Wi aa pate if va i ees ud F Le Tr ~ U SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 96 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1948 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two se- ries, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, an- thropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are dis- tributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes, The present volume is the ninety-sixth of this series. The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consists of a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoologi- cal groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. ALEXANDER WeTMORE, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Il CONTENTS Bouarr, G. E. The phorid flies of Guam. No. 8205. Febru- ary 17, 19473 New genus: Parafannia. New species: Megaselia (Megaselia) setifemur, M. suis, M. stuntzi, M. parabasiseta, Chonocephalus hirsutus, C. subglaber, Puliciphora wymani, P. nigriventris, Parafannia molluscovora. CaupweLL, JoHN S. Neotropical lanternflies of the genus Phrictus in the United States National Museum, with de- scriptions of four new species. No. 3194. May 16, 1945 1*__ New species: Phrictus sordidus, P. minutacanthis, P. punctatus, P. regalis. Criark, Austin H., and Zerrx, James. The onychophores of Panama and the Canal Zone. No. 3197. February 21, SOAS A tomes ye elit. eee aioe elento_sitaniiings CusuMan, R. A. The ichneumon-flies of the genus Cryp- tanura Brullé, mainly tropical American. No, 3198. May 23, 1945 * New genus: Cremnocryptus. New species: Cryplanura tuberculata, C. dicostata, C. quadri- maculata, C. mediosiriyosa, OC. bicarinata, C. piceothoraa, C. planiscutellata, OC. politigaster, C. conica, C. ruficeps, C. septentrionalis, C. apophysis, C. bilineata, C. rufa, C. lineati- femur, C. corata, C. boliviensis, C. isthmus, C. excalibur, C. acinaces, C. gracilipes, C. gracilis, C. genalis, C. paranensis, C. tenuiterebrata, C. maculifrons. New combinations: Cryptanura mevicana (Cresson), C. oriza- bensis (Cameron), C. propinqua (Cresson), 0. pretiosa (Vier- eck), C. variegata (Brullé), C. mcerta (Cresson), Crenmocryp- tus spiniferus (Cameron), C. cingulatus (Tosquinet). A generic revision of the ichneumon-flies of the tribe Ophionini. No. 3206. July 17, 1947 *_--_---------- New genera: Alophophion, Potophion, Simophion, Trophophion, Clistorapha, Boethoneura, Chilophion, Aulophion. New species: Australophion inflatus, Potophion caudatus, Simo- phion excarinatus, Trophophion tenuiceps, Boethoneura arida, Stauropoctonus chezanus, Aulophion bicarinatus, A, excarina- tus. New combinations: Rhynchophion flammipennis (Ashmead), R. ligulifer (Morley), Aglaophion purpurascens (Smith), A. sumatranum (Wnderlein), Clistorapha subfuliginosa (Ash- mead), Genophion costalis (Cresson), Ohilophion abnormis (Felt), Stauropoctonus variegatus (Uchida). 1 Date of publication. Page 397-416 177-184 205-213 139-176 417-482 11t IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Davis, A.C. Review of the weevils of the tribe Ophryastini of America, north of Mexico. No. 3207. July 8, 1947 1___- New species: Hupagoderes griseus, HB. aeneus, H. robustus, B. pilosus. New variety : Hupagoderes mortivallis approximatus. Frennau, R.G. New lanternflies (Fulgoroidea) from South Americas No. '3189.,.| May: 9945 262152 en ae eh New genus: Iquitosa. New species: Pintalia quadrimaculata, P. marmorata, P. obliqui- vitta, P. falcata, P. curvivitta, P. daedala, P. vomerifera, Iqui- tosa shannoni, Ateson semilutewm, A. luteospersum. Fisuer, Waurer Kenrick. Echiuroid worms of the North Pacific Ocean... No,,8198.;,..April, 11,1946 422. ae New orders: Xenopneusta, Heteromyota. New genera: Bonelliopsis, Hubonellia, Nellobia, Lissomyema. New species: Thalassema_ steinbecki, Listriolobus pelodes, Ochetostoma octomyotum, O. edazr, Arhynchite inamoenus, Bonelliopsis alaskana, Euboneillia valida, Nellobia eusoma, Acanthohamingia paradola. New subspecies: Echiurus echiurus alaskanus. Fisuer, W.S. New beetles of the family Eucnemididae from Central America and the West Indies. No. 3188. May 8, 14S: Pi. ww laity btw Tee anid Seti 3 New genera: Neodiapodius, Hylotastella. New species: 'Temnillus aspericollis, Neodiapodius buscki, Dro- maeolus pulcher, D. panamensis, Fornaxr poeyi, F. valerio, Plesiofornaz nigrinus, Farsus converus, Arrhipis cubanus, A. insularis, Dirhagus albofasciatus, Hylotastella schwarzi, Nema- todes exiguus. New cerambycid beetles belonging to the tribe Disteniini from Central and South America. No. 3201. November 26, 1946? New species: Distenia lateralis, D. spinipennis, Cometes emar- ginata, C. bicolor. Ganan, A.B. Eight new species of chalcid-flies of the genus Pseudaphycus Clausen, with a key to the species. No. 3200. November'22s 19464 fi hc eis coh Sih, Beha sha ah cepa tigre 2 New species: Pseudaphycus meritorius, P. abstrusus, P. malinus, P. angustifrons, P. mundus, P. limatulus, P. meracus, P. alveo- latifrons. Review of some chalcidoid genera related to Cerocephala Westwood. No. 3203. December 31, 1946 1__ New subfamily: Cerocephalinae. New genus: Acerocephala. 1 Date of publication. VOL. 96 Page 483-551 95-104 215-292 79-93 329-333 311-327 349-376 CONTENTS Gaunan, A. B.—Continued New species: Choetospila tabida, Acerocephala aenigma. New combinations: Choetospila frater (Girault), Theocolagr bakeri (Crawford), Theocolaria viridinotum (Dodd), T. insu- laris (Dodd), 7. insularis var. grandis (Dodd), 7. perpulchra (Dodd), 7’. perpulchra var. metallica (Dodd), 7. scolytivora (Ashmead), 7. pityophthori (Ashmead), Acerocephala atrovio- lacea (Crawford), Hupelmella canadensis (Provancher). Gaztn, C. Lewis. Machaervides eothen Matthew, the saber- tooth creodont of the Bridger Eocene. No. 3202. December Reis eh a ee en ee GiuumorE, Cuartes W. Notes on recently mounted reptile fossil skeletons in the United States National Museum. No. TL geo) OES a gaa yA et i li ee The osteology of the fossil turtle Zestudo pracextans Lambe, with notes on other species of 7’estudo from the Oligocene of Wyoming. No. 3199. March 28, SOA tee A ee, Sila Care Sia EON BY AAO ESET ree ney te GotpMAN, E. A. (See under Kellogg, Remington.) Hernricu, Cari. The genus Pundella Zeller: A contribution toward a revision of the American pyralidoid moths of the family Phycitidae. No. 3190. May 18, 19451____________ New species: Fundella ignobilis. Kei.oce, Remineron, and GotpMan, E. A. Review of the spider monkeys. No. 3186. November 2, 1944 1_________- New subspecies: Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis, A. g. panamensis. Miurr, Roperr R. Hyporhamphus patris, a new species of hemiramphid fish from Sinaloa, Mexico, with an analysis of the generic characters of Hyporhamphus and Hemiram- MONG Diva GUL 21, 104D%. fr nk 2 ele A New species: Hyporhamphus patris. Scnvtz, Leonarp P. A revision of the American clingfishes, family Gobiesocidae, with descriptions of new genera and forms. No. 3187. December 30, 19442_..._.._.._._-._-__- New genera: Acyrtus, Infratridens, Arcos. New species: Sicyases hildebrandi. New subspecies: Cotylis nigripinnis woodsi. A new genus and two new species of percoid fishes from New Guinea, family Centropomidae. No, 3191. RED ee ee i ne nl Re ca tc New genus: Xenambassis. New species: Xenambassis honessi, X. simoni. 1 Date of publication. Page 335-347 195-203 293-310 105-114 1-45 185-193 47-77 115-121 VI PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Page Scuuitz, Luonarp P. Three new sciaenid fishes of the genus Ophioscion from the Atlantic coasts of Central and South Amoenicas, No. S192; April. 25.1945 1s eee ee 123-137 New species: Ophioscion brasiliensis, O. venezuelae, O. pana- mensis. —————. A revision of the genera of mullets, fishes of the family Mugilidae, with descriptions of three new genera. No; 32042 “December 5, 19472222. 82 y Ss ee New genera: Xenomugil, Crenimugil, Heteromugil. ZETEK, JAMES. (See under Crarx, Austin H.) 17-895 eo 1 Date of publication. ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Following page 1. Lower side of head of Cotylis microspilus (Fowler) and of C. nigripinnis nigripinnis Peters__..______--_-______________ 64 2 NEW POUL a mMenCan. Wt nleOroigeg2 = ee ee ee 104 ee BOUGHT AINCrICAN wi IZ OLOlU Ca ie ee Ee ea eee 104 Pe Cera NC CELUI I MUAIIE DEUCE an tc ee ee nO 114 MePOCDN ILE DEOCCRS I IE IUECT UE ee ee 180 8. Valvula and genitalia in Phrictus__.________- ee 180 9, 10. Species of, Prrictus:, Dorsal aspect-__-__---_-.__. 8 180 al) Hyporhamphus patres,, new species. _— =... ee 193 12. Mounted skeleton of Crocodilus clavis Cope_____________________ 203 13. Skull and lower jaw of Crocodilus clavis Cope___________________ 203 74 Eat Or OCOGius: Clavis, Gope... ee 2038 16. Diseased dorsal vertebrae of Crocodilus sp__-___________________ 203 17. Tail, pelvis, hind limbs, and feet of Corythosaurus casuarius Brown. 203 18. Skin impressions of Corythosaurus casuarius Brown______--_____ 203 19. Restoration of Corythosaurus casuarius Brown____---_--_- 203 20. Echiurus echiurus alaskanus, new subspecies_-____-______-_-_-_-_ 292 21. Listriolobus pelodes, new species, and Ochetostoma octomyotum, NICE NCC CR a roe eee 292 ZeminstiOLlovus Pelodes. New Species: = ae ee eee ae 292 23, 24. Ochetostoma octomyotum, new species_________--____-_-__- 292 25. Arhynchite inamoenus, new species_____________________- §___ 292 26,27. Bonelliopsis alaskana, new genus and species_____----_--_--§_- 292 28. Eubonellia valida, new genus and species____.---- 292 29, 30. Nellobia eusoma, new genus and species________-___-_ 292 31,32. Acanthohamingia paradola, new species_______--_____-_-______ 292 33-35. Urechis caupo Fisher and MacGinitie_______ AD SS Bie oh i | at at 292 36. Urechis caupo, U. chilensis, and U. unicinctus__________________ 292 BivOreoss ecaupo snd commensals. eae 292 mek. Lestuao pracedtans ambe os... 2 Ne 310 Pears COLAO LATtOUNED sOODC. a ee 310 44, Testudo quadrata Cope; Testudo praeertans Lambe___-__-__-__-_ 510 45-46. Machaeroides ecothen Matthew_______-_____________________ 347 47. Species of Choetospila, Theocolar, Cerocephala, Acerocephala, and RETR EEN TLR ELE ee tek poe Se ae ne dn OL ee tat be LO 48. Species of Theocolar, Cerocephala, and Acerocephala_.__-- 376 49-56. Ichneumon-flies of the tribe Ophionini-.._-_._-._-___- 482 TEXT FIGURES Page 1, Distribution of the forms of spider monkeys (Ateles) in South Amer- Mite ANUS connor So Sd Lee oh ee Sih ee eee 12 2. Distribution of the forms of spider monkeys (Ateles) in Middle US RRRN Trees C ITUEYS Pi ook oe a 2 ee le 14 3. Holotype of Xenambassis honessi, new species... 119 4. Holotype of Xenambassis simoni, new species... 121 5. Diagrammatic sketches of snout and lower jaw of Bairdiella chrys- ura (Lacepéde), Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan), and Ophioscion I Rg pe Seecthineeese i B See T 125 6. Holotype of Ophioscion brasiliensis, new species... 129 7. Holotype of Ophioscion venezuelae, new species... 132 8. Holotype of Ophioscion panamensis, new species... 185 9. Sketch of head regions of Hyporhamphus and Hemiramphus____—— 189 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Page » Lassomyema ‘melita (Conn) 222-2. > ee ee ee 223 . Thalassema steinbecki, new species_——-----~--~ REL Tee eae ig et 931 “istriolobus pelodes; mew. Species... =e Cae ee ee 235 . Listriolobus pelodes, new species. _2—.__-_ 2 se 237 - Ochetostoma edaxr; Newsspeclesus: it. 12a ee ee 244 BOnNCLUGd WiNids - ase —~--~-~~=---~--~-~-~~------ 251 . Bonelliopsis alaskana, new species Me. Ee ee ee 252 “jOnechis caupo Hisher and=sMacGinitie.-——— === 2a 22 eee 266 Urechis caupo Kisher and» MacGinitie_ 2" - Sse eee 267 . Urechis caupo Fisher and MacGinitie_____________________-____ 273 PISMO estudo DTACCLLATS MualMy ee as ete ave te eee ee eee ee 294 . Skull and lower jaw of Testudo praeextans Lambe___--~-----____-_ 295 . Palatal view of the skull of J’estudo praeextans Lambe___________ 296 > Lower jaw of Lestudo-pracectans Wambe*=2 = es (eens eee 297 _Oarapace of Testudo: pracexctans amber == ees eee 298 . Plastron of Testudo pracexctans Lambe =) 2222") eee 303 soPelvis of Lestudo pracertans amber <= eee a eee 304 . Sketch of the maxillary, premaxillary, and preorbital bones of MALgil® CODNGUUS ee = ee ee ee 388 . Sketches of the maxillary, premaxillary, and preorbital bones of Maycus elongdtuse—® 22S ns ee ee ee 390 . Sketches of the maxillary, premaxillary, and preorbital bones of ONelOn Chel 0 = ee ee ee ee ee eee 390 . Sketches of the maxillary, premaxillary, and preorbital bones of EPOCH YSLOMG: “DELGT Ot ee os i see ee ee en eee eee 393 . Diagram of the possible relationships of genera of the Mugilidae___ 395 “APHOLIAAS OL «Cue se eee ee i Te Ca erm 400 SANS EN OTST LEV OE: 2 GAMER NT es ea ere 401 SEO TEL CAS Ory a GU ea ae Se NE ae See oe Ie 404 2 EV OTL CLG 7: Oke GUM ED Tn oF ane earee 405 wyPhoridae. Of “Guam sss 2 eae ae fine ee ee eS, 408 . Genital structures of Eupagoderes ef. deserius-californicus sec- RO TY ss Se Se a te Ea re A ene 486 LEN ODOLES -PUNCTICOLIIS: CASCYe=—— = eee Se Sone ae een ees Eee or 489 | wmunagoderes-geminatus Horn.) 2) ae ae ee eee 497 2 HUNagoderes \OTIseUus, New Species=. ees eee 499 1 LUDA AOGENES GENCUS, MEW. SDCCIOS se es a ea enn ee ae 500 s HUDAGOMEreS MOrLIVallis, Wall. So ee ee ee ee ete ee ee 502 n HALDAGOAETeS ‘TODUSTUS, MEW. SPECIES = ee ee ee 504 wupagoderes decipiens: (ueConte)) aos ee ene a eee 505 HUDEOOLETES : SDECLOSIUES Cae © Ome) ee a ae ec cae 510 . Hupagoderes! marmoratus. Wallies ae eae Like te eee OR BERL 512 L MAL D EGO OAETES: -SONDUAAUS L- CULC WOTILC)) ea ete ee ere ce ee 514 1 DUDA ORETES: SUNUIANS IV OND Ve ear ee See a ee eee 515 . Lapagoderes: \argentatus * (ueConte) 2. 25 =o eee 516 . Ewpagoderes lucanus Horn ________ UTE ONE, PRE rl oO RT RCE 518 = AMYATOGINUS VATIGOILIS Eler Ce Hs 2 SNe eee ei Se eee eee eee 521 ODRTYaS les: Wwickhamta Shap ese ae =e ae ee ae enor 523 ~ Ophryastes latinostinis MeSonterv. Were aoe eee ee 526 s ODALYASEES SYUMINECETUCUS Hae es ee eee ert Ree 528 . Ophryastes: sulcipennis «Casey ite Th Ae as rier eb 529 ; Ophnyastes «suleirostrisi (Say) 222 ee ee ee 530 69. \Ophryastes ‘porosus LeConte2 ak Fi sane ail) Hei eT 532 . Ophryastes tuberosus. LeConte i212 ee erp ee ee 534 . Ophryastes -ovipennis Sharpe 0m rua tina ine ree i ee 535 . Ophryastes. vittatus’) (Say) iio Sebi Cie i eee 5387 . Losastescoarctatus’ Champion. tie 3G ates aire see 540 . Losastes globularis: Pierce 0 siete Mae hs ee A aie 542 > LOsastes:.Ovalis Pierce. 2 ee ee ied cee 544 Tosastes. cinerascens» Pierce!. Aust Ohi An a eee: 546 Khigopsis_.effratia ' eConte® saws ek 2 Soe iy Sey 548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1944 No. 3186 REVIEW OF THE SPIDER MONKEYS By Remrneton Ketxoce and E. A. GorpmMan Field studies have shown that the forest-inhabiting spider monkeys of the New World are subject to plasmodial infections under nat- ural conditions and consequently, since they are readily obtainable, are now being used in laboratory studies of the malaria plasmodium. Spider monkeys are readily tamed and very adaptable to a life in captivity. Owing to their docility they are easily handled by labo- ratory assistants, and it is not difficult to provide suitable vegetable food for them. For these reasons it is important to establish, if pos- sible, the valid geographic races of these monkeys, to determine in so far as available collections permit the geographic ranges of the recog- nized forms, and to set forth the characteristics by which the several races can be recognized with some degree of certainty. The spider monkeys form a compact group, or subfamily, the Atelinae, of the primate family Cebidae. They are characterized by slender body, very long, slender limbs, and long tail, naked beneath distally and prehensile; the hand has only four functional fingers, the thumb being usually vestigial or absent. These monkeys, in structure and habits, show high specialization and adaptation to a strictly arboreal life. They are limited in range to the unbroken tropical forests from southern Mexico to northern Matto Grosso, Brazil, and central Bolivia in South America. In the forest areas inhabited, often including steep mountain slopes, large trees have interlocking branches through which the spider monkeys are able to travel in long leaps at amazing speed, using the tail con- stantly as a powerful grasping organ for balancing, and swinging to differing levels. A spider monkey in a cage is seen at a disadvantage 602426—44——1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. v6 compared, for example, with so active an animal as the gibbon, but the reason for this seems to be that room is lacking for the exercise of its full powers. It is interesting to speculate on the comparative speed that might be attained under natural conditions by these widely different but both outstandingly active New World and Old World representatives, respectively, of the order to which they belong. In following spider monkeys in the forest a man may keep up by run- ning if the ground is clear, but if impeded by having to go around underbrush he is quickly left behind. Spider monkeys are considered very good to eat by the native populations of many countries and are, therefore, in danger of extermination. Many names for spider monkeys have been based on inadequate de- scriptions of animals from unknown localities, and if a type specimen was used it may no longer be extant. The result has been great con- fusion in the literature bearing on the identification of material, and of the distribution of the nominal species recognized little has been known. The status even of the generic name Ateles has been open to ques- tion. The spider monkey S[imia] Sapajus paniscus was included among the 14 monkeys allocated to Sapajus when this subgenus was proposed by Kerr (The Animal Kingdom, Cl. I, Mammalia, p. 76, 1792). No genotype seems to have been designated for the subgenus Sapajus Kerr, unless the statement made by J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 181, June 20, 1895) that Sapajus of Kerr is equivalent to Cebus Erxleben, 1777, can be interpreted as restricting the application of the term Sapajus to the species of Cebus included among the 14 monkeys mentioned above. In order to eliminate any possible misinterpretation, the genotype of Sapajus Kerr is here desig- nated as S[imia] Sapajus capucinus Kerr (op. cit., p. 78, 1792), which is the same as S[¢ma] capucina Linnaeus, 1766 (nec 1758). Inasmuch as the genotype of Cebus Erxleben, 1777, has been fixed (Elliott, Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 115, zool. ser., vol. 8, p. 560, Mar. 4, 1907) by subsequent designation as Simia capucina Linnaeus, 1766 (nec 1758), which in turn is equivalent to Cebus nigrivittatus Wagner (see Cabrera, Rev. Soc. Argentina Cienc. Nat., vol. 16, pp. 21-22, 1939), Sapajus Kerr is herewith relegated to the synonymy of Cebus Erxle- ben. Neither opinion 147 (On the principles to be observed in interpreting article 34 of the International Code in relation to the rejection, as homo- nyms of generic and subgeneric names of the same origin and meaning as names previously published, Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, London, vol. 2, pt. 14, pp. 123-132, Sept. 30, 1943) nor article 34 (International rules of zoological nomenclature, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 39, p. 86, July 30, 1926) contains an express ruling as to whether a THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 3 given generic name is a homonym of another previously published generic name that has the same origin and meaning but that differs from the latter in more than one letter. If the “one letter” rule is strictly adhered to, then Sapajou Lacepéde (Tableau des divisions, sous-divisions, ordres et genres des mammiféres, p. 4. Published as supplement to Discours d’ouverture et de cloture du cours d’histoire naturelle, et tableaux méthodiques des mammiféres et des oiseaux, 1799) is the oldest available name for the spider monkeys. The genotype of Sapajou Lacepéde is Sapajou paniscus Lacepede=Simia paniscus Lin- naeus. Pending an opinion from the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, the generic name Ateles E. Geoffroy (Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, p. 262, 1806), of which the genotype is likewise Simia paniscus Linnaeus, is here retained for the spider monkeys. We have been unable to reach any satisfactory conclusions regarding the identity of one of the described spider monkeys allocated to this genus. The “Antigua Monkey” was described by Pennant (His- tory of quadrupeds, vol. 1, p. 206 (no. 212), 1781) as follows: M[onkey] with a short nose; black face, hair on each side long; back and sides orange and black, intimately mixed; belly white; outside of legs black; inside ash- colored ; tail of a dusky ash; its length 20 inches; that of body eighteen. Lately in possession of Richard Morris, Esq. of the Navy-Office; brought from Antigua; but its native place uncertain; very good-natured, lively, and full of tricks; frequently hung by its tail. This monkey subsequently became the basis for [Simia] Sapajus variegatus Kerr (The Animal Kingdom, p. 79, 1792) and Simia antiqu- ana Bechstein (Thomas Pennant’s Allgemeine Uebersicht der vierfiis- sigen Thiere, vol. 1, p. 227, footnote, 1799). In our judgment these names apply clearly to a spider monkey, and quite likely to one of the Middle American subspecies, but since the characters given are not sufficient to identify the race positively, we believe both should be hela unidentifiable. Since Ateles variegatus (Kerr) antedates A teles varie- gatus Wagner, the latter being preoccupied must be supplanted by Ateles belzebuth EB. Geoffroy, which also has priority. Despite strongly contrasting patterns of color, differing lengths of pelage, and to some extent varying tail and foot proportions, the strik- ing similarity of all the spider monkeys in the more essential cranial features seems to indicate close relationships. The nominal species are here reduced to four, and it seems to us probable that additional study of the genus based on more complete collections may result in a further lessening of the number. The most divergent forms are the black paniscus of French Guiana and the silvery-bellied yucatanensis of Quintana Roo, Perhaps the most clearly defined line of demarca- tion between species, as we understand them, is in eastern Panama, where the range of the deep reddish panamensis, a member of the 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 geoffroyi group, meets or closely approaches the range of the nearly all black robustus. The Rio Amazonas, however, seems to be an effective barrier separating the ranges of A. paniscus paniscus and A. belzebuth marginatus. Several large series of specimens from the same locality have afforded us much information concerning the range of individual variation that may be expected in the genus A¢eles. The thumb is normally represented by a short metacarpal, which ordinarily is not visible externally. When, in occasional individuals, a short proximal phalanx is retained it constitutes the vestigial nailless thumb. In two specimens of vellerosus (U. S. N. M. Nos. 74662, 74663) from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, and in one of the same form (A. M. N. H. No. 123282) from Cantoral, Honduras, these thumbs are present on one hand and not on the other. In one of panamensis (A. M. N. H. No. 141980) from Cafias Gordas, Costa Rica, the thumbs are present on both hands. In a specimen of hybridus from Guaimaral, Colom- bia, vestigial thumbs on both hands bear small nails. Lonnberg (Arkiv fér Zool., vol. 832A, No. 25, p. 8, July 18, 1940) describes a well-developed thumb with a well-developed nail on one hand only in a specimen of paniscus, a small thumb present on the other hand being nailless. All three specimens of paniscus (A. M. N. H. Nos. 94134, 94135, 94136) from Rio Jamunda, near Faro, on the north bank of the Rio Amazonas, have thumbs on both hands, as already re- corded by Tate (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 76, p. 215, Oct. 20, 1939). Two others from Lago Cuipetia, farther east on the same bank of this river, however, are thumbless. Lonnberg (op. cit.) refers to the absence of thumbs in specimens of Ateles ater [= chamek]| from various localities, but they are present on both hands in a skin (C. M. No. 2775) from Rio Yapacani, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The evidence thus presented indicates that vestigial thumbs occur irregularly throughout the genus, and no specific significance is attached to their presence or absence. Certain cranial details believed by some authors to represent dis- tinctive characters prove to be too variable to be of much value. As Lénnberg (op. cit.) has pointed out, some of the features mentioned as characters by Tate (op. cit.) in comparing species are subject to a wide range of variation. The antorbital or “malar foramen” varies from one or two “pin-holes” to rounded openings 5 mm. in diameter through the jugal. These often differ in size and number on the two sides of the same skull. Tate also refers to “small, triangular pterygoids without pointed tips” as a cranial character in paniscus. In the Cebidae the fossae between the true pterygoids and their ex- ternal reduplications are large and deep in Cebus, reduced to a ves- tige in Alouatta, and entirely wanting in Ateles. The external reduplications of the pterygoids have the tips broken off in the THE SPIDER MONKEYS—-KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 5 specimens of paniscus examined by Tate, but these winglike thin plates are in reality larger and more extended posteriorly in these and in other specimens of paniscus from the Amazonian region than usual in this genus. Other characters that have been ascribed by Tate to paniscus but that have not been found to be constant are the small size of postglenoid processes, unexpanded zygomata of nearly uniform depth, and narrow teeth. The maxillary tooth rows in the genus as a whole are normally straight and convergent anteriorly, although skulls with parallel or arcuate tooth rows are less frequently observed. All the teeth in the maxillary tooth rows may be large or small, and the individual teeth vary in size in relation to one another. The posterior molars appear to be the most variable. They are usually similar to the first premolars in crown area but may be either larger or smaller. Examination of a large number of spider-monkey skulls shows that the cranial and dental features men- tioned are subject everywhere to about the same wide range of indi- vidual variation. Schultz (Journ. Mammalogy, vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 286-305, Noy. 1926) has discussed the relative ranges of variation in skull measurements and in the formation of the forehead in a series of Afeles taken in the immediate vicinity of one camp on the bank of the Rio Yoya in Nicaragua. Beyond the general similarity and the range of the usual individual variation in the forms of Ateles there are, however, a few cranial features that seem to be worthy of consideration. All the races of Ateles geoffroyi agree closely in the more important cranial details, but in the more northern subspecies vellerosus and yucatanensis the brain case is slightly narrower than in panamensis and other Middle American races. The South American species A. paniscus and A. belzebuth have a longer rostrum, a more strongly inclined backward facial profile, and more elongated nasal openings than geoffroyi. In paniscus, which appears to be the most divergent in cranial de- tails, the posterior upper molars scarcely reach the transverse plane of the anterior roots of the zygomata, while in geoffroyi they normally pass well beyond this plane; other peculiar characters in paniscus are the broad, somewhat swollen base of the rostrum and the poste- rior extension of the external reduplications of the pterygoids. In cranial details, as well as in geographic position, Afteles fusciceps ro- bustus is somewhat intermediate between geoffroyt and paniscus. Specimens examined in series have shown that although spider monkeys present considerable variation in color the variation is within limits beyond which it does not normally pass, except as the usual intergradation that may be expected between regional races or subspecies. The coloration, length of pelage, and other external features, when determined by examination of specimens in sufficient numbers, prove to be more reliable indices to subspecific relationship 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 than any cranial characters found by us. In Middle America, for example, skulls of vellerosus from Mexico are distinctly narrower, with less noticeable widening of the brain case, than those of pana- mensis, but differ little in other respects and despite great differences in color are obviously assignable to the same species. Unlike many other primates the sexes in the spider monkeys differ little, if at all, in size. One of the largest skulls of geoffroy? is that of an old female from Lavala, Nicaragua. For loan of pertinent material our thanks are tendered to the fol- lowing: Dr. Thomas Barbour, director, and Barbara Lawrence, Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. Adolph H. Schultz, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Md.; Dr. H. E. Anthony and George G. Goodwin, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.; J. Kenneth Doutt, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Dr. H. C. Oberholser, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. William H. Burt, University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich., and to the latter also for the opportunity to examine specimens in the Donald R. Dickey collection. In lists of specimens examined, the following abbreviations are employed : A. H.S., Collection of Dr. Adolph H. Schultz. A. M. N. H., American Museum of Natural History. C. D., Collection of Donald R. Dickey. C. M., Carnegie Museum. C. M. N. H., Cleveland Museum of Natural History. M. C. Z., Museum of Comparative Zoology. U. M. M. Z., University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. U.S. N. M., United States National Museum. All measurements are in millimeters. The external measurements were taken in the flesh by the collector as follows: Total length, nose to end of terminal vertebra; tai/, upper base of tail to end of terminal vertebra; hind foot, back of heel to end of longest nail on digit. The following cranial measurements of typical adults, unless otherwise stated, were taken with vernier calipers by the authors: Greatest length, distance from anterior tip of premaxillae to inion or extreme posterior median point of brain case; orbital width, distance between outer margins of orbits; postorbital constriction, least width at con- striction behind orbits; width of brain case, greatest width of brain case at or over mastoids; zygomatic breadth, greatest distance between outside surfaces of zygomata; maxillary tooth row, distance from front of canine to back of posterior upper molar at alveolar borders. The following treatment is based on a review of the scattered lit- erature and an examination of 251 specimens representing all the recognized species. The work has been done at the request of the Board for the Coordination of Malarial Studies of the National Re- THE SPIDER MONKEYS—-KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 7 search Council in the laboratories of the Division of Mammals and of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the United States National Museum. The maps were drawn by Mrs. Katheryne C. Tabb, of the Fish and Wildlife Service. This review is intended to afford a work- ing knowledge of the genus, pending more exhaustive revision as the species become better known. KEY TO SPIDER MONKEYS (GENUS ATELES)’* A. Genera] coloration of entire back chiefly black. B. Back and belly, as well as limbs and tail, wholly deep glossy black. C. Hairs on head wholly black (except for short, white mustache whiskers on upper lip and sparse, short, white chin whiskers) ; pelage deep glossy black. D. Foot rather large (length, heel to end of longest toe, 190-220 mm.). FB. Tail normally bushy in adult (especially on upper basal half, longest hairs on upperside 50-100 mm. in length) ; face normally flesh color, occasionally freckled or black; hairs on back silky, lax, and long (majority of hairs on midline of back 75-150 mm. in length) ; tail often more than twice length of head and body. (North bank of Amazon east of Manos and north to Caribbean coast of Guianas. ) paniscus BE. Tail much less bushy but more densely furred in adult (longest hairs on upperside 40-65 mm. in length); face wholly black; hairs on back shorter (majority of hairs on midline of back 75 nfm. or less); tail often more than twice length of head and body. (Western Matto Grosso, eastern Bolivia, and north- eastern Peru to Rio Solimédes and Rio Jurud, Brazil.)__ chamek DD. Foot smaller (length, heel to end longest toe, 160-170 mm.) ; tail not noticeably bushy (the longest hairs on upperside 30-50 mm. in length) ; face wholly black, except for short, white mustache whiskers on upper lip and sparse, short, white chin whiskers; hairs on back harsh and of medium length (majority of hairs on midline of back 40-70 mm. in length); tail variable in length, occasionally nearly twice as long as head and body. (Serranfa del Darién, Panama, to southwestern Colombia.) _~~-_---____ robustus CC. Hairs on head not wholly black; semilunar forehead patch and side whiskers on face white; remainder of body, limbs, and tail deep glossy black; foot nfedium (length, heel to end longest toe, 170-185 mm.) ; tail variable in length, occasionally more than twice as long as head and body. (State of Para, Brazil, south of Amazon, between Boe. TanejGs and, Tocantins. ) iit cis ceed dee eens marginatus BB. Back and belly, as well as limbs and tail, not wholly deep glossy black; hairs on back black at base, and either black distally or with tips tinged with either burnt umber or seal brown. F. Crown cap tawny-olive, yellowish wood brown, or with black hairs tipped with burnt umber; underparts similar in color to upperparts; entire body, including limbs and tail, covered with black hairs tinged distally with burnt umber; foot small (length, heel to end longest toe, 150-170 mm.) ; tail variable in length, usually one-fifth or more longer than head and body. (Pacific side of cordillera of Beuador.)—___ fusciceps 1Colors mentioned in this key are shown in Robert Ridgway'’s “Color Standards and Color Nomenclature,” 43 pp., 53 pls. Washington, 1912. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 98 FF. Crown cap black, not tawny-olive, yellowish wood brown, or with hairs tipped with burnt umber; underparts conspicuously lighter in color than upperparts, line of demarcation between upperparts and under- parts being sharply defined; general coloration of crown cap on head as well as rest of upperparts black; in some individuals these black hairs under strong light having a seal-brown tinge; triangular fore- head patch yellow, golden, brownish yellow, or white (occasionally either entirely absent or more or less hidden by anterior stiff black hairs) ; side whiskers on face, when present, whitish or buffy (not present in some specimens); outer surfaces of forelimbs to elbows black; outer surfaces of forearms to wrists generally blackish but occasionally similar to underparts and intermixed with long dusky overhairs; outer surfaces of hind limbs usually blackish to knees or below, but in some specimens (particularly in eastern part of range) outer surfaces of hind limbs, including thighs and region around base of tail, distinctly straw-colored in ground color overlaid with sparse long black hairs (net numerous enough to affect general ground color) ; hairs on throat normally black, sometimes grayish, more or less concealed by black hairs; remainder of underparts, inner surfaces of fore and hind limbs, as well as under surface of tail, yellow, cinnamon-buff, dull cream-buff, or pale olive-buff; tail normally bicolored, upper surface being black and under surface similar to that of underparts (in occasional specinfens upper surface of tail approximately same as that of under surface but more heavily inter- spersed with long black overhairs) ; foot large (length, heel to end longest toe, 190-200 mm.) ; tail variable in length but often almost twice length of head and body. (From near junction of Rio Caura with Rio Orinoco in Venezuela south to Rio Negro in Brazil, westward to Colombia east of Cordillera Oriental (Mambita), Ecuador east of Andesand northeastern Peru? ses ee ee belzebuth AA. General coloration of entire back not chiefly (jet) black. G. A conspicuous white triangular forehead patch; general coloration of upper- parts wood brown, darker on head and upper back and lighter on lumbar region and thighs; underparts, inner surfaces of fore and hind limbs, and under surface of tail whitish or buffy; side whiskers on face variable, sometimes whitish or buffy and sometimes dark wood brown. (Magda- lena River Valley and adjacent mountains, Colombia.) ~______ hybridus GG. No conspicuous white triangular forehead patch; general coloration of upperparts not wood brown. H. General coloration of upperparts, except for head and shoulders on some individuals, tending toward light mahogany red; underside of tail, at least on basal half, deep cinnamon-rufous to ferruginous; back and shoulders grading from dark rusty reddish to ferruginous or burnt sienna, with varying admixture of overlying blackish hairs; underparts similar in color to back but with less noticeable admixture of blackish hairs; face, crown cap on head, and median streak on back of neck blackish; sides of neck covered with a mixture of pinkish-buff, cin- namon-buff, and blackish hairs; outer surfaces of fore and hind limbs either black or blackish to knees and elbows; outer surfaces of limbs below knees and elbows either black or with varying admixture of black and ferruginous hairs; a distinet ferruginous or cinnamon-buff streak along inner surface of arm from armpit to elbow. (Western side of THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 9 central cordillera of Costa Rica (Rio Pirris) south to Cordillera de San Blas (Cerro Azul) of eastern Panama.)--------~---~- panamensis HH, General coloration of upperparts, except for head and shoulders, not uni- form light mahogany red; underside of tail not deep ferruginous. J. General coloration of upperparts as well as underparts light buff over- laid with dusky tipped hairs; side whiskers on face silky light buff; dark markings on head and limbs usually inconspicuous; crown cap on head grading from black to buff tinged with brownish; stiff long black hairs above eyes concealing to a variable extent the white or buff triangular forehead patch; elbows and outer sides of forearms more or less distinctly blackish; elongate black patches on knees, the hairs black to roots. (Southern Nicaragua, Greytown to Lake Mana- PUB: it ope doi Ba a ee perdu se geoffroyi JI. General coloration of upperparts as well as underparts not light buff. J. Chest and belly normally near tawny or cinnamon-rufous. K. General coloration of upperparts golden yellowish to cinnamon- rufous in tone but obscured by numerous overlying black-tipped hairs; crown cap black, the hairs black to base; underparts and flanks near tawny or cinnamon-rufous; tail black above, more or less mixed with tawny below from base to near callosity; side whiskers on face blackish. (Eastern side of central cordillera Dei GOnta RICa.) pe ee ot ee ornatus KK. General coloration of upperparts lighter or duller than preceding. L. General coloration of upperparts, except for head and shoulders, clear tawny, intermixed with black-tipped hairs; sides, thighs, and belly paler, tawny or cinnamon-buff, with somewhat paler tone extending downward to wrists and ankles on inner sur- faces of fore and hind limbs; shoulders and outer surfaces of fore and hind limbs black; tail sharply bicolored, black above to tip, and tawny below; crown cap either black or dusky (in- dividual hairs buff or cinnamon-buff at base) ; side whiskers on face cream color. (Azuero Peninsula, Panama.) --azuerensis LL. General coloration of upperparts, except for head and shoulders in some individuals, buckthorn brown to Mars brown, sparsely or noticeably intermixed with blackish hairs (especially on midline of back in some individuals) ; belly honey yellow to tawny, extending downward on inner surfaces of hind limbs to ankles, and a lighter tone extending downward on inner sur- faces of forelimbs to wrists; outer surfaces of fore and hind limbs usually black (in some individuals restricted more or less to elbow and knee patches) ; tail usually sharply bicolored, black or dusky above to tip and tawny below (when otherwise, mixed light and dark hairs cover tail above and below) ; an- terior part of crown patch more or less suffused with cinna- mon-buff, owing to light basal color of hairs and tending to forni a transverse band across forehead; side whiskers on face light buff to cream-buff. (Northwestern Costa Rica and higher portions of northern Nicaragua.) ---___--____---- frontatus JJ. Chest and belly normally neither tawny nor ochraceous-rufous. M. Upper back distinctly darker than lumbar region of back; top of head, neck and upper back, and outer surfaces of fore and hind limbs varying from blackish to brownish black. 602426—44—_2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 N. Underparts normally silvery whitish; brownish black of head and neck passing gradually through cinnamon-drab on upper back to near olive-buff on lumbar region, the light drab extending along median line to base of tail; side whiskers on face whit- ish. (Quintana Roo, Yucatan, and northeastern Guate- wall a’) ot PRE ER ed RE RECT RLS ee yucatanensis NN. Underparts not normally silvery whitish. O. Upperparts dark, especially on head, neck, and upper back, and more uniformly overlaid with black; lumbar region more or less noticeably suffused with cinnamon; pelage typically longer and denser ; underside of neck and throat mixed brown- ish and buffy ; rest of underparts including at least inner sur- faces of upper portions of limbs pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff, becoming cinnamon or rusty along sides of body; crown cap blackish ; side whiskers on face blackish. (Alta Vera Paz, Gua termal ny). ee eek ES SOE Ne RAND EAS a aL pan OO. Upperparts lighter, distinctly bicolored; head, neck, and upper back brownish black; lumbar region cinnamon-buff or cinnamon, darkened along midline by overlying blackish hairs; underside of neck and throat varying from grayish to a mixture of buff-gray and brown; underparts, includ- ing inner surfaces of arms in a strip narrowing from armpit to a point near elbows and on inner surfaces of legs to near ankles, varying from pinkish buff to cin- namon, becoming near cinnamon on sides of body; crown cap blackish ; side whiskers on face dull whitish or yellow- ish. (Honduras and El] Salvador northward through Guatemala to southeastern Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and along east coast of Mexico to eastern San MwissPotosi.) 5 eas ee eee vellerosus MM. Upper back not distinctly darker than lumbar region of back; general coloration of upperparts, including outer surfaces of fore and hind limbs, as well as upper surface of tail, dusky, the darker hairs nearly sooty black on distal two-thirds and old gold on basal third, and thinly interspersed with these on head, neck, back, thighs, and upper surface of tail are old gold or silvery hairs; coloration of upperparts further modified by lighter hair bases showing through; a partially concealed buffy spot on forehead; hairs on belly, inner sur- faces of hind limbs, and under surface of tail dull cinnamon. buff tipped with sooty black. (Rio Tuyra Valley of eastern sure a) es AA Fe A BS er grisescens THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN TT ATELES PANISCUS PANISCUS (Linnaeus) GUIANA BLACK SPIDER MONKEY; LE COAITA [Simia] paniscus LINNAEus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 26, 1758. Sapajou paniscus LAcErEDr, Tableau des divisions, sous-divisions, ordres et genres des mammiféres, p. 4, 1799. [Published as supplement to Discours d’ouver- ture et de cl6ture du cours d'histoire naturelle, et tableaux méthodique des mammiféres et des oiseaux. | Ateles pentadactylus E. Grorrroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, p. 269, 1806. Type locality, Cayenne, French Guiana. (Description based on female col- lected by Martin.) Ateles subpentadactylus DeSMAREST, Encyclopédie méthodique (Zoologie), Mam- malogie, pt. 1, p. 78, 1820. Type locality, ‘La Guyane frangaise, la cdte de Bancet au Pérou” (part). A[teles] ater F. Cuvier, Histoire naturelle des mammiféres, vol. 3, livr. 39, p. [1], pl. —, Mar. 1823. Type locality, Cayenne, French Guiana (see I. Geoffroy, 1851, Catalogue méthodique de la collection des mammiféres, pt. 1 (Catalogue des Primates), p. 48). (‘Le Cayou” is based on a rather young female.) [Cebus paniscus] surinamensis FIscHER, Synopsis mammalium, p. 39, 1829. Type locality, not designated. [Cebus paniscus] cayennensis FISCHER, Synopsis mammalium, p. 39, 1829. Type locality, “Guyana Gallica.” Type locality ‘South America: Brazil” [“La Guyane” given as the “Patrie” by E. Geoffroy, Catalogue Mammiféres Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 6, 1803. Here restricted to French Guiana. | Type specimen.—Unknown. Distribution.—North side of Amazon River east of Mandos and north to Caribbean coast of the Guianas. General characters—A black monkey with face normally flesh- colored; pelage silky, lax, and very long (majority of hairs on mid- line of back 75-150 mm. in length, and on upper basal half of tail 50-100 mm. in length); hind foot large (190-220 mm.) ; tail often more than twice length of head and body. Differs from chamek of Peru mainly in normally flesh-colored instead of normally black face and in longer pelage (majority of hairs on midline of back less than 75 mm. in length and on upper base of tail less than 50 mm. in length in chamek). Differs from A. belzebuth belzebuth of Venezuela in much longer pelage and nearly uniform black instead of contrasting colors of upper and underparts. Differs from A. belzchuth marginatus of the Rio Tapaj6z region of the southern side of the Rio Amazonas, Brazil, in longer pelage, larger foot, and lack of the semilunar white forehead patch present in marginatus. (‘olor.-Entire pelage deep glossy black; face normally flesh-colored. Skull.—Skull large, with anterior profile strongly inclined backward to vault of brain case; premaxillae, when viewed from above, rela- tively broad; nasal opening much elongated. Very similar to skulls of chamek and belzebuth, but brain case somewhat less highly arched than either; rostrum broader, the sides more inflated at base and VOL. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 12 peal HW ‘salqipeso] 07 Avy oy a3ed aj1soddo 9ag “eollawyy yyNog Ul (sap) sAoyuoul Japids JO SWIIO} 24} jo uolnndinstqd—] TaN snysngos—9 sdaoiosny =4 snpizqéy=3 snpoujS0w -g 4yingsz|eq-O yewoyo-g snosiuod-y ‘seliw O0p OO€ COZ ODI 13 THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN sid01Bq SOP B19 aieleg ony BUIN[OIOIIG Op seiiadeqes OSes [ay Op Ovsieg nae f vuryedg BORN. Orel JO Rey BILIPLY] ON apursy ose] v119i[9q eIWeIYy BJOWIeD enoding ose] Azene J, eqn eIxed eqnqeinbig ° noviy WaieURS oP equuy 9dviv3] ole Ivou epunwef ory [eossag ovof =] adijay org - pangef Anon op visag Tizvug “16 luvoede xX Ong BUdaP BIULG seuleg oong [uoay =] oq] VIAIIOg OVeIIIIQWIOD Oly aqeniog equieqniy) Oly Jo YNoPy Weaef ony vAnu] OR viyien3sy ony Bsooy) novAvles seytArdvys Jo say seule’y [Nnzy 01199 RIAL seuedenyes) nuag vsopuRlenyy soynb] soJoquingn yj, vpuodowoy, oden ony penul uod-—wodvnosy I aun ‘avy NO NMOHG SALLITVOO'T ‘OF O8eIQUeS ONY euvipuy Oong Avreind ony e0g ojodeley, ° S¥19]eS) B19] [!PIOD SOPPIOJOD SO] ap OSurmog] OJURS equiediurys epuariepy BO oP Sine woavnoy idowes d21AnNy JaIUNT Ory VNVIN) HONIUY oqurweieg JoAry sulimoeyy VNVING HOLAG weeuidng ony VNVINO) HSLLING "TE ‘OL “6C “8 “LT "97 4 voll eT ep[esouisy OVE ONY enseyy 1a VISNZINIA seodeqieg eiayjey Chron tinh SIAC JVAIOg eIps02u07 IsQlON eV], Ory Hw) V1 Blpassy Oueng sepuowuryy se] owsIYy Ory 239195 VIGNOTOD ouvdeg ony aig JUNCY esijedey, omy wiANy ony viv] ON vuedidaysy VIRVNVd ‘IT ‘07 $I “LI “9 “ST FI “el ‘Tl ‘Il ‘Ol 6 8 VOL, 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 14 ‘POMIOWIY 2PpIP U 1(saazpv) skayuour Japids jo stu1O}J oy Jo UONNqINsIq—7 TANI °S9 006 pGewo7 ounbo ‘ yOaUMVS luanbad oly | UOWWY BP aj|DA 13 % 0409 * SOPsON sOUDd * (nzy 04499 * UONP UuDS * Ofnsg 01499 % SOpBeN soy | Sajjanway Oj4and VAVNVd DUDW DUDS 020d |3 augond °- INZy 020d * NZO4} UI}O/A, 0qs0G uDd|OA + seyidond * (BORWANYS SDpOIOJND % Seaeasian pqgeino Vol ViSOD pinbis o14 @LON jap uoNPUDS * VNOVYVOIN sueosesi5 — | $isuais0nzd —H sisuawoundd ~9 snyouso = 4 1f0153086 = snjD{uo4y —Q upd-9 sisuauojponk—G Snsosa|jaA— V7 10) onBouow "Bz Bonin 22 Odjobojow 92 own) "GZ 9ud|g Oued Z of0) O14 EZ VNOVYVOIN {0404U09'D * oopwfkond * SOWDIDIDO “ _0N40UD | 1 SVYNGNOH LOLLY A * wnjooxon 4 =a UngOD VIVW3LvnS OposdAyy UOdDIDjO}DND * JOpOIl “I 014s0§ 13 7 SOJOJOW OJ4aNd + ayozody odpe, Oueabiy3 DyUDS * uoyiyone % OASNN OSDg * Dedajxny odpjor * DUOSIN * OUI 7 uopuoosy | ie heer OO1X4W DIS, 3in3it j . aoe) - Sing} SSA? j Wackrs THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 15 sloping outward more gradually to zygomata; maxillae forming a more distinct ridge behind posterior molars; thin external redupli- cations of pterygoids extending farther posteriorly, the posterior bor- ders less deeply concave behind the internal spinelike hamular proc- esses; posterior plane of posterior upper molars barely reaching ante- rior plane of temporal fossae. M easurements.—Two adult females from Rio Jamunda, near Faro, north bank of Rio Amazonas, Para, Brazil, respectively : Total length, 1,330, 1,339 mm.; tail, 870, 920; hind foot, 195,195. Two adult females from Lago Cuipetia, north bank of Rio Amazonas, Para, Brazil, respec- tively: Total length, 1,450, 1,418; tail, 880, 753; hind foot, 220, 220. Skull: Two adult females from Rio Jamunda, near Faro, Brazil, respec- tively: Greatest length, 118.8, 116.8; orbital width, 68.3, 63.6; post- orbital constriction, 48.8, 51.3; width of brain case, 64, 63.3; zygomatic width, 68.7, 66.7; maxillary tooth row, 29.9, 29.5. Two adult females from Lago Cuipeta, Brazil, respectively : Greatest length, 113.6, 122.6; orbital width, 60.2, 68.2; postorbital constriction, 51.4, 51.4; width of brain case, 64.5, 64.6; zygomatic width, 69.4, 70.5; maxillary tooth row, 29.9, 29.5. Remarks.—Linnaeus, in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae (vol. 1, p. 26, 1758) combined the previously published descriptions of a spider monkey and of a howler monkey in formulating his diagnosis of [| Simia| paniscus. The spider monkey is described in the following words: “Simia fusca major, palmis tetradactylis, cauda prehensili ad apicem subtus nuda,” and this is a word-for-word quotation from the account of the “four-fingered monkey” published by Browne (The civil and natural history of Jamaica, p. 489, 1789; edition of 1756 not con- sulted). The longer diagnosis at the end of Linnaeus’s account of paniscus seems to be based mainly on the accounts of the “Guariba” published by Maregrave (Historiae rerum naturalium, p. 226, 1648; and Historia natural do Brasil, p. 226, 1942) and by Ray (Synopsis methodica animalium quadrupedum et serpentini generis, p. 153, 1693), supplemented by additional anatomical details which are credited to Hallman and Aymen. In the twelfth edition, however, Linnaeus (Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 87, 1766) seems to have recognized that the above-mentioned combination was inaccurate, and of the tenth edition references he cited only that of Browne (op. cit., 1756, p. 489) in the synonymy of [Simia] paniscus. With the exception of “Pedes & Cauda dimidia exterior brunnea,” this revised diagnosis applied to the “coaita.” Fur- thermore, in the twelfth edition Linnaeus (op. e7t., p. 87, 1766) placed the references to Maregrave and Ray, which had been cited under paniscus in the tenth edition, in the synonymy of the howler monkey, [Simia| belzebul. We are therefore of the opinion that Linnaeus in 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 1766 should be regarded as the first reviser and that the references to Marcgrave and Ray should definitely be eliminated in reaching a con- clusion concerning the status of paniscus. The “Guariba” of both Marcgrave and Ray is unquestionably the howler monkey, as was recognized by both Pennant (Synopsis of quadrupeds, p. 122, 1771; “preacher”) and Goldfuss (Schreber, Die Siugthiere, Theil 1, Heft 7, p. 112, 1774). The bases and type localities of the mammalian species in the tenth edition of Linnaeus were con- strued as they were by Thomas (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1911, pt. 1, p. 127, Mar. 22, 1911) on the assumption that Linnaeus’s “quota- tion of his own earlier writings should be given absolutely overriding importance” and that all others should be ignored. The Linnean quotation under [Simia] paniscus in the tenth edition is “S. caudata barbata, cauda prehensili, palmis subtetradactylis. Syst. nat. 3,” and on referring to the sixth edition of Systema Naturae (p. 3, 1748), it will be noted that Linnaeus altered his original concept of this species by adding “palmis subtetradactylis,” since the diagnosis under “Sima” in the earlier edition reads “14. Simia caudata barbata, cauda pre- hensili. Marcgr. bras. 226.” On the assumption that the reference to Marcgrave was the primary reference, Thomas designated Pernambuco as the type locality for paniscus. In view of the fact that Marcgrave’s account of the “Guariba” applies solely to the howler monkey, the designation of Pernambuco as the type locality for paniscus cannot be accepted. Browne (op. cit., p. 489, 1789) stated that the “four- fingered monkey” is an inhabitant of the main continent, Linnaeus in the tenth edition gave the habitat of paniscus as “America meridional : Brasilia,” and in the twelfth edition after the removal of the references to the “Guariba” Linnaeus restricted the habitat to “America meri- dionali.” Since “lua Guyane” has been designated by Geoffroy (op. cit., p. 6, 1803) as the “patrie” of paniscus, we hereby restrict the type locality to French Guiana. The Guiana black spider monkey is readily distinguished from all others by its long, lax, silky pelage and its large foot. It is believed to be restricted to the area between the north bank of the Amazon River and the coast of the Guianas. It was met with by various early tray- elers, and several names proposed seem clearly to belong in synonymy. In the three specimens from Rio Jamunda, on the north bank of the Amazon, near Faro, Brazil, vestigial thumbs are present as pointed out by Tate (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 76, p. 215, Oct. 20, 1939). In two from Lago Cuipetia, also on the north bank of the Amazon, farther to the east, vestigial thumbs are present in the skeleton, as usual in the group, but do not appear to have been dis- cernible in the skin. Tate (op. cit.) refers to “small, triangular pterygoids without pointed tips” as a cranial character in paniscus. The external reduplications of the pterygoids are broken off in the THE SPIDER MONKEYS—-KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 17 specimens examined by Tate, but the thin pterygoid plates in these and in other specimens from that region are in reality larger and more extended posteriorly than usual in spider monkeys. Other char- acters ascribed by him to paniscus are the small postglenoid processes and unexpanded zygomata of nearly uniform depth. Examination of large series of spider monkey skulls shows that these cranial fea- tures are everywhere subject to about the same wide range of individual variation. In Dutch Guiana, Kappler (Popular Sci. Monthly, vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 397-398, Jan. 1888) states that this monkey does not occur on the coast and that it is found only in the higher lands. An adult male collected by Kappler along the Marowijne River [=Rio Maroni], Dutch Guiana, is listed by Jentink (Catalogue systématique des mammiféres, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, vol. 11, p. 41, 1892). Thomas (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 6, p. 505, Nov. 1910), however, records this monkey from the River Supinaam, lower Essequibo, Demerara, British Guiana. Richard Schomburgk (in Roth, Richard Schomburgk’s travels in British Guiana 1840-1844, vol. 2, p. 72, 1923), states that this monkey is found mostly in troups of 16 to 20 in the highest trees and that one was killed in the vicinity of Maripaé at the forks of the upper Rio Waku-wau, a tributary of the Rio Tacutu, south of the Kanuku Mountains, British Guiana. In French Guiana, Ménégaux (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 8, No. 5, p. 296, 1902) has recorded this spider monkey from the Riviére Camopi, a tributary of the Rio Oyapock, and from the Rio Lunier, a tributary of the Rio Carsevenne [=Calsoene]. Lénnberg (Arkiv fér Zool., vol. 832A, No. 25, p. 8, vuly 18, 1940) has recorded specimens from the Igarapé |=Rio] Aniba, north bank of Rio Amazonas opposite mouth of Rio Madeira, and from Patuad (or Paitané), Para, Brazil. Specimens examined.—Total number, 5, as follows: Brazii: Lago Cuipetia, north bank Rio Amazonas, Para, 2 (M. C. Z.); Rio Jamunda near Faro, north bank of Rio Amazonas, Para, 3 (A. M. N. H.). ATELES PANISCUS CHAMEK (Humboldt) BLACK-FACED BLACK SPIDER MONKEY Simia chamek UvMnoipr, Recueil d’observations de zoologie et d’anatomie comparée, vol. 1, p. 353, 1812. Ateles longimembris J, A. AtteNn, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, p. 651, Dec, 14, 1914. Type locality, Barrio de Melgaco, headwaters of Rio Gy- Paranfi, Matto Grosso, Brazil. [Ateles ater| peruvianus LONNeeno, Arkiv fir Zool., vol, 832A, No. 25, p. 13, July 18, 1940. Type locality, eastern Peru. Type locality—Peru. |Here restricted to Rio Comberciato, a tributary of Rio Urubamba, Cuzco, Peru. | 602426-— 44-3 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Type specimen.—Unknown. Distribution—Western Matto Grosso, eastern Bolivia, and north- eastern Peru to the Rio Solimoes and Rio Jurua, Amazonas, Brazil. General characters—Entirely black, with pelage of moderate length, the hairs on midline of back 75 mm. or less, and on upperside of tail 40-65 mm. Similar in general to paniscus of French Guiana, but face black instead of flesh color; pelage shorter, the majority of hairs on midline of back 75 mm. or less, instead of 75 to 150; tail often more than twice length of head and body and hind foot large as in paniscus; skull differs from that of paniscus in detail. Similar in color to A. fusciceps robustus of southeastern Colombia, but pelage entirely black without the short, sparse white hairs on chin and about the mouth of the latter that while inconspicuous appear to be impor- tant as a distinguishing character; cranial details also different. Dif- fers from A. belzebuth belzebuth of Venezuela in uniform black in- stead of contrasting black and buffy upper and underparts. Color.—Epidermis of face normally black and entire pelage deep, glossy black. SkullSimilar in size to that of paniscus, but brain case slightly more highly arched; rostrum narrower, less inflated at base and slop- ing outward more abruptly to zygomata; premaxillae more distinctly pinched-in behind incisors, the sides being almost parallel; maxillae more truncate instead of prolonged in a distinct ridge behind posterior molars; external reduplications of pterygoids less extended poste- riorly, the posterior borders more deeply concave; palate narrower; posterior plane of last molars reaching farther posteriorly into ante- rior plane of temporal fossae. Differs from that of robustus as fol- lows: Premaxillae more extended anteriorly beyond canines, the sides more constricted and more nearly parallel at diastema between in- cisors and canines; nasal opening more elongated. Compared with that of belzebuth the skull is very similar in general, but the premaxil- lae differ in narrowness in about the same way as from robustus. Measurements.—An adult male and female from Rio Comberciato, Peru, respectively : Total length, 1,270, 1,380 mm.; tail, 820, 880; hind foot, 190, 202. Two adult females from Rio Yapacani, Bolivia, respec- tively: Total length, 1,320, 1,820; tail, 800, 800; hind foot, 220, 220. Skull: Adult male and female from Rio Comberciato, respectively: Greatest length, 117.5, 117; orbital width, 48.9, 50.8; width of brain case, 64.7, 59.8; zvgcomatic breadth, 68, 67.8; maxillary tooth row, 33, 29. Two adult females from Rio Yapacani, respectively: Greatest length, 121.1, 118.8; orbital width, 63.8, 59.2; postorbital constriction, 50.1, 48.7; width of brain case, 65.4, 64.7; zygomatic breadth, 71.3, 68.2; maxillary tooth row, 31.4, 31.5. Remarks.—The large black spider monkey here treated as A. panis- cus chamek appears to be distinguished as the most completely black THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 19 form in the group. It agrees closely in large size with paniscus but differs in having black instead of flesh-colored face, shorter pelage, and cranial details pointed out. The general resemblance of chamek to A. fusciceps robustus of Colombia is very close, but the short white hairs on the chin and about the mouth, together with the smaller foot of the latter, are distinctive. Specimens collected by Johann Natterer in 1825 on the Rio Sararé while en route from Matto Grosso (Villa Bella de Santissima Trini- dade) to Sao Vincente and in 1829 on the Rio Madeira above the mouth of the Rio Abufa probably are referable to this race (Wagner, Abh. math.-phys. Cl. bayer. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 5, Abt. 2, p. 418, 1848). Similarly the specimens described by Miranda Ribeiro (Com- missao de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto Grosso Ao Amazonas, Annexo No. 5, Hist. Nat., Zool., Mammiferos, p. 8, May 1914) from Cabeceiras do Pirocoluina and Jarti on Rio Jarua, a tribu- tary of the Gy-Parana, are likewise referred to this race. This spider monkey is reported to occur also in the Serra dos Parecis in central Matto Grosso. The specimens mentioned by Lénnberg (Arkiv for Zool., vol. 832A, No. 25, p. 10, July 18, 1940) from Puerto Salinas and Desierto on the Rio Beni, Bolivia, may belong here since three speci- mens (C. M. Nos. 2772, 2774, 2775) taken by José Steinbach on the Rio Yapacani, a tributary of the Rio Mamoré, seem referable to this form. Under the name of Afeles ater |=paniscus|, Thomas (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 2, p. 251, Sept. 1928) listed specimens from Cerro Azul, altitude 2,000 feet about 35 miles west of Rio Ucayali, and from Chicosa, upper Rio Ucayali, Peru, about 35 miles below junc- tion of Urugamba and Tambo Rivers, altitude 1,500 feet. A similar allocation has been made by Thomas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, p. 220, Nov. 10, 1920) of specimens (U.S. N. M. Nos. 194337-38 and AQ) from Rio Comberciato, a tributary of Rio Urubamba, Cuzco, Peru, altitude 3,000 feet, and from Pachitea. According to Bartlett (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1871, pt. 1, p. 218, June 1871) the black-faced spider monkey inhabits the forests on the Rio Ucayali and the low districts of the valley of the Amazonas in Peru. A specimen from Peruaté on Rio Maranén is recorded by Cabrera (Trabajos Mus. Nat. Cienc. Nat. Madrid, ser. zool., No. 31, p. 46, Oct. 28, 1917). A female obtained by Castelnau and Deville on the banks of the Rio Javari near its mouth on the Rio Amazonas is listed by I. Geoffroy (Catalogue méthodique de la collection des mam- miféres, pt. 1 (Catalogue des Primates), p. 48,1851). It is possible that this black-faced spider monkey may range down the Rio Marafién and the Solimdes to the Rio Jurué in Brazil since Lonnberg (Arkiv for Zool., vol. 832A, No. 25, p. 10, July 18, 1940) lists as ater specimens from Lago Grande west of mouth of Rio Jurud on Rio Solimées, from Jaburti and Joao Pessoa on the lower Rio Jurud 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 and from Santo Antonio on the Rio Eirt, a tributary of the upper Rio Jurud. The specimens described by Von Ihering (Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 6, p. 409, 1904) from below Sao Felipe on the Rio Jurua should belong to the same race. Although Wallace (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1852, pt. 20, p. 108, May 23, 1854) remarks that another spider monkey, “probably Ate/es ater, inhabits the West Brazil district on the river Purus,” recent work in Brazil has not confirmed this statement. Specimens examined.—Total number, 9, as follows: Borrvia: Ibon [=Ivon], Rio Beni, 1; Rio Yapacani, 4 (1 skull only; C. M.); Santa Helena (upstream from Rurrenagaque), Rio Beni, La Paz, 1. Prru: Rio Comberciato, a tributary of Rio Urubamba, Cuzco, 3. ATELES BELZEBUTH BELZEBUTH E. Geoffroy MARIMONDA SPIDER MONKEY Ateles belzebuth E. Grorrroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 7, p. 272, pl. 16, 1806. Le chuva de Bracamorros Humsorpt, Recueil d’observations de zoologie et d’anatomie comparée, vol. 1, p. 8, 1812; “Ateles marginatus,” p. 341 (Prov- ince de Jaén de Bracamoros, on the banks of Rio Santiago and Rio Ama- zonas [=Rio Marafién] between the cataracts of Yariquisa and of Pato- rumi, Departamento de Amazonas, northern Peru; specimen brought by Indians from Tutumbero, opposite Pongo de Cacangares, seen. in house of governor at Tomependa, on Rio Marafién near mouth of Rio Chinchipe. ) A[teles] marimonda OKeNn, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, Theil 3, Zool., Abt. 2, p. 1201, 1816. Type locality, Orinoco. Ateles fuliginosus Kuni, Beitriige zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie, Abth. 1, p. 25, 1820. Type locality, unknown. [Based on specimen in Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris.] Cebus brissonii Fischrr, Synopsis mammalium, p. 40, 1829. Type locality, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela. A[teles] variegatus WaGNer, Schreber’s Die Siiugthiere, Suppl., Abt. 1, p. 318, 1840. Type locality, Cocuy [=Cucui or Cucuhy], Rio Negro, northern Amazonas, Brazil, at the Venezuelan boundary (fide Wagner, 1847, Abh. math.-phys. Cl. bayer. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 5, Abth. 1, p. 421)= Serra de Cocoi, upper Rio Negro (fide Sclater, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 472, Dec. 1870). (Preoccupied by Simia variegatus Kerr, 1792—= Ateles variegatus (Kerr), unidentifiable. ) Ateles bartlettii Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 20, No. 118, p. 300, Oct. 1867. Type locality, Brazil, the upper part of the Amazons [‘‘Hastern Perfi, near Xeberos’=Jeberos or Jeveros, Loreto (see Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. London for 1867, pt. 3, No. 63, p. 992, pl. 47, Apr. 1868) =Forests of northwestern Peri at highest point of mountains on forest trail between Moyobamba and Chayavitos, three days’ journey from the latter (see Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Londen for 1871, pt. 1, No. 14, p. 217, June 1871).] Ateles chuvu ScHLEGEL, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, vol. 7, livr. 12 (Monogr. 40: Simiae), p. 175, 1876. Type locality, not designated. [Based in part on “Le chuva de Bracamorros” of Humboldt, 1812; Ateles variegatus of Wag- ner, 1840; Ateles bartlettii of Gray, 1868; and two mounted female speci- mens, one from Peru, in the Leiden Museum. ] THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 21 Ateles problema Scuuecet MS., in Jentink, Catalogue systématique des mam- miféres, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, Leiden, vol. 11, p. 42, 1892 (nomen nudum). Type locality —Unknown. [Here restricted to Esmeralda, west of the mouth of Rio Guapo, on Rio Orinoco, and south of Mount Duida, Venezuela (see Humboldt, Recueil d’observations de zoologie et d’anatomie comparée, vol. 1, livr. 7, p. 326, 1812). | Type specimen.—A specimen exhibited at public fairs until after its death, when it passed into the possession of Réaumer, constituted the basis of “Le Belzebut” of Brisson (Regnum animale, p. 211, 1756) ; this stuffed specimen, the description of Buffon, and two living spider monkeys in the menagerie were combined as the basis for Geoffroy’s name. Distribution —Ranges in the vast lowlands from near the junction of the Rio Orinoco and Rio Caura in central Venezuela’ south to the valley of the Rio Negro, westward to Colombia east of the Cordillera Oriental (Mambita), Ecuador east of the crest of the Andes, and to northeastern Peru (Sarayacu). General characters—Distinguished by unusual color pattern, the black upperparts contrasting strongly with pale buffy underparts, there being a sharp line of demarcation along lower part of sides. This marked contrast in coloration extends to the outer and inner sur- faces of its limbs, although these vary in detail, and a triangular fore- head patch varying from white to golden or brownish yellow is nor- mally but not invariably present. Foot large (190-200 mm.) ; tail variable in length but often almost twice the length of head and body. Differs conspicuously in color, but similarity in cranial details indi- cates close relationship to hybridus of Colombia. Differs notably from A. paniscus paniscus of French Guiana in much shorter pelage and in contrasting colors of upper parts and underparts. Color.—F ace and eyebrows black, a triangular forehead patch vary- ing from white to golden, yellow, or brownish yellow (occasionally entirely absent or more or less hidden by stiff upturned black hairs over eyes and opposing black frontal tuft from crown); crown cap and upperparts generally black to a sharp line of demarcation with under- parts (in some individuals the black hairs under strong light have a seal-brown tinge) ; underparts, in general, including inner surfaces of fore and hind limbs, and underside of tail varying from cinnamon-buff, yellow, or dull cream-buff to pale olive-buff; side whiskers on face, when present, whitish or buffy (absent in some specimens) ; outer surfaces of forelimbs to elbows black; outer surfaces of forearms to wrists generally blackish, but occasionally similar to underparts and intermixed with long dusky overhairs. Outer surfaces of hind limbs usually blackish to knees or below, but in some specimens (particularly in eastern part of range) the outer surfaces of hind limbs, as well as thighs and region around base of tail, are distinctly straw-colored in 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 ground color thinly overlaid with long black hairs (not numerous enough to materially affect the general ground color) ; hairs on throat normally black, sometimes grayish, more or less concealed by black hairs; tail normally bicolored, the upper surface black and the under surface similar to that of underparts (in occasional specimens the upper surface is about the same as that of the under surface, but more heavily interspersed with long black overhairs). Skuill—About as in that of Aybridus. Very similar in general to that of paniscus but brain case somewhat narrower ; posterior borders of external reduplications of pterygoids more deeply concave. Measurements.—An adult male and female from El Llagual, Caura District, Venezuela, respectively: Total length, 1,257, 1,317 mm.; tail, §23, 810; hind foot, —, 193. An adult male and female from Valle de los Monos, Mount Duida, Venezuela, respectively : Total length, 1,110, 1,330; tail, 695, 840; hind foot, 185, 195. Skull: An adult male and female from El Llagual, Venezuela, respectively: Greatest length, 109.5, 117.7; orbital width, 60.2, 61.8; postorbital constriction, 50, 51; width of brain case, 59.7, 59.8; zygomatic width, 68.3, 66.7; maxillary tooth row, 29.8, 28.8. An adult male and female from Valle de los Monos, Venezuela, respectively: Greatest length, 119.4, 113.2; orbital width, 61.6, 61; postorbital constriction, 52, 52.1; width of brain case, 61, 63.2; zygomatic width, 71.9, 68.4; maxillary tooth row, 29.9, 30. Remarks.—This well-marked and widely dispersed spider monkey has evidently been described under various names which appear to be assignable to the synonymy of belzebuth. Humboldt (Recueil d’obser- vations de zoologie et d’anatomie comparée, vol. 1, livr. 7, p. 853, 1812) observed that it was found along the banks of the Rio Orinoco but always above the Raudal de Atures and the Raudal de Maipures in Venezuela. Allen records specimens from La Unién on the Rio Caura (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, No. 29, p. 344, Oct. 8, 1904) as well as from the Rio Mato, a tributary of the Rio Caura (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 28, No. 12, p. 148, May 27, 1910) and from El Llagual on the Rio Caura, Venezuela (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 30, No. 10, p. 272, Dec. 2, 1911). Johann Natterer in February 1831 obtained a male, three females, and a young of this spider monkey at Serra de Cocoi on the upper Rio Negro, Brazil, one female of which was exchanged with the British Museum of Natural History (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1871, pp. 39, 225, 1871). According to Bartlett (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1871, p. 217), this spider monkey is found in Peru in the interior forest on the moun- tain range between Lamas (north of Rio Mayo,a tributary of Rio Hual- laga) and Saravacu on Rio Ucayali; on the lower spurs of the moun- tains between Moyobamba and the Rio Huallaga; at Cahuapanas on the headwaters of the Rio Cahaupanas, a tributary of the Rio Ma- ran6n; near the native village of Chamicuros (Parinari District) on THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 23 the Rio Chamicuros [ = Rio Samiria}, a tributary of the Rio Maranon; and on the Rio Tigre, a northern tributary of the Rio Maranon west of Nauta. It has been reported also from Puerto Indiana on the Rio Maranén just west of mouth of the Rio Napo by Tate (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 76, p. 216, Oct. 20, 1939), and from Elvira on the Rio Marafién above the mouth of the Rio Chambira by Bartlett (Proce. Zool. Soc. London for 1882, p. 373). Specimens are also listed by Goeldi and Hagmann (Bol. Mus. Goeldi, vol. 4, p. 42, 1904) from Iquitos, on the Rio Marafién above mouth of the Rio Napo, by Cabrera (Trabajos Mus. Nat. Cienc. Nat. Madrid, ser. zool., No. 31, p. 46, Oct. 28, 1917) from Tarapoto (Nueva Floren- cia) on the Rio Nape, and by Lénnberg (Arkiv fér Zool., vol. 14, No. 4, p. 6, June 7, 1921) from below Baeza on the Rio Quijos, a tributary of the Rio Coca in eastern Ecuador. Festa (Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, vol. 18, No. 435, p. 4, Feb. 11, 1903) identifies as Ateles variegatus several specimens collected by him in Ecuador in the valley of the Rio Santiago and at San José on the Rio Suni and remarks that he had found this spider monkey to be abundant in the forests bordering the Paute, Zamora, and Santiago Rivers. A specimen of this monkey (U. S. N. M. No. 3332) collected by William E. Moore in 1857 somewhere along the Rio Napo in eastern Ecuador has yellowish underparts and a golden brow patch. Specimens examined.—Total number, 9, as follows: Cotomsra: Mambita (Llanos) on Rio Guavio, a tributary of Rio Meta, 1 (M. C. Z.); Villavicencio, western Rio Meta, 1. Ecuapor: Rio Napo, 1; Jima (southwest of Sigsig) on headwaters of Rio Pamar, a tribu- tary of Rio Paute, 1 (skull only, M. C. Z.). Peru: No definite locality, 1 (U. M. M. Z.). Venezvera: El Liagual [=Yagual], 2 (A. M. N. H.) ; Valle de los Monos, Mount Duida, 2 (A. M. N. H.). ATELES BELZEBUTH MARGINATUS E. Geoffroy WHITE-WHISKERED SPIDER MONKEY Ateles marginatus B. Georrroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 13, p. 92, pl. 10, Mar. 1809. Ateles frontalis Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soe, London for 1830-31, pt. 1, No. 4, p. 38, Apr. 6, 1831. Type locality, unknown. Ateles albifrons H. Scu1nz, Systematisches Verzeichniss aller bis jetzt bekannten Siiugethiere oder Synopsis Mammalium, vol. 1, p. 68, 1844. [This name ap- pears in the synonymy of Ateles marginatus and apparently is based on Coaita A front blac, Ateles marginatus Fr, Cuvier, Histoire naturelle des mammiféres, vol. 7, livr. 62, pages unnumbered, Apr. 1830.] Type locality—‘Les parties du Brésil, arrosées par le Rio- Janeiro” [=Pard, Brazil, and the borders of the Rio Orinoco, Vene- zuela; see EK, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 19, p. 106, 1812. Here restricted to Cameté, Rio Tocantins, Para, Brazil. | Type specimen —Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 24. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 96 Distribution —South side of Rio Amazonas, between the Rio Tapa- joz and Rio Tocantins, state of Para, Brazil. General characters—A deep, glossy-black spider monkey, with a_ white semilunar forehead patch and a few white side whiskers on face. Similar in general to belzebuth, which it resembles in the pos- session of a conspicuous forehead patch, but the pelage is longer (long- est hairs on back about 90 instead of 50 mm.) and it differs notably in the extension of black over entire body and limbs. Differs from panis- cus of the opposite side of the Rio Amazonas in smaller size, especially the smaller foot, shorter pelage, and in the conspicuous white forehead patch (absent in paniscus) ; cranial details also different. Color.—An adult male from Caxiricatuba, east bank of Rio Tapajéz, Para, Brazil: Face flesh-colored, at least around eyes and on nose; side whiskers white mixed with black; a narrow strip across brow just above eyes thinly clothed with erect black hairs behind which is a white semilunar forehead patch overlapped behind by black hairs from crown; rest of upper and underparts deep, glossy black. Skull_—Very similar to that of belzebuth but interorbital region more depressed. Compared with that of paniscus the interorbital region is more depressed and the anterior profile rises more steeply to vault of brain case; it also differs notably in the lesser posterior exten- sion of the external reduplications of the pterygoids and the smaller winglike tips. Measurements—An adult male from Caxiricatuba, east bank of Rio Tapajéz, Para, Brazil: Total length, 1,250 mm.; tail, 750; hind foot, 108 (188 ?). Three females from Marai, right bank of Rio Tapaj6z as stated by Lonnberg (Arkiv for Zool., vol. 832A, No. 25, p. 7, July 18, 1940), respectively: Total length, 1,114, 1,190, 1,245; tail, 770, 6138, 740; hind foot, 190, 189, 190. Shull: Adult male from Caxirica- tuba, Rio Tapajéz, Para, Brazil: Greatest length, 114.1; orbital width, 61.3; postorbital constriction, 49.5; width of brain case, 59.6; zygo- matic breadth, 69.7; maxillary tooth row, 31.9. Remarks.