ie es. a Pa x a Cc . v2 lead Cc [ es} Ee a) te S) = ce) 33 = — a ad Ps) j SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uVe a S ~ 5 = S SPD = yy’ GPE GDE GK : oe a ia ai FE : : = E = Oo @) Aor a = a | NOILNLILSN! NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN “ ral ” z ee 2 z oa z == ¥ = NX = = = re) ow Big Oo SX. = >’ = = ” re 2 ” ep z 7) a {| NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3Z1YVYEIT LIBRARIES INSTITU dd > ” 3 7) = a = a = ce - 2 Ke < a < a < ta = e ro = = a =e 2) _ oO Se oO - — a od ws a = ; 1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYV - z 98 = ie 2 i o 2 hee) ° o 2) rd 5. read S 2D 4 = F + = i > ° a a — = = a = ie NOLILILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS 33 1yYvugd Ht BRARI ES |, SMITHSONIAN INSTITL = << = His K = = N = z = =z WY 5 = | = re) Se re) ® Saat" ro) 2) 22) ” yn ° : wn 7p) (e) pa Oly Fi eg < \. oS Se ea = Z = »n 2 E Nala a = a yee ie ae ‘7, ) us 7 in bear pa - a = 7G 4 a: oo —_ x“ | em p. ,< = Nr O eee Oo » z WY" 2 = Zz. ie > NY >" = > 2 ods Zz 77) = N.LILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NOILNLILSNI NOILNLILSNI RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1u¥vusIy INSTITUTION INSTITUTION INSTITUTION LNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S S3INVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONI S31YVYAIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NVYINOSHILINS STAINWNAITN LIRRARIFS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUGIT_ LIBRARIES = za a ss = . = Ks = os o = s 2) w wo * : Ww ae O ¥ pS 2 x a < - E = > = no > a » == : y a | 4 hs &, . . 7 i aha at 1 > 7 7 ) ; al 6 _ e 23 By ni rn ee 549.4 opm PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. PART XXVI. 1858. GA GN, PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ; SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE, AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. LIST CONTRIBUTORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Apams, A. Lertu, M.B., Surgeon 22nd Regiment. page Notes on the Habits, Haunts, &c. of some of the Birds of India (communicated by Messrs. T. J. and F. Moore) .... 466 Remarks on the Habits and Haunts of some of the Mam- malia found in various parts of India and the West Himalayan Mountains (communicated by Messrs. T. J. and F. Moore).. 512 Barrp, W., M.D., F.L.S., &c. Description of Two New Species of Entozoa .......... 224 Beatriz, Wm., Hon. Sec. Montrose Nat. Hist. Soc. Note on the Reproduction of Nemertes borlassii (in a letter addressed to Dr. Gray) «. 2... 262.0. cece ececesee S07 Bennett, GeorGe, F.Z.S., &c. Notes on the Habits of the Scythrops nove hollandie (communicated by John Gould, Esq.).... 6.2.6... 00064. 462 a2 lv page CARPENTER, Pui.ir P. First Steps towards a Monograph of the Cecide, a Family of the Rostriferous Gasteropoda ............ 0. cece eens 413 Dourn, H. ; Descriptions of New Species of Land and Freshwater Shells collected in Ceylon, from the Collection of H. Cuming, FEBS AG Waa sae Peewee pha ee FLL bec COC 133 Description of New Species of the genus Paludomus, from Ceylon, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq....... esos 535 Eyton, Toomas CampsBeLtL, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. Note on the Skeleton of the Sheath-bill (Chionis alba) .. 99 FLower, WiuuiaM H., F.Z.S., ete. Exhibition of Ezocetus volitans, to which was attached a specimen of Penellus blainvillii, Milne-Edwards (Leoneo- penna, blainvilli. of, Lesnent )) 90.4.5. s:cininistn stu hal does eee 372 Gou.Lp, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. Exhibition of British specimens of the Motacilla flava, Ray, and note from Mr. Thirtle of Lowestoft, as to its occurrence in that part of England. . 77 Remarks on three specimens of Steller’s Duck exhibited by Mriheavenst: yi: nite tec eee a Mites, woe tawone 78 Remarks on a series of Birds collected es Mr. A. R. Wal- lace in the Aru Islands . : Sirahe a OK Bats oh. nial On a New Species of Toucan ay ena Dae 149 Exhibition of specimens of the American shige calen- dulus, and the Night Heron. . EEO ee Extract from a Letter addressed to him by his son Mr, Charles Gould ..... Fe ERS IA rieaear ee eee -- 290 On a New Species of Ptarmigan...) 0.00... oe dees 354 Descriptions of Two New Species of the family Hirundi- WEA SAA es argent Risto ee ickee' Gc ARO ieee eae 355 - Exhibition of a Drawing of Molossus australis of Gray .. 372 v Gray, Dr. Joun E., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., &c. An Attempt to distribute the species of Olive (Oliva, Lamarck) into Natural Groups, and to define some of the Bpedes jee. ees Notice of a New Genus of Uropeltide, from Ceylon, in the Collection of the British Museum ...........e0e.0-.-> Notice of the Bosch Vark (Potamocherus africanus) living athe trardens of the Society «i... oasis owaw icin veieties sad On a New Genus of Mytilide, and on some distorted forms which occur among Bivalve Shells................ Observations on the genus Nerita and its Operculum.... Observations on the genus Cuseus, with the Description Pie PIGW Species os 3). ese wns eee Amin Anemia tis a a6) List of Species of Mammalia sent from the Aru Islands by Mr. A. R, Wallace to the British Museum ...... Description of Aphroceras, a New Genus of Calcareous Spongiadze, brought from Hong-Kong by Dr. Harland .... On Aphrocallistes, a New Genus of Spongiade from Ma- PRE NG Glee Piage 2s spine vig as Heo stew e Cae ee ss Proposal to separate the family of Salamandride, Gray, into Two Families, according to the form of the Skull .... On the power of dissolving Shells possessed by the Ber- ER CE ORUIUS 68s i ancn dphees Oe ys vlan bw wa eee Description of a New Genus of Boide from Old Calabar, and a List of West African Reptiles.................. Description of a New Genus of Sponge (Xenospongia) PONE MIRDMT PUINSUL fo cn ay acs ies hace ck bs autnae eden 82 Additional Observations on the genus Furcella ........ On a New Genus and several New Species of Uropeltide, in the Collection of the British Museum................ page On Carpenteria and Dujardinia, two genera of a New Form of Protozoa with attached Multilocular Shells filled with Sponge, apparently intermediate between Rhizopoda ire ee . 266 vi page Note on the Egg of the Mooruk (Casuarius bennetti, Gould) from New Britain, in the British Museum........ 271 On the Families Aspergillide, Gastrochenide, and Hum- phreyiadeé ........ BRS Sey Ato gear a a gi NA ip sh eee 307 On Charadella and Lichenella, New Forms of Polyzoa from Amairate 3 Sui. 5.c. She bc cn eee eee eg eee ee 319 Description of Riama, a New Genus of Lizards, forming a distinct Family .. eee 88 fold fo a6 te ee On the Pan SEER of Dr, dohnstonss3. 66 oe 531 Gray, GeorGe Rosert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. A List of the Birds, with Descriptions of New Species, ob- tained by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace in the Aru and Ké Islands 169 GinTHER, Dr. ALBERT. On the Systematic Arrangement of the Tailless Batra- chians, and the Structure of Rhinophrynus dorsalis ...... 339 On the Geographical Distribution of Reptiles.......... 373 Han ey, Sytvanvus, F.L.S., &c. Description of a New Cyrena from Ceylon, and of New IGNORGTAB. BG ees Fateh a Te eae ew eth aa ESO 23 Description of two New Species of Pinna ............ 136 AFEh EGE OUG TE 5a om bn jason vor Wing ew 60 aim a Dw abe x <5 se ee Desenption of New Pinnze!. . 20) se5 rsa asaeleicn 2 225, 254 Description of a New Onisege 06 sis. he Seine omens, sa wales 255 Description of a New Cyrena and Bulla .............. 543 Hartiaus, Dr. Gustav, of Bremen, Foreign Member Z. 8. On New Species of Birds from Western Africa, in the Col- lection of the British Marseunmt 9.6 ..6:0) s:cieie wis’ sei lw ds oh a 291 Synopsis of the Fringilline Genus Erythrura .......... 461 Hewrirtson, W. C. Descriptions of some Butterflies from the Collection of DAE: WOOURES 25 ves Cheeks Saks ess u,v 'vacn i lgrare a wee 464 vii page Hoxupsworth, E, W. H., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. On Electra verticillata, with a Notice of its different ari BU eaROMIRET. pai etc: oO a tcc ck ew den eh ade. 306 Kaup, Dr. J., Director of the Museum at Darmstadt. On Nemophis, a New Genus of Riband-shaped Fishes .. 168 Krerrt, GERARD. A few Remarks on the Habits and Economy of the Brown- capped Pomatorhinus (P. ruficeps, Hartlaub)............ 352 Meves, M. W., Conservator at the Zoological Riks-Museum in Stockholm. On the Snipe’s ‘‘ Neighing”’ or Humming Noise, and on its Tail-feathers’ Systematic Value. Translated and communi- eated by John Wolley, jun., Esq., F.Z.S., &. .........4. 199 MitcHe tt, D. W., B.A., F.L.S., Secretary Z.S. On the Indian Pheasants bred in the Menagerie........ 544 Moors, FrReEpERIC, Assistant, Museum East India Company. Monograph of the Asiatic Species of Neptis and Athyma, two genera of diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Family Nymphalidae ....... PERN A chat word oY vin w Gude VER 9 tere 3 Preirrer, Dr. L. Descriptions of Eleven New Species of Land Shells, from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. ............--0+--:- 20 Descriptions of Ten New Species of Bulimus, from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ........-.-0-- se eee: 256 Satmon, Joun D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of a specimen of Baillon’s Crake with Seyen Ree os n'a ce cee RENE ORAET Ais aid agit’ agit a vhs s,s ¢ POO viii page Scrater, Puiuie Lutzey, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Notes on Californian Birds. By Thomas Bridges, Corre- sponding Member. Communicated with Remarks by Mr. EIBEE Chs a tat eae eae I SS a le sea. Ga oapereiy cane en Notes on aCollection of Birds received by M. Verreaux, of Paris, from the Rio Napo in the Republic of Ecuador .... 59 Notes on some Birds from Southern Mexico .......... 95 On some New or Little-known Species of casita oc in the Collection of the Norwich Museum .......... .....+-.. 128 Note on the Variation of the Form of the Upper Mandible Mi O DAPACIOUS DIE (siete dc - 5 \< 9 acco eae ae ee 150 Synopsis of the American Ant-birds (Formicariide). Part I., containing the Thamnophiline .............445 202 ———-. _ Part II., containing the Formicivorine or AEA LOTS ooo iain Sie ew eee 0s mie tbat Sule. £)5yh kaha tae oe . Part III., containing the Formicariine or Ant- PEDPRSICS >. '5 sya ge Se ee RLS ops RS is OR oe EER Ee ote eee 272 Additional Note on the Har Goose ees ma- gellanica) . oi Teka Seated: . 289 On some New or Little-known Sse of tanger from the Collection of M. Verreaux of Paris. . al . 293 On a Collection of Birds received Ee M. Sige Sallé from Oaxaca in Southern Mexico.................2-.+0 294 Description of a New Species of the genus ae from MGRIGO? 72.5, Ascala nace Sees BA nha te REE Se 356 List of Birds collected by George Cavendish Taylor, ie rs in the Republic of Honduras ...... ‘ eri cs) Characters of Five New Species of American Birds...... 446 List of Birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser at Cuenca, Gualaquiza, and Zamora, in the Republic of Ecuador...... 449 On Two New Species of Ant-birds in the Collection of the Derby Museum at Liverpool............ ek 540 Note on the genus Cichlopsis of Cabanis. . ‘aca s es se On the Birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser in the vicinity of Riobamba, in the Republic of Ecuador .............. 549 age Smiru, J. P. G. eh On a living Octopus (in a letter addressed to Dr. Gray)., 533 Soruesy, S. Lreien. ‘Note on a Talking Canary (addressed to Dr. Gray) .... 231 Taytor, E. Cavenpisn, M.A., F.Z.S., &c. Note on the eae of the Bit gor Bird, and Crocodile of Jamaica....... RO IG ain Beri's pose des a oR, NO Tuompson, GENERAL Perronet, F.R.S., M.P. On the Lepidosiren (in a note to Dr. Gray) .......... 535 Tuompson, WILLIAM. Remarks on the British Actiniade, and Rearrangement of Co) EES Sig a Se ee a Seats ee A 145 ToMEs, Rongnr F. A Monograph of the genus Nyetophilus .............. 25 On the Characters of Four Species of Bats inhabiting Europe and Asia, and the Description of a New Species of Vespertilio inhabiting Madagascar .............. epee ee A Monograph of the genus Miniopteris .............. 115 - A Monograph of the genus Kerivoula . eT ie On the Vespertilio suillus of Temminck, the st of the genera Murina (Gray) and Ocypetes (Lesson) . sare cae Notes of Five Species of Bats in the Collection of L. L. Dillwyn, Esq., M.P.. colleeted in Labuan by Mr. James AES Sa en ee em Notes on a Collection of Mammalia made by Mr. Fraser PP MUEMIS CG oA gan Pieter yaa Sly oo aa eee «oe CAO WaLLica, SURGEON G. C., M.D. Note of a New Preservative Process......00...+ee+e8- 536 Descriptions of some ee Coleoptera syne a8 4 Woopwarp, S. P., and Tracks Barrett. On the genus Synapta (communicated by J. S. Gaskoin, LIST OF PLATES. 1858. MAMMALIA. Plate Page @LIX. Potamocherus africanus, Gray... 16s e sree eee eens 58 LX. Vespertilio formosus? .......0seeeeeeesereeeneee 78 LXIJI. Cuscus orientalis, 3 9, Gray ....eeeeseeeneeeeees 100 LXIL. celebensis, Gray... sees ce cece even taceve 100 LXIII. Dactylopsila trivirgata, Gray .... 6.666 e eee eee 106 LXIV. Myoictis wallacii, Gray «2.0... cee e cere cece eee 106 LXV. Miniopteris schreibersii and M. blepotis.......+..+++ 115 LXVI. Kerivoula @rosa and K. lanosa .. 0.6.60 eee ee eee 322 AVES. CXXXI. Melanerpes rubrigularis, Scl. ... 6-100 scene renee 1 Euchetes coccineus, Scl. .. 0... cece erence eeeee OXXXIL { Creurgops verticalis, Scl. 6... essere eee tenes } 5 CXXXIII. Dacelo tyro, G. R. Gray «0.66. eee e eens 169 CXXXIV. Todopsis cyanocephala, G. R. Gray «1.06. ++ +e ees 169 CXXXV. Chalcopsitta rubrifrons, G.R. Gray ......+- +200 es 169 CXXXVI._ Ptilonopus wallacii, G. R. Gray ...... 000s ee ee ees 169 CXXXVII. ————— aurantiifrons, G. R. Gray......++++++++ 169 CXXXVIII. — coronulatus, G. R. Gray 1... sere ees 169 CXXXIX. Thamnophilus amazonicus, $ 2, Sel. «es eeeeee 202 CXL. Dysithamnus leucostictus, Scl. 1.1.0. es cree er eees 223 Myrmotherula surinamensis, 3, Scl. «..-+++++0++ 9% CXL. { — multostriata, 6 9, Scl. ......e06- } acm CXLII. Formicivora erythrocerca, Scl. «1.1.0.0 e seen rene 232 CXLII. Myrmelastes plumbeus, 3 9, Sel... sess eeeeeeeees 272 CXLIV. Eggs of the “ Mooruk” ........e0sesceeereeeees 271 CXLV. Phrygilus ocularis, 3 3, Scl..... ce ccceeeneeeeeee 449 ae Elainia griseigularis, Sel. 6... eee ee eee e ences » cial strictoptera, Scl..... sess se cece ee eeeees } sas CXLVII. Young of Catreus wallichii and Lophophorus impeyanus 544 CXLVIIL { oe of Gallophasis albocristatus and acta 544 OTSiClA . 0c ccc rece creccrencesesevesecnce CXLIX. Eggs of Gallophasis horsfieldii, G. melanotus, G. albo- cristatus, Catreus wallichii, and Lophophorus im- 5d4 POCYANUS cc cvccvecctereenensecconcnsessuseess ‘ ii REPTILIA. Plate Page XIII. 9 Mitylia gerrardi, Gray .. 1.6... 0c sees se asves dee ee XIV. Calaharia fusca, Gray .. 6. cece cee eee eee eens 155 XV. Argalia olivacea, Riama unicolor, Gray .......++++. 444 MOLLUSCA. XL. New species of Land Shells in the Collection of H. Cumming, Hise... heise s sews ns ee ele nny 20 XLI. Stavelta toria, Gray... cece cece cuss recceccus 90 XLII. New species of Bulimus and Oniscia, in the Collec- tion of H. Cuniing, Esq. 5 2... ace ce ee nes * 255-6 ANNULOSA. XLIX. L. ; Asiatie species of Neptis and Athyma............+-. 