MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. Received c<- "9 ^ ^ Accession No. /^ Given by y^/'^?r<-^«-vr?-»r^.'4?'<-^ Place, //^>.'—, X ? '> u tn ed u T5 o o w s a 0 ti a 'u u ca » s a S a 3 0 s a as O V o ■3 a 3 s § -a 13 < s o s n td a a S u u 0. a V a s u s X X? " wallacei X? X X X " becki " ephippium X X X X Phyllodactylus tuberculosis " gilberti " galapagoensis " bauri X " leei X Xropidurus grayi X X " " magnus " " barringtonensis.... " duncanensis Y " delanonis " bivittatus X •' habeli " pacificus X Conolophus subcristatus X X X X X " pallidus X s Ambljrhynchus cristatus Dromicus biserialis X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X " " habeli X X Collected or recorded by previous collectors. s Seen. Excluding Chelone fnydas, which is a widely spread marine species, the Galapagos reptile fauna consists of twenty-six species and subspecies ; of these twenty-five are peculiar and are represented on the adjacent coast of South America by closely allied species. All species of Testudo in the Galapagos are peculiar, and are most closely related to those found in the Mascarenes, of the Indian Ocean, from which they are separated by only slight structural characters. Any land connection between these re- mote island groups in recent geologic times through a connec- tion of the continents to which they are nearest, forming a con- REPTILES 47 nection between South America and Africa, is not to be seri- ously considered. The similarity of the Mascarenes and Gala- pagos Testudo may be largely due to insular isolation, the two groups having sprung from a similar cosmopolitan type derived from the nearest continent, the absence of enemies and abundance of food on the islands being favorable to the devel- opment of gigantic races. These races have developed along nearly the same lines. Western South America at present lacks the genus, and paleontology is as yet silent as to its occur- rence or the time of its disappearance there. Assuming that the Galapagos reptile fauna has been chiefly derived from ma- terial carried by ocean currents, the present direction of these currents would favor its derivation from South America south of the equator. So little of the fauna and flora is allied to West Indian and Central American forms, however, that- it is im- probable that during those geological epochs (Tertiary or older) when the Americas were separated by the submergence of part of the connecting isthmus an ocean current from the northeast washed the shores of the archipelago and brought with it such forms. The large Central American element in the Galapagos may be traced to the influence of the seasonal shifting of the present currents about the Panama region which not infrequently bring floating material to the islands from that coast. The single peculiar species of Gonatodes is most closely allied to G. occllatiis of the West Indies (Tobago). This genus oc- curs along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. Of the five species of PhyllodactyluSy four are peculiar and more or less closely related to P. tiiberculostis, the non-peculiar species which is distributed along the west coast of Mexico, and Central and South America southward to Ecuador. Tropidiirus is distinctly a Neotropical genus with several Peruvian and Ecuadorian species. All the Galapagos species are peculiar and closely related forms, their nearest continental allies being perhaps some of the Peruvian species. The genus Conolophus according to Garman^ is nearest the Neotropical genus Enyalioides which is a common Ecuadorian inhabitant. This affinity is especially well marked in the young 1 Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xxiv, 1892, p. 3. 48 HELLER which are said to be nearly indistinguishable. Boulenger^ places it near Iguana. The marine Iguana A7nblyrhynchiis is closely allied to Cono- lophus, of which it is perhaps a marine form evolved, as sug- gested by Garman, on barren islands where vegetation was lacking, thus compelling an alga diet or extermination. The single species and subspecies oi Dromicus are both closely allied to D. chamissonus of Peru and Chile from which species the Galapagos snakes are doubtfully distinct. The author is under obligations to Dr. C. H. Gilbert, of Stan- ford University, in whose laboratory the work has been done, and to Mr. J. O. Snyder, curator of the Leland Stanford Junior Uni- versity Museum, for many favors received in the handling of the collections. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. Genus Chelone Brongniart. Chelone Brongn., Bull. Soc. Philom., il, p. 89, 1800. Range. — Cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas. CHELONE MYDAS (Linnaeus). Testudo mydas Linn., Sys. Nat., ed. 10, i, p. 197, 1758. Range. — Tropicopolitan. Common among the islands of the Galapagos Archipelago. Most abundant in the shallow lagoons and on the sand beeches where the females come to deposit their eggs. The crew secured many tui-tles for food and we observed many others on the beaches. The coloration of the upper parts varied from dark greenish to brownish-red, the reddish coloration greatly predom- inating-in Galapagos specimens. Only one adult specimen was pre- served. The turtles have been driven from some of the islands, on which dogs and pigs have been introduced, by the ravages of these animals on their eggs and breeding grounds and also by Indians who hunt them for their oil. They are, however, still abundant about Albemarle and Narboro. Genus Testudo Linnaeus. Testudo Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, p. 197, 1758. Range. — Ethiopian, Oriental, Mediterranean, Neotropical (east of the Andes) and South Temperate Nearctic. ' Boulenger, Cat., 11, 1S85, p. 186. REPTILES 49 Galapagos Testudo (genus Elephantopus of Gray). — Nuchal plate absent; a pair of gular plates; frontal region of the skull flat; fourth cervical vertebra biconvex. In T. galapagoensis the third cervical vertebra is biconvex. Nine described species peculiar to the Galapagos Archipelago. Allied most closely by the characters of the skulls and vertebrae to the tortoises of the Mascarenes (Mauritius and Rodriguez Islands) from which they are separated by the divided gular plate. The following account of the habits of the Galapagos tortoises is based on observations made on the three species collected, viz., T. microphyes, T. vicina and T. ephippium. Their food consists of various species of grasses and cactus (^Opun- tia). • During the rainy season and in the moist portions of the islands the year round grass forms their chief food, especially a large, woody stemmed, perennial species. During the dry season in the arid portions of the islands, as at Tagus Cove, Albemarle, and on Duncan Island, the Opuntia h&comGS quite an important food plant. The green succulent leaf-like stems of this cactus and its fruit, the "prickly pear," are eagerly devoured by the tortoises regardless of the sharp spines with which they are armed. One specimen collected near Tagus Cove had the whole palate and pharynx bristling with cactus spines from which there was apparently no suffering. The juicy cactus stems supply the tortoises with the necessary water in the dry regions where springs are absent and thus make possible its existence in such localities. Cactus seems to be preferred, when it can be easily secured; all the tortoises we took on board the schooner would take no other kind of food except when compelled by hunger. The Opuntia are tree-like in habit, growing usually to a large size and it is only the young and smaller plants that are within reach of the tortoises. Grass can be secured much easier and it is perhaps due to this fact that it forms a larger proportion of their food. The tortoises do a great deal of apparently unnecessary travelling and though slow are so persistent in their journeys that they cover several miles a day. Most of the travelling is done early in the morn- ing and late in the afternoon, the hot hours of noon being spent in the shade of some bush wallowing in the damp soil. The wallowing probably cools them and incidentally relieves them of a few of the numerous wood ticks {Amblyofna pilosu?n) which infest them at the joints and wherever the skin is thin enough to allow them to pierce it. After heavy rains they delight to wallow in the mud. They are very determined travellers and when once started in a certain direction no 50 HELLER obstacles can stop them. Not unfrequently they ascend very steep, rocky hills. Sometimes their shells are broken and occasionally they are killed by rolling down these inclines, but if uninjured after these falls they will make repeated effors to reascend until crowned by suc- cess. They retire early for the night, drawing in their limbs and neck and after sunset do not move from the place chosen for the night. Darwin, however, states that they travel both day and night when on their periodical visits to the springs. All three of the species we observed make seasonal vertical migra- tions. Soon after the rainy season they descend the mountains to the grass covered flats at their bases to feed and deposit their eggs in the light soil. After the grass has withered they again ascend the moun- tains to the moist meadows produced by the trade winds at an elevation of 2,000 feet and above. These migrations are most marked in the dry regions, as at Tagus Cove, Albemarle, but even at Iguana Cove on the same island where there is an abundance of moisture at lower ele- vations a nearly complete migration takes place. On Duncan Island the tortoises scatter out so in the dry season that their movements can scarcely be called a vertical migration. In their seasonal pilgrimages they follow well established trails used perhaps for generations. These trails radiate from the higher plateaus as a center and usually follow the floors of the canyons to the flats below. Some of the trails are of considerable length, requiring several days of persistent effort on the part of the tortoise to cover them. When surprised they draw in their limbs and necks with a deep hiss and suspend operations until they think the danger past. No amount of noise seems to frighten them and the Ecuadorians assert that they are deaf. A small one however taken at Iguana Cove, Albemarle, learned to recognize the voice of its keeper in a few months and would come to the gate of its pen when called though the keeper was hidden from its sight. The males are sometimes quarrelsome, especially in the breeding season. In fighting the jaws are opened widely and the animals, raised by outstretched necks and limbs to their greatest height, attack one another. Superior height seems to be quite an advantage in a combat allowing the taller to bite down upon the head of his adversary. In these fights they seldom succeed in doing much damage. When turned over on their backs they right themselves by swinging their limbs all in the same direction, which causes the animal to rotate and clear the ground, so that by thrusting out their long necks to the ground and pushing with them the body falls over on the plastron. REPTILES 51 During this operation they usually indulge in much grumbling and groaning as if it were a terrible tax on their anatomy. During the breeding season the males are said to " bellow like bulls." The " bel- lowing" which we heard consisted of a rather low prolonged note which could not have been heard more than a few yards away. The type localities of most of the Galapagoan species of Testudo are shrouded in more or less uncertainty. Most of the early speci- mens were collected by whalers and other navigators who have left no records of the exact localities from which their specimens came, and it is only by guesses based on the islands touched at by these naviga- tors that the type localities have been approximately fixed. Within recent years authentic specimens have been collected on Albemarle, near Tagus and Iguana Coves, Abingdon and Duncan Islands which comprise four species, the tortoises having become extinct on all the other islands of the archipelago. The identification of these speci- mens with those previously described has proved troublesome because of the immaturity of some of the types and the rather variable charac- ters upon which some of the species are based. Some of the species may be simply varieties or subspecies but lack of series of specimens forces us to retain all as species. From the accounts of early navigators who visited the archipelago we learn that gigantic land tortoises formerly inhabited, beside the is- lands enumerated above, Charles, Chatham, James, Indefatigable and Hood Islands. The form on Indefatigable has only recently become extinct. Some Ecuadorians we met asserted that some years ago they had seen an immense one near the plantation situated in the central crater. Albemarle Island is inhabited by two species whose ranges are separated by a low barren isthmus. Duncan and Indefatigable are supposed by Dr. Giinther to be inhabited by the same species ; all the other islands are considered to have been inhabited by distinct species. Charles, Chatham and James have each a species referred to them, leaving Hood and perhaps Indefatigable, the only ones not represented bv de- scribed species. Of the larger islands and those possessing conditions of vegetation suitable for the existence of TesUido Narboro, Bindloe, Barrington, and Jervis appear never to have been inhabited. This may in part be accounted for, on the three latter islands, by their in- ferior height which would greatly lessen the supply of moisture. Narboro, though high, is very rugged and its vegetation confined mostly to the rim of the crater, the coast being fringed by rough, barren lava fields which may account for the absence of tortoises. The young do not take on their specific characters until nearly 52 HELLER adult; they remain very similar in shape, in all the species, for a considerable time. All the young observed possessed striated shells but adults seem to retain or lose this character indifferently in most of the species. Growth takes place by additions to the outer border of each plate along the soft white seams and probably continues as long as life exists ; the largest specimens possess the whitish seams which mark the growing edges of the plates. In youth the annual increase is probably much greater than later. A specimen from Iguana Cove, weighing 29 pounds when taken, doubled its original weight in twelve months accompanied by an increase to the margin of each plate of the carapace of about half an inch or an inch to the diameter of the plate. Its total gain during the year was in length of carapace four inches, in breadth three inches, and in height, one and one-fourth inches. During the colder winter months the consumption of food was greatly lessened and growth correspondingly retarded. The increase in weight during the summer months amounted to nearly three pounds monthly. This tortoise now weighs 130 pounds, having gained 100 pounds in three years. This rapid increase may be abnormal but it shows how rapid their growth may be under favorable conditions of food and warmth, which we believe are even more favorable in the Galapagos where no cool winter season retards their growth. The extermination of the gigantic land tortoises in the Galapagos seems to have been due chiefly to inroads made upon them by the whalers, orchilla pickers and the " oilers." The tortoises were abun- dant in the early part of the nineteenth century and the whaling fleets frequenting these waters captured great numbers of them for food. It was the practice of these vessels to take several hundred away alive to be used as desired. In this way many hundreds were taken from the islands. What the whalers began the orchilla pickers and "oilers" completed. The orchilla pickers who visited the archipelago annually for several years to gather orchilla {Roccella) used the tortoises for food wherever they could be obtained. In their search for orchilla they visited the higher altitudes where the orchilla is most abundant and incidentally captured such tortoises as were safe from the whalers by nature of their habitat. These people brought with them their domestic animals, dogs, cats, pigs, etc., which upon their departure were left on the islands to complete or rather continue the extermina- tion. Of these animals dogs and pigs have been most destructive in digging up the eggs and eating the young. The " oilers " have been perhaps the most destructive agents. It was the business of these REPTILES 53 people to kill the tortoises for the oil which they contained. For this purpose they have been hunted systematically on many of the islands and practically exterminated. Their natural enemies according to Darwin were Conolophus^ which dug up the eggs and devoured them, and Buteo, the Galapagos hawk, which is said to eat the young when just issuing from the eggs. TESTUDO NIGRITA Dumeril and Bibron. Testudo indica Gray, Syn. Rept., p. 9, 1831, and Cat. Tort., p. 5, 1844, and Sh. Rept., i, p. 6, 1855, and Suppl., p. 5, 1870 (part). — Sowerby and Lear, Tort., pi. vi, 1872. Testudo nigrita Dum. and I3ibr. , 11, p. 80, 1835. — Gunther, Phil. Trans., CLXV, p. 267, 1875, ^"d Gig. Land-Tort., p. 69, pis. xxx, xxxi, XLil, XLiv, 1875. — BouL., Cat. Chel. Brit. Mus, p. 169, 1889. — Baur, Am. Nat., XXIII, p. 1043, 1889. — Roth, Novit. Zool., ix, No. 3, p. 618, 1902. Testudo planiccps Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept., i, p. 6, pi. xxxiv, 1855, and Suppl., p. 5, 1870. Testudo elephantina Strauch, Chel. Stud., p. 83, 1862. Testudo elephantopus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 708, 1870, and App. Cat. Sh. Rept., p. 3, 1872. Elephantopus planiceps Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 724, 1873. Range. — Type locality unknown. Two specimens referred to this species by Gunther were taken in the Galapagos Islands by the Hassler expedition, but it is not known from which island they came. TESTUDO GALAPAGOENSIS Baur. Testudo elephantopus Jackson, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Journ., i, pp. 443- 521, 1837. Testudo galapagoefisis Baur, Am. Nat., xxiii, p. 1044, 1889. — Gunth., Novit. Zool., IX, No. 2, pp. 184-192, pis. xvi-xxi, 1902. Range. — Charles Island. Two specimens taken by the U. S. S. Potomac.^ one representing the type, are undoubtedly referable to Charles Island. This species has probably been extinct since 1S40, the penal colony established on Charles Island by the Ecuadorian Government in 1829 having accom- plished their extermination. TESTUDO ELEPHANTOPUS Harlan. Testudo elephantopus Harlan, Jour. Ac. Phil., v, p. 284, 1827. — Gunth., Phil. Trans., CLXV, p. 261, 1875, and Gig. Land Tort., p. 63, pis. xxx. XLii-XLiv, Li-Liii, 1877. — Roth., Novit. Zool., ix. No. 2, p. 448, 1902, Testudo nigra ^ovi.. , Cat. Chel. Brit. Mus., p. 170, 1889. Testudo giintheri ^AVK, Am. Nat., xxiii, p. 1044, 1889. Range. — Unknown. 54 HELLER James Island has been suggested by Baur as the probable habitat of this species on the strength of the dome-shaped carapace. The meas- urements of the carapace, however, are duplicated by specimens from Iguana Cove, but we have seen no skulls from this locality with a deep recess before the occipital condyle and sharp edges to the pterygoids as in Giinther's figure of this species. TESTUDO WALLACEI Rothschild. Testudo wallacei'RoTB.., Novit. Zool., ix, No. 3, p. 619, 1902. Range. — ( ?) Chatham Island. This species was described from a specimen of uncertain origin obtained by Wallace from the Bullock collection where it was cata- logued as " Indian Tortoise." Chatham Island has been suggested as the habitat of the species by its describer on the clue given by Captain Porter's remark that the James Island tortoises were round. Most closely allied to T. galapagoensis. TESTUDO VICINA Giinther. Testudo elephantopus Baur, Am. Nat., xxiii, p. 1044, 1889. Testudo vicina Gunth., Phil. Trans., CLXV, p. 277, 1875, and Gig. Land Tort., p. 73, pis. XLVii and liv, 1877. — BouL., Cat. Chel. Brit. Mus., p. 170, 1889. — Lucas, Smith. Rapt., p. 643, pi. civ, 1889. Testudo nigrita Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, p. 147, 1889. Range. — Albemarle Island from Iguana Cove eastward along the southern slopes of the two southern volcanoes to Cape Woodford and Perry Isthmus, absent from the barren southern slopes of the vol- canoes. Vertical range from sea level to 4,000 feet altitude. (^Pe- trel., Albatross., 1888, Rothschild Expedition, Hopkins Standford Expedition.) This species was found rather common near Iguana Cove in June, 1899, but during our previous visit in December, 1S98, only two were found, the tortoises being at that season of the year in the high plateaus. This species inhabits a moist region supporting a heavy growth of underbrush and small trees. Food is abundant throughout the year and the conditions are ideal for the great development of tor- toises in size and numbers. The largest living tortoises are perhaps to be found here. We observed a few large males that we estimated would weigh about four or five hundred pounds. The shells in this species are more symmetrical, the carapace being rounded in horizontal outline and more or less dome-shaped without much anterior flaring. The limbs are considerably shorter than in T. microphyes. REPTILES 55 "8 a a 00 Vvc s o a a .- a O ^^t^ O a t>.'a-iON O t^rl-t^ci 5 c c( ±1 ^ « ^ u ,2 ^ t: o c n i> u .- c •- a, c3 u - bo:: o ~ '=''" >:5 c W) •Si ^° o u C v. :="^ ■a - c « o 2 ^"^ .5 o ■£ •" >- ML ii 5 -^ "t! - i -; lU . g P ? O ^£ I £•! ^ III u C O "- -icfi o is « •C o ' "a, — g -n C O « — <4J '^ >-, — rt O "5 ■" « T > ^ "S o o ^ <-> > K> '" o O O ■*:? ^ r \ ^ *^ ^ « o H.SH 1) . : s5oo N (^ o «ovr> |tf>.Mi-i NtO-<4- (N "3 "^ a rO N ^-S 1^ rO r^OO CO On a g Tt io°^C» M M CO'* u fc > o ^6 o VO 32 goo :i5t^p2t^Nr^oio-* a "3 S d-*-°^NiH NcO->* 4) > u O ^1 o 0 a ^'^ a 00 -^ssoo N CO OMo fo o! a CD 0 a^ g cO-*° N M M fo-^ 3 t— < M M ^ . 00 "3-^ a lO O >500 M CO O VO ^ fl Tj- LO° PI iH M rO ■^ o ^ 3^ a O • ^ t- C4 t^ 0\ rO P) 5't:° otM i-ifO'* s s ^ >■ g<^'° NM MrOrO M to o :2a Ph *J 'J m 32 a f< : ?^soo rooo 0 o> 0 & •3a g'^'" tNM MM^i- •d 1 Ji 3 -• ft ^ 11 gvO rDiJOC^■*00 ONTl-M a 1^ g rO- "2 a g ro Tj-c^ MM M fO •* 8 a ovOi^vo M t^eo N N ■a a < 11 g to-*" C< w M to Tj- b *j •^ 1 "Sg a ON :>svo roeo o\f* o^ tn "sa gfO- CSM i-itOtO V b^ J3 O *J 'i "31 a ■* : >s^ N t^ ON to OS o\ "sa gTj-.°MKi wtoro ON 3*3 ao : >o t^ to t^ ON w 0 •a- 13 « g -l- .S^M H, M tOTt 1 "^•^ S •d a « H V JJ V ^ 'a d i II •a 0 .. Wied, Naturgesch. Bras., pi. 1824?; Beitrage Natur- gesch. Bras., i, p. 137, 1825. Range. — Neotropical. Galapagos Archipelago (six peculiar species). Occurs abundantly on most of the islands and islets of the archi- pelago; lacking only on Culpepper, Wenman and Tower. Appar- ently nearly extinct on Charles. On all the other islands it is the commonest reptile. Most abundant along the coast and in the dryer parts of the islands, nearly or quite disappearing in the damp and heavily wooded portions and in the higher altitudes at 2,000 feet and above. The Galapagos hawk, JButeo^ is the chief native enemy of Tropi- durus. The owls, Strix and Ast'o, may occasionally feed upon them. The range of Buteo coincides almost perfectly with that of Tropi- durus., lacking only on Charles Island where Tropidiirus is very rare. May and June are the breeding months. The eggs are four to six in number, white and elliptical. Many of the females were seen at various islands in May and June digging short oblique tunnels in the sand presumably for the reception of the eggs. KEY TO GALAPAGOS SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF TropiduruS. Aj Ninety scales or less in a transverse series around middle of body. Bj Sides of neck granular and much folded between ear opening and anterior oblique fold. Cj No red on tail ; scales large, 58 to 73 in circumference of body. REPTILES 69 Dj Female without dark transverse bars above. Ej Below light; scales in circumference of body 58 to 68; female usually plain olivaceous above ; length of head and body in male less than 100 mm grayi grayi. Ej Plumbeous below ; length of head and body in male usually 100 mm. or greater; scales in circumference of body 58 to 60 grayi magnus. D^ Female with dark transverse bars above; scales in circum- ference of body 66 to 73 ; length of head and body in male 91 to 100 mm .grayi barringtonensis. Cj Coloration of tail extensively reddish; scales smaller, 70 or more in circumference of body. Dj Tail and belly red ; scales smaller, So to 90 in circum- ference of body ; female dark spotted on throat and breast ; size smaller, length of head and body, male 90 mm., female 75 mm... duncanensis. D^ Tail red laterally, inferiorly yellowish like belly ; scales larger, 70 to 80 in circumference ; female immaculate be- low ; size larger, length of head and body, male 115 mm., female 90 mm delayionis. Bj Sides of neck scaled ; no folds between ear opening and an- terior oblique fold of neck. Cj Scales large, 55 to 65 in circumference of body ; height of dorsal crest in male on nape ^ internasal width ; plates on top of head more divided and equal in size; male with two longitudinal light stripes on sides; small, length of head and body in male 80 mm., female 60 mm bivittatus. Cj Scales small, 68 to 75 in circumference of body ; height of dorsal crest in male on nape i^^ internasal width; plates on top of head fewer and unequal; male light spotted above; larger, length of head and body in male 100 mm., female 70 mm habeli. Aj More than 90 scales in transverse series around middle of body. pacijicus. TROPIDUURS GRAYI GRAYI (Bell). Leiocephalus grayii Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept., p. 24, pi. xiii, fig. i, 1843 (part). — Gray, Cat., p. 218, 1845 (part). — Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 67, 1877 (part). Holotropis grayii A. Dum., Cat. Meth. Rept., p. 70, 1851 (part) and Arch. Mus., viii, p. 538 (part). Craniopeltis grayii Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, p. 645, 1871. Tropidurus {Craniopeliis) grayii Steind.'^chxer, Festschr. Zobl.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 310, pi. II, fig. I, 1876 (part). 70 HELLER Tropidurus i^rayi BouL., Cat., ii, p. 172, 1885 (part). — Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, p. 145, 1889 (part). — Baur, Biol. Centralbl., x, p. 475, 1890. — BouL., Ann. N. H. (6), vii, p. 502, 1891 (part). — Baur, Fest- schr. Leuckart, p. 265, 1892. Tropidurus mdcfatigabilis Baur, Biol. Centralbl., x, p. 476, 1890 and Festschr. Leuckart, p. 268, 1892. Tropidurus albcmarlensis Baur Biol. Centralbl., x, p. 476, 1890, and Festschr. Leuckart, p. 269, 1892. Tropidurus jacobii Baur, Festschr. Leuckart, p. 268, 1892. Ra7ige. — Galapagos Archipelago; Charles Island (Darwin, Kin- berg, Baur) ; Indefatigable (Kinberg, Hassler, Albatross 18S8, Baur, Hopkins Stanford Exped.) ; James (Hassler, Albatross 1888, Baur, Hopkins Stanford Exped.); Jervis (Hassler, Baur); Albemarle (Hassler, Cookson, Albatross 1S8S, Baur, Hopkins Stanford Exped.). Specific Characters. — Sides of neck granular with numerous folds between ear opening and anterior oblique fold. Scales in circumfer- ence 58 to 6)Z. Considerable variation in coloration but tail never red ; underparts usually light; females plain olivaceous above. Males less than 100 mm. in length of head and body. Head plates variable but never as divided as in T. bivittatus. Frontal usually small ; prefrontals large, commonly four. Internasals not usually confluent with prenasals. Supraoculars five to seven, vary- ing much in shape. Sides of neck granular and much folded, there being two oblique folds on side of neck and several irregular folds behind the ear opening. There is much individual variation in size and coloration, especially in the specimens from Albemarle where the conditions of vegetation and moisture are so various. Individuals inhabiting the barren black lava fields and living only near the coast are usually larger and darker than those found in the brush-covered areas. On islands where there is little diversity of conditions, as on the Seymours, the individual variation is correspondingly less. The specimens from the different islands comprising the range of this species show a little local variation but individual variation is so great that it is almost impossible to define the former. Charles Islatid. — Baur's description of his only specimen from the type locality, a female, agrees in coloration and scale counts with some females of T. g. grayi from James and Seymour from which form the Charles Island specimens are perhaps not separable. Tropi- durus is apparently now almost extinct on this island where formerly it was not uncommon. Its extinction is probably due to the introduction of domestic animals, chiefly cats, which have spread over the whole island and feed on the lizards. Three days were spent, in May, 1899, REPTILES 71 collecting on the western and central portions of the island but without finding any traces of Trofidurus, Indefatigable Island. — An adult male, Cat. No. 4862 Stan. Univ. Mus., from Indefatigable shows the following coloration. Above olive-brown, head lighter brown ; back marked anteriorly with trans- verse blackish bars ; whole dorsal surface except the head spotted with grayish. A dark stripe on side of head beginning below eye and ex- tending above ear to nape. Sides of head and neck posterior to eye reddish, black-spotted. A black antehumeral spot. Sides of body reddish, finely black-spotted. Breast and lower jaw rosy red, with large black blotches; throat black. Belly light greenish-gray; tail and hind limbs inferiorly light blue-gray. Fore limbs spotted below like breast. Thirty-seven adult males are in the collection, nine from the north- ern coast of Indefatigable, twenty from South Seymour and eight from North Seymour Island. The coloration of the breast varies from red through orange to buff, the black blotches in some specimens obscur- ing the ground color; in some others the breast is only sparingly spotted. A few are light grayish above, like T. g. barringtonensis. Length of head and body 72 to 80 mm. An adult female. Cat. No. 4875 Stan. Univ. Mus., from Indefati- gable, is olive-brown above, becoming lighter on head and tail. Sides of head and neck from snout to antehumeral fold brick-red. A black ante-humeral spot. Sides of body reddish, unspotted. Mandible and breast posteriorly yellowish; the chin reddish. Throat light slate, darker spotted ; forebreast lighter grayish, dark-spotted. Belly, hind limbs and tail inferiorly grayish. Twenty-seven adult females are in the collection from Indefatigable and the Seymour Islands. These show little variation in coloration. Several are marked on the sides by two dark longitudinal bands, the lower band extending from axilla to thigh, the upper from ear to above thigh. Length of head and body 58 to 67 mm. In the Indefatigable specimens the male approaches much nearer the size of the female. The females are scarcly distinguishable in coloration from some specimens from James Island, while the males approach closer in size and coloration to Albemarle specimens. Generally distributed, most abundant coastwise. The specimens from the Seymour Islands show scarcely any variation from those taken on Indefatigable. They average slightly lighter colored and larger. ^2 HELLER Stomachs of Indefatigable specimens contained insects and spiders ; those from the Seymours insects, seed cases and berries. Jai77es Island. — Coloration in life of an adult male, Cat. No. 3918, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above dark brown-spotted with blackish and light grayish spots, dorsal crest and the scales at its base light grayish, hind limbs and tail above lighter dusky brown, the for- mer light-spotted; head above olive brown. Belly, thighs and tail inferiorly light grayish, breast buffy and pinkish, sparingly black spotted, throat black, mandible pinkish, black spotted posteriorly. Sides of head light brownish, preoculars light spotted, lower eyelid bluish ; sides of neck bright red, black spotted ; a black antehumeral spot, light bordered anteriorly; shoulders blotched with yellowish and brown. Sides of body lake red, spotted with black and whitish spots except about axilla and along sides of belly. The fifteen adult males in the collection show the following varia- tions in coloration : throat and belly darker, plumbeous-gray, dorsum without lighter spots, some light above with transverse black bars as in T. g. barringtonensis . Coloration in life of an adult female, Cat. No. 3913 Stan. Univ. Mus. Above golden-brown, crest grayish-white, nape and tail lighter with- out golden coloration ; limbs above like dorsum. A dark brown band, two scales wide, extending from ear to above thigh, a lighter or fainter one from axilla to thigh. Belly, hind limbs and tail inferiorly light grayish ; breast, throat and mandible canary-yellow, black-spotted. Sides of head orange-red ; sides of neck and body red, brightest ante- riorly, lake red posteriorly, on body the scales light-edged, sparingly dark-spotted; a black antehumeral spot. Of the seventeen females taken at James Island only two have the lateral stripes as described above. Some are much darker on throat and chest with only a median light streak. The darker specimens are indistinguishable from the average Albe- marle specimens but show less variation than the latter and the fe- males as a whole are indistinguishable from Indefatigable specimens. The stomachs examined contained spiders, insects and seeds. Albemarle Island^ Iguana Cove. — Coloration in life of an adult male, Cat. No. 471 1, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above olive-brown, flecked with pale greenish-gray, dorsal crest like spots except on nape where it is dark-spotted ; limbs above like the back. Head uniform brown- ish, sides of body same but dark-spotted. Sides of neck tinged with reddish ; a black antehumeral spot. Belly pale greenish-gray, bor- dered with brick red on the sides; limbs and tail inferiorly like the RKI'TILES 73 belly. Breast chrome-yellow spotted with black, the throat clay- yellow, much spotted with black, mandible grayish, labials greenish. The males secured at Iguana Cove show much variation. Those inhabiting the light soil in brushy areas are lighter, in some the breast being yellowish with a few scattered spots and throat grayish. Others taken near the beach on black basaltic lavas have the breast, throat and mandible solid blackish and the belly plumbeous. Some of the light specimens are considerably lighter above than the one described, the dorsal crest being entirely light grayish and sides of belly dark- spotted with the dark markings of the back arranged in transverse bars. Coloration in life of an adult female, Cat. No. 4709, Stan. Univ. Mus. Much darker brown above than the male, with light dorsal crest, black-spotted above; tail somewhat lighter with a greenish dor- sal crest and light spots; fore limbs like the back; hind limbs like the tail, light-spotted. Belly pale greenish-gray, breast golden, black- spotted ; throat and mandible brick red. Tail and hind limbs in- feriorly like the belly ; fore limbs like the breast, black-spotted. Sides of throat, mandible and body brick red ; a black antehumeral spot. Some of the females in the collection are as dark as the darkest males. Most of them lack red on the mandible, sides of the head and neck which separates them somewhat from specimens secured on James and Indefatigable. Four specimens taken at Point Christopher on black lava are dark plumbeous below. Specimens secured at Elizabeth Bay on black lava are also dark and of only average size. Albemarle Island^ Tagiis Cove. — Coloration in life of an adult female. Cat. No. 4694, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above brown, spotted with lighter brown, except on tail which is grayish-brown. Hind limbs like the tail, fore limbs colored like the back. Belly light grayish, hind limbs and tail infciiorly the same. Breast pale yellow, sjDotted with black; throat dark with yellow-edged scales; chin lighter, grayish, dusky-spotted; infralabials and mental pinkish. Sides dull brick, black-spotted ; a dark stripe from ear to thigh, and another fainter one from axilla to thigh. Sides of head and neck brighter red with a dark antehumeral spot. The males vary from light below, sparingly spotted on breast to black throat and breast with plumbeous belly. Those inhabiting the coast are larger and darker as a rule. The females vary in the same manner as the males but are smaller in comparison to the males in the dark forms. 74 HELLER Specimens secured near Black Bight are larger and darker, ap preaching T. g. mag7ius of Narboro in size and coloration. Ti'o^idurus grayi. Cat. No. Stan. Univ. Mus. Locality. Sex. Scales in Cir- cumference. Length of Head and Body. Length of Tail. mm. mm. 4888 James. Male. 62 87 134 4896 " 66 95 4885 i( 68 83 4907 " 65 84 4862 Indefatigable. 64 80 4859 " 60 72 109 4869 " 64 72 103 4871 " 60 77 4643 Albemarle. 60 86 102 4650 " 62 81 114 4700 " 60 88 135 4716 " 62 83 115 4887 James. Female. 64 68 102 4889 (( 65 60 92 4906 i" 65 65 102 4900 " 63 65 91 4863 Indefatigable. 60 67 103 4860 " 66 58 lOI 4866 " 60 58 92 4857 " 66 60 4613 Albemarle. 58 58 90 4595 " 62 65 4716 " 58 66 92 4709 62 73 92 TROPIDURUS GRAYI MAGNUS subsp. nov. Type. — Adult male, Cat. No. 3974, Stan. Univ. Mus., from Nar- boro Island. Range. — Galapagos Archipelago ; Narboro Island (Hopkins Stan- ford Expedition). Stibspecific Characters. — Males large, length of head and body 100 to 105 mm. Under parts dark, the breast and throat black and the belly plumbeous. Females much smaller than the males, length of head and body 63 to 71 mm. Scales large, 56 to 60 in circum- ference of body. Descriptio7i of the Type. — Coloration above dark olive, nape and dorsal crest greenish-gray, the entire dorsum excepting head, tail and hind limbs spotted with black; tail and hind limbs light blue-gray- spotted ; tail greenish posteriorly. Sides of head olive ; sides of neck and body dark slaty, spotted with black ; a black antehumeral spot. Inferior surfaces of hind limbs, tail and mandible plumbeous, the lat- REPTILES 75 ter spotted with black posteriorly; throat black; breast and fore limbs proximally dark slaty-spotted with black; belly grayish plumbeous. Length of head and body 105 mm. Scales in circumference of body 60. An adult female, Cat. No. 3985, Stan. Univ. Mus., which exhibits the typical coloration is uniform dark brownish-olive above, considerably darker than in the male ; sides of head and body similar. Below dark plumbeous, darkest on throat where nearly black ; breast and mandible spotted with black; the chin grayish-green. Much variation occurs in the sixty specimens secured from various parts of Narboro. The typical form occurs all along the barren lava fields bordering the coast where they feed on the littoral Crustacea. Farther inland where the lava is overgrown with vegetation they be- come smaller and lighter colored, resembling specimens secured on Albemarle in similar situations. The food of the smaller inland form consists of insects, and the seed capsules and ovaries of various flowers. Trofiduriis grayi magmis. Cat. No. Stan. Univ. Mus. 3881 3974 3989 4560 3965 398s 4575 Sex. Male. Male. Male. Male. Female. Female. Female. Scales in circumfer- ence of body 60 mm. 104 155 60 mm. 105 114+ 60 mm. 100 147 58 mm. 105 59 mm. 63 105 58 mm. 71 106 56 mm. 62 Head and body, length Tail, length TROPIDURUS GRAYI BARRINGTONENSIS (Baur). Tropiiitirus barrittgionensis Bkvk, Festchr. Leuckart, p. 267, 1892. Ra7tge. — Galapagos Archipelago; Barrington Island (Baur, Hop- kins Stanford Expedition). • Subspecijic Characters. — Scales in circumference of body, 65-73 ; female dark-barred above ; male light grayish above with dark bars, the breast and lower jaw reddish ; length of head and body in male 91-100 mm., in female 66-76 mm. Coloration in life of an adult male. Cat. No. 3934, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above light grayish-brown, tail darker grayish; whole upper surface except head spotted with blue-gray; the dorsum anteriorly and fore limbs black barred and spotted ; hind limbs and tail without dark bars. Head above olive green, grayish on sides and neck, black- spotted. A black antehumeral spot. Sides of body behind axilla 76 HELLER reddish, black-barred and spotted ; belly yellowish, spotted with pink- ish and dusky on sides; breast and lower jaw brick red, spotted with black; chin yellowish without darker spots; throat black; fore limbs inferiorly red, black-spotted proximally like the breast; tail and hind limbs below light grayish-green. Sixteen adult and three immature males are in the collection. In these alcoholic specimens the coloration of the belly varies from grayish or whitish to light buff. Throat in a few specimens medi- ally yellowish, black-spotted. Sides of neck red in two speci- mens. Length of head and body 91 to 100 mm. Coloration in life of an adult female. Cat. No. 3907, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above grayish-brown, the dorsum crossed by dusky transverse bars; whole dorsal surface except head spotted with blue-gray; limbs above dusky barred like back ; head above olive brown, sides of snout grayish. Sides of head and neck from eye to antehumeral spot brick red ; sides of body behind axilla pinkish, obsoletely spotted with dusky ; a black antehumeral spot. Belly and inferior surfaces of hind limbs and tail light grayish ; breast lemon-yellow, spotted with black ; throat medially like the breast, spotted with dark brown; sides of body reddish ; lower jaw pinkish, spotted with dusky ; fore limbs in- feriorly colored like breast, the forearm unspotted. The collection contains twenty-four adult females. In the majority of these the belly is light blue-gray. The breast, throat and chin in some specimens are sparingly spotted with darker. Length of head and body 66 to 76 mm. Scales small, 65 to 73 in circumference of body. Some of the darker males are not distinguishable in size and color- ation from specimens of T. g. grayi from James Island. As a series these specimens ai'e more uniform in size and coloration than those from other islands. MEASUREMENTS OF Tropidu?