—A. b. marginatus is readily distinguished by the white semilunar forehead patch combined with black general coloration. It appears to be most closely allied to belzebuth but differs in color pat- tern and in longer pelage. In length of pelage it suggests paniscus, which inhabits the opposite bank of the Rio Amazonas, but is less extreme, as the longer hairs on the middle of the back in that form exceed 100 mm. in length. In cranial characters also it agrees more closely with belzebuth than paniscus. This black spider monkey with white semilunar patch on forehead and white side whiskers seems to be most abundant between the Rio Tapajoz and the Rio Xingt. Specimens in the Museu Goeldi at Belém were obtained at Altamira on the Rio Xingti and at Santarém at the mouth of the Rio Tapajéz. Loénnberg (Arkiv for Zool., vol. 382A, THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 25 No. 25, p. 7, July 18, 1940) records this monkey from Marai on the right bank of the Rio Tapaj6z, and Bates (The naturalist on the river Amazona, p. 217, 1875) found it at Araca on the Rio Cupary, a tributary of the Rio Tapajéz. It was found by Sieber at Cameta on the left bank of Rio Tocantins. Specimens examined.—Total number, 3, as follows: Brazm: Caxi- ricatuba, east bank of Rio Tapajéz, a few miles below Tauary, Para, 1 (M.C. Z.) ; no definite locality, 2 (1, C. M.). ATELES BELZEBUTH HYBRIDUS I. Geoffroy HyYBriIp SPIDER MONKEY Ateles hybridus I. Geovrroy, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 168, 1829. Ateles albifrons Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum, p. 44, 1870. Type locality, South America. [Ateles belzebuth] brunneus Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit- eating bats in the collection of the British Museum, p. 44, 1870. Type locality, “Brazil.” Amer-anthropoides loysi MONTANDON, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 188, No. 11, p. 817, Mar. 11, 1929. Type locality, left affluent of upper Rio Tarra, a tributary of the Rio Catatumbo, which flows into Lake Maracaibo, Vene- zuela, Type locality—Valley of Rio Magdalena, Colombia. Here re- stricted to La Gloria on the Rio Magdalena, southern Magdalena De- partment, Colombia. Type specimen.—Cotypes, 2 males and 1 female, Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris; presented by M. Plée in 1826. Distribution—Serrania de Valledupar (Las Marimondas) and southward along the Rio César to the Rio Magdalena (Puerto Estrella), and south in the Cordillera Oriental at least to latitude 6° N. in Santander (Bolivar), Colombia. General characters.—Distinguished by wood-brown general colora- tion of upperparts and a white triangular forehead patch. Apparently closely allied to belzebuth of Venezuela, but contrasting strongly in brownish instead of black upperparts. Differs from its geographic neighbor, A. fusciceps robustus, of western Colombia, in brownish up- perparts and white forehead patch instead of nearly all black colora- tion, larger foot, and cranial details. Color—F ace and upturned hairs on anterior part of forehead just above eyes black, partially concealing a white triangular forehead patch; coloration of upperparts in general wood brown, darker on head and upper back, becoming lighter and near avellaneous on lumbar region and hips; outer surfaces of forelimbs, thighs, and upperside of tail wood brown; underparts, inner surfaces of fore and hind limbs, and under surface of tail whitish or buffy; side whiskers on face vary- ing from whitish or buffy to dark wood brown. Skull.—About asin belzebuth. Similar to that of A. paniscus panis- cus but variable, the premaxillae in some individuals less produced 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96: anteriorly and the nasal opening less elongated. Compared with that of A. fusciceps robustus the premaxillae tend to be more produced anteriorly beyond plane of canines and the nasal opening more elon- gated. Measurements.—Three adult males from Rio Guaimaral, Valledu- par, Magdalena, Colombia, respectively: Total length, 1,248, 1,288, 1,211 mm. ; tail vertebrae, 750, 739, 741; hind foot, 177, 178, 172. Three adult females from same locality, respectively: Total length, 1,330, 1,247, 1257; tail vertebrae, 856, 778, 809; hind foot, 185, 187, 187. Skull: Three adult males already mentioned, respectively: Greatest. length, 113.9, 114.4, 116.6; orbital width, 60, 65, 63.3; postorbital con- striction, 50.9, 49.2, 49.4; width of brain case, 65.6, 59.7, 65.3; zygomatic breadth, 71.4, 728, 74.1; maxillary tooth row, 30.3, 30.9, 33.8. Three adult females already mentioned, respectively: Greatest length, 116.9, 109.9, 110.7; orbital width, 64.8, 59.9, 61.3; postorbital constriction, 50.8, 48.1, 49.2; width of brain case, 61.6, 60.7, 60.8; zygomatic breadth, 70.2, 69, 69; maxillary tooth row, 32.2, 32.6, 29.2. Remarks.—Ateles hybridus was based on specimens presented to the Paris Museum by M. Plée in 1826. They were collected in the valley of the Rio Magdalena, Colombia, but no definite locality was given. It is now known to be a well-marked form with an extensive range, and for precision we restrict the type locality to La Gloria, on the Rio Magdalena in the southern part of Magdalena Department, Colombia, where the animal appears to be typical. Ateles albifrons Gray was described from South America without definite locality. According to Elliot (A review of the Primates, vol. 2, p. 45, June 15, 1913), the type in the British Museum is stated on the ticket to be from Medellin, Colombia. That important town was for many years a headquarters for dealers in natural-history specimens, many of which labeled as from there are known to have been collected elsewhere, and it is not improbable that the type of albifrons may have been taken at some other locality. At any rate, descriptions of the type agree so well with hybridus that the name may be assumed to belong in synonymy under at: Another spider monkey, [Ateles belzebuth] brunneus, was described by Gray (Catalogue of the monkeys, lemurs and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum, p. 44, 1870) as the fourth color variety of belzebuth. The original description of this specimen, which was stated to have come from Brazil, is as follows: “Brown, or brown- washed grey; cheek, loins, and outside of the thighs whiter; chest, throat, inside of limbs pale grey; crown, outside of limbs, and upper surface of tail darker brown.” Philip Hershkovitz has recently exam- ined the type of brunneus at our request and writes that it is identical with hybridus. The type has been exhibited as a mounted specimen and is considerably faded. In cranial characters hybridus seems to be identical with belzebuth, and the similarity in color pattern strongly indicates that the two are THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 27 conspecific. On the other hand, the cranial details as well as color differences point to a departure from robustus, a geographic neighbor on the west. This monkey has been reported from as far south as Bolivar in the Cordillera Oriental of Santander Department. Montandon (La Nature, Paris, No. 2809, vol. 1, p. 440, May 15, 1929; Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 188, No. 11, p. 817, March 11, 1929) has described a monkey under the name of Amer-anthropoides loysi, typifying an assumed new family Amer-anthropoidae, from a left affluent of the upper Rio Tarra, a tributary of the Rio Catatumbo, which flows into Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. The collector, Dr. Fran- cois de Loys, observed two individuals and killed the female, and al- though an effort was made to save the skin and the skull these were subsequently spoiled by humidity. The description was based on notes and a photograph (Montandon, Journ. Soc. Amér. Paris, new ser., vol. 21, pp. 183-195, pl. 5, 1929) of the animal. The absurdity of the conclusions reached by Montandon is pointed out in detail by Cabrera (Rev. Soc. Argentina Cienc. Nat., vol. 10, pp. 204-209, July 12, 1930). The animal photographed seems to be unquestionably an Afe/es with a triangular white patch on the forehead. Specimens examined by us from the San Calisto district of the upper Rio Tarra proved to be Ateles belzebuth hybridus, to which the name Amer-anthropoides loysi is here relegated in synonymy. Specimens examined.—Total number, 17, as follows: Cotompra: La Gloria, Rio Magdalena, 2; Las Marimondas, eastern Andes, Fonseca, Magdalena, 5; Puerto Estrella, Rio Magdalena, Magdalena, 2; Rio Guaimaral, Valledupar, Magdalena, 6; Rio Tarra, San Calisto, San- tander, 2. ATELES FUSCICEPS FUSCICEPS Gray BROWN-HEADED SPIDER MONKEY Ateles fusciceps Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1865, pt. 3, No. 47, p. 733, Apr. 1866. Atcles fusciceps Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1872, pt. 2, No. 42, p. 663, pl. 54 (col.), Nov. 1872. (Specimen collected by Clarence Buckley in 'Trans- andean Ecuador. ) Type locality—South America. [Here restricted to Hacienda Chi- nipamba, near Pefaherrera (west of Ibarra), Intag District, Imbabura Province, northwestern Ecuador; altitude 1,500 meters. | Type specimen.—British Museum (Natural History) No———. Distribution.—Pacific side of cordillera of Ecuador, General characters.—A black or brownish-black spider monkey, with top of head more distinctly brownish than body; foot small (150-170 mm.) ; pelage rather coarse; tail variable in length, usually one-fifth or more longer than head and body, clothed with hair of moderate length. Closely allied to robustus of Colombia but more brownish, especially on the head. Compared with paniscus, especially as repre- 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 96 sented by A. paniscus chamek of Peru, the brownish head is distine- tive; other differences are the short whitish hairs on chin (chin nearly naked and white hairs absent in chamek) ; shorter, coarser pelage, the crown patch less projecting over forehead, the shorter-haired tail, smaller foot, and cranial details. Color—Face and upturned hairs on forehead black; crown cap tawny-olive, yellowish wood brown, or with black hairs tipped with burnt umber; remainder of body, including limbs and tail, covered with black hairs tinged with burnt umber. Skull—Skull of medium size and proportions; premaxillae mod- erately extended anteriorly; rostrum rather short and nasal opening of medium length; auditory bullae somewhat flattened. Skull similar to that of the related form robustus. Compared with that of paniscus: Premaxillae less produced anteriorly beyond plane of canines and anterior nasal opening less elongated. Measurements —An adult male and female from Hacienda Chini- pamba, near Pefaherrera, Ecuador, respectively: Total length, 1,090, 1,281 mm.; tail, 720, 770; hind foot, 160, 169. An adult female from Cordillera de Chilluri, Ecuador: Total length, 1,194; tail, 655; hind foot, 152. Skull: An adult male and female from Hacienda Chini- pamba, near Pefaherrera, Ecuador, respectively: Greatest length, 113.7, 117.2; orbital width, 63.6, 62.5; postorbital constriction, 50.4, 48.9; width of brain case, 61.2, 61.7; zygomatic breadth, 73, 71.2; maxil- lary tooth row, 32.6, 32.2. An adult female from Cordillera de Chil- luri, Ecuador: Greatest length, 113.8; orbital width, 58; postorbital constriction, 47; width of brain case, 59.7; zygomatic breadth, 69.6; maxillary tooth row, 30.2. Remarks.—Ateles fusciceps was based on a specimen from an un- known locality. Another specimen of this well-marked monkey was collected by Clarence Buckley in Transandean. Ecuador, as recorded by Sclater (op. cit.), who also published a colored plate. For pre- cision in regard to the type locality, however, the name is restricted by us to the form occurring at Hacienda Chinipamba, near Pefiaherrera (west of Ibarra), Intag District, Imbabura Province, northwestern Kceuador, where the altitude is given as 1,500 meters. Lénnberg (Arkiv fér Zool., vol. 14, No. 4, p. 5, June 7, 1921) has recorded specimens from near Gualea (alt. 4,000 feet) and Santo Domingo de los Colorados (alt. 2,000 feet) on the upper tributaries of Rio Esmeraldas, northwestern Ecuador. Specimens examined.—Total number, 8, as follows: Ecuapor: Caro- lina Ibarra, Imbabura Province, 1 (skull only, U. M. M. Z.) ; Cordillera de Chilluri, 1 (U. M. M. Z.) ; Gualea (near), Pichincha Province, alti- tude 5,000-4,000 feet, 1 (M. C. Z.) ; Hacienda Chinipamba, near Pefia- herrera, Intag District, Imbabura Province, 2 (U. M. M. Z.) ; Mindo (below), Pichincha Province, altitude 4,000 feet, 1 (M. C. Z.); Par- THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 29 amba, Imbabura Province, 1 (skull only, U. M. M. Z.); no definite locality, 1 (U. M. M. Z.). ATELES FUSCICEPS ROBUSTUS J. A. Allen COLOMBIAN BLACK SPIDER MONKEY Ateles robustus J. A. ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, art. 48, p. 652, Dec. 14, 1914. Ateles dariensis GOLDMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, p. 101, Apr. 13, 1915. Type locality, near head of Rio Lim6n, Mount Pirre, eastern Panama; altitude 5,200 feet. Type locality —Gallera, Department of Cauca, western Andes, Co- lombia; altitude, 5,000 feet. Type specimen.—Male adult, skin and skull, American Museum of Natural History No, 32354, collected July 13, 1911, by Leo E. Miller. Distribution.—W estern cordillera of Andes from southwestern Co- lombia northward on west side of Rio Cauca to eastern Panama (Mount Pirre). General characters.—A\I black, except for a slight brownish tinge on forehead of one individual and a few inconspicuous white hairs on chin and about mouth; hairs on back harsh and of medium length (majority of hairs on midline 40-70 mm. in length) ; tail variable in length, occasionally nearly twice as long as head and body; hind foot small (160-170 mm.) ; tail hairs of moderate length (30-50 mm. on upperside). Closely allied to fusciceps of Ecuador but more nearly uniform black in color, without the distinctly brownish head of jusciceps. Similar in color to paniscus of northern Brazil, but with a few white hairs on chin (chin nearly naked and white hairs absent in paniseus) ; foot smaller; hair on back and tail shorter; skull dif- fering in detail. Differs from geoffroyi and subspecies of Middle America in nearly uniform black, instead of diverse coloration, vary- ing from light buff to ferruginous. Color—Face and entire pelage deep glossy black, except in some specimens having a slight brownish tinge on the forehead and a few whitish hairs on chin and about mouth, Skull.—About as in the related form fusciceps. Very similar to that of paniscus, but premaxillae less produced anteriorly beyond plane of canines; anterior nasal opening less elongated. Closely resembling that of geoffroyi, but rostrum longer; anterior profile rising less steeply from ends of premaxillae; auditory bullae usually more flattened. Measurements.—Type (fron original description) : Total length, 1,220 mm.; tail, 680; hind foot, 160, Two adult female topotypes, respectively: Total length, 1,150, 1,260; tail, 600, 750; hind foot, 155, 160. Skull: Two adult female topotypes, respectively: Greatest length, 115.3, 111.7; orbital width, 58.9, 62.2; postorbital constriction, 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 47.9, 44.7; width of brain case, 59.1, 57.2; zygomatic breadth, 65.9, 69.1; ene tooth row, 28.8, 31.1. Lo —Ateles dariensis was based on a single | specimen from eastern Panama, exhibiting characters that prove to be inconstant in additional specimens examined, and the name must be relegated to the synonymy of vobustus. Despite the marked contrast in color be- tween this black form and the red monkey of eastern Panama, the agreement in nearly all cranial details suggests close relationship. The auditory bullae are usually more flattened in robustus, but even this feature is not always distinctive. To the southward, on the other hand, close alliance with fusciceps is indicated by the slight brownish tinge on the forehead in at least one individual, and apparent identity in cranial details. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 35, p. 235, May 31, 1916) records a specimen of this spider monkey from Barba- coas, Narifio Department. southwestern Colombia. Gray (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 11, No. 66, p. 468, June 1873) has recorded “Ateles ater” irom the vicinity of Concordia, Antioquia, Colombia. Elliot (A review of the Primates, vol. 2, p. 30, June 15, 1913) under the same name lists Cereté on the Rio Sint, Bolivar, Colombia, as a locality record. Festa (Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, vol. 18, No. 435, p. 4, Feb. 11, 1903) likewise iden- tifies a female taken in forest near the Rio Lara, which empties into an arm of Golfo de San Miguel, Panama, as Ateles ater. Anthony (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 35, No. 20, p. 375, June 9, 1916) refers to two specimens collected at Tapalisa, Panama. It is therefore evident that this black spider monkey ranges from the Serrania del Darién (Cerro Pirre and Tapalisa) southward along the mountain ranges bordering the Rio Sint in Bolivar to the moun- tain range west of the Rio Cauca (Concordia), and southward at least to southwestern Colombia (Barbacoas). Specimens examined.—Total number, 7, as follows: Conompra: Gallera (type locality),2 (A. M.N.H.). Panama: Cituro, 1 (A. M. N. H.); Mount Pirre, 1; Tapalisa, 1 (A. M. N. H.); Rio Bayano, 1 (skull only, M. C. Z.) ; Rio Tuyra, 1 (skull only, M. C. Z.). ATELES GEOFFROYI GEOFFROYI Kuhl NICARAGUAN SPIDER MONKEY Atele[s] geoffroyi Kun, Beitriige zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie, Abth. 1, p. 26, 1820. (Printed also on same page as “Aveles Geoffroy. mihi species inedita.’’) Ateles melanochir DesMaAREsST, Encyclopédie methodique (Zoologie), Mammal- ogie, pt. 1, p. 76, 1820. [Based on specimen in Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris.] Type locality, unknown. Ateles melanochir Sciater, Proce. Zool. Soc. London for 1875, pt. 8, No. 27, p. 419, pl. 48 (col.), Oct. 1875. Ateles melanocercus SCHLEGEL MS., in Jentink, Catalogue systématique des mam- miféres, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas Leiden, vol. #1, p. 43, 1892 (nomen nudum). THE SPIDER MONKEYS—-KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 31 Type locality —Unknown [Here restricted to San Juan del Norte (Greytown), Nicaragua; see “Ateles hybridus” Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1862, pt. 2, No. 12, p. 186, Sept. 1862 (specimen from Rio Rana, Gorgon Bay, near San Juan del Norte); and Salvin im Alston, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Mammalia, vol. 1, pp. 9-10, Sept. 1879. ] Type specimen.—Female adult, Muséum National d’Histoire Natu- relle, Paris (menagerie specimen acquired in 1819; see I. Geoffroy, Catalogue méthodique de la collection des mammiféres, pt. 1 (Cata- logue des Primates), p. 49, 1851.) Distribution —Coastal region bordering San Juan del Norte or Ma- tina Bay, southeastern Nicaragua; probably ranging across through the lowlands to the Pacific coast. General characters —Distinguished by light buff, overlaid with dusky tipped hairs, in general coloration; dark markings on head and limbs variable and inconspicuous as a rule. Most closely resembling frontatus of northwestern Costa Rica, but lighter and dark markings much more restricted. Contrasts strongly with ornatus of eastern Costa Rica in light buff instead of rich rufescent coloration. Differs from A, fusciceps robustus of eastern Panama and western Colombia in diverse instead of nearly uniform black coloration. Color.—Face and eyebrows varying from blackish to a mixture of black and buffy hairs, those on the brows directed upward to form a thin ruff; top of head thinly overlaid with blackish or brownish hairs directed forward, the under color usually light buff. Crown cap grading from black to buff tinged with brownish; stiff long black hairs above eyes concealing to variable extent the white or buff tri- angular forehead patch; upperside of neck, entire dorsal area, upper- part of arms all around and of legs to ankles all around, except knees, light buff thinly intermixed with long black or brownish hairs; nar- row areas usually extending 2 or 3 inches up and down over knees black, the hairs black to roots, but in one specimen the knee patches are limited to a few overlying dusky hairs; elbows and outer sides of forearms more or less distinctly blackish; throat and sides of face and neck silky light buff to light ochraceous-buff; underparts dull light buff; hands and feet blackish; tail above about like back, below somewhat paler along basal portion, but with a narrow line of dusky hairs bordering callosity near tip. In one specimen all the darker areas are reduced aid the general pelage is suffused with light ochra- ceous-buff, becoming near cinnamon-buff on inguinal region. In an- other individual small cinnamon-buff areas appear on shoulders, inner sides of wrists, sides of feet, and near middle of underside of tail. Skull—Very similar to that of ornatus but apparently smaller. Measurements.—No external measurements available. Sku//: An adult and a subadult female from Nicaragua, respectively: Greatest 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 96 length, 103.7, 101.5 mm.; orbital width, 58.7, 52.7; postorbital constric- tion, 46.8, 45.9; width of brain case, 55.7, 56.2; zygomatic width, 61.6, 56.8; maxillary tooth row, 28. 26.2. Remarks.—A. geoffroyi appears to be the first identifiable name applied to a spider monkey from Middle America. At the time it was described the locality from which the type specimen came was unknown. Much general evidence, however, indicates that this is the so-called gray spider monkey, also described as A. melanochir, now known to inhabit southeastern Nicaragua, and that this general gray (really light buff) style of monkey may range across through the lowlands of the Rio San Juan to the vicinity of Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua. It is interesting to note that a very young example of frontatus as figured by Gray (Zool. Voy. Sulphur, vol. 1, No. 1, Mammalia, pt. 1, pl. 1, Apr. 1843) has essentially the same light-gray color pattern as that of the adult of geoffroyi. It is probable that the type of geoffroyi came from San Juan del Norte, and for preci- sion we restrict the name to the animal that occurs in the vicinity of that locality. A specimen from Rio Rana, Gorgon Bay, near San Juan del Norte (Sclater, op. cit., p. 186, 1862) was subsequently listed by Gray (Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum, p. 48, 1870) as “Ateles hybridus” from “St. Juan, Nicaragua.” A very good description of this spider monkey, based on field observations, was given by Salvin to Alston (Biologia Centrali-Americana, Mammalia, vol. 1, pp. 9-10, Sept. 1879). Confusion of the Nicaraguan race with A. hybridus by Gray was undoubtedly due to external resemblance, which is rather strik- ing; but cranial characters indicate close alliance with geographic neighbors that are markedly different in coloration. A specimen (M. C. Z. No. 29626) from El Valle del Anton, near the Pacific coast east of the Azuero Peninsula in Panama, agrees closely in general coloration with those from Nicaragua, but the black on the crown patch and on forearms is more extensive. Whether this animal was native to the locality or brought from some other region seems some- what uncertain. Specimens exumined—Total number, 10, as follows: Nicaracua: Managua, 6; no definite locality, 4 (1, A. M. N. H.). ATELES GEOFFROYI VELLEROSUS Gray MEXICAN SPIDER MONKEY Ateles vellerosus GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1865, pt. 3, No. 47, p. 773, Apr. 1866. Ateles vellerosus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1872, pt. 1, No. 1, p, 5, pl. 2 (col.), June 1872. (Believed by A. Boucard to have been procured near Acapulco, Mexico.) Ateles neglectus REINHARDT, Vid. Medd. Nat. Foren. Kjébenhavn, ser. 3, vol. 4 (1872), Nos. 6-9, p. 150, 1873. Type locality, Mirador, Veracruz, Mexico. THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 33 Ateles tricolor Hotuister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 141, July 10, 1914. Type locality, Hacienda Santa Efigenia, § miles north of Tapanatepec, southeastern Oaxaca. Type locality — Brazil. [Here restricted to Mirador, about 15 miles northeast of Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico; altitude 2,000 feet. | Type specimen.—No. ————, British Museum (Natural History). Distribution—Unbroken forests of Veracruz and eastern San Luis Potosi and southeastward through Tabasco, across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in eastern Oaxaca, to Honduras and El Salvador, except for highlands of Guatemala, General characters.—A subspecies distinguished by combination of black or brownish-black top of head, neck, and shoulders, in contrast with buffy lumbar region, and pinkish-buff to cinnamon-buff under- parts.. Differs from yucatanensis of Quintana Roo in deeper buff underparts (underparts in yucatanensis silvery white or light buff). Differs from pan of Guatemala in greater contrast in colors of wpper- parts (in pan the upper back and lumbar region are more nearly uni- form blackish in tone). Color—Top of head, neck, shoulders, outer surfaces of fore and hind limbs, and forearms all around varying from black to brownish black, passing near middle of back into cinnamon-buff or cinnamon and extending across lumbar region and including hips, the latter colors somewhat darkened along median line by overlying brownish hairs; underparts in general, including inner sides of arms in a strip nar- rowing from armpit to a point near elbows and on inner sides of legs to near ankles, varying from pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff, be- coming near cinnamon on sides of body; underside of neck varying from grayish to a mixture of buffy-gray and brown; face blackish, but lips and small tufts near sides of mouth are dull whitish in some specimens; hands and feet black; tail above black or brownish black, mixed below with buffy hairs in a median line gradually narrowing from base to near callosity. Skull.—Rather narrow, but closely similar in general to those of the other subspecies. Compared with yucatanensis the frontal region of the skull is slightly flatter, less convex along median line anteriorly, as shown in profile. Measurements —Two adult males from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, respectively: Total length, 1,200, 1,260 mm.; tail vertebrae, 760, 765; bind foot, 176,178. Average of 7 adult females from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca: Total length, 1,204 (1,140-1,301) ; tail vertebrae, 751 (700- 780) ; hind foot, 179 (178-185). Ssul/ (three adult males from Santa Efigenia, respectively): Greatest length, 110.1, 112.5, 110.9; orbital width, 60, 56.83, 57.2; postorbital constriction, 51.8, 47.6, 47; width of brain case, 59.3, 58.5, 59.6; zygomatic width, 70.5, 63.9, 68.5; maxillary tooth row, 28.9, 29.9, 29.9. Average of 7 adult females 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca: Greatest length, 108.2 (105.2-113.4) ; orbital width, 56.2 (54.5-58.8) ; postorbital constriction, 46.7 (45.5- 48.7); width of brain case, 58 (55.9-60.2); zygomatic width, 63.5 (59.2-66.9) ; maxillary tooth row, 28.5 (27.2-29). Remarks.—A. vellerosus was originally assigned by Gray to Brazil, but this appears to have been an error, as pointed out by Alston (Biologia Centrali-Americana, Mammalia, vol. 1, p. 10, Sept. 1879). By some subsequent authors, including Alston, the name was applied to spider monkeys from Mexico without definite locality. Inciden- tally, the plate illustration of Sclater (op. cit.) closely resembles this form. It represents a specimen believed by Boucard to have been pro- cured near Acapulco, Guerrero, where it could not have been native, as no monkeys occur in that general region. Under the name vellerosus Thomas (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1890, pt. 1, p. 72, June 1890) recorded specimens taken in Veracruz at the following localities: Raya de Boca Agustin, Misantla; boundaries of Misantla and Jalapa; and Hacienda de Tortugas, Jalapa. At the time A. tricolor from south- eastern Oaxaca was described (op. cit) by Hollister, vellerosus was not recognized by him, and the name A. neglectus of Veracruz was over- looked. The following year, however, Hollister (Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 28, p. 142, 1915) regarded tricolor and neglectus as identical. The various descriptions of vellerosus apply well to the series of specimens now available from both Veracruz and Oaxaca, under which we, therefore, include both neglectus and tricolor as synonyms. For precision we would restrict the name vel/erosus to the form known to occur near Mirador, Veracruz, the type locality, inci- dentally of the later name, neglectus. The range of subspecies vel/erosus marks the northern limit of the eroup in Middle America. It inhabits unbroken forested regions from near sea level to about 4,000 feet altitude, including some of the areas of heaviest and most continuous rainfall in Mexico. William Lloyd, a field agent of the former Biological Survey, writing of the mammals of the vicinity of Victoria, Tamaulipas, in 1891, stated that “a monkey has been said to have been taken a little south of here, but the most authentic information says they are not found north of a point west of Escandon, rather more than 50 leagues south.” It is possible that spider monkeys ranged north into southern Tamaulipas, but information obtained in 1898 indicated that the northern limit was then near Nilitla, southeastern San Luis Potosi. The German naturalist Ferdinand Deppe, in 1825, purchased a live Ateles in Alvarado, Veracruz, which had been caught by a Mexican about 20 hours distant from that city. Afterward, Deppe (Sclater, Nat. Hist. Rev., vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 508-509, Oct. 1861) while en route from Caxaia to Alvarado, observed a “great number” of Afe/es in a forest near Valle Real. THE SPIDER MONKEYS—-KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 35 One specimen from Juchitén, Oaxaca, has silvery whitish under- parts, and another from the same locality is normally colored. A very young individual from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, does not differ appreciably in color from adults from the same locality. One very young one from Tehuantepec has the upperparts normally colored, and another from the same locality is unusually dark, the lumbar re- gion nearly as dark as the upper back. Specimens examined.—Total number, 59, as follows: Mexico: Oaxaca: Juchitan, 3 (A.M.N.H.); Oaxaca, without definite locality, 4 (A. M. N. H.) ; Santa Efigenia, 13; Tehuantepec, 4 (one skull without skin, A.M.N.H.; one skull without skin, U.M.M.Z.); Tuxtepec, 2. Tabasco: Teapa,1. Veracruz: Barranca de Boca, Canton de Jalapa, 1 (skin only) ; Cuatotolapan, 2 (skulls only, U. M. M. Z.) ; Pasa Nueva, 19 (2 skulls without skins, A. M. N. H.). Honpuras: Tegucigalpa: Cantoral, 1 (A.M.N.H); Guaymaca, 2 (A.M.N.H.). Olancho: Catacamas, 1 (A.M.N.H.). Ocotepeque: El Chorro, east side of Ocotepeque, 4,500 feet, 1 (skin only, A.M.N.H). En Satvapor: San Miguel: Lake Olomega [=Laguna Lomego], 5 (C. D.). ATELES GEOFFROYI YUCATANENSIS, new subspecies YUCATAN SPIDER MONKEY Type locality—Puerto Morelos, northeast coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico; altitude 100 feet. Type specimen.—Male adult, skin and skull; U. S. N. M. No. 108531 (Biological Surveys collection) ; collected April 2, 1901, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman; original number 14652. Distribution—Forests of the Yucatin Peninsula, northeastern Guatemala, and probably adjoining parts of British Honduras; doubtless intergrading to the southward with vellerosus. General characters —A rather small, slender, light-colored race, with entire underparts silvery whitish or very pale buff, pelage short and thin. Size about as in vedlerosus of Veracruz but decidedly paler, especially on underparts where in typical specimens a whitish silvery tone extends to neck and inner sides of limbs; underside of tail cream-buff to near callosity; frontal outline of skull more prominent. Color—Type: Top of head, neck, and outer surfaces of forelimbs brownish black, passing gradually through cinnamon-drab and light drab on shoulders and anterior part of back to near olive-buff on hips, the light drab extending along median line to base of tail; face mainly dusky, but cheeks whitish; knees brownish black; rest of outer surfaces of hind limbs cinnamon-drab; entire underparts including underside of neck, inner surfaces of limbs to wrists and ankles thinly haired, between cream-buff and silvery whitish; hands and feet black- ish; tail cinnamon-drab above and on sides, becoming cream-buff below along median line from base to near callosity. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 96 Skull.—Similar in size to that of vellerosus, but frontal profile more convex anteriorly; dentition rather light. Measurements.—Type: Total length, 1,150 mm.; tail vertebrae, 766; hind foot, 181. Two adult male topotypes, respectively : Total length, 1,141, 1,090; tail vertebrae, 744, 817; hind foot, 167,174. Three adult female topotypes: Total length, 1,176, 1,150, 1,056; tail vertebrae, 756, 766, 713; hind foot, 169, 171, 165. Skull (type and two adult male topotypes, respectively) : Greatest length, 109.7, 105.7, 107.8; orbital width, 57.2, 53.9, 55.6; postorbital constriction, 47.8, 44.8, 45.8; width of brain case, 59.5, 56.8, 57.3; zygomatic width, 65.3, 61, 66.8; maxillary tooth row, 27.3, 27.5, 28. Three adult female topotypes, respectively: Greatest length, 104.8, 108.5, 104.8; orbital width, 52.8, 54.1, 53.1; postorbital constriction, 44.6, 45.8, 45.6; width of brain case, 55.1, 57.2, 57; zygomatic width, 58.3, 60.2, 60.3; maxillary tooth row, 25.7, 29.8, 28.7. Remarks.—The spider monkey of the Yucatan Peninsula is readily distinguished by the silvery whitish underparts. Specimens from Apazote, Campeche, and Uaxactum, Guatemala, are referable to the present form, but in slightly darker and more buffy underparts they indicate gradation toward vellerosus. One topotype and a young without definite locality have sparse white hairs on the anterior part of the crown and a vestige of a white forehead patch partially con- cealed by stiff black hairs. Specimens examined.—Total number, 16, as follows: Mexico: Cam- peche: Apazote, 1. Quintana Roo: Puerto Morelos, 6. GUATEMALA: Uaxactum, 8 (U. M. M. Z.). No definite locality, 1 (A. M. N. H.). ATELES GEOFFROYI PAN Schlegel GUATEMALAN SPIDER MONKEY Ateles pan SCHLEGEL, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas Leiden, vol. 7, livr. 12 (Monogr. 40, Simiae), p. 180, 1876. Type locality —Cobin, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. Type specimen.—Cotypes, adult male and two adult females, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Leiden. Distribution—Mouniains of central Guatemala; doubtless inter- grading with vellerosus. General characters.—A very dark spider monkey with lumbar region only slightly, if at all, lighter than shoulders and thus lacking the contrasting dorsal areas presented by vellerosus and other Middle American races; pelage long and dense. Color.—F ace, top of head, shoulders, outer surfaces of limbs, fore- arms all around, feet, and entire tail black or brownish black. In one specimen the dark color extends nearly uniformly over all of the upperparts, but in two others the lower part of the back is suffused with cinnamon partially concealed by overlying dusky hairs; under- THE SPIDER MONKEYS—-KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 37 side of neck and throat thinly covered with mixed brownish and buffy hairs; rest of underparts, including a strip narrowing from armpit to a point near inner side of elbow, and inner sides of hind limbs to ankles between pinkish buff and cinnamon-buff, becoming deep cinna- mon or rusty along sides of body. Skull—About as in vellerosus. Measurements.—No external measurements available. Skull; Two adult females from Guatemala, respectively: Greatest length, 109.1, 105,1; orbital width, 57.3, 59.4; postorbital constriction, 48, 50; width of brain case, 60.2, 62.4; zygomatic width, 66.8, 68.8; maxillary tooth row, 27.8, 27.5. Remarks.—Three specimens exhibited by the Guatemalan Govern- ment at the World’s Columbian Exposition were presented to the U.S. National Museum. These were labeled “Guatemala” without definite locality but are believed to be from Alta Vera Paz and probably repre- sent typical Afeles pan. Aside from the very dark coloration, the coat is long and heavy, indicating that they came from a high elevation in the mountains. The skulls indicate close agreement with vedlerosus in size and general details. Specimens examined.—Total number, 3, as follows: GuaTEMALA: Alta Vera Paz, 3. ATELES GEOFFROYI FRONTATUS (Gray) BLACK-FOREHEADED MIRIKI OR SPIDER MONKEY Eriodes frontatus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vol. 10, No. 65, p. 256, Dec. 1842. Brachyteles frontatus Gray, Zoology of the voyage of H. M. 8S. Sulphur, vol. 1, No. 1, Mammalia, pt. 1, p. 9, pl. 1 (col.), Apr. 1848. Type locality—South America [=harbor of Culebra, Le6n=Cule- bra, Bay of Culebra, Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, fide Gray, Zool. Voy. H.M.S. Sulphur, vol. 1, No. 1, Mammalia, pt. 1, p. 10, Apr. 1843. ] Type specimen.—Female adult with young shot by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher; British Museum (Natural History) No, ———— Distribution.—Northwestern Costa Rica and extreme western and northern Nicaragua. General characters.—Similar in pattern of coloration, that is, the normal restriction of black areas to top of head and irregularly to outer surfaces of limbs, to geoffroyi of southeastern Nicaragua, but body darker, the ground color of upperparts near buckthorn brown or Mars brown and of underparts honey yellow to tawny, instead of light buff. Differs from panamensis of Panama in brownish instead of deep ferruginous general body color. Differs from vel/erosus of Veracruz in the restriction of black areas on anterior part of back and more yellowish tone of lumbar region. 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Color—Face, forehead, top of head, and in some specimens back of neck and shoulders black; anterior part of crown patch more or less suffused with cinnamon-buff, owing to light basal color of hairs, and tending to form a transverse band across forehead; side whiskers on face light buff to cream-buff; upperparts in general buckthorn brown to Mars brown, sparsely or noticeably intermixed with blackish hairs (especially on midline of back in some individuals) ; belly honey yellow to tawny, extending downward on inner surfaces of legs to ankles, and a lighter tone near cinnamon-buff extending downward on inner surfaces of arms to wrists; outer surfaces of arms and legs usually black (in some individuals restricted more or less to elbow and knee patches); side whiskers on face light buff to cream buff; tail usually sharply bicolor, black or dusky above to tip and tawny below to callosity (when otherwise, mixed light and dark hairs cover the tail above and below). Skull—About as in panamensis, averaging somewhat broader than in geoffroyi or vellerosus. Measurements.—No external measurements available. Skudl/; An adult male from Pefia Blanca: Greatest length, 109.3; orbital breadth, 59.4; postorbital constriction, 49; width of brain case, 58.6; zygomatic breadth, 69.6; maxillary tooth row, 28.4. Two adult females from Lavala and Tuma, Nicaragua, respectively : Greatest length, 117.3, 112; orbital width, 64.2, 60.2; postorbital constriction, 51.1, 51; width of brain case, 62.8, 59.8; zygomatic breadth, 71.4, 65; maxillary tooth row, 29.6, 28.4. Remarks.—A. geoffroyi frontatus is assumed to be a recognizable subspecies, although aside from the type in the British Museum, from northwestern Costa Rica, little is definitely known of its characters or distribution. Certain specimens from Costa Rica without definite locality, and from various localities in Nicaragua, are tentatively re- ferred to frontatus, although in none of these is the black on the head so restricted as in the type as figured by Gray (op. cit.). The color pattern in this form suggests close relationship to geoffroyz, which might also be expected on geographic grounds. A very young individ- ual (U.S. N. M. No. 61208) from Costa Rica, without definite locality, closely resembles Gray’s figure just mentioned in light coloration. A skull of an old female from Lavala, Nicaragua (A. M. N. H. No. 28419), is one of the largest examined from anywhere in Middle America. Specimens examined.—Total number, 38, as follows: Cosra Rica: 3 (without definite locality). Nicaragua: Lavala, 2 (skulls only, A. M. N. H.); Pefia Blanca, 3 (A. M. N. H.); Rio Siquia, 2 (skulls only, U. M. M. Z.); Rio Yoya, a tributary of Rio Princapolca, 25 (skulls only, A. H. S.); Tuma, 2 (skulls only, A. M. N. H.); Uluce, 1 (A. M.N. HL). THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 39 ATELES GEOFFROYI ORNATUS Gray CostTA RicA ORNATE SPIDER MONKEY Ateles ornatus Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum, p. 44, 1870. Type locality—Unknown. [Here restricted to Cuabre, Talamanca region, southeastern Costa Rica. ] Type specimen.—British Museum (Natural History) No. Distribution —Eastern slope of central cordillera of Costa Rica; doubtless intergrading with panamensis on Pacific side of the central mountain range. General characters.—A dark golden-yellowish subspecies, the upper- parts in strong light having a glossy, golden-yellow sheen, owing to the yellowish subterminal bands of hairs. Resembling panamensis of Panama and western Costa Rica but brighter, more golden yellowish in tone, the back, however, more obscured by overlying black-tipped hairs, throat lighter, underside of tail and inner side of upper arm lacking the deep “ferruginous” of panamensis. Differs from frontatus of Guana- caste, northwestern Costa Rica, in greater extension of black area on limbs and over back of neck and shoulders, and black-tipped hairs overlying and tending to modify the golden-yellowish tones on back. Contrasting strongly in golden yellowish, instead of light buffy colora- tion, with geoffroyi of the coast region of southeastern Nicaragua. Color.—F ace, top of head, forearms all around, outer sides of legs, hands, and feet black; upperparts from shoulders to hips and base of tail glossy golden-yellow or apricot buff, varying in some specimens to cinnamon-rufous, more or less overlaid with blackish hairs; chest near cinnamon-buff, the rest of underparts and flanks becoming near tawny or cinnamon-rufous, this general color extending down along inner sides of legs in some specimens nearly to ankles; throat and under- side of neck near pinkish buff; tail black above, more or less mixed with tawny below from base to near callosity. Skull.—About like that of panamensis; similar to that of geoffroy?, but apparently somewhat larger. M casurements.—No external measurements available. Skull: Three adult males from Talamanca region, Costa Rica, respectively : Greatest length, 110.2, 111.2, 113.8 mm.; orbital width, 63.3, 61.7, 62; postorbital constriction, 45.2, 45.7, 49.6; width of brain case, 61.6, 58, 61.7; zygo- matic breadth, 71.5, 68.2, 71.9; maxillary tooth row, 27.6, 30.9, 27.9. Average of 6 adult females from Talamanea region, Costa Rica: Greatest length, 108.1 (104.5-114.4) ; orbital width, 61.6 (56.4—-64.1) ; postorbital constriction, 47.4 (44.8-49.1); width of brain case, 58.7 (55.7-61.3) ; zygomatic width, 66.8 (63.7-70.7) ; maxillary tooth row, 27.5 (26.3-29.5). Remarks.—Much confusion has existed regarding the status of this brightly colored subspecies. Specimens that we believe belong here 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 96 have commonly been referred somewhat doubtfully to A. geoffroyi Kuhl. The description of A. ornatus by Gray (op. cit.), from an unknown locality, applies so well to specimens from eastern Costa Rica that their identity seems unmistakable. A more detailed description of the type than that published by Gray is given by Elliot (A review of the Primates, vol. 2, p. 45, June 1913). The glossy quality as well as bright colors of the pelage suggests the propriety of the name ornatus. The contrast in color with plain buffy geoffroyi of southeastern Nica- ragua is very great, but close agreement in cranial characters and other evidence indicate probable intergradation. Specimens examined.—Total number, 14, all from Costa Rica as follows: Cataratas, Rio San Carlos, 2 (A. M. N. H.); Cuabre, Tala- manca region 1 (A. M. N. H.); Guapiles, Limén Province, 1 (A. M. N. H.) ; Santa Maria, 37 miles south of San José, 3 (skulls only, A. M. N. H.) ; Talamanca region, 7. ATELES GEOFFROYI PANAMENSIS, new subspecies RED SPIDER MONKEY; MONO COLORADO Type locality —Cerro Brujo, about 15 miles southeast of Portobello, Province of Colon, Panama; altitude 2,000 feet. Type specimen.—Female adult, skin and skull, U.S. N. M. No. 171489 (Biological Surveys collection) ; collected June 8, 1911, by E. A. Gold- man ; original number, 21165. Distribution—Forested regions of Panama east of the Canal Zone (Cordillera de San Blas), and west through Chiriquf to central western Costa Rica. General characters.—A rather large, deeply rufescent race. Very similar to ornatus of the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica, but reddish tone more intense, the back less obscured by overlying dusky hairs; inner side of upper arm pinkish cinnamon to ferruginous. Differs from azuerensis of Azuero Peninsula, Panama, in deep reddish instead of cinnamon or tawny general coloration. Color.—Type: Upperparts from back of shoulders to base of tail, backs of thighs, and sides of body ferruginous, slightly obscured by black tips of hairs; outer surfaces of fore and hind limbs either black or blackish to knees and elbows; outer surfaces of limbs below knees and elbows either black or with varying admixture of black and ferru- ginous hairs, the hairs banded but black at tips; underparts thinly haired, pinkish cinnamon on chest and along inner sides of hind limbs to ankles, becoming deep, clear ferruginous or dark dusty reddish over abdomen; face, crown cap on head, and median streak on back of neck blackish; sides of neck covered with a mixture of pinkish buff, cinna- mon-buff, and blackish hairs; chin nearly naked; throat and under side of neck thinly clothed with light cinnamon-drab or light brownish hairs; tail above ferruginous heavily mixed with black on basal two- THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 41 thirds, becoming clear black toward tip, below deep ferruginous to near callosity where blackish hairs extend all around. The ground color of body in other specimens grades from dark rusty reddish to ferru- ginous or burnt sienna, and a narrow ferruginous or cinnamon-buft streak usually extends long inner side of upper arm from armpit to elbow. Skull—Very similar to that of geoffroyi, but brain case rather broad. Measurements.—Type: Total length, 1,280 mm.; tail vertebrae, 840; hind foot, 194. An adult male and female from Cerro Azul, respec- tively: Total length, 1,280, 1,225; tail vertebrae, 786, 785; hind foot, 183, 176. Skull (type): Greatest length, 112.8; orbital width, 62; postorbital constriction, 52.4; width of brain case, 61.2; zygomatic breadth, 68; maxillary tooth row, 27.3. An adult male and female from Cerro Azul, respectively: Greatest length, 114.2, 109.1; orbital width, 62.7, 59.4; postorbital constriction, 53, 50.3; width of brain case, 63.2, 61.4; zygomatic width, 70.2, 69.6; maxillary tooth row 31, 28.1. Remarks.—This is the monkey commonly known as “mono colo- rado” in Panama and western Costa Rica. It is the most intensely red of all the races of Middle America, but despite this it has been generally confused with the light buffy form, geoffroyi, of Nicaragua. While the ground color of most of the body appears to be ferruginous to burnt sienna in ordinary light, in strong light and particularly in direct sunlight individual hairs on the upperparts are seen to have glossy subterminal bands giving that part of the pelage a golden- vellowish sheen, a peculiarity still more pronounced in ornatus and not shared with the more northern races. The specimens from Chiriqui and as far west as central-western Costa Rica agree closely in color with those from the Canal Zone in the vicinity of the type locality. In one specimen of a series of six skins from Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, a white patch on the forehead is nearly concealed in front by longer black-tipped hairs and the cheeks are dull whitish or pale buffy. Specimens examined.—Total number, 24, as follows: Cosra Rica: Cafias Gordas, Puntarenas, 8 (A. M. N. H.); El Pozo, 12 miles above mouth of Rio Grande de Terraba, 1 (skin only, A. M. N. H.); Pozo Azul, 10 miles above mouth of Rio Grande de Pirris, 12 (3, C. M.; 4 skins with skulls and 5 extra skulls, A. M. N. H.). Panama: Cerro Azul, near head of Chagres River, 2; Cerro Brujo (type locality), 1; Coto, Chiriqui, 2 (M. C. Z.); Rio Pequefii, Canal Zone, 2 (M. C. Z.) ; San Juan, Chagres River, 1. ATELES GEOFFROYI AZUERENSIS Bole AZUERO SPIDER MONKEY Ateles azuerensis Bork, Sci, Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 149, Aug. 31, 1937. 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Type locality—Altos Negritos, 10 miles east of Montijo Bay (part of the spur forming south drainage divide of Rio Negro), Mariato Suay Lands, Azuero Peninsula, Veraguas Province, Panama; alti- tude, 1.500 feet. Type specimen.—Female adult, Cleveland Museum Natural His- tory No. 1235. Distribution.—¥ orested mountains of the Azuero Peninsula, Pan- ama, probably in deeper forests on both slopes, but known only from the western (Veraguas) side from the vicinity of Ponuga southward. Possibly ranging west to Burica Peninsula on Panama—Costa Rican boundary. General characters —A subspecies distinguished from neighboring forms by lighter tawny or ochraceous-tawny general coloration. Color.—F ace blackish; top of head and back of neck varying from deep black to a mixture of black and cinnamon-buff, with black pre- dominating; upperparts in general ochraceous-tawny thinly inter- mixed with black-tipped hairs; shoulders and outer surfaces of arms and legs black; belly similar to back, but paler owing to absence of black-tipped hairs; throat and chest cinnamon-buff, this general tone extending downward to wrists and ankles on inner surfaces of limbs; tail above black, below tawny to proximal end of callosity. Skull—Rather small and narrow, but very similar otherwise to that of panamensis, Measurements —An adult male and female from type locality, re- spectively: Total length, 1,170, 1,166 mm.; tail, 720, 701; hind foot, 177, 168. Skull (type, from original description) : Greatest length, 110.8; width of brain case, 56.8; zygomatic breadth, 65.1; maxillary tooth row, 27.7. An adult male from type locality: Greatest length, 109.8; orbital width, 57.7; postorbital constriction, 44.1; width of brain case, 58.7; zygomatic breadth, 67; maxillary tooth row, 29.7. Remarks.—This subspecies is definitely known only from the heavily forested mountains of the Azuero Peninsula, where it appears to be isolated, but may prove to have a more extended range near the Pacific coast of western Panama. A series of 25 skulls from the Burica Penin- sula, near the Panama-Costa Rican boundary, said to be from light- colored skins not saved and, therefore, not available for examination by us, are indistinguishable from those inhabiting regions as far north as Nicaragua. For reasons of geography and light color reported we refer them, tentatively, to azuerensis. Specimens examined.—Total number, 27, all from Panama, as fol- lows: Altos Negritos, Azuero Peninsula (type locality), 2 (C. M. N. H.) ; Rio La Vaca, near Puerto Armuelles, Burica Peninsula, 25 (skulls only, A. H.S.). THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 43 ATELES GEOFFROYI GRISESCENS Gray Hoopep SPIDER MONKEY Ateles grisescens Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1865, pt. 3, p. 732, Apr. 1866. Ateles cucullatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1865, pt. 3, p. 733, Apr. 1866. Type locality, unknown. Ateles cucullatus ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1871, pt. 1, p. 223, pl. 14 (col.), June 1871. Ateles melanochir SciareR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1875, pt. 3, p. 419, pl. 49 (col.), Oct. 1875. Type locality—Unknown. [Here restricted to Rio Tuyra, south- eastern Panama. | Type specimen.—British Museum (Natural History) No. ; Distribution —Presumably the valley of Rio Tuyra and probably southeastward through the Serrania del Sapo of extreme southeastern Panama and the Cordillera de Baudo of northwestern Colombia. General characters —Adults apparently characterized by long, lax pelage and peculiar dusky coloration, with a general admixture of yellowish gray or golden hairs, the hairs on upperparts golden at the base. The skull indicates close relationship to panamensis, despite the contrast in the deep reddish color of the latter. Color (type of cucu/latus) —Skin around orbits and on nose bare and of a brownish flesh color with darker freckles intermixed ; cheeks and lower jaw nearly bare of hair, but skin more decidedly of a black shade (Murie, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1865, pt. 3, p. 739, Apr. 1866). Hairs very long and lax, those on head projecting forward over fore- head; crown and neck black; rest of body above and below, limbs, and tail black intermixed with yellowish-gray or golden hairs, so numer- ous as to give a pale yellowish-brown coloration to back (not far removed from color on the bases of the hairs in similar parts of A. grisescens) ; hands and feet black, bases of hairs on hands golden, but not on those of feet which are black to the roots (Elliot, A review of the Primates, vol. 2, pp. 38-39, June 1913). Barbour (Journ, Mam- malogy, vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 367-368, Nov. 1932) has commented on the skin and skull of a spider monkey (M. C. Z. No. 27490) obtained at Chepigana in Darién, Panama. In this immature specimen, the entire upperparts, including the outer surfaces of fore and hind limbs as well as the upper surface of the tail, are dusky, the darker hairs nearly sooty black on the distal two-thirds and thinly interspersed with these on head, neck, back, thighs, and upper surface of tail are old gold or silvery hairs; the coloration of the upperparts is further modified by a lighter suffusion resulting from the old-gold color of the basal third of these hairs showing through, A partially concealed buffy spot is present on the forehead. The throat and chest are thinly covered with sooty black hairs. On the belly, inner surfaces of hind limbs, and under surface of tail the hairs are dull cinnamon-buff tipped with sooty 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 black. The inner surfaces of fore limbs are noticeably lighter than the outer and also somewhat lighter than chest. The hairs on hands and feet are lighter at the base than at the tip. The hairs on the forehead project forward as on the type specimen. Skull.—Similar to that of panamensis. Measurements.—An adult male (type of cucullatus): Head and body, 4831+mm.; tail, 698; hind foot, 159 (fide Murie, 1866, op. cit., p. 739). Skull: Immature specimen from Chepigana: Greatest length, 103; orbital breadth, 52.3; postorbital constriction, 47.6; width of brain case, 55.6; zygomatic breadth, 60; maxillary tooth row, 26.8.7 Remarks.—A somewhat grizzled spider monkey obtained by E. Greey, an officer on the Royal West-Indian Mail Co.’s steamship Shannon at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, for the Zoological Society of London became the basis of A. grisescens of Gray. After the death of the animal, the skin and skull were acquired by the British Museum (Natural History), and the skin was compared by Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1871, pt. 1, p. 223, June 1871) with the skin of a some- what similar half-grown male purchased from a London dealer in 1869. This specimen, also evidently of unknown native origin, he regarded as probably identical. The type of this spider monkey, according to Elliot (A Review of the Primates, vol. 2, p. 37, June 1913), is entirely black except. for the yellowish-brown tint of the underside of the tail, but intermixed with the hairs of the upperparts are long, gray silvery or golden hairs. The latter are not sufficiently numerous to affect the general blackish coloration except on the shoulders, lower back, and the limbs where the hairs are yellow or golden at the base. The type of cucullatus, a male now in the British Museum (Natural History), had a small tubercle representing the thumb, and Sclater (op. cit., 1871, p. 224) remarked that he had “some reason to suppose it may be from the northern coast of Colombia, as . . . a black spider monkey with long hair over its head is occasionally brought for sale into Cartagena.” Attention is here directed to two black-handed spider monkeys fig- ured by Sclater (op. cit., 1875, pl. 49), which were received likewise from officers of the West Indian Mail Co. The color of the face and nose closely resembles that described for grisescens, and in addition the distal black color of the hairs on the upperparts does not entirely con- ceal the yellowish basal color of these hairs. If these specimens are correctly allocated to grisescens, it would seem that this spider monkey is subject to considerable variation in external appearance. Owing to the lack of adequate material for study the status of this form remains uncertain. Specimens examined.—Total number, 2, as follows: Panama: Che- pigana, Darién,1 (M.C. Z.) No definite locality, 1 (yg., A. M. N. H.). 2 Hindermost molar has not erupted. THE SPIDER MONKEYS—KELLOGG AND GOLDMAN 45 INCERTAE SEDIS (7?) ATELES RUFIVENTRIS Sclater Ateles vellerosus ScLarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. London for 1871, pt. 2, p. 478, Aug. 1871 (nec Gray). Ateles rufiventris ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1872, pt. 2, p. 688, pl. 57 (col.), Nov. 1872. Type locality.—Rio Atrato, Darién, Colombia. Type specimen.—British Museum (Natural History) No. Remarks.—Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1871, pt. 2, p. 478, Aug. 1871) stated that the type of Ateles rufiventris, a young fornia, with body length 12 inches, tail 15 inches, was obtained at Colén, Pan- ama, by an officer of the Royal West Indian Mail Co. and that it had been brought from the Rio Atrato by one of the American party (pre- sumably the Darien Exploring Expedition under the command of Comdr. T. O. Selfridge, U.S. N.) engaged on the survey of the isthmus for a ship canal. The color of this monkey was described as uniform black except for the flesh-colored face and muzzle and the pale fulvous belly; the color of the latter, however, hardly extending on the inner surfaces of the limbs. A colored illustration for this monkey was sub- sequently published by Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1872, pt. 2, p. 688, pl. 57 (col.), Nov. 1872). Elliot (A review of the Primates, vol. 2, p. 36, June 15, 1913), however, described this monkey as having the “underparts extending a short distance on inner side of arms and legs, bright rufous,” and the line between the color of the underparts and the black of the body as sharply defined. Determination of the status of the name Af¢eles rufiventris presents some difficulty at the present time. The relative lengths of head and body to that of the short-haired tail, the color pattern, and direction of hair on crown and forehead correspond closely with these features in Alouatta palliata aequatorialis, young females of which also lack the bushy beard present on the throat in the males. These resem- blances are shown very well by two slightly larger young howlers (U. S. N. M. Nos. 3349, 3359) also from the Rio Atrato. It seems unlikely that representatives of both Ate/es and Alouatta with the same color pattern would be found in the same region. Sclater states that the thumb is absent, but examination of skins in the collection shows that the thumb in skins of some young individuals is incon- spicuous and might have been overlooked. The hand and feet in the illustration published by Sclater (op. cit.) seem more closely to re- semble those of A/ouvatta than those of Ateles. Elliot (op. cit.) states that no skull seems to have been preserved. While all these points may be given consideration final generic allocation must await critical examination of the type, now not available. U, 3. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1944 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1944 No. 3187 A REVISION OF THE AMERICAN CLINGFISHES, FAMILY GOBIESOCIDAE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GEN- ERA AND FORMS By Leonarp P. Scuuurz Recentiy, while attempting to identify some specimens of cling- fishes from the fresh waters of Venezuela and Colombia, South America, it became clear to me that the American Gobiesocidae were in a state of confusion greater than I had suspected from previous work on the group. A search of the literature did not reveal any attempt to straighten out the classification or nomenclature of this family. New species have been described with regularity, but in many cases the describers have ignored the same species long ago named from nearly the same localities. I have made no attempt in this revision to record alli the miscellaneous references to American Gobiesocidae, but I have included the most important contributions, To record every reference in the literature would require one to examine the specimens in most of the important museums of the world, which is not possible at the present time. However, that will eventually have to be done if the identifications recorded in numerous instances are to be corrected. It was found necessary to dissect the skin away from the front of all median fins in order to count all the fin rays. Very few authors have counted the first one or two rays at the beginning of both anal and dorsal fins. The short stubby ray on the dorsal edge of the pectoral fin also is included in my counts. (See table 1.) The coloration is variable and cannot be used to separate species except to a limited extent. 47 604148—44——_1 4S PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 In this study of the American Gobiesocidae, 9 genera and 25 species and subspecies are recognized. By far the greatest majority of these occur in the tropical Pacific. Although the Gobiesocidae are mostly marine fishes, a few species have been taken in fresh-water streams a short distance above brackish water, clinging to the stones. Rimicola of the Pacific is represented in the Atlantic by the genus Acyrtus, but the genus /nfratridens has no known Atlantic counter- part. Avrbaciosa has five forms in the Pacific and but one in the Atlantic. Sicyases occurs in the Pacific only at the southern part of South America. Cotylis has four species in the Pacific and one in the Atlantic. Sitcyogaster has an interrupted distribution, with one species along the Pacific coast of southern South America and another along the west coast of the United States and British Colum- bia. Arcos has one species on each side of Central America. Gobiesow has two species in the Atlantic, and three in the Pacific confined to tropical waters. Cocos Island presents a problem that needs further study. So far, the Pacific representatives of Gobiesow cephalus, and Cotylis nigripin- mis from the Atlantic, have been taken only on Cocos Island. They are Gobiesow fulvus and Cotylis nigripinnis woodst. The records of Gobiesox adustus (Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Paris, vol. 7, p. 206, 1901, and Giinther, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pisces, p. 4, 1906) in the Rio Chapalagana at Tépico in the Rio Grande de San- tiago may be some other species. No description is given, and thus it is not possible to place the above record with any species until the specimens have been re-examined. While this study was being made, Dr. S. F. Hildebrand kindly turned over to me some notes made by Dr. W. H. Longley on types in certain museums of Europe. Though most difficult to read, these proved of considerable value, and it was a pleasure to note that I came to the same conclusions that the late Dr. Longley had inde- pendently arrived at in regard to referring certain species to the synonymy of others. Although his notes were never published, some of the conclusions appeared during 1933 and 1934. The following key was prepared after examining the American clingfishes in the collections of the United States National Museum, as well as specimens lent by the Chicago Natural History Museum (F. M. N. H.) through the courtesy of Dr. K. P. Schmidt and Mrs. Marion Grey, and others lent by the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology through the courtesy of Dr. Carl L. Hubbs. Dr. C. M. Breder, Jr., of the American Museum of Natural History, kindly allowed me to examine the holotype of Gobiesox yuma Nichols. REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 49 KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN GOBIESOCIDAE la. Groove between tip of snout and upper lip of premaxillaries extending around 2a. front of snout and not forming a convex curve dorsally over tip of snout; width of middle of upper lip narrow, about the same as laterally, and ap- proximately equal to width of pupil; gill membranes attached opposite third to fifth upper pectoral fin rays; axial flap of skin behind pectoral fin with its upper edge attached at midbase of pectoral fin or below midbase; fleshy pad on outer pectoral base present only ventrally, without a free margin posteriorly and enlarged or swollen at lower posterior corner of pectoral fin base; lower first to fifth pectoral rays short, about half length of longest pectoral ray, eighth and ninth much longer than lower pectoral rays; anal rays 6 to 8; dorsal rays 6 or 7 (all rudiments counted as one ray). Incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw with 4 minute points,! these at front of upper jaw mostly conical; each jaw with 1 or 2 inner rows of minute conical teeth ; axial flap of skin behind pectoral fin attached at lower part of pectoral fin base; anal origin a little behind a vertical line through dorsal origin; greatest depth of body 51% to 644, length of head 3 to 3%, greatest width of head 414 to 5, length of disk 5 to 544, all in standard length; length of disk about equal to distance from tip of snout to front of disk; pectoral rays about 19 to 21; color when alive green or reddish, with or without light spots (Acyrtws, new genus) (Florida Keys and Wremtmnd tos iets acts feet heer ila Eee is! Acyrtus rubiginosus (Poey) 2b. Incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw with smooth tips; middle front teeth of upper jaw conical; teeth in inner rows of both jaws shorter, smaller, and conical ; axial flap of skin behind pectoral fin attached opposite middle of pectoral base; greatest depth of body 8 or 9, length of head 3% to 3%, greatest width of head 5, length of disk 5%, all in standard length; anal origin a little in advance of dorsal origin; interorbital space 314 in head, eye 114 in interorbital space; length of disk about equal to caudal peduncle; lower pectoral rays shorter, second and third from bottom about half length of longest pectoral fin rays; pectoral fin rays about 16 or 17 (Rimicola Jordan and Evermann) (Todos Santos Bay, Baja California to Monterey Bay and west coast of Vancouver Island, British Colum- Pre i ase ee ge gt tet et Rimicola eigenmanni (Gilbert) 1b. Tip of snout formed by premaxillaries, which are much wider at middle of 3a. snout than laterally, groove arched dorsally over tip of snout; axial flap of skin behind pectoral fin with its upper edge attached much above midbase of this fin; lower first to seventh pectoral fin rays not shortened, about as long as eighth or ninth from bottom. Anterior teeth of lower jaw trifid incisors, trifid tips usually evident, except middle 2 or 3 sometimes worn off smooth although 1 or 2 of more laterally placed incisors at front of lower jaw always trifid. 4a. Gill membrane attached opposite third to fifth pectoral fin rays; front teeth of upper jaw smooth tipped incisors (sometimes flattened-coni- form) ; front of both jaws with 1 or 2 inner rows of small conical teeth behind outer row of enlarged incisorlike teeth, sometimes these inner rows apparently represented by only 2 or 8 teeth; fleshy pad on outer base of pectoral fin with free posterior margin ending a little below attachment of gill membranes; greatest width of head 3, length of head 1 Sometimes the middle two teeth are worn down nearly smooth, as in the type of G. beryllinus Hildebrand and Ginsburg. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 2% to 244, greatest depth of body 5 to 6, length of disk 314, all in stand- ard length; length of disk much greater than distance from tip of snout to front of disk; distance from dorsal origin to midbase of caudal fin contained 1%, to 144 times in snout tip to dorsal origin; anal origin under base of the third or fourth dorsal fin ray ; caudal peduncle short, its depth about equal to its length and about 3 times in base of dorsal fin; dorsal fin rays 11 to 18, anal 10 or 11, pectoral 18 to 21 (usually 19 or 20) (Infratridens, new genus) (Gulf of California; southern Galiforia) fon 6. aia eae Infratridens rhessodon (Rosa Smith) 4b. Gill membranes joined opposite upper edge of pectoral fin base; incisorlike teeth of both jaws with trifid tips, except middle pair or two sometimes smooth-tipped ; teeth in both jaws in a single row, lateral 2 to 4 conical and last 1 or 2 sometimes strong canines; outer lower base of pectoral fin with fleshy pad poorly developed and without any trace of a free margin; pelvic fins joined about halfway out fourth to sixth pectoral fin rays and not near base; dermal flap in axile of pectoral fin joins oppo- site fourth to tenth pectoral fin ray; width of head 3% to 6, length of head 224 to 5, greatest depth of body 6 to 10 (except in eos), length of disk 4 to 6 (except in eos), all in standard length; opercular spine not strongly developed and not reaching to rear of head (Arbaciosa Jordan and Evermann). 5a. A pair of black spots (more or less ocellate) on back behind head over pectorals usually distinct, each spot well separated ; dorsal surface of back in front of dorsal origin variously barred or mottled or dark spotted but without 3 hourglass-shaped large dark blotches. (Species inhabiting waters of the Pacific coast and offshore islands.) 6a. Distance from base of last dorsal ray to midcaudal fin base con- tained 1%49 to 1% times in length of dorsal fin base; least depth of caudal peduncle about 1.0 to 144 times in length of caudal peduncle (from base of last anal ray to midcaudal fin base) ; inter- orbital space longer than length of snout; dermal flap of skin in axis of pectoral fin with its upper edge joined to pectoral fin base opposite fifth to eleventh pectoral ray; dorsal rays 10 or 11 (usually 10), anal rays 7 to 9 (usually 8 or 9); pectoral fin rays 19 or 20; middle teeth of both jaws with trifid tips, middle denticle usually longest on lateral teeth, worn down in adults (Gulf of) California) a= eee Arbaciosa humeralis (Gilbert) 6b. Distance from base of last dorsal ray to midcaudal fin base con- tained 0.75 to 0.9 in length of dorsal fin base; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.6 to 2 times in length of caudal peduncle. Ta. Pectoral fin rays 22 to 24 (usually 23); dorsal rays usually 8 (7 to 9), anal 7 or 8 (usually 8) ; greatest width of head contained 314, length of head 2% to 24%, in standard length; snout a little longer than width of interorbital space; middle teeth of both jaws with trifid tips (Mazatlan, Mexico). Arbaciosa eos (Jordan and Gilbert) 7b. Pectoral fin rays usually 19 to 21 (rarely 22). 8a. Middle incisorlike teeth of both jaws (at least on adults) with smooth tips, the lateral incisors trifid; pectoral fin rays usually about 21; bony ridges on snout weakly developed. 9a. Dorsal rays 8 to 10 (usually 9); anal 8 or 9 (usually 8) (Bern) =e Arbaciosa pyrrhocincla pyrrhocincla (Cope) 9b. Dorsal rays 8; anal 7 or 8 (Galapagos Islands). Arbaciosa pyrrhocincla truncata Heller and Snodgrass REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 51 8b. Middle incisorlike teeth of both jaws usually trifid, seldom worn off smooth even on adults; dorsal rays 6 to 8; anal 6 or 7; pectoral 19 to 21 (usually 19 or 20); bony ridges on upper part of snout rather well developed (Ecuador to Gulf of OCnlitornia jt Skee 2 Arbaciosa rhodospila (Giinther) 5b. Three or four large hourglass-shaped dark brown or blackish blotches from in front of dorsal fin to rear of head; a fainter one sometimes on top of head; side of head with four oblique bars and sides of body with dark bars; incisors with trifid tips; dorsal rays 7 to 9; anal 6 to 9 (rarely 6 or 9); pectoral 18 to 23 (West Indies; Guatemala to Bigs ily REMC EBS AR Os ee eee ae Arbaciosa fasciata (Peters) 3b. None of the teeth with trifid tips. 10a. Middle pair of incisors on both jaws much broader and longer than adjoining pairs; posterolateral teeth small and conical; rims of orbits bony, elevated; opercular spine strongly developed and forming posteriormost tip of head; valvular flap and margin of anterior nostril with its margin finely fringed with short cirri; gill membrane attached at upper anterior edge of pectoral fin base; fleshy pad well developed on outer lower surface of pectoral base, with a free membranous edge posteriorly ending at base of tenth to twelfth pectoral ray; shoulder girdle with a free dermal flap extending dorsally nearly to attachment of gill membrane; anal origin under base of second or third from last dorsal fin ray; disk large, its length about equal to head and contained about 2%4 to 244 in standard length; anus just behind rear margin of disk; origin of dorsal fin a trifle closer to tip of opercular spine than midcaudal fin base; dorsal rays 10 or 11 (usually 11); anal 8 or 9; pectoral 24 or 25 (Sicyases Miiller and Troschel). lla. Dorsal origin equidistant between mideaudal fin base and upper edge of gill opening to middle of length of upper pectoral rays; distance from base of last dorsal ray to midcaudal fin base in upper edge of gill opening to dorsal origin 1.80 to 2.35; length of caudal peduncle in snout tip to anal origin 5.50 to 7.86; base of dorsal fin in head 1.90 to 2.40; base of anal fin in head 2.83 to 4.06; base of dorsal fin in snout tip to dorsal origin 3.70 to 4.67; base of anal fin in snout tip to anal origin 6.70 to 8.83 (Chile and Peru). Sicyases sanguineus Miiller and Troschel 11b. Dorsal origin equidistant between midcaudal fin base and middle of postorbital length of head; base of last dorsal ray to midcaudal fin base in upper edge of gill opening to dorsal origin 1.65; length of caudal peduncle in snout tip to anal origin 5.26; base of dorsal fin in head 1.55; base of anal fin in head 2.14; base of dorsal fin in snout tip to dorsal origin 3.04; base of anal fin in snout tip to anal origin 5.10 (Juan Fernfndez Island). Sicyases hildebrandi, new species 10%. Middle pair of incisors not enlarged, all the incisorlike or conical teeth at front of both jaws of nearly same size and length; front of lower jaw with small incisors in 2 or 3 pairs, with smooth tips; posterolat- eral teeth smaller, conical, sometimes one or two a little enlarged and almost caninelike; usually a small patch of very short conical teeth behind outer row of larger teeth at front of jaws but sometimes lacking or reduced to 1 or 2 teeth; rims of orbits not elevated or bony ; anterior nostril with a dermal flap, sometimes with bifid or even 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 multifid tips arising on posterior rim, but nostrils not fringed with short cirri. 12a, Short blunt papillae on lips and around mouth generally, these in form of short barblets, arrangement as follows: Median part of chin ‘and lower jaw with 2 or 3 rows of papillae, or chin anteriorly with a pair of low lobes in form of reversed parentheses [ )( ] and sometimes at their inner tips a pair of papillae (more or Jess fused with anterior lobes in nigripinnis and in pinniger) ; an inner row of barblets lateral to median lobes, one pair on each side; lower lip at each side of median part of chin lobelike, sometimes bearing 2 small papillae; along inner edge of groove of lower jaw are 2 or 3 large papillae or knobs on each side; upper lip with a median papilla or knob and 5 more on each side; front edge of snout above groove without papillae but laterally 8 to 5 knobs or papillae present or absent; sometimes another papilla occurring behind rictus and still another below rictus; gill membranes joined oppo- site fifth to seventh upper rays of pectoral fin; fleshy pad on outer base of pectoral fin with a free posterior membranous margin extending dorsally to opposite attachment of gill membranes; dorsal rays 10 to 19; pectoral fin rays 21 to 27; anus closer to anal origin than to rear margin of disk (Cotylis Miiller and Troschel). 18a. Dorsal rays fewer than 15, counting all rudiments. 14a. Dorsal rays 18 or 14; anal 10; upper lip with papillae. 15a. Pectoral fin rays 22; papillae around mouth short and knob- like (Gulf of California) ~_--__ Cotylis papillifer (Gilbert) 15b. Pectoral fin rays 24 to 27; papillae around mouth more numer- ous, better developed, barbellike; lobe of lower lip next to middle of chin with two barbels (pl. 1, A) (Panama Bay to Ecuador and northern Peru) _—-Cotylis microspilus (Fowler) 146. Dorsal rays 10 to 12; anal 8 to 10; papillae on upper lip, lobelike; lobe of lower lip next to middle of chin without barbels (pl. 1, B); dorsal origin equidistant between midbase of caudal fin and middle of postorbital length of head to equidistant be- tween mideaudal base and upper base of pectoral fin; color pattern variable; median fins mottled, barred, or blackish with tips of rays white. 16a. Depth 4% to 61%; eye 8.1 to 3.6 in length of base of dorsal fin; dorsal rays usually 11, anal usually 9, pectoral 22 to 26 (Maryland to West Indies to Brazil). Cotylis nigripinnis nigripinnis Peters 16). Depth about 6% or 7; eye 2.8 in length of dorsal fin base; dorsal rays 10, anal 8, pectoral 22 (Cocos Island). Cotylis nigripinnis woodsi, new subspecies 13b. Dorsal rays 17 to 19 (counting all rudiments); anal 10; anal origin under base of ninth or tenth dorsal fin ray or under middle of base of dorsal fin; origin of dorsal fin a little closer to tip of snout than midbase of caudal fin; papillae on upper lip knoblike (Gulf of California) 2202 eee Cotylis pinniger (Gilbert) 12b. No papilla on upper lip, lobelike structures occurring around lips of lower jaw when best developed being low knobs or ridges, chin lacking inner series of papillae as described for Cotylis. 17a. Gill membranes joined at upper edge of pectoral fin base, some- times a little anteriorly, giving appearance of being opposite REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 53 bases of upper first to third pectoral fin rays or the orbits larger than interorbital space; incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw projecting forward in a nearly horizontal or oblique direction, middle pair a little larger than those laterally. 