3 LI. LII. New species of Entozoa .......0.03000005 kd eee 224 LIII. New species of Longicorn Coleoptera ..........4+ 398 LIV. fe species of Butterflies in the Collection of ee 46 4 a MV GROG. allergies om vas ate Beis eh oes belo RADIATA. Aphroceras alcicornis, Gray os oo wicca esis os oh wien 113 X. {oan GOUCHU;< ODMSEON..<) vadane ccaceis Selene eee 557 Sudisea Garleeip Gray, 2005s vs qie «caida onisiads yee sk eae 531 XI, . Aphrocallistes. beatria,, Gray. v.00 0 00.02 sos dae ee 114 XII. Xenospongia patelliformis, Gray ......-. esse eens 229 RES: Blectrawerticvbata, occa \eceisy vpis.s.sa.s cients Ga pees 306 XIV. Synapta digitata, S. inherens, S. bidentata, Chiri- dota levis, and Myriotrochus rinkit.........+. . 360 SS er oe i = y ‘ : y 2 3 as PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 12, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Nores on CauirorniaAN Birps. By Tuomas BripGes, CorRESPONDING MEMBER. COMMUNICATED, wiTH Re- MARKS, BY PatLtip LuTLEY SCLATER. (Aves, Pl. CXXXI.) Mr. Bridges has lately forwarded to Mr. Cuming specimens of the following eleven species of birds, with the accompanying notes. I have affixed to them what I believe to be their proper names, and have given a new appellation to a Woodpecker, which appears to have been hitherto unnoticed. Mr. Bridges’s second collection was unfortunately lost in the ‘‘ Central America.” Of the first I gave some account in these ‘ Proceedings’ for last year (P. Z. 8S. 1857, p- 125). 1. Astur aTricapriLuus (Wilson), juv. Shot in Trinity Valley, Northern California. 2. TeTRAo opscurvs, Say? ?. This species is found ranging along the Sierra Nevada, at an ele- vation of 4000 to 6000 feet, in the Pine Forests. The specimen now forwarded was taken on Trinity Mountains, N. California. I have also seen the same bird in the Tosemite Valley, near the head waters of the Mercedes River, Mariposa County. Compare this with No. CCCXLVII.—Procrepincs or tur ZooLocicat Sociery. 2 Tetrao obscurus ; 1 am almost inclined to believe it differs from that species. (I must see males of this species before I can consider it different from 7’. obscurus.—P. L. 8.) 3. CaLuipepLa picta (Douglas). Found in flocks in the Sierra Nevada near Shasta. 4. Dryocopus pILeatus (Linn.). I have only seen this fine species of Woodpecker in the Pine Forests of the Sierra Nevada, at an elevation of 4000 feet, and there it is somewhat rare, and difficult to capture. The present specimens were taken on Scott’s Mountains, Trinity County, in October. 5. Metanerpes torquatus (Wils.), ? juv. This bird I first saw in Scott’s Valley, on the Pinus Benthamiana. Like the Melanerpes formicivorus they live in small communities, as I saw three pairs together in the above locality. In winter they mi- grate towards the oak-groves at the base of the Sierra Nevada, seek- ing a milder climate than the snow-covered pine regions. 6. MELANERPES RUBRIGULARIS, Sclater, sp. nov. (Pl. CXXXI.) Supra nitenti-niger : linea circumnuchali ab oculis incipiente, altera utrinque suboculari a rictu latiore, tectricibus alarum superioribus, dorso postico et caude tectricibus superioribus, necnon maculis secundariarum trium extimarum apicalibus et in pogonio externo primariarum tertie, quarte et quinte albis: subtus nitenti-niger, gula media ruberrima, abdomine medio flavicante, lateribus et crisso albo nigroque variegatis ; tectri- cibus alarum inferioribus et remigum pogonio interiore cineras- centi-nigris, maculis quadratis numerosis albis: caude rectri- cibus omnino nigris : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 8°5, alee 5:4, caudze 3°5, rostri a fronte 1-0, tarsi 0°8. (This Woodpecker, which is represented by Mr. Bridges as very rare, appears to have escaped the researches of the American natu- ralists; at least I am acquainted with no record of its existence, though it may have been described quite lately. It appears to be well placed in the genus Melanerpes, of which no less than six species are already known to inhabit California, namely M. erythrocephalus, M. torquatus, M. thyroideus (Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 32: Picus natalie, Malherbe, Cab. Journ. f. Orn., 1854, p. 271), M. formicivorus (Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 2), M. albolarvatus, and M. ruber. From all these it is quite different in colouring, and may be recognized at once by its black breast and bright scarlet throat-mark, whence I have named it M. rubrigularis.—P. L. 8.) A very rare bird, the only one of the species I have ever seen. Shot in Trinity Valley, on the pines. Probably this may occur more frequently in Oregon or the British possessions. Had it been com- mon, I should have seen it in the southern part of the State of California. i el G HFord 3 7. MELANERPES ALBOLARVATUS. — Leuconerpes albolarvatus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. 1850, p. 106; Journ. Ac. Phil. n. s. iii. p- 257. pl. 22, g et 2. This is not uncommon in the Trinity Valley, seeking its food on the tall pines. The male is easily distinguished from the female by the red band of feathers at the base of the cranium. if Sasi placed in the genus Melanerpes than with Leuconerpes.— 8. Picus marrist (Aud.). Shot near Shasta, base of the Sierra Nevada. 9. Picus nuTratui, Gambel. Taken on the mountains near Shasta in September. 10. Turpus nxvius (Gm.), Bp. Consp. p. 271. This pretty species of Thrush is very rare in California, as I have only seen two specimens. These I observed in the coast range of mountains west of Santa Clara. It inhabits the evergreen oak-groves, Quercus densifolia. Taken in October (female). 11. CINcLUS AMERICANUS, Sw. I have only seen this remarkable bird in the head waters of Trinity and Scott’s Rivers at California. It is constantly seeking its food amongst the boulder rocks in the rivers, or on the shallows amongst pebbles; sometimes wading, diving or swimming, and at other times flying from rock to rock. I have often watched them, and always felt a sort of amusement at their restless and singular movements. San Francisco, Nov. 18th, 1857. 2. Monocrarn or THE Astatic Species or Nepris anpD ATHYMA, TWO GENERA OF DiuRNAL LEPIDOPTERA BELONG- ING TO THE Famity Nympnauip&. By Frepertc Moore, Assistant, Museum East Inp1ia Company. (Annulosa, Pl. XLIX.-LI.) The following monograph contains descriptions of all the species of the genera Neptis and Athyma that I have been enabled to bring together from the various collections in this country. Genus Neptis, Fabricius. Neptis, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282, 1808) ; Horsfield ; Westwood. Acca, p., Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett (1816). Limenitis, p., Boisduval, Ind. Meth. Eur. Lep. p. 16 (1840); E. Doubleday. 1. Neptis Horponia. Papilio Hordonia, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. t. 33. f. 4, 4. D. (1791). Nymphalis Hordonia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 429. Limenitis Hordonia, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. . 93. : : Neptis Hordonia, Westwood in Doubleday & Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 271. n. 3; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 164. Hab. Silhet; Darjeeling; N. India; Ceylon; Java. In most collections. Remark.—Neptis Hordonia may be known by the mottled mark- ings of the under-side. 2. Neptis Para, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 1.) Neptis Pata, n. sp.—Upper-side brown-black ; markings ferru- ginous, these being disposed as in Neptis Hordonia. May be distin- guished from that species by the under-side being black, and with- out any mottled markings. Hab. Manilla. In the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq. 3. Neptis Tiga, Moore. Papilio Heliodore, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 130 (1793) ; Jones, Icon. iv. t. 76. f. 2 (nec Cramer, 1782). Nymphalis Heliodore, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 429. Limenitis Heliodore, EK. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. . 93. f Neptis Heliodore, Westwood in Doubleday & Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 271. n. 4; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. p. 164. Hab. Java; Borneo. In Museum East India Company ; British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq. Remark.—Neptis Tiga may be distinguished from the two pre- ceding by the well-defined markings of the under-side. 4. Neptis AnTarA, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 2.) Neptis Antara, n.sp. Male.—Upper-side dusky-brown; fore- wing with discoidal streaks, curved interrupted band from costal margin near the apex to middle of posterior margin, and narrow sub- marginal wavy line, deep ferruginous ; indistinct marginal and narrow border to submarginal line, blackish ; hind-wing with straight inner and curved narrower outer band deep ferruginous; indistinct mar- ginal and submarginal line, and inward borders to the two bands blackish. Under-side very pale, markings as above, but all having black borders. Expanse nearly 2 inches. Hab. Celebes. In British Museum Collection. 5. Neptis Miran, Moore. Neptis Miah, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 164. pl. a. f. 1 (1857). : | q 5 Neptis Miah.—Upper-side brown-black ; fore-wing with a longi- tudinal streak from base of wing, an oblique transverse short apical fascia, which nearly meets a reversely oblique fascia on posterior margin, rufous; hind-wing with a nearly straight broad inner band and a narrow submarginal band rufous. Under-side dark ferrugi- nous ; fore-wing with the longitudinal and oblique marks pinky- white ; two narrow submarginal lines purple; hind-wing with inner band pinky-white ; two submarginal and a less distinct middle line purple; costal margin at the base whitish. Expanse 22 inches. Hab. Darjeeling; N. India. In Museum East India Company, and W. W. Saunders, Esq. Remark,—Allied to the two preceding species, but may be distin- guished by the colour and markings of the under-side. 6. Nepris Manasa, Moore. Neptis Manasa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 165, pl. 4a. f. 2 (1857). Neptis Manasa. Male. —Upper-side dull dusky-brown ; markings white, tinged with very pale ferruginous ; fore-wing with the dis- coidal streak long, and continued in a curve to near the posterior angle; an apical oblique streak ; two small spots on costal margin, and one below the margin; a spot on middle of posterior margin ; a marginal row of small indistinct spots ; hind-wing with broad inner and narrower outer band, both extending across the abdominal mar- gin; an indistinct marginal line and line between the two bands; narrow cilia white. Under-side pale ochreous, with indistinctly- defined white markings ; the discoidal streak is continued uninter- rupted to the middle of the posterior margin, the space within being blackish ; on the hind margin are some small white markings between the inner band and costal vein. Expanse 2} inches. Hab. N. India. In Museum East India Company. Remark. —Neptis Manasa may be distinguished above by the dis- coidal streak being nearly confluent with the spot on the middle of the posterior margin, it being quite confluent on the under-side, 7. Nepris ANANTA, Moore. Neptis Ananta, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 166. pl. 4a. f. 3 (1857). Neptis Ananta. Male.—Upper-side brownish-black ; markings ferruginous ; fore-wing with discoidal streak straight; a curved twice-interrupted band from anterior margin near apex to middle of posterior margin ; a pale marginal line ; hind-wing with rather broad inner and narrow outer band, both extending across the abdominal margin; also a pale marginal line and line between the bands, Under-side very deep ferruginous ; fore-wing with discoidal streak, spots near apex and from posterior margin, ferruginous-white ; pos- terior margin broadly patched with black ; a marginal and submar- ginal bluish-ashy line; hind-wing with inner band white, outer band 6 grey and indistinct; a marginal line and zigzag line between the two bands bluish-ashy. Expanse 23 inches. Hab. Simla; N.W. India. In Museum East India Company, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. : Remark.—This species may be known from N. Manasa by its ferruginous markings and straight discoidal streak. 8. Nepris Narayana, Moore. (PI. XLIX. f. 3.) Neptis Narayana, n. sp. Male.—Upper-side black; markings white ; fore-wing with the discoidal streak narrow ; along costal mar- gin towards the apex some narrow spots, with two large spots de- scending obliquely across the apex; a quadrate spot in middle of dise, and another on posterior margin ; two submarginal narrow spots parallel with the quadrate discal spot ; hind-wing with straight inner and narrower nearly straight outer band. Under-side glossy ferru- ginous, darkest about the middle of the wings, very pale at the base of costal margin, and blackish along posterior margin of the fore-wing ; fore-wing with markings as above; hind-wing with sub- marginal line, zigzag line between the two bands, greyish-white. Ex- panse 22 inches. fab. N. India. In British Museum Collection. Remark.—Allied to Neptis Zaida, but may be known from that and other allied species by the markings on the upper-side being pure white. 9. Neptis Rapua, Moore. Neptis Radha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. p. 166. pl. 4 a. f. 4 (1857). Neptis Radha. Male.—Upper-side brownish-black ; markings ferruginous ; fore-wing with a long discoidal streak, narrow at base, and extending to a short distance between the third and second me- dian veinlets ; two small spots on costal margin, and two larger ob- lique spots near the apex; a large spot on disc, and an elongate spot to middle of posterior margin ; marginal line pale ; hind-wing with rather broad mner and narrower outer band, both extending across the abdominal margin; a marginal line and line between the two bands pale brown. Under-side ferruginous-brown; markings as above, but indistinct, owing to the surface being mottled over with ashy-blue. Expanse 27 inches. Hab. Darjeeling ; Bootan; N. India. In Museum East India Company. 10. Neptis Zarpa. 3 Limenitis Zaida, BK. Doubleday, MS. Neptis Zaida, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal - Lep. p. 272. n. 9. t. 35. f. 3 (1850). Hab. Simla; N.W. India. In Collection British Museum, and W. ©. Hewitson, Esq. ss ce — y 4 7 Remark.—Neptis Zaida (the male only of which I am acquainted with) has the wings more rounded than in the other allied species, and on the hind-wing the inner band is very broad, the outer band narrow and much curved. ll. Nerris Ampa, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 4.) Neptis Amba, n. sp. _Male.—Upper-side smoky-brown ;_ mark- ings white ; fore-wing with long discoidal streak indented at the ex- tremity of the cell; two oblique spots near the apex, and four re- versely oblique spots to middle of posterior margin; an indistinct marginal and submarginal black line; hind-wing with rather broad imer band and narrow brownish-white outer band ; marginal and snbmarginal line darker. Under-side dark ferruginous; markings as above; but the marginal and submarginal lines, base of costal margin, and streak near base of hind-wing also white. Hab. Nepal (General Hardwicke). In Collection British Mu- seum, 12. Nepris Vixast, Horsfield. Neptis Vikasi, Horsfield, Catalogue of Lep. Mus. E. I. C. (1829) t. 5. f. 2, 2a; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i. p. 165. Limenitis Vikasi, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 94. Athyma Vikasi, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 274. n. 10. Hab. Java; Darjeeling; N. India. In most collections. 