-us graji barringtonensis. Cat. No. Stan. Univ. Mus. 39°3 3906 3910 3920 3908 39" 392" 3933 Sex and Age. Adult Male. Adult Male. Adult Male. Adult Male. Adult Female. Adult Female. Adult Female. Adult Female. Scales in circum- ference 67 mm. 95 150 73 mm. 95 70 mm. ICO 145 67 mm. 91 71 mm. 66 70 mm. 70 107 69 mm. 76 66 Head and body, length mm. 66 Tail, length no REPTILES 77 Distributed generally over the entire extent of Barrington Island but most abundant about the sand beaches. Food insectivorous. All the stoinachs examined contained insects, chiefly Orthoptera. Many of the females secured during our visit (May 29-30) con- tained large eggs. TROPIDURUS DUNCANENSIS Baur. Tropidurus grayi Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 145, 1889 (part). — BouL., Ann. N. H. (6), vii, p. 502, 1891 (part). Tropidurus duncanensis Baur, Biol. Centralbl., x, p. 477, 1890, and Festschr, Leuckart, p. 270, 1892. Range. — Galapagos Archipelago ; Duncan Island (Albatross 1888, Baur, Hopkins Stanford Expedition). Specijic Characters. — Belly and tail inferiorl}' red; breast and mandible dark-spotted ; throat black. Sides of neck granular, much folded behind ear-opening. Scales small, 80 to 90 in circumference of body. Length of head and body: of male S3 to 95 mm., of female 70 to 76 mm. Plates on top of head variable as in T. g. grayi. A single small frontal plate; prefrontals usually four, large. Parietal large, bor- dered laterally by two temporals. Dorsal crest in male of medium height; highest on tail; height at nape one half internasal width. Coloration of adult male. Cat. No. 4912, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above olive-brown, black-spotted except the head; tail more brownish with few dark spots ; hind limbs and tail light blue-gray-spotted ; fore- limbs dark-spotted like back. Sides of head and body from snout to tip of tail brick red, finely black-spotted on sides and along the belly where the red is brightest ; a black antehumeral spot. Throat black ; breast, mandible and fore limbs reddish, black-spotted; chin, belly, and hind limbs and tail inferiorly red. Twelve males are in the collection. In some the breast as well as the throat is black, in others it varies from red to orange, black- spotted. A few are spotted with blue-gray on back. Length of head and body 83 to 95 mm. Coloration of adult female. Cat. No. 4919, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above olive-brown. Sides of head and body from snout to tip of tail brick red, darkest dorsally where the red extends high up and en- croaches on the dorsum, brightest along belly ; a black antehumeral spot. Below red from mandible to tip of tail, darkest anteriorly on lower jaw, brightest on tail ; breast and belly lighter, breast darkspotted. 78 HELLER Ten females are in the collection, all of them varying considerably from the above. Sides spotted in some, others with breast dusky. Red of sides not always running high up on dorsum. Tail usually dark at tip like dorsal surface. Length of head and body 70 to 76 mm. The coloration of this species is quite distinctive and separates it at once from reddish specimens of T. g. grayi. Occurs abundantly in the central part of Duncan Island. Espe- cially common in the old crater at the north end where their colora- tion harmonizes with the red soil forming the floor of the crater; much rarer near the coast. Their food consists exclusively of insects. The stomachs examined contained grasshoppers, caterpillars, grubs, beetles, etc. MEASUREMENTS OF Tro^iduvus duncatiensis . all adult. Cat. No. Stan. Univ. Mus. 4908 4918 4928 4929 4919 4920 49*5 4927 Sex. Male. Male. Male. Male. Female. Female. Female. Female. Scales in circum- ference 88 nini. 87 131 90 mm. 85 133 84 mm. 95 140 82 mm. 83 135 87 mm. 70 113 85 mm. 72 106 80 mm. 72 I ID 80 Head and body, length mm. 76 108 Tail, length TROPIDURUS DELANONIS Baur. Tropidurus grayi Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 145, 1889 (part). — BouL., Ann. N. H. (6), vii, p. 502, 1891 (part). Tropidurus delanonis Baur, Biol. Centralbl., x, p. 476, 1890, and Festschr Leuckart, p. 269, 1892. Tropidurus hoodetisis Baur, Festschr. Leuckart, 1892, p. 263. Range. — Hood Island (Albatross 1SS8, Baur, Hopkins Stanford Expedition) ; Gardner Island (Hopkins Stanford Expedition). Specific Characters. — Sides of tail red, belly and tail inferiorly yellowish, male spotted on breast, female usually immaculate below. Parietal plate small, width one and one fourth internasal width or less, bordered on each side by a single large temporal between which it is sunk. Scales in circumference of body 70 to 80. Large, length of head and body in male iii to 125 mm., female 85 to 96 mm. Head plates varying considerably, in some specimens nearly as divided as in T. bivittatiis. The parietal however is smaller than in other species, its width varying from one to one and one fourth inter- nasal width. Supraoculars usually narrow, six or seven. Height of dorsal crest in male at nape one half internasal distance. REPTILES 79 Coloration in life of adult male, Cat. No. 3S76, Stan. Univ. Mus., from Hood Island. Above olive-brown, spotted, except the head, with light yellowish ; tail dark reddish, the crest light brown ; hind limbs reddish, light-spotted distally ; fore limbs like sides of body. Belly medially and hind limbs and tail inferiorly dusky-yellow ; the belly anteriorly and laterally red. Mandible dark greenish-gray, throat black, chest black with large straw-yellow blotches. Fore limbs below proximally like breast. Sides of head and neck light brown with black blotches; sides of body reddish, spotted with light yellow; tail brick red on sides. The collection contains eighteen adult males from Hood and Gardner Islands, those from Gardner having the reddish areas brighter. In some the dorsum is only sparingly light-spotted and without light spots on the sides. The immature males are unspotted above like the females. Length of head and body 1 11 to 125 mm. Coloration in life of adult female. Cat. No. 3874, Stan. Univ. Mus., from Hood Island. Body and tail above olive-brown; limbs similar in coloration. Sides of belly and tail reddish ; a black antehumeral spot. Whole head, throat and chest brick red, becoming darker on nape and top of head, fading to dull orange on anterior belly; belly and tail and hind limbs inferiorly cream-yellow; fore limbs below proximally like breast. There are nineteen adult females in the collection from Hood and Gardner Islands. A single specimen has the breast dark-spotted, all the others being immaculate below. Length of head and body 85 to 96 mm. This is the largest species of the archipelago. Some specimens from Narboro nearly equal it in size but differ much in coloration and size of scales. Some forms of T. grayi approach it somewhat in colora- tion but the red on the sides of tail and the unspotted lower parts of the female seem to be distinctive. MEASUREMENTS OF Tro^idurus delanonis. all adult. Cat. No. Stan. Univ. Mus. 3871 3873 3882 3883 3861 3863 3867 3874 Sex. Male. Male. Male. Male. Female. Female. Female. Female. Scales in circum- 72 mm. 121 74 mm. 125 76 mm. 125 72 mm. Ill 75 mm. 96 70 mm. 85 120 80 mm. 90 124 72 mm. 95 145 Head and bodj', length Tail, length 8o HELLER This species is generally distributed over Hood and Gardner, but as on the other islands of the archipelago they occur much more abun- dantly near the coast. Food consists of insects, seed capsules and berries. Stomachs ex- amined contained grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, seeds and berries. TROPIDURUS BIVITTATUS (Peters). Leiocephalus grayii Bell, Zool. Beagle Rept., p. 24, 1843 (part). — Gray, Cat., p. 218, 1844 (part). — Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 67, 1877 (part). Crainopeltis bivittata Peters, Men. Berl. Ac, p. 645, 1871. Tropidiirus {Crainopeltis) grayii Steindachner, Festschr. Zool.-Bot. Ges., Wien, p. 310, 1876 (part). Tropiduriis grayii V>o\5\^. , Cat., II, p. 172, 1889 (part). Tropidtirus lemniscatus Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 145, 1889. — Baur, Biol., Centralbl., x, p. 475, 1890. Tropidiirus bivittatus BouL., Ann. N. H. (6), vii, p. 501, 1891. — Baur, Festschr. Leuckart, p. 272, 1892. Range. — Galapagos Archipelago ; Chatham Island (Darwin, Kin- berg, Albatross 1888, Baur, Hopkins Stanford Expedition.). Specific Characters. — Two oblique folds on side of neck ; no folds between ear opening and anterior oblique fold; sides of neck scaled. Male with two longitudinal light stripes above. Scales in circumference of body 55 to 65. Small, length of head and body in male (>6 to 85 mm., female 57 to 61 mm. Plates on top of head small and numerous; about equal in size. The frontal and azygos plates between prefrontals and frontonasals equal in size to prefrontals. Prefrontals transversely divided forming eight ; frontonasals four. Crest of male about one half internasal dis- tance in height, highest on tail. Coloration in life of adult male. Cat. No. 4951, Stan. Univ. Mus. ; above olive-brown, top of head darker brown; a light stripe two and one half scales wide beginning behind eye, running slightly up- ward above ear and along sides to base of tail ; a narrow stripe of the same color beginning at axilla and extending along sides to base of thigh. Belly yellowish, red-tinged; breast, tail and hind limbs below soiled whitish or grayish ; throat and lower jaw same ; sides of head grayish ; sides of body below lateral stripe barred yellow and brick red; a black antehumeral spot. Limbs above spotted with brown and gray; tail posteriorly light brown. The fourteen adult males in the collection are all dusky-spotted on breast, throat, mandible and limbs. The immature males are whitish below without dusky spots. One large male is wholly buff below. Length of head and body 66 to 85 mm. REPTILES 8i Coloration in life of adult female, Cat. No. 4950 Stan. Univ. Mus. Above golden brown, darker on top of head and along base of dorsal crest; limbs above like back. Sides of head brow^nish ; sides of throat and body bright brick red; a slaty antehumeral spot with black center. Belly and inferior surfaces oi limbs cream ; tail yellowish below. Chin greenish ; rest of lower jaw, throat and breast buffy. Eyelids dark blue-green. The collection contains eleven adult females, all of which exhibit considerable variation. Mandible and throat in some spotted with dusky; tail dorsally black-barred and dorsum bronze-brown in a few specimens. Length of head and body 57 to 61 mm. This is the smallest and in some respects the best marked species in the archipelago. Occurs abundantly near the coast at Wreck Bay. None were seen inland more than a mile from the coast, their absence being due prob- ably to the saturated condition of the soil and great amount of surface water. Food consists of insects, spiders, blossoms and seed capsules, the former predominating in the stomachs examined. MEASUREMENTS OF TroftduTUS btvittatuS. ALL ADULT. Cat. No. Stan. Univ. Mus. 4743 4756 4947 4951 4754 475S 4761 4950 Sex. Male. Male. Male. Male. Female. Female. Female. Female. Scales in circum- ference 60 mm. 66 119 60 mm. 76 131 63 mm. 85 62 mm. 75 127 60 mm. 58 95 63 mm. 61 92 65 mm. 57 58 mm. 60 90 Head and body, length Tail, length TROPIDURUS HABELI (Steindachner). Tropidiirus pacificiis (var. habeli) Steindachner, Festschr. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 314, pi. II, fig. 2, 1876. Tropiduriis pacijficus Baur, Biol. Centralbl., x, p. 479, 1890. — BouL., Ann. N. H. (6), VII, p. 501, 1891 (part). Tropidurtts habelii'Qpx'K,Y&^X.?,z\\r. Leuckart, p. 271, 1892. Rajige. — Galapagos Archipelago; Bindloe Island (Habel, Baur, Hopkins Stanford Expedition). Specific Characters. — Sides of neck scaled ; no folds between ear- opening and anterior oblique fold of neck. Dorsal crest in male high, height on nape equal to one and one-half internasal distance. Male 82 HELLER above brownish without darker spots. Scales in circumference 68 to 75- _ _ Sides of neck with two oblique folds ; no folds between ear-opening and anterior oblique fold. Crest in male high ; height at nape equal that on tail. Sides of neck covered with scales. Plates on top of head very irregular and unequal ; internasals confluent with prenasals (one exception) ; prefrontals three to six. Dorsal crest in female low, equal one sixth internasal width. Coloration in life of adult male, Cat. No. 4937, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above dark brown, spotted with light gray ; crest grayish ; tail and nape olive-brown ; limbs above lighter, more spotted ; top of head olive-brown. Belly grayish ; breast red with dark blotches ; throat and lower jaw also dark but with more i*ed than breast. Sides of body and neck lake red ; a black antehumeral spot. Eleven adult males are in the collection. None of the alcoholic specimens show any light spots on dorsum. The coloration of the breast varies from dark red heavily dark-blotched to lighter reddish, obsoletely spotted with darker. Length of head and body 99 to 108 mm. Coloration in life of adult female, Cat. No. 4930, Stan. Univ. Mus. Above dusky greenish, spotted with black, becoming dusky on tail and brown on head; limbs above with much light olive. Sides of body dark lake red, chest lighter red ; lower jaw and throat dark like sides Belly and limbs below clay yellow; tail inferiorly dusky yellow. Sides of head light brown; sides of neck dark red like throat; a black antehumeral spot. The five adult females in the collection show little or no variation. Length of head and body 67 to 72 mm. In size the males average a little larger than T. pacijjciis, but the females are considerably smaller than in that species. Tail shorter than in T". pacificus^ less than one and one half head and body, vary- ing from one and one tenth to one and one third head and body. This species is not very close to any other of the archipelago. Its dis- tinctive features are its coloration and the possession in the male of a high dorsal crest. The absence of granules on the sides of the neck ally it to T. bivittatus from which in other respects it is very different. Occurs abundantly throughout the brush}' portions of Bindloe Is- land. Found sparingly along the coast on the barren lava fields. Its food appears to be wholly vegetable. All the stomachs examined contained blossoms, seed capsules and berries. REPTILES 83 MEASUREMENTS OF Trofidurus haheli. all adult. Cat. No. Stan. Univ. Mus. 4933 4936 4937 4939 4930 493» 4935 4940 Sex. Male. Male. Male. Male. Female. Female. Female. Female Scales in circum- ference Head and body, length Tail, length 74 mui. 99 72 mm. 108 118 72 mm. 102 76 mm. 100 112 70 mm. 70 68 mm. 67 91 68 mm. 72 63 70 mm. 69 71 TROPIDURUS PACIFICUS Steindachner. Tropidurus {Craniopeltis) pacificits Steindachner, Festschr. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 313, pi. II, fig. 3, 1876. Leiocephalus pacificus Gunther, Proc. Zobl. Soc, p. 67, 1877. Tropidiiriis pacificits BouL., Cat., 11, p. 173, 1885. and Ann. N. H. (6), vir, p. 501, 1891. — Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 147, 1889. — Baur, Festschr. Leuckart, p. 270, 1892. Tropidufiis abingdofiii'QxnK, Biol. Centralbl., x, p. 477, 1890. Ra7tge. — Galapagos Archipelago. Abingdon Island (Habel, Petrel, Albatross 1888, Baur, Hopkins Stanford Expedition). Specific Characters. — Scales small, 94 to loi in circumference of the body ; dorsal scales little larger than the ventrals. Whole head reddish in both sexes. Plates on top of head variable, the frontal small ; prefrontals usually large, three or four in number; frontonasals two, the azygos plate be- tween them and prefrontals small or wanting; prenasals not confluent with internasals. Supra-oculars wide, five or six ; parietal bordered by two large temporals. Scales on body small, those on dorsal surface little larger than the laterals, equalling ventrals in size. Scales in cir- cumference of body 94 to loi. Dorsal crest in male highest on tail, height at nape one half internasal distance. Coloration in life of adult male, Cat. No. 4741, Stan. Univ. Mus. Dorsum grayish-brown, the back crossed by several series of trans- verse black bars, most distinct anteriorly, interrupted medially and on sides. Dorsal crest and the scales at its base light greenish-gray ; dorsum, tail and limbs spotted with same. Top of head reddish- brown, nape olive-brown. Fore limbs brownish, barred above like the back. Tail becoming dusky toward tip, without lighter spots. Chin and sides of mandible pinkish; throat deep brown; chest light brown, dark-spotted, the scales with light margins ; fore limbs below like chest, slightly more buffy. Belly, and hind limbs and tail infe- riorly light olive-gray. Sides of head from snout to ear-opening red shading into seal brown on neck. A black antehumeral spot. Sides of body reddish, black-spotted. 84 HELLER Eight adult males are in the collection. In one specimen the breast and lower jaw are yellowish and the dark area of the throat restricted to a narrow band. Several have the top of the head spotted with light yellow and dark brown spots. Width of light area along base of dor- sal crest variable. Light spots of dorsal surface nearly obsolete in some specimens. Length of head and body 88 to 95 mm. Coloration in life of adult female, Cat. No. 4740, Stan. Univ. Mus. Whole head, nape, shoulders, back anteriorly and sides of body brick red; fore limbs reddish, becoming olive-gray distally. Dorsal crest and median line of back greenish-gray; dorsum from middle of back, tail and hind limbs above olive-brown, spotted with the color of the dorsal crest. Belly, tail and hind limbs inferiorly light olive-gray. Breast and sides of body light brick red ; throat dark red ; lower jaw light like breast. Fore limbs below brick red proximally, lighter grayish distally. Antehumeral spot black. The ten adult females in the collection show scarcely any variation in coloration. Breast in some indistinctly dark-spotted. Alcoholic specimens show no trace of the red on the top of the head. Length of head and body 72 to 82 mm. The female approaches nearer the size of the male than in any other Galapagos species except T. bivittatus,, which it nearly equals in this respect. Proportions practically the same as in the other species of the Arch- ipelago. In coloration this species is very different from any other. In the small size of the scales it is approached only by T. duncanensis. Distributed abundantly over the brushy portions of Abingdon. Absent from the barren lava fields, even along the coast. Occurs from the beaches to the summit of the island but most abundant in the lower belt along the coast. MEASUREMENTS OF TrO^iduVUS faCtficUS. ALL ADULT. Cat. No. Stan. Univ. Mus. 4725 4731 4734 4735 4726 4730 473* 4739 Sex. Male. Male. Male. Male. Female. Female. Female. Female. Scales in circum- ference 94 mm. 126 96 mm. 88 94 mm. 94 151 95 mm. 95 95 mm. 80 96 mm. 82 123 96 mm. 82 no ICO Head and body, length mm. 72 » 107 Tail, length Food chiefly vegetable, varied with insects, etc. Stomachs exam- ined contained berries, hard seeds and blossoms with an occasional REPTILES 85 grasshopper, beetle or other insect. The seed capsules and berries are eaten for the fleshy part surrounding the seeds, which is the only part digested, the seeds passing unchanged through the alimentary canal. The same is true of all species of 1 ropidiirus which eat seed capsules and berries. Genus Conolophus Fitzinger. Conolophns Fitzinger, Syst. Rapt., p. 55, 1843. Range. — Galapagos Archipelago. CONOLOPHUS SUBCRISTATUS (Gray). Trachycephalus subcristatus Gkx\, Cat., p. 188. Amblyrhynchus subcristahis Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 6, 1831 and Zool. Bee- chey's Voyage, Rept., p. 93. — Darwin, Journ. Beagle, p. 469. Amblyrhynchus demarlii Du.M. & Bihr., iv, p. 197. — Bell, Zool. Beagle, Rept., p. 22, pi. XII. Hypsilophtis {Conolophus) demarlii YiTZitiCiKK ?iyst. Rept., p. 55, 1843. Conolophus subcristatus Steindachner, Festschr. Zobl.-I3ot. Ges. Wien, p. 322, pis. iv-vii, 1876. — GiJNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 67, 1877. — BouL., Cat., II, p. 187, 1885. — Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xxiv, p. 5, 1892 (part). Conolophus subcristatus pictus Roth & Hart, Novit. Zool., vi, p. 102, 1899. Range. — Galapagos Archipelago; Albemarle Island (Darwin, Hassler, Petrel) James Island (Darwin) ; South Seymour Islands (Hopkins Stanford Expedition) ; Narboro Island (Rothschild Expedi- tion, Hopkins Stanford Expedition). Formerly abundant on Albemarle, James, Indefatigable, Seymour and Narboro but now extinct on all except Seymour and Narboro, where they are still fairly common. Extinction due chiefly to the introduction of dogs which have destroyed both eggs and adults. This species inhabits the brushy and wooded portions of the islands from sea-level to the rims of the highest craters. Conolopus is an omnivorous vegetable feeder devouring almost any kind of vegetation. Grass, the foliage, flowers and berries of various bushes, and cacti ( Opuntia and the fruit of the giant Cere?is) are eaten with little or no preference. The reptiles when feeding climb into the bushes and strip the foliage from the branches, deftly crawling to the tips of slender branches for that purpose. They live in burrows dug obliquely into the soil in open country or on rocky hillsides often beneath or between the lava rocks. All the individuals we obsei*ved were somewhat shy and would scamper to their burrows as soon as alarmed. This is undoubtedly an acquired habit due to their persecution by dogs. 86 HELLER 1^ O w h Pi < W JU in §> "S s a •* fe jU g> 73 5? a fe ^ lO l4 Ov rt 3 O '■? a a fe >. u 03 00 t^ lO 5 3 o (fl a CO vo S^ „ -rf-oo fO lO HI 1 M s: QlOOvftOVOOO O Mt^lON o\ ^ a^"^ in S ■f a "^"^ u "? o\ « rtCO cs Sn,|_ rtOO TMO M w 0 f<5 CO • _^ a •^ H cd o 3 a S 6 S5 (A c O -§5 0 13 (/■ 1- c ^ -^"S "^^ ^s.^-^ -M *j j= — ' - c/: c js c s 1 >> o o o _c ^ bn 60 c c 4> c C (IJ u o y 1- u 0) 0^ w 10 ON rO tvO N i M u & "3^ a 2 S\*s> »^r^N >OfOONONi>i g Pj ^^ 11 lOO « TtiOP«|»0 V 0. 0, u ft ^1 3 U bb fO M 3 rt voeO vat>.ur>ror^vOM t-»|ON •J3AIOX iS. 3 ^ gM n bi) R 3 R 3 P 3 0 : •d kX 8 a tui J?^ 8 3 0 lOv^ CO r^ ■* 0^v£) rooo 1 r~. 3 i-i cT) R 3 •* ^ _^ •^ JQ 3-" 3 0 "Ovcjvd ID 0 r^oo i« tol fO - lOCO e^H, loO fOrOiOMln f; •c « 3 0 a TT <;? 3 C^; TT M V 03 "1 3-Si 3 rO : r^ "O J? <^ % •3 "3 « CM-H ^ M 10 ON fO •* »o . : 3 N •^ : • •nBDunci r^ (I. 01 . 3 « 5 ^•^ 3 10 M vs> 0^^0 CO m rr fO r^ Tt u s ■o S Tf <^ a * . 2 " + < t» ^^ a t^^o Sf\i-i loO ■^•^locslcs 3 0 r-* rrt rt £fO li _y : ° >> be < iA ■O to «■ 1 0 3 6 0 •0 •a If « :;: 0 *' 0 0 c — j:: "■ "it •c u 0 a. 0 ♦ « « se c ■- 1 >^o 0 ^ rQ 3 •a c 0 C T3 -n n C3 (LI a> x; x: «-i VM 0 0 J= J5 bO bo c c 0 3J\m^ PROCEEDINGS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Vol. V, pp. 99-187. [plate i] July 18, 1903. JOHN WESLEY POWELL. PROCEEDINGS OF A MEETING COMMEMORATIVE OF HIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICES Held in Columbian University under the Auspices of THE Washington Academy of Sciences, February 16, 1903. CONTENTS. Remarks by Charles D. Walcott 99 Powell as a Soldier ; address by David B. Henderson lOO Powell as an Explorer ; address by C. R. Van Hise 105 Powell as a Geologist ; address by G. K. Gilbert 113 Powell as an Anthropologist; address by W J McGee 118 Powell as a Man ; address by S. P. Langley 127 Committee on Arrangements 130 Catalogue of Published Writings; by P. C Warman 131 The President of the Academy, Mr. Charles D. Walcott, said : We have come together tonight to honor the memory of John Wesley Powell, soldier, teacher, explorer, geologist, anthropol- ogist, organizer and administrator of institutions, and a broad- minded, kindly natured man. He became distinguished both as a direct, personal contributor to science and philosophy and as a creator and administrator of organizations which have made and will continue to make large contributions to knowledge ; and it is yet too early to say in which of these lines his service to mankind was the more valuable. Today the popular verdict would be in favor of the latter, the results of which are known of all men ; but there are those who believe that his personal Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., July, 1903. 99 100 HENDERSON contributions to science and philosophy will be better understood and therefore more appreciated by future generations than they are by most of us today, and whose greatest regret is that physical disabilities and suffering prevented him from leaving on record all the conclusions of his ripest thought. It is of Major Powell's service in organizing and directing the work of others and inspiring them to their best endeavors that, did time permit, I would speak on this occasion. There are administrators who achieve a fair amount of success through securing from the organization economical and efficient work along prescribed lines. These are, properly speaking, execu- tives. There are administrators of another kind, who possess insight and creative ability, who have scientific imagination and the power of initiative. Their conceptions are broad and clear ; they are not only masterful in execution, but fertile in sugges- tion and potent with the authorizing power. Among this class Major Powell was eminent. These qualities were early discovered by General Grant, who consigned to this young engineer and artillery officer important military duties. Perhaps it was at Shiloh, around Vicksburg, and in other battles and sieges that he learned the lesson of the power of organized forces. Of his military life General David B. Henderson will speak. POWELL AS A SOLDIER. Mr. Henderson said : Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : I have never preached a funeral sermon, but I should like to preach one tonight. If I could burn into human hearts something of the life and charac- ter of J. W. Powell I would be happy. I am assigned to " Powell as a soldier," and I see from the program that Professor Langley is assigned to "Powell as a man." I felt rather hurt when I observed this arrangement. How can I talk of J. W. Powell, the soldier, when I hate soldiers? I have a supreme contempt for the soldier without the man. Take away the soldier and you may have left a philanthropist, a philosopher, a lover of his race ; but take away the man from the soldier and you may have left a sort of pan- JOHN WESLEY POWELL lOI ther, a hyena, a something that wants to fasten its bloodthirsty fangs upon a fellow man. I will have difficulty in confining myself to " Powell the soldier." I was with him at the battle of Pittsburg Landing, where he lost his arm. But you can not tell anything about a man in battle. There he may seem to be utterly merciless and blood thirsty. In order to properly judge of a man it is necessary to know him outdoors and indoors — in the camp and the field, on the highway and in the byway, by the forest and along the stream, and it is especially necessary to know him in his family. During the World's Fair, having been chosen by the old Society of the Army of the Tennessee, of which Major Powell was a member, to deliver the annual address, my theme was •' War." When I addressed them I said : " My theme is 'War,' and I'm against it I Yes, looking down into the old bronzed faces of you men who fought with the armies of Grant and Sherman, I tell you I am against it." One day when I was riding around this city with Major Powell, he referred to that speech, and told me that he had quoted largely from it in one of his papers. He said that in that speech I had touched the key to his heart. He was not an admirer of Napoleon, or Caesar, or any of the great slaughterers ; but oh, how illumined and beautiful became that rugged, bearded face when he talked of Abraham Lincoln I Now Bessie Beech has the true conception of Major Powell. She pays this tribute to the Major : " He enlisted with the avowed purpose of doing his part in the extinction of slavery in this coun- try ; and from the first day after the call was made for troops, he felt thoroughly convinced that American slavery was doomed. He found reasons later in life for enlarging his opinions regard- ing the importance of the issue at stake ; for he says in a letter to a friend : ' It was a great thing to destroy slavery, but the in- tegrity of the Union was of no less importance.'" Note well his words. Most of us would have said "was of far greater impor- tance than the destruction of slavery," but he puts it "of no less importance." God bless your memory. Major Powell, you understood that war ! But let him speak for himself: "'And beyond it all was to be counted the result of the war as an in- I02 HENDERSON fluence which should extend far into the history of the future, not only establishing in North America a great predominating nation, with a popular and powerful government, but also secur- ing the ascendency of the Anglo-Saxon branch of the Aryan family, and the ultimate spread of Anglo-Saxon civilization over the globe. Perhaps it is only a dreamer's vision wherein I see the English language become the language of the world, of the science, the institutions, and the arts of the world, and the nations integrated as a congeries of republican states.'" A man that fights with another just because he feels like it, without an analysis of that feeling, is not a worth}' example to follow. That rugged boy from Illinois saw, through the dark clouds overspreading the Republic, the smiling face of God bringing liberty to man, and then he offered his life to help to make that certain. I have written out the military history of Major Powell, but the dry details are not what you want tonight. I very seldom write speeches, for I can not get close enough to my audience if I write out a speech, and tonight I want to get close to you, to be a part of you, to live and think and feel with you, for the life of Major Powell is a poem. Powell enlisted as a private soldier. He did not wait until he could get a strap or bar, a silver leaf, a gold leaf, an eagle, or a star, but after he had studied the conditions and knew what the war meant he went right in. From August 7 to 10, 1861, he was with an expedition to Price's Landing, Commerce, Benton, and Hamburg, Missouri ; from August 28 to September 5, 1861, he took part in the operations in southeast Missouri; from September 13 to 20, 1861, he was at the siege of Lexing- ton, Missouri; October 2, 1861, with an expedition from Bird's Point to Charleston, Missouri; April 6, 1862, at the battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, a bloody field. I remember riding over it for hours to find comrades. I had a brother shot through the heart there, and did not know it until two days afterwards, when they brought his body in an ambulance and laid it at the door of my tent. Riding for hours on that field, there was not a moment when I could not see human forms stretched upon the ground, many of them still struggling for life. It makes a man JOHN WESLEY POWELL IO3 hate war to see such sights — to ride by and hear the poor boys crying for their mothers in tones that must have made the angels weep. That tield was where this man played a glorious part, losing his right arm. This injury incapacitated him for active service for several months. From January 19 to July 4, 1863, he took a conspicuous part in the siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi ; from February 3 to March 6, 1864, he was with an expedition to Meridian, Mississippi, and from September 29 to November 31, 1864, he took part in the campaign in northern Georgia and northern Alabama. Such is the account in brief. Powell enlisted at the beginning of the war on May 8, 1861, as a private soldier, but before his company was mustered into the United States service the governor of Illinois commissioned him to be a second lieutenant. He was a scientific soldier. While sergeant-major in the Twentieth Illinois he obtained per- mission to go to Chicago to get a copy of the tactics, which he studied. His previous study had made him a good civil engi- neer. This was evidenced at Cape Girardeau, when, in the fall of 1861, he was detached from his command in order to plan the camp and entrenchments and to fortify the city. There he had wide experience, and attracted the attention of General Grant. It was his desire to give up the engineering work and return to his regiment, but General Grant had other plans for him, and made him a captain of artillery. In his campaign up the Tennessee River he had an excellent battery, made up of fine-looking, well-drilled, capable men. At Shiloh, as I have already said, he and his battery pla3'ed a glorious part. After recovering from the wound and returning to his battery, he entered enthusiastically into the siege of Vicksburg. It is hard to properly measure the value of this young engi- neer's services in planning the siege works. The bridges he built and the corduroy roads he laid out, and the consequent success with which the troops were transported across the country, so difficult to traverse because of the swamp lands, were tributes to his great ability and untiring energy. On the march toward Vicksburg, Captain Powell took part in the battles of Champion Hill and Black River Bridge. It is thrilling to read the story of the building, by him and his men, of the two I04 HENDERSON bridges across Black River, after the battle of Champion Hill, thus enabling two divisions of the Union Army to cross. It is said that the busiest days of his life were the thirty or more prior to the fall of Vicksburg, when he was working day and night with plans and helping the men to carry them out. His efforts in the siege work at Vicksburg attracted the attention of Generals Grant, McPherson and Ransom. After the fall of Vicksburg, Captain Powell went to New Orleans on an important mission, that of transporting cattle that had been captured at Natchez, to feed the Union troops there, part of the number having been sent to Vicksburg. Let me say a word about Mrs. Powell. There are soldiers and there are soldiers, but the great heroes of the civil war were our women. The mothers and wives were those who made sacrifices in the civil war. One day Major Powell was riding with General Grant, who early discovered Powell's great genius for engineering, and he said : " General, I should like to go to Detroit and get married." He had been engaged for a long time to a girl there — Miss Emma Dean. The General gave him the leave of absence, and he started at once for Detroit. He reached there about 8 o'clock in the evening, was married, and in a few hours was on his return trip to the seat of war, accompanied by Mrs. Powell ; and when that little fellow had his arm shattered, resulting in amputation, he would have gone where many of the boys went at Shiloh — to his grave — but for that tender, loving, devoted wife, who stayed with him and nursed him through every hour of his suffering. And Mrs. Powell nursed not only her dear husband, but wherever her hand and smiling face could minister to a sick or a dying man, there she was to be found. May I repeat a page of m}' own life with the Major. It will tell you of hiui more than of me. Some years ago, in this city, I suffered for a long time from an old wound received at Corinth. At last a very serious operation became necessary. I did not have a horse and carriage, and one day this bearded fellow, with his one arm, called and said: " Mr. Henderson, I have a good horse and buggy — nothing fancy — but I should like very much to take you out on these sunny days and give JOHN WESLEY POWELL IO5 you a little air and sunshine ; " and he named the time when he would call for me. He came at the time aj)pointed, and with the aid of others — I was not able to walk witii my crutches — assisted me into the buggy ; and thereafter, for days and weeks, we traveled slowly over the best streets of the city. Gradually the life seemed to flow back into my heart. Do you know that during those weeks of tender love — all of a brother's love — I bathed every day in the warm, gently-flowing streams of a great mind. Then it was that I got a grand view of Powell the tender, sympathetic man. By War Department order issued January 14, 1865, Major Powell was honorably discharged, and thus was brought to a close a military service which was conspicuous for achieve- ments in the artillery branch and in engineering feats. He returned to Detroit with his wife, and soon adjusted himself to civil life and the pursuit of his scientific labors, which, with his military services, secured him renown. The President said : In the summer of 1867, before the advent of transcontinental railroads, Major Powell organized a party of naturalists and students and took them to the mountain regions of Colorado Territory ; and the next summer, 1868, he organized a second expedition, for the purpose of pushing further into the canyon country. In the spring of 1869 he organized the famous expe- dition for exploring the canyons of the Green and Colorado rivers. This undertaking has been happily characterized as of " phenomenal boldness and its successful accomplishment a dramatic triumph." This evening Dr. Charles R. Van Hise will speak of him as an explorer. POW^ELL AS AN EXPLORER. Mr. Van Hise said : 'It is an honor to be permitted to take part in this tribute to the memory of one of the great American scientific men. In such a tribute I am especially glad to join, for it was m}- privi- lege to know and to love Major Powell. In the few minutes allotted to me to speak, I can not give an I06 VAN HISE account of his many explorations, and therefore I shall confine myself to his characteristics as an explorer. These character- istics are perhaps best revealed by his explorations of the arid lands of the West, and especially of the Colorado canyons. The project to follow Green River from the crossing of the Union Pacific to its junction with the Grand, and thence to follow the Colorado River to the lowlands of southern Califor- nia, with the knowledge that these rivers passed through many dark canyons, thousands of feet in depth, through which no one had before passed, was bold to the last degree. Probably no one so well as Powell appreciated the dangers which he would encounter in this journey. He knew that the Green River, at the point at which he started, was six thousand feet above the sea. He knew that where the Colorado River emerges from the Grand Canyon it is but little above the sea. From the point where he entered to the point where his journey was to close there was a descent of more than a mile, and this, to a certainty, meant numerous rapids and falls. The probability was that the rapids and falls would be in the narrow, steep-walled parts of the canyon. There was the full possibility that when nearing some of the falls the stream would be too swift to stem, that no side portage could be made, and that the expedition would re- sult in death to all. This risk he took. The risk of possible failure and disaster to his party must be taken by each leader of a difficult and dan- gerous exploration. But it does not follow that all proposed explorations are justifiable. Upon the leader of an expedition rests the serious responsibility of deciding whether the risk is too great and the plan therefore rash, or, upon the other hand, the chances for success and the importance of the enterprise are sufficient to warrant the attempt. This is the crucial ques- tion with every leader of a bold exploration. This is the ques- tion whose answer demands that the leader shall have all available information as to the region in which he is to go, as to the manner in which the forces and agents of nature are at work in that region, in a word, to have the fullest appreciation of the dangers and the character of the difficulties which are to be overcome. Not only must he know all the facts obtain- JOHN WESLEY POWELL IO7 able as to the region to be explored, but he must have the best of judgment in weighing their meaning ; uninfluenced by his desire to explore the region, uninfluenced by any consideration except his responsibility upon the one hand as to his men, and his responsibility upon the other hand as to the advancement of knowledge. This capacity for the faithful study of all the facts known about a region, the power to comprehend their possible significance with reference to the success of an expedition, are the qualities which separate the great, successful explorer from the incapable one whose expeditions are doomed in advance to almost certain failure and often to loss of life. Preparatory to his great journey through the canyons of the Colorado, Powell spent the larger part of two years in careful exploratory work in the plateau country of the West, thus, so far as possible, fully acquainting himself with the problem before attempting its solution. Bold the project was, but