairs scat- tered over its surface; axillae dorsally sculptured like scutellum and with a very few inconspicuous, short, silvery hairs; propodeum smooth, polished, and bare except for a very few fine hairs at the extreme posterior lateral angles; metanotum medially with the flange- like elevation behind apex of scutellum rounded dorsally. Forewing with costal cell bare except for a more or less double row of long straight hairs on ventral surface near pomt where sub- marginal vein begins to curve toward anterior margin of wing; base of wing behind submarginal vein entirely bare proximad of beginning of curve in submarginal vein; distad of that point densely ciliated, the cilia on fuscous portion of wing scalelike, elsewhere normal. Anterior femur distinctly thickened, obliquely truncate apically beneath, and without conspicuous bristles on the oblique apical margin; middle tibia with four short, stiff spines on its apical margin; posterior femur very slightly thickened, narrower beyond than before its middle, and without a carinate ventral margin; posterior tibia compressed, broad- 362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 est near apex, where it is nearly as broad as femur, its posterior mar- gin with a loose fringe of whitish hairs. Abdomen not quite so long as thorax, with shallow reticulate sculp- ture, the first tergite practically smooth ; hypopygium extending nearly to apex of abdomen; ovipositor exserted about half the length of abdomen. Male unknown. Type locality —Arlington, Va. Type—uU.S.N.M. No. 56655. Remarks.—Described from 27 females labeled as having been reared in May 1884 from eggs of “’peira globosa Keyserling,” now called Araneus pegnia Walckenaer. 13. ARACHNOPHAGA ABSTRUSA, new species Female.—Length 2.70 mm. Differs from ferruginea by being some- what smaller, a little more slender, and very slightly paler in color, by the scape not quite reaching the level of anterior ocellus, by the poste- rior concave portion of the mesoscutum as well as the dorsal surface of the axillae bearing a moderately dense and conspicuous covering of silvery-white pubescence, by the tegula being unicolorous throughout and somewhat paler than mesoscutum, by the anterior femur being only very slightly thickened, by the infuscated area of forewing being distinctly paler on anterior half of wing than on posterior half, by the abdomen being for the most part concolorous with the thorax, its apex usually more or less brownish, and by the hypopygium being appar- ently a little farther from the apex of abdomen. In other respects the female agrees with the description of ferruginea. Male.—Head mostly pale ferruginous but with a transverse area on vertex encompassing the ocelli dark metallic green; mesoscutum ex- cept broad lateral margins, scutellum dorsally, and dorsal angles of axillae metallic green; remainder of thorax, propodeum, and all legs pale ferruginous; wings hyaline; abdomen missing. Antennal scape about five times as long as thick; pedicel nearly twice as long as thick; ring joint transverse, small; first funicular segment about one and one-half times as long as broad, thicker than pedicel; seventh funicular segment subquadrate; club not so long as three pre- ceding segments. Head weakly sculptured except on vertex, where the sculpture is fine and distinct; frons not entirely smooth but the sculpture very weak ; metallic green area on dorsum of thorax distinctly finely sculptured, remainder of thorax more weakly sculptured ; pro- podeum practically smooth, without carinae or folds, and with the posterior lateral angles densely hairy; forewing with costal cell and basal area sparsely ciliated, the ciliation on remainder of wing uniform TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 363 but not dense; marginal vein about two and one-half times as long as stigmal vein; postmarginal about twice as long as stigmal. Type locality —San Diego, Tex. Type.—v.8. N. M. No. 56656. Remarks.—Described from 5 females (1 holotype) and 1 male labeled as having issued in May 1895 from Cyrtarachne sp., collected at San Diego, Tex. Two of the female paratypes and the lone male are badly broken and incomplete. Genus ENCYRTASPIS Ashmead Encyrtaspis ASHMEAD, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 1, pp. 290, 492, 1904.—Gaunan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, art. 4, De Ol O2t. This genus is closely related to Arachnophaga Ashmead but may be separated by the characters indicated in the discussion of that genus. It is also close to Tineobius Ashmead but differs by having a distinct tuft of long, stiff bristles on the scutellum, the ocelli in an obtuse instead of an acute triangle, the frons not especially nar- row, the vertex without a conspicuous patch of long, stiff bristles behind the ocelli, and the postmarginal vein equal to or only slightly longer than the stigmal vein. I published a full description of the genus together with a key to the three then known species in the above cited reference. In the present paper three additional species are added, two by transfer from other genera and one a new species. The only species of which the male has been described is semirufus Gahan. KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES OF ENCYRTASPIS ASHMEAD FEMALES 1. Exserted portion of ovipositor longer than head, thorax, and abdomen com- bined and with a broad, pale band near apex; hypopygium extending a little beyond apex of last dorsal segment of abdomen 1. brasiliensis Ashmead Exserted portion of ovipositor shorter and usually without a band; hypopy- gium not extending beyond apex of last dorsal segment of abdomen______ 2 2. Frons above scrobicular depression finely and densely sculptured, SUDODA Cu Cas ans Se i al ee I ha ee 3 Frons above scrobicular depression smooth and polished, with only sparse and very minute hair punctures, or very weakly reticulated and always SSN Tg ree ce en a nem een ate er See 5 8. Ovipositor sheath dark, with a yellowish band before its apex 2. proximus Costa Lima Ovipositor sheath unicolorous or at least without a pale band____________ f 4. Antennal scape reaching level of anterior ocellus; posterior one-third of Scapulae sharply carinate; hypopygium very nearly attaining apex of UO O TTC yee et ec eae Pe ee See ee ee ee eee 3. laticeps (Brues) 364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Antennal scape not reaching level of anterior ocelius; scapulae posteriorly earinate only at extreme apex; hypopygium apparently terminating some distance before apex of abdomen___~--__-_-__~ 4. adjunctus, new species 5. Ovipositor exserted the length of abdomen; frons above scrobicular depres- sion with very weak but evident reticulate sculpture; antennal scape at- tainine= Teveliof vertex22 22 tee ee 5. ealifornicus (Ashmead) Ovipositor exserted approximately two-thirds the length of abdomen; frons above scrobicular depression perfectly smooth except for sparse and very minute hair punctures; antennal scape attaining about level of anterior OCCIIS tes he ye Ie Ee ee eee 6. semirufus Gahan 1. ENCYRTASPIS BRASILIENSIS Ashmead Encyrtaspis brasiliensis ASHMEAD, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 1, pp. 290, 492, 1904. This species, which is the genotype, differs from all other species of the genus by having the ovipositor distinctly a little longer than the body and by having the hypopygium extending distinctly beyond the apex of the last dorsal segment. The frons above the very shal- low and poorly delimited scrobicular depression is weakly sculptured and slightly shining. ‘The malar space is approximately half as long as the eyeheight and rounded. The prescutum is about equal in length to the concave posterior portion of the mesoscutum, finely and densely punctate. The concavity is smooth and shining with some pubescence, at least at the bottom. The scapulae are not carinate except for a very short distance at the extreme posterior ends, their outer faces entirely and the inner faces anteriorly with very fine granular sculpture. The scutellum and axillae are likewise very finely sculptured, the scutellum fully twice as long as broad. The mesopleuron is smooth and polished, except for a broad band along the anterior margin, which is densely clothed with silvery pubescence. The propodeum is smooth and bare except for a few weak hairs at its posterior lateral angles. The anterior femur is only slightly thickened, and the hind tibia is compressed but not especially broad. The head is dark brownish testaceous with a slightly aeneous tinge on frons, and slight bluish reflections behind the eyes. The antennae are yellowish with the club blackish, the pedicel, basal segment of the funicle, and two or three apical segments of the funicle more or less dark brownish. ‘The thorax is brownish testaceous with the dorsum of prothorax and concave posterior portion of mesoscutum with strong violaceous reflections, the prescutum dark with a tinge of metal- lic green, the scutellum and axillae pale yellowish, the tuft of hairs on scutellum black. The propodeum is dark with greenish reflections. The legs are fuscotestaceous with the hind coxae bright metallic green above, the hind tibia with a narrow white margin posteriorly, the basal three segments of middle tarsus, apex of first segment and all of second and third segments of hind tarsus white. The abdomen TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 365 is blackish with its base yellowish, the ovipositor blackish with a broad whitish band before the apex. The forewing is strongly in- fuscated from base of marginal vein to apex of venation, hyaline at base and apex; posterior wing hyaline. The only specimen known is the unique female holotype, which was collected at Pernambuco, Brazil, by Albert Koebele and which is now in the United States National Museum. 2. ENCYRTASPIS PROXIMUS Costa Lima Encyrtarpis (sie) proximus Costa Lima, Arch. Ese. Super. Agr. e Med. Vet. [Nictheroy, Rio de Janeiro], vol. 3, p. 58, 1919. A female paratype of this species in the United States National Museum collection differs from brasiliensis by having the frons dense- ly and finely rugulose, the concave posterior portion of mesoscutum only a little less strongly sculptured than the remainder of mesoseutum, the moseopleuron finely but distinctly sculptured all over and clothed with very short, silvery-white pubescence over approximately the an- terior two-thirds of its surface, the anterior femur distinctly broad- ened, and the hind tibia compressed and distinctly broader than in brasiliensis, The paratype has lost its abdomen, but in the original description the ovipositor is said to be about equal in length to the abdomen. ‘The antennal flagellum is entirely black, the scape testa- ceous. The head is entirely reddish testaceous, and the thorax is in large part of the same color but with the whole mesoscutum (except the lateral margins) and the axillae dull dark aeneous, the mesopleuron metallic greenish anteriorly along its dorsal margin, and the mesoster- num blackish. The propodeum is polished piceous, with the apices of the lateral lobes rather densely clothed with whitish pubescence. The legs are fuscotestaceous, with the hind coxae greenish above, the hind tibia dark with a moderately broad white margin posteriorly, the first to fourth segments of the middle tarsus white, the dorsal margin of the hind basitarsus and the three following segments white. The forewing is strongly infuscated from a point a little proximad of the base of marginal vein to the apex of venation, its base and apex hyaline. The hind wing is hyaline. The color of the abdomen is unknown but the ovipositor is said to be dark with a yellowish band before the apex. Described from a female paratype the abdomen of which is missing. The species is said to be a parasite of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Brazil. 3. ENCYRTASPIS LATICEPS (Brues), new combination Anastatus laticeps Brurs, Wisconsin Nat. His. Soe. Bull. 5, p. 107, 1907. This species, the type of which is now in the United States National Museum collection, has a distinct pencil of hairs on the scutellum and 366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 a broadly compressed hind tibia margined with white posteriorly. These characters, together with the shallow scrobicular depression and the strongly exserted ovipositor, place the species in Encyrtaspis m- stead of Anastatus. The densely and finely sculptured frons, sharply carinate posterior, one-fourth of scapula, hypopygium extending very nearly to apex of abdomen, robust and strongly sculptured abdomen, and the unicolorous ovipositor, together with the more or less dis- tinctive coloration, make this species rather easy to recognize. The ovipositor is distinctly a little longer than the abdomen. The eyes are convergent above, the frons at vertex being about equal to one-third the greatest width of head. The scape reaches about to the level of the posterior margin of the anterior ocellus. The mesoscutum is nearly uniformly finely sculptured and covered with silvery-white pubes- cence. The head and most of the thorax are yellowish testaceous with the mesoscutum except its lateral margins, the mesosternum, the propo- deum, and the hind coxae dorsally distinctly dark greenish. The abdomen is mostly black or blackish, with the base more or less testa- ceous, the ovipostor uniformily yellowish testaceous. The legs are mostly fuscotestaceous, the hind tibia with a moderately broad white margin posteriorly, the middle tarsus (except its apical segment) and segments 2 to 4 of the posterior tarsus white. The antennal scape is testaceous and the flagellum black. The forewing basally is hyaline and bare except for a patch of dark-colored cilia in the proximal angle, medially it is dark fuscous and densely ciliated, while beyond the apex of stigmal vein it is subhyaline and a little less densely ciliated. The posterior wing is entirely hyaline. Redescribed from two female specimens (one the holotype) in the United States National Museum, collected at. Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Texas. 4. ENCYRTASPIS ADJUNCTUS, new species Similar to Zaticeps Brues but somewhat smaller, with the antennal scape shorter, the scapulae apparently carinate only for a very short distance at extreme posterior ends (the mesoscutum in the single speci- men before me is somewhat distorted and it is possible that normally the scapulae may be more extensively carinate), the hypopygium not extending so nearly to apex of abdomen, and the color, especially of the head, darker. Also very similar to provimus but differing in the un- banded ovipositor sheaths and in the darker color of head and thorax. Female.—Length 2.6mm. Head fuscotestaceous, tinged with metal- lic green behind eyes and on lower part of frons laterad of scrobicular depression; antennal pedicel and flagellum black; scape dark testa- TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 367 ceous; face somewhat lighter testaceous than rest of head; apices of mandibles dark brown; palpi fuscotestaceous; vestiture of head white, the hairs along inner orbits longer than on remainder of head, posterior orbits with a dense border of short silvery-white pile along eye margin. Pronotum dorsally, mesoscutum except lateral margins, axillae, most of mesopleura, mesosternum, propodeum, and posterior coxae dorsally blackish with a more or less strong aeneous tinge; prothorax beneath, prepectus, narrow lateral margin of mesoscutum, tegulae, scutellum, mesopleuron posteriorly, anterior and intermediate coxae, and tro- chanters dark testaceous; all femora and tibiae fuscotestaceous, the posterior tibiae with a moderately broad, white, posterior margin; anterior tarsi fuscous; intermediate tarsi, except apical segment, white ; posterior tarsus with dorsal margin of basitarsus and all of second, third, and fourth segments white; basitarsus beneath and apical seg- ment black. Forewing dark fuscous from beginning of curve in sub- marginal vein to apex of stigmal vein, subhyaline basally and apically; posterior wing hyaline; abdomen brownish black with weak aeneous reflections; ovipositor uniformly testaceous. Head viewed from in front very slightly higher than broad, slightly narrower below than above; eyes convergent; frons at its narrowest point about equal to one-third the greatest width of head; scrobicular depression shallow, poorly delimited; ocelli in a distinctly obtuse tri- angle, the lateral ones a little less than their own diameter from the eye margins and fully three times their own diameter in front of the oc- cipital margin. Whole head finely sculptured and subopaque. An- tennae inserted below eyes, 13-jointed, weakly clavate; scape sub- cylindrical, slightly curved, not attaining level of anterior ocellus; pedicel approximately twice as long as broad; ring joint subquadrate; first funicular segment about three times as long as broad, seventh segment subquadrate; club slightly thicker than funicle, indistinctly 3-jointed, obliquely truncate. Prothorax short, conical, finely sculptured dorsally; mesoscutum very slightly longer than broad; prescutum and scapulae very finely punctate, the posterior median portion of mesoscutum weakly sculp- tured and not deeply concave, the scapulae apparently very slightly compressed at their posterior ends (the mesoscutum somewhat dis- torted) ; scutellum strongly convex, ovate, nearly twice as long as broad, very finely and uniformly sculptured, dull, with a tuft of coarse black bristles medially; axillae sculptured like prescutum, separated by a distance somewhat less than the width of base of an axilla; pro- podeum deeply semicircularly emarginate, transversely linear medi- ally, the lateral lobes subtriangular and weakly sculptured around the spiracle and apically but polished medially and with the apical one- third pilose; prepectus and tegula finely sculptured, dull; mesopleuron 368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 and mesosternum rather weakly sculptured and nearly uniformly clothed with short silvery pile. Anterior femur moderately thickened, broadest a little before apex; anterior tibia a little shorter than femur and slightly thickened; intermediate femur rather long and somewhat flattened; intermediate tibia as long as femur, with a group of four short spines on its apical margin, the calcarium about half as long as the first tarsal segment, which is slightly thickened and armed beneath with a double row of short spines, as are also the second and third tarsal segments; posterior femur fusiform; posterior tibia as long as femur and trochanter combined, as broad as femur, strongly compressed, slightly slenderer at base than at apex, the two calcaria distinct but both rather short; posterior tarsus rather slender and about equal to tibia in length. Anterior wing very nearly three times as long as broad, for the most part densely ciliated but with a bare transverse band be- hind the apical half of submarginal vein; marginal vein more than three times as long as stigmal; postmarginal vein subequal to stigmal; posterior wing approximately two-thirds as broad and three-fourths as long as anterior wing. Abdomen a little longer than thorax, weakly sculptured dorsally, more distinctly sculptured on the sides; hypopygium prominent but not attaining apex of abdomen; ovipositor sheaths about as long as abdomen and scutellum combined. Type locality —Montevideo, Uruguay. Type—vU. 8. M. N. No. 56657. Remarks.—Described from one female specimen said to have been reared from “Veocoelostoma material” collected by H. L. Parker at Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1941, under South American Parasite Lab- oratory No. 791-1. 5. ENCYRTASPIS CALIFORNICUS (Ashmead), new combination Tineobius californicus ASHMEAD, Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington, vol. 4, p. 15, 1896. This species differs from the genotype of Zineobius (7. citri Ash- mead) by having the ocelli arranged in an obtuse instead of an acute triangle, the frons not especially narrow, the postmarginal vein no longer than the marginal vein, the scutellum with a pencil of long black bristles at its dorsal middle, and the abdominal tergites not in- cised apically. On the other hand, it possesses all of the essential characteristics of Encyrtaspis and is accordingly transferred to that genus. The species is extremely similar to Encyrtaspis semirufus Gahan, apparently differing from it only by having the frons above the shal- low scrobicular depression very weakly reticulated, the antennal scape reaching to the level of the posterior margin of the anterior ocellus or nearly to the level of the vertex, and the ovipositor as long as the TWO GENERA OF CHALCID-FLIES—GAHAN 369 abdomen. In color and sculpture the two species are practically identical. The female type was collected in Kern County, Calif., by Albert Koebele. Besides the type, the United States National Museum col- lection contains a female from Yuba City, Calif., reared from Anarsia lineatella Zeller, July 13, 1902, by L. S. Jones and another female from Fort Bayard, N. Mex., reared November 3, 1913, from #vetria sp. on Pinus ponderosa by Carl Heinrich under Hopk. U. 8. No. 12101e. 6. ENCYRTASPIS SEMIRUFUS Gahan Encyrataspis semirufus GAHAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 71, art. 4, p. 10, 1927. Encyrtaspis semirufus is extremely close to californicus and may possibly prove to be merely an eastern form of the west coast species. The two forms apparently can be distinguished only by the characters mentioned in the foregoing key to species. The holotype female was reared from a pupa of Grapholitha molesta (Busck) taken at Macon, Ga., whereas the allotype, together with two other males and a single female, is said to have been reared at New Orleans from an unknown leaf skeletonizer. Other specimens in the national collection include a paratype taken in Spanish moss at Vic- toria, Tex.; a series of 7 females reared from G. molesta at Clem- son College, 8. C., by W. C. Nettles; specimens reared from this same host at the Oriental Fruit Moth Laboratory of the Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, from material collected at Beverly, Masonville, Moorestown, and Burlington, N. J., Olcott, N. Y., and Smithsburg, Md., and 5 specimens said to have parasitized Laetilia coccidivora (Comstock) at New Orleans. O U. S. 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ORE eens a ees ee Sah Ti sea Wh EL a Pew ae ee el) SOP Vi) ped uf leat % a ee ‘ : oa: Vea eee ie 7 ty : OG bay evi g ee c8 ei ee tm mom Hy i el pele ; | oh) oe i nt Ba Pal } MT yy eros ATT hl Uo ied, i " ' 7 | ns me "Ul ti gpeu@e ty te Aor , - ° : Wak AL : ~~ ; ‘ j lel c Lu Jia 7 ; 1a 0,4) Mages ri ‘ 7 i : i= a - a het @ 1 A ae a ee / 4) ‘ , fa 4A WN 4 Myst nn "haat ; dani) SPD oR Hae teedentse £6 a a Oe 7 phe 7 = i ; 4 : SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 94 Washington: 1943 No. 3174 NEW SPECIES OF AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES, MOSTLY NEOTROPICAL By M. W. BriackMan } In tHe following pages 1 new genus and 29 new species of bark- beetles are described, the genus and 8 species from the United States and 26 species from Neotropical countries. Of the latter, 12 species are from Central America, 4 species from the West Indies, 3 species each from Colombia, Bolivia, and Argentina, and 1 species from southern Brazil. The species here treated do not belong to a single restricted group of the Scolytoidea but represent a number of genera in several more or less distantly related tribes or subfamilies. The groups concerned are Bothrosternini, Camptocerini, Hexacolini, Hylesinini, and Phloeotribini. All drawings for the plates were made by Arthur D. Cushman. Genus CNESINUS LeConte The genus Cnesinus was described by LeConte, 1868, to include his species C. strigicollis from Illinois. Since then about 20 species have been described from Central and South America. Apparently many additional species are still undescribed. In the present paper 8 new species are described. CNESINUS CUBENSIS, new species PLATE 15, Fieures 1, 2 Dark reddish brown; 3.0 mm. long, 2.5 times as long as wide; allied to strigicollis LeConte but larger, elytra with setae stronger, and de- clivity strongly retuse. 1Dr. Blackman died on October 12, 1943, while this paper was in press.—EDITOR. 546425—43 1 371 372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 Frons (fig. 2) with eyes moderately separated above, surface piceous, convex and nearly impunctate above; below lighter in shade, concave, with definite, elevated side margins, punctures small, mod- erately spaced, bearing fine, short, yellow hairs directed dorsad, with a few similar hairs above, at each side near the eyes. Eye large, elongate oval, with inner line broadly, shallowly emarginate, facets rather coarse. Antenna with club fusiform, first two sutures septate. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide, widest near middle, posterior outline bisinuate, posterior lateral angles scarcely rounded; sides nearly straight and very feebly diverging on posterior half, strongly, arcuately narrowed, very broadly rounded in front; surface sub- epaque, densely punctate-strigate, the strigae often broken up into granules, especially in front; with numerous short, recumbent, yellow- cinereous hairs directed mesad; median line punctured as is rest of pronotum, indicated only by direction of hairs. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.66 times as long, 1.55 times as long as wide; sides subparallel on more than anterior two-thirds, moderately rounded behind; surface shining but veiled by vestiture ; striae narrow, impressed, strial punctures fine; interspaces wide, some- what convex, rugulose, finely punctured, with a sparse median row of granules in each interspace, from each of which a stout, erect, brown bristle arises, with numerous, much finer, cinereous, recumbent hairs from finer interspacial punctures. Declivity sloping, strongly sulcate, and retuse; suture and second interspace strongly impressed, forming a deep sulcus; all of interspaces granulate, third interspace forming the summit of the high lateral elevations, with three large toothlike tubercles; vestiture of two kinds as on disk, but both kinds longer and coarser. Type locality —Cayamas, Cuba. Host.—Unknown. Type material.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 56548. The holotype was collected by E. A. Schwarz, March 3. CNESINUS PANAMENSIS, new species PLATE 15, Ficures 3, 4 Dark reddish brown; 2.24 mm. long, 2.6 times as long as wide; rather closely allied to strigicollis LeConte. Irons (fig. 4) black, moderately shining, convex above between the moderately approximated eyes (more closely than in strigicollis), broadly impressed below, finely and closely punctured at sides, above, and on epistoma, more sparsely elsewhere; with rather stout, moder- ately long hairs on sides and epistoma and with a few finer hairs in impression. Eye large, elongate ovate, rather coarsely faceted, inner line broadly, shallowly emarginate. NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—-BLACKMAN Slo Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide, widest near middle; posterior outline bisinuate, posterior lateral margins scarcely rounded; sides nearly straight and subparallel on more than posterior half, very broadly rounded in front; surface moderately shining, finely, closely punctate-strigate, median line lacking; hairs stout at sides and near front, nearly lacking on disk. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.61 times as long, 1.65 times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; surface shining; striae deep, moderately narrow, punctures small, indistinct; interspaces much wider than striae, reticulate, finely punctured, bearing rather numerous short, appressed hairs, with sparse uniseriate rows of small granules, with suberect bristle arising from base of each. Declivity sloping, broadly and shallowly sulcate in sutural area; interspaces narrower and more.convex than on disk, uniseriately granulate, with erect bristles more numerous than on disk. Type locality —Panama. Host.—Unknown. Type material—Holotype and one paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 56549. The type series was collected by E. A. Schwarz, March 12, 1911. CNESINUS COGNATUS, new species PLATE 15, FIGURE 6 Dark reddish brown; 2.2 mm. long, 2.48 times as long as wide; rather closely related to strigicollis LeConte, but notably smaller and differing in the character and arrangement of the vestiture. Frons (fig. 6) piceous-brown, subopaque, convex above between the moderately approximated eyes, bordered below by a transverse carina, with portion ventral to it broadly transversely impressed; punctures fine and close below and at sides, with cinereous, moderately long, stout hairs, those from sides directed dorsomesad. Eye relatively smaller and more elongate oval than in strigicollis, facets notably finer, inner line very broadly and shallowly emarginate. Pronotum 1.05 times as wide as long, widest at middle, posterior outline slightly bisinuate, posterior lateral angles rounded; sides nearly straight and feebly diverging on posterior half, very broadly rounded in front; surface moderately shining, finely, closely punctate- strigate, median line lacking; vestiture of stout, subsquamose hairs at base, sides, and apex, fine, short, and inconspicuous on disk. Elytra shghtly wider than pronotum and 1.75 times as long, 1.61 times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior two-thirds, mod- erately narrowly rounded behind (not so broadly rounded as in str?g?- collis) ; surface shining through the rather abundant vestiture; striae 374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 deep, moderately narrow, punctures small, rather indistinct; inter- spaces wider than striae, flat on disk, finely granulate-punctate, with numerous appressed, cinereous hairs of moderate size, the middle row in each interspace slightly longer and more erect at sides and behind; declivity moderately steep, interspaces narrower and somewhat con- vex, with erect hairs uniseriate and more numerous than on disk. Type locality Petén, Guatemala. Host.—Unknown. Type material —Holotype, U.S. N. M. No. 56550. The holotype was collected on April 8, 1922, by H. F. Loomis. CNESINUS ROBAI, new species PLATE 15, Ficure 5 Dark piceous-brown to black; 2.34 mm. long, 3.73 times as long as wide. Frons (fig. 5) with eyes rather narrowly separated above, its inter- ocular area convex, black, brightly polished, with only a few minute, obsolescent punctures except at sides near eyes, where small, close punctures bear fine, rather short hairs; strongly, transversely im- pressed below convexity, with a distinct, small callus at each side of median line; epistoma lighter in shade, with numerous reddish-yellow hairs directed dorsad. Eye large, wider than usual, broadly shal- lowly emarginate, facets coarse. Antenna with club elongate ovate, with sutures transverse, the first two septate. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide, widest near middle; posterior outline bisinuate, posterior lateral angles rounded, sides arcuate and weakly divergent on slightly more than posterior half, then more strongly narrowed, broadly rounded in front; surface dark reddish brown, subshining, densely strigate, subasperate at sides in front; median line narrow, slightly elevated and distinct on posterior half; hairs fine, appressed behind, stouter anteriorly. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.91 times as long, 1.82 times as long as wide; sides nearly straight and subparallel on more than anterior half, then gradually arcuately narrowed, with apex moder- ately broadly rounded; surface subshining, striae narrow, impressed, with small, inconspicuous punctures; interspaces flat, rugulose, finely, irregularly granulate, with fine punctures and a few fine, short hairs irregularly arranged, the median row in each interspace longer and stouter near and on declivity. Type locality—Santander Department, Colombia. Host.—Coffea arabica. Type material—Holotype and 2 paratypes, U. S. N. M. No. 56551. The type series was collected at an altitude of 700 to 1,300 meters by R. P. Roba, in whose honor the species is named. NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—BLACKMAN 375 CNESINUS SIMILIS, new species PLATE 15, Ficures 7, 8 Male.—Dark piceous-brown; 1.94-2.37 mm. long, holotype 2.2 mm. long, 2.33 times as long as wide; similar to porcatus Blandford and costulatus Blandford but differing in the shape and in the vestiture of the elytra and especially in the frontal structures. Frons (fig. 8) somewhat similar to that of porcatus but with the eyes cioser together above, the transverse carina even more strongly ele- vated, the triangular area above more flattened and brilliantly shin- ing, the ventral area moderately punctured, with fine, rather short hairs (much finer, shorter, and less abundant than in porcatus), the hairy area extending at sides to slightly above the eyes. Eye narrower above than below the shallow emargination, facets moderately coarse. Antenna reddish brown, 7-segmented funicle about as long as scape, its distal segments slightly widened, club 1.8 times as long as wide, first two sutures distinctly septate. Pronotum 1.03 times as wide as long, posterior outline distinctly bisinuate, posterior lateral angles not rounded, sides nearly straight and subparallel on posterior half, then arcuately narrowed, very broad- ly rounded in front; surface strigose, with narrow, shining interstices, transversely impressed near front margin, vestiture fine, rather scanty. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.69 times as long, 1.48 times as long as wide (stouter and proportionally shorter than in porcatus) ; bases separately rounded, sides nearly straight and subparallel on more than anterior half, then gradually, arcuately narrowed to a slight constriction, moderately rounded at tip; striae rather wide and deep, punctures large on anterior third, small and inconspicuous be- hind; interspaces of nearly equal width, sulcate on disk and sides, outer wall of sulci higher and wider, with fine punctures and fine, short hairs (smaller and less conspicuous than in porcatus) ; declivity mod- erately sloping, first interspace obscurely sulcate, the others subcostate, not sulcate, hairs larger and more numerous than on disk but much less numerous and conspicuous than in porcatus. The female is unknown. Type locality——Porto Bello, Panama. Host—Unknown. Type maierial—Holotype male and 3 male paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56552. The type series was collected by E. A. Schwarz, February 28 and March 1, 1911. CNESINUS FOVEATUS, new species PLATE 15, Ficures 9-11 Piceous-black, with elytra very dark brown; 2.06 mm. long, 2.25 times as long as wide. 376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 Frons (fig. 10) dark brown, feebly shining, convex above, finely, obscurely punctured, with a few fine, short, inconspicuous hairs; median line with a strong carina extending orad to level of eye emar- ginations; epistoma transversely impressed; with a small, circular ‘allus at each side, below end of carina. Eyes not approximate above, narrowly ovate, inner line shallowly emarginate, facets moderately coarse. Antennal club fusiform, first 2 sutures nearly completely septate. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide, posterior outline weakly bisinuate, posterior lateral angles slightly rounded; sides nearly straight and feebly diverging on posterior half, then arcuately nar- rowed, feebly constricted, broadly rounded in front; surface mod- erately shining, impressed just behind anterior margin, finely, shal- lowly, moderately closely punctate, substrigate; median line very narrow, feebly elevated. Propleura with a rather large fovea (fig. 11) at each side, lined with hairs, above and anterad of fore coxae, as in Phloeoborus, ete. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.45 times as long, 1.31 times as long as wide, very slightly widest behind middle; bases separately arcuate, humeral callus very small; sides nearly straight on less than anterior three-fourths, very feebly diverging, then strongly narrowed, with apex rather narrowly rounded; surface subopaque; striae moder- ately impressed, strial punctures obscure, less so at sides; inter- spaces wide, flat, finely reticulate, minutely punctate, otherwise un- marked on disk; declivity moderately steep, its face somewhat flat- tened; interspaces narrower than on disk, weakly convex, with nu- merous small, irregularly arranged granules; disk and sides glabrous, declivity with numerous erect, yellow hairs, becoming uniseriate in each interspace near apex. Type locality—Trece Aguas, Guatemala. Host—Unknown. Type material_—Holotype, U. 8. N. M. No. 56553. The holotype was collected by Schwarz and Barber at an altitude of about 900 feet. CNESINUS SUBSTRIGATUS, new species Female.—Piceous-black ; 2.43 mm. long, 2.93 times as long as wide; allied to gracilis Blandford. Frons convex above, piceous, subopaque, reticulate, with fine punc- tures; epistoma impressed, interocular area flattened, both finely, rather closely punctured, with short, stout, erect, yellowish hairs nearly concealing surface. Eye rather large, not approximate above, inner line weakly emarginate, facets moderately coarse. Antenna of usual type for genus; club rather pointed ovate, sutures transverse, — NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEEBTLES—BLACKMAN 377 the first two each nearly two-thirds septate; segments of funicle con- siderably wider distally. “Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide, slightly widest near middle; posterior outline nearly straight, posterior lateral angles rounded, sides nearly straight, very feebly diverging to middle, then arcuately narrowed, very broadly rounded in front; surface feebly shining throughout, feebly, transversely impressed back of anterior margin ; with moderately close, rather fine, elongate punctures, not confluent and not strigate; median line extending from base to apex, narrow, feebly elevated ; vestiture lacking. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.83 times as long, 1.83 times as long as wide; bases rather weakly arcuate; humeral callus evident; sides nearly straight and subparallel for about three-fourths of their length, then narrowed, moderately rounded behind; surface shining; striae narrow, impressed, the first more strongly; striae small, sep- arated by their own diameter; interspaces weakly convex, rugulose, with fine punctures, not uniseriate, hairs few in number and very minute on disk and sides; declivity sloping; striae more deeply im- pressed than on disk; interspaces narrower, rather strongly convex, finely granulate, each with uniseriate row of erect, yellowish bristles. The male is unknown. Type locality —Santander, Colombia. Host.—Branches of Coffea arabica. Type material.—Holotype and 2 paratypes, U.S. N. M. No. 56554. The type series was taken from dry branches of Coffea arabica, San- tander, Colombia, at an elevation of 700-1,300 meters, by R. P. Roba. CNESINUS NITIDUS, new species PLATE 15, Figures 12, 13 Male.