13. Nertis Cotumetia. (Pl. XLIX. f. 5.) Papilio Columella, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 296. f. A, B (1782). Limenitis Columella, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. . 95. ; Neptis Columella, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 272. n. 7; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. C.i. p. 166. Acca Columena, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44. Hab. Darjeeling, N. India; China; Ceylon; and specimens from the Island of Lombok, which I have examined, are also identical. In Collection British Museum, East India Company, W.W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 14. Neptis Jumsa, Moore. Neptis Jumba, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 167. pl. 4a. f. 5 (1857). Neptis Jumba. Upper-side smoky-black ; fore-wing with a nar- row longitudinal streak, and a parallel triangular spot, white; a transverse curved row of interrupted white spots, from apical third of costal margin to near middle of posterior margin, composed of two very narrow longitudinal spots on the costal margin, beneath which are two large spots, then a very small streak, then two large spots, and lastly two narrower spots terminating on posterior margin; be- tween this band of spots and exterior margin are two rows of more 8 or less defined lunular-shaped white spots, these being bounded exte- riorly by a row of deep black ; hind-wing with a broad white band from costal to abdominal margin, being intersected by the veins; near outer margin a row of ill-defined white lunulated marks, bounded exteriorly by deep black, then a submarginal row of black lines ; between the white band and row of lunated white marks is a broad band of black. Under-side ferruginous; fore-wing with markings as above, but the four rows of markings along exterior margin white, and suffused at the apex and near the middle with ferruginous ; hind-wing with the broad white band; abdominal margin, base of costal margin, and broadly across parallel with the band, suffused with white; a marginal and two submarginal rows of whitish marks, between which and the broad band is a series of fine dark ferruginous spots from abdominal margin, and terminating in white marks on costal margin. Body above black, beneath white. Sexes alike. Expanse 22 to 25 inches. Hab. Darjeelng, N. India; Ceylon. In Museum East India Company, British Museum, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 15. Neptis Heriopora. Papilio Heliodora, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 212. f. E, F (1782) (nec Fabr. 1793). Acca Heliodora, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. f. 44. Nymphalis Helicopis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pf. 431 (1819). Athyma Helicopis, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 274. n. 3. Hab. Moluceas ; Amboyna (Cramer). Remark.—I have not as yet seen any example of this species. It is allied to the following. 16. Nepris SHerHerpt. (Pl. L. f. 1.) Limenitis Shepherdi, Newman, MS.—Upper-side brownish-black ; fore-wing, with discoidal streak in two portions, the first being indi- stinct, the second a triangular spot ; oblique spots from costal margin near apex, two larger spots on middle of the disc, and an elongated spot and a small dot above it on posterior margin, a submarginal row of spots and second outer very indistinct row, white ; hind-wing with broad white transverse band from near middle of anterior to middle of abdominal margin; marginal lines pale brown. Under-side fer- ruginous-brown, suffused in parts with paler brown ; fore-wing with base of costal margin yellow; markings as above, but the first por- tion of discoidal streak more distinct, the discal spots somewhat smaller, and between marginal row of spots and outer margin are two rows of narrow white linear marks; hind-wing with transverse white band ; three and an indistinct fourth row of narrow marginal lines ; base of anterior margin and below costal vein whitish. Expanse 23 inches. Hab. New South Wales, Australia. In Collection British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 9 17. Nertris Soma, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 6.) Neptis Soma, n. sp.—Allied to, but differs from, Neptis Nandina, on the upper-side, in baving the discoidal streak narrower, and the curved row of seven spots are much smaller, being only half their size, and are wider apart; the submarginal row of spots is also smaller ; the bands on hind-wing are also narrower; on the under- side the colour is of a deep maroon, the markings as in upper-side, but those on the hind-wing less straight. Sexes alike. Expanse from 23 to 22 inches. Hab. Silhet, N. India. In Collection British Museum, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 18. Nepris Nanprina, Moore. Neptis Nandina, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 168. pl. 4 a. f. 7 (1857). Neptis Nandina.—Upper-side black ; markings white ; fore-wing with discoidal streak in two entire portions; the curved row of seven spots broadly interrupted ; and a submarginal row of small less- defined spots ; hind-wing with inner band, and narrow outer row of less-defined square spots; indistinct marginal line and line between the bands brown. Under-side deep chocolate-brown, with markings as above, but more defined and of a brighter colour; those of the hind-wing rather straight, except the marginal and submarginal lines, which are gently curved. Sexes alike. Expanse 2} to 22 inches. Hab. Darjeeling, Assam, N. India; Java. In Museum East India Company, British Museum, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Remark.—This species may be known from Neptis Aceris by the deep chocolate colour of the under-side, by the anterior margin of hind-wing being evenly arched to beyond the middle, and by all the markings on this wing being nicely and evenly curved, more evenly than is shown in the figure. 19. Nepris ACERIS. Papilio Aceris, Esper, Ausl. Schmett, t. 81. cont. 31. f. 3, 4; t. 82. f. 1 (1785) ; Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 52; id. Ent. Syst. iil. pt. 1. p. 245. Nymphalis Aceris, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 430. Acca Aceris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44. Limenitis Aceris, Boisduval, Icon. Hist. t. 18. f. 2; id. Ind. Méth. p. 16; E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 95; Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 11. p. 428. Neptis Aceris, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282) ; Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. t. 7. f.9; Westwood in Double- day and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 271. n. 5; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 168. Papilio Plautilla, Wibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 99, 100 1805). c es Matuta, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Neptis Matuta, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 272. n. 6. 10 Papilio Leucothoé, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 296. f. E, F (nec Linn.) ; Donovan, Ins. of China, Ist edit. t. 35. f. 3 (nee Linn.). Limenitis Eurynome, Westwood in 2nd edit. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 66. t. 35. f. 3. Athyma Eurynome, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diur- nal Lep. p. 274. n. 2. Hab. Germany ; Hungary ; South Russia; North-western, North- eastern, Central, and Southern India; Ceylon; China; Madjico Sima; Pinang, Malacca, Java, Borneo, Manilla. In most collections. Remark.—After carefully examining a number of specimens of this species from all the localities above enumerated, I am enabled to say that I can detect no difference between the alleged species Aceris, Matuta, and Eurynome. Specimens measuring in expanse from 14 to 23 inches are obtained from the same locality, and the Chinese specimens are generally larger, some being 23 inches in expanse ; those from the latter locality have been named Hurynome by Mr. Westwood, the ¢ype-specimen of which I have examined. 20. Neptis Ipa, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 7.) Neptis Ida, n. sp.—Upper-side dusky brown; fore-wing with discoidal streak, and curved series of white spots as in Neptis Aceris ; marginal, submarginal and third inner row of small white spots ; hind-wing with broad inner band, and narrower outer row of widel separated spots, white; a marginal line of narrow whitish marks ; line between the two bands pale brown. Under-side pale ferru- ginous, markings as above, all white and broader. Expanse 22 inches. Hab. Celebes or Mindanao. In the Collection of W. W. Saun- ders, Esq., and W.C. Hewitson, Esq. This beautiful species was recently brought home by Madame Ida Pfeiffer. 21. Nepris Duryopana, Moore. (PI. XLIX. f. 8.) Neptis Duryodana, un. sp.—Differs from Bornean specimens of Nep. Aceris, in being of a much blacker colour on the upper-side, the markings also being much whiter; and in the under-side being brown, where the inner band of the hind-wing does not extend to the inner margin as in that species, and the marginal and submar- ginal lines are more curved. Expanse 21 inches. Hab. Borneo. In collection of British Museum, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 22. Neptis Nata, Moore. Neptis Nata, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.i. p. 168. pl. 4 a, f. 6 (1857). Neptis Nata.—Upper-side deep black, markings very white ; fore- wing with discoidal streak long, in two portions ; curved series of spots small; hind-wing with the bands narrow. Under-side dusky brown; inner band of hind-wing not extended to anterior margin ; ll a marginal line only between outer band and exterior margin, the submarginal line being obsolete. Sexes alike. Expanse 2% inches. Hab. Singapore and Borneo. In Collection East India Company, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W.C. Hewitson, Esq. Genus Atayma, Westwood. Athyma, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p- 272 (1850). Acca, pt., Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. Biblis, pt., Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. ; Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. (1829). Limenitis, pt., E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. 1. Arpyma LEvCcOoTHO:E. Papilio Leucothoé, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. 292; id. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. ii. p. 780; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 129; Sulzer, Hist. Ins. t. 18. f. 2, 3. Nymphalis Leucothoé, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 430. Acca Leucothoé, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44. Biblis Leucothoé, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. t. 8. f. 3. Limenitis Leucothoé, Westwood in Donovan’s Ins. of China, 2nd edit. t. 35. f. 4; Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 11. p. 428; E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 94. Athyma Leucothoé, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Di- urnal Lep. p. 273; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 170. Papilio Eriosine, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 203. f. E. F. Najas hilaris Erosine, Hibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. Band. Papilio Polyzena, Donovan, Ins. of China, Ist edit. t. 35. f. 4 (1798). Hab. N. India; China; Java; Sumatra. In most collections. Remark.—The specimens of Athyma Leucothoé from Java are generally smaller than those from India, and have the central band broader and the portions closer together. Sexes alike. 2. ATHYMA OPALINA, Lymenitis opalina, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2. p. 427 1844). Athyma opalina, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 274. n. 5; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C.i. p. 171. pl. 5a. f. 2. Hab. Darjeeling; Masuri (Kollar and Hearsey). In Collection East India Company, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Remark.—This species may be distinguished by the discoidal streak being divided into four portions, as in Athyma Leucothoé, and by the deep ferruginous colour of the under-side being suffused 12 in parts with grey and greyish brown. Expanse 22 to 22 inches. Sexes alike. 3. Atoyma Banuta, Moore. (PI. L. f. 2.) Athyma Bahula, nu. sp.’—Allied on the upper-side to Athyma opalina, and, like that species, on the fore-wing has the discoidal streak divided into four portions, but which differs in being narrow and the terminal portion being much elongated, whereas in A. opa- lina this portion is short; it has also a distinct submarginal row of linear spots ; the bands are also narrower throughout ; on the under- side this species differs in the fore-wing in haying the portions of the discoidal streak divided by a blackish line, and a distinct mar- ginal and submarginal row of spots; space between the markings blackish ; on the hind-wing between the curved precostal streak and inner band are some short blackish lines: in Ath. opalina, on the inner band from the middle of its lower margin, there is a descending greyish portion to abdominal margin, whereas in Ath. Bahula this is wanting ; space between the two bands with blackish patches ; a distinct marginal row of linear spots. Expanse 23 to 24 inches. Sexes alike. Hab. Sylhet. In British Museum Collection, and W. C. Hewit- son, Esq. 4, Aruyma LARYMNA. Limenitis Larymna, EK. Doubleday, MS. Athyma Larymna, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diur- nal Lep. p. 274. n. 7. t. 35. f. 1 (1850) ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. BekOsi, p2 172. Hab. Borneo. In Collection East India Company, British Mu- seum, and W. W. Saunders, Esq. Remark.—In this fine species, recently sent home by Mr. Wal- lace, the sexes are alike. 5. Aruyma Reta, Moore. (PI. L.f. 3.) Athyma Reta, un. sp.—Allied to, but differs from Ath. Kresna in having the discoidal streak somewhat narrower, the three oblique spots near the apex and the three to the posterior margin much larger, there also being a small spot between these two series ; mar- ginal lines very indistinct ; bands on the hind-wing rather broad ; markings of the under-side as in above. Expanse 23 inches. Hab. Sumatra (Raffles). In the collections of Dr. Horsfield and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. ; 6. Aruyma Kresna, Moore. (PI. L. f. 4.) Athyma Kresna,n.sp. Male.—Upper-side blackish-brown ; fore- wing with discoidal streak in three portions, the third portion largest and triangular; an oblique transverse row of three spots near the apex; a large spot in middle of disc, and two smaller spots on middle of posterior margin, bluish-white; a submarginal row of 13 small ill-defined whitish spots ; hind-wing with inner band and nar- rower outer row of spots, bluish-white ; a narrow marginal line to both wings, light brown. Under-side brown, with markings as above, but all less defined, except the marginal line, which is whitish. Expanse 2,5;. Body with collar and band across abdomen white. Hab. Borneo; Sumatra. In Collection British Museum. Allied to Ath. Larymna, Dbl., but distinguished by its smaller size and white markings, the discoidal streak in that species being in four portions. 