Powell with delicately balanced judgment, decided that the chance for suc- cess and the chance to escape from the canyon in case of the impossibility of the accomplishment of the project, were suffi- ciently great to warrant the undertaking. Powell's full appreciation of the dangers of the exploration was shown by the extreme care with which he made prepara- tions. Boats the strongest possible were built, but not so large that they could not be carried. They were provided with water- tight compartments fore and aft, so that they would not sink when swamped. All the necessary articles, from provisions to instruments, were divided into equal parts and distributed among the boats, so that wrecking one boat would not necessi- tate the abandonment of the expedition. In this matter of careful consideration of all the dangers in- volved, forecasting of difficulties and preparing for each of them, Powell is to be compared with Nansen, who has done two great pieces of successful exploratory work, the first crossing of Greenland and the drifting expedition of the Fram. In all three of these expeditions not a man was lost who remained with his leader. It is true that great dangers were encountered. It is true that at various times, whether disaster would come to the members of the expedition seemed to lie almost on the turn- I08 VAN HISE ing of a hair ; yet the resourceful strength of each, at the crit- ical moment, turned the balance in the right direction ; whereas a weaker and less courageous man, a man with less foresight and less power to quickly decide upon the safe course, would almost certainly have failed. In marked contrast with the ex- plorations of Powell and those of Nansen are many ill-advised expeditions which have resulted in the loss of many or all of its members ; and yet, in some cases, a man, simply because he has endured great hardships which proper foresight would have prevented, has been rewarded as a hero, whereas he should have been held responsible for the death of the men who supposed him to have qualities which justify leadership in a difficult enterprise. I would not be misunderstood upon this point. In some cases where careful preliminary study has been made, where well matured plans have been formed, where good judgment warranted the undertakings, where the leaders had all the qualities of successful explorers, misfortune has befallen the parties. There is legitimate room for accident. No man may feel himself so powerful and resourceful that, at all times, he can overcome the forces of nature. Disaster has sometimes be- fallen the best. It might well have been that Nansen or Powell should have failed. But in the great preponderance of cases the success or failure of an exceptionally difficult and dangerous expedition is dependent upon a previous, exhaustive study of conditions, upon the foresight shown in careful and complete preparation, upon the capacity to estimate chances, upon the resourcefulness of the leader in times of stress. In all these respects Powell proved himself to be in the first class among explorers. On May 24, 1869, the party of ten men in four boats starts on its perilous journey. The difficulties to be overcome in the canyons of the Green and the Colorado are found sufficient to try Powell to the utmost. Wherever the rivers traverse the hard rocks there are many rapids and falls to be run or portaged. The boats are frequently swamped and the provisions wetted again and again, so that a large part of them are spoiled. Early in the expedition one of the boats is completely wrecked. Some JOHN WESLEY POWELL IO9 days later the courage of one of the men fails, and he leaves the party. But the nature of the difficulties and the way to overcome them are gradually learned ; and then all goes well until the Grand Canyon is reached. But here the river turns into the granite, a harder rock than had been before encountered. Rapids and falls follow one another in quick succession. At various places it seems all but impossible to run the rapids or portage the falls. But the granite area is finally cleared in safety, and in the sedimentary rocks below rapid progress is made. But again the river turns into the granite ; and when a set of bad rapids and falls are approached the spirits of three of the men fail. They have not the sustained courage which rises as difficulties and dangers increase. Thev decide to climb out of the canyon rather than to continue. They remonstrate with Powell and the remainder of his party, trying to prevent them from continuing a course which seems to them to lead to certain destruction. A second boat is abandoned, and with this boat the barometers and the fossils and minerals collected. The scanty almost spoiled provisions and the maps and notes — records of the expedition — only are retained. Probably but few fully appreciate the desperate frame of mind in which a leader of Powell's scientific instinct must be before he takes such a step as this. With deep misgivings, the two boats and the remainder of the party, six in number, push on. Early in the morning the rapids before them are successfully passed, but greater difficulties are found below. In the afternoon a set of rapids and falls is approached which it seems impossible to port- age. There is nothing to do but to attempt to run them, with the certainty that the boats will be swamped, but with the hope that the air-tight compartments will bring them to the surface below the falls. Such a course would seem rash to the border of mad- ness, had not previous experiences shown that it was possible. Both boats run over the falls, and are swamped as expected, but the men cling to them and emerge in safety in the pool below. The very next day they run out of the granite, and out of the Grand Canyon. The expedition has achieved success. Many explorations are undertaken for the love of adventure or personal glory, with the desire that it shall be known that the no VAN HISE explorer has reached a place in advance of any other civilized man. Indeed in the past there has been no easier way to gain the notice of the public than by some such piece of exploration. But for this Pow^ell cared little. The primary purpose of his ex- plorations was not to get into unknown territory for its own sake, was not even to become a pathfinder (the purpose of many explorations), but was to study the region through which he went, in all its aspects. This is illustrated by the rare allusions to himself in the ac- counts of his explorations. Powell having lost an arm at Shi- loh, was only one-handed when he made his famous journey down the canyons of the Green and Colorado. Only those who have climbed difficult cliffs and mountains will appreciate this tremendous handicap for his proposed work. How easy it would have been, in Powell's narrative of the expedition, to have often alluded to this fact, to have intimated the excep- tional courage required because of it, to have mentioned in speaking of scaling the walls of the canyons as he often did, in order to study the topography and geography of the region, that this climb was made exceedingly difficult and dangerous because of his lack of a hand. But one may read his narrative from one end to the other, and, did he not know before the fact that Powell was a one-armed man, this would not be discovered. We all know the physical energy required for exploration in a new region. Those who have been in the arid region of the West fully appreciate the discomforts which must be endured. These are the points which are commonly dwelt upon by the ordinary explorer. But in Powell's accounts of his explorations there is but little said about the hardships which he endured, and but the briefest descriptions of the difficulties which were overcome, the dangers which were encountered. The purpose of Powell's explorations was to learn of the re- gions through which he traveled. Many explorers have the same purpose, but in most cases, because of their limitations, their valuable observations are confined to one line of inquiry, as the geography, the geology, the plants, the animals, or the men ; but, like Darwin, Powell was interested in all, and not only in JOHN WKSLKV POWELL III these subjects, but in the possible future service to the nation of the lands which he explored. Nor, in his observations, was Powell satisfied with descriptive notes. While the facts which he saw were interesting to him, they were chiefly so in that, combined with other facts, they might cause him to see deeper into the laws of nature. He not only described the geographic facts of the region through which he traveled, but he gave many of the basal ideas upon which the science of modern physiography is built. Indeed, the most fundamental of them all, the conception of base-level, is his contribution. It was not sufficient for him to describe the mountains of the Park Ranges, of the Uintas, of the Great Basin ; he must know about their origin and give a genetic classification of them. He became deeply interested in the In- dians and their institutions. He saw that a knowledge of their customs was essential to an understanding of the more complex social life of civilized communities, and out of his keen interest has grown the Bureau of American Ethnology. Thus Powell's irresistible tendency to philosophize — to see the inner meanings of things — runs through all his narrative. He was not con- tent merely to see the phenomena about him ; he must interpret them in the terms of the forces and agents which produced them. Also in Powell's accounts of his explorations one catches the exalted moods of the poet. He keenly appreciated the won- ders and beauties of the region through which he traveled, and his descriptions often become prose poetry. Finally, Powell gave the benefit of his knowledge of the arid region to the legislators of the nation. He saw that the arid lands, occupying nearly four tenths of the area of the United States, were a possible great resource to the country-, but an exceptional resource, which could not be wisely handled under common law. He saw that here there was no danger of mon- opoly of the land, but that the real danger was the monopoly of water ; that he who controlled the water was master of the land. Consequently he proposed broad and statesmanlike legislation for the division of the lands of the West which are not mining lands into wheat lands, pasture lands, and irrigable lands, and 112 VAN HISE proposed that they should be controlled by special laws. To a large measure the suggestions which he made have been incor- porated into statutes. At the present time it has been recog- nized that these three classes of lands must be handled differ- ently, each having special legislation applicable to it. In conclusion, it is clear that Powell, the explorer, was an explorer with a broader and higher motive than that which con- trols many. His purpose was not to perform a difficult feat, and thereby gain personal glor}^ His purpose was not even to find a path. His purpose was to make observations through the whole realm of objective knowledge and to advance the philos- ophy of science. His purpose was to find the way by which the region explored would be of best service to the nation. Through the gauzy mask of the great explorer we see standing out in clear and dominating relief the comprehensive and phil- osophic scientist, the poet, and the statesman. The President said : The explorations developed into an organized survey, embrac- ing the geography, geology, ethnology, and natural history of the countr}', known as the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, which existed until 1879, when it and the Hayden and Wheeler surveys were discontinued and the present United States Geological Survey was created. Major Powell was the leading advocate of consolidation. True to his genius for organization, he perceived clearly that the scat- tered forces should be conjoined and correlated. With his hearty support Mr. King was made the first Director of the new Survey ; and when, after a brief incumbency, Mr. King retired. Major Powell was immediately made his successor. This occurred in the spring of 188 1. The Geological Survey was well established under Mr. King, and during the thirteen years of Major Powell's directorate its growth, in functions and cor- relative parts, was remarkable. Mr. G. K. Gilbert, long an associate with Major Powell in geological work, will speak of him as a geologist. JOHN WESLEY POWELL II3 POWELL AS A GEOLOGIST. Mr. Gilbert said : In this city of Washington, which was the home of Major Powell, and in the national Geological Survey, whose labors he guided for so many years, it is not easy to reach an impartial estimate of his contribution to geology. The glow of his en- thusiasm, the illumination of his broad philosophy, the warmth of his friendship, are still with us, and we should be either more or less than human to divest ourselves so soon of the influence of his inspiring personality. It was through this personality, too, that he accomplished much of his work for science. Gathering about him the ablest men he could secure, he was yet always the intellectual leader, and few of his colleagues could withstand the influence of his master mind. Phenomenally fertile in ideas, he was absolutely free in their communication, with the result that many of his suggestions — a number which never can be known — were unconsciously appropriated by his associates and incorporated in their published results. I have elsewhere expressed the opinion that the scientific product which he directly and indirectly in- spired may equal or even exceed that which stands in his own name. Geology is indebted to him also for important services in organization and administration. In an epoch of transition, while reconnaissance of our western territories was being trans- formed into systematic survey, there developed three organiza- tions with similar and equally comprehensive ambitions. Their actual work overlapped ; rivalries and animosities arose ; and the discontinuance of Congressional appropriations was seri- ously threatened. Powell, being at the head of one of the sur- veys, strove first to reach an adjustment by mutual agreement, and failing in that, boldly advocated a complete reorganization. At his suggestion Congress called on the National Academv of Sciences for advice, and the Academy appointed a committee to make a study of the subject. The committee gave careful con- sideration, listened to all interested parties and to all who had counsel to offer, and eventually reported a plan which had been Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.,July, 1903. 114 GILBERT formulated and advocated by Powell. That plan involved the abolition of the rival organizations, and the creation of separate bureaus for the topographic, geologic, and ethnologic survey of the western part of the United States. It was finally adopted by Congress, except that no provision was made for an inde- pendent topographic corps. The first director of the new Geological Survey was Clarence King, the second Major Powell ; and Powell remained in charge from 1881 until 1894, resigning at last when impaired health demanded the husbanding of his energies. This period was one of rapid development of geologic work in the United States, and the administration of the national work was at least an im- portant factor in that development. The field of the national survey was early enlarged so as to include the whole country, and fears were entertained lest a diminution of state work should result; but the state work expanded along with the national, and through measures of cooperation, each strengthened the other. Though official publication was varied and voluminous, it did not fully keep pace with the growth of geologic activity, and the surplus output was so large as to warrant the institution of two geologic journals and an annual volume of geologic trans- actions. Turning now to the narrower field of Powell's personal accomplishment in geology, I find that it can be more conveni- ently epitomized if I first recall to your attention the logical subdivision of all scientific work. Those who labor for science do three things : They observe the facts of Nature, taking pains to observe them accurately ; they arrange the observed facts in groups, or classify them ; and they discover their relations of cause and effect, or explain them. When the stage of explanation has been reached a new grouping is made, in which the dominant idea is to bring together things which have a common cause. Some workers devote themselves wholly to observation, using the groupsing and explanations that others have furnished. These are many, and their labors are of great importance. Some there are who strive only to explain, without close observation. These are not in touch with Nature, and their explanations for the most JOHN WESLEY POWELL II5 part are of that fallacious order which we call speculation. True explanations are discovered, as a rule, by master work- men who have trained themselves by long apprenticeship in the fundamental work of observation. The motive which actuates men of science in all this work is the increase of knowledge, but the results of their labor go far beyond increase of knowledge, for they include also increase of welfare. There is a large group of men, not necessarily nor usually students of pure science, whose special function it is to discover ways of applying scientific knowledge to the benefit of mankind. Collectively we call the labors and achieve- ments of these men applied science. Powell's work in geology included observation, classification, explanation, and application to welfare. His work as an observer began in early manhood, while he was a teacher and afterward a college professor. It ranged through various departments of zoology and botany as well as geology and paleontology, and was carried on in the Missis- sippi Valley, on the Great Plains, and in the Rocky Mountains. It gave him a wide familiarity with the phenomena of Nature, and was of great educational value, but it made no printed record. Afterward he made systematic surveys of the geology of two western districts, one traversed by the Green River and the other by the Colorado, and the results of these surveys were committed to writing and given to the public. In the second division of geologic work his chief contribu- tions are three in number : A classification of mountains, a classification of processes of land sculpture, and a classification of stream valleys. While these classifications were not founded on principles of causation, and can not therefore be assumed to be final, it is proper to say that each one was characterized by originality, marking a distinct advance on previous classifica- tions ; each one has had a distinct influence on the trend of geologic thought ; and the elements of each, after nearly three decades of phenomenal development of science, are to be found in all modern text books of geology. His contributions to explanatory geology pertain likewise to mountains, land sculpture, and stream valleys. He advanced a I l6 GILBERT general hypothesis as to the cause of those local upliftings of the earth's crust which make continents and mountains. He announced the fundamental principles of control in the sculpture of the land, crystallizing his central idea in the new term base- level. He introduced a group of explanations of the relations of waterways to mountains and ridges, accompanying the new ideas with three new terms — consequent valleys^ antecedent val- leys^ and superimposed valleys. None of these contributions to geologic philosophy was elab- orated or adequately illustrated ; his presentation gave no sug- gestion of the breadth of the inductions on which they were founded. It was his belief that a scientific fact needed no argu- ment, but only statement. The fruits of his study were cast forth as simple seeds, to germinate or perish, according to their worthiness or unworthiness, or as the accident of their environ- ment might determine. The theory of mountain growth, the last of the group to be announced, rests as he left it, and has not yet demonstrated its vitality by growth. But the ideas embodied in base-level, consequent, antecedent, and superimposed fell on fertile ground, and have had a marvelous development. A half score of younger men have elaborated, extended, and applied them ; and they stand today for a division of the science so important that it is sometimes called the ' new geology.' Geologists and geographers now recognize that each hill, hollow, and plain of the earth's surface originated by some process of change, and is therefore susceptible of explanation and interpre- tation. Whereas geologic history was formerly read in the rocks alone, it is now read not only in the rocks but in the forms of the land and the arrangement of the streams. Powell's contribution to applied geology involved much more than the utilization of geologic knowledge. He dealt with the complex problem of the subjugation to human use of 'the arid portion of our national domain, and he brought to bear on it the scientific data of climatology and sociology as well as geology. His Lands of the Arid Region, published nearly twenty four years ago, set forth with marvelous insight the conditions by which the problem is surrounded, and formu- lated the principles by which much of the later work has been JOHN WESLEY POWELL II7 guided. It was discredited at the time, because it announced that only a small percent of the far West can ever be reclaimed for agriculture. It raised a storm of indignation because it char- acterized as semi-arid the middle belt of the plains, toward which settlement was then tending. But today it is recognized as the classic treatise on the subject, the great initial discussion which marked out the lines for future investigation and indi- cated the evils to be remedied by future legislation. It began a great agitation, in which Powell took a leading part for many years. At his suggestion Congress appointed a commission to study the physical and economic conditions of the arid region, with a view to the modification or reconstruction of its land laws ; and he gave two years to the work of this commission. Afterward, as Director of the Geological Survey, he was charged with the measurement of the streams, the survey of reservoir sites, and other researches looking to the conservation of the water supply for the broadest development of irrigation in the region of meagre rainfall. And his interest continued unabated after his retirement from the directorship had relieved him of responsibility. The economic problems were compli- cated by conflicting interests ; the effort for reform was a dis- heartening struggle, with many failures and reverses ; and the end is not yet ; but it is a matter of congratulation, as well as of poetic justice, that during his last sickness Powell was able to know of the passage of the Reclamation Act, the most important triumph of the arid lands agitation. As a successful student of the structure of the Uinta Moun- tains and Colorado Plateaus, Powell holds an honorable posi- tion in the large and honorable company of geologic surveyors. As a frontiersman in a new territory of geologic thought, he takes hiorh rank among the leaders of the science — albeit of a science in which he labored for but half his active life. As an oganizer, as a promoter of research by others, as an educator of men already highly trained, he has made all who profit by good geologic work his debtors. As an original, far seeing, and patriotic advocate of an enlightened policy for the reclamation and highest utilization of our arid domain, he is entitled to the gratitude of the Nation. Il8 MCGEE The President said : To the administration of the rapidly expanding Geological Survey was conjoined that of the Bureau of Ethnology. If this was a smaller and weaker child, it ever received his tenderest care and was probably his greatest delight. One might not inappropriately say that it cheered his declining years and received his last blessing. Starting in early j^ears with the study of inanimate nature and the lower forms of life, it was almost inevitable that this broad and profound investigator should pass on to the study of man himself and all his activi- ties. It is probably in the nature of things that this subject should not appeal strongly to a young and vigorous nation, bent on realizing by the shortest cut its own high destiny, and the fact that this bureau prospered for twenty three years under the administration of Major Powell, its founder, is eloquent tes- timony to his genius for directorship and guidance. Mr. W J McGee, his associate and administrative support in his later years, will give to us his estimate of Major Powell as an anthropologist. POWELL AS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST. Mr. McGee said : As a citizen of the Republic, Powell was a patriot ; as a soldier, he was a hero ; as an explorer, he was a leader of brave men ; as a geologist, he was a master among the builders of the science ; but it was as an anthropologist that he came to his best — for he was, more than any other, the maker of the broad Science of Man. As a student of human kind, John Wesley Powell ranks among the leading figures of history ; his place can be defined only in terms of great men and the greater epochs in the growth of human knowledge. In the first epoch of that consciously organized knowledge now called Science, men slowly summed their experiences of the fixed features of sky and then of earth, and thus shaped those sciences still called exact because they deal so largely with the constants of Nature ; then knowledge advanced by centuries of uniform experiences, and the more variable factors JOHM WESLEY POWELL II9 of Nature were not systemized. Such was the epoch culmi- nating in the glories of Alexandria and Athens, when adult Art led infantile Science upon the stage of human activity. The natural sciences were not ; and although the philosophers taught " Know thyself," much as Pope long after proclaimed : The proper study of mankind is Man, and although Praxiteles and Phidias attained a knowledge of external anatomy hardly less refined than that of today, the prevailing notions concerning races and peoples, as well as of physiology and pathology, were fantastic and myth tinged. Yet the epoch yielded systems of philosophy, summing the ever multiplying experiences of the relations between the human mind and external Nature, which have fertilized knowledge throughout all the later centuries. Powell was among those who drank deep at the perennial fount of classic philosophy ; and the course of his intellectual career was laid with constant reference to the courses followed by the pioneers of definite thought about the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. In the second epoch of science, men summed the experiences of generations rather than of centuries, and of the variables as well as the constants of Nature ; and so the natural sciences came up, chiefly in northwestern Europe. Eminent among the pioneers of this renaissance was Linne, who framed a " System of Nature " still regarded as the foundation of the modern sciences of organisms ; and here the genus Homo was first defined in terms acceptable to modern students. Later in the same epoch Huxley indicated "Man's Place in Nature" and Darwin traced the " Descent of Man " in terms at first evoking dissent from many, j^et in such masterly fashion as to affect all later thought and leave a permanent impress on science. Other contributors there were in numbers ; but these three — Linne, Huxley, and Darwin — stand out not merely as leaders of thought but as expositors of the structural similarities between the genus Homo and other genera of the animal realm. An- other pioneer of the Renaissance — the pioneer in some respects — pushed out along in a course midway between that of classic philosophers and that of the rising naturalists ; this was Francis I20 MCGEE Bacon. In framing his " Novum Organum " this unexcelled genius clearly saw, and affirmed, what the earlier philosophers had only half perceived, i. e., that Mind is a mirror of Nature, and hence that what men call knowledge is but a more or less imperfect reflection of external Nature. All of these great thinkers, like the leaders of the earlier epoch, helped to shape the life of Powell ; he began his intellectual career as a Lin- nean ; then, like other naturalists of his time, he became a Dar- winian ; and during his later years he became, perhaps more fully than any other of his generation, a Baconian. The first epoch in the growth of definite knowledge was that of the physical, or exact, sciences ; the second was that of the natural sciences ; and these were followed by a third — in some respects an echo of the second — in which the human sciences took shape. During this epoch the experiences of decades were summed, rather than those of generations or centuries as in earlier times ; and the experiences were especially those of the variables of Nature found in human conduct. The students were of the explorers and pioneer settlers pushing out over new lands inhabited by alien peoples, especially the continents of the western hemisphere. These soon learned from stress of contact that the really essential characters of alien races are not those of structure or stature or skin color, but those of habitual conduct ; and as the quickened experiences pressed, the more thoughtful of the pioneers were led to classify the aborigines by their actions and dispositions, with little regard for their physical characters. This was the germ of a rejuvenated ethnology, /. e., a science of races based on human rather than animal at- tributes ; and it was an easy step thence to the definition of tribes by their special habits of thought and the speech in which these were expressed. Although this third epoch in the history of science began a generation or two before Powell, he arose in time to give it character ; he became the chief prophet of the doctrine of the differences between human and other animals, just as Linne and Huxley and Darwin were the leading apostles of the similarities of all animate Nature ; he stood almost alone in seeking to raise the humanities — or the human activities, to use his own term — to the plane of scientific research; and JOHN WESLEY POWELL 121 while he gave less thought than some deemed needful to the physical characters of man, he strove unceasingly to harmonize the New Ethnology with the philosophies of the earlier epochs, and thereby to erect a comprehensive anthropology broad enough to touch every human ideal and passion and law and motive, as well as the physical structures of the human body and brain. The Anthropology of today is the science of the realm of self conscious activity ; and Powell was its chief creator. In detining Powell's career as an anthropologist, it is to be remembered that he began a naturalist and developed as a geologist, so that he brought to the study of men a rich store of knowledge of Nature as well as a strong grasp of the scientific method. Especially notable among his possessions was a prin- ciple brought over from geology — the principle of interpreting natural phenomena in terms of agency, or primary force, pri- mary so far, at least, as current knowledge goes. This prin- ciple was perhaps the key note of Powell's work in geology ; certainly it became the key note of his researches in ethnology and general anthropology. Now the third epoch in science, or that of the New Ethnology to which Powell gave character, opened slowly, and, curiously enough, largely through the efforts of statesmen rather than of scientists. The actual pioneer of the new era was, indeed, inspired by the practical problems of statecraft ; this was Albert Gallatin, who classified the American tribes known early in the last century by their languages, grouped them in linguistic fami- lies or stocks, and indicated their distribution on a map, the fore- runner of Powell's map of Indian linguistic families of North America north of Mexico. It is somewhat singular that prevail- ing opinion, even in scientific circles, should credit Powell with originating that work in Indian linguistics in which he was a follower rather than a leader ; and this despite the fact that he constantly gave due credit to the eminent statesmen in both public and private utterances. The next notable pioneer of the new epoch was Lewis H. Morgan, who sought to classify the American tribes on the basis of their law as expressed in terms of relationship. This masterly work, published in a noble vol- 122 MCGEE ume by the Smithsonian Institution, forms one of the earliest and most trustworthy foundations for the science of sociology. The next great contribution to the New Ethnology was a joint product, the chief contributors being Brinton in this country and Tylor in England ; they sought a basis for defining and classi- fying the peoples of the world in their myths and beliefs. Mean- time the handiwork of prehistoric and other primitive folk was made known through numerous investigators ; while physical anthropology was well advanced, especially in Europe. Such, in brief, was the state of the science before Powell — though it is not to be forgotten that his career overlapped those of Morgan and Brinton, as well as that of Tylor, the sole survivor of the series of pioneers. In his earlier explorations Powell concerned himself first with the handiwork of the natives, and afterward with their myths ; and almost from the beginning his vigorous mind grasped the great fact that both kinds of products, just like those of the processes of geology, are best interpreted in terms of agency, the agency in this case being human thought. Thence his studies extended to the social organization of the tribes — to the law of kinship, to loves and hates, to mating and family life — and then to esthetic concepts, and on to the elaborate observances of ceremonial life ; and he mastered the languages, first as a means of gathering facts and later for their own inherent inter- est. Throughout he found the same fundamental principle to apply, each new observation only confirming the truth that human actions are best interpreted in terms of mental power. An early outcome of the work was a definition of the human activities as a basis for scientific research ; and here Powell was able to combine, and thus to raise to higher planes, the admir- able work of the pioneers already gone before, as well as that of his contemporaries. Then Gallatin's philology, Morgan's so- ciology, and the mythology (or sophiology) of Tylor and Brin- ton fell into orderly relation ; while from his new height Powell was able to outline the fields of technology and esthetology, and thus to define the entire domain of the actual humanities. As his studies progressed, Powell saw that primitive and more advanced men do not think alike — that their minds respond JOHN WESLEY POWELL 1 23 differently to similar stimuli ; and he soon perceived that the thought of the lowly man of woodland or water side is more dependent on surroundings than is that of the vigorous scion of a race trained to conquest over nature through many genera- tions. Thus he came to realize that relation between mind and environment which led to his most comprehensive and im- portant generalization, /. c.^ that of the great stages of human progress. These stages may be defined in various ways ; by progress in social organization or law, by progress in industries, by progress in language, by progress in the arts, or by progress in philosophies ; yet in the last analysis they express grades of intelligence, and hence correspond closely howsoever defined. As originally outlined the stages are (i) savagery, in which the social unit is the clan, and the organization is based on kinship traced on the maternal line; (2) barbarism, in which the units are the gens and tribe, while the organization is based on kin- ship traced in the paternal line ; and (3) civilization, in which the unit is first the city and later the nation, and in which the organization is territorial — to which may be added (4) enlight- enment, in which the units are the individual and the state, while the law rests on equality of individual rights. Mankind may be classified in terms of these developmental stages no less definitely than by skin color and other physical attributes ; and there is every promise that the classification of the world's peo- ples by culture grade will become increasingly important as inter-racial contacts multiply. It was in these broader gener- alizations that Powell especially profited by the genius of such great predecessors of the earlier epochs as Aristotle and Bacon. When a knowledge maker has given form and substance to a great science ; when he has shaped an epoch in the develop- ment of human knowledge ; when by the vigor and extent of his work he has raised himself to the first place among the scientists of his generation ; and when, withal, he has con- stantly fostered every scientific activity of his land, and has performed public administrative duties in science of unequaled magnitude, his work is not easily summarized within the space of a few minutes. The published details of Powell's work fill 124 MCGEE volumes ; yet in ethnology and general anthropology, no less than in geology, the larger share of the fruit 'of his vigorous thinking was turned over freely to colaborers, with a generosity unparalled in the history of science, to find its way into the general body of human knowledge under other names than his own. So brief an outline as this admits no more than the baldest mention of Powell's greatest contributions to the Science of Man : the recognition of agency in the human realm ; the iden- tification of that agency with the progressively growing men- tality of the generations of men ; the definition of the human activities as the basis of sciences of a new order ; the recogni- tion of the culture stages as way marks of progress in the past and as guides for further advancement ; and, toward the end of his labors, the recognition of Mind itself as the sublimest product of natural interactions — these are among Powell's greatest gifts to the world. And it may not be forgotten that while these and other contributions grew out of patient research by the rigorous methods of science, they were w^armed by a personal humanity of unsurpassed richness and sweetness — for Powell loved mankind with all the ardor of a great heart. As Major Powell's most intimate scientific friend for years, it may be permitted me, na}^ it behooves me, to say a w^ord of his uncompleted work as well as of his duties done. As many know, it was the ambition of his life to build up a great Bureau of the Science of Man no less beneficent than the Bureau of the Science of the Earth which he did so much to create — to establish a Bureau of Ethnology no less firmly and broadly than the Geological Survey was established ; but here fortune failed him in ways it were premature to define — and, despite the cheerful face of life-long habit, this failure gradually broke the Old Man's sturdy spirit, embittered his later years, and un- doubtedly shortened his life. Another ambition long glowed brightly in the Major's mind ; it was that of summing all knowledge and philosophies, from those of savage and lower barbarian up to Plato and Aristotle, thence to Bacon and Linne, and on to the third epoch of science JOHN WESLEY POWELL 1 25 to which he was so rich a contributor, in an organon or system, of three parts. The first of these was to deal with Nature, /. c.