—Piceous to black, with elytra dark reddish brown; 1.66 mm. to 1.88 mm. long, holotype 1.80 mm. long, 2.33 times as long as wide; pronotum shining, not strigate but with longitudinal punctures. Frons (fig. 18) strongly convex above, transversely impressed, sub- concave below; surface shining, finely, not closely punctured, with rather coarse, semierect hairs from epistoma and at sides above, directed dorsad; epistomal margin with finer hairs, directed orad. Eye long oval, inner line with shallow emargination at some distance above insertion of antennae; facets moderately coarse. Pronotum nearly exactly as long as wide, posterior outline weakly bisinuate, posterior lateral angles rectangular, sides nearly straight and feebly diverging on posterior half, then arcuately narrowed, feebly constricted, broadly rounded in front; surface brightly shining, 378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 94 with rather small, elongate punctures, not truly strigate; median line impunctate from base to apex, not elevated; subglabrous. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.70 times as long, 1.44 times as long as wide, widest behind middle; bases separately, feebly arcuate; sides nearly straight and feebly divergent on anterior two-thirds, then narrowed, very broadly rounded behind; surface shining; striae im- pressed, punctures large and conspicuous anteriorly, becoming incon- spicuous behind; interspaces wider than striae, slightly convex ante- riorly, more strongly convex near declivity, rugulose, with small pune- tures, becoming finely granulate behind; declivity moderately steep, somewhat flattened in sutural region; anterior half subglabrous, pus- terior half, including declivity, with conspicuous, yellow-cinereous, erect bristles. Female—Very similar to male in most respects; frons similar to male, but with epistomal region much more finely and densely punc- tured; vestiture similarly disposed but much finer and less conspicuous. Type locality.—Tampico, Mexico. Additional localities —Livingston, Guatemala; Trece Aguas, Guate- mala (elevation 900 feet), and Porto Bello, Panama. Host—Unknown. Type material.—Holotype, allotype, and 12 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56555, The holotype, allotype, and 2 paratypes were taken at Tampico, Mexico, by E. A. Schwarz; 9 paratypes were collected by Barber and Schwarz at Livingston and Trece Aguas, Guatemala; 1 paratype was taken by A. Busck at Porto Bello, Panama. Genus CAMPTOCERUS Latreille CAMPTOCERUS BOLIVIAE, new species PLATE 16, Ficures 18, 19 Female—Black, moderately shining; 3.50 mm. long, 2.45 times as long as wide; last two abdominal segments visible beyond end of elytra. Frons (fig. 19) convex, opaque above eyes; frontal rectangle 1.08 times as wide as long; strongly concave from upper level of eyes to epistoma, surface reticulate, with moderately close, deep punctures bearing fine, rather short hairs; surface with an arcuate elevation on lower frons and epistoma, epistomal lobe short and wide. Eye wider above, the lower end subangulate, facets moderately fine. Antenna with club irregularly ovate, attached to funicle at side of base, with little evidence of suture, except for a faint partial septum. Pronotum 1.07 times as wide as long, posterior outline weakly bisinuate, with strong beaded margin, posterior lateral angles weakly NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—BLACKMAN 379 rounded; sides with sharply elevated, beaded margin; lateral outline strongly arcuate, considerably narrowed in front of middle, very broadly rounded in front; surface feebly shining, reticula elongated, punctures deep, rather fine, moderately close; glabrous. Elytra scarcely wider than pronotum and 1.24 times as long, 1.14 times as long as wide; bases nearly straight, sides subparallel on an- terior two-fifths, then semicircularly rounded, leaving the last two tergites exposed; surface moderately shining, strongly sculptured; dorsal contour arcuate from base to apex; striae strongly impressed, punctures moderately small, separated by their own diameters on an- terior half, very fine and indistinct behind; interspaces wider than striae anteriorly, narrower than striae posteriorly, convex, granulate, distinctly punctured anteriorly, punctures less distinct posteriorly ; vestiture entirely lacking, except at extreme sides. Type locality —San Borja, Beni, Bolivia. Host.—Unknown. Type material—Holotype and 1 paratype, U. S. N. M. No. 56557. The type series was collected in August 1925 by G. L. Harrington. CAMPTOCERUS QUADRIDENS, new species PLATE 16, FIGuRES 14-17 Male.—Dark reddish brown ; 3.6 mm. long, 1.96 times as long as wide. Frons (fig. 15) concave from eye to eye, with frontal rectangle 1.138 times as long as wide; surface subshining, finely, rather closely punc- tured, with moderate, yellow hairs directed dorsomesad; epistoma separated above by a low, short, transverse carina in median third between bases of antennae, surface shining, median third apparently devoid of punctures, sides finely, closely punctate, with fine hairs, epistomal margin transverse, with short, downwardly directed hairs. Antenna (fig. 16) with scape longer than club or funicle, flattened, club-shaped, with rather long hairs, funicle 7-segmented, segments progressively widened distally, with joints 2-7 bearing long, stout hairs the end of many of which extend beyond the rather small club, which has indistinct sutures, only the first one having a partial septum. Pronotum 1.18 times as wide as long, posterior outline bisinuate, with a strong, beaded margin, posterior lateral angles scarcely round- ed; sides with a sharply elevated, beaded margin, lateral outlines nearly straight and subparallel on more than posterior half, then abruptly narrowed, broadly rounded in front; surface moderately shining, faintly reticulate, with fine, moderately spaced punctures, closer in front; vestiture apparently lacking on disk, with a few mod- erate hairs on anterior fourth. 546425—43 2 380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 94 Elytra equal in width to pronotum, and 1.26 times as long, 1.08 times as long as wide; bases bisinuate, sides nearly straight and sub- parallel on anterior half, then gradually, arcuately narrowed, mod- erately rounded behind; disk short, comprising only about two-fifths of the total length of elytra, surface brightly shining; strial punctures small, in fairly regular rows, striae not impressed; interspaces flat, with a few very minute punctures, apparently glabrous, the first and second interspaces each ending in a tooth extending caudad over the excavated anterior portion of the declivity, that from the first inter- space being longer and sharper. Declivity originating in the recess formed by the overhanging posterior edge of the discal portion, slop- ing, arcuate; strial punctures in imperfect rows; interspaces rugulose, each with a median row of granules, from which arise yellow hairs, long and slender near summit, stouter and spatulate toward apex; posterior lateral border with a rather fine beaded margin. Type locality—Panama Canal Zone. Host—Unknown. Type material—Holotype, U. S. N. M. No. 56556. The holotype was collected “from felled tree,” August 19, 1928, by J. Zetek. Genus CERATOLEPIS Chapuis CERATOLEPIS NUBILUS, new species Male.—Reddish brown, infumated with piceous; 2.14 mm. long, 2.34 times as long as wide; allied to C. errans Blandford. Frons distinctly concave; surface finely, closely punctured, with numerous short, rather stout, light-cinereous hairs, evenly distributed over concavity; epistomal margin strongly incurvate. Eye slightly wider above, lower end not angulate, inner line entire, facets rather large. Antenna similar to that of errans. Pronotum almost exactly as long as wide, posterior outline nearly straight, with distinct, beaded margin, posterior lateral angles rounded; sides arcuate from base to apex, with beaded margin extend- ing four-fifths of distance from base, anterior margin moderately broadly rounded; surface weakly shining, punctures deep, rather close, closer at sides and in front; subglabrous, median line narrowly impunctate behind, not elevated. Elytra very slightly wider than pronotum and 1.48 times as long, 1.34 times as long as wide; bases weakly arcuate, sides straight and subparallel on anterior two-thirds, moderately narrowly rounded behind; surface moderately shining, strongly sculptured; striae im- pressed, punctures close and large near base, smaller behind; inter- spaces much wider than striae, convex, strongly rugose, with uniseri- ate punctures nearly as large as those of striae on anterior half, NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—-BLACKMAN 381 smaller and obscurely granulate behind, without hairs or with a very few minute ones on anterior disk; declivity originating at about middle, gradually, arcuately sloping, interspaces with rounded granules and with short, stout, cinereous hairs. Type locality.—St. Croix, Virgin Islands. Host.—Unknown. Type materialHolotype, U.S. N. M. No. 56558. The holotype was collected by H. A. Beatty. Genus HEXACOLUS Eichhoff HEXACOLUS SWIETENIAE, new species PLATE 16, F1icurrs 20-24 Male.—Very dark reddish brown, with basal two-thirds of prono- tum and a stripe on each elytron lighter reddish brown; 1.93 mm. long, 2.11 times as long as wide; intermediate in size between Hexacolus cecropti Sched] and H. blandfordi Sched]. Frons (fig. 23) subimpressed, shining, reticulate, with few very fine punctures and small hairs, surface usually almost entirely hidden by a dense veil of long yellow hairs extending orad from vertex, epistoma impressed at each side, elevated in median line, with moderately long hairs from oral margin. Eye large, elongate, ovate, facets rather fine, inner line feebly sinuate. Antenna (fig. 21) with scape club-shaped, 2.66 times as long as the 6-segmented funicle and slightly longer than the obovate club, which has a half septum on first suture. Pronotum nearly as long as wide, widest at middle; posterior out- line bisinuate, margined toward sides, posterior lateral angles strongly rounded; sides strongly margined for three-fourths of their length, arcuate, weakly behind, strongly anteriorly, very broadly rounded in front ; surface shining, very dark reddish brown in front, much lighter behind with darker shade extending farther back in median area; surface with rather strong, low, transverse asperities anteriorly, which become lower and finer on posterior half, where they are reduced to a slightly elevated anterior rim to each fine puncture; interstices finely, distinctly reticulate; vestiture minute and scanty, to be seen only in certain lighting. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum and 1.36 times as long, 1.21 times as long as wide; bases sinuate, distinctly margined, sides weakly arcuate on anterior two-thirds, then more strongly, arcuately narrowed to the moderately narrow apex, extreme apex emarginate at suture, exposing last abdominal tergum; surface brightly shining, convex, much more strongly behind, appearing glabrous but with minute hairs on interspaces; color dark reddish brown in median area and on extreme sides, with an undefined light-reddish-brown area on disk 382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 at each side; striae finely, closely punctured, the first strongly im- pressed, second and third weakly impressed, lateral striae not at all impressed, interspaces smooth, scarcely rugulose near base, with a few fine, uniseriate punctures; declivity gradually sloping, suture elevated, first striae impressed as on disk. Last tergum pale yellow, with short, fine hairs. Female.—Slightly smaller (1.85 mm. long) and slightly slenderer ; frons (fig. 24) convex above, transversely impressed between bases of antennae, median line indefinitely elevated, surface subopaque, finely, distinctly reticulate, with sparse, fine, indistinct punctures bearing short, fine, inconspicuous hairs. Type locality —Costa Rica. Host.—Mahogany (hybrid?) Type material—Holotype, allotype, and 5 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56559. The type series was intercepted at the New York Quarantine Sta- tion in logs of hybrid (?) mahogany, May 18, 1941. Two specimens taken from cedar logs from Costa Rica at the same quarantine station are similar in size, proportions, and sculpture, but are nearly uniformly light reddish brown. They are believed to be specimens of the same species that have not yet attained their full coloration. HEXACOLUS LEVIS, new species PLATE 16, FIGURE 25 Female.—Dark reddish brown, unicolorous; 2.2 mm. long, 2.338 times as long as wide. Frons weakly convex above, subopaque, reticulate, with very sparse punctures; impressed between bases of antennae, with a few larger punctures; epistoma shining; hairs very fine, short, and scanty. Eye of moderate size, facets rather small, inner line entire. Antenna notably shorter than in Hewacolus swieteniae, new species; scape club- shaped but slenderer, 2.36 times as long as funicle and about twice as long as club, which is nearly as wide as long, without sign of a septum. Pronotum as long as wide, widest near base, posterior outline very feebly sinuate, feebly margined only near the slightly rounded poste- rior lateral angles, sides sharply margined from base to middle, weakly arcuately convergent to beyond middle, broadly rounded in front; surface subshining, glabrous, finely, distinctly reticulate, with very fine punctures, sparsely arranged, no granules or asperities present. Elytra distinctly wider than pronotum and 1.79 times as long, 1.57 times as long as wide; widest near base; base weakly sinuate, margined toward sides; sides nearly straight and subparallel on anterior two- thirds, narrowly rounded behind, extreme tip emarginate at suture, NEW AMEKICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—BLACKMAN 383 exposing last tergite; surface shining, finely rugulose, reticulate, strial punctures small, shallow, in definite rows, but striae except first two not impressed; interspaces flat, very finely punctured, with no hairs visible ; declivity moderately sloping, unmodified. The male is unknown. Type locality —Paraiso, Panama Canal Zone. Host.—Unknown. Type material—Holotype and 3 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56560. The type series was collected by E. A. Schwarz, January 26, 1911. Genus PRIONOSCELES Blandford PRIONOSCELES INGAE, new species Female.—Black, shining, with abundant cinereous hairs on elytra; 1.97 mm. long, 1.99 times as long as wide. Frons convex above, surface feebly shining, reticulate, strongly punctured, with median line indefinitely elevated; below subsemicir- cularly flattened, with somewhat smaller, less distinct punctures and no sign of a median elevation; epistoma somewhat elevated, with con- spicuous tuft of hairs from epistomal margin; frontal hairs sparse and inconspicuous. Eye narrow ovate, inner line entire, facets small. Antenna yellowish red with club infumated with darker coloration; scape club-shaped, funicle shorter than scape, 6-segmented, with distal segments much wider; club oval, with one nearly complete septum. Pronotum exactly as long as wide, posterior outline bisinuate, dis- tinctly margined throughout, with margin continuing at sides well past middle, posterior lateral angles rounded, sides subparallel and nearly straight (very feebly arcuate) to well past middle, very broadly rounded in front; surface shining; anterior third with low, subcon- centric asperities, with a few short, fine hairs; posterior portion sub- glabrous, finely, moderately sparsely punctured, with interstices retic- ulate, median line impunctate on basal third. Elytra notably wider than pronotum and 1.31 times as long, 1.18 times as long as wide; bases slightly sinuate, margined; sides nearly straight and subparallel on anterior two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; dorsal contour arcuate from base, much more strongly behind middle; surface shining, piceous-black; striae weakly, first and sec- ond more strongly impressed, punctures very close, of moderate size; interspaces wide, nearly flat, strongly uniseriately punctured, the punctures being similar in size to those of striae but not so closely placed, surface more roughened and subgranulate behind middle; de- clivity strongly convex; vestiture of erect, yellow-cinereous bristlelike hairs, moderately abundant throughout but especially so on declivity. Male.—Similar to female in general habitus, with frons concave, 384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 shining, finely, closely punctured, with conspicuous fine hairs of mod- erate length. Type locality —La Esperanza, Colombia. Host—Inga. Type material—Holotype and 2 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56561. The short type series was collected September 8, 1935, from Jnga, by R. P. Roba. PRIONOSCELES SPADIX, new species Light reddish brown; 1.97 mm. long, 2.22 times as long as wide; allied to Prionosceles atratus Blandford and P. maurus Blandford. Frons strongly convex above, transversely impressed between an- tennae; surface shining, moderately punctured, with a few small, in- conspicuous hairs; epistomal margin thickened, with conspicuous, yel- low hairs in median third. Eye elongate, narrow, facets rather small, inner line entire. Pronotum as wide as long, slightly widest at middle; posterior out- line bisinuate, finely margined toward sides, posterior angles strongly rounded; sides finely margined on posterior three-fifths, very feebly arcuate, very broadly rounded in front; surface moderately shining, glabrous, punctate-asperate throughout, much more strongly in an- terior third; median line not elevated, punctured. Elytra very slightly wider than pronotum and 1.23 times as long, 1.19 times as long as wide; bases sinuate, distinctly margined; sides nearly straight and subparallel on anterior five-eighths, then broadly arcuate; surface shining, spadiceous; dorsal contour convex through- out, more strongly on posterior half; striae impressed, the first very strongly impressed, punctures close and moderate in size; interspaces somewhat convex, first interspace narrow on basal fifth and apical two- fifths, other interspaces wide on disk and side, somewhat narrowed on declivity, discal interspaces with fine punctures, becoming uniseriate behind, uniseriately granulate on declivity; anterior half subglabrous, posterior half with fine, short, erect hairs. Type locality.—Guatemala. Host—Mahogany (hybrid?). Type material_—Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 56562. The holotype was taken May 26, 1941, from hybrid (?) mahogany intercepted at quarantine, New York (89860), from Guatemala. Genus PHLOEOTRIBUS Latreille The complex of species of the tribe Phloeotribini characterized by having the joints of the antennal club varying from loosely articu- lated to flabellate have been separated into several genera. The ones we are concerned with at present are Phloeotribus Latreille, Phleoph- NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—-BLACKMAN 3885 thorus Wollaston, and Phthorophloeus Rey. These, as characterized, seem sufliciently different to be considered as distinct genera, and when the genotypes are compared the same is true. However, when the group as a whole is studied, it is found that there are no sharp lines of demarcation between the species groups. Many species can- not be definitely placed in any of the three categories but possess cer- tain characters of one group and certain other characters of other groups. It would seem that the tribe is still undergoing active evolu- tion and that the species groups present such an unusual intergrada- tion of characters that it seems wise to treat them as a single genus under the oldest generic name, Phloeotribus. Of the five new South American species described in the fol- lowing pages the first two (PAloeotribus manni and P. argentinae) belong unmistakably to Phloeotribus s. str. Of the other three, P. boliviae and P. harringtoni cannot be placed definitely in either Phloeotribus s. str. or Phthorophloeus Rey, as they have some char- acters of each group. P. jujuya agrees with Phthorophloeus in some respects and with PAloeophthorus Wollaston in others. PHLOEOTRIBUS MANNI, new species PLATE 17, Ficures 26, 27 Female.—Pronotum piceous-black, opaque; elytra reddish brown, opaque; 3.11 mm. long, 1.53 times as long as wide. Frontal rectangle 1.09 times as long (including epistomal lobe) as wide; frons (fig. 27) convex above, impressed between eyes above the usual transverse, arcuate impression between bases of antennae, trans- versely impressed on epistoma; surface piceous-brown, closely, rather coarsely punctate, with fine, short, appressed hairs; epistomal margin thickened and liplike, with a large epistomal lobe twice as wide as long, reddish yellow in color with its distal end shallowly emarginate, arising from its posterior distal surface. Eye slightly less than three times as long as wide, wider above middle, with lower half tapering toa very sharp angle. Antennal scape bright reddish brown, slightly longer than club, which is darker and subopaque. Pronotum 1.19 times as wide as long, widest at base, posterior out- line extended in median area, posterior angles scarcely rounded, sides and front margin together nearly evenly semicircular; surface opaque, rather coarsely, densely, moderately shallowly punctured, posterior median area scarcely granulate, anterior area scabrous, sides with broad, low asperities larger and higher at anterior angles; vesti- ture of fine, short hairs, with a few larger, stouter hairs intermixed at sides and in front. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.40 times as long, very broad, 1.03 times as long as wide; anterior margins arcuate, strongly crenu- 386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 late; sides subparallel on about anterior half, very broadly rounded behind; surface opaque; striae narrow, strongly impressed, punc- tures small, shallow, closely placed ; interspaces several times as wide as striae, flat anteriorly, convex on declivity, becoming narrower pos- teriorly, rugose, with irregularly arranged, lunate asperities anteri- orly, becoming uniseriate behind; vestiture of small, short hairs on sides and declivity. The male is unknown. Type locality—Rio Madeira, Brazil. Additional locality —Rio Beni, Bolivia. Host— Unknown. Type material —Holotype and 1 paratype, U. S. N. M. No. 56563. The type was collected by W. M. Mann in 1933 at Rio Madeira, Brazil; paratype by W. M. Mann, Rio Beni, Bolivia. PHLOEOTRIBUS ARGENTINAE, new species PLATE 17, FicurEes 28-30 Female——Piceous-black, with anterior margin of pronotum, an- tennae, and parts of the legs reddish brown; 2.63 mm. long, 1.69 times as long as wide. Frons (fig. 30) convex above, frontal rectangle 0.92 as long as wide, transversely impressed just above epistomal margin and also be- tween the eyes, with impressions separated by a transverse, slightly arcuate elevation between the bases of antennae, surface subopaque, reticulate, with rather small, shallow punctures; epistomal margin thickened, liplike, extended in median line. Antenna reddish brown, arising from frons one-third of distance between eye and median line; scape long, slender, with a few short hairs; club nearly as long as scape, with rather long, slender lamellae. Eye elliptical, 3.3 times as long as wide, inner margin entire, facets moderate. Pronotum 1.26 times as wide as long, widest near base, posterior out- line strongly bisinuate, posterior angles rounded, sides and front margin evenly subsemicircularly rounded, anterior margin serrate at each side, with median serrations obsolescent ; surface opaque, rugose- asperate in front and at sides, median third of posterior disk subgran- ulate, with large but very shallow, very indistinct, obsolescent punc- tures; hairs scanty and very inconspicuous, more numerous at sides. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.62 times as long, 1.18 times as long as wide; anterior margins arcuate, elevated and crenulate; sides nearly straight and feebly converging on anterior two-thirds, moder- ately rounded behind; surface convex from base to apex, moderately shining, piceous except near anterior margin; striae deeply impressed, punctures small, indistinct; interspaces two or more times as wide NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—-BLACKMAN 387 as striae, nearly flat, lunately asperate anteriorly, becoming uniseri- ately granulate behind; vestiture on anterior half scanty, sparse and fine, with coarser, longer, yellow setae on posterior half and on sides, becoming more conspicuous on declivity. Male—Similar to female in general habitus; frons (fig. 29) con- cavely impressed, below with a well developed, erect epistomal process arising just above the epistomal margin and having the free end squarely truncate, the sides feebly converging; antennal scape with dense fringe of long yellowish hairs; pronotum with anterior margin equally serrate at center and sides; elytral setae more conspicuous. Type locality — El Quemado, Argentina. Additional locality —Salta, Argentina. Host.—Unknown. Type material—Holotype, allotype, and 41 paratypes, U. S. N. M. No. 56564. The type series was collected by G. L. Harrington in 1927-28 in northern Argentina, in the provinces of Jujuy and Salta. PHLOEOTRIBUS BOLIVIAE, new species PLATE 17, Ficures 31, 32 Female.—Head piceous, pronotum very dark reddish brown, elytra reddish brown; 2.17 mm. long, 1.92 times as long as wide. Frons (fig. 32) convex above, frontal rectangle 0.94 as long as wide, transversely elevated between bases of antennae, surface sub- shining, reticulate, sparsely, shallowly punctate, with a short, fine, median sulcus just above transverse elevation; below transversely rather broadly impressed on epistoma, with punctures rougher, coarser, and deeper than above; epistomal margin thickened, liplike; piceous above, reddish brown in epistomal impression. Antenna aris- ing from side of frons one-third of distance between eye and median lines, scape and funicle reddish brown, club piceous, about as long as scape. Eye elongate elliptical, not emarginate, facets moderate. Pronotum 1.25 times as wide as long, widest near base, posterior outline extended in median area, posterior angles rounded, sides strongly arcuate, slightly constricted behind the very broadly rounded front margin, which is without serrations in median area but with small serrations at each side; surface shining, rugose-asperate in front and at sides, with sparse, semierect hairs, rugose-granulate and shal- lowly punctate in posterior median portion with fine, short hairs. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.80 times as long, 1.31 times as long as wide; anterior margins arcuate, elevated and crenulate, sides nearly straight and feebly diverging, moderately rounded behind, 388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 with small serrations; surface shining; striae deep, with rather close, shallow punctures of moderate size; interspaces slightly wider than striae, rugose-asperate, asperities becoming uniseriate posteriorly, hairs stout, erect; declivity with striae and interspaces subequal in width, with hairs as on disk and sides; posterior rim margined and serrate. Male.—Similar to female in habitus; frons concave below, with epistomal margin narrowly elevated, surface partly concealed by moderate, yellow hairs, transverse elevation between bases of anten- nae divided in median line by a longitudinal sulcus extending dorsad into a secondary concavity, with moderately long and coarse yellow setae arising from each side and directed toward median line; above secondary concavity with a rather low, hill-like elevation; frontal rec- tangle 1.14 times as long as wide; antenna arising from nearly half- way between eye and median line; scape with dense brush of long yellow hairs. Type locality—Mapiri, Bolivia. Host.—Unknown. Type material_—Holotype, allotype, and 1 paratype, U. S. N. M. No. 56565. The type series was taken by G. L. Harrington in September 1925 at Mapiri, Department of La Paz, Bolivia. PHLOEOTRIBUS HARRINGTONI, new species PLATE 17, Figures 33, 34 Female.—Piceous-brown, with antennae and legs lighter; 2.31 mm. long, 2.33 times as long as wide. Frontal rectangle 0.83 as long as wide, including epistomal lobe, which is longer than wide; frons (fig. 34) convex above, transversely impressed on epistoma, elevated between bases of antennae, indefi- nitely impressed above; surface piceous-brown, subshining, moder- ately punctured, with moderately short, semierect, cinereous hairs. Kye more than three times as long as wide, with outline fusiform. Antenna inserted at side very near eye; scape and funicle light red- dish brown, club darker, with segments more than three times as wide as long. Pronotum 1.17 times as wide as long, widest near base, posterior outline bisinuate, scarcely extended in median area, posterior angles rounded, sides convergently arcuate to the constriction just behind the broadly rounded anterior margin, which is devoid of serrations; surface moderately shining; median area with close, rather shallow, moderately large punctures, with a few small granules only on an- terior third, sides with low, broad asperities distributed from behind the front margin nearly to base; vestiture of rather stout, moderate- NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEEBTLES—BLACKMAN 389 ly long, semierect, yellow setae, at sides directed caudad, setae finer and directed mesad on disk. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.82 times as long, 1.31 times as long as wide; anterior margins arcuate, crenulate, with a secondary row of lunate asperities behind and parallel to it, and a few addi- tional, scattered asperities behind this; sides straight and subparallel on anterior two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind, with pos- terior margins serrate; surface somewhat shining; striae wide and deep, with coarse, close punctures; interspaces usually narrower than striae, rugose, with low, wide, lunate, approximately uniseriate as- perities; vestiture of rather stout, suberect setae, approximately uni- seriate on disk and sides except in sutural interspaces. Declivity arched, arising from well behind middle; striae deeper than on disk and similarly punctured ; interspaces narrower, strongly convex, some of asperities reduced to granules, others elevated to form sharp, coni- cal teeth on interspaces 3, 5, 7, and 9; setae larger and more num- erous than on disk. Male.—Similar to female, but with frons concave from above level of eyes to epistomal margin, interantennal elevation incomplete in median third; antenna similar to that of female but with longer, more numerous hairs on scape. Type locality—Aguaray and Tartegal, Argentina. Host.—Unknown. Type material —Holotype, allotype, and 8 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56566. The type series was collected by G. L. Harrington on October 19-21, 1920. PHLOEOTRIBUS JUJUYA, new species PLATE 17, Figures 35, 36 Female.——Reddish brown, with head piceous-brown; 2.53 mm. long, 2.16 times as long as wide. Frontal rectangle 0.71 as long as wide, including epistomal lobe, which is longer than wide; frons (fig. 36) convex above, reddish, closely, moderately coarsely punctured ; transversely impressed below; elevated between antennal bases, transversely flattened above, median line with a carinal elevation which in turn has a median sulcus; vestiture short, fine, and sparse. Eye elongate elliptical. Antenna inserted at side near eye; scape and funicle light reddish brown, club darker, with segments less than twice as wide as long. Pronotum 1.17 times as wide as long, widest at base, posterior outline scarcely sinuate, not at all extended posteriorly, posterior angle scarcely rounded; sides convergently arcuate, with little evidence of anterior constriction, anterior margin very broadly rounded, subsinuate in me- 390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 dian area, margin without serrations; surface moderately shining, median area with moderate close, very shallow punctures, interstices reticulate, appearing subgranulate; median line impunctate, extending slightly past middle, somewhat elevated anteriorly; sides with very low, broad, small asperities becoming granulate near base; vestiture of scanty, fine, appressed hairs. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.90 times as long, 1.39 times as long as wide; anterior margins rather weakly arcuate, crenulate, with scattered, lunate asperities posterior to it; sides nearly straight and subparallel on less than anterior two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind, with margins serrate; surface shining; striae wide and deep, with coarse, close, transverse punctures; interspaces variable, but not wider than striae, rugose-granulate, with granules coarse and uniseri- ate posteriorly; vestiture of small, semierect, inconspicuous hairs on disk, sides, and declivity; declivital granules coarser on interspaces. Male—Unknown. Type locality —Santa Clara, Jujuy, Argentina. Host.—Unknown. Type material —Holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 56567. The holotype was collected by G. L. Harrington on September 28, 1921. Genus RENOCIS Casey RENOCIS CHAPINI, new species Female—Reddish brown, with light cinereous scales and setae; 1.58 mm. long, 1.90 times as long as wide; allied to Renocis braziliensis Blackman and &. inswaris Blackman, but slightly slenderer than either. Frons with epistomal margin without visible tooth in median line, fringed with fine yellowish setae; broadly, shallowly impressed above epistoma, shining, finely punctured below, convex above, subopaque, finely reticulate, finely punctate, with short cinereous hairs and di- vided scales. Eye about three times as long as wide, finely faceted ; inner outline scarcely emarginate. Antenna with scape, 5-segmented funicle, and club nearly equal in Jength; club 1.53 times as long as wide, ovate, with distal end subacuminate, sutures setose and weakly, annularly impressed. Pronotum 1.36 times as wide as long, widest near base, basal margin bisinuate, sides strongly arcuate from base to weak constriction just behind the very broadly rounded front margin, which bears a few longer setae; surface reddish brown, weakly shining, finely, closely punctured, finely reticulate, subgranulate; each side with a few very small asperities, variable in number and scarcely visible; surface partly concealed by numerous small, cinereous scales, often bifurcate, many of those near base nearly white. NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—BLACKMAN 391 Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.92 times as long, 1.31 times as long as wide; sides subparallel on anterior two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins from suture to fifth interspace with 6-7 crenulations on eagh elytron, in a continuous line; striae impressed, much stronger behind, punctures moderately large, close; interspaces wider, moderately convex, with numerous fine punctures bearing small, subcircular, appressed scales, with a median row of larger punctures bearing larger, narrower, erect scales in each interspace; scales vary- ing in color from nearly white to testaceous, but not forming a color pattern. Declivity evenly arched, not modified, scales slightly longer and more erect than on disk. The male is unknown. Type locality—Ocho Rios, Jamaica. Host.——Unknown. Type material_—Holotype and 1 paratype, U.S. N. M. No. 56568. The two specimens comprising the type series were taken, flying at dusk, on February 2, 1937, near Ocho Rios, Jamaica, by E. A. Chapin and R. E. Blackwelder. Genus CHRAMESUS LeConte CHRAMESUS PANAMENSIS, new species Female.—Dark reddish brown to piceous, opaque, with yellow- cinereous bristles and scales; 1.43 mm. long, 1.70 times as long as wide; allied to hicoriae LeConte and asperatus Schaeffer, but smaller than either of these. Frons convex above, flattened below, with epistomal lobe nearly as long as wide arising from the liplike epistomal margin; frontal rectangle (including lobe) 1.16 times as long as wide; surface opaque to subopaque, reticulate, very finely granulate, with minute punctures bearing short, moderately stout, dorsally directed hairs. Antenna arising from side near eye, similar in general to that of Aicoriae. Eye rather large, facets moderately large, inner line entire. Pronotum 1.24 times as wide as long, posterior outline bisinuate, moderately produced in median line; sides strongly arcuately con- vergent, broadly rounded in front; feebly, transversely impressed just behind front margin; surface opaque, reticulate, finely granulate- punctate in median area, lateral areas with low, broad asperities par- allel to lateral outlines and extending to base; entire surface with rather sparse, flattened, cinereous setae directed posteromesad on disk. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.50 times as long, 1.12 times as long as wide; bases arcuate, elevated, and serrate; sides feebly arcuate, broadly rounded behind; dorsal contour obliquely arcuate from base to apex; surface opaque to subopaque; striae impressed, with shallow, moderate-sized punctures; interspaces much wider than striae at base, 392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 slightly wider midway, convex, uniseriately granulate, with a median row of erect, stout, yellowish-cinereous setae, with numerous much smaller, scalelike setae on sides of each interspace and between the larger setae ; declivity without special modifications. Male.—Similar to female in habitus but with frons strongly con- cave, bordered at each side by a sharp, elevated ridge. Type locality —Panama Canal Zone. Host.—Unknown. Type material—Holotype, allotype, and 5 paratypes, U. S. N. M. No. 56569. The type series was collected by E. A. Schwarz in February and March 1911. Genus PHRIXOSOMA Blandford PHRIXOSOMA MAGNA, new species PLATE 17, Ficures 37-40 Piceous-brown, with elytra lighter brown; 3.91 mm. long, 1.93 times as long as wide; larger and much stouter than Phrivosoma rude Blandford. Frons (fig. 38) convex, opaque, densely, finely granulate through- out, with fine median carina on lower half, somewhat flattened at each side; vestiture of fine, rather short, dense, yellowish hairs which are inconspicuous except in profile. Eye divided, the parts entirely separated (fig. 39) by a broad area having the texture and vestiture of the frons; facets of moderate size. Antenna (fig. 40) with scape long, slender, 2.46 times as long as 6-segmented funicle, club longer than funicle, 1.28 times as long as wide, pubescent, with 3 nearly straight sutures, marked by rows of longer setae, only the first suture partly septate. Pronotum 1.35 times as wide as long, widest behind middle; pos- terior outline bisinuate, feebly margined toward sides, posterior lateral angles broadly rounded, sides not margined, very strongly arcuate, very broadly rounded in front, surface opaque, finely, densely granu- late, with fine, short hairs; median line narrowly elevated on less than posterior half. Elytra wider than pronotum and 2.06 times as long, 1.83 times as long as wide; bases margined and slightly elevated, finely granulate- crenate; sides weakly arcuate on anterior two-thirds, more strongly behind, apex rather narrowly rounded; surface opaque, cinnamon brown, infumated with piceous brown on humerus; striae deeply im- pressed, narrow, punctures small and moderately spaced; interspaces broad, weakly convex, densely, finely granulate, with fine, short, silky, cinereous hairs, similar on disk, sides, and declivity. NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—BLACKMAN 393 The locality.—Bolivia, South America. Host.