18a. Anal rays 10 to 14; dorsal 12 to 16, pectoral 19 to 23 (counting all rudiments); fleshy pad on outer margin of pectoral fin base very well developed and free membranous border along its posterior edge extending up to or beyond twelfth pectoral ray from dorsal edge; interorbital space equal to or wider than eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 4% to 514 times in dorsal origin to midcaudal fin base; anal origin under anterior third of dorsal fin base (Sicyogaster Brisout de Barneyille). 19a. Anal rays 10 or 11; dorsal 12 or 18; free margin of fleshy pad on pectoral fin base ending abruptly opposite ninth to twelfth ray from upper edge of pectoral fin base; eye 1 to 144 in interorbital space and 4 or 5 in head; anus a little closer to rear margin of disk than to anus; origin of dorsal fin equidistant between midbase of caudal fin and anterior half of postorbital length of head (Peru and Chile). Sicyogaster marmoratus (Jenyns) 19b. Anal rays 12 to 14; dorsal 13 to 16; fleshy pad on outer base of pectoral fin with free posterior margin ending gradually, about opposite first to third upper pectoral fin ray; eye 1% to 2 in interorbital space; length of disk about 3, head about 21%, greatest depth 41% to 5, all in standard length; anus much closer to anal origin than rear margin of disk; origin of dorsal equidistant between midbase of caudal fin and rear of head; interorbital space about equal to snout (San Diego to Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; Puget Sond) 2-225> ee Bees Sicyogaster maeandricus (Girard) 18b. Anal rays 7 or 8; dorsal 7 to 9; pectoral 22 to 25; diameter of eyes greater than interorbital space, the latter about % to % in eye; color usually reddish when alive (Arcos, new genus). 20a. Free margin of fleshy pad on pectoral fin base ending op- posite thirteenth ray from upper edge of pectoral fin base; interorbital space 6 or 7 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 314 times in distance from midcaudal fin base to dersal origin and 1% in its length; pelvics fastened nearer base of pectoral rays than one-third way out (Galapagos Islands; Panama Bay; and Mazatlfin, Gulf of California). Arcos poecilophthalmus (Jenyns) 20h. Free margin of fleshy pad on pectoral fin base ending opposite sixteenth to nineteenth ray from upper edge of pectoral fin base; interorbital 5 or 6 times in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 4 times in distance from mideaudal base to dorsal origin and 124 in its length; pelyics fastened about one-third way out lower pectoral rays (Bahama Islands; West Indies). Arcos macrophthalmus (Gtinther) 17). Gill membranes joined opposite third to seventh upper pectoral fin rays somewhat more anteriorly than in Cotylis; incisorlike teeth at front of lower Jaw not projecting horizontally forward but curved obliquely upward so as to nearly oppose those in upper jaw, the pair of incisors at middle of lower jaw nearly same size as adjoining ones; outer surface of pectoral fin base with a dis- 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 tinetly fleshy pad, posterior margin free and joined opposite at- tachment of gill membranes (Gobiesoxr Lacepéde). 21a. Disk much greater than distance from tip of chin to front of disk. 22a. Origin of dorsal fin equidistant between midcaudal fin base and rear one-third of pectoral fin rays or a little behind them; anal origin under fifth dorsal fin ray, behind middle of base of rays of that fin; teeth of lower jaw not projecting forward in a nearly horizontal position but directed nearly straight up- ward in adults, a little more oblique in young specimens; head 2.2 to 2.7, disk 2.6 to 3.3, and depth 4 to 5.5, all in standard length; dorsal rays 8 or 9, anal 5 to 7, pectoral 18 to 21; anus equidistant between anal origin and rear margin of disk or a little nearer to anal origin; eye 1144 (young) to 5 (adults) times in interorbital space. 23a. Length of disk when measured from its rear margin reaches nearly to end of anal fin usually from midbase to base of last anal ray; small dark spot often present near front of base of dorsal fin (Costa Rica, West Indies, to Brazil). Gobiesox cephalus Lacepéde 236. Length of disk when measured from its rear margin reaches only to base of first or second anal fin ray; front of dorsal with a large dark blotch not at base of fin (Cocos Island). Gobiesox fulvus Meek 226. Dorsal origin equidistant between midcaudal fin base and upper base of pectoral fin or rear of head; dorsal rays 10 or 11, anal 8, pectoral 19 to 21; gill membrane attached opposite fourth to seventh upper pectoral fin rays; interorbital 314 to 4% in head; distance from base of last dorsal ray to midcaudal base 244 to 314 times in distance from dorsal origin to rear of head ; anus equidistant between or closer to anal origin than rear margin of disk; fleshy pad on pectoral fin base with posterior margin free all way up to attachment of gill membrane; anal origin under fifth dorsal ray ; depth of caudal peduncle equals its length. 24a. Eye 11% to 2 in interorbital space (Texas; British Honduras; Bahamas and West Indies)_ Gobiesox punctulatus (Poey) 24b. Eye 0.9 to 1.1 in interorbital space (Pacific-Mazatlin). Gobiesox adustus Jordan and Gilbert 21b. Disk about equal to distance from tip of chin to front of disk; pelvic fins attached about one-third way out pectoral fin rays; length of disk equal to distance from rear margin of disk to anus or 114 times from disk to anal origin; head 2.9, disk 3.8 to 4.2, depth 5 or 6, width of head 314, all in standard length; eye 11% to 2 in interorbital space; interorbital 314 and disk 1% in head; dorsal origin equidistant from midcaudal fin base and middle of length of pectoral fin; distance from last dorsal ray to midcaudal fin base 4 times in distance from rear of head to dorsal origin; anus closer to anal origin than rear margin of disk; least depth of caudal peduncle greater than length of caudal peduncle from base of last anal ray to mideaudal fin base; opercular spine not well developed; anal origin under base of about the sixth dorsal ray; dorsal rays 11 or 12; anal 7 or 8; pectoral 18 to 20 (Gulf of California). . Gobiesox funebris Gilbert 55 REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ see) -|---|g eee ef Fe | ce | fe | fc | | fa | me | ee | | me | ee | me | | ae fs | | ce | ae | | | | | | ce | | | | | | | | | —)|—| ——_—_— ZUITOT] 6 | 8 | 2) 9 |S 6USTLZTOT ST FL tet) TL Ol) 6 | 8 | 2/9 16/97 '9E| FE) €%) TZ | 1S | OZ | OT |STLTI9T sAbi Uy [810}00q --|---]--|---]--]--]g --|---|--|---]--]--lg =< --|---]--|---]--|--]g ae G) Fh lele\ Tt Cruet soupsqureur 13 jo qyueugovye OAOQE SABI UY [8109007 ; (Se Fateh anne age Te “| o=|e sul uy [euy @ |-n-[--[-- |} t lrert--|--]--]-- rl ei ein bit fo > ee Hpoom syuusdybru ort et ie ts iol fo ae ee syuusdssdyu sruuydys0re Feet bl lias |... o..- ee ae enprdsosyus ltt oie ete te a safiidod #14709 OSL, Loans riot ieee | anf an --|--|--]--]--]---]--]---]---|--lg sepeds sel uy [Bss0cT appwosa1qgoy unriueup fo saweds uo appu syunojD—] @1aVvy, 604148—44———-2 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 ACYRTUS, new genus Genotype.—Sicyases rubiginosus Poey. This new genus is characterized by the lack of a dorsal curve of the premaxillary groove along upper lip over the snout tip in conjunction with the incisorlike teeth of the lower jaw having four minute joints. It may be distinguished from all other genera of American Gobieso- cidae by the key on page 49. Other characters are those of the genotype. Named Acyrtus in reference to the absence of the dorsal curve of the premaxillary groove over front of snout so common in all other Ameri- can clingfishes except Rimicola, to which this new genus is most closely related. ACYRTUS RUBIGINOSUS (Poey) Sicyases rubiginosus Pory, Synopsis piscium Cubensium, p. 391, 1868 (Palmasola, Cuba); Enumeratio piscium Cubensium, p. 124, 1876 (Cuba).—Jorpan, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm.. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1980 (Matanzas, Cuba). Sicyases carneus Pory, Synopsis piscium Cubensium, p. 392, 1868 (Palmasola, Cuba); Enumeratio piscium Cubensium, p. 124, 1876 (Cuba).—JoRDAN, EVERMANN, and Crark, Rep U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1930 (Matanzas, Cuba). Sicyases carneus Poey=S. rubiginosus Poey, LONGLEY, Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, No. 33, p. 271, 1934. ?Arbaciosa sp. BEEBE and TEE-VAN, Zoologica, vol. 10, No. 1, p. 252, 1928 (Lamentin Reef, Port-au-Prince Bay, Haiti). Gobiesoxr rubiginosus JORDAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Matanzas, Cuba) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2337, 1898 (Cuba). Gobiesox carneus JoRDAN and EVERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Matanzas, Cuba) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2337, 1898 (Matanzas). Gobiesox (Rimicola) beryllims HILDEBRAND and GINSBURG, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 42, p. 218, fig. 5, 1927 (Key West, Boca Chica, Fla.). Rimicola beryllinus JORDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1930 (Key West). Remarks.—An examination of the type of beryllinus indicates that the incisorlike teeth at the front of the lower jaw have four minute points, although the middle ones are worn down a little. The teeth along with other characters in the description of berylinus are in need of rechecking, but the type appears to have been dried out sometime and is not in first-class condition. Hildebrand and Ginsburg’s draw- ing, “figure 5,” has the lower rays of the pectoral fin twice too long and the disk is not quite long enough. The fin rays were not correctly counted in the original description. Material ecamined.—Cupa: U.S.N.M. Nos. 82581 and 82582, totaling 12 specimens. Frorwa: U.S.N.M. Nos. 87583 (holotype of beryllinus) and 116936, one specimen. Range.—Florida Keys and West Indies. , REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 57 Genus RIMICOLA Jordan and Evermann Rimicola JonDAN and EverRMANN, in Jordan, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 231, 1896. (Genotype: Gobiesor muscarum Meek and Pierson [=Gobiesor eigenmanni Gilbert]. ) RIMICOLA EIGENMANNI (Gilbert) Gobiesonw eigenmanni GritBert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 13, p. 96, 1890 (Point Loma, near San Diego, Calif.). Gobiesox rhessodon Rosa SmitH, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, p. 553, 1885 (San Cristébal, Baja California). Rimicola eigenmanni JorpAN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 231, pl. 32, 1896.—JorDAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm, Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Point Loma); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 8, p. 2339, 1898 (Point Loma, San Crist6bal Bay).—Snyprer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, p. 183, 1908 (Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, northward to Pacific Grove, Calif.).—JorpDAN, EVERMANN, and CrLarK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1980 (Point Loma to Monterey).—Wuy, Copeia, 1936, No. 2, p. 116 (Round Island Flats, Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia). Rimicola muscarum JorDAN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 231, 1896.— JoRDAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Monterey Bay); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2338, 1898 (Monterey Bay). Gobiesor muscarum MEex and Pierson, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 5, p. 571, pl. 71, 1895 (Monterey Bay, Calif.). Remarks.—My counts appear to disagree with those made by Snyder, Wilby, and other authors because I have included all the rudimentary fin rays at the beginning of each fin, apparently not counted previously. To be certain of my fin ray counts, the skin was dissected away from one side of each fin at the base of the an- terior fin rays. This revealed usually one or sometimes two rudi- mentary fin rays, and thus the counts by Snyder and by Wilby should be increased by one or two to bring them into line with my counts. Material examined.—Brit1suH Cotumera (Vancouver Island): U.S.N.M. No. 53850. Carrrornta: U.S.N.M. Nos. 44372 (holotype of eigenmanni), 48875 (cotype of muscarum), 49570, and 61055; U.M.M.Z. Nos. 64260, 64261, 64262, 63648, 63646, 63647, totaling 17 specimens. Range.—Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, to Monterey Bay, and west coast of Vancouver Island. INFRATRIDENS, new genus Genotype.—G obiesox rhessodon Rosa Smith. This new genus may be recognized from all other genera of Gobie- socidae by the characters described in the key on pages 49-50. It is distinguished by its trifid incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw, the smooth-tipped teeth in upper jaw, and the convex premaxillary groove across front of snout, Other characters are those of the genotype. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Named /nfratridens in reference to the trifid teeth at front of lower jaw. INFRATRIDENS RHESSODON (Rosa Smith) Gobiesox rhessodon Rosa SMiTH, in Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 63, 1881 (Point Loma) (nomen nudum) .—Rosa SMITH, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 140, 1881 (San Diego, Calif.). Arbaciosa rhessodon JORDAN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 230, pl. 36, 1896.— JORDAN and EVERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (San Diego; Gulf of California) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2340, 1898 (San Diego; Gulf of California).—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1980 (San Diego; Gulf of California). Material examined.—Cauirornia: U.S.N.M. Nos. 5246, 28896 (3 types of rhessodon), 34765, 41975, 49574, 67312, 104193, 117642, total- ing 24 specimens; U.M.M.Z. Nos. 63650, 63653, 63651, 63649, 63652, totaling 69 specimens. Caratrna Istanp: U.S.N.M. No. 121964 and U.M.M.Z. No. 64268, totaling 8 specimens. Baga CaLiForRNIA: U.S.N.M. Nos. 36948 and 79149, totaling 2 specimens. Range.—Southern California to Baja California. Genus ARBACIOSA Jordan and Evermann Arbaciosa JORDAN and EVERMANN, in Jordan, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 230, 1896. (Genotype: Gobiesoxr humeralis Gilbert.) ARBACIOSA HUMERALIS (Gilbert) Gobiesox humeralis GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 18, p. 95, 1890 (Puerto Refugio, Angel Island).—PELLEcRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, p. 162, 1901 (Gulf of California). Arbaciosa humeralis JorpANn, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 230, pl. 35, 1896.—JorDAN and EveRMANN, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Gulf of California) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2341, 1898 (Angel Island; La Paz).—JorpaAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1980 (Gulf of California). Material examined —GutFr or CatrrorNniA: U.S.N.M. Nos. 44374 (cotype of humeralis), 125008 (cotype of humeralis), 46693, 48259 (4 cotypes of humeralis), totaling 8 specimens; F.M.N.H. No. 3336, 44 specimens; U.M.M.Z. No. 136128, 1 specimen. Range.—Gulf of California. ARBACIOSA EOS (Jordan and Gilbert) Gobiesor eos JoRDAN and Guipert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 360, 1882 (Mazatlan). Arbaciosa eos JorDAN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 280, pl. 37, 1896 (Mazatlin).—JorpDAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Pacific coast of Mexico) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2348, 1898 (Mazatlin).—JorpAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 491, 1930 (Pacific coast of Mexico). Material examined.—Mextco (Mazatlin): U.S.N.M. No. 30889 (18 cotypes of Gobiesox eos), C. H. Gilbert. * REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 59 Range—Mazatlin, Mexico. ARBACIOSA PYRRHOCINCLA PYRRHOCINCLA (Cope) Sicyases pyrrhocinclus Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 17, p. 43, 1877 (Peru). Arbaciosa pyrrhocinclus Apporr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 363 (Peru, Pecasmayu Bay ?).—EVERMANN and Rapciirre, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 95, p. 155, 1917. Arbaciosa hieroglyphica EVERMANN and RApCLir¥®#, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 95, p. 155, pl. 14, fig. 2, 1917 (Lobos de Afuera, Peru). ? Arbaciosa petersii (non Garman) Apsporr, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 363 (Peru) [not based on any specimen]. ? Gobiesoxv zebra (non Jordan and Gilbert) Reean, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 12, p. 280, 19383 (Lobos de Tierra, Peru). Material examined—Prru (Lobos de Afuera Islands): U.S.N.M. Nos. 77561 (type of hieroglyphica), 77565 (10 cotypes of hieroglyph- ica), 101703, 101704, 101705, 128175, totaling 21 specimens. Also from Peru: U.S.N.M. Nos. 88817, 88827, 88828, 119753, 128174, totaling 19 specimens. Range.—Peru. ARBACIOSA PYRRHOCINCLA TRUNCATA Heller and Snodgrass Arbaciosa truncata HELLER and SNopcrass, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 5, p. 216, pl. 14, 1903 (Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galépagos).—KENDALL and RADCLIFFE, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 35, No. 3, p. 160, 1912 (Chatham Island ).—Hekrre, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 21, p. 391, 1936 (South Seymour Island ; Eden Island). Gobiesor zebra (non Jordan and Gilbert) Grisert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 13, p. 452, 1890 (Duncan Island, Galipagos). Material examined.—Gaxdracos Isutanps: U.S.N.M. Nos. 65427, 101702, 101710, 101715, 101716, 101718, 109419, 116202, 119837, totaling 36 specimens; F.M.N.H. Nos. 25165-25215, 41301-41303, 41214, 41215, 41641-41646, totaling 62 specimens. Range.—Galipagos Islands. ARBACIOSA RHODOSPILA (Giinther) Gobiesow rhodospilus GUNTueER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 6, p. 25, 1864 (Pan- ama) ; Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 6, pp. 390, 445, 1869 (Panama).— JorpAN and EvermMaANn, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Panama); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2335, 1898 (Panama).— Bov- LENGER, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ, Torino, vol. 14, No. 835, p. 8, 1899 (Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador).—Grceerr and Starks, Mem. California Acad. Sci, vol. 4, p. 189, 1904 (Panama).—Merk and Hinpesrkanp, The marine fishes of Panama, pt. 3, p. 926, 1928 (Panama and Santa Elena Bay).—Jorpan, EVvERMANN, and Crark, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1980 (Panama). ‘ Sicyases petersii GARMAN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 208, 1875 (San José, San Miguel, and Saboga, all Pearl Islands, Panama Bay). Gobiesox zebra JorvAN and Gitnertr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 859, 1882 (Mazatlan). 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Arbaciosa zebra JORDAN and EVERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 403, 1896 (Mazatlan) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 8, p. 2341, 1898, (Mazatlin).—MErEEK and HILDEBRAND, Marine fishes of Panama, pt. 3, p. 927, 1928 (Toboguilla Island).—KEeENDALL and RapcLirrr, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 35, No. 3, p. 160, 1912 (Toboguilla Island).—JorpAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 491, 1930 (Mazatlan.) Material excamined.—GuF or CauirorniA: U.S.N.M. Nos. 29250 (47 cotypes of zebra) , 47496, 119716, 119717, 119754, totaling 56 specimens. Costa Rica: U.S.N.M. Nos. 92119 and 101711, totaling 3 specimens. Panama Bay: U.S.N.M. Nos. 65428 and 120485 (3 cotypes of petersiz), totaling 8 specimens. CotomptA: U.S.N.M. No. 101712, one specimen. Ecuapor: U.S.N.M. Nos. 88826 and 101717, totaling 3 specimens. Range.—Gulf of California to Ecuador. ARBACIOSA FASCIATA (Peters) - Sicyases fasciatus PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, p. 412, May 8, 1860 (Puerto Cabello [probably Venezuela] ).—GUNTHrER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 497, 1861 (Puerto Cabello) ; Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 6, p. 8390, 1869 (Puerto Cabello ).—GuirEeL, Arch. Zool. Exper., vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 645-652, 1906 (anatomy ).—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1930 (Puerto Cabello). Gobiesox rupestris Porky, Memorias sobre la historia natural de la isla de Cuba, vol. 2, p. 283, pl. 18, fig. 6, July 1860. Gobiesoxz fasciatus JORDAN and HYERMANN, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Puerto Cabello) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2338, 1898 (Puerto Cabello). Arbaciosa rupestris JORDAN and EVERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Cuba) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2341, 1898 (Cuba).—BEEBE and Trs-VAN, Zoologica, vol. 10, No. 1, p. 252, fig., 1928 (Port-au-Prince Bay, Haiti) —Jorpan, EvERMANN, and CuLarK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 491, 1930 (Cuba).—Parr, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 3, art. 4, p. 186, 1930 (Green Cay, Bahamas). Sicyases rupestris Pony, Synopsis piscium Cubensium, p. 391, 1868 (Cuba) ; Hnumeratio piscium Cubensium, pt. 2, p. 124, 1876 (Cuba). Arbaciosa minuta Mrrk and HILDEBRAND, The marine fishes of Panama, pt. 3, p. 928, pl. 92, 1928 (Colon, Panama). Material examined.—Sr. Crorx Istanp: U.S.N.M. Nos. 153882 and 15431, totaling 13 specimens. Barsapos: U.S.N.M. No. 86752, 1 speci- men. Cupa: U.S.N.M. Nos. 37414, 37421, 82580, totaling 15 specimens. Guatema4La: U.M.M.Z. Field No. H35-138a, 6 specimens. Panama: U.S.N.M. No. 81523 (type of minuta). Brazm: U.S.N.M. Nos. 87799, 87800-87803, 88042, totaling 19 specimens. Range.—West Indies; Guatemala to Brazil. Genus SICYASES Miiller and Troschel Sicyases MULLER and TRoscHEL, in Miiller, Arch. fiir Naturg. (Wiegmann), 9th year, vol. 1, pp. 297, 298, 1843 (genotype: Sicyases sanguineus Miiller and Troschel) ; Ber. Verh. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 18438, p. 212 (genotype: Sicyases sanguineus Miiller and Troschel) (ref. copied) ; Horae ichthyologicae Be- schreibung und abbildung neuer Fische, pt. 3, p. 19, 1849. REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 61 Tomicodon Brisout DE BARNEVILLE, Rey. Zool. Soc. Cuy., vol. 9, p. 144, 1846 (Tomi- codon chilensis Brisout de Barneville) ; Echo Monde Savant, vol. 13, p. 535, 1846. SICYASES SANGUINEUS Miller and Troschel Sicyases sanguineus MUtier and TroscHer, in Miiller, Arch. flr Naturg. (Wieg- mann), 9th year, vol. 1, p. 298, 1843 (Chile) ; Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 3, p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1849 (Chile).—Gtnruer, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 38, p. 494, 1861 (Chile; Valparaiso).—Dertrin, Catfilogo de los peces de Chile, Valparaiso, p. 90, 1901 (Bahia de Concepci6n; Cavancha; Isla de Juan Fernindez; Tomé; Talcahuano). Tomicodon chilensis BrrsouT DE BARNEVILLE, Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., vol. 9, p. 144, 1846 (Valparaiso). ? Gobiesor brevirostris Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile . . . Zoologia, vol. 2, p. 335, pl. 9, fig. 1, 1848 (ref. copied). Gobiesor sanguineus Axspott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 363, (coasts of Peru and Chile).—EVERMANN and Rapcrirre, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 95, p. 153, 1917 (Peru and Chile). Sicyases chilensis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 497, 1861 (Valparaiso).—DeELFIN, Catélogo de los peces de Chile, Val- paraiso, p. 90, 1901 (Valparaiso). Material examined.—Prrv: U.S.N.M. Nos. 44180, 77512, 83029, 91557, totaling 11 specimens. Cue (Valparaiso): U.S.N.M. No. 121950 and F.M.N.H. No. 32994, 1 specimen each number. Range.—Peru and Chile. SICYASES HILDEBRANDI, new species Holotype—wU.S.N.M. No. 88818, the only known specimen, 69 mm. in standard length, collected by Dr. W. L. Schmitt at Cumberland Bay, Juan Fernindez Island, off Chile, December 1926. Description.—Certain measurements were made on the holotype, and these along with others made on three specimens of S. sanguineus are recorded in table 2. The following counts were made on the holotype: Dorsal rays 11; anal rays 9; pectoral rays 25-25; free edge of pectoral pad ends oppo- site 11-11 pectoral rays counting down from the dorsal edge; gill membranes attached opposite upper edge of pectoral fin base. Head about 314, depth 6.9, disk 2.9, all in standard length; eye 114 in interorbital space, the latter 224 in head (to upper edge of gill opening) ; dorsal origin equidistant between midcaudal fin base and middle of postorbital length of head; anal origin under bases of second and third from last dorsal fin rays; tip of snout to tip of opercular spine equal to distance from upper edge of gill opening to dorsal origin; base of last dorsal ray to midcaudal fin base 114 in upper edge gill opening to dorsal origin; base of dorsal fin 1%49 and base of anal fin 2.1, both in gill opening to dorsal origin; anus just behind the rear margin of the disk; free posterior margin of the 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 fleshy pad on lower pectoral base ending opposite the eleventh ray from dorsal edge of pectoral fin; the middle incisors of both jaws much wider than the adjoining pair and those on lower jaw longer, but the two middle pairs of upper jaw about the same length; the interorbital space slightly concave; both nostrils close in front of eye, the anterior one with a small fringed flap arising on its posterior edge. TaBLE 2.—Measurements of the two species of Sicyases, in hundredths of the standard length hildebrandi sanguineus Characters U.S.N.M. Nos. ETO 0;6,9;10 C | erases cacacaiaa sn 77512 77512 77512 83029 Standard length (in millimeters)------------------_- 69 59 78.5 90 159 Length of head tompper edge of gill opening__.______ 28.3 32.2 33.8 35.3 Stel Length of head to tip of opercular spine_-_-__-_-_----- 33.3 35.6 37.6 38.3 44.3 Greatest: depth of Dodye ues a ea 14.5 14.9 15.9 16.1 O17, Greatest widthiof hea days ee eee reel aen 27.5 29.1 29.9 33.9 37.1 Least depth of caudal peduncle_-__-_-_--------------- 7. 82 8.30 NU 8.33 7.86 ength of caudalipeduncle sass ares see eee ee 13.8 13.9 10.8 11.1 1308 Lengthiofsno tee ewan ea Se nee ee 10.6 11.7 12.2 13.1 13.8 IDI AMCLEL OGY Cosa ae as een ee ne eee ee 7. 54 7. 63 8.02 7. 56 6. 26 Width)of bony interorbital\ ss eee ae eee 12.2 12.2 14.0 16.0 18.2 Postorbital length of head to upper edge of gill open- Pir he eee eee Cae OU Ae ee eS 14.9 16.4 16.7 17.2 20. 4 Postorbital length of head to tip of opercular spine__ 19.1 20. 2 21.9 23.3 28.0 eng thiol dis eee aeae ee nen nea ae 35.6 36.4 38.8 40.6 45.9 Distance from base of last dorsal ray to midcaudal IVS See eae ee ers 21.7 20. 7 17.5 19.1 16 0 Disks GOA Us fs ee Pe ee eS Se eee rsd eee 3.91 3.90 4. 20 3. 67 0. 94 MANTIS tO;a al OL eins meee ee eee Te a eee 19.6 23. 4 20. 4 21.6 20. 4 Snoutip to;dorsalionigimsy sae eee eee eee 59. 4 62.7 66. 2 68.4 69.2 Snoutitipitomnaloriginewe see ee ee eee 72.5 76.3 79.7 80.0 80.5 Snout,tip to centerjiof anus=----<-— = 225 eae eee 52.6 53. 2 58. 1 57.2 59.2 Length of base of dorsal fin_-----_------------------- 19.5 17.0 15.5 14.7 17.9 Iengthiof baseotanal fin sli See ee ee 14.2 11.4 9. 30 10.0 9. 12 mongest ray, ondorsalpane 2s ove ee eee eee 12.5 12.2 - 12. 5 13.3 14.1 Longest ray of anal fin___----_----- Ns meet mats Nae oe 11.7 11,2 11.5 iat | een Longest ray of caudal fin. _._------------------------ 24.5 23NO py cease 23.5 22.0 Longest ray,.of pectoral fin. _------2=- =< 222-2 i” 14.5 15.3 14.3 16.7 18.2 TTip of SNOUtito | disk= = eet ane ene ee ee enn 13.3 14,2 14.3 15.5 15.4 Origin of dorsal to upper edge of gill opening_________ 36.0 37.3 37.6 38.6 37.7 femarks.—The chief differences between this new species and Sicyases sanguineus are in the more anterior position of the dorsal fin and the length of the bases of the dorsal and anal fins. The following measurements indicate the amount of the above differences, first for the new species then for sanguineus: Distance from base of last dorsal ray to midcaudal fin base in upper edge of gill opening to dorsal origin 1.65 and 1.80-2.35; length of caudal peduncle in tip of snout to anal origin 5.26 and 5.50-7.36; base of dorsal fin in head 1.55 and 1.90-2.40; base of anal fin in head 2.14 and 2.83—4.06 ; base of dorsal fin in snout to REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 63 dorsal origin 3.04 and 3.70-4.67 ; base of anal fin in snout to anal origin 5.10 and 6.70-8.83 ; dorsal origin equidistant between midcaudal fin base and middle of postorbital length of head for héldebrandi, and upper edge of gill opening to middle of length of upper pectoral rays for sanguineus. In general, the new species appears to be a little slenderer than sanguineus. Presumably, when an adequate series of hildebrandi is collected from the Juan Fernandez Islands and studied, this new species may be best treated as a subspecies of sanguineus. Named hildebrandi for Dr. Samuel F. Hildebrand, senior ichthy- ologist, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, who while working up a monograph of the fishes of Peru noticed this new fish and sug- gested that I describe it. It is with great pleasure that I name this new species in his honor and in recognition of his numerous and valuable contributions in ichthyology. Genus COTYLIS Miiller and Troschel Cotylis MULLER and TroscHEL, in Miiller, Arch. fiir Naturg. (Wiegmann), 9th year, vol. 1, p. 297, 1848 (genotype: Cotylis nuda Miiller and Troschel=Lepado- gaster nudus Bloch and Schneider=Gobiesor gyrinus Jordan and Hvermann= Gobiesox nigripinnis Peters) (Cyclopterus nudus Linnaeus not identified) ; Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 3, p. 17, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1849 (genotype: Cotylis nuda Bloch and Schneider). [Cotylis (non Miller and Troschel) Giinther, Cata- logue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 498, 1861, but restricted to Cotylis fimbriata Miiller and Troschel, 1849, from Red Sea, and not described in 1843. Cotylis Giinther has the substitute name Cotylichthys Jordan, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1919, p. 341.] Bryssetaeres JoxpAN and EverMANN, in Jordan, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 230, 1896 (genotype: Gobiesox pinniger Gilbert) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2328, 1898 (genotype: G. pinniger Gilbert). Caulistius JORDAN and EVERMANN, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App. p. 491, 1896. (Genotype: Gobiesor papillifer Gilbert.) Bryssophilus JoRDAN and EverMANN, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, pp. 2829, 2330, 1898. (Genotype: Gobiesor papillifer Gilbert.) COTYLIS PAPILLIFER (Gilbert) Gobiesor papillifer Gripert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 13, p. 96, 1890 (Magdalena Bay, Lower California).—JorpaAN and EverMANnN, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Magdalena Bay) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2330, 1898 (Magdalena Bay). Caulistius papillifer JonpAN, EverMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 488, 1930 (Magdalena Bay). Material examined —Basa Cauirornta (Magdalena Bay) : U.S.N.M. No. 44376 (type of papillifer), collected by the Albatross. Range.—Magdalena Bay, Baja California. 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 COTYLIS MICROSPILUS (Fowler) PLATE 1, A Caulistius microspilus FowLeR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1916, p. 412, fig. 4 (Panama Bay). Description.—Head contained about 224, disk 2.9 or 3, greatest depth of body 5 to 6, in standard length; eye 214 in interorbital space; disk a little shorter than length of head; tip of chin to front of disk about 34 to 4% length of disk; distance from base of last dorsal fin ray to midbase of caudal fin contained nearly three times in base of dorsal fin; dorsal origin nearly an eye diameter closer to mid- base of caudal fin than to rear of orbit; depressed anal fin reaching a trifle past a line through caudal fin base, and depressed dorsal fin reaching to opposite caudal fin base; upper lip on premaxillary with a median papilla and five more on each side, but none posteriorly on upper lip; middle of snout with three short papillae or knobs, but edge of snout above groove without papillae anteriorly but about five well-developed ones laterally; another papilla behind rictus and one on lower lip below rictus; median part of chin and lower jaw with three rows of papillae, the most anterior being a pair of low lobes, next a pair of papillae, and the inner row consisting of two pairs of papillae, with the outer pair posterior to the anterior pair; lower lip at each side of median part of chin forming a small lobe bearing two small papillae; three large papillae along the inner edge of the groove along edge of lower lip on each side; preopercular spine well developed; three or four pairs of small incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw in outer row; teeth at front of upper jaw nearly conical; lateral teeth of both jaws conical; a small patch of teeth behind outer teeth at front of both jaws; interorbital space flat; anterior nostril tubular with a short dermal flap, sometimes branched, arising at the posterior rim of this nostril; shoulder girdle with a fleshy lobe and a shallow groove along its lower edge separating it from the lower less fleshy lobe; base of pectoral fin with a fleshy lobe, the posterior and ventral margins free, this free margin beginning at point where gill membrane is fused opposite base of sixth or seventh pectoral ray from dorsal edge of that fin; upper edge of axial dermal flap behind pectoral fin is fused to base of fin opposite ninth or tenth ray from dorsal edge of pectoral fin; pelvic fin attached to near base of pectoral fin rays; lower rays of pectoral fin nearly as long as middle pectoral fin rays; margins of disk and pelvic pads of disk all covered with low flattened papillae; anus much closer to anal origin than to rear margin of disk. Coloration.—In alcohol, pale brownish everywhere on dorsal sur- faces of head and anterior parts of body profusely brown-spotted, these spots small and rather close together; tips of all rays of median U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 1 A, Lower side of head of Cotylis microspilus (Fowler), U.S. N. M. No. 107142. B, Lower side of head of Cotylis nigripinnis nigripinnis Peters, U.S. N.M. No. 58829. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl. REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 65 fins white; basally the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are dark brown; more or less obscure pale bar across base of caudal fin. Material examined.—The following three specimens, all collected by Dr. W. L. Schmitt, form the basis of the foregoing redescription of this species: U.S.N.M. No. 88822, 26.5 mm., Salinas, Ecuador, September 15, 1926. U.S.N.M. No. 88823, 58 mm., Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1926. U.S.N.M. No. 107142, 62.6 mm., Paita, Peru, October 7, 1926. The three young specimens listed below, also collected by Dr. Schmitt, are referred to this species with uncertainty. They appear to be more robust than the adults. U.S.N.M. No. 101713, 2 specimens, 14.5 and 15 mm., Cupica Bay, Colombia, January 26, 1935. U.S.N.M. No. 101938, 1 specimen, 9.5 mm., Cupica Bay, Colombia, January 26, 1935. Range.—Panama Bay to northern Peru. COTYLIS NIGRIPINNIS NIGRIPINNIS Peters Prats 1, B Cotylis nigripinnis Perers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, p. 412, May 8, 1860 (Puerto Cabello [probably Venezuela] ). Gobiesor nigripinnis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 502, 1861 (Puerto Cabello) ; Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 6, p. 390, 1869 (Puerto Cabello).—JorpAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Puerto Cabello) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2331, 1898 (Puerto Cabello).—Merzeraar, Bijd. Dierk. Feest. Num. 70th Geboortedag van Dr. Max Weber, pt. 22, p. 140, 1922 (Caracas Bay) .— JoRDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, 488, 1930 (Puerto Cabello). Gobiesor strumosus Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 22, p. 121, 1870 (Hilton Head, S. C.).—Jorpan and EverMann, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Carolina to Florida) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull, 47, pt. 3, p. 2333, 1898 (Hilton Head, 8S. C.; Indian River, Fla. ; Titusville).— HILpeBRAND and ScHroeper, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 43, pt. 1, p. 339, 1928 (Chesapeake Bay).—JorpAN, EveRMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1980 (Maryland to Florida).—LoneLey and Hivpe- BRAND, Systematic catalogue of the fishes of Tortugas, Florida, p. 284, 1941 (Tortugas, Fla.). Lepadogaster nudus (non Linnaeus) Brocnw and Scunetwer, Systema ichthyo- logiae, p. 2, 1801 (locality 7). Cotylis nuda (non Linnaeus) Minter and Troscner, Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 3, p. 17, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1849 [West Indies]. Gobiesor nudus Brisout pe BARNEVILLE, Rey. Zool. Soc. Cuv., vol. 9, p. 144, 1846 (no locality).—Gtwruenr, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 502, 1861 (West Indies; Island of Cordova) ; Trans. Zool. Soe. London, vol. 6, p. 390, 1869 (Cardon). Gobiesor gyrinus JonpaN and EverMaANN, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, p. 491, 1896 (nomen nudum); U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2331, 1898 (West Indies) (based on Gobiesor nudus [non Linnaeus] Gtinther).— 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 JorpAN, HVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1930 (West Indies). Gobiesor virgdtulus GoopE and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 236, 1882 (Gulf of Mexico) (nomen nudum).—JorDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 298, 1882 (Pensacola, Fla.).—Jorpan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 7, p. 149, 1884 (Hgmont).—JorpANn and EverRMANN, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Pensacola Bay to Charleston, S. C.) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3 p. 23338, 1898 (Pensacola Bay north to Charles- ton).—SmirH, Fishes of North Carolina, p. 374, 1907 (Beaufort Harbor; Fort Macon; Charleston).—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1980 (Pensacola Bay to Charleston). Gobiesox sancti-martini METZzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, pt. 1, p. 151, fig. 48, 1919 (St. Martin, Simsonsbay Lagoon).—JorpDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1930 (West Indies). Gobiesoz barbatulus STarKs, The fishes of the Stanford Expedition to Brazil, p. 73, pl. 14, 19138 (Natal).—Riserro, Fauna Brasiliense . . . Peixes Gobiesocidae, p. 2, 1915 (Lagéa em Natal). “Gobiesor yuma Nichols=[non] Gobiesox vittatus Metzelaar—[non] Gobiesor punctulatus Poey,” LoneLry, Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book No. 34, p. 284, 1935. “Gobiesox virgatulus Jordan and Gilbert=G. strawmosus Cope,” Lonetry, Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, No. 38, p. 270, 1934. “Gobiesox barbatulus Starks=Gobiesog gyrinus Jordan and Evermann=Gobiesox nigripinnis Peters,” LoncLey, Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, No. 34, p. 284, 1935. Gobiesox yuma NicHots, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, No. 87, p. 876, fig. 1, 1917 (Sanibel Light, Fla., west coast).—? Breprer, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 1, art. 1, p. 85, 1927 (Royal Islands, Bahamas) .—JorDAN, EXVER- MANN, and CriArk, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1930 (Florida). Remarks.——Miller and Troschel’s description of Cotylis nuda (1849, pp. 17-18) leaves little doubt that their species is the same as the one recognized here as nigripinnis, since small barbels are said to occur around the mouth and the coloration is brownish with streaks of dark spots. In addition, fin rays are given as dorsal 12, anal 7. When the form along the Atlantic coast from Chesapeake Bay to the east coast of Florida is studied in the minutest detail, it may be recognized as distinct from nigripinnis, but I have not thoroughly investigated the variation in the various localities from Maryland to Brazil. There are several names available for the races or subspecies that may be recognized. Dr. 8. F. Hildebrand kindly turned over to me the notes made by Dr. W. H. Longley at Amsterdam on the type of Gobiesow sanett- martini Metzelaar. I quote: T. L. [total length] 69 mm. D. 12, A, 8, P. 23-24 including a stub above. Diameter of eye (orbit) 3.0 mm. Interorbital width 7.0 mm. Nasal cirri expanded, bilobed, without fringe. Twenty-nine coarse cirri, becoming bulbous under pressure of the tissue behind them, along front of ventral disk in single REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 67 series. The fleshy border lateral to them only slightly crenulated before the anterior ray of the ventral fin. The lower angle of the pectoral moderately prominent, not exserted. Opercular cleft extending upward to the base of 6th ray, the fold before the base of the fin complete, continuous with the fleshy border of the operculum. Anterior teeth little if any flattened, the lateral in the upper jaw running in behind the front but not as regularly asin some. . . Taste 3.—Counts and measurements made on species of Cotylis, expressed in hundredths of the standard length microsptu Se aes alee Characters ——— ee U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | F.M.N.H. No. 88822 | No. 88823 | No. 107142 | No. 87752 | No. 87752 | No. 41974 Standard length (in milli- wieters)-—-_+--2 2. atencewee 26.5 58 62.6 69 40 33 Length of head___-_..._.---_- 41.5 41.2 41.0 40.6 42.0 41,2 Greatest depth of body- ------ 15.8 18.3 18.2 18.8 22.2 13.7 Greatest width of head___.___- 32.0 31.1 35.1 39.1 35.0 36.4 Length of caudal peduncle__-_- 8.30 9. 32 8.79 10.1 11,5. 7. 58 Least depth of caudal pe- Gunties. 208254 5 oe 9. 44 8.62 8.03 9.42 10.5 6. 97 Length of snout_.......-__---- 11.7 12.2 13.3 15.5 12.8 11,2 Diameter of eye._...-.-------- 7. 55 5. 86 5. 59 5. 50 5.25 7. 58 Width of interorbital space _ _- 10.9 14.7 13.6 13.0 7 9. 40 Postorbital length of head__._- 26.4 24. 2 25.7 24.3 25.8 22.8 awe Oe ORR 8 ct 35. 2 34.5 34.3 36.5 38.7 32.4 Distance from base last dorsal : ray to midcaudal fin base__- 9. 44 11,2 9. 60 12.3 12.5 9.70 Gape or tip of snout to rictus__ 13.6 13.6 16.0 15.2 AO eal eee eee ee Distance from rear margin of (Nd) i a 10.9 11.7 13.6 11.7 10.5 11.2 Anus (center) to anal origin._- 6. 04 4.14 4.80 7.10 9, 25 10.9 Snout tip to dorsal origin. --._- 61.1 59. 2 60.0 64.5 65.0 69.1 Snout to anal origin.......___-. 73. 2 70.7 70. 2 69.6 74.0 77.3 oo ae rd 64.9 66.9 65.5 62.3 65.0 63.7 Length of dorsal fin base (to base of last ray)............- 82.5 32.4 33.5 25. 5 29.0 25.8 Length of anal fin base... ___- 21.1 22.1 21.6 a1 % 20.0 16.7 Longest ray of dorsal fin_____- 17.0 15.0 16.0 14.8 14.3 14,2 Longest ray of anal fin...____-. 15.1 12.4 12.8 12.0 13.0 11.5 Longest ray of caudal fin__.._- 30.6 26.7 26.4 24.3 26.3 26.4 Longest ray of pectoral fin. __- 15.8 15.5 16.5 16,2 18.3 12.4 Length of third ray from bot- tom of pectoral fin. ....____. 14.0 12.9 12.1 13.0 15.5 11.5 Number of pectoral fin rays...| 24-26 27-27 25-26 25-26 25-25 22-22 Spee pt 4... M4 14 14 ll ll 10 PAN IES te aad een 10 10 10 9 9 8 Number of upper pectoral rays above upper edge of attachment of gill mem- Deeaee dL 6-7 7-7 6-6 6-6 6-7 6-6 See table 3 for measurements made on two specimens from Brazil. I have examined the type of Gobiesox yuma Nichols and find that it possesses the barbellike structures around the mouth and in other respects resembles Cotylis nigripinnis nigripinnis to which I refer it 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 as asynonym. The teeth of the lower jaw at the front have uneven edges but are not bifid or trifid as in certain other genera. I count dorsal rays as 12, anal as 9, and pectoral 23. The following two collections, referred to this species with uncer- tainty, contain very small specimens that do not show certain charac- ters fully developed and may represent an undescribed species of small size: U.S.N.M. No. 83862, 4 specimens, 10.5 to 11 mm., Trinidad, Albatross, January 380-February 21, 1884. U.M.M.Z. No. 181173, 4 specimens, 8.3 to 9.5 mm., Velasco, Tex., Rice Institute, April 17, 1923. Material examined—Marytanp and Virernta: U.S.N.M. Nos. 80400, 30407, 48064, 58829, 67760, 67761, 68391, 74852, 76530, 76531, 77929, 83593, 85087, 85681, 86313, 88583, 88586, 89340, 91210-91239, 92024, 92081, 93759, 93805, 104930, 109846, 122392, 129394, totaling 420 specimens. NortH Carotina: U.S.N.M. Nos. 4905, 85088, 122395, 122396, total 4 specimens. Sourw Carormna: U.S.N.M. Nos. 263811, 59053, 59061, totaling 9 specimens. Frorma: U.S.N.M. Nos. 26611, 30471, 80861 (2 cotypes of virgatulus) , 32760, 34719, 34725, 73250, 85089, 85090, 91456, 92213, 92915, 93716, 93882, 94896, 116933116935, 125493, totaling 31 specimens. Arapama: U.S.N.M. No. 73545, 2 specimens. Mississipp1: U.S. N. M. No. 32625, 1 specimen. Lovuisrana: U.S.N.M. Nos. 86134, 122393, 124979, totaling 3 specimens; U.M.M.Z. No. 128860, 3 specimens. Trxas: U.S.N.M. Nos. 69347, 69348, 118542, totaling 4 specimens; U.M.M.Z. Nos. 111746 and 114471, totaling 15 specimens. Braziu: U.S.N.M. Nos. 87752 and 87798, totaling 3 specimens. Range.—Chesapeake Bay to Brazil; West Indies. COTYLIS NIGRIPINNIS WOODSI, new subspecies Holotype—F.M.N.H. No. 41974, a specimen 33 mm. in standard length, from Cocos Island at Wafer Bay, collected February 23, 1941. Description of only known specimen.—Detailed measurements were made and these are recorded in hundredths of the standard length in table 3. Head contained about 214, disk 3, greatest depth of body about 7, in standard length; eye equal to bony interorbital space and 12% in fleshy interorbital space; disk about 1.3 in head; tip of chin to front of disk about 84 length of disk; distance from base of last dorsal ray to mid- base of caudal fin 2.7 in length of base of dorsal fin; dorsal origin equidistant between midbase of caudal fin and base of upper pectoral ray; tips of rays of depressed anal fin reaching a little past a line through base of caudal fin and depressed dorsal fin not reaching quite to that line; size and arrangement of papillae around mouth essentially as described for nigripinnis,; about three pairs of incisorlike teeth at REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—-SCHULTZ 69 front of lower jaw projecting obliquely forward, followed laterally by one or two somewhat enlarged conical teeth, then posteriorly by a short row of small conical teeth; inside of larger outer row of teeth a few smaller ones at front of lower jaw; upper jaw with conical teeth, those at front a little enlarged; none of the teeth with trifid tips; front of upper jaw inside of outer teeth with a few minute teeth; interorbital space flat; each anterior nostril with a bifid dermal flap on posterior margin; shoulder girdle with a fleshy lobe on its lower margin under gill cover; base of pectoral fin with a fleshy lobe, the posterior and ventral margins with a free edge that extends to the attachment of the opercular membrane, both of which are fused opposite the base of the sixth pectoral fin ray; upper edge of axial dermal flap behind pectoral fin fused to base of fin opposite the sixth pectoral ray; pelvic fins at- tached near base of about fourth pectoral fin ray; lower rays of pec- toral fin nearly as long as middle rays; margins of disk and pelvic pads with low flattened papillae; anus a trifle closer to anal origin than to rear margin of disk. Coloration.—General coloration pale brownish in alcohol, with five wide indistinct bars on body, the paler interspaces narrower than eye; sides of body with several very narrow pale lines; a dark elongate spot behind eye and a few narrow pale lines radiating posteriorly from orbit across gill cover; median fins black with tips of rays white. Remarks.—This new subspecies is the representative of a similar form in the Atlantic from Maryland to Brazil herein recognized under the name nigripinnis. From that form woodsi may be distinguished by a larger eye and a less deep body, as indicated in the key. Named woodsi in honor of Lt. Loren P. Woods, U. S. N. R., who tentatively suggested this specimen to be an undescribed species when he learned that I was studying the American clingfishes. Described with the permission of the authorities of the Chicago Natural History Museum. COTYLIS PINNIGER (Gilbert) Gobiesow pinniger Grcpert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 13, p. 94, 1890 (Puerto Re- fugio, Angel Island, San Luis Gonzales Bay, and La Paz, Gulf of California).— PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, p. 162, 1901 (Gulf of California). Bryssetaeres pinniger JORDAN and EvERMANN, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 230, pl. 34, 1896; Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Gulf of California); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, p. 2328, 1898 (Gulf of Cali- fornia).—JorpAN, EveERMANN, and CLarK, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 488, 1980 (Gulf of California).—-Brener, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 2, art. 3, p. 48, 1986 (Puerto Refugio; Gonzago Bay). Remarks.—The longer base of the dorsal fin is not considered of gen- eric significance in view of other related species with dorsal fins of nearly the same length. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 96 Material examined —Gutr or Cartrornta: U.S.N.M. Nos. 44877 (type of pinniger), 46694 (4 cotypes of pinniger), 126808 (25 cotypes of pinniger), totaling 30 specimens; F.M.N.H. No. 3338, 19 specimens. Range—Gulf of California. Genus SICYOGASTER Brisout de Barneville Sicyogaster BrisouT DE BARNEVILLE, Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., vol. 9, p. 144, 1846. (Genotype: Gobiesor marmoratus Jenyns.) Caularchus Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, p. 330, 1862. (Genotype: Caularchus reticulaius=Lepadogaster reticulatus Girard.) SICYOGASTER MARMORATUS (Jenyns) Gobiesor marmoratus JENYNS, The zoology of the voyage of H. M. 8S. Beagle, pt. 4, Fishes, p. 140, pl. 27, figs. 1, la, 1b, 1842—GUntTuer, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 504, 1861 (Chile).—7?Aszorrt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 363 (Peru).—De.Fin, Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., vol. 2-4, p. 91, 1901 (Algarrobo; Chafiaral; Punta Arenas; Cal- buco; Iquique; Isla de Juan Fernindez).—Tortroness, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, vol. 47, p. 206, 1989 (Valparaiso). , Sicyogaster marmoratus BRISOUT DE BARNEVILLE, Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., vol. 9, p. 144, 1846 (Chile). Cotylis marmoratus MiittER and TROscHEL, Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 3, p. 19, 1849 (Chile). Remarks.—The following notes on the type of Gobiesox marmora- tus in the British Museum from “Archipelago of Chiloe,” made by Dr. W. H. Longley, were kindly turned over to me by Dr. 8S. F. Hildebrand : Two specimens of T. L. [total length] 56 and 64 mm. considerably macerated, the smaller better preserved. D. 12; A. 10; the last anal ray missing, but its support still evident. The pectoral both sides with 23 rays including the rudi- mentary one above. In the larger fish D. 12, A. 11. In the small fish again I found that the membranous structure at pectoral base is evident for only half the vertical height of the fin but that in the lower half, where it is present, it exists as a very evident, freely projecting lobe. On very careful examination, I find that the opercular cleft extends dorsally about to the base of the upper pectoral ray. Material examined.—Prru: U.S.N.M. No. 101706, 1 specimen. Cus U.S.N.M. Nos. 77381, 88819-88821, 88824, totaling 6 specimens. Range.—Peru and Chile. SICYOGASTER MAEANDRICUS (Girard) Lepadogaster reticulatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1854, p. 155 (San Luis Obispo, Calif.) (preoccupied). Lepadogaster maeandricus Girarp, Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 130, 1858 (San Luis Obispo, S. Faralones, Calif.) (new name). Gobiesox maeandricus GiinTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 505, 1861 (Monterey). Caularchus reticulatus Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, p. 330, 1862. * REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 71 Gobiesogr reticulatus JoRDAN and Jovy, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 5, 1881 (Monterey and Cape Flattery).—JorpAan and GiBert, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 68, 1881 (Monterey to Puget Sound).—Rosa Smiru, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 140, 141, 1881 (San Diego). Caularchus maeandricus JORDAN and HveERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Vancouver Island to Monterey); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2328, 1898 (Vancouver Island to Point Concep- tion).—GuiTet, Arch. Zool. Expér., vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 625-639, 1906 (anat- omy).—EVERMANN and GoLpsBorouGH, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 26 p. 836, 1907 (Fort Rupert; Gabriola Island).—JorpDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 488, 1930 (Vancouver Island to Monterey).—Scuuvutrz, Keys to the fishes of Washington, Oregon and closely adjoining regions, ed. 1, p. 197, 1936 (British Columbia to Point Arguello, Calif.).—ScuHutrz and DrLAcry, Journ. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst. (Mid-Pacific Mag.), July-September, 1936, p. 211, 213 (British Columbia to Point Arguello, Calif.) (see this reference for additional references).—WILpY, Copeia, 1936, p. 116 (British Columbia). Material examined—British Cotumpia: U.S.N.M. Nos. 49088, 60548, 60549, 64022, 82153, 82154, 103563, 103564, 103566, 103567, 120446, 120447, 126811, totaling 64 specimens. Wasuineron: U.S.N.M. Nos. 23405, 27829, 38334, 42049, 83208, 83964, 103565, totaling 32 specimens. Oregon: U.S.N.M. No. 91974, 1 specimen. Caurrornra: U.S.N.M. Nos. 516 (type of reticulatus=maeandricus) , 101382, 101383, 101388, totaling 4 specimens. Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands to San Diego, Calif.; Puget Sound. ARCOS, new genus Genotype.—Gobiesox erythrops Gilbert. This genus is characterized by the groove along the anterior or upper margin of the premaxillary which arches in a convex manner over the tip of the snout; the orbits are larger than in any other genus of Amer- ican clingfishes, their diameter much greater than the least width of the bony interorbital. In addition, the axial dermal flap behind the pec- toral fin has its dorsal edge attached much above the midbase of pec- toral; the incisorlike teeth at front of lower jaw have smooth tips, and these teeth project forward horizontally and do not oppose the teeth at front of upper jaw, which are nearly conical; there are no papillae around the mouth, although the usual lobelike ridges occur on lower jaw and chin; gill membranes are joined at upper edge of pectoral fin base or appear to be opposite base of first pectoral fin ray; the free posterior margin of fleshy pad on outer surface of pectoral base is con- fined to the lower half of that fin and not above the thirteenth ray from the top. Other characters are those of the genotype. Names Arcos in reference to the arched groove on the tip of the snout. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 96 ARCOS POECILOPHTHALMUS (Jenyns) Gobiesox poecilophthalmus JENYNS, The zoology of the voyage of H. M. 8S. Beagle, pt. 4, Fishes, p. 141, pl. 27, fig. 2, 2a 2b, 1842 (Chatham Island).—GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 503, 1861 (Chatham Island).—JoRDAN and EVERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Chatham Island) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2335, 1898 (Chatham Island). Cotylis poecilophthalmus MULLER and TROSCHEL, Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 3, p. 19, 1849 (Galapagos). Tomicodon poecilophthalmos BrisouT DE BARNEVILLE, Rey. Zool. Soc. Cuv., vol. 9, p. 144, 1846. Gobiesox erythrops JORDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 360, 1882 (Mazatlin).—JorpAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Mazatlan ; Tres Marias Island) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2336, 1898 (Mazatlin) —JorpDAN, EyERMANN, and CiarKk, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1980 (Mazatlin; Tres Marias Island). Gobiesox paradiseus Herre, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 18, p. 432, 1935 (Eden Island; South Seymour Island) ; vol. 21, p. 393, fig. 36, 19386 (Eden Island; South Seymour Island). Remarks.—This species is recognizable by its very large eyes and narrow interorbital space. It is a small species and usually red in color. Dr. 8. F. Hildebrand kindly turned over the following note by Dr. W. H. Longley on the type of Gobiesox poecilophthalmus from Chat- ham Island: T. L. [total length] 45 mm. D. 8, A. 7, P. 21++rod [or 22 rays]. Material examined—MazatiAn: U.S.N.M. No. 30885 (type of erythrops). Panama Bay (Secas Islands): U.S.N.M. No. 101708, 5 specimens. GaxApacos Isuanps: U.S.N.M. No. 65516, 1 specimen; F.M.N.H. Nos. 17404 and 17405 (type and paratype of paradiseus). Range.—Mazatlin to Panama and Galapagos Islands. ARCOS MACROPHTHALMUS (Giinther) Gobiesor macrophthalmus GinTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, p. 502, 1861 (habitat unknown) [probably West Indies].— JORDAN and EvERMANN, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2335, 1898 (St. Thomas) .—METzZELAAR, Bijd. Dierk. Feest. Num. 70th Geboortedag van Dr. Max Weber, pt. 22, p. 140, 1922 (Caracas Bay).—Brrbe and TEe-VAN, Zoologica, vol. 10, No. 1, p. 251, fig., 1928 (Lamentin Reef, Port-au-Prince Bay, Haiti).— JORDAN, EVERMANN, and CLark, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1930 (probably West Indies). Gobiesox cerasinus Corr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 14, p. 418, 1871 (St. Mar- tins, West Indies).—JorDAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (St. Martins) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2336, 1898 (St. Martins).—Fow.ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 71, p. 148, 149, 1919 (St. Martins; Jamaica).—? Mertrzenaar, Bijd. Dierk. Feest. Num. 70th Geboortedag van Dr. Max Weber, pt. 22, p. 140, 1922 (Caracas Bay).—JorpAN, EVERMANN, and CrLark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1980 (St. Martins, West Indies). REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 73 Gobiesor tudes EverMANN and Marsn, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 20, pt. 1, p. 805, 1900 (Culebra, Puerto Rico). Sicyases yumurina Rivero, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, No. 4, p. 74, 1936 (Matanzas, reef at entrance of the Bay). Gobiesor androsiensis Rosen, Lunds Univ. Ars-Skr., new ser. (Afd. Math. Nat.), vol. 7, No. 5, p. 65, 1911 (Mastic Point, Andros; Nassau, Bahamas) .—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and CLarK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1930 (Bahamas). Gobiesor androsiensis Rosen=[not] Gobiesor rubiginosus (Poey), Lonerey, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Year Book, No. 34, p. 284, 1935. Gobiesor cephalus MetzELaar, Bijd. Dierk. Feest. Num. 70th Geboortedag van Dr. Max Weber, pt. 22, p. 139, 1922 (Caracas Bay) (see comment below). Gobiesor macrophthalmus JoRpAN and EverRMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (West Indies). Remarks.—This species has the largest eyes of any American form in the Atlantic and is red in color when alive. The eyes are much wider than the narrow interorbital space. Through the kindness of Dr. Thomas Barbour I have examined a paratype of Sicyases yumurina Rivero and refer it to this species. Some traces of the red color still remain on this specimen. Dr. 8. F. Hildebrand very kindly turned over to me the following notes by Dr. W. H. Longley made on the type of Gobiesoxw macroph- thalmus Giinther in the British Museum: T. L. [total length] 54 mm. D. 8; A. 7. First ray in each fin very slightly filamentous. P. 22 and a short, vestigial upper 23rd. Same on both sides. The outline of the fin rounded. A strong subopercular spine with a deep groove on its ventral surface and reaching beyond the base of any of the pectoral rays. The membranous sac at the base of the pectoral extends upward only to the base of the eighth ray counting up from the ventral margin, but is a very evident structure. The opercular cleft is of the full width of the pectoral base and extends up to the level of the upper margin of the dwarf ray, which is quite a sizable stub one-third the length of the second. Eye 5.0 mm.=snout; bony interorbital=3.0 mm.=—preorbital width The dorsal origin midway between tip of caudal and posterior margin of the pupil. Dr. Hildebrand also turned over to me the following notes made by Dr. Longley in the Berlin Museum, on the probable types of Gobiesow androsiensis collected by Rosen in the Bahamas: Spec.1. TT. L. [total length] 26mm. D. 7, A. 6, P. 24-24, the outer ray short. Two or three pairs of teeth above slightly flattened. Three pairs below more flattened, the anterior distinctly enlarged. The border of the lower incisors only slightly crenulated, more nearly truncate than on No. 3. The branchial cleft ex- tending up to the base of the upper pectoral ray. No groove on the subopercular spine. The nasal cirrus is a flap half the diameter of the narial orifice in width. On one side it ends in two filaments Spec. 2. T. L. 25mm. D.8, A.7. Gill apparatus as above Spec. 3. T. L. 22 mm. D. 9, A 7, P. 22-22. Gill apparatus as above Anterior face of lower incisors slightly fluted, the free border of the teeth almost bicuspid. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Dr. Hildebrand furnished me the following notes made by Dr. Longley in the Museum at Amsterdam on specimens reported upon by Metzelaar (1922) from Curagao (Caracas Bay) : Gobiesox macrophthalmus ... much fringed nasal cirri, the wide opercular cleft, the incomplete fold behind it with isolated lower lobe. T. L. [total length] 70 mm. D. 8, A. 7, P. 24-24 including stub. Gobiesox cephalus ...Is the same as last [macrophthalmus] ... T. L. 20 mm. D. 8, A. 7, P. 23-23, stub included . .. The gill cleft extends entire width of base of pectoral fin. I get no fold at all along the fin base. The anterior teeth of the lower jaw are enlarged, the middle much flattened and larger than the next pair. Material ewamined—Baunama Istanps: U.S.N.M. Nos. 38386 and 53220, totaling 2 specimens. Jamaica: U.S.N.M. No. 78142, 1 speci- men. St. Tuomas: U.S.N.M. Nos. 78157 and 78158, totaling 2 speci- mens. San JuAN Istanp: U.S.N.M. No. 117423, 4 specimens. Vircin Isnanps: U.S.N.M. No. 117412, 3 specimens. Martrniqur: U.S.N.M. No. 117452, 2 specimens. Purrtro Rico: U.S.N.M. No. 126181, 1 specimen. fange.—Bahama Islands and West Indies. Genus GOBIESOX Lacepéde Gobiesor LAcrpmpDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, p. 595, fig., 1800. (Genotype: Gobiesoxr cephalus Lacepéde. ) Megaphalus RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la nature, p. 86, 1815. (Genotype: Gobiesor cephalus.) (Substitute name for Gobiesoz.) GOBIESOX CEPHALUS Lacepéde Gobiesoxr cephalus LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, pp. 595, 596, fig., 1800 (fresh-water rivers of South America).—BRISOUT DH BARNEVILLE, Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., vol. 9, p. 145, 1846 (Martinique).—GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 3, pp. 499, 566, 1861 (Caribbean Sea; St. Domingo; West Indies).—JorpAN and EvErRMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (West Indies) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 8, p. 2332, 1898 (Caribbean Sea).—GuiTeL, Arch. Zool. Expér., vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 640-645, 1906 (anatomy).—BLossrr, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, p. 8300, 1909 (St. Croix).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 71, p. 143, 1919 (St. Martins, West Indies).—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1980 (West Indies) .— ? Rivero, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, No. 4, p. 73, 19836 (Habana). Gobiesox tudes RicHarpson, Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, Ichthyol- ogy, vol. 1, p. 103, pl. 46, figs. 1-38, 1844 (locality unknown).—Jorpan and EverMAnn, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2333, 1898 (West Indies).— JORDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1930 (probably West Indies). Gobiesow tudes Richardson=Gobiesox cephalus Lacepéde, LoNnGLEy, Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, No. 34, p. 284, 1935. Cotylis stannii Mitzrr and TroscHeL, Horae ichthyologicae, pt. 3, p. 18, pl. 3, fig. 8, 1849 (Brazil). Gobiesox costaricensis MEEK, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 10, No. 7, p. 74, 1912 (Zent River, Atlantic drainage, Costa Rica).—BrHre, Ann. REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ 75 Carnegie Mus., vol. 18, p. 314, 1928 (tributary to Rio Cricamola near Con- quantu).—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1930 (Costa Rica). Gobiesor ramsdeni Rivero, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, No. 4, p. 738, 1986 (Rio Toa, “El Palenque” Yateras, Guantinamo, in Oriente Province, Cuba). Remarks.—Dr. 8. F. Hildebrand kindly turned over to me the fol- lowing note made by Dr. W. H. Longley in the Paris Museum of Natural History on a specimen, No. 5184, of Gobiesox cephalus Lace- pede: T. L. [total length] 95 mm., D. 8, A. 6, P. 21 and a stub on outer side. If any are Lacepéde’s specimens, this must be it, others are all too late. Contrary to most references in the literature, Lacepéde did not report G. cephalus from the “Caribbean Sea” but from fresh-water rivers of South America. Since Lacepéde mentions fresh water once and rivers twice in his description as the habitat of this species, I assume he did not make a mistake in the locality where the species occurred. I have before me a series of specimens of Gobiesow from fresh-water streams of northern South America and Central America on the At- lantic side, and these agree in most characteristics throughout the area represented. Noteworthy is the arrangement of the teeth. On the lower jaw anteriorly the teeth of the outer row are somewhat enlarged, short, narrow and incisorlike, not crowded or projecting forward at the symphysis; front of upper jaw with conical teeth; lateral teeth in both jaws conical ; sometimes with one or two enlarged caninelike teeth at front sides of lower or upper jaws; upper jaw with an inner patch of small conical teeth; origin of dorsal fin usually equidistant between midbase of caudal fin and tips of pectoral fin rays; anus usually equi- distant between anal origin and rear margin of disk or a little closer to anal origin; anal origin behind middle of bases of dorsal fin rays or under the fifth or sixth; anus slightly in front of a vertical line through dorsal origin; head 2.2 to 2.6; disk 2.6 to 3.2; depth 4 to 5.5, all in standard length; interorbital equals snout. There is a black blotch near base of dorsal fin on first rays that ap- pears to occur constantly on the specimens examined. William C. Schroeder, Museum of Comparative Zoology, kindly checked the type of Gobiesow ramsdeni (M. C. Z. No. 84152) and made the following observations: Posterolateral teeth of lower jaw more caninelike and not smaller than front teeth; no- papilla on upper or lower jaws (unless I overlooked this); length of disk equals disk to midbase of anal; anus closer to anal origin than to rear margin of disk by an eye’s diameter. Standard length 107 [mm.]; head 43; length of disk 36; depth of body 25; D. 8; A. 5 or 6; P. 20; eye 5; interorbital 16. The foregoing counts may be considered as correcting those given in the original description of ramsdeni. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Material examined.—Wesr Invies: U.S.N.M. Nos. 26479, 29848, 93798, totaling 11 specimens. Costa Rica: U.S.N.M. No. 74246 (para- type of costaricensis) ; F. M. N. H. Nos. 7677 and 7813 (type and 2 paratypes of costaricensis), 7814, 7815, totaling 6 specimens. VENE- ZUELA (Macuto): U.S.N.M. Nos. 93815-93817, 93820-93822, 98827, totaling 16 specimens. Cotompra (Rio Dagua) : U.S.N.M. No. 120217, 1 specimen. Range.—West Indies; Costa Rica to Brazil. GOBIESOX FULVUS Meek Gobiesox fulvus MEEK, Publ. Field Columbian Mus., zool. ser., vol. 7, No. 5, p. 149, 1907 (Cocos Island). Remarks.—The following specimens were studied: Cocos IsLanp: F. M. N. H. No. 6035 (type of fulvus); U.S.N.M. No. 91832, 1 speci- men; U. M. M. Z. Nos. 131512 and 1381513, 2 specimens. Range.—Cocos Island. GOBIESOX PUNCTULATUS (Poey) Sicyases punctulatus Pory, Enumeratio piscium Cubensium, p. 124, 1876 (Cuba) .—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and Crark, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1980 (Cuba). Gobiesox punctulatus JORDAN and EVERMANN, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Cuba) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2338, 1898 (Cuba).—METzELAAR, Bijd. Dierk. Feest.-Num. 70th Geboortedag van UDr. Max Weber, pt. 22, p. 140, 1922 (Caracas Bay). Gobiesox haeres JoRDAN and BoLLMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, p. 552, 1889 (Green Turtle Cay, Bahamas).—JorpDAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 492, 1896 (Green Turtle Cay, Bahamas) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2337, 1898 (Green Turtle Cay, Bahamas). Gobiesox nudus MrerzELAAR, Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904-1905, pt. 1, p. 151, 1919 (Curacao and Bonaire). Gobiesox I[h]aeres Jordan and Bollman=G. punctulatus (Poey), LoneLry, Car- negie Inst. Washington, Year Book, No. 33, p. 271, 1934. Gobiesor vittatus MrrzELAAR, Bijd. Dierk. Feest.-Num. 70th Geboortedag van Dr. Max Weber, pt. 22, p. 140, fig. 8, 1922 (Caracas Bay).—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1930 (Curacao). Sicyases haeres JORDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 490, 1980 (Green Turtle Cay, Bahamas). Remarks.—This is a small species and may be recognized by its relatively short, thick and deep body giving it the appearance of robustness. Dr. S. F. Hildebrand kindly turned over to me the notes made by Dr. W. H. Longley in the Museum at Amsterdam on the type of Gobiesow vittatus Metzelaar, which follow: T. L. [total length] 29.0 mm., D. 11, A. 7. P. 19-20, orbit 2.0 mm. Interorbital 2.0 mm., anterior margin of sucking disk crenulated, the units not stalked. The nasal cirrus small, expanded, doubly pointed. Opercular cleft extending up to REVISION OF AMERICAN CLINGFISHES—SCHULTZ an base of 5th pectoral ray, the fold behind it complete, with a distinct lobe below. The origin of the dorsal midway between tip of snout and of tip of caudal. The anterior teeth above simple, sharp-pointed, circular in cross-section, I think. Three pairs anterior teeth below flattened, not truncate, but leaf-shaped or even a little more spatulate. Body pretty uniformly covered with dark chromatophores at an average distance from one another of twice their diameter... Material ecamined.—Bauama Istanps: U.S.N.M. No. 41733 (type of haeres). Cusa:U.S.N.M. No. 37531, 5 specimens. Trxas: U.S.N.M. No. 121962, 1 specimen. Britrisa Honpuras: U.S.N.M. No. 91816, 1 specimen. Locantrry uNKNowN: U.S.N.M. No. 34442, 1 specimen. Range—Bahama Islands and West Indies; Texas and British Honduras. GOBIESOX ADUSTUS Jordan and Gilbert Gobiesor adustus JoRDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 4, p. 360, 1882 (Mazatlan) ; vol. 5, p. 627, 1883 (Central America) .—JorDAN and EvERMANN, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Mazatlan) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2334, 1898 (Mazatlan; Pacific coast of Mexico.—JorDAN, EVERMANN, and CLARK, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1980 (Pacific coast of Mexico). Material examined.—U.S.N.M. No. 29249 (3 types of adustus), Mazatlan, C. H. Gilbert. Range.—Mazatlin, Mexico. GOBIESOX FUNEBRIS Gilbert Gobiesor funebris GitBert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 13, p. 95, 1890 (Puerto Refugio, Angel Island, and La Paz, Gulf of California).—Jorpan and EverRMANN, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish and Fish. for 1895, App., p. 491, 1896 (Gulf of California) ; U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2334, 1898 (Angel Island and La Paz, Gulf of California).—JorpaNn, EVERMANN, and CrarK, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish. for 1928, pt. 2, p. 489, 1930 (Gulf of California).— Breper, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 2, art. 3, p. 48, 1936 (Puerto Refugio) . Remarks.—This species may be recognized by its small disk, the at- tachment of the gill membranes opposite the bases of the fifth or sixth pectoral fin rays, and the poor development of the fleshy pad on outer pectoral fin base, along with its narrower head. Material eramined—Guir or Carirornta: U.S.N.M. Nos. 44378 (type of fumebris) , 119720, 124955 (2 cotypes of funebris), totaling 4 specimens; F.M.N.H. No. 8997, 2 specimens. Range.—Gulf of California. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFicE, 1944 ir faa wy ae al ene ete oer Mor Aah | (ROARS Bk S palin OEE soe SOM i ey ee z MARS ee bi : Resi lt te * he +3 By Bier Vy i thw oes thy RUE 2 tatw ane aay ses ese ae his ie ah: sa st ae CAD: RE ae wae hr $ PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUESUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington : 1945 No. 3188 NEW BEETLES OF THE FAMILY EUCNEMIDIDAE FROM CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES By W. S. Fisuer During the process of rearranging the American species of the family Eucnemididae (Coleoptera) in the United States National Museum, a number of new genera and species were found. These are described herein. According to Fleutiaux (Rev. Franc. Ent., vol. 2, p. 1, 1935), the name Eucnemididae should be used for this family in- stead of Melasidae. Genus TEMNILLUS Bonvouloir TEMNILLUS ASPERICOLLIS, new species Oval-oblong, dark reddish brown, the antenna slightly paler, opaque, glabrous. Head irregularly convex, with an irregular, deep, transverse depres- sion on vertex and a very deep, irregular depression between antennae, coarsely, deeply, densely punctate, the intervals vaguely granulose; clypeus short, wide, anterior margin strongly, obtusely toothed at middle, broadly, arcuately emarginate on each side. Antenna not extending to base of pronotum, compact ; first segment large, irregular, slightly flattened, as long as following five segments united, with a sharp tooth on underside at apex; segments 2 to 10 wider than long, each with two round depressions on upper surface; segment 11 obliquely truncate at apex. Pronotum distinctly wider than long, strongly convex, with a nar- row, longitudinal, median groove extending from base to apex and a small, deeper depression at middle of groove; sides nearly parallel, slightly sinuate along basal two-thirds, broadly rounded anteriorly; base truncate, posterior angles strongly projecting backward; surface 620242—45 79 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 coarsely, asperately punctate at middle, ocellate-punctate toward sides. Scutellum square, coarsely punctate at middle, broadly rounded at apex. Elytra very strongly convex, strongly striate, the striae deeper near apex; sides parallel from bases to apical third, then arcuately narrowed to apices, which are conjointly obtusely angulated; surface densely, finely rugose and finely punctate, the striae coarsely, deeply punctate. Abdomen beneath coarsely, densely, uniformly punctate, last ster- nite with two round, deep depressions; prosternal process narrow, coarsely punctate, rounded at apex, sides nearly parallel; posterior coxae triangular. Length 9.5 mm., width 3.25 mm. Type locality—Verdant Vale, Arima, Trinidad, British West In- dies. Type—U.S.N.M. No. 57168. Remarks—Described from a single specimen collected at the type locality. This species resembles Zemnillus lepriewrt (Guérin) but differs from that species in being more elongate and in having the head very deeply depressed between the antennae and on the vertex, with the surface more finely punctured, the anterior margin of the clypeus strongly toothed at the middle, the pronotum longitudinally grooved with a distinct depression at the middle, and the disk asperately punc- tured, the elytra strongly striate with the intervals finely rugose and the scutellum and prosternal process coarsely punctured. NEODIAPODIUS, new genus Body elongate, subcylindrical, slightly attenuate posteriorly. Head large, moderately convex, boardly, transversely flattened behind clyp- eus; labrum invisible; eyes partially covered by prothorax; clypeus moderately contracted at base. Antenna short, extending slightly beyond base of pronotum, slightly serrate in male, strongly serrate in female; second segment very small; third segment slightly shorter than first ; segments 4 to 10 slightly shorter than third and subequal in length to one another; segment 11 narrowly oblong, acute at apex. Palpi abnormal, last segment of labial and maxillary palpi in male broadly rounded at base, nearly four times as long as wide at base, one-third as wide at apex as at base, with the outer margin slightly concave and inner margin slightly convex, in the female short, broadly oblong, twice as long as wide at middle, with outer margin obliquely truncate on apical half and inner margin strongly convex, the outer surface with a round depression at middle. Pronotum as long as wide, rounded and slightly sinuate in front, but not carinate; lateral mar- gins distinct, entire; posterior angles strongly projecting backward. NEW EUCNEMIDID BEETLES—FISHER Sl Scutellum elongate-triangular, gibbose anteriorly, slightly emarginate ut apex. Elytra strongly convex, attenuate posteriorly, distinctly stri- ate. Propleural triangle as long as wide at base; antennal groove along lateral margin shallow, not very wide, smooth along outer mar- gin, not margined internally. Marginal carina and prosternal suture converging anteriorly, the latter closed, carinate and strongly ele- vated anteriorly. Metasternal epimeron visible. Metasternal epi- sternum broad, sides parallel. Posterior coxae broad, sides parallel. Abdomen convex; last sternite slightly gibbose toward apex, which is produced into a short, broad, truncate projection. Femora com- pressed. Tibiae subcylindrical. Tarsi shorter than tibiae, without lamellae; first segment slightly shorter than following segments united; fourth segment hollowed out on dorsal surface for receiving following segment, truncate at apex; tarsal claws robust, cleft near apices. Genotype——wNeodiapodius buscki, new species, This genus is allied to Yiapodius Bonvouloir, but it differs from the description given for that genus in having the pronotum not longer than wide, the propleural triangle as long as wide at the bottom, the metasternal epimeron visible, the clypeus sinuate in front, the meta- sternal episternum broad with the sides parallel, the posterior tarsi shorter than the tibiae, the first segment of the posterior tarsus slightly shorter than the following segments united, the tarsal claws cleft near the tips, and the male antenna only slightly serrate. NEODIAPODIUS BUSCKI, new species Male.