^ the external universe; the second with Man, the highest product of Nature ; and the third with Mind, the ultimate nat- ural power of Nature and Man. The work was directed toward general human understanding rather than conventional forms and current lines of thought, and was cast in the form of a tri- logy, with an explement in poetic form and measure ; and with a view to general and hence permanent character, both struc- ture and form were modeled after artistic rather than technical standards. In giving shape to the triune work the Major delved deeply in lore and literature of every type, sifted through the meshes of his own broad knowledge the golden product of sci- ence in every branch, studied the mental workings of contem- poraries and even of associates as he had studied those of sav- ages before, and sought to sum the whole under simple alle- gorical titles. The breadth of the plan and the depth of its foundations were little realized by coworkers, still less by critics of the preliminary essays ; indeed, the modesty of the author seldom permitted him to see in its full magnitude the mighty task to which he was impelled by the same powerful instinct that inspired his military and exploratory efforts — the task of framing a cosmic compendium at once broader and simpler than any previously conceived. Of this work the first part was written in preliminary, and far from satisfactory, form, and was published under the title " Truth and Error"; much of the second part was tentatively incorporated in a series of papers in the American Anthropologist designed for reprinting, with extensions, under the title "Good and Evil"; while of the third part, designed to bear the title "Pleasure and Pain," only an outline, with notes, and a single preliminar}- chapter were completed. The poetic argument, or explement, though designed to round out the whole and perhaps to form a final volume, was in realit}^ the first written and the most complete portion of the work, for it ran through the author's mind as a golden clew if not a more definite outline, and was put in fin- ished form before the Major left the Geological Survey to undergo the third operation on his arm ; two or three copies of 126 MCGEE the manuscript are extant (including one in the cornerstone of the Gardiner Greene Hubbard memorial building). The Major long had a plan for the completion of his organon in case he was cut off before it was done ; but, with characteristic opti- mism he failed to secure effective approval of the plan in writ- ing, so that it may never be carried out. Still John Wesley Powell is not without monuments : The Ethnological Bureau which he created, and which he conducted for twenty three years under difficulties and against obstacles which will never be known, has long been regarded as a model by the ethnologists of every land ; the four or five series of ethnologic publications under his name form a library of the science on which the anthropologists of the world are con- stantly dependent ; his minor papers and addresses have done no less than the greater tomes to establish the Science of Man ; yet his noblest monument, and the one which he would most appreciate, is that loving memory that lives in the hearts of his fellows in the study of Humanity. The President said : In passing in review the organizations of which Major Powell was one of the founders, directors, trustees, or active supporters, one or all, we cannot fail to take notice of the Philosophical Society of Washington, the Anthropological Society of Wash- ington, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, the National Geo- graphic Society, the Columbian University, and the Cosmos Club. These, and doubtless others which do not come to mind at the moment, owe much to the fostering care and wise guid- ance of this admirably poised man, who, while sturdily self- reliant, did not lose sight of the power of combined and well- directed forces. Major Powell, in establishing and administering organiza- tions, founded firmly and developed broadly. From nature he had learned that nothing worth while is ever accomplished suddenly or done in a hurry, and he knew that his own work must be carried forward by others after he was gone if it was to be of permanent value. He was therefore JOHN WESLEY POWELL 127 patient and thorough in his own personal work, and selected his assistants and collaborators with care. To them he left details and particulars of ways and means : he asked only for results in due time. But he was ever ready and glad to consult with and advise them in regard to their work — to sympathize with and help them in their discouragements and to rejoice with them in their successes, and when he severed his official connection with the Geological Survey tears were shed by more than one. His farewell to his collaborators, which may be found in the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Geological Survey, is rare reading. It is a page of pathos. Major Powell's personality was known only to those near and dear to him. None can speak of it more fittingly than his friend, Dr. S. P. Langley. POWELL AS A MAN. Mr. Langley said : We have heard tonight about the different aspects of the life of our friend. Major Powell, as a soldier and as a man of sci- ence ; and, I am told, that as his friend, something is desired from me about the man himself. He has just been described by eminently competent judges in nearh' all the varied elements of his character and career. His personality inspired the interest of men so distinguished as those who have just addressed you, and if the parts of that personality of which they have spoken, make the man, what remains to be said which can add to what you have already heard? If there be anything outside the soldier, the explorer, or the man of science, it lay in a singularly simple and strong hu- manity ; a something which took hold of you and made you his friend. While he was here he filled an almost unique place in one's life, and now that he has gone, there remains a gap which no other can fill. Will you indulge me, then, if I speak a few words of Major Powell, exclusively as I knew him in the guise of a friend? I have been with him in the life of the city and in the life of the wilderness ; I have sat with him at distinguished boards, and I have ridden alone with him through the wilds that are still 128 LANGLEY half unexplored in the domain of our Great West : but wherever I have been with him, in whatever surroundings, I think I have been more impressed with the simplicity and self comprised nature of his character than even with the complexity of his knowledge and achievement. He was to me not so much one of the common figures of daily life, as one of Plutarch's men ; and while it has been my pleasure to know such a nature as his under its more unfamiliar aspects, I could wish that I were better able to describe clearly what I so clearly feel. My acquaintance with Major Powell began soon after his re- turn from his wonderful exploration of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado ; but my first intimate knowledge of him dates from the time when, on the platform on which I now stand, he deliv- ered an eulogy on his own familiar friend Professor Baird, my honored predecessor in the Smithsonian. It had been my lot to convey to him the first news of this friend's death, and it was in that hour, when I saw him touched to tears, that I first discov- ered that phase of his character which has ever since been evi- dent to me, that side which was open to the approach of affec- tion, and which could express itself in language w^hich came from the heart to the heart. There is always in speaking of a very near friend a sense of perhaps lifting a veil that should be allowed to cover the inner life from the intrusive gaze of the world ; but what I may say is already known to those near to him. Besides his splendid capacity for leadership in battle, and his readiness for the strenuous life of adventure in which he was almost the last great explorer in the field of which we have been told ; besides his varied knowledge as a scientific man ; there was something which colored and leavened the whole : and that was an imagination akin to that of the poet. This never expressed itself publicly, but always formed a large part of his inner being. The mj'^stery of this world, which pure science so little recognizes, was always present to one side of Major Powell's mind, if indeed, it was not present to all. A part of his writings known only to his friends, contained visions of the poetical aspects of Science, and especially of the poetry of geology and paleontology. The long lapse of ages, the JOHN WESLEY POWELL 1 29 wonderful birth of species, the path that threaded the aeons of time, on and up to man ; — all these things were present to his thought, and colored his work. With it there was a sympa- thetic interest in those mental problems which are relegated to metaphysics ; but these questions were always before him and were made the subject of eager investigation, so that in contem- plating the whole man we must remember that these, although they were not announced to the world, formed an essential part of his thought, and were always associated with what he did as a man of science, and constituted, indeed, his innermost point of view. The veil of which I speak should rest on the subject of his family affections, for even here, as elsewhere, he was self con- tained, and he needed not to speak of those things even to a friend as near as I was privileged to be. Going outside of the realm of these affections into that of his relation to the world, we still find Major Powell reticent of expression of opinion. Sincere he was, and truthful to the point of being unable to bring himself to hint the thing which is not, nor even to allow the shadow of deceit in his ways. Such sincerity existing in his own heart, begat a confidence in others, which did not always meet its just return. I do not admit that this sincerity and trustfulness were faults in his character, but if they were, they were faults for which we loved him. I feel how wholly inadequate these few words are as an eulogy of the man, and I can only plead that the very nearness of my affection for him makes it difficult for me to say dispas- sionately what such an occasion as this might seem to demand. He was a generous man, kind to others and helpful ; a com- bative and a brave, and always a self contained man, who found in himself counsel sufficient for his need. He was a stoic who suffered long years of pain in silence and w^ho at the end met the approach of death as though it were a familiar incident of life. He was a truthful and steadfast man, and one who never deserted a friend. We shall not often look upon his like. Proc. Wash, Acad. Sci., July, 1903. 1 ;o i..\m;i.i:v lie was in\- tiioiul, .uul this at an ago when low oKl tVioiuls loiwaiu to lis. llis U\ss was to nu', thoiotoro, one which can iiovof be nuulo i^ooil. Ainong moii 1 ha\o known, ho stands witliin ihi- circle ot those whom perhaps I nnglu most liope to see on that silent shoie. where according' to c>Kl heliet, ilear trienils ma\ meet a^ain. Thi" C'onunitlee on Arrangen\ents w ere : Mr. Charles P. W'alcott, Chairman, representing the Wash- ington AcailiMny ot Sciences. Mr. Ci. K. (iilhett, Sccrt-farw representing the National Cieo- graphic Society, ISlr. A, (.Maham Hell, representing the National CiCi^graphic Society . Ml. j. S. Piller. representing the (.ieoiogical SocietN ot Washington. Mr. ilarrison Ci. On ai, representing the iMitoniological So- ciety oi Wasiiington. Mr. W. V. llillehr. uul, iiMMesenliiii' the Chemical Society ot W.ishinglon. Mr, W. II. Holmes, representing the .\nthropological Society of Washington. Mr. John .\. K.isson, representing the Columbi.i Historical Society. Mr, S. P, Langkw, representing the Smithsonian Institution. Mr. I'^reileric A, Lncas, representing the Biological Society ot W.ishington. Mr. Richaiil Ralhlnin, representing the Philosophical Societ\ of Washington. Mr. .\, R. Spottoiil, representing the Cohunbi.i Historical Societw JOHN wRsi.KV rowiu.i. \\] CATALOd'UiC Ol' 'I'llIO I'lIIJLISIIICI) WKITINd'S OK JOHN w^:sLl<:^' i'ovvicll. Classiiii.!) in I''i\I'; Suhjkct C»rc)ui's, rwv: l'An;us in ICacii (iuom* Auuan<;ki) C'iikonolcxmc ai.i.v.' K\ I'. C. Wakman. (ifoloj^'v mill ^'f<)j(ra|)liv (Nim. i-.\;\) ii,\-i.\n lril^,'al ion anil |)iil)lic IiiikIh ( NoH. .|.|-67) .... i.\()-\.\<> Anthiopolitj^'y anil |)liil()H<)|)liy ( Nos. 6S-I (;,| ) i.|f, iri| Ailininlsliatiun (Nos. 155-J3S) . . iO.| iS{ Mlsirllaiii'otis ( NoH. j^y-a^i ) iH^-iSy <;i;(H,()(;^' and <;iC()<;uAniN . I So;. 1. I ICxploratioii ol till- valk'3' ol llic Soiilli IMatlc, Colorado, aii coinpilir is in liu- Jihrars nt the Unitril Sl.itcs (icolojjjical Survey, Wasliiu<;ton, I). C. It consi.sts ot I pp., S" ; no title paj^e. 1H72. 2. I Length, (Icscciil, ami oilier IcaluK-s ol I he (jiccn and Colorado canyons. J In .)2(1 Couf^ress, 2{r()U|»s, tor rcforonrc piuposcs. It allowanci- l)e miikIu lor llic canes In wliii h a pul)IU;a- tion In, in wliole or in part, listcii and ninniiered more than once, l)e» auM- it con- tains two or more classes ot matter, it will he tounti tliat the numl)er of distinct piihliiMlions is 201;. l'"or remarks on nnpuhlished writin^^s, see pa^jes i2.\-iif>. 132 WARMAN 1873. 3. [Sketch of the geographic and geologic features of the Colorado Canyon and adjacent region.] In 42d Congress, 3d session, House of Representatives, mis. doc. No. 76, report of the survey of the Colorado of the West, letter from the Secretary of the Smithsonian In- stitution, transmitting a report [by Professor Powell] of the survey of the Colorado of the West and its tributaries, pp. 4, 8-14, Washington, D. C, 1873, 8°. The pamphlet consists of 16 pp. Professor Powell's report is dated January 17, 1873. In this report the valleys are classified in two orders. Ion.' gitudinal 2iViA transverse^ and each of these in three varieties. 4. Some remarks on the geological structure of a district of country lying to the north of the Grand Canon of the Colorado; by J. W. Powell. In American Journal of Science and Arts for June, 1873, 3d series, vol. 5, pp. 456-465, New Haven, 1S73, 8°. Con- tains the classification of valleys mentioned above. Issued separately, also, entirely reset; 8 pp., 8°. 1874. 5. [Summary of geographic and geologic data gathered, to date, in the Colorado Canyon and adjacent region.] In 43d Congress, ist session, House of Representatives, mis. doc. No. 265, Professor Powell's report on the survey of the Colorado of the West; letter from the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, transmitting a report of Professor Powell on the survey of the Colorado River of the West and its tributaries, &c., &c., pp. 2-19, Washington, 1874, 8**. The pamphlet consists of 29 pp., 8°. Professor Powell's report is dated April 30, 1874. Appeared also in Report of explorations in 1873 of the Colorado of the West and its tributaries, by Professor J. W. Powell, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 4-25, Washington, 1874, 8°. Pamphlet consists of 36 pp. 6. Remarks on the structural geology of the valley of the Colorado of the West. In Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin, vol. 1, pp. 48-51, Washington, 1874, 8°. An abstract. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I33 This Bulletin also forms the first part of Smithsonian Mis- cellaneous Collections, vol. 20. 1875. 7. The canons of the Colorado. By Major J. W. Powell. In Scribner's Monthly, an Illustrated Magazine for the People (conducted by J. G. Holland), for January, Febru- ary and March, 1S75, vol. 9, pp. 293-310, 394-409, 523-537, New York, [1S75], 8°. 8. Physical features of the Colorado Valley. By Major J. W. Powell. In Popular Science Monthly for August and September, 1875, vol. 7, pp. 385-399, 531-542, New York, 1875, S°. Introduces the term base-level of erosion. 9. An overland trip to the Grand Canon. By Major J. W. Powell. In Scribner's Monthly, an Illustrated Magazine for the People (conducted by J. G. Holland), for October, 1875, vol. 10, pp. 659-678, New York, [1875], 8°. 10. The ancient province of Tusayan. By Major J. W. Powell. In Scribner's Monthly, an Illustrated Magazine for the People (conducted by J. G. Holland), for December, 1875, vol. II, pp. 193-213, New York, [1876], 8°. 11. Explorations of the Colorado River of the West and its tributaries. Explored in 1869, 1870, 187 1, and 1872, under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1875. 291 pp., 4", map and profile diagram in pocket. Part first. History of the explorations of the canons of the Colorado. — Part second. On the physical features of the valley of the Colorado. — Part third. Zoology (by Coues and Goode). Classification of valleys, pp. 160, 163; base-level of ero- sion, p. 203. For revised and enlarged edition see No. 41. 1876. 12. Department of the Interior. U. S. Geological and Geo- graphical Survey of the Territories. Second division. — 134 WARMAN J. W. Powell, geologist in charge. Report on the geology of the eastern portion of the Uinta Mountains and a region of country adjacent thereto. With atlas. By. J. W. Powell. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1876,. 218 pp., 4°. Types of orographic structure, p. 9; structural geology, P- 173- 13. Types of orographic structure ; by Major J. W. Powell. In American Journal of Science and Arts for December, 1876, 3d series, vol. 12, pp. 414-428, New Haven, 1876, 8°. Describes eleven types ; same descriptions in No. 12. 1878. 14. Report on the methods of surveying the public domain, to the Secretary of the Interior, at the request of the Nat- ional Academy of Sciences. By J. W. Powell, 1878. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1878. Cover, title, and pp. 3-16, 8°. The report is dated November i, 1S78, and treats of : the unification of the work of surveying and mapping the terri- tories ; cost of a geographical and geological survey ; zoology and botany; ethnology. 1880. 15. [Remarks on the causes of the Glacial period.] In Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin, vol. 2, pp. 44-45, Washington, 1 875-1 880, 8°. An abstract. This bulletin also forms a part of Smithsonian Miscel- laneous Collections, vol. 20. 16. Monoclinal ridges. In Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin, vol. 2, pp. 74-75, Washington, 1875-1880, 8°. An abstract. See on pp. 79 and 85 of the same volume for an expres- sion of opinion as to the thickness of the earth's crust. This Bulletin forms a part of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 20. 17. Prefatory note [on the Colorado Plateaus] . By the Di- rector of the Survey. In United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region: Dutton (C. E.), Report on JOHN WESLEY POWELL 135 the geology of the High Plateaus of Utah, pp. vii-xiii, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1880, 4°. 1882. 18. General [geologic] nomenclature. In United States Geological Survey, Second Annual Re- port, pp. xlii-xlviii, Washington, 1882, royal 8°. Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. 19. Colors for geologic cartography, and conventional char- acters for diagrams. In United States Geological Survey, Second Annual Re- port, pp. xlix-liv, pis. i-vii, Washington, 1882, royal 8**. Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. 1883. 20. Informal remarks on moraines and terraces. By J. W. Dawson of Montreal, and J. W. Powell of Washington. In Science for September 7, 1883, vol. 2, p. 321, Cam- bridge, Mass., 18S3, 4°. The remarks were made at the Minneapolis meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in August, 1883. 1884. 21. On the state of the interior of the earth. In Science for April iS, 1S84, vol. 3, pp. 480-482, Cam- bridge, Mass., 1 884, 4°. Written at the time of the appearance of a new edition of Thomson and Tait's " Treatise on Natural Philosophy," and characterizes the lines of inductive reasoning by which geol- ogists arrive at the conclusion that the earth is not a solid. 22. On the fundamental theory of dynamic geology. In Science for April 25, 18S4, vol. 3, pp. 51 1-5 13, Cam- bridge, Mass., 18S4, 4°. 1886. 23. [Letter, dated March 26, 1886, to Dr. Persifor Frazer, Philadelphia, secretary, concerning geologic cartog- raphy.] In The work of the International Congress of Geologists, and of its committees, published by the American committee, pp. 106-10S, [Berlin?], 18S6, 8°. 136 WARMAN 24. 49th Congress, 2d session. Senate. Mis. doc. No. 22. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting report of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey on the merits of the bill S. 1907 " to facilitate the set- tlement and develop the resources of the Territory of Alaska, and open an overland and commercial route between the United States, Asiatic Russia, and Japan," and the feasibility of the construction of the railroad proposed. Pp. i-io, 8°, two maps. 25. The cause of earthquakes. In Forum for December, 18S6, vol. 2, pp. 370-391, New York, 1887, 8°. 1888. 26. Methods of geologic cartography in use by the United States Geological survey. (Presented, on behalf of the Director of the Survey, Major J. W. Powell, by W. J. McGee, U. S. geologist.) In Congres geologique international, compte-rendu de la 3°'" session, Berlin, 1885, pp. 221-240, Berlin, 1888, large 8°. Sub-headings are : introduction ; the geographic bases ; the geologic maps ; general considerations ; taxonomy and nomenclature ; the conventions ; general regulations. Issued separately, with paper cover bearing title. 27. The laws of hydraulic degradation. In Science for November 16, 1888, vol. 12, pp. 239-233, New York, 1888, 4°. A paper read before the National Academy of Sciences at its meeting in New Haven, November, 1S8S. Appeared also in The Mining Industry and Tradesman for September 30, and (?)., 1S88, pp. 226-228, 234-236, Denver, Colo., 1888, folio. 28. Communication on the American report of the Interna- tional Congress of Geologists. In American Journal of Science for December, 188S, 3d series, vol. 36, pp. 476a-476e, New Haven, Conn., 1888,8°. Separates were issued, without change. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I37 1890. 29. Work in petrography [and remarks on the classes and the study of rocks] . In United States Geological Survey, Tenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. 43-52, Washington, 1890, royal 8°. Included in the paper-covered separates of the Director's report. 30. Conference on map publication. In United States Geological Survey, Tenth Annual Re- port, Part I, pp. S6-79, pis. ii-v, Washington, 1S90, royal S° . Subheadings: the occasion for the conference ; the work of the conference ; unit of publication ; nomenclature ; con- ventional symbols for geologic maps ; conventional symbols for geologic sections. 1891. 31. The new lake in the desert. By J. W. Powell. In Scribner's Magazine for October, 1891, vol. 10, pp. 463-468, New York, 1891, 8°. An explanation of the cause of the flooding of the Coahuila Basin, Colorado Desert, southern California. 1892. 32. Our recent floods. By J. W. Powell, LL.D., Director of the United States Geological Survey. In North American Review for August, 1892, vol. 155, pp. 149-159, New York, 1892, 8°. 1893. 33. The geologic map of the United States. By J. W. Powell, Washington, D. C. (Montreal meeting, Feb- ruary, 1893.) In American Institute of Mining Engineers, Transactions, vol. 21, pp. 877-887, New York, 1893, ^° - Read by Dr. C. W. Hayes, the author being unable to be present. 34. The mineral exhibits at Chicago. (Special.) [By J. W. Powell.] In British Trade Journal for November i, 1893, vol. 31, pp. 520-522, London, 1893, foli*^- 138 WARM AN Reprinted as follows : The mineral exhibits of the Chicago exposition. (Special.) In Kuhlow's German Trade Review, and Exporter, issue for Wednesday, November 22, 1893, vol. 18, pp. 4503-4504, Berlin, 1893, folio. 35. General work in [geologic] taxonomy. In United States Geological Survey, Fourteenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. 65-122, Washington, 1893, royal 8°. Headings : growth of classification ; relations of sedimen- tary rocks ; correlation of sedimentary formations ; relations of igneous rocks ; summary of work on igneous rocks ; rela- tions of the ancient crystalline rocks ; summary of work on Algonkian and Archean rocks ; relations of Pleistocene de- posits ; nature and results of the surveys of glacial forma- tions ; relations of land forms ; r^sum^. 36. General summary of work in terrestrial physics, 1880-1892. In United States Geological Survey, Fourteenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. 143-165, Washington, 1S93, I'oyal 8°. Treats of : rigidity ; cohesion and chemic action ; pyrom- etry ; piezometry ; compressibility and thermal expansion ; continuity of liquid and solid states ; igneous fusion as related to pressure ; geysers and hot springs ; isogeotherms ; high pressure chemistry ; sedimentation ; heat conduction ; elec- trical activity of ore bodies. 1894-1895. 37. Explanation [of the Geologic Atlas of the United States] . In United States Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas of the United States, folios 1-20, pp. 2-3 of the cover of each folio, I 894- I 895. An explanation of the plan and uses of the atlas. See, also, No. 42. 1895. 38. Physiographic processes. By J. W. Powell. In National Geographic Monographs, prepared under the auspices of the National Geographic Society, vol. i (No. i, for March, 1895), pp. 1-32, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, American Book Company, 1895, royal S°. Major headings are : the atmospheric envelope ; the aqvie- ous envelope ; the rock envelope ; interpenetration of the en- velopes; vulcanism, diastrophism, and gradation. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I39 Issued also in separate form, with paper cover bearing title, etc. 39. Physiographic features. By J. W. Powell. In National Geographic Monographs, prepared under the auspices of the National Geographic Society, vol. i (No. 2, for April, 1895), pp. 33-64, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, American Book Company, 1895, royal 8°. Major headings are: plains and plateaus; mountains; valleys ; hills ; cliffs ; special forms ; stream channels and cataracts ; fountains ; caverns ; lakes ; marshes ; coast forms ; islands. Issued also in separate form, with paper cover bearing title, etc. 40. Physiographic regions of the United States. By J. W. Powell. In National Geographic Monographs, prepared under the auspices of the National Geographic Society, vol. i (No. 3, for May, 1895), pp. 65-100, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, American Book Company, 1895, I'oy^l 8°. Major headings : drainage slopes ; Atlantic Plains ; Pied- mont Plateaus ; Appalachian Ranges ; Alleghany Plateaus ; New England Plateaus ; Lake Plains ; Prairie Plains ; Gulf Plains; Ozark Mountains; "Great Plains" (Plateaus); Stony Mountains ; Park Mountains ; Columbia Plateaus ; Colorado Plateaus; Basin Ranges; Pacific Mountains. Issued also in separate form, with paper cover bearing title, etc. 41. Canyons of the Colorado, by J. W. Powell, Ph.D., LL.D., formerly Director of the United States Geolog- ical Survey, member of the National Academy of Sciences, etc., etc. With many illustrations. Meadville, Pa., Flood & Vincent, The Chautauqua Century Press. M DCCC XCV. Pp. xiv, 15-400. Type page ordinary 8°, but paper page about 1 1 3^ by 85^ inches, giving very wide margins. Pro- fusely illustrated. A revised and enlarged edition of the work published in 1875. (See No. 11.) Several of the chapters, descriptive of the region and of the people who inhabit it, were written 140 WARM AN expressly for this edition. It is, therefore, a distinct publica- tion. 42. The Geologic Atlas of the United States. In United States Geological Survey, Fifteenth Annual Re- port, pp. 79-90, Washington, 1895, royal 8°. Plan, method, and progress of publication. See, also, No. 37- 1898. 43. An hypothesis to account for the movement in the crust of the earth. In Journal of Geology for January-February, 1898, vol. 6, pp. 1-9, Chicago, 1898, 8°. Read at the November meet- ing of the National Academy of Sciences, Boston, 1897. Issued also in the form of separates ; no cover. IRRIGATION AND PUBLIC LANDS. 1874. 44. Report concerning claims of settlers in the Mo-a-pa Val- ley, (S. E. Nevada,) by Special Commissioners J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls. In Report of Special Commissioners J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls on the condition of the Ute Indians of Utah [etc.], pp. 31-36, Washington, 1874, 8°. The pamphlet consists of cover (bearing half-title), title-page, and 36 pp. 1878. 45. [Results of classification of lands in northern Utah, by Mr. Gilbert, and data relating to Great Salt Lake.] In American Journal of Science and Arts for May, 1878, 3d series, vol. 15, pp. 347-351, New Haven, 1S78, 8°. 1878-1879. 46. 45th Congress, 2d session. House of Representatives. Ex. doc. No. 73. Report on the lands of the arid region of the United States, with a more detailed ac- count of the lands of Utah. With maps. By J. W. Powell. April 3, 1878. — Referred to the committee on appropriations and ordered to be printed. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1878. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I4I 195 PP-» 4% 3 "i^ps- The chapter headings are as follows : I, Physical characteristics of the arid region. II. The land system needed for the arid region. III. The rainfall of the western portion of the United States. IV. Water supply. (By G. K. Gilbert.) V. Certain important questions relating to irrigable lands. VI. The lands of Utah. VII. Irrigable lands of the Salt Lake drainage system. (By G. K. Gilbert.) VIII. Irrigable lands of the valley of the Sevier River. (By C. E. Button.) IX. Irrigable lands of that portion of Utah drained by the Colorado River and its tributaries. (By A. H. Thomp- son.) X. Land grants in aid of internal improvements. (By Willis Drummond, Jr.) Second edition as follows : Report on the lands of the arid region of the United States, with a more detailed account of the lands of Utah. With maps. By J. W. Powell. Second edition. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1879. ^95 PP-1 4°» 3 "^''ips- 1888. 47. [Report (dated March 13, 1888) to the Secretary of the Interior concerning the desirability of authorizing the Geological Survey "to segregate lands of the public domain capable of irrigation in the sections of the United States where irrigation is required, from other lands, and to lay out suitable places to be reserved for reservoirs, and rights of way for ditches and canals, for the purposes of irrigation.''] In Senate ex.'doc. No. 134, 50th Congress, ist session, letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, in response to Senate resolution of Feb. 13, 188S, report concerning the irrigation of certain lands, pp. 3-6, Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1SS8, S°. 142 WARMAN 48. [Statement of the general irrigation problem in western United States, especially the location and construction of reservoirs and other works.] In Senate ex. doc. No. 163, 50th Congress, ist session, letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, in response to Senate resolution of March 27, 1888, report rela- tive to reservoirs for the storage of water in the arid regions of the United States, pp. 2-6, Washington, 1888, 8°. The pamphlet consists of 6 pp., 8°. 1889. 49. [Information relating to the irrigation problem in western United States, and to the progress of the work.] In Senate ex. doc. No. 43, 50th Congress, 2d session, letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, in pursuance of law, report of the Geological Survey on the subject of irrigation, pp. 2-12, Washington, 1889, S° . The pamphlet consists of 12 pp., 8°. Reprinted in No. 56, pp. 16-29. 50. [Preliminary report (dated February 8, 1889) to the Sec- retary of the Interior concerning " the extent to which the diversion of the waters of the Platte and Arkansas rivers and their tributaries in Colorado for irrigation and other purposes affects the flow of the waters of those streams in the lower valleys, and especially dur- ing the growing season, and whether the title conveyed by the Government to lands fronting on said streams covers the privilege of diverting water therefrom be- yond that necessary for use thereon for irrigation and mining purposes, and what action is needed to protect the rights of riparian owners along the waters of said streams in the States of Kansas and Arkansas, and what measures can be devised to increase the flow of water in those streams during such season."] In Senate ex. doc. No. 120, 50th Congress, 3d session, letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, in response to Senate resolution of August 39, [report on] the effect upon certain rivers in Colorado of the diversion of water for irrigation, pp. 3-6, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1889, 8°. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I43 51. The lesson of Conemaugh. By Major J. W. Powell, Di- rector of the United States Geological Survey. In North American Review for August, 1S89, vol. 149, pp. 150-156, New York, 1S89, 8". 1890. 52. Statement of Maj. J. W. Powell, Director of the Geological Survey [in relation to irrigation in the United States] . In Hearings before Select Committee on Irrigation, House of Representatives, Fifty-first Congress, on the General Sub- ject of Irrigation in the United States, pp. 4-5, 16-29 (Feb- ruary 6, 1S90), pp. 1-90, 104-116 (February 37, 1S90), Washington, 1S90, 8°. Two pamphlets, with similar titles, the one dated February 6 consisting of 38 pp. ; that of February 27, 134 pp. Largely interlocutory. The testimony covers a wide field. "Artesian irrigation on the Great Plains," pp. 71-90. Reprinted in No. 60. 53. The irrigable lands of the arid region. By Major J. W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. In Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine for March, 1890, vol. 39, pp. 766-776, New York, 1890, 8°. Map show- ing principal drainage districts of the arid region. A long extract appeared in Public Opinion of March i, 1890. 54. The non-irrigable lands of the arid region. By the Director of the United States Geological Survey. In Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine for April, 1890, vol. 39, pp. 915-932, New York, 1890, S° . Map of the forest lands of the arid region. 55. Institutions for the arid lands. In Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine for May, 1890, vol. 40, pp. 111-116, New York, 1890, S° . 56. [Data relating to the irrigation problem in western United States.] In United States Geological Survey, Tenth Annual Report, Part II, passim, Washington, 1890, royal 8°. No. 49 reprinted on pp. 16-29. 144 WARMAN 57. Statement of J. W. Powell, Director of the Geological Survey [in relation to irrigation and reclamation of arid lands.] In Report of the special committee of the United States Senate on the irrigation and reclamation of arid lands [Wm. M. Stewart, chairman], vol. 4, pp. 5-95, Washington, 1890, 8°. 58. Irrigation. Statement of Major J. W. Powell, Director of the Geological Survey. June 4, 1890. [In relation to irrigation in western United States.] In 51st Congress, ist session, House of Representatives, Report No. 2407, submitted by Mr. Cannon from the Com- mittee on Appropriations (sundry civil appropriation bill), pp. 53-75, Washington, 1890, 8°. Largely interlocutory. 59. Irrigation and reclamation of public lands. United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, Wednesday, July 2 [and Friday, July 4], 1890. Statement of Major J. W. Powell, Director of the Geological Survey. In 51st Congress, ist session. Senate report No. 1466, sub- mitted by Mr. Allison (sundry civil bill), pp. 46-109, 131- 136, Washington, 1S90, S°. Largely interlocutory. 1891. 60. Hydrography, [hydrographic] engineering, the arid lands, and irrigation literature [a list of books, pamphlets, and articles] . In United States Geological Survey, Eleventh Annual Re- port, Part II, pp. 1-2S9, 345-38S, Washington, 1891, royal 8°. " The arid lands" reprinted from No. 52. 1893. 61. History of irrigation. By Major J. W. Powell, Director United States Geological Survey. In Independent for Thursday, May 4, 1893, pp. 1-3, vol. 45^ PP- 593-595» New York, 1893, folio. The first of eleven articles in the same number of The In- dependent, each by a different author, constituting a sym- posium on irrigation. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I45 62. The water and the method. In Proceedings of the Kansas Irrigation Association, at the Wichita convention, Novcmher 22 and 23, 1S93, pp. 7-8, Topeka (?), 1S93 (?),S^ An epitome of an ackhess delivered hefore the convention November 23. 1894. 63. The water supplies in the arid region. First paper : "The duty of water and the sources of supply." By J. W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. In Irrigation Age, a Journal of Western America, monthly, illustrated, edited by William E. Smythe, for February, 1894, vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 54-65, Chicago, 1894, 4°. Two maps and one diagram. 64. [Speech of Major J. W. Powell before the " New York Farmers " on the evening of Februar}- 20, 1894, at " Sherry's."] In Proceedings of the New York Farmers, season 1S93- 1S94, pp. 70-79, New York, 1894, 8°. Deals with the subject of irrigation. ' Pp. 1-84 were issued in separate form, with cover and title. 65. The [Omaha] irrigation convention [held March 21-22, 1894]. By Major J. W. Powell, Director United States Geological Survey. In Harper's Weekly, a Journal of Civilization, for Satur- day, March 24, 1894, vol. 38, p. 268, New York, 1894, folio. 66. Ownership of lands in the arid region. By J. W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. In Irrigation Age for April, 1894, vol. 6, pp. 143-149, Chicago, 1894, 4°. Two maps and three diagrams. 67. The water supply of the Great Plains and its availability for irrigation purposes. By Major J. W. Powell, Di- rector of the U. S. Geological Survey. In Western America, a monthly journal descriptive of the West and devoted to practical hvdraulics in agriculture, manufacturing, mining and commerce, issue for April, 1894, vol. I, No. 2, pp. 6-9, Omaha, Nebraska, 4°. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Juh-, 1903. 146 WARMAN An address delivered March 2i, 1894, at the Second Annual Convention of the Inter-State Irrigation Association at Omaha, Nebr. ANTHROPOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY. 1874. 68. Report of special commissioners J, W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls on the condition of the Ute Indians of Utah ; the Paiutes of Utah, northern Arizona, southern Nevada, and southeastern California ; the Go-si-utes of Utah and Nevada ; the northwestern Shoshones of Idaho and Utah ; and the western Shoshones of Nevada ; and report concerning claims of settlers in the Mo-a-pa Valley, southeastern Nevada. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1874. Cover, title-page, and 36 pp., S°. The reports are dated December 18, 1873. 69. [Ethnographic data relating to the Indians of western United States.] In 43d Congress, ist session. House of Representatives, mis. doc. No. 265, Professor Powell's report on the survey of the Colorado of the West ; letter from the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, transmitting a report of Professor Powell on the survey of the Colorado River of the West and its tributaries, &c., &c., pp. 19-36, Washington, 1S74, 8°. The pamphlet consists of 29 pp., 8°. Professor Powell's report is dated April 30, 1874. Appeared also in Report of explorations in 1873 of the Colorado of the West and its tributaries, by Professor J. W. Powell, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 25-33, Washington, 1874, 8°. This pamphlet consists of 36 pp., 8°. 1875. 70. [An Indian mythologic story, the So-kus Wai-un-ats, or One-Two Boys.] In "An overland trip to the Grand Canon," in Scribner's Monthly, an Illustrated Magazine for the People (conducted by J. G. Holland), for October, 1875, vol. 10, pp. 659-67S, New York [1875], 8°. JOHN WESLEY POWELL 1 47 Also in Explorations of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries, pp. 116-121, Washington, 1875, 4° (see No. 11) ; and in the revised 1S95 edition (see No. 124). 71. [Remarks on the life, customs, mythology, etc., of the Indians of western United States.] In " The ancient province of Tusayan," in Scribner's Monthly, an Illustrated Magazine for the People (conducted by J. G. Holland), for December, 1S75, vol. 11, pp. 193- 213, passim, New York [1876], 8°. 1877. 72. Appendix. Linguistics; edited by J. W. Powell. In United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, Contributions to North Amer- ican Ethnology, vol. 3 (Tribes of California, by Stephen Powers), pp. 439-613, Washington, 1877, 4°. 73. Introduction to the study of Indian languages, with words, phrases, and sentences to be collected. By J. W. Powell. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1877. 104 pp., 10 additional blank leaves, 4°. On pp. 3-7 the purpose of this publication is explained, the alphabet recommended is described and commented on, and some explanatory remarks are offered. The schedules are 24 in number — in character such as "persons," "food," "animals," etc. — and usually each schedule is preceded by some remarks or suggestions by the author. For enlarged edition see No. 80. 1877-1878. 74. Outlines of the philosophy of the North American Indians. By J. W. Powell. Read before the American Geo- graphical Society, at Chickering Hall, December 29th, 1876. New York : Douglas Taylor, book, job and law printer, cor. Nassau & Fulton sts. 1877. Cover and 19 pp., 8°. The following headings appear : savagery is ethnic child- hood ; the Shin-au-av brothers discuss matters of importance 148 WARMAN to the people ; theology ; religion ; mythology ; origin of the echo. This is a separate issue of the following : A discourse on the philosophy of the North American Indians. By Major J. W. Powell, U. S. geologist in charge of Geo- graphical Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. In American Geographical Society of New York, Journal, vol. 8, pp. 251-268 [Albany?], 1878, 8°. 1878. 75. Ethnology. [Reasons why ethnologic researches should be fostered by the general government.] In Report on the methods of surveying the public domain, to the Secretary of the Interior, at the request of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 15-16, Washington, 1878, 8°. The pamphlet consists of 16 pp., 8°. The report is dated November i, 1878. 76. The nationality of the Pueblos. By Major J. W. Powell. In Rocky Mountain Presbyterian, for November, 1878, vol. '7, No. II, p. I,' col. 2, Denver, Colo., folio. A classification of the pueblo people of New Mexico and Arizona on a linguistic basis. 1880. 77. 46th Congress, 2d session. House of Representatives. Mis. doc. No. 35. Ethnology of the North American Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, recommending an appropriation for con- tinuing the ethnologic researches among the North American Indians. No title-page, heading as given above, 3 pp., 8°. Dated April 2, 1880. 