—Unknown. Type material——Holotype and 4 paratypes, U. S. N. M. No. 56570. The type series was collected by G. L. Harrington in the Depart- ments of Beni and La Paz, Bolivia, in August and September 1925. PHRIXOSOMA OBESA, new species Dark cinnamon-brown with elytra lighter, 2.36 mm. long, 1.86 times as long as wide; smaller and slightly stouter than Phrixosoma magna, new species. Frons convex, surface opaque, densely, finely granulate, with very fine, indistinct median carina on lower half, transversely impressed above epistomal margin; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous except in profile, slightly longer on epistoma. Eye entirely divided into two parts, separated by a broad area having the texture and vestiture of the frons; facets rather small. Antenna apparently similar to that of magna, new species (no balsam mounts available). Pronotum 1.26 times as wide as long, widest at base; posterior out- line bisinuate, submargined toward sides, posterior lateral angles sharp; sides arcuately narrowed from base to broadly rounded front margin; surface subopaque, finely, densely granulate-punctate, with fine, short hairs, conspicuous only with proper lighting; median line narrow, elevated, shining, and impunctate, evident only on posterior third. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.84 times as long, 1.31 times as long as wide; bases submargined, granulate; sides nearly straight, very feebly arcuate on anterior two-thirds, apex moderately rounded; surface opaque, cinnamon-brown; striae narrow, deeply impressed, punctures small, indistinct, close; interspaces wide, nearly flat on disk, convex behind, finely, closely granulate, with fine, rather short, silky, yellow-cinereous hairs, similar throughout. Type locality Gatun, Panama Canal Zone. Host—Unknown. Type material.—Holotype, U. S. N. M. No. 56572. The holotype was taken by E. A. Schwarz on April 7, 1911. PHRIXOSOMA PARVA, new species Piceous-brown, subopaque, with elytra slightly lighter, 2.10 mm. long, 2.16 times as long as wide. Frons convex, surface opaque, densely, finely granulated, with very fine, indistinct median carina on lower half, epistoma slightly im- pressed at each side; vestiture short, fine, inconspicuous, longer on epistoma. Eye bipartite, the smaller upper portion entirely sepa- 394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 rated from the lower portion by a broad area similar in texture and vestiture to the frons. Antennae similar to those of other species. Pronotum 1.14 times as wide as long, widest at base, posterior out- line bisinuate, submargined toward sides, posterior lateral angles not rounded; sides without beaded margin, weakly convergently arcuate on posterior half, constricted before middle, broadly rounded in front; surface subopaque, finely, densely granulate-punctate, with rather short, fine hairs, inconspicuous except with proper lighting; median line narrow, slightly elevated, on posterior two-fifths. Elytra only slightly wider than pronotum and 1.87 times as long, 1.51 times as long as wide; bases feebly arcuate, margins scarcely elevated; sides nearly straight, feebly converging on anterior two- thirds, narrowly rounded behind; surface subopaque, striae moderate in width, impressed, punctures small, moderately spaced; interspaces nearly twice as wide as striae, nearly flat on disk, somewhat convex behind, finely, closely granulate-punctate, with fine, moderately short, silky hairs throughout; declivity rather sloping. Type locality—Cayamas, Cuba. Host.—Unknown. Type material.—Holotype and 1 paratype, U. S. N. M. No. 56571. The type material was collected by E. A. Schwarz on February 14. Genus LEPERISINUS Reitter LEPERISINUS HOFERI, new species Female.—Reddish brown to piceous, with anterior borders of pronotum and elytra lighter; 2.6-3.5 mm. long, holotype 3.43 mm. long, 1.9 times as long as wide; allied to californicus Swaine and imperialis Kichhoff. Frons broadly, moderately deeply concave, surface reticulate, sub- shining, sides finely, rather closely punctate, subgranulate, more dis- tinctly granulate-punctate above, median area below with very few, very fine punctures, bearing few hairs, sides and upper frons with light, sordid-yellow, appressed, moderately long hairs directed meso- dorsad; frontal rectangle 0.54 as long as wide, very wide between eyes, epistomal lobe very low and wide, with epistomal margin ven- trad of it broadly emarginate. Eye elongate oval, margin entire, facets moderately coarse. Antennal club elongate oval, compressed, with silky pubescence and a few longer hairs; first two sutures trans- verse, third obliquely arcuate. Pronotum 1.34 times as wide as long, widest slightly before base ; posterior outline bisinuate, somewhat produced in median line; pos- terior lateral margins rounded, sides strongly, convergently arcuate, NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—-BLACKMAN 395 constricted anteriorly, anterior margin very broadly rounded, scarcely impressed posterior to it; surface shining but mostly con- cealed by scales, punctures dense but very shallow, interstices variably granulate in median area; lateral areas with rather numerous, coarse asperities arranged as a submarginal row in front and extending to base and across anterior disk, smaller behind and in anterior median area; color markings produced by scales of two colors—dark-brown scales in a nearly regular, diamond-shaped median area and an ir- regular area at each side of disk, and at each side two light areas formed by light-yellow cinereous scales, one at extreme sides and one between the median and lateral dark areas. Elytra wider than pronotum and 2.07 times as long, 1.35 times as long as wide; bases arcuate, elevated, and serrate; sides subparallel on anterior half, then gradually narrowed to the narrowly rounded apex; dorsal contour oblique, arcuate from middle to apex; surface shining, but almost entirely hidden by scales and hairs of two colors; striae impressed, punctures small and indistinct; interspaces wide, nearly flat on disk, more or less convex behind, granulate-punctate with larger granules or asperities, densely clothed with scales varying from subcircular to slender and with a few hairs, with hairs or slender scales forming the middle row in each interspace on sides and on anterior part of disk, these replaced on posterior half by erect or semierect, broad scales which exaggerate the convexity of the poste- rior part of most interspaces. Declivity sloping, suture decidedly convex, second interspace narrow, flat, appearing depressed, third interspace broad, convex, the others slightly convex. Color pattern of elytra formed by arrangement of dark-brown scales and hairs and yellow-cinereous scales and hairs as follows: A dark band at base, then a wider, irregular, ight band, next an irregular dark band, in- complete at sides, followed by a lhght, irregular, oblique band, and finally an irregular dark spot involving interspaces 2 and 3; posterior border and sides prevailingly light. Male—Similar to female in habitus; frons flattened from eye to eye, reticulate, subshining, finely punctate, with hair as in female; median carina short, blunt, shining, midway between epistomal mar- ein and upper level of eye. Type locality—Sabino Canyon, Ariz. Host.—Fraxinus sp. Type material—Holotype, allotype, and 19 paratypes, U. S. N. M. No. 56573. Holotype, allotype, and 12 paratypes taken from felled ash trap tree, at Sabino Canyon, Ariz., May 20, 1918, by George Hofer, 7 paratypes taken from Fraxinus sp. at Meek, N. Mex., by W. F. Fiske. 396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 LEPERISINUS OREGONUS, new species Female.—Piceous-brown, with elytra and anterior border of pro- notum lighter; 2.8-3.3 mm. long, holotype 3.00 mm. long, 1.91 times us long as wide; allied to californicus Swaine and hoferi, new species, and intermediate in size between the two. Frons very wide between eyes, frontal rectangle 0.61 as long as wide; broadly, rather deeply concave, more strongly above; surface shining except where hidden by vestiture, faintly reticulate, moder- ately closely, finely punctate at sides, subgranulate-punctate above, median eighth between eyes with few or no punctures; sides and up- per frons with rather coarse, moderately long, cinereous hairs, di- rected mesodorsad; epistomal lobe inconspicuous. Eye less elongate than in californicus and hoferi, facets moderately coarse. Antennal club 1.7 times as long as wide, somewhat compressed, first 2 sutures transverse, third suture slightly arcuate and oblique. Pronotum 1.41 times as wide as long, widest at base; posterior out- line bisinuate; posterior lateral angles not rounded, sides arcuate and convergent, slightly constricted just behind the very broadly rounded anterior margin; surface almost entirely concealed by scales but shining where visible, median area punctate-granulate, lateral areas with asperities smaller than in californicus and much smaller than in hoferi, replaced by granules near base; color markings similar to those of its allies. Elytra wider than pronotum and 2.14 times as long, 1.38 times as long as wide; bases arcuate and serrate, sides subparallel on anterior half, then gradually narrowed, moderately rounded behind (more broadly rounded than in Aoferz); dorsal contour nearly straight on more than anterior half, declivity weakly arcuate; surface almost en- tirely hidden by scales and hairs; striae impressed, narrow, nearly concealed by scales from interspaces, punctures small and inconspicu- ous; interspaces wide, nearly flat, finely granulate-punctate, asperities much smaller than in californicus, hoferi, etc., not notably larger on pos- terior half; vestiture of scales and hairs, of which the former are much more numerous; middle row of vestiture in each interspace on sides and on anterior half of disk consisting of semierect hairs or slender scales, middle rows on first 3 interspaces of the declivity of large, erect scales, very broad on distal two-thirds; color pattern formed of yellow scales and hairs and brown scales and hairs similar in general to that of its allies. Male.—Similar to female in habitus, frons not so deeply concave and with a distinct transverse elevation (carina) between bases of antennae, and extending dorsad from this an elevated median carina; surface not so finely punctured, with slightly sparser hairs; pronotal NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—-BLACKMAN 397 and elytral asperities coarser and yellow scales more numerous than in female; elytral interspaces with larger asperities than in female. Type locality —Yorest Grove, Oreg. Additional localities—Corvallis, Portland, St. Helens, Oreg. Host.—F raxinus oregona Nuttall. Type material—Holotype, allotype, and 25 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56574. The holotype, allotype, and 5 paratypes were taken from Oregon ash at Forest Grove, Oreg., by M. C. Lane, January 8, 1919; 11 para- types, Corvallis, Oreg., 1931; 7 paratypes taken at Portland, Oreg.. August 31, 1926, by C. E. Wood; 2 paratypes, St. Helens, Oreg., from Fraxinus, by A. D. Hopkins. Genus PHLOEOSINUS Chapuis PHLOEOSINUS BLACKWELDERI, new species Male—Black, with elytra reddish brown; 2.97 mm. long, 2.10 times as long as wide; closely allied to nétédus Swaine and cupressi Hopkins. Frons rather wide between eyes, frontal rectangle about 0.63 as long as wide; epistomal lobe very short; surface piceous, finely, densely granulate-punctate at sides, deeply, closely punctate above (more so than in niétidus), median area shining, concave between eyes (less deeply than in nétidus), not extending to epistoma, which is very finely granulate-punctate; median carina short and not conspicuous; hairs short. Eye more than 3 times as long as wide, more than half divided by an emargination. Antenna with club nearly twice as long as wide, sutures oblique. Pronotum 1.10 times as wide as long, widest at base; sides regularly, convergently arcuate, without constriction, broadly rounded in front; surface brightly shining, piceous-black, closely, deeply punctured on disk, more finely and densely near anterior margin, sides subgranulate- ly punctured; lateral calli distinct; hairs fine and short (shorter than in nitidus) over most of pronotum, with longer hairs anterolaterad of calli. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.63 times as long, 1.34 times as long as wide, widest behind middle; sides slightly sinuate, subparallel, very broadly rounded behind; surface shining, striae sinuate, deeply impressed, punctures large, close, shallow; interspaces on disk rugose- granulate, convex, with very fine punctures, much wider than striae near base, about equal in width to striae on most of disk, granules con- fused anteriorly, becoming uniseriate posteriorly; sides with striae and interspaces about equally wide, interspaces less strongly rugose and granulate; hairs short and fine, not abundant. Declivity abrupt, of the nitidus-cwpressi type, with coarse, black serrations; first inter- 398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 space with several (three in type) coarse, black serrations only at summit of declivity, with apical three-fourths flat, shining, moder- ately, rather roughly punctured; second interspace obliterated in mid- dle half of declivity but widened into an angular area near apex; third interspace elevated, with 8-10 coarse, stout, blunt, black serrations (coarser and much blunter than in nétidus) ; fifth, seventh, and ninth interspaces each with a few smaller serrations; hairs slightly longer than on disk. Female-—Similar to male but averaging somewhat larger; frons wider between eyes, frontal rectangle 0.62 as long as wide; convex, densely granulate-punctate, median carina variably, often feebly de- veloped on lower half; pronotum with lateral calli less developed ; elytral declivity similar to that of nétidus but with the serrations much smaller; with numerous scales on first to fourth interspaces. Type locality —Ciricito, Panama Canal Zone. Host.——Unknown. Type material.—Holotype, allotype, and 14 paratypes, U. S. N. M. No. 56576. The type series was taken March 4, 1930, by R. E. Blackwelder, as the specimens alighted upon the trunk of an unknown felled tree at Ciricito, Canal Zone. CARPHOBIUS, new genus Body subcylindrical, moderately stout, ornamented with hairs; frons convex above, flattened below; eye weakly emarginate, finely faceted; antennal club connate, with impressed, setigerous sutures, partly septate, funicle 6-segmented; pronotum wider than long, with posterior outline bisinuate as in Phlocosinus Chapuis, fore coxae moderately widely separated, third tarsal joint bilobed; elytra with anterior margins arcuate, serrate, striae scarcely impressed, inter- spaces with moderate hairs; declivity moderately sulcate, first inter- space somewhat elevated, third interspace more strongly elevated, granulate-dentate in male. Genotype, Carphobius arizonicus, new species. CARPHOBIUS ARIZONICUS, new species PLATE 17, Figures 41-45 Female.—Piceous-brown; 1.79 mm. long, 2.23 times as long as wide. Frons (fig. 43) convex above, somewhat flattened, feebly subconcave below, finely, moderately closely, subgranulately punctured, with fine hairs of moderate length. Eye with inner outline broadly, shallowly emarginate; facets fine. Antenna (fig. 45) with scape club-shaped, NEW AMERICAN SCOLYTOID BEETLES—-BLACKMAN 399 as long as club; funicle very slightly shorter, 6-segmented, with dis- tal segment much wider than others; club 1.44 times as long as wide, widest through second segment; first two sutures incompletely septate, very strongly annulately constricted, and further marked by rather long, conspicuous hairs, third suture marked by setae. Pronotum 1.18 times as wide as long, widest near base, posterior angles somewhat rounded, posterior outline bisinuate as in Phloeo- sinus spp., sides feebly, convergently arcuate on posterior half, dis- tinctly constricted in front of middle, very broadly rounded in front; surface piceous brown, shining, impressed across dorsum behind an- terior margin, deeply, rather closely, moderately finely punctured on most of disk, more finely and densely in front, finely subgranulate- punctate at sides, median line not elevated, punctured as on rest of disk; vestiture of hairs of moderate size. Elytra wider than pronotum and 1.86 times as long, 1.43 times as long as wide; anterior margins arcuate, elevated and serrate as in Phloeosinus spp.; sides subparallel on anterior two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; surface subshining, piceous brown; striae slightly impressed, punctures close, moderate in size; interspaces wider than striae, rugulose, feebly granulate, with many fine punctures and rather numerous, rather small hairs, granules reduced posteriorly. Declivity sloping, first and third interspaces elevated, finely punctured, not granulate, first stria impressed, distinctly punctured, second stria not impressed, punctures smaller than on disk; intervening second inter- space flat, finely punctured; all of interspaces with numerous rather small hairs. Male.—Slightly stouter than female but similar in general habitus; frons (fig. 44) more coarsely sculptured, distinctly but not strongly concave between eyes; elytral declivity with first interspace more weakly elevated than in female, third interspace more strongly ele- vated and with several tubercles, the two most posterior ones tooth- like, with their apices sharp. Type locality —Huachuca Mountains, Ariz. Host.—Unknown. Type material.—Holotype, allotype, and 3 paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 56575. The type series, consisting of 4 females and 1 male, was collected in Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., August 27, 1907, by H. A. Kaeber. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1943 BOE REI? 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Ayer gig. | sah Treas il {T4iti iitnenis vhinew Laat 2oiy Torney FSi yD 2oh7 Lat lp ts itive itia bhegavr hen sects * ti ott shinee oes! ite Anieiniolt ponds a Bano) suet . scrote I= 8088 4 WC eel sreea tee) Pha fy rte. ory. site Agathe — Syheshi att sayy t Sith. bode at 14) belay ARV Agen! ve tae Vaue hintoelion zew ‘one in Berw.e aoe } to sutilaienon poi 198 cond oat WH ORL Wo farm t Axité cotelinnol® pont VEL 107189 ALE sti ot TE } ‘4 ; rt _— hie pet if j { apes 4 Tater LOTS cmtrhiee Tepewsre ea rie if} aus Fler: davyr, 7) »! 7 ‘i 4 ric adh 4 | ij ee fob ip ize Ti] 1a nq oes gereee, NLT | are) eves AT RAGS” —— U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 15 NEW SPECIES OF CNESINUS. 1, 2, C. cubensis, dorsal (1) and frontal (2) views; 3, 4. C. panamensis, dorsal (3) and frontal (4) views; 5, C. robaz, frontal view; 6, C. cognatus, frontal view: 7, 8, C. similis, dorsal (7) and frontal (8) views; 9-11, C. foveatus, dorsal (9) and frontal (10) views and sketch of side of pronotum showing fovea (11); 12, 13, C. nitidus, dorsal (12) and frontal (13) views. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94 PLATE 16 NEW SPECIES OF CAMPTOCERUS AND HEXACOLUS. 14-17, Camptocerus quadridens, dorsal (14) and frontal (15) views, antenna (16), and foretibia and tarsus (17); 18, 19, C. boliviae, dorsal (18) and frontal (19) views; 20-24, Hexacolus swieteniae, dorsal view (20), antenna (21), foretibia (22), frontal view of male (23), and frontal view of female (24); 25, H. levis, dorsal view. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 94. PLATE 17 S? ie “yet = & 4} {ESA = r ee Wade NEW SPECIES OF PHLOEOTRIBUS ,PHRIXOSOMA, AND CARPHOBIUS. 26, 27, Phloeotribus manni, dorsal (26) and frontal (27) views; 28-30, P. argentinae, dorsal view (28), frontal view of male (29), and frontal view of female (30); 31, 32, P. boliviae, dorsal (31) and frontal (32) views; 33, 34, P. harringtoni, dorsal (33) and frontal (34) views; 35, 36, P. jujuya, dorsal (35) and frontal (36) views; 37-40, Phrixosoma magna, dorsal (37) and frontal (38) views, lateral view of head (39), and antenna (40); 41-45, Carphobius arizonicus, dorsal views of female (41) and male (42), frontal views of female (43) and male (44), and antenna (45). PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ) by the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 94 Washington: 1944 No. 3175 4 A REVISION OF THE EMBIOPTERA, OR WEB-SPINNERS, OF THE NEW WORLD By Epwarp S. Ross INTRODUCTION Tue present contribution is intended to be a summary of the sys- tematics of the known Recent and Tertiary species of Embioptera of North and South America. Although the writer has recently re- vised the North American species (1940b), it seems desirable to include them at this time in the light of new information and the need for describing related new species. The current revision was initiated by the discovery of many new species, as well as genera, in collections sent to the writer for study, and by the availability of supplementary data concerning certain poorly known old species. It is hoped that this paper will attract the attention of field collectors and students to this very interesting, but much neglected, order of insects. The extent of this neglect can best be illustrated by the fact that this study, by reference to only a few small collections, nearly doubles the number of known American species. The 71 recognizable American species are distributed in 17 genera and 6 families. Except for the genus Oligotoma (represented only by 3 introduced species), all genera seem to be endemic to the New World. The Embiidae apparently constitute the only family, except possibly the Oligotomidae (genus Gynembia Ross), represented by endemic genera in both the Old and New World. At least two of these genera (H’mbolyntha Davis and Pararhagadochir Davis) appear 401 402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 to be closely related to certain Old World genera, as will be discussed later, but otherwise those of the two faunas seem to be very distinct. The other families, Oligembiidae, Anisembiidae, and Teratembiidae, are peculiarly American. Conclusions regarding the geographic distribution and phylogeny of the New World species must await more adequate data. It is in- teresting to note, however, that in the Clothodidae we have species exhibiting the most generalized structural features of the order, while in the genera Oligembia Davis and Chelicerca Ross some of the highest specialization occurs. Most of the genera are well defined and are often difficult to relate to one another, but in the Anisembiidae it is possible to trace a serial specialization of generic and specific char- acters that seems to correlate with a distributional pattern—the more generalized forms being found in tropical South America and the most highly specialized in environments bordering the Sonoran deserts of North America. As evidenced by the fossil record (Clothoda florissantensis Cockerell), the order ranged beyond its present limits during the warm periods of the Tertiary. Most of this migration appears to have come from the south, but there is a possibility that during one of these warm periods one species (Gynembia tarsalis Ross) came to North America from the Old World, as did so much of its Pacific coast biota, by means of a land bridge in the vicinity of the Bering Strait. This will be more fully discussed hereinafter (p. 497). References to the South and Central American Embioptera are widely scattered in the literature. Navas (1918) made the only attempt to treat in one paper the South American species, but his concepts have been considerably altered by later workers and by the discovery of many additional species. Davis (1939-40) in his “Tax- onomic Notes on the Order Embioptera,” has added more than any other one worker to our knowledge of the American Embioptera. His work is made particularly valuable by the fact that he had the oppor- tunity to redescribe and figure the type specimens of many American species. Before passing to the present treatment it may be well to repeat that the systematics of the order, as they probably always will be, are based almost entirely upon the characters of the mature male. The females are neotenic to a high degree and exhibit few characters. There are as yet no available clear-cut characters that can be used to determine the genus, or even family, of the females or immature specimens. The best means of identifying these is by their definite association with males, although it is possible at times to make deter- minations by a process of elimination based upon geographic distribu- tion, color, size, and number of hind basitarsal sole-bladders. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 403 Almost without exception the descriptions and figures presented by the writer, as well as by Davis, are made from specimens treated in 10-percent potassium hydroxide, and, after due procedure (Ross, 1940b, p. 634), mounted on slides. Unless this preparation for study is used, many of the minute characters of the abdominal terminalia cannot be seen or be compared on a common basis of interpretation with the results of recent studies wherein such methods were used. In this revision it has been the practice, where the writer has noth- ing to add to the knowledge of a species or genus, to cite only the references and the type locality. Most such abbreviated treatments involve species that have already been fully described and illustrated by Consett Davis or the writer. In the synonymies the asterisks serve to identify the references with the corresponding locality records given in the text following. GENERAL EXPLANATION OF FIGURES The drawings are based upon simple camera lucida outlines. Setae, indications of pattern, and relative degree of sclerotization have been omitted. Membranous areas are represented by stippling. In the figures of the head, the mandibles are often shown spread apart; the palpi, terminal antennal segments, and facets of the eyes have been omitted. No attempt has been made to adopt a uniform scale. Ha- planation of symbols: 8=eighth, 9=ninth, 10=tenth abdominal ter- gites; 10 L=left hemitergite of tenth tergite; 10 R=right hemitergite of tenth tergite; 10 LP=process of 10 L; 10 RP, 10 RP, 10 RP,= processes of 10 R; H=hypandrium or ninth abdominal sternite; HP=process of H; LPPT and RPPT=left and right paraprocts; LCB and RCB=left and right cercusbasipodites ; LCB+ LPPT=com- posite left cercus-basipodite and left paraproct; LC,=basal segment of left cercus. These symbols are the same as those used by Davis except for LPPT and RPPT, which he regards as hemisternites of the tenth sternite (XL and XR). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer is indebted to the following individuals who generously lent material for this study from their private or institutional collec- tions: Nathan Banks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. (MCZ) ; Max Biraben, La Plata Museum, La Plata, Argentina (LPM); Alfons Dampf, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Bioldgicas, Mexico, D. F.; Henry Dietrich, Cornell University (CU); E. A. Chapin and A. B. Gurney, United States National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. (USNM) ; Kenneth J. Hayward, Tucumian, Argentina; Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumén, Argentina; Edward McC. Callan, 404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 94 Imperial Institute of Tropical Agriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad (EMcC); F. Plaumann, Nova Teutonia, Brazil; E. C. Van Dyke, California Academy of Sciences; and P. W. Wygodzinsky, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The initials enclosed in parentheses following cer- tain names will be used as symbols to give due credit for the source of material. Dr. E. A. Chapin, curator of insects, United States Na- tional Museum, very kindly assisted, during the writer’s absence from the country, in seeing this paper through the press. KEY TO NEW WORLD FAMILIES OF EMBIOPTERA (MALES) 1. Mandibles with distinct inner apical dentations_-—-~.-_---____--=-___--—__ 2 Mandibles without apical dentations______________-__~------ Anisembiidae 2. Wings with either Res or Ras forked_-_-_--_------------------------------- 3 Wings with Ros and Ras Simple-_-__-___--= = Oligotomidae = Wines ‘with Rs simple and His forked=+—"---_-" =" = 4 Wings with Ras forked and Ras simple_____-___-____-___--_-- Teratembiidae 4, Left cercus without echinulations on inner side____-_____-_-____--_-----__-_- 5 Left cercus with echinulations on inner side—these usually located on an TNT To AO GeV 1-0 Ch UN ee wea Embiidae 5. Large sized (15-18 mm.) ; wings with all veins strongly represented, Cua usually multibranched; abdominal terminalia subsymmetrical and unspe- Gialized, (processes) Short 2222s se ee eee eee Clothodidae Small sized (5-8 mm.) ; wings with veins (except R:, Res, and Cu») poorly represented, subobsolete, Cui simple; abdominal terminalia highly asymmet- rical and specialized, processes prominent___________--___--- Oligembiidae Family CLOTHODIDAE Clothodinae ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 175 (subfamily of Embiidae) ; 1912, p. 21. Clothodidae TitLyARD, 1937, p. 251.—Davis, 1940e, p. 586 ; 1940f, p. 678 ; 1942, p. 111. Type genus.—Clothoda Enderlein. Characters and distribution of the single genus. Genus CLOTHODA Enderlein Clothoda ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 176; 1912, p. 21.—NavAs, 1918, p. 109 (tribe Clo- thodinos) .—Davis, 1939¢, p. 373; 1942, p. 111. Antipaluria ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 63 (genotype: A. aequicercata Enderlein).— NaAyAs, 1918, p. 106.—Davls, 1939¢, pp. 878, 379 (establishes synonymy ). Males.—Very large, uniformly dark-pigmented. Head large, with eyes relatively small, inflated, facets small, mandibles stout with large, blunt apical dentations, 3 on the left mandible, 2 on the right; mentum obsolete; antennae 23-segmented (?), brown with terminal 5 segments white. Wings dark, with all veins nearly complete to terminus; cross veins numerous; R,,; simple; R,,; forked; M simple; CU,, simple or with 1 or 2 branches; anal vein well represented, entire. Hind basitarsi with 2 large sole-bladders. Abdominal terminalia simple, subsymmetrical; tenth tergite usually cleft medially, hemiter- EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 405 gites subequal, each usually bearing a small, poorly developed, simple process; ninth sternite and process symmetrical; vestiges of para- procts present, especially those of the left; vestiges of both cercus- basipodites present in ventral membrane; cerci large, simple, not clavate, equal, nonechinulate. Females.—Very large (15 to 20 mm. long); uniformly medium brown; antennae brown with several terminal segments white. Oc- cipital foramen acutely pointed apically. Prothorax broad, with a longitudinal pale streak on each anapleurite extending from apophys- eal pit to anterior dorsal margin. Hind basitarsi elongate, with two prominent sole-bladders. Genotype—Embia nobilis Gerstaecker, by original designation. Distribution —Rercent: Northern South America. Tzrtrary: Mio- cene (?), Florissant of Colorado. Remarks.—Specimens of this easily recognized genus appear to be rare in collections. The numerous occasions on which specimens (mostly immature) have been collected in plant quarantine among orchid roots seem to indicate that this is a favorite habitat of the genus and one to be carefully investigated by field collectors. In many features, particularly the simple structure of the male ab- dominal terminalia, Clothoda easily ranks as the most generalized group of the order. The species, unlike those of most other genera, do not seem to have constant intraspecific characters; even wing venation is subject to individual variation. There is a great need for studies based upon large numbers of specimens from scattered and single lo- calities, in order to test the constancy of certain characters. The writer provisionally recognizes three Recent species and one subspecies at this time. These may be differentiated as follows: KEY TO SPECIES OF CLOTHODA (MALES) i Rertiary,) mlorissant of Coloradoes.- 2225-4. 5. 2. a tS florissantensis Recent; morchnern: SouthyAMericas ste. ee es a eee 2 2. Tenth abdominal tergite entire, without a median cleft or caudal processes; EST Ze ere cee Need Rpm ee eles 2 ae es ade TE eal ey Re oP nobilis Tenth tergite medially cleft; each hemitergite thus formed bearing a small DUEGISUINCEDEO CES Sees a sme Seen OS 2 2 Bk See ee ee 3 3. Wings with Cus usually unbranched; Trinidad________________ urichi urichi Wings with Cus 1- or 2-branched ; South Ameriea____-__--_-___ 4 4. Cuia with two branches; process of left hemitergite curved mesad at apex; membranous median cleft of tenth tergite extending te basal margin ; second- ary process of right hemitergite (10 RP.) attached basally to right hemi- Lercite (LORY) Venez e] a2 iwc sh Tn aR ee urichi intermedia Cua with one branch ; 10 LP curved outward at apex; membranous medial cleft not attaining basal margin; 10 RP: free, not attached to 10 R; Colombia aequicercata 1Enderlein’s concept of this species was based on a specimen from Fonte Boa, Brazil (800 miles from the type locality of nobilis), deposited in the Stettin Museum. 406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 94 CLOTHODA FLORISSANTENSIS (Cockerell) Embia florissantensis COCKERELL, 1908, p. 231, fig. 4 —HANpLIRScH, 1906-8, p. 1357.— ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 53. Oligotoma florissantensis (Cockerell) Krauss, 1911, p. 48. Clothoda florissantensis (Cockerell) DAvis, 1939¢, p. 379. Holotype—Winged male, on rock slab in Riker Mount, University of Colorado Museum. Type data—F lorissant Colorado Station 14, 1907 (W. P. Cockerell) (Miocene). Remarks.—This is the only known American fossil embiopteron except Protembia permiana Tillyard (1937). Evidence for placing it in the genus Clothoda is very inconclusive. In any event, it is prob- ably not an Embia, as that genus is confined to Africa and the Med- iterranean Region of the Old World. CLOTHODA NOBILIS (Gerstaecker) Embia nobilis GERSTAECKER, 1888, p. 1. Embia (Olyntha) nobilis (Gerstaecker) Krauss, 1899, p. 148. Olyntha nobilis (Gerstaecker) Krauss, 1911, p. 31. Clothoda nobilis (Gerstaecker) ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 176 ; 1912, p. 22, figs. 4-6, pl. lls A-B.*—NavAS, 1918, p. 109, fig. 6—Davis, 1939¢, p. 373, figs. 1-7.** Lectotype (?).—Male, McLachlan collection, British Museum of Natural History. Type data —‘Itaituba (Amazonas)” (Brazil). Other records.—Fonte Boa (Amazons), Brazil (male and female) *; Amazons, Brazil*; Itaituba, Brazil (male) (McLachlan collection) (BMNH).** Davis (1939c) has redescribed and figured this species from a topo- type specimen in the McLachlan collection that is apparently a Ger- staecker cotype and that perhaps should now be regarded as the lectotype. CLOTHODA URICHI URICHI (Saussure) FIGURE 8 Embia urichi SAUSSURE, 1896a, p. 293. Olyntha urichi (Saussure) Krauss, 1911, p. 29, pl. 1, figs. 2, 2A, fig. B (misiden- tification 7). Antipaluria urichi (Saussure) ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 64.—NavAs, 1918, p. 106. Clothoda urichi (Saussure) DAvis, 1939c, p. 877, figs. 17-25*; 1942, p. 111, figs. 1-5.** Embia urichi Saussure (lapsus calami), 1896b, p. 350, figs. 1-12.—Mexanper, 1903, p. 103, fig. 2—FriepericHs, 1906, p. 238.—KerrsHAw, 1914, p. 24, pls. 3, 4 (embryology). Cotypes.—Males and females (dried) in Muséum d’Histoire Natu- relle, Geneva. The cotype described and figured by Davis (1939c) should have been designated the lectotype. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 407 Lype data—Insula Trinitaris (Antillae), a Dom. Uricho lecta” (probably at Port of Spain). Records (all Trinidad).—Port of Spain—1 male (MCZ) ; 2 females, July 8, 1920 (Wheeler); 1 male (H. Caracicola) (USNM). St. Augustine—1 male, March 13, 1941, “on grapefruit trunk” (E. McC. 13 Ficures 6, 7, 9.—Clothoda urichi intermedia Davis, plesiotype male (Venezuela): 6, Head; 6a, terminalia (dorsal); 7, terminalia (ventral); 9, outline of submentum. Ficure 8.—Clothoda urichi urichi (Saussure), male (Trinidad): Outline of submentum. Ficures 10-13.—Clothoda aequicercata (Enderlein), plesiotype male (Colombia): 10, Out- line of submentum; 11, head; 12, terminalia (dorsal); 13, terminalia (ventral). Ex- planation of symbols on p. 403. 408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 Callan) (EMcC); 1 male, March 18, 1938*; 2 males, 20 immature, January 6, 1939.** Gaspar Grande—3 moles, 1 female, December 18, 1936 (A. M. Adamson) (EMcC) (1 male retained in writer’s collec- tion). Mount St. Benedict—2 males, 15 immature, January 23, 1938 (E. McC, Callan).** La Laja—1 male, 8 females, 11 immature, April 24, 1938 (E. McC. Callan) .** Remarks—Krauss (1911) recorded this species from Colombia. This appears to be based upon a misidentified specimen of aequicer- cata. This very same specimen may have indeed later become the holotype of aequicercata, as the data and disposition records are identical in both cases. The wing figured by him (J. c., fig. 2), how- ever, appears to be that of a specimen of Pararhagadochir. O.u. urichi, like nobilis, has been adequately treated by Davis, who had the opportunity to redescribe one of Saussure’s cotypes. The abdominal terminalia of the male are almost identical to those of the Venezuelan subspecies intermedia Davis (vid. infra), but urichi can be separated by its lighter color, smaller size, usually unbranched Cuj, wing vein, the shape of the submentum (figs. 8 vs. 9), and its insular distribution. Two female specimens at hand can be separated from the mainland Qlothoda females by the light, golden-brown color and the visible dorsal head pattern. CLOTHODA URICHI INTERMEDIA Davis PLATE 18, A; FicuREs 6, 6a, 7, 9 Clothoda intermedia Davis, 1989¢, p. 376, figs. 8-16; 1942, p. 112 (as a synonym of wrichi). Holotype—Male (dried) (damaged in transit after description was made), British Museum of Natural History. Type data.—Caracas, Venezuela (Dr. Ernst). Neallotype (by present designation).—Female, on slide, deposited in United States National Museum, from El Valle, Venezuela, June 11, 1938, collected on Ceiba pentandra (C. H. Ballou). Plesiotype (by present designation).—Male, on slide, with same data as neallotype female (from same vial), deposited in United States National Museum. Other records—One male (terminalia missing), Caracas, Vene- zuela, July 10, 1988 (C. H. Ballou) (USNM) (retained in writer’s collection) ; six females, Los Teques, Venezuela, September 23, 1938, “on clay bank” (C. H. Ballou) (USNM) (two retained in writer’s collection). Plesiotype male.—Color (on slide) uniform reddish brown, ter- minal antennal segments cream-colored. Length 17 mm.; forewing length 10.5 mm., breadth 2.5 mm. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 409 Head (fig. 6) medium sized; with sides behind eyes rather straight, gradually convergent, caudal angles evenly rounded, caudal margin arcuate, not deeply emarginated at postoccipital sutures. Antennae with 22 segments present (incomplete). Mandibles dark reddish brown, grinding surfaces nearly black; left mandible with 3 apical dentations and a large medial tooth on grinding surface; right man- dible with 2 broad apical teeth and without a medial tooth. Submen- tum (fig. 9) about as long as broad; sides gradually convergent, slightly biemarginate. Ventral bridge as long as submentum. Occip- ital foramen acute apically, longer than broad. Wings (pl. 18, A) relatively long and narrow, venation and cross veins as figured; Cu,, in both wings with two branches, the second branch represented by only a hyaline interveinal line and a row of sparse setae in hindwing. Terminalia (figs. 6a and 7) relatively larger and broader than those of aequicercata. Ninth tergite (9) seven times longer than broad, with basal margin broadly biemarginate, not so elongate at median arcuation as at sides; apical margin narrowly membranous throughout most of its width. Tenth tergite rather narrowly cleft to basal mar- gin, cleft broadly membranous basally ; left hemitergite (10 L) rectan- gulate, transverse; process (10 LP) distinct, directed mesocaudad at a 20° angle, sclerotized along outer (left) margin, fleshy along inner margin; right hemitergite (10 R) larger and broader than 10 L; proc- ess (10 RP,) an irregular, caudally membranous lobe; inwardly slanting secondary process (10 RP,) very narrow, sclerotic, connected basally with base of 10 RP;. Ninth sternite (H) strongly transverse, basal margin interrupted by two lightly pigmented areas; process (HP) relatively well developed, irregular in outline. Right para- proct obsolete. Left paraproct (LPPT) distinct, extending from base of left cercus to beyond apex of HP, narrow, irregular, lying close to HP throughout its length, expanded apically. An isolated, twisted, small sclerite of undetermined homology projects caudad be- tween LPPT and base of left cercus. Left and right cercus-basipo- dites (LCB, RCB) represented by small, circular, setose sclerites in ventral membrane. Left and right cerci subequal. Neallotype female.—Color (on slide) : Head dark chocolate brown, thoracic and abdominal segments progressively lighter brown caudad, terminal segments pale tan; legs uniform light brown, except hind- tibiae and tarsi, which are pale tan. Length 18.5 mm. Head with occipital foramen acutely pointed anteriorly; ventral bridge very pale medially; dorsal pattern obsolete. femarks—Davis (1942) has placed his intermedia in synonymy with wrichi, but the writer prefers to regard intermedia as a mainland subspecies of wrichi, as the Venezuelan specimens studied are larger 410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou, 94 and darker and have minor structural differences in head form, shape of the submentum, etc., and Cu,, two-branched. The writer has seen specimens from Trinidad that indeed possess some or all of the char- acters of the mainland series, but this is regarded as a normal phe- nomenon associated with certain subspecies populations. It is likely that large series from each area will exhibit a preponderance of one or the other combination of characters with a certain percentage of discrepant individuals, which can be assigned to their proper sub- species only upon distributional data. CLOTHODA AEQUICERCATA (Enderlein) FIGURES 10-13 Antipaluria aequicercata ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 63.—NaAvAs, 1918, p. 107. Clothoda aequicercata (Enderlein) Davis, 1939c, p. 379. This species, known heretofore by only the unique male holotype from Colombia with damaged terminalia, is here redescribed from a perfect male from the same country which fits Enderlein’s original description so well that it is believed to be conspecific with the holo- type of aequicercata. Plesiotype male.—Color (on slide) uniform dark chocolate brown; head, prothorax, and forelegs somewhat darker; five terminal an- tennal segments cream-colored. Length 16.5 mm.; forewing length 10 mm., breadth 2.5 mm. Head (fig. 11) large, quadrate, nearly as broad at caudal angles as behind eyes; sides scarcely convergent, very slightly arcuate; caudal margin truncate, deeply emarginated on each side at postoccipital sutures, region between broadly arcuate. Antennae 23-segmented (apparently complete). Mandibles stout, similar to those of ¢nter- media but strongly curved downward apically. Submentum (fig. 10) much broader than long; sides strongly convergent, somewhat arcuate. Ventral bridge extensive, one-half longer than length of submentum. Occipital foramen rounded apically; as broad as long. Wings relatively short and broad, venation and cross veins similar to intermedia (pl. 18, A); Cu,, in both wings with but one branch. Terminalia (figs. 12, 13) relatively small. Ninth tergite (9) elongate, only four times as broad as median length; basal margin biemarginate; as elongate at median arcuation as at sides; apical region extensively membranous medially. Tenth tergite broadly cleft, but not entirely to base; left hemitergite (10 L) triangulate; process (10 LP) distinct, inwardly directed caudad at 45°, curving straight back and outward at apex; right hemitergite (10 R) more trans- verse than 10 L; process (10 RP) indefinite, lobelike; inwardly slanting, narrow, sclerotic process (10 RP.) (connected to 10 RP in intermedia) isolated in membrane. Ninth sternite (H) broad basally, EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 411 gradually convergent from sides at basal half; process (HP) not de- veloped. Right paraproct obsolete. Left paraproct (LPPT) nar- rowly fused to H basally, broadened and spatuliform apically. Left and right cercus-basipodites (LCB, RCB) represented by small, nar- row, ventral, setose, sclerotic areas. Left and right cerci subequal. Female.—No specimens definitely associated with male. Holotype—Male (terminalia damaged), in Berliner Zoologischen Museum (No. 2734). Type data—Colombia (Moritz collection). Plestotype (described above).—Male, on slide, in United States National Museum, collected May 3, 1939, in plant quarantine at Washington, D. C., in wild orchids shipped from Medellin, Colombia. Remarks.—It is difficult to understand why Enderlein placed this species, as well as wrichi, apart from Clothoda into his genus Anii- paluria; aequicercata is closely related to uricht and intermedia but may be separated from both by its much darker color, the broad, parallel-sided head, the transverse submentum, the forked Cu,, vein (usually simple in wrichi, usually 2-forked in intermedia and nobilis), and the fact that the cleft of the tenth tergite does not attain the base. A curious venational aberration is present on the left hindwing of the plesiotype. The media unites with the anterior branch of Cua, and both veins continue to the terminus as a single vein. The hyaline stripe between the veins is abruptly terminated at the point of union of the two. A female Clothoda at hand from Colombia, which appears to be aequicercata, is easily distinguishable from those of urichi and inter- media by its very dark color. The head, prothorax, and forelegs (including tarsi) are blackish brown. Family EMBIIDAE [Complete list of references not given.] Embidae BurRMEISTER, 1839, p. 768. Embiidae ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 176. Olynthidae Krauss, 1911, p. 27. Old and New World Embioptera: Males with dentate mandibles— three apical dentations on the right, two on the left. When winged, R,,; forked in both wings (except forewing of Calamoclostes albistrio- latus). ‘Tenth abdominal tergite medially cleft to basal margin, each hemitergite bearing caudal processes; the left process usually narrow, sclerotic, and more definite than the right process, which is generally broad and not sharply defined. Composite left paraproct and left cer- cus-basipodite well represented. Left cercus with basal segment al- ways echinulate on inner side and sometimes strongly lobed. Hind basitarsus with either one or two sole-bladders. 412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Type genus.—Embia Latreille. Distribution —Circum-Mediterranean, African, Indian, South American, and Central American regions. KEY TO GENERA OF AMERICAN EMBIIDAE (MALES) 1. Process of left hemitergite complex, bifid; usually bearing both a sclerotic, talonlike, inner process and a submembranous, broader, irregular, outer UL ENG a ee ee Pararhagadochir Process of left hemitergite simple, represented by only a slender, usually out- wardly curving procesg-ti tastes £3 oe ee ee ee 2 2. Size small (about 5 mm. long) ; left cercus without a definite, swollen inner nodule; terminal segment of labial palpus, conical, acutely pointed Microembia Size moderate to large (at least 9 mm. long) ; left cercus with a definite, usually subapical, inner nodule; terminal segment of labial palpus globular, rounded apically 2-2 i0 oa? eee eee 3 3. Basal segment of left cercus with echinulate nodule located at base Neorhagadochir Basal segment of left cercus with echinulate nodule located medially or termi- MNailly .on/InNer Sides ae ese Nee a Nek ie ee re 4 4. Right hemitergite small, not developed caudally as a process, but as a fleshy LOD Gee Soe ae Se 2 OS SNS CE 2 ee ee Calamoclostes Right hemitergite well developed, caudal angle pointed, sclerotized Embolyntha Genus EMBOLYNTHA Davis Embolyntha Davis, 1940b, p. 344. * Embius GRAY, 1882, p. 786, pl. 72, fig. 2 (name preoccupied). Olyntha GRay, 1832, p. 847 (name preoccupied in Lepidoptera, i. e., Olynthus Hiibner, 1818). Genotype.—Olyntha brasiliensis Gray, by original designation. Distribution —South America. This genus has been very well treated by Davis, who had the good fortune of being able to examine, redescribe, and figure the holotypes of each of the four species? he included in the genus. However, a question arises concerning the possibility that some, or all, of these species are congeneric with Calamoclostes albistriolatus Enderlein. The writer has examined the two specimens from Barro Alto, Brazil (MCZ), which were identified as batest by Davis. These are unques- tionably congeneric with a new species from Colombia, which the writer prefers to assign to the genus Calamoclostes because the struc- ture of its terminalia seems to be very similar to albistriolatus. The pe- culiar wing venation (possibly anomalous) of the latter species and its slightly more complex left tergal process are not regarded here as characters of generic importance. However, the writer is not placing the genus Z'’mbolyntha as a synonym of Calamoclostes at this time, as he has not studied the genotypes. 2 One of these, salvini, is now removed to the new genus Neorhagadochir. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 413 KEY TO SPECIES OF EMBOLYNTHA (MALES) 3 1. Posterior process of right hemitergite slender, directed outward; internal echinulate lobe of first segment of left cercus subterminal_________._____ 2 Posterior process of right hemitergite short and thick, directed inward; inter- nal lobe of first segment of left cercus medial (subterminal in nontypical Varies LOTS ree kee oe ee eo el aE Ra a 28 patesi 2. Process of left hemitergite bearing two small hooks; internal lobe of basal segment of left cercus longer than thick_-_____. _______ =. brasiliensis Process of left hemitergite not as above; internal lobe of basal segment of fefiicercus: broader thandone set ie 3. Ee es See wagneri EMBOLYNTHA BRASILIENSIS (Gray) Embius (7?) brasiliensis GRAY, 1832, p. 786, pl. 72, fig. 2. Olyntha brasiliensis (Gray) Gray, 1832, p. 347.—WEsTWoop, 1837, p. 373, pl. 2, fig. 3—BurMEIsteR, 1839, p. 770.—WaLkgr, 1853, p. 532.—Kravss, 1911, p. 28, pl. 1, fig. 1. Embia (Olyntha) brasiliensis (Gray) HAcEN, 1885, p. 195. Embia brasiliensis (Gray) ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 48, fig. 24—NavAs, 1918, p. 98. Embolyntha brasiliensis (Gray) Davis, 1940b, p. 345, figs. 1-7 (redescribes and figures holotype). Embia brasiliensis var. flavicercatus ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 49. Holotype.—Male, Children collection, British Museum of Natural History (redescribed by Davis). Type data — Brazil.” femarks.—Enderlein’s “variety” flavicercata, based upon a speci- men determined as brasiliensis by Burmeister and apparently not actually seen by Enderlein, will require reexamination before the name can be accepted. EMBOLYNTHA BATESI (McLachlan) Embia batesi McLACHLAN, 1877, p. 880.—NavAs, 1918, p. 99. Embia (Olyntha) baiesi McLachlan, HAcEn, 1885, p. 195. Olyntha batesi (McLachlan) Krauss, 1911, p. 29. Rhagadochir batesi (McLachlan) ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 56. Embolyntha batesi (McLachlan) Davis, 1940b, p. 347, figs. 8-27 (redescribes and figures holotype) .* Type data— Amazons,” Brazil (Bates). Other records.—Espirito Santo, Brazil (McLachlan collection), males*; Barro Alto, Est. Minas, Brazil (MCZ), 2 males.* EMBOLYNTHA WAGNERI (Navas) Embia wagneri NavAs, 1924a, p. 13, fig. 3. Embolyntha wagneri (Navas) Davis, 1940b, p. 351, figs, 38-41 (redescribes and figures holotype). Holotype.—Male, Paris Museum (redescribed by Davis). Lype data.—Argentina: “Chaco de Santiago del Estero. Bords du Rio Salado. La Palisa de Bracho. 25 kil. N. O. [N. W.] d’Icafio. E. R. Wagner, Décembre 1905.” 3 After Davis, 1940b, p. 351, 414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Genus CALAMOCLOSTES Enderlein Calamoclostes ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 188.—Krauss, 1911, p. 73.—ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 27.—NavAs, 1918, p. 94.—Davis, 1940a, p. 189. Genotype—Calamoclostes albistriolatus Enderlein, by original des- ignation. Distribution—Ecuador, Colombia. 20 Ficures 14-16.—Neorhagadochir inflata, new genus and species, holotype male (Guate- mala): 14, Head; 15, terminalia (dorsal); 16, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 17-19.—Calamoclostes gurneyi, new species, holotype male (Colombia): 17, Head; 18, terminalia (dorsal); 19, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 20-22.—Microembia rugosifrons, new genus and species, holotype male (Peru): 20, Head; 21, terminalia (dorsal); 22, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. This genus was originally based upon a single male specimen from Ecuador with R,,; simple in the forewing and terminally forked in the hindwing. The writer is now adding a second species, which, EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 415 though possessing typical embioid wing venation (i. e., Ri,; forked in both wings), has abdominal terminalia apparently very similar to albistriolatus (as near as can be judged by reference to Enderlein’s incomplete figure (1912, fig. 11)). The peculiar wing venation of Enderlein’s specimen may prove to be anomalous, and thus the genus should be defined on the basis of structure of terminalia. The genus appears to be allied to E’mbolyntha but apparently can be separated from it by the weakly developed, fleshy right hemitergite. It is noteworthy that the two included species occur in the same region, 1, e., along adjacent upper tributaries of the Amazon River. (@. albistriolatus apparently can be distinguished from (C. gurneyi by the white cross veins of the wings and the basal tooth on the outer margin of the left tergal process (10 LP). CALAMOCLOSTES ALBISTRIOLATUS Enderlein Calamoclostes albistriolatus ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 189.—Krauss, 1911, p. 73.— EXNDERTEIN, 1912, p. 28, figs. 10-11, pl. 3, fig. M—NavAs, 1918, p. 94.—Davis, 1940a, p. 189, figs. 82-88 (after Enderlein). Holotype.—Male, in Stettiner Zoologischen Museum. Type data— ‘Ecuador. Bafios am Ostabhange der Ostkette der Cordilliere, 1800 m. hoch. 31, Marz 1899. 14, gesammelt von E. Schmidt (coll. Haensch).” CALAMOCLOSTES GURNEYYI, new species Ficures 17-19 Male-—Color (on slide) very uniform dark chocolate brown throughout, head slightly darker. Length 16 mm.; forewing length 9.5 mm., breadth 2.3 mm. Head (fig. 17) relatively small; eyes moderate sized, inflated, sepa- rated by an interspace three times their width; sides behind eyes two and one-half eye lengths long, nearly straight, gradually covergent; caudal angles abrupt, margin obtusely rounded. Mandibles very broad, thick; apical dentations prominent, sharply pointed. Mentum well developed, broadly triangulate. Submentum sclerotized, quadrate, broader than long. Occipital foramen elongated, acutely pointed apically. Ventral bridge slightly shorter than length of submentum. Antennae with segments very broad, stout. Wings large, with rather few cross veins; venation embioid, with all veins well defined nearly to terminus. Hyaline lines narrow, definite. Hind basitarsi elongate, with only one sole-bladder. Terminalia (figs. 18,19) with ninth tergite strongly asymmetrical, interrupted by membranous areas, possessing a medial, darkly pig- mented area on caudal margin in an upright position. Tenth tergite 416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 greatly broken up by an extensive medial cleft, short, strongly asym- metrical; left hemitergite (10 L) large, dark, well defined, convex, its process (10 LP) large, stout, directed inward at 45° at basal halt, thence caudad, the extreme tip truncate and bearing a small, sharp point on outer angle directed laterad; right hemitergite (10 R) small, irregular, caudal angle a membranous lobe, inner margin produced inward and expanded as a broad pigmented sclerite (10 RP.). Ninth sternite (H) very large, quadrate; developed toward right side as a weak, terminally membranous process (HP). Left paraproct prob- ably represented by a fleshy lobe (LPPT?) subtending 10 LP, setose. Left cercus-basipodite probably represented by a very dark, sclerotic sclerite (LCB?) fused basally toH. Right cercus-basipodite (RCB) a nearly complete ventral, ragged ring at base of right cercus. Left cercus with basal segment LC, very large, broad, cylindrical basally, but apically abruptly produced inward as a large echinulate nodule; outer apical angle membranous. Terminal segment narrow, gradually acuminate distad. Basal segment of right cercus stout, cylindrical, submembranous dorsally; terminal segment similar to that of LC, but stouter. Female—Unknown. Holotype—RMale, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56041. Type data—Upper Putumayo River, Colombia (B. Guevara) (USNM). Remarks.—The large size and uniform brown color give this species the general appearance of a Clothoda, It is named for Dr. A. B. Gurney, of the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. MICROEMBIA, new genus Males——Small, 4.5 to 5 mm. long. Head with eyes large, facets very prominent; clypeal margin heavily sclerotized, rugose, lateral angles produced. Antennae relatively large. Mandibles very large, broad outer margins strongly arcuate; apices microdentate, three den- tations on the left and two on the right mandible. Terminal seg- ment of labial palpus strongly tapered and pointed. Prothorax small. Legs long, slender; hind basitarsi elongate, ventral setae long, with only a very small terminal sole-bladder. Wings relatively large; R, narrow, terminating abruptly before apical margin; R.,s simple; R,.; forked before middle; M and Cu, simple; Ris, M and Cu,, represented only by rows of setae and pigment bands; two cross- veins present between apex of R, and R.,; of forewing; hyaline bands broad, bordered by definite rows of macrotrichiae. Terminalia small, pale; tenth tergite entirely cleft to basal margin forming a broad, membranous basal area; left hemitergite bearing a narrow, simple process projecting straight back from inner margin; right hemiter- EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS AN7 gite rounded caudally, without definite processes. Process of ninth sternite simple. Composite left paraproct and left cercus-basipodite well represented, large, simple. Left cercus not strongly clavate, bearing a few large echinulations subapically on inner side; terminal segment rather short, broad basally, distally acuminate. Right cercus with terminal segment narrower than that of left cercus. Both cerci with sensory setae well developed, “rosette” sockets prominent. Female——Unknown. Genotype.—Microembia rugosifrons, new species. Distribution.—Peru. MICROEMBIA RUGOSIFRONS, new species FIGures 20-22 Male——Color (on slide): Body, legs, and wings light tan; head medium brown, mandibles yellowish. Length 4.5 mm.; forewing length 3.5 mm., breadth 0.9 mm. Head (fig. 20) short, cireular—as broad across eyes as long, dorso- ventral thickness unusually great; eye interspace two eye widths wide; sides behind eyes short—one eye length long, gradually rounded be- hind; caudal margin evenly arcuate; surface clothed with long sparse setae; dorsal and ventral margins of antennal foramen extensive; mentum a very small sclerite; submentum dark, broad anteriorly, gradually narrowed basally, anterior margin transverse, mandibles broad with apical teeth scarcely separated, greatly expanded before base, base abruptly narrowed; occipital foramen rounded anteriorly. Terminaha (figs. 21, 22) with left hemitergite (10 L) large, dark, inner margin straight, continued caudad to form inner margin of straight process (10 LP), which is narrow, simple, slightly dilated terminally; right hemitergite (10 R) short, caudal margin rounded without a developed process but folded down and inward. Ninth sternite (H) broad, quadrate, clothed with sparse, long setae, gradu- ally tapered caudad to form a short, pointed process (HP). Com- posite left paraproct and left cercus-basipodite (LPPT+LCB) large, elongate, rhomboid. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) only slightly clavate terminally; echinulations large, sparse, bifid. Termi- nal segment broadly attached basally, short, broad. Terminal seg- ment of right cercus normally attached basally, narrower and slightly longer than that of LC,,. Female-—Unknown. Holotype—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56048. Lype data.—tlquitos, Peru, March-April 1931 (R. C. Shannon) (USNM). 352731—43 2 418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Paratype.—Male, on slide with type data, deposited in writer’s collection. Remarks.—Two other specimens at hand are in such poor condition that they cannot be designated paratypes. The above series was prob- ably collected at light. NEORHAGADOCHIR, new genus Males—Moderate sized (7.5-10.5 mm. long). Head with eyes medium to large sized, inflated; mandibles dentate, three apical teeth on the left and two on the right mandible; submentum very large, sclerotic, similar to that of Pararhagadochir; mentum represented by setae only. Wings embioid, without apparent generic characters. Terminalia with tenth tergite completely, broadly cleft to base; left tergal process simple, talonlike; right tergal process poorly defined, similar to that of Pararhagadochir as is also the diagonal median process (10 RP,). Hypandrium process (HP) symmetrical, broad, truncate, simple. Composite left paraproct and left cercus-basipodite well developed. Basal segment of left cercus short, conical; basal foramen very broad, margin sclerotic; gradually, inwardly produced at base as an echinulate nodule; terminal portion cylindrical, unclavate. Terminal segment of left cercus elongate, longer than basal segment. Female.—Unknown. Genotype.—N eorhagadochir inflata, new species. Distribution.—Central America. Remarks.—This genus is primarily proposed for inflata, new species, which apparently cannot be assigned to any existing genus; salvini is tentatively included because of the nature of its left cercus and the conformity of certain other characters with inflata. Neorhagadochir appears to have more characters in common with Pararhagadochir than Embolyntha, i. e., the characters of the head, particularly the mandibles and labium and the median tenth tergal process (10 RP.). It can be separated from Pararhagadochir by the simplicity of the left tergal process and from E'mbolyntha by the basal position of the echinulate nodule of the left cercus. The two included species may be separated as follows: KEY TO SPECIES OF NEORHAGADOCHIR (MALES) 1. Process of left hemitergite greatly elongated — longer than basal segment of left cercus; composite left paraproct and left cercus-basipodite (LPPT-+ LCB) terminally echinulate; head with eyes relatively small, one-fourth as long as sides of head, which are only slightly convergent____________ salvini Process of left hemitergite short—shorter than basal segment of left cercus ; LPPT-+LCB not echinulate; head with eyes very large, as long ag sides of head which ‘are strongly convergent... -.u2._ 4) ee ee inflata EMBTIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 419 NEORHAGADOCHIR INFLATA, new species Figures 14-16 Male.—Color (on slide) uniform, light golden brown; head con- siderably darker. Length 7.5 mm.; forewing length 5 mm., breadth 1.2 mm. Head (fig. 14) very broad across eyes, short; eyes very large, strongly inflated, facets large; sides behind eyes short, strongly con-' vergent; caudal margin obtusely rounded. Mandibles thin, with apical dentations large, sharp. Submentum sclerotic, large, elon- gate; sides evenly arcuate; apical margin evenly emarginated. Oc- cipital foramen with apical angle acute. Wings with R: closely paralleling costa almost to terminus, then curving toward R,,;. R,,; forked at basal third of wing and R,,; just within its basal half in both wings. Cross veins not prominent. Hyaline stripes rather narrow, sharply defined. Hind basitarsi short; plantar setae sparse, stout; only one bladder. Terminalia (figs. 15, 16) small, transverse; tenth tergite broadly cleft to base. Left hemitergite (10 L) small, convex; gradually tapered on inner apical angle to form a process (10 LP) that abruptly curves outward nearly at 90°, and becomes a very narrow, simple, tapered, sharp point as long as its base and heavily sclerotic. Right hemitergite (10 R) broad, tapered at caudal angle to form a small, truncate process (10 RP,) which is narrowest at base. Ninth sternite (H) transverse; caudal and lateral margins arcuate, symmetrically produced medially as a short, truncate process (HP). Composite left paraproct and left cercus-basipodite, (LPPT+LCB) triangular. Right paraproct (RPPT) rudimentary, fused to side of HP. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) very short, funnel-shaped; basal foramen very large, margin sclerotic; gradually produced inwardly at extreme base as a conical, microechinulate nodule. Terminal segment elon- gate, nearly twice as long as LC,. Basal segment of right cercus (RC,) very short, membranous at outer half, membrane at base with a distinct ring (probably the right cercus-basipodite (RCB)) ; ter- minal segment lost, but probably similar to LC,. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Winged male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56042. Type data.—Cayuga, Guatemala, May 1915 (Wm. Schaus). NEORHAGADOCHIR SALVINI (McLachlan), new combination Embia salvini McLacuuan, 1877, p. 380.—ENDERTEIN, 1912, p. 51. Embia (Olyntha) salvini McLachlan, HacEN, 1885, p. 198.* Olyntha salvini (McLachlan) Krauss, 1911, p. 31. Embolyntha salvini (McLachlan) Davis, 1940b, p. 349, figs. 32-37 (redescribes and figures holotype). 490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Embia salomi EXNDERLEIN, 1912, p. 80 (footnote, lapsus calami for salvini, cor- rected p. 116). Holotype—Male, McLachlan collection, British Museum of Natural History. Type data.—Chinuatta, [Guatemala], at 4,100 feet. (Salvin). Other record—Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico (Sumichrast) _ (MCZ).* The writer has recently confirmed this identification. Genus PARARHAGADOCHIR Davis Pararhagadochir Davis, 1940a, p. 181; 1942, p. 114. Males —Alate, medium sized (length 6-13 mm.) ; color usually dark brown, prothorax often pale yellow. Head with eyes medium to large; mandibles thin, with sharp inner apical dentations; submentum large, sclerotic, shieldlike. Wings dark; venation strong, R,,; forked in both wings; R, prominent, often with broad reddish bordering bands; hya- line stripes narrow, sharply defined. Hind basitarsus with one or two sole-bladders. Terminalia with tenth tergite broadly cleft to base; left hemitergite small, its process complex, bifid, inner portion usually slender, talonlike, sclerotic, outer portion broad, thin, sub- membranous; right hemitergite large, tapered terminally to form an indefinite process often with a small, abrupt, narrow, sclerotic, apical appendix; inner margin produced mesad with a narrow, elongate sclerite (10 RP.) extending caudad toward left in membrane of me- diancleft. Process of hypandrium short, blunt. Composite left para- proct and left cercus-basipodite broad, fused basally to ninth sternite. Basal segment of left cercus with a very large, inner, subterminal nodule, which is densely microechinulate. Terminal segments of both cerci and basal segment of right cercus narrow, elongate; basal seg- ment of right cercus membranous except along inner margin. Females.—Moderate sized; darkly pigmented integument some- times metallic blue in luster. Hind basitarsi densely setose ventrally ; apparently always with two sole-bladders (even in species with males possessing but one bladder), the additional bladder at times small, in- distinct. Basal segments of cerci short—one-third shorter than ter- minal segments; outer half membranous with a partially complete basal ring. Genotype—Embia trinitatis Saussure, by original designation. Distribution —Northern South America and Trinidad to Argentina. Remarks.—This distinct genus probably comprises a much larger number of species than at present described. Several difficult prob- lems involving the definition of its species remain to be solved and more material may reveal the existence of several subspecies complexes. The problem of the relationship of this genus to the African genus Rhagadochir Enderlein must be carefully investigated. The charac- EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 421 ters of Rhagadochir carpenteri Davis are certainly similar to those of the American series placed by Davis in his genus Pararhagadochir, but future studies may prove this similarity to be a result of converg- ence. The number of hind basitarsal sole-bladders appears to be a constant character within a species, genus, or even family throughout the order. The genus Pararhagadochir is an exception to this rule, as the females of the genus seem always to have two bladders, while males of the same species may have only one. There is indeed a possibility that in males of some species this character may be subject to intraspecific variation. KEY TO SPECIES OF PARARHAGADOCHIR (MALES) 1. Inner nodule of basal segment of left cercus conical; right hemitergite with caudal margin rounded, not acutely produced; Bolivia____________ adspersa Inner nodule of left cercus broadly rounded or truncate apically; right hemi- tergite with an acute caudal angle terminated by a narrow sclerotic 2. Prothorax and pterothorax unicolorous; composite left paraproct (LPPT-+ LCB) with a small, domelike, echinulate nodule near posterior margin or with surface of inner apical angle at least echinulate____________________ 6 Prothorax usually distinctly paler than pterothorax (except in surinamen- sis) ; LPPT+LCB without such a nodule or echinulations________________ s 3. LPPT-+LCB with a sharp, sclerotic projection at inner apical angle; left tergal process (10 LP) with outer portion acutely pointed, or irregular, apex may be turned forward; northern South America___________ trinitatis complex LPPT-+LCB with only a blunt projection, or none, at inner apical angle; 10 LP with outer portion narrowly or broadly rounded distad____________ 4 4. 10 LP with outer portion broadly rounded, broader than long (fig. 60) ; thorax CONGOTOTOUSE ENS ULI so. 0s Se ee a et surinamensis 10 LP with outer portion narrowly rounded, longer than broad; thorax USUAL Vim DICOLO TOUS ae tee Seo RL ei eS a Ae aD d. 10 LP greatly elongated, about four times longer than broad; cleft originating awapleal fourthe (es oe) seArezentinass silt eo Ce trachelia 10 LP much less elongated, less than three times longer than broad; cleft originating just distad of apical half (fig. 51) ; Paraguay________ schadei 6. LPPT+LCB without a distinct echinulate nodule; Brazil_______-____ davisi LPPT-+LCB with a distinct echinulate nodule at caudal margin___________ iG 7. 10 LP with outer portion narrow, fingerlike, outline even (fig. 49); PAT ACU ays fe eee ae SSE ee ee A, De confusa 10 LP with outer portion broad, at least basally, irregular in outline__-_____ 8 8. 10 LP with inner talonlike portion gradually, evenly curved outward (fig. 45) ; OFS © Li il ea ee reek RY ee la ee 2 ee ELE Ae tenuis 10 LP with inner talon abruptly curved outward, almost at 90° (fig. 41); PE POCULING EL. cae ee eee ee ee Es See AS ee en Nee | birabeni PARARHAGADOCHIR TRINITATIS TRINITATIS (Saussure) FIGURES 26, 29 Embia trinitatis Saussure, 1896a, p. 293; 1896b, p. 352, fig. 13.—ENDERLEIN, 1912, pp. 52, 106 (misspelled as trinitatensis p. 30).—NavAs, 1918, p. 99. 422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 Oligotoma trinitatis (Saussure) Krauss, 1911, p. 42, pl. 2, figs. 11, 11a. Pararhagadochir trinitatis (Saussure) Davis, 1940a, Pp. 182, figs. 42-48*; 1942, p. 114, figs. 6-10.** Oligotoma flavicollis Krauss, 1911, p. 48, pl. 2, fig. 12 (Orinoco, Venezuela; Ber- lin Mus. ).—ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 100 (as a synonym of flavicollis Enderiein). Cotype.—Male, Geneva Museum (redescribed and figured by Davis, 1940a), from Trinidad (Urich), probably Port of Spain. Specimens examined (from Trinidad).—St. Augustine—1 male, July 9, 1935 (P. C. Atteck) (EMcC); many males and females, on grapefruit trunk, March 18, 15, 1941 (E. McC. Callan) (EMcC). Arouca—1 male, May 24, 1939 (E. McC. Callan) (EMcC). Other records —St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1 male, May 10, 1935 (N. A. Weber) (MCZ)*; St. Augustine, Trinidad, males, females, and immatures, January 17, 1938, March 25, 1938, and February 19, 1989 (E. McC. Callan) .** Remarks.—The characters of this species have been well treated by Davis (1940a, 1942), and the writer is presenting figures only of the head and left tergal process at this time. The Venezuela specimen upon which Krauss based his flavicollzs ap- pears to be very similar to one before the writer, which may prove to represent a distinct subspecies. Should such a subspecies be described, Krauss’s specimen would become its type, with a new name proposed to replace flavicollis Krauss, which is a secondary homonym. In addition to the above recorded Trinidad specimens, the writer has before him several specimens from mainland localities which are distinct in several features, particularly in the form of the left tergal process and head. Should such features appear constant in series, in relation to geographic distribution, the specimens may be regarded as subspecies of trinitatis. For the present they are discussed below with accompanying figures, but not named. 1. One male, Caracas, Venezuela, collected in plant quarantine at Washington, D. C., May 3, 1939, in a shipment of Cattleya (U.S.N.M.). This male differs from those from Trinidad in its larger, more elon- gate head (fig. 23 vs. 29) with much smaller eyes; the sides behind the eyes are longer, more arcuate, but much less convergent; the caudal margin is somewhat acutely rounded medially, and laterally continu- ously arcuate with the sides. The left tergal process (10 LP) (fig. 944) appears to be larger and to differ in shape. The much larger size (length 11.5 mm.; forewing length 7.5 mm., breadth 2 mm.) may prove to be an additional characteristic. The entire terminalia, dorsal and ventral aspects, are shown in the accompanying figures (figs. 24,25). As pointed out above, this speci- men is probably taxonomically identical to the type of Oligotoma flavicollis Krauss. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 423 2. One male, Medellin, Colombia, collected in plant quarantine at Hoboken, N. J., July 17, 1940, in a shipment of wild Cattleya (U.S.N.M.). Differs from the Venezuela and Trinidad specimens in the form of the head and eyes (fig. 30) and the darker color. The head is more Ficures 23-25.—Pararhagadochir trinitatis subsp. ?, male (Venezuela): 23, Head; 24, terminalia (dorsal); 24a, detail of left tergal process (10 LP); 25, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 26, 29.—Pararhagadochir trinitatis trinitatis (Saussure), male (Trinidad): 26, Detail of 10 LP; 29, head. Ficures 27, 28, 30, 31—Pararhagadochir trinitatis subspp. ?: 27, Detail of 10 LP; 28, detail of 10 LP; 30, head (specimen from Medellin, Colombia); 31, head (specimen from Rio Frio, Colombia). Explanation of symbols on p. 403, quadrate than either type, with the sides behind eyes scarcely arcuate or convergent; the caudal margin is more transverse with abruptly rounded sides; the eyes are still smaller than those of the Venezuela specimen and more abruptly inflated. The left tergal process (10 LP) (fig. 27) is small with the outer, flaplike portion doubled back medi- e 424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 ally toward the base. The size (lerigth 10.5 mm.; forewing length 6.4 mm., breadth 1.8 mm.) is intermediate between that of specimens from the above localities. Another specimen at hand from Colombia, without more definite data, is very similar to the above. 3. One male, Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia, June 17 (Darling- ton) (MCZ). Head similar to the Venezuelan specimen but shorter, evenly arcuate behind (fig. 31), and much lighter in color. Left tergal process (10 LP) (fig. 28) with outer portion not pointed, but irregularly expanded in outline distad. PARARHAGADOCHIR TRINITATIS FLAVICOLLIS (Enderlein) Embia flavicollis ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 184.—Krauss, 1911, p. 68.—NavAs, 1918, . 100. Sana flavicollis (Enderlein) ENDERLEIN, 1912, pp. 56, 100, figs. 29, 30, pl. 3, I. Pararhagadochir flavicollis (Enderlein) Davis, 1940a, p. 183, figs. 49-50 (after Enderlein). Holotype.—Male, Stettiner Zoologischen Museum. Type data.—Prov. Sara, Bolivia (J. Steinbach). Paratype.—Male, with same data and disposition. Remarks.