7. AtaymA Nerre. (PI.L. f. 5.) ? Papilio Nefte, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 256.f. E. F. (1782). Pantoporia Nefte, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44. Nymphalis Nefte, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 429. Limenitis Nefte, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. t. 8 (4 B.). f. 6; E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 93. Athyma Nefte, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 274.n. 11; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 173. Hab. Java; Borneo. In Museum East India Company, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Remark.—The male of Athyma Nefte has all the markings of the upper-side white, these in the female being orange-coloured. 8. Aruyma Asira, Moore. Anthyma Asita, n.sp. Male.—Differs from Ath. Inara on the upper-side of the fore-wing in having the basal portion of the dis- coidal streak white ; the submarginal row of spots being ferruginous at the apex of the wing only, the rest being white ; and on the hind- wing in having both bands white. Under-side with markings coloured as in upper-side. Expanse 22 inches. Hab. Unknown, probably N. India. In Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq. Remark.—This species is intermediate between Athyma Nefte and Ath. Inara. Female unknown. 9. ArnyMA Inara. (PI. L. f. 6.) g Limenitis Inara, E. Doubleday, MS. $ Athyma Inara, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 274. t. 34. f. 3 (1850) ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. . 173. ' Hab. Darjeeling, N. India. In Collection East India Company, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Remark.—The female of Athyma Inara has all the markings on the upper-side orange colour, as in that sex of Ath. Nefte. 10. Arayma Susrata, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 1.) Athyma Subrata, n. sp. Female.—Upper-side deep brown, with the markings disposed as in the female of Athyma Nefte; but they are all narrower, and instead of being of a deep orange colour, are 14 suffused with very pale brown. The under-side is also much darker, being of a light smoky-brown, with all the markings white. Ex- panse 2} inches. Hab. Malacca, Sumatra. In Collection British Museum, and W. W. Saunders, Esq. 11. Arayma Cama, Moore. Athyma Cama, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.i. p. 174. pl. 5 a. f.53 Q (1857). Athyma Cama. Male.—Upper-side velvety-black ; fore-wing with a brown marginal and submarginal line ; discoidal streak indistinet, ferruginous, and dusted over with black; near the apex a ferrugi- nous spot; two oblique spots from subcostal vein on one-third of the wing from the apex, and a band of three spots from middle of wing to posterior margin, joining a band across the hind-wing, white, bordered with blue ; on the hind-wing also a marginal and submar- ginal brown line. Body black, with a broad white band across base of abdomen, also a pale ferruginous line across the thorax. Under- side pale ferruginous, markings purplish-white; the curved band as above; fore-wing with a long broad irregular discoidal streak, a sub- marginal and indistinct marginal line; a black patch near the base of wing, and another near posterior angle ; hind-wing with a curved line near base of wing, and a rather broad outer band, a marginal row of marks ; some patches of brown between outer and inner band. Body and abdominal margin broadly grey. Female.—Upper-side black; markings ferruginous; fore-wing with a long discoidal streak ; an oblique band from anterior to near middle of exterior margin, and nearly joining a band running to middle of posterior margin ; a marginal and submarginal brown line, the latter ferruginous anteriorly and posteriorly ; hind-wing with a broad inner and narrower outer band ; also a marginal brown line. Body black, with a white band across the base of abdomen, and tinged below the band with ferruginous ; also a pale white collar. Under- side ferruginous ; markings as in the male, but pinky-white, except marginal and submarginal lines, which are purplish-white. Expanse of wings in male 24 to 27 inches, female 3 inches. Hab. Darjeeling, N. India. In. Museum East India Company, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Remark.—The male of Athyma Cama may at once be known from that sex of Ath. Selenophora in having on the upper-side a ferrugi- nous spot close to the apex, and the band on the fore-wing being composed of three spots. 12, AraymMaA SELENOPHORA. 3 Limenitis Selenophora, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 14: p- 426. t. 7. f. 1, 2 (1844); Westwood in Doubleday and Hewit- son’s Diurnal Lep. p. 276. n. 8. Athyma Selenophora, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i. p. 175. Hab. Masuri (Kollar); Darjeeling. In Collection East India ————— 15 Company, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Remark.—The male of this species may be distinguished from Ath. Cama on the upper-side by having the oblique subapical spots narrower, and the band on the fore-wing being composed of four spots; in the under-side being of a darker ferruginous colour, and the streak along discoidal cell being divided into “four portions, and in having darker black blotches ; also in having on the hind-wing four short black lines disposed between the inner band and discoidal vein. Expanse of male 2 inches. Female unknown, but would have the markings above ferruginous. 13. ArayMA RanGa, Moore. Athyma Ranga, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. p. 175. pl. 5 a f. 6 (1857). Athyma Ranga.—Upper-side smoky-black ; fore-wing with a curved interrupted white band from anterior margin, one-third from the apex, to middle of posterior margin, being composed of eight spots, the first on anterior margin very narrow, second, third and fourth elongate conical, the fourth being the shortest ; fifth triangular and broadly divided from the fourth ; sixth broad, largest, and nearly square ; seventh narrower and broadly divided from the sixth ; and eighth long and narrow; a marginal and submarginal row of rather indistinct whitish spots ; base of wing covered with indistinct white spots ; hind-wing with broad inner band, intersected by the veins ; an outer or submarginal row of broad conic-shaped indistinct white spots ; a marginal row of very indistinct spots, also indistinct spots at the base of wing; abdominal margin whitish. Body dark brown: abdomen with two rows of small white spots. Under-side with the markings the same and very distinct; body and abdominal margin greenish-white. Expanse 23 inches. Sexes alike. Hab. Darjeeling. In Museum East India Company, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 14. Aroyma Mauesa, Moore. Athyma Mahesa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 176. pl. 5a. f. 7 (1857). Athyma Mahesa. Male.—Upper-side smoky-black ; fore-wings with a green gloss in some lights ; fore-wing with three white ovate spots obliquely from subcostal vein one-third from the apex; two white spots in middle of the wing, the upper one very small, and two white spots on middle of posterior margin, the upper oval, the lower narrow ; two indistinct white spots in discoidal cell, and some indi- stinct greenish spots at the base of the wing; a marginal and sub- marginal row of light brown spots; hind- -wing with an inner white band, divided by the veins, ca an outer or submarginal row of in- distinct brownish-white conic-shaped spots; also a very indistinct marginal row of small light brown spots. Body brown; abdomen 16 with two rows of white spots. Under side paler, tinged with ferru- ginous about the disc ; markings the same, but all very distinct, and more or less white; the spots within discoidal cell and base of fore- wing divided by black marks ; base of costal margin yellowish-white ; hind-wing with space between precostal and costal vein yellowish- white; a curved oval black mark, whitish within, between the costal vein and inner band; a row of black patches between inner and outer band. Body and broadly on abdominal margin yellowish-grey. Expanse 2¢ inches. Hab. Darjeeling. In Museum East India Company, and Hopeian Collection at Oxford. ¢ Remark.—This species may be known from Athyma Ranga by its larger size and much narrower band. 15. Arayma Asrasa, Moore. (PI. L. f. 7.) Athyma Abiasa, n. sp. Male.—Upper-side black; markings bluish-white ; fore-wing with an indistinct narrow streak from base, and a large spot near extremity of the discoidal cell; an indistinct narrow transverse disco-cellular line; three spots obliquely from subcostal vein one-third from the apex, the third spot being minute ; two spots in middle of the disc, the upper one small, the lower very large, also a large spot on middle of posterior margin ; also a sub- marginal row of very small whitish spots; hind-wing with rather broad inner band, and outer row of recurved small triangular spots ; an indistinct brown marginal line. A band of white across base of abdomen. Under-side dusky-brown, marked as above, with the mar- ginal lines plainer. Expanse 2 inches. Hab. Java. In British Museum Collection. 16. Aruyma Iprta, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 3.) Athyma Idita, n. sp. Male.—Upper-side blackish-brown ; mark- ings bluish-white ; fore-wing with the discoidal streak in two portions, the first narrow, the second somewhat round; from subcostal vein curving to middle of posterior margin a series of seven spots, the upper two oval, rather long, the third the smallest, fourth larger, the third and fourth widely separated from second and fifth, fifth largest, nearly round, outwardly oblique, sixth and seventh irregu- larly shaped; a submarginal row of narrow indistinct marks, that at the posterior angle being largest ; hind-wing with inner band, and narrow row of six rather square spots curving upward and outward from near abdominal angle, the last spot near anterior angle centred with a dark brown dot. Front of thorax beautifully variegated with ferruginous, green, brown and blue; base of abdomen with broad bluish-white band. Under-side very deep ferruginous ; fore-wing having the discoidal streak with black transverse margins and an ill- defined third portion: curved row of spots as above; a submarginal row of large white, black-centred spots; a submarginal and mar- ginal line of white marks ; some dusky patches along posterior mar- gin ; the large portion of the discoidal streak and submarginal row 17 of spots with purple reflexions ; hind-wing with curved streak near the base, inner band, outer row of recurved spots, submarginal line of lunular marks, and marginal row of spots, white ; abdominal mar- gin greyish. Expanse 24 inches. Hab. Java? In the Collection of the British Museum, Dr. Hors- field, and J. O. Westwood, Esq. 17. AtpyMa Kanwa, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 2.) Athyma Kanwa, n. sp. Female.—Upper-side brown-black ; fore- wing with discoidal streak in two portions, the first long, slightly clavate, the second large and triangular; two small oval oblique spots near the apex, the two outer the smallest; a round spot in middle of the dise, and a spot and a dot on middle of posterior mar- gin; an ill-defined submarginal row of narrow marks, white ; hind- wing with inner and outer narrow band, white, divided by the vein- lets ; also an indistinct pale brown submarginal line. Under-side paler, with darker patches between the veins; markiugs as above. Body with two transverse bluish-white bands. Expanse 22 to 24 inches. Hab. Borneo. In Collection British Museum, and East India Company. 18. Arayma Asura, Moore. Athyma Asura, Moore, Catal. Mus. E.1.€. i. p. 171. pl. 5a. f. 1 (1857). Athyma Asura.—Upper-side smoky-brown; markings creamy- white ; fore-wing with a narrow discoidal streak, which is terminated at a short distance by an angular mark ; a band of spots curving out- wards from anterior to middle of posterior margin, the first spot commencing as a very narrow line, second and third long and oval, fourth the smallest, fifth somewhat larger and rounded, sixth larger still and oval, seventh the largest, square, indented at the side, eighth narrow and on posterior margin ; a submarginal row of well- defined lunular marks, terminated on the apex of the wing by an inner row of three small spots; hind-wing with a broad imer band, also a less broad band from abdominal to anterior angle, this being intersected by the veinlets, and having a single black spot in the middle between each veinlet; marginal line in both wings pale brown. Body with a narrow bluish-white collar and band across the base of the abdomen. Under-side bright ferruginous ; markings as above, but the fore-wing has the submarginal row of marks broad, and having a black spot in the middle of each ; also a marginal row of small spots ; some black lines bordering the discoidal marks, also a small black circle near base of wing, and a patch of black on pos- terior margin near the angle; hind-wing with the inner and spotted outer band the same as above; a bluish-green curved line across the base of wing, and a marginal row of lunular spots. Body and upper part of abdominal margin bluish-green, Sexes alike. Expanse 3 inches. No. CCCXLVITI.— Proceepincs or tuk ZooLoGIcAL Sociery. 18 Hab. N. India. In Collection India House, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., W. C. Hewitson, Esq., and Hopeian Museum at Oxford. Remark.—This species may be distinguished from all others by the outer band on the hind-wings having a central spot between each vein. 19. ATHYMA SULPITIA. Papilio Sulpitia, Cramer, Pap. Fxot. iii. t. 214. f. E. F (1782), nec Fabr. Acca Sulpitia, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44. Nymphalis Strophia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. f. 431 (1819). Athyma Strophia, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diur- nal Lep. p. 274. n. 4. Hab. China. In Collection W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 20. ATHYMA SANKARA. Limenitis Sankara, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 11. p. 428 (1844). Hab. Masuri, N. W. India (Kollar). Remark.—We have been unable to identify this species from the description by Kollar. . 21. Arayma Jina, Moore. Athyma Jina, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 172. pl. 5a. f 3 (1857). Athyma Jina. Male. — Upper-side smcky-brown; markings creamy-white ; fore-wing with the discoidal streak entire, long, broad and thickening to the extremity ; a series of seven spots from subcostal vein, curving outward to middle of posterior margin, the first being small, second larger, broader, third narrow, fourth small, fifth larger, oval, sixth the largest, somewhat square and indented at the side, seventh narrow, elongated, triangular; a submarginal row of rather indistinct spots, those on the apex broadest ; hind- wing with inner band somewhat narrow; outer band composed of broad lunulated spots. Band at the base of the abdomen whitish. Under-side brilliant ferruginous, posterior margin of the fore-wing blackish ; markings the same as above, but the fore-wing with an additional spot on costal margin to the curved row ; extreme exterior margin blackish, bounded inwardly by a submarginal row of white lines; hind-wing with the inner band extending across abdominal margin ; space between base of wing and costal vein white ; extreme exterior margin blackish, bounded inwardly by a marginal row of narrow lunular marks. Body white. Expanse 3 inches. Hab. Darjeeling, N. India. In Museum East India Company. Remark.