78. [Remarks on the organization of primitive society, called forth by Mr. Dorsey's paper on the gentile system of the Omahas.] In Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin, vol. 3, pp. 137-138, Washington, 1878-1S80, 8°. This Bulletin also forms a part of Smithsonian Miscella- neous Collections, vol. 20. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I49 79. Address of Major John W. Powell, vice-president, Section B. Mythologic philosophy. In American Association for the Advancement of Science, Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Meeting, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., August, 1879, pp. 251-278, Salem, 1880, 8°. Sub-headings are : the genesis of philosophy ; two grand stages of philosophy ; mythologic philosophy has four stages ; outgrowths from mythologic philosophy ; the evolution of mythologic philosophy. Issued separately also : cover bearing title, 30 pp., 8°. Appeared also, with slight changes, as follows : Mythologic philosophy. By Major J. W. Powell. In Popular Science Monthly for October and November, 1879, vol. 15, pp. 795-SoS ; vol. 16, pp. 56-66; New York, 1S79, i8So,^8°. 80. Smithsonian Institution — Bureau of Ethnology. J. W. Powell, director. Introduction to the study of Indian languages, with words, phrases, and sentences to be collected. By J. W. Powell. Second edition — with charts. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1880. 228 pp., 10 blank leaves for " additional investigations," 4°. The text consists of two chapters: (i) On the alphabet, (2) Hints and explanations. For the first edition see No. 73. 1881. 8i. ^Annual address of the president, J. W. Powell. [Feb- ruary I,] 1 88 1. On limitations to the use of some an- thropologic data. In Anthropological Society of Washington, abstract of transactions for the first and second years, pp. 1 13-136; Washington, National Republican printing house, 1881, 8**. This abstract of transactions forms a part of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 25. Published also as follows : Smithsonian Institution — Bureau of Ethnology. J. W. Powell, director. On limitations to the use of some anthropologic data. By. J. W. Powell. In Bureau of Ethnology, First Annual Report, pp. 71-86, Washington, 1881, royal 8°. 150 WARMAN 82. Annual address of the president, J. W. Powell. [Deliv- ered March 2, 1880.] On the evolution of language, as exhibited in the specialization of the grammatic proc- esses, the differentiation of the parts of speech, and the integration of the sentence ; from a study of Indian languages. In Anthropological Society of Washington, abstract of transactions for the first and second years, pp. 35-54, Wash- ington, National Republican printing house, 1881, S°. Reprinted as follows : Smithsonian Institution — Bureau of Ethnology. J. W. Powell, Director. On the evolution of language, as exhibited in the specialization of the grammatic processes, the differenti- ation of the parts of speech, and the integration of the sen- tence ; from a study of Indian languages. By J. W. Powell. In Bureau of Ethnology, First Annual Report, pp. 1-16, Washington, 1881, royal 8°. Separates were issued, with cover bearing title. 83. Smithsonian Institution — Bureau of Ethnology. J. W. Powell, Director. Sketch of the mythology of the North American Indians. By J. W. Powell. In Bureau of Ethnology, First Annual Report, pp. 17-56, Washington, 188 1, royal 8°. Separates were issued, with cover bearing title. 84. Wyandot government — a short study of tribal society. ByJ. W. Powell. In Anthropological Society of Washington, abstract of transactions for the first and second years, pp. 76-92, Wash- ington, National Republican printing house, 188 1, 8°. Read June 15, 1880. This abstract of transactions forms a part of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 25. Sub-headings : the family ; the gens ; the phratry ; gov- ernment ; civil government ; methods of choosing and instal- ling councilors and 'chiefs ; functions of civil government ; marriage regulation ; name regulations ; regulations of per- sonal adornment ; regulations of order in encampment and migrations ; property rights ; rights of person ; community rights ; rights of religion ; crimes ; theft ; maiming ; mur- der ; treason ; witchcraft ; outlawry ; military government ; fellowhood. JOHN WESLEY POWELL iSl Redelivered and republished as follows : Address of Professor J. W. Powell, chairman of subsection of an- thropology. Wyandotte government. A short study of tribal society. In American Association for the Advancement of Science, Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Meeting, held at Boston, Mass., August, i8So, pp. 675-6SS, Salem, 1881, 8°. Issued separately : cover bearing title, 16 pp., 8°. Republished, without essential change, as follows : Smithsonian Institution — Bureau of Ethnology. J. W. Powell, Director. Wyandot government : a short study of tribal so- ciety. By J. W. Powell. In Bureau of Ethnology, First Annual Report, pp. 57-69, Washington, 1881, royal 8°. Issued separately, also, with cover bearing title. 1882. 85. Annual address of the president, J. W. Powell. Delivered February 7, 1882. Outlines of sociology. In Anthropological Society of Washington, Transactions, vol. I, pp. 106-129, Washington [Judd & Detweiler], 1882, 8°. This volume of Transactions forms a part of Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 25. Sub-headings : the state ; sociologic classes ; social ranks ; coi-porations ; a state is a plexus of organizations ; the gov- ernment ; the law ; course of evolution of the state ; course of evolution of government ; the course of evolution of law ; personal law ; property law ; government law ; criminal law. Issued separately in two forms, one with the original pag- ing (106-129), t^^ other repaged, title and pp. 3-25; both with paper cover bearing title. Appeared also as follows : Outlines of sociology. Lecture delivered in the National Mu- seum, Washington, D. C, April i, 1882, by Major J. W. Powell. In the Saturday Lectures, delivered in the lecture-room of the United States National Museum, under the auspices of the Anthropological and Biological societies of Washington, in March and April, 18S2, pp. 60-82, Washington, D. C, Judd & Detweiler, 1SS2, 8°. 86. Darwin's contributions to philosophy. By John W. Powell. 152 WARMAN In Biological Society of Washington, Proceedings, vol. i, pp. 60-70, Washington, 1883, 8°. This volume of Pro- ceedings forms a part of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec- tions, vol. 35. Sub-headings are : [philosophy, and the philosophies of the world] ; origin of metaphysic philosoiDhy ; the origin of scientific philosophy ; working hypotheses. Issued separately, text unchanged, with the following title : The philosophic bearings of Darwinism, an address delivered by John Wesley Powell before the Biologic Society of Wash- ington at the Darwin memorial meeting. May i3, 1883. Washington: Judd & Detweiler, printers. 1883. Cover and inner titles, pp. 3-13, 8°. 1883. 87. [Review of] Ward's Dynamic Sociology. In Science for July 13, July 37, August 10, and August 34, 1883, vol. 3, pp. 45-49, 105-108, 171-174, 333-336, Cambridge, Mass., 1883, 4°. In four parts. 88. A classification of the sciences. By J. W. Powell of Washington, D. C. In Science for September 14, 1883, vol. 3, p. 370, Cam- bridge, Mass., 1883, 4°. A brief abstract of a paper read at the Minneapolis meet- ing of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in August, 1883. See also No. 153. 89. Annual address of the president, J. W. Powell, delivered November 6, 1883. Human evolution. In Anthropological Society of Washington, Transactions, vol. 3, pp. 176-30S, Washington, 1883, 8°. Sub-topics are : the sources of human history ; the early condition of man ; the genesis of activities ; evolution of arts ; evolution of institutions ; the evolution of language ; evolution of philosophy ; evolution of mind. Issued separately, with cover and inner titles. 1884. ' 90. Annual address of the president, J. W. Powell, delivered December 8, 1883. The three methods of evolution. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I53 In Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin, vol. 6, pp. xxvii-lii, Washington, 1SS4, S°. This bulletin forms the first part of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 33. Sub-topics are : the kinematic hypothesis ; combination of matter ; modes of motion ; the relation of motion to combina- tion; change of coml)ination ; change of motion; evolution defined ; evolution in the physical kingdom ; evolution in the biotic kingdom ; evolution in the anthropic kingdom. Issued separately (date 1S83), with cover and inner titles. 91. On kinship and the tribe ; On kinship and the clan ; Tribal marriage law ; On activital similarities. In Bureau of Ethnology, Third Annual Report, pp. xxxviii— xlv, xlvi-lv, Ivi-lxii, Ixv-lxxiv, Washington, 1884, royal 8°. Included in paper-covered separates of the Director's report. 92. Certain principles of primitive law. In Science for November 7, 1884, vol. 4, pp. 436-437, Cambridge, Mass., 1884, 4°. 93. Marriage law in savagery. In Science for November 3i, 1884, vol. 4, pp. 471-473, Cambridge, Mass., 1884, 4°. 1885. 94. Inheritance among the ancient Arabs. In Science for January 2, 1885, vol. 5, pp. 16-1S, Cam- bridge, Mass., 1885, 4°. A review of "Das Matriarchat (das Muterrecht) bei den alten Arabern,"by G. A. Wilken, Leipsic, 18S4, 72 pp., S° . 95. From savagery to barbarism. Annual address of the president, J. W. Powell, delivered February 3, 1885. In Anthropological Society of Washington, Transactions, vol, iii, pp. 173-196, Washington, 1885, 8°. After a discussion of culture stages the following sub-topics are treated : arts of savagery ; institutions of savagery ; the language of savagery ; the philosophy of savagery ; psychic operations of savagery ; [the change in arts in passing from savagery to barbarism ;] [the change in institutions in passing from savagery to barbarism;] the change in language; the 154 WARMAN change in philosophy ; the psychic change ; [human evolu- tion as distinguished from animal evolution.] Issued separately, with cover and inner titles. 96. The Indians are the mound-builders. In Science for April 3, 18S5, vol. 5, p. 267, Cambridge, Mass., 1885, 4°. 97. The patriarchal theory. In Science for April 24, 1885, vol. 5, pp. 345-348, Cam- bridge, Mass., 1885, 4°. A review^ of "The patriarchal theory. Based on the papers of the late John Ferguson McLennan," London, 1885, 365 PP-, 8°. 98. On the organization of the tribe. By J. W. Powell. In Scientific American Supplement for June 20, 1S85, vol. 19, pp. 7889-7891, New York, 1885, 4°. Read before the National Academy of Sciences, at Wash- ington, April 22, 1885. Consists of an explanation of the fundamental principles of tribal kinship, including several characteristics of the clan. 1886. 99. Conn's Evolution of To-Day. In Science for September 17, 1886, vol. 8, pp. 264-265, New York, 1S86, 4°. A review of "Evolution of to-day," by H. W. Conn, Ph.D., New York, 1886, 8°. 1887. 100. Museums of ethnology and their classification. In Science for June 24, 1887, vol. 9, pp. 612-614, New York, 1S87, 4°. 1888. lOi. From barbarism to civilization. By J. W. Powell, director U. S. Bureau of Ethnology. In American Anthropologist for April, 1888, vol. i, pp. 97-123, Washington, 18S8, 8°. Delivered March 16, 1886, as annual address of retiring president of the Anthropological Society of Washington. After pointing out " certain errors in the current literature of anthropology," the course of cultural progress involved in JOHN WESLEY POWELL I55 the transition from barbarism to civilization is discussed under the following headings : the change in arts ; the change in insti- tutions ; the change in language ; the change in opinions ; the change of mentations. Issued separately, without title or change of heading or pagination. This lecture, slightly changed, was also delivered in the National Museum at Washington May 5, 188S, as one of the course of free lectures under the auspices of the Philosophical, Biological, and Anthropological societies of Washington, and a lengthy extract from the same, under the heading " The course of human progress," appeared in Science for May 11, 188S, vol. II, pp. 220-233, New York, 1S88, 4°. 102. Competition as a factor in human evolution. Annual ad- dress of the retiring president, Major J. W. Powell [of the Anthropological Society of Washington]. In American Anthropologist for October, 1888, vol. i, pp. 297-323, Washington, 1S88, 8°. A lengthy extract appeared in Science for March 9, 1888, vol. II, pp. 1 1 2-1 16, New York, 188S, 4°. Issued separately without title or change of heading or pagination ; also with a cover bearing title, otherwise un- changed. 1890. 103. Address by J. W. Powell, the retiring president of the Association. Evolution of music from dance to sym- phony. In American Association for the Advancement of Science, proceedings thirty-eighth meeting, held at Toronto, August, 1889, pp. 1-21, Salem, July, 1890, 8°. Read at Toronto by G. K. Gilbert, Major Powell being detained in the West by official duties. Separates were issued (dated 1889) : cover and inner titles, PP- 3-23- 104. Prehistoric man in America. In Forum for January, 1S90, vol. 8, pp. 489-503, New York, 1890, 8°. 105. Problems of American archaeology. In Forum for February, 1890, vol. 8, pp. 63S-652, New York, 1S90, 8°. 1^6 WARM AN A lengthy extract appeared in Public Opinion for February 8, 1890. 106. The humanities. In Forum for December, 1890, vol. 10, pp. 410-422, New- York [1891], 8°. See No. 120. 1891. 107. The four modes of life. In Forum for February, 1891, vol. 10, pp. 667-677, New York [1891], 8°. 108. The study of Indian languages. In Science for February 6, 189 1, vol. 17, pp. 7 ^""74' New York, 1 89 1, 4°. An exposition of the classification the Bureau of Ethnology is attempting of the languages and dialects of the Indian tribes north of Mexico. 109. The growth of sentiency. In Forum for April, 1891, vol. 11, pp. 157-167, New York, 1 89 1, 8°. 110. Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. ByJ. W. Powell. In Bureau of Ethnology, Seventh Annual Report, pp. i- 142, map, Washington, 1891, royal 8°. The paper was also issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. Chief headings are : nomenclature of linguistic families ; literature relating to the classification of Indian languages ; linguistic map; linguistic families; concluding remarks. " Within the area covered by the map there are recognized fifty-eight distinct linguistic families. These are enumerated in alphabetical order, and each is accompanied by a table of the synonyms of the family name, together with a brief state- ment of the geographical area occupied by each family so far as it is known. A list of the principal tribes of each family also is given." 1892. 111. Remarks on the classification and nomenclature of anthro- pology. In American Anthropologist for July, 1892, vol. 5, pp. 266-271, Washington, Judd & Detweiler, 1892, S°. JOHN WESLEY POWELL 157 1893. 112. Simplified spelling. In American Anthropologist for April. 1893, ^'*^^' ^' PP- 193-^955 Washington, 1S93, S°. One of twelve addresses — a symposium. Some separates were issued of the whole symposium (pp. 137-206), without cover, and without change except the ad- dition at the top of the first page (137) of the line " [From the American Anthropologist for April, 1S93.] " 113. Are our Indians becoming extinct ? In Forum for May, 1S93, ^'o^- ^Si PP- 343-354? New York, 1893, 8°. 114. Are there evidences of man in the glacial gravels ? By Major J. W. Powell. In Popular Science Monthly for July, 1S93, '^'^^^ 43? PP* 316-326, New York, 1893, 8°. 1894. 115. On the nature of motion. In Monist for October, 1894, ^'^^' 5» PP* 55-^4* Chicago, 8°. 116. [History of the '* mound builders " question, and statement of the writer's conclusions.] In Bureau of Ethnology, Twelfth Annual Report, pp. xxxix-xlviii, Washington, 1894, royal 8°. Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. 117. The North American Indians. In Shfller (N. S.), editor. The United States of America, A Study of the American Commonwealth, etc., in two vol- umes, vol. I, pp. 190-272, New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1S94. Illustrated. Sub-topics are : origin of the Indians,'' Indian sociology, mythology and religion, Indian languages, Indian history and migrations, Indian population," Indian villages and their distribution, Indian architecture, mounds and mound build- ers, subsistence of the Indians, domestication of animals by Indians, Indian technology, Indian costumes and adornments, Indian art of war, Indian modes of transportation, Indian music, general conclusions. 158 .WARM AN n8. Immortality. In Open Court for December 27, 1894, vol. 8, pp. 4335- 4337^ Chicago, 8°. In verse, partly blank, partly rimed. Sub-headings are : heredity, labor, pleasure, language, justice, culture, adapta- tion, effort, design. Issued in separate form: title (1895) and i3 pp., 12°. 1895. 119. Proper training and the future of the Indians. In Forum for January, 1895, vol. iS, pp. 622-629, New York, 8°. 120. The humanities. In Science for January 4, 1895, ^"^^^^ series, vol. i, pp. 15- 18, New York, 4°. The humanities treated in this paper are industries, pleas- ures, languages, institvitions, and opinions, the five great branches into which, the author says, the study of the history of mankind is logically developed. See No. 106. 121. Stone art in America. By J. W. Powell, Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology. In American Anthropologist for January, 1895, ^'^^' ^1 PP* 1-7, Washington, 1895, 8°. Separates issued: no cover, 7 pp., 8°. 122. The five books of history. In Science for February 8, 1895, ^^^ series, vol. i, pp. 157-161, New York, 4°. "Modern history resorts to the Stone Book, the Ruin Book, the Tomb Book, the Folk Book, and the Scripture Book for the materials to be used in discovering and formu- lating the development of the industries, pleasures, languages, institutions, and opinions of mankind." 123. The Soul. In Monist for April, 1895, ^°^- 5i ^^- 3' appendix, pp. 1-16, Chicago, 8°. In verse, partly blank and partly rimed. Sub-headings are : allegory, soul forces, awareness, memory, sensation, percep- tion,, understanding, reflexion, acception, introspection, con- ception, the mind, the will, becoming of soul. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I59 124. [Information concerning the life, dwellings, beliefs, etc., of various tribes of Indians in western United States.] In Canyons of the Colorado, by J. W. Powell, Ph.D., LL.D., formerly Director of the United States Geological Survey, [etc.], passim, Meadville, Pa., The Chautauqua Century Press, 1S95, size 1 1 ^ by 8^ inches. The mythologic story " The So'kus Wai' u nats," or One- Two Boys, pp. 303-311. — Government among the tribes of the seven pueblos -of Tusayan — Oraibi, Shumopavi, Shu- paulovi, Mashongnavi, Walpi, Sichumovi, and Hano, pp. 356-364- The book is profusely illustrated. It is a revised and en- larged edition of the report published in 1875 (see title No. 11). Several of the chapters, descriptive of the region and of the people who inhabit it, were written expressly for this edition, making it a distinct publication. 1896. 125. Certitudes and illusions. Chuar's illusion. In Science for February 21, 1S96, new series, vol. 3, pp. 263-271, New York, 4°. Sub-topics are : substrate, essence, space, force, time, ghost, cause. 126. Seven venerable ghosts. By J. W. Powell. In American Anthropologist for March, 1896, vol. 9, pp. 67-91, Washington, 1896, 8°. Address of the retiring president before the Anthropolog- ical Society of Washington, February 4, 1S96. The " ghosts " are substrate, essence, space, force, time, spirit, cause. Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 127. Certitudes and illusions : An illusion concerning rest. In Science for March 20, 1896, new series, vol. 3, pp. 426-433, New York, 4°. " Without the consideration of other unseen facts, rest seems to be a state without motion, and it appears that motion can be created and destroyed. This is the illusion to be dispelled. It is proposed to demonstrate that accelera- tion in molar motion is deflection of molecular motion, and in general that acceleration in any body is deflection in the particles of the body." l6o WARM AN 128. Certitudes and illusions. [Discussion and correspondence.] In Science for April 11, 1896, new series, vol. 3, pp. 595- 596, New York, 4°. 129. Relation of primitive peoples to environment, illustrated by American examples. By J. W. Powell. In Smithsonian Report for 1895, pp. 625-637, Washing- ton, 8°. Saturday lecture in Assembly Hall of the United States National Museum, April 25, 1896. Issued in separate form, with cover and inner titles. Also included in Smithsonian pamphlet No. 1064, entitled " Rela- tions of human life to environment," which consists of pp. 625-711 from same report. 130. The absolute and the relative. In Science for May 15, 1896, new series, vol. 3, pp. 743- 745, New York, 1896, 8°. 131. The subject of consciousness. In Science for June 5, 1896, new series, vol. 3, pp. 845- S47, New York, 4°. 132. On primitive institutions. By Major J. W. Powell. Di- rector of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smith- sonian Institution. In American Bar Association, Report of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., August 19, 20 and 21, 1896, pp. 573-593, Philadelphia, 1896, 8°, Read on August 21 before the section on legal education. Issued separately: cover and 21 pp., 8°. 133. [Classification of the native tribes on a demotic or human basis as distinguished from a biotic or somatologic basis.] In Bureau of Ethnology, Fourteenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. xxvii-xxx, Washington, 1896, royal S°. Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. Restated in the Fifteenth Annual Report, pp. xvii-xix, Washington, 1897, royal 8°. 1897. 134. [Demonomy, or the science of humanity.] In Bureau of Ethnology, Fifteenth Annual Report, pp. xvii-xix, Washington, 1897, royal 8'. JOHN WESLEY POWELL l6l Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. 135. On regimentation. In Bureau of Ethnology, Fifteenth Annual Report, pp. civ-cxxi, Washington, 1897, ^'oyal S°. Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. 136. The five categories of human activities — esthetology, technology, sociology, philology, and sophiology. In Bureau of American Ethnology, Sixteenth Annual Re- port, pp. xv-xviii, Washington, 1S77, royal 8°, Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. Restated, more fully, in Seventeenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. xxvii-xxxviii, Washington, 1898, royal 8°. 1898. 137. Whence came the American Indians? In Forum for February, 1S98, vol. 24, pp. 676-688, New York, 8°. 138. Forest dwellers — Indians. By Major J. W. Powell, former Director of U. S. Geological Survey. In Nature and Art (conducted by John M. Coulter, Ph.D.) for February, 1898, pp. 48-51, Chicago, 4°. 139. Truth and error, or the science of intellection. By J. W. Powell. Chicago : The Open Court Publishing Company. (London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co.) 1898. 428 pp., 12°. Chapter headings are : Chuar's illusion ; essentials of prop- erties ; quantities, or properties that are measured ; kinds, or properties that are classitied ; processes, or the properties of geonomic bodies ; generations or properties of plants ; prin- ciples or properties of animals ; qualities ; classification ; homology ; dynamics ; cooperation ; evolution ; sensation ; perception; apprehension; reflection; ideation; intellec- tions ; fallacies of sensation ; fallacies of perception ; fallacies of apprehension ; fallacies of reflection ; fallacies of ideation ; summary. 140. How a savage tribe is governed. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., July, 19c 3. l62 WARMAN In Forum for August, 1S98, vol. 25, pp. 712-722, New York, 8°. 141. Chuar's illusion. By Major J. W. Powell. In Open Court for October, 1S98, vol. 12, pp. 577-581, Chicago, 8°. A philosophical sketch. 142. Intellections. A psychological study. By Major J. W. Powell. In Open Court for November, 1898, vol. 12, pp. 641-652, Chicago, 8°. 143. Fallacies of perception. By Major J. W. Powell. In Open Court for December, 1898, vol. 12, pp. 720-729, Chicago, 8°. A psychological investigation of illusions, hallucinations, ghosts, etc. 1899. 144. Esthetology, or the science of activities designed to give pleasure. By J. W. Powell. In American Anthropologist for January, 1S99, new series, vol. I, pp. 1-40, New York, 1899, 8°. Sub-topics are : ambrosial pleasures, decorative pleasures, athletic pleasures, games, fine arts (music, graphic art, drama, romance, poetry) . Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. Published also in Bureau of American Ethnology, Nine- teenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. Iv-xcii, Washington, 1900, royal S°. Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. 145. Reply to critics [of " Truth and Error "]. In Science for February 17, 1899, new series, vol. 9, pp. 259-263, New York, 4°. 146. Technology, or the science of industries. By J. W. Powell. In American Anthropologist for April, 1899, vol. i, new series, pp. 319-349, New York, 1899, 8°. Sub-topics are : substantiation, construction, mechanics, commerce, medicine. JOHN WESLEY POWELL 163 Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. See last paragraph under No. 151. 147. Sociology, or the science of institutions, by J. W. Powell. In American Anthropologist for July and October, 1899, new series, vol. i, pp. 475-509, 695-745, New York, 1899,8°. Sub-topics are : statistics, economics, civics, histories (savagery, barbarism, monarchy, republickism), ethics. Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 1900. 148. The lessons of folklore. By J. W. Powell. In American iVnthropologist for January, 1900, new series, vol. 3, pp. 1-36, New York, 1900, 8°. Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 149. [Statement of the character of the fraternities, and of the clans, gentes, tribes, and confederacies, of the North American Indians.] In Biueau of American Ethnology, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. xlvi-1, Washington, 1900, royal 8°. Included in paper-covered separates of Director's report. 150. Philology, or the science of activities designed for ex- pression. By J. W. Powell. In American Anthropologist for October-December, 1900, new series, vol. 2, pp. 603-637, New York, 1900, 8°. Sub-topics are : emotional language, oral language (phonics, lexicology, grammar, etymology, sematology, the Aryan problem), gesture language, written languages, logistic lan- guage. Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 1 90 1. 151. Sophiology, or the science of activities designed to give instruction. By J. W. Powell. In American Anthropologist for January-March, 1901, new series, vol. 3, pp. 51-79, New York, 1901, 8°. Sub-topics are : opinions, or the subject-matter of instruc- tion; mythology, metaphysic, science, instruction (nurture, oratorv, education, publication, research). Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 164 WARMAX Nos. 146, 147, 150, and 151 (Technology, Sociology, Philology, and Sophiology) will appear also in Bureau of American Ethnology, Twentieth Annual Report, pp. , Washington, 1903, royal 8°. Not yet published. 152. The categories. By J. W. Powell. In American Anthropologist for July— September, 1901, new series, vol. 3, pp. 404-430, New York, 1901, 8°. Sub-topics are : how bodies are resolved into particles ; how concrete objects are resolved into abstract objects ; rela- tions ; absolutes are constant and relations are variable ; quantities ; properties ; qualities ; the development of attri- butes ; the fundamental classes of bodies ; categorical axioms ; evolutional axioms. Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 153. Classification of the sciences. By J. W. Powell. In American Anthropologist for October-December, 1901, new series, vol. 3, pp. 601-605, New York, 1901, S°. See, also. No. 8S. 1902. 154. An American view of totemism. By J. W. Powell, Di- rector of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Wash- ington. In Man, a Monthly Record of Anthropological Science, London, July, 1902, article No. 75, pp. 101-106, large 8°. » ADMINISTRATION : REPORTS AND TESTIMONY. 1867. 155- Scientific expedition to the Rocky Mountains. Preliminary report of Prof. J. W. Powell to the Illinois State Board of Education. No title-page, heading as above, 4 pp., 8°. Dated Nor- mal, Illinois, December 18, 1867. The only copy known to the compiler is in the library of the United States Geological Survey. 1872. 156. 42d Congress, 2d session. House of Representatives. Mis. doc. No. 173. Survey of the Colorado River of the West. Letter from the Secretary of the Smith- JOHN WESLEY POWELL 165 sonian Institution, transmitting report preliminary for continuing the survey of the Colorado of the West and its tributaries, by Professor Powell. No title-page, heading as above, 12 pp., 8". Dated Washington, D. C, March 25, 1872. 1873. 157. 42d Congress, 3d session. House of Representatives. Mis. doc. No. 76. Report of the survey of the Colorado of the West. Letter from the Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution, transmitting a report [by Professor Powell] of the survey of the Colorado of the West, and its tributaries. No title-page, heading as above, 16 pp., 8°. Dated Janu- ary 17, 1873. A part of the report is devoted to ethnologic studies. 1874. 158. Report of special commissioners J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls on the condition of the Ute Indians of Utah ; the Pai-utes of Utah, northern Arizona, southern Ne- vada, and southeastern California ; the Go-si-utes of Utah and Nevada ; the northwestern Shoshones of Idaho and Utah ; and the western Shoshones of Nevada ; and report concerning claims of settlers in the Mo-a-pa Valley, southeastern Nevada. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1874. Cover, title-page, and 36 pp., 8°. The reports are dated December 18, 1873. ^59" 43<^ Congress, ist session. House of Representatives. Mis. doc. No. 265. Professor Powell's report on the survey of the Colorado of the West. Letter from the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, transmitting a report of Professor Powell on the survey of the Colo- rado River of the West and its tributaries, &c., &c. No title-page, heading as above, 29 pp., 8°. Dated April 30, 1874. Relates to topography, geology, ethnography, natural his- tory, photography, progress of the office work, and what is necessary for the completion of the work. 1 66 WARM AN Issued also (with more lead between the lines) as follows : Report of explorations in 1873 of the Colorado of the West and its tributaries by Professor J. W. Powell, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1874. Cover and 36 pp., 8°. The text is headed : " Report of Professor Powell on the survey of the Colorado of the West." 160. 43d Congress, ist session. House of Representatives. Report No. 612. Geographical and Geological Sur- veys West of the Mississippi. May 26, 1874. •^^~ ferred to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. No title-page, heading as above, 91 pp., S°. Contains letters and statements from J. W. Powell : in regard to the advisability of consolidating the different govern- ment surveys, pp. 9-10; account of work done by parties under his charge, pp. 46—56. 1875- 161. Survey under Professor Powell. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for the year 1874, pp. 40-42, Washington, 1875, 8°. " Continuation of the geological and geographical explora- tion of the basin of the Colorado of the West in Utah." Gives " interesting ethnological results obtained." 1877. 162. Report on the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain region, by J. W. Powell. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1877. Cover and 19 pp., 8°, map. The report is dated November 25, 1877, and relates to the field season of 1876, office work of i876-'77, and field season of 1877. 1878. 163. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Moun- tain Region, by Prof. J. W. Powell, in 1877. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for the year 1877, pp. 67-87, Washington, 1878, 8°. JOHN WESLEY POWELL 167 A portion is devoted to " ethnographic work," pp. 82-86. 164. 45th Congress, 2d session. House of Representatives. Ex. doc. No. 80. Geological and geographical surveys. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting a report of Professor Powell in regard to surveys, in response to a resolution of the House of Represent- atives. No title-page, heading as above, 19 pp., 8°, map. The report is dated April 27, 1878, and its sub-headings are : areas of territory surveved : the years in which the districts or areas were surveved; the cost incurred by direct appropriations made by Congress ; aid received from the Ordnance, Commissary, and Qiuirtermaster's departments, outside of direct appropriations ; the funds from which trans- portation and office rents have been paid ; list of publications made and in progress as the result of such surveys ; dupli- cation of other public geological and geographical surveys made by authority of Congress. 165. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Moun- tain Region, under the direction of Professor J. W. Powell. Account of work performed during the year 1877. In American Journal of Science and Arts for May and June, 1878, 3d series, vol. 15, pp. 342-35^' 449-455^ ^ew Haven, 1878, 8°. 166. Report on the methods of surveying the public domain, to the Secretary of the Interior, at the request of the National Academy of Sciences. By J. W. Powell, 1878. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1878. Cover, title, and pp. 3-16, 8°. The report is dated November i, 187S, and treats of: The unification of the work of surveying and mapping the terri- tories ; cost of a geographical and geological survey ; zool- ogy and botany ; ethnology. 1879. 167. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Moun- tain Region, by Prof. J. W. Powell. 1 68 WARMAN In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1878, pp. 79-81, Washington, 1S79, S°. 1880. 168. 46th Congress, 2d session. House of Representatives. Mis. doc. No. 35. Ethnology of the North American Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, recommending an appropriation for continu- ing the ethnologic researches among the North Ameri- can Indians. No title-page, heading as given above, 3 pp., 8°. Dated April 2, 1880. 1881. 169. First annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Eth- nology [for the fiscal year 1879-80] . In Bureau of Ethnology, First Annual Report, pp. xi— xxxiii, Washington, iSSi, royal S*'. Gives a brief history of government ethnologic work and an outline of the different branches of work in progress in the bureau. Separates were issued, with cover bearing title. 1882. 170. [Second annual] Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1880-81]. In United States Geological Survey, Second Annual Re- port, pp. i-lv, 7 plates, Washington, 18S2, royal 8°. Makes reference to Mr. King's resignation from the Di- rectorship and Mr. Powell's appointment thereto, and to the plan of operations instituted by the former and continued by the latter ; then presents a summary of the studies and pro- posed publications of the leading members of the geologic corps ; and finally sets forth the proposed plan of publication, especially the general nomenclature, colors for geologic car- tography, and conventional characters for diagrams. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 1883. 171. Second annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1880-81]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Second Annual Report, pp. xv- xxxvii, Washington, 1SS3, royal S° . JOHN WESLEY POWELL 169 Chief headings are : introductory; publications; linguistic work ; ethnologic work ; field work ; papers accompanying this report; classification of expenditures. Separates were issued, with cover bearing title. 172. [Third annual] report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1881-82]. In United States Geological Survey, Third Annual Report, pp. iii-xviii, Washington, 1883, royal 8°. Separates were issued, with cover bearing title, but they include the administrative reports of chiefs. 1884. 173' United States Geological Survey [an account of its opera- tions]. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report of the Board of Regents for the year 18S2, pp. 47-49, Washington, 1884, 8°. 174. [Fourth annual] report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1882-83]. In United States Geological Survey, Fourth Annual Report, pp. iii-xxxii, Washington, 18S4, royal 8°. Principal divisions : introduction, topographic work, geo- logic work, paleontologic work, chemic work, statistics. Separates issued, with paper cover bearing title, but they include the reports of chiefs. 175. Third annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1881-82]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Third Annual Report, pp. xiii- Ixxiv, Washington, 1884, royal 8°. Treats the customary subjects and, in addition, the follow- ing: on kinship and the tribe, pp. xxxviii-xlv; on kinship and the clan, pp. xlvi-lv; tribal marriage law, pp. Ivi-lxii ; on activital similarities, pp. Ixv-lxxiv. Separates issued, with paper cover bearing title. 1885. 176. [Letter from the Director of the Geological Survey, giv- ing a statement of the organization of the United States Geological Survey and an outline of its operations.] In National Academy of Sciences, report for the year 1884, pp. 48-50, Washington, 18S5, S°. lyO WARMAN The letter is dated " Hotel Lafayette, Philadelphia, September 8, 18S4," and is addressed to General M. C. Meigs, chairman committee National Academy of Sciences. Reprinted in No. 183, " Testimony before a joint com- mission," etc. ; also largely embodied in the following : 177. The organization and plan of the United States Geological Survey, by J. W. Powell. With a map (plate i). (Communicated to the National Academy of Sciences at the October meeting [at Newport, R. I.] in 1884.) In American Journal of Science for February, 1885, 3d series, vol. 29, pp. 93-102, New Haven, 18S5, 8°. Sub-headings are : a topographic map of the United States ; paleontology; chemistry; physical researches ; lithology; sta- tistics ; illustrations ; library ; publications ; general geology ; economic geology ; employes ; appointments ; the relation of the government survey to state surveys. Separates were issued. 178. The administration of the scientific work of the general government. In Science for January 16, 1885, vol. 5, pp. 51-55, Cam- bridge, Mass., 1885, 4°. 179. [Fifth annual] report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1883-84] . In United States Geological Survey, Fifth Annual Report, pp. iii-xxxvi, Washington, 1885, royal 8°. Treats of : topographic work, geologic work, paleontologic work, chemic work, statistics, preliminary geologic map of the United States and thesaurus of American formations ; bibliography of North American geology, the publications of the Survey, library, photographic work, financial state- ment. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title, but they include the reports of chiefs. 180. Bureau of Ethnology [and] United States Geological Survey [accounts of their operations]. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1S83, PP* 56-Si, Washington, 1885, 8°. 181. Bureau of Ethnology [and] United states Geological Sur- vey [accounts of their operations]. JOHN WESLEY POWELL I7I In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for the year 1884, pp. 67-95, Washington, 1885, 8°. 182. [Sixth annual] Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1884-85]. In United States Geological Survey, Sixth Annual Report, pp. iii-xxix, Washington, 1885, royal 8°. Divisions are : topography, paleontology, chemistry, phys- ical researches, lithology, statistics, illustrations, library, publications, general geology, economic geology, appoint- ments, government and state surveys, office of the Survey, financial statement, reports of operations. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title, but they include the reports of chiefs. 1885-1886. 183. On the organization of scientific work of the general gov- ernment, by John W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. Extracts from the testimony taken by the joint commission of the Senate and House of Representatives to '* consider the present organization of the Signal Service, Geological Survey, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department, with the view to secure greater efficiency and economy of administration." Washington: Government Printing Office. 1885. Cover and title, pp. 1-49, 162-1S0, 184-209, 378-451 (index), 460-468, 8°, map. This is a separate issue of a portion of the " Testimony before a joint commission " (see below) . The remaining pages of the testimony (637-700, 896-912, 1 01 9- 1 045, 1 070- 1 084) were likewise thrown together and issued as another separate, having printed cover and inside title identical with those of the first separate with the excep- tion of the addition between " survey " and " Extracts " of the following line : " Part 2 — Additional statements." No index. Testimony before a joint commission consisting of Messrs. Allison (chairman), Hale, and Pendleton [later, Morgan in place of Pendleton], of the U. S. Senate; and Lowry, Herbert, and Lyman [later. Wait in place of Lyman], of the U. S. House of Representatives. 