—Enderlein’s flavicollis was based upon specimens from both Bolivia and Venezuela. Since the Bolivian specimens are cited first, following his description, it is assumed that one of these should represent the holotype and thus that the Bolivian locality is to be regarded as the type locality of the subspecies. His specimen from Venezuela probably represented another subspecies as discussed above. Enderlein’s original description and figures are inadequate, in the light of present knowledge, to characterize this subspecies, but it is assumed to be distinct because it is the only known Pararhagadochir from Bolivia with a bicolorous thorax. A reexamination of the type will be necessary to confirm the present placement or to determine whether it is not a distinct species. PARARHAGADOCHIR TRACHELIA (Navas) FIGURE 32-37 Rhagadochir trachelia NAvAs, 1915, p. 135, fig. 9. Embia trachelia (Navas) NaAvAs, 1918, p. 100, fig. 3; 1923a, p. 197 (record) ; 1924a, p. 10 (records) ; 1930, p. 72 (record). Pararhagadochir trachelia (Navas) Davis, 1940a, p. 184, figs. 51-66 (part). Navas’s original description and figures of this species are so lack- ing in essential details that the identification by Davis of specimens appearing to represent the species could only be provisional. There has accordingly been a great need for a redescription of the holotype EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 425 based upon present standards. Through the great kindness of Dr. Max Biraben, of the La Plata Museum, the holotype of trachelia, as well as other specimens of the species, have been made available to the writer. The following description and the accompanying figures are based upon this Navas holotype. Male (holotype, on slide)—Head, antennae, pterothorax, legs, wings, and abdominal terminalia median chocolate brown; abdo- men lighter brown; prothorax pale yellow; mandibles amber yellow, with brownish apices and inner margins; submentum reddish brown. Length 11.5 mm.; forewing length 7 mm., breadth 1.8 mm. Head (fig. 32) large, broad, quadrate; eyes rather small, not strongly inflated, facets small, interspace equal to four eye widths; sides be- hind eyes two eye lengths long, nearly straight, gradually convergent, evenly rounded behind; caudal margin broad, obtusely rounded medially; mandibles similar to other species of Pararhagadochir ; submentum with form as illustrated (fig. 38). Wings with general features and venation similar to trinitatis from Colombia (pl. 18, B) but with three cross veins between R, and R,,, in forewing, four in this position in hindwing; one cross vein be- tween R.,,; and R,; in both wings, this vein bordered by white. Hind basitarsi with two sole-bladders, the second being very small, indistinct. Terminalia (figs. 34, 36, 37): Left tergal process (10 LP) (fig. 37) greatly elongated, as long as width of 10 L, outer margin perpendicular to caudal margin of 10 L, parallel-sided ; apex with a slender, gradually arcuate, talonlike inner process and an evenly rounded, submem- branous outer lobe. Major right tergal process (10 RP,) gradually tapered, bifid apically, the upper apex produced as a slender, sclerotic, downwardly curved spine, which is subtended by a vertical, mem- branous, disklike appendix. Ninth sternite (H) somewhat longer than broad, sides straight, parallel; process (HP) short, truncate, trans- versely wrinkled. Composite right cercus-basipodite and paraproct (RPPT+RCB) very dark brown, forming a half ring beneath base of left cercus, elongated toward left and fused to side of HP. Com- posite LCB and LPPT fused at base and inner side to H and HP, heavily sclerotized, without subechinulations on surface, inner apical angle with point indefinite. Cerci with form as illustrated, basal seg- ment of right cercus almost wholly unpigmented. Holotype.—Male, on slide,‘ deposited in the La Plata Museum, Argentina. * When received the holotype was mounted dry on a pin. The specimen was carefully cleared in KOH (except one pair of wings) by the writer and mounted with the original labels on a slide in balsam to reveal specific details and to protect it from possible future damage. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 45 Ficures 32-37.—Pararhagadochir trachelia (Navas), holotype male (except fig. 35) (Argen- tina): 32, Head; 33, outline of submentum; 34, terminalia (dorsal); 35, outline of sub- mentum of specimen with dark prothorax; 36, terminalia (ventral); 37, process of left hemitergite (10 LP). Ficures 38-41.—Pararhagadochir birabeni (Navas), holotype male (Argentina): 38, Head; 39, terminalia (dorsal); 40, terminalia (ventral); 41, process of left hemitergite (10 LP). Ficures 42-45.—Pararhagadochir tenuis (Enderlein), plesiotype male (Bolivia): 42, Head; 43, terminalia (dorsal); 44, terminalia (ventral); 45, process of left hemitergite (10 LP). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 427 Type data.—The holotype bears four labels in the following top-to- bottom sequence: (1) “Rep. Argentina, Pr. Santiago d. Estero 190-, C. Bruch” (printed on bordered white paper) ; (2) “Typus” (Gomioal on green card with border); (3) “Rhagodochis trachelius Nav.” (hand-lettered on large label with green Bardon) ; (4) “Rhagadochir trachelius Nav. Navas S. J. det.” (on green paper, in Navas’s hand ?). The numerous records for this species given by Navas have not been listed as his specimens were not prepared (see Davis, 1940a) and thus his determinations require verification to be of any value. All the specimens studied by Davis (/.c¢.) appear to be referable to the new species described below. The only additional specimen at hand, besides the holotype, which appears to be trachelia, is a male from Campo Santo, Salto, Argentina, March 13, 1939 ee Scott) (LPM). This specimen has rela- tively short wings, these being about half as long as the body instead of nearly equal leneu as in the choca Reference to more specimens of this species will probably reveal the existence of a number of subspecies. Two Argentina specimens before the writer have structural characters similar to ¢trachelia but differ in being darker brown with the prothorax brown instead of pale yellow. The head is darker, with the mandibles brown instead of amber yellow, and the submentum is very dark brown with a different form (fig. 35). One of these specimens is from Chilecito, La Rioja, February 20, 1989 (Biraben-Scott) (LPM) (retained by the writer); the other is from B. de Doria Sanogasta, La Rioja, February 21, 19389 (Biraben-Scott) (LPM). The small additional hind basitarsal bladder of trachelia cannot be located on these speci- mens. Further studies may indicate that such specimens represent a distinct subspecies. PARARHAGADOCHIR SCHADEI, new species Ficures 50, 51 Holotype male—Color (on slide): Head medium brown; anten- nae darker; mandibles and submentum pale amber yellow, tips and inner edges of mandibles reddish brown. Prothorax pale yellow; pterothorax, legs, and wings medium brown. Abdomen pale brown, terminalia medium brown. Length 8.5 mm. (on slide), forewing length 5.5 mm., breadth 1.3 mm. Head (fig. 50) with form as illustrated; eyes large, inflated; sides of head strongly convergent behind, short. Wings as throughout the genus; no cross veins between Ry; and M. Hind basitarsi without an inflated second sole-bladder but with a small, pale, membranous area in the expected position which pos- sibly may become inflated at times. 428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 Terminalia with the general form of trachelia but differing as follows: Left tergal process (10 LP) (fig. 51) much shorter, base scarcely as long as inner apical “talon,” outer apical spatulate por- tion narrower; entire process gradually curving from base toward left. The basal segment of the right cercus only half as long as terminal segment (these segments are equal in ¢trachelia). Female—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, deposited in the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, from Villa Rica, Paraguay, December (F. Schade). Paratypes.—F our males from same locality and collector; two col- lected in December and two in October. Three are deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, one in the writer’s collection. Remarks.—The form of the left tergal process as well as of the head and other features is very constant in the above series. The species is similar in appearance to trachelia but may be distinguished by characters of the head (compare figs. 32 and 50) and by the shape of 10 LP (compare figs. 37 and 51). It is possible that trachelia and schadei may occur in the same region, as the specimen from Santiago del Estero, 10 km. from Lu- gones, Argentina (the same state as the holotype of trachelia), illus- trated by Davis (1940a, figs. 51-57), appears to be referable to schadeé and not to trachelia. PARARHAGADOCHIR CONFUSA, new species Figures 46-49 This new name is proposed for specimens apparently erroneously determined by Davis (1940a) as P. argentina (Navas). This species is now referred to the genus /dioembia of the Oligembiidae for rea- sons given in the discussion of the species. Davis’s misidentification was probably due to the fact that his concept of the species was based on specimens in the Paris Museum apparently incorrectly identified as argentina by Navas himself. Male—Color (holotype, on slide) : Head golden brown in fronto- clypeal region, becoming medium brown caudally; antennae and palpi dark brown; mandibles straw yellow, tips and inner margins mahog- any brown; submentum amber yellow. Prothorax, pterothorax, legs, wings, and terminalia medium brown. Length 11.0 mm. (on slide) ; forewing length 6.0 mm., breadth 1.6 mm. Head (fig. 46) as figured, noticeably quadrate. Occipital foramen equilaterally triangulate, angles rounded, the anterior one broadly so. Wings as throughout the genus; forewing with four R,-R.,;, one R.,;-Ri, and two R,,;-M cross veins. Hindwing with similar cross veins. Hind basitarsi with two large sole-bladders. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS A29 Terminalia (figs. 47-49) with usual generic structure. 10 LP (fig. 49) short, apical cleft as long as base, inner “talon” curved outward at base, thence straight, cleft broad, outer membranous portion “thumb- like”, with regular outlines. Tip of 10 RP, a stout, ventrally directed, sclerotic, darkly pigmented “talon.” Composite left paraproct (LPPT+LCB) without a prominent point on inner margin; apical margin submembranous, developed submedially as a domelike nodule which is densely microechinulate; outer apical angle narrowly produced partially around base of LC,. Female.—Unknown. Holotype——Male, on slide, deposited in the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, from Villa Rica, Paraguay, March (F. Schade). Figures 46-49.—Pararhagadochir confusa, new species, holotype male (Paraguay): 46, Head; 47, terminalia (dorsal); 48, terminalia (ventral); 49, detail of 10 LP. Figures 50, 51.—Pararhagadochir schadei, new species, holotype male (Paraguay): 50, Head; 51, detail of 1O LP. Explanation of symbols on p. 403. Paratypes.—¥ ive topotypic males, on slides, collected during Octo- ber, December, January, and February. Deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and in the writer’s collection. Other records.—Davis (1940a), under the name argentina (Navas), records this species from Argentina—“Chaco de Santa Fé: Las Garzas, Bords du Rio Las Garzas, 25 kil. O. [W.] d’Ocampo, E. R. Wagner, 1903 (2 males in Paris Museum).” P. confusa is a member of the birabeni—-tenuis—davisi series, having a unicolorous thorax, and may be distinguished by the shape of the left tergal process (compare figures), its lighter color, and numerous morphological details. 430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 PARARHAGADOCHIR BIRABENI (Navas), new combination FieurE 38-41 Embia birabeni NavAs, 1918, p. 105, fig. 5—Davis, 1940b, p. 852 (Hmbolyntha?). This species has been unrecognizable because of the imadequate original description and figures. Dr. Biraben has kindly sent the writer the holotype and a topotype male of this species, and thus it is now possible to reveal its characters in detail. The following re- description and accompanying figures are based upon the holotype of birabeni: Male (holotype, on slide).—Rather uniform chocolate brown throughout (including prothorax) ; abdomen slightly paler. Length 9.5 mm.; forewing length 4.7 mm., breadth 1.2 mm. Head (fig. 88) moderate sized, elongate-oval; eyes rather small, only slightly inflated, facets small, interspace equal to three eye widths; sides behind eyes gradually, convergently curved, increasingly so caudally to form a narrowly rounded caudal margin; mandibles as throughout the genus, but with slightly broader, shorter teeth, uniform light brown; submentum dark reddish brown, as long as broad, sides slightly arcuate, anterior margin shallowly emarginated. Wings rather short and narrow with venation as throughout the genus; cross veins between R, and R;,, obsolete; only one broad, white cross vein between R,,, and Ry. Hind basitarsi rather short and stout; with two sole-bladders, the second small and situated at apical third. Terminalia (figs. 839-41) : Left tergal process (10 LP) (fig. 41) two- thirds as long as width of 10 L, inner margin continuous with the straight inner margin of 10 L, outer margin straight, parallel to central body axis; apex bifid, inner portion sclerotic, talonlike, ab- ruptly curved outward nearly at a right angle, outer portion irregular, fleshy, membranous. Major right tergal process (10 RP,) with apex produced as an abruptly downwardly curved sclerotic spine, without a ventral membranous appendix. Ninth sternite (H) much broader than long, caudal angles rounded; process (HP) twice as long as broad, membranous at apex, not wrinkled. Composite right cercus- basipodite and right paraproct (RCB+RPPT) a broad, darkly pig- mented, ventral crescent; broadly fused along basal margin with side of HP. Composite LCB and LPPT very large, not definitely fused at base and inner side to H and HP; dilated terminally, with a ventral, subechinulated nodule at inner apical angle. Cerci with form as illustrated; inner nodule of LC, large, truncate. Female (on slide).—Uniform chocolate brown throughout except head; head yellowish brown, especially ventrally. Length 12 mm. Head circular, with antennae 21-segmented (apparently complete). Hind basitarsi short, stout; with two large, nearly contiguous sole- EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 431 bladders; ventral setae rather short and sparse. Second segment of hind tarsi with very large echinulations on bladder. Cerci short, small; basal segment with a pigmented basal ring and with outer margin membranous. Holotype.—Male, on slide, deposited in the La Plata Museum, Argentina. ype data.—The holotype bears four hand-lettered labels in the fol- lowing top-to-bottom sequence: (1) “Unquillo (Cordoba), Dr. Max Biraben” (on thin green paper); (2) “Typus” (on red paper); (3) “Embia Birabeni Nav.” (on large, green-bordered label) ; (4) “Embia Birabeni Nav. P. Navas S. J. det.” (on thin green paper—in Navis’s hand?). Neallotype (by present designation) —Topotype female, on slide, deposited in the La Plata Museum, Argentina, described above. Other records——One topotype male, on slide (LPM) (retained in writer’s collection) ; one male, on slide, Cosquin, Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina, March 1-9, 1920, Cornell University Expedition (CU). Remarks—P. birabeni is most closely related to a specimen at hand identified below as tenuis. The two species are separable by the dif- ferences in the form of the left tergal process. PARARHAGADOCHIR TENUIS (Enderlein) Fieures 42-45 Embia tenuis ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 186.—Krauss, 1911, p. 69.—NavAs, 1918, p. 103. Rhagadochir tenuis (Enderlein) ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 60, figs. 34, 35, pl. 3K. Pararhagadochir tenuis (Enderlein) Davis, 1940a, p. 188, fig. 80. Rhagadochir tenuis var. flaviceps ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 61.—NavAs, 1918, p. 104 (HEmbia). Holotype.—Male, Stettiner Zoologischen Museum. Type data—Proyv. Sara, Bolivia (J. Steinbach). Plesiotype (by present designation ).—Male, on slide, from Rurrena- baque, Bolivia, November 1921 (W. M. Mann), deposited in United States National Museum, described as follows: Head medium brown, antennae and palpi dark chocolate brown, submentum reddish brown; mandibles straw yellow; apices reddish brown; wings, remainder of body, and appendages (except termina- lia) lighter brown. Length 9 mm.; forewing length 5.7 mm., breadth 1.4mm. Hind basitarsi with two sole-bladders; the second very small, pointed. Form of head and structure of terminalia as illustrated (figs. 42-45). Other records.—Male paratypes with type data (Berlin and Stet- tin Mus.) ; 1 male paratype, Yungas, Brazil (Berlin Zool. Mus.). femarks.—Vhe identity of the above plesiotype is tentative and based only upon a comparison of its terminalia with Enderlein’s fig- ure of those of tenuis. The details of the left tergal process are some- what discrepant. 432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 PARARHAGADOCHIR DAVISI, new species Ficures 52-56 Male (holotype on slide)—Head and terminalia chocolate brown, body and legs medium brown throughout, wings light brown. Length 5 ram.; forewing length 3.6 mm., breadth 1.2 mm. Head (fig. 52) broad, short; eyes large, inflated, interspace one and one-half eye widths wide; sides behind eyes short, strongly con- Ficures 52-56.—Pararhagadochir davisi, new species, holotype male (Brazil): 52, Head; 53, terminalia (dorsal); 54, terminalia (ventral); 55, detail of left tergal process (10 Ee) 56, hind basitarsus showing uninflated sole-bladder. Ficures 57-60.—Pararhagadochir surinamensis, new species, holotype male (Surinam): 57, Head; 58, terminalia (dorsal); 59, terminalia (ventral); 60, process of left hemitergite (10 L). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. vergent and arcuate, continuous with the narrowly rounded caudal margin; occipital foramen narrow, anterior margin transverse, feebly rounded; mandibles as throughout genus, apices reddish; submentum dark brown, with outline as indicated in figure. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 433 Wings without special features. Hind basitarsi with a submedial, circular, membranous area on sole, but without an inflated bladder; chaetotaxy as figured (fig. 56). Terminalia (figs. 53-55) dark brown throughout, with usual form of the genus. Left tergal process (10 LP) (fig. 55) distinctive, broad, short; outer membranous portion broadly triangular, evenly tapered eaudad. Left paraproct (LPPT+LCB) simple; inner apical angle rounded, slightly lobed, minutely echinulate; outer apical angle slightly produced, truncate. Female—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, from Parintins, Brazil, October 2, (Parish). Remarks.—This species is named for Dr. Consett Davis, who first described and illustrated the above holotype specimen as “Pararhaga- dochir sp. Indet.” (Davis, 1940a, p. 187, figs. 76-79). It is now cer- tain that the specimen represents a distinct new species, and through the kindness of Prof. Nathan Banks the writer was permitted to study the specimen. P. davisi may be recognized by its uniform dark brown color, the form of the head, 10 LP, and left paraproct, and by its distribution. Tt is a member of the confusa—birabeni—tenuis series. PARARHAGADOCHIR SURINAMENSIS, new species FIGURES 57-60 Male (on shide).—Uniform pale tan throughout (including pro- thorax) ; head medium brown, with yellowish mandibles; abdominal terminalia medium brown. Length 6.5 mm.; forewing length 4.5 mm., breadth 1.1 mm. Head (fig. 57) somewhat larger than terminalia, short, circular, as long as broad across eyes; eyes very large, inflated, separated by interspace nearly equal to an eye width, facets prominent; sides be- hind eyes shorter than an eye length, moderately convergent and grad- ually rounded posteriorly to form a broad caudal margin; occipital foramen rounded anteriorly ; submentum of same color as head, quad- rate, sides slightly arcuate, anterior margin scarcely emarginated. Wings pale, with broad hyaline stripes; with characteristic Pararha- gadochir venation and few cross veins. Hind basitarsi with only one sole-bladder. Terminalia (figs. 58-60) with process of left hemitergite (10 LP) (fig. 60) very broad basally; inner talonlike portion narrow, scarcely acuminate, not curved apically; outer broad portion only half as long as “talon,” very broad, fleshy. Right hemitergite (10 R) deeply ex- cised on inner margin; caudal angle (10 RP,) broadly rounded, thumblike with a narrow, terminal, spinelike appendix; inner pro- 552731433 434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 94 jection not prominent; median sclerite narrow. Hypandrium process (HP) poorly developed. Composite left paraproct and left cercus- basipodite (LPPT+LCB) strongly lobed terminally and extensively microechinulate along margin. Basal segment of left cereus (LC,) with inner apical lobe elongate, echinulate; terminal segment very narrow, elongate. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, in Cornell University collection. Type data—Kwakoegron, Saramacca River, Surinam, June 8, 1927 (Cornell U., Lot. 760, Sub. 87). Remarks.—This unique species may be distinguished from all others of the genus by its broad, circular head with large eyes and by the details of the left tergal process. The holotype specimen was referred to by Davis (1940a, p. 187), who believed it to be conspecific with his “sp. indet.” (i. e., davis¢) from Parintins, Brazil. PARARHAGADOCHIR ADSPERSA (Enderlein) Embia adspersa ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 185—Kravuss, 1911, p. 69.—NavAs, 1915, p. 1038. Rhagadochir adspersa (Enderlein) ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 58, figs. 32, 33. Pararhagadochir adspersa (Enderlein) Davis, 1940a, p. 188, fig. 81. Holotype.—Male, Stettiner Zoologischen Museum. Type data—Prov. Sara, Bolivia (J. Steinbach). Remarks.—This is apparently a very distinct species characterized by the large acuminate, echinulate inner nodule of the left cercus and the large, broad, bilobed left tergal process. The condition of the right hemitergite is suggestive of that found in the genus Microembia. Future studies may indicate that the species is not a member of the genus Pararhagadochir. Family ANISEMBIIDAE Anisembiidae Davis, 1940e,° p. 585.—Ross, 1940b, p. 642.—Davis, 1940f, p. 681. Mesembiinae Ross 1940b, p. 643 (type genus: Mesembia Ross). Anisembiinae Ross, 1940b, p. 649 (type genus: Anisembia Krauss). American Embioptera; the males with mandibles nondentate api- cally; the wings (when present) with R,,; simple; the basal segment of the left cercus nodulose and echinulate on inner side (except in Saussurembia Davis) ; the hind basitarsi of both sexes with only one sole-bladder. In the males of Anzsembia and Chelicerca the left cer- cus is usually one-segmented and some species are apterous. Type genus.—Anisembia Krauss. Distribution—South America to southern United States and West Indies. 5 Davis’s 15-day prior use of the name Anisembiidae (1940e) was due to an unexpectedly earlier mailing date of his publication. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 435 Members of this family can be separated from other American species, which have the wing vein R,,; simple, by the nondentate mandibles and the usually clavate and echinulate left cercus. With the discovery of a species of Chelicerca (described below) hav- ing the left cercus of the male two-segmented, the division of the family into two subfamilies on the basis of segmentation of the cer- cus becomes untenable (i. e., Mesembiinae, left cercus two-segmented, and Anisembiinae, left cercus one-segmented). KEY TO GENERA OF ANISEMBIIDAE (MALES) 1. Basal segment of left cercus apically echinulate on inner side________--__ 2 Basal segment of left cercus not echinulate___________-_______ Saussurembia . Left cercus usually 1-segmented; when 2-segmented terminal segment broadly attached basally and not equal in form to terminal segment of right bo CET CLI pe re ee ac Ee AS) Rae ee eR Oh wa (12 SO Tat ORCI Ba ae BC + Left cercus always 2-segmented, terminal segment similar to that of right cercus in. form-and: basal attachment_._.. 22 3 3. Terminalia with processes of tenth tergite slender, unarmed; median cleft of tenth tergite narrow; process of hypandrium (H) small, trun- (GEL ee see are ere ee See Ee So a ne tea re oe Ee IMesembia Processes of tenth tergite broad, rounded, often bearing small hooks; median cleft of tenth tergite usually very broad (when narrow, it is basally forked), membranous; process of hypandrium prominent, broad, thumb- NGG pee ae ee et Sen te 2S eee RR tek ee ee Schizembia 4. Basal segment of right cercus cylindrical, not expanded basally, basal fora- men simple; process of left hemitergite simple__-_____________ Anisembia Basal segment of right cercus somewhat laterally compressed, greatly ex- panded basally to form a complexly margined foramen; process of left hemitergiteycomplex cvs 282 2 ede et es Chelicerca Genus SAUSSUREMBIA Davis Saussurembia Davis, 1940a, p. 191.—Ross, 1940b, p. 647. Saussurella Davis, 1989d, p. 573 (name preoccupied). Genotype —Embia ruficollis Saussure, by original designation.® Distribution —Central America and Colombia. This genus comprises two species, which may be separated from all others of the family by the nonechinulate left cercus. The writer now has evidence that Oligotoma venosa Banks, of Cuba, recently placed in this genus by Davis, belongs in Anisembia (see infra). SAUSSUREMBIA RUFICOLLIS (Saussure) Embia ruficollis SAUSSURE, 1896b, p. 353. Oligotoma ruficollis (Saussure) Krauss, 1911, p. 42, pl. 2, fig. 10—HNprertern, 1912, p. 91_NavAs, 1924b, p. 62, fig. 4.**—Friepericus, 1934, p. 417, fig. 6, a—b.* Saussurella ruficollis (Saussure) Davis, 1989d, p. 5738, figs. 1-4.** Saussurembia ruficollis (Saussure) Davis, 1940a, p. 191. ®* Davis's concept of this species was based on a specimen, in the Paris Museum, from Costa Rica (Paul Serre, 1920). 436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 94 Holotype-—Winged male, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. Type data.—Bugaba, Central America (Panama), 250-400 meters. (See Krauss, 1911.) Other records—Mojica, Guanacaste, Rio Bianco; Farm La Caja, near San José, Costa Rica (H. Schmidt) (Hamburg Museum)*; Costa Rica, 1921 (P. Serre) .** SAUSSUREMBIA SYMMETRICA, new species Figures 61-63 Male holotype (on slide).—Head and basal antennal segment choco- late brown; first five succeeding antennal segments tan, terminal seg- ments increasingly darker, becoming brown; inandibles medium brown, Ficures 61-63.—Saussurembia symmetrica, new species, holotype male (Colombia): 61, Head; 62, terminalia (dorsal); 63, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. tips golden brown; prothorax tan, pterothorax and hindlegs (other legs missing) medium brown; abdomen tan, terminalia only slightly darker, cerci pale tan. Length 5.5 mm.; forewing length 3.7 mm., breadth 0.9 mm. Head (fig. 61, partially reconstructed—head capsule broken on right side) : Elongate oval; eyes rather large, separated by interspace two eye widths wide, facets prominent, their interspaces unpigmented ; sides behind eyes gradually, evenly arcuate behind, continuous with rounded caudal margin. Mandibles nearly equal in form, very acutely pointed apically, nondentate at tips or medially, outer basal angle abruptly rounded. Mentum unsclerotized, quadrate, slightly wider than long, sides weakly convergent behind. Antennae defective terminally. Wings with typical anisembiid venation. Radius (R,) gradually merging with costa, meeting it well before apex of wing. R,,; and its petiole are the only remaining nonobsolete veins (except Cuya), the other veins being represented only by rows of macrotrichiae and EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS AST pigmented bands. One cross vein present between R, and R,,; in forewings and hindwings, this located just beyond basal third of R,,.. Hyaline stripes narrow, sharply defined. Hind basitarsi with only one sole-bladder; ventral setae dense, long. Terminalia (fig. 62,63) relatively small, nearly symmetrical, weakly sclerotized and pigmented. Tenth tergite broadly triangular, divided submedially by a cleft, which becomes obsolete well before base of tergite, and forms two unequal hemitergites; left hemitergite (10 L) smallest, abruptly produced caudally on inner side as a narrow, acu- minate, simple process (10 LP); right hemitergite (10 R) broad, large, gradually produced caudad as a broad, nearly parallel-sided process (10 RP,), which is truncate, curved downward, and minutely hooked inward at apex; the inner margins of the two processes are nearly straight and closely parallel. Margin of basal half of 10 RP, with a narrow, simple, detached appendix (10 RP,). Ninth sternite (HH) greatly desclerotized, pigmented only across base and along left side, otherwise membranous; process (HP) obsolete, represented enly as a membranous lobe, faintly pigmented on left side. Left paraproct (LPPT) elongate, inner margin lying close to margins of H and HP, outer margin irregular; right paraproct (RPPT) repre- sented only as faintly pigmented, weakly wrinkled areas in membrane. Left cercus with basal segment (LC,) unspecialized, cylindrical, with- cut lobes or echinulations, slightly tapered distally, outer apical half membranous; a small sclerotized area at outer base may represent the left cercus basipodite (LCB?) fused to the cercus; terminal seg- ment elongate, cylindrical, simple; right cercus similar to left cercus, the basal segment only slightly less pigmented. Female—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56759. Type data—Rio Frio, Colombia, February (W. M. Mann). Remarks.—This remarkable species is tentatively assigned to Saus- surembia Davis on the basis of its unmodified, nonechinulate left cercus. It may be separated at once from Saussurembia ruficollis (Saussure) by its incompletely cleft tenth tergite, the narrow left process (10 LP), the desclerotized ninth sternite, and the distally tapered LC,. The abdominal terminalia of symmetrica are the most unspecialized of the Anisembiidae and rank with those of Clothoda as the most gen- eralized of the order. They represent one more element in the pleas- ing phylogenetic series found in the Anisembiidae. Genus MESEMBIA Ross Mesembia Ross, 1940a, p. 12.—Davis, 1940d, p. 582.—Ross, 1940b, p. 643. Genotype.—Oligotoma hospes Myers, by original designation. Distribution—West Indies, Brazil. A388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 The three species included in this genus have in common the simple, rather slender tergal processes of the terminalia; the short, simple, truncate process of the hypandrium; and the two-segmented left cercus with the basal segment inwardly lobed and echinulate. J/. aequalis is only tentatively assigned to the genus. It probably is generically distinct, but a final-conclusion must await further data. KEY TO SPECIES OF MESEMBIA (MALES) 1. Left cercus with echinulate lobe located medially on inner side of basal seg- ment: 5° Cubaai.. 2-3 8 Se ee ee hospes Left cereus with echinulate lobe located distally on inner side of basal seg- TOM Ee eee 2 ee ae eee Pe 2. Left tergal process very slender, abruptly directed mesad; tenth tergal cleft attaining. bases 7ieitt ee 3 ee ee eee haitiana Left tergal process as broad as or broader than the right process, slightly curved outward; tenth tergal cleft terminated just within basal half; Southern. Bragile ee 0) eee ee ee ee ee ee aequalis MESEMBIA AEQUALIS, new species Figures 64-66 Male—Color (in alcohol) : Head and antennae black; legs, ptero- thorax, abdominal terminalia, and dorsal maculation mahogany brown; prothorax with yellowish intersclerotal areas, sclerites brown. Length 6.7 mm.; forewing length 4.0 mm.; breadth 1.0 mm. Head (fig. 64) with eyes medium sized, scarcely inflated, separated by an interspace 3 eye widths wide; sides behind eyes 114 eye lengths long, nearly straight, gradually convergent; caudal margin abrupt, obtusely rounded. Mandibles small, sharply pointed; left mandible with inner margin biemarginate, the right with inner margin evenly arcuate. Occipital foramen rounded anteriorly. Antennae darkly pigmented throughout, 17-segmented (broken). Ficures 64-66.—Mesembia aequalis, new species, holotype male (Brazil): 64, Head; 65, terminalia (dorsal); 66, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 439 Wings light brown, hyaline stripes very narrow, sharply defined. R, narrow, paralleling costa but merging with it apically. One or two cross veins present between R, and R.,;, one between Rz,3 and Ry,s. Venation otherwise without peculiarities. Terminalia (fig. 65, 66) with tenth tergite large, quadrate, simple; submedian cleft slightly to left of middle, terminating just within basal half; left process (10 LP) rather broad, parallel-sided, thin, simple, directed caudad but curved upward distad, abruptly pointed at apex; right hemitergite (10 R) large, its major process (10 RP,) abruptly produced at inner apical angle, parallel-sided, sclerotic, slightly curved downward distad, apex slightly expanded, truncate, and slanted mesad; secondary process (10 RP.) very narrow, parallel- ing, and lying partially beneath, inner margin of 10 R. Ninth sternite (H) quadrate, right apical area submembranous; process (HP) short, truncate, wrinkled, submembranous on right side basally. Composite left cercus-basipodite and left paraproct (LCB+LPPT) prominent, darkly pigmented, elongate, fused basally with H; com- posite RCB and RPPT equally prominent but of a different shape. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) cylindrical basally abruptly ex- panded distally on inner side to form a prominent, sparsely echinu- late lobe; terminal segment of left cercus normal. Basal segment of right cercus simple, cylindrical, slightly swollen distad; basal foramen circular, simple; terminal segment similar to that of LC. Female-—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U. S. N. M. No. 56581. Type data—Nova Teutonia, Santa Catharina, Brazil (F. Plau- mann). Paratypes.—Two males, on slides, with holotype data; one deposited in the writer’s collection, the other in the California Academy of Sciences. Remarks—This distinct species is the most southern and one of the most generalized of the family. Its characters, except for the echinulate lobe of the left cercus, are very similar to those of Saussur- embia ruficollis (Saussure). MESEMBIA HOSPES (Myers) Oligotoma hospes MyYErs, 1928, p. 89, fig. 1. Mesembia hospes (Myers) Ross, 1940a, p. 12.—Davis, 1940d, p. 532, figs. 20-23.— Ross, 1940b, p. 644, figs. 14-16. Holotype-——Winged male, in Museum of Comparative Zoology (type No. 523). Type data—Soledad, Santa Clara, Cuba, February 10, 1925 (J. G. Myers). Other records.—Paratypes with same data. 440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 MESEMBIA HAITIANA Ross Mesembia haitiana Ross, 1940b, p. 646, figs. 17-19. Holotype-—Winged male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 53132. Type data—Grosmore, Haiti, February 17, 1926 (C. H. Leonard). Genus SCHIZEMBIA, new genus Males—Winged; small to moderate sized. Dark chocolate brown; prothorax yellow; wings dark brown. Head without maculation; eyes medium to large sized; mandibles small, without apical denta- tions, tips acutely pointed, inner margins evenly arcuate. Submen- tum quadrate, somewhat longer than broad, not heavily sclerotized; mentum distinct, pigmented. Wings with R, narrow, closely paral- leling costal margin and meeting it before apex; radial sector, Ry»,>. M, and Cu,, simple. Hind basitarsi with only one bladder; plantar setae very fine. Terminalia with tenth tergite divided into hemiter- gites by a suture complete to basal margin; processes of each hemiter- gite short, broad, blunt, complex apically (fused apically in one species). Ninth sternite with a short, broad, rounded process. Com- posite left cercus-basipodite and left paraproct represented by a free triangular sclerite. Left cercus two-segmented; basal segment nodulose and echinulate on inner side apically. Right cercus two- segmented, basal segment cylindrical. Female.—No specimens definitely associated with a male. Genotype —Schizembia grandis, new species. Distribution.—Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. This is the only genus of Embioptera, except Mesembia and Saussurembia, in- digenous to South America that has oligotomoid wing venation (Rijs simple).7 It can be separated at once from the introduced species of Oligotoma, which have similar venation, by its nondentate mandibles, echinulate left cercus, completely cleft tenth tergite, and the blunt, short process of the right hemitergite. The three known species of Schizembia may be separated by means of the following key: KEY TO SPECIES OF SCHIZEMBIA (MALES) i. Tergal processes separated apically by a broad membranous cleft, which eontinues-to: baselofitengi tens 252 ae a 2 Tergal processes fused apically, membranous cleft narrow, Y-shaped, isolating aubroad, medial ssclerite ss Mri clad ee ee en ne a eallani 2. Size large (10 mm. long); process of hypandrium evenly rounded apically, MATIN] MAN CAA IT Ow Cy CN eee ae grandis Size small (6.5 mm. long); process of hypandrium acutely pointed apically, marginal flange greatly developed laterally___________________ minuta 7 Calamoclostes albistriolatus Enderlein of the Embiidae has R,,, simple in the forewing and forked in the hindwing. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 441 SCHIZEMBIA GRANDIS, new species Prats 19, B; Ficures 67-69 Male—Color (in alcohol): Pterothorax, abdomen, legs, wings, head, palpi, and basal antennal segment dark chocolate brown; pro- thorax reddish yellow ; antennal segments 2-14 tan, terminal segments brown. Length 10 mm.; forewing length 8 mm.; breadth 1.8 mm. Head (fig. 67) small but larger than terminalia; sides behind eyes straight, rather strongly convergent caudad, abruptly rounded and somewhat transverse behind. Eyes moderately large, inflated; inter- space twice as wide as an eye width. Antennae with 23 segments (probably complete). Wings (pl. 19, B) very large, broad. Radius unusually narrow; bordering bands very narrow, pigment granules small, dull red. Radial sector forked within basal half of wing; R.,, pigmented to margin, R,,; pigmented at extreme base only. M and Cu, each represented only by a row of setae. Cuy, narrow. Anal vein present as a short basal rudiment, united by a cross vein to common base of cubitus and media. Cross veins absent in remainder of wing except for four between R, and R.,;. Color uniform dark brown; hyaline stripes very narrow and sharply defined. Terminalia (figs. 68, 69) very small in relation to other body pro- portions. Cleft of tenth tergite complete, very broad, membranous, microreticulate in caudal half. Process of left hemitergite (10 LP) broad, bearing a small hook at outer apical margin. Inner margin of right hemitergite (10 R) irregular, deeply notched at apical third; process (10 RP) complex. Ninth sternite (H) subquadrate, bearing long setae; process (HP) nearly symmetrical, short, broadly rounded, margined apically by an internal narrow flange, surface wrinkled. Composite left paraproct and left cercus-basipodite (LPPT+LCB) represented by a free, heavily sclerotized, narrow sclerite; right para- proct obsolete. Basal segment of left cereus (LC,) gradually inflated terminally on inner side, bearing numerous echinulations. Basal seg- ment of right cercus cylindrical. Terminal segments of both cerci equal. Female.—No specimens definitely associated with a male. Holotype.—Winged male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56044. Type data.—Collected in a shipment of Cattleya from Caracas, Ven- ezuela, in plant quarantine at Washington, D. C., May 4, 1939 (In- spectors Sanford and Adams). Other records.—Three males, all collected in wild Cattleya in plant quarantine at Washington, D. C. — two of these in shipments from 8 The inner surface of the basal segment of the right cercus of one of the available specimens bears four distinct peglike echinulations, which are absent in the other speci- mens at hand. 442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 Caracas, Venezuela, June 9, 1938, and May 4, 1939, and one from Medellin, Colombia, May 4, 1939. One female was collected under similar circumstances in a shipment from Caracas, Venezuela, Sep- tember 17, 1937. One male from Caracas is retained in the writer’s 1s D 1 LeB Leet LC 1OLP Ficures 67-69.—Schizembia grandis, new genus and species, holotype male (Venezuela): 67, Head; 68, terminalia (dorsal); 69, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 70-72.—Schizembia minuta, new species, holotype male (Colombia): 70, Head; 71, terminalia (dorsal); 72, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 73-75.—Schizembia callani, new species, holotype male (Trinidad): 73, Head; 74, terminalia (dorsal); 75, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. collection ; the other specimens are returned to the United States Na- tional Museum. None are made paratypes because of imperfect condition or slightly discrepant structure. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 443 Remarks.—In general appearance, particularly by virtue of its yellow prothorax and size, this species resembles subspecies (?%) of the Pararhagadochir trinitatis complex that occur in the same region. The female cited above, which appears to be of this species, can be separated from those of Pararhagadochir by the absence of a second hind basitarsal sole-bladder and the evenly pigmented basal segments of the cerci. SCHIZEMBIA MINUTA, new species Figures 70-72 Male.—Color (in alcohol) : Head, antennae, pterothorax, and ter- minalia chocolate brown; wings and abdomen light brown; prothorax reddish yellow; femora bicolorous, basal three-fourths pale yellow, terminal fourth brown; cerci with apex of basal segment and entire terminal segment pale yellow. Length 6.5 mm.; forewing length 4 mim., breadth 1 mm. Head (fig. 70) shorter and broader than in grandis; with sides shghtly rounded, gradually convergent caudad, abruptly rounded and transverse behind. Eyes as in grandis. Antennae 19-segmented (ap- parently complete). Wings relatively small. Radius with bordering bands, broad; not parallel to costal margin but converging toward it and meeting it well before apex of wing. Radial sector forked midway in wing. Venation otherwise similar to that of grandis except only one nearly obsolete cross vein is present between R, and R,,;. Color uniform light brown; hyaline stripes very narrow and sharply defined. Terminalia (figs. 71, 72) small; similar in general structure to that of grandis, but differing in details of tergal processes as illustrated, and the process of the ninth sternite (H), which is longer and nar- rower, with the corners of the apex strongly turned inward so as to nearly meet and form a tube; ventrally the apex of the process bears a small lobe. Composite left cercus-basipodite and left paraproct large, triangulate. Terminal segments of both cerci and apices of basal segments very pale yellow. Female.—No specimens associated with male. Holotype.—Winged male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56045. Type data—With Cattleya in cargo from Medellin, Colombia, in plant quarantine at Hoboken, N. J., October 15, 1941 (Inspector Sanford). Paratype—Collected in an express shipment of wild orchids from Medellin, Colombia, in plant quarantine at Washington, D. C., August 28, 1936 (Inspector Adams), deposited in writer’s collection. 444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 94 SCHIZEMBIA CALLANI, new species Fiagures 73-75 Male.—Color (on slide): Head and basal antennal segments dark chocolate brown; pterothorax, legs, and terminalia medium chocolate brown, abdomen and wings lighter; prothorax and forecoxae pale straw yellow; mandibles golden yellow. Length 7 mm.; forewing length 4.5 mm., breadth 1.2 mm. Head (fig. 73) larger than terminalia; sides behind eyes gradually rounded and convergent, short; caudal margin broad, evenly arcuate. Eyes very large, inflated; facets prominent; interspace equal to an eye width. Wings relatively large, broad. Radius narrow, converging toward costa and nearly merging with it before wing apex. Three cross veins present between R and R,,, in forewing and two in hindwing— absent elsewhere except one between Cuy, and A. R,,, strongly repre- sented to terminus. R,,, well represented at extreme base only, its terminal portion, as well as all other veins behind it (except Cu), each represented only by a row of macrotrichiae. Color uniform; hyaline stripes very narrow and sharply defined. Terminalia (figs. 74, 75) small. Tenth tergite with median cleft incomplete apically, processes fused; cleft forked, the left fork ex- tending from middle at a 45° angle to basal margin, narrow; the right fork extending basad at same angle, but terminated well before basal margin; these clefts isolate a broad, median, basal area, truncate apically with the adjacent membrane granulate. Processes narrowly fused on inner side apically; with small lateral apical projections. Ninth sternite (H) quadrate, basal margin ragged; produced apically as a symmetrical, broadly rounded process (HP). ‘Two rudimentary sclerites fused to either side of H at base of HP may represent the left and right paraprocts. A free, triangular sclerite in membrane be- tween HP and base of left cercus may represent the composite left cercus-basipodite and left paraproct (LCB+LPPT). Right cercus- basipodite (RCB) represented by an isolated, small, circular, ventral sclerite. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) stout, slightly clavate on inner side apically, this nodule bearing a few scattered echinula- tions; terminal segment of left cercus large. Basal segment of right cercus cylindrical, darkly pigmented on inner side; terminal segment narrower and smaller than that of left cercus. Female——Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, deposited in the British Museum of Natural History. Type data—Collected at light, St. Augustine, Trinidad, June 4, 1939 (E. McC. Callan). EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 445 Remarks.—This species is named after the collector, Dr. Edward McC. Callan, of St. Augustine, Trinidad, who sent the writer much valuable material for this study. The cleavage of the tenth tergite of this species is very remarkable; the right fork is apparently an extension of the notch that appears along the inner margin of the right hemitergite in other species of Schizembia and in the genus Chelicerca. Genus ANISEMBIA Krauss Anisembia Krauss, 1911, p. 74.—ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 109 ( = Oligotoma and Haploembia).—CHAMBERLAIN, 1923, p. 346.—Davis, 19400, p. 531.—Ross, 1940b, p. 649. Genotype—Embia texana Melander, by original designation. Distribution—Cuba, south-central United States, and Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico. At this time the writer is limiting this genus to the three species treated below. Species of the subgenera Chelicerca Ross and Dacty- locerca Ross, which are much more complex, have been removed as they appear to be derived from a different stock. This is evidenced by the discovery of a new species of the same series that has a two-seg- mented left cercus. It is thus likely that the one-segmented left cercus has appeared twice within the family on different evolutionary lines. Anisembia was probably derived from Mesembia-like ancestors. The genus Anisemdia Krauss is here restricted to include only those species having an apically pointed occipital foramen; a one-segmented ieft cercus; a simple, incomplete tenth tergal cleft ; a simple left tergal process (10 LP); a short, unmodified process of the hypandrium (HP); and the basal segment of the right cercus cylindrical, with a simple, circular basal foramen. KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SPECIES OF ANISEMBIA (MALES) 1. Inner nodule of left cercus small, very sparsely echinulate; head scarcely larger; than terminalia (Amisembias.. Str.) ia= se a 2 Inner nodule of left cercus large, rounded, very densely echinulate; head distinctly larger than terminalia; Baja California, Mexico A. (Bulbocerca) sini 2. Process of left hemitergite rather short, extending straight caudad; process of right hemitergite tapered; medium sized; United States A. (Anisembia) texana Process of left hemitergite very long, strongly curved toward left; process of right hemitergite truncate; small-sized; Cuba_-___ A. (Anisembia) venosa Subgenus ANISEMBIA, sensu stricto ANISEMBIA (ANISEMBIA) TEXANA (Melander) Embia terana MELANDER, 1902, p. 19, figs. 2, 3; 1903, p. 99, figs. 1, 2.—F RIEDERICHS, 1906, p. 238. Anisembia texrana (Melander) Krauss, 1911, p. 74, fig. F.—CHAMBmERLIN, 1923, p. 345.—Davis, 1940d, p. 5832.—Sanperson, 1941, p. 60 (record). 446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 94 Oligotoma texana (Melander) ENDERLEIN, 1912, pp. 92, 109, fig. 62—MILLS, 1932, p. 648, figs. 1-4. Anisembia (Anisembia) texana (Melander) Ross, 1940b, p. 650, figs. 20-22, 28. Holotype-—“Immature male” (or female?) in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology (type No. 1639). Type data.—Austin, Tex. (A. L. Melander). Plesiotypes—Alate male, in United States National Museum, from Victoria, Tex.; and mature female, California Academy of Sciences, from Arroyo Salado, Starr County, Tex. Both designated and described by Ross (1940b). Distribution—Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas. New records.—Texas: San Antonio, New Braunfels, Sequin, Tex- arkana. Lovrsrana: Monroe. All collected by the writer. Remarks.—This is a very common species and, although often en- countered under stones, is oftenest found on the bark of trees, especially that of oaks with a rough surface. At Monroe, La., colonies of the in- sect were very conspicuous on the shaded surface of large oaks border- ing the city streets. The writer has recently had opportunity to study in detail the biology of this species in the field and in laboratory cultures. An in- teresting fact was noted in connection with the wingless condition of certain of the males. A careful examination of the thorax of the apterous male revealed that small wing pads are actually developed and a slight modification of the scuta of the mesothorax and metatho- rax is evident. It appears that the apterous condition in males of texana results from a halting of the wing development (probably at a stage comparable to the third instar of normal winged males), while other male features develop in a normal manner. ‘This condition is precisely the same in apterous males of Oligotoma japonica Okajima, which the writer has studied in large numbers. This subapterous con- dition may prove to be characteristic of all species having dimorphic males, as males of those species which never have winged males have the scuta identical to the female, with no trace of wing pads. ANISEMBIA (ANISEMBIA) VENOSA (Banks) FIcuREsS 76-79 Gligotoma venosa Banks, 1924, p. 421, pl. 1, figs. 10, 15. Saussurella venosa (Banks) Davis, 1939d, p. 574, figs. 5-7. Saussurembia (?) venosa (Banks) Ross, 1940b, p. 648. Anisembia (Anisembia) schwarzi Ross, 1940b, p. 652, figs. 2, 283-25 (Cayamas, Santa Clara, Cuba) (new synonym). Holotype.—Male, on slide, Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 14879). Type data.—Santa Clara, Cuba (Baker). EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 447 Remarks.—The holotype of this species, mounted on a slide in bal- sam, was in such poor condition that Davis (1939d) was unable to establish with certainty the generic position of the species or ade- quately to redescribe the terminalia. Recently, through the kindness of Dr. Banks, the writer has been able to remount the fragmentary specimen after first treating the partsin KOH. Many essential details of the terminalia are now visible, and it is apparent, by comparing holotypes, that Anisembia schwarzi Ross is with little doubt a syno- nym ot venosa. The details of the head and terminalia of the holo- type of venosa are shown in the accompanying figures. Ficures 76-79.—Anisembia venosa (Banks), holotype male (Cuba): 76, Terminalia (dorsal); 77, terminalia (ventral); 78, head; 79, detail of left tergal process (10 LP). Ficures 80-82.—Anisembia venosa (Banks), holotype of synonym schwarzi Ross (Cuba): 80, Left cercus; 81, left tergal process; 82, tip of right tergal process (10RP,). Explana- tion of symbols on p. 403. The holotypes of venosa and schwarzi differ in a number of striking details, which, however, because the specimens are from the same state of Cuba, are regarded as interspecific variation. The shape of the left tergal process (10 LP) is quite different and may not be due to the angle of view (cf. figs. 79 and 81). The lobe of the left cercus 448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 is more pointed and has fewer teeth in the holotype of schwarzi and is broadly rounded with many more teeth in the holotype of venosa; in the figure of the latter structure (fig. 76) the cercus is foreshortened. The shape of the right tergal process (10 RP,) is probably similar in the two specimens. That of the holotype of schwarzi (Ross, 1940b, fig. 24) is curved downward and inward (probably the true position) and thus presents a different appearance. A detail not noted in the description of schwarzi is that the terminal half of 10 LP is peculiarly roughened with hairlike projections of the derm as figured; this is evident also in the venosa holotype. Subgenus BULBOCERCA Ross Bulbocerca Ross, 1940b, p. 654. ANISEMBIA (BULBOCERCA) SINI Chamberlin Anisembia sini CHAMBERLIN, 1923, p. 346, figs. a-b.—Davis, 1940d, p. 582, fig. 19. Anisembia (Bulbocerca) sini (Chamberlin) Ross, 1940b, p. 654, figs. 32-84. Holotype.—Apterous male, on slide (No, 1245), and allotype female, on slide (No. 1246), California Academy of Sciences. Type data—tLoreto, Baja California, Mexico. Distribution —Central Baja California, Mexico (supported by many records), and islands of Gulf of California (by occurrence of silk tunnels). Genus CHELICERCA Ross Chelicerca Ross, 1940b, p. 656 (subgenus of Anisembia Krauss). Males—Winged or apterous. Head dark, eyes small to large, oc- cipital foramen rounded anteriorly. Terminalia with cleft of tenth tergite complete to base, right margin irregular, often excised; left tergal process (10 L) complex, outer apical margin twisted ventrad ; right hemitergite (10 R) large, often terminated caudad in one or more talonlike hooks curved to right; process of hypandrium (HP) broad, complex apically, often armed with echinulations or nodules; left cercus usually one-segmented (except in one species) ; basal segment of right cercus somewhat laterally compressed, ex- panded basad, its basal foramen irregular, complex. Genotype—Anisembia (Chelicerca) davisi Ross, by original designation. Distribution—Mexico, Scuthwestern United States. In this genus are found some of the most specialized species of the family. The discovery of dampfi from Chiapas, Mexico, with its two-segmented left cercus, gives cause for separating this series of species from that of the genus Anisembia. The terminalia of dampfi are nearly as complex as in davisi in spite of the more primi- EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 449 tive cercus, and since species of the genus Anisembia have much more generalized terminalia than any Chelicerca, it appears that the one- segmented condition was attained independently in the two genera. The component subgenera, Protochelicerca, Chelicerca, and Dac- tylocerca, seem to form a very natural evolutionary series, exhibiting increasing specialization of the abdominal terminalia (e. g., the left cercus), which seems to be directly derived from more primitive genera of the south such as Schizembia. The specialization of the left cercus corresponds with a serial specialization of other terminal abdominal structures in the species and with the degree of their geographic separation from the region of probable origin (northern South America). The most specialized species of the series, rubra, occurs in the Sonoran region of North America, which has probably presented more selective environmental changes than the Tropics. KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SPECIES OF CHELICERCA (MALES) Hi uere CenCus sE-serm ented: 32a sr= 22 A 2 ae iene eh ees AO ee 2 Left cercus 2-segmented_____________________ C. (Protochelicerca) dampfi . Right hemitergite produced caudad as a distinct process bearing 1 or 2 outwardly curved, clawlike hooks; left cercus not greatly elongated or very strongly inwardly arcuate (subgenus Chelicerca, s. str.)_---_____________ 2 Right hemitergite not produced caudad as a process and not bearing claw- like apical hooks; left cercus greatly elongated, strongly inwardly arcuate C. (Dactylocerca) rubra 3. Process of right hemitergite with but 1 outwardly curved, clawlike apical ho IDG ee Se eae es ote ee pe Es Ad lh I ee 4 Process of right hemitergite with 2 such hooks____ C, (Chelicerca) heymonsi 4. Apical hook of process of right hemitergite arising on inner side of process and CURVANS ACLOSS tS |ADek 22 = ee C. (Chelicerca) wheeleri Apical hook arising terminally, not overlapping any tergal structure______ 5 d. Left apical angle of process of hypandrium (HP) produced as a distinct, thumblike, densely echinulate knob_____________ C. (Chelicerca) nodulosa Left apical angle of process of hypandrium (HP) less strongly produced, pointed, without echinulations____-»______-______ C. (Chelicerca) davisi Subgenus PROTOCHELICERCA, new subgenus Maies—Rather large, winged. Head larger than terminalia; eyes very large, inflated; occipital foramen evenly rounded apically. Wings large, broad; R, narrow, closely paralleling costal margin and meeting it apically, apex not joining R,,, by means of a cross vein; three cross veins present between R, and R.,, in forewing, two in ae wing. Terminalia very similar to those found in Gieisercc. s. str., but with the left cercus distinctly two-segmented, the terminal ssoment rather small, broad basally. Tape_“Ohalicenn: (Protochelicerca) dampft, new species. Distribution.—That of the single species. 552731—43-__4 A450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 CHELICERCA (PROTOCHELICERCA) DAMPFI, new species. Ficures 83, 85, 86 Male.—Color (on slide): Head, antennae, foretibiae, pterothorax, and terminalia medium brown; remainder of body and appendages, except prothorax, tan; prothorax pale straw yellow. Length 7.5 mm. ; forewing length 5.8 mm., breadth 1.4 mm. Head (fig. 83) with eyes very large, strongly inflated, separated by an interspace distinctly narrower than an eye width; sides behind eyes short, slightly arcuate, strongly covergent, continuous with the 84 Ficures 83, 85, 86.—Chelicerca (Protochelicerca) dampfi, new subgenus and species, holotype male (Chiapas): 83, Head; 85, terminalia (dorsal); 86, terminalia (ventral) . Ficures 84, 87, 88.—Chelicerca (Chelicerca) nodulosa, new species, holotype male (Veracruz): 84, Head; 87, terminalia (dorsal); 88, terminalia (ventral), Explanation of symbols on p. 403. evenly rounded caudal margin. Mandibles moderate sized, apices very sharply pointed, inner margins evenly inwardly arcuate. An- tennae strongly pigmented throughout. Wings relatively broad, light brown; hyaline stripes narrow, sharply defined. Three cross veins present between R, and R»,, in forewing and two in hindwing. Macrotrichiae following course of veins very dense. Terminalia (figs. 85, 86) rather small. Submedian cleft of tenth tergite slanting basad toward left and meeting basal margin, narrow EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS Aik basally but gradually divergent apically. Left hemitergite (10 L) darkly pigmented, quadrate; produced caudad as a broad, twisted process (10 LP) curled ventrad along outer apical margin. Right hemitergite (10 R) large equilaterally triangulate, weakly pigmented, especially along inner margin, which is deeply excised behind middle; process (10 RP) arcuate on inner and apical margin, produced as a short claw not extending far to right of outer margin of process. A narrow, darkly pigmented appendix, present in membrane of median cleft, is feebly connected basally and apically with 10 R.2 Ninth ster- nite (H) broad, developed as a broad, apically truncate process (HP) slanting to the right; right apical angle heavily sclerotized, micro- echinulate; left apical angle membranous. Composite left cercus- basipodite and left paraproct (LCB+LPPT) triangular, sclerotic, isolated. Right paraproct obsolete. Left cercus two-segmented; basal segment (LC,) emarginated on inner side, clavate apically and bearing about 15 echinulations along inner apex; terminal segment short, tapered terminally, broadly united with basal segment. Right cercus with basal segment somewhat laterally compressed; margins of basal foramen greatly elongated, darkly pigmented; terminal segment cylindrical, longer and narrower than that of left cercus. Female—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56760. Type data—F¥ inca Esperanza, Chiapas, Mexico, at light, in a coffee plantation in a virgin forest, August 3, 1935 (A. Dampf). Paratypes——Two males on slides with holotype data but collected on March 12,1988. One deposited in the writer’s collection, the other in that of Dr. Alfons Dampf. envaks—This species, named for Dr. Alfons Dampf, of the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolégicas, Mexico City, can be dis- tinguished at once from all the other known Chelicercas by its two- segmented left cercus. Subgenus CHELICERCA, sensu stricto CHELICERCA (CHELICERCA) DAVISI (Ross), new combination Anisembia (Chelicerca) davisi Ross, 1940b, p. 656, figs. 26-28. Holotype.—Winged male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 53979. Type data.—Collected in gardenias from near E] Fortin, Veracruz, Mexico, in plant quarantine at Brownsville, Tex., January 16, 1937. CHELICERCA (CHELICERCA) NODULOSA, new species Ficures 84, 87, 88 Male (on slide) —Head, antennae, foretibiae, and terminalia me- dium brown; prothorax pale straw yellow; pterothorax, wings, legs, ® This is probably homologous to the isolated, sclerotic, heavily pigmented sclerite found in this position in davisi and nodulosa. 452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 and abdomen light brown. Length 6.5 mm.; forewing length 4.2 mm., breadth 1.1 mm. Head (fig. 84) with eyes very large, strongly inflated; interspace slightly narrower than an eye width; sides behind eyes short, slightly shorter than an eye length, straight, strongly convergent, abruptly rounded behind; caudal margin transverse, weakly arcuate. Man- dibles moderate sized, sharply pointed, inner sides evenly emarginated. Antennae strongly pigmented throughout. Wings moderately broad, light brown; hyaline stripes narrow, sharply defined. Three cross veins present between R, and R.o.3 In forewing and four in this position in hindwing. Anal vein well defined basally in both wings, united by a cross vein to Cup. Terminalia (figs. 87, 88) similar to those of davisi with the following differences: Median cleft of tenth tergite broader and with differences in margins; 10 LP narrower, more strongly tapered apically; 10 RP broader, with apical claw not extending beyond outer margin of proc- ess. Process of hypandrium (HP) broader; with left apical angle produced as a prominent, thumblike nodule, which is densely echinulate. Female (in aleohol).—Head, mesothorax, hindlegs, and abdomen reddish brown; antennae and prothorax light brown. Body length 8.5mm. Head circular in outline, without dorsal pattern. Eighth sternite uniformly pigmented throughout. Ninth sternite with an obtuse, membranous, mediobasal angle similar to texana (Ross, 1940b, fig. 38), but more extensive. Holotype and aliotype—Male and female, respectively, on slides, U.S.N.M. No. 56046. Type data—Collected at Matamoros, Mexico, in plant quarantine in a cargo of pineapples shipped from Isla, Veracruz, Mexico, June 15, 1940, by Inspectors Anderson, Parnell, and Reagan. Paratype.—Topotypic female, deposited in the writer’s collection. Remarks.—C. (C.) nodulosa is closely related to davisit from the same state of Mexico. It may be separated by its much larger, in- flated eyes, evenly emarginated mandibles, paler wings with cross veins, and particularly by the presence of the prominent, echinulate nodule of the left apical angle of the hypandrium process (HP). CHELICERCA (CHELICERCA) WHEELERI (Melander), new combination Ficures 89-91 Olyntha wheeleri MELANDER, 1902, p. 17, fig. 1. Anisembia wheeleri (Melander) Krauss, 1911, p. 70—CHAMBERLIN, 1923, p. 346.— Davis, 1940d, p. 532, figs. 15-18. Haploembia whecleri (Melander) ENDERLEIN, 1912, pp. 70, 109, fig. 41. Anisembia (Chelicerca) wheeleri (Melander) Ross, 1940b, p. 657, figs. 29, 30. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 453 Holotype.—Apterous male, on slide, in Museum of Comparative Zoology (type No. 1638). Type data—Cuernavaca, Mexico, December 27, 1900 (W. M. Wheeler), collected while excavating a nest of Leptogenys wheeleri Forel. This remarkable species is known only from the above type speci- mens. Since it was collected in the ground, it may be assumed that the species normally occurs under stones instead of in the bark of trees. Previous descriptions (Melander; Davis) have been based on this specimen while preserved in alcohol. Since so many more details are visible in a properly cleared specimen the type has been treated in KOH and mounted on a slide. The writer is grateful to Prof. Nathan Banks for this privilege. The following brief redescription and the accompanying figures are based on the holotype mounted on a slide. Leg 30 94 LC}+2 Ficures 89-91.—Chelicerca (Chelicerca) wheeleri (Melander), holotype male (Mexico): 89, Head; 90, terminalia (dorsal); 91, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. Male (holotype, on slide) —Dark brown throughout, prothorax, legs, and terminalia somewhat darker, the head much darker; mandibles golden, apices mahogany brown. Length 8.75 mm. (after KOH treatment). Head with outline as figured (fig. 89). Eyes small, facets without pigmented interspaces; occipital foramen equilaterally triangulate, sides slightly curved, anterior angle acute, slightly rounded; ventral bridge broad, as wide as foramen length; submentum nearly twice as wide as long, sides slightly curved, slightly sclerotized; mentum represented by a narrow sclerite, broadly divided medially; manibles without apical teeth, stout, left mandible with a flange behind apex which forms an obtuse tooth on inner mandibular margin, right man- dible with inner margin evenly arcuate. 454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 Thorax with mesothoracic and metathoracic scuta as in females of the order.” Hind basitarsi with only a terminal sole-bladder; densely clothed with large plantar setae. Terminalia nearly unicolorous, with structure as figured (figs. 90, 91). 10 LP strongly curved ventrad, yellowish distad; membrane of tenth tergal cleft “granular” in appearance medially, with only a faint thickening; an elongate sclerite, lying above hypandrium proc- ess (HP), is of undetermined homology, and may represent a terminal sclerotization of the ejaculation duct; 10 RP with a characteristic, yel- lowish “talon” crossing its rounded tip; HP sclerotized, without echin- wations, with a marginal flange, apex produced as a conical point; left cercus (LC,) with terminal lobe not distinctly submembranous; basal segment of right cercus with basal foramen complex, greatly produced ventrad, inner margin somewhat flattened and depressed basally. C. wheeleri is not closely related to the other species of the subgenus Chelicerca seen by the writer (i. e., davist and nodulosa). From the abundant distinctive features, the nature of the tip of 10 RP, and the apex of HP may be selected for the purpose of separating it from other species. CHELICERCA (CHELICERCA) HEYMONSI (Enderlein), new combination Oligotoma heymonsi ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 114, figs. 74-76. Anisembia (?) heymonst (Enderlein) CHAMBERLIN, 1923, p. 346. Anisembia heymonsi (Enderlein) Davis, 1940d, p. 532. Anisembia (Chelicerca) heymonsi (Enderlein) Ross, 1940b, p. 658, fig. 31. Holotype—Winged male in Berlin Zoologischen Museum. Type data.—Sierra Mixteca (Oaxaca?), Mexico (C. A. Purpus). Subgenus DACTYLOCERCA Ross Dactylocerca Ross, 1940b, p. 659 (type: Anisembia rubra Ross). CHELICERCA (DACTYLOCERCA) RUBRA (Ross), new combination Anisembia (Dactylocerca) rubra Ross, 1940b, p. 659, figs. 835-37. Holotype.—Winged male, on slide (type No. 4931), and allotype, female, on slide (type No. 4932), California Academy of Sciences. Type data—Rosarito Beach, Baja California, Mexico, April 3-5, 1939 (Michener and Ross). Distribution.—Northwestern Baja California, southern California. and southeastern Arizona. (See also p. 499.) 10 This appears to indicate that only apterous males may be expected in this species. As noted previously, when a species has both winged and wingless males [e. g., Anisembia terana (Melander)], the latter have rudimentary wing pads on the posterior angles of the scuta. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 455 Family OLIGEMBIIDAE Oligembiidae Davis, 1940e, p. 536; 1940f, p. 680; 1942, p. 116. American Embioptera. The males with mandibles dentate apically ; R,,; forked in both wings, M and Cu, simple, all the above veins sub- obsolete, represented only by rows of macrotrichiae and intervenal hyaline stripes; tenth tergite not completely cleft to base (except in Idioembia) ; left cercus two-segmented, the basal segment without echinulations. Hind basitarsi with only one bladder. Type genus—Oligembia Davis. Distribution —Warm-temperate and tropical America. Three genera are included in this family—Oligembia Davis, well known by virtue of its many species; the new genus /dioembia,; and, tentatively, the poorly known genus Diradius Friederichs, based wpon an inadequately described unique specimen. KEY TO GENERA OF OLIGEMBIIDAE (MALES) 1. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) not fused to left cereus; right process (10 RP:) DO Una tel Chea ee eee EE I Se ies GR a Fd aoe se Diradius Left cercus-basipodite fused to basal segment of left cercus; right process Sharply MOU is tele see a ee te See Z 2. Right tergal process separated at base from tenth tergite by a clearly defined, complete, transverse suture ; tenth tergite not longitudinally cleft. Oligembia Right tergal process continuous with tenth tergite, without a complete trans- verse basal suture; tenth tergite narrowly, longitudinally cleft. Idioembia IDIOEMBIA, new genus Males —Characters similar to those of the following genus, Oligem- 62a, but with the tenth tergite completely cleft to base, the suture very narrow, extending diagonally on right side of tergite. Right tergal process (10 RP,) continuous with right hemitergite (10 R), without a complete, basal, transverse suture as in Oligembia. Female—Unknown. Genotype.—Oligembia banksi Davis, by present designation. The definite longitudinal suture of the tenth tergite of this genus is occasionally represented in the apparently more highly specialized genus Oligembza by a slight depression or groove in a similar posi- tion. The absence of the complete transverse basal suture of the right tergal process is the most useful distinguishing character. IDIOEMBIA BANKSI (Davis), new combination Ficures 92-94 Obligembia banksi Davis, 1939b, p. 221, figs. 13-20. Holotype.—Male, Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 23721). Type data. —Villa Rica, Paraguay (F. Shade). 456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Paratypes—Males with type data; deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, E.S. Ross collection, and the MacCleay Museum, Sydney, Australia. Through the kindness of Prof. Nathan Banks I have obtained a male paratype of this species mounted on a slide. After remounting the specimen certain noteworthy details became visible that were not noted in the original description or indicated in the figures. These, now revealed in the accompanying figures of this paratype, indicate that the species is not congeneric with species of the genus Oligembia. Ficures 92-94.—Idioembia banksi (Davis), paratype male (Paraguay): 92, Head; 93; terminalia (dorsal); 94, terminalia (ventral). Figures 95-97.—Idioembia producta, new species, holotype male (southern Brazil): 95, Head; 96, terminalia (dorsal); 97, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. IDIOEMBIA PRODUCTA, new species _Fieures 95-97 Male.—Color (in alcohol) : Body and legs uniformly reddish brown, head black; antennae with basal segments 2 to 4 tan, otherwise brown. Length 6.8 mm.; forewing length 4.2 mm., breadth 1.0 mm. Head (fig. 95) somewhat quadrate; eyes medium sized, moderately inflated, separated by interspace two and one-half eye widths wide; EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 457 sides behind eyes slightly more than one eye length long, gradually convergent; caudal margin abruptly, evenly rounded laterad, feebly arcuate medially. Occipital foramen elongate, rounded anteriorly ; gular bridge as wide as submentum. Submentum small, narrow be- hind; sides divergent, arcuate; anterior margin transverse, anterior angles rounded. Wings: Fork of Rs well within basal half in forewing, at basai third in hindwing; fork of R,,; within basal half in forewing, at basal third in hind. About six C-R, cross veins and six R,-R,,, cross veins in forewing; cross veins absent elsewhere. Hyaline stripes narrow, sharply defined. Terminalia (figs. 96, 97) with basal projection of tenth tergite acute, extending to base of eighth tergite; tenth tergite diagonally divided on right side to form two very unequal hemitergites (10 L and 10 R), the cleft narrow, irregular, somewhat sclerotized distad; left tergal process (10 LP) broad, inner margin produced caudad as a stout, feebly curved talon, outer margin straight, apical margin angulate; major right tergal process (10 RP,) with outer side continuous with 10 R, inner base separated by a circular membranous area, inner apical angle sclerotic and sharply produced. Hypandrium (H) quadrate, sides rounded, gradually, broadly produced caudad; this process (HP) truncate apically, left margin sclerotic. Left paraproct (PPT) subobsolete, represented by sclerotic margin of HP and a submem- branous apical sclerotization. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) con- tinuous with left cercus, ventrally produced on margin as two irregular projections; developed mesad as a lobe, which is gradually narrowed dorsad and bifurcate. Left cercus with basal segment (LC,) dark, cylindrical basally but gradually expanded distad and greatly pro- duced inward as a pointed lobe almost as long as LC,. Terminal segment of left cercus elongate, cylindrical. Basal segment of right cercus, gradually broadened basad; foramen irregular; terminal segment similar to that of left cercus. Female-—Unlknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U. S. N. M. No. 56582. Type data.—Nova Teutonia, Santa Catharina, Brazil (F. Plaumann). Paratypes.—F our males with type data, deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the writer’s collection. Remarks.—This distinct species is readily recognized by its greatly produced left cercus. The circular membranous area at the base of the right tergal process suggests that the completely severed process of Oligembia is attained by an extension of this area to the right lateral margin. 458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 IDIOEMBIA ARGENTINA (Navas) Embia (Rhagadoehir) argentina NaAvASs, 1918, p. 104, fig. 4.* Embia argentina NavAs, 1919, p. 25; 1923a, p. 197** ; 1924a, p. 10***; 1930, p. 72 (records) ; 1933, p. 97.**** Pararhagadochir argentina (Navas) Davis, 1940a, p. 186, figs. 67-75 (misidentifi- cations). Holotype ?.--Male, Navas collection. Type data —Santa Fé, Argentina, January 6, 1916 (P. Mihn, S. J.). Additional records —Punta Lara, near La Plata, Argentina, October 5, 1914 (La Plata Mus.)*; Prov. de Buenos Aires, October 13, 1915 (C. Bruch) (La Plata Mus.)*; Chaco de Santa Fé, Las Garzas, Bords du Rio Las Garzas, 25 km. west of Ocampo, Argentina, 1903 (E. R. Wagner) (Paris Mus.)***; Gran Chaco, Bords du Rio Tapenaga, Colonie Florencia, Argentina, 1930 (E.R. Wagner) (Paris Mus.)***; Alta Gracia, Cordoba, Argentina, December 25, 1921 and February 8, 1922, at light (Bruch)**; Buenos Aires, Argentina, March 13, 1930.7 55* Navas had specimens from three Argentina localities before him at the time of the original description of this species. (See above rec- ords.) Those from Punta Lara and Buenos Aires were apparently returned to the La Plata Museum; the other, from Santa Fé, was a part of the Navas collection. Although Davis (/. c.) has arbitrarily regarded the specimen from Punta Lara as the holotype, this does not appear to be the case. Dr. Biraben, of the La Plata Museum, has informed me, in a letter, that no specimen labeled as the type of argentina is deposited there: furthermore, it is evident that Navas’s figures (fig. 4), with which his description agrees, were made from a specimen in his own collection (see “Col. m.”, in the caption). No doubt this was the Santa Fé specimen. The writer thus feels it safe to conclude that the Santa Fé specimen should be regarded as the holotype. Davis (1. c.) studied two males in the Paris Museum from Chaco de Santa Fé, Argentina, identified as argentina by Navas (1924a), and on the basis of these specimens he assigned the species to the genus Pararhagadochir. However, a careful examination of Navas’s origi- nal description and figures indicates that these specimens were incor- rectly identified by Navas and that argentina is in reality a member of the genus /dioembia and is, perhaps, closely related to the /. producta described above. The reasons for the present generic assignment are as follows: 1. Navas’s figures and description of the wings of argentina cor- respond very well to 7. producta and not to any known species of Pararhagadochir. His figures of the wings of trachelia and birabeni, EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 459 in the same paper, show that he was careful in his delineation of the cross veins characteristic of species of Pararhagadochir and thus prob- ably would have indicated such had they been present in his type. 2. His figures and descriptions of LC, (“cerco sinistro articulo primo apice in lobum internum grandem longumque subcylindricum dil- atato”) and of 10 RP, (“dextro in dentem longum triangularem styli- formem, apice bidentatum producto”) are likewise descriptive of pro- ducta, The fact that no echinulations were mentioned as being on the lobe of LC, is also significant. 3. The measurements of the described specimen (length 5 mm., fore- wing length 4.8 mm., hindwing 4.0 mm.) are much less than those of the specimens of Pararhagadochir that have been erroneously assigned to the species. Any other determinations of this species by Navas, even those of specimens at hand at the time of the description, are not to be trusted, as his specimens were uncleared and thus did not fully exhibit the char- acters. There is a great need for a careful redescription of the holo- type in order to confirm the present generic assignment and to deter- mine its relationship to the other species of /déoembia. Genus OLIGEMBIA Davis Oligembia Davis, 1939b, p. 217.—Ross, 1940b, p. 636.—Davis, 1942, p. 117. At the time of the description of this genus only two component species, hubbardi (Hagen) and oligotomoides (Enderlein), were pre- viously known, both of which had been erroneously placed generically. Davis’s contributions (1939b, 1942) and that of the writer (1940b) have brought to light four additional new species. In the material now at hand 17 more have been discovered, bringing the total number of species to 23 and thus making Oligembia the largest American genus of the order, with potentialities of a still much greater increase in size. A study of this lot of species, of which only three have not been seen by the writer (oligotomoides, intricata, and rossi), makes possible a more substantial evaluation of generic characters. The genus is accordingly redescribed as follows: Males.