—Elongate, strongly convex, uniformly reddish brown, with the legs and palpi slightly paler, subopaque, rather densely clothed with very short, recumbent, whitish hairs. Head coarsely, confluently, rugosely punctate, without a longitudinal carina; interocuiar carinae slightly elevated, not extending beyond antennal sockets; clypeus at base twice as wide as distance between it and eye, in front broadly rounded at middle and sinuate on each side, surface longitudinally carinate at middle. Pronotum strongly convex anteriorly, depressed along base, with a more or less distinct longitudinal, median depression extending from base to near apex; sides parallel along basal two-thirds, arcuately narrowed near apex; surface coarsely, confluently, rugosely punctate. Elytra with sides parallel to middle, then gradually narrowed to the tips, which are slightly separated and acute; surface rather deeply, longitudinally striate; intervals slightly convex, densely, finely granu- lose basally, becoming finely, sparsely punctate toward apices. Body beneath densely punctate on abdomen, more coarsely and deeply on prosternum, mesosternum, and metasternum; last abdominal sternite coarsely granulose toward apex. 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Length 14 mm., width 4.5 mm. Female.—Differs from the male in being larger, and in having the abdomen more densely clothed at the middle with more conspicuous, longer, erect hairs, and the last sternite more obliquely narrowed toward the apex, the tarsal claws cleft farther from the tips with the inner tooth of each claw much shorter than the outer one, and the palpi and antennae of different shapes. Length 17-20 mm., width 5.5-6 mm. Type locality —-La Chorrera, Panama. Type, allotype, and paratypes—U.S.N.M. No. 57164. Remarks.—Described from five specimens (1 male type) collected at the type locality by August Busck, the male type on May 14, 1912, and four females on May 17, 1912. Genus DROMAEOLUS Kiesenwetter DROMAEOLUS PULCHER, new species Oblong, slight!y convex above, moderately shining, dark brown, elytra and abdomen more reddish, legs yellowish brown, the elytra ornamented with whitish pubescent designs. Head slightly convex, vaguely, transversely depressed in front of clypeus, with a vague, short, longitudinal, smooth, median carina, finely, confluently punctate, sparsely clothed with moderately long, semierect, whitish hairs; interocular carina very strongly elevated, not interrupted and broadly rounded at middle; clypeus very narrow at base, one-half as wide as distance to eye, broadly sinuate at apex, broadly depressed near anterior margin and with a strongly elevated, short, longitudinal carina at base. Antenna rather robust, densely pubescent, longitudinally carinate, not distinctly serrate; third seg- ment vaguely longer than second; segments 3 to 10 as wide as long and subequal in length to one another; segment 11 oblong, acute at apex. Pronotum slightly shorter at middle than wide at base, strongly convex, deflexed along base; sides arcuately converging from bases to apices; posterior angles strongly projecting backward along sides of elytra; surface densely, finely, uniformly punctate, densely clothed along sides and base with long, recumbent, whitish hairs, hairs on median part not conspicuous. Elytra slightly convex; sides converging from bases to tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded; surface not striate, densely, finely punctate, densely clothed with long, semierect, blackish hairs, and each elytron ornamented with long, recumbent, whitish hairs as fol- lows: A narrow fascia along base broadly expanded at humeral angle, a narrow band along sutural margin connected to a broad fascia at middle, and a broad fascia at apex. NEW EUCNEMIDID BEETLES—-FISHER 83 Body beneath finely, densely punctate, rather densely clothed with moderately long, recumbent, whitish hairs; antennal grooves mar- ginal, narrow, equal in width for their entire length; prosternal su- ture not deeply grooved ; posterior coxae strongly expanded internally. Length 7.5 mm., width 2.5 mm. Type locality—Portobelo, Panama. Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 57165. Remarks.—Described from a single specimen reared from a pupa collected in the bark of an unrecognized tree at the type locality, March 1911, by E. A. Schwarz. This species resembles Dromaeolus ornatulus Horn but differs from that species in being larger, in having the elytra and abdomen reddish brown and the clypeus carinate at the base, and in not having the white pubescence extending along the lateral margins of the elytra or the elytra striate. DROMAEOLUS PANAMENSIS, new species Oblong, moderately convex, slightly shining, dark brown, the legs and antenna yellowish brown, rather densely, uniformly clothed above with short, semierect, brownish hairs, and beneath with short, recumbent, yellowish hairs. Head nearly flat, densely, coarsely ocellate-punctate, slightly de- pressed near interocular carina, which is strongly elevated, arcuate, and not interrupted at middle; clypeus very narrow at base, one- third as wide as distance to eye, not carinate, broadly rounded at apex, the surface coarsely, confluently ocellate-punctate. Antenna rather robust, densely pubescent, vaguely, longitudinally carinate; compact, not serrate; third segment slightly longer than second; seg- ments 3 to 10 slightly longer than wide and subequal in length to one another ; segment 11 oblong, subacute at apex. Pronotum distinctly wider than long, strongly convex, deflexed along base, without distinct depressions or carinae; sides arcuately converging from bases to apices; surface densely, coarsely ocellate- punctate. Elytra moderately convex; sides converging from bases to tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded; surface finely striate, intervals flat, densely, finely rugose basally, finely, sparsely, punctate toward apices. Body beneath finely, densely punctate on abdomen, more coarsely ocellate-punctate on prosternum, mesosternum, and metasternum; antennal grooves marginal, narrow, equal in width for their entire length; prosternal suture not deeply grooved; propleural triangle with posterior margin shorter than inner margin; posterior coxae strongly expanded internally. Length 3.4 mm., width 1.38 mm. Type locality.—Cabima, Panama. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Type.—uU.S.N.M. No. 57166. Remarks.—Described from a single specimen collected at the type locality on May 28, 1911, by August Busck. This species is allied to Dromaeolus moerens Horn but differs from the description given for that species in being dark brown, with the legs and the antennae yellowish brown, and in having the third seg- ment of the antenna subequal in length to the fourth, the elytra rugose at the bases, and the pronotum distinctly wider than long. Genus FORNAX Laporte FORNAX POEYI, new species Elongate, subcylindrical, strongly convex, slightly narrowed posteriorly, moderately shining, reddish brown, anterior margin of pronotum more reddish, and legs and antennae brownish yellow, rather densely, uniformly clothed with short, recumbent, yellowish hairs. Head strongly convex, without depressions or carina, coarsely, confluently ocellate-punctate, and more or less granulose; interocular carina strongly elevated, not extending on base of clypeus; clypeus at base slightly wider than distance to eye. Antenna slender, ex- tending slightly beyond base of elytra, not distinctly serrate; segment 2 subequal in length to segment 4; segments 4 and 5 united longer than 6; the following segments subequal in length to one another; segment 11 oblong narrowly rounded at apex. Pronotum slightly wider than long; sides nearly parallel from base to apex; posterior angles acute; disk moderately convex, without depressions or median carina; surface rugose and finely, confluently ocellate-punctate. Elytra moderately convex; sides parallel to behind middle, then gradually, arcuately narrowed to tips, which are conjointly narrowly rounded; surface finely striate, finely, densely granulose basally, be- coming more sparsely, finely punctate toward apices; epipleura punctate, not grooved. Body beneath rather densely punctate, finely on abdomen, coarsely on prosternum, and rugosely on metasternum; last abdominal sternite coarsely granulose toward apex; antennal groove narrowed by eye, deep, not half as wide as propleural triangle, not wider in front, the inner margin not very sharply defined; prosternal process flat, sides nearly parallel to behind coxae, acute at apex; first segment of posterior tarsus subequal in length to the following segments united. Length 4.5 mm., width 1.25 mm. Type locality —Cayamas, Cuba. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57167. NEW EUCNEMIDID BEETLES—FISHER 85 Remarks.—Described from a single specimen collected at the type locality, January 24, by E. A. Schwarz. This species is allied to Fornax badius (Melsheimer) but differs from that species in being smaller and in having the head and pronotum finely, confluently punctured, and the inner margin of the antennal suture on the prosternum not very sharply defined. FORNAX VALERIO, new species Oblong, subeylindrical, moderately convex, slightly narrowed pos- teriorly, uniformly dark, reddish brown, the legs and antennae slightly paler, densely clothed above with moderafely long, recumbent and semierect, brownish-yellow pubescence, which does not conceal the surface, beneath with shorter and less conspicuous pubescence. Head convex, without depressions or longitudinal carina, finely, con- fluently punctate, finely rugose; interocular carinae slightly elevated, not extending on base of clypeus, the latter at base slightly wider than distance to eye. Antenna slender, extending to posterior coxa, not serrate; segments 4 to 10 similar, becoming gradually longer toward tip of antenna; segment 2 very small, shorter than 4; segment 3 longer than 4. Pronotum wider than long; sides parallel posteriorly, arcuately narrowed anteriorly; posterior angles subacute; disk strongly convex anteriorly, transversely, obliquely depressed behind middle, with a short, smooth line in front of scutellum, and a distinct pitlike depres- sion along base on each side at outer angle of scutellum; surface finely, densely granulose, finely, obsoletely rugose anteriorly and toward lateral margins. Elytra moderately convex; sides parallel to apical third, then slightly narrowed to the tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded, distinctly striate; intervals flat, finely, densely granulose basally, be- coming punctate posteriorly; epipleurae smooth, grooved their entire length. Body beneath finely, densely punctate, more coarsely on prosternum ; antennal groove narrowed by the eye, deep, not half as wide as pro- pleural triangle, not wider in front, inner margin sharply defined; prosternal process deflexed and abruptly narrowed behind anterior coxae, acute at apex; last abdominal sternite longitudinally depressed along sides, longitudinally compressed posteriorly, scabrous and acute at apex; first segment of posterior tarsus subequal in length to the following segments united. Length 11-15 mm., width 3.5—4.5 mm. Type locality.—Chitaria, Costa Rica. Type and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 57168. Remarks.—Described from three specimens (1 type) collected at the type locality, December 4, 1930, by M. Valerio. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 This species resembles Fornaz mendax Bonvouloir and Fornae obrutus Guérin, but it differs from both these species in having the pronotum transversely, obliquely depressed behind the middle, with a distinct pitlike depression along base on each side at outer angle of the scutellum, and with the surface finely granulose, and the elytra finely granulose basally, and it also differs from obrutus Guérin in having the prosternal process deflexed behind the anterior coxae, and abruptly narrower to the tip, which is acute. Genus PLESIOFORNAX Bonvouloir PLESIOFORNAX NIGRINUS, new species Narrowly elongate, subcylindrical, strongly shining, black, with a faint bluish or greenish tinge, and legs brownish black, sparsely clothed with short, recumbent, inconspicuous hairs. Head strongly convex, without distinct depressions or carina, rather coarsely, densely punctate; interocular carina not elevated or extend- ing along base of clypeus, which is strongly contracted at base, its width there being less than half the distance to eye, and broadly, sin- uately rounded in front. Antenna slender, more robust toward tip, extending to basal fourth of elytra, basal segments slightly longitu- dinally carinate; segment 2 as long as segment 5; segment 3 much longer than either 2 or 4; segment 4 longer than wide, more than half as long as 5, the following segments becoming gradually longer. Pronotum as long as wide, strongly convex; sides parallel along basal two-thirds, feebly, arcuately narrowed along apical third; sur- face very sparsely, finely punctate, with a median, longitudinal de- pression extending from base to middle of pronotum, the depression becoming broader and deeper posteriorly. Elytra strongly convex; sides parallel from base to apical third, then arcuately narrowed to tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded; surface rather coarsely, not very densely, irregularly punc- tate, not striate. Abdomen finely, densely punctate, more confluently toward apex of last sternite, which is obtusely angulated. Prosternum sparsely punctate on median part, densely on propleural triangle, which is distinctly longer than wide at base; antennal groove deep, smooth, and shining in its entire length; prosternal process broad, flat, without depressions, sides obliquely converging to apex, which is broadly rounded. Posterior tarsus with first segment as long as following segments united; tarsal claws long, slender, slightly. swollen near base, but not toothed. Length 11-13 mm., width 2.5-2.8 mm. Type locality —Rio Hondo, Costa Rica. Type and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 57169. NEW EUCNEMIDID BEETLES—-FISHER 87 Remarks.—Described from three specimens (1 type). Type and one paratype collected at the type locality by J. Pittier, and one para- type collected at San José, Costa Rica, 1,000 to 1,200 meters, January 15, 1934, by Ferdinand Nevermann. This species is allied to Plesiofornax longicornis Horn but differs from the description given for that species in being shining black with a bluish or greenish tinge and in having the antenna extending only to the basal fourth of the elytra, the pronotum as long as wide, with the sides parallel along the basal two-thirds, the propleural triangle densely punctate, and the first segment of the posterior tarsus as long as the following segments united. Genus FARSUS Jacquelin Du Val FARSUS CONVEXUS, new species Cylindrical, robust, strongly convex, scarcely narrowed posteriorly, subopaque, uniformly reddish brown, sparsely, uniformly clothed with short, semierect, yellowish hairs, which are more recumbent on under- side of body. Head moderately convex, vaguely depressed behind clypeus, coarsely, confluently ocellate-punctate ; interocular carina vaguely elevated not extending along base of clypeus; clypeus strongly contracted at base, which is nearly as wide as distance to eye, broadly sinuate or rounded in front. Antenna rather robust, extending slightly beyond base of elytra; segment 2 as long as 4, which is one-half as long as 3, the fol- lowing segments subequal in length to one another except 11, which is longer and oblong; segments 4 to 10 compact, wider than long. Pronotum slightly wider than long, strongly convex anteriorly, ob- liquely deflexed along base; sides parallel to near apex, then arcuately rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded, distinctly carinate, the carina curving backward on each side near apical angles; base broadly emarginate in front of scutellum; surface coarsely, densely ocellate- punctate at middle, scabrous toward sides. Elytra strongly convex, vaguely striate, the intervals rather densely, irregularly punctate; sides parallel to near apices, which are conjointly broadly rounded, Body beneath densely, coarsely ocellate-punctate; abdomen strongly convex, last sternite broadly rounded at apex. Prosternum with lateral margin strongly elevated posteriorly, obsolete toward apex; supplementary carina sinuate, strongly elevated anteriorly, extending along prosternal suture to middle of propleural triangle. Femora ro- bust. Posterior coxae strongly, angularly expanded internally. Length 4-6 mm., width 1.25-2 mm. Type locality —Tabernilla, Canal Zone. Type and paratypes. —U.S.N.M. No. 57170. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Remarks.—Described from four specimens (1 type). The type and two paratypes collected at the type locality, May 14-17, 1907, by August Busck, and one paratype taken from an are-light globe at Ancon, Canal Zone, during April 1911. Under this species is also included a specimen collected at General Ballivian, Salta Province, Argentina, during 1927-28, by G. L. Harrington. This specimen differs from the type only in having the supplementary carina on the prosternum vaguely indicated posteriorly and joined to the lateral carina near the base. This species is allied to Farsus oblitus Horn but differs from that species in being more robust, more convex, and scarcely narrowed posteriorly and in having the antenna shorter, with the segment 2 as long as segment 4, and the following segments wider than long, the pronotum coarsely ocellate-punctate at the middle, the sides of the elytra parallel to near the apices, with the surface irregularly punc- tate, the femora robust, the posterior coxae strongly, angularly ex- panded internally, and the supplementary carina on the prosternum strongly elevated anteriorly and extending only to the middle of the propleural triangle. # Genus ARRHIPIS Dejean ARRHIPIS CUBANUS, new species Elongate, subcylindrical, moderately convex, rather strongly shin- ing, reddish brown, the antenna and legs yellowish brown, rather densely, uniformly clothed with short, semierect, whitish hairs. Head slightly convex, without depressions or carina, coarsely, deeply, confluently punctate; interocular carina slightly elevated, extending around inner margin of antennal fossa, but not along base of clypeus; clypeus short, at base twice as wide as distance to eye, feebly, broadly rounded in front. Antenna moniliform, slightly thick- ened toward apex, extending to base of pronotum; segment 3 as long as following two segments united; segments 4 to 10 as wide as long, subequal in length to one another; segment 11 oblong, feebly incised on inner margin, narrowly rounded at apex. Pronotum as long as wide, widest near apex; sides nearly parallel; anterior margin broadly rounded, the carina extending nearly to lat- eral carinae; disk slightly flattened at middle, transversely deflexed along base; surface densely, coarsely ocellate-punctate at middle, more densely punctate and rugose toward sides. Elytra moderately convex; sides parallel from bases to behind middle, then arcuately narrowed to the tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded and terminating into a short spine; surface feebly striate, finely rugose, rather densely, coarsely punctate basally, becom- ing coarsely asperate toward apices. NEW EUCNEMIDID BEETLES—FISHER 89 Abdomen beneath finely, sparsely punctate; last sternite coarsely, densely punctate at apex, with a transversely oval, densely granulose area. Prosternum, mesosternum, and metasternum rather densely, coarsely ocellate-punctate; antennal groove absent but replaced ante- riorly by a smooth, shining space. Metasternal episternum narrow, sides parallel. Posterior coxae large, strongly, triangularly expanded internally. Length 4.25 mm., width 1.25 mm. Type locality —Cayamas, Cuba. Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 57171. Remarks.—Described from a single male collected at the type local- ity, March 6, by E. A. Schwarz. This species is allied to Arrhipis lanieri Guérin but differs from that species in being smaller and of a pale reddish-brown color, and in hav- ing the hairs on the elytra shorter, denser, and more uniformly dis- tributed, the outer segments of the antenna compact and as wide as long, and the prosternum flattened in front with the prosternal proc- ess triangular between the anterior coxae and knife-shaped behind the coxae, ARRHIPIS INSULARIS, new species Elongate, subcylindrical, moderately convex, strongly shining, uni- formly yellowish brown, antennae and legs slightly paler, sparsely clothed with very short, recumbent, inconspicuous hairs. Head slightly convex, without depressions or carina, coarsely, rather densely, but not deeply, ocellate-punctate; interocular carina vaguely elevated, extending around inner margin of antennal fossa; clypeus short, at base twice as wide as distance to eye, broadly rounded in front. Antenna moniliform, slightly thickened toward apex, ex- tending slightly beyond base of pronotum; segment 3 nearly as long as following two segments united ; segments 4 to 10 vaguely wider than long, subequal in length to one another; segment 11 oblong, narrowly rounded at apex. Pronotum slightly wider than long, widest near apex; sides nearly parallel; anterior margin broadly rounded, the carina extending nearly to lateral margins; disk convex, not flattened at middle, arcuately deflexed along base; surface coarsely, rather densely ocel- late-punctate at middle, more confluently punctate toward sides, inter- vals vaguely granulose. Elytra moderately convex; sides parallel from bases to behind middle, then arcuately narrowed to the tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded and terminating into a short spine; surface not striate, coarsely, rather densely punctate, slightly asperate toward apices, the intervals vaguely granulose. Abdomen beneath sparsely, very coarsely punctate; last sternite with a transversely oval, densely granulose area. Prosternum, meso- 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 sternum, and metasternum rather densely, coarsely punctate; antennal groove absent but replaced by a smooth, shining space. Metasternal episternum very narrow, wider behind than in front. Posterior coxae not strongly expanded internally. Length 3 mm., width 0.9 mm. Type locality —Cayamas, Cuba. Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 57172. Remarks.—Described from a single male collected at the type lo- cality, March 15, by E. A. Schwarz. This species is allied to Arrhipis cubanus Fisher but differs from that species in being yellowish brown, with very short, inconspicuous hairs, and in having the pronotum convex at the middle and not flattened, the outer segments of the antenna vaguely wider than long, the metasternal episternum very narrow, and wider behind than in front, the prosternal process triangular behind the anterior coxae, the pronotum arcuately deflexed along the base, and in not having the elytra striate. Genus DIRHAGUS Laporte DIRHAGUS ALBOFASCIATUS, new species Elongate, subcylindrical, moderately shining, reddish brown, except legs, which are yellowish brown, the pronotum and elytra ornamented with whitish pubescence. Head strongly convex, vaguely depressed near clypeus, without longitudinal carina, densely, finely granulose, rather densely clothed with short, erect, inconspicuous, whitish hairs; interocular carina elevated, broadly interrupted at middle; clypeus at base one-half as wide as distance to eye, truncate at apex; eyes large, not incised beneath. Antenna about two-thirds as long as body, strongly pecti- nate from segment 4 in male, acutely serrate from segment 3, except segment 11, which is narrowly elongate, in female; segment 3 much longer than 2. Pronotum distinctly wider than long, strongly convex, a short, longitudinal, antescutellar carina with a slight depression on each side; sides parallel; anterior margin arcuately rounded, the anterior supplementary carina strongly elevated, short, not extending to middle of pronotum; surface densely, finely ocellate-punctate, sparsely clothed at middle with short, erect, inconspicuous hairs, and at sides and toward base with long, recumbent, whitish hairs. Elytra moderately convex; sides slightly converging from bases to tips, which are very broadly conjointly rounded; surface vaguely striate along sutural margins near apices, densely, coarsely, rugosely punctate, sparsely clothed with short, semierect, inconspicuous hairs, and irregularly clothed with longer, recumbent whitish hairs along NEW EUCNEMIDID BEETLES—-FISHER 9] bases and sides and forming a more or less distinct broad, transverse fascia behind middle and a broad spot at apices. Body beneath coarsely, densely punctate, sparsely clothed with short, recumbent, whitish hairs; juxtasutural groove broad, smooth, sharply limited externally; lateral marginal carina sinuate, obsolete posteriorly and curving toward posterior supplementary carina, which is strongly elevated posteriorly, becoming obsolete in front of middle; metasternal episternum narrow, wider behind than in front; posterior coxae slightly expanded internally. Length 3 mm., width 1 mm. Type locality.—F elton, Cuba. Type, allotype, and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 57173. Remarks.—Described from five specimens (1 male type). The type and allotype were collected at the type locality by W. M. Mann; two paratypes were collected at Baracoa, Cuba, during August 1901, by August Busck; and one paratype was collected at Higueral, Domini- can Republic, during February 1916, by E. G. Smyth. This species is allied to Dirhagus pectinatus LeConte but differs from that species in being smaller and in having the pubescence on the pronotum and elytra longer and ornamented with more or less dis- {inet white pubescent designs, the juxtasutural groove smooth, with the sides parallel, the posterior supplementary carina extending to the middle of the pronotum, the antenna in the male pectinate from the fourth segment, and in not having the head longitudinally carinate cn the occiput. HYLOTASTELLA, new genus Body elongate, parallel. Head large, strongly convex; labrum in- visible; eyes partially covered by prothorax; clypeus strongly con- tracted at base. Antenna long, robust, cylindrical, segments compact; second segment very small, the following segment much longer than wide. Pronotum wider than long, lateral margins distinct, entire; anterior margin simple, not carinate. Scutellum subtriangular, longer than wide, narrowly truncate at apex. Propleural triangle longer than wide, without antennal grooves. Marginal carina and prosternal suture of prosternum converging anteriorly, prosternal su- ture closed, distinct for entire length. Metasternum and abdomen without tarsal grooves. Metasternal epimeron completely covered. Metasternal episternum narrow, sides parallel. Last abdominal ter- gite not extending over last abdominal sternite, which is narrowly rounded at apex. Posterior coxa suddenly expanded internally, very narrow externally. Legs slender. Tarsi without lamellae; segment 1 of posterior pair as long as following segments united; segment 4 hollowed out on dorsal surface for receiving following segment, trun- cate at apex. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Genotype—Hylotastella schwarz, new species. This genus resembles a small species of Hylotastes Bonvouloir, but it differs from that genus in being gradually narrowed posteriorly and in having the antenna cylindrical and four-fifths as long as the body, the clypeus broadly rounded in front, the posterior coxa abruptly expanded internally, the propleural triangle longer than wide, the tips of the elytra conjointly broadly rounded, and the last abdominal] tergite not extending over the last abdominal sternite. HYLOTASTELLA SCHWARZI, new species Narrowly elongate, moderately convex, dark brown, slightly paler beneath, with the humeral angles of elytra and prosternum yellowish ; body above subopaque, beneath slightly shining; head and pronotum densely clothed with long, recumbent, golden-yellow hairs, the hairs shorter and less conspicuous on elytra and underside of body. Head strongly convex, without depressions or longitudinal carina, finely, confluently ocellate-punctate; interocular carina strongly ele- vated, interrupted at middle; clypeus at base one-half as wide as dis- tance between it and eye, broadly, sinuately rounded at apex. An- tenna four-fifths as long as body; segments 3 to 5 subequal in length to one another, the following segments becoming gradually longer to tip of antenna. Pronotum distinctly wider than long; sides parallel posteriorly, arcuately narrowed anteriorly; disk strongly convex, transversely, narrowly depressed along base, with a distinct round depression on each side in front of middle; surface finely, confluently ocellate- punctate similarly as on head. Elytra with sides parallel to apical fourth, then arcuately narrowed to the tips, which are conjointly broadly rounded; surface finely, dis- tinctly striate, the intervals finely, densely granulose. Body beneath very finely, densely punctate; last abdominal sternite slightly gibbose and coarsely granulose toward apex. Length 5.75-7 mm., width 1.5-2 mm. Type locality—Portobelo, Panama. Type and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 57174. Remarks.—Described from three specimens (1 type) collected at the type locality, the type and one paratype collected March 1, 1911, by E. A. Schwarz, and one paratype collected February 20, 1911, by August Busck. Genus NEMATODES Berthold NEMATODES EXIGUUS, new species Elongate, subcylindrical, moderately convex, strongly attenuate posteriorly, slightly shining, dark brown, nearly black, except legs and antennae, which are reddish brown, rather densely, uniformly NEW EUCNEMIDID BEETLES—FISHER 93 clothed with short, recumbent, yellowish hairs, which are finer on underside of body. Head rather strongly convex, vaguely depressed near clypeus, coarsely, densely ocellate-punctate; interocular carina scarcely ele- vated, not extending along inner margin of antennal depression; clypeus slightly narrower at base than distance to eye, strongly sinuate at apex. Antenna robust, slightly expanded toward apex, extending to base of elytra; segment 2 slightly longer than 4; segment 3 longer than 6 and subequal in length to 4 and 5 united; segments 7 to 9 slightly longer than wide ; segment 11 oblong, acute at apex. Pronotum slightly wider than long, widest near middle; sides vaguely narrowed posteriorly, arcuately narrowed anteriorly; pos- terior angles acute, not carinate or divergent; disk convex, with a vague, round depression on each side in front of middle, sometimes without depressions, rarely with a longitudinal median, smooth space ; surface densely, finely punctate on median part, finely rugose toward sides, Elytra moderately convex; sides nearly parallel along basal half, strongly attenuate posteriorly to the tips, which are rather broadly, conjointly rounded; surface vaguely striate, the sutural stria more distinct, intervals flat, densely, finely punctate basally, the punctures becoming sparser toward apices. Body beneath finely, densely punctate, the punctures coarser on pro- sternum ; antennal groove broad, shallow posteriorly, deeper anteriorly, not limited internally by a carina, but sometimes with a short carina at outer margin near eye. Length 3.5-6 mm., width 0.8-1.75 mm. Type locality —Cayamas, Cuba. Type and paratypes. —U.S.N.M. No. 57175. Remarks.—Described from seven specimens (1 type) collected at the type locality during February and March, by E. A. Schwarz. This species is allied to Nematodes atropos (Say) but differs from that species in being smaller and in having the pronotum wider than long, with the surface densely, finely punctate at the middle, but with- out a longitudinal, median depressed line, and the elytra vaguely striate. U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945 S * ‘ *, ; jaa i 4 s |, PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1945 No. 3189 NEW LANTERNFLIES (FULGOROIDEA) FROM SOUTH AMERICA By R. G. Fennau Descriptions are given herein of seven new species of Fulgoroidea in the cixiid genus Pintalia Stal, of a new genus and species in the otiocerine Derbidae, and of two new species of Ateson Metcalf (Achilidae). All the specimens mentioned, including the types, are in the United States National Museum. Family CIXIIDAE Genus PINTALIA Stal Pintalia SrAt, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 3, No. 6, p. 4, 1862. (Genotype, P. lateralis St&il, designated by Muir, Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 1, pp. 103, 106, 1925.) This rapidly expanding genus is very compact. The characters by which species may be distinguished include the shape of the carinae of the vertex and of the margins of the frons at its base, that of the anal segment of the male, of the pygofer, aedeagus, and genital styles, and the color pattern on the tegmina. The natural relationship of the included species cannot be assessed with precision until there is evidence to indicate the order of seniority of the variables used in their separation. On current evidence it would seem that the shape of the male anal segment and of the genital styles is slightly more stable than the other characters mentioned, and the writer tentatively groups as follows those species for which the relevant data are available: 95 620240—45 06 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Anal segment short, lateroapical lobes narrow, decurved through 130°, genital styles short, subangulates eee eee ne ee propria group Anal segment fairly short, not or scarcely deflexed distally, genital styles expanded and'spatulate distally. ee eee ecuadoriensis group Anal segment long, distally deflexed as far as, but not exceeding, 45°, genital styles long, narrow in ventral view__----_-----_----__-__ albolineata group Anal segment asymmetrical, often twisted into a single vertical lamina distally, genital styles: short-222 3 ae See eee — obtorta group Anal segment as above, genital styles long____-_______-___-____ infuscata group Anal segment distally deflexed as far as 45°, genital styles short, clublike. ornata group Anal segment shortly deflexed through 45°, styles short, angulate, pointed in ven- tral! View 2 ei eee huigrensis group Anal segment deflexed through 90° or slightly more, genital styles distally ex- panded, truncate or concave on apical margin---____________ bicaudata group Anal segment aS above, very aSymmetrical, genital styles rounded at apical UVR ee vomerifera group The propria group includes only this species; the second group includes ecuadoriensis Muir and quadrimaculata (described below) ; albolineata Muir, by contrast, typifies a large group including brwn- nivenosa Muir, latinotata Muir, longispinis Muir, quadrispinosa Muir, fuscomaculata Muir, blairmontensis Muir, tumatumariensis Muir, fuscipennis Muir, albomarginata Muir, obscurata Muir, and two species, marmorata and obliquivitta, described below; the obtorta group, including obtorta Muir, pulchella Muir, and fuscomarginata Muir, would appear to be quite closely related to the ¢nfuscata group (infuscata Muir, angustinotata Muir, and falcata (described below) ) if judged by the shape of the anal segment; ornata Muir is grouped with altamazonica Muir and discrepans Muir, huigrensis Muir is somewhat doubtfully associated with furcata Muir, while bicaudata Muir, maculipennis Muir, and curvivitta and daedala (both described below) form a fairly closely knit group; vomerifera (described below) is placed apart, though it shares characters with the preceding group and with the obtorta group, on the ground that the shape of the genital styles and the general structure of the aedeagus differ considerably from those of all the species so far considered. PINTALIA QUADRIMACULATA, new species PLATE 2, FicugReEs 1, 7-10 Male.—Length, 4.0 mm.; tegmen, 5.9 mm. _ Vertex with anterior margin and transverse carina straight, lateral margins of frons not thickened in basal portion. Fuscous; genae, lateral fields of pronotum, sternum, and legs testa- ceous. Tegmina testaceous, posterior edge of costal cell, base of cell Sc, basal four-fifths of cell R, cell M, and the larger part of cells Cuus and Cu.» deeply infuscate, almost piceous, a white round spot at middle - NEW LANTERNFLIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA—-FENNAH 97 of common stalk of M, a similar spot at fork of Cu,, a third on Cura and a fourth on Cu,y, a hyaline area parallel to nodal line and just basad of it, a fuscous band overlying nodal line and a similar band of equal width and more clearly defined obliquely traversing apical cells across middle from apex of R to Ms, apical margin narrowly fuscous to M, then broadly fuscous posteriorly but infuscate area interrupted by a large testaceous spot distad of apex of clavus. Anal segment of male short, not deflexed; lateroapical angles only slightly prominent, very slightly produced ventrally. Pygofer broad with each lateral angle produced in a short narrow lobe, distally rounded. Aedeagus tubular, straight, with three spines arising at approximately same level at base of flagellum, the middle spine por- rect, the other two strongly curved. Genital styles in profile angulate at middle with a pointed eminence on dorsal border, spatulate distally with greatest width two-thirds from base. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57092. Described from one male specimen taken at Tumupasa, Bolivia, by W. M. Mann (December 1921). The dark basal field of the tegmina and its ornamentation of four cretaceous spots readily distinguish this species, PINTALIA MARMORATA, new species PLATE 2, FicurEs 5, 20; Puate 3, Ficures 30-32 Male.—Length, 4.1 mm.; tegmen, 6.0 mm. Vertex with anterior margin and transverse carina straight, lateral margins of frons very slightly thickened basally. Testaceous; frons, genae, lateral fields of pronotum, and mesonotum fuscous. Tegmina ivory-hyaline, marbled dull brown in small irregu- lar spots, with an irregular fascia across apical cells subparallel with apical margin; veins dull brown. Wings hyaline, veins fuscous. Anal segment of male moderately long, deflexed through 45° distad of anal foramen but not much produced. Pygofer broad, lateral angles large, with dorsal margin slightly concave, ventral margin con- vex. Aedeagus long, tubular, slightly curved dorsad, with three un- equal spines at base of flagellum, one being much longer than the other two, flagellum distally expanded, its dorsal margin continued in a slender curved spine, apex of flagellum somewhat pointed. Genital styles strongly angulate, with a broad-based, pointed eminence dorsally near angle, gradually expanded distally, apical margin obliquely truncate. Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 57093. Described from a single male specimen collected at light on deck in harbor, Puerta Bolfvar, Ecuador, by M. Kisliuk and C. E. Cooley (April 9, 1932). This species is distinguished by the pattern on the tegmina and by the shape of the anal segment, pygofer, and genitalia. 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 PINTALIA OBLIQUIVITTA, new species PLATE 2, FIGuRES 3, 16-19 Male.—Length, 4.0 mm.; tegmen, 6.0 mm. Vertex with anterior margin and transverse carina straight, lateral margins of frons prominently raised but not thickened basally. Fuscous; sternum testaceous, legs pale fuscous. Tegmina ivory- hyaline, a broad oblique band from base of stigma to apex of clavus, three transverse narrow bars in costal cell, the basal bar extended in a narrow broken fascia to claval suture, a suffusion along nodal line and two S-shaped areas in apical cells of R and M, a pale suffusion over distal part of apical cells, cell Cuy, except for a round spot, and two broad bands between claval suture and first claval vein yellowish brown. Wings hyaline, veins testaceous. Anal segment of male moderately long, distally deflexed through 60°, deflexed part not nearly so long as horizontal part. Pygofer broad, lateral angle about 60°. Aedeagus tubular, a spine one-third from base on left side directed ventrally and anteriorly, a second spine on left side at base of flagellum directed dorsally and caudad, a stout curved spine at middle of dorsal surface directed dorsally and caudad, a longer slender spine on right side at base of flagellum directed ven- trally and anteriorly, flagellum with two minute adpressed spines on right side near middle, and a longer somewhat oblique spine at apex. Genital styles angulate near base, with a short broad spine dorsally near angle, distally narrow, slightly expanding caudad, rounded and setigerous at apex. Type.—vU.S.N.M. No. 57094. Described from one male taken at Santo Domingo, southeastern Peru, labeled “collection Rosenberg.” This species is distinguished by the genitalia and by the tegminal pattern. PINTALIA FALCATA, new species PLATE 2, Ficures 4, 22; PLATE 8, Figures 27-29 Male.—Length, 4.3 mm.; tegmen, 6.1 mm. Vertex with anterior margin and transverse carina straight, lateral margins of frons not thickened basally. Fuscous; tegmina ivory-hyaline, extreme base of tegmina, a broken fascia from costa to junction of claval veins, a second fascia from costa just basad of stigma to commissural margin distad of apex of clavus, nodal line, apex of each apical vein, and a band from third apical cell of M to middle of cell Cu,, yellowish brown. Wings slightly infuscate, veins dark. Anal segment of male angulately deflexed beyond anal foramen, twisted into a horizontal lobe distally. Pygofer with lateral angles broadly rounded. Aedeagus tubular, a long straight spine on left NEW LANTERNFLIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA—FENNAH 99 side at base of flagellum, a long curved spine on right side at same level, both directed anteriorly; flagellum with a curved tubular mem- branous lobe arising at middle and curving to left, a pair of broad unequal spines distally. Genital styles weakly angulate at middle, distal portion somewhat sinuately expanded, a row of minute denticles on inner border distally. Type and paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 57095. Described from one male and one female collected in French Guiana by W. M. Schaus. PINTALIA CURVIVITTA, new species PLATE 2, FicureEs 2, 11-15 Male—Length, 3.9 mm.; tegmen, 5.9 mm. Vertex with anterior margin and transverse carina straight, lateral margins of frons not thickened basally. Fuscous; sternum and legs testaceous. Tegmina ivory-hyaline, sparsely marked with yellowish brown on membrane, a broad approxi- mately semicircular band of the same color widely enclosing stigma and reaching posteriorly to Cu,,; a band across apical cells of M, apex of Cu,, a spot distad of apex of clavus, and a suffusion at middle of claval suture yellowish brown. Wings hyaline, veins testaceous. Anal segment of male deflexed through 100°, symmetrical, deflexed part almost as long as basal part. Pygofer with lateral angles pre- duced into a short narrow lobe, markedly sinuate at apex. Aedeagus tubular, a short stout spine on dorsal surface one quarter from base, directed dorsally and anteriorly, a second spine of similar shape, though slenderer, dorsally at middle, and a third spine, curved dorsad and caudad, at base of flagellum, a short slender spine at middle on left side directed ventrad and forward, a longer sinuate spine sub- parallel to it at base of flagellum, flagellum devoid of ornamentation. Genital styles angulately bent at middle, expanded distally, apical margin very shallowly excavate. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57096. Described from a single male taken at Rurrenabaque, Bolivia, by W. M. Mann (November 1921). This species is distinguished by the shape of the anal segment, of the lateral angles of the pygofer and of the genitalia, and by the pattern on the tegmina, PINTALIA DAEDALA, new species PLATE 2, Figures 6, 21; PLAte 3, Ficures 83-35 Male.—Length, 5.0 mm.; tegmen, 6.0 mm. Vertex with anterior margin straight or slightly curved, transverse carina slightly arcuate on each side of middle line, lateral margins of frons thickened basally. 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Anterior portion of vertex, basal three-quarters of frens, distal por- tion of clypeus, sides of clypeus and genae before eyes, pronotum medially, mesonotum, mesopleurites, and fore and middle legs piceous- brown; posterior portion of vertex, frons in apical quarter and clypeus at base, genae above eyes and around antennae, lateral fields of prono- tum and basal half of procoxae ivory to pallid, hind legs and sternum pallid testaceous, abdomen dull fuscous. 'Tegmina hyaline, basal two- thirds of clavus yellowish, postcubital (first claval) vein dark in middle, a yellowish-brown fascia from two bars at middle of costal cell to com- missural margin at level of union of claval veins, a very broad fuscous band transversely across tegmina, enclosing stigma anteriorly and of subequal width throughout, a narrow wedge-shaped band from apical veins of R to penultimate apical cell of M, apical margin expandingly fuscous from Rs, two opalescent-hyaline spots between stigma and apex of clavus between Rs and M and M, and Ms,,4, respectively, the veins at Mf, M-Cu, and Cu distad of apex of clavus yellow. Wings smoky, veins testaceous. Anal segment of male deflexed distally through 80°, deflexed portion fully as long as basal, in profile slightly dilated distally, a semi-cir- cular excavation on apical margin at middle. Pygofer with lateral angles shortly produced in a small rounded lobe. Aedeagus tubular, a short, broad-based horizontal spine at middle on right side, and a slenderer spine directed caudad at same level on left side, two long spines at base of flagellum on left side, one curved dorsad, the other sinuately ventrocaudad, flagellum tubular, somewhat tumid at base. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57097. Described from one male taken near Banos, Ecuador, by S. W. Frost (February 20, 1937). This species is distinguished by the shape of the anal segment of the male and of the genitalia and by the pattern on the tegmina. PINTALIA VOMERIFERA, new species PLATE 38, Ficures 36-38 Male.—Length, 4.7 mm.; tegmen, 5.5 mm. Vertex with apical margin and transverse carina straight, lateral margins of frons not thickened basally. Testaceous-fuscous; tegmina ivory-hyaline, three brown spots in costal cell, the basal spot extending in a broken fascia faintly across to junction of claval veins, a brown spot over R-M and M—Cu, membrane slightly and unevenly suffused fuscous, vein Cu,y pallid, a pale spot in middle of cell Cu,,. Wings very slightly smoky, veins testaceous. Anal segment of male deflexed distally through 95°, right side dilated, apical margin very oblique, making apex acutely pointed. Pygofer with lateral angles not produced, or, if so, very obtusely. NEW LANTERNFLIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA—FENNAH 101 Aedeagus tubular, a stout spine in middle line ventrally curved pos- teriorly, a deep median keellike lobe ventrally in distal half, a long bladelike process arising at base of flagellum on right directed ventrally and forward, two unequal spines at base of flagellum on distal side directed dorsally, flagellum with two scroll-like folds. Genital styles weakly angulate at middle, much dilated distally, outer margins strongly convex, inner margin straight or nearly so, Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57098. Described from one male taken at Banos, Ecuador, by S. W. Frost (February 29,1937). This species is distinguished by the shape of the anal segment and of the genitalia and by the pattern on the tegmina. Family DERBIDAE Tribe OTIOCERINI IQUITOSA, new genus Vertex longer than wide across base (3:1), disk deeply sunken, lateral margins thickened and pustulate distally, approximated at apex, pos- terior margin concave; frons linear, clypeus medially carinate; head compressed, in profile produced obliquely upward and anteriorly in an acute angle, almost pointed at tip; antennae subequal to length of head, first joint about as broad as long, second joint flattened, with sides straight, expanding distally, apical margin asymmetrically excavate, a single short vermiform appendage attached at base. Pronotum very short, anterior margin angularly convex, posterior margin still more acutely concave, lateral fields broad, quadrate, median carina present, and a carina on each side between eye and tegula; mesonotum convex, depressed in posterior third, median carina feeble, lateral carinae obso- lete except for two flangelike vertical eminences in middle; tegulae rel- atively large. Tegmina with sides expanding distally, apical margin oblique, costal margin sinuate, with a prominent recurved rounded eminence near base, vein M leaving Sc+R one-seventh from base, Sc+R forking two-sevenths from base, M with five branches reach- ing apical line of transverse veins, clavus narrowly open, but common claval vein not passing beyond its apex. Wings four-fifths as long as tegmina. Genotype, /quitosa shannoni, new species. IQUITOSA SHANNONI, new species Puate 2, Figures 28-26; Pirate 3, Fiaures 3941 Male. —Length, 3.2 mm.; tegmen, 5.0 mm. Head, pronotum except margins, mesonotum except carina, a patch on each lateral field, and posterior margin brown; median carina of mesonotum and margins of pronotum and mesonotum, sternites, and 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 legs testaceous to stramineous, except for a narrow fuscous band at apex of profemora and a similar band in middle of protibiae. Teg- mina mostly piceous, a dull testaceous spot on each side of piceous costal eminence, apical cells from node to M; and intervening veins dull yellow with two fuscous interruptions, middle portion of subapical veins paler than corium, veins of corium chiefly red, basally infuscate and interrupted with dull yellow spots. Wings smoky, veins con- colorous, margin red. Anal segment narrow, lateral apical angles slightly deflexed. Aedeagus tubular in basal half, with a minute bicuspidate process near base of flagellum, two stout spines at base of flagellum, one on right side, the other distally, both directed dorsally, a transparent spine on flagellum at middle, apex of flagellum lobate with a large spine below it on left; two small spines on right. Genital styles nar- row, membranous dorsally distad of middle, with a scroll-like process in middle of dorsal margin. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57099. Described from one male collected at Iquitos, Peru, by R. C. Shan- non (March 1931). The basal reflection of the costal margin recalls the similar modification found in Sayiana Ball, but Zquztosa differs from Ball’s type, with which it has been compared, in the more pointed head, the shape of the antennae, and the shape and venation of the tegmina. Family ACHILIDAE Subfamily APATESONINAE Genus ATESON Metcalf Ateson METCALF, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 367, 369, 1938. (Geno- type, A. marmoratum Metcalf, loc. cit., p. 369.) ATESON SEMILUTEUM, new species PLATE 3, FiguRES 42-47 Male.—Length, 5.5 mm.; tegmen, 8.0 mm. Frons with lateral margins ampliate and raised between level of antennae and suture, median carina terminating distally against a transverse ridge, median carina of clypeus distinct except at base. Testaceous; abdominal sclerites infuscate. Tegmina yellowish, fus- cous at base and chiefly so distad of nodal line, with a pale area in the subapical cells of M and Cu,,, transverse veins mostly pale. Wings hyaline at base, smoky near apical margin, veins fuscous. Anal segment of male short. Pygofer with lateral angles scarcely produced, pointed, slightly faleate, medioventral process twice as broad as long, distally shallowly trilobed, the middle lobe largest. NEW LANTERNFLIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA—FENNAH 103 Aedeagus tubular, slightly tapering distally, periandrium recurved dorsally at apex into a sinuate spine, penis when everted with two curved spines directed ventrally and two straight spines porrect caudad. Genital styles distally expanded, in profile with apical mar- gin sinuately oblique, dorsal margin sinuately horizontal, folding in- ward with a short pointed lobe. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57100. Described from one male taken at Para, Brazil, by P. R. Uhler (coll. No. 132). This species is distinguished by the carination of the frons and by the pattern on the tegmina, as well as by the shape of the genitalia. ATESON LUTEOSPERSUM, new species PraTe 3, Fiaures 48, 49 Female.—Length, 7.0 mm.; tegmen, 8.5 mm. Lateral margins of frons not much raised above level of disk, disk of vertex scarcely depressed, margins scarcely raised. Vertex, frons, clypeus, pronotum, and mesonotum fuscous, heavily speckled with yellow spots, genae testaceous, sternum and legs fuscous. Tegmina fuscous, heavily marbled and spotted with yellow on mem- brane, a small patch basad of stigma and over junction of claval veins yellow, corium wholly fuscous, veins spotted with yellow. Wings smoky, veins fuscous. Ovipositor with first valvulae bearing two teeth dorsally near apex and a curved apical spine; apex of second valvulae rounded in profile. Genital chamber (bursa copulatrix) with three pairs of sclerotized plates, each of the posterior pair, in dorsal view, elongate-quadrate, each of the middle pair larger, curved and triangular, each of the third (dorsal) pair small, narrow, sinuately tapering as shown in figure. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57101. Described from one female taken at Cabima, Panama, by A. Busck (May 28,1911). This species is distinguished by the weak carination of the frons and vertex, by the shape of the second valvulae of the ovipositor and of the sclerites of the genital chamber, and by the distribution of the yellow spots on the tegmina. ATESON MARMORATUM Metcalf Puate 8, Fiaures 50-54 Ateson marmoratum MeTcar, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol, 82, No. 5, p. 369, 1938, For comparison with the preceding species figures are given of the male genitalia of a paratype specimen and of the distinctive portions of the female genitalia. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PiaTeE 2 1, 7-10, Pintalia quadrimaculata, new species: 1, Tegmen; 7, vertex; 8, anal segment, pygofer, and right genital style; 9, aedeagus, right side; 10, aedeagus, left side. 2, 11-15, Pintalia curvivitta, new species: 2, Tegmen; 11, vertex; 12, anal segment and pygofer; 13, right genital style; 14, aedeagus, left side; 15, aedeagus, right side. 3, 16-19, Pintalia obliquivitta, new species: 3, Tegmen; 16, vertex; 17, anal segment, pygofer, and right genital style; 18, aedeagus, right side; 19, aedeagus, left side. 4,22, Pintalia falcata, new species: 4, Tegmen; 22, anal segment, pygofer, and right genital style. 5, 20, Pintalia marmorata, new species: 5, Tegmen; 20, vertex. 6, 21, Pintalia daedala, new species: 6, Tegmen; 21, vertex. 23-26, Iquitosa shannoni, new genus and species: 23, Anal segment, side view; 24, aedeagus, left side; 25, aedeagus, right side; 26, right genital style, side view. Piate 3 27-29, Pintalia falcata, new species: 27, Anal segment, left side; 28, aedeagus, left side; 29, aedeagus, right side. 30-32, Pintalia marmoraia, new species: 30, Anal segment, pygofer, and right genital style; 31, aedeagus, right side; 32, aedeagus, left side. i 33-35, Pintalia daedala, new species: 33, Anal segment, pygofer, and right genital style; 34, aedeagus, right side; 35, aedeagus, left side. Ys 36-38, Pintalia vomerifera, new species: 36, Anal segment, posterior view; 37, anal seg- ment, pygofer, and left genital style; 38, aedeagus, right side. 39-41, Iquitosa shannoni, new genus and species: 39, Head and pronotum (right antenna incomplete); 40, head in profile; 41, tegmen. 42-47, Ateson semiluteum, new species: 42, Anal segment and pygofer; 43, medioventral process of pygofer; 44, aedeagus (everted), right side; 45, right genital style; 46, head, frontal view; 47, tegmen. 48, 49, Ateson luteospersum, new species: 48, Right second valvula of ovipositor; 49, sclerotization of genital chamber. 50-54, Ateson marmoratum Metcalf: 50, Right second valvula of ovipositor; 51, sclerotiza- tion of genital chamber; 52, right genital style, ventrolateral view; 53, medio-~ ventral process of pygofer; 54, aedeagus (retracted), left side. 104 PROCEEDINGS, VOL.96 PLATE 2 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM NEW SOUTH AMERICAN FULGOROIDEA, For explanation see page 104, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 3 44 45 SOUTH AMERICAN FULGOROIDEA. For explanation see page 104. U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 THE GENUS FUNDELLA ZELLER: A CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A REVISION OF THE AMERICAN PYRALI- DOID MOTHS OF THE FAMILY PHYCITIDAE Washington: 1945 No. 3190 By Cart Heinricu Tus paper is offered now because two of the species treated have been discovered in the United States, and one of these (pellucens) is rated as a bean pest of some importance in the Tropics and may easily become one in our Gulf States. Also, there has been considerable mis- identification of at least three of the species due to the wide variability of the markings and the misapplication of the name pe//ucens in eco- nomic and taxonomic literature. The species are markedly different in their genitalia, but heretofore these organs have not been figured, nor have the structural peculiarities of the several species been indicated. The genus is confined to the New World. Five species are recog- nized of which one is here described for the first time. Two older names are referred to synonymy. ‘The study is based upon material in the United States National Museum, a considerable collection of speci- mens from Puerto Rico in the Cornell University collection, and a few specimens from the Janse and British Museum collections. Genus FUNDELLA Zeller Fundella Zev.er, Isis yon Oken, vol. 41, p. 866, 1848.—RAconor, Mémoires sur les Lépidoptéres, vol. 7, p. 210, 1893.—J Anse, Journ. Ent. Soe. South Africa, vol. 4, p. 163, 1941. (Genotype: undella pellucens Zeller.) Ballovia Dyan, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, p. 328, 1918; Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 7, p. 40,1919. (Genotype: Ballovia cistipennis Dyar.) Antenna of male slightly pubescent, base somewhat enlarged, shaft laterally flattened and very slightly excavate at base (pl. 4, fig. 2) 620243—45 105 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 (except in ¢gnobilis and ahemora) and with a very small blackish scale tuft in the excavation (except in 7gnobilis) ; of female slender, simple. Front of male head deeply grooved to hold labial palpi; of female younded. Labial palpus upcurved, reaching to vertex, clothed with broad appressed scales; in male closely appressed to face, with second segment over three times as long as first and with third segment very short (about one-sixth the length of second) ; in female with second segment shorter and third about one-third the length of second. Max- illary palpus minute. Forewing smeoth; 11 veins, 10 from cell, parallel for some distance but not approximate to stalk of 8-9, 9 short, 6 from below upper angle of cell, straight, 4-5 connate or approximate at base, 3 approximately equidistant from 4 and 2, 2 from before lower angle of cell. Hind wing with 8 veins, 7 and 8 closely approximate beyond cell for less than half their lengths, 4 and 5 long stalked, 3 from stalk of 4-5 or closely approximate for some distance, 2 from near lower angle of cell, cell short, discocellular slanting and shghtly curved; in male anal area, involving veins la and 1b, thickened and folded under to form a pocket enclosing enlarged scales and hair tufts. Eighth abdominal segment of male bearing a thin, short pair of ventrolateral hair tufts. Male genitalia with uncus long, curved, strongly sclerotized, con- stricted at middle and broadly divided at apex (hammer-clawed) ; gnathos terminating in a short, stout hook or a short, broad plate (ahemora) ; harpe rather short, with clasper; vinculum narrow, short; aedeagus stout with long, stout, projecting, curved spine or spines at apex (except in argentina) ; cornutus a single, strong spine. Female genitalia without signum (pel/ucens) or with signum well developed and consisting of a large oval or pear-shaped cluster of thornlike spines (argentina, agapella), or curved sclerotized bands armed with stout, thornlike spines (ahemora, ignobilis) ; bursa large; ductus bursae short, broad (narrowest in ag@pella) ; area surround- ing genital opening strongly sclerotized, the dorsal sclerotization in the form of a band connected with the supporting rods of eighth segment collar, and armed with two or four spinelike projections (except in jgnobilis and some examples of argentina) ; ductus semi- nalis from caudal area of bursa. This genus is easily distinguished by its striking male characters: the strongly sclerotized, long-stemmed, bifurcate (hammer-clawed) uncus; the large pocket on anal area of hind wing; the long, embedded Jabial palpus with very short third segment; and minute maxillary palpus. A similar bifurcate uncus is not found in any other Ameri- can genus except Defundella Dyar. In the type species of the latter (corynophora Dyar) the uncus is somewhat produced and exhibits a slight bifurcation at apex; but other species, which must also be THE GENUS FUNDELLA—HEINRICH 107 referred to Defundella, lack this character. Defundella separates readily on other male structures: Its greatly reduced gnathos, strongly hooked, partially free sacculus of harpe, its rounded frons, and the narrow, strongly sclerotized, deeply invaginated pocket of the sternite of the eighth abdominal segment. In Fundella the wing pattern varies so much within any given species that it affords no reliable character for specific identification, and the several species can be separated with certainty only by their genitalia, KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FUNDELLA MALES 1. Clasper a straight spine; aedeagus simple_--___-__________- argentina Dyar Clasper a curyed digitus; aedeagus armed with curved, strongly sclerotized Bone OF Spilles "arr Ormnear aes. ae 2 2. With large, strongly sclerotized subanal plate; a cluster of several spines from apex of aedeagus; clasper short_________________- pellucens Zeller Without sclerotized subanal plate; no more than two spines from aedeagus BRR MEET SEPTIC = PRIRESIIC TA i 2 3 8. Gnathos terminating in a broad plate; aedeagus with a pair of spines from PER er neee ee ee Nae es ee ee, ES ee ahemora Dyar Gnathos terminating in a short, stout hook; aedeagus with a single spine Trom helow wapex — = a AD, _. ignobilis, new species FEMALES 1. Bursa copulatrix without signum; ductus bursae sclerotized throughout length, sclerotization involving part of bursa adjacent to ductus bursae and duetus seminalis — Src a ee pellucens Zeller Bursa copulatrix with strong signa; anetus bursae at most only partially I eee ne ee ne ee ee, 2 2. Signa in form of large oval or pear-shi wed clusters of spines. argentina Dyar agapella Schaus Signa in form of bands bearing stout spines__-- _--___ ee 3. Signa consisting of 2 rather short bands, each armed with a row of long spines; ductus bursae with a strongly sclerotized median collar; a widely spaced pair of long, curved spines from sclerotized area immediately behind genital opening ae = ee ahemora Dyar Signa consisting of 2 long, partially fused bands each armed with a row of short, stout, thornlike spines; ductus bursae with median area unsclero- tized; no spines adjacent to genital opening__.____- ignobilis, new species FUNDELLA PELLUCENS Zeller PLATE 4, Fiacures 1-4, 6-6a, T-Te: Plate 6, Fraunes 15-15a Fundella pellucens Zeiten, Isis von Oken, vol. 41, p. 866, 1848; Horae Soc, Ent. Rossicae, vol. 16, p. 236, 1881,—Raconor, Mémoires sur les Lépidoptéres, vol. 7, p. 210, 1893. Ballovia cistipennis Dyan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, p. 823, 19138. 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Fundella cistipennis (Dyar) Dyar, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 7, p. 40, 1919.—Wotcort, Journ. Dept. Agr. Puerto Rico, vol. 17, pp. 241-255, 1933; Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 18, p. 482, 1934; vol. 20, p. 477, 19386.— Scotrr, Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 24, pp. 35-47, 1940. (New synonymy. ) Male—Antennal shaft with very small black basal tuft (pl. 4, fig. 3). Palpi, thorax, and forewing grayish fuscous more or less dusted with whitish and with interspersed reddish-brown scales (in many specimens the ground color is reddish brown), giving the moth a distinctly gray or gray-brown appearance to the naked eye. Fore- wing with a conspicuous, round, darker brown or fuscous spot in the center of the area usually occupied by the antemedian line, this dark spot more or less obscured in some specimens but in typical examples outlined by whitish areas inwardly and outwardly and not reaching to inner margin or costa of the wing; discal mark at end of cell obscure, often absent; subterminal line (when distinguishable) faint, white, indented at vein 6 and at submedian fold; a row of dark spots along termen (present only in specimens having an appreciable dusting of white scales). Hind wing white, translucent, a faint fuscous border along costa and (in some specimens) a fuscous line on termen for a short distance from apex; cilia white; anal pocket yellow- ish white. Midtibia with a fringe of pale hairlike scales along dorsum. Hind tibia with a rather long and slender tuft of pale (whitish ochre- ous), hairlike scales from the knee joint (pl. 4, fig. 4). Alar expanse 19-23 mm. Genitalia (pl. 4, figs. 7-7c) with a large, strongly sclerotized sub- anal plate, constricted before and beyond its middle. Harpe with apex notched below costa; clasper short, curved, situated near middle of harpe and armed with several setae at its knobbed apex. Aedeagus with a cluster of several long, curved spines from apex; cornutus long, straight, stout. Female.—KEssentially like the male in color and markings except that. the dark spot near the base of the forewing is more diffused, sometimes reaching to the costa. Hind wing usually with a dark shade along termen. Alar expanse 19-24 mm. . Genitalia (pl. 6, figs. 15-15a) with bursa copulatrix finely scobinate but without signum; ductus bursae flattened, broad, twisted and con- stricted near genital opening, sclerotized throughout, the sclerotiza- tion involving bursa adjacent to ductus bursae and ductus seminalis; sclerotized band behind genital opening armed with four long, stout, projecting spines; collar of eighth segment invaginated at dorsal inargin to form a sclerotized pocket (pl. 6, fig. 15a). Types —In British Museum (pellucens); United States National Museum (cistipennis). THE GENUS FUNDELLA—HEINRICH 109 Type localities—St. Thomas, British West Indies (pellucens) ; Barbados (cistipennis). Food plants—Vigna unguiculata (cowpeas, black-eyed peas, and garden peas), Cunavalia ensiformis (sword beans), Canavalia mari- tima (black bean), Cajan cajan (pigeon pea), Phaseolus lunatus (cul- tivated and wild lima beans), Phaseolus sp. (Brazilian specimens), Cassia occidentalis (one reared specimen from McCubbins Mills, Puerto Rico, before me; most records from this last plant are doubtful and probably the result of a misidentification of Fundella argentina as cistipennis). Distribution—Untrep States: Florida, Hobe Sound, Miami, Jupi- ter, Coconut Grove, Marco Island, Walton, Jensen (U.S.D.A. rearings from lima beans, February 1944), Vero Beach (J. R. Malloch, Decem- ber 1941). Bareapos. Harrr: Damien (December, February), Port- au-Prince. Monrserrar (January). Cupa: Santiago, Matanzas. Viren Istanps: St. Croix (March). Purrro Rico: San Juan, Rio Piedras (March-May), Isabella, Catano (July), Vieques Island (April). Brazm: Bahia (May), Ceara. Ninety-six specimens examined. Zeller had two species before him when he described pel/ucens, and the one he figured (fig. 415) in Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae is his “var. b.” which is Dyar’s argentina. Through the courtesy of Messrs. Riley and Tams, of the British Museum, I have been able to examine the genitalia of the male paratype designated “var. b” by Zeller and a typical male pellucens of the Zeller material from Maraquita. The latter proved to be what Dyar described as c/stipennis and the species that has appeared in economic literature under that name. What Moéschler and others have identified as pe//ucens could not be deter- mined without a genitalic examination of their specimens. Probably in many instances they had mistaken argentina for pellucens, since both species occur in the West Indies and Brazil. According to Scott the favored host of pellucens (=cistipennis) in Puerto Rico is the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the species while frequent in lima beans seldom does serious damage. Potentially it is an insect of economic importance. The larvae are primarily pod borers but also bore into the stems and feed on the flowers of their hosts. They attack, as far as known, only Leguminosae. FUNDELLA ARGENTINA Dyar PLATE 5, Ficures S8—Sc; PLAtre 6, Figures 12, 13 Fundella pellucens Zeiurr (in part, “var. b’), Isis von Oken, vol, 41, p. S67, 1848; Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae, vol. 16, p. 287, fig. 41b, 1881 (new synonymy). Fundella argentina Dyan, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 7, p. 40, 1919. Fundella eucasis Dyan, Inseentor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 7, p. 40, 1919 (new synonymy). 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Male—Antennal shaft with even smaller black basal scale tuft than that of pellucens. Forewing gray without the reddish brown, inter- spersed scaling characteristic of typical examples of pel/ucens,; entire basal area to antemedian line dark fuscous gray (with but very sheht dusting of whitish scales toward base in some specimens) ; this dark basal patch contrasted against the paler gray color of the remainder of the wing, extending from costa to inner margin and bordered out- wardly by a narrow whitish line. Otherwise not distinguishable, superficially, from pellucens. Alar expanse 15-20 mm. Genitalia (pl. 5, figs. 8-8c) without sclerotized subanal plate. ‘Ter- minal projection of gnathos varying from round to pointed (pl. 5, fig. 8a) at apex. Harpe tapering to bluntly pointed apex; clasper : single, straight, slightly roughened, appressed spine, situated beyond middle of harpe. Aedeagus simple; cornutus a single, straight spine. Female.—Kssentially like the male in color and markings except that the basal area of forewing is concolorous with or contrastingly paler than the remainder of the wing. A narrow dark line or a diffused dark shading outwardly bordering the obscure antemedian line. Alar expanse 15-23 mm. Genitalia (pl. 6, figs. 12, 13) with signum well developed and con- sisting of a large pear-shaped cluster of thornlike spines; sclerotized band behind genital opening, divided in the middle, simple (pl. 6, fig. 12) in Argentinian and Brazilian specimens, or armed with a pair of median, spinelike projections (pl. 6, fig. 13), rather long in West Indian specimens or short and disappearing in Mexican and Vene- zuelan specimens. Types—In United States National Museum (argentina and CUCASTS ) 5 Type localities —Tucuman, Argentina (argentina); Caracas, Venezuela (eucasis). Food plant—Cassia spp. (reared examples in National Collection from Cassia bicapsularis and C. corymbosa). Distribution—Unirep Sratres: Florida, Biscayne Bay (May), Coconut Grove (April); Zevas, Brownsville (November). Mexico: Several examples reared from pods and blossoms of Cassia bicapsularis at Brownsville, Tex., quarantine station. Cupa: Baragua (March), Habana, Matanzas, Santiago Province. Purrro Rico: Bayamon (March, September), Vieques Island (April, July), Coamo Springs (April), Aguirre Central (August), San German (August), San Juan (November). Harri: Pétionville (June). JAmaricA. VENEZUELA: El Valle (June). Braz: Bahia (May). Arcentina: Tucuman (March). Seventy-three specimens examined. THE GENUS FUNDELLA—HEINRICH lll In collections this species has appeared most frequently under the name pellucens. Both argentina and pellucens have about the same distribution and are abundant in the West Indies, though, from ma- terial at hand, pe//ucens seems to be rarer on the mainland. Through- out its range argentina shows considerable variation in female genitalia. West Indian specimens have rather conspicuous spinelike extensions of the sclerotized band behind the genital opening. These are entirely lacking in Brazilian specimens, and if one had only these extremes he would be justified in assuming that they were at least racially distinct. However, Venezuelan and Mexican examples show an intermediate form with very short projections, and Central Ameri- can specimens, when recovered in sufficient numbers, will probably show all intergradations. The male genitalia are remarkably uniform throughout the range of the species, exhibiting only minor individual variations in the shape of the terminal projection of the gnathos. The type of Dyar’s eucasis is only a small, somewhat faded male of argentina, FUNDELLA AGAPELLA Schaus PLATE 6, FIGURE 11 Fundella agapella ScHAvs, Zoologica, vol. 5, No. 2, p. 47, 1923. Female-—Palpi, head, thorax, and forewing whitish gray; dark markings drab gray; transverse antemedian line of forewing white, defined chiefly by its narrow, dark outer border, sharply sinuate, indented a trifle just below costa, more deeply at top of cell and still more deeply at fold below cell; discal dot at end of cell obscure; white subterminal line indented at vein 6 and at submedian fold, bor- dered inwardly by a distinct dark shade as broad as the white line itself and outwardly by a similar, fainter, dark shading, the latter conspicuous only at apex. Hind wing as in the other species of Fundella., Alar expanse 12 mm. Genitalia (pl. 6, fig. 11) like those of intermediate examples of argentina except that the signum is considerably smaller in propor- tion to the size of the bursa. Type.—tIn United States National Museum. Type locality —Vagus Cove, Albemarle, Galapagos Islands. Food plant.—Unknown. Known only from the female type. Superficially a distinet species. The female genitalia, however, would indicate that agapella is only a race of argentina. A male will be needed for exact placement, and until it is available we shall have to treat agapella as a species. eh PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 FUNDELLA IGNOBILIS, new species PLATE 5, Figures 9-9d; PLATE 6, FigurE 14 Male—Antennal shaft without any trace of black basal scale tuft. Otherwise partaking of the pattern markings of both pellucens and argentina; in some specimens dark basal patch of forewing round and reaching neither costa nor inner margin (as in typical pellucens) , in majority of specimens, however, basal patch occupying whole basal area (asin typical argentina) ; median and outer areas of wing averag- ing a trifle paler than in argentina and without the reddish-brown scaling of pellucens. Alar expanse 13-20 mm. Genitalia (pl. 5, figs. 9-97) with gnathos terminating in a short, stout hook. Harpe with apex truncate; clasper moderately long, curved, and weakly haired at apex. Aedeagus with a single, long, strong, curved spine from below apex; cornutus a short, stout, curved thorn. Female.—Superficially similar to argentina except a trifle paler on the average. Alar expanse 15-22 mm. Genitalia (pl. 6, fig. 14) without spines adjacent to genital opening. Bursa copulatrix with signa, consisting of a pair of partially fused bands, each armed with a row of short, stout, thornlike spines; ductus bursae short and broad, with median area unsclerotized; eighth seg- ment collar completely sclerotized except for a small, round, trans- parent spot on micdventer, sclerotization extending to and over area behind genital opening. Type and paratypes.—U. S. N. M. No. 57185. Paratypes also in British Museum and in Cornell University and Janse collections. Type locality —Oaxaca, Mexico. Food plant—Unknown. Described from the male type and 2 male and 4 female paratypes from the type locality; 4 male and 8 female paratypes from Tehua- can, Mexico (May, June, July); 3 male and 7 female paratypes from Orizaba, Mexico; 1 male and 6 female paratypes from Cordoba, Mexico (May); 1 female paratype from Guadalajara, Mexico; 1 female paratype from Jalapa, Mexico; 1 male paratype from Cayuga, Guatemala; 1 female from Costa Rica; 1 male and 1 female paratype from Santiago, Cuba (June); 1 male and 1 female paratype from Sierra Miestra, Cuba (May); 1 male paratype from Cuba without other locality label; 1 male paratype from Aguirre Central, Puerto Rico; and 1 female paratype from Pétionville, Haiti. Most of the foregoing were in the National Collection under either pe//ucens or argentina. The species is quite distinct and easily recognized in either sex by its genitalia. THE GENUS FUNDELLA—HEINRICH 113 FUNDELLA AHEMORA Dyar PLATE 4, FIGURE 5; PLATE 5, FiGureEs 10-10¢c; PLATE 6, FIGURE 16 Fundella ahemora Dyar, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 47, p. 4038, 1914. Male—Antenna with small black scale tuft at base of shaft. Forewing with no or a very faint dark basal patch (when present covering basal area to antemedian line); antemedian line whitish, very faint; subterminal line white, faint but less obscure than ante- median, without dark borders except for an inner and an outer dark spot at inner margin of wing; veins from cell rather strongly outlined by dark scaling (the most conspicuous superficial character of the species). A thick, dark (brownish) hair tuft covering outer surface of fore tibia (pl. 4, fig. 5), a male character not found in other species of the genus. Alar expanse 18-23 mm. Genitalia (pl. 5, figs. 10-10¢) with gnathos terminating in a broad tonguelike plate. Harpe somewhat tapering but with apex truncate; a strong tuft of long scales from costa: clasper long, curved, slender, with a few hairs at apex. Aedeagus with a pair of long, curved, flattened spines from apex; cornutus a long, straight, slender spine. Female.—Kssentially like the male in color and markings. Alar expanse 18-23 mm. Genitalia (pl. 6, fig. 16) with a pair of long, widely spaced, basally curved spines from sclerotized area immediately behind genital open- ing. Bursa copulatrix with signa consisting of two rather short bands, each armed with a row of long spines. Ductus bursae bulged in the middle and with a strongly sclerotized median collar. Collar of eighth segment partially sclerotized and fused ventrally. Type.—ln United States National Museum. Type locality.—Orizaba, Mexico. Food plant.