1^2 WARMAN In Senate mis. doc. No. 82, 49th Congress, ist session, Testimony before the joint commission to consider the present organizations of the Signal Service, Geological Survey, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Ilydrographic Office of the Navy Department, with a view to secure greater efficiency and economy of administration of the public service in said bureaus, authorized by the sundry civil act approved July 7, 1884, and continued by the sundry civil act approved March 3, 1885, pp. 1-49, 162-180, 1S4-209, 378-451, 637-700, S96-912, 1 01 9-1 045, 1 070- 1 084, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1SS6, 8°, map. Besides the testimony proper before the committee, there appears on (preliminary) pp. 26* and 27* of the same volume the " Letter," described under No. 176. 1886. 184. The Geological Survey. [Remarks, May 13, 1886, be- fore the joint commission (Senator Allison, chairman) to consider the organization of the scientific bureaus of the government ; being chiefly a discussion of the bill (H. R. 8320) introduced by Mr. Herbert, April 26, 1886, and by him reported with an amendment May 5, 1886.] No title; heading, "the Geological Survey"; pp. 1-33, 8°. Sub-headings are : provisions of the bill ; the publications of the Geological Survey are made with great economy ; cost of field work and publication, respectively, in the geologic surveys of certain States ; [a substitute bill for the one under discussion.] 185. [Statement traversing certain averments of House report No. 2214, forty-ninth Congress, first session, signed by the Hon. Hilary A. Herbert and the Hon. Jno. T. Morgan, presented to the House of Representatives April 26, 1886, in conjunction with a bill (H. R. 8320) •* restricting the work and publications of the Geo- logical Survey, and for other purposes."] In Report No. 2740, House of Representatives, 49th Con- gress, ist session, to accompany bills H. R. 9372 and H. R. JOHN WESLEY POWELL 173 9373? limiting the printing and engraving for the Geological Survey, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department, and the Signal Service, also providing for appointments of second lieutenants in signal corps, pp. 98-125, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1886, 8°. Headings are : can we follow the example of the present British survey in the United States? the cost of the Geologi- cal Survey ; expense of the publications of the Survey ; the number of sheets in the map of the United States ; progress of the survey; economic work of the Geological Survey; geodetic basis for the topographic map ; altitudes in Canada ; sale of publications; employment of experts for special studies ; geological dictatorship. 186. Fourth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1882-83]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Fourth Annual Report, pp. xxvii-lxiii, Washington, 1886, royal 8°. Treats the usual subjects. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 1887. 187. [Statement of the organization, business methods, and work of the United States Geological Survey, by J. W. Powell, Director. Dated August 23, 1887.] In Report of the Secretary of the Interior in response to inquiries of select committee of United States Senate [F. M. Cockrell, chairman], appointed in pursuance of resolution of the Senate adopted March 3, 1887, to inquire into and ex- amine the methods of business and work of the executive departments, pp. 377-409, Washington, Government Print- ing Office, 1887, 8°. General headings : introductory remarks ; general plan of the Survey; scientific organization; business organization and methods; business transacted. Separates were issued, without change. 188. Fifth annual Report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1883-84]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Fifth Annual Report, pp. xvii- liii, Washington, 1887, royal 8°. WARMAN Treats the usual subjects. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 174 11 189. [Report, (dated May 3, 1888) to the Secretary of the In- terior concerning " what appropriation is necessary to enable the United States Geological Survey to carry into effect the joint resolution , . . approved March 20, 1888 . . . "] In Senate ex. doc. No. 163, 50th Congress, ist session, Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, in re- sponse to Senate resolution of March 27, 1888, report rela- tive to reservoirs for the storage of water in the arid regions of the United States, pp. 2-6, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1S88, 8°. The pamphlet consists of 6 pp, 8°. 190. Seventh annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1885-86]. In United States Geological Survey, Seventh Annual Re- port, pp. iii-xx, 2-42, Washington, 188S, royal 8°. Principal subheadings are : remarks on the plan and or- ganization of the Survey, topographic work, geologic work, paleontologic work, miscellaneous, financial statement. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title, but they include the reports of chiefs. 191. Sixth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1884-85]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Sixth Annual Report, pp. xxiii- Iviii, Washington, 1888, royal 8°. Relates to the usual subjects. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 1889. 192. Preliminary report [dated Dec. 31, 1888] on the organiza- tion and prosecution of the survey of the arid lands for purposes of irrigation. In Senate ex. doc. No. 43, 50th Congress, 2d session, Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, in pursuance of law, report of the Geological Survey on the subject of JOHN WESLEY POWELL 1 75 irrigation, pp. 3-12, Washington, Government Printing Of- fice, 1899, s°. The report is preceded (p. 2) by a letter of transmittal to the Secretary of the Interior, in which are contained some remarks on the importance of the irrigation surveys and the desirability of prosecuting them with dispatch, together with an estimate of appropriations needed for the continuance of the work. Reprinted in Xo. 199, pp. 16-29. 193. [Preliminary report (dated Feb. 8, 1889) ^^ ^^e Secretary of the Interior concerning "the extent to which the diversion of the waters of the Platte and Arkansas rivers and their tributaries in Colorado for irrigation and other purposes affects the flow of the waters of those streams in the lower valleys, and especially dur- ing the growing season, and whether the title conveyed by the Government to lands fronting on said streams covers the privilege of diverting water therefrom beyond that necessary for use thereon for irrigation and mining purposes, and what action is needed to protect the rights of riparian owners along the waters of said streams in the States of Kansas and Arkansas, and what measures can be devised to increase the flow of water in those streams during such season."] In Senate ex. doc. No. 120, 50th Congress, 2d session. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, in response to Senate resolution of August 29 [report on], the effect upon certain rivers in Colorado of the diversion of water for irrigation, pp. 2-6, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1S89, 8°. 194. Eighth annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the flscal year 1886-87]. In United States Geological Survey, Eighth Annual Re- port, Part I, pp. iii-xix, 1-93, Washington, 18S9, royal 8°. Two vols. Deals with the two general subjects : business organization of the Survey (pp. 3-69) and work of the fiscal year (pp. 70-93). The business system is described in detail. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title, but they include the reports of chiefs. 176 WARMAN 195. Bureau of Ethnology [and] United States Geological Survey [accounts of their operations] . In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1SS6, Part I, pp. 51-80, Washington, 1889, 8°. 196. Ninth annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1887-88] . In United States Geological Survey, Ninth Annual Report, pp. iii-xiii, 1-46, Washington, 1889, royal 8°. Treats of : progress in topographic work, progress in geologic work, progress in paleontologic work, miscellaneous, necrology. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title, but they include the reports of chiefs. 197. Bureau of Ethnology [account of its operations] . In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1SS7, Part I, pp. 20-27, Washington, 1889, 8°. 1890. 198. Statement of Maj. J. W. Powell, Director of the Geolog- ical Survey [in relation to irrigation in the United States] . In Hearings before Select Committee on Irrigation, House of Representatives, Fifty-first Congress, on the General Sub- ject of Irrigation in the United States, pp. 4-5, 16-29 (Feb- ruary 6, 1890), pp. 1-90, 104-116 (February 27, 1890), Washington, 1890, 8°. Two pamphlets with similar titles, the one dated February 6, consisting of 38 pp.; that of February 27, 134 pp. Largely interlocutory. The testimony covers a wide field. "Artesian irrigation on the Great Plains," pp. 71-90. Reprinted in No. 207. 199. Tenth annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1888-89]. In United States Geological Survey, Tenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. iii-xv, i-So; Part II, pp. i-viii, 1-65; Wash- ington, 1890, royal 8°. Two vols. In Part I the subjects treated are : changes in organization, progress of topographic work, progress in geologic work, progress in paleontologic work, progress in accessory work, JOHN WESLEY POWELL I77 publications, conference on map publication, disbursements, financial statement. Part II is a report on irrigation. Subjects : origin of the irrigation survey, preliminary report on the organization and prosecution of the survey of the arid lands for purposes of irrigation (being No. 192, reprinted), purpose of the survey, plan of the survey, instructions, areas surveyed, reservoir sites selected. Separates were issued of the Director's report in Fart I, accompanied by the reports of chiefs. 200. Statement of J. W. Powell, Director of the Geological Survey [in relation to irrigation and reclamation of arid lands]. In Report of the special committee of the United States Senate on the irrigation and reclamation of arid lands [Wm. M. Stewart, chairman], vol. 4, pp. 5-95, Washington, 1S90, 8°. Contains considerable statistical and tabulated material. 201. Irrigation. Statement of Maj. J. W. Powell, Director of the Geological Survey. June 4, 1890. In 51st Congress, ist session. House of Representatives, report No. 2407, submitted by Mr. Cannon from the Com- mittee on Appropriations (sundry civil appropriation bill), pp. 53-75, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1S90, 8°. Largely interlocutory. 202. Irrigation and reclamation of public lands. United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, Wednesday, July 2 [-Friday, July 4], 1890. Statement of Major J. W. Powell, Director of the Geological Survey. In 51st Congress, ist session. Senate report No. 1466, sub- mitted by Mr. Allison (sundry civil bill), pp. 46-109, 131- 136, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1890, 8°. Largely interlocutory. 203. Report relative to the use made of the appropriation for the irrigation survey. In 51st Congress, ist session. Senate ex. doc. No. 141, Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, in response to resolution of May 26, 1890, a report [etc.], pp. 2-8, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1890, 8°. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., July, 1903. 178 WARM AN 204. Bureau of Ethnology [account of its operations]. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 18SS, pp. 62-75, Washington, 1890, 8°. 205. Bureau of Ethnology [account of its operations] . In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for i889,^pp. 55-65, Washington, 1890, 8°. 1891. 206. Seventh annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1885-86]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Seventh Annual Report, pp. xv- xli, Washington, 1891, royal S°. Deals with the customary subjects. Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 207. Eleventh annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1889-90] . In United States Geological Survey, Eleventh Annual Report, Part I, pp. iii-xv, 1-30; Part II, pp. i-xiv, 1-395; Washington, 1891, royal 8°. Two vols. In Part I the subjects treated are the usual ones. Part II relates to the irrigation survey ; it includes a statement of the Director to the House Committee on Irrigation (pp. 203- 289; see title No. 198), and a catalogue of irrigation liter- ture (pp. 345-3S8). Separates issued of the Part I portion, but they include the reports of chiefs. 208. Eighth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1886-87]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Eighth Annual Report, pp. xvii- xxxvi, Washington, 1891, royal 8°. Deals with the customary subjects. Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 209. Twelfth annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1890-91]. In United States Geological Survey, Twelfth Annual Re- port, Part I, pp. iii-xiii, 1-19, Washington, 1891, royal 8°. Treats the usual subjects. Separates issued, but they include the reports of chiefs. 210. Report of the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology. JOHN WESLEY POWELL 1 79 In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1S90, pp. 47-54, Washington, 1891, 8°. 1892. 211. Ninth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1887-88]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Ninth Annual Report, pp. xxiii- xlvi, Washington, 1893, royal S°. Relates to the usual subjects. Separates issued, with paper cover bearing title. 212. Statement of Mr. John W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey [relative to the printing and distri- bution of the reports of the Survey and Bureau of Ethnology] . In 5 2d Congress, ist session. Senate Report No. 18 (to accompany S. 1549, providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents), pp. 220- 234, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1892, 8°. 213. Thirteenth annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1891-92] . In United States Geological vSurvey, Thirteenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. iii-vii, 1-66, Washington, 1892, royal 8°. Deals with the usual subjects. Separates issued, but they include the reports of chiefs. 1893. 214. The work of the U. S. Geological Survey. By J. W. Powell, Director. In Science for January 13, 1893, vol. 21, pp. 15-17, New York, 1893, 4°. Treats of organization, current work, and future work. Read before the Geological Society of America at Ottawa, December 30, 1S92. 215. Tenth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1888-89] • In Bureau of Ethnology, Tenth Annual Report, pp. ix-xxx, W^ashington, 1893, royal 8°. Relates to the usual subjects. Separates issued, with paper cover bearing title. l8o WARMAN 2i6. Report of the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology for the year ending June 30, 1891. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1891, pp. 29-37, Washington, 1893, ^°- 217. Fourteenth annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey [for the fiscal year 1892-93] . In United States Geological Survey, Fourteenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. 3-165, Washington, 1893, royal 8°. Treats of : plan of work for the year, organization and progress of the year's work, necrology, general work in taxonomy, general summary of paleontologic work, general summary of work in terrestrial physics. Separates issued, but they include the reports of chiefs. 218. Report of the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology for the year ending June 30, 1892. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1892, pp. 49-58, Washington, 1S93, ^° • 219. Eleventh annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1889-90] . In Bureau of Ethnology, Eleventh Annual Report, pp. xxiii-xlvii, Washington, 1894, royal S° . Treats the customary subjects. Issued separately, with paper cover bearing title. 220. Twelfth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1890-91]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Twelfth Annual Report, pp. xxi- xlviii, Washington, 1894, royal 8°. Treats the usual subjects. Issued separately, with paper cover bearing title. 221. Report of the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology for the year ending June 30, 1893. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1893, PP* 38-44, Washington, 1S94, 8°. 1895. 222. [Fifteenth annual] report of the Director [of the United States Geological Survey] for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894. JOHN WESLEY POWELL l8l In United States Geological Survey, Fifteenth Annual Report, pp. 3-108, Washington, 1895, royal 8°. Deals with the usual subjects. On page 7 Major Powell, retiring from the Directorship, addresses a few words of fare- well to his collaborators in the Geological Survey. Separates issued, but they contain also the reports of chiefs. 1896. 223. Thirteenth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1891-92]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Thirteenth Annual Report, pp. xxi-lix, Washington, 1896, royal 8°. Follows the usual lines of these reports. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 224. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Eth- nolog}' for the year ending June 30, 1894. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1S94, pp. 44-57, Washington, 1S96, 8°. 225. Fourteenth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1892-93] . In Bureau of Ethnology, Fourteenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. xxvii-lxi, Washington, 1896, royal 8**. Treats the usual subjects. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 226. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Eth- nology for the year ending June 30, 1895. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1S95, pp. 42-54, Washington, 1896, 8°. 1897. 227. Fifteenth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1893-94]. In Bureau of Ethnology, Fifteenth Annual Report, pp. xvii-cxxi, Washington, 1897, royal 8°. Principal subheadings are : introduction, monthly reports, summary report, financial statement, characterization of ac- companying papers, on regimentation. "Regimentation in sociology is the analog of organiza- tion in biology." l82 WARM AN 228. Sixteenth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of American Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1894-95] . In Bureau of American Ethnology, Sixteenth Annual Re- port, pp. xv-xcix, Washington, 1897, royal S°. Treats the usual subjects. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 1898. 229. Seventeenth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of American Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1895-96] . In Bureau of American Ethnology, Seventeenth Annual Re- port, Part I, pp. xxvii-lxxiii, Washington, 1898, royal 8°. Chief headings are : introduction, exploration, archeology, descriptive ethnology, sociology, linguistics, mythology, psy- chology, bibliography, publication, miscellaneous work, necrology, financial statement, characterization of accom- panying papers. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 230. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Eth- nology for the year ending June 30, 1896. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1896, pp. 33-45, Washington, 1898, 8°. 231. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Eth- nology for the year ending June 30, 1897. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1S97, PP- 33-45, Washington, 1898, 8°. 1899. 232. Eighteenth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of American Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1896-97] . In Bureau of American Ethnolog}^-, Eighteenth Annual 4. Report, Part I, pp. xxv-lvii, Washington, 1899, royal 8°. Treats the usual subjects. Separates were issued, with paper cover bearing title. 233. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Eth- nology for the year ending June 30, 1898. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1898, pp. 36-48, Washington, 1899, 8°. JOHN WESLEY POWELL 183 1900. 234. Nineteenth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of American Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1897-98]. In Bureau of American Ethnology, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part I, pp. xi-xcii, Washington, 1900, royal 8°. Treats the usual subjects and, in addition, " Esthetology, or the science of activities designed to give pleasure," pp. Iv-xcii. (See No. 144.) Issued in separate form, with paper cover bearing title. 19OI. 235. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Eth- nology for the year ending June 30, 1899. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1S99, pp. 34-43, Washington, 1901, 8°. 236. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Eth- nology for the year ending June 30, 1900. In Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1900, pp. 59-72, Washington, 1901, 8°. 1903. 237. Twentieth annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of American Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1898-99]. In Bureau of American Ethnology, Twentieth Annual Report, pp. , Washington, 190-, royal 8°. Not yet pubHshed. Treats the usual subjects, and contains also the four papers "Technology," "Sociology," "Philology," and " Sophiology " (see titles Nos. 146, 147, 150, and 151). 238. Twenty-first annual report [of the Director] of the Bureau of American Ethnology [for the fiscal year 1899-1900]. In Bureau of American Ethnology, Twenty-first Annual Report, pp. , Washington, 190- royal 8°. Not yet pub- lished. MISCELLANEOUS. 1880. 239. Biographical notice of Archibald Robertson Marvine. By J. W. Powell. (Read June 3, 1876.) 184 WARM AN In Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin, vol. 2, appendix, pp. 53-60, Washington, 1 875-1 880, 8°. This Bulletin also forms a part of Smithsonian Miscel- laneous Collections, vol. 20. The biographical notice was issued separately, also : cover bearing half-title, pp. i-viii (53-60 at bottom), 8°. 1881. 240. Sketch of Lewis H. Morgan, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. By J. W. Powell. In Popular Science Monthly for November, 1880, vol. iS, pp. 114-121, New York, 1881, 8°. 1884. 241. Address by Hon. John W. Powell, LL.D., delivered at the inauguration of the Corcoran School of Science and Arts, in the Columbian University, Washington, D.C., October i, 1884. Washington, D.C. Gibson Brothers, printers. 1884. Cover and 20 pp., 8°. A characterization and comparison of ancient and modern civilizations, with conclusions based thereon concerning modern education. 1885. 242. The administration of the scientific work of the general government. In Science for January 16, 1885, vol. 5, pp. 51-55, Cam- bridge, Mass., 1885, 4°. An extract from No. 183. 243. The larger import of scientific education. By J. W. Powell, LL.D. In Popular Science Monthly for February, 1885, vol. 26, pp. 452-456, New York, 1885, 8°. 1888. 244. The personal characteristics of Professor Baird. By Mr. J. W. Powell, president of the Anthropological Society. JOHN WESLEY POWELL 185 In Proceedings at a meeting commemorative of the life and scientific work of Spencer Fullerton Baird, held January 1 1 , 18S8, under the joint auspices of the Anthropological, Bio- logical, and Philosophical societies of Washington, pp. 31- 37, Washington, D. C, Judd & Detweiler, 1S88, 8°. Professor Baird's characteristics are noticed principally in three respects : as an organizer of the agencies of research, as a man of affairs, and as director of the work of research. Appeared also as follows : The personal characteristics of Professor Baird. By Mr. J. W. Powell, president of the Anthropological Society. In Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin, vol. 10, pp. 71-77, W^ishington, 188S, 8". This bulletin forms a part of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol, 33. Issued separately as follows : Eulogy of Professor Baird. An address delivered at a meeting held January 11, 188S, under the joint auspices of the An- thropological, Biological, and Philosophical societies of Wash- ington. By J. W. Powell. [Washington, D. C. : Judd & Detweiler. 18S8.] Cover and 7 pp., 8°. The address appears also in the Smithsonian Annual Re- port for 1S88, Part I, pp. 739-744, and in the following separate from that report : — 762 — Biographical memoirs of Spencer Fullerton Baird. From the Smithsonian Report for 1888. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1890. Cover, title, and pp. 703-744, 8". Powell (J. W.), the personal characteristics of Professor Baird, pp. 739-744. Published also as follows : Address of Major Powell in memory of Professor Baird. In Science (supplement) for January 13, i888, vol. n, pp. 25-36, New York, 1S8S, 4°. 1889. 245. The lesson of Conemaugh. By Major J. W. Powell, Director of the United States Geological Survey. In North American Review for August, 1889, vol. 149, pp. 150-156, New York, 1889, 8°. 1 86 WARM AN 1890. 246. Remarks of Major J. W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey [on a proposed world's exposition at Washington in 1892]. In Three Americas Exposition, Arguments before the quadri-centennial committee of the United States Senate, in support of Senate bills Nos. 1839 and 1135, each entitled : " A bill to pi'ovide for a three Americas and world's expo- sition at the National Capital in 1892," pp. 21-37, Wash- ington, D. C, January 10, 1890, 8°. 1890-1891. 247. Dr. Cook as a geologist. By Major J. W. Powell, Ph.D., LL.D. In Targum (published by the students of Rutgers College), vol. 10, pp. 207-208, New Brunswick, N. J., 1890, 4°. Delivered at the " Memorial services of George Hammell Cook, Ph.D., LL.D., vice president of Rutgers College," held at New Brunswick, N. J., June 17, 1890. Republished as follows : Dr. Cook as a geologist. By Maj. J. W. Powell, Ph.D., LL.D. In Addresses commemorative of George Hammell Cook, Ph.D., LL.D., professor of geology and agriculture in Rutgers College [etc.], pp. 20-27, Newark, N. J., Adver tiser Printing House, 189 1, 8°. 1891-1892. 248. National agencies for scientific research. By Major J. W. Powell, Ph.D., LL.D. Director of the United States Geological Survey. In Chautauquan for October, November, and December, 1891, and January, February, and March, 1S92, vol. 14, pp. 37-42, 160-165, 291-297, 422-435, 545-549, 668-673, Meadville, Pa. [1892], 8°. I. The Smithsonian Institution, pp. 37-42 (No. for October, 1891). II. The Department of Agriculture, pp. 160-165 (No. for November, 1S91). III. The Weather Bureau, pp. 291-297 (No. for Decem- ber, 1891). JOHN WESLEY POWELL 187 IV. The Coast Survey, pp. 422-425, 545-549 (Nos. for January and February, 1S92). V. The Geological Survey, pp. 66S-673 (No. for March, 1892). 1893. 249. Simplified spelling. In American Anthropologist for April, 1S93, ^'^^- ^1 PP* 193-195, Washington, 1893, 8°. One of twelve addresses — a symposium. Some separates were issued of the whole symposium (pp. 137-206), without cover, and without change except the ad- dition at the top of the first page (137) of the line "[From the American Anthropologist for April, 1S93.]" 1896. 250. James Dwight Dana. In Science for February 7, 1896, new series, vol. 3, pp. 181-1S5, New York, 4**. A memorial address before the scientific societies of Wash- ington, given on January 14, 1896. 1898. 251. Remarks made, on behalf of the journal Science^ at the Gardiner Greene Hubbard memorial meeting held in Washington on January 21, 1898, late president of the National Geographic Society. In National Geographic Magazine for February, 1898, vol. 9, pp. 59-63, Washington, 8°. PROCEEDINGS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Vol. V, pp. 1S9-229. [Plates ii-xx.] September 12, 1903. PAPERS FROM THE HOPKINS STANFORD GALA- PAGOS EXPEDITION, 1898-1899. XV. NEW FISHES. By Edmund Heller and Robert Evans Snodgrass. introduction. The twenty-three new species here recorded are described from the material obtained by the authors in 1898 and 1899 at the Galapagos Archipelago, Cocos Island and in the neighbor- ing waters. The proportional measurements given are percen- tages of the length to the end of the vertebrae, except where otherwise stated. The writers are indebted to Dr. David Starr Jordan and to Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, of Stanford Univer- sity, for suggestions and assistance while working on the collection. Evolantia, gen. no v. Characters. — Pectorals about one third of total length; ventrals very short, outer lobe three and three fourths in head, a little less than four in pectoral, inner lobe two in head, insertion midway between posterior border of opercle and base of caudal ; anal fin but little shorter than dorsal. A single species known, E. microptcrus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . According to the disposition by Jordan & Evermann ^ of the flying fishes with the ventrals inserted behind the middle of the body into 'Fishes N. & M. A., iii, Addenda, pp. 2835, 2S36. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Sept., 1903. (189) ipo HELLER AND SNODGRASS two genera, Exonautes and Cypsilurus^ each with large ventrals, this species must be placed by itself in a third genus, for it differs from Exonautes and Cypsilurus^ as thus defined, in having short ventrals and pectorals, but agrees with Exo7iautes in the length of the anal. It is probably allied to Exonautes rather than to Exoccettis^ which has small ventrals, on account of the posterior position of these fins, the ventrals being anterior in Exocoetus. Evolantia^ hence, repre- sents an Exonazites with unspecialized ventrals and with but slightly elongated pectorals. Specimens were secured in latitude 4° N., longitude 90° W. SPHYR^NA IDIASTES sp. nov. p1. II. Type. — Cat. No. 12331, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Seymour Island. Diagnosis. — Differs from 6". argentea., its closest American ally, in the posterior insertion of the ventrals, the greater length of the head, the wider interval between the maxillary and eye and in the possession of smaller scales. It is apparently most closely related to .5. helleri^ of the Hawaiian Islands from which species it differs in the scale formulae, in the greater number of vertical rows of scales on the opercle, in the extension of the scaled area beyond the posterior border of the eye and in the longer pectorals. Description of the Type. — Length 480 mm.; head 3; depth S; eye 7; D. V, 10; A. 10; scales 30-145-12. General shape fusiform, dorsal and ventral outlines symmetrical ; head slender, acutely conical. Maxillary not reaching anterior border of orbit, separated by a space a little greater than diameter of eye ; suborbital one half of head ; posterior angle of opercle obtuse ; exserted portion of mandible slightly greater in length than one half diameter of eye. Scales on suborbital, extending forward to below center of pupil ; top of head, sides of snout and a crescent-shaped area behind and below eye naked. Front of each jaw toothless ; a series of small, flat, triangular teeth along sides of both jaws; those on mandible larger and fewer. Internal horizontal plate of each premaxillary with three large, flat, elongate teeth inclined backw^ard ; in line with each of these series are a series of six similar, large, palatine teeth directed downward and in- ward followed by a long series of minute teeth. Anterior portion of mandible with two large, triangular teeth directed backward. ^SphyrcB7ia hcllcri Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., p. 3S7, 1S99. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE II m, J 02 CD 7] II NEW FISHES 191 First dorsal spine longest, four in head; posterior spines decreas- ing regularly in length to last which is equal to diameter of eye ; spines depressible in a groove. Second ray of soft dorsal longest, exceeding slightly the first ray, three and one third in length of head ; posterior rays decreasing regularly in length to ninth which is three and one half in length of first ; last ray longer, two and one half in first. Caudal fin deeply forked, lobes equal. Pectorals small, about three in head, slightly exceeding the ventrals, upper rays longest. Anal similar to soft dorsal in shape but lower, first ray three and three fourths in head. A young specimen, 50 mm. long — presumably belonging to this species — taken from the surf near Tagus Cove, Albemarle, has a series of eight wide black median dorsal spots. The first is the largest and is situated on the head posterior to the eyes, the second is fused in the median line with the third, and the last is situated on the base of the cavidal peduncle. On each side is a black longitudinal line, best marked posteriorly. At the base of the anal is a large brown spot and there is a similar spot on the middle of the caudal peduncle, while at the base of the caudal fin is a smaller one. The snout and tip of the lower jaw are dusky. The rest of the body is pale. Another specimen, 40 mm. long, has the same characters except that the second dorsal spot is narrower and not fused with the third. A third specimen 97 mm. long has a faint indication of this color pattern, there being a fairlv well marked granular lateral stripe and obscure traces of the dorsal spots. MEASUREMENTS OF Sphyr<^na idiastes. Catalogfue No. Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm 480 Head Depth ... Pectoral Ventral.. Depth of caudal peduncle Eve: Head Maxillary : Head Exsertion of mandible : Head. Snovit : Head Interorbital : Head Suborbital : Head Dorsal Spines Dorsal Rajs Anal Rays Scales in lateral line Scales, transverse 1 20-12 (Type). 12321. 12331. 480 493 33 33 13 12 II 10 10 9 6 6 14 14 32 36 8 8 41 40 15 16 7 7 V V 10 10 10 10 145 143 20-12 18-12 192 HELLER AND SNODGRASS APOGON ATRADORSATUS sp. nov. p1. III. Type. — Cat. No. 6357, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Charles Island. Diagnosis. — Almost identical with Apogon atricaudtis of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, differing from it in having the distal half of the second dorsal black. We have examined numerous specimens of Apogon atricaudus in the Stanford University collection and not one of them shows any trace of black on the second dorsal. Our specimens, preserved in the same manner as the others, invariably have the black on this fin. If the Revillagigedo specimens had in life any black on the second dorsal fin it has, in all cases, faded from it, but not from the first dorsal nor from the caudal. In many Galapagos specimens the tail appears to be a little more deeply forked than in the Revillagigedo specimens, but it is not constantly so. Description of the Type. — Head two and two thirds ; depth three ; eye three; D. VI-I, 9; A. II, S ; scales minutely ctenoid, 3-35-1 1. Maxillary reaching a little back of posterior margin of pupil ; pectorals reaching base of anal ; ventrals reaching posterior margin of anus. Snout blunt ; profile of head straight, gently inclined from snout to front of dorsal, slightly concave from this point to front of second dorsal, descending then to base of caudal peduncle, where it forms an abrupt angle with the peduncle ; ventral profile with about same con- vexity as dorsal, but outline from front of anal to base of caudal fin evenly and roundly concave. Second dorsal higher than first ; first dorsal spine short (variable in length, in largest specimens about equal to interorbital space, in younger ones shorter) ; second and third spines longest, two and one half in head ; succeeding spines rapidly shorter, so that posterior border of fin is receding ; seventh spine at- tached to second dorsal, as long as second and third ; second and third soft rays of dorsal longest, one half longer than last spine ; posterior rays very short so that dorsal margin of fin posteriorly turns downward and forward ; soft anal similar to soft dorsal ; tail emarginate (the depth of emargination greater in young specimens). Coloration in Alcohol. — Brownish, darker above, minutely punctate with black specks ; caudal and first dorsal dusky, second dorsal and anal pale basally, dusky terminally. In life the color was bright red, paler below, with the distal parts of the vertical fins black. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE III PROG. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE IV NEW FISHES 193 The collection contains a large number of specimens of this species from Cocos Island, and from Seymour, Chatham, Narboro, Albe- marle (Tagus Cove) Tower, James, Hood, Duncan, Harrington and Charles Islands of the Galapagos Archipelago. Galeagra gen. nov. Characters. — Head similar in shape to that of Apogon but the body somewhat more elongate. Subopercle, interopercle and opercle with their angles armed with more or less prominent spines ; preoper- cle with a double edge, the posterior edge serrated. Scales large, ctenoid, thirty three in the lateral line; lateral line little curved, inter- rupted ; pectoral greatly elongate ; dorsal fins two, the spines VIII-I ; anal spines III ; soft parts of both dorsal and anal short ; teeth small, present in both jaws, and in a V-shaped patch on the vomer; gills four, with a slit behind the last ; gill-rakers long ; branchiostegals six. Affinities somewhat doubtful. The single specimen on which the genus is based is evidently a deep-sea form. GALEAGRA PAMMELAS sp. nov. pi. IV. Type. — Cat. No. 6355, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Wenman Island. Diagnosis. — Subopercle armed with a large spine at the angle ; in- teropercle with a smaller spine ; opercle with several small spines at angle and with a deep notch above angle ; preopercle with a double edge, the anterior short, the posterior serrated ; scales large, 2-33-7, serrated; lateral line not following outline of back, broken. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, 7; maxillary short, extending to the vertical from middle of pupil; pectorals produced. Description of the Type. — Head two and seven ninths in length ; depth three and five sixths; eye two and two sevenths in head, maxil- lary two and two ninths ; interorbital four and one ninth. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, 7 ; scales 2-33-7, pores 33. Body little elevated, vertical profile elliptical, with the greatest depth at front of dorsal fin ; body more or less compressed ; head flat above the oblique profile ; snout obtusely pointed, equaling the inter- orbital width in length; mouth rather small, oblique, with equal jaws; maxillary short, extending to vertical from middle of pupil, lower edge smooth ; both jaws armed with a single series of small teeth ; a V-shaped patch of eight or nine slightly enlarged teeth on vomer; palatines apparently toothless ; head spiny, with small pre- and post- [94 HELLER AND SNODGRASS ocular spines on the supraocular margin ; preopercle with a double edge, the anterior short and soon obsolete dorsally, the posterior rounded at angle, and armed with slender serrations on angle and on posterior edge ; subopercle with a stout spine at angle, bifid at tip, upper spine longest, slightly more than one half the interorbital width in length ; interopercle with a smaller, stouter spine at angle ; opercle smooth along lower edge, the angle armed with about twelve small spines, the one at the angle considerably enlarged, a deep rounded notch above angle with two small spines above it. Gills four, a slit behind last; pseudo-branchiae well developed. Gill-rakers long, more than one third of eye in length ; fourteen below the angle. Brachio- stegal rays six. Scales large, thirty-three in lateral line, armed with moderately long, slender serrations ; head scaled on cheeks and on occiput to between orbits ; entire body scaled, leaving only fin membranes naked. Lateral line begins above opercle and extends in a slight curve to between the dorsals, then goes obliquely downwards for a short distance, and then horizontally to caudal peduncle ; broken between dorsals by a slight interval. (Some of the posterior scales of the lateral line are missing.) Dorsal fins two, separated in front of last dorsal spine by an interval equal to diameter of eye. Spinous part high, rounded ; third spine highest, slightly greater than one half the length of head ; first spine very short ; posterior spines slender. Soft dorsal joined to last dorsal spine, outline of the fin lunate, posterior rays somewhat produced and filamentous, about equaling anterior ones in length. Anal fin begin- ning behind origin of soft dorsal, spinous part much lower than spinous dorsal ; first spine very short, second longest but evidently shorter than third, which is stouter but broken at tip. Soft anal similar to soft dorsal, but scarcely lunate. Pectoral fin long and ribbon-shaped, rays filamentous at tip, reaching beyond posterior border of anal fin ; rays thirteen. Ventrals pointed, spine nearly equaling the filaments, rays I, 5. The caudal fin is missing, only a few of the basal rays remain on the ventral side. Coloration in Life. — Black with metallic-green iridescence ; snout and lower jaw somewhat paler ; fins dusky. NEW FISHES 195 MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE OF Gahagrci pammelas. Length in mm Head Depth Eye Snout Interorbital width ' S Maxillary Height of spinous dorsal. Height of spinous anal Height of soft dorsal Height of soft anal Pectoral Ventral Depth of caudal peduncle CORVULA EURYMESOPS sp. nov. Type. — Cat. No. 6361, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Charles Island. Diagnosis. — Closely allied to Corvida macrops Steindachner, from Mazatlan and Panama. It differs most conspicuously from this species in being much more slender ; in having a greater number of dorsal spines — thirteen instead of twelve ; in having the tip of the lower jaw slightly included (in C. ?