—Alate, size generally small, usually pale in color. Head with eyes generally large and composed of large facets; mandibles small, with three apical dentations on left mandible and two on the right, apices often curved ventrad; mentum obsolete; submentum sclerotic, prominent, shieldlike, variable in shape. Wings usually pale; R,,; forked ; this, M, and Cu,, represented only by rows of macro- trichiae; hyaline stripes broad. Hind basitarsus with only one sole- bladder; this, the terminal one, is very small, subobsolete. Terminalia 460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 with tenth tergite (10) generally extensively produced forward be- neath ninth tergite (9), uncleft basally, forming an uninterrupted tergal plate; left tergal process (10 LP) continuous with tergite, broad, complex apically; right process (10 RP,) large, cultriform, separated from tergite at base by a thin, complete, transverse suture; bearing a short, narrow appendix (10 RP.) at inner base. Right paraproct ob- solete. Left paraproct (LPPT) present, fused along inner side with side of process of ninth sternite (HP). Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) well developed, complex, often sclerotic, bearing one or two inner lobes, one of which is usually minutely bifid terminally. Basal segment of left cercus nonechinulate, fused basally to LCB, sometimes deeply ex- cised on inner side and apically clavate, or cylindrical. Right cercus with basal segment usually cylindrical but at times emarginated and sclerotic on inner side. Females—Very few species having female specimens associated with males are available in collections. All females so far known have only one hind basitarsal sole-bladder. Although it is very doubtful whether any facts of systematic importance can be gained by a study of the females, it is possible that their identification may be possible on the basis of color, size, head form, chaetotaxy of hind- tarsus, and pigmentation of the eighth and ninth sternites of the abdomen. Genotype—Oligotoma hubbardi Hagen, by original designation. Distribution—Warm-temperate and tropical America. Habitat—In bark of trees, at bases of epiphytes and saprophytes growing on trees. See notes concerning melanura, lobata, and van- dyket. Remarks.—The species of Oligembia compose a very natural and distinct genus, but they must often be separated by detailed characters of the terminalia which are difficult to clearly express in keys. The student will find such evidence as geographic distribution, combined with a comparison of the male terminalia with the published figures of each species, the simplest means of making determinations. The few and scattered records of species indicate that more thorough collecting should bring to light many additional new species. The present study of the greatly increased number of known species of Oligembia reveals that at least two major groups of species are recognizable. These are at this time defined as subgenera. One species, however, Oligembia rossi Davis, of Panama, appears to pos- sess such unusual characters that it is only tentatively assigned to the first subgenus on the basis of the left cercus-basipodite structure. Its tergal processes are unlike any other known species of the genus. Oligembia oligotomoides (Enderlein) appears to be a member of the EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 461 second subgenus, but it is so incompletely described, and without a definite type locality, that it cannot be distinguished without a re- description of the type. Subgenus OLIGEMBIA, sensu stricto Males.—Tips of mandibles usually curved ventrad ; teeth small, blunt, inconspicuous. ‘Terminalia with tenth tergite apodeme often not strongly produced forward beneath ninth tergite, usually broadly rounded; left tergal process (10 LP) elongate, apex stout, complex, inner margin (except in melanura) not developed as a “talon”; right tergal process (10 RP,) with outer margin nearly straight, evenly slanted from base to apex; left paraproct (LPPT) narrow, greatly produced caudad, tip usually attaining that of 10 RP, in length; left cercus-basipodite (L.CB) with only a single inner lobe, variable in development, generally with a pair of terminal “claws,” occasionally simple ; basal segment of left cercus (LC;) seldom clavate, that of right cercus (RC,) never lobed. Lype—Oligotoma hubbardi Hagen. Distribution.—That of the genus Oligembia. This subgenus can be separated from the other subgenera principally on the basis of the great length of the left paraproct, the structure of the left tergal process, and the structure of the left cercus-basipodite. A great variety of structure in terminalia is exhibited by the 10 in- cluded species. One of these, avmata, is so strikingly extreme in char- acters that it warrants a position in a separate group from the others. The subgenus is accordingly divided into 2 species groups in the fol- lowing key: KEY TO GROUPS AND SPECIES OF OLIGEMBIA (s. str.) (MALES) 1. Right tergal process (10 RP;) with a prominent, domelike, densely echinulate noduleat, inner base; (Groupe) 2222 ee armata Right. tergal process not, asahove: (Group.1)222 0 st ee 2 . Left tergal process (10 LP) with a narrow, longitudinal cleft, extending to within basal half of process; inner portion sclerotic, outer portion submem- fo DENT OU1S et BT Tin 2 cate as ee a AS te rossi Left tergal process not as above, outer portion nearly as sclerotic as inner__ 3 os. Color pale; usually ‘tan; head light ferrugineous_2-2 ®ve 4 Color:dark brown or blackish ; head nearly ‘blackii2 2824s ae 6 4. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) with inner lobe free, projecting mesad______ 5 Left cercus basipodite with inner lobe appressed to inner side of left cercus OVE ODSOLC UC Sera ete swe Ue es a lL A Ay ee ee ee cia 6 5. Left tergal process with a subapical notch on left side (fig. 101); “claws” of left cercus-basipodite directed inward and upward; Virgin LssLeim Gl SPes SA learn es hy Sk SP er sy ges TONES See Tenet sa brevicauda Left tergal process with left side simple, unnotched (fig. 99) ; “claws” of LCB directed upward and curved back toward left cercus; Florida____ hubbardi 462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 6. Head elongate, narrow, distance from eye to posterior margin more than one eye length >, (Central America 22 ta ie Eas See ee a ae buscki Head broad, circular, distance from eye to posterior margin less than one eye lengths Per.322- 22. +e eee ee ee ee eee peruviana -~1 . LCB with inner lobe simple, sclerotic, sharply pointed, caudally curved; 10 LP with a stout inner “talon” abruptly curved transversely across apex; STN SNE SS ee ee ee melanura LCB with inner lobe complex, usually stout with terminal clawlike processes ; LO WGLP Notas abOVes 22s ea oe a Se ee ee 8 8. 10 RP, with inner basal angle produced upward as a small, but prominent, non-echinulate lobe ; 10 LP with inner apical angle strongly lobed ; Dominican Republic =aes 325 i ae ee a ee ee ae darlingtoni LORE and TOMER AnOt Asia Oven = = ae es ee ee ee ee ee 9 9. Pronotum light reddish brown, much paler than head and pterothorax; south- Orne Bra Zee ee ee a ee ee a eae ne bicolor Pronotum, head, and pterothorax unicolorous dark brown; southern Brazier cece the Rees ee a es ee eee Ee eee 1 seo unicolor GROUP I OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) HUBBARDI (Hagen) Fiaures 98-100 Oligotoma hubbardi HaGen, 1885, p. 142.—ScHwarz, 1888, p. 94 (biology).— Krauss, 1911, p. 44.—ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 91. Hmbia (Oligotoma) hudbbardi (Hagen) MELANDER, 1902, p. 21. Oligembia hubbardi (Hagen) Davis, 1939b, p. 218, figs. 1-5.—Ross, 1940b, p. 637, figs. 5-7. Holotype-—Male, on slide, deposited in Museum of Comparative Zoology (type No. 1538). Type data.—Enterprise, Fla., May 24 (H. G. Hubbard). Davis plesiotype-—Male, on slide, Royal Palm Park, Fla., March (W.S. Blatchley) (MCZ). Ross plesiotype-—Male, cn slide, St. Petersburg, Fla. (USNM). Additional record —Paradise Key, Fla., March 4, 1919 (H. S. Bar- ber) (USNM), males and immature specimens. Remarks.—Recently, through the kindness of Prof. Nathan Banks, the writer was permitted to treat Hagen’s fragmentary type in KOH and to mount the parts in balsam for greater permanency and ease of examination. The accompanying figures of the head and of the ter- minalia are made from the type. Recent redescriptions of the species (Davis; Ross) appear to have been made from correctly identifie specimens. ; The terminalia, as noted by Davis, are in very poor condition, but the all-important processes (10 LP, 10 RP;, and LCB) are present. In the course of preparing the terminalia it was noted that the ter- minal tarsal segment of some insect, probably the type itself, was lodged in the tenth tergal cleft with its claws overlapping the tip of EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 463 10 RP;. This explains the statements made by Davis (1939b) concern- ing the presence of clawlike structures on this process (also see Ross, 1940b). OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) BREVICAUDA Ross FIcurE 101 Oligembia brevicauda Ross, 1940b, p. 640, figs. 1, 8-10. Holotype.—Male, U.S. N. M. No. 53980. Type data.—St. Croix, Virgin Islands, June 20, 1939 (H. A. Beatty). Remarks.—Recently an additional male specimen of this species was studied by the writer in the United States National Museum col- lection. It is labeled “under rubbish,” Lower Love, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, August 1940 (H. A. Beatty). This specimen reveals a note- worthy intraspecific variation and the fact that 10 LP of the holotype specimen had been broken off midway in its length. 101 Ficures 98-100.—Oligembia hubbardi (Hagen), holotype male (Florida): 98, Head; 99, processes of tenth tergite; 100, left cercus-basipodite (subventral aspect). Ficure 101.—Oligembia brevicauda Ross (Virgin Islands): Left tergal process and process of left cercus-basipodite. Explanation of symbols on p. 403. The left tergal process, 10 LP (fig. 101), is not short as originally described but is actually similar to that of hubbardi. The mesal proc- ess of the left cercus basipodite terminates as a pair of stout “claws,” also as in hubbardi, whereas this process tapers to an irregular point in the holotype. These findings give stronger evidence of the close relationship of brevicauda and hubbardi, although the two species are separable by means of numerous characters. 464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 94 OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) BUSCKI, new species Ficures 102-104 Male (on slide).—Head and antennae medium brown; processes of terminalia and mandibles straw yellow; body, legs, and wings light tan. Length 6 mm.; forewing length 4 mm., breadth 1 mm. Head (fig. 102) with eyes and facets very large, inflated, separated Ficures 102-104.—Oligembia buscki, new species, holotype male (Panama): 102, Head; 103, terminalia (dorsal); 104, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 105-107.—Oligembia peruviana, new species, holotype male (Peru): 105, Head; 106, terminalia (dorsal); 107, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. by interspace equal to one eye width; sides behind eyes equal in length to the eyes, nearly straight, gradually convergent; caudal margin abruptly arcuate medially. Mandibles with apical teeth small, in- conspicuous, curved downward, inner medial tooth of left mandible obtuse, that of right mandible rounded. Wings pale, with hyaline lines, very broad, with marginal fringe long, otherwise without noteworthy specific features. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 465 Terminalia (figs. 103, 104) with basal projection of tenth tergite short, rounded, extending halfway beneath ninth tergite, strongly transverse. Left tergal process (10 LP) sclerotic, parallel-sided, apically dilated; apical margin not cleft, with only a slight projec- tion near inner angle. Right tergal process (10 RP,) broad, not strongly convergent at basal third; apical third abruptly convergent, outer side rugose; apex with a small truncate projection curving outward; inner basal process (10 RP.) with a long, narrow, sclerotic rod extending more than half length of 10 RP;. Hypandrium (H) and process (HP) very weakly pigmented. Left paraproct (LPPT) narrow, shorter than 10 LP, hooked basally. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) strongly sclerotized; inner projection curving caudad, lying close along inner side of basal segment of left cercus to the apical third, apex bearing a single spine. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) simple, unlobed; it, as well as other parts of leit cerci, pale, unpigmented. Right cercus with a small, outer, half-ring cercus- basipodite. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56052. Type data.—Cabima, Panama, May 21, 1911 (August Busck). Additional specimen examined.—One male, at light, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, March 30, 1906 (Schwarz and Barber) (USNM). The additional specimen may prove to represent a distinct species. The head appears to be broader (somewhat crushed) it has two claws at tip of LCB instead of one; 10 LP has a much simpler ap- pearing apex, much like that of hubbard?. The last-mentioned differ- ence may be due to the angle of view as this process is somewhat curved downward in the holotype specimen. The species is named after August Busck, of the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) PERUVIANA, new species Figures 105-107 Male.—Color (on slide): Body, legs, and wings very pale straw yellow; head and antennae light brown, mandibles and submentum reddish brown. Length 5.5 mm.; forewing length 3.9 mm., breadth 1 mm. Head (fig. 105) with eyes very large, inflated, facets prominent; eyes separated by space less than an eye width wide. Sides behind eyes very short, continuous with the evenly arcuate caudal margin. Left mandible with apical dentations blunt, curved ventrad; denta- tions of right mandible blunt but not curved ventrad. 552731—43 466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 Wings very pale, R, paralleling costal margin and nearly attain- ing it apically; radial sector forked just within basal half of fore- a mT Atay ee I ( : Seay Si LPPT “ \ EL Ficures 108-110.—Oligembia bicolor, new species, holotype male (southern Brazil): 108, Head; 109, terminalia (dorsal); 110, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 111-114.—Oligembia darlingtont, new species, holotype male (Dominican Republic): 111, Head; 112, terminalia (dorsal); 113, terminalia (ventral); 114, detail of 10 LP. Ficures 115-117.—Oligembia unicolor, new species, holotype male (southern Brazil): 115, Head; 116, terminalia (dorsal); 117, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 467 wing, at basal third in hindwing; R,,; forked at basal third in both wings; hyaline lines broadest in forepart of wing, not clearly defined. Terminalia (figs. 106, 107) with tenth tergite extending basally only one-third beneath ninth tergite; not acutely produced basally. Left tergal process (10 LP) narrow, parallel-sided, nearly straight, only slightly projected to the left; apex scarcely expanded, rather simple, thickened, acutely, symmetrically cleft dorsally, subtended by irregu- lar broad lobe. Right tergal process (10 RP,) broad _ basally, abruptly narrowed apically, thence parallel-sided and sclerotic; tip acutely pointed. Inner flaplike process (10 RP.) lying partially beneath base of 10 RP,, with a sclerotic rod submedially. Process of hypandrium (HP) and left paraproct (LPPT) fused, the latter de- veloped caudad as a long dorsally curving process equal in length to 10 RP,. Left cercus basipodite (LCB) an irregular sclerotic ring, produced inward along base of left cercus as a blunt lobe, not bearing processes or clawlike hooks. Right cercus-basipodite present as a narrow, incomplete sclerotic ring on outer side of base of right cercus. Cerci pale, membranous. Female.—No specimens available. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56053. Type data.—Iquitos, Peru, March-April 1931 (R. C. Shannon). Remarks.—An additional specimen in the United States National Museum, badly damaged, also with the above data, is probably this species. It differs from the holotype in having 10 LP formed much as in hubbardi and brevicauda (that of the holotype may be broken) but with a stouter inner projection on its apical margin; 10 RP, has a sinuous outer margin and is more fleshy (this may be anomalous) ; LCB has a well-developed process suggestive of buscki with two “claws” (the condition in the holotype may be anomalous). In spite of this variation, the species is recognizable by its short, circular head with large eyes. OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) DARLINGTONI, new species FIGURES 111-114 Male (holotype on slide).—Head dark brown, becoming more golden anteriorly; antennae brown; mandibles golden brown; submentum reddish brown; prothorax pale, tan; pterothorax, legs, wings, and abdomen light brown; terminalia largely dark brown, cerci pale. Length 6.6 mm.; forewing length 5.0 mm., breadth 1.25 mm. Head (fig. 111) with form as illustrated; eyes with interspaces of facets slightly pigmented ; occipital foramen rounded anteriorly ; sub- mentum outline indicated by dotted line in figure. 468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 Body and legs with all hairs noticeably long. Wings as throughout the genus but with marginal fringe exceptionally long, especially ‘toward base. Terminalia (figs. 112-114) with basal apodeme of tenth tergite (10) acute, extended on right side beneath almost entire ninth tergite (9); left tergal process (10 LP) (fig. 114) broadly attached basally, very gradually narrowed distad, somewhat parallel-sided, inner apical ‘angle abrubtly expanded, acutely rounded, deeply, divergently fur- rowed dorsally, apex of process complex and thick (dorsoventrally) ; right tergal process (10 RP,) with a prominent, vertical, naked nodule at inner basal angle, suface of 10 RP; sparsely echinulate, en- tire process somewhat swollen and (before preparation) strongly curved ventrad, apex sclerotic, golden, curled downward at tip, pointed. Hypandrium (H) weakly sclerotized, its process (HP) especially so, nearly membranous across base, subobsolete; left apical angle stronger, with a fingerlike projection pointed toward LCB. LPPT fused to H basally, elongate, greatly twisted distad. Left cercus- basipodite (LCB) sclerotic, with a single wrinkled, fingerlike, inner projection pointed dorsad, this terminating in a pair of claws; ventral margin with an acute, sclerotic lobe (probably homologous to that of Dilobocerca) covered with minute echinulations. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) submembranous except along inner margin, apex swollen; basal segment of right cercus cylindrical, well sclerotized, basal foramen slightly irregular and more heavily sclerotized; termi- nal segments of both cerci normal, similar. Both cerci are longer than those of most species. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, deposited in the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, from Valle Nueva, near Constanza, Dominican Republic, 7,000 feet, August 1938 (P. J. Darlington) (MCZ). Remarks.—This species, which can be separated at once from all known species by the peculiar shape of the left tergal process (10 LP), is named for the collector. OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) BICOLOR, new species Fiaures 108-110 Male——Color (in alcohol): Head black; pterothorax, foretibiae, mid and hind femora, and abdomen mahogany brown; prothorax and remainder of forelegs yellowish orange; basal half of antennae, mid- tibiae and hindtibiae, tarsi, and terminal segments of cerci straw yel- low. Length 5.1 mm.; forewing length 3.0 mm., breadth 0.9 mm. Head (fig. 108) circular, almost as broad as long; eyes small, separ- EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 469 ated by an interspace two and one-half eye widths wide; sides slightly arcuate and gradually convergent, posterior margin evenly rounded; submentum very large, dark, sides arcuate, abruptly so mesad, anterior margin broader than posterior, shallowly incurved. Mandibles with the basal tooth, of the three apical dentations, of the right mandible, larger; left mandible with the two apical teeth close together; both mandibles with medial angles rounded, strongly constricted behind middle. Wings without specific peculiarities; fringe as in darlingtoni. Terminalia (figs. 109, 110) with tenth tergite (10) very short, trans- verse; basal projection short, broadly rounded, extending just beyond middle of 9, reduced on right side and notched to right of middle. Left process (10 LP) constricted basad, expanded distad, outer side arcuate; apical margin shallowly, broadly emarginated; dorsal sur- face with a fine, diagonal carina extending from outer apical angle toward base of inner margin. Right process (10 RP,) reduced, inner margin membranous, apex curved caudad and with a minute bulbous tip. Secondary process (10RP,) dark, sclerotic. Hypandrium (H) pigmented throughout; its process (HP) small, strongly narrowed caudad, semidetached basally. Left paraproct (LPPT) fused on inner basal side to HP, very narrow, elongate, tip almost attaining that of 10 RP,. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) a dark sclerotic ring fused to LC,, with two projections in outline of ventral margin; pro- duced mesocaudad as a conical lobe. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) robust, immediately swollen behind LCB on inner side. Basal segment of right cercus cylindrical, not apically swollen, margin of foramen irregular. Terminal segments of both cerci similar, tapered distally, almost unpigmented. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56584. Type data.—Nova Teutonia, Santa Catharina, Brazil (F. Plau- mann). Paratypes.—Several males with above data deposited in the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the writer’s collection. OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) UNICOLOR, new species FIGurRES 115-117 Male (in alcohol) —Mahogany brown throughout, abdomen some- what lighter, head darker; antennae with two basal segments brown, six succeeding segments light yellow, remainder medium brown; cerci with terminal segments pale. Length 5.0 mm.; forewing length 3.2 mm., breadth 0.9 mm. 470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOU. 94 Head (fig. 115) elongate, narrow; eyes rather small, slightly in- flated, facets large and outlined by pigmented interspaces; eye inter- space equal to two and one-half eye widths; sides behind eyes two eye lengths long, nearly straight, scarcely convergent caudad; pos- terior margin broadly rounded; frontal region transversely rugose; occipital foramen small, narrowly rounded anteriorly. Submentum small, quadrate; sides slightly arcuate, gradually divergent from base; anterior angles rounded; anterior margin feebly arcuate. Man- dibles with very broad bases, strongly narrowed distad; apical teeth short, broad, well defined; medial angles very sharp, prominent; inner margins of base greatly developed mesad, rounded. Wings without notable features except hyaline stripes in hind- wing are very broad and diffused, much more so than in forewing. Terminalia (figs. 116, 117) with tenth tergite (10) transverse; basal projection broadly rounded, extending only halfway beneath ninth tergite; left tergal process (10 LP) very broad basally, gradually narrowed but still broad, distad, inner “talon” very feeble and short, outer portion angulate on apical margin; major right process (10 RP,) with inner basal angle developed as a smooth broad dome, extreme apex evenly curved outward. Hypandrium (H) quadrate, each corner produced as a narrow, truncate projection; process (HP) sepa- rated from H by a narrow, transverse slit, broad basad, gradually narrowed and losing pigment distad. Left paraproct (LPPT) fused to H at base, very narrow; apex attaining that of 10 RP,, very strongly acuminated. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) a heavily sclerotized ring; inner projection sclerotic, with a dorsal pair of short serrations. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) slightly expanded distad, en- tirely unpigmented. Basal segment of right cercus cylindrical, shightly broadened basad, foramen with angular dorsal and ventral projections on margin; outer apical angle membranous. Terminal segments of both cerci entirely unpigmented. Hemale—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56583. Type data—Nova Teutonia, Santa Catharina, Brazil (F. Plau- mann). | Paratypes.—Several males with above data deposited in the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the writer’s collection. OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) MELANURA, new species Ficures 118-120 Male——Color (in alcohol): Sclerites very dark chocolate brown; intersclerotal membranes reddish brown. Head with clypeal region, EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 471 mandibles, and submentum reddish brown; antennae with basal two segments black, segments 8 and 4 yellowish brown, segments 5 and 6 darker, remainder dark brown. Abdominal terminalia with tenth tergite nearly black; tips of processes amber yellow." Body length 5 mm.; forewing length 3.5 mm., breadth 0.8 mm. Head (fig. 118) elongate; eyes rather small, slightly inflated, facets outlined by pigmented interspaces; distance between eyes equal to three eye widths; sides behind eyes two eye lengths long, slightly curved, gradually convergent; posterior margin arcuate. Occipital foramen as long as wide, evenly rounded anteriorly. Gular bridge extensive, one and one-half submentum lengths wide. Submentum quadrate, somewhat narrowed anteriorly; sides unevenly arcuate, corners rounded; anterior margin shallowly emarginated. Mandibles slightly curved ventrad at tips; apical teeth small. 118 Ficures 118-120.—Oligembia melanura, new species, holotype male (Texas): 118, Head; 119, terminalia (dorsal); 120, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. Wings dark, interveinal hyaline stripes sharply defined. R, united at apex by a cross vein to R»,,; bordered throughout its length by reddish, granular lines. R.,, represented by a pigmented vein; forked at basal third in forewing, at the basal fourth in hind; Ry,; forked medially. Terminalia (figs. 119, 120) with tenth tergite (10) very dark, acutely angulate basally, produced forward beneath apex of eighth tergite; left process (10 LP) well developed, inner margin sinuous; apex deeply excised with a sharp left apical projection and a stout, irregular hook on right side, abruptly curved toward left; right process (10 RP,) with inner margin nearly straight, outer margin gradually slanted mesad forming a very acute, sclerotic sharp point apically 4 Some of the paratypes are entirely dark brown, with no part of the body or its appendages otherwise pigmented. 472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol, 94 which curves slightly outward and ventrad at extreme tip; a small, narrow, subyentral, inner process (10 RP.) extends nearly halfway down the inner side of 10 RP,. Ninth sternite (H) well pigmented, transverse; process (HP) narrow, truncate apically, narrowly united to H at outer third, separated from H mesad by a narrow, transverse membranous area. Left paraproct (LPPT) prominent, fused along entire inner side with H and HP; outer side produced at base as a narrow, fingerlike process projecting Jaterocaudad; apex produced caudad and nearly attaining tip of 10 RP,. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) strongly developed, more broadly sclerotic beneath, produced mesad as a broad, acute sclerite, and mesocaudad as a broad lobe, which is abruptly acuminate and sclerotic at apex—this tip minutely truncate and nonfureate. Right cercus-basipodite obsolete. Left cercus (LC,) membranous except on inner apical third, constricted basally ; terminal segment cylindrical, similar to that of right cercus. Right cercus with basal segment gradually expanded toward base; basal foramen biemarginated dorsally, broadly and acutely produced ventrally. Female (in aleohol).—Pigmented areas reddish brown on a golden yellow integument ; head more reddish; tip of abdomen darker brown, venter yellowish. Length 6.5 mm. Head relatively small, subcircular, characteristic basal pattern present; occipital foramen longer than broad, evenly arcuate ante- riorly; gular bridge narrow. Mandibles with teeth large, acutely pointed. Antennae with basal segments lighter in color. Hind basitarsi with only one sole-bladder; ventral setae large, ir- regular in size, sparse. Abdominal sternites pale except seventh, eighth, and ninth: seventh with a small, circular pigmented area on each side, otherwise pale, membranous; eighth with pigmented areas covering entire lateral fourth, somewhat broadened caudad, membranous medially; ninth transverse, pale, but pigmented throughout except for a transverse, rectangular basal area. Holotype, male (on slide), and allotype, female (on slide).—U. S. N. M. No. 56587, collected by the writer at New Braunfels, Tex., August 20, 1942. (See also p. 499.) Paratypes.—Numerous topotype males and females with above data to be deposited in several major entomological collections. Remarks.—Oligembia melanura is distinctly arboreal. Its pre- ferred habitat appears to be the bark of trees sufficiently rough, or covered with moss and lichens, and protected from the sun to afford a moist, secluded environment. The type series was collected on trees growing on the shaded side of a narrow, rocky canyon cutting a EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 473 cedar-covered, limestone plateau. A number of species of trees pres- ent (Sabina sabinoides, Quercus spp., Ulmus crassifolia, etc.) har- bored colonies of the insect. One old oak stump 15 feet high, with loose, deeply grooved bark, was found so thickly populated by the species that it glistened white with an almost continuous covering of silk. In general, however, the species seems to establish isolated colonies here and there on the trunk which are occupied by a single female and its brood of young. The species probably has an extensive range throughout much of the cedar-oak as well as in the post-oak associations of the region. It has not yet been found in the adjacent, mesquite-covered lowlands in spite of a careful search. The food appears to be the lichens and moss through which the tunnels are spun. This is evidenced by the green color of the fecal pellets. The tunnels ramifying on the outer surface of the bark lead to a more protected retreat such as a crack in the bark or one between exfoliating bark flakes. Here the female constructs a larger, more densely spun tunnel, covered with feces, in which the eggs are jaid. As far as could be ascertained during the limited period of obser- vation, the males and females are all in their penultimate instar late in July and early August and mature by the middle of August. The sex ratio seems to be 1:1. The eggs are laid during the remainder of August and early in September. Development probably begins during fall, and a considerable time may be spent in hibernation. Anisembia texana (Melander) was found at times sharing the habitat of melanura but appeared to require the greater protection of loose, dead bark under which it could spin its tunnels. At the time melanura was maturing, tewana had already mated, the males had died, and the young were in the first or second instars. Of the two species, melanura was by far the more abundant. The species of the genus Oligembia heretofore have been known only from single specimens or very limited series. The discovery of melanura in large numbers affords the opportunity to examine more closely certain features of the complex male abdominal terminalia. All drawings of the terminalia were made for systematic purposes and drawn from somewhat distorted KOH-treated specimens. The untreated terminalia of this species reveal that all processes are con- centrated toward the left to give length to the abdomen and sclerotic support to the ejaculatory duct. The greatly produced left paraproct forms the immediate ventral support of the duct and appears to be itself supported by the mesal process of the left cercus-basipodite which curves directly upward between the tips of the two tergal processes (10 RP, and 10 LP), which curve downward and apparently function 474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 as hooks to insure the period of sexual union. The secondary right tergal process (10 RP.) forms a dorsal flap over the anal opening and the process of the ninth sternite (HP) a ventral support of the anus. An examination of the terminalia of a penultimate instar male just before the last ecdysis reveals the inner lobe of the structure, here regarded as the left cercus-basipodite, clearly forming within the cuticle of the left cercus. It is thus likely that much of this structure is derived directly from the basal segment of the left cercus. Per- haps only a small fused basal part is actually of basipodital origin. OLIGEMBIA (70LIGEMBIA) ROSSI Davis Oligembia rossi Davis, 1939b, p. 219, figs. 6-12. Holotype.—Male, on two slides, British Museum of Natural History. Type data—Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone (W. M. Wheeler). GROUP II OLIGEMBIA (OLIGEMBIA) ARMATA, new species FIGURES 121-126 Male (on slide).—Body, legs, and wings tan; head and mandibles reddish brown; submentum orange; antennae chocolate brown. Length 5.4 mm.; forewing length 3.5 mm., breath 0.85 mm. Head (fig. 121) with eyes large, inflated, strongly convex, facets very large; eyes separated by a space one-third wider than an eye width; sides behind eyes longer than an eye length, subparallel for a short distance, thence gradually rounded and convergent, joining the evenly arcuate caudal margin. Mandibles with apical dentations small, blunt. Gular bridge very broad, slightly longer than an eye width. Wings similar to those of perwviana. Terminala (figs. 122, 123) with tenth tergite extensively produced forward beneath ninth tergite as an acute lobe nearly attaining basal margin of the ninth tergite. Left tergal process (10 LP) very long, sinuous, sclerotic, outer edge twisted downward, extending toward left at 45° and overlapping left cercus-basipodite; tip broadened, com- plex turned on edge (detail therefore not discernible from above). Right tergal process (10 RP,) elongate, parallel to 10 LP and only slightly longer; tip curved caudad; bearing at inner basal margin a prominent, large, echinulate, rounded tubercle which is borne par- tially by the broadly sclerotized secondary right tergal process (10 RP.). Left paraproct (LPPT) greatly developed caudally as an elongate sclerotized plate nearly as long as 10 RP,, which is fused along inner basal half with the poorly developed process of the hypan- drium (HP). Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) large, bearing a stout, EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 475 basally sclerotized lobe, which is microechinulate on inner face and bears at caudal angle a pair of minute clawlike hooks directed dorsad. Basal segment of left cereus (LC,) bulbous apically, terminal seg- ment short. Right cercus missing except for stump of basal segment. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56054. 124 126 Ficures 121-123.—Oligembia armata, new species, holotype male (Trinidad): 121, Head; 122, terminalia (dorsal); 123, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 124-126—Cligembia armata, specimen from Quintana Roo, Mexico: 124, Head; 125, terminalia (dorsal); 126, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. Type data—Port of Spain, Trinidad, October 22-24, 1918 (“A 840”) (Harold Morrison). These records suggest that armata is a widespread species, perhaps ranging throughout the lowlands bordering the Caribbean Sea. Paratype.—Male, on slide, collected at light, St. Augustine, Trini- dad, May 15. 1989 (EK. McC. Callan) ; deposited in the British Museum of Natural History. A476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 94 Additional specimens examined.—One male, at light, Juan Mina Station, Canal Zone, April 15, 1939 (G. Fairchild) (MCZ) ; one male, at light, Santa Cruz de Bravo, Terr. Quintana Roo, Mexico, August 18, 1925 (A. Dampf). Remarks.—The Canal Zone specimen differs from the holotype only in its smaller echinulate nodule at base of 10 RP,, in its shghtly longer sclerotic tip of 10 RP,, and in having only one “claw” on the inner lobe of LCB. The Quintana Roo specimen (see figs. 124-126) may prove to be at least subspecifically distinct when adequate series are available. It has a slightly different head form and a less acute and produced basal apodeme of the tenth tergite. The apparent differ- ences in form of 10 LP, as indicated in the figures, may be due to the angle from which it was viewed. DILOBOCERCA, new subgenus Males with mandibles not curved ventrad at tips; teeth rather large, well defined. Terminalia with tenth tergite apodeme usually acutely produced well forward beneath ninth tergite; left tergal proc- ess (10 LP) rather broad, short, apex divided into two greatly dis- similar portions, the inner portion sclerotic, elongate, talonlike, the outer portion broad, spatuliform, thin, with margins irregular; right tergal process (10 RP,) with outer margin usually sinuous; left paraproct (LPPT) usually broad, short, seldom longer than HP; left cercus-basipodite (LCB) with two inner lobes, the ventral one usually shorter and broadly pointed, the upper lobe elongate with a terminal cleft forming rather long “claws” which may at times be fused together; basal segment of left cercus (LC,) usually clavate distad that of right cercus with inner margin often sclerotic and lobed distad; basal foramen of right cercus often dilated and complex in outline. vA Type —Oligembia (Dilobocerca) lobata, new species. Distribution.—That of the genus Oligembia. This is a very natural subgenus with species spread over a wide area, and it is apparent that only a small fraction of its species are known. The accompanying figures demonstrate the great similarity of general structure in the terminalia but species differences will be found in the form of the left tergal process and of the left cercus- basipodite. Supplementing these characters of the terminalia, impor- tant differences occur in size, color, and head form. In the two species studied in large series (lobata and vandykez) the characters described and figured are very constant. EMBIUPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 477 Although the species are identified most readily by comparing figures and by using distributional data, the following key may be of additional value: 10. KEY TO SPECIES OF DILOBOCERCA (MALES) . Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) with ventral lobe short, shorter than dorsal lobesiheshivvor broadly pomited a1 22005. re re he SE) nt ak hes a LCB with ventral lobe longer than dorsal lobe; fingerlike or acutely” FDO RTC ley oe ee a ey ee ee ast ie Rg ANE Pe ee eas 10* . LCB with dorsal lobe tapered to a sharp point, uncleft; British Guiana» intricxiz. LCB with dorsal lobe bearing a pair of distal “claws”__________________ 3 . LCB with ventral lobe fleshy, membranous, rounded; Tres Marias Islands, MT Osx Of Sse an AS ent ee ee OL eo! AR Oe) Oe et oa pacifica LCB with ventral lobe sclerotized (at least ventrally), broadly pointed__ 4 . Left tergal process (10 LP) with outer margin deeply notched just behind apex; basal segment of right cercus strongly, acutely lobed inward at EN orem ee a( O Feb. 2 Kets Pan Kaba {0 pene anon eR LL ght INC See a emarginata 10 LP with outer margin straight, not notched ; basal segment of right cercus only obtusely rounded distad, if at all lobed_____..0.... 