—Unknown. Distribution —Mexico: Orizaba, Jalapa, Teapa (December), Cor- doba (April, December), Cuernavaca (July). Guaremava: Quirigua (March), Cayuga (January, May), Parulha (July). Costa Rica: Juan Vinas (November). Nineteen specimens examined. Superficially the most easily distinguished species in the genus. The large foretibial tuft at once identifies the male, and both sexes can be separated by the rather conspicuous dark outlining of the veins. The veins are similarly dark sealed in the other species, but the contrast of the dark veins against the pale intervenular areas is more marked in ahemora. EXPLANATION OF PLATES The drawings of figures 7—7c, 8-8c, 9-9d, 10-10c, 11, 12, and 13 for the plates accompanying this paper were made by Mrs. Eleanor A. Carlin, formerly with the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar- antine. Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-6a, 14, 15-15a, and 16 were drawn by Mrs. Sara H. DeBord, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Puate 4 1-4, 6-7c, Fundella pellucens Zeller: 1, Side view of male head; 2, basal segments of male antenna, denuded to show depression in shaft; 3, same, showing scale tuft on shaft; 4, hind tibia of male; 6, wings of male showing venation; 6a, ventral view of anal pocket of male hind wing, opened to show scale tufts; 7, ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus omitted; 7a, lateral view of tegumen, gnathos, subanal plate, and uncus; 7b, aedeagus; 7c, sternite and tergite of eighth abdominal segment of male. 5, Fundella ahemora Dyar: Tufted foretibia of male. Puate 5 8-8c, Fundella argentina Dyar: 8, Ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus omitted; 8a, terminal projection of gnathos showing extreme of variation; 8), sternite and tergite of eighth abdominal segment of male; 8c, aedeagus. 9-9d, Fundella ignobilis, new species: 9, Ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus omitted; 9a, lateral view of tegumen, gnathos, and uncus; 9b, aedeagus; 9c, sternite and tergite of eighth abdominal segment of male; 9d, anellus. 10-10c, Fundella ahemora Dyar: 10, Ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus omitted; 10a, lateral view of tegumen, gnathos, and uncus; 10), aedeagus; 10c, sternite and tergite of eighth abdominal segment of male. PLATE 6 11, Fundella agapella Schaus: Ventral view of female genitalia. 12, 13, Fundella argentina Dyar: 12, Ventral view of female genitalia of type with bursa copulatrix omitted; 13, ventral view of female genitalia of West Indian speci- men. 14, Fundella ignobilis, new species: Ventral view of female genitalia. 15-l5a, Fundella pellucens Zeller: 15, Ventral view of female genitalia; 15a, collar of eighth abdominal segment of female, dorsal view. 16, Fundella ahemora Dyar: Ventral view of female genitalia. 114 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945 : U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE4 eS ot . a) q a TA a Be SS 7 pellucens : < Ic THE GENUS FUNDELLA. For explanation see page 114. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE5 Kay NK NANA AUR) i i de ahemora THE GENUS FUNDELLA. For explanation see page 114. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATES6 4 ignobilis I5 pellucens 16 ahemora THE GENUS FUNDELLA For explanation see page 114. PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1945 No. 3191 A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF PERCOID FISHES FROM NEW GUINEA, FAMILY CENTROPOMIDAE By Leonarp P. Scuuurz Lt. James R. Simon, U.S.N.R., recently donated to the United States National Museum a small collection of fishes given to him by his friend Capt. Ralph F. Honess, U.S.A., who collected them in New Guinea in 1944. In this lot, totaling 27 specimens, were eight examples from fresh water that I consider to belong to an undescribed percoid genus involving two new species. These are described herein. The other 19 specimens are of known forms occurring in the region. XENAMBASSIS, new genus Genotype.—X enambassis honessi, new species. Body compressed, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size every- where except on top of head; basal half of caudal fin scaled and a few scales on base of pectoral; lateral line arched over pectoral fin so that it is concurrent with dorsal profile, then extending along midaxis of body posteriorly; each lateral line tube straight, not extending entire length of scale; anterior profile concave over orbits; interorbital space a little convex; a low predorsal ridge extending along middorsal line ending at occiput; mouth terminal, a little oblique; premaxillary slightly protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone, mostly ex- posed, only the dorsal edge slipping slightly under edge of preorbital bone; maxillary with its posterior edge concave; jaws equal or nearly so, the lower slightly in front of upper; teeth in both jaws in a villi- form band, with the outer row consisting of somewhat enlarged conical teeth, the band of teeth becoming narrower on sides of jaw, ending in only one or two rows on lower jaw; vomer with a patch of villiform teeth and palatines with a narrow row of villiform teeth; no teeth on 620241—45 115 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 tongue; cheek and operculum scaled; posterior and lower margins of orbit denticulate and two denticulate ridges on preorbital bone above maxillary, the upper one forming part of the serrae around orbit; preoperculum with double edge, the outer one serrated on both posterior and ventral borders, the inner one serrated at lower angle and a little on each side of the angle above and forward; inter- operculum denticulate; operculum not spinate; gill membranes united far forward, free from isthmus; branchiostegals 6; pseudobranchiae present; gill rakers of moderate length, of rather heavy build; a single dorsal fin with the spiny portion scarcely longer than soft portion of VIII or IX spines, the second or third longest, the next to the last shortest; spinous dorsal fin preceded by a short recumbent spine, directed forward, hidden in the skin beneath the scales; anal with 3 spines and usually 10 soft rays; both fins with a sheath of scales along their bases, one scale in width along dorsal and one or two along anal, these fins partly depressible between the sheath; pectorals 1, 13, asym- metrical, upper 2 or 3 branched rays longest; pelvic fins, I, 5, inserted under base of pectorals and a little in front of dorsal origin; pelvic spine slender, not reaching to anus and about two-thirds length of first branched pelvic ray, which ends in a short filament; axillary scale of pelvic small, about length of diameter of pupil; caudal fin forked, lobes more or less pointed. Other characters are those of the genotype, X. honessz, described below. This new genus is related to the percoid fishes usually referred to the family Centropomidae but sometimes separated from them and grouped in the family Ambassidae or Chandidae. Xenambassis is especially close to Tetracentrum Macleay, Synechopterus Norman, and Ambassis Cuvier and Valenciennes, differing from them as in- dicated in the accompanying key. Ambassis differs from the new genus and from Tetracentrum and Synechopterus by having the first dorsal fin made up of VII spines and joined to the base of the first spine of the second dorsal, whereas in the other three genera the first dorsal is joined at least halfway out the last spine so that the two fins are continuous. Chanda Buchanan-Hamilton, 1822, with @. lala as the type as restricted by Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, 1905, p. 500) differs from the above-mentioned genera chiefly in having 14 to 17 soft rays in the anal fin. Psewdoambassis Castelnau, 1878 (= Austrochanda Whitley, 1935), a substitute name supposed by Whitley to be preoccupied by Pseudambassis Bleeker, 1876; and Ved- ambassis, proposed by Whitley (Rec. South Australian Mus. vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 356-865, 1935), are here considered as subgenera of Ambassis Cuvier and Valenciennes. Indeed, they may even be synonyms of Ambassis, since the generic differences appear so slight. I also refer NEW PERCOID FISHES FROM NEW GUINEA—SCHULTZ rt7 Acanthoperca Castelnau, 1878, and Blandowskiella Iredale and Whit- ley, 1982, as subgenera of Ambassis. Priopidichthys Whitley, 1935, with teeth on the tongue, may well be a valid genus, as none of the other genera seem to have lingual teeth. Named XYenambassis, meaning a strange or different Ambassis. KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF NEW GUINEA CENTROPOMIDAE RELATED TO TETRACENTRUM ta. Anal rays IV, 9; dorsal rays IX, 10, dorsal fin continuous; preorbital with 2 serrated ridges; suborbital and postorbital ring of bones with denticula- tions; inner double edge of preopercular bone strongly toothed at angle and along its lower edge; outer edge of preoperculum strongly denticulate along its entire border; least depth of caudal péduncle 12% in its length; profile concave over orbits; pelvies inserted under pectoral base; postorbital length of head 1.1 in length of caudal peduncle. Tetracentrum ‘ apogonoides (Macleay) Jb, Anal rays III, 8 to 11 (see table 1). 2a. Dorsal fin continuous, no deep notch in front of last spine, membrane be- tween last two spines connected over halfway out last dorsal spine; sec- ond dorsal spine not reaching anywhere near base of last dorsal spine when fin is depressed. 3a. Orbital rim without serrae; profile over orbits convex; inner ridge of preoperculum with 1 or 2 serrae at angle; pelvics inserted just behind pectoral base; anal origin under next to last dorsal spine; least depth of caudal peduncle 1%4 in its length; postorbital length of head 1.3 in length of caudal peduncle; dorsal rays IX, 10; 14 gill rakers on lower half of first gill arch; pectoral with 14 rays. Synechopterus caudovittatus Norman * 5b. Orbital rim denticulate; profile over orbits a little concave; inner ridge of preoperculum with lower and posterior sides near angle denticulate ; pelvic insertion under pectoral fin base; anal origin under base of last dorsal spine or base of first soft dorsal ray. 4a. Dorsal rays VIII, 10 or 11; a blackish band along midaxis of body commencing behind head and becoming more intense on caudal peduncle, its width about equal to that of pupil, ending in a dark blotch at base of caudal fin__-_- Xenambassis honessi, new species 4b. Dorsal rays LX, 10; midaxis of body with a narrow dark streak on caudal region not ending in a large dark blotch at base of caudal fin. Xenambassis simoni, new species 2b. Dorsul fin deeply notehed, first portion connected at base of first spine of second dorsal fin; dorsal rays VII-I, 8 to 14; second dorsal spine long, slender, when depressed its tip reaching past base of last dorsal spine. Ambassis * Cuvier and Valenciennes 1 Whitley, 1935, proposed Negambassis to replace T'etracentrum, which he said was pre- occupied by Vetracentron Brauer, 1865, but the spelling is not in conflict, according to opinions 147 and 148 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and so Tetracentrum must stand as a valid name, 2 Copela, 1935, No. 2, pp. 61-63, fig. 1. *For a key to the species of Ambassis see Weber and de Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo Australian Archipelago, vol. 5, p. 398, 1929. 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 XENAMBASSIS HONESSI, new species Figure 3 Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 122830, a specimen 87.6 mm. in standard length, collected in 1944 by Capt. Ralph F. Honess, U.S.A., in either the Samboga or the Girua River at Buna, New Guinea (long. 148° 30’ E.; lat. 8°45’ S.). Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 122831, 3 specimens, 77.5, 80.5, and 82 mm., collected along with the holotype and bearing same data; U.S.N.M. No. 121832, 2 specimens, 58 and 87.5 mm., bearing same data as holotype. Description.—Detailed measurements were made, and these data, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded first for the holotype and then for two paratypes in parentheses, respectively. Standard lengths in millimeters 87.6 (82; 87.5). TABLE 1.—Cownts recorded for certain species of Centropomidae from New Guinea } Number of fin rays Number of scales i Above| Below Species Dorsal Anal Pectoral | Lateral line lateral lateral line VII, | VITL |rx, 10{I11, 10] IV, 9| ii, 12] ii, 13] 30 Tetracentrum apogonoides____|_______|______- pi eee eene Dy] oe eee eS Sa Octet 1 a Synechopterus caudovittatus__\_______|______- 1 Lyi eae Lees Peet alee aL 1 1S = Nenambassis honessi__._____- 1 ig eee GB ee ein eee 11 3 Suites 6] 5 1 EXCTLUMUCSSISISUMONIL = ee el ae ees ee 2 Di] hear | laa 4 1 1 2 1 1 Greatest depth of body 46.2 (45.1; 44.6) ; length of head 37.7 (87.8 37.4); length of snout 9.25 (9.39; 102); diameter of eye 11.0 (11. 5. 11.8) ; least width of interorbital space 9.82 (9.76; 9.02) ; length from tip of snout to rear tip of maxillary 13.7 (13.4; 14.7) ; postorbital length of head 18.3 (18.8; 17.7); least width of preorbital opposite tip of maxillary 2.28 (2.20; 2.28) ; least depth of caudal peduncle 14.4 (14.4; 13.7) ; length of caudal peduncle from base of last anal ray to mid- caudal fin base 18-8 (18.7; 17.4) ; length of procumbent embedded spine at origin of dorsal fin 4.56 (4.27; 4.84); length of longest ray of pectoral fin 25.5 (27.1; 25.7) ; longest soft ray of pelvic fin to end of fila- ment 25.7 (26.8; 95.1) ; ; length of pelvic spine 15.6 (16.5; 16.6) ; length of first dorsal spine 8.10 (6.95; 7.77) ; of second dorsal oe 19:67(19:8 18.3) ; of last dorsal spine 13.8 (14.5; 15.2) and next to last spine 13.5 (13.0; 13.2) ; longest soft ray of dorsal fin 20.5 (20.1; 21.7) and of anal fin 21.6 (22.0; —) ; length of first anal spine 8.56 (6.22; 8.384), of second 12.0 (12.8; 15.6), and of third anal spine 14.8 (14.0; 14.8); longest caudal fin ray 34.2 (33.5; 30.0) ; shortest midcaudal fin ray 16.8 (17.4; 16.1) ; length of longest gill raker on first gill arch 3.77 (4.27; 3.65) ; NEW PERCOID FISHES FROM NEW GUINEA—SCHULTZ 119 distance from tip of snout to dorsal origin 46.8 (47.0; 47.4); snout to anal origin 65.0 (64.3; 65.7): snout to pectoral insertion 34.2 (36.8; 36.0) ; snout to pelvic insertion 39.0 (39.0; 41.5); snout to center of anus 57.6 (56.7; 52.1) ; center of anus to anal origin 7.65 (7.32; 8.00). The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays VIII, 11 (VITI, 10; VIII, 11; VIII, 11; VIII, 11; VIII, 11) ; anal rays ITI, 10 in all six specimens; pectoral rays ii, 18 in each side of all six speci- mens; pelvics always I, 5; gill rakers 6+1+ 13 in all the types; scales in lateral line 31 (30; 31; 31; 30; 30) ; scales above lateral line 4 (4; 4; 4:4; 4) and below lateral line to anal origin 7 (7; 8; 7; 7; 7) ; zigzag scales around caudal peduncle 15 (16; 16; 16; 15; 16); branched rays of caudal fin always 8+7, totaling 15. Ficure 3.—Xenambassis honessi, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 122830), standard length 87.6 mm. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl. Depth of body about 214, head 224, both in standard length; snout shorter than eye 3% to 4, eye 3%, to 314, both in length of head; in- terorbital about equal to snout; maxillary with its rear margin a little concave, not quite reaching to below middle of pupil; three series of scales on the cheek; dorsal origin over rear of base of pectoral fin; first dorsal spine short, second and third of nearly equal length, those following gradually shorter, the next to last spine shortest, about three-fourths length of last: anterior soft rays of both dorsal and anal fins longest, longer than any of the spines in the same fins; first anal spine about two-thirds length of second, and third, the latter spine usually a trifle longer than the second; spines of dorsal fin about equal to postorbital length of head; pelvic spine a little shorter than post- orbital length of head and the first soft ray a little produced, reaching about opposite the anal origin; pectoral fin nearly or quite reaching to opposite anal origin; vertebrae 10+ 17. 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 96 Coloration.—Generally brownish, with the center of each scale paler; a pale, broad, wedge-shaped blotch extends from in front of anus to pelvic base, upward to behind pectoral fin base; a blackish lateral band extends along midaxis of body, more intensely blackish posteriorly, ending in a black blotch at base of caudal fin; a dark blotch about size of eye or smaller occurs just dorsally to anterior base of anal fin; all fins dusky, the pigment more intense basally on interradial membranes of soft rays of each median fin; cheek pale; operculum with dusky blotch above and below, which are paler areas; peritoneum black. Remarks.—Vhis species may be separated from all related forms by the foregoing key. Named honessi in honor of its collector, Capt. Ralph F. Honess, U.S.A. XENAMBASSIS SIMONI, new species Vrqaure 4 Holotype.-—U. S. N. M. No. 122828, a male specimen 80 mm. in standard length, collected in either the Samboga or the Girua River at Buna (long. 148°30’ E., lat. 8°45’ S.), New Guinea, by Capt. Ralph F. Honess, U.S.A., in 1944. Paratype.—U. S. N. M. No. 122829, a female specimen, 68.5, mm. in standard length, taken along with the holotype and bearing same data. Description.—Detailed measurements were made, and these data, expressed in hundredths of the standard length, are recorded first for the holotype and then for the paratype. Standard lengths in millimeters 80 and 68.5. Greatest depth of body 45.6 and 48.8; length of head 36.9 and 40.7; length of snout 9.25 and 9.78; diameter of eye 10.9 and 18.0; least width of interorbital space 9.38 and 10.4; length from tip of snout (o rear tip of maxillary 13.5 and 14.2; postorbital length of head 17.4 and 19.9; least width of preorbital opposite tip of maxillary 2.00 and 2.84; least depth of caudal peduncle 15.1 and 15.0; length of caudal peduncle from base of last anal ray to midcaudal fin base 17.3 and 18.7; length of embedded procumbent dorsal spine at dorsal origin 4.25 and 3.94; length of longest ray of pectoral fin 25.3 and 24.8; longest soft ray of pelvic fin to end of filament 27.1 and 26.7; length of pelvic spine 16.2 and 17.4; length of first dorsal spine 8.50 and 7.44; of second dorsal spine 19.2 and 21.3; of last dorsal spine 14.4 and 11.5; of next to last dorsal spine 14.1 and 11.5; longest soft ray of dorsal fin 19.5 and 19.0; of anal fin 20.0 and 20.3; length of first anal spine 8.50 and 7.88; of second 18.3 and 14.9; of third anal spine 14.4 and 14.6; longest caudal fin ray 38.1 and 84.0; shortest midcaudal fin ray 16.2 and 16.3; length of longest gill raker on first NEW PERCOID FISHES FROM NEW GUINEA—SCHULTZ 121 gill arch 3.13 and 3.65; distance from snout tip to dorsal origin 44.4 and 49.6; snout to anal origin 64.0 and 64.8; snout to pectoral inser- tion 33.8 and 37.7; snout to pelvic insertion 39.3 and 43.0; snout to center of anus 56.8 and 58.8; center of anus to anal origin 7.62 and 5.55. The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays LX, 10 and IX, 10; anal rays III, 10 and III, 10; pectoral rays ii, 13-11, 13 and ii, 13-ii, 13; pelvics always I, 5; gill rakers on first arch 6+1+ 13 and 6+1+13; scales 30 and 31; scales above lateral line 4 and 4, and below lateral line 7 and 8; zigzag scales around caudal peduncle 15 and 16; branched caudal fin rays 8+7 and 8+7. Figure 4.—Xenambassis simont, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 122828), standard length 80 mm. Drawn by Mrs. Aime M. Awl. The shape of the body, length of fins, and other characteristics except certain counts and coloration are so similar to XY. honess/ that it is not deemed necessary to repeat them here, since detailed ineasurements are given above. Coloration.—General coloration light brownish with centers of seales paler; lateral line blackish on caudal region but no black blotch at base of caudal fin; area behind pectoral and above pelvic fins pale to midaxis of body; median fins dusky, more intensely pigmented on interradial membranes basally; paired fins light dusky, pelvics darker distally; peritoneum black. Remarks.—This new species may be distinguished from closely related forms by the foregoing key. Named s#moni in honor of Lt. James R. Simon, U.S.N.R., formerly of the Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, who donated the specimens collected by Captain Honess to the National Museum. 0. BS. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFicEe 1945 Sas ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington : 1945 No. 3192 THREE NEW SCIAENID FISHES OF THE GENUS OPHIO- SCION FROM THE ATLANTIC COASTS OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA By Leonarp P. Scuuurz During my studies of the sciaenid fishes of Venezuela I found a specimen of Ophioscion (U.S.N.M. No. 86710) from Uruguay, col- lected by the late Dr. Hugh M. Smith in 1922, with 28 soft rays in the dorsal fin. This count did not agree with the statements of recent authors who have reported on fishes from Panama and from the West Indies under the name of adustus. Although Jenyns and Agassiz each counted 28 soft dorsal rays for adustus from Maldonado and Montevideo, Jordan and Eigenmann in their review of the Sciaenidae (Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1886, pt. 14, p. 403, 1889) decided that Agassiz’s count was incorrect and should have been 22 or 23, or perhaps 18 or 19. Thus the species of the western Atlantic were confused in the first review and the name adustus has been applied to two or three Atlantic species. This contribution discusses the relationships of the western Atlantic species of the genus Ophioscion and describes three new species from Panama, Venezuela. and Brazil. Drawings of figures 6 to 8 were made by Mrs, A. M. Awl. Genus OPHIOSCION Gill Ophioscion Gitt, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 15, p. 165, 1863. (Type: Ophioscion typicus Gill, based on U.S.N.M. No. 22861, west coast of Panama.) No attempt is made to include herein the numerous references to locality records of species of the genus Ophioscion from the western 123 625442 —45 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Atlantic Ocean, because this would require a study of the specimens on which such reports were based, and these specimens are not now available. The genus Ophioscion is closely related to Bairdiella Gill and Stellifer Oken. Meek and Hildebrand (Marine fishes of Panama, vol. 2, p. 611, 1925) separated Stellifer from Bairdiella and Ophioscion in their key on the basis of the skull being “excessively cavernous, spongy to the touch.” I had some difficulty separating the various species referred to these genera by this character, and so I made a dissection of the upper surfaces of the skull, removing the scales and skin, thus exposing the nature of the cavernous skull. Bairdiella chrysura (Lacepéde), Ophioscion typicus Gill, and Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan) all have cavernous skulls dorsally, and also around the orbits occur narrow bony bridges or stays supporting the overlying skin and scales. Stedlifer has a broader interorbital space, and thus the caverns are a little broader and by touch can be felt a trifle more easily than the slightly narrower caverns in the other two genera. My dis- sections indicate that the caverns are well developed in all three gen- era? and are of little value as a diagnostic character in the separation of these three genera, especially if the specimens are well hardened in preservation. Ophioscion is said to differ from Bairdiella by having the lower spine of the preopercle pointing straight backward and a little down- ward, whereas in Bairdiella it is said to be hooked downward. The lower preopercular spine in these genera is so variable among the various species of Bairdiella and Ophioscion that I cast serious doubt on its usefulness as a character. None of the species of Ophioscion has any of the preopercular spines hooked downward. However, some individuals, especially young examples of Bairdiella chrysura, like- wise do not have the lower preopercular spine hooked downward, although in adults of Bairdiella that spine is hooked downward. I have searched for characters to separate these three genera but have found indications of overlapping, and so the following char- acters are not wholly satisfactory, although the genera can be sepa- rated by them when taken together: Bairdiella, with an obliquely terminal mouth; both jaws of nearly same length; lower jaw with minute teeth in a narrow band of two or three rows forward and in a single row of slightly enlarged teeth posteriorly; the pair of small pores at tip of chin close together and lying more or less in a shallow depression (fig. 5, 6) and the margin of the snout lacking the small lobes at each side of the median pore 1ZI removed the skin and scales from specimens representing various species usually referred to the following genera and found the dorsal part of the skull to be cavernous: Umbrina Cuvier ; Micropogon Cuvier and Valenciennes ; Plagioscion Gill ; Macrodon Schinz ; Cynoscion Gill; Corvula Jordan and EKigenmann; Larimus Cuvier and Valenciennes. In Menticirrhus Gill the caverns were much smaller than in the other genera examined. THREE NEW SCIAENID FISHES—SCHULTZ 125 (fig. 5, a) ; the gill rakers moderately long and slender, contained less than twice in the diameter of the eye; the first soft ray of the pelvics ending in a filament. Stellifer, with an oblique mouth, somewhat intermediate between Bairdiella and Ophioscion, a little more inferior in position than in Bairdiella but not ventral in position as in Ophioscion; the snout projecting a very little in front of the tip of the lower jaw; lower jaw with teeth in a narrow villiform band, the inner row of which is a little enlarged; the pair of small pores near the tip of chin separated by a small bony knob (fig. 5, d); the margin of the snout lacking a lobe at each side of the anterior median pore near margin of snout Ph iS 25° Prec oes 02 2 b nce Ficure 5.—Diagrammatic sketches of the tip of the snout and of the anterior part of the underside of the lower jaw of three species of sciaenid fishes: a, Snout tip of Bairdiella chrysura (Lacepéde); b, lower jaw of B. chrysura; c, snout tip of Stellifer rastrifer (Jor- dan); d, lower jaw of S. rastrifer; ¢, snout tip of Ophioscion typicus Gill (type, U.S.N.M. No. 22861); f, lower jaw of O. typicus. (fig. 5, c) ; the gill rakers slender and long, equal to eye or contained in it fewer than two times; the first soft ray of the pelvic fins ending in a filament. Ophioscion, with the mouth in a somewhat ventral position, the lower jaw included and jaws nearly horizontal, with the snout pro- jecting a little beyond the tip of the lower jaw; lower jaw with a wide band of villiform teeth, none of which is enlarged; the pair of small pores at midtip of lower jaw close together and usually lying in a shallow depression (fig. 5, f) ; the front margin of the snout bearing a short, blunt lobe each side of the anterior median pore (fig. 5, e); the gill rakers usually short, not slender, and contained more than 2.4 to 6 times in the eye; the first soft ray of the pelvic fins ending in a filament, usually white. Thorugh the courtesy of Dr. Thomas Barbour, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, I have been able to examine some of the speci- mens described by Jordan and Eigenmann in 1889 in their review of 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 the Sciaenidae. “Stelliferus naso Jordan,” based on specimens from Cachiura, Brazil (M.C.Z. Nos. 4583 and 10808), definitely belongs to the genus Ophioscion. Specimens of Stellifer microps Steindachner (M.C.Z. Nos. 4581 and 1031), from Para and Tonteboa, are Ophioscion microps (Steindachner). Jordan and Eigenmann identified M.C.Z. No. 22417 as Sciaena adusta Agassiz, but my reexamination of this specimen indicates that it is Ophioscion punctatissimus Meek and Hildebrand. The following key is intended to separate the species of Ophioscion occurring in the Atlantic along the coasts of Central and South America and in the West Indies: la. Dorsal rays usually X-I, 28 or 29; anal rays II, 8; gill rakers on first gill arch 9+1+-16; scales 50 to 57; dark streaks commencing at upper part of back, passing forward and obliquely downward, then a little above lateral line bending abruptly downward, almost vertically, disappearing near mid- axis of body; tip of spiny dorsal fin dark, base of dorsal fin with a narrow pale or whitish band, above which the fin is abruptly darker ; opercle dusky (mouthlot Rio de a) Plata) =e eae eee Ophioscion adustus (Agassiz) 1b. Dorsal soft rays fewer than 25. 2a. Anal rays II, 9. 3a. Dorsal rays X-I, 21; gill rakers on first gill arch 8 or 9+1+13, totaling 22 or 28; scales about 45 or 46; eye diameter 1.2 to 1.3 in interorbital SSID EA Ge RO IRL a MA ae IL RM MD Ophioscion brasiliensis, new species 3b. Dorsal rays XI-I, 21 or 22; gill rakers on first gill arch 9 to 11+1-+17 to 19, totaling 28 to 31; scales about 47 to 51, eye diameter from 11% to 2% times in interorbital space_______ Ophioscion microps (Steindachner) 2b. Anal rays II, 7 or 8. 4a. Seale rows above lateral line usually 51 to 57. 5a. Gill rakers on lower part of first gill arch usually 16 to 18 including rudiments ; dorsal rays XI-I (rarely XII-I) 21 or 22; anal rays II, 8; scale rows 52 to 54; color more or less plain grayish above, paler DELO pee: eile 6 ALS MN Ophioscion venezuelae, new species 5b. Gill rakers on lower part of first gill arch 11 to 18 (see table for counts). 6a. Dorsal rays X—I (occasionally XI-I), 22 to 24; anal rays II, 7 (rarely II, 6) ; gill rakers 7 or 8+1-+11 to 18; scale rows above lateral line about 54 to 57. Ophioscion punctatissimus Meek and Hildebrand 6b. Dorsal rays X-I, 20 or 21; anal rays II, 7 (rarely II, 8) ; gill rakers 7 to 9+1+18; scale rows above lateral line about 51 or 52. Ophioscion panamensis, new species 4b. Scale rows above lateral line 45 to 49; anal rays II, 8; dorsal rays XI-I, 21; gill rakers 8 or 9+1-+14 or 15; seales 46 to 49; eye diameter 1.0 to A MCEPORD IGA Se CO oe ee eee Ophioscion naso (Jordan) OPHIOSCION ADUSTUS (Agassiz) Corvina adusta AGaAssiz, in Spix and Agassiz, Selecta genera et species... Brasiliam . . ., p. 126, 1831 (Atlantic Ocean off Brazil) —Jenyns, The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, pt. 4, Fishes, p. 42, 1842 (Maldonado and Montevideo). Ophioscion adustus TortonessE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 47, No. 100, p. 130, 1939 (Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo). 127 THREE NEW SCIAENID FISHES—SCHULTZ “ISSh PUB IOI “SON °Z°O' WW Woy papi09as SiuNOD » ~ ‘SO80I PUB ESeh “SON *Z°O' WW MOI pepsooas S}UNOD »¢ "TIS PUB TELLS “ON “JAN'S Woy peps0oal syun0g » “LOZIS 93 FOZTS “SON “JAN'S UOJ) paps0091 SyuN0D ¢ “LI¥GZ “ON “ZO W ‘L6ZFOI “SST9ZI ‘T9TOS ‘(sed4zered) 99208 pure cgZ08 ‘(ed410[0Y) 9OZTS “SON “JN"N"S"A WlO’y pepsodel syuNOD 5 “SUO!JdISep §,ZISSB3V PUB S,SUATOLS WOJ Pue OTL98 “ON “JX"N“S’A WlOs] papsooal SjuNOD + ee ee » Seuaipisnig ¢ Sisuauipund toe : nuussijopund — hs S- Solg osu Molo SABl YOS semds sopeds sAel jeuy Youre [113 ysay WO sIOAV [TH lesioq, henge te ge Oe ae ee ee ne ee eee DIIMy YOY puv Jo.QuaD fo s}sv09 INUD)Y 9y7 wos UOLOSOIYdG fo se220ds uo appU syuN0D—| ATAV, 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 ? Ophioscion woodwardi Fow rr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, p. 311, fig., 1937 (Port-au-Prince, Haiti). Corvina adusta Spix, pl. 70 in Spix and Agassiz (1831), has but X-I, 19 dorsal fin rays and 52 vertical scale rows above the lateral line; the anal rays as shown are II, 7. Obviously Agassiz did not describe the fish figured by Spix, since he gave dorsal rays as X-I, 28 and anal rays II, 9. The most significant character in certain re- spects as clearly shown in plate 70 is the direction of the scale rows below the lateral line. None are shown parallel with the axis of the body, but the scale rows run obliquely upward and backward to the lateral line and the scale row arising from the rear base of anal fin meets the lateral line just behind a vertical from the rear base of the dorsal fin. The direction of these scale rows strongly suggests that plate 70 in Spix and Agassiz (1831) may be some species of Plagioscion, perhaps near P. pauciradiatus Steindachner (1917). The following references list O. adustus, but their counts disagree with those for the true adustus: Ribeiro, “Fauna Brasiliense Peixes,” Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. 17, family Sciaenidae, p. 23, 1915, and. Devincenzi, Ann. Mus. Nac. Montevideo, ser. 2, pt. 5, p. 239, 1924. It must be concluded, therefore, that their descriptions must apply to some other species or that they were erroneously drawn up. The description by Jenyns fits very well the specimen before me (U.S.N.M. No. 86710), which is 120 mm, in standard length and was collected by Dr. H. M. Smith in Uruguay in 1922. Berg (Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vol. 4, p. 52, 1895) listed Sciaena adusta (Agassiz), but his counts did not agree with those of Agassiz or of my specimen, and they need reexamination to determine the identity of his material. Ophioscion woodwardi Fowler (loc. cit.), Beerined from Haiti in 1937, probably is a synonym of adustus. I have not seen Fowler’s types, but the number of fin rays places it with adustus, and the white area along base of dorsal fins abruptly set off by the blackish area distally Bae basal part of dorsal fin rays, as in our specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 86710) from Uruguay, indicates that woodwardi and adustus are the same. OPHIOSCION BRASILIENSIS, new species FIGuRE 6 Holotype—U.SN.M. No. 87742, one specimen, 77 mm. in standard length, taken over a sand bar at Santos, Brazil, September 12, 1925, by Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt. Paratype.—U.S.N.M. No. 122611, one specimen, 89 mm., taken with the type and bearing same data. THREE NEW SCIAENID FISHES—SCHULTZ 129 Description.—Certain measurements were made, and these data, recorded below, are expressed in hundredths of the standard length, first for the holotype, then for the paratype in parentheses, respec- tively. Standard lengths in millimeters, 77 (89). Length of head 33.8 (33.2); greatest depth of body 32.5 (30.8) ; diameter of eye 7.53 (7.42); length of snout 9.22 (8.76); distance from front of upper lip to rear tip of maxillary 12.2 (11.8); least preorbital width 4.16 (3.93) ; postorbital length of head 18.8 (18.4) ; width of bony interorbital space 9.74 (9.10) ; length of caudal peduncle or distance from base of last anal ray to midcaudal fin base 22.1 (23.6) ; least depth of caudal peduncle 10.0 (9.55) ; length of base of second ae Oe i , De 2h My oe Figure 6.—Ophioscion brasiliensis, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 87742). dorsal fin 32.5 (81.2) and of base of anal fin 12.5 (12.9) ; longest dorsal spine 175 (—); length of second dorsal spine 12.3 (11.8); length of second anal spine 16.2 (13.8) ; longest ray of pectoral fin 24.4 (22.5) ; longest soft ray of pelvic fin 25.1 (25.8); length of pelvic spine 12.1 (11.7) ; longest midcaudal fin ray 26.0 (23.0); length of longest gill raker 3.64 (2.81) ; distance from snout tip to dorsal origin 87.1 (86.5) and to anal origin 68,3 (70.8) ; snout to pelvic insertion 35.4 (35.5) and to pectoral insertion 34.4 (33.7). The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays X-I, 22 (X-I, 21) ; anal rays II, 9 (II, 9); ‘pectoral rays ii, 16-ii, 17 (ii, 17-41, 17) ; pelvics always I, 5; vertical scale rows counted above lateral line 46 (46) and pores in lateral line 45 (46) ; scales from dorsal origin to lateral line 5 (5) and from base of first soft dorsal ray to lateral line 5 (5); scales from lateral line to anal origin 7 (7) ; zigzag scale rows around caudal peduncle 17 (17). Snout bluntly rounded, projecting a little in front of the mouth, the latter inferior in position; lower jaw included; interorbital space broad, a little convex, its width about equal to length of snout; an- 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98 terior profile from dorsal origin to between eyes nearly straight, or a very little convex; ventral profile curves to pelvic insertions, then nearly straight backward to anal origin; body compressed pos- teriorly; greatest depth of body at dorsal origin; eye 444 in head, 124 in interorbital space, and 224 in postorbital length of head; posterior nasal opening close to eye, larger than the anterior one; tip of lower jaw without barbels but with a median pit contain- ing two minute pores lying in this porelike depression, and laterally two pairs of pores as in panamensis; pores and lobes on front of snout as described for panamensis; anus a little over two-thirds closer to anal origin than to pelvic bases; tip of filament of pelvic soft ray reaching to anus; pectoral fins reaching to opposite anus; gill rakers moderately short, the longest equal to diameter of pupil; preopercular spines numbering 9 or 10, none hooked downward, those dorsally smaller than those near lower angle of preopercle; skull with the usual cavernous spaces as found in other genera; least depth of caudal pe- duncle a little more than twice in its length; teeth in villiform bands in both jaws, the outer row of upper jaw a litle enlarged; pseudo- branchiae well developed; scales ctenoid; lateral line broadly curved over pectorals, then running a straight course along midaxis of body ‘ posteriorly, and extending on the caudal fin; the fourth scale row below lateral line anteriorly is the first one continuing to base of caudal fin; second dorsal spine only slightly heavier (enlarged) than follow- ing spines; second dorsal spine 114 in second anal spine and reaching more than halfway to tips of third or fourth dorsal spines and 124 in postorbital length of head; second anal spine moderately enlarged, and not reaching to tips of soft rays; pelvic spine equal to length of second dorsal spine; distal margins of all fins a little rounded, that of caudal fin double truncate, with the middle rays longest. Color.—In alcohol, pale brownish above, lighter below; anal and spiny dorsal dusky; pelvic soft rays dusky distally, the filamentous ray white; other fins very pale brownish; peritoneum with numerous black pigment cells; the types are not well preserved and the colors have faded. Remarks.—This new species of Ophioscion may be separated from other Atlantic species of this genus by the foregoing key. Named brasiliensis in reference to the country along whose shores the types were collected. OPHIOSCION MICROPS (Steindachner) Corvina microps STEINDACHNER. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien [Ichth. Notizen No. 1], vol. 49, p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1864 (Guiana). I have made measurements on two specimens from Para (M.C.Z. No. 4581), and the results are recorded below in hundredths of the standard length. Standard lengths in millimeters, 66.3 and 60.3. THREE NEW SCIAENID FISHES—SCHULTZ 131 Length of head 32.1 and 33.2; greatest depth of body 30.2 and 31.5; diameter of eye 6.64 and 6.47; length of snout 9.95 and 8.62; distance from front of upper lip to rear of maxillary 11.3 and 11.9; least pre- orbital width 4.98 and 4.48; postorbital length of head 18.5 and 19.1; bony interorbital space 10.4 and 11.3; length of caudal peduncle or distance from base of last anal ray to midcaudal fin base 26.8 and 24.9; least depth of caudal peduncle 9.95 and 10.1; length of base of second dorsal fin 33.2 and 35.6; length of anal fin base 12.5 and 12.6; length of longest or third dorsal spine 19.6 and 19.8; length of second dorsal spine 14.0 and 13.4; longest soft anal ray 19.6 and 21.5; length of second anal spine 18.1 and 18.6; longest pectoral ray 21.1 and 25.7; longest soft ray of pelvic fin 23.1 and 23.7; length of pelvic spine 12.4 and 13.3; tip of snout to dorsal origin 36.9 and 38.1; snout to anal origin 65.4 and 66.8; snout to pectoral insertion 32.1 and 33.3; length of longest gill raker 2.71 and 2.65. The following counts were made: Dorsal rays XI-I, 19, and XI-I, 21; anal rays II, 9 and II, 9; pectoral rays 1i, 16-11, 16 and ii, 17-1, 16; pelvics always I, 5; gill rakers on first gill arch 11+1+19 and 11+1+18; vertical scale rows above lateral line 51 and 50; scales from dorsal origin to lateral line 5 and 5, and from base of first soft dorsal ray to lateral line 4 and 4; scales from anal origin to lateral line 7 and 8; zigzag scale rows around caudal peduncle 18 and 18. Additional counts are recorded in table 1. This species has a very small eye, smaller than in any other species. Diameter of eye is contained in young 11% to 134 and in adults 2 to 234 times in interorbital space. OPHIOSCION VENEZUELAE, new species FIGURE 7 Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 121749, one specimen, 139.5 mm. in stand- ard length, collected by Leonard P. Schultz near mouth of Cano de Sagua, 25 km. north of Sinamaica, Venezuela, May 12, 1942. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 121750, six specimens, 57 to 150 mm., collected with the holotype and bearing same data. Description.—Certain measurements were made, and these data, re- corded below, are expressed in hundredths of the standard length, first for the holotype and then for the three paratypes in parentheses, re- spectively. Standard lengths in millimeters, 139.5 (68.8; 150; 139). Length of head 28.6 (30.5; 32.4; 30.2); greatest depth of body 30.1 (27.0; 31.2; 30.9); diameter of eye 6.24 (7.12; 5.93; 6.11); length of snout 8.74 (8.14; 9.34; 8.63) ; distance from tip of snout to rear edge of maxillaries 13.1 (12.6; 13.0; 13.2) ; least width of preorbital 3.65 (3.63; 4.13; 39.5) ; postorbital length of head 18.0 (15.8; 17.9; 18.5) ; width of bony interorbital space 9.68 (9.16; 9.66; 10.3); length of caudal pe- 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 duncle 25.1 (25.1; 24.3; 25.4); least depth of caudal peduncle 10.7 (9.88; 10.9; 10.9) ; length of base of second dorsal fin 32.6 (32.5; 32.1; 32.4) ; length of base of anal fin 11.0 (11.65 11.7; 11.2) ; length of long- est dorsal spine 18.6 (21.1; 18.5; 19.3) ; length of longest soft dorsal ray — (18.1; —; —; 13.2) ; longest soft anal ray 16.1 (17.0; —; 14.7); length of second anal spine 16.3 (17.4; — ; 15.8); longest pectoral fin ray 25.2 (23.1; 22.7; 25.2); longest soft pelvic ray 13.0 (18.6; 12.3; 13.9); length of pelvic spine 9.82 (11.5; 8.34; 8.85); longest or middle caudal fin rays 25.9 (26.9; 22.7; 25.5); distance from tip of snout to dorsal origin 87.1 (35.9; 38.5; 37.7); snout to anal origin 67.2 (65.43 65.1; 66.2); snout to pectoral insertion 32.6 (31.1; 32.2; 31.6) ; snout to pelvic insertion 32.6 (30.5; 30.6; 30.9) ; length of long- est gill rakers on first gill arch 1.58 (2.765; 1.66; 3.22). Figure 7.—Ophioscion venezuelae, new species: Holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 121749). The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays XI-I, 21 (XI-I, 22; XII-I, 21; XI-I, 21; XI-I, 21; XI-I, 21; XI-I, 22); anal rays on all types II, 8; pectoral rays ii, 17-11, 17 (11, 16; ui, 17-11, 17; ii, 17-11, 17; ii, 16) ; pelvics always I, 5; number of vertical scale rows above lateral line 52 (53; 52; 54) ; scales from dorsal origin to lateral line 6 (—; 6; 6) and from base of first soft dorsal ray to lateral line 6 (—; 6; 6); scales from lateral line to anal origin 8 (—; 8; 8); scales in a zigzag row around the caudal peduncle 19 (—; 19; 19); number of gill rakers on first gill arch 9+1+16 (—; 10+1 +18; 10+1+18; 9+1+16; 10+1+16). Head depressed forward but rounded dorsally, the interorbital space convex, broad, about equal to the snout; body compressed; anterior profile nearly straight but the dorsal contour curved, the ventral con- tour but slightly curved backward to anus; back highest at base of spiny dorsal fin; eye about 224 in postorbital length of head, 144 in interorbital space; posterior nasal opening rounded, slightly larger than the anterior one; tip of lower jaw without barbels; anal origin equidistant between pelvic insertion and midcaudal fin base; pelvic THREE NEW SCIAENID FISHES—SCHULTZ 133 fins reaching halfway to anus, the first soft ray ending in a short fila- ment; preopercle with eight or nine short spines, the lowest one strongest but not hooked downward; caudal peduncle least depth 214 in its length; tips of pectoral fins reaching a trifle past anus; teeth in jaws in bands, the outer row of upper jaw a little enlarged; pseudo- branchiae well developed; gill rakers short, not quite so long as pupil diameter; scales strongly ctenoid; lateral line curved over pec- toral fin, then running a straight course on caudal peduncle along its midaxis; fourth scale row below lateral line, anteriorly, the first one extending to base of caudal fin; first dorsal spine rudimentary, second 214 in third, the latter nearly as long as the fourth; second and eighth to eleventh and the next spine heavier than the third to seventh spines of dorsal fin; fourth or longest dorsal spine about equal to postorbital length of head; distal margin of spiny dorsal fin trun- cate or a very little concave, that of soft dorsal probably a trifle rounded (the tips of the soft rays are lacking and this cannot be determined accurately) ; middle rays of caudal fin longest, edges of lobes more or less truncate to rounded (double truncate); distal margins of anal and pelvic fins a little rounded; pectoral fins somewhat pointed, the fourth branched ray from above longest. Color.—In alcohol the upper sides and back are grayish brown, white below; dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins dusky, more intensely pig- mented distally; soft dorsal and candal fins dusky ; pectoral fin darker than other fins except tip of spiny dorsal; lower jaw and upper lip white; peritoneum white. In the smaller paratypes the dusky upper sides are broken up with several pale blotches, which appear to have a small cyst at their centers. Remarks.—This new species differs from all other known species of Ophioscion, except O. adustus and O. microps, both from the west- ern Atlantic, in having more numerous gill rakers, 16 to 18 on lower part of first gill arch, but adustus has 28 soft dorsal rays and vene- zuelae only 22 to 24. O. microps has II, 9 anal rays and O. venezuelae II, 8. The key will serve for distinguishing the seven species now recognized in the western Atlantic. Named venezuelae in reference to the country where the specimens were collected. OPHIOSCION PUNCTATISSIMUS Meek and Hildebrand Ophioscion punctatissinus Merk and HiLpeeraAnp, Marine fishes of Panama, vol. 2, p. 644, pl. 68, 1925 (Crist6bal, Toro Point, and Colon, Panama). Ophioscion adusta BverMANN and Marsa, Fishes of Porto Rico, U. 8. Fish Comm. Bull., vol. 20 (1900), pt. 1, p. 219, 1902 (Vieques Island). I have examined the following specimens in the national collections: U.S.N.M. Nos. 81766, the holotype, and 50161 and 126188, four specimens from Vieques Island off Puerto Rico. 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 U.S.N.M. No. 104297, one specimen, from Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. U.S.N.M. Nos. 80765 and 80766, two paratypes, from Panama. OPHIOSCION PANAMENSIS, new species FIGURE 8 Ophioscion adustus (in part) MreK and Hi~pEepraNp, Marine fishes of Panama, vol. 2, p. 689, 1925 (Fox Bay, Colon, Panama). Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 122612, one specimen, 52 mm. in standard length, collected in Fox Bay, Colon, Panama, January 27, 1912, by Meek and Hildebrand. Paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 81204, three specimens, 31.5 to 43 mm. in standard length, from Fox Bay, Colon, Panama, January 5, 1911, Meek and Hildebrand; U.S.N.M. No. 81205, four specimens, 23.3 to 30.5 mm., Fox Bay, Colon, Panama, March 31, 1911, Meek and Hilde- brand; U.S.N.M. No. 81207, one specimen, 33 mm., from Porto Bello, Panama, March 17, 1912, Meek and Hildebrand; U.S.N.M. No. 81206, one specimen, 42 mm., collected along with the holotype and bearing same data; U.S.N.M. No. 128260, one specimen, 35.5 mm., from Fort Sherman, Canal Zone, Panama, collected March 3, 1937, by Dr. S. F. Hildebrand. Description.—Certain measurements were made, and these data, recorded below, are expressed in hundredths of the standard length, first for the holotype, then for a paratype in parentheses. Stand- ard lengths in millimeters 52 (42). Length of head, 33.3 (84.3); greatest depth of body 32.7 (32.2) ; diameter of eye 7.30 (7.86) ; length of snout 9.80 (9.76) ; distance from front of upper lip to rear tip of maxillary 10.4 (11.4); least preor- bital width 4.80 (4.76) ; postorbital length of head 17.9 (19.0) ; width of interorbital space 9.62 (10.2); length of caudal peduncle or dis- tance from base of last anal ray to midcaudal fin base 22.3 (23.1) ; least depth of caudal peduncle 11.2 (10.7); length of base of second dorsal fin 35.4 (35.7) and of base of anal fin 10.6 (11.9) ; longest dorsal spine 18.3 (16.4) ; longest soft ray of dorsal fin — (7.2); longest soft ray of anal fin 20.8 (18.6); length of second anal spine 18.8 (19.8) ; longest ray of pectoral fin 23.1 (22.4) ; longest soft ray of pelvic 21.7 (25.0) and of pelvic spine 12.1 (12.6) ; longest midcaudal fin ray 30.0 (31.0) ; length of longest gill raker 2.11 (2.38) ; distance from snout tip to dorsal origin 38.3 (39.3) and to anal origin 71.9 (67.4) ; snout to pelvic insertion 36.0 (35.6) and to pectoral insertion 34.6 (382.9). The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays X—I, 20 (X-1, 21) ; anal rays II, 7 (II, 7) ; pectoral fin rays ii, 17-11, 17 (11, 17-11, 17) ; pelvics always I, 5; scale rows above lateral line 51 (52) and pores in lateral line to midcaudal fin base 50 (50) ; scales from dorsal origin THREE NEW SCIAENID FISHES—SCHULTZ 135 to lateral line 5 (5) and from base of first soft ray of dorsal to lateral line 5 (5); scales from lateral line to anal origin 9 (8); zigzag scale rows around caudal peduncle 19 (17). Additional counts are recorded in table 1. Snout bluntly rounded, projecting a little in front of mouth, the latter inferior in position, lower jaw included; interorbital space broad, a little convex, its width about equal to length of snout ; anterior profile nearly straight from dorsal origin to between eyes or a trifle convex; ventral profile a little convex anteriorly, then nearly straight to anal origin; body compressed posteriorly; greatest depth at dorsal origin; eye about 414 in the head, 21% 1n postorbital length of head, and 114 in interorbital space; posterior nasal opening close to eye, a Ficure 8.—Ophioscion panamensis, new species; Holotype (U.S.N.M. 122612). little larger than anterior one; tip of lower jaw without barbel, but with three pairs of pores, the median pair minute and in a porelike depression ; tip of snout with two pairs of lobes, a pore lying between the middle pair of lobes and the outer pair being separated from the median lobes by a pore on each side, a third groovelike pore lying lat- erally to the outer lobe; then dorsally to the margin of the snout occur a median pore and another pore at each side; anus two-thirds closer to anal origin than to pelvic insertion; pelvic fins not quite reaching to anus; the first soft ray of pelvics ending in a short filament; pectoral fins reaching opposite tip of pelvics; gill rakers short, a little less than one-half the pupil; preopercle with eight or nine small spines, those dorsally smaller than those near the lower angle of preopercle; none hooked downward; skull with the usual open spaces or sinuses between the narrow bony bridges; least depth of caudal peduncle 1%» in its iength ; teeth in villiform bands in both jaws, the outer row of upper jaw slightly enlarged; pseudobranchiae well developed; scales strongly ctenoid; lateral line broadly curved over pectorals, then run- ning a straight course along midaxis of body posteriorly, extending on 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 caudal fin; the fifth scale row below lateral line anteriorly is the first one continuous to base of caudal fin; second dorsal spine enlarged, its length 114 in second anal spine, and reaching more than halfway to tip of third or fourth dorsal spine; second dorsal spine 1% in post- orbital length of head; second anal spine enlarged, not reaching to tips of soft anal rays; pelvic spine a trifle shorter than second dorsal spine; distal margins of dorsal, anal, and of paired fins a little rounded, that of the caudal fin double truncate, the midcaudal rays longest. Color.—In alcohol the body is brownish everywhere, paler brown ventrally; paired fins and anal and dorsal fins blackish, with the first spine in these fins, except pectorals, whitish; tip of first soft ray in pelvic fins white, especially the filament; soft dorsal and caudal fins brownish with numerous black pigment cells; undersides of head and breast pale; lips pale; peritoneum white. In the smaller specimens of this species the coloration of the median fins differs from the larger ones. At a standard length of 24 mm. the caudal fin is white, except for a few scattered brown pigment cells located near the center of the fin, the caudal fin base is abruptly dark brown with the pigment extending backward a little on middle rays; the anal and dorsal fins have a brownish band extending across rays, with the margin of the fins white, and below this bar is another white area separating the brownish base of these fins from the brown band; these fins gradually fill in with brown pigment so that at 42 mm. the fins are plain brownish. Remarks.—This new species may be separated from other Atlantic species of Ophioscion by the key and traces down to O. adustus in Meek and Hildebrand’s key to the species of Ophioscion in their “Marine Fishes of Panama” (vol. 2, p. 636, 1925). Named panamensis in reference to the region where it has been collected. OPHIOSCION NASO (Jordan) Stelliferus naso JorDAN, in Jordan and Higenmann, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1886, vol. 14, p. 395, 1889 (Cachiura, Brazil). I have made measurements on two of the types (M.C.Z. No. 4583) from Cachiura, and the results are recorded below in hundredths of the standard length. Standard lengths in millimeters, 75.5 and 70.5. Length of head 31.1 and 80.5; greatest depth of body 31.8 and 28.4; diameter of eye 8.60 and 9.22; length of snout 9.27 and 9.22; tip of pre- maxillaries to rear of maxillary 10.1 and 9.78; least width of preorbital 3.97 and 3.97; postorbital length of head 15.9 and 15.6; least width of bony interorbital 9.14 and 9.22; length of caudal peduncle (base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin) 25.0 and 24.4; least depth of caudal fin 10.6 and 10.8; length of base of second dorsal fin 31.8 and THREE NEW SCIAENID FISHES—SCHULTZ 137 36.2; length of anal fin base 12.4 and 12.1; length of longest dorsal or third spine 22.3 and 21.0; longest soft dorsal ray 17.2 and —; length of second dorsal spine 10.6 and 11.3; longest soft ray of anal fin 19.9 and 17.9; length of second anal spine 17.0 and 16.5; longest ray of pectoral fin 25.2 and —; longest soft ray of pelvic fins 21.2 and 21.3; length of pelvic spine 12.6 and 12.3; longest or middle rays of caudal fin 28.2 and 28.4; tip of snout to dorsal origin 38.3 and 37.2; snout to anal origin 66.2 and 68.8; snout to pectoral insertion 31.8 and 31.9; longest gill raker 1.99 and 1.99. The following counts were made, respectively: Dorsal rays XI-I, 21 and XJ-I, 21; anal rays II, 8 and II, 8; pectoral rays ii, 16-ii, 16 and li, 16-11, 16; pelvics always I, 5; gill rakers on first gill arch 8+1+14 and 8+1-+14; vertical scale rows above lateral line 46 and 46; scales above lateral line at origin of spiny dorsal fin 4 and 4, and at base of first soft dorsal ray 5 and 5; scales below lateral line from anal origin to lateral line 8 and 8; zigzag scales around caudal peduncle 18 and 18. U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1945 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1945 No. 3193 THE ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF THE GENUS CRYPTANURA BRULLE, MAINLY TROPICAL AMERICAN By R. A. Cusuman Because of Brullé’s mistaken idea that the specimens on which he based the genus Cryptanura were females with concealed ovipositors, this genus of ichneumon-flies was misunderstood until Roman (1910) identified it as the male of Po/yaenus Cresson and synonymized the latter genus with Cryptanura. The genus dates from 1845, when the figure of Cryptanura nigripes Brullé was published in the atlas of Lepeletier’s “Histoire Naturelle des Insectes,” although the description did not appear until the fol- lowing year. It is therefore a monobasic genus with nigripes Brullé as genotype. On this basis, and assuming that nigripes and striata Brullé are not congeneric, Viereck took exception to Roman’s synony- mizing of Polyaenus Cresson with Cryptanura. Viereck’s statement that these two species are not congeneric must have been based on the fact that Brullé does not state definitely that nigripes has the two small frontal horns characteristic of striata; but by inference he certainly does ascribe this character to nigripes, for in the description of all the species that follow striata he mentions only the characters by which they differ from it and from one another. Cresson and Cameron were in error in their interpretations of the genus, the species assigned to it by those authors being properly re- ferred to such, genera as 7'rapezonalis Szépligeti, Glodianus Cameron, Photocryptus Viereck, and probably other genera. Roman and Brues appear to be the only ones who have interpreted the genus correctly. 624514—45——1 139 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Cryptanura is a large genus apparently confined in its distribution to the Western Hemisphere and there very largely to the tropical region, only two species being known to occur north of the Mexican border. Three species from the Old World Tropics have been referred to Polyaenus: cingulatus Tosquinet from New Guinea, spiniferus Cam- eron from Borneo, and striatus Szépligeti from Formosa, but none appears to be properly referable to the genus. This is certainly true of cingulatus and spiniferus, for I have been able to identify the latter definitely and the former without much question in the Baker collection. These species represent an apparently hitherto unde- scribed genus. It is described in an addendum to this paper. IT have been unable to identify striatus Szépligeti, but its smooth and polished mesoscutum, longitudinally impressed propodeum with the apophyses apparently represented only by carinae, and elongate postpetiole would seem to exclude it from Cryptanura. Aside from the new genus mentioned above, to which stratus obviously does not belong, only one other Oriental genus is known to me that has two frontal horns. This is Ceratocryptus Cameron, in which striatus appears to be equally out of place. SPECIES WRONGLY REFERRED TO CRYPTANURA The following species described in Cryptanura by Cresson and Cameron do not belong to the genus. Unfortunately, most of them are unknown to me. The apparently proper status of the few that I have been able to place is indicated. (Cryptanura acolhua Cresson) =Glodianus acolhua (Cresson), new combi- nation. . albispina Cameron. . cinctipes Cameron. . curtispina Cameron. . delecta Cresson. . fasciatipennis Cameron. . incauta Cameron. . interrupta Cameron. . laticarinata Cameron. . ornatipennis Cameron. (CO. pachymene Cresson) =Photocryptus pachymene (Cresson). C. pedicata Cameron. (O. sumichrasti Cresson) =Trapezonalis sumichrasti (Cresson), new combi- nation. Q2QsQ 2 QQ 22 Genus CRYPTANURA Brullé Cryptanura BRuLL#, Histoire naturelle des insectes: Hymenoptera, Atlas. pl. 41, fig. 6, 1845; vol. 4, p. 242, 1846.—Roman, Ent. Tidskr., 1910, p. 154.—Brugs, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 5, p. 200, 1912.—TownrEs, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soe. No. 11, pt. 1, p. 288, 1944. ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CRYPTANURA—CUSHMAN 141] Polyaenus Cresson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1873, p. 149.—CaMERoN, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Hymenoptera, vol. 1, p. 244, 1886; Journ. Roy. Agr. Comm. Soc. British Guiana, ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 166, 1911.—ScHM1eDEKNECHT, Genera insectorum, fase. 75, p. 67, 1908.—SzépiiceT1, Ann, Mus, Nat. Hun- garici, vol. 14, p. 264, 1916—CusHMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 74, art. 16, p. 38, 1929. Polyaenidia Vrereck, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, p. 381, 19138. Mesostenus authors, part. Head from above transverse, the temples receding; frons with a carina medially and with two small horns, frequently arising from a common base; malar space distinct; clypeus strongly convex; eyes large and strongly convex; antenna in female frequently more or less distinctly thickened between middle and apex, the thickened por- tion flattened below. Thorax stout; epomia distinct and usually ex- tending to upper margin of pronotum, where they form carinate or conical projections; notaulices deep and complete; scutellum small, usually convex, rarely subconical or fattened; propodeum with basal carina complete, apical carina usually represented only by two prom- inent apophyses, sometimes, especially in male, distinct and with apophyses less developed; propodeum usually strongly rugose or transversely striate, rarely without sculpture, spiracles elongate; wings large; areolet small, complete, quadrangular, broadening to- ward apex, recurrent interstitial or somewhat, antefurcal; nervulus antefurcal; second discoidal cell broad at base; nervellus broken near bottom and perpendicular or weakly reclivous; legs long and usually rather slender; front tibia in female rarely slightly inflated. Abdo- men in female fusiform, in male small and narrow; spiracle of first segment far beyond middle; ovipositor sheath from a half to fully as long as abdomen; ovipositor subsagittate or swordlike at apex. Head and thorax ornamented with white or yellow on a black or red ground; abdomen black and yellow or largely red; wings immacu- late hyaline or dilutely infumate. The color pattern of the head and thorax nearly throughout the genus is so similar as to constitute almost a generic character. In order to avoid much repetition a description of what may be called the normal or basic color pattern is given here, In the specific descrip- tions only variations from this pattern are indicated. Ground color of head and thorax black, rarely red or partly red, with pale-yellow or whitish markings as follows: Orbital ring, broad on cheek, much narrower or interrupted on upper temple and in malar space; face, clypeus (apical margin always dark), labrum, mandible basally, palpi, annulus on antenna; propleura more or less; anterior and humeral margins of pronotum; mesoscutum either immaculate, or with a single spot on disk, or with paired lines along inner margins of lateral lobes, or with a narrow line on each lateral margin oppo- 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 site tegulae, or with cuneiform markings on anterior margins of lat- eral lobes, or with combination of two or more of these; scutellum, its subtending carinae, and posterior margin of its frenum; postscutel- lum and margin of its frenum; tegulae; subalar tubercles; an oblique band on mesopleuron from near anterior margin to middle coxa; a larger or smaller spot on each side of mesosternum; upper division of metapleuron and its lower division largely, the latter with the ground color showing only below; and two broad marks posteriorly on propodeum embracing the apophyses, very rarely confluent ante- riorly. In the descriptions this color pattern is referred to as black (or red) with yellow or white markings and the exceptions noted. The abdomen is either largely red or the ground color is black, typi- cally with broad apical and lateral margins of tergites 1-7, lateral margins of tergite 8, and the petiole more or less yellow or whitish; venter white with sternites darker. In the following descriptions this color pattern is referred to merely as black, the tergites margined with yellow and the exceptions noted. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS For the most part Cryptanura is a very homogeneous group with few striking structural characters that will serve to divide it into spe- cific groups, and it has been found necessary to depend to a consider- able extent on color in the construction of the following key to species. The form of the scutellum, the structure of the propodeum and pronotum, and the form of the ovipositor have been found useful as group characters, though the last, of necessity unisexual, does not appear to be accompanied by a companion character in the opposite sex, A considerable number of the described species have not been avail- able for study and have been omitted from the following key, but to assist in the identification of these species I have constructed a key to all the species, based largely on color. This will be found following the descriptions of the species examined. KEY TO SPECIES EXAMINED 1. Seutellum strongly subconically elevated ; metapleuron also with a tuberculate CTV ELT 2 A STs GS Ee 1. tuberculata, new species Scutellum and metapleuron not strongly elevated_____-_-__-_._______-____ 2 2. Apical carina of propodeum distinct medially at level of apophyses ; abdomen polished): and;)unsculptured’ 26) atet ae ee ee 3 Apical carina usually absent, sometimes distinct in male, but then arching high above apophyses; abdomen usually distinctly, finely sculptured__ 5 3. Abdomen and propodeum entirely red____-------- 2. dicostata, new species Abdomen and propodeum black and yellow___---------__---___-______- 4 4. Mesoscutum with yellow marginal markings, but without discal markings_ 5 Mesoscutum with paired discal markings, but without marginal markings. 5. bicarinata, new species ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CRYPTANURA—CUSHMAN . 143 . Mesoscutal markings in form of narrow marginal lines opposite tegulae; tergite 2 yellow at apex, the yellow band broader medially; tegulae yellow aries Cr Pern ee 3. quadrimaculata, new species Mesoscutal markings in form of cuneiform spots laterad of origins of notau- lices; tergite 2 with a uniformly broad subapical yellow band; tegulae endimelyihinek hee 22) Ff 4. mediostrigosa, new species . Humeral margin of pronotum conically prominent anteriorly ; scutellum broad and transversely flat, with coarse, deep punctures; abdomen pol- ished, without trace of sculpture; front tibia in female subinflated; hind femur stout, not or barely two-thirds as long as tibia; pale markings of propodeum extending broadly forward to basal carina__------------- “f Disagreeing with all or nearly all above characters_____-_-____---_---_-- 10 feabaomen ‘black sand) yellow: ‘(or white)és.24 222. 524 Cee eet 8 Abdomen: Jargety.. or: entirelye reds2 tare {hs ieee Se See ES 9 8. Legs red, coxae marked with yellow; thorax reddish piceous and yellow. 10. 11. 6. piceothorax, new species Legs and thorax black and yeliow__-------- 7. planiscutellata, new species . All coxae and front and middle femora black and yellow. 8. politigaster, new species Hind coxae and all femora red___________-__--_-___- 9. conica, new species Epomia not extending upward to humeral margin of pronotum, the humeral margin not at all carinate or tuberculate anteriorly ; ventrolateral carina of petiole distinct to base; second tergite with a median white spot at anes re Ee Sate eae. Seo a Pe Set Te ee Epomia forming a carinate elevation on humeral margin of pronotum; ventro- lateral carina not distinct to base; second tergite without a median white Ber Terese Sar Bebe ph ae eh RENAE ek Ea eh SN nT eS sa 12 Head and thorax red and yellow; antenna without white annulus; abdomen ceva 25 ee) YA ee See pi 2 10. ruficeps, new species Head and thorax black and yellow; antenna with white annulus; abdomen beyond first tergite opaque shagreened, second and third tergites also RUMI UE ere ses ee ee ee aes 11. septentrionalis, new species 12. Mesoscutum with two yellow marks discally___.___._-_-__---____-_____. 13 Mesoscutum with a single median spot, rarely flanked by small traces of velar Om uuner mareing of lateral lobes:.2 Jo a ne 16 13. Petiole and hind femur entirely black_____--__-- 12. apophysis, new species Penloigane tug femur partlycyellow—- 2222 -Sas22EL ce Le 14 14. Propodeal yellow spots not abruptly narrowed before apophyses, the latter ayaa a ee ae a he ee a Le ee Be a et 15 Propodeal yellow spots abruptly narrowed before apophyses, the latter MOR eesti ee ert yh pe 15. bilineata, new species 15. Petiole yellow above, black below; hind femur entirely black above. 13. mexicana (Cresson) Petiole black above, yellow below; hind femur with a narrow median yellow Bp i nied ti tet 2 pe ee ae 14. orizabensis (Cameron) Tarrenores red and yellow 221620) ga bee eel 16. rufa, new species aliepeaiy ReMireitr tie tle es le Sh ee Dh in id) 17 17. Propodeal spots each with a narrow forward extension, sometimes (male) euaraeeie) SEMEN aOR Ae eh ee ee 18 Propodeal spots either not extending forward or not abruptly narrowed IC I chincene abit. pelea been i enews 22 Seapine mC CnnCnn MCN: SOG) WO RLIOW ante fe Soe Se Se 19 AComen weareeiy OF CnLirel SeOne keel oS Be po ee 20 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 19. 20. 21, 22. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Front and middle femora red; hind femur red (@) or entirely black (4); hind coxa red (2) or black (¢) with a yellow spot above. 17. spinaria (Brullé) All femora black and white, hind femur white below, black above, with a narrow median white line; hind coxa white below and above, black ON WEA CH Si Messe Sia Cae RE 2 ae 18. lineatifemur, new species Eindicoxa -blackvand swihite sae ae eee 19. coxata, new species Hind (coxa dJargelyiorventirely: red. 2202 ee a ee aN eee 21 Humeral margins of pronotum prominent, subtuberculate anteriorly; post- Detiole; med ste ets eee el ed eee ha 20. boliviensis, new species Humeral margins of pronotum merely carinate anteriorly, not prominent; postpetiole piceous, margined with yellow______ 21. isthmus, new species Ovipositor nearly as long as abdomen, stout, much deeper toward apex than at base; not sacittatevat i anex-—-. 22450 See eee ee ee 23 Ovipositor slender, its upper and lower margins parallel except at the sagit- tate apex, usually much shorter than abdomen____-_--__-________-___ 25 VA DGOMEN sheG£treses tn Tak VE Ui a 22. excalibur, new species Abdomen black: andelwint bess is eg Ee ne a eee 24 Hind coxa largely and femur red_________-__-___ 23. acinaces, new species Hind coxa yellow and black; femur black or piceous above, yellowish below. 24. propinqua (Cresson) Front and middle femora entirely red___---_----__ 25. pretiosa (Viereck) Front and middle femora piceous posteriorly____.__________-_________ 26 Hind leg very slender, femur apparently nearly 8 times as long as deep; temples in dorsal view very strongly receding and slightly concave. 26. gracilipes, new species Hind leg stouter, femur apparently not more than 6 times as long as deep; temples flat or) weakly convex or coneave-=——2=—==-—- == 27 Temple at middle of eye distinctly more than half as broad as short diame- ter of eye. iand-veryiw eakly seconvexs a ee eee eee 28 Temple not or barely half as broad as short diameter of eye and flat or weakly CONCAVE! sist bee ah) TN ke ee ee ee eee 29 Head in side view with occipital carina very nearly parallel to posterior margin of eye; apical margin of clypeus weakly curved. 27. gracilis, new species Occipital carina and posterior margin of eye distinctly divergent below; apical margin of clypeus perfectly straight______ 28. genalis, new species Hind femur rather slender, at least 6 times as long as deep and more than three-fourths as long as tibia; flagellum in female much thickened beyond middle and flattened below, the joints there strongly transverse_____- 30 Hind femur rather stout, distinctly less than 6 times as long as deep and less than three-fourths as long as tibia; flagellum in female only slightly thickened and flattened beyond middle, the joints there weakly trans- PVOTSC Gc wise ast wks pe cee RS PMs seh ck Las DS ee a 2 Oe Sr a Sere ee 32 Occipital carina nearly parallel to posterior margin of eye; ovipositor sheath hardly as long as abdomen beyond first tergite_. 29. variegata (Brullé) Occipital carina and posterior margin of eye distinctly divergent below; ovipositor sheath nearly as long as abdomen__--------------------- 31 Temple at middle of eye distinctly less than half as broad as short diameter of eye; flagellum very slender at base, first joint more than 6 times as long as, thick vat middle. 222 see eee 30. paranensis, new species Temple about half as broad as short diameter of eye; flagellum stouter, first joint not 6 times as long as thick at middle. 31, tenuiterebrata, new species ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CRYPTANURA—CUSHMAN 145 32. Face entirely yellow; front and middle coxae piceous behind, yellow in rront. metatnorax.not at. all reds... 32. incerta (Cresson) Face with longitudinal impressions broadly black; front coxa largely piceous, middle coxa entirely red; metapleuron below and metasternum epee eee eee OS eee 33. maculifrons, new species 1. CRYPTANURA TUBERCULATA, new species Evidently closely allied to scwtellaris (Szépligeti) and possibly syn- onymous with that species. However, it seems unlikely that Szépli- geti would have failed to mention the very evident tuberculiform metapleura characteristic of the present species if his species were of similar structure. Female —Length 19 mm., antenna 17 mm., ovipositor sheath 8 mm. Head in dorsal view with temples very slightly concave, occipital carina flangelike, sinuate at lower extremity; frontal horns very small; scrobes very deep; a distinct, radiately rugose impression sur- rounding the ocelli except behind; postocellar line hardly as long as ocellocular line, stemmaticum longitudinally rugose; eyes parallel within, faintly sinuate opposite frons; face with a median subhemi- spherical elevation flanked on each side by a transversely rugose im- pression; clypeus smooth, with scattered punctures, roundly convex with a broad reflexed margin, broadly truncate; malar space very nearly as long as basal width of mandible; antenna only slightly thick- ened beyond middle, 38-jointed. Thorax polished, with notaulices, margins of mesoscutum, sternaulices, and groove along posterior mar- gin of mesopleuron foveolate ; scrobe of pronotum, upper anterior por- tion of mesopleuron, metapleuron, and sides of propodeum obliquely striate; mesopleuron below and sternum sparsely punctate; humeral margin of pronotum smooth, anteriorly tuberculate; scutellum very strongly elevated, subconical, in profile with its posterior slope deeply concave ; metapleuron with a high rounded tubercle in the middle; legs very long and slender, hind femur reaching distinctly beyond apex of abdomen and fully eight times as long as deep; coxae polished and sparsely punctate. Abdomen almost exactly as long as head and thorax, rather narrow, very finely shagreened, subopaque beyond first tergite; petiole distinctly depressed; ovipositor rather stout, becoming gradually slightly deeper toward apex, where it is swordlike rather than subsagittate. Head and thorax black with yellow maculation (see description of color patern, p. 141), abdomen ferruginous, legs ferruginous and partly yellow and piceous; wings subhyaline, with blackish venation; orbital ring interrupted on upper temples and in malar space; facial impressions and outline of clypeus black; annulus on antenna embrac- ing flagellar joints (5)6-12(13); two yellow lines on disk of mesos- cutum ; apex and anterior face of the elevated part of scutellum black; sternum yellow only along sternaulices; lower division of metapleuron 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 with only the tubercle and its apex yellow; stripes on propodeum ex- tending only a short distance basad of apophyses. Front coxa behind and all femora behind piceous, this color reduced on hind femur to a narrow stripe on the inner side and the apex; front legs otherwise yel- lowish, as are also the middle coxa, tibia, and tarsus, the hind tibia except at apex, and a stripe on inner side, which are blackish, and the hind tarsus. Ovipositor sheath black. Type locality—St. Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana. Types.—A holotype and a paratype, both females, taken at the above locality by Audoit in 1862. The type is in the Paris Museum ? and the paratype in the U.S. National Museum (No. 57080). The paratype is a little larger than the type but is otherwise like it. 2. CRYPTANURA DICOSTATA, new species Apparently related to simlis (Szépligeti) and perhaps the same but having the apical carina of the propodeum more or less distinctly developed, a character not mentioned by Szépligeti. Female.—Length 12 mm., antennae 11 mm., ovipositor sheath 4 mm. Temples very narrow and strongly receding, flat; occipital carina neither especially prominent nor sinuate at lower extremity; vertex and frons deeply concave, ocelli distinctly below level of superior tangent of eyes, frontal horns small; face nearly flat, transversely rugulose and very minutely shagreened, subopaque; clypeus strongly convex, with very narrow reflexed margin, polished, with sparse punctures; malar space about two-thirds as long as basal width of mandible, finely opaque; head elsewhere polished; postocellar line and diameter of an ocellus about equal and much shorter than ocel- locular line; antenna 33-jointed, slender, only slightly thickened and flattened beyond middle. Thorax anteriorly subopaquely sculptured, posteriorly polished and almost without sculpture; humeral margin of pronotum smooth, anteriorly angulate, scrobe striate; mesoscutum punctate, prescutum transversely striate on each side next to the notaulices, lobes flattened; scutellum convex, polished, with a few punctures ; mesopleuron striatopunctate above, punctate below, smooth posteriorly; sternum punctate; metapleuron polished and sparsely punctate, with a few rugae posteriorly; propodeum smooth and polished, more or less roughened medially between carinae; apical carina distinct and straight between apophyses; basal carina only slightly curved medially; basal area not at all defined; legs long, hind femur about six times as long as deep and reaching slightly beyond apex of abdomen; coxae polished. Abdomen distinctly longer than head and thorax, polished, unsculptured, rather slender ; first segment without trace of dorsal carinae, petiole slightly broader than deep, 1 All specimens indicated as being in, or received from, the Paris Museum are retained in the U. S. National Museum for the duration of the war. ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF GENUS CRYPTANURA—CUSHMAN 147 postpetiole barely as wide as long; second tergite as long as first and about twice as long as broad at base; ivopositor sheath shorter than abdomen beyond first segment; ovipositor slender, of even depth throughout, apex weakly subsagittate. Head and anterior portion of thorax black with yellow markings (see description of color pattern, p. 141) ; thorax posteriorly, mesoster- num, abdomen, and legs ferruginous; antennal annulus embracing flagellar joints (4) 5-11 (12), two narrow yellow streaks on disk of mesoscutum, scutellum yellow only in basal angles and at apex, meso- pleuron yellow except the prepectus, the impression below tubercle, and an oblique streak running down from this, which are black; upper division of metapleuron yellow tinged with ferruginous; propo- deum, lower section of metapleuron, and sternum, except prepectus, ferruginous; front coxae anteriorly and all tibiae and tarsi yellow; front and middle femora piceous below and behind; wings yellowish hyaline, venation dark brown; abdomen entirely ferruginous, sheath black. Type locality —Kamakusa, British Guiana. Types—Four females, the holotype and three paratypes in the U.S. National Museum (No. 57058). The type and two paratypes were taken at the type locality by H. Lang. The third paratype is from Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. One specimen of what is probably the male of this species was taken by W. M. Mann at Cavinas, Beni, Bolivia, during the Mulford Bio- logical Exploration of 1921-22. It has the mesopleuron and sternum almost entirely yellowish stramineous, the antennal annulus embrac- ing flagellar joints (5) 6-19 (20), and the apical carina of propodeum only faintly indicated medially. It is excluded from the type series. 3. CRYPTANURA QUADRIMACULATA, new species Apparently closely allied to eetypa (Cresson), from the description of which it differs in its possession of yellow lateral lines on the meso- scutum. Also Cresson makes no mention of the presence, in his species, of the apical carina of the propodeum., Female.—Length 13 mm., antennae (broken), ovipositor sheath 4.5 mm. Temples flat, short and very sharply receding, occipital carina moderately prominent, bent abruptly inward at its lower extremity to meet the hypostomal carina far back from base of mandible; vertex and frons concave, lateral ocelli slightly below superior tangent of eyes, frontal horns very acute and arising from common base; postocellar line and diameter of an ocellus equal and distinctly shorter than ocel- locular line; eyes large and bulging, weakly convergent below; face and clypeus minutely shagreened, subopaque, face laterally and clypeus 624514452 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 sparsely punctate, face dorsally irregularly striate; clypeus strongly convex, in profile subnasute; malar space hardly two-thirds as long as basal width of mandible. Thorax rather slender, generally polished ; pronotum striate in lower part of scrobe, its upper anterior margin only weakly tumid, smooth, carinately angled; mesoscutum sparsely punctate, rugose in posterior middle, prescutum more densely punctate and transversely striate anteriorly along notaulices, lobes flattened; mesopleuron largely and sternum sparsely punctate, space below tu- bercle more or less striate; scutellum convex, with scattered punctures; metapleuron very sparsely punctate and with a few vertical striae posteriorly; propodeum with sparse, coarse punctures basally and more or less distinctly longitudinally striate medially behind basal carina, basal area obsoletely defined, basal carina bent sharply for- ward medially, apical carina distinct between apophyses; legs slender but hind femur less than two-thirds as long as tibia and not reaching apex of abdomen; coxae elongate, polished, and sparsely punctate, are- olet narrow. Abdomen longer than head and thorax, polished, with scattered punctures on basal tergites; first tergite narrow, petiole not depressed, dorsal carinae absent, postpetiole barely as broad as long, with a median impression between spiracles; second tergite as long as first and nearly twice as long as broad at base; sheath nearly as long as abdomen beyond first tergite; ovipositor slender, of nearly uniform depth, and subsagittate at apex. Black and yellow (see description of color pattern, p. 141) ; cheeks, frontal orbits, an annulus beginning on flagellar joint 6 (missing beyond joint 8) yellow; anterior margin of pronotum black except for a small spot ; humeral margin entirely black; narrow lines on lateral margins of mesoscutum above tegulae, only basal angles and apex of scutellum, tegulae basally, and mesopleuron except prepectus largely yellow, the last confluent with mark on sternum, metapleuron except suture between upper and lower divisions and a dash near apex en- tirely yellow, large yellow spots in basal lateral areas of propodeum, apical markings of propodeum with triangular projection anteriorly, apical bands on basal tergites triangularly broadened medially; petiole yellow above, black below; venter yellow. Legs yellow, with front and middle coxae behind, hind coxa within and medially above, middle trochanter and femur behind, hind trochanter largely, and femur except a yellow streak on each side black or piceous; wings hyaline, venation blackish. Male.— Essentially like female, the frontal horns much longer. Type locality —San Bernardino, Paraguay. Types.—A female holotype, an allotype, and a female paratype in the U. S. National Museum (No. 57059). = 2 S o S 2 : : : : : . . co . : : . ewe pe ieee el eeha tae le he ee & pe I ee a Pe a Ae a od elo el ay Oe eed me alaialaAla|/al la lala | alas a DP iheetebsd Ad Ie belya al Su Ee tad AD Sf) ag Cervical 2.....--2----2.1-- 49.5 | 94.5 | 25 46 |_-...- 30 |26 | 33 | 51.7| 53 | 79 87 Onto ee 34 67 25; 5 40 | 26 AQ ke ie. 2 41 41 35.5 | 88 127 7 Tae eee 35 | 68 | 27 43 | 32.2| 44 | 41 | 49 | 43 | 49 | 96 140 Bb see 32.51 66 | 31 44') 45. | Be cx. ba kG BR a. 156 Gor ere 31.9165 | 30.7| 44/41 |61 |--.--- mab) WB eee. 166 1. b oe} 32.5164 | 34 52] 50 | 64 |......|64 |60 | 63 |105 167 Ret eee A 31 | 65.5 |_.-_-- 56 | 48.5 | 68.5] 48 | 63.5] 73.3 | 64.5 |__-- 175 Dorel 13.) 4:-425.-- a | 54/55 |68 | 49 | 62 | 84 | 63 |1229] 180 ye 8 ng a Gs has of 56| 54 | 66 | 525] 63 {101 | 61 {|121.6| 185 Bd oe tt 24:01 686 then! 53| 53 | 67 | 55 | 70 {105 | 66 |____.. 180 ere ae 36.6168 | 32 60/49 | 76 | 62.5] 79 |127 |107 {118 181 Be Sie td 37 |68 | 33 48|60.5|82 | 58 | 81 |149 1156 | 95 160 O- bt 8 39 | 71 | 33 49} 60.5| 84 |60 | 79 |159 [183 | 90 150 eee ae 39 73 33 49 | 60 82 59.5 | 76 150 200 88.5 148 S332. pre ts 39 | 73 | 33.9] 560/61 |80 | 585]78 |160 {213 | 85 145 we > 41 |74 |32.8| 50/58 |81.5]50 | 78 {160 |218 | 80 140 oe ot 41 | 76 | 34 51/61 | 80 |62 | 79 {160 |230 | 81 140 OU) acid canis Jase ee 41 | 78 | 35 57| 62 | 80 | 54 | 83 |160 |242 | 79 136 Pe hs cece tie enteaned 41 79 35 55 | 63 86 59.5 | 81 144 27 80 139 Pip ee ea 39.9 | 7 36 65155 | 83 | 554/81 (136 |277 |_---- 134 eee odie on wete lei Ta. fe -abus B6i hw ce 82;6: 14323 81 bre Oust > 133 ne 39 77 36. 2 a ee 85 54 85 120 235 83 132 Cebeits dan tae 38 69 33.6 OO. Vestn 88 36.8 1 Be laccack a8 lect 132 Sewal Sa eletes im. 42 |50 | 44 60/44 | 87 | 28 | 52.5 1155 [230 | 88 135 a icholgon al note eee GTN Oa 30 50 | 36 55 42.6) 53.5 110 202 79.8 142 ! The measurements of the vertebral centra of the presacral series of the fossil specimen do not Include the ball, and so in using these measurements allowance must be made for this omission, This discrepancy was due to the fact that this portion of the backbone was articulated In fixed position before it was decided to take this series of measurements, ‘ Ibid., pp. 71-100. 200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM TaBLE 3.—Comparative measurements (in mm.) of caudal vertebrae Caudals CANO oa rh DN 30 31 32 33 1 Estimates | | | | | | Length of Breadth of |} Height of | Spread of | Spread of centrum centrum, an-|centrum, an-| prezygapo- | postzygapo- terior end | terior end physes physes a 2 -) > a > o 2 o | om f= ee BR Se i bs R s R a eS aS x a a = S = = = g\4)e)4l)e)42)2)4)e)2 Sl eas lee eee acme alee Bloc. | eee ale ee eal ol ota a) eta Ala PA | a | a a | SB pb] 4 | Bed peameeta piieed | p> i] 55.9} 73 34.3) 51 29 46 45 58.5} 34 52 51.7} 69 32 50 30 Ag. Wee 59.5} 30 48 51 70 29) .4\_. 45.5) 31,6] 440 y= 54 27 43 52 73 27 46 31 42° == 50) We Sees 40 55 75 27.4; 44.6) 28.6] 41.5] 27.8] 46.5] 26 38. 5 55. 7| 76 26.9| 43 27 38.5} 28 45 21 36 53.7] 67 25 40.5) 24 37 26 42 21 32 53.2] 77 25 44 25 44 25 37 22 29. 5 53.5} 68 23 34.5] 23 36. 5| 28 37 20.9} 32 53 78 24.4) 35.5) 24.1) 33 24 36. 5} 19 32 53 77 23 33. 5} 23 30.5} 27 38 21.5} 27 54.3} 74 22 32 22.5) 29 22 Be ee 27 54 78 22.5] 32 22 28 ir| GAs ae 337g] bete=2 23. 5 53. 4| - 75 21.7); 31 23 26) | Ae 28s je 25 ewes 72 21.5} 29:5) 2025), (26: j/ 28 =o) 28s jl al 245 52 (0) scaeeo 280.6 | 22 26) Wee 28: ||_- 284 218.5 52 74.5) 19.5) 27 21 24 15 25 10 18 50 73 19 25 21 25 14 22 7 18 51 70.5} 20 20.4) 18 25). | ae 19k FL ees 15 50 70 18 22.5) 18 22 14 18 7 11 49 66 V7 21 16.6} 20 12.5} 15 6 1:5 49.8) 66 18 20 16 20 11.2} 14.5) 4 a5 47.5| 65 16 18 16 18 10.5} 12.5) 4.5] 5 46 63 15 20 AO a) 18), lees 10.5 4 3:5 44.8) 60.5) 14.5) 16 15 Ae pee 4 95) (4 3:5 43.6} 59 13.5, 15 14 ee pense 8 39) F205 42.5} 57 12 13.5} 13.1] 14 ts 6.5) 3 1 40.5} 53 7 13 Tol she 659) > 515] *3 1 39 49 G:3|) was Blea 11 6 ONO |S aes 1 eeu ees AG We er S) ONS. Se A) Oa eae al! 206 || eee .6 eae SR Seens | 10) Sierra) Oh alae ce a) so plese saa ead anced 3a is ea AONaR. Se LSS, hereon | ans eee 30.5) 34 9 deiD || aad, VOL. 96 : Sprea Heine ee processes io a> S Q BPA) 2 le St pctv | south pele! ora 2 pel -—|-2-2-. (eae 65 Sia nteewee J pe nn 82) see ope in al yared By pee’ 2 jes oo ree mn 50: jes aes 2 ange OO See a ee 45 AD ie | Me 52 | ere ae 45 SON eee aaa eee OO eae Helle ate ha pseu PH foo tee | eee hos DN | Eee eee 12:5 | Ae Se ae eee ae ee ee a 13:5] Ses= oo NOTE ON DISEASED CROCODILE VERTEBRAE PLATE 16 A second crocodile specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 12990, from the Bridger, Eocene, consisting of the greater portion of a skeleton, shows a pathologic condition of two dorsal vertebrae that is almost identical with the lesion described by Moodie ® on the caudal verte- brae of a sauropodous dinosaur from the Jurassic. It is a spongy growth that surrounds the intervertebral articular surfaces extending well outward on the sides of both centra (see 5 Moodie, Roy L., Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 530-531, 1916. REPTILE FOSSIL SKELETONS—GILMORE 201 pl. 16). It entirely encircles the centra and has involved two- thirds of the two bones. All evidence of separate structure is prac- tically obliterated. The growth is quite symmetrical on the two sides. Moodie in the case of the lesion on the dinosaur caudals says: “The enlargement is somewhat suggestive of the lesion of chronic osteomyelitis. It may be a callous growth due possibly to a fracture of the caudal vertebrae; or it may be a bone tumor.” Its true nature is, of course, uncertain, but mention is made of this specimen here in order to call it to the attention of students of modern pa- thology who may be interested in the study of the nature and origin of disease. Ruffer ® has reported typical lesions indicating spondylitis defor- mans in the vertebrae of the Miocene crocodile Tomistoma dowsoni, from Egypt. In this specimen the extraneous osseous tissue, obvi- ously pathologic, binds the vertebrae together. The new bone, however, is thicker on one side than on the other, and Moodie? observes that “in the crocodile as in man the disease is more marked on one side.’”’ The symmetrical nature of the lesion in the National Museum crocodile shown in plate 16 would therefore rule out spon- dylitis deformans as being responsible for the development of this abnormality. ON A SPECIMEN OF CORYTHOSAURUS PLatTeEs 17-19 A partial skeleton of Corythosaurus recently added to the exhibition series in the United States National Museum consists of the complete articulated tail, pelvis, hind limbs, and feet, with several small patches of skin impressions and ossified tendons. This specimen is mounted in relief so as to display the right side; the sandstone blocks containing the bones have been assembled in the same relationships they occu- pied in the ground. The preparation and mounting were done by Norman H, Boss, and it was due to his skillful manipulation that so much of the epidermal impressions were preserved. The specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 15493) was acquired by purchase from the Royal Paleontological Museum of the University of Toronto for use in connection with the Smithsonian exhibit at the Texas Centennial Exposition at Dallas in 1937. It was collected by Levi Sternberg from the Belly River formation, Upper Cretaceous, 2 miles south of Steveville, on the Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada, in 1933. From an exhibition standpoint this specimen is of interest in having several patches of skin impressions preserved. When found the * Ruffer, Sir Mare Armand, A pathological specimen dating from the Lower Miocene period. In Appen- dix to Fourtau’s “Contribution A l’Etude Vertébrés Miocénes de Egypte,” pp. 101-109, illus. Survey Department, Ministry of Finance, Cairo, 1920, 7 Moodie, R. L., Paleopathology, p. 175, 1923. 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 skeleton was lying on its left side, but the definition of the skin pat- tern of that side had been dulled or wholly destroyed by the presence of a considerable amount of vegetal matter on which it lay. The bedding plane beneath the skeleton was unusually irregular, indicat- ing that the cross-bedded planes were laid down by currents acting from different directions. The caudal series consists of 75 vertebrae and appears to be com- plete. This information, together with that furnished by Brown,’ shows the complete vertebral formula of Corythosaurus to be 15 cer- vicals, 19 dorsals, 8 sacrals, and 75 caudals. It is presumed, how- ever, that as in many other reptiles the caudal series will be subject to some individual variation in number. The first 16 caudal verte- brae have transverse processes as in the type. The first chevron on the tail of Corythosaurus is carried between the fifth and sixth caudal vertebrae; thus the total number of caudal vertebrae can be accu- rately determined and a close estimate of their combined length can be obtained from this specimen which has the first two caudals com- pletely hidden by the overlying ilium and a patch of skin impressions. Measured along the curve this tail has a complete length of about 455 em. (14 feet 11 inches). A complete description of the ossified tendons of Corythosaurus has already been given by Brown, and thus it is only necessary to men- tion that the present specimen fully corroborates his determination that they are disposed in two layers. Small patches of skin impressions are present on the midsection of the tail, on the pelvis, and on the feet. Those pieces of the integu- ment best preserved cover the thirty-first to the thirty-fourth caudal vertebrae, respectively. The detailed mosaic pattern of the flat, polygonal scales is clearly and beautifully shown in plate 18. Origi- nally the whole midsection of the tail beginning with the sixteenth caudal was covered by skin impressions, but most of the center of this patch was so friable that it could not be preserved. The outside portions, however, outline the original width of the tail at this point. The skin on and below the right ilium is composed of scales, slightly larger than those of the midcaudal region, but otherwise they seem to be indistinguishable. The pattern of the scales on the feet is dim and illy defined and adds nothing to our previous knowledge. In the course of preparing this specimen many small detached pieces of skin were found in the matrix. Several of these were folded and others had been completely reversed. Six species of this genus have been named, all from the Belly River formation of midwestern Canada. f 8 Brown, Barnum, Bull. Amer, Mus, Nat. Hist., vol. 35, p. 710, 1916. REPTILE FOSSIL SKELETONS—GILMORE 203 Listed in chronological order these are: C. casuarius Brown,’ C. excavatus Gilmore," C. intermedius Parks,!! C. bicristatus Parks,’ C. frontalis Parks,” and C. brevicristatus Parks.” Five of the six species were established on skull characters alone and are distinguished chiefly by differences found in the shape and extent of the crest. In the absence of the skull in the specimen under consideration it appears quite impossible at this time to make a definite identification of the species. However, on the basis of similarity of skin pattern and close agreement in proportions to the type specimen of Corythosaurus casuarius, as shown in table 4, this specimen is provisionally identified as pertaining to that species. TABLE 4.—Comparative measurements (in cm.) of two specimens of Corythosaurus casuarius U.S.N.M. A.M.N.H. Measurements No. 15493. |No. 5338, type Length of longest chevron__._....---...-------- See te ee eee et 40 38.5 MPeCR TERT EN TWUNEPING MAREE TD © - Pere emer es 113. 6 103 SoG), aerieel OF corminel to0e 5332 = 3. oon a ee 20 22 PO RNTRETE TRO SONG = ee eee ee ee eee 115.9 108 Femur, position of fourth trochanter from central point to top of femur-_--.-- 58.5 58 Lie, SEE OF LLOIM AUG ABUEHRBIN. on oo nc cc Se see eee 100. 7 100 Sear RRR See aa La ee ee 98. 2 95 * Brown, Barnum, Bull. Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pp. 559-565, pl. 41, 1914. i¢ Gilmore, C. W., Can. Field-Nat., vol. 37, pp. 46-52, 1923. " Parks, W. A., Univ. Toronto Stud., geol. ser., No. 15, pp. 1-57, 13 figs., pls. 1-4, 1923. 4 Parks, W. A., Univ. Toronto Stud., geol. ser., No. 37, pp. 26-45, pls. 4-8, 1935. U. 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1946 a Be ye > Uiteey phn TPT.” urea Tf ee eee ea Pa pate AEN e BU Spa eased we Y _ 2 Pere : PLATE 12 96 PROCEEDINGS, VOL U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM YUVAV|a-9UO ynoge soinsy yiog try, ‘OZzis |Pinieu “9A0GR wold} PoMoalA GC apis fo] ayy Wwod} pomMalA “| (61 ZZ1 “ON "WN'S°2) adoy £180 ’ i 2 snp Ip) 4) jo UOJ I] 94s pelunoyy U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 13 About one-third natural size. Skull and lower jaws of Crocodilus clavis Cope (U.S.N.M. No. 12719), lateral view. U S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 14 Ze. | ] i third natura 1e About o1 superior view. No: 12719); .5.N.M. al Cro PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 15 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “OZIS [einjeu p4lqyj-9u0 JnNogGy ‘mara qerered “(61271 “ON “INN’S'A) edoc s2anja snprpo204 40 |[NAS Font U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 16 Diseased dorsal vertebrae of Crocodilus sp. (U.S.N.M. No. 12990): Upper figure, ventral view: lower figure, lateral view. Both natural size. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 17 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “OZIS [einjeu palyy-Aquomy ouo JNOgGy ‘opis 1st wo} PoMoiA “(C6FST “ON TACN'S' A) UMOIG SNIADNSDI sninvsoyjKLory fO Joo} pue ‘sq ull] puiy ‘stajad “Te T, Ss NATIONAL MA SEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL PLATE 18 ver Ca pressi ms ec m These the tail. ( middle ym. the rr 493). ut one 5 l No. al S.N.M. natural size. half \bo Lusive. Inc PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 19 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “UMOIG Joye $y1999C, prey ste Aq uMPIC] “UMOIG, SNILONSVDI snanvsoyjKso7r) jo UO RIOISIeY PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1946 No. 3197 THE ONYCHOPHORES OF PANAMA AND THE CANAL ZONE By Austin H. Criarxk and JAmrs ZETEK Tor the past dozen years the junior author has been interested in collecting and observing the several species of Onychophora occurring in Panama and the Canal Zone. He sent to the senior author a collection including 82 specimens from various localities, among which were representatives of all but one (Peripatus ruber) of the species recorded from the region; this omission, however, was more than compensated by the presence of two species (Oroperipatus eisenii and Epiperipatus biolleyi) not previously known from this area, although the first has been reported both from farther north and from farther south. The number of species of Onychophora now known from Panama and the Canal Zone is unusually large for a region of such limited extent, amounting to no less than seven, distributed in four genera. These seven species are: Oroperipatus eisenii, O. corradi, Macroperi- patus geayi, Peripatus ruber, Epiperipatus brasiliensis, E. edwardsii, and E. biolleyi. The richest locality was at El Cermeno, where four species, Oroperi- patus eisenii, O. corradi, Epiperipatus edwardsii, and E. biolleyi, were found. Here the coconut habitat was the most productive, and they were rather common. ‘These palms were not more than 5 years old, and the sheaths of the fronds were usually a foot or two from the ground. All it was necessary to do was to pull off these dead sheaths. 668720—46 205 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 It is quite damp where the onychophores are found. There were not many rocks or boards on the ground, which may account for the presence of these creatures under the coconut-palm sheaths. From Barro Colorado Island three species are now known, Oroperi- patus corradi, Macroperipatus geayi, and Epiperipatus brasiliensis var. vagans. Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt has found onychophores in the dry season under rocks where the soil remained moist in a dry stream bed, and O. eisenii and E. biolleyi have been found under stones by the sides of streams. One species has been found in bromelias in Central America, though not in Panama. As the records of the species of Onychophora known from Panama and the Canal Zone are widely scattered, it has seemed worth while to include all of them herein, together with a key for their identification and a bibliography. KEY TO THE ONYCHOPHORA OCCURRING IN PANAMA AND THE CANAL ZONE a, Urinary papilla of legs IV and V included in third are of ambulatory pad; 4 foot papillae, 2 on each side of foot. b!. Urinary papillae of legs IV and V dividing third are into 2 segments of which the posterior is smaller than the anterior, though much broader than long; urinary tubercle wholly united to anterior portion of arc; 26-29 (usually 28) pairs of legs in females, 24-25 (usually 25) in males; length, 4-39 mm Uv ee Eee ee eee Oroperipatus corradi b2. Urinary papillae of legs IV and V dividing third arc into 2 segments of which the posterior is very small, scarcely broader than long; urinary tubercle more or less independent of anterior segment; 27-29 (usually 28) pairs of legs in females, 23-26 (usually 25) in males; length 13-70 mm. Oroperipatus eisenii a. Urinary papilla on legs IV and V below third arc, deeply indenting fourth; 3 foot papillae, 2 anterior and 1 posterior. bl. Papillae of dorsal surface each on an oblong or squarish base, the oblong bases elongated in direction of long axis of animal; 30-33 pairs of legs in females, 28 in males; length 27-100 mm___-.Macroperipatus geayi b?. Papillae of dorsal surface on highly irregular bases, the plications usually appearing undivided. c!, Principal papillae of dorsal surface of very different sizes, some very conspicuous and cylindrical, others smaller and conical, usually 3 of the smaller between 2 of the larger; papillae separated by rather broad intervals in which accessory papillae occur; males usually with crural tubercles on more than 2 pregenital pairs of legs; 29-30 (usually 30) pairs of legs in females; length 29-52 mm_-_-_-_--- Peripatus ruber c, Principal papillae of dorsal surface all of same type, passing through all intermediate stages from large to small; papillae closely set, though with occasional accessory papillae between them; in small individuals some of the papillae predominant; crural tubercles of males on 2 pregenital pairs of legs. d'!, On dorsal surface above each pair of legs a few short incomplete plica- tions, tapering to a point on each side intercalated between the others. ONYCHOPHORES OF PANAMA—CLARK AND ZETEK 207 e'. Fourth are on legs IV and V strongly arched beneath urinary papilla, but not divided into segments; urinary papilla attached to third are by a narrow band at deepest point in incision in latter; 29-34 pairs of legs in females, 28-30 in males; length 23-56 mm. Epiperipatus edwardsii e?, Fourth are on legs IV and V broken into 2 or 3 well-separated unequal parts; urinary papilla wholly independent of third arc; 30 pairs of legs in females, 26-28 in males; length 25-36 mm. Epiperipatus biolleyi d?. No short incomplete plications on the dorsal surface visible in dorsal view, the plications appearing wholly regular; 31—32 pairs of legs in females, 29 in males; length 37-80 mm_Epiperipatus brasiliensis Genus OROPERIPATUS Cockerell OROPERIPATUS EISENIL (Wheeler) Peripatus eisenii Wuee.LerR, Journ. Morph., vol. 15, pp. 1-8, pl. 1, 1898 (Tepie; Mexico).—FunRMANN, Mém. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., vol. 5, pp. 176-192, 1912 (Rio Purts, Brazil). Oroperipatus eisent A. H. Cuark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 16, 1913 (listed). New records — El] Cermeno, Panama; J. Zetek, July 8, 1941. Fe- males: (1) 55 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (2) 52 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (3) 47 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (4) 46 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 27 pairs of legs. (5) 45 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 29 pairs of legs. (6) 45 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (7) 42 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (8) 37 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 29 pairs of legs. (9) 30 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. El Cermeno, Panama; J. Zetek, July 15, 1941. Females: (1) 60 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (2) 59 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (3) 55 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (4) 53 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (5) 52 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs oflegs. (6) 50 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (7) 48 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (8) 43 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. Male: (1) 30 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. E] Cermeno, Panama; J. Zetek, August 5, 1941. Females: (1) 60 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (2) 55 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. Panama City, Panama; J. Zetek, September 1939. Females: (1) 70 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (2) 69 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (3) 65 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (4) 64 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (5) 61 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (6) 60 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. Range-—Mexico (Tepic); Panama (El Cermeno, Panama City); Brazil (Rio Purts). Note.—At El Cermeno this species was found in situations similar to those favored by O. corradi. 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 OROPERIPATUS CORRADI (Camerano) Peripatus corradi CAMERANO, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, vol. 13, No. 316, pp. 2, 3, 1898 (Ecuador).—Bovuvirr, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 9, zool., vol. 2, p. 120, pl. 3, fig. 15, pl. 4, figs. 29, 30, text figs. 6, p. 15, 18, p. 20, 42, p. 38, 63, p. 124, and 64, 65, p. 125, 1905. Oroperipatus corradot A. H. Cuarx, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 26, p. 18, 1913 (listed); Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 63, No. 2, p. 1, 1914 (Ancon, Canal Zone; notes); Zool. Anz., vol. 45, No. 4, p. 146, 1914 (Ancon).—FuuHR- MANN, Abh. Senck. naturf. Ges., vol. 36, Heft 2, pp. 277-283, 1915.—Bruss, Psyche, vol. 32, No. 3, p. 159, 1925 (Canal Zone). New records.—E] Cermeno, Panama; J. Zetek, July 8, 1941. Fe- males: (1) 32 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (2) 30 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (3) 28 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 27 pairs of legs. (4) 25 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (5) 16 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (6) 15 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, 29 pairs of legs. Males: (1) 31 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (2) 30 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (3) 28 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (4) 28 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (5) 27 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (6) 27 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (7) 26 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (8) 23 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (9) 18 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (10) 18 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (11) 18 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (12) 17 mm. long, 1.3 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (13) 15 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone; J. Zetek, August 1933. Males: (1) 33 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. (2) 30 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 25 pairs of legs. Range.—Ecuador (Quito, Balzar, Guayaquil); Canal Zone (Ancon, Barro Colorado Island); Panama (El Cermeno).. Notes.—At El Cermeno this species was found between the broad sheaths of old fronds and the trunks of coconut palms roughly 5 years old, and also under boards resting on the ground. On Barro Colorado Island it was usually met with under logs and stones and occasionally with the ground-termite stakes. At Ancon it was found in earth to the depth of about 1 foot about roots of papaya. Genus MACROPERIPATUS A. H. Clark MACROPERIPATUS GEAYI (Bouvier) Peripatus geayi Bouvier, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 128, p. 1345, 1899 (French Guiana); Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 9, zool., vol. 2, p. 200, pl. 6, figs. 42, 48, text figs. 1, p. 36, and 86, p. 203, 1905. Macroperipatus geayi A. H. Cuarx, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 17, 1913 (listed); Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 68, No. 2, p. 2, 1914 (from Clark, 1913); vol. 65, No. 1, p. 28, 1915 (from Clark, 1913). ONYCHOPHORES OF PANAMA—CLARK AND ZETEK 209 Peripatus (Macroperipatus) geayt A. H. Cuarx, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 17, pp. 1-5, 1913 (La Chorrera, Panama; notes).—Brues, Psyche, vol. 32, No. 3, p. 160, 1925 (from Clark, 1913). New records.— Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone; J. Zetek, July 1941. Females: (1) 100 mm. long, 8 mm. broad, 33 pairs of legs. (2) 70 mm. long, 4.5 mm. broad, 31 pairs of legs. (3) 70 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 30 pairs of legs. (4) 64 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 30 pairs of legs. (5) 38 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 33 pairs of legs. Pedro Miguel, Canal Zone; J. Zetek, April 1938. Females: (1) 84 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, 32 pairs of legs. (2) 59 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 31 pairs of legs. Males: (1) 30 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. (2) 27 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, 28 pairs of legs. Balboa, Canal Zone; J. Zetek, 1944. Female: (1) 76 mm. long with 33 pairs of legs. Range.— French Guiana; Colombia; Panama (La Chorrera); Canal Zone (Barro Colorado Island, Pedro Miguel, Balboa). Notes—On Barro Colorado Island this species occurred under fallen logs and in leaf mold, at Pedro Miguel under stones and boards on the ground. Large onychophores from the Orsini citrus orchard close to La Campana were collected under fallen logs and under stones. These were not seen by the senior author but were presumably of this species. Genus PERIPATUS Guilding PERIPATUS RUBER Fuhrmann Peripatus ruber FUHRMANN, Mém. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., vol. 5, p. 190, 1912 (Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica) ; Zool. Anz., vol. 42, No. 6, p. 247, figs. 12-14, p. 248, 1913 (redescribed).—A. H. CLiarx, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 65, No. 1, p. 24, 1915 (Lino; from Clark, 1914).—Funrmann, Abh. Senck. naturf. Ges., vol. 36, Heft 2, pp. 277-283, 1915. ?Peripatus (Epiperipatus) biolleyi var. betheli CocKERELL, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, vol. 26, p. 87, 1913 (Puerto Barrios, Guatemala). Peripatus (Peripatus) ruber A. H. Cuark, Zool. Anz., vol. 45, No. 4, p. 145, 1914 (Lino, near Bouquete, Province of Chiriqui, Panama; 4,100—4,500 feet; notes on 3 specimens). Range.—Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo); Panama (Lino, near Bou- quete, Province of Chiriquf, 4,100-4,500 feet); ?Guatemala (Puerto Barrios). Note.—From the description Professor Cockerell’s Peripatus (Epi- peripatus) biolleyi var. betheli appears to be Peripatus ruber. His type specimen is not at present available for reexamination. Genus EPIPERIPATUS A. H. Clark EPIPERIPATUS BRASILIENSIS (Bouvier) Peripatus brasiliensis Bouvier, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 129, p. 1031, 1899; Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 9, zool., vol. 2, p. 269, pl. 7, fig. 63, 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 pl. 8, figs. 64, 65, text figs. 100-103, p. 273, 1905 (Santarém; ?San Pablo, Panama); Bull. Soe. Philomatique, ser. 9, vol. 10, pp. 50-52, 1908 (Mérida, Venezuela; San Pablo, Panama, confirmed).—FuHRMANN, Mém. Soe. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., vol. 5, p. 190, 1912 (Brazil and Guiana to Panama). Epiperipatus brasiliensis A. H. Cuarx, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 18, 1913 (listed); Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 63, No. 2, p. 2, 1914 (listed from Panama); vol. 65, No. 1, p. 23, 1915 (San Pablo, Panama; from Bouvier).— FuurMANN, Abh. Senck. naturf. Ges., vol. 36, Heft 2, pp. 277-283, 1915. Peripatus (Epiperipatus) brasiliensis var. vagans Brues, Psyche, vol. 32, No. 3, p. 162, 1925 (Barro Colorado Island, Las Cascadas, Fort Sherman, and Chinilla, Canal Zone; Rio Tapia, Panama; description). New records.—Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone; J. Zetck, January—May, 1942. Females: (1) 50 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, 33 pairs of legs. (2) 40 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 33 pairs of legs. (3) 30 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 31 pairs of legs. (4) 23 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 33 pairs of legs. Males: (1) 30 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 29 pairs of legs. (2) 18 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 29 pairs of legs. (3) 17 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 29 pairs of legs. Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone; J. Zetek, August 1933. Male: 42 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, 29 pairs of legs. Balboa, Canal Zone; J. Zetek, 1944. Females: (1) 55 mm. long, 32 pairs of Jegs. (2) 52 mm. long, 32 pairs of legs. (3) 138 mm. long, 31 pairs of legs. Range —Brazil (Santarém); Venezuela (Mérida); Panama (San Pablo, Rio Tapia); Canal Zone (Barro Colorado Island, Balboa, Las Cascadas, Fort Sherman, Rio Chinilla). Notes.—Individuals from Panama and the Canal Zone represent the variety vagans Brues. On Barro Colorado island this species was usually found under fallen logs in the forest and in leaf mold, occurring also between the broad sheaths of old fronds and the trunk of several of the large palms. It was met with occasionally in the ground-termite nests where it was discovered when the test stakes were pulled up. EPIPERIPATUS EDWARDSII (Blanchard) Peripatus edwardsii BuancnarD, Ann. Sci. Nat., zool., ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 140, 1847 (Cayenne); Rech. Anat. et Zool. faites pendant un Voyage en Sicile, pt. 3, p. 64, 1849. Peripatus edwardsi Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., zool., ser. 9, vol. 2, p. 301, pl. 9, figs. 74-79, text figs. 5, p. 15, and 111, p. 308, 1905 (Panama; Darién).— Fuurmann, Mém. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., vol. 5, p. 190, 1912 (Brazil and Guiana to Panama). Epiperipatus edwardsi A. H. CuarKk, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 18, 1913 (listed) ; Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 63, No. 2, p. 2, 1914 (Isthmus. of Panama; from Bouvier); vol. 65, No. 1, p. 23, 1915 (Panama; Darién; from Bouvier).—FuuRMaANN, Abh. Senck. naturf. Ges., vol. 36, Heft 2, pp. 277-283, 1915 (listed). ONYCHOPHORES OF PANAMA—CLARK AND ZETEK 211 New Records —El] Cermeno, Panama; J. Zetek, July 8, 1941. Female: (1) 35 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 30 pairs of legs. Balboa; J. Zetek, 1944. Females: (1) 50 mm. long, 34 pairs of legs. (2) 50 mm. long, 33 pairs of legs. (3) 45 mm. long, 33 pairs of legs. (4) 35 mm. long, 33 pairs of legs. (5) 25 mm. long, 33 pairs of legs. Males: (1) 28 mm. long, 29 pairs of legs. (2) 27 mm. long, 29 pairs of legs. (3) 25 mm. long, 30 pairs of legs. (4) 25 mm. long, 29 pairs of legs. (5) 25 mm. long, 29 pairs of legs. Range—Cayenne; Surinam (Paramaribo); Venezuela (Caracas, Mérida, Valencia, Haut-Sarare, Bas Sarare); Colombia (Santa Marta); Panama (El Cermeno, Panama Station, Panama Railway); Canal Zone (Balboa); Darién. Notes —At El Cermeno this species was found in situations similar to those frequented by Oroperipatus corradi, though more often under boards resting on the ground. EPIPERIPATUS BIOLLEYI (Bouvier) Peripatus biolleyi Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1902, p. 258 (San José, Costa Rica); Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 9, zool., vol. 2, p. 321, pl. 10, fig. 85, text figs. 115, 116, p. 323, and figs. 117, 118, p. 324, 1905. Epiperipatus biolleyi A. H. CuarK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 18, 1913.—FusRMANN, Abh. Senck. naturf. Ges., vol. 36, Heft 2, pp. 277-283, 1915.—A. H. Cuark, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, p. 3, 1937 (Parismina and La Caja, San José, Costa Rica). New record.—E] Cermino, Panama; J. Zetek, July 1941. Females: (1) 41 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 30 pairs of legs. (2) 38 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 30 pairs of legs. Range.—Costa Rica (San José, and La Caja, San José, Surubres near San Mateo, and Parismina); Panama (El Cermeno). Note-—At El Cermeno this species occurred in much the same situations as 2. edwardsit. ADDENDUM Dr. Otto Fuhrmann (1912, p. 190) gives Epiperipatus simoni (Bouvier) as ranging from Brazil and Guiana to Panama. There are no published records of this species from anywhere west of Venezuela. He also included “Brazil” in the range of “piperipatus edwardsii, but we know of no record of this species from that country. 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY BLANCHARD, EMILE. 1847. Malacopodes (Malacopoda de Blainville). Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 8, pp. 137-141. 1849. Recherches sur l’organisation des vers. Pt. 3 of Milne-Edwards’s ‘Recherches Anatomiques et Zoologiques Faites pendant un Voyage sur les Cétes de la Sicile. . . .”’ 353 pp., 26 col. pls. Bouvirr, Evcmne L. 1899a. Sur les variations et les groupements spécifiques des Péripates américains. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 128, pp. 1344-1346. 1899b. Nouvelles observations sur les Péripates américains. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 129, pp. 1029-103]. 1900. Observations nouvelles sur les Peripatus [Onych.]. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1900, pp. 394-395. 1902. Peripatus biolleyi, onychophore nouveau de Costa-Rica. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1902, pp. 258-259. 1905. Monographie des onychophores. Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 9, vol. 2, Nos. 1-3, pp. 1-383, 140 figs., 13 pls. 1906. Observation biologique. Le Peripatus edwardsi au Brésil. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1906, p. 268. 1907. Catalogue des onychophores des collections du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1907, pp. 518-521. 1908. Sur le Peripatus brasiliensis Bouv. Bull. Soc. Philomat., ser. 9, vol. 10, pp. 50-52. 1928. A propos des observations du Fr. Claude-Joseph sur un Péripate du Chili. Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 10, vol. 11, fase. 2, p. 260. Brues, CHartes THOMAS. 1911. A new species of Peripatus from Grenada, with observations on other species of the genus. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, pp. 306-318, 2 pis. 1913. Preliminary Cescriptions of two new forms of Peripatus from Haiti. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, pp. 519-521. 1914. A new Peripatus from Colombia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 58, pp. 375-382, 2 pls. 1917. A new species of Peripatus from the mountains of northern Peru. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, pp. 883-387, 1 pl. 1923. The geographical distribution of the Onychophora. Amer. Nat., vol. 57, pp. 210-217. 1925. Notes on Neotropical Onychophora. Psyche, vol. 32, pp. 159-165. 1935. Varietal forms of Peripatus from Haiti. Psyche, vol. 42, pp. 58-62. BrueEs, C. T., and MeLanpEer, AXEL LEONARD. 1932. Classification of insects: A key to the known families of insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 73, 672 pp. (Onychophora, pp. 532-533, figs. 998-1002.) CAMERANO, LORENZO. 1898. Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nella Repubblica dell’ Ecuador e regioni vicini, VII: Onicofori. Bull. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino,,. vol. 13, No. 316, pp. 1-38. ONYCHOPHORES OF PANAMA—CLARK AND ZETEK 213 CriarK, Austin Hopart. 1913a. A revision of the American species of Peripatus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, pp. 15-20, Jan. 18. 1913b. Notes on American species of Peripatus, with a list of known forms. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 17, pp. 1-5, Jan. 25. 1913c. Piccole note su degli Onychophora. Zool. Anz., vol. 42, pp. 253-255, July 18. 1914a. Notes on some specimens of a species of onychophore (Oroperipatus corradoi) new to the fauna of Panama. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 1-2, Feb. 21. 1914b. On some onychophores (Peripatus) from the Republic of Panama. Zool. Anz., vol. 45, pp. 145-146, Dec. 4. 1915a. The present distribution of the Onychophora, a group of terrestrial invertebrates. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 1-25, Jan, 4. 1915b. A note on the occurrence of Epiperipatus imthurmi (Sclater). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, p. 182, Nov. 29. 1929. Peripatus from the Island of Montserrat. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washing- ton, vol. 31, p. 139. 1937. On some onychophores from the West Indies and Central America. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, pp. 1-3. CockERELL, THEODORE D. A. 1913. A Peripatus from Guatemala. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, pp. 87-88. FUHRMANN, OrTo. 1912. Quelques nouveaux Péripates américains. Mém. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., vol. 5, pp. 176-192, 16 figs. 1913. Uber einige neotropische Peripatus-Arten. Zool. Anz., vol. 42, pp. 241-248. 1915. Uber eine neue Peripatus-Art vom Oberlauf des Amazonas. Abh. Senck. naturf. Ges., vol. 36, pp. 277—283, 1 fig., 1 pl. Marcus, Ernst. 1937. Un onychophoro novo, Peripatus (Epiperipatus) evelinae, sp. nov., de Goyaz. Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. 21, pp. 903-910, 2 pls. Picapo, C. 1911. Sur un habitat nouveau des Peripatus. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1911, pp. 415-416. Waeever, WILLIAM Morton. 1898. A new Peripatus from Mexico. Journ. Morph., vol. 15, pp. 1-8, 1 pl. U, 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1946 a 1 R i M irae Mi Hi i ith PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued \° SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1946 No. 3198 ECHIUROID WORMS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN By Watrer Kenrick FIsHer Tue echiuroids, sometimes called spoon worms from the shape of the contracted prostomium or proboscis, are cigar-shaped or sausage- shaped creatures, essentially highly muscular sacs filled with fluid in which the long alimentary canal and other organs have great freedom of movement. The mouth is anterior, usually at the base of a snout or a long proboscis used for gathering food. The skin is highly gland- ular and is covered by a very thin cuticle. Typically there are two hooked setae behind the mouth, and two genera have either one or two circles of setae at the posterior end of the body. The alimentary canal, in contrast to that of most annelids, is several times the length of body and consists of a long foregut, differentiated into pharynx, esophagus, gizzard, and stomach, a still longer midgut or intestine, accompanied for a considerable part of its length by a collateral intestine, or siphon, and finally a short hind-gut or cloaca, into which empty two usually voluminous, sometimes branched, vesicles, the walls of which are studded with minute ciliated funnels. The anterior nephridia, typically elongate, thin-walled sacs, varying from one to many, but usually from one to four pairs, have a basal or terminal nephrostome, the lips of which may be greatly prolonged and spirally twisted. The nephridia vary greatly in size and when filled with eggs or sperm are often very large. The vascular system consists of a ventral vessel following the nerve cord to form a loop in the proboscis from the tip of which a median vessel passes backward in the proboscis and along the dorsal side of foregut to beginning of midgut, where a neurointestinal vessel joins it to the ventral vessel. In Urechis there are no blood vessels. 215 *70329—46——1 216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Echiuroids are burrowers in mud or sand, where they fashion more or less permanent tunnels. Sometimes they live under rocks; some- times in mud-filled mollusk shells or sand-dollar tests, which afford some protection; or they inhabit the rock galleries excavated by boring clams. Their food consists of organic material contained in the mud which they swallow in large quantities, or of lighter organic detritus selected by the usually long proboscis. In the same species from dif- ferent localities the intestinal pellets vary with the character of the bottom. One genus (Urechis) has very specialized feeding habits and uses only finely divided material, including bacteria. It is probable that any small organisms living in the surface film of mud will be eaten by echiuroids. Gislén (1940, p. 30) found the intestinal pellets of Echiurus echiurus “to consist of the same stuff as that which is formed by the detritus-film growing on the aquarium bottom. There are thus plenty of sand grains; further the pellets consist of diatoms, algal threads, debris of leaves of phanerogams (Zostera et al.), Infusoria, Bacteria, occasional Nematodes and Rotatoria and, to a large extent, of amorphous brown stuff which emanates from decomposed organic substance.” The smallest sexually mature echiuroid I have ever seen is a Listriolobus pelodes 7 mm. long (0.275 of an inch), and the largest is Urechis caupo, 470 mm. long preserved, or 18.5 inches. I have seen a relaxed living Urechis cauwpo 19.75 inches long. The Japanese Ikeda taenioides, a remarkable and isolated form, attains a body length of 16 inches with a proboscis of 58 inches, or a total length of 6 feet 2 inches (Ikeda, 1907, p. 20). More helpless, unprotected animals can scarcely be imagined. The immature stages are prey for every predaceous inhabitant of the sea bottom. The adults are regularly eaten by fishes, especially flatfishes and rays, as well as by the Indians of Chiloé Island, Chile (Gay, 1854, p. 475). In Japan and Korea Urechis unicinctus is extensively used as bait. Sato (1939, p. 319) states that in Korea the natives catch it by means of iron hooks and dry it for food. Systematics of the Echiuroidea present the usual problems in addition to others inherent to the group. The principal difficulty is the lack of structures having a permanent form. The setae are of very limited use; everything else is soft and capable of distortion. The practical difficulties encountered are those which would confront the student of holothurians if these creatures did not carry embedded in the skin a species label in the guise of characteristic calcareous deposits. Most of the generic and specific characters of echiuroids must be sought by careful dissection of the internal organs, which are susceptible to variation arising from accidents of fixation. Never- theless, a fairly satisfactory system of genera can be constructed. But it is obvious that closely related species may not be recognized, ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—-FISHER 217 or if recognized they may be impossible to describe in the absence of trenchant characters. Descriptions of echiuroids based on external characters or on a very summary enumeration of a few internal features have made it difficult to determine the generic position of a number of described forms. It has been a time-honored procedure to classify the echiuroids, sometimes in combination with the sipunculoids and priapuloids, under the name Gephyrea, as a class of the Annelida. In 1898 Prof. Adam Sedgwick, in his “‘Students’ Textbook of Zoology,” set up separate phyla for the Sipunculoidea and Priapuloidea but retained the Echiuroidea as a class of the Annelida. Since the development of Urechis caupo has been thoroughly elucidated (Newby, 1940), it is now known that the echiuroids are not more closely related to annelids than to mollusks. Dr. Newby writes at length on a com- parison of echiuroid development with that of the other invertebrates and on the phylogenetic position of the Echiuroidea. In conclusion he says (p. 209): There are many echiuroid characteristics which indicate that this group is separate from the annelids: (a) The mode of development of the first somatoblast is different. (b) The anus is not homologous in the two groups and no procto- daeum is formed in echiuroids. (c) The mesodermal bands do not develop teloblastically in echiuroids. (d) The elongation of the larva is not teloblastic in echiuroids. (e) Three layers of body muscles are formed in echiuroids. (f) The ectomesoderm contributes to the body musculature in echiuroids. (g) A ciliated intestinal groove is formed in echiuroids and this becomes the primordium of the siphon. These structures are not found in the annelids. (h) Anal vesicles, probably of endodermal origin, are found in echiuroids. (i) The coecum of the larval digestive tract becomes a linear part of the adult tract in echiuroids. (j) The mesodermal bands of echiuroids show no evidence of segmentation. (k) The lack of segmentation in the mesoderm considered with the questionable nature of the segmentation of the nervous system and mucous glands and further considered with the “‘segmentation”’ of the shell glands of the chitons (molluscs) makes it appear probable that the echiuroids have a primary lack of metamerism. Against these numerous differences there are only three clear-cut characteristics in common between the echiuroids and annelids which are not also possessed by the mollusks. (a) The annelidan cross develops in both groups. (b) Both groups possess setae. (However setae are to be found in another group of animals [Brachiopoda] which do not belong to the Annelida.) (c) The lateral halves of the nervous system become merged into single, unpaired structures. With the above facts in mind it is evident that the echiuroids are only distantly related to the annelids. When numerous differences which appear in their development are considered, it seems improbable that the inclusion of the echiu- roids with the annelids as a sub-phylum or class, is justified. It is probably more accurate to consider the Echiuroidea as forming a separate phylum, distinct from the phylum Annelida, and I herewith propose that they be so considered. In the keys no mention is made of pithetosoma Danielssen and Koren, 1881. Théel (1906, p. 9) has demonstrated satisfactorily that the animal is not an echiuroid, but most likely a nemertean. I18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Neither is Poeobius meseres Heath (1930) included. This remarkable pelagic transparent worm was first taken in 350 meters, Monterey Bay, Calif., and was later found to be abundant off southern Alaska. Its anatomy has been fully described by Professor Heath. Sub- sequently the writer observed and sketched a living animal. The blood vessels are clearly visible and contain a dull green fluid, but the enlargement of the dorsal vessel is dull red. Blood vessels extend to tip of the 2 prostomial palps and the 10 (possibly peristomial) cirri. The creature has no paired appendages, no somatic segmentation, and no setae. ‘The nervous system conforms to the usual annelidan type, with supra-oesophageal ganglion, circum-oesophageal connec- tives, and a ventral nerve chain comprising 11 pairs of ganglia with the usual commissures and connectives. The somatic musculature comprises four great longitudinal bands, extending throughout the length of the body, and a more delicate external sheath of circular fibres.’”’? This is the annelid pattern and distinctly not the echiuroid. The head is unlike that of any known echiuroid but resembles that of some polychaete annelids. The alimentary canal and nephridia seem to the writer to be specialized in much the same way as in the case of Sternaspis, which in one species (S. spinosus Sluiter) has the prostomium prolonged outward on each side to form a grooved palplike organ. The Scoleciformia, however, have definite mesoder- mal segmentation. The difficulty in finding a place for Poeobius may well mean that it is not an annelid or a echiuroid or a link between the two. Although nothing whatever is known of the development of Poeobius, we have to assume that mesodermal segmentation is absent; therefore it is not an annelid. Its nerve cord is segmented (implying pseudometamer- ism). The nerve cord of larval echiuroids is segmented, but this is lost in the adult, suggesting that the ancestors, while deprived of mesodermal metamerism, still had a pseudometamerism of the nerve cord. A tenable hypothesis is that the echiuroids and Poeobius stemmed from a common group that was as fundamentally un- segmented as the Amphineura among mollusks. According to this view Poeobius is the survivor of a lesser phylum, comparable to the Phoronidea and Priapuloidea. As the genus now floats in a sort of taxonomic limbo, it may be provisionally assigned to a new phylum, POEOBIOIDEA. The region covered by this report includes all the water north of a line drawn from Cape San Lucas, Baja California, to the southern end of Sakhalin Island on the east Asiatic coast. The Gulf of Cali- fornia has been included, and a species long ago dredged by the Albatross in Japanese waters has been added, as it modifies the concept of Acanthohamingia, which I wished to include in the key. ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 219 The specimens upon which this paper is based have been accumu- lated slowly over a considerable period of years.!. In addition, the material belonging to the United States National Museum was placed at my disposal, and an important collection belonging to the Allan Hancock Foundation of the University of Southern California was tendered by Dr. Olga Hartman. The types of all the new species are in the collection of the National Museum. The following new genus, based on an extralimital species, will be found in the text: Lissomyema, type Thalassema mellita Conn (under Listriolobus). Phylum ECHIUROIDEA’ Echiuroidea Sepewick, 1898, p. 527 (class of Annelida). Unsegmented, bilateral, fusiform or sacculiform animals with anterior mouth and posterior anus, but no proctodaeum; a long con- voluted alimentary canal lying in a spacious coelom of schizocoelous type; a muscular body wall composed of three layers, of which the middle (with one exception) is composed of longitudinal fibers; with one to very numerous anterior nephridia functioning as gonothecae; with typically two anal vesicles having numerous ciliated funnels and functioning as excretory organs; alimentary canal typically with collateral intestine or siphon; usually with a prostomial proboscis, which may exceed length of body but which is sometimes absent; usually with ectodermal setae, of which two, ventrally situated be- hind mouth, are most constantly present, together with sometimes one or two circles at posterior end of body; but setae absent in a few genera; ventral nerve cord unsegmented forming, around the mouth, a loop which follows border of proboscis; gonad, where known, in mesentery above nerve cord, or in the mesenteries surrounding cloaca. KEY TO CLASSES a'. Body wall with innermost circular or oblique layer of muscles well developed; anal vesicles present; collateral intestine or siphon well developed; pro- boscis and anterior setae present in nearly all species. _.Echiurida (p. 220) 1 IT am especially beholden to my former colleague Prof. George E. MacGinitie for material of Urechis caupo, Listriolobus pelodes, and Ochetostoma octomyotum; to Edward F. Ricketts for the type of Mchiurus echiurus alaskanus and 4 small collection made by him and John Steinbeck in the Gulf of California; to Dr. Olga Hartman for a specimen of Lissomyema mellita; to Prof. 8. F. Light for a perfect specimen of Listriolobus pelodes; to the Museum of Comparative Zoology for a specimen of Urechis chilensis; to Dr. W. L. Lioyd, Cabrillo Marine Museum, San Pedro, Calif., for the loan of a specimen of Ochetostoma octomyotum; to Prof. John H. Gerould for the loan of several rare reprints; and to Dr. Waldo L, Schmitt, U. 8. National Museum, for numerous favors. 1 Echiuroidea was introduced as a subphylum by A. H. Clark (Bull, Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, No, 400, p. 24, 1921) and as a phylum by W. W. Newby (1940, p. 210) and Libbie H, Hyman (1940, pp. 34, 58). Asa matter of record, Edward F. Ricketts was the first to use Echiuroidea as a phylum name, in an excellent semipopuloer text “Between Pacific Tides’ (Ricketts and Calvin, 1939, p. 272), perhaps incited thereto by the present writer who has advocated this procedure to his classes for 20 years. 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 a. Body wall with innermost circular layer missing or degenerated to a net of fibers; no anal vesicles; apparently no siphon; no proboscis and no ROP Re Oi yt a BL RU ANU 2 Ae taeda Tt As ed Cae Br a Sactosomatida * Class ECHIURIDA KEY TO ORDERS a!. In body wall longitudinal muscle layer lying between outer circular layer and inner oblique layer; nephridia, normally paired, not excessively nu- merous. b!. A closed blood-vascular system; no specialization of intestine for anal TESPITATIO Me 2 PN Nig A le Whe MUL li NE Echiuroinea Bock (p. 220) b?. No vascular system, coelomic fluid being heavily charged with large blood corpuscles containing hemoglobin or hemoglobin plus hematin; in- testine with terminal portion enlarged, thin-walled, to receive water from) cloacal qoamapi ee el es Xenopneusta, new order (p. 262) a’. Longitudinal layer of body wall lving outside of both the circular layer and inner oblique layer; nephridia excessively numerous, unpaired (and with terminal nephrostome); proboscis excessively long. Heteromyota,! new order Order ECHIUROINEA Bock, emended ‘ A closed blood-vascular system; no specialization of intestine for anal respiration. KEY TO FAMILIES a!. Dimorphic; male degenerate, planarianlike, parasitic in or on female; female resembling 7'halassema but with bifid proboscis in some genera; anal vesicles consisting of branched tubules ending in numerous ciliated cups; anterior setae sometimes present; posterior setae absent__--__ Bonelliidae (p. 249) a’. Not dimorphic; proboscis usually conspicuous, sometimes several times length of body, but never bifid; absent in one genus; anal vesicles not branched but in form of elongate sacs, surface of which is covered with minute cilated funnels; anterior paired setae present in all genera, posterior setae in ehaieriis) Ouly 22) 2 MUS ENE NOP RR Sy (seh ik iN en Echiuridae (p. 221) 3 New name for Saccosomatida Théel (1906, p. 14). Théel instituted the group as a suborder for Sacco- soma vitrewm Danielssen and Koren (1881, p. 34, pl. 6, figs. 1-8). This species is based on a single small example dredged in 1,215 fathoms north of the Faroe Islands. It is a female and the species may prove to be dimorphic, as there is a single nephridium filled with eggs and opening near the mouth. The proboscis may have been lost. It is aberrant from all other echiuroids and may not be an echiuroid. Saccosoma Danielssen and Koren is preoccupied by Saccosoma Motschoulsky, 1859, in Coleoptera (Bull. Acad. St. Pétersbourg, vol. 1, column 304). The new name “Sactosoma” (with identical meaning) is proposed to replace Saccosoma Danielssen and Koren. 4 Based on the remarkable genus Ikeda Wharton, 1913, pp. 243-270. Type, Thalassema taenioides Ikeda, 1904, p. 63; 1907, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2, figs. 18-22; pl. 3, figs 23-36; pl. 4, figs. 37-47. This large echiuroid, with a proboscis upward of a meter or more in length and nephridia from 200 to 400 in number without indication of paired arrangement, is so different from the general run of the phylum that it deserves to be set apart as the type of at least a distinct order. The arrangement of muscle layers is different from that of all other echiuroids and indicates a long separation from typical stock. See Sato, 1931. p. 179. ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 221 Family ECHIURIDAE (de Blainville, 1827, restricted) KEY TO GENERA a'. Two circles of posterior setae__._--.---- Echiurus Guérin-Méneville (p. 225) a?. No posterior setae present. Be Pranoneis BDSGI te eee ee Arhynchite Sato (p. 247) b!. Proboscis present. cl. No differentiated thicker bands in longitudinal muscle layer. d'. Nephrostome of nephridia without elongated, spirally coiled lips. Thalassema Lamarck (p. 230) d@. Nephrostome with elongated, spirally coiled lips. Anelassorhynchus Annandale (p. 221) ce. Longitudinal muscle layer with very slight to pronounced differentiation into longitudinal bands, 8 or more in number. d'. Nephrostome of nephridia without spirally coiled lips; inner layer of muscles not differentiated into separate transverse fascicles between longitudinal bands___.-_------- Lissomyema, new genus (p. 224) d?. Nephrostome with elongated spiral lips. e!. Differentiated longitudinal muscle bands weak, zones between not showing a fasciculate arrangement of inner oblique muscles; in small specimens longitudinal bands very faint or visible only in posterior region______..------- Listriolobus W. Fischer (p. 233) e?. Longitudinal muscle bands strongly developed, zones between crossed by separated fascicles of innermost, oblique layer. fi. Nephridia in 1 to 5 pairs; vascular ring vessel at beginning of midone is 8s Ochetostoma Leuckart and Riippell (p. 240) f?. Nephridia, at least in male, in 6 to 14 groups of 1 to 4, the groups arranged in pairs; vascular ring vessel at posterior end of PEGE een | See eS Ikedosoma Bock (p. 224) Remarks.—In the foregoing synopsis all the generic divisions, with the exception of Echiurus, are the result of subdividing the old genus Thalassema. In a very real sense these groups are provisional because adequate descriptions and figures of the internal structure of many species have not been published. THALASSEMA Lamarck.—The genus has been restricted to a few species grouped around the type, Thalassema thalassema (Pallas), generally known as 7h. neptuni Gaertner. The middle, longitudinal layer of muscle fibers of body wall shows no sign of differentiation into thicker bands. The internal opening of the nephridia is very simple, without prolongation into spirally coiled lips. ANELASSORHYNCHUS Annandale (1922, p. 148).—It may not be of any practical value to recognize this group. ‘The species differ from Thalassema in having the nephrostome lips prolonged and spirally coiled, but little is known of other details of the internal anatomy. Annandale based the genus on the structure of the proboscis of four estuarine species occurring in brackish water of India and Siam. He says: The genus consists of Echiuridae allied to Thalassema Gaertner, but differing in the structure, function, and physiology of the proboscis. This organ is rela- tively stout and short, incapable of great prolongation or autotomy. The ciliated 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 groove on its ventral surface is feebly developed and the lateral margins of the ventral surface bear (except in A. microrhynchus) gill-like outgrowths. The longitudinal muscle-fibres of the body form a single sheath and the musculature bears a close resemblance to that of some species of Thalassema. ‘There are two pairs of nephridia. The anal funnels are simple and thin-walled; their ciliated funnels are minute. The type-species is A. branchtorhynchus (Annandale & Kemp). The other species are A. dendrorhynchus (Annandale & Kemp), A. sabinum (Lanchester) and A. microrhynchus (Prashad). It seems to me that the modifications of the proboscis, which exhibit a number of gradations in complexity, are adaptations to an ecology in various ways abnormal, a parallel development being found in Ochetostoma arkati (Prashad). But these species agree with certain others in having a more specialized nephrostome than is found in Thalassema thalassema and close allies. 1. With two pairs of nephridia (behind the setae): sabinuwm Lanchester, branchiorhynchus Annandale and Kemp, dendrorhynchus Annandale and Kemp, microrhynchus Prashad, semoni Fischer. 2. With three pairs of nephridia, all three opening behind the setae: mucosa Ikeda, vegrande Lampert (no proboscis). First pair opening in front of setae: inanense Ikeda, moebii Greef. Unless some definite character other than the nephrostome is dis- covered, there will be a practical difficulty in distinguishing young Iistriolobus, in which the differentiation of longitudinal muscle bands is very weak. Lissomyrma.—Through the kindness of Dr. Olga Hartman I have received a specimen of Thalassema mellita Conn collected by her at the type locality, Beaufort, N. C., in June 1940. It is 36 mm. in length, with proboscis 16 mm. additional. From the outside the eight longitudinal muscle bands are clearly visible. Figure 10 represents a dissection of the anterior portion. The muscle bands are much more sharply delimited than in Listriolobus by having an incipient fasciculation of the muscles of the oblique layer, possibly representing the first stage in the differentiation of the strong trans- verse bundles characteristic of Ochetostoma. The species has simple fan-shaped nephrostomes and very heavy interbasal and radiating seta muscles. The gizzard is relatively short and the stomach (C) is relatively long. An individual variation is the presence of three nephridia on one side and two on the other. The species is described Ficure 10.—Lissomyema mellita (Conn): Dissection of anterior region of a specimen from Beaufort, N.C., X 12. Six of the eight muscle bands are diagrammatically indicated by dots. The alimentary canal is drawn to the right to disclose the organs beneath it. (B!, B38, B4, dorsal, neurointestinal, and ventral blood vessels; C, stomach; G, gizzard; I, intestine; MD, middorsal muscle band; MJ, interbasal muscle; MV, midventral muscle band; N, nephridia; NC, nerve cord; O, esophagus; P, pharynx; S, seta; Sil, beginning of siphon.) ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 293 Mos ith gm esk: MB: Ficure 10.—(See opposite page for legend). 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 as having two pairs. The anal vesicles are voluminous with numerous conspicuous ciliated funnels. The ventral blood vessel sends an important branch to the pharynx and esophagus. For this species, therefore, I propose the new genus Lissomyema, which differs from Thalassema in having eight well-differentiated longi- tudinal muscle bands and incipient fasciculation of the oblique layer; from Listriolobus and Ochetostoma in having simple fan-shaped nephro- stome without trace of spiral extensions. Type, Thalassema mellita Conn. (Fig. 10.) Ixreposoma Bock.—Thalassema elegans Ikeda’ does not belong in Thalassema. Ikeda (1907, p. 50) writes: “All the longitudinal lines visible on the outside, excepting the one which runs in the mid-ventral line and is superposed by the nerve-cord, appear on the inner surface of the body-wall as slightly elevated narrow ridges or thickenings of the longitudinal muscular layer. In the ten zones separated from one another by the above lines, the circular muscle fibres form more or less regularly arranged transverse bundles.’? This structure of the body wall closely approximates that of Ochetostoma, but elegans is peculisr in having numerous (13 to 27) nephridia in six or seven pairs of groups comprising one to three nephridia each. ‘The internal opening present at base is provided with 2 relatively short spiral lobes.”? The dorsal blood vessel ends with the “heart’’ on the hind end of the pharynx and is therefore shorter than in typical Echiuridae. “The neuro-intestinal vessel arises from the ventral median point of the ring-sinus, which surrounds the extreme hind end of pharynx”’ (ibid., p.52). There isno interbasal muscle and no intestinal coecum. Thalassema gogoshimense Ikeda (1904, p. 66, pl. 1, fig. 19) is ap- parently congeneric with elegans. The excellent colored figure shows the same white longitudinal stripes as elegans, reflecting the muscular structure of body wall. Ikeda says: “It shows an essential agreement with Thalassema elegans. Indeed, the agreement may be said to be complete, the only difference being that all the visceral organs in the present species are developed on a smaller scale in proportion to the smaller size of its body.” In the females, however, the nephridia are present in three pairs all situated behind the setae, while in the male they are in six to eight groups, arranged in pairs, each group with one to four nephridia, which are like those of elegans in structure. The above paragraphs were written and a name was assigned to the genus before I saw Bock’s paper. They are retained since we independently arrived at the same conclusion. 5 Ikeda, 1904, p. 65; 1907, p. 47, pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 4, figs. 48, 49; Sato, 1939, p. 356; Bock, 1942, p. 18. ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 995 Genus ECHIURUS Guérin-Méneville Echiurus Gu&RIN-MENEVILLE, 1831, p. 9, pl. 6, fig. 3 (ex Shipley, 1899, p. 342) (type, Lumbricus echiurus Pallas, 1766 = Echiurus pallasii Guérin-Méneville, 1831).—SxorrKoy, 1909, p. 80.—SpPENGEL, 1912b, p. 173. Echiuridae with two rings of posterior bristles, a well-developed proboscis, two or four nephridia (without spirally coiled lips), and a postpharyngeal diaphragm, which separates incompletely the small head coelom from the perivisceral cavity. ECHIURUS ECHIURUS ALASKANUS, new subspecies PuatTe 20 Echiurus Pallasii C. B. Wiuson, 1900, p. 174. Echiurus echiurus SPENGEL, 1912b, p. 183. Diagnosis.—Differing from typical F. echiurus (Pallas) of the north Atlantic and neighboring Arctic Ocean in having the proboscis strongly attached to the body and in having the posterior setae definitely curved rather than nearly straight. Length of type, 230 mm. plus much contracted proboscis, 20 mm. Description.—Length of body upward of 230 mm., commonly 100 mm., stout; proboscis adherent, fleshy, convex above, the edge in- curved ventrally, subtruncate distally, usually 15 to 20 mm. long in contracted state. On ventral surface of the proboscis a differentiated thickening extends as a low ridge from the mouth for about one- fourth length of proboscis but sometimes considerably farther. The integument is roughened by rings of prominent verrucae most crowded at ends of body. In the middle region, where they are generally less crowded, rings of more prominent verrucae alternate with zones of three to five rings in which the verrucae are smaller or more widely spaced, or both. The appearance depends largely upon the degree of contraction of the body muscles. The anterior setae are stout, strongly curved, and situated back of the base of proboscis a distance equal to about its greatest width. In each circle of anal bristles there may be variations of 6 to 8, as: 8-8 (posterior ring); 8-7; 8-6; 7-7; 7-6. In some specimens where the number is less, inequality of spacing indicates loss of setae. These posterior setae vary in degree of curvature but are slightly more curved than in typical /. echiurus. The anterior setae have a strong interbasal muscle connecting their inner ends. Occasionally a second seta, in process of formation, accompanies one of the primary. The principal posterior muscle from the setae attaches to body wall just behind the anterior nephridium. The inner circular layer of body muscle shows a division into closely placed fascicles at each end of body, where the animal is normally most contracted. 296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Nephridia 4, the anterior pair close behind the setae and a little farther from nerve cord. The funnel is conspicuous, with an undu- lating or frilled border, but is not prolonged into spiral lips. The nephridia of all specimens examined (taken in summer months) were contracted. In some cases they were very small, and the anterior pair very 1nconspicuous. Anal vesicles are simple, elongate, thin-walled sacs attached to ventrolateral wall of the cloaca and closely beset with minute ciliated funnels. DiapHracGo (pl. 20, figs. 1, 4). The diaphragm is a curious, thin- walled, funnel-shaped septum incompletely separating the peripharyn- geal coelom from the general body cavity. Its general form is best appreciated from the figure in which it is shown in a semidiagrammatic fashion. The anterior, roughly circular edge is completely attached to the body wall, while ventrally it is attached to body wall on each side of the nerve cord (which here lies within the ventral mesentery of pharynx and esophagus). A large oblique posterodorsal opening of the diaphragm (with complete free edge) allows the esophagus (with its strong ventral mesentery) to pass backward into the general coelom, sometimes above and sometimes below the interbasal muscle. The rim of aperture apparently has a sphincter. The two halves of the double ventral mesentery of esophagus merge with diaphragm along its paraneural part and a short distance above the nerve (pl. 20, fig. 5). ALIMENTARY CANAL. The pharynx remains always in the peri- pharyngeal coelom. Itis attached to the body wall by numerous strong muscular strands having an annular arrangement. There is a con- tinuation forward of the double ventral and dorsal mesenteries sep- arated into frenula. The dorsal blood vessel lies in this mesenterial complex. The head cavity is therefore much occluded by tissue. The lining of pharynx is anteriorly thrown into: coarse folds. The esophagus begins just behind the region of the radiating frenula of pharynx. It has, in the anterior portion, a dorsal mesentery of slender separate strands, but there is a double membranous ventral mesentery throughout its whole extent. This mesentery is anchored in the peripharyngeal chamber on each side of the nerve cord, where, a short distance above body wall, it merges with the diaphragm. By means of its muscular mesenteries, all of the esophagus can be with- drawn into the head cavity. The esophagus, on passing through the right side of the diaphragm close to posterior border, becomes a long gizzard, marked by rings, which are prominent annular ridges of the lming. Beginning with the gizzard the alimentary canal is moored only by dorsal mesenterial ribbons as far as the cloaca, which has radiating muscular frenula. Along the dorsal side of the gizzard held by a perforated mesentery ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 227 is the voluminous dorsal blood vessel with numerous papilliform branches, at least anteriorly. A very short rudimentary stomach or crop lies between the gizzard and beginning of intestine (indicated by the ventral ciliated groove). The lining of stomach is thrown into 12 strong longitudinal folds, contrasting sharply with the annular folds of gizzard. Where the stomach becomes intestine, the dorsal blood vessel splits to form the ring vessel. The intestine has the usual three parts: presiphonal, siphonal, and postsiphonal. The first is about as long as the gizzard, or a little longer if relaxed. The siphonal part, roughly 20 to 25 times length of presiphonal part, is marked by longitudinal folds of the lining which are evident super- ficially. The siphon is about one-fourth the diameter of the intestines. The postsiphonal intestine has thinner walls and is about 10 times the length of presiphonal segment. The ciliated groove forms a ridge along its ventral side, and ends at a coecum (not always inflated) just in front of the cloaca. The fecal pellets which fill this part of the intestine are elongate ellipsoids and sometimes contain coarse material. I have found leaves of the hemlock (7’suga). VAscULAR sysTEM. This consists of a dorsal and ventral blood vessel and neurointestinal connective. These vary in caliber in dif- ferent specimens. The dorsal vessel is likely to be considerably in- flated over part or the entire length of gizzard, with irregular lobose swellings anteriorly. The ventral vessel, attached to middorsal line of nerve cord, ends posteriorly as a solid cord just in front of the in- testinal coecum. The neurointestinal connective results from the branching of the dorsal vessel at the beginning of intestine by which the neurointestinal ring (B*) is formed. The connective branches again (B*), to form the muscle ring, before merging broadly with the ventral vessel (B*). Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 20609. Type locality — Auk Bay, Juneau, Alaska, collected by E. F. Rick- etts, August 14, 1931. Specimens examined.—One hundred and twenty-four as follows: COLLECTION OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY Kukak Bay, Shelikof Strait, Alaska, 12 specimens, under rocks, in mud; Me Millan, 1924. Wrangell, Alaska, 37 specimens; A. W. Greely and R. E. Snodgrass, 1897. Auk Bay, near Juneau, Alaska, 3 specimens, slate beach, under rocks, in muddy sand, lowest intertidal zone, July 17, 1931; E. F. Ricketts (also type from this locality, August 14, 1931). Huston Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 42 specimens; W. F. Thompson, July 1, 1913. Alaska, possibly Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, 5 specimens. 