—This species may at once be distinguished by the dis- coidal streak being entire. yy ne 19 22. ArnyMA Pravara, Moore. Athyma Pravara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 173. pl. 5 a. f. 4 (1857). Athyma Pravara.—Upper-side smoky-brown , markings creamy- white ; fore-wing with an enfire club-shaped streak ; a transverse row of spots curving outward from costal vein towards the apex, to middle of posterior margin, the first and second spot being rather large and square, the third much smaller, the fourth a mere dot, the fifth the largest and oval, the sixth large and indented at the sides, the last narrow ; a row of submarginal linear-shaped spots, more or less distinct ; hind-wing with a broad inner band, and a narrow band of spots curving outwardly from anal angle to anterior angle ; a submarginal line and abdominal margin light brown. Body with a narrow bluish-white band across the thorax, and another across the base of the abdomen. Under-side paler brown, with markings as above, but with dark-brown patches between the markings. Body and abdominal margin greyish. Sexes alike. Expanse 2+ inches. Hab. Java; Borneo. In Museum East India Company, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 23. ArHyMA [LuicreRA. (PI. LI. f. 4.) Limenitis Illigera, Escholtz in Kotzebue’s Voy. t. 8. f. 17. Neptis Illigera.—Upper-side brown-black; fore-wing with ill- defined brownish-white entire discoidal streak ; a large spot crossed by a vein in middle of the disc, and a small spot on middle of pos- terior margin, white; also several transverse series of small white spots at the apex; hind-wing with a broad white inner band; an indistinct narrower outer band, marginal line and line between the bands, pale brown. Under-side as above, with all the markings white. Sexes alike. Expanse 21 inches. Hab. Manilla. In collection British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 24. AruymMA Dama, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 5.) Athyma Dama, n.sp. Female.—Upper-side brown-black ; fore- wing with narrow straight line within discoidal cell, and a parallel large longitudinally oval spot white, the narrow line tinged at the base with yellow ; two small subapical spots, a larger spot on lower art of disc, and two narrow spots on posterior margin, white; an ill-defined brownish-white marginal and submarginal spotted line ; hind-wing with broad white inner band, and a narrow outer band, marginal line, and line between the bands, pale brown. Under-side as above, but tinged with ferruginous; all the markings white. Ex- panse 1,5, inch. Hab. Manilla. In collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 25. Arnyma Kasa, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 6.) Athyma Kasa, n. sp. Female.—Upper-side smoky brown ; fore- 20 wing with ill-defined whitish discoidal streak, in three portions ; from costal margin near the apex three narrow spots, oblique; im middle of disc two large spots, and two on middle of posterior mar- gin, broad, white ; an indistinct marginal and submarginal pale brown line, the latter anteriorly spotted with white ; hind-wing with broad white inner band, and very narrow line of whitish lunulate marks, bounded above with a lunular black spot ; an indistinct black line between the band and the latter; an indistinct pale brown mar- ginal line. Under-side ochreous-red, with darker margins, markings as above, the interstices with patches of black; spots at base of ~ wings, and row of spots within the outer band and another row be- tween the two bands of the hind-wing, black ; marginal lines white. Abdominal margin and body greenish-grey. Expanse 3 inches. Hab. Philippine Islands. In British Museum Collection. 26. Arayma Gutama, Moore. (Pl. LI. f. 7.) Athyma Gutama, nu. sp. Female.—Upper-side smoky-black ; fore-wing with ill-defined brownish-white discoidal streak, straight, entire ; three oblique spots from costal margin near the apex, and three to the middle of posterior margin, white, the first of the latter being large and oval, the second square, the third narrow; an ill- defined margin and submarginal brownish-white lines, the submar- ginal anteriorly being spotted with white; hind-wing with broad white inner band, and narrow brownish-white outer band; marginal line and line between the band brownish. Under-side rather paler, with markings as in upper-side, but more defined and all white, ex- cept the line between the bands of the hind-wing and an irregular line outside the oblique spots of the fore-wing, which are ochreous. Expanse 23 inches. Hab. Manilla; Philippine Isles. In collections of the British Museum, and W. W. Saunders, Esq. 27. ATHYMA VENILIA. Papilio Venilia, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10. n. 120 (1767); Clerck, Icon. t. 32. f. 4; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 134; Cramer, Pap. Exot. ni. t. 219. f. B. @. Nymphalis Venilia, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 433. Hab. Java; Ceram or Amboyna (Madame Pfeiffer). In collec- tion British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Ksq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq. 3. Descriptions, or ELeven New Species or Lanp-SHEtts, FROM THE CoLLECTION oF H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER. ~ (Mollusca, Pl. XL.) 1. Hevix Wauvacet, Pfr. T. subperforata, subconoideo-depressa, solidula, leviter striata, pallide isabellina, fusco-unizonata et froc.£. 3. Mollusca AL 6 10 | Cylindrella eximia, 2 Bulimus Marie , } : i, uP oy 5 tl W.ll.- Helix ickn 4 H furchasn: Jt Wallace: 6 i! tesiud / li conérna & Achatime la vemnia; 9A.cinnamomea; 10.A2mnuscula; ILA sulcata Par W West Imy 21 punctis pellucidis nigricantibus conspersa; spira convexa, vertice subtili, prominulo ; sutura albo-marginata ; anfr. 5 vix convexius- culi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus antice deflexus, basi palli- dior, obsolete spiraliter sulcatus ; apertura obliqua, late lunari- ovalis, intus saturate caslanea ; perist. rectum, marginibus re- motis, columellari ad perforationem in laminam triangularem re- flevo. Diam. maj. 31, min. 264, alt. 17 mill. 8. Minor, punctis pellucidis pallidis, apertura intus alba, castaneo- unifasciata. Hab. Macassar (Mr. Wallace). 2. Hexix restupo, Pfr. 7. imperforata, trochiformis, solidula, striatula et rugis obliquis decussata, pallide isabellina, maculis et flammis fuscis picta ; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; sutura cari- nato-marginata ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus acute carinatus, superne tumidus, antice vix deflexus, basi subplanulatus ; apertura perobliqua, rhombeo-lunaris ; perist. al- bidum, margine supero expanso, basali reflexo, columellari lato, planato, adnato. Diam. maj. 35, min. 28, alt. 17 mill. Hab. Madagascar. 3. Hetrx conerua, Pfr. T. imperforata, trochiformis, solidula, striatula, carnea, fasciis fuscis varie picta; spira subconcavo- conica, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr. 6 conveviusculi, ultimus irregu- lariter inflatus, vir descendens, distinctius costulato-striatus, basi planiusculus, nitidior ; apertura diagonalis, subtetragono-ovalis ; perist. nigro-castaneum, expansum, extus striga lateritia cinctum, marginibus callo nigricante junctis, dextro dilatato, columellari lato, complanato. Diam. maj. 29, min. 25, alt. 24 mill. Hab. Admiralty Islands (Dr. Purchas). 4. Hextrx Purcuast, Pfr. T. imperforata, globoso-depressa, tenuissima, confertissime plicatula et sub lente subdecussata, eneo- micans, pellucida, pallide cornea ; spira breviter conoidea, obtusa; sutura marginata; anfr. vir 34 planiusculi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, medio carina compressa, acuta, alba mu- nitus, subtus inflatus, basi gibbosus ; apertura ampla, obliqua, late angulato-lunaris ; perist. tenue, breviter reflecum, margine colu- mellari arcuato, compresso, subcalloso, juxta foveam centralem non dilatato. Diam. maj. 23, min. 17}, alt. 13} mill. Hab. Admiralty Islands (Dr. Purchas). 5. Heurx Frickt, Pfr. 1. late umbilicata, lentiformis, tenuiuscula, striata, corneo-lutescens, strigis et maculis rufis orpata; spira breviter conoidea ; sutura marginata, subexcavata; anfr. 7 plani vel concaviusculi, ullimus subdeflexus, acute carinatus, circa um- 22 bilicum (4 diametri superantem) tumidulus ; apertura obliqua, securiformis, ringens ; lamellis 2 in pariete aperturali, nulla in margine columellari, 4 minoribus in basali, 1 in supero ; perist. rectum, acutum. Diam. maj. 8, min. 73, alt. 3 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). Differt ab H. lamellosa, Fér., sculptura, umbilico lato et deficiente plica columellari. 6. AcHATINELLA (NEWCoMBIA) CINNAMOMEA, Pfr. T’. imper- forata, sinistrorsa, fusiformi-turrita, solidula, opaca, longitudina- liter plicatula, spiraliter sublirata et brevissime granulata, cinna- momea ; spira elongata, subrectilinearis, apice acutiuscula ; sutura subsimplex ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, superi fusco et albido mar- morati, ultimus 2. longitudinis subequans, infra medium attenuatus, castaneus ; columella simplex, recedens ; apertura parum obliqua, semiovalis, basi subangulata ; perist. simplex, rectum, acutum. Long. 19, diam. 5 mill.; ap. 72 mill. longa, 3 lata. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). 7. ACHATINELLA (Newcomsia) GEMMA, Pfr. 1. subimperfo- rata, sinistrorsa, oblongo-turrita, solidiuscula, striatula et spira- liter lirata (liris planiusculis, conferte sulcatis), alba ; spira tur- rita, apice acutiuscula ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 7, superi plani, obsolete fusco-variegati, sequentes convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, medio lira acutiore subcarinatus ; colu- mella leviter plicata ; apertura parum obliqua, obauriformis ; perist. subsimplex, margine columellari subreflexo, externo expan- siusculo. Log. 17, diam. 64 mill.; ap. 7 mill. longa, 3 lata. B. Fulvo-lutescens, anfractibus superis saturate corneo-strigatis. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). 8. ACHATINELLA (NEwcomBtia) suLcata, Pfr. T. subperforata sinistrorsa, oblongo-turrita, solidula, striatula et liris confertis, in anfr. superioribus compressis, tum rotundatis cincta, castanea, nitidula ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice acutiuscula ; sutura subsimplex ; anfr. fere 6 planiusculi, supremi albo-flammulati, ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, basi saccatus, saturatius casta- neus ; columella levissime plicata; apertura obliqua, acuminato- ovalis ; perist. tenue, margine columellari superne dilatato, re- flexo, externo expansiusculo. Long. 123, diam. 52 mill. ; ap. 52 mill. longa, 3+ lata. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). 9, ACHATINELLA (NEWcomBIA) MINUSCULA, Pfr. 1’. subimper- Sorata, sinistrorsa, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, sub lente minute de- cussata, vie nitidula, fuscescenti-albida ; spira turrito-conica, apice obtusiuscula ; sutura simplex ; anfr. 5 vix conveaiusculi, mediani fusco-variegati, ultimus spira paulo brevior, fascia fusca 23 circumdatus et basi rotundata fusco-areolatus ; columella viz pli- cata ; apertura parum obliqua, semiovalis ; perist. simplex, acu- tum, margine columellari superne dilatato, refiexo. Long. 10, diam. 5 mill. ; ap. 44 mill. longa, 22 lata. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). 10. CyninpRELLA ExiMIA, Pfr. TJ. vir rimata, cylindraceo- turrita, solidula, confertissime subgranulato-striata, opaca, pallide violaceo-fulvida ; spira sensim attenuata, late truncata ; anfr. superst. 8 viv convexiusculi, supra suluram interstitiis nudis sub- crenati, ultimus vix solutus, basi acute carinatus ; apertura sub- circularis, basi angulata ; perist. tenue, undique expansiusculum, Long. 27, diam. medio 7} mill. ; ap. diam. 5 mill. Hab. ——? 11. Butrmus Maria, Albers. T. anguste umbilicata, oblongo- conica, solida, sublevigata, alba, punctis et strigis obsoletis corneis plerumque notata; spira conica, acuta; anfr. 61 conveviusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, basi vix attenuatus ; columella plica parvula, dentiformi munita; apertura vix obliqua, acuminato- oblonga, intus fusca; perist. rectum, margine dexctro leviter ar- cuato, columellari sursum dilatato, patente. Long. 33, diam. 14-15 mill. ; ap. 16-17 mill. longa, 7} lata. {. Anfractibus superis corneis, lacteo punctato-strigatis, ultimo strigis lacteis denticulatis et violaceo-corneis alternantibus picto. Hab. Texas. 4. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CYRENA FROM CEYLON, AND OF NEW SrpHonari2. By Syivanus Han ey, F.L.S., ere. Cyrena TENNENTI. Testa ovato-subtrigona, solida, ventricosa, inequilaterali, sublevigata, epidermide tenui impolita fusco- lutescente vestita: umbonibus tumidis, decorticatis, valde pro- minentibus, vie obliquis; latere antico anguste rotundato ; latere postico longiore subattenuato, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato ; margine ventrali arcuato ; margine dorsali antice declivi, convexo, postice subdeclivi, convexiusculo ; lunula nulla; superficie interna albido-violascente ; dentibus lateralibus bre- vibus, validis, obtusis ; antico approximato, postico remoto: sinu palliari brevissimo, acutissimo. Long. 13 lin., lat. 18 lin. Hab, In fluvio Ariho Taprobanensi. This remarkable-looking species, which reminds one slightly of Gnathodon cuneatus, forms part of the interesting collection of Sir Emerson Tennent, who took it from the pools of the Ariho River (which flows into the Gulf of Mancar), below the great stone dam, by which it was intended to divert the water, in order to supply the Giant’s Tank. 24 I observe no species in Deshayes’s most useful, though crude, monograph, which at all resembles it in aspect. Its dentition fixes it in Cyrena proper: the hinge-margin is strong, and the cardinal teeth of the right valve peculiarly large. The inner disk, beneath the umbones, has a redder tint; there is neither a lunule, nor any indication of an umbonal ridge. SIPHONARIA BRUNNEA. S. testa solida, obovali, pyramidato- subdepressa, vel omnino brunnea, vel (in junioribus) costarum brunnearum interstitiis subalbidis ; costis permultis parvis (haud autem filiformibus) saturatioribus subrotundatis radiata; vertice alhido, subcentrali, subacuto, aliquantulum adunco ; lateribus equalibus; angulo siphonali satis conspicuo ; super- ficie interna albida, vie ad marginem crenatum brunneo colore articulata. Long. 102 lin., lat. 9 lin. Hab. In insula Bermuda. Mus. Cuming. The ouly four examples known to me are somewhat (though slightly) rubbed, so that it is difficult to say whether the moderately raised ribs are smooth or nodosely crenated. From the prevalence of interstitial costellee, especially posteriorly, the number of decided ribs (none of which are peculiarly conspicuous) seems variable with age: the range is apparently from thirty to forty. S. carso. S. testa solida, subsymmetrica, rotunduto-ovali, pyra- midato-subdepressa, extus intusque ubique picea; costis per- multis, haud autem confertis, subnodosis, et satis elevatis ra- diata: vertice centrali, recto, simplici: laterihus equalibus : margine crenato: impressione siphonali intus (vix etiam extus) conspicua. Long. 11 lin., lat. 94 lin. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming. The only individual known to me might pass externally for S. brunnea, and internally for a dwarf characteristica. From the former it is readily distinguished by the uniform and intense dark- ness of its somewhat bronzed interior, from the latter by its very numerous and close-set ribs, which are apparently equal in breadth, and more or less blunt. S. parMA. S. testa obovata, pyramidato-depressa, solida, sub- symmetrica, albida, costis permultis confertis subequalibus rotundatis muticis (vix autem levigatis) radiata ; interstitiis linearibus castaneis: lateribus cequalibus: vertice centrali, sumplici, subacuto : costa siphonifera duplici satis conspicua : pagina interna superne ferruginea, ad marginem crenatum albida. Long. 8} lin., lat. 8 lin. Hab. In Africa Occidentali. Mus. Cuming. The only individual I have seen is disposed to be much dilated posteriorly, and is livid around the prominent umbo: these charac- | } . 25 ters may prove to be accidental, and not specific. Its ribs, which are very slightly worn, have here and there a subnodulous aspect : upon the whole it approaches the typical sipho (which I regard as perfectly distinct from exigua), but is more conic, with the ribs much more elevated, and with very distinct interstitial colouring. S.exutum. S. testa parva, solida, ovali-rotundata, pyrami- dato-subdepressa, subsymmetrica, nigro-cerulescente, costis multis cinereis parvis obtusis plerumque alternatis haud confer- tim radiata: vertice centrali, levi, nigro-fuscescente, simplici, obtusiusculo : latere siphonifero aliquantulum majore : margine subintegro: pagina interna picea, ad apicem pallidiore, vel subalbida, ad marginem albido brevissime radiata. Long. 7 lin., lat. 6 lin. Hab. Norfolk Island, Mus. Hanley. Very distinct from any species known to me. In the example described there are about forty unarmed ribs, of which a dozen upon the hinder two-thirds of the shell are peculiarly prominent, and spring immediately from the erect vertex. There are indications of an epidermis, and of faint and crowded concentric striolz. S. REDIMICULUM, var. S. testa parva, tenui, ovato-oblonga, arcuato-subconica, fusco albidoque zonata ; costis elevatis, mu- ticis, subequalibus, rotundatis, subdistanter radiata ; lateribus valde inequalibus : vertice valde excentrico, postico, in juniori- bus adunco: costa siphonifera inconspicua: pagina tota interna Susco-purpurascente. Long. 6} lin., lat. 43 lin. Hab. ? Mus. Hanley. The comparative smoothness and almost uniform external colour- ing of the previously described form of this remarkable-looking shell have rendered it desirable to redescribe the species. No interstitial Sculpture is present ; the ribs scarcely exceed twenty in number. 5. A MonoGrapu or THE Genus NYCTOPHILUS. By Roserrt F. Tomes. The characters of the present genus were first briefly given by Dr. Leach in a communication to the Linnean Society in March 1820, which was not, however, published until 1822. The paper is intituled, ““The characters of seven genera of Bats with foliaceous appendages to the nose;”’ the seven genera being Artibeus, Monophyllus, Mormoops, Nyctophilus, Megaderma, Vam- pyrus, and Madateus. From the manner in which Nyctophilus is here associated with the other genera, it seems not unfair to assume that Dr. Leach re- garded it as more or less closely affined to them; and they, with the exception perhaps of Mormoops, all appertain to the Phyllostomide. M. Temminck, in his monograph of the genus, gives it as his opinion that it may properly be placed between Rhinolophus and 26 Nycteris; and Dr. Gray, although arranging it amongst the Vesper- tilionide, or Simple-nosed Bats, nevertheless places it immediately after Nycteris, which he considers as belonging to the Vespertilio- nide also. But Nycteris is thought by some zoologists to have some affinity with the Rhinolophide, and my own repeated exami- nations have convinced me that it is simply a modification of Rhino- lophus. From this it would seem that the genus Nyctophilus has always been considered by those who have studied the subject as either be- longing to the Istiophori or Leaf-nosed Bats proper, or as having some affinity with them. It will be the purpose of the present paper to show that the genus Nyctophilus is not more remote from the genus Vespertilio, than are the genera Barbastellus and Plecotus, and further to show that it is as intimately allied to the last of these as to any other genus. In the course of a very careful study which I have made of the crania of a number of examples, I have detected one or two errors in the account given of the dentition, both by Dr. Leach and M. Tem- minck. These will be pointed out in their proper place. Fam. VESPERTILIONID. Genus NycroruHiuus. The top of the head is but slightly elevated, not more so than in Plecotus auritus, and the muzzle is relatively of about the same length and substance as in that species. The forehead, between the eyes, is a little depressed, producing a slight hollow somewhat as in the genus Taphozous, but in a much less degree. The nose-leafs are simple ; the first is placed immediately above the nostrils ; it is transverse, and there is a kind of thickened line or ridge passing from the lower margin of the nostrils on each side, and uniting with its outer boundaries. The upper margin of this leaf is straight and even. The second nose-leaf is placed at a greater distance from the first, than the first is frorh the nostrils. It also is transverse, but is higher in the middle than at the sides, is much thicker in substance, and is thickly clothed with short bristly hairs. The nostrils are small and not prominent, nearly round when seen in front, but with a backward narrow extension nearly reaching to the outer margin of the first nose-leaf, when examined laterally. The ears are large,— about one-fourth longer than the head,—regularly ovoid, and one- fourth longer than wide. They are united at their bases by a piece of transverse membrane across the top of the head, as in Plecotus. This membrane is not attached to the inner edge of the ears, but to their hinder surface, so as to leave the margins free. It extends for nearly one-third of the length of the ear. The tragus is short and broad, but rather thin and membranous. Quite at its root it is nar- row; but it suddenly attains its full breadth, and taking at once a vertical direction, tapers somewhat unevenly to a narrow but rounded point. The outer margin, near to the base, is the most prominent 27 part ; it is rounded, and in some individuals with one or two pro- Jecting points. Above this prominence, about the middle of the outer margin, it is slightly hollowed or scooped out, and the inner margin has a corresponding prominent outline immediately opposite to this hollow. The tip is much narrower than any other part of the tragus, but it is nevertheless quite rounded. Although the general form of the tragus is pretty similar in all the examples I have seen, yet it appears liable to greater variations than is usual in most species of Vespertilionide. For instance, in some examples the margins, although possessing a somewhat undulating outline, are nevertheless smooth ; whilst in others the whole of the outer one is finely crenulated ; again, the tip is sometimes curved a little inwards, but in others it is quite straight. The organs of flight so exactly resemble those of the genus Ves- pertilio, that it is needless to make further remarks on them, except- ing to mention that the wing-membranes spring from the base of the toes. All the hinder extremities may be similarly dismissed. The cranium in its general appearance resembles that of several species of Vespertilionide, and so nearly, that it would be easy at first sight to confound them. The Serotine Bat of Europe, the Scotophilus Carolinensis and Vespertilio velatus of America, but more especially a species inhabiting the same country as the Nyctophilus, viz. Vesp. Tasmaniensis, may be cited as species, the crania of which are most like that of Nyctophilus. The cerebral portion is but little elevated above the facial portion, and it rounds off but very little from the vertex to the occiput, above the foramen of which is a moderately developed occipital crest, vary- ing considerably in different species. There is the same deep notch in the anterior part of the skull which is observable in Vespertilio and Scotophilus, caused by the imperfect development of the inter- maxillary bones. Immediately above this notch is a rather broad but shallow depression, occupying the position of the nasal bones. It is as deep from side to side as from before to behind; but there is one point where it runs a little deeper than elsewhere, just at the hinder ends of the nasal bones. Precisely the same kind of depres- sion occurs in the cranium of the Barbastelle Bat. But in Nycto- philus the depression is rendered more conspicuous by the somewhat more,elevated position of the malar processes. The zygomatic arches are not very much arched outwards, less so than in many species of Vespertilio, such as V. Nattereri, but quite as much so as in Plecotus. The orbits extend rather markedly for- ward, in one species almost to the root of the canine tooth, whilst the palatal portion of the maxillary bones reaches as far back as usual, so as to give a somewhat greater extent of floor to the orbit than usual. The bony palate extends backwards almost to the con- dyloid fossa; but its hinder margin is so inuch scooped out that its middle does not much exceed the middle of the zygomatic arch, in a backward direction. In this respect it resembles the same part in Plecotus ; in Barbastellus, Vespertilio, and Scotophilus it is doubly emarginate. 28 The teeth of the upper jaw, when seen from below, present two straight lines, somewhat diverging towards their hinder ends, just as in Vesp. velutus, Scot. serotinus, Scot. Carolinensis, and Barba- stellus. The two incisors are the only teeth which deviate from these lines, being placed more inward than the canines, which terminate them. Seen laterally, the upper teeth have a curved outline, bend- ing slightly upward from the root of the zygoma to the most anterior art of the intermaxillary bone. The exact form of the lower margin of the maxillary and intermaxillary bones is tolerably well indicated by the range of the teeth, as just stated ; and it may be here re- marked, that this is a point worthy of attention in the classification of the Vespertilionide. The lower jaw so closely resembles that of the generality of the Vespertilionide, that I consider it only necessary to state that it appears to resemble the same part in Scot. Noctula as closely as in any other species, differing only in having the coronoid process a little more elevated. Commencing the description of the teeth themselves with the upper incisors, I find them to be two in number, short and conical, and furnished with a distinct cingulum, which passes into a point on the hinder side of the tooth, well defined in some species, but scarcely observable in others. In those in which it does occur, it constitutes a peculiarity quite distinct from the bifid incisors of some species, such as the Barbastelle, where the cingulum is left entire, and the apex of the tooth appears as if cleft. The canines are somewhat shorter and relatively a little stouter than in Vespertilio and Plecotus, and also shorter but not stouter than in Scotophilus. The next tooth, the only premolar in the upper jaw, and the following three true molars, have the form and proportions so usual in the Vespertilionide, that they require no special notice, excepting to state that the posterior one is a little smaller than is generally observable. In describing the teeth of the lower jaw, two errors which have been made respecting their number require correction. Dr. Leach states that the lower incisors are six in number, and M. Temminck, de- scribing afterwards from the same specimen, could find but four. After diligently examining a considerable number of skulls, I have satisfied myself that the account given by Dr. Leach is correct, for in no instance can I discover less than six lower incisors ; but m two examples the outer one on each side is wholly hidden by the one next to it, so that unless the skull be carefully cleared of the invest- ing membranes, it would be extremely difficult to see more than four of these teeth ; hence has probably arisen the error. They are cylindrical at the base, and for a considerable part of their length ; but expand into flattened fan-shaped summits, having three lobes or points. The canines are of the usual form, and are not, as has been stated, furnished with a posterior lobe or spur. What has been mistaken for a part of the canine, is in fact a small and pointed premolar, placed so close behind it as to seem continu- ous with it. On instituting an examination of the canines, and com- paring them with those of other species, I find that the cingulum is 29 not so much developed posteriorly as in many others. In the com- mon Noctule, for instance, although the canine presents only a mere trace of thickening of the base anteriorly, it nevertheless passes into a small but distinct spur or point behind. The small anomalous premolar alluded to is situated in the same line with the teeth, be- tween which it is placed in such a manner as to be equally visible from within or without. Its form is conical. The next tooth is also regularly conical, and furnished with a broad basal collar or cingulum; after this come the three true molars, presenting the form common to all the Vespertilionide. The dentition of the genus may be given as follows; and as that of all the species is numerically similar, it will render repetition un- necessary. Dentition.—In. ; C. —3 PE: M. =; M. =~. 1. Nycroruiius Greorrroyt, Leach. Nyct. Geoffroyi, Leach, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 73, 1820-22; Less. Man. p. 86, 1827; Fisch. Synop. Mamm. p. 135, 1829; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 47, 1835-41 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. i. p. 442, 1840 ; Less. Nouy. Tab. Régn. Anim. p. 33, 1842; Schinz. Synop. Mam. i. p- 217, 1844. Of the three species treated of in the present monograph, the first, from its size, is unquestionably the one on which Dr. Leach esta- blished the genus. The original description in the Linnean Transactions is much too vague to discriminate the exact species with certainty ; but M. Tem- minck having become possessed of the original specimen, and given a more detailed description of it, 1am enabled to determine with certainty which of the species here given is the true N. Geoffroyi. I intend, therefore, first to give a description of this species, and then to point out briefly what I consider sufficient differences to constitute three other species. One of these has indeed been re- peatedly described as a Vespertilio—Vesp. Timoriensis ; but it is strictly a Nyctophilus, as I have ascertained by the examination of the original specimen in the Paris Museum. The face is moderately hairy, the hairs being pretty regularly scattered, but a little thicker on the upper lips and on the second nose-leaf than elsewhere. Immediately over the eye is a small tuft of bristle-like black hairs, and a similar one near the hinder corner of the eye. At the angle of the mouth a few similar hairs may be observed. The fur of the back extends to a very trifling extent on to the interfemoral membrane, but all the other membranes are perfectly naked, and of a dark brown colour, as are also all the other naked parts, with the exception of the tragus and the contiguous parts of the inside of the ear, which are brownish-yellow. The fur of the body is rather long, thick, and very soft. On all the upper parts it is conspicuously bicoloured, black for nearly two-thirds of its length, the remainder being olive-brown, of which the extreme tips are rather the darker portion. On the mem- brane uniting the ears the fur is uniform yellowish-brown. 