5 eNOTEMCEN * SOULHy AMCNICa S.-i to Soest YP ar hs Se ee 6 Gialemualaa noriuwyeana 222 eu es Tae Ne en ay ee i . Head narrow, parallel-sided; eyes small, scarcely inflated; submentum as. long as broad, sides strongly arcuate; color black; Venezuela______ nigrina Head with sides rather strongly convergent; eyes large, strongly inflated; submentum longer than broad, sides weakly arcuate; color brown; WV COZ Ay cet tern ot me Neat ee Be dee Ie Ne gigantea: . Basal foramen of right cercus with ventral margin obtusely angulate; GURL ee ee ee Meet Pelee 0 oe Oe excisa Basal foramen of right cercus with ventral margin acutely angulate_______ & . Eyes small, scarcely inflated, interspace more than two eye widths wide; ISFOWwNe idle.) WOK: esi 5 eve ee ieee eS i en te lobata Eyes large, strongly inflated, interspace only one eye width wide__________ S . 10 LP with apical margin of outer portion bi-emarginated, acutely pointed medially; Veracruz, Mesicgs 2G 2 ft .2 58 jalapae 10: LP not/as above ; Chiapas, México. 22 chiapae Ventral lobe of LCB fingerlike in form, rounded distally; southern ES DAZ Seams alk wEe Eh Nee wee et en cet Me Qld) Ue ee, plaumanni Ventral lobe of LCB narrowly conical in form, sharply pointed distally____ 11 . Right mandible with a medial tooth on inner margin; southeastern United RS LAL OR hace esi see eee Sek fee. Sand sk Ae an asta vandykei Right mandible without such a tooth; Cuba____________ caribbeana OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) LOBATA, new species Figures 127-129 Male (in alcohol).—Sclerites smoky brown, intersclerotal mem- branes pale tan, Head and antennae black; mandibles amber yellow. 20. oligotomoides (Enderlein) is not included, as, in the light of present knowledge, it is unrecognizable. A478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 Abdominal terminalia with tenth tergite, right processes, and inner margins of cerci smoky black; left tergal process amber yellow. Body length 6.5 mm.; forewing length 4.4 mm., breadth 0.9 mm. Head (fig. 127) elongate-oval; eyes medium sized, somewhat inflat- ed; facets prominent, not outlined by pigmented interspaces; distance between eyes equal to two and one-half eye widths; sides behind eyes one and one-half eye lengths long, rather strongly convergent, evenly curved and united with the arcuate caudal margin. Occipital foramen as long as wide, somewhat acutely rounded anteriorly. Gular bridge as wide as submentum length. Submentum longer than wide; sides evenly arcuate, apical angles acute; anterior margin deeply emargi- nated. Mandibles not curved ventrad at tips, apical teeth small but distinct. Ficures 127-129.—Oligembia lobata, new species, holotype male (Texas): 127, Head; 128, terminalia (dorsal); 129, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. Wings large, broad, extending beyond tip of abdomen; medium brown, hyaline stripes well defined. Eight cross veins present between R, and costa in forewing, five in hindwing; three or four cross veins be- tween R, and R,,; in forewing, three in hindwing. R, united at apex by a cross vein to R,,3, bordered throughout its length by reddish, granular lines. R,,, represented by a pigmented vein throughout, forked just beyond basal third in both wings; R;.; forked at basal third in both wings. Terminalia (figs. 128, 129) with tenth tergite (10) very long on left side, produced basad beneath ninth tergite to its basal margin. Left process (10 LP) well developed, inner “talon” evenly arcuate, con- tinuous with inner margin, sharp; outer spatulate portion broad, truncate apically, with a fine longitudinal carina to left of middle terminating as a minute point on apical margin. Right process (10 RP,) with inner margin nearly straight, outer margin sinuate, apex EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 479 sharply pointed; inner process (10 RP,) narrow, half as long as 10 RP,. Ninth sternite (H) pigmented at lateral thirds only, sub- membranous medially, quadrate, sides arcuate; process (HP) broad, prominent, parallel-sided, right side shorter than left, apical margin diagonal. Left paraproct (LPPT) large, well pigmented, longer than HP, fused along entire inner side to H and HP; apex acuminate, termi- nating as a small projection. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) very large, greatly extended ventrad, bilobed mesad—the ventral lobe very dark, stout, acute; the upper projection sclerotic, directed dorsad, furcate from near base, the furcations closely paralleled. Basal seg- ment of left cercus (LC,) continuous with LCB, cylindrical basally but very abruptly produced inward as a large lobe apically; inner margin darkly pigmented ; outer apical angle membranous. Terminal segment of left cercus large, cylindrical, gradually tapered, rounded distally. Basal segment of right cercus complex; basal foramen ir- regular, margin greatly produced ventrally; inner margin dark, very deeply emarginated, apex lobed internally; outer apical third mem- branous. Terminal segment of right cercus similar to that of left. Female (in alcohol).—Pale brown throughout, intersclerotal mem- branes light straw yellow; head amber yellow with dorsal pattern prominent; antennae, except the two basal segments, cholocate brown. Length 5.0 mm. Head and hind basitarsi similar to melanura. Abdominal sternites: Seventh sternite faintly pigmented, lateral darker areas apparent but not prominent; eighth sternite without more strongly pigmented lateral areas; ninth sternite broadly, transversely emarginated as in melanura. The female of Jobata, though of a different subgenus, is structurally scarcely separable from melanura. This is additional evidence that females of the order are of little value in systematics. Holotype.—Male, on slide (U.S.N.M. No. 56585), collected at Palm Grove, near Brownsville, Tex., September 29, 1942, and allotype, fe- male, on slide, collected within the city limits of Brownsville, Tex., September 28, 1942; both collected by the writer. Paratypes.—Numerous males and females with above data, depos- ited in the California Academy of Sciences, the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, and the writer’s collection. The type specimens, with young and eggs, were collected in small colonies on the bark of trees and under the flaky thin bark of dead limbs and trunks. In the latter situations the abandoned burrows of boring insects are apparently used as retreats from excessive heat and predators. 480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) JALAPAE, new species Fieures 136-138 This species is very similar to chiapae described below. It is quite possible that the study of more specimens will indicate that they are subspecies. Because of this similarity only a comparative description is given, as follows: Ficures 130-132.—Oligembia emarginata, new species, holotype male (Oaxaca, Mexico): 130, Head; 131, terminalia (dorsal); 132, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 133-135.—Oligembia chiapae, new species, holotype male (Chiapas, Mexico): 133, Head; 134, terminalia (dorsal); 135, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 136-138. Oligembia jalapae, new species, holotype male (Veracruz): 136, Head; 137, terminalia (dorsal); 138, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS) 481 Male.—Color (on slide) : Similar to chiapae. Length 7 mm.; fore- wing length 5.7 mm., breadth 1.4 mm. Head (fig. 136) as illustrated. Wings: Ri; forked in basal third instead of basal fourth as in chiapae. Terminalia (figs. 137, 138) differing from chiapae as follows: Talonlike portion of left tergal process (10 LP) broader; outer broad portion only half as long as the “talon” instead of nearly equal, its apical margin transverse, biemarginate. Left cercus-basipodite with “claws” separate (not fused), directed caudad instead of mesad. Female—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide (U.S.N.M. No. 56761). Type data—Collected at light, Rio Santiago (1,400 m.), Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, August 11, 1932 (R. Ruiz Sota). Remarks.—The holotype specimen has most of the left cercus missing, but it is safe to assume that this appendage is similar to that of chtapae in view of the very close relationship of the two species, The holotype, as well as that of chiapae, was kindly sent to me for study by Dr. Alfons Dampf, of Mexico City. OLIGEMBIA (DILOBGCERCA) CHIAPAE, new species Figures 183-135 Male.—Color (on slide): Head, mouthparts, antennae, and inner margin of basal segment of right cercus chocolate brown; remainder of specimen tan, terminalia slightly darker. Length 6.5 mm.; fore- wing length 5.0 mm., breadth 1.8 mm. Head (fig. 133) as illustrated. Wings with R,,; forked at basal fourth in forewings and hindwings. Terminalia (figs. 134, 185) with basal projection of tenth tergite rounded, extending to basal third of ninth tergite. Left tergal process (10 LP) not strongly tilted; talonlike inner portion rather broad basally, only slightly longer than broad outer portion; outer portion abruptly emarginated basally on left side, apical margin with a single emargination to left of median projection which is blunt, margin to right of this projection simple, gradually slanting basad; cleft between inner and outer portions of 10 LP broad. Right tergal processes (10 RP; and 10 RP.) simple, the major process very sharply pointed. Paraproct (LPPT) similar to emarginata. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) with “claws” sclerotic, fused, directed dorsomesad ; ventral lobe simple. Basal segment of left cercus (LC) strongly, broadly lobed apically on inner side; outer apical angle extensively membranous. Basal segment of right cercus with inner margin evenly, inwardly arcuate—this margin darkly pigmented; outer apical angle extensively membranous. Terminal segments of both cerci equal. 552731—43_6 482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 94 Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide (U.S.N.M. No. 56762). Type data.—Collected at light, Vergel, Chiapas, Mexico, May 20, 1935 (A. Dampf). The holotype specimen has the right processes of the tenth tergite slightly dislocated owing to mounting technique. These structures are shown in their normal position in the figures of the other species of the subgenus. OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) EXCISA, new species Ficures 139-141 Male.—Color (in alcohol) : Head dark chocolate brown, basal pat- tern obsolete; eyes almost black; antennae with basal segment dark brown, other segments much lighter brown to tan. Thorax with sclerotized portions light brown, membranous areas pale. Wings faintly pigmented, tan. Forelegs light brown, middle legs and hind- legs light tan. Abdomen with all segments light tan except ninth sternite and tenth tergite which are brown; basal segments of cerci brown, terminal segments light tan. Length 5 mm.; forewing length 4.7 mm., breadth 1.2 mm. Head (fig. 189) larger than terminalia, elongate; sides behind eyes strongly caudally convergent, nearly straight, narrowly rounded posteriorly. Eyes very large, strongly inflated, extending mesad one- third of width of head through eyes; inner margins irregularly, ob- tusely angulate; facets prominent. Antennae incomplete; maximum number of segments present, 16. Wings much as in brevicauda but slenderer and with R,.; forking well within basal half in both wings. Terminalia (figs. 140, 141): Tenth tergite (10) produced forward beneath ninth tergite and terminating at its basal margin, not pro- duced on right basal half. Left tergal process (10 LP) broad basally, continuous with tenth tergite; divided terminally, forming two dis- similar projections: the outer broad, quadrate, with apical margin to left of middle produced as a small sharp point; the inner projection narrow, very acutely pointed, talonlike, evenly curved toward basal segment of left cercus. Right tergal process (10 RP,) fleshy, V-shaped, abruptly curved inward on outer margin. Ninth sternite (H) broad, quadrate; produced caudad as submedial, broad, truncate process (HP). Left paraproct (LPPT) loosely fused to right side of HP, longitudinal, emarginated on outer side and acutely pointed terminally. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) with a short, inner, basal clawlike process, the “claws” arising almost without a basal projection ; terminal to these, a short, blunt, sclerotic process is present; area be- EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 483 tween latter and the terminal sclerotized inner lobe of LC, deeply notched, partially membranous. Basal segment of right cercus large, inner margin evenly emarginated and strongly sclerotized. Terminal segments of both cerci similar. Female.—No specimens. Holotype.—Male, mounted on two slides, U.S.N.M. No, 56048. Type data.—Intercepted in plant quarantine at San Francisco, Calif., April 25, 1938. Associated with 50 plants of Stanhopea wardi- anum shipped from Guatemala City, Guatemala. Ficures 139-141.—Oligembia excisa, new species, holotype male (Guatemala): 139, Head; 140, terminalia (dorsal); 141, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) EMARGINATA, new species Figures 130-132 Male——Color (on slide): Head, submentum, basal antennal seg- ments, and inner margins of cerci chocolate brown; mandibles and apices of processes of tenth abdominal tergite golden brown; remain- der of body light brown, terminalia darker. Length 5.7 mm.; fore- wing length 4.0 mm., breadth 0.9 mm. Head (fig. 130) as illustrated. Wings: R,.; forked at basal third in left forewing and medially in left hindwing. Hyaline intervenal bands very broad anterior to M; behind M narrow. Terminalia (figs. 181, 132) with tenth tergite elongated, basal pro- jection obtuse, extending beneath ninth tergite and almost attaining its base. Left tergal process (10 LP) strongly tilted, outer margin lowest; inner portion strongly, outwardly curved (talonlike) overlap- ping LCB; outer, broad portion spatuliform, thin, its outer edge with a hemihexagonal apical notch, apical margin simple. Right tergal processes (10 RP, and 10 RP.) simple. Hypandrium process (HP) 484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 and left paraproct (LPPT) well defined, nearly equal in length. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) with prominent inner dorsal “claws” projecting forward between 10 LP and 10 RP; ventral lobe simple. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) strongly, acutely lobed subapically, this lobe equal in length to inner lobes of LCB; darkly pigmented. Basal segment of right cercus deeply, abruptly emarginated, produced subapically as a large, blunt inner lobe. Terminal segments of both verci simple, equal. Female.—Color (on slide): Head straw yellow, antennae, meso- thoracic, metathoracic, and abdominal sclerites ight brown; pro- thorax and legs tan. Length 7 mm. Head broadly oval, occipital foramen broadly rounded anteriorly, as well as at posterior angles. Kighth sternite of abdomen pigmented at sides only, extensively membranous medially. Ninth sternite rather strongly pigmented basally, membranous along apical margin; very broadly, shallowly emarginated at base. Holotype.—Male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56047. Type data.—Collected on pineapples from Loma Bonita, Oaxaca, Mexico, in plant quarantine at Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, June 12 1941 (H. R. Cary). Allotype.—Female, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56047, with same data but collected on June 6, 1941, by V. L. Pearson. Topotype—Male, on slide, in the writer’s collection. Condition too poor to permit paratype designation. OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) PACIFICA Ross Oligembia pacifica Ross, 1940b, p. 640, figs. 11-18. Holotype—Male, on slide, in California Academy of Sciences, (type No. 4933). Type data—Magdalena Island, Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, May 19, 1925 (H. H. Keifer). OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) INTRICATA Davis Oligembia intricata Davis, 1942, p. 117, figs. 11-15. Holotype.—Made, on slide, to be deposited in the British Museum of Natural History. Type data — British Guiana, mile 18, Bartica-Partaro road,” April 10, 1938 (E. McC. Callan). Remarks —Al\though a comparison of figures of terminalia of this species with those of the two Venezuela species described below might suggest a great similarity, the three species are quite distinct. They may be separated by their size and color as well as by the form of the head and processes of the terminalia. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 485 OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) GIGANTEA, new species PLATE 19A; Figures 145-147 Male.—Color (on slide) : Body and legs light brown, wings lighter ; head medium brown; mandibles reddish brown; basal two, and termi- nal, antennal segments brown, segments 3 to 5 straw yellow. Length 8mm.; forewing length 5.8 mm., breadth 1.5 mm. Head (fig. 145) with eyes moderately large, strongly inflated, convex, separated by a space one and one-half eye widths wide; facets mod- erately prominent. Head elongated behind eyes, sides nearly straight, convergent; caudal margin gradually rounded laterally, rather abruptly rounded medially. Mandibles with small, blunt, apical teeth ; inner median points prominent, lying just before deep emarginations. Wings (fig. 3) well pigmented. Five cross veins present between R, and R,,; in forewing and six inconspicuous ones located apically between costal margin and R,; hindwing with similar number but lo- cated more toward base and more widely spaced. Hyaline lines rather sharply defined. Terminalia (figs. 146, 147) with basal projection of tenth tergite (10) reaching beneath ninth tergite (9) to the basal margin; apex of pro- jection evenly rounded. Left tergal process (10 LP) broad, deeply cleft apically, the outer lobe short, spatuliform, the inner lobe slender, evenly, outwardly arcuate, talonlike. Right tergal process (10 RP,) with extreme apex blunt. Ninth sternite (H) with process (HP) well pigmented, broad, truncate, half as long as 10 RP,. Left para- proct (LPPT) conspicuous, fused along inner margin with HP and of equal length. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) well sclerotized, without membranous areas; inner projection bilobed, the large ventral lobe, gradually tapered, rounded apically, the dorsal projection slender, evenly curved, apically cleft, forming two nearly fused “claws” with a small, rounded, inner lobe present at its base. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) continuous with LCB; bearing a prominent, rounded, apical, inner lobe. Basal segment of right cercus with basal foramen complexly, irregularly outlined; inner margin emarginated and lobed apically, strongly pigmented. Terminal segments of both cerci equal, slender, cylindrical. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—W inged male, on slide, U.S.N.M. No. 56051. Type data— With wild Cattleya from Caracas, Venezuela,” col- lected in plant quarantine at Washington, D. C., May 31, 1939 (Adams). Paratype.—Male, on slide, with type data but collected on May 4, 1939 ; deposited in writer’s collection. 486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) NIGRINA, new species Figures 148-150 Male (on slide)—Head behind eyes, antennae, body, legs, and terminalia (except 10 LP) very dark chocolate brown, nearly black; mandibles and clypeal region of head light reddish brown; submentum Ficures 142-144.—Ohigembia plaumanni, new species, holotype male (southern Brazil): 142, Head; 143, terminalia (dorsal); 144, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 145-147.—Oligembia gigantea, new species, holotype male (Venezuela): 145, Head; 146, terminalia (dorsal); 147, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 148-150.—Oligembia nigrina, new species, holotype male (Venezuela): 148, Head; 149, terminalia (dorsal); 150, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 487 Cs orange; 10 LP yellow. Length 7.5 mm.; forewing length 5.0 mm., breadth 1.2 mm. Head (fig. 148) elongate, with eyes relatively small, not strongly inflated, separated by interspace equal to two and one-half eye widths: sides behind eyes two eye lengths long, scarcely convergent, subparal- lel, feebly arcuate; caudal margin abrupt, arcuate medially. Mandi- bles with apical teeth broad, blunt; inner medial angles very sharp, prominent. Wings well pigmented ; with four cross veins present between R, and R,,; in forewing and seven between R, and costal margin; R.,;, the only pigmented vein behind R,, nearly attaining terminus. Hind- wing with two cross veins between R, and R:,; and five between R,,; and costal margin. R, very closely paralleling costa in both wings. Hyaline lines sharply defined, nearly equal in width throughout both wings. Terminalia (figs. 149, 150) similar to gigantea but darker, with basal projection of tenth tergite more acute and extending partially beneath eighth tergite; left tergal process (10 LP) broader and with minor differences in form; right tergal process (10 RP,) narrower, longer and more sharply pointed apically. Process of hypandrium (HP) and left paraproct (LPPT) longer and narrower, the latter longer than HP rather than subequal as in gigantea. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) with ventral inner lobe narrower, shape irregular; dorsal lobe with “claws” distinctly separated, its basal lobe large, but not clearly delimited. Inner margin of basal segment of left cereus (LC,) more deeply emarginated, apical inner lobe acute. Inner margin of right cercus also more deeply emarginated. Female—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide U.S.N.M. No. 56050. Type data.—Collected at Hoboken, N. J., March 28, 1941, in plant quarantine by Inspector Sanford in a cargo case of Catileya shipped from Caracas, Venezuela. OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) PLAUMANNI, new species FicurEs 142-144 Male.—Color (in alcohol) : Body and legs uniformly reddish brown; mid and hind tarsi and basal half of antennae tan; head amber yellow basad, darker in clypeal region. Length 7.1 mm.; forewing length 4.5 mm., breadth 1.2 mm. Head (fig. 142) larger than terminalia; eyes rather small, short. rather strongly inflated; eye interspace broad, two and one-half eve widths wide; head outline behind eyes elongate-oval, sides strongly convergent, feebly arcuate, evenly rounded behind. Submentum 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 reddish brown, quadrate, sides arcuate, anterior angles rounded, apical margin shallowly emarginated. Mandibles with the apical dentations broad, blunt. Wings pale brown; Rs forked just within basal half in forewing, at basal third in hindwing; R,,; forked at basal fourth in forewing and at basal fifth in hind. Five R,—-R:,, crossveins in forewing, four such veins in hindwing. Hyaline stripes broad. Terminalia (figs. 148, 144) with basal projection of tenth tergite (10) extending just beyond base of ninth tergite, acute; left process (10 LP) straw yellow, inner “talon” not strongly curved but well separated from the thin outer portion, which is parallel-sided, acutely pointed apically with a central carina extending beyond margin; major right process (10 RP,) large, dark brown, inner basal angle acutely produced, distal apex blunt, straight. Hypandrium (H) well developed. Sides equal, right apical angle membranous, this area ex- tending mesobasad but diminishing; process (HP) broad basally but abruptly narrowed midway distad, apex truncate. Left paraproct (LPPT) fused to HP on inner side, elongate, acuminate apically. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) greatly produced mesad; upper lobe sclerotic, terminated by a pair of stout “claws” on a bulbous base; ventral lobe finger-shaped, elongate, well sclerotized beneath, mem- branous above; foramen with one dorsal, and two ventral projec- tions on margin. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) continuous with LCB; abruptly, strongly, conically lobed inward at apex. Basal segment of right cercus short, basal foramen with margin ir- regular. Terminal segments of both cerci elongate, simple, equal. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide U.S.N.M. No. 56586. Type data—Nova Teutonia, Santa Catharina, Brazil (F. Plau- mann). Paratypes——Two males with above data deposited in the California Academy of Sciences and in the writer’s collection. OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) VANDYKEI, new species Figures 151-153 Male—Color (alive): Head bicolorous, the anterior dorsal half and submentum yellowish orange, the posterior dorsal half and venter of head capsule medium brown; mandibles dark brown, becoming brown; antennae tan basally, becoming light brown distad. Thorax, wings, and legs largely light brown; abdomen tan with terminalia dark golden brown distally, inner margins reddish brown; palpi light brown, the cerci tan. Length 6.9 mm; forewing length 5.2 mm., breadth 1.5 mm. EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS A489 Head (fig. 151, paratype) rather broad, eye interspace one and one- half eye widths wide, sides behind eyes one eye length long, weakly convergent, slightly arcuate; caudal margin broad, shallowly arcuate; eyes large, somewhat inflated, facets without pigmented interspaces; two prominent, reddish-brown lobes are present beneath antennal scape at outer base of mandibles. Mandibles with bases very large, greatly produced inward; inner medial angles abruptly angled; left mandible with three small dentations at inner apex, margin pal proximal tooth broadly, weakly arcuate; right mene with two small, closely approximated apical teeth; inner margin with a char- acteristic tooth midway between presinnal apical tooth and medial angle. Submentum narrow behind; sides divergent to apical third, thence parallel, apical angles eae produced forward, pounded distally; anterior margin transverse, straight. Occipital foramen somewhat pointed anteriorly. Wings large, broad, extending beyond tip of abdomen in living specimens. Venation without specific features. Forewing with seven C-R, cross veins in apical half, three R,-R.,, cross veins and no others; hindwing with five C—R, and three R,—-R,,, cross veins. Hind basitarsi elongate, with only the distal sole-bladder. Terminalia (figs. 152, 153, paratype) with tenth tergite (10) acutely produced forward beneath ninth tergite nearly to its base, this pro- jection weakly pigmented; exposed tergite without definite indications of sutures. Left process (10 LP) with a strong, evenly arcuate, talonlike projection continuous with inner margin; outer portion short, apical margin diagonal (from left to right), with a stout submedian projection. Major right process (10 RP,) broad and unmodified basally, outer margin rather straight, inner margin sinuous; second- ary right process (10 RP,) darkly pigmented. Ninth sternite (H) with sides rounded, lateral areas pigmented but becoming broadly membranous medially; produced caudad as a broad process (HP), somewhat tapered but broadly truncate distally and “granulate” on left side. Left paraproct (LPPT) fused to side of HP, suture becoming somewhat expanded distad, apex pointed and notched sub- terminally on left side. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) well pigmented, bilobed mesially; the dorsal lobe shortest, sclerotic, curved upward and cleft distally, forming two stout “claws”; ventral lobe sclerotic elongate, gradually tapered and slighty curved, projecting almost to central axis of body. Basal segment of left cercus (LC,) weakly pig- mented in basal half and along inner margin, membranous at outer apex, gradually swollen distad; terminal segment (LC.) cylindrical, gradually tapered distad. Right cercus with basal segment dark, especially at base; very gradually tapered, unlobed at apex; terminal segment similar to that of left cercus. A490) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 94 Female——Color (alive): Head reddish brown, antennae medium brown; remainder of body tan except mesothorax and metathorax, which are noticeably paler tan; cerci with terminal segment light brown. Body length 7.0 mm. Head broad, circular, caudal margin evenly rounded, sides scarcely caudally convergent. Occipital foramen elongate, rounded anteriorly ; Ficures 151-153.—Oligembia vandykei, new species, paratype male (Florida): 151, Head; 152, terminalia (dorsal); 153, terminalia (ventral). Ficures 154-156.—Oligembia caribbeana, new species, holotype male (Cuba): 154, Head; 155, terminalia (dorsal); 156, terminalia (ventral). Explanation of symbols on p. 403. gular bridge narrow, only half as wide as submentum length. Body without apparent specific peculiarities. Hind basitarsus with 18 stout plantar bristles, with only the terminal sole-bladder, bladder of middle segment echinulate. Abdominal sternites very faintly pig- mented; ninth sternite very broadly, shallowly, and transversely ex- cised at base. Holotype and allotype—On slides (U.S.N.M. No. 56763). EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 49] Type data.—In bark, 5 miles northeast of Pensacola, Fla., on shores of Escambia Bay, February 9, 1943 (matured March 10) (E. S. Ross). Paratypes—Numerous males and females with above data; depos- ited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the California Academy of Sciences, and writer’s collection. One male, St. Augustine, Fla., March 4, 1940, “beating vegetation” (E. C. Van Dyke) (CAS). Additional records.—F Loripa: Two males, Florida Fruit Fly Sur- vey, Duval County, December 30, 1929 (L. L. Knight) (USNM) ; two males, Paradise Key, March 2, 1919 (H.S. Barber) (USNM). Sovuru CarcLina: Several males and females, Sumter and vicinity, February 10, 1948 (K.S. Ross). (See also p. 499.) Remarks.—This species is named for Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, who col- lected the first specimen to come before the writer. O. (D.) vandykei is readily distinguished from other Oligembias by its medially toothed right mandible and the greatly produced, pointed ventral lobe of the left cercus-basipodite. It is apparently related to caribbeana of Cuba, which has a similar lobe but which has no medial tooth on the mandible. O. hubbardi, the only other known Florida Oligembia, is easily separated, by means of its single mesal lobe of the basipodite. O. vandykei is apparently a widespread species, perhaps ranging throughout Florida, and along the Gulf shore at least as far as New Orleans, and up the Atlantic Coastal Plain probably as far as south- eastern Virginia. In habits the species is identical to melanura of Texas, except that the colonies appear to occur mostly on the exposed sunny sides of isolated trees. At Pensacola, Fla., large numbers of colonies were found in the bark of live oaks, which had deeply grooved and extensively flaked bark. Few lichens were present. At Sumter, S. C., the colonies were abundant on the bark of both live and deciduous oaks, The tunnels were usually spun beneath lichens. In both locali- ties the males were in the penultimate instar in early February perhaps indicating a cyclic development independent of seasons or geographic position. An interesting case of predatism comparable to that of the Sclero- gibbidae was noted at Pensacola. Numerous Embioptera were found dead in the tunnels in a soft, shriveled condition. Usually near such individuals small (3 mm.), pink fly larvae or pupae were found, the latter being enclosed in loose silken cocoons. Itonididae (formerly Cecidomyiidae) were reared from the pupae, which, according to C. T. Greene, appear to be either of the genus Feltiella Riibsaamen or of Lestodiplosis Kieffer. This is the first record of Embioptera as hosts of these predatory fly larvae. 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 94 OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) CARIBBEANA, new species Ficures 154-156 Male—Color (before staining): Body, legs, and wings very pale straw yellow; head tan. Length 5.5 mm.; forewing length 3.7 mm., breadth 0.9 mm. Head (fig. 154) with eyes very large, inflated, interspace slightly less than an eye width; facets very large; head behind eyes very short, sides and caudal margin evenly, continuously arcuate. Mandibles broad basally, acutely tapered apically; apical teeth small, but very sharp. Submentum quadrate, all sides nearly straight; somewhat narrower basally. Wings without special features. Four cross veins present between R, and R;,, in forewing, the terminal of these uniting apex of R, with R..3; three cross veins in this position in hindwing. Terminalia (figs. 155, 156) with basal margin of tenth tergite (10) produced on left side beneath ninth tergite (9) to its basal margin. Left tergal process (10 LP) very stout, heavily sclerotized, bilobed ; the outer lobe strongly arcuate on outer margin basally, the inner lobe fingerlike. Right tergal process (10 RP,) with extreme tip abruptly narrowed, sclerotic, minutely truncate. 10 RP,, hypandrium (H), its process (HP), and left paraproct (LPPT) without noteworthy fea- tures. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) prominent, inner side with two well-developed sclerotic processes—a very slender, simple, ventral process pointed toward tip of 10 RP, and a caudally directed dorsal process with a pair of large, terminal, clawlike hooks. Cerci pale; basal segment of left cercus (LC,) stout, short, bulbous; basal segment of right cercus elongate, cylindrical. Female.—Unknown. Holotype.—Male, on slide (stained with acid-fuchsin), U.S.N.M. No. 56049. Type data—“On dead vines,” Cayamas, Santa Clara, Cuba, March 11, 1911 (EK. A. Schwarz). OLIGEMBIA (DILOBOCERCA) OLIGOTOMOIDES (Enderlein) Rhagadochir oligotomoides ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 61, figs. 36-87, pl. 3L. Embia oligotomoides (Enderlein) NAvAs, 1918, p. 101. Oligembia oligotomoides (Enderlein) Davis, 1989b, p. 222, fig. 21. Holotype.—Male, Berliner Zoologischen Museum. Type data.—South America. Paratype.—Male, South America (Stettiner Zool. Mus.). Remarks.—This species could be placed in the genus Jdioembia on the strength of Enderlein’s original description and figures, which EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 493 give no indication of the transverse suture at the base of 10 RP, and 10 RP,. It is quite likely that this was overlooked by Enderlein, as the types were probably not cleared; thus the tentative placement of the species in this group will probably prove to be correct. when the details of the holotype are made known. Genus DIRADIUS Friederichs Diradius FRIEDERICHS, 1934, p. 419.—Davis, 1940d, p. 528. Genotype.—Diradius pusillus Friederichs. Distribution.—Southern Brazil. This genus, known to date by only the unique holotype of its single species, has tentatively been placed in the Oligembiidae by Davis on the basis of its embioid wing venation with reduction of vein strength comparable to Oligembia and the nonechinulate left cercus. More detailed informatién concerning the structure of the male terminalia may prove that the species is congeneric with those of the more re- cently named genus Oligembia, thus compelling the use of the name Diradius in its place.. It will be best, however, to retain the present status of these species until carefully identified specimens of pusé/lus are available, or until its type is redescribed and refigured in a more fact-revealing manner. DIRADIUS PUSILLUS Friederichs Diradius pusillus PRIEDERICHS, 1934, p. 419, fig. Ta~d.—Davis, 1940d, p. 528, figs. 4-7 (after Friederichs). Holotype—Male, Hamburg Museum. Type data—1 8, gesammelt von W. Ehrhardt bei dem Ort Isa- belle in Bezirk Humbold des Staates Santa Catharina in Brazilien.” Family TERATEMBIIDAE Teratembiidae Krauss, 1911, p. 33.—ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 98.—NAvAs, 1918, D. 107.— Davis, 1940e, p. 586 ; 1940f, p. 680. Type genus.—Teratembia Krauss. Distribution.—Argentina. This family and its component genus and species are based upon a single specimen. The wing-venational character, R,,,; forked and R,,; simple, is unparalleled in the order, and, if not anomalous, would perhaps justify the retention of this distinct family. Collectors in Argentina are urged to secure more specimens of this species so that this interesting venational character can be verified and the details of the male terminalia can be more clearly revealed. 494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 94 Genus TERATEMBIA Krauss Teratembia Krauss, 1911, p. 33.—ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 98.—NavAs, 1918, p. 107.— Davis, 1940d, p. 529. Genotype.—T eratembia geniculata Krauss. Distribution.—Argentina. TERATEMBIA GENICULATA Krauss Teretembia geniculata Krauss, 1911, p. 88, pl. 1, figs. 3, 3A-G.—ENDERLEIN, 1912, p. 98, figs. 63, 64.—NavAs, 1918, p. 108.—Davis, 1940d, p. 529, figs. S-18. Holotype——Male, deposited in the Budapest Museum. Type data—Tucuman, Argentina, January 15, 1906 (Vezeny1). Family OLIGOTOMIDAE [Complete list of references not given.] Oligotomidae ENDERLEIN, 1909, p. 190. Old World Embioptera (except Gynembia) spread by man to the New World. Males (when winged) with R,,; of both wings simple; the mandibles with distinct apical dentations, three on the right and two on the left mandible; hind basitarsi with one of two sole-blad- ders; basal segment of the left cercus cylindrical and nonechinulate ; major process of right hemitergite (10 RP,) long, V-shaped; similar to that of Oligembia. Type genus.—Oligotoma Westwood. Distribution—Warm regions of the world. The two genera of this family found in the New World may be separated by means of the following key: KEY TO GENERA OF OLIGOTOMIDAE 1. Parthenogenetic females with two hind basitarsal sole-bladders; restricted to OTT AF end Sesh TN Ce ATM aa ne a ere Gynembia Both sexes present; with only one basitarsal sole-bladder; widespread throughout warm regions of Americas____-_------------------ Oligotoma Genus OLIGOTOMA Westwood [Complete list of references not given.] Embia (Oligotoma) Wrstwoop, 18387, p. 373, figs. Oligotoma Westwood, BURMEISTER, 1839, p. T70. Aposthonia Krauss, 1911, p. 48 (genotype: A. vosseleri Krauss). Genotype —Embia (Oligotoma) saundersii Westwood. Distribution.—Endemic to North Africa, Asia Minor, Asia, East Indies, and Australia. Three species, spread by man to the New World, are frequently collected and are at times commoner than the native species of an area. They are more fully treated and are EMBIOPTERA OF THE NEW WORLD—ROSS 495 figured in other papers (Ross, 1940b, pp. 667-675; Davis, 1939a, 1940c). The lengthy bibliography of each species is here reduced to include only the names applied to each species and certain essential references. KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF OLIGOTOMA (MALES) 1. Major process of right hemitergite (10 RP:) with a small but distinct subapical TOOL. FON; OUTER. NAT oes ae ore es ee ee ee humbertiana Major processswithout such. a, tooth= 2) 42 Va ey ee 2 . Process of left hemitergite (19 LP) broad, only about twice as long as broad; sclerotic spine of hypandrium process long, slender, sickle-shaped, lying horizontal’ beneath) process” GEE). a ee saundersii Process of left hemitergite slender about 5 times longer than broad; sclerotic spine of hypandrium process short, stout, hooklike; bent BO STINET