2I8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 CoLLEcTION oF U. 8S. Nationat MusEuM Cape Smyth, Alaska, 3 fathoms, No. 850, Point Barrow Expedition; 2 specimens in very bad condition, without proboscis; possibly these are intermediate with true echiurus. Off Cape Strogonof, Alaska, Albatross station 3291, lat. 56°58’30’’ N., long. 159°11’ W., 26 fathoms, black sand, gravel, 1 specimen from stomach of cod, in poor condition. Bristol Bay, Alaska, No. 4597, 2 specimens, one pee proboscis. Unalaska, Alaska, No. 16314, 2 specimens. Bering Island, Nos. 4151, 16315, 2 specimens, typical. Alitak Bay (iead of ae Bay), Kodiak Island, gravelly sand, January 22, 1941, 5 specimens. Stepovak Bay, Alaska, 15-90 fathoms, October 24, 1940, 1 specimen. Dolgoi Harbor, Alaska, October 6, 1940, 1 specimen. Wrangell, Alaska, No. 4538, August 28, 1882, under stones, 2 specimens. Chasina Bay, Alaska, No. 4601, 1 specimen. Saginaw Bay, Alaska, No. 4117, 1 specimen. Without stated locality (probably Unalaska), 5 specimens. Remarks. in sandy clay beach, 24 inches below the surface, along with a com- mensal polynoid annelid, Hesperonoé adventor (determined by Dr. Olga Hartman). The same species is commensal with Urechis caupo. This, the common Alaskan Echiurus, differs from the typical form of Europe and the north Atlantic coast of America in having the proboscis firmly attached to the body. All writers who have handled living Echiurus echiurus emphasize its habit of dropping the proboscis on the slightest provocation. Most of the 120 specimens of alaskanus were not handled with care but were simply dropped into alcohol; 106 of these specimens still have the proboscis firmly attached, while at least 5 lost the proboscis subsequent to fixing, apparently from rough handling. Under ordinary circumstances I should have given Brandt’s name sitkaensis to this form, assuming that Mertens would naturally have picked up at Sitka the common Alaskan species. J. W. Spengel (1912b), however, succeeded in obtaining one of Mertens’s two spec- imens, upon which Brandt based his description, and found that it differed fundamentally from Echiurus echiurus in having only two nephridia, as well as in certain other respects. The name sitkaensis is therefore definitely associated with a type specimen which has been redescribed by one of the best zoologists of his time. The ecology of Echiurus echiurus has been studied by Dr. Torsten Gislén (1940) chiefly at Kristineberg, Sweden. His very compre- 6 Torsten Gislén says: ‘‘As stated before the proboscis is very easily thrown off. In fact probably only very few men have seen a proboscis in connection with an Echiurus. Forbes and Goodsir say that it is so slightly affixed to the body as to break off at the least touch; in only one or two cases did they find it attached, and then it broke away immediately on the removal of the animal. Only in some exceptional instances have I been able to secure specimens with the proboscis retained.”” (Gislén, 1940, p. 10.) ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 299 hensive memoir is in the forefront of excellence and will long serve as a model for this type of work. ECHIURUS SITKAENSIS (Brandt) Thalassema (Echiurus) sitkaensis BRANDT, 1835, p. 62. Echiurus sitkaensis SPENGEL, 1912b, pp. 184-189. Diagnosis.—Corpus circiter tripollicare oblongum, e subbrunneo olivaceum, obscurius punctatum et transversim striatum. Proboscis latiuscula, carnea, transversim purpureo striata, apice emarginata, Unguiculi anterioris corporis partis et spiculae posterioris lutea. (Brandt.) Differing from £. echiurus in having two nephridia, in Jacking a differentiated ridge of tissue along ventral side of proboscis, and in having skin papillae subequal rather than in rings of larger papillae alternating with narrow zones of smaller. Remarks.—This species constitutes one of the major mysteries in the systematics of the Echiuroidea. Mertens collected two specimens at Sitka, both of which he dissected. One of these specimens, his notes on the dissections, and a life sketch in color reached the St. Petersburg Museum and were used by Brandt. Subsequently all these became available to Spengel, as he details in his Echiurus paper (1912b). Spengel made a thorough examination of what remained of the internal anatomy and was able to satisfy himself that only two nephrid- ia were present, in the location of the anterior nephridia of EF. echiurus. The proboscis was very adherent to the body, and it lacked the ridge of tissue on its concave under surface. As less important differences he lists: skin papillae subequal, in rather regular and very numerous rings (not rings of larger papillae alternating with zones of smaller); curvature of anal setae stronger than in echiurus; color, according to Mertens’s drawing, brownish olive spotted and cross-striped with darker, the proboscis flesh color with purple transverse stripes. The tough, nondeciduous proboscis is characteristic of the Alaskan Echiurus 1 have examined, but all these have the ventral ridge present, leaving as the principal characters of sitkaensis the two ne- phridia, absence of proboscis ridge, and the subequal papillae. Wilson (1900, p. 174) states that he examined Alaskan specimens of FE. echiurus (=alaskanus) collected by Dr. W. R. Coe in 1899. “This species was found abundantly at many different localities along the Alaskan coast south of the Peninsula and on adjacent islands, nearly always in rich black mud.”’ I have listed 120 speci- mens from Alaska and British Columbia. None of these is sitkaensis. If there is a species sitkaensis it may normally live below low tide and only occasionally be carried shoreward during heavy storms. 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Type.—Formerly in St. Petersburg Museum; collected by H. Mertens. Type locality —Sitka, Alaska. Genus THALASSEMA Lamarck Thalassema Lamarck, 1801, p. 328 (type, Lumbricus thalassema? Pallas, 1771, Spicilegia Zoologica, fase. 10, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 6). Diagnosis.—Kchiuridae with a well-developed proboscis but without anal bristles and without specialized bands in the longitudinal layer of body muscles; inner oblique layer smooth, except sometimes for a short distance at anterior end of body; anterior nephridia (gonothecae) one or two pairs, the internal ciliated funnel (nephrostome) without spiral lobes. ® THALASSEMA STEINBECKI, new species Fiaure 11 Diagnosis.—Small, slightly translucent, the proboscis as long as body, broad proximally, ribbonlike distally; nephridia, two pairs, the ciliated funnel with simple subcircular opening lacking any trace of spiral lips; interbasal muscle of setae well developed, strong, passing through loop of dorsoventral blood vessel; siphon beginning a short distance from vascular ring; precloacal intestinal coecum; intestinal mesenteries including conspicuous subfusiform fleshy masses; anal vesicles as long as contracted body, covered with numerous tiny ciliated funnels. Length of body 12 mm.; of proboscis, 12 mm. Description.—The skin is coarsely verrucose for a short distance back of proboscis and on terminal third of body; elsewhere the verrucae 7 Thalassema was first used in a generic sense by Lamarck. Although Pallas (Spicilegia, 1771) mentions». the name Thalassema as used by Joseph Gaertner, he names the animal Lwmbricus thalassema, which appears to be the first valid binomial referring to the species generally known as Thalassema neptuni Gaertner. The latter is in effect a manuscript name. Neither Shipley (1899, p. 351) nor Wharton (1913, p. 265), who have offered revisions of Thalassema, gives any reference for the combination Thalassema neptuni. Quatrefages (1865, vol. 2, p. 595) cites ‘‘Thalassema Neptuni Gaertner, cité par Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, fase. 10, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 6." Forbes, 1841, in his ‘‘History of British Starfishes and Other Animals of the Class Echino- dermata,’’ gives a good account of the habits of ‘‘Gaertner’s spoon-worm, Thalassema Neptuni Gaertner.” The first item in his list of references is Lumbricus Thalassema Pallas. The derivation of the word seems to be thalassos (sea) + ema (dart). 8 Shipley (1899, p. 351) in his revision of Thalassema is in error in the statement that the nephridia have their internal openings spirally twisted. Lankester (1881, p. 355) writes that they are semicircular and contrasts them with the spiral sort found in 7’. moebii, as figured in Greef’s ‘‘Die Echiuren” (1879, pl. 8, fig. 69). Ficure 11.—Thalassema steinbecki, new species: A, The type, X 14, showing arrangement of organs; the greater part of the intestine has been omitted and the foregut has been strongly bent to right in order to uncover the nephridia. B, A seta, X 20, from a specimen taken in 165 fathoms off San Francisquito Bay, Baja California; above, the hook, further en- larged. C, Ventral view of the type, X 4. (4V, Anal vesicle; B'!—B4, dorsal, ring, neuro- intestinal, and ventral vessels; C, stomach; CG, ciliated furrow of intestine; C/, cloaca; G, gizzard; J, intestine; JC, intestinal coecum; Me, mesenterial bodies; MJ, interbasal muscle of setae; N, nephridia; NC, nerve cord; O, esophagus; P, pharynx; S, seta; S11, anterior end of siphon.) ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—-FISHER 231 Ficure 11.—(See opposite page for legend). 2a PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 are obviously smaller, and there is a suggestion of transverse align- ment. The appearance of the skin will depend a good deal on the state of contraction of body wall. The middle portion of body is slightly translucent, not transparent in places as in Listriolobus pelodes. The setae have a stout interbasal muscle connecting the inner ends, from which radiate numerous fan-shaped sheets of muscle which attach broadly to the body wall. A posterior muscle passes over the first nephridium and merges with the body wall between the first and second nephridia. Setae 1.8 mm. long with a small hook, the point of which is at right angles to the shaft. In the type and a number of other specimens the hook is worn off. Inner layer of muscles of body wall smooth except in front of anterior nephridia where there is differentiation into about a dozen bundles passing around the body. The middle layer is undifferen- tiated as in other species of the restricted genus Thalassema. The four nephridia are small in the type, which is probably a male. In the specimen from station 2828 they are enormously inflated and full of eggs. In the type the ciliated funnel is very simple, with smooth lips forming an incomplete circle. In the female the funnel is flattened and pear-shaped and somewhat distorted by pressure, but there is no indication of elongation into spirals. The deflated anal vesicles are as long as the body and have the appearance of being capable of inflation to a great size. The alimentary canal is moderately long but conspicuously shorter than that of Listriolobus pelodes. The contents are not always formed into pellets. The foregut consists of a pharynx-esophagus, midway along which is a sharp bend. Both the gizzard and stomach are unusually short. The former is marked by ring striations. At the posterior end of the stomach is the ring blood vessel (6?) marking the beginning of the intestine, on the lower side of which is the ciliated groove. At a distance back of the ring vessel equal to about length of gizzard and stomach the siphon begins and runs for about half length of intestine. The ciliated groove continues to the intestinal coecum in front of the cloaca. The pharynx has a conspicuous ventral mesentery, and all along the canal are numerous dorsal mesenterial strands. Posterior to the region of the siphon the mesen- teries inclose, or hold, conspicuous yellowish-white masses, sometimes subfusiform or in irregular sheets, which remind one of the suet found in mammals. A squeeze reveals several sorts of cells, some of which may be immature sperm. The cloaca is small and thin-walled. The vascular system consists of the dorsal vessel ending posteriorly in the ring vessel, from which the neurointestinal connective passes to the ventral vessel, forming a loop enclosing the interbasal muscle of setae. The ventral vessel ends posteriorly at the intestinal coecum. In the female from station 2828 the vessels are the same. ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 233 Type-—U.S.N.M. No. 20600. Type locality—El Mogote, near La Paz, Baja California, low tide, March 22, 1940, 1 specimen, Steinbeck and Ricketts. Specimens examined.—LHight as follows: Albatross station 2828, Gulf of California, 24° 11’ 30’’ N., 109° 55’ W., 10 fath- oms, shells, 1 specimen. La Plata Island, Ecuador, 7-10 fathoms, rocky with nullipores, 2 specimens, Allan Hancock Foundation. Thurloe Bay, Baja California, 8-10 fathoms, rock with gorgonids, 1 specimen, Allan Hancock Foundation. Off San Francisquito Bay, Baja California, 165 fathoms, shale and gray mud, 1 _ specimen, Allan Hancock Foundation. Ensenada de San Francisco, Baja California, 2-6 fathoms, 1 specimen, Allan Hancock Foundation. Agua Verde Bay, Baja California, 10 fathoms, mud and coral, 1 specimen, Allan Hancock Foundation. Dewey Channel, San Eugene Point, Mexico, 21-24 fathoms, coralline, rock, 1 specimen, Allan Hancock Foundation. Distribution.—Baja California to Ecuador, low tide to 165 fathoms. Remarks.—Mr. Ricketts states that the type was associated with living Dentalium in sandy mud a short distance below the surface. The specimen from station 2828 has the intestine filled with small fragments of shells. As this species belongs in the restricted genus Thalassema, it naturally resembles Th. thalassema. The gizzard, stomach, and presiphonal intestine are definitely longer in the latter species and the anal vesicles smaller, although with such extensible structures it is difficult to make comparisons. It may be recorded that in alcoholic specimens there is no division of the body into three parts, which Leigh-Sharpe (1928, p. 501) reports as a characteristic of thalassema. The ecology of the two species is very different. Lankester (1881, p. 350) found thalassema on the south coast of Devonshire ‘‘in galleries excavated in the red sandstone (not limestone) which is exposed at spring tides. The galleries appear to be those formed by the Lamel- libranch Gastrochaena which the Thalassema appropriates.” Leigh- Sharpe (1928, p. 499) reports the species from borings in limestone made by the mollusk Sazicava, Plymouth Sound. Named for John Steinbeck, whose expedition to the Gulf of Cali- fornia collected the type. Genus LISTRIOLOBUS W., Fischer Listriolobus Spenace., 1912c, p. 316 (nomen nudum).—W. Fiscuer, 1926a, p. 210 (no type). (Type, Listriolobus bahamensis Fischer.) Diagnosis.—Differing from Thalassema, sensu stricto, in having elongate, spirally coiled lips to nephrostome and 8 to 16 narrow merid- ional thickenings of the middle, longitudinal muscle layer. Differing from Ochetostoma in having the inner oblique layer a smooth con- 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 tinuous sheet between the longitudinal bands, not divided into separate fascicles. Nephridia 2 or 3 pairs; interbasal muscle of setae present. The character of the longitudinal muscles is not well marked in L. pelodes until the animal has reached a length of 15 to 20 mm. and after it is sexually mature. Apparently in L. sorbillans (Lampert) a similar condition exists (Wharton, 1913). Even so, the structure of the nephrostome will segregate these species from true Thalassema. L. riukiuensis (Sato, 1939, p. 359, figs. 10-13) is probably not a Listriolobus. There is no interbasal muscle to setae; the diagram of the blood vessels is not the Listriolobus pattern. Spengel (1912c, p. 316) established Listriolobus for Thalassema erythrogrammon of Sluiter (1883) and of Wilson (1900). Sluiter’s species came from Billiton in the Java Sea while Wilson’s was taken in the Bahamas. Spengel had Sluiter’s animal and a duplicate, from Florida, of Wilson’s species, which he characterized as “nearly re- lated.’ Unfortunately, as neither of these species had a valid name, Listriolobus was without a type and was technically a nomen nudum. Spengel did mention Thalassema mellita Conn as a species inquirenda, ‘which species one must include in the above genus I can not at present decide, nor even whether or not it is justifiable to include such a form as Th. mellita, which has bundles of longitudinal muscles that arise from thickenings of the continuous longitudinal muscle layer.’ A few lines farther on he says: ‘‘The animals described by Sluiter and Wilson as Thalassema should be put in the same genus with Th. mellita because of the nature of the sheaths surrounding the tunic muscles. I propose the generic name Listriolobus for the species of Sluiter and Wilson.” Wilhelm Fischer (1926a, p. 110) discusses Listriolobus and names Wilson’s and Sluiter’s species Listriolobus bahamensis and L. billi- tonensis. So far as I know this is the first association of Listriolobus with a species from which a type can be chosen. Since Fischer did not do this I will so designate Listriolobus bahamensis Fischer, as being the species more likely to be available for study in the future. By implication Fischer includes Th. mellita Conn in Listriolobus, but I have made it the type of a new genus, Lissomyema. LISTRIOLOBUS PELODES, new species FicgurEs 12, 13; Puatr 21, Ficures 1, 2, 4, 4a, 4b; PLatE 22 Description.—Largest specimens 40-60 mm. long and 12—25 mm. thick; proboscis capable of extension to slightly exceeding length of body, narrow, thin, translucent, so that nerve loop is visible. Body wall tanslucent, marked by eight narrow longitudinal muscular thickenings which appear light gray against the darker and much broader areas between them. There are a middorsal and midventral ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC——-FISHER 935 Ficure 12.—Listriolobus pelodes, new species: Small specimen, X 15, showing arrangement of organs. The greater part of the intestine has been removed, In this specimen the nephridia are very small. Lettering as in figure us 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 band and three lateral, equidistantly spaced. The bands, 1.5 to 2 mm. broad, represent concentrations of longitudinal muscle fibers, which gradually thin out on the sides of the bands. The skin is beset. with small, unequal, subcircular and elliptical glandular thick- enings arranged in transverse close-set lines. At posterior end there is an area of greatly enlarged papillae. Coelomic surface of body wall smooth; innermost layer of slightly oblique muscle fibers very thin, uniform, not interrupted by the longitudinal thickenings of the middle layer. Setae 2, close together, and close to the mouth. Sometimes two setae occupy one of the sheaths, with a single normal one in the other. There is an interbasal muscle uniting top of the sheaths. This passes through a loop in the dorsoventral blood vessel. Nephridia 4, variable in size. In the type the anterior pair is smaller than the posterior, but in another specimen the anterior pair is the larger and the four are about five times the length of those of type. They have the same terminal slender portion, which can undoubtedly be expanded. Both specimens are males. The anterior pair is situated posterior to setae about the length of the latter. The ciliated funnel has long coiled lips and is attached to the outer side of the base of nephridium by a short stalk. In a third specimen the nephridia are empty and reduced to filaments slightly expanded at base. In a full-grown female (Tomales Bay) the nephridia are 20 mm. long, slender, and contain numerous eggs (June 7), 0.08 to 0.09 mm. in diameter. Anal vesicles 2, variable in size, capable of great extension. Each is fastened to body wall about 5 mm. laterally from the anus by one or two mesenteries and ventrally by another pair close to nerve. Into these, which appear hollow, extends a short diverticulum of the vesicle. There are scattered, very tiny, ciliated funnels. The well-preserved female from Tomales Bay has vesicles that extend as far forward as the large posterior nephridia and lack the basal diver- ticulum found in the male. ALIMENTARY CANAL. The pharynx extends to the sharp bend shown in the illustration, followed by the esophagus. The gizzard is short and the stomach relatively long, but there is bound to be variation in different specimens owing to the accidents of preservation. The intestine proper starts just back of the ring blood vessel, at the beginning of the ciliated groove, which soon becomes differentiated into the siphon. Even in the carefully hardened specimen from To- males Bay the intestinal wall is delicate and transparent. The length is difficult to measure on account of unequal contraction. The siphonal part is on the order of 100 mm. in length and the postsiphonal 125 mm. (length of specimen, 40 mm.). Throughout its length the intestine is stuffed with small unequal (1-2 mm.) ellipsoidal mud pel- ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 937 Ficure 13.—Listriolobus pelodes, new species: A sexually mature but small female, showing nephridia greatly swollen by contained eggs (not indicated), X 15. Lettering as in figure 11. 938 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 lets. Just before the hind-gut passes into the small cloaca there is a spherical ventral coecum, to which extends the ventral blood vessel. The vascular system can be readily followed on plate 22. The neurointestinal connective forms a loop around the interbasal muscle of the setae. The two flaplike expansions of this vessel, shown in the figure, are not present in the Tomales Bay specimen. The dorsal vessel varies widely in diameter being sometimes greatly inflated (Tomales Bay), the inflation extending into the neurointestinal connective. Owing to the very thin, translucent body wall the nerves can some- times be seen under strong illumination such as sunlight. They pass directly around the body, from the ventral nerve cord, without visible branches. The translucent proboscis affords an opportunity to trace the proboscis loop throughout its entire course (pl. 21, fig. 2). This ganglionic continuation of the ventral cord is near the margin of the proboscis, to which numerous tiny nerves pass from slight ganglionic thickenings on the outer side of the cord. No nerves, under favorable conditions, could be detected on the mesial side of the cord. Color in life: ‘‘Proboscis yellow orange, deepest on edge; body dull erey-violet with greenish raised specks about 0.5 mm. in diameter, spaced quite regularly about 0.5 mm. apart (the papillae); 8 lighter colored muscle bands’”’ (large specimen from Tomales Bay). SMALL PHASE (figs. 12, 13; pl. 21, figs. 4, 4a—b). Small examples are fairly common on muddy bottom in moderate depths off southern California and in Newport Bay. These preserve badly unless special care is exercised. They are usually strongly contracted into sub- spherical form and vary greatly in appearance. Sometimes the body wall is rather uniformly transparent but more often the posterior portion is opaque. This region may be smooth or thrown into eight meridional swellings which occasionally extend the whole length, giving the appearance of a tiny melon. These swellings are caused by the contraction of the eight muscle bands and are found in strongly contracted specimens 7 mm. long. But specimens in which the body wall is stretched and transparent do not show indications of differ- entiated muscle bands until much later—at a length of about 15 to 20 mm. In the very small sizes the muscles are likely to show first posteriorly and ventrally. A specimen 20 mm. long from 55 fathoms off Santa Cruz Island has the 8 bands fully developed. Even in large specimens (40 mm.) the bands are not always equally conspicuous. I have found a specimen 7 mm. long sexually mature. Normally these small examples are transparent in the midregion so that the nerve cord, intestinal pellets, and egg-laden nephridia can be plainly seen as yellowish bodies in life. The intestine is characteristically thin-walled, transparent, and highly convoluted and taxes the capacity of the body cavity. Its walls are greatly distended with mud pellets ECHIUROID WORMS OF NORTH PACIFIC—FISHER 239 about 1 mm. long. * ¢ NELLOBIA EUSOMA, NEW GENUS AND SPECIES fh ON SEE PAGE 299 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 31 ACANTHOHAMINGIA PARADOLA, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 289 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96—PLATE 32 P ail ACANTHOHAMINIGIA PARADOLA, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 209 PROCEEDINGS, VOL:96 PLATE 33 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM URECHIS CAUPO FISHER AND MACGINITIE 290 FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ray URECHIS CAUPO FISHER AND MACGINITIE OR EXPLANATION SEE PAGES 2 “3 PROCEEDINGS, VOE.~96) IP/EATE: 35 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM I mai ae * LDN Cea edbaaD URECHIS CAUPO FISHER AND MACGINITIE FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGE 291 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 36 2 ON fe] — a * URECHIS CAUPO, U. CHILENSIS, AND U. UNICINCTUS POR EXPLANA ‘ oAC 9 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 37 aH URECHIS CAUPO AND COMMENSALS FOR EXPLANATION SEE PAGES 291-292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. % Washington: 1946 No. 3199 THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE FOSSIL TURTLE TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS LAMBE, WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES OF TESTUDO FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF WYOMING By Craruzes W. Gitmore * Among the fossil vertebrate materials collected from the Oligocene of the Indian Creek Basin area in Wyoming by the Smithsonian Paleontological Expeditions of 1932 and 1942 were six well-preserved specimens of the land tortoise Testudo. Interest in these specimens centers primarily in the fact that they contribute the first information to be had of the skull and internal skeleton of Yestudo pracextans Lambe, as well as illustrating the individual variation found in the shell structure of that species. Two of these specimens pertain to Testudo laticunea Cope, this being the first time this species has been recognized in this area, Family TESTUDINIDAE Genus TESTUDO Linnaeus TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS Lambe PLates 38-41; PLare 44, Figure 2 Testudo praeeztans LaAmBE, Ottawa Nat., vol. 27, pp. 57-61, pls. 4, 5, 1913.—Hay, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 390, p. 104, 1930. Diagnosis.—The characters that at this time appear to distinguish Testudo praeextans are as follows: Carapace depressed, with flattened top in the vertebral region; prominent epiplastral lip, projecting beyond the borders of the carapace and with parallel sides; sulci usually shallowly impressed and usually ending, on free borders, in *Mr. Gilmore died on September 27, 1945.—Ep. 673370—46—1 293 294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 a projecting point or mucro; neurals variable but usually less dif- ferentiated than in most species of the genus; first neural longest of the series; entoplastron pointed in front, rounded behind; gular scutes constantly encroaching on the entoplastron; suprapygal usually in contact with the eleventh peripheral only, rarely reaching the pygal; median longitudinal ridge in front of the choanae. (LEER) ?:"* VG sililbs Wf Hue "A Wipe! Nl rr | | ZG = A, 9) LN A SSS SSS) RQ he Ke FAY Ficure 20.—Skull of Testudo praeextans Lambe (U.S.N.M. No. 15874), superior view: exoc, exoccipital; f, frontal; 7, jugal; mx, maxillary; occ, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; p, parietal; pf, prefrontal; pmx, premaxillary; prf, postfrontal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal. Natural size. Materials —The four specimens pertaining to Testudo praeextans are all from Niobrara County, Wyo., and from the Brule division of the Oligocene. The best-preserved specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 15874, col- lected in 1932, consists of the complete carapace, plastron, skull, lower jaws, pectoral and pelvic girdles, both humeri, both ulnae, one radius, both femora, both tibiae, one fibula, and parts of all four feet. It was found on the Anderson Ranch on the south side of Young Woman Creek; specimen U.S.N.M. No. 15878, collected in 1932, was found on the east side of Little Indian Creek and consists of the com- plete shell, parts of both humeri, both ulnae, both radii, one articulated forefoot, and portions of the other three forefeet; specimen U.S.N.M. OSTEOLOGY OF TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS—GILMORE 295 No. 16728 was found in 1942 about a mile north of Whitman Post- office and consists of carapace, plastron, humerus, both scapulae, both coracoids, both tibiae, both fibulae, tarsals, and some foot bones; specimen U.S.N.M. No. 16732 was collected in 1942 on the Anderson Ranch on the north side of Young Woman Creek and consists of carapace, plastron, pelvis, two humeri, coracoid, two scapulae, tibia, two ulnae, two radii, parts of both fibulae, and foot bones. DESCRIPTION Skull —Of the 48 or more species of Testudo described from North America, the skulls of only six are known at the present time. These are Testudo thomsoni Hay, T. peragrans Hay, T. osborniana Hay, T. impensa Hay, T. orthopygia (Cope), and T. gilberti Hay; and only one of these, 7. thomsoni, is from the Oligocene. To this list we may now add 7. praeextans Lambe, represented by an unusually well preserved skull and lower jaws belonging to specimen U.S.N.M. No. 15874 and illustrated in three views in figures 20-22. Ficure 21.—Lateral view of skull and lower jaws of Testudo praecextans Lambe (U.S.N.M. No. 15874): an, angular; ar, articular; c, coracoid; d, dentary; f, frontal; 7, jugal; mx, maxilla; occ, occipital condyle; p, parietal; pf, prefrontal; pmx, premaxillary; prf, post- frontal; gu, quadrate; sa, surangular; so, supraoccipital; sg, squamosal. Natural size. The skull and lower jaws of this specimen are practically complete and undistorted, with many of the cranial sutures clearly distinguish- able (fig. 21). The skull is of moderate size. Its length, from the tip of the premaxillary to the occipital condyle, is 81 mm.; its width across the squamosals is 57 mm.; the height from the cutting edge of the maxilla to the upper surface of the frontal is 26 mm. The sides of the skull forward to the backs of the orbits are nearly parallel; beyond here they regularly converge to the broadly rounded snout. Viewed from the side the upper outline of the skull is nearly straight to a point above the anterior borders of the orbits where the prefrontals bend strongly downward. 296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 The prefrontals meet along the median line, a distance of 16 mm., and this is also the length of the suture between the frontals. The lateral angles of the skull extend backward to a point slightly posterior to the occipital condyle. The orbit has a greatest anteroposterior diameter of 23 mm.; the nasal opening is 17 mm. wide; the interorbital space is 22 mm. wide. Viewed from above, the skull of Testudo praeeztans has its closest resemblances in the cranium of the Miocene T. osborniana, differing AS eT vu ™ ZU \\ } \ obs NS Q R A lisa Yad h \\ Zi \ ak \\ Ficure 22.—Palatal view of the skull of Testudo pracextans Lambe (U.S.N.M. No. 15874): bo, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; ect, ectopterygoid; mx, maxillary; occ, occipital condyle; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxillary; pt, pterygoid; gu, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; 5g, squamosal; 7, vomer. Natural size. in its smaller size, the more abruptly truncated snout, the more bluntly pointed squamosal region, the longer supraocciptal process, and the straighter cutting edge of the maxillary. The orbit also has a greater anteroposterior diameter, being one-fourth the over-all length of the skull. The anteroposterior extent of the otic region measured across the paraoccipital and the prootic is 22 mm. The incomplete skull of Testudo thomsoni, the only other Oligocene species in which the cranium is now known, differs from the skull OSTEOLOGY OF TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS—GILMORE 297 before me in having shorter prefontals, smaller frontals, and lonzi- tudinal channels on the masticatory surfaces unequal in width. Whether these differences constitute stable characters that can be relied upon for their specific separation cannot be determined until more skulls are available. The roof of the mouth is moderately vaulted and traversed along the midline by a sharp ridge (fig. 22), the anterior end of which abrupt- ly widens where the vomer articulates with the premaxillaries and ar, articular; c, coronoid; d, dentary; prar, prearticular; sa, surangular. Natural size. maxillary bones. Posteriorly this vomerine ridge underlaps the pterygoid part of the ridge, which merges into the palatal surfaces of the pterygoid slightly in advance of their median union with the basisphenoid. The masticatory surface of the maxillary is divided by a low median ridge that is received in a groove of the mandible. This ridge is bordered on each side by longitudinal grooves of about equal width. In this respect this specimen differs markedly from Testudo thomsoni, which has a very narrow inner groove and a widened outer groove. The inner ridge is unusually low, and it meets its fellow of the opposite side on the posterior border of the premaxillary. At the midline along the symphysis of the premaxillae there is a prominent longi- tudinal ridge, as in Gopherus and in some living species of Testudo. This ridge is absent in the skulls of other American fossil Testudo now known. It was the supposed absence of this ridge in front of the choanae that led Hay to use it as one of the important characters for distinguishing Testudo from Stylemys.' 1 Hay, O. P., Fossil turtles of North America. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75, p. 397, 1908, 298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 The lower jaw, as in Testudo generally, is massive and heavy. Its length from the symphysis to the angle is 59 mm., height at the coronoid process 59 mm., height at the symphysis 10.5 mm. The masticatory surface is traversed longitudinally by a deep groove. Inner cutting edge of the mandible is nearly as high as the outer. Inner cutting edge of the rami is separated by a notch at the sym- physis; cutting edge not denticulated. The extent of the several elements forming the mandible is clearly shown in figures 21 and 23. Figure 24.—Carapace of Testudo praeextans Lambe, type (C. N. M. No. 8401): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, neurals 1-8, respectively. One-sixth natural size. Carapace.—In the general contour of the carapace and plastron, but more especially in the depressed character of the shell as a whole, all these specimens are in close agreement with the type of the species. The carapaces of all are flattened on top in the vertebral region and when viewed from the side present a nearly straight profile except where they curve downward at the ends. This depression of the cara- pace, with the exception of Testudo laticunea Cope, appears to dis- tinguish this species from all other North American members of the genus. Among the large land tortoises only Testudo grandidieri Vaillant, of northern Madagascar, has a somewhat similar depressed and flattened shell. The four specimens under discussion show a considerable difference in size of the shell, as indicated in table 1. OSTEOLOGY OF TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS—GILMORE 299 TABLE 1.—Comparative measurements of carapaces of Testudo praeextans Specimen eo ee | eerie ee: Lee Mm. Mm, Mm. Percent C.N.M. No. 8401 (type) --- 479 410 120 | Female_-__-_- 85 Ub. MM. Mo. 15878... _- 485 392 140;|)' Males2es< - - 80 U.5.N.M..No. 16728. =.= --- 525 438 184 eee O0esa. 83 U.S.N.M. No. 16732____-_- 1 497 450 10 he) ed = da - 90 U.S.N.M. No. 15874___.--_- 540 452 NEO) [to oes ro ae 83 1 Shortened by crushing. The larger size of the National Museum specimens as compared with the type may be accounted for partly by difference in age and partly by sex. The hollowed-out plastra of the National Museum specimens clearly indicate them to be males, whereas the flattened plastron of the type of 7. praeertans shows it to be a female. Among living land tortoises it is a well-established fact that the males of a species attain a larger size than the females. Furthermore, that the larger specimens (U.S.N.M. Nos. 15874 and 16732) are aged individ- uals is shown by the strong incurving of the pygal region (pl. 40, fig. 1; pl. 41, fig. 2), for it has been observed by Lord Rothschild,’ in his study of the Galdipagos tortoises, that ‘very old individuals of both sexes show an inclination often very strong, for the supracaudal to curve round towards and even under the posterior end of the plastron.” Viewed from above, all the specimens (pls. 38, 39), including the type, are very similar in having their anterior borders broadly rounded from side to side; the breadth of the shell decreases more rapidly to- ward the front than toward the back, and so the posterior half has a squarer outline than the anterior half. This is brought about chiefly by the enlargement of the peripherals. The posterior border may be described as angularly rounded, though this contour differs con- siderably with the age of the individual. The oldest specimens (Nos. 15874 and 16732) are more squarely truncate across the pygal region than the others, owing to the downward and forward deflection of this midportion of the shell. The anterior peripherals in all specimens agree in being produced al- most horizontally forward; the lateral ones continue the general con- vexity of the shell downward, whereas those more posteriorly flare outward and somewhat upward above the openings for the posterior extremities. The nuchal, as shown by the measurements in table 2, is fairly con- stant in its extent and proportions. The same observation may be made of the pygal, suprapygal, and second suprapygal. ? Rothschild, L. W., Nov. Zool., vol. 22, p. 428, 1915. 300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 TaBLE 2.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of nuchals, pygals, and suprapygals of Testudo praeextans | Ss d Fi Nuchal Pygal au apaoel cunEeEnen Specimen Tana Trae Maxi- | Maxi- Maxi- | Maxi- | Maxi- | Maxi- | Maxi- | Maxi- mum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum length | width | length | width | length | width | length | width CNM: No: 8401! (type) 4 705 4) OSM ZO nis Gainer aoe 84| 102 U.S.N.M. No. 15878_- 82 103 66 76 51 74 81 99 U.S.N.M. No. 16728__| 102 Delta |i e OD ic PS ee Reale Ene | aa snr U.S.N.M. No. 16732__| 107 113 54 84 eh (| eee 87 99 U.S.N.M. No. 15874_.| 102 113 74 83 49 74 100 | 118 TABLE 3.—Comparison of shape of neurals of Testudo praeextans Neural | C.N.M. No. 8401 U.S.N.M. U.S.N.M. U.S.N.M. U.S.N.M. No. (type) No. 15878 No. 16732 No. 15874 No. 16728 1 \LOvate = 2.) \Ovatet elon Ovater 222s Hexagonal___| Hexagonal 2 | Hexagonal___| Octagonal___| Octagonal--_|-__--- dose Do. 3 | Quadrangular| Quadrangular| Quadrangular| Quadrangular| Quadrangular 4 | Hexagonal___| Octagonal___| Hexagonal__-| Hexagonal___| Hexagonal Sra ea dol 2"! Hexagonal’ lal e done acm |upnne dow. aha Do. Gia ee Goss ya tease Goeth ey Sanh dost wnieitas GOR CNA a 2 et ape re GOnete aa ie Gowrie Hs eee Goh ae i aye he lige aN i gale oe roa es er LE ah Ua eh (6 Ko OR ape cy ha) Cogent lamanas LOE PE DCE nN OE eR erage ee RUS YS Len CO 2 PG. ees ET a PPE Sp ra ps The free border of the pygal in specimen No. 15874 differs from the others in being strongly toothed. The bifurcated first suprapygal in the type and in specimen No. 15874 is in contact with the pygal and eleventh peripheral, whereas in the other three specimens it articulates only with the eleventh peripheral. In the shape of the neural bones three features are found common to all available specimens: (1) The first neural is the longest of the series; (2) the third neural is always quadrangular; (3) the fifth to eighth neurals, inclusive, are hexagonal. One individual, No. 15878, has two octagonal neurals, the second and fourth; one, No. 16732, has only the second neural octagonal; and No. 16728 has none octago- nal. In most species of Testudo there are two octagonal neurals, the second and fourth, but a series of specimens of other species might show them to be equally variable as in T. praeertans. The variation in the form of the neurals in 7. praeeztans is shown in table 3. In discussing the neurals of T. laticunea, Hay® says, ‘‘The neurals have not attained so high a degree of differentiation of form as they have in most of the species of the genus.”’ If reference is made to the absence of octagonal neurals the statement is true of the types of 3 Hay, O. P., Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75, p. 403, 1908. OSTEOLOGY OF TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS—GILMORE 301 both 7. laticunea and T. praeertans. In my judgment the difference found in the neural bones of the specimens under consideration repre- sents individual variations well within the species. Specimen U.S.N.M. No. 15878 (pl. 38, fig. 2) has an extra neural, or nine in all. It is quite evident from an examination of the speci- men that the extra element has developed between number 7 and the last, which is without corresponding costals. Lambe * has described a greater deviation of carapace structure in a specimen of Stylemys nebrascensis, Which has not only an extra neural but also a ninth pair of costal bones and an additional vertebral scute. This same authority points out that the type of Stylemys culbertsoni likewise has an addi- tional neural. The variation in shape of the neurals has brought about a corre- sponding variation in the proportions of these bones, as shown in table 4. In Testudo praeeztans the first neural is consistently the longest of any of the series. The costal plates in all these specimens are highly modified, and as usual in Testudo the second, fourth, and sixth are widened distally and narrowed proximally, while the third and fifth are narrowed distally and widened at the proximal ends. The sulci in most of the specimens are narrow and shallowly im- pressed, and where they reach the free edges of the peripherals there is usually a small obtuse projection or mucro. In the type of Testudo praeertans the sulcus forming the posterior boundary of the third vertebral curves strongly forward at the center where it crosses the fifth neural, as in U.S.N.M. Nos. 15878, 16728, and 16732. In specimen No. 15874, however, the sulcus crosses the sixth neural as in the type of T. laticunae Cope. The proportions of the vertebrals are variable, as shown in table 5. In the type of 7. laticunea and No. 15878 the fifth vertebral is the longest of the series, whereas in No. 15874 the first is the longest. In the type of 7. laticunea and No. 15874 the first vertebral is longer than wide, but in the type of 7. praeertans and No. 15878 this same vertebral is wider than long. No. 15874 is the only specimen having the third vertebral longer than wide. The most distinctive feature of the plastron is the extended epiplas- tral lip that always projects well beyond the line of the front margin of the carapace. It was the “marked prominence and size of the epiplastral lip’ that Lambe ® stressed as the most important character for distinguishing Testudo praeertans, a character to which the specific name refers. In the light of these additional specimens it is clearly shown that the extent and shape of this lip constitute one of the more stable characters of this species. 4 Lambe, L. M., Ottawa Nat., vol. 27, p. 63, 1913. § Lambe, L. M., Ottawa Nat., vol. 27, pp. 57-61, pls, 4, 5, 1913. 302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 The relative proportions of the lobes and other measurements of the plastron are clearly shown in table 6. TABLE 4.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of neurals of Testudo praeextans Length | Width Specimen Saya ead 1 | LHe Saiess | BUEN wen Seon Aan aon| non ROnlann|eSnno) C. N. M. No. 8401 (type) ----|68)40/41/37/36)34)__|__|__|44]47|34/48/45/44/44)__|__ WASINEMesNoOWoSiSee ae ee 62|42/37|39/36|34/41)15/38)33/42/40)__|_ _|50)49/35)39 UESSNeEMaNowIGi3222522 ee 67|46)43/41/55/36)38)46]_ _|34/49)41|49/45/58)/57/38) __ URSAN Me NOs 5S 74a" sees 76|48/44139]42)34/35/51)_ _|46/51/39/42/51/46/55)53)__ URSINEMEINo® 1672882242 - 52 76/43/42/54|__|__|__|__]_-]48]55/43/54)__|__j__|_-_|_- TaBLE 5.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of vertebrals of Testudo praeextans Length Width Specimen 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 C. N. M. No. 8401 (type)__-_| 100] 77! 78|_--_|_.-- 97| 82] 88] 82) 162 U.S.N.M. No. 15878_________| 100} 82} 81] 103] 105} 110} 79} 86] 87] 170 WS: N/My No. 16728) 23 e es LOSE OU TAS Gees een Ss Gill UO S mae ae ee RESENIMG ING, 167322 ok 120; 97} 90} 109} 106) 114; 91) 101); 97) 211 WES NMS No, 1587420252 20 = 122} 109} 112} 86; 117) 100} 86) 90) 89} 188 TABLE 6.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of plastra of Testudo praeextans Greatest length of plastron_____ 493 495 540 5SOrs| ese tale Length of anterior lobe_________ 163 154 178 187 191 Width of anterior lobe_________ 229 205 258 ZES Hee Length of posterior lobe________ 147 135 145 IV |i eae Se oe Width of posterior lobe________ 239 225 245 27ON Eee Length of epiplastral lip_______- 72 60 ill 85 76 Width of lipiat base. i. = 2 7 97 81 95 102 97 Extension of epiplastral lip be- yond border of carapace______|_______- 47 72 88 75 Depth of posterior notch_______ 40 34 39 AVS iii Fae Lig ae The free borders of the plastra in all five specimens are acute, except those parts of the borders adjacent to the notches, which are thickened and rounded. The posterior lobes are terminated behind in two broadly rounded apices separated on the median line by wide V-shaped notches. The borders of the apices are usually slightly toothed. Likewise, the anterior ends of the epiplastral lips are notched at the center and the borders are toothed with six blunt teeth, except in the type of Testudo praeextans, as shown in figure 25. OSTEOLOGY OF TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS—GILMORE 303 The entoplastra in all the specimens except No. 15878 are in agreement in having pointed anterior ends and a broad somewhat rounded posterior border, with the gular scutes overlapping the front of this bone. There is some variation in the extent of the plastral scutes in these specimens, as shown in table 7. Pelvis.—The pelvis of specimen No. 15874 is in an unusually perfect state of preservation, the two halves being coalesced along the median Ficure 25.—Plastron of Testudo praeextans Lambe, type (C. N. M. No. 8401): ab, abdominal scute; an, anal scute; ent, entoplastron; fem, femoral scute; g, gular scute; hum, humeral scute; hyo, hyoplastral bone; hypo, hypoplastral bone; pec, pectoral scute; xiph, xiphi- plastral bone. One-sixth natural size. line, as represented in figures 26 and 27. The pelvis of No. 16732 is also well preserved, but the two halves were separated along the median suture. Except for minor details these two pelves are in close agreement and thus are probably typical of Testudo praeextans. Of these two turtle specimens of nearly equal size and presumably of equivalent age one has the pelvic sutures coalesced, while in the other these same sutures are open, thus indicating that the relative age of an individual cannot always be judged by the non- coalescence of the sutural junctures. The anterior extremities of the pubes are complete in specimen No. 15874, which shows that border to be broadly rounded, thus 304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 suggesting that Hay may have erred in restoring this missing end in the pelvis of the type of 7. laticunea as being bilobed.6 The un- val ae ) ay ue) | : 1 x { Ficure 26.—Pelvis of Testudo praeextans Lambe (U.S.N.M. No. 15874), viewed from above: i, ilium; ts, ischium; pu, pubis. One-half natural size, ay . Yj Y AA ae i eI LEED EZ YY Is Z if —=—— : Figure 27.—Pelvis of Testudo praeextans Lambe (U.S.N.M. No. 15874), viewed from the left side: il, ilium; ts, ischium; pu, pubis. One-half natural size, e usual length of the anterior pubic process, forward of the lateral pubic tuberosities, appears to be a distinctive feature of this species. The apices of the ischial tuberosities are bluntly pointed and 80 mm. apart. 6 Hay, O. P., Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75, p. 404, fig. 512, 1908. OSTEOLOGY OF TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS—GILMORE 305 Careful comparison made of the other skeletal parts preserved with these various specimens, with each other and with homologous bones of other species of Testudo, failed to disclose, except that of size, differences that would be of assistance in specific differentiation. On that account there seems po point in illustrating or describing these parts here, although most of the bones present are in excellent preservation. In order, however, that there may be a record of rela- tive proportions between carapace and limb bones, a table of measure- ments of the more important elements of the specimens here dis- cussed is given (table 8). TaBLe 7.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of plastral scutes of Testudo praeextans . C.N.M. | y.s.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. Seute (length on the midline) cy No. 15878 | No. 16732 | No. 15874 | No. 16728 cara 6 < Smee Jor) ee a SS pS we 93 SOME See 92 ATR ee ee en ee ee ee eae 103 LOZ a ee MESA gh nt See 5 de = es Soe Ay ecg ee 43 AAs | Naa eet ais PACT Ste ee rs Pee ee he Te A ee 135 147 4s lost GRTIOPHAe te te See et Nees we 63 58 en ee reer ere Pee eee Sh Ue 50 46 Ls dene TABLE 8.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of girdle and limb bones of Testudo praeextans U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. | U.S.N.M. Measurement No. 15878 | No. 16732 | No. 16728 | No. 15874 Greatest length of coracoid_._..........-_|..-_---- 88 82 74 Greatest width at inner end__-_________-|_--_---- 77 65 76 Greatest length of scapula from tip to tip_|___-_--- 153 151 1150 Greatest length of humerus.___........._|.._-._.- 155 153 157 Grestess: isnath of ulna. 2.4. - 2. foe e sare O07 SOL? 99 Greatest length of radius_____-__--__-_-- 80 O84 te oa 97 Greatest length of femur________-_-_-_-~-|- pen Se Pee aa ae eae ces 113 enone etens Ge Waeme es SoC AEE oc Shia 2 ead oo 78 77 82 Greatest length of fibula_-__- ----- ro Bs Be oe tee ES 80 82 1 Estimated. Feet.—All four of the National Museum specimens considered in the preceding pages have various parts of the carpi, tarsi, and feet present, but only in No. 15878 are the bones preserved at all in articulation. The right forefoot, with carpus and radius, although lacking a few elements, has the others articulated in normal relationship as shown in plate 44, figure 2. This foot clearly shows the presence of five well- developed digits, each having a claw. The small blocklike bones of the carpus are but little disturbed and can be quite certainly identified. The ulnare and intermedium furnish the main articulation of the ulna, which is missing. Occupying the position of the radiale at the distal end of the radius is an angular blocklike element that, following Baur 306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 and Williston,’ we may identify as centrale 1. Its outer side is in juxtaposition to a smaller pentagonal bone regarded as centrale 2. These two centralia although distinct elements in this individual are often found fused into a single bone, and this appears to have happened in specimen No. 15874. Williston, in the book cited, observes, ‘“‘ Among terrestrial tortoises the radiale has disappeared until nothing is left of it but a nodule of cartilage united with the first centrale which has usurped its place.’”’ Hay, however, in his ‘‘Fossil Turtles of North America,” continues to regard the first centrale as the radiale. The fifth carpale (pl. 44, fig. 2, C;) is present and remains in articulation with metacarpal 5. Carpalia 3 and 4 are missing. The third digit lacks its metacarpal, and a phalange is missing from the fifth digit; otherwise the foot is complete. Comparison of these wrist and foot bones with those of the living Galapagos Testudo of comparable size shows a close correspondence in form, as well as in the arrangement of the individual elements. The hind foot of No. 15878 contributes nothing new to our knowl- edge of the pes of Testudo. SUMMARY In the original description of Testudo praeextans Lambe called attention to the close similarity in the form of the epiplastral beak to that of T. thomsona but concluded that the ‘‘much greater propor- tionate size of the epiplastral lip and differences throughout of the elements forming the lobe” were sufficient to indicate their specific distinctness. In view of the very fragmentary character of the type of T. thomson, and especially of the considerable variation in the form of the anterior lobe as shown by the present specimens, it would now appear that Lambe was not justified in establishing the new species T. praeeztans. On plastral parts alone I should unhesitatingly regard 7. praeextans to be a synonym of 7. thomsoni, which has priority by several years. However, when the skulls are compared, differences in proportion of the elements forming the skull roofs, and the different widths of the channels on the triturating surfaces, strongly suggest that the dis- covery of more complete materials of 7. thomsoni may disclose other and more important distinctive characters. For the present, there- fore, it seems desirable to continue the use of both names. In the preliminary study of the present materials it was first thought that these specimens could not be specifically distinguished from Testudo laticunea Cope and that such differences as existed might be attributed to the female sex of the type of that species. This idea was abandoned, however, with the discovery that the Wyoming 7 Williston, S. W., The osteology of the reptiles, p. 179, 1925. OSTEOLOGY OF TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS—GILMORE 307 specimens all had broadly rounded anterior carapace borders and prominent epiplastral lips with parallel sides, as contrasted with the more truncate carapace border and wedge-shaped epiplastral lip in T. laticunea. This study of a number of Testudo specimens from a restricted area and apparently of a single species shows enough variation in shell structure to cast much doubt on the validity of many described species, especially those founded on fragmentary materials. Furthermore, it raises the perplexing question as to what features are to be relied on for specific differentation. It has been demonstrated (pls. 38-41) that the neural, costal, and other elements forming the carapace, as well as the form and proportions of the vertebral and plastral scutes, are seldom in themselves sufficiently constant in shape and proportion to be relied on for specific designation. Whether characters of the skull in fossil Testudo will be found more stable can only be determined when a series of crania is available for comparison, and at this time no such series exists. It is in the general form of the carapace and plastron and especially in the development of epiplastral beak that most reliance has been placed in diagnosing the present species. TESTUDO LATICUNEA Cope Puates 42, 43 Testudo laticunea Core, Paleont. Bull. No. 15, p. 6, 1873.—Hay, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75, p. 402, pl. 67, figs. 1, 2, 1908. Two specimens (U.S.N.M. Nos. 15854 and 16731) in the Oligocene collections from eastern Wyoming are identified as pertaining to Testudo laticunea Cope, the first recorded occurrence of the species in this area. These specimens are remarkably alike (cf. pls. 42 and 43) both in size and structural detail, a condition calling for comment, as anyone will agree who has had occasion to study a series of Testudo specimens. The type of 7. laticuwnea is an essentially complete shell, with some of the internal skeleton, and was found in the Oligocene badlands along the head of Horse Tail Creek in northeastern Colorado. Two other specimens, one from the Titanotherium beds (Chadron) of South Dakota and one from the Oreodon beds (Brule) of Sioux County, Nebr., were identified by Hay * as pertaining to this species. These together with the two in the U. S. National Museum comprise all the known materials of the species. Specimen U.S.N.M. No. 15854 consists of a nearly complete cara- pace and plastron (pl. 43), left humerus, proximal end of right; left ulna, radius, and part of forefoot; incomplete right scapula, left § Hay, O. P., Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75, pp. 404-405, 1908. 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 coracoid; left femur, tibia, fibula, and portion of hind foot. It was collected by C. W. Gilmore on the Thomas Ranch, Niobrara County, Wyo., in 1932. Specimen U.S.N.M. No. 16731 consists of a complete carapace and plastron (pl. 42). It was collected 1 mile northeast of Whitman Postoffice, Niobrara County, Wyo., by George B. Pearce in 1942. Both of these specimens are from the Brule division of the Oligocene. In size and general contour of the shell these specimens are in close agreement with the type, as shown by the measurements given in table 9. TABLE 9.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of carapace and plastron of Testudo laticunea Type spec-| U.S.N.M. U.S.N.M Measurement imen No. 15854 | No. 16731 Greatest length of carapace-__-_--..--2----=-- 408 436 435 Greatest: width) of carapace. =.= 9922 322 oe ee 356 332 340 Greatest) length of plastroms 2." 222 os sone ses 440 440 443 Greatest length of anterior lobe______-_-___--- 132 132 137 Greatest width of anterior lobe_____-_-___-_-- 200 202 203 Greatest length of posterior lobe____________- 120 110 110 Greatest width of posterior lobe____________-_- 200 193 196 Greatestiwidthof bridges. seas 5222 ae aes || ae eee 200 197 Greatest width of anterior lip at gular notch___ 87 90 88 Specimens U.S.N.M. Nos. 15854 and 16731 are practically free from distortion and thus give a true picture of the normal shell. It will be noted in the table of measurements that the Wyoming carapaces are considerably narrower than that of the type. This difference may be partly due to the crushing to which the type has been subjected. In cross section at midlength the shells of Nos. 15854 and 16731 are evenly rounded from side to side, whereas the type is said to be flattened on top. All three, however, can be classed as having a depressed style of shell, and all are of female sex, as shown by the flatness of their plastra. Other minor differences observed between these two specimens and the type fall well within the variations expected in individuals of a single species. The skeletal parts preserved with the shell of U.S.N.M. No. 15854 have been carefully compared with the homologous bones of T. praeextans and other species of Testudo, but except for their smaller size no other characters for distinguishing between them were dis- covered. Hay * has pointed out in his study of the type of T. laticunea that the ‘““neurals have not attained so high a degree of differentiation as they have in most species of the genus.’”’ Although the complete neural series cannot be traced out in either specimen, the correctness of the ° Hay, O. P., Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75, p. 403, 1908. OSTEOLOGY OF TESTUDO PRAEEXTANS—GILMORE 309 above conclusion is verified by these new materials. Specimen No. 16731 appears to show the second neural to be octagonal as it is in the South Dakota specimen studied by Hay." The slight variation in the vertebrals of the three specimens dis- cussed here is shown by the measurements given in table 10. TABLE 10.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of vertebrals of Testudo laticunea Length Width Specimen \———————_—_-—_——_——_- See eee ee 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Type specimen -------.-_--_- 86 1°80 |} 81 | 75.1] 90 1102;| 80°] 85 | 82°] 135 Uae ae INO; 585428) 2 eS 78 | 89 | 83°} 83) 88]. 94 | 82 | 82 |_..-].183 .. No. 16731..._._.. 91 | 77 | 78 78 | 90 94 | 74| 781 79 | 142 TABLE 11.—Comparative measurements (in millimeters) of epiplastral beak of Tes- tudo quadrata T U.S.N.M. Measurement (A.M NH) | No. 16737 iL OF bem at DABS. sire ad eg he 8 120 135 Length of beak from gular groove______-___--_--------- 70 54 a AGREAR EDedic att DAset 21) _f)¢ SUL Tiers bs su ek 29 41 The combination of characters that appear to distinguish Testudo laticunea Cope is as follows: Diagnosis: Carapace depressed with truncated anterior border, but slightly rounded from side to side across the vertebral region; prom- inent epiplastral lip, projecting beyond the borders of the carapace with converging sides; neurals less differentiated than in most species of the genus, and usually without those of octagonal form. TESTUDO QUADRATA Cope Puate 44, Fiaure 1 Testudo quadratus Corr, The Vertebrata of the Tertiary formations of the West, p. 764, pl. 61, fig. 5, 1884. Testudo quadrata Hay, Bibliography and catalogue of the fossil Vertebrata of North America, p. 451, 1902; Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75, p. 410, figs. 532, 533, 1908; Second bibliography and catalogue of the fossil Verte- brata of North America, vol. 2, p. 104, 1930. A third species of Testudo occurring in the Indian Creek Basin area is represented in the National Museum Oligocene collection by an epiplastral beak (U.S.N.M. No. 16737), shown in plate 44, figure 1. This specimen was collected from the Brule, about 1 mile north of Whitman Postoflice, Niobrara County, Wyo., in 1942. 1 Tbid., p. 404. 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 The quadrate form of this beak with diverging lateral edges is more like that of 7. quadrata Cope than of any other species, but it differs in having the gulohumeral sulei running backward and inward to meet on the median line instead of directly across this bone at right angles to the midline, as in the type of the species. This feature, stressed by both Cope and Hay, is so at variance with all other known species of Testudo, both living and extinct, that it leaves ene wondering if it is not an abnormal condition peculiar only to that individual. Specimen No. 16737 is larger than the type, as shown by the measurements given in table 11. With the possible exception of length, the other differences observed between the two specimens may be regarded as individual variations. The beak is shorter than that of the type although exceeding it in all other dimensions. Regardless of the question of doubt that this difference may engender as to its proper specific assignment, this fragmentary specimen certainly indicates the presence in the Brule of the Hat Creek Basin of a third species of Testudo. NOTE ON THE GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TESTUDO IN NORTH AMERICA In the ‘‘ Fossil Turtles of North America,” p. 397, 1908, Hay lists six species of Oligocene Testudo as occurring in the Oreodon beds (Brule) and two as coming from the Titanotherium beds (Chadron), as follows: BRULE CHADRON Testudo amphithorax Cope T. brontops Marsh T. cultrata Cope T. ecornata Lambe T. laticunea Cope T. ligonia Cope T. quadrata Cope T. thomsoni Hay In a subsequent publication, “Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrates of North America,’’ Hay assigned all the Brule species to the Chadron. One is at a loss to understand whether this change was made on the basis of new information or whether it was a slip of the pen. In view of the recognition of two, if not three, of the species in un- doubted Brule deposits, it would appear to show the original geologic assignment was correct. That some of these species may have per- sisted from the Chadron into the Brule is suggested by a specimen in the Yale Museum from the Titanotherium beds, which Hay " identified as belonging to Testudo laticunea. That such was the case needs ad- ditional verification. This assertion is made on the fact that the commonest of all land tortoises of the Brule, Stylemys nebrascensis, has never been recognized as occurring in the Chadron. 4 Hay, O. P., Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75, p. 404, 1908. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1946 : PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 38 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘azis [einjeu YIy-euO "8Z8S1 “ON “WN "g "A ‘aovdeivs sy 8t4 S$Z8S1 “ON “WW ENT “SF ‘sovdvivo fey saquie’y] a * supvjxazvs¢ Opnjsa J 5 . ~ ; A es Seg ts +e te er er : 5 ~ \ TAY A et CaS aah - ie - 4 ; i $ ; a ell - Sz EAE UA eUOs 82291 ON INN'S if) “eoedeses Gyats ‘TELOL ON “WN ‘Sf ‘a0edeses PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 39 t 1b ; : ee i BS 4 By. a REE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘WaT sequie’y supjxaavad opnisay PLATE 40 96 PROCEEDINGS, VOL U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM , . 5 / \ b . “OZIS [ein yeu Wyy-uQ “SBS “PN WN SD ‘uonseld ‘7y8t4 f$/8ST “ON “WN 'S 1) YO-Se| d "777 aque At supjxaavad Opnjs2 | PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 41 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘ozs [BINIVU YIFY-OUQ “BZ/9T ‘ON “] "NS ‘A ‘uonseld Gy 314 “CELT ‘ON “IN "NS ‘(A ‘uonseyd -Oqule’T SUDIXIIDAL Opn} sa I PLATE 42 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 S. NATIONAL MUSEUM U. “OZIS jeanjeu y 1fy-ou( ) “uol ised “yyotd ‘s0edevivo « a ‘ado7z vaun T ‘1€Z91 °N WN 'S © pn sa] PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 43 S. NATIONAL MUSEUM U. *PS8ST ON INN'S ‘1 doz vaunsign) opnisay PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 96 PLATE 44 S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘azis jeaMeN =“ punoj sv parejnoinie uMoYs ‘Ajaatoadsas ‘¢ 02 | susip ‘A pue ‘AT ‘TIT ‘II 1 faivujn ‘[n snipes “et supjxaavad Opnjs2 yO snipes puv YOOJII0} WYSIY '. nN ‘adoy vjpaponb opnyjsay yO yeaq |e SUINIpaWo Ul *] {{yaandadsad *¢ pur ‘7 ‘T vipedies “> ‘Tr :8/8ST ON IN NS “21 ‘aquie’] x “OZIS jeinjeu j[ey-euo ynoqe *MOLA [elUOA “LELIT ‘ON “WN “"N SS 4 ise jdidyy * - C I PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1946 No. 3200 EIGHT NEW SPECIES OF CHALCID-FLIES OF THE GENUS PSEUDAPHYCUS CLAUSEN, WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES By A. B. Ganan Tue species of chalcid-flies of the genus Pseudaphycus Clausen (family Encyrtidae) are apparently all parasites of pseudococcine scale insects, and some of the species are known to be of considerable economic importance through the control they exercise over their hosts. P. utilis Timberlake is credited with having all but exter- minated Pseudococcus nipae (Maskell) in Hawaii, and the new species malinus (described on a subsequent page of this paper), which was introduced into the eastern United States from Japan to combat Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), apparently gives promise of bringing that serious orchard pest under control. The genus is widely distributed. Species are now known to occur in Austria, Spain, Canary Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the United States from New Jersey to California, Hawaii, Korea (Chosen), and Japan. Pseudaphycus belongs to the group of genera related to Aphycus Mayr. It may be distinguished from Aphycus as well as most of the other related genera by the fact that it has only five, instead of six, segments in the antennal funicle. It is most closely related to Both- riocraera Timberlake and Acerophagus Smith, both of which have the funicle 5-segmented. It may be separated from Bothriocraera by the dull sculpture of its frontovertex and thoracic dorsum and by the fact that it is never shining black in color. As pointed out by Mercet (Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 28, p. 317, 1937), the differences between Pseudaphycus and Acerophagus are very slight. About the only real differences seem to be that in Acerophagus the frontovertex is less than 311 705901—46——-1 312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 twice as long as wide, the ocellar triangle is more or less obtuse, and the antennae are unicolorous and always pale, while in Pseudaphycus the frontovertex is nearly always two or more times as long as broad, the ocelli are arranged in an equilateral or acute triangle, and the antennae are always contrastingly colored with the scape, pedicel, and at least some of the funicular segments black or fuscous and the club white. The species of Pseudaphycus offer very few good characters for their separation. Slight differences in sculpture are hard to define and differences in color consist largely of differences in shades of yel- low, since all the species are yellowish sometimes varied with admix- tures of blackish or fuscous. The following key to species is offered as an aid to identification but should be supplemented by comparison with types or authentically determined specimens whenever possible: KEY TO THE DESCRIBED SPECIES OF PSEUDAPHYCUS FEMALES 1. Pedicel of antenna as long as or longer than first three segments of funicle combined, funicular segments from first to last successively increasing in width"and all’more or less“transverse_ 22022 VP BM Se hi fe EE 2 Pedicel of antenna not longer than first two funicular segments combined ; first funicular segment small, transverse, narrower than pedicel; segments 2 to 5 of funicle subquadrate, subequal, and each a little broader than POdi Cel jen 2 a ee oie ee 1. meritorius, new species 2. Ovipositor exserted one-fifth to nearly one-half length of abdomen_—______ 3 Ovipositor extending barely beyond apex of abdomen, at most distinctly less than one-sixth length of abdomen___-----__ —_ 2. prosopidis Timberlake 3. Wings hyaline; scape not expanded beneath_______»_-__________-._----__ 4 Wings at least faintly fuscous; scape often but not always somewhat thick- ened or slightly expanded beneath_...._- =.___». = 5 4. General color pale lemon-yellow ; hairs on mesoscutum white; ocellar triangle rather small and nearly equilateral; ovipositor exserted about one-third fen¢gth of abdomen!: 01190 4 .ROt 2 opie 3. graminicola Timberlake General color bright orange-yellow; hairs on mesoscutum dark brown or blackish; ocellar triangle obviously acute and unusually large; ovipositor exserted about one-fifth length of abdomen________ — 4. utilis Timberlake 65. Forewing fuscous with a more or less distinct paler hyaline or subhyaline transverse streak beyond apex of stigmal vein; scape obviously a little thickened or broadened£vGb St 22 sas Le Oe Sek EE ei T2566 Forewing uniformly fuscous or subfuscous, without a paler transverse streak ; scape usually slightly thickened but sometimes cylindrical_____-_________. 9 @. Anterior ocellus at center of frontovertex; speculum of forewing not inter- rupted; mesoscutum, axillae, and scutellum bright orange-yellow, with a conspicuous narrow transverse band of black at anterior margin of meso- scutum USI UID Oe 2 ties Ebel On OV 28 5. websteri Timberlake Anterior ocellus distinctly above center of frontovertex ; speculum of forewing interrupted a little behind middle; mesoscutum, axillae, and scutellum more or less dusky orange to blackish yellow, anterior margin of mesoscutum with suture sometimes blackish but never forming a conspicuous and well- defined transverse band)... ee ee ee 4 CHALCID-FLIES OF GENUS PSEUDAPHYCUS—GAHAN 313 7. Mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum, and abdomen blackish yellow; lateral borders of mesoscutum white; posterior ocelli as far from anterior ocellus as from margin of occiput; inner orbits parallel for whole length of frontovertex. 6. maculipennis Mercet Mesoscutum, axillae, and scutellum dusky orange-yellow; lateral borders of mesoscutum not white; posterior ocelli a little more distant from anterior ocellus than from margin of occiput; inner orbits diverging very slightly 8. Frontovertex about two and one-half times as long as broad; head and thorax dorsally rather pale orange-yellow, axillary sutures of metanotum usually AR TALE ae 7. angelicus (Howard) Frontoyertex fully three times as long as broad; head and thorax dorsally a deeper shade of orange-yellow mixed with blackish, and axillary sutures brownish. black+.. 2120) OStee'r) Seite ts 8. abstrusus, new species 9. Middle and hind tibiae each with two fuscous or blackish bands__________ 10 Middle and hind tibiae without fuscous bands___._______-______-_-_ 12 10. Frontovertex as broad as long or somewhat broader than long; ocelli in an equilateral triangle; dorsum of thorax dirty yellow; antenna fuscous with first funicular segment and club white-___-_______ — 9. austriacus Mercet Frontovertex twice to two and one-half times as long as broad; ocellar triangle at least slightly acute; dorsum of thorax orange-yellow, antennal scape yellowish below, brown above; pedicel and funicle brownish or fuscous, fifth funicular segment and club white__--_________________________ aa ae. 11. Ocellar triangle distinctly acute, posterior ocelli about half as far from each other as from anterior ocellus; speculum of forewing interrupted below middie? ) Semi ‘ty, ‘ Pvt», MV ibaa! wi & rents oy ra) eet te ne rm “aT Oy ee tare ‘Cha a Oe . hbk “Seah i | Na “wR aa i a a ae. is THRs} ; , ir oy) sepa kiventiy vn svat ‘dik ne <4 .. mage, oh - / ; ‘i ba | Mites “ pie O pin ig per car nit oy (hoy ' y oo enh i coe ® Athy" ; you iets ee rele cena Ces BPI WITHIN TIeBN OR AY PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. % Washington: 1946 No. 3201 NEW CERAMBYCID BEETLES BELONGING TO THE TRIBE DISTENTINI FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA By W. S. FisHer Durie the process of rearranging the American species of the tribe Disteniini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the United States National Museum, four new species were found. ‘These are described herein. Genus DISTENIA Lepelitier and Serville DISTENIA LATERALIS, new species Head, pronotum, and underside of body reddish brown: elytra and scutellum yellowish brown, the elytra with a distinct, broad, longitudi- nal, green vitta on each side near lateral margin; antennae brownish black; palpi and legs pale brownish yellow. Head glabrous, sparsely, irregularly punctate. Antenna nearly one and one-half times as long as body, sparsely clothed with long flying hairs on underside; first segment slightly shorter than third, slender, cylindrical, gradually expanded toward apex, not depressed on top at base, rather densely, finely punctate, and sparsely clothed with long and short, semierect hairs. Pronotum, not including lateral spines, slightly longer than wide, widest at middle; sides strongly constricted near base and apex, tri- angularly expanded on each side at middle and armed with a long, conical, acute spine; disk broadly, transversely depressed near anterior margin, transversely, sinuately grooved near base, with a slightly elevated space on each side in front of transverse, basal groove; sur- face glabrous, coarsely, sparsely, irregularly punctate, with a smooth, elongated, median space, Elytra at base slightly wider than pronotum including lateral spines; sides gradually converging from bases to apices, which are 713915—46 329 330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 96 unispinose, the lateral spine on each rather short and acute, and the sutural angle feebly produced; surface very densely, coarsely, deeply punctate, becoming nearly impunctate near apices, very sparsely clothed with rather short, inconspicuous, erect, yellowish hairs. Body beneath indistinctly punctate, very sparsely, irregularly clothed with short, inconspicuous, recumbent, yellowish hairs, with a few longer, erect hairs intermixed; femora slender, cylindrical. slightly clavate, each armed with a long, acute spine at apex. Length 22 mm., width at base of elytra 4.5 mm. Type locality —Rurrenabaque (Beni River), Bolivia. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57612. Remarks.—Described from a single specimen collected at the type locality during October by William M. Mann in connection with the Mulford Biological Exploration during 1921-1922. This species is closely allied to Distenia limbata Bates, but it differs from that species in having the head and pronotum reddish brown with only a vague bronzy reflection, the lateral spines on each side of the pronotum long and acute, the scutellum yellowish brown, the elytra more coarsely and densely punctured and with the apices armed with a long, acute, lateral spine, and the antennae brownish black. DISTENIA SPINIPENNIS, new species Head, pronotum, scutellum, elytra, and underside of body greenish black (elytra slightly more greenish) ; antenna (except first segment which is black) and palpi reddish brown; legs pale brownish yellow, the femora slightly darker at apices. Head nearly glabrous, sparsely, irregularly, indistinctly punctate. Antenna one and one-half times as long as body; first segment dis- tinctly shorter than third, robust, very strongly clavate, strongly. longitudinally depressed on top on basal half, scabrous and coarsely punctate basally, and sparsely clothed with long, fine, semierect hairs. Pronotum, not including lateral spines, slightly longer than wide, widest at middle; sides strongly constricted near base and apex, tri- angularly expanded on each side at middle and armed with a rather long, acute spine; disk broadly, transversely depressed near anterior margin, narrowly, transversely, sinuately grooved near base, narrowly, transversely grooved along base, and with three slightly elevated, elongate, smooth spaces, one median and one on each side of middle; surface sparsely, indistinctly punctate in depressions, and clothed with a few short, indistinct, erect hairs. Elytra at base as wide as pronotum including lateral spines; sides strongly converging from bases to apices, which are unispinose, the lateral spine on each long and acute, and the sutural angle rectangu- Jar; surface coarsely, densely, deeply punctate, becoming nearly im- NEW CERAMBYCID BEETLES—FISHER 331 punctate at apices, rather densely, uniformly clothed with short, erect, whitish hairs. Body beneath indistinctly, irregularly punctate, sparsely clothed toward sides with long and short, semierect, whitish hairs; femora slender, slightly clavate, unarmed at apices. Length 19.5 mm., width at base of elytra 4 mm. Type locality —*Guapiles,” 250-300 meters, Costa Rica. Type —U.S.N.M. No. 576138. Remarks.