30 The fur of the throat and flanks is uniform brownish-white, that of the latter being sometimes more strongly tinted with brown. All the remaining under-parts have the fur markedly bicoloured, black at the base, with the terminal third brownish-white, varying consider- ably in purity of colour in different individuals. In the following table of dimensions, the first column refers to a specimen in Mr. Gould’s collection, very kindly lent by him for my use, and from which the foregoing description has been taken : it is labelled ‘‘ Albany, King George’s Sound, May 19th, 1843.” The dimensions in the two other columns have been taken from specimens in my own collection, and are also from Western Australia, but the exact locality unknown. The comparative description and measurements of the crania of this and the other species will be given in a collected form appended to the description of the species the last on the list, so as to render their differences more readily apparent :— i. ily aha ptt Length of the head and body (about).. 1 =O GC MAN etewrecw's skin) Sada leiws\ ss GEE MAGA 25 Sin) «esas eelindoh 3p) Se ae ee oe eee Ok THe TRACTS. iss bn cee A Breadth of the ears.... .. OL TERE Bog Vaal: Ne ee eer Length of the fore-arm ............ — of the longest finger .. : ——— of the fourth finger.......... —— of the thumb .............. WOE GNC PAI oo icon este eae ton ——— of the foot and claws ... PiGNES OBICAIEIS iain. o s,. aiein «0 Expanse of wings, about............ bt th oo ble tol el Fl tole tole — . NOWNWOARKAWWAUMS 5 — WDAWNWOARHNUWLOBDNOE Ico bole to| bo] ale weocoooocornrocoocore SCUWAWNNORHRK ONWONK® wocococornroococo+whwh F wooococornrcoooor} 2. NycroruiLus TIMORIENSIS. Vesp. Timoriensis, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 200. t. 47, 1806 ; Desm. Mamm. p. 146, 1820; Fisch. Synop. Mamm. p. 118, 1829 ; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 253, 1835-41 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. i. p. 520, 1840 ; Schinz. Synop. Mamm. i. p. 175, 1844. Vesp. Timoriensis’?, Temm. Mus. Leyd. Plecotus Timoriensis, Less. Mann. p. 97, 1827 ; Is. Geoff. Guérin, Mag. de Zool. 1832; Less. Nouv. Tab. Régn. Animal, p. 23, 1842. The forms of this species are so similar to those of the last, that it is needless to enter at greater length into details of description than is necessary to point out the differences between the two. In all the specimens I have been able to examine, viz. the original one in the Paris Museum, and three others collected in Australia by Mr. Gould, the ears are strongly sulcated, even more so than is obser- vable in the Plecotus auritus, whilst in the last species they are very 31 faintly, if at all, so marked ; and instead of the small tufts of bristle- like hairs about the eyes, the present species has a tolerably regular series of similar ones fringing the eyelids. Again, the cranium has so strongly marked a sagittal crest as to be easily detected in the mounted specimens, whereas in NV. Geoffroy: it is so feebly developed that no trace can be discovered, unless the skull be extracted and carefully cleaned. But the great difference in the size of the two animals is alone sufficient to distinguish them, the one being only 9 inches in expanse of wings, whilst the other attains fully 13 inches; nearly as great a difference as exists between the Pipistrelle and the Noctule Bats. The fur of the upper parts is bicoloured, nearly black at the base, with the terminal half dark sepia-brown ; that on the top of the head and on the membrane uniting the ears, unicoloured, and paler. Beneath, the fur has the basal half nearly black, the remainder being light brown, palest on the throat, on the middle of the belly, and on the pubes. On the shoulder of one example from “ Perth, Western Australia,’ is a patch of brownish rust colour, but it does not occur in the other examples. Although the original specimen of this species is reported to have been received from Timor, I am inclined to believe that there may have been some mistake respecting its locality. Among a great number of Bats from that island contained in our museums and that of Leyden, representatives of this genus do not appear ; but specimens absolutely identical with the original in the Paris collection have been obtained by Mr. Gould in Western Australia; and I have noted one in the Leyden Museum, also from Australia, but without any precise in- dication of locality. The following dimensions have been taken from specimens col- lected by Mr. Gould, the first being the one from Perth, Western Australia :— Ls 2. in. lin. in. lin. Length of the head and body, about 3 0 2 4 PEN Ne cibly eactincinthe a le LOE aie RO AE SO eee Ser ae 0 10 0 10 RP RUCN CNS ite xc a’ wine a w Droid win) AAP 0 10 OLGHS CAGUS oss bie ws e's 0 3} O 33 of the fore-arm : 7 ./0.....5.... 1 9 bi 9 of the longest finger.......... 3 4 3 2 of the fourth finger .......... 2 4 2 5 GP the that U épcecive ceeess Got © 4 7 a eee ee 0 9 0 9 of the foot and claws ........ 0 5 0 5 SEE CE IS oi ign s-0:0 nlerniein's 0 7 0 8 Expanse of wings, following the phalanges 13 6 12 9 3. Nycropui.tus GouLpI, n. s. The present species is intermediate in size between the two last, and at first sight might be taken either for a small individual of N. 32 Timoriensis, or a large one of N. Geoffroyi; or these two might be regarded as the large and small varieties of the same species, and the present one as the intermediate or connecting link. This opinion I was at first disposed to entertain ; but after the examination of a greater number of examples, and more especially after extracting ~ a good number of their crania, I became convinced that they were all specifically distinct. The shape of the head, face and ears, does not differ materially from that of the same parts in the two preceding species; the only perceptible difference beyond that of size being in the somewhat greater elevation of the top of the head. As in N. Timoriensis, the ears are strongly sulcated, and it bears general resemblance to that species in the quality and colouring of the fur. The fur of the whole of the upper parts is very distinctly bico- loured : it might almost be called tricoloured ; the basal half greyish- black, and the terminal half grey-brown, with the tips browner. On the rump the brown colour is rather more conspicuous than on the fore part of the back. The basal part of the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is a little hairy in some specimens, but in others this is not observable. On the whole of the under-surface the fur is strongly bicoloured, nearly black at the base, with the terminal third buffy grey. On the pubes the dark colour at the base of the fur is reduced to a small quantity, and it is almost wholly of the buffy white colour. Young examples not having the wing-jomts completely ossified, differ only in being somewhat smaller, and in having the fur less bright ; but it is nevertheless distinctly bicoloured, and when ob- viously immature they are still of greater size than adult examples of N. Geoffroyz. In the table of dimensions, column No. | refers to a female spe- cimen from Mr. Gould’s collection from Moreton Bay ; No. 2 to a male from the same locality; and No. 3 to a specimen also col- lected by Mr. Gould at Bathurst. a: in. lin. =o i=} ene ee “Gun, Oe tol . 5 faal® =r i=} ~ Length of the head and body, about ... 1 11 Br thee: sores pe ee na GL the Mes.) oe. wee es 0 “TYE YEN Ny Hate A eAAD nab craig oe ean | — Of the (AGUS 2.5 fess we oa 0 Breadth of ears fe 0 Of the STHBUS 42S cs ee ee Length of the fore-arm ............ l of the longest finger ........ 4 2 0 0 0 0 ] — tol of the fourth finger === Of ne EIA 42 care crores ofthe stibias ets peice aoe cen ee of the foot and claws ........ of the os ealeis, (5/5... 4 Ess Expanse of wings. 67.620) Pee l a= — AARCHKHRONNDANWNOS tol bo] bol tol bol SSocooONNHKYSCSOSOSCOYNE HK=ocoonne Lhapohowon — — . 33 4. NYCTOPHILUS UNICOLOR, n. s. All the specimens of this genus I have yet seen from Van Die- men’s Land differ remarkably from those of the mainland of Au- stralia in having the fur everywhere short and cottony, perfectly de- void of lustre, and unicoloured. That of the upper parts is of a dark olive-brown, without any variation of tint, excepting that it is perhaps a little darker along the middle of the back than elsewhere. Beneath, the fur is similar, but paler in colour, with the tips of the hairs a little tinged with ash-colour. This is the colour of the whole of the under parts, with the exception of a patch on the throat, which is whitish-brown, dirty white, and occasionally pure white. Immature examples often have the fur above and beneath of a very dark olive-brown, almost black. One specimen of this dark colour which I have examined, has the spot on the throat almost pure white. So far as I have been able to ascertain, this species is subject to very trifling variations either in colour or size in the adult state, and the size agrees so closely with that of the species which I have called N. Gouldi, that Lat first thought the great difference in the texture and colour of the fur was due to the difference of locality. In the crania, however, I find such differences as are ample for the distinction of the species *. The following dimensions are taken from three specimens collected by Mr. Gould in Van Diemen’s Land ; the first a male, and the second a female, both adult ; and the third obviously immature. 1 2 3. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin, Length of the head and body (about).. 2 0 2 2 1 10 TU ae eR ergs ae | a ay SPGOCREEE Te cod. us is ate maien 0 8 oO 9 0 84 RAE METER oa si vie ines) Kn KhLg 0 10 0 10 0 9} ERIN BNOIRINS (ied ok a Sins ante clint. OY, G.. 1 Oy 2 Breadth of the ears...... iin ea stan 0 7% #O 8 0 74 == OF THE tFAGTS 6u ese cers oe 0 2 04 Oh Length of the fore-arm ............ Sy Sane ie: 1 6} of the longest finger ........ 2 10 z2 8 2 1 of the fourth finger.......... 2 2 2 8 2 Of See CHYIOD rae’. + asaw nr ier Oy 044 04 RRA si ciae nine em set oo Ohi OM as Ox Ame Od of the foot and claws........ 04 04 0 3% RUG GH CHICIS 6 ois wie vee hos 1 aay 0 64 O 7 BROOME OF WINGS) ovine ences to any oe NO ae AL ee ae The crania of the four species here described, differ so consider- ably, that I deem it advisable to make mention’ of them apart * To the description of this species should have been added, that the ears are destitute of sulci, and more membranaceous than in the other species, and that the wing-membranes are darker in colour and much more opaque and leathery. No. CCCXLIX.—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery. 34 from the foregoing description. By adopting this plan, I am en- abled to bring them into more immediate comparison, which is highly desirable when we bear in mind the small size of the objects, and the consequent difficulty of rendering apparent their differences without the aid of figures. They will be described in the following order, the crania of the two species most removed from each other being found to be most dissimilar. N. Timoriensis.—General form of the skull rather broad and flat, and rather thick in substance; sagittal and occipital crests mode- rately developed; depression of the nasal bones of nearly equal depth from side to side, broad, with the sides parallel for three- fourths of its length in a backward direction, and then narrowing rapidly to a point at the commencement of the sagittal ridge. Fa- cial portion short ; zygomatic arches considerably expanded. Palate nearly as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. Lower jaw strong, its lower margin considerably curved. All the teeth of moderate size and proportions. N. Gouldi.—General form of the skull much less broad than in the last species, more elevated in the crown, and narrower anteriorly ; sagittal crest considerably developed, the occipital one very small ; facial depression almost obsolete, narrow, rounded-off on each, and only amounting to a concavity just at the posterior termination of the nasal bones. Facial portion relatively more produced than in the last species ; zygomatic arches but little expanded. Palate much narrower in front than behind. Lower jaw as in the last species. All the front teeth, especially the upper canines, very short and stout. N. unicolor.—General form of the skull very short, as broad re- latively as in the first species, but not so flat, and much lighter and thinner in substance than in either of the preceding ; sagittal ridge merely rudimentary, occipital one considerably elevated, especially its central portion ; facial depression broad, of medium depth, well- defined, and narrower before and behind than in the middle, and with the outline of the nasal bones rather distinctly marked. Facial portion of medium length ; orbits much produced in a forward di- rection, leaving but a small space between them and the roots of the canines ; zygomatic arches a good deal expanded. Palate short, nearly as broad in front as behind. Lower jaw short and light, with a moderate degree of curvature. All the front teeth short and small. N. Geoffroyi.—General form of the skull differing from that of all the others. It is rather long, narrow, and depressed, with a total absence of ridges or crests, and the occipital region rounds-off poste- riorly without any angularity. It is thin and somewhat diaphanous ; facial depression narrow, deep in the centre, not clearly defined an- teriorly, and passing further back than in the other species, its posterior portion being indicated by two thread-like lines which con- verge to an acute point on the fore part of the central region. Facial portion of medium length, and narrowed anteriorly ; zygomatic arches but very little expanded. Palate much narrower in front than behind. Lower jaw slender, with the lower outline nearly straight. Front teeth proportionally long and rather strong. es 30 The crania of these species present the following dimensions :— N. unicolor: in. lines. |N. Timoriensis.|N. Gouldi. ¥ ' in. lines. in. lines. Length from the condyloid fossa to the anterior margin of the max- N. Geoffroyi. in. lines. Pilar Gate wyiehascded fact st ohanscuns ar 6: - fG. BS) 0. ah} Gaee Length from the hinder margin of | the parietal bones to the anterior, ) / margin of the maxillary bone ... oT 7 0 63 j=" 6 0 53 Breadth across zygomatic arches.... 0 6 ee bh Os ee Greatest breadth of. the cerebral PRO piv idbaceene seosbaiduvetsivs scout ceG ae 0 33) 0 4 0 3% Greatest breadth of the facial de- RIRERMIOML iiss peeve hs} ad nx coamuacd a Os . . - 4 Fit aes , %.. 