>iacrops it reaches as far forward as the tip of the snout) ; in having the interorbital space wider; and in hav- ing a longer maxillary. Description of the Type. — Body slender and elongate, snout blunt, lower jaw included; profile from tip of snout to nape about straight (very slightly concave), slightl}- roimded from here to front of spinous dorsal, straight and horizontal to front of soft dorsal, evenly descend- ing from here to caudal peduncle. Ventral profile about same as dorsal, straight and horizontal from ventrals to anal. Mouth oblique, at an angle of 45°. Maxillary a little greater than one half of head, about equal to second anal spine. Eye four in head. Anterior nostril oval, the posterior the larger. Angle of preopercle rounded, ascending limb inclined somewhat forward, space between its upper end and eye a little less than eye. Fifteen gill-rakers on ceratobranchial, upper ones long and slender, decreasing gradually to the lowest. Teeth all small, in a single series in lower jaw; in upper jaw a band of small teeth, the outer ones enlarged. Fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, about two and one half in head ; first very small, almost rudimentary ; second a little longer than half the length of the third ; third only a little shorter than the fourth ; sixth to tenth rapidly decreasing in size so that tip of tenth projects 196 HELLER AND SNODGRASS but little back of tip of fifth in elevated fiin ; in closed fin fifth spine reaches beyond ninth ; eleventh spine shortest ; twelfth and thirteenth successively a little longer, apparently a part of the soft dorsal. Rays of soft dorsal abruptly longer than the last dorsal spines, the fourth and fifth longest, equal to the sixth spine ; fin decreases slightly in height posteriorly, last ray one half of fifth. Depth of caudal peduncle a little less than one third of head ; caudal fin gently rounded, middle rays two in head. First anal spines short ; second slightly longer than maxillary, not specially thickened ; first and second soft rays of anal longer than second spine ; distal border of elevated fin perpendicular ; last ray less than one half of first in length. Ventrals and pectorals same length, equal to length of head behind eye. Dis- tance between insertion of ventrals and first anal spine one third greater than depth of body. Entire body scaled except jaws and region between rami of lower mandible. Soft dorsal and anal with scaly sheaths along their bases. Scales on snout minute. Lateral line straight anteriorly, over tip of pectoral bent somewhat downward, from here to caudal peduncle slightly convex downward ; beyond this straight, continuous to edge of caudal fin. Snout with a large slit-like pore on each side, about four very small pores above and below each of these. Three pores at symphysis of lower jaw. Coloratioji in Life. — Above uniform dark brown, below paler silvery-brown; center of each scale on sides of body dusky-brown, forming conspicuous narrow, dark longitudinal stripes ; stripes below lateral line undulatingly horizontal, wider than those above, the upper ones cut off at middle of body by deflexure of lateral line; stripes above lateral line anteriorly running backward and upward, posteriorly horizontal, extending to end of caudal peduncle; fins plain brown. Taken at Charles and Seymour Islands. The following table gives comparative measurements of Corviila eurymesops^ and of one specimen of C. macrops in the Stanford University collection from Mazatlan. NEW FISHES 197 MEASUREMENTS OF CorviiUi ciiryiHcsops AND Comila viae?' ops. Catalogue No. Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Corvula eurymesops. (Type) , "3°5- 6361. "306. 12307. C. ma- crops. Length in mm Depth Head Pectoral Ventral Maxillary: Head Eye : Head Interorbital : Head Dorsal Spines Second Dorsal Rajs ... Second Anal Ravs Scales on Lateral Line 156 31 31 22 23 53 27 29 XIV 24 9 46 148 29 32 22 23 52 26 29 xin 23 9 50 137 27 32 22 23 48 26 27 XIII 24 8 46 131 28 32 23 23 51 28 27 XIII 24 9 47 161 35 30 22 22 49 31 25 XII 25 9 48 SCI^NA PERISSA sp. nov. Type. — Cat. No. 6360 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. Diagnosis. — Distinguishable from any other member of the genus by the weakly serrated preopercle, enlarged anal spine and the small number of spines in the dorsal. Description of the Type. — Length 1S3 mm. ; depth two and three fifths ; head about three ; upper profile of body strongly convex, greatest depth at front of soft dorsal ; ventral profile much less con- vex, evenly rounded; snout blunt, rounded; lower jaw included, sym- physis nearer vertical from anterior nostril than from point midway between anterior nostril and snout. Tip of snout slightly lower than anterior nostril, strongly receding to mouth; mouth nearly horizontal ; profile from snout to nape almost straight. Snout below tip with eight pores, a large slit-like pore on each side, three just above mouth, three very small ones just above these ; symphysis with five pores, one small, slit-like, median one, two on each side, of which the posterior is the larger. Teeth small, in bands along sides of jaws, the outer ones, especially in upper jaw, enlarged ; bands in lower jaw wide in front, tapering posteriorly ; no vomerine teeth. Anterior nostril lower and smaller than posterior. Suborbital a little narrower than vertical diameter of eye. Ascending limb of preopercle very weakly serrated, inclined forward ; space between its upper end and orbit equal to vertical diameter of eye. Opercle with wide meinbranous flap on posterior border above angle. 198 HELLER AND SNODGRASS D. X, 33. First dorsal spine very short; second abruptly much longer ; the fourth longest, two and one half in head ; posterior bor- der of fin almost vertical, last spine longer than ninth. Second dorsal fin low in front, gradually rising toward posterior end where border curves abruptly downward ; the longest ray, the twenty-sixth, three in head, about equal to second dorsal spine. Anal short, II, 8 ; second spine two and one half in head ; first and second soft rays longest, two in head, longer than fourth dorsal spine. Depth of caudal peduncle a little less than three in head. Caudal fin gently rounded, middle rays almost two in head. Upper rays of pectoral longest, one and two fifths in head. Snout, subopercle, jaws and chin bare, rest of body covered with small ctenoid scales ; small, irregularly arranged scales along lateral line. Specimens of this species were secured at Tagus Cove and Eliza- beth Bay, Albemarle Island and at Seymour Island. Coloration in Life. — Above dusky-brown ; belly grayish ; lips flesh-color ; fins dusky ; iris golden-brown. MEASUREMENTS OF SctcBfia -pcrissa. Catalogue No. Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm Depth Head Pectoral: Head Ventral: Head Snout : Head Eye : Head Dorsal Spines Second Dorsal Rays. Second Anal Rays. ., 2.^0 187 39 36 37 34 67 59 54 5» 28 24 20 26 X X 33 33 7 8 (Type) 12302. 6360. 183 39 35 62 64 24 24 X 33 178 38 36 67 59 22 25 X 31 i23°3- 167 38 35 65 61 27 23 IX 32 147 38 37 58 55 25 24 X 31 7 AZURINA EUPALAMA sp. nov. p1. v. Type. — Cat. No. 6352, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Hood Island. Diagnosis. — Differs from A. hirundo in being more slender, in having the lateral line more nearly straight, the tip of the snout blunter, the interorbital space wider, the nape less elevated, the ven- tral profile of the body more convex, it being more convex than the upper, and in having the color olive and gray instead of blue. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. PLATE V NEW FISHES 199 Description of the Type. — Length 92 mm., depth three and four sevenths ; head three and four sevenths ; pectoral four and one third ; ventral five and four fifths; D. XIII, 1 1 ; A. II, 12. Upper profile of head and body very gently and evenly curved from tip of snout to a little in front of base of caudal. Posterior end of caudal peduncle a little deeper than median part. Ventral profile of head and body also evenly curved, but more convex than the dorsal. Mouth oblique, on level with middle of caudal peduncle. Eye irreg- ularly elliptical, longest diameter vertical. Preorbital narrow, least width about two and one half in vertical diameter of eye. Interorbital space equal to vertical diameter of eye. Upper limb of posterior mar- gin of preopercle almost vertical, angle prominent, whole margin entire. First dorsal spine short, considerably shorter than the others, equal- ing horizontal diameter of eye; third, fourth and fifth spines longest, two in head ; second a little shorter than the third ; spines back of fifth gradually decreasing in length ; the last shorter than the first. Pro- file of soft dorsal rounded, median rays longest, about three fourths of longest spine. Anal longer than soft dorsal, not symmetrical with it, anterior rays longest, a little longer than second anal spine which is equal to length of longest soft dorsal ray ; first anal spine very short. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe very slightly longer than lower, outer edge of each gently convex posteriorly. Pectoral equal to great- est depth of body below lateral line, upper rays longest. Ventral one and three fourths in head, tip not prolonged into a filament. All parts except lips, fins, and space about nostrils scaled. Scales of body large, in thirty-two oblique series. Lateral line continuous, extending entire length of body, very gently convex dorsally. Coloration in Alcohol. — Brown, paler beneath, with longitudinal pale area on middle of each scale forming indistinct, pale, longitudinal stripes along the sides of body; a prominent black area on axil, cov- ering also both sides of the base of the pectoral ; caudal dusky with both margins of the lobes pale ; soft dorsal and anal dusky along bases ; otherwise fins plain brown like body. Coloration in Life. — Above dusky olive with bluish iridescence, sides lighter dusky-gray, belly silvery, snout pure dusky ; dorsal dusky, base of soft dorsal black ; axil and base of pectoral black ; pectorals, ventrals and anal pale; caudal pale with a dusky oblique streak through each lobe. Variations. — The eight specimens secured present scarcely any departures from the characters of the type as described above. Taken at Charles and Hood Islands. 200 HELLER AND SNODGRASS MEASUREMENTS OF Azuriiia cufalama. Catalogue No. I,eland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm Depth Head Pectoral Ventral Vertical Diameter of Eye : Head . Interorbital : Head Preorbital : Head Dorsal Spines Second Dorsal Rajs Second Anal Rajs Scale Rows (Type) 6352. X2299. 9^ 28 28 86 29 28 85 28 29 23 17 23 18 24 18 30 30 29 33 32 30 10 9 10 xni XIII XIII II II II- 12 12 12 32 32 32 12300. 83 26 29 22 18 30 30 10 XIII II 12 32 80 29 30 24 18 33 33 10 XIII II 12 32 POMACENTRUS REDEMPTUS sp. nov. pi. VI. Eitpo7nacentriis rectifrcenum, Jordan & McGregor, Rep. U. S. Fish Com- mission, for 1898, p. 282, 1899 (Clarion and Socorro Islands). Eupomacentrus fiavilatiis, Jordan & McGregor, Rep. U. S. Fish Com- mission for 1898, p. 282, 1899 (Socorro, Clarion and San Benedicto Islands). Type. — Cat. No. 6358, Leland Stanford Jr. University Musetim. Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago. (Collector : R. C. Mc- Gregor.) Diagnosis. — Forehead very evenly retreating from snout to front of dorsal ; preopercle narrow, about tw^o thirds of eye in adult ; inter- orbital space about equal to eye ; preopercle more strongly serrated than in P. leucorus ; lips dark ; young with posterior part of the body, caudal peduncle and posterior half of soft dorsal orange ; color other- wise brown, with diffusion of orange posteriorly in adults. Description of the Type. — Length no mm. Profile from snout to first dorsal straight, inclined backward at angle of about 45° with longitudinal axis of body. Dorsal spines gradually increasing in length posteriorly. Median rays of soft dorsal longest, reaching a little past base of caudal fin ; last rays very short ; profile of dorsal fin straight and horizontal from fourth spine to longest soft ray, so that both spines and soft rays successively more inclined backward pos- teriorly, the posterior longer ones being no higher than the anterior shorter ones in unelevated fin. Last soft rays horizontal. Anal similar to soft dorsal. Lobes of caudal rounded, upper lobe the larger. Upper rays of pectoral longest. Depth two; head a little less than three; D. XII, 15; A. II, 13; eye three and four sevenths in head ; least depth of preorbital one and one half in eye. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VG.L. V PLATE VI NEW FISHES 20I Interorbital space a little wider than diameter of eye. Suborbital gradually decreasing in width as it curves upward and backward below eye; inferior margin with irregular serrations. Upper limb of pre- opercle a little inclined backward from angle ; serrature well developed, obsolete at angle. Several conspicuously enlarged scales on the opercle, one very large one above base of pectoral ; twenty-five oblique scale rows on body. Lateral line continuous, crossing the first nineteen rows of scales, ends below middle of soft dorsal. Color in Alcohol. — Brown, paler on caudal fin and peduncle ; lips dark like rest of head; posterior borders of scales of body darker, forming dusky vertical stripes ; a distinct black spot on upper edge of base of pectoral, not in axil. Variations. — The preceding description of the type applies almost without change to the other adult specimens. In some, the upper limb of the posterior preopercular margin is inclined backward more than in the type, while in others it is less so, being in some almost vertical. Young Specimens. — One immature specimen 72 mm. long has the anterior upper profile somewhat rounded, resembling in this respect E. arcifrons. Another 60 mm. long, however, has the profile the same as in the adults. These specimens, especially the smaller one, have the caudal peduncle, basal part of caudal fin, posterior part of body back of middle of soft dorsal, and posterior half of soft dorsal pale orange. In all ages the spot on the base of the pectoral is very distinct. In the specimen which is 60 mm. in length one scale on the back of the caudal peduncle is dusky posteriori}', forming a rather prominent mark on the prevailing yellow color. There is no trace of spots on the scales of any of the specimens. The species is known only from Clarion, Socorro and San Benedicto Islands of the Revillagigedo Archipelago. MEASUREMENTS OF Poniaccntrus redctnptus. Length in mm Depth Head Pectoral Ventral Eye : Head Interorbital: Head Preorbital : Head Dorsal Spines Second Dorsal Rays .... Second Anal Rays Scale Rows Scales on Lateral Line. no 107 107 106 106 72 52 52 50 52 54 50 32 31 30 30 31 31 i 29 29 28 26 27 35 1 29 28 31 30 30 3« I 28 27 28 29 32 33 28 28 33 30 29 27 17 16 17 17 16 17 xn XII XII XII XII XII 15 15 15 15 15 15 ^3 13 13 13 13 13 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 19 20 20 20 20 60 50 30 28 37 33 28 15 XII 15 13 25 20 202 HELLER AND SNODGRASS POMACENTRUS ARCIFRONS sp. nov. pi. VII. Type. — Cat. No. 6356, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Barrington Island. Diagnosis. — Profile from snout to front of dorsal regularly arcuate, forehead convex ; least depth of preopercle less than eye, but relatively greater than in P. leucorus or P. redemftiis ; interorbital space greater than eye ; upper limb of opercle vertical, rather coarsely ser- rated ; lips orange, contrasting conspicuously in color with the brown color of the head and fore part of the body ; young without spots on the scales, orange posteriorly. Description of the Type. — Depth of body a little more than one half its length. Profile from tip of snout to front of dorsal steep, regularly curved, thence to tip of soft dorsal, profile nearly straight. Posterior border of soft dorsal receding. Profile of body descending from front of spinous dorsal to caudal. Mouth on a level with upper edge of base of pectoral and lower edge of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body regularly curved. Anal fin similar in shape to soft dorsal ; caudal forked, the upper lobe the larger. Head three and one third in length ; eye three and two thirds in head ; interorbital space about three in head ; preorbital a little narrower than diameter of eye ; maxillary reaching slightly back of front of eye. Posterior margin of the preopercle vertical with slender serrations. Suborbital with larger, wider, less numerous serrations. Teeth rather firmly fixed, a single row in each jaw, compressed basally, flattened antero- posteriorly at tip; D. XII, 15; A. II, 13. Dorsal spines all about the same length, the first two in head ; median soft rays elongated ; the last shortest ; first anal spine three in second ; second one and two thirds in head. Pectoral wide, fan-shaped, the upper rays longest, slightly shorter than head ; outer angle of ventral prolonged into a fila- ment, about three in length. Scales large, 5-35-10. Lateral line end- ing a little in front of posterior end of soft dorsal ; pores on twenty scales. Coloration in Alcohol. — Dark brown, with diffusion of orange over posterior parts, color varying greatly in different specimens. All have the fore parts brown and nearly all have the posterior parts orange ; but the proportions of the two colors are very indefinite, some speci- mens being nearly all brown and others almost wholly orange. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE VI NEW FISHES 203 Young Specimens. — Numerous young specimens of this species, in the collection, are easily distinguishable at all stages from the young of Pomacentrus leucorus by the bright yellow color of the caudal peduncle and posterior parts of the body. I. Spechnen 5/ mm. long. — Color and outline about same as in adult. Lips pale ; area on middle of soft dorsal somewhat darker than rest of fin when held to light ; posterior part of caudal peduncle and tail pale yellow. Forehead steep as in adult. A specimen of about this size (59 mm. long) was colored in life as follows : above black- ish-olive ; belly, cheeks and chin brownish ; caudal peduncle and caudal fin orange ; pectoral olive ; anal dark olive, purple spot at base of last ray; spinous dorsal like back, first soft rays orange-tipped, last rays of soft dorsal olive with purple spot at base ; ventrals blackish, membrane brown. II. Specime?i jj tnm. long. — Colored same as last, except that the whole caudal peduncle is covered with orange which encroaches on hind part of body and on last rays of soft dorsal and anal. III. Specifjien 33 ?nm. lojig. — Yellow covers more of posterior part of body and about posterior half of soft dorsal. Dark area on foi'e part of soft dorsal more distinctly outlined as a round spot. IV. Specimen 2g mm. lo7ig. — Same as last, except that dark spot is still more distinctly formed on soft dorsal. Specimens of this age are almost identical in shape with adult specimens of Pomacentrus Jlavilat7is. V. Specimen 24. tnm. long. — Orange of posterior part of body very light, covering caudal peduncle, posterior part of body as far forward as middle of soft dorsal fin, posterior half of soft dorsal and last two rays of anal; large round dark spot (specimen in alcohol) very distinct on front half of basal three fourths of soft dorsal, extend- ing also on side of back almost to lateral line ; caudal fin gray ; lips dark. The characters described in the preceding paragraphs may be sum- marized as follows : The very young are characterized by having the anterior part of the body plain dark brown, the posterior part, includ- ing that part back of the middle of the soft dorsal fin, the posterior half of the soft dorsal, the posterior two rays of the anal, and the caudal peduncle, bright orange ; contrasting strongly with the anterior dark part. They have also a large, round, dark spot (perhaps dark purple in life) on the fore-part of the soft dorsal fin and the adjoining region of the back. In this stage the lips are not colored differently from the rest of the head and the upper profile of the head is much less steep than it is later in life. As age increases, the spot on the 204 HELLER AND SNODGRASS dorsal disappears and the lips become pale-colored, while the orange color of the posterior parts retreats backward until the individual is about 50 mm. long, when it is confined to the posterior half of the caudal peduncle. Later the orange color becomes spread indefinitely over the posterior half of the body, differing in extent in different indi- viduals, but it generally does not cover such a distinctly defined area as in the young. Towards maturity the profile of the head becomes very steep and convex before the eyes, in some individuals almost vertical. A large series of this species taken at the Galapagos Archipelago and at Cocos Island. MEASUREMENTS OF Pomucentrus arcifrons. Catalogue No. Leland Stanford Jr. Uni- versity Museum. Length in mm Depth Head Pectoral Ventral Eye: Head Preorbital : Head Interorbital : Head Dorsal Spines Second Dorsal Rays... Second Anal Rays Scale Rows Scales on Lateral Line .. (Type) 6356. '"94. 115 57 30 29 32 27 22 35 XII 15 13 25 20 no 58 29 28 34 28 34 XII 15 13 24 12295. 12296. 12297. 12298. 108 107 107 99 59 54 59 49 33 28 30 27 32 29 31 28 32 27 30 26 30 28 30 28 21 21 19 19 32 XII 32 XII 31 XII 33 XII 15 15 15 15 13 13 13 13 25 24 25 25 20 19 20 20 52 49 32 30 36 33 25 34 47 32 30 39 34 27 24 43 33 27 31 34 24 The species of Pomacentrus living along the mainland of Central America is P. rectifrcenitm shown in Figure 2 of Plate v. It has been reported from the Revillagigedo Archipelago, but the specimens are probably young individuals of P. redemptus. Nexilosus gen. nov. Characters. — Teeth incisor-like, entire ; suborbital adnate to cheek ; no scales on preorbital, scales on suborbital not well formed ; fourth gill opening a very small round aperture. These are all Hypsypops characters except the adnate condition of the suborbital, which is a characteristic also of Nexilarius. NEXILOSUS ALBEMARLEUS sp. nov. p1. viii. Type. — Cat. No. 6359, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. Descriptioti of the Type. — Length 200 mm. Body ovoid, deep, compressed ; depth a little more than two in length ; profile from PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE VIII c3 m O I — I •rH NEW FISHES 205 snout to dorsal fin arcuate, very steep ; lower profile of body less con- vex than upper; greatest depth at middle of body. Head about three and one half in length ; mouth on level with lower edge of caudal peduncle, small, curved slightly downward behind; lips thick. Teeth in a single series, laterally compressed, somewhat antero-posteriorly compressed at tips, entire. Nostril a little below eye, midway be- tween eye and premaxilla. Eye four in head. Suborbital adnate to cheek, outline of inferior border visible; posterior limb of preopercle vertical ; angle of opercle with a small flat spine ; two smaller ones in a crescentic notch on posterior border above angle. D. XIII, 17; A. II, 13. Dorsal spines all low, of uniform height, except first and second which are shorter than the others ; soft dorsal abruptly higher than the spinous dorsal ; anterior rays highest, almost as long as head ; posterior rays rapidly decreasing to last w^hich is lower than last dorsal spine; distal border of fin vertical, a little con- cave. Second anal spine the longer, equal to last dorsal spine. Aliddle rays of anal longest, about four fifths of longest dorsal ray ; posterior rays somewhat longer than posterior dorsal rays, but base of fin ends a little in advance of base of dorsal so that the posterior borders of fins are about opposite. Depth of caudal peduncle one and one half in head, dorsal and ventral outlines straight ; caudal fin deeply divided into two rounded lobes, the upper considerably the larger. Pectorals one and one sixth in head, fan-shaped, but upper rays longest. Ventral simple, rays not produced, one and one fifth in head. Scales 4-2S-13, those along middle of sides largest, most of them with small accessory scales at their bases, these most numerous above lateral line. Entire body scaled except circum-oral region as far back as eyes ; scales on suborbital not well formed. Fins all densely scaly ; spinous part of dorsal with scaly sheath almost concealing the spines. Lateral line on twenty-two scales, ending below posterior part of soft dorsal. ' Coloration in Life — Sides bluish-brown, back with scales hazel in center, dark brown peripherally ; a broad light-rusty vertical bar on sides above anus, tapering above and below, snout light brownish-red; fins dijsky ; lips dusky-bluish ; belly and sides of head light brown ; iris blue. The different specimens present but little variation. The crescent- shaped notch which is present in all specimens on the posterior border of the opercle above the spine is covered with membrane. Some specimens have two small spines in the notch, as in the type^ while in Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Sept., 1903. 206 HELLER AND SNODGRASS others these are lacking. The second dorsal is proportionally lower in specimens smaller than the type. Toung (40-62 mm. long). — General shape same as that of adults. Teeth entire ; preorbital and suborbital scaleless ; preorbital a little less in depth than in adults (in adults almost equal to eye, five in head), in young two in eye, seven in head, but eye much larger in young, three in head (in adults four and one fourth in head). Color, above black with bluish iridescence; head and base of anal and dorsal with bright blue spots. This species was taken at Tagus and Iguana Coves and Elizabeth Bay, Albemarle Island. MEASUREMENTS OF JVexi'losus albeiuarleus. Catalogue No. Iceland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm Depth Head E je : Head , Longest Dorsal Ray : Head , Longest Anal Raj : Head... Pectoral: Head Ventral: Head Dorsal Spines Second Dorsal Rays Second Anal Rays Scale Rows (Type) 6359- 12290. 12291. 12292. 12293. 200 193 193 170 166 54 52 55 52 57 29 28 30 29 30 24 24 24 23 23 84 79 75 70 80 6.^ 60 63 60 6.^ 92 89 90 82 90 84 8,S 86 77 85 xni xni XIII XIII XIII 17 18 18 18 18 13 15 13 14 14 28 28 28 28 27 SCARUS NOYESI sp. nov. p1. IX. Type. — Cat. No. 12332, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. Description of the Type. — Length 428 mm. Depth two and one half; head two and two thirds; D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 9. Dorsal and ventral outlines evenly rounded, the dorsal a little more convex than the ventral. Snout blunt, thick, rounded symmetrically with lower jaw ; profile before eye very slightly concave. Upper lip leaving marginal space of jaw exposed for about one third the width of eye ; lower jaw with a somewhat wider exposed space ; margin of upper lip horizontal, of lower oblique, forming an angle of 30° with margin of upper. Dental plates white, upper with two small, conical, outwardly directed posterior canines at angle of lips. Nostrils very small, anterior circular, posterior a longitudinal slit. Eye, eight in head. Six vertical rows of scales on cheek below eye ; first, second and fourth of two scales each ; third of three scales, fifth of four scales PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE IX NEW FISHES 207 and sixth of two scales placed high so that the upper overlaps the lower anterior scale of scaly area behind eye ; opercles with large scales. Snout, lower jaw, top of head before eyes and circum-ocular region naked. Dorsal fin begins at vertical from base of pectoral, of uniform height throughout except posterior end which is a little ele- vated. Caudal peduncle deep, outlines concave, depth two and two fifths in head; upper and lower outlines of caudal fin convex, angles produced, median posterior margin straight ; middle rays two in head, upper rays two thirds longer, lower about one half longer than median rays, upper and lower rays thickened. Anal similar to soft dorsal, highest posteriorly ; spines three, the first very small, hidden beneath the skin close to the second. Second and third of equal size, same length as anterior soft rays of anal ; pectoral of fourteen rays, the upper the longest, one and one third in head. Ventrals simple, short, two in head. Scales large, twenty-two oblique series along lateral line. Lateral line beginning on fourth scale from ridge of back, and running back- ward over sixteen scales of third row below dorsal fin, then inter- rupted, beginning again on second scale below in same oblique series, and running backward over five more scales on middle of side of caudal peduncle. Colo>-atw7i in Alcohol. — Plain green, dorsal and anal with green base and margin, yellow mesially ; dorsal with a small, median series of dark spots posteriorly. Coloratio7i ifi Life. — Above light brownish-gray, with bluish-green iridescence, pinkish below, brightest on throat, chin and lips ; dorsal with light blue-green margin and base ; pectorals light yellow, first ray blue ; ventrals pinkish ; anal pinkish-brown with light-blue spots ; caudal light brownish like body with first upper and first lower rays blue-green; blue spot above eye ; snout dark olive above ; iris golden. Another specimen was light olive-brow^n above, greenish on sides with pink margined scales. Variations . — The number of scales in the different rows on the cheek varies somewhat, but there are always six in the arc formed be- neath the eye by the uppermost scales of each vertical series. The smaller specimens have the angles of the caudal less pi'oduced than the larger ones such as the type. The tubes of the lateral line are irregularly branched on each scale. The two parts of the lateral line generally overlap on one scale row only, but occasionally on two. Our specimens are from Albemarle, Narboro, Duncan and Sevmour Islands. 208 HELLER AND SNODGRASS Named for Captain Wm. P. Noyes, the sailing master of the ex- pedition. MEASUREMENTS OF Scarus noyesi. Catalogue No. lycland Stanford Jr. 12273. University Museum. Length in mm 300 Head Depth Pectoral: Head Ventral: Head Eye: Head Dorsal Spines Second Dorsal Rays Second Anal Rays Scale Rows 12273. 12274. 12275. 12276. 12277. (Type) 12332- 12278. 300 342 357 365 380 428 455 28 31 28 31 31 34 32 36 37 37 38 37 39 38 70 71 82 76 7« 78 83 64 52 65 54 55 50 53 15 14 16 14 14 13 13 IX IX IX VIII VIII IX IX 10 ID 10 10 II 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 24 23 23 23 23 24 23 PONTINUS STRIGATUS sp. nov. Type. — Cat. No. 6343, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Wenman Island. Diagnosis. — Snout and maxillary scaled ; tentacles short or want- ing on head ; preopercle with four spines, upper with a supplemental spine at base, humeral spine single ; last dorsal spine much longer than the eleventh ; pectoral rays eighteen, extending past beginning of anal ; lateral line with twenty-four pores ; head two and five eighths ; eye three and one sixth. Color bright red, streaked and spotted with olive-brown. Description of the Type. — Head two and five eighths in length ; depth three and one fourth ; eye three and one sixth in head ; inter- orbital nine and one half ; maxillary two ; snout three and one sixth. D. XII, 10; A. Ill, 5; P. 18. Eye large, three and one sixth times in length of head. Snout short, equaling diameter of eye in length ; interorbital region deeply concave, narrow, width three times in eye ; occipital flat, bordered by low spines ; nape rising obliquely from occiput. Paired nasal, pre- ocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic and parietal spines present ; nape with two pairs of nuchal spines ; humeral and paroccipital spines single ; suborbital carina with three spines ; preopercle border armed with four spines below angle, the first largest and with a supple- mental spine at its base, the third spine larger than second ; opercle with two broad flat spines, one situated at the angle. Head with short filaments at the bases of some of the spines, other filaments wanting. Maxillary extending to the vertical from middle of pupil, length one NEW FISHES 209 half of head. Gill-rakers free, short, length at angle one third the eye. Lateral line beginning at humeral spine and extending horizontally to the tail ; pores twenty-four. Scales small, finely ctenoid ; cov- ering the body, snout posteriorly, the occiput, cheeks, opercles and maxillary ; fin membranes, tip of snout, interorbital, premaxillary and lower jaw naked. Spinous dorsal high, third spine highest, equaling one half head ; eleventh spine much shorter than the twelfth; first spine shorter still. Soft dorsal lower, rounded, height three and one fourth in head. Anal fin high, second spine much larger and heavier than third, its height slightly less than one half the head. Soft anal higher than the spinous, rays more or less free at tip. Ventrals long and pointed, extending to first anal spine. Pectorals broad and fan-shaped, median rays longest, reaching third anal spine. Coloration in Life. — Above bright red, the belly lighter, pinkish, dorsum and head above the level of the preopercular spine spotted or indistinctly streaked with dark olive-brown, spotted heaviest about the base of the dorsal fin ; sides below the dorsal fin streaked obliquely with olive-brown ; fins, spines and rays red, the membranes whitish, yellowish in the dorsal ; the soft dorsal and caudal fins spotted with olive-brown ; upper half of pectorals olive spotted ; the soft anal with a dusky central streak. In general form and coloration this species approaches P. sierra Gilbert, from the Gulf of California, but differs in the scaled maxil- lary, the higher and differently proportioned spinous dorsal and in the greater number and streaked character of the dark markings. The type was taken from the stomach of a shark ( Carcharhinus 'platyrhynchus') near Wenman Island. MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE OF PonttflUS StrigattlS. Catalogue No. 6343 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm , Head Depth Eye Interorbital Width Maxillary Snout Height of Spinous Dorsal. Height of Spinous Anal.... Pectora 1 Ventral Depth of Caudal Peduncle. 75 38 31 12 4 19 12 19 20 30 26 10 2IO HELLER AND SNODGRASS ELEOTRIS TUBULARIS sp. nov. p1. X. Type. — Cat. No. 6348, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Cocos Island. Diagnosis. — Scales 46, 16; eye greater than interorbital width; anterior nostril tubes extending beyond mouth ; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye. Head long, two and sixth sevenths in length. Description of the Type. — Head two and sixth sevenths in length ; depth four and three fourths ; width of head four and one sixth ; eye four and one half in head ; maxillary two and three fifths ; interorbital five; D. VI-I, 8; A. I, 8; scales 46, 16. Body short and compressed posteriorly. Dorsal profile low, highest at the beginning of the dorsal fin, descending obliquely to tip of snout. Head broad and depressed ; interorbital region flat or slightly concave ; mouth large, oblique, with lower jaw projecting. Teeth in both jaws small and subequal. Maxillary long, extending to vertical from middle of pupil. Anterior nostril with long tubes extending considerably be- yond the snout. Preopercular spine blunt, concealed and turned for- ward. Scales large, ctenoid, forty-six in a line from angle of opercle to end of vertebras ; sixteen longitudinal series between dorsal fin and ven- trals. Dorsal fins separated by a slight interspace, spinous portion rounded and slightly lower than soft portion ; soft dorsal attached to seventh spine, angular in outline, all the rays being of nearly equal length. Anal fin similar to soft dorsal but more rounded, beginning posterior to origin of soft dorsal. Caudal fin long, three and one fourth in length, rounded. Pectorals obtusely pointed, reaching beyond origin of anal fin, rays sixteen. Ventrals pointed, inner rays longest, sepa- rated by an interval slightly more than one half the eye. Coloration in Alcohol. — Above olive-brown, darkest on the head and snout ; belly lighter brownish ; dorsal, anal and caudal fins closely barred with dusky ; pectoral and ventral fins lighter, with less con- spicuous dusky bars. The nearest American ally of this species is E. amblyopsis of Sur- inam from which it differs chiefly in the much larger eye and longer head. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE X ,!."il!!l!' f3 o I— I PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XI NEW FISHES 211 MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE OF Elcotr/s tllbularis. Catalogue No. 6348 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm 41 Head 35 Depth 23 Width of Head 24 Eje 8 Maxillary 13 Interorbital Width 7 Snout 8 Pectoral 27 Ven tral 19 Height of Spinous Dorsal 1 13 Height of Soft Dorsal 1 16 Height of Soft Anal \ 18 Caudal 31 Depth of Caudal Peduncle [ 15 Length of Caudal Peduncle | 23 COTYLOPUS COCOENSIS sp. nov. pi. XI. Type. — Cat. No. 6347, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Cocos Island. Diagnosis. — Scales cycloid, large, fifty-six in a line from opercle to end of the vertebrae ; head, throat, disc and fins naked ; teeth of upper jaw tricuspid, those of mandible equal and separated ; eye small, six times in head; lips without emarglnations ; pectorals short. Description of the Type. — Head four and one fifth in length, depth four and four fifths; eye six in the head, maxillary two; inter- orbital two and one half; D. VI-I, 10; A. I, 10; scales 56. Body subcylindrical anteriorly, becoming posteriorly more com- pressed; dorsal and ventral outlines nearly parallel. Head high and bluntly rounded anteriorly ; snout broad and flat, obtusely roimded ; interorbital region slightly concave. Nape with a median depression or groove extending from the occiput to dorsal fin. Mouth wide, in- ferior ; lips with even margins, lower with two broad posteriorly situated papillce on gums. Teeth of upper jaw in a single series, numerous, slender and brush-like; tip bent at right angles; cutting edges tricuspid or trident-shaped ; but soon becoming worn down even. Teeth of mandible subequal, well separated ; five on each side of jaw, anterior pair slightly smaller than posterior. Eye small, contained six times in length of head, one and three fourths times in interorbital width. Maxillary extending to vertical from posterior border of eve. 212 HELLER AND SNODGRASS Scales large, subequal, smallest on the nape, larger on the sides ; fifty six in a line from the angle of the opercle to the last vertebra. Scales cycloid with the exception of a few on the sides which are armed with several serrations medially. The body scaled excepting the throat ; the head, fin membranes and disc naked. Dorsals separated by an interval equal to three fourths the length of the maxillary. Spinous dorsal high, spines more or less free and flexi- ble at the tip, third and fourth spines highest, contained one and one fifth times in head. Soft dorsal longer and lower, rays of about equal length. Anal fin similar to soft dorsal but lower and anteriorly more rounded. Pectoral short, one and two fifths in head, obtusely pointed ; caudal short, broad and truncate at the tip. Ventral disc small, circular. Coloration in Life. — Above dark brownish-olive, thickly spotted with green and black spots the size of the scales ; sides of the body lighter olive; head above and on sides blackish; belly dusky-olive, unspotted, medially bluish; disc amber-yellow, bordered anteriorly with maroon ; dorsals dusky, maroon-tipped, the soft portion with a black median stripe ; pectorals dark brown, broadly maroon-tipped, the basal portion olive with dusky spots ; anal blackish ; caudal broadly maroon-tipped, the basal part dusky ; iris silvery. The shape of the teeth and distribution of the scales ally this spe- cies to S. salvini of Panama from which it differs in the larger and cycloid scales and in coloration. , The species was found abundant in the streams about Chatham Bay. MEASUREMENTS OF Cotjlo^US COCOeilsis. Length in mm Head Depth Eye Interorbital Width Maxillary Height of Spinous Dorsal.. Height of Soft Dorsal Height of Anal Pectoral Length of Disc Caudal Depth of Caudal Peduncle. 