—Described from a single specimen collected at light dur- ing May 1934, by Ferdinand Nevermann. The specimen is labeled Guapiles, which is probably an error for Guaplies. This species is closely allied to Distenia phaeocera Bates, but it differs from the description given for that species in not having the elytra stria-punctate or the surface alutaceous, and in the slightly elevated smooth spaces on each side of the pronotum being not divided. Genus COMETES Lepelitier and Serville COMETES EMARGINATA, new species Elongate and strongly shining, black, except anterior coxae, anterior femora (except tips), basal halves of middle and posterior femora, and tibiae in part brownish yellow. Head finely, irregularly punctate on top, somewhat transversely rugose anteriorly, with a smooth, longitudinal groove extending from clypeus to occiput, sparsely clothed with long, erect and recumbent, whitish hairs. Antenna one and one-half times as long as body, sparsely clothed with long, flying hairs on underside; first segment slightly longer than third, robust, cylindrical, gradually expanded toward apex, finely, rugosely punctate, sparsely clothed with long erect and short recumbent, whitish hairs, Pronotum as wide as long, widest at middle; sides strongly con- stricted near base and apex, triangularly expanded on each side at middle but not distinctly spinose ; disk broadly, transversely depressed near anterior margin, transversely, sinuately grooved near base, nar- rowly, transversely grooved along base, and with two slightly elevated, round, smooth gibbosities on each side of middle; surface densely, finely punctate in median depression, the punctures nearly concealed by a dense, recumbent, yellowish pubescence, and with a few long, erect, white hairs, Elytra at base as wide as pronotum at middle; sides gradually con- verging from bases to apices, which are separately emarginate, the lateral spine slightly longer than sutural spine; surface coarsely, deeply, densely punctate, the puncture forming more or less distinct rows but becoming obsolete toward apices, rather densely clothed toward sides with short, indistinct, recumbent, whitish hairs, with a 332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 few long, erect hairs intermixed, and each elytron ornamented with a narrow vitta of transversely recumbent, white hairs along sutural margin. Body beneath indistinctly punctate, sparsely clothed at sides with short, recumbent, whitish hairs; legs sparsely clothed with long and short, semierect, white hairs. Length 11 mm., width 2 mm. Type locality Hamburg Farm (on Reventazon River), Costa Rica. Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 57614. Remarks.—Described from a single specimen collected at the type locality on grass, May 26, 1934, by Ferdinand Nevermann. This species can be separated from the other described species of this genus by having the tips of the elytra emarginate. COMETES BICOLOR, new species Elongate, rather strongly shining except elytra which are sub- opaque; antennae bluish black with a vague violaceous reflection ; head, pronotum, scutellum, underside of body, and legs bluish black with a distinct greenish or violaceous tinge; elytra brownish yellow with apical fourth and elevated lateral margins violaceous blue. Head rather coarsely, irregularly punctate on top, somewhat trans- versely rugose anteriorly, with a smooth, longitudinal groove extend- ing from clypeus to occiput, very sparsely clothed with inconspicuous, semierect hairs. Antenna nearly one and one-half times as long as body, sparsely clothed on underside with long, flying hairs; first seg- ment as long as third, slender, cylindrical, narrow at base, strongly expanded toward apex, rather densely, coarsely, shallowly punctate, sparsely, uniformly clothed with short, semierect, whitish hairs. Pronotum slightly wider than long, widest at middle; sides strongly constricted near base and apex, obtusely expanded on each side at mid- dle but not spinose; disk broadly, transversely depressed near anterior margin, shallowly, transversely, sinuately grooved near base, nar- rowly, transversely grooved along base, with two irregular, smooth elevations on each side of middle, and an elongate, smooth, median elevation; surface coarsely, deeply, confluently punctate, sparsely clothed with moderately long, erect, inconspicuous hairs. Elytra at base as wide as pronotum at middle; sides parallel from bases to near apices, which are separately narrowly rounded; surface densely, coarsely, deeply, uniformly punctate, the punctures becom- ing more confluent toward apices, rather densely clothed with short, inconspicuous, erect hairs, and each elytron with two more or less dis- tinct longitudinal costae, the inner costa extending from base to mid- dle of elytron, and outer one from base to apical fourth. Body beneath sparsely, shallowly, irregularly punctate, sparsely, irregularly clothed with moderately long, semierect, fine hairs; legs rather densely clothed with long and short, semierect, whitish hairs. NEW CERAMBYCID BEETLES—FISHER 330 Length 11.5 mm., width 3 mm, Type locality —Colombia, South America (no definite locality). Type—vU.S.N.M. No. 57615. Remarks.—Described from a single specimen collected August 31, 1942, by Francisco J. Otoya (No. 2053). This species is allied to Cometes pulcherrimus Bates, but it differs from that species in having the pronotum more densely and coarsely punctured, and the basal three-fourths of the elytra brownish yellow, with only the apical fourth and narrow lateral margin of each elytron violaceous blue. The head is mounted separately on the same pin with the rest of the specimen. US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: tyae 8 e.7) a «alii = ares ‘me nll ; i, i : hes Byi oa* ies at ~ WS dogg eA a y a. i : : ne 1 CAE i ipyitnn aac RE atin Beatie ie en@arn tog » ae “ht ay? rll hie De ee Hittin SRY) on ei -Lihgonnte nefhentiiamy gaat A. apr ee ase a» earthen J @ ai dat Nae Herta hy ‘Wind heigl eid Pai cape o> hohe» plittala regent, retow ‘rely Pena a ee Si ec one ‘thins Peach PHM eb et ig aad) el er Le AGS “ves scandal 3 aR Yn yi \ a v 7 ie i on kg dee ibe Weg eae peouve nxt. eRe ties eS pm oy agpeaaly panther RAL. 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Gabeyd, thoy Reventon | hie: FOE VE el Re ily Penis Nema (sg tai tee he TopW TNs he ee canna Oe se vet batts pi ape rl PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSE.UM issued 4% SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vb}. 96 Washington: 1946 No. 3202 MACHAEROIDES EOTHEN MATTHEW, THE SABER- TOOTH CREODONT OF THE BRIDGER EOCENE By C. LEWIS GAZIN THE 1940 Smithsonian Institution expedition to the Bridger Basin of Wyoming had unusual good fortune in securing skeletal remains of the rare creodont Machaeroides eothen. The materials, consisting of skull, lower jaws, and other skeletal portions of one individual, were found by Franklin Pearce in low exposures, probably of Bridger “C,” immediately to the north of Twin Buttes, about 30 miles southwest of Green River, Wyo. Previous finds of this remarkable sabertooth form, so far as known, are limited to the lower jaw portions described by Matthew ! in 1909. The skull, U.S.N.M. No. 17059, was found with the lower jaws in a position of articulation, and although essentially complete there has been a small amount of transverse crushing and dis- tortion so that the right side of the skull is higher than the left. The remainder of the skeleton includes portions of the vertebral column, both humeri and femora, the right radius and ulna, an incomplete left tibia, and fragments of the pectoral and pelvic girdles. The feet were not present except for a carpal and two metacarpal bones. Matthew readily appreciated the indications in the lower jaw portions of Machaeroides eothen of a modification nearly parallel- ing that of the machairodont forms among the Fissipedia. In the materials he had at hand these modifications were not too evident, and R. H. Denison* was inclined to consider the M. eothen jaw as resembling Felis and not truly “sabertooth.” The ' Matthew, W. D., Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, pt. 6, pp. 462-463, 1909. ? Denison, R. H., Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 87, p. 181, 1938. 335 ICCTIEN HFC 714 1946 336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 National Museum specimen, however, leaves no doubt of the direction and extent of specialization, which quite parallels that seen in the machairodonts but not to the extent exhibited in the Uinta Apataelurus kayi described by Scott.* Structurally no characters are observed in the illustrations of the lower jaws of A. kayi that would preclude derivation of this form from M. eothen, with the characteristics attendant upon sabertooth de- velopment reaching a high degree of specialization within an interval of time suggesting a comparatively rapid evolutionary tempo. Matthew regarded Machaeroides eothen as an oxyaenid type of creodont, closely related to forms included in the subfamily Limnocyoninae, to which he allocated it (p. 410), * having created, however, the subfamily name ‘‘Machairoidinae”’ on an earlier page (830). Denison® retained the supergeneric separation, which was entirely justified by the discovery of Apataelurus, recognizing a natural phyletic subfamily. However, Denison removed the Limnocyoninae and Machaeroidinae from the Oxyae- nidae and placed them in the Hyaenodontidae. Justification for this was claimed on the basis of morphological differences between the Oxyaeninae and Limnocyoninae and similarities between the Limnocyoninae and Proviverrinae, particularly between Prolim- nocyon and Sinopa. Separation from the Oxyaenidae seems sup- ported, and, moreover, carnassial specialization, which has been the key to their supposed affinity, may well have developed inde- pendently in the two groups. I cannot, however, but regard the carnassial differentiation that so readily distinguishes the Lim- nocyoninae from members of the Hyaenodontidae as being of fundamental importance, and hold that the morphological simi- larities may be as easily attributed to similar adaptation or parallelism. It is in a similar manner that the Machaeroidinae so markedly resemble the machairodonts, although obviously not derived one from the other. Derivation of the Limnocyoninae from an early proviverrine stock is not disproved and may be reasonable as suggested by the similarity of lower jaws belonging to forms of Prolimnocyon and -Sinopa mordax, but their di- vergence must originate in a primitive form with molars as yet undifferentiated as to carnassials, and where M?, for example, has not taken on characteristics so markedly different in the two groups. Scott, W. B., Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 27, art. 6, pp. 113-120, 1938. 4 Matthew, W. D., ibid. 5 Denison, R. H., sbid., p. 181. MACHAEROIDES EOTHEN MATTHEW—GAZIN 337 Inasmuch as it seems advisable to exclude the Limnocyoninae from the Oxyaenidae, and since I am unable to reconcile it with the Hyaenodontidae on the basis of carnassial differentiation, I propose, at the risk of censure, that the Limnocyoninae and Machaeroidinae be given family recognition as the Limnocyonidae. Description of skull (pl. 45).—The skull of Machaeroides eothen is significantly smaller than that of Limnocyon verus but much larger than Thinocyon velox, corresponding closely in size to Sinopa rapax among its less closely related contemporaries. The skull is moderately slender but with a noticeably deep rostrum, high sagittal crest, and a narrow occiput. The rostrum, in addition to depth, exhibits a well-inflated maxillary portion covering the long root section of the canine, extending parallel and immediately posterior to the suture join- ing the premaxilla. The nasals extend posteriorly in a nearly V-shaped wedge between the frontals, terminating fully as far back as the postorbital processes. In Thinocyon and Limnocyon the nasals as exposed terminate distinctly forward of this position. The postorbital processes of the frontals are moderately well developed and, although possibly not complete, do not appear so prolonged as in Thinocyon. The lachrymal bone in M. eothen is large and extends well forward of the orbit and exhibits a most unusual feature in that the lachrymal foramen enters the skull anterior to the orbital rim and anteroventral to the lachrymal crest or tubercle. A smaller foramen also enters the lachrymal bone outside and immediately dorsal to the lachrymal tubercle. This arrangement was not observed in other creodonts, but it occurs in marsupials and sloths. Matthew, ° however, noted that the lachrymal foramen in Limnocyon was very near the orbital rim. The cranial portion of the skull is characterized by an exceed- ingly small brain case, relatively much smaller than in Thinocyon, and a very high sagittal crest, which joins a high but narrow occipital crest. The latter is overhanging but, quite unlike Lim- nocyon, is noticeably constricted transversely immediately above the occipital condyles. A prominent vascular foramen is noted at the suture between the parietal and squamosal at a position about over the trough for the audital tube, and one also in the posterior portion of the temporal fossa, presumably at about the juncture of the parieto-squamosal and parieto-occipital sutures. In ventral aspect the palatal portion of the skull shows no unusual features. No evidence exists of the grooves and ridges * Matthew, W. D., sbid., p. 438. 338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 3 characterizing the later fissiped sabertooth cats. However, palatal excavations between the deuterocone or protocone portions of successive 3-rooted teeth, for reception of the much-elevated pro- toconids of the lower cheek teeth, are as well developed as in several of the other creodonts. The posterior margin of the palate is extended posteriorly a very short distance below the narial passage, somewhat as in Limnocyon. The palatal margin outside the narial passage, however, shows a conspicuous notch for the palatine vein, with well-developed tuberosities on both the palatal and maxillary sides of the groove. The zygomatic arch arises from perhaps a slightly higher posi- tion on the relatively deep rostrum of Machaeroides eothen than it docs in Limnocyon verus, although in M. eothen the left arch. is broken down to a position below normal on that side of the skull. The depth of the arch is moderate, but because of crushing the extent to which it is expanded laterally cannot be determined. Posteriorly the arch terminates at a position relatively low with respect to the basicranial surface. The zygomatic process of the squamosal projects conspicuously downward from the basicran- ium, placing the glenoid surface for articulation of the lower jaw at a much lower level than observed in other creodonts, a condition noted in machairodonts and in the sabertooth marsupial Thyla- cosmilus atrev. This lowering of the fulcrum gives leverage to the temporal muscle acting on a coronoid process of reduced heignt. The reduction of the coronoid presumably permitted the lower jaw to open wide enough for the mandible to clear the saberteeth, apparently much wider than necessary in other carni- vores, except Apataelurus and the machairodonts. The basicranial portion of the skull is the least distorted by crusning and is relatively elongate and clearly much narrower than in Limnocyon verus. The paroccipital process shows very little development and dces not project posteriorly as in Limno- cyon verus. However, in addition to the downward-projecting pedestallike base for the glenoid surface, the mastoid process, as in the machairodonts, is very well developed, projecting downward and forward, and noticeably expanded in an anterointernal- posteroexternal direction.. The mastoid process is moderately ceveloped in most creodonts including Limnocyon, but nowhere in the suborder is it relatively so important, particularly in a for- ward medial extension, as in M. eothen, and in Apataelurus by inference. Its prominence and rugosity demonstrate the strength and importance of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, the actions of which include depressing the head, as in striking with the MACHAEROIDES EOTHEN MATTHEW—GAZIN 339 sabers. The mastoid process is essentially a part of the mastoid portion of the periotic; however, the extent to which the squamosal enters into its composition cannot be determined, limited possibly to a portion of the anterior surface of the process. The foramina of the basicranium show certain significant dif- ferences in relative position from those in Limnocyon verus or in Thinocyon velox. For the most part these maintain a primitive, creodont arrangement with differences noted in Machaeroides eothen that are in part due to structural modification attendant upon sabertooth development. The alisphenoid canal, if present, is decidedly long as in Limnocyon, but with the posterior opening confluent with or not distinguished from the foramen ovale, so that it was not certainly identified in the material at hand. In Limnocyon verus the posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal is shown by Matthew’ as well forward of the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale in M. eothen is located medial to the post- glenoid process, at the root of the pterygoid wing of the alisphe- noid. The postglenoid foramen enters the skull at the base of the posterior surface of the postglenoid process but exhibits a groove for about half the length of this surface before closure is complete. The foramen lacerum medius is in a customary posi- tion antero-internal to the exposed portion of the petrosal. From a position medial to the promontorium of the petrosal a narrow cleft extends posteriorly along the outwardly convex lateral margin of the basioccipital to the foramen lacerum posterius, about halfway to the occipital condyles. The internal carotid evidently entered the brain case at some point along the anterior part of the cleft and adjacent to the petrosal. The condylar or hypoglossal foramen is well forward of the condyles and sepa- rated by a thin partition from the foramen lacerum posterius, quite unlike Limnocyon or Thinocyon but resembling certain specimens of the Oligocene Daphoenus in this respect. The stylomastoid foramen shows as a groove on the medial margin of the mastoid process. Dorsally this is completely enclosed, presumably by bone belonging to the mastoid portion of the periotic, at the root of the mastoid process, posterolateral and very close to the promontorium of the petrous portion. Machaeroides eothen is without a tympanic bulla, and the tympanic ring was not preserved. The site of the audital tube is a deep and compressed U-shaped trough between the postglenoid and mastoid processes, extending laterally and some- what posteriorly from below the anteroexternal portion of the 7 Matthew, W. D., ébid., fig. 55. 340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. % petrosal. In Limnocyon and Thinocyon the trough is more widely cpen and relatively shorter. The petrosal is partially exposed on both sides of the skull of M. eothen. It exhibits an acutely projecting promontorium located immediately inward from the medial margin of the mastoid process. The petrosal is more broadly rounded ventrally in Thinocyon. The fenestra rotunda in M. eothen is large and faces posteriorly and slightly outward and downward below the flattened ventral surface of the pos- terior portion of the petrosal. The anterior surface of the petrosal is broad and flattened, facing anterolaterally and ven- trally and joining the medial surface in a bluntly rounded angle that extends anteromedially and dorsally from the promontorium. The fenestra ovale faces slightly forward of lateral and is situ- ated very deep in the mesotympanic fossa, almost directly above but well separated from the promontorium. It is much higher in position than the fenestra rotunda and is very much above the lip of the trough for the audital tube. Further description of the petrosal and its relation to the cranial cavity is not under- taken, inasmuch as such additional information cannot be ob- tained without damage to the skull. Upper dentition.—The dental formula for the upper teeth of Machaeroides eothen is 3-1-4-2, as noted by Matthew in Lim- nocyon and as observed in Thinocyon. Moreover, the first upper molar is the carnassial as in these forms and as in the Oxyae- nidae. The teeth resemble those in the Limnocyoninae with certain exceptional characteristics which for the most part are modifications seemingly accompanying sabertooth development. The incisors are slender, recurved, conical teeth adapted for piercing and with transversely flattened roots. Unlike Lim- nocyon they increase in size from first to-third, I* being much more robust and with a root portion about twice as long as in I?. I? in Limnocyon is much smaller than I? and may not be present in some individuals, as indicated by Matthew.* In Thinocyon the three are subequal and slightly spatulate. The enlarged canine is preserved only on the left side and is broken away a short distance below the alveolus. It is removed from I* by a short diastema. The tooth as exposed has no cingu- lum, is nearly oval in cross section, and has a long gently curved root section, as inferred from the inflated portion of the maxilla. In Matthew’s® illustration of Limnocyon verus the upper canine appears to have an exposed cingulum and the short crown is § Matthew, W. D., tbid., p. 434. ® Matthew, W. D., tbid., fig. 53. MACHAEROIDES EOTHEN MATTHEW—GAZIN 341 noticeably recurved below this point. The length of the canine in M. eothen cannot be determined from the present material; however, if this tooth extended as far as the flange of the lower jaw it would have had a length of about 3 cm. beyond the alveolus. The canine shows no evidence of serrations along the anterior or posterior margins. The premolars of M. eothen are 1-, 2-, 3-, and 3-rooted, respec- tively. P*, preserved only on the right side when found but subsequently lost, is a small, simple, conical tooth without an accessory cuspule and separated by a diastema from both the canine and P?. In both Limnocyon and Thinocyon P® is 2-rooted and exhibits a small posterior cuspule. P* of M. eothen, in addi- tion to being 2-rooted, retains a vestige of a posterior cuspule. The tooth is relatively much smaller and transversely more compressed than in Limnocyon. P*, on the other hand, is much better developed than in Thinocyon and apparently than in Limnocyon. This tooth, preserved only on the left side, has a minute parastyle and a rather well developed posterior cusp or crest, approximating P* in this respect. The lingual root is slender but extends markedly inward from about midway of the tooth length and supports a very small deuterocone. P* is relatively robust with a prominent parastyle before and a trenchant cusp posterior to the large backward sloping primary cusp. The deuterocone portion is broad and well defined, extend- ing lingually from the midportion of the tooth. The deuterocone portion does not project forward as it does in Thinocyon or (toa less degree) in Limnocyon. The deuterocone is situated on the lingual margin of the talon and is connected with the primary cusp by a low crest across the forward part of the talon. A small, shallow basin is enclosed between this forward crest and the low cingular crest around the posterior margin of the talon. The difference in development of the various premolars is rather striking in comparison with related forms. P? and P? are relatively small and less progressive, probably reduced from an earlier but more advanced state, paralleling the machairodonts in this respect, as an accompanying factor in sabertooth specializa- tion. P*, however, has retained a more advanced stage of devel- opment and undoubtedly continued to be a significant and func- tional tooth in the later and more advanced Apataelurus, as indicated by the well-developed and trenchant P, with which it occludes in the lower jaw of the Uinta form. M', the upper sectional tooth in Machaeroides eothen, has taken on a very trenchant appearance as compared either with the 342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 9% preceding P* of Machaeroides or with M’* in Limnocyon and Thinocyon. The talon portion is much reduced and far forward in position, the deuterocone being but a very small cusp at the anterolingual angle of the tooth. The posterior crest is elongate and the greater part of the lingual face of the tooth forms a flat shearing blade which, though oblique, is directed more nearly longitudinal than in either Limnocyon or Thinocyon. The para- cone and metacone of M' are closely connate, more so than in Limnocyon, approximately as in Tritemnodon. The parastyle is but weakly developed, being represented only by an enlargement of the cingulum anteroexternal to the paracone. M? has a nearly transverse shear and is characterized in dis- tinction from that in Limnocyon and Thinocyon in having lost all trace of the metacone. Also, the talon is reduced to a very sub- dued projection from the paracone, the shear being effected essen- tially by the paracone and parastyle, whereas in Limnocyon and Thinocyon the talon participates very largely in the shearing structure, cutting against the metaconid and occluding with the talonid of Ms. The reduction of the talon of M? in M. eothen accompanies the loss of the metaconid and extreme reduction of the talonid of the lower carnassial. Mandible (pl. 46, a, 6). —The lower jaw of Machaeroides eothen has been briefly described and figured by both Matthew and Deni- son, and the relationship to other creodonts discussed at length. However, the specimens available to them for study were incom- plete, lacking particularly the extremity of the flange, coronoid process, and the crowns of the canine and carnassial teeth. Res- torations of these parts in drawings were conservative in indicat- ing less modification from the limnocyonine eg than the more complete material demonstrates. The lower jaw is relatively very deep and transversely slender compared to jaws belonging to forms of the Limnocyoninae. Its flange projects downward to a greater extent than anticipated but not to the extent shown in Apataelurus kayi, and much less than in Hoplophoneus. In M. eothen it projects but a little below the dorsoventrally elongate symphysis and curves gently outward so that the width across the extremities of the flanges is greater than at any point above. The deep symphyseal surface has a nearly straight, steeply inclined anterior margin, which makes an abrupt angle with lower margin. The coronoid process of the lower jaw appears truncated and much reduced from the large and fully Geveloped coronoid observed in Limnocyon and Thinocyon. The reduction, nevertheless, has not gone so far as that in Apataelurus. MACHAEROIDES EOTHEN MATTHEW—GAZIN 343 Moreover, the condyle is lower with respect to the tooth row. The angle, less widely separated from the condyle, does not curve downward from the nearly straight lower margin of the jaw but preserves the alignment practically to its extremity, more so than in Apataelurus. The masseteric fossa is well defined with a sharp masseteric crest anterodorsally; however, the fossa, as in Apataelurus and also Patriofelis, extends farther forward be- neath the carnassial than in Limnocyon and Thinocyon. The mental foramina are beneath P, and the posterior root of Py and placed relatively low on the side of the jaw. Lower dentition.—The lower teeth are all present, although the right canine and P» as well as the left carnassial and median incisors are slightly damaged. The lower incisors of Machae- roides eothen were most certainly reduced to two. The lateral of these is the larger of the two, and both, as in the case of the upper incisors, are piercing type structures with transversely flattened roots. In lateral view the canine appears moderately robust at the alveolar border but is transversely flattened and tapers rapidly to a point only a little above the closely adjacent incisors. Moreover, it shows a pronounced scar or bevel verti- cally along its posterolateral surface, worn through occlusion with the superior canines. The cheek teeth appear decidedly slender, and the two anterior premolars, both of which, however, retain two roots, are of rather small size. Ps, is about intermediate in size and development be- tween P. and Py. It has a crested talonid, almost as in Py; a structure but very feebly expressed in Ps. Ps; is without a para- conid, whereas in P, this cusp is low but distinct. Both P; and P, are more progressive than in Limnocyon and Thinocyon; however, in Apataelurus P, has become relatively much reduced in size. P, in both Machaeroides and Apataelurus has become a relatively large and functionally significant tooth, actually exceeding My, in size in both forms, The two molars possess somewhat more distinctive structural characters than the premolars in characterizing Machaeroides. In M, the metaconid is but moderately developed and pressed close to the protoconid. The talonid is much reduced in size and trenchant in character. In Limnocyon and Thinocyon the rela- tively wider and more robust M, has a better-developed metaconid and a large, deeply basined talonid. In Apataelwrus the trenchant heel persists and evidence remains of a metaconid that has not been entirely obliterated by the shearing function imposed on the tooth. 344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 The carnassial, Mz, in M. eothen exhibits more noticeable modi- fications than M, toward a sabertooth specialization. The meta- conid is lost, except for a slight rugosity on the posterointernal margin of the backward sweeping protocone. The talonid is re- duced to little more than a vestige, although its expression is somewhat better in the specimen figured by Matthew.?® The tooth is almost catlike in appearance, quite unlike that in Limno- cyon or Thinocyon where the carnassial is very much like M, except for its greater size and higher trigonid. In Apataelurus the lower carnassial has almost or quite reached the stage ex- hibited by Smilodon in its modification for shearing, but still preserving a vestige of its trenchant talonid. TABLE 1.—Measurements (in millimeters) of skull, mandible, and dentition of Machaeroides eothen, U. S. N. M. No. 17059 Greatest length of skull from anterior margin of premaxillae to posterior margin of occipital’ condyles: . jc j2e iis § Ed SEORITS. . WS SERRE. SoU ew ham seiaeay: a 135 Distance from anterior margin of premaxillae to posterior narial aperture.......... a 65 Greatest depth ‘of ‘maxillaesabove Porc. cya cele se seine oles oa eereereele tere Mohtie e Rina talnie Miche a 82 Width off palate: between canine ‘alvéoli.2! . 2iJi5. Loki. SLES tas. ES a 16 Greatest width of basicranial region across mastoid processeS.........se+seecececee a 48 Length of upper dentition from I* to M2? inclusive. 3). oc... ccc cc clac ce sku scecees a 62 Length of upper dentition from anterior margin of canine alveolus to M7? inclusive.... a 565 Width, across). to, 1% inclusive .(. srsuepyops « cosa setae dacvoaes ales edie bla stacere oxotele dyes erera 75 Length of cheek tooth series, P1 to M? inclusive...........ccccccccccscosccccccccs 42 Length of diastema anterior to P?: posterior to-Pt.. 0.60.02. seve eticcnn scent Sesto 3.5: 2.5 Length of premolar series; ;P* to; PA inclusive 5 )./5,5 jes ie tS ae Sh iaieinnc 6b Codd ed « ghipebies 30 Length) ‘of «molar: series: "ME" to: M2 2..'....2/srevas icteye rs s's.e meine 6 ale OR alors sre obi S oa eaten 11.8 Canine—anteroposterior diameter at alveolus: transverse diameter............ee0- 8.5: 5 P1—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter.............cccecceeecs 3:23) 2.1 P*—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter..............+0-.eeeeee 5.43 2 P%—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter..............ceeeeeeeee 8:5 P4—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter..............00..eeeeee VOKLSYS.2 M'—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter............csceeeeeecce 9.43. 7.5 M?*—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter.............ceeeeeeeece 8.5: 8.1 Length of lower jaw from anterior extremity to condyle............00..0-ceeeeees 92 Depth of symphysis of lower jaw measured along anterior face........-csseeseccees 26 Depth of flange of lower jaw below diastema between canine and Pj.............e- 22 Depth ‘of’ lower’ jaw' ‘below’ Bathe Pe oe ee. LA GAPE od Aa A) Daa SAR 16.5 Depth :ef; lowersjaw below: \Me3 2c. 61 4 ssya de io ha2 Beebe GING Shave Se bebe oe Clea sbi otaae 16.5 Height of coronoid process above inferior margin of ramUS..........eseeee--eeeees 28 Length of lower dentition from anterior margin of canine to Mz inclusive......... 57.5 Length of cheek tooth series, P, to’ Mo inclusive..........ceccccccecccccoccscervece 43.5 Length of diastema anterior to P,: posterior to Py......ccccceccccce--cecccccences 8 :2 Length of premolar series, P; to) Pycinclusive:s ss ccs ne ken sect ns tne secon eee 23.8 Length’ of’ molar’ series, MjandiMov iQ Realise. os. GS, cea. Sake 15.9 Canine—anteroposterior diameter at cingulum: transverse diameter............++-- 6.7: 3.5 P,—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter.........+..eceececeeeee 8.6: 1.6 P,—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter..........cecceceuseeees 4.7: 2 Ps—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter...........ccececceeeees 7.6: 3 P.—anteropostericr diameter: greatest transverse diameter..........0+--ce--eeeeee 9.1: 4 M,—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter...........c-cceeecseeee 8.6: 4 M,;—anteroposterior diameter: greatest transverse diameter............--0+--ceeees 8.7: 4.4 Vertebrae.—Among cervical vertebrae preserved of Machae- 10 Matthew, W. D., ibid., fig. 71. MACHAEROIDES EOTHEN MATTHEW—GAZIN 345 roides eothen are the atlas, axis (badly crushed), and three others including the seventh. The transverse processes are not complete on the atlas, but sufficient remains to show that the groove or notch at the anterior extremity for the anterior course of the vertebral artery and the inferior branch of the spinal nerve is not covered but widely open as in Thinocyon. The posterior open- ing of the vertebrarterial foramen, however, is distinctly on the posterior border of the transverse process, not dorsal to it as described by Matthew for Thinocyon. The two intermediate cervicals between the axis and the sev- enth show a well-developed inferior lamella with the forward ridge well separated from the forward extension of the trans- verse process by the opening of the vertebrarterial canal. These also show a well-developed forward projecting hyperapophysis beginning superior to the postzygapophysis and extending for- ward half to three-quarters of the way to articular surface of the anterior zygapophysis. It is lower than the spine and more compressed transversely. The first eight dorsal vertebrae were found in articulation with the last cervical, and the centra of seven additional vertebrae, not in articulation, were preserved, at least four of which belong to the lumbar series. The anterior dorsals show elongate transverse processes for articulation with the ribs, and moderately high but rapidly tapering spines. The spine of the first dorsal appears to be the longest, and possibly the only one to have an anteropos- teriorly expanded tip. The centra identified as lumbar are very elongate, dorsoventrally flattened, and with the articular faces markedly sloping, downward and backward with respect to the longitudinal axis. Limb bones (pl. 46, c-f).—The humerus of Machaeroides eothen is distinctly larger and more robust than in Limnocyon verus. The deltoid and ectocondylar ridges are wide and flaring, and both ex- tend for a greater proportion of the length of the shaft than in L. verus. The development of the deltoid crest together with the high and widely expanded acromion of the scapula furnishes good lever- age and indicates the importance of the deltoid muscle, which func- tions in raising the arm outward. The prominence and length of the ectocondylar ridge denote good leverage for the supinator longus in flexing and supinating the forearm. The greater and lesser tuberosities are well developed with large rugose surfaces for the muscles used in rotating the humerus. The distal end of the humerus exhibits a large, oval entepicondylar foramen and well- developed condyles, particularly the inner, which has a very rugose 346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 anterodistal surface for attachment of flexor muscles for the manus and forearm. The radius and ulna are longer than in Limnocyon verus and noticeably curved. Both elements are noticeably flattened transversely and anteroposteriorly expanded in their distal por- tions, although a part of this is recognized as due to crushing. The olecranon of the ulna is relatively robust and bent somewhat inward but is not so long asin L. verus. The shaft of the ulna is not convex anteriorly, as described for L. verus, but, if anything, is concave anteriorly. The radius shows a compound curve, con- cave forward in the proximal portion and convex forward in the medial and distal portions. The proximal portion of the radius also has a well-developed bicipital tuberosity, turned slightly inward from the shaft of the ulna, for insertion of the biceps. Moreover, the distal portion of the radius is very much expanded anteromedially above the prominent styloid process. This ex- pansion supports the place of insertion for the distal end of the supinator longus muscle which had its origin on the well-developed supinator ridge of the humerus. Remains of the manus include the scapholunar and the third and fifth metacarpals. The scaphoid, lunar, and centrale are fused, although a groove showing the line of separation between the scaphoid and lunar can be seen across a portion of the radial facet. The distal facets for articulation with the magnum, unci- form, and trapezoid are deeply concave and separated from one another by sharp angles. The metacarpals appear short and stout, a characteristic noted in machairodonts in comparison with true felids. TABLE 2.—Measurements (in millimeters) of the limb bones of Machaeroides eothen, U. S. N. M. No. 17059 Length of Chumertiareoyage NN os. Fh Bias elt aa EOE ELE SBR VEN erEt 104 Anteroposterior diameter of proximal end of humerus.............cce.-ceeecceee- ces 26.5 Transverse diameter of proximal end of humerus across tuberosities...........cceeecee 28 Transverse diameter’ of distal end ‘ofhumeruss ..<\0.f) 600. bchc kd cone cot abcd cee Deo beak 31.5 Greatest, length) lof radiusigacierg tit saraerers laser tate ee oon aie tee oh tHfora es loraters oeaiovons tate - 78.8 Greatest, diameter of proximal end of TAadiuS .. tha syaieed Ley son ica Diva! si Bone ye: Mutt, ey iy gi hit ga” Teh ch Ae 7 My BY i 4 ee _ a exatind axbiligui, od lo eonse to auidoncissilien aisfi sony ada Ten ne dé quilinoh Ai Boay exausrrwits ote te oenin ataaibiad wdoy dase Yebau ase ibd qinocds' Hilo sno iba, wh)” abitond \ignedruleys lrionag si oF ae wailed soinweahionl—< 4 ieoleas Ss bon yeolaa. bionnsd—,%9 paanorg at ybiawesl gaigosiing sybo: nish th tig ive aly. ator, rt stnawunwob: babioh nent —~9- -qanshas Menbgyd garage bar taticled aida juatdohté gil anusa ods ai amibiny py col Rizandy, cr mine hs bia — Meee oe’ wo ovBaEgD era %e rt net ae poy ' ; ee tk baa Caer LAT yh die tA Yuan aw! PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 96 Washington: 1947 No. 3205 THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM By G. E. Bouarr Tue primary purpose of this paper is to make available the names of several species of Phoridae (Diptera) whose biology and life history will be discussed in a paper (to be published by the Navy) on the filth- inhabiting flies of Guam. In it will appear biological notes and de- scriptions and illustrations of the early stages of many of the phorids herein described. Except for those species reared from filthy environments no par- ticular effort was made to collect phorids. Consequently, several of the species described are represented by unique specimens, and it may be inferred that numerous species remain to be discovered on the island. Because of the paucity of material I felt it advisable to illustrate the species as fully as possible, so that if some of these described as new prove to be already named, or if the discovery of many more species reduces the value of the key, the figures will still prove useful. In most cases, in view of the full illustrations, descriptions have been kept at a minimum size, The field work in connection with this study was done on Guam at the field laboratories of Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 under the direction of Commodore Thomas J. Rivers. The taxonomic work and the preparation of the paper were done at the U. S. National Museum under the auspices of the Research Division of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. I am much indebted to Lt. (jg) J. L. Gressitt, who worked with me on Guam, for some of the rearing and collecting of specimens and for carrying on the work after I left the island. The men at the National Museum have done their usual utmost to provide facilities and assist me whenever necessary. 716567—47——1 397 398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Phorids, in relation to the insect fauna as a whole, are prominent on Guam both as to species and individuals. The cosmopolitan Megaselia scalaris (Loew) was abundant in all inhabited areas and bred freely in such diverse materials as green cornstalks, rotting coconuts, carrion, and human excrement. It was almost impossible to keep it from con- taminating our cultures of other flies, and it bred freely in fresh stools under examination for intestinal parasites by the parasitology labora- tory. The highly degenerate Chonocephalus subglaber had the habit of swarming on decaying fruit by thousands, and it could nearly always be taken in decaying wood. Collections of rotting shells buried just beneath the ground surface furnished breeding material for six species of phorids, including two of the wingless genus Puliciphora. The figures are from drawings by the author. For subjects I used specimens in dilute alcohol after softening (but not decolorizing) in KOH. The genitalia were drawn from dissected specimens in alcohol and checked again for accuracy of details with the same specimens mounted in euparol. The holotypes and allotypes of the new species are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. Paratypes will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, the collection of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, and the author’s collection. Genus MEGASELIA Rondani MEGASELIA (MEGASELIA) SETIFEMUR, new species FIGURE 38 Holotype, male-—Length 1.2 mm.; length of wing 1 mm.; frons, dorsum of thorax, abdomen, and halteres uniformly piceous-brown; pleura, venter of abdomen, and legs pale testaceous except for darker apices of hind fermoa. Head; Frontal bristles thick but not long (not more than two-thirds as long as width of frons) ; antiales and lower frontals close together and both lower than upper supra-anten- nals, which are about twice as long and far apart as the lower supra- antennals; cheeks with two strong bristles at lower angle and two moderate ones at level of antennal insertion; frontal hair rather sparse and long. Z'horax: Dorsal hairs short but strong, becoming sparse and bristly toward scutellum; posterior edge of scutum with four bristles, the outer ones about one-half longer than the inner; scutellum with a strong inner, apical pair of bristles about as strong as the outer scutal ones, and a very weak outer basal pair less than half as long as the inner ones; pleura bare except for three bristles on ventral margin of propleuron ; anterior spiracles included in separate sclerites. Legs: Of moderate length, the posterior tibiae and tarsi about as long as wings; posterior tibiae with a single dorsal row of setae inside the dorsal hair fringe; posterior metatarsi with two inner bristles some- THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 399 what longer than the others along the same row; ventral margin of posterior femora with about four basal hairs, much longer than any toward the apex. Wings; Membrane lightly infuscated, costal bris- tles long and sparse; wings otherwise bare except for a few bristles basally on posterior margin; veins placed as shown in figure 38. Abdomen: Tergites almost uniformly brown, slightly paler basally and medially and very sparsely pubescent, the hairs mostly in patches laterally and along posterior margins; genitalia small, the apical lamella divided into two parts, the upper part with scattered hairs as long as the pair of terminal bristles on the lower part. Holotype (unique) (U. S. N. M. No. 57990): Pago River Valley, Guam, June 1945, swept from dense jungle vegetation on a steep slope (G. E, Bohart). Remarks.—This species is similar in coloration and costal fringe of the wing to parabasiseta but lacks mesopleural bristles and any bristles on the third longitudinal vein. It runs close to equiseta Brues and wnisetosa Brues in his key to the Philippine species (1936) but differs from the former in having lighter color, longer and sparser costal wing fringe, and shorter frontal bristles. It differs from unisetosa in lacking a bristle on the base of the radial sector vein and having four bristles on the posterior scutal margin. It runs to couplet 55 in Malloch’s key to the Megaselia in the U. S. National Museum (1912) but differs from either conspicualis Malloch or inornata Mal- loch by having a normal costa and brown halteres. The male geni- talia and basal ventral hairs of the hind femora will probably serve to characterize this species. MEGASELIA SUIS, new species Ficure 36 Holotype, male—Length 1.5 mm.; length of wing 1.4 mm.; body yellow; frons somewhat darkened above; scutum testaceous; abdomen yellow, with fourth tergite dark except ventrally, second and third tergites dark apically and laterally; genitalia dark basally; hind femora strongly darkened apically; wings almost hyaline. Head: Frontal bristles exceptionally long and slender; antiales as close to supra-antennals as to lower frontals; inner supra-antennals only half as long as outer; antennal arista no longer than head height; palpi with weak bristles basally in addition to four outwardly directed apical or subapical ones and an inwardly directed one; genal angles with two strong bristles. Z’horaw: Dorsal pubescence short and close, becoming bristly posteriorly; posterior scutal margin with a pair of inner bristles over half as long as the usual outer ones; bristles along outer margin of scutum as long as free end of R,,.; scutellum with a pair of long posterior bristles and a pair of very reduced hairlike ones 400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 anteriorly ; pleura bare except for four ventral bristles and a postero- dorsal patch of pubescence on the propleura. Legs: Hind tibiae and tarsi together a little longer than wings and with relative lengths of 34 Megaselio scaloris mole 35 Mogaselia Ficures 33-35.—Phoridae of Guam: 33, Female of Megaselia scalaris (Loew); 34, male of Megaselia scalaris: 35, Megaselia stuntzi, new species, stuntzi THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 401 2:3:5; hind tibiae with a single dorsal row of 11 setae along their inner sides; midtibiae with a weak dorsal row of setae; fore coxae with three strong apical bristles, the longest as long as scutellar bristles; ventral Ficures 36-38.—Phoridae of Guam: 36, Megaselia suis, new species; 37, Megaselia parabasiseta, new species; 38, Megaselia setifemur, new species, 402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 margins of hind femora with hairs of apical third longer than else- where. Wings: About two-fifths as broad as long; setae along costa moderately long, becoming more upright beyond point midway from humeral, cross vein to apex of R,; costa nearly two-thirds as long as wings; placement of veins as shown in figure 36; second vein without setae basally. Abdomen: Lateral areas of first tergite rather closely covered with minute hairs; tergites 3 to 5 each with lateral patches of a few small hairs; sides of tergites 5 and 6 uniformly haired, with distinct apical fringe, especially on tergite 6; sternites 3 to 6 ventrally with rather numerous setae or coarse hairs; genitalia of moderate size, the lamella large, creamy in color, with terminal bristles long and delicate. Holotype (U.S. N. M. No. 57991) and three paratype males: Agana, Guam, June 1945, reared from fresh pig dung (G. E. Bohart). One paratype male: Pago River, Guam, June 1945, swept from dense foliage near a garbage dump (G. E. Bohart). Remarks.—On Guam this species resembles only scalaris Loew in general appearance but can be separated by its greater extent of yellow on the abdomen, more confined propleural pubescence, and more deli- cate terminal bristles on the genitalia. It is close to sauteri Brues from the Philippines (Brues, 1936) but has longer costal setae, darker palpi and legs (grayish instead of whitish), and weaker supra-antennal bristles. It runs close to safwnae Malloch from Samoa (Malloch, 1935) but differs by having yellow frons and antennae and more yellow on the abdomen. In Malloch’s key to North American species (1912) it runs to subflava but has narrower costal cells, more bristles on the pro- pleura, and weaker hairs on the sides of second abdominal tergite. It is much larger than bésecta Brues to which it runs in Brues’s key, is a deeper yellow and has a longer costa. MEGASELIA STUNTZI, new species Ficure 35 Holotype, male—Length 1.7 mm.; length of wing 1.4 mm.; body dark brown above, brown laterally and ventrally, without yellow or creamy areas; hind femora apically darkened. Head: Frontal bristles relatively short but very thick and arranged as in figure 35; lower mar- gin of head, seen from the side, with six bristles. Zhorax: Dorsal pu- bescence short and close; lateral margin of mesonotum with four stout bristles before the wing base; propleura with about 12 scattered small hairs in the upper posterior third and two small bristles at the ventral corners; posterodorsal portion of mesopleura with a patch of about 12 short hairs a little stronger than propleural ones; scutellum with two pairs of strong subequal bristles; posterior scutal margin with two pairs of bristles, the inner nearly as long as the outer. Legs: THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 403 Hind tibiae and tarsi together distinctly longer than wings; inner posterior margins of hind tibiae with eight bristles; hind femora with basal ventral bristles longer than apical ventral ones; mid coxae with three strong bristles. Wings: Slightly yellowish, with costal fringe and placement of veins as shown in figure 35; second vein without setae. Abdomen: Uniformly blackish brown; segments nearly bare except for apical fringes and for small lateral patches on first two segments; sternal hairs small and few; genitalia small, with a short lamella, bearing slender lamellar bristles; genitalic details as in fig- ure 35. Holotype (U.S. N. M. No. 57992) and one paratype male: Point Oca, Guam, June 21, 1945, reared from dead mollusks (G. E. Bohart and J. R. Stuntz). Remarks.—This species resembles setifemur but is larger and has mesopleural vestiture. It also resembles parabasiseta but has no dominant mesopleural bristle and has a much shorter costal wing fringe. In Malloch’s key to the Phoridae of Samoa (1935) it runs to M. pacifica but has the first longitudinal vein ending closer to the second than to the humeral cross-vein. The fly is named for J. R. Stuntz, who did much of the rearing work on Guam for our studies on filth-inhabiting flies. MEGASELIA PARABASISETA, new species FIGurE 37 Holotype, male—Length 1.1 mm.; length of wing 0.9 mm., body color a uniform dark brown, palpi, pleura, sides of abdomen, and legs light brown but not yellow; wings distinctly brownish, frons blackish brown; apex of hind femora scarcely darkened. Head: Frontal bristles moderately long and exceptionally thick; lower supra- antennals weaker than but extending as far forward as upper ones; antiales much closer to lower frontals than to upper supra-antennals; palpi very broad, with five roughly similar major bristles extending outward from outer, forward margin; labium greatly expanded in softened specimen; antennal arista no longer than height of head; cheeks apparently with only one strong bristle at genal angle and with three weak ones farther forward. Zhorawv: Dorsal hairs short but strong, becoming sparse near wing and bristly toward posterior mar- gin; scutum and posterior edge of scutellum each with only one pair of bristles; propleura with a single dorsal posterior row of setae and two ventral bristles; mesopleura with dorsal posterior corners bearing a patch of small setae in addition to a stronger bristle; anterior spiracles enclosed in a separate sclerite. Legs: Moderately long, the posterior tibiae and tarsi about as long as the wings and with relative proportions of 3:4; posterior tibiae with a single dorsal row of only four or five 404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 setae; ventral margin of posterior femora with hairs of about equal length throughout, a little weaker in the middle; metatarsi without outstanding setae on the fringes. Wings: Rather narrow, about one- 38 Diploneura cornuta Ge each yi s odd | Chonocephalus subglaber mole 41 Chonocephalus hirsutus Ficures 39-41.—Phoridae of Guam: 39, Diploneura cornuta (Bigot); 40, male of Chon- ocephalus subglaber, new species; 41, male of Chonocephalus hirsutus, new species. THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 405 third as broad as long and with hairs of costal fringe sparse, about 11 in each row; basal portion of R,,, bearing on the inner side a seta about as long as the costal setae; veins placed as shown in figure 37. \ — 42 Puliciphora nigrivantris cK oe 4 5 TrJ Ticures 42-45.—Phoridae of Guam: 42, Female of Puliciphora nigriventris, new species; 43, male of Puliciphora nigriventris; 44, female of Puliciphora wymani, new species: 45+ male of Puliciphora wymani. 716567—46———-2 406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 Abdomen: Tergites uniformly dark brown, sparsely hairy, the apical fringes not longer than hairs on other portions except on sixth tergite ; genitalia small, aedeagus with a complex group of hornlike appendices; lamella single, with short terminal setae. Holotype (unique) (U.S. N. M. No. 57989): Pilgo River, Guam, June 1945 (G. E. Bohart). Remarks.—This species resembles setéfemur in general appearance but has mesopleural vestiture. It runs to arizonensis Malloch or monticola Malicch in his key (1912) but has a longer costa than arizonensis and differs from monticola in having the first two divisions of the costa subequal instead of 2:1. It also differs from monticoia in having the outer supra-antennals only one-third as far apart as the width of the frons. It runs to galugensis Brues or laluvensis Brues in the key to Philippine species (1936) but has narrower wings than lalwvensis and the seta on the base of R,,,, which is missing in the latter. It differs from galugensis in its sparse costal bristles and darker color. It is apparently similar to basiseta from Samoa (Mal- loch, 1935) (hence its name) but has mesopleural vestiture. MEGASELIA SCALARIS (Loew) FWicures 83, 34 Phora scalaris Lorw, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr. (Centuria VII), vol. 10, p. 53, 1866. Length 1.6 to 3 mm.; length of wing of a 3-mm. specimen 2.8 mm., body yellowish (frons of male sometimes largely black) with indistinct brownish markings on the scutum, forming a pair of dorsal longi- tudinal stripes, another pair of more lateral and posterior stripes, and several angular spots anterior to these; abdomen marked as illustrated but sometimes more extensively dark so that the yellow is constricted to basal and apical bands on the second and third tergites and basal central spots on the fourth and fifth tergites. The first tergite and the apical lobes of the last always remain largely yellow; palpi, halteres, pleura, and legs (except for apices of hind femora) creamy yellow. Head: Frontal bristles long and moderately heavy, the supra-antennals about equidistant and the outer ones only a little stronger than the inner; antiales a little higher than the outer supra- antennals and much lower than but nearly as far apart as lower frontals; proboscis of females short and fleshy. Thorax: Propleura with numerous scattered hairs in addition to a dorsal posterior fringe and two to four ventral bristles; pleura otherwise bare; posterior margin of scutum with single pair of long slender bristles and scutel- lum with two pairs of subequal bristles; scutal pubescence dense and composed of very small hairs; halteres yellow, sometimes with darker apical spot. Wings: Costa distinctly longer than succeeding length of wing; veins bare except for moderately short and dense costal fringe and the usual bristles on the basal posterior margin; costa from THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 407 humeral cross vein to second longitudinal slightly longer than from the latter to apex of third longitudinal. Zegs; Midtibiae with a weak fringe of setae outside the dorsal hair fringe as well as a stronger one inside; hind tibiae with an outer fringe composed of 9 to 12 rather strong setae; fore tibiae setose dorsally but without a definite row of setae; hind tibial spur of male nearly as long as the metatarsus. Abdomen: Yergites sparsely covered with short, stiff hairs laterally and with long ones apically on tergites 5 to 7. Genitalia as figured, the lamella yellow with strong terminal bristles. This is a cosmopolitan species that breeds in a wide variety of materials. It is easily distinguished from the other species on Guam by its color pattern, types of pleural pubescence, and the male genitalia. Genus DIPLONEURA Lioy DIPLONEURA CORNUTA (Bigot) FIGuReE 39 Phora cornuta Breor, in de la Sagra’s “Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l’ile de Cuba” (French ed.), p. 827, 1857. Length 1.4 to 2.1 mm.; length of wing of a 3-mm. specimen 0.95 mm. ; color yellowish brown; frons blackish above ; thorax with median and lateral brown areas; scutellum brown; abdomen yellow with blackish areas laterally and apically on tergites 2 to 5 and covering most of 6 and 7; palpi, proboscis, pleura, and legs rather clear yellow ; wings hyaline. Head; Frons with long slender spines, averaging over half as long as width of frons; spacing as shown in figure 39; antennal arista slightly longer than head width; proboscis of female narrow, chitinized, extending one-third its length beyond palpi; palpi with five long apical and subapical spines, fourth from apex longer than antial bristles and directed downward; cheeks with two long bristles near genal angles and a single long one at level of antennal insertions. Vhoraz: Dorsum broader than long, with five bristles along each lat- eral margin, the longest on posterolateral corner of scutum; apical margin of scutum otherwise with one pair of long bristles and two much shorter inner pairs of hairlike ones; scutellum with one pair of long bristles on the posterolateral corners. Pubescence of pleura as shown in figure 39. Legs: Posterior tibiae with dense dorsal fringe of hair and a series of weak setae inside and hidden by the dorsal fringe; anterior tibiae with four setae on outer margins; inner sides of mid- tibiae with hairs arranged in transverse series and with apical spurs nearly as long as metatarsi; posterior metatarsi with two outstanding setae before the middle along ventral margins. Wings: With whitish microtrichia; placement of veins and costal fringe as shown in figure 408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98 BESS ee SSA SU--- supra-antannal AN--- antici LF--- Icwer frontal UF --- upper frontal PQ--- pre-oceliar OC--- ocellar 46 Parafannia molluscovora Chonocephalus subgiober female 48 ~— Chonocephoius hirsutus fernaia Ficures 46-48.—Phoridae of Guam: 46, Parafannia molluscovora, new species; 47, female of Chonocephalus subglaber, new species; 48, female of Chonocephalus hirsutus, new species. THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 409 39. Abdomen: Tergites 1 to 5 practically bare, 6 and 7 with sparse general pubescence and long apical fringe hairs; sternites distinctly setose, the longest ones on sternites 5 to 7 nearly as long as frontal bristles; ovipositor reddish with dorsal and ventral pairs of hairs as long as frontal bristles. This tropicopolitan species is the only representative of its genus so far found on Guam. It has been recorded from southern Europe, Asia, and southeastern United States. The figures of the male geni- talia should serve to distinguish it from other species, if they should be found. It was reared on Guam from decaying mollusks and swept from vegetation along the seacoast. Genus CHONOCEPHALUS Wandolleck CHONOCEPHALUS HIRSUTUS, new species Ficures 41, 48 Holotype, female.—Length 1 mm.; body brown above, testaceous be- neath, with a fine transverse subapical dark brown streak extending about three-fourths the distance across each abdominal tergite. Head: Eyes with about 12 facets; sides of head with four bristles anterior to eyes, the posteriormost about one-third as long as head; palpi about as broad as antennae and with terminal bristles as long as palpi. Thorax: Propleura with numerous minute hairs but no dominant one; notal pubescence short and erect. Legs: Sparsely hairy ; forelegs with first tarsal segment a little shorter than next two combined and about half as long as first hind tarsal segment. Abdomen; Only slightly darker above than below; tergites 2 to 5 with two transverse rows of setae, except laterally where there are about 10 setae on each segment as strong as the ones in the transverse rows; fifth and sixth sternites with small setae laterally; sternites 4 to 7 with ventral setae, the apical ones on sternite 7 longer than setae in the tergal rows; spatula- shaped sternal structure with “handle” about three times as long as “blade” and with “blade” about as wide as long. Allotype, male—Length 1.1 mm.; length of wing 1 mm.; blackish brown, somewhat velvety; antennae, palpi, pleurae, and legs brown; wings lightly infuscated. Head: Bristles weak, the postocellars and lowermost frontals the strongest; median groove of frons narrow, not dividing the lower portion into two widely separated ridges. Z'horaxr: Dorsal pubescence sparse and fine; posterior scutal margin with four bristles, the basal pair about half as long as the apical. Lateral vestiture asin figure 41. Wings: Veins very delicate; costal fringe composed of many short, weak setae; humeral cross vein and subcosta absent. Abdomen: First tergite as long as second 410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 9¢ and sixth twice as long as fifth; tergal pubescence minute; genitalia large, the right side with a long bootlike process; the left side with its hair fringe mainly confined to a single row close to posterior border. Holotype female and allotype male (U.S. N. M. No. 57994) : F. E. A. Farm, near Agana, Guam, October 1945, female taken from pig dung, male swept from above mud in the pig pen (G. E. Bohart). Paratype male: From light trap, Point Oca, Guam, June 1945 (G. E. Bohart and J. L. Gressitt). Remarks.—The two specimens of males (both mounted in euparol) vary in the extension of the aedeagus and the expansion of the wings, but this is due to mounting techniques. The allotype has one meso- pleural bristle whereas the paratype has two. The holotype is mounted in euparol but is unfortunately somewhat collapsed and shrunken. This species is close to subglaber, but the female has stronger and more numerous abdominal setae and a more uniform abdominal color. The male genitalia also differentiates it from subglaber and from other species for which genitalia have been described or figured. CHONOCEPHALUS SUBGLABER, new species Ficures 40, 47 Holotype, female.—Length 0.9 mm.; dark brown to blackish brown above, brown laterally on thorax and creamy white laterally and ventrally on abdomen; abdominal tergites with broad, complete trans- verse preapical black bands containing pale circles at the bases of the fringe setae. Mead; Eyes with about 15 facets; sides of head with five bristles anterior to eyes, the posteriormost about one-fourth as long as head; palpi narrower than antennae. Thorax: Propleura with a dorsal bristle in addition to scattered small setae. Abdomen: Tergal pubescence scattered and minute except in preapical fringes; bases of fringe hairs completely enclosed in the broad preapical black stripes; sternites 4 to 6 with a few minute setae medially and sternite 7 with a median sclerite bearing short setae; spatula-shaped sternal structure with “handle” less than three times as long as “blade.” Allotype, male-——Length of wing 1 mm.; body color as in hirsutus. Head: Bristles moderately strong, those extending from the eye along the anterior margin of the frons and along the forward prolongation of frons gradually diminishing in strength but most of them as strong as postocellars or postverticals; median groove broad and shallow, separating forward prolongation of frons into widely separate ridges. Thorax: Hairs of propleura scattered and mesopleura with three setae. Legs: As in hirsutus but not so sparsely pubescent. Wings: Costal fringe short, with numerous hairs, those on basal half THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 411 distinctly longer and sparser than elsewhere. Abdomen: Sixth tergite only one and one-half times as long as fifth and with notice- able hairs in addition to apical fringe; genitalia without a strong bootlike process on left side but with a fingerlike process on the right side bearing an apical peg and a thick spine beyond the middle. Holotype female (U.S. N. M. No. 57995) and 15 paratype females: Point Oca, Guam, June 1945, from breadfruit (G. E. Bohart and J. L. Gressitt). Allotype male (U. S. N. M. No. 57995): Point Oca, Guam, June 1945 (G. E. Bohart and J. L. Gressitt); 3 paratype males: Point Oca, December 1945 (reared from bananas by J. L. Gressitt). Remarks.—The female differs from hirsutus by its weaker abdomi- nal pubescence and stronger transverse dark bands on the abdomen. It is almost identical with buccalis Malloch in the female but males are readily distinguishable by the genitalia. The male differs from hirsutus chiefly in the stronger frontal bristles and in the genitalia. It differs from the closely related buccalis Malloch (1912) and from any of the species described from the Bismarck Archipelago by Schmitz (1929a, pl. 1) by the genitalic processes mentioned in the above description. Genus PULICIPHORA Dahl PULICIPHORA WYMANI, new species Figures 44, 45 Holotype, female —Length 1.1 mm. ; brown above and pale testaceous beneath; frons usually with indefinite median and oblique sublateral darker bars; thoracic pleura without dark areas. Head; Frons with only one pair of lower frontals. Z7horax: Propleura with a few scat- tered setae in addition to the dorsal bristle; dorsum with three pairs of bristles, the lateralmost inserted near posterior corners of meso- pleura. Zegs: Hind tibiae with hairs of dorsal margin longer and stouter than elsewhere on legs. Abdomen: Tergite 6 with a small, lunu- lar sclerite at the base; sternite 5 uniformly ringed with setae; sternite 2 with a group of setae just below the tergite. Allotype, male.—Length 1.2 mm.; length of wing 1.1 mm.; thorax dark brown above, light brown beneath; dorsum of abdomen and frons blackish brown. Head: Antiales about as far apart as the lower frontals; palpi with five strong bristles. 7 horaw: Propleura with scat- tered setae in addition to dorsal bristle; posterior border of thorax with one pair of bristles near the lateral corners; scutellum with four bristles, the inner ones about two-thirds as long as the outer. Legs: Midtarsi only slightly longer than midtibiae, about equal to fore tarsi. Wings: Very broad, with radial vein ending at about middle. Ad- domen: Genitalia large, with an anteriorly developed ventral loop and 412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 an extensible process, apical lamella elongate and with a slender ventral lobe. Holotype female, allotype male (U.S. N. M. No. 57997), 6 paratype males, and 10 paratype females: Point Oca, Guam, June 1945, from dead shellfish, and December 1945 from canned salmon (G. EK. Bohart and J. L. Gressitt). Remarks.—Females are somewhat variable in the distinctness of the head markings and in the color of the haustellum, which may be light or dark. Males sometimes have the terminal process (aedeagus) of the genitalia retracted. This species can be distinguished in the female from nigriventris by the paler dorsal color, lack of dark pleural areas, and more complete abdominal setosity. The male can be told from nigriventris and other species by its large aedeagus and the anterior loop of its associated genitalic structures. The fly is named for C. L. Wyman, who worked with me many months overseas and in Washington, D. C. PULICIPHORA NIGRIVENTRIS, new species Figures 42, 43 Holotype, female.—Length 1 mm.; clypeus, frons, antennal grooves, sides of pronotum, anterior margins of propleura, anterior band, and ventral surface of sternopleura black; legs, antennae, palpi, proboscis, cheeks, occiput, central portions of thoracic pleura and metanotum, basal two-thirds of first abdominal segment, and basal lunule of fifth segment yellowish brown or testaceous; abdominal sternites and all of abdomen beyond segment 5 creamy to translucent whitish. Head: With two pairs of lower frontals and with supra-antennals about as long as postocellars. Z'horaw: Propleura with only one distinct seta; posterior margin of scutum with two pairs of subequal bristles. Legs: Hind tibiae with hairs of dorsal margin rather long but no stouter than elsewhere on the tibiae. Abdomen: Segment 5 (with dorsal gland) with rows of setae which are incomplete laterally; segment 2 without lateral setae; segment 6 without a dorsal sclerite. Allotype, male—Length 1.2 mm. (expanded), length of wing 0.9 mm. (incompletely formed) ; blackish brown, thorax somewhat lighter. Head: Antiales much closer together than lower frontals; palpi with four strong bristles. Zhoraw: Propleura with only one distinct hair or bristle; prothoracic spiracle in a distinct sclerite. Legs: Midtarsi considerably longer than foretarsi or midtibiae. Wéngs: Poorly de- veloped in holotype because of teneral condition. Abdomen: Genitalia not particularly large; apical lamella short and with prominent ven- tral lobe; ventral portion of genitalia not produced basally into ab- domen. THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 413 Holotype, allotype (U.S.N.M. No. 57996), and 8 paratypes (includ- ing one male): Point Oca, Guam, June 1945, reared from dead shellfish (G. E. Bohart and J. L. Gressitt). Remarks.—This species resembles wymani but can be distinguished by its blacker color and fewer abdominal setae in the female and by the smaller, simpler appearing genitalia in the male. It comes close to tokyoensis Kinoshita (see Schmitz, in Lindner, 1938) but lacks the mesopleural bristle and scattered propleural setae of the latter. PARAFANNIA, new genus Head: Clypeus convex and strongly projecting, separated from antennal scrobes by membranous area; third antennal segment sub- spherical, with arista inserted dorsally and over twice as long as frons; cheeks produced ventrally and posteriorly, the genal angles considerably below and behind the nearest margin of the eyes and bearing a single long bristle; cheeks otherwise with only a few short bristles at inner angles, palpi with only two long bristles near apices, with two rows of lesser ones extending along entire outer and ventral sides; proboscis fleshy, broadly and deeply bilobed ; frons much broader than long, with one pair of erect supra-antennals, one pair of out- wardly directed antiales, two pairs of laterals, the lowermost only slightly below the level of preocellars; upper verticals directed inward and postverticals directed outward; ocelli rather small and far separated. Thorax; Scutum about two-thirds as long as broad, with six pairs of lateral bristles, one pair along truncate posterior margin; scutellum posteriorly with one pair of bristles and with strongly con- vex posterior margin; propleura lateral, about twice as high seen from the side as posterior portion of pronotum; anterior spiracles not above dorsal margins of pro- and mesopleura; mesopleura,not divided into anterior and posterior sections, more than twice as high as dorsal length, entirely bare; a distinct 5-sided sclerite separated from the hypopleura and interposed between the latter and the pteropleura; postnotum shorter than scutellum. Legs: Dorsal side of foretibiae with a single subbasal seta, which is somewhat stronger than hairs along dorsal margin; midtibiae with a subbasal pair of strong bristles on dorsal side, with two strong bristles near apex; hind tibiae without dorsal hair fringes, with a single strong bristle on outer side one-third the distance from base to apex, and apically with a short subdorsal bristle in addition to two moderate ventral bristles. Wings: M,,s (sec- ond longitudinal) not separated apically from M,,, (third longitudi- nal); R,+Se (first longitudinal) short; base of Rs on inner side with long bristle; veins not swollen and pterostigmae lacking. Abdomen: Nearly bare dorsally except for apical fringe of sixth tergite, laterally and ventrally with short setose hairs set in distinct sockets (as in Puli- 414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 96 ciphora) ; ovipositor, when exserted, composing seventh and eighth segments, which are tubular and have fine chitinized striae, and terminal structures composed of a dorsal piece connected to a pair of ventral sclerites and a pair of spatulate distal processes. This genus is in the subfamily Phorinae of Schmitz and runs close to Citrago Schmitz in his key to the world genera (1929a). It differs from this, however, in the possession of an anterodorsal bristle on the hind tibiae and in the strongly produced clypeus. It differs from Hypocera in having bare mesopleura and from Diplonewra in lacking a free end to the radial vein. Type of the genus: Parafannia molluscovora, new species. PARAFANNIA MOLLUSCOVORA, new species FIGURE 46 Holotype, female-—Length (expanded) 2.2 mm.; length of wing 1.6 mm.; sooty black, antennae, palpi, legs, pleura dark yellowish brown to dark brown or nearly black, halteres smoky brown, sides and venter of abdomen smoky yellow, becoming sooty apically; wings slightly infuscated, veins brown. Head: Frons xbout twice as broad as long; antiales over twice as close to supra-antennals as to eyes; lower frontals and preocellars nearly in line; clypeus with a dark basal band. Zhorax: Scutum with rather sparse brownish pubes- cence; scutellar bristles longer than scutellum and bending inward; hindmost pair of lateral scutal bristles about as long as distance from humeral cross vein to apex of the radius; propleura with one slender seta on posterior angles, two or three small hairs near the posterior margins, and three small setae near the ventroposterior corners. Legs: Hind tibiae and tarsi together about four-fifths as long as wings, the tibiae four-ninths as long as tarsi; subbasal bristle on hind tibiae about as long as tibial width at that level; posterior metatarsi one-fourth as broad as long; dorsal margins of midtibiae mostly smoky yellow but with broad dark band in region of subbasal pair of bristles; subbasal bristle on inner dorsal margins of foretibiae shorter than tibiae width. Wings: Setae fringe of costa short, dense, and reg- ular; prehumeral portion of costa with two long bristles; bristle on base of Rs about as long as lateral bristles on frons; placement of veins as in figure 46. Abdomen: First tergite about half, third about two-thirds as long as second; tergites 1 to 5 practically bare except for tiny apical fringes; sides and venter of abdomen with scattered setae, which become longer and more numerous toward apical seg- ments and have black pigmentation at their bases; processes at tip of ovipositor with a few long hairs; seventh and eighth abdominal seg- ments (forming “tube” of ovipositor) finely striated with black, the latter with a pair of dorsal longitudinal chitinous rods. THE PHORID FLIES OF GUAM—BOHART 415 Holotype (U.S. N. M. No. 57993) and 15 female paratypes: Point Oca, Agana, Guam, June 1945, reared from decaying mollusks buried in ant colonies just beneath the ground surface (G. E. Bohart and J. L. Gressitt). Remarks.—This fly is so distinctive that a new genus was erected for it. Other species, if found, may show that some of the characters used in the generic description are of specific value only. to cu Although over 30 specimens were reared, no males were obtained. KEY TO THE PHORIDAE OF GUAM TNR NMR nena ee eee ee 2 . Head strongly flattened dorsoventrally and with front produced beyond antennae; dorsum of thorax without strong bristles; eye smaller than SeReieL 1; CU BORULGD IEE en eee a ates Head neither flattened nor conspicuously produced; dorsum of thorax with several pairs of strong bristles; eye larger than third antennal PETITES. 7:1 CEeROUDISOTIR ) aoe a ee oe te ee +f . Abdomen, view from side, with tergites uniformly haired and without distinct apical fringes; venter of abdomen light brown, almost as dark Qs @orsu — = 5s sr ge Chonocephalus hirsutus Abdomen with very fine sparse hairs except for apical fringes of tergites; blackish dorsum of abdomen contrasting strongly with creamy white Nh re ee ee Chonocephalus subglaber . Frons, mesonotum, and first 5 abdominal tergites uniformly blackish; thoracic pleuron strongly marked with dark gray along most sutures; hind tibia without noticeable fringe of bristles or stiff hairs; fifth abdominal segment not uniformly ringed with several rows of hairs or Bert DTIStles nn el Puliciphora nigriventris Most of frons and much of mesonotum and abdominal tergites testaceous to brown, not strongly different from thoracic pleural color; fifth and sixth abdominal segments uniformly ringed with short bristles or hairs; hind tibia with distinct posterior fringe of strong hairs or bristles. Puliciphora wymani . Frons covered with long, strong bristles and not produced forward be- SIRENS ORT IR TLD TN repre ies beurre pee Si reenact His ensign 7 Frons with at most 2 or 3 pairs of strong bristles and produced forward between antennal bases. (Chonocephalus).---._--_.-----_-.---_-_-_ 6 . Frons broadly impressed medially, from above appearing like a pair of ridges between antennal bases, and with anterior border near eyes having a series of 3 or 4 moderate bristles; mesopleuron with several NN ce ec ge ee Chonocephalus subglaber Frons narrowly impressed along midline and with bristles along anterior border scattered and weak; mesopleuron with a single seta. Chonocephalus hirsutus sues ECON TATU NOREEN sen co a anaes sear ee enna 8 ET My Me dy BET VRE i cP ae ee ee See 10 . Clypens strongly produced forward at oral margin; hind tibia with a spine on outer surface toward the base; midtibia with a pair of bristles SPT FR cca i Parafannia molluscovora Clypeus not produced at oral margin; tibiae without basal or sub-basal CR UIE a stn inhcoren nce oder nsigarmancinia cnosiesioeondoaseetsioaeapeaa 9 416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 98 9. Propleuron with about 5 small setae in addition to the dorsal bristle ; genitalia with long anteroventral extension--__-__~~ Puliciphora wymani Propleuron with dorsal bristle only; genitalia without conspicuous ante- TOVENCLAl CX CCNSLO Meee eee eee ete ee ee Puliciphora nigriventris 10. Preantennal bristles (on anteromedian margin of frons) directed back- ward; midtibia with a pair of subbasal bristles________ Diploneura cornuta Preantennal bristles directed forward; midtibia without bristles before middle:,..,