63 24 21 04 07 12 19 14 II 17 14 21 15 80 22 21 11 22 13 9 17 10 19 14 52 24 18 4 7 II 18 13 10 18 14 22 GOBIUS RHIZOPHORA sp. nov. p1. XII. Type. — Cat. No. 6349, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XI ^ p^ — ^ 7 # o NEW FISHES 213 Diag-iiosis. — Head three and one third in length; depth four and one sixth ; dorsal profile of head evenly rounded ; snout less than eye ; D. VI-I, II ; A. I, 9. Color, above dark reddish-brown, head and body crossed by fifteen light vertical bars ; head below the level of eye black-spotted ; caudal and dorsal fins finely dark-barred. Description of the Type. — Head three and one fifth in length ; depth four and one sixth ; eye three and one half in head ; maxillary three ; snout three and seven eighths ; interorbital ten and one third ; D. VI-I, II ; A. I, 9 ; caudal 37; pectoral iS. Body short, dorsal and ventral profiles low and subequal. Head slightly compressed, w^idth less than height, dorsal profile slightly rounded from snout to nape. Snout short, less than diameter of eye in length. Mouth oblique, with projecting lower jaw ; maxillary one third length of head, extending to slightly beyond vertical from an- terior border of eye. Teeth in a double series in both jaws ; inner small and villiform ; the outer enlarged, canine and spaced. Eyes diameter large, greater than snout, situated close together, the inter- orbital consisting of a thin ridge. Scales large, ctenoid, tw^enty-eight in a line from base of pectoral to caudal fin. Whole head, breast, nape, base of spinous dorsal and fin membranes naked. Dorsal fin long, deeply notched before last dorsal spine. Spinous dorsal high, second and third spines somewhat produced but consid- erably shorter than in G. zebra., about one half head in height. vSoft dorsal lower, with rays of about equal height, a few of the posterior shorter, not reaching base of caudal fin. Anal fin similar to softdox'sal, but not extending so far posteriorly, height equal to soft dorsal, pos- terior rays nearly as long as others, pectorals in the type with the tip of the rays worn ; normally pointed, one and one ninth the length of head. Ventrals jointed, inner rays longest, as long as pectorals ; reaching anus. Caudal rounded, one and one fourth in length of head. Coloration in Alcohol. — Above, head and body dark purplish- brown ; body crossed by thirteen narrow, light, vertical stripes, about one fourth as wide as the dark interspaces, becoming obsolete on sides anteriorly, the light stripes with a fine dark line running through them ; head crossed by two oblique light stripes behind the eye which cross over the nape ; a pair below eye and a single posterior inter- orbital stripe above eye ; light spaces on head wider than on body, distinct, not forming reticulations ; head below level of eyes and belly lighter, pinkish; the dark areas below eye, the chin and branchio- stegal membranes spotted with dark brown ; soft dorsal and caudal fins 214 HELLER AND SNODGRASS light, barred with blackish ; spinous dorsal dark like back but be'- coming lighter at tip; venlrals and pectorals light without darker markings; anal fin dusky. All the specimens agree in proportions and coloration with the type. The fins in most of the specimens are in poor condition. Allied to G. zebra^ which species it resembles in proportions, shape and fin characters. This species apparently is marked with light stripes where G. zebra^ possesses dark ones, the darker median stripes in the light areas'being represented by the darker median stripe in the dark stripes of the latter. The light stripes do not form reticulations below the eye as do the dark stripes on G. zebra. The species differs further in the more rounded dorsal profile of the head (which, in G. zebra is considerably angulated and projecting before the eyes), in the lower spinous dorsal, the shorter snout, the spotted head, and dark barred dorsal and caudal fins. In the collection are specimens from Albemarle (Tagus Cove),Nar- boro and Seymour Islands. MEASUREMENTS OF Gobiiis rktzophora. Length in mm Head Depth Eye Interorbital Width Snout Maxillary Height of Spinous Dorsal. Pectoral Ventral Caudal 22.5 20 1 31 29 24 24 9 9 3 — 8 «.5 10 II 14+ 13 i 14+ 28 28 25 1 23 21 i 23 27 22 8 7 ID 15 22- 24 GOBIUS GILBERTI sp. nov. p1. XIII. Type. — Cat. No. 6354, Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Narboro Island. Diagnosis. — Jaws with two series of teeth, the outer enlarged, consisting of four canines in each jaw. Dorsal fin VI-I, 14, first four spines greatly produced, reaching much past middle of soft dorsal. Color, above dark reddish, below and on sides lavender; the sides crossed by nine narrow, vertical, black margined stripes. Description of the Type. — Head three and two thirds in length ; depth four and one half; eye three and one half in head; interorbital 7; D. VI-I, 14; A. I, 14; scales 38. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XIII NEW FISHES 215 Body short, low, with dorsal and ventral profiles subequal, moder- ately compressed ; head with rounded dorsal profile, somewhat com- pressed, width equal to depth of the caudal peduncle ; mouth small, oblique; tip of snout formed by the projecting mandible; maxillary short, extending to vertical from anterior border of pupil ; both jaws armed with a double series of teeth, the inner series small, the outer enlarged and spaced, consisting of four canines in each jaw. The scales finely ctenoid, large, thirty-eight in a line from base of pectoral fin to last vertebra. Head naked ; body scaled excepting nape, breast, and belly mesially, which are naked. Dorsal fin deeply notched before the seventh spine, spinous part greatly produced, second spine longest and reaching twelfth dorsal ray, third slightly shorter, first spine exceeding fourth in length ; all the spines flexible and united by membrane to their tips. Soft dorsal lower, little rounded ante- riorly, ending squarely behind, posterior rays equaling the median in height and reaching base of caudal fin ; anal fin similar to the soft dorsal in shape and equaling it in height ; caudal rounded or subtrun- cate, equaling head in length. Pectorals pointed, upper rays atro- phied, lower free at tips ; median I'ays longest, reaching anal fin ; ventrals free from belly, pointed, reaching vent. Coloration hi Alcohol. — Dark brownish, head and belly lighter brownish-yellow, body crossed by nine narrow, light, black bordered, vertical stripes ; a vertical bar below eye, another on opercle, a curved interorbital, a short occipital and a nuchal bar, and two postocular spots light, bluish-black bordered like the vertical body stripes ; caudal fin dusky with a few light spots at base, the other fins lighter ; dorsal spines blackish. Another specimen secured at Tagus Cove, Albemarie Island, is somewhat larger and lighter colored than the type^ with the dorsal spines less produced, the longest reaching only to the fifth vertical stripe. The coloration in life of this specimen was as follows : Body pale-lavender, crossed by ten narrow, vertical, light-blue, black-mar- gined stripes, these stripes obsolete on the belly ; the head below the eye and the snout golden, above and on nape bright red, interorbital region olive ; bars and spots on the head distributed as in the type and colored like the vertical body stripes ; fins dusky, reddish tipped ; iris light olive. This species is apparently nearest G. dalli, of the Santa Barbara Islands, which it resembles in shape and in the character of its teeth and fins ; but the dorsal spines are much more produced, the scales larger and the coloration very different in pattern. Named for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, of Stanford University. 2l6 HELLER AND SNODGRASS MEASUREMENTS OF GoMuS gilbevti Length in mm Head Depth Eye Snout Interorbital Width Maxillary Height of Spinous Dorsal Pectoral Ventral Caudal Depth of Caudal Peduncle 22.5 27 22 8 7 4 II 40 32 23 28 13 25 28 25 7 7 4 12 24 29 23 26 13 ARBACIOSA TRUNCATA sp. nov. p1. XIV. Gobiesox zebra Gilbert, in part, Proceedings United States National Museum, XXIII, 1890, p. 452 (Duncan Island). Type. — Cat. No. 6341 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Tagus Cove, Albemarle. Diagnosis. — Incisors broad, the median ones of both jaws even- edged, truncate ; a single enlarged canine behind the incisors ; dorsal and anal fins w^ith six or seven rays ; eye large, one and one half times in interorbital width; vertebrte thirty. Color, light olive-yellow, vermiculated and spotted above with darker; a blackish humeral spot ; four pinkish transverse bands on dorsum in life. Description of the Type. — Head three and one third in length ; depth six and two thirds ; eye five in head ; interorbital three and three fourths; disc one and one fourth; D. 6; A. 7. Horizontal profile of body narrow, head little wider than rest of body, opercles bulging somewhat on sides ; snout rounded. Dorsal profile low, rising slightly to middle of back; ventral profile horizontal. Mouth small, terminal ; both jaws armed with six broad incisors, the four median ones above and the two median ones below truncate, unnotched, their edges even ; lateral teeth tridentate with rounded lobes, the middle lobe projecting above the lateral ones ; both jaws with an enlarged, somewhat recurved incisor separated by a slight diastema from the posterior incisors. Gill-raker short, slender, seven on lower limb of arch. Opercular spine strong. Dorsal fin beginning slightly in advance of anal ; both fins short, similar, rounded, their anterior rays highest. Pectoral short, rounded, with broad bases, length two and one half in head. Caudal fin broad, rounded, length one and one half in length of disc. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XIV SiS n o PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XV NEW FISHES 217 Coloration in Life. — Above and on sides light olive-yellow, vermiculated and spotted above with slate-blue; orbit with seven radiating bluish stripes, the anterior one extending forward to mouth, the two lower ones running obliquely across cheeks and opercles ; sides with twelve rather narrow bluish transverse bars, not extending on ventral or dorsal surfaces; a blackish humeral spot, slightlv smaller than eye ; back crossed by four broad pinkish bands, the first beginning behind the humeral spots ; ventral surfaces light yellow^, immaculate ; fins olive, without spots, caudal fin and ventral disc edged wnth orange. There is considerable variation in the coloration. The collection contains two small specimens which show five broad dark cross-bars, as in A. zebra \ and some of the other specimens show faint traces of the same markings. The young have all the mandibular incisors tridentate, as in the adults of A. zebra. The small specimens collected by the Albatross at Duncan Island and referred by Dr. Gilbert to A. zebra., were evi- dently too young to show the specific characters of the teeth. Allied to A. zebra., differing in the truncate, unnotchcd median mandibular teeth and somewhat in coloration. Numerous specimens were secured at Tagus and Iguana Coves, Albemarle Island. MEASUREMENTS OF Arbaciosci truucata. Length in mm Head Depth Width of Head Eye Interorbital Width Pectoral Length of Disc Depth of Caudal Peduncle .. Length of Caudal Peduncle Caudal 39 45 35 30 29 30 15 15 13 26 27 27 6 5 5 8 8 8 12 14 12 28 25 27 9 10 9 10 8 10 19 19 20 38 30 19 27 5 8 12 27 9 10 17 MALACOCTENUS ZONOGASTER sp. nov. rl. XV. Labrisoniis delalandi Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, p. 452, 1890, Albemarle Island. Type. — Cat. No. 6352 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. Diagnosis. — Dorsal spines XXI or XXII, first spine higher than second, one and one half in eye ; whole lower surface heavily barred and spotted with dark brown. 2l8 HELLER AND SNODGRASS Description of the Type. — Head three and two thirds in length ; depth three and two fifths ; eye three and one half in head ; maxillary three; interorbital two in eye; D. XXI, ii ; A. II, 20; scales 63. Shape of the head and body much as in M. delalandi., body pos- teriorly compressed and with dorsal profile little elevated. Mouth small, terminal ; jaws equal and armed with a single series of incisor teeth ; vomer with a semicircular patch of similar teeth. Maxillary short, extending to vertical from anterior border of eye. Nape with an oblique patch and the eye with a smaller supraocular patch of fila- ments. Diameter of the eye slightly less than length of snout. Scales cycloid, small, sixty-three in lateral line, head, breast, median line of belly, and bases of the ventral fins naked. Dorsal fin long, beginning at nape and extending nearly to caudal fin. Spinous dorsal high anteriorly, notched between fourth and fifth spines and again between nineteenth and twentieth, the first spine high, one and three fourths diameter of eye and considerably longer than second spine ; last spine abovit as high as third. Soft dorsal higher than the spinous, second ray highest, but little exceeding the other i^ays ; last ray reaching two thirds the distance to caudal. Anal fin long, not extending quite as far posteriorly as dorsal, deeply incised ; spinous portion short ; soft part longer, the twelfth to the fourteenth rays longest. Pectorals rounded, rays fourteen, median longest. Caudal rounded, rays thirteen. Ventrals composed of three deeply incised rays. Coloration in Life. — Above, light olive, sides with five broad olive-brown bands, breaking up ventrally into blotches, above the median line of the sides the dark bands separated by light purplish areas spotted with brownish, below the median line these areas become tawny-brown ; head olive, rufous-blotched, opercle with a large circular dark blotch ; underparts whitish, barred and spotted, the bars about as wide as the interspaces ; branchiostegal membrane and throat very regularly barred ; dorsal fin amber-yellow, with rufous spots and red-tipped spines and rays ; pectoral membrane lighter, golden-yellow ; rays rufous-spotted, lower dark red ; ventrals whitish like belly, brown-barred, rays red-tipped ; anal fin lemon with brown spots and red-tipped rays ; caudal fin like dorsal in coloration ; iris crimson. This species is close to M. delalandi of the mainland from which it differs in the possession of more than twenty dorsal spines, in the higher first dorsal spine, and in the barred lower parts. We have ex- amined twenty specimens of M. delalaiidi from Mazatlan, Mexico, and find the following variations in the fins; dorsal XIX-XX, 10-13; anal II, 18-19. Our Galapagos material gives the following formula : PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XVI NEW FISHES 219 Dorsal fin, XXI, II XXI, II XXII.ii'xXI, 10 XXI, loixXI, liixXI, II XXI, II Anal fin, II, 20 II, 20 II, 20, II, 20 II, 18 II, 19 II, 20 II, 20 Scales in Lat- 1 eral Line, 63 58 59 54 55 56 55 The specimens in the collection are from Tagus and Iguana Coves, Albemarle Island. MEASUREMENTS OF MalacoctcuHS zonoii'astc)'. Length in mm I 67 Head | 28 Depth 29 Eye 8 Interorbital Width ^ 4 Maxillary 9 Pectoral . . . ; 27 \'entral 21 Height of Spinous Dorsal i 14 Height of Soft Dorsal j 16 Height of Anal 14 Caudal I 21 Depth of Caudal Peduncle ; 9 63 63 28 27 26 31 8 / 35 4 9 9 26 27 23 22 14 14 17 15 16 16 21 24 8 9 LEPISOMA JENKINSI sp. nov. pi. XVI. Type. — Cat. No. 6350 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. Diagnosis. — Dorsal spines nineteen ; interorbital width one and one half the diameter of eye ; dorsal profile of head evenly rounded ; scales large, fifty-six to sixty-one in lateral line. Color, above dark brownish-red with six blackish transverse bars on the sides ; below light, spotted with red. Description of the Type. — Head three and one third in length ; depth three and one eighth ; eye four and one half in head ; maxillary two and one fifth; interorbital six and one fifth; D. XIX, 1 1 ; A. II, 18; pores 58. General shape of body as in L. xanti., but the head higher with the dorsal profile more rounded and without an emargination at the nape. Mouth narrow, teeth anteriorly enlarged, the two lateral ones in front of the diastema recurved ; vomer with a v-shaped patch of five teeth, the median one largest ; vomerine teeth followed by two or three smaller palatine teeth on each side. Nuchal filaments well developed and much thicker than in L. xanti. Maxillary extending to vertical from middle of pupil. Interorbital wide, width one and two fifths diameter of eve. Scales larger than in L. xanti., fifty-eight (pores) in lateral line, eight scales between base of the dorsal fin and curved anterior part of 220 HELLER AMD SNODGRASS lateral line ; below this point to middle line of belly are twenty-three vertical series of scales. Dorsal fin long, notched before the last spine, spinous part low and slightly rounded, middle spines highest, two and five sixths in head. Soft dorsal much higher than spinous portion of fin, one and seven ninths in head ; posterior rays reaching base of caudal fin. Pectoral fin rounded, middle rays longest, extending to vertical from second anal spine ; rays fourteen. Ventral fin with three rays, the middle one longest, one and three fourths in length of head. Caudal fin rounded, twice the length of longest dorsal spine, rays thirteen. Coloration in Life. — Above dark brownish-red, blotched and spot- ted with dusky ; sides of the body with six broad, blackish transverse bars ; ventral surface whitish with ruby-red spots ; vertical fins like the sides ; pectorals dark barred with red rays ; ventrals light like the belly. This species is closely related to L. xanti oi the Pacific coast of Mexico, differing in the wider interorbital, the larger number of dorsal spines, the more rounded dorsal profile of the head and the darker and more reddish coloration. We have examined seven specimens of L. xanti ixora. Mazatlan, Alexico, and La Paz, Lower California, and each of these possesses eighteen dorsal spines. Secured only at Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. Named for Dr. Oliver P. Jenkins, of Stanford University. MEASUREMENTS OF Le^isoma jenkinsi. Length in mm Head Depth Eye Snout Maxillary Interorbital Width Height of Spinous Dorsal. Height of Soft Dorsal Height of Soft Anal Pectoral Ventral Caudal Depth of Caudal Peduncle. Dorsal fin Anal fin Scales (pores) 95 85 92 31 30 30 32 32 29 7 8 7 II 9 9 14 13 13 5 5 5 II 12 II 17 17 16 16 15 16 28 27 26 20 19 19 22 20 21 10 10 9 XIX, II XIX II XIX 12 II, 18 II, 18 II, 17 58 61 59 ENCHELIOPHIS JORDANI sp. nov. pi. XVIl. Type. — Cat. No. 6345 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XVII ^ 0 O NEW FISHES 221 Diagnosis. — Body greatly attenuate, head twelve in length, depth seventeen in length ; vertical fins confluent, low ; dorsal fin beginning much behind the anal ; teeth small, in a single series in each jaw and on the palatines ; vomer with a rounded patch of larger teeth. Color, pinkish, the belly silvery and the tail bluish; belly, snout and body posteriorly spotted with brown. Description of the Type. — Head twelve in the length ; depth one and seven tenths in length of head ; eye five and one fourth ; maxillary two ; interorbital five and one half ; snout four and one half. Body greatly attenuate, tapering very gradually from behind the head to the slender whip-like tail ; not much compressed. Head long, depth one half the length ; dorsal profile sloping gradually to bluntly rounded snout. Snout short, broad and rounded ; occiput and interorbital regions convex or rounded. Mouth large, slightly oblique with included lower jaw, maxillary extending much behind eye. Teeth small, cardiform, in a single series in both jaws ; palatines armed with a long series of somewhat larger teeth extending past angle of mouth; vomer with a small, rounded patch of teeth slightly larger than palatine series. Opercular bones without spines or free edges, the whole apparatus covered by the skin. Gills four, a short slit behind the last, free from isthmus and united below the throat; no pseudobranchite. Gill-rakers short, few. Bran- chiostegal rays six. Gill openings ventral, narrow, the length two and one half in head. Body naked; lateral line without evident pores, running high and following outline of back ; beginning above opercle, extending for- ward on head to above eye, and posteriorly to slightly beyond body cavity. Vent situated below posterior border of opercle. Vertical fins confluent ; rays not evident ; dorsal fin beginning be- hind snout a distance equal to three times length of head, the fin an- teriorly verj' low, becoming higher posteriorly where equaling one third the eye in height. Anal fin beginning at vent, considerably higher than the dorsal, the height one half diameter of eye. Caudal fin and a few of the last vertebra; missing. Pectoral and ventral fins wanting. Coloration in Life. — Head and body dusky-pink ; the belly silver}^, the tail grayish-lavender ; iris greenish-gray. Coloratio7i in Alcohol. — Light brownish-yellow, the snout, belly and body, posteriorly finely spotted with dark brown. The spotting perhaps due to the dissolving out of the silvery pigment by the for- malin in which the specimen was preserved, leaving the spots which were beneath it visible. Proc. Wash. Acad, Sci., Sept., 1903. 22 2 HELLER AND SNODGRASS We have not seen Miiller's figures of E. verjnicularis^ but his de- scription is so meagre that the two species can be only approximately compared. The coloration is very different, there being in our speci- men no trace of the blackish-brown color of the Philippine form. Named for President David Starr Jordan of Stanford University. The type was the only specimen taken. MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE OF EncheliopMs jovdant. Catalogue No. 6345 Iceland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm 114 Length of Head in mm 10 Depth: Head ; 67 Eje: Head 19 Maxillary: Head 49 Interorbital : Head 18 Snout : Head 22 Height Dorsal: Head ! 6 Height Anal: Head | 10 Petrotyx gen. no v. Characters. — Body not greatly attenuated or compressed; snout blunt, obtusely rounded; lower jaw included; teeth small, blunt; in broad bands in both jaws and on palatines ; in a diamond-shaped patch on vomer; opercular bones without spines or sharp angles. Vertical fins long, united, caudal not differentiated ; ventral composed of two rays, united for half their length. Snout and the tip of mandi- ble with short thick cilia. Lateral line single, wanting posteriorly. Scales cycloid; present everywhere except on tips of the fins, margins of the jaws, and tip of snout. Gills four, a slit behind the last ; gill- rakers few, short and thick, armed with minute teeth ; pseudobranchiae small. Branchiostegal rays eight. Head without evident muciferous canal openings. Air-bladder large, rounded posteriorly. Six pairs of pyloric caeca. Allied to Cata:tyx. PETROTYX HOPKINSI sp. nov. p1. XVIII. * Type. — Cat. No. 6344 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Barrington Island. Diagnosis. — Head five times in length; depth slightly greater; maxillary long, extending much behind eye; eye small, eight times in head; gill-rakers short, stout, one -f- two; scales one hundred and thirty-five in a series from base of pectoral to end of last vertebra ; dorsal rays one hundred and five ; anal eighty-two ; caudal ten ; ven- PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XVIII •f-i o -t-> o -p Ph NEW FISHES 223 trals two, the height three fourths the head, fikinientous at tip ; pec- torals short, fan-shaped, with broad bases. Description of the Type. — Head five in length ; depth four and four fifths; eye eight in head, interorbital four; snout three and three fifths ; maxillary one and four fifths ; D, 105 ; A. 82 ; C. 10; P. 24; V. 2 ; scales 11-135-38. Vertical outline of body subfusiform, tapering from about the eighth dorsal ray; posteriorly compressed and attenuate to a point. Head broad and flat above with a furrow on each side of vertex run- ning forward to above eye ; sides of the head nearly vertical. Snout broad and bluntly rounded, tip formed by ciliated portion above pre- maxillar}' ; mouth wide, horizontal, with included mandible ; maxillary long, extending behind the anterior border of eye a distance equal to length of snout, only the posterior lower edge exposed. Teeth small and rather blunt, in broad close-set vilHform bands in both jaws, the inner mandibular series slightly enlarged ; arranged in an oblong patch on palatines and in a large diamond-shaped patch on vomer. Tip of the snout fringed with narrow or ligulate, ciliated flaps ; the man- dible with shorter similar cilia at its tip. Opercular bones without spines, their angles rounded. Head without evident muciferous canal openings. Gills four, a slit behind the last, free from the isthmus ; pseudobranchiae represented by six or seven short filaments ; gill-rakers one-f two, stout, club-shaped and shorter than the gill-filaments, armed with small teeth similar to those on the pharyngeal bones. Scales cycloid, covering entire body and head, absent only on premaxillary, maxillary, anterior portion of snout, margin of mandible, and tips of fins ; exposed portion of the scales about one half diameter of eye in length. Lateral line slightly undulate, beginning above opercle, curving slightly and following outline of back, extending slightly beyond middle of dorsal fin ; running between the scales, dorsal fin beginning slightly behind the base of pectoral ; all the rays of about equal height, six and one third in head. Anal beginning at anus, equal to dorsal in height and similar to it in shape ; caudal fin pointed, slightly longer than the height of the dorsal ; not differen- tiated from vertical fins. Pectorals with wide bases, fan-shaped, the middle rays longest, length one and two thirds in head ; ventral com- posed of two rays, united for half their length, filamentous at tip, outer ray the shorter, about three fourths the length of inner ray, which is one and one third in head. All the fins excepting the ven- trals densely scaled to their tips, which are free and filamentous. Air- bladder large, oval, posteriorly broader and rounded, more pointed 224 HELLER AND SNODGRASS anteriorly ; six pairs of pyloric ciEca, the posterior one longest and equalling the snout in length. Coloration in Life. — Dark reddish-brown, the head darker brown ; vertical fins like the body, the tips maroon ; pectorals with lighter edges ; iris livid-bluish. Named for Mr. Timothy Hopkins, of Menlo Park, California, to whose generosity the expedition is financially indebted. MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE OF PetrotyX hopkt'nst. Catalogue No. 6344 Iceland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm 217 Head 20 Depth Eye. Interorbital Width. Snout Maxillary Height of Dorsal. Height of Anal Pectoral Ventral Caudal 21 2. Snout to Dorsal Snout to Anal... 5-5 II 6 6 12 15 8 25 45 Eutyx gen. no v. Chaj-acters. — Body comparatively short, compressed posteriorly; head broader, scarcely compressed, with a short rounded snout. Mouth large, with long maxillary ; mandible included ; teeth small, in villi- form bands in both jaws and in a V-shaped patch on vomer ; the inner mandibular series of teeth enlarged ; palatines toothless ; opercular bones without spines or sharjD angles ; head with prominent muciferous canal openings ; lateral lines two on each side, overlapping for a fourth of their lengths ; scales small, cycloid, embedded ; present on body and opercles ; head above naked. Gills four, a slit behind last ; pseudobranchiae wanting; gill-rakers few. Air-bladder moderately large, oblong, thick-walled ; pyloric caeca consisting of two short sacs. Allied to Gramtuonns Gill, differing in the absence of opercular spines, and in the presence of the double lateral line and large mucif- erous canal openings on the head. EUTYX DIAGRAMMUS sp. nov. p1. XIX. Type. — Cat. No. 6346 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XIX X -p NEW FISHES 225 Diagnosis. — Head four times in length; depth slightly less; man- dible with slightly enlarged teeth ; opercular bones without spines ; lateral line double for a fourth of its length ; scales one hundred and twenty -two ; dorsal fin long, beginning posterior to base of pectorals, rays one hundred and six ; anal eighty-nine ; pectorals twenty -seven. Color, uniform dark brown. Description of the T}'/*'.— Head four in length ; depth four and one sixth ; eve five and one half in head ; snout three and five sevenths ; interorbital four and one fourth; maxillary one and two thirds ; D. 106; A. 89 ; P. 27; C. 10; scales 14-122-35; pores |-^. Vertical profile of body elliptical, dorsal and ventral outlines sub- equal ; body compressed and tapering to a point posteriorly. Head large and rounded over vertex, dorsal profile converging sharply toward the short, bluntly rounded snout ; interorbital region convex. Mouth large, with a long maxillary, extending behind eye a distance equal to length of snout ; cleft slightly oblique ; mandible included ; teeth small, in villiform bands in both jaws ; the inner mandibular series en- larged and consisting of about twenty large, spaced teeth, the posterior largest ; vomer with a V-shaped patch of small teeth ; palatines tooth- less ; opercular bones without prominent angles or spines, their posterior edges covered with scales ; preopercle bordered below angle by a naked groove containing three large mucous canal openings. Tip of the snout and mandible with a pair of mucous canal openings ; upper part of the opercular membrane with a similar opening. Gills four, a long slit behind last, free from the isthmus ; pseudobranchiaj wanting. Gill-rakers few, o-}-3, short, club-shaped, length of longest one third diameter of eye, armed with minute teeth. Scales small, cycloid, em- bedded, covering body and opercle above angle of preopercle ; head above, snout, mandible and fin membranes naked ; scales on one side of the head deeply embedded and hidden beneath the skin. Lateral lines two, the upper beginning above opercle and extending to below- middle of dorsal fin, following outline of back ; the lower line me- dian, beginning slightly before anus and extending horizontally to last vertebra ; the lines double for one fourth of their length ; pores thirtv on upper line and forty on lower. A few pores below and running parallel with lower line. Lateral line extending on head from angle of opercle obliquely downward to tip of mandible. Dorsal fin long, extending from base of pectorals to the undifferen- tiated caudal fin with which it is merged ; rays of about equal height throughout, the anterior slightly shorter; height of median rays three and one half in head ; all the rays free at the tip and somewhat fila- 226 HELLER AND SNODGRASS mentous. Anal fin beginning at anus, similar in shape to dorsal which it eqlials in height. Caudal fin not differentiated from dorsal or anal fins, but slightly longer than these, two and two thirds in head. Pectorals with broad bases, pointed, extending to vertical from anus. Ventrals attached slightly posterior to isthmus, composed of two rays united their whole length, extending half-way to anus. Pyloric cseca two short, thick, sac-like projections about equaling the diameter of eye in length. Coloration ifi Life. — Dark brown, head purplish-brown ; fins blackish. A smaller specimen taken at the Seymour Islands varies somewhat from the type in the possession of longer fins and uniform purplish- brown coloration. Both specimens taken in about three fathoms. MEASUREMENTS OF Etttyx diagramnius . Length in mm Head Depth Eje Interorbital Width Snout Maxillary Height of Dorsal .. Height of Anal Pectorals Ventrals Caudal Snout to Dorsal, ... Snout to Anal 87 53 25 27 24 24 4-5 4.5 6 5 7 7 15 15 7 8 7 8 16 18 15 17 9 II 32 33 49 46 ANTENNARIUS TAGUS sp. nov. pi. XX. Type. — Cat. No. 6351 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. Diagnosis. — First dorsal spine slender, terminated by a bifid cluster of long filaments; second spine curved downward at tip ; D. Ill, 13. Head without fleshy flaps ; gill-opening below and slightly posterior to pectoral ; body and head covered with bifid spinulcs. Color, light pinkish and yellowish, dark -spotted, without ocelli. Description of the Type. — Head two and one third in length ; depth one and nine tenths ; eye seven in head ; maxillary one and four fifths; interorbital three and one third; D. Ill, 13; A. 7 ; P. 11 ; C. 9; V. 5 PROC. WASH. ACAD. SCI. VOL. V PLATE XX NEW FISHES 227 General shape much as in A. ocellatus ; body compressed poste- riorly ; breast and lower jaw tumid ; head wide, the width one and one third in length ; mouth dorsal with the cleft vertical and the mandible armed at the symphysis with a knob, projecting beyond the pre- maxillary ; mandible long, one and three fourths in head, naked, the posterior one third hidden beneath a deep fold of the skin ; teeth small, in villiform bands in both jaws, and on vomer and palatines ; head without large fleshy filaments about angle of mouth and mandible ; gill-openings small, without naked areas surrounding them ; situated below and slightly posterior to waist ; head, body, fin-rays and spines armed with small bifid spinules, lacking only on premaxillary, max- illar}' , margin of mandible, first dorsal spine, depression behind second dorsal spine, five supraocular pits, fin membranes and on underside of pectoral and ventral rays ; spinules widely forked, with a small ten- tacle, exceeding the spines in length, between each two ; first dorsal spine slender, filamentous, terminated by a cluster of long filaments which are arranged in two more or less distinct clusters. Filaments more than two thirds the length of stalk, which is slightly shorter than second dorsal spine ; second dorsal spine thickened, low, curved down- ward at apex, followed by a deep, smooth depression ; third dorsal spine higher and heavier, membrane deeply incised in front of the soft dorsal ; soft dorsal subrounded, much higher than spinous part, ninth and tenth rays highest, exceeding slightly the maxillary ; first ray short, truncate at tip, posterior rays reaching beyond base of caudal ; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, but more rounded and slightly lower ; pectoral fin geniculate, subrounded, some of upper rays longest, one and two fifths in head ; ventrals rounded, one half length of pectorals, situated below posterior border of eye ; inner ray divided ; caudal evenl}- rounded at tip, rays all divided, length slightly less than pectorals. Coloration in Life. — Above pinkish or flesh-color, spotted and streaked with light and dark olive-brown ; a small unspotted area above pectoral, below creamy with dark olive-brown spots ; chin and snout faintly dark spotted ; orbit below and posteriorly with radiating dark streaks ; first dorsal spine light with dusky cross bars, second and third spines without dark spots ; soft dorsal spotted like back, anal fin similar; pectoral and ventral fins immaculate below, dusky, dark spotted above ; caudal fin with two series of dark spots on membrane running vertically through fin ; iris light golden-brown. This species is nearest to A. ocellatus^ differing in the coloration, the bifid filaments of the first dorsal, and the lack of dermal flaps on the head, at the angle of the mouth and on the mandible. 2 28 HELLER AND SNODGRASS MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE OF AnteiinartUS tttgUS. Catalogue No. 6351 Inland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm.. Depth Head Width of Head. Eye Interorbital Width Maxillary Height of First Dorsal Spine Height of Second Dorsal Spine. Height of Soft Dorsal Height of Anal Pectoral from Gill-opening Ventral Caudal 58 53 43 36 6 13 25 9 ID 26 24 31 18 30 Genus Allector gen. nov. Characters. — Body short, stout, and not much compressed ; head large, cuboidal, armed with a pair of stout supraorbital spines ; mouth large, vertical in position, premaxillary and mandible armed with canine teeth ; vomer and palatines toothless ; soft dorsal and anal fins with bases short, posterior in position ; pectorals geniculate ; ventrals wanting. ALLECTOR CHELONI^ sp. nov. Fig. I. Allector chelonue. Type. — Cat. No. 6342 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Taken between Clipperton Island and Galapagos Archipelago, Diagnosis. — Head large, two and three sevenths in total length, broad and flattened above, with a pair of supraorbital spines ; teeth in both jaws irregular, not greatly enlarged, longest equaling diameter of pupil; vertical fins filamentous at tip; D. 3 ; A. 3 ; C. 9; P. iS. Description of the Type. — Head two and three sevenths in length ; depth two and two thirds ; eye contained seven times in length of head ; NEW FISHES 229 interorbital two and one half; maxillary one and two thirds; mandible one and one half ; D. 3 ; A. 3 ; C. 9 ; P. iS. Head large and cuboidal, broad and flat above with vertical sides, terminated squarely anteriorly by the vertically placed mandible ; mouth large, the cleft exceeding one half the head in length. Upper jaw margined by the premaxillary, which is armed with a single series of irregular teeth somewhat smaller than the mandibular teeth ; length of the maxillary one and two thirds the length of head. Mandible toothed its whole length with a single series of large, irregular, sharp, canine teeth which are slightly compressed at their bases, length of longest teeth about equaling diameter of pupil; mandible with a prominent projection at its posterior end. Eye comparatively large, diameter contained three times in interorbital width. Head armed above by a pair of short, stout, horn-shaped spines situated above and behind the eye ; branchiostegal rays five. Body short, more or less compressed and tapering slightly to the thick peduncle ; dorsal fin short, consisting of three rays, situated a little in advance of base of caudal fin, rays filamentous at tip, reaching past base of caudal, length one and two thirds in head. Anal fin similar to dorsal in shape and composed of same number of rays, first ray situated slightly behind last dorsal ray, somewhat longer than dorsal, longest rays reaching past middle of caudal fin. Caudal long with filamentous rays, truncate or slightly rounded. Pectorals short, turned forward, rounded, contained three times in length of head. The specimen was taken from the stomach of a green-turtle, and the skin is all gone from the body. The flesh is whitish, the exposed bones brownish and the iris bluish-silvery. There is no indication of a spinous dorsal, not even of the basal elements of one. MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE OF Alhctor cheloUtCB. Catalogue No. 6342 Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Length in mm 27 Head 42 Depth 37 Eye 6 Interorbital Width 17 Premaxillary and Ma.\illary 26 Mandible 28 Height of Dorsal ; 25 Height of Anal j 28 Pectoral 14 Caudal 30 Depth of Caudal Peduncle ' 16 Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., January, 1904. PROCEEDINQS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Vol. V, pp. 231-372. January 28, 1904. PAPERS FROM THE HOPKINS-STANFORD GALA- PAGOS EXPEDITION, 1898-1899. XVI. BIRDS. By Robert Evans Snodgrass and Edmund Heller. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction • 234 Family Sphenicidae 235 1. Sfheniscusmendiculus 235 Family Stercorariidae 236 2. Siercorarius pomariuus 236 Family Laridie . 237 3. Larus ficliginosus 237 4. Larus franklinii 237 5. Creagrus furcatus 237 6. Sterna fuliginosa 239 7. Anotts siolidus galapagensis 239 Family Diomedeidje 240 S. Diomedca irrorata 240 Family Procellariidse ... 241 9. Pnffinus obscurus subalaris . , 241 10. yEstrelata phcBopygia 242 11. Procellaria tethys 242 12. Oceanodroma cryptoleucura ... 243 13. Oceanites gracilis 243 Family PhaethontidjE . . 243 14. Phaethon (cthereus 244 Family Sulidx- 244 15. Sula variegata 244 16. Sula piscatrixwebsteri 246 17. Sula nebouxi 248 Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., January, 1904. 231 232 SNODGRASS AND HELLER Family Phalacrocoracidae 249 18. Phalacrocorax harrisi 249 Family Pelecanidae . . 250 19. Pelecanus californicus 251 Family Fregatidae 252 20. Frcgata aquila 252 Family Anatidce 252 21. Anas versicolor 252 22. Pcecilonetia ba//atne?tsts galafagensis 253 Family Phoenicopteridse 253 23. Phxnicoptencs ruber . 253 Family Ardeidae 254 24. Ardea herodias 254 25. Herodias egretta 254 26. Butorides pltimbeiis ... 255 27. Nyctanassa violacea 255 Family Rallidse 256 28. Porzana spilonota .... 256 29. Porzana sharpei 256 30. Gallinula galeata 257 Family Phalaropodidae 257 31. Pkalaropus lobatus 257 Family Recurvirostridse 258 32. Himantopus mexicanus 258 Family Scolopacidse 258 33. Tringa bairdi . 258 34. Tringa tninuiilla 258 35. Calidris arenaria 259 36. Helodromas solitarius 259 37. Heteractitis incatnis 259 38. Actitis macularia ... 260 39. Numotius hudsonicus 260 Family Charadriidae 260 40. Squatarola squatarola 261 41. yEgialitis semipalmata 261 Family Aphrizidse • 261 42. Aretiaria interpres 261 Family Haematopodidte . 262 43. IlismafopHS galapagensis 262 Family Columbidie 262 44. The Nesopelia galapagoensis Series 262 44a. Nesopelia galapagoensis galapagoensis 262 441^. Nesopelia galapagoensis exsul 263 Family FalconidiE 263 45. Buteo galapagoensis 264 Family Strigidae 266 46. Strix ptinctatissima 266 Family Bubonidte • 266 47. Asio galapagoensis . . 267 BIRDS 2^3 Family Cuculidae 26S 48. Coccyzus melanocoryphtis 268 Family Tyrannjdie 268 49. Alyiarchus fiiagnirostris 269 50. The Pyrocefhaltis nanus Series • 270 50fZ. Pyrocefkahis nanus nanus 270 50/^. Pyrocephalus nanus abiyigdoni ... 271 51. Pyrocephalus dubius 272 Family Icterids? 272 52. DoUcho7iyx oryzivorus 272 Family Fringillidje 273 53. Geospiza pallida 277 54. Geospiza heliobates ... 279 55. The Geospiza prostkemelas Series 284 55«. Geospiza prostliemelas prostkemelas 284 55^. Geospiza prostkemelas salz2,d. Geospiza fortis dubia 328 63^. Geospiza fortis simillima 329 63_/. Geospiza fortis bauri 329 64. Geospiza dar-wifii 330 65. Geospiza strenua 330 66. Geospiza magnirostris 332 67. Geospiza debilirostris ... 333 68. Geospiza septentrionalis 333 69. The Geospiza scandens Series 336 6