2 ee a8 ‘or. eee i al ads aes Te ;* ; P ne 3. Notes on a COLLECTION or Birps RECEIVED BY M. Ver- REAUX OF PARIS FROM THE Rio Napoin THE REPUBLIC OF Ecvapor. By Puariiie Lurvey Scviarer, M.A., F.L.S. erc. (Aves, Pl. CX XXII.) Some time since I had the honour of directing the attention of this Society to a collection of birds belonging to Mr. Gould, which had been formed on the upper Rio Napo, in the province of Quixos, in the eastern part of the republic of Ecuador*. Several other small collections have lately come into the possession of Sir William Jardine and Mr. Gould from the same country, to all appearances prepared by the same hand; but there has been nothing very striking in the way of novelties amongst them, with the exception perhaps of a new Motmot (Momotus equatorialis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 223) and one or two scarce species of ‘Toucan, Judging from the labels on some of these specimens, I am led to believe that they were collected by a physician and naturalist named Villavicencio, lately resident at Puerto del Napo, where he is spoken of by the great Italian traveller Osculati in his ‘ Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali+,’ and to whom M. Bourcier has dedicated the beautiful Humming-bird called Heliomaster villavicencii. 1 am glad of this opportunity of stating that I have been informed that this gentleman is now on his way to Europe, with the object of pub- lishing maps of the republic of Ecuador, and giving to the world an account of his discoveries in that little-known country. M. Verreaux’s fine series of birds—embracing upwards of 170 species, a part of which I now have the pleasure of exhibiting to this Society—has evidently been formed in nearly the same locality as those which I have just mentioned, and contains specimens of most of the species which I have previously noticed as coming from this quarter. There are, however, many additional species, and upwards of twenty which I consider unnamed, and have accordingly described as new, and among these are several very peculiar forms. M. Ver- reaux, knowing the interest which I take in tracing the range of species, has kindly transmitted to me a perfect series, and I have thought it desirable to give a complete list of them, in order to show the general character of the Avi-fauna of this country. M. Jules Verreaux carefully examined the whole of these birds before they left his brother’s hands, labelling nearly every species, and thus greatly lightening the severe labour of finding correct names for so large a collection. In the case of the new species I have always adopted his MS. names, and in this, as in other instances, have seldom found it necessary to disagree from the results at which he has arrived. The most noticeable things in the collection are two Tanagers, which seem to be not only specifically but generically different from 59 * See P. Z. S. 1854, p. 109 ef seg. + Esplorazione delle Regione Equatoriali lungo il Napo ed il fiame delle Amaz- zoni, da Gaetano Osculati. Ed. 2. Milano, 1854, 1 vol. Svo. 60 anything hitherto known ; the fine series of Formicartide, embracing upwards of thirty species, of which several appear to be undescribed ; and a new bird of the peculiar South American family Pteropto- chide, forming a link between Merulavis and Scytalopus. 1. RosrrHamus sociaBiLis (Vieill.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 20; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 136, juv. 2. Scors ? This bird seems certainly different from any of the S. American members of the genus with which J am acquainted, and M. Jules Verreaux has attached a new name to it, considering it to be unde- scribed. Although several naturalists have paid much attention to the Strigide of late years, there is still much confusion in several of the groups as to the distinctness of the different species, and in none perhaps more than in the difficult genus to which this bird belongs. I am therefore unwilling to describe the present example as new until I can give a general review of all the American species of the genus. 3. ACANTHYLIS ALBICOLLIS (Vieill.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p- 110. 4. Trocon viripis, Linn.; Bp. Consp. p. 148. — 7. melano- pterus, Gould, Mon. pl. 10, 11. 5. Trocon ramontanus, Dev. & DesMurs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 331; Voy. Castelnau, Zool. Ois. p. 33. pl. 11. fig. 2. 6. PHaromacrus ANTISIENSIS (D’Orb. & Lafr.).—Calurus pul- chellus, Gould. 7. PHAROMACRUS AURICEPS (Gould), Bp. Consp. p. 152. 8. Bucco HYPERRHYNCHUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 193. pl. ev. 9. Bucco macropactyus (Spix), Sclater, Syn. of Buce. p. 14. 10. MaLacoprita uniToRQuES, DuBus. I am still doubtful about the real specific distinctness of this species and M. nigrifusca from M. fusca of Cayenne. See my remarks in P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 195. 11. NonnvuLA FRONTALIS, Sclater, Mon. Buce. p. 20. A specimen apparently referable to this Bogota species, but with- out any appearance of the rufous front of the adult. 12. MonaSsA PERUANA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 194. 13. MoNASA NIGRIFRONS, Spix. 61 14. GaLBuLA LevcoGasteR, Vieill.—G. chalcothorax, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 110. I believe I was in error in separating the bird from Quixos from G. leucogastra. A more mature specimen in the present collection seems to be not different from the latter species. 15. Momortvus semirurvus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 254. 16. Momorus 2quaroriatis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 223. 17. Dacnis cayana (L.) 9, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 252. 18. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA, Vieill. 19. ANABATES LINEATICEPS, Sclater, Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1856. 20. ANABATES INFUSCATUS, Sclater, Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1856.—A. amazonus, Lafr. MS. These two birds agree well with the types of my descriptions in my own collection, which were procured on the Upper Amazon. The former bird is also among the species collected by Hauxwell on the Ucayali, one of whose specimens is now in the British Museum. 21. Anasates ruFicAupATUS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1838, p. 15. 22. ANABATES ERYTHROPTERUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 27. Both these two birds agree with Bogota skins. 23. ANABATES MELANORHYNCHUS, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 35. pl. 21. fig. 1 (teste Lafresnayo). 24. ANABATES MELANOPEZUS, Sp. nov. ie Supra saturate umbrino-brunneus, uropyyio rufescente, cauda pure rufa: subtus pallide cinerascenti-brunneus, medialiter dilutior ; gula albicantiore sed rufo lavata; crisso rufescente ; tectricibus subalaribus cum remigum intus nigricantium parte vicina lete rufis: rostro nigro, gonyde pallescente ; pedibus nigricanti-plumbeis. Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°2, caudee 3-0. This species is very closely allied to Tschudi’s 4. ochrolemus, with which it has been identified by M. de Lafresnaye. But as I have in my collection one of Tschudi’s original specimens (of A. ochrolemus), I am enabled to affirm that the two birds, though much resembling one another, cannot be considered as of the same species. Their upper surfaces are much alike; but beneath, the present bird is of a very pale ashy-brown, while 4. ochrolemus is nearly as dark below as above. In A. melanopezus the bill is shorter, stouter, and nearly all black, and the feet are blackish lead-colour ; in 4. ochro- 62 lemus the bill is thinner and more elongated, yellowish, with the culmen horn-colour, and the feet are pale brown. 25. ANABATES PYRRHODES, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. ii. p. 689. —A. ochraceus, Lafr. MS. A specimen referable, as I believe, to this species, of which I have seen examples in the Paris Museum and in the collection of the Aca- demy at Philadelphia, is marked “4. ochraceus, Lafr.”’ 26. ANABATES GuTTURATUS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1838, p. 14 (teste Lafresnayo). 27. ANABATES PULVERICOLOR, sp. nov.—Synallaxis pulvericolor, Lafr. MS. Terricolori-brunneus, interscapulio saturatiore, subtus dilutior, alis extus et cauda omnino rufis: rostro brevi, paulum ineurvo, albo ; pedibus robustis, plumbeis. Long. tota 6°2, alee 2°6, caudze 2°8 ; tarsi 0°8, rostri a fronte 0°5. A single bad specimen of this species belonging to M. de Lafres- naye, and kindly lent to me by him along with other specimens selected from this collection, bears the MS. name Synallawis pulveri- color. It appears, however, to me to be better placed with Ana- bates, and more nearly resembles the figure given in Buffon’s PI. Enl. of Anabates guianensis, which is the type of the genus, than anything I have yet seen. Had it been from Guiana instead of the Rio Napo, I should have thought it was probably referable to that long-lost species. It certainly is not a typical Anabates, speaking of the set of birds commonly so called, the bill being shorter, straighter, and smaller than in these birds generally, though not very different from that of Anabates erythrophthalmus, but it is more nearly allied to Anabates than to any species of Synallaxis with which I am acquainted. f 28. ScLERURUS BRUNNEUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 17. Agrees with my specimen from Bogota, and confirms my impres- sion as to the validity of this species. Long. tota 6°2, alze 3°0, caudz 2°3, rostri a fronte ‘8, a rictu 1°1, tarsi *9. 29. SYNALLAXIS BRUNNEICAUDALIS, sp. nov.—Synallazis brun- neicauda, Lafr. MS. Supra olivaceo-brunnea, alis extus et pileo castaneis, subtus obscure cinerascens, lateribus olivaceo indutis: caude rectri- cibus decem, colore saturate purpurascenti-brunneis, plumarum scapis nigris: tectricibus subalaribus ochraceo-flavis: rostro nigro, gonydis basi albicante: pedibus brunneis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°4, caudee 2°7, rostri a fronte °6, tarsi *95. A fine large Synallaxis, for which I have employed M. de Lafres- 63 naye’s MS. name. The only adult specimen is in bad condition. Both the examples belong to M. de Lafresnaye’s collection. 30. SYNALLAXIS ALBIGULARIS, sp. nov.—Synallavis albigula, Lafr. MS. Supra murino-brunnea ; cauda concolore ; pileo postico et tectri- cibus alarum extus rufis: lateribus capitis et corpore subtus cinereis : loris albidis : gula et ventre medio pure albis, lateri- bus et crisso brunnescenti-cinereis : rostri nigricantis gonyde albicante : pedibus clare brunneis. Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°3. A short-tailed species of Synallavis, as I should judge from the only specimen under observation, in which, however, the medial rec- trices are absent. It is very nearly allied to Temminck’s S. albescens, but differs sufficiently in its white throat and belly, as far as I can judge from the unique specimen. 31. XENOPS GENIBARBIS, Temm. ? An imperfect specimen. 32. DENDRORNIS PALLIDIROSTRIS, Lafr. * Affinis D. chuncotambo, Tsch.’’—Lafr. 33. DENDRORNIS BREVIROSTRIS, Lafr. 34, PICOLAPTES ALBO-LINEATUS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 208. 4 35. XIPHORHYNCHUS GRENADENSIS, Lafr. ‘© 36. DenpRocoLarTes AaTrirostris, Lafr. et D’Orb.; Lafr. Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 466. 37. GLYPHORHYNCHUS CUNEATUS, Bp. Consp. p. 209 ? I am not certain whether characters of species 32, 33 and 35 have yet been published or not ; but as M. de Lafresnaye has worked so energetically at this group of birds, I am unwilling to anticipate him by publishing descriptions of birds which bear his names. TROGLODYTIN&. 38. CypHorinus MODULATOR (D’Orb.). Thryothorus modulator, D’Orb. Voy. p. 230.—Sarochalinus rufi- gularis, DesMurs in Casteln. Voy. Ois. p. 49. pl. 17. fig. 2. 39. CypHorinus Levucostictus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 206? This species is very nearly resembling, but not perhaps quite iden- tical with, my Seytalopus prostheleucus from Mexico, P. Z. 8. 1856, p-. 290. I was quite wrong in referring this latter bird to the genus Scytalopus, that form with its closed nostrils belonging to the Pfe- roptochide (a name which I propose to substitute for Lafresnaye’s term Rhinomydee) ; while the Cyphorini, presenting a somewhat 64 similar outward appearance, but readily distinguishable upon close examination, are true Wrens in structure. The same observation may be made of Lafresnaye’s Scytalopus griseicollis from Bogota. Cabanis gives Guiana and Mexico as localities for his C. leucostictus ; if the birds from these two localities are not identical (as I think is likely to be the case), the S. American bird may retain Cabanis’s name, and the Mexican species be called Cyphorinus prostheleucus. + The specimens in the present collection differ from the Mexican bird in their rather larger size, longer bill, and the deeper chestnut of the back and upper wing-coverts, which latter are not nearly so much spotted with white. 40. THryoTHoRUS CoRAyA (Gm.). Rather darker head, but hardly distinct from the Cayenne bird. 41. MyropiocTes CANADENSIS (Linn.). 42. RHIMAMPHUS BLACKBURNIA, Juv. 43. RHIMAMPHUS CHZRULEUS (Linn.), Juv. 44, Turpvus minimus, Lafr. 45. Turpus pHmopycGos, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iil. p. 666. Back slightly darker, but not apparently otherwise different. 46. MALACOCICHLA MACULATA, Sp. nov. Catharus maculatus, J. Verreaux, MS. Supra nigricanti-schistacea, pileo toto cum capitis lateribus niger- rimis : subtus ochracescenti-albida, lateraliter schistacea: gula et pectore summo triangulariter nigro maculatis, maculis quoque in ventris lateribus rotundis, obsolete schistaceis: tectricibus subalaribus nigro-schistaceis: rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 7-0, alee 3°6, caude 2°8, rostri a fronte °6, a rictu °85, tarsi 1:4. This interesting bird is a close ally of Gould’s Malacocichla dryas from Guatemala, and I have therefore placed it in the same genus. It may be distinguished from that species by the dark slaty colour ‘ of the back, which in M. dryas is greenish olive. Whether these birds will be ultimately separable from the genus Catharus is, I think, questionable; and M. Jules Verreaux is therefore quite as likely to be correct in his appellation of this species as I am in mine. Besides M. dryas from Guatemala (P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 285, pl. 75), Prince Bonaparte has described a Mexican species—M. mexicana (Compt. Rend. Aug. 2, 1856). The Prince also informed me (after a visit to M. de Lafresnaye’s collection, which he made shortly before his decease) that Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 341, belongs to this same genus—so that this is probably the fourth species known. 65 47. CymBILanius LINEATUS (Leach), ¢ et 9. ~- ty THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 69. pl. 83. 49. THAMNOPHILUS corviNuUs, Gould, P. ZS. 1855, p. 69. 50. THAMNOPHILUS MELANOCEPs, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 28. pl. 39. fig. 1; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 133. 51. THAMNOPHILUS MACULIPENNIS, Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 247. 52. THAMNOPHILUS &THIOPS, sp. nov. 3. Ater unicolor ; campterio et tectricibus subalaribus albo variegatis: rostro et pedibus nigerrimis. 2. Castaneo-brunnea unicolor, alis intus obscurioribus, maculis quibusdam tectricum superiorum majorum apicalibus cum camp- terii margine et tectricibus subalaribus flavicanti-rufis : cauda nigra: rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6-0, alee 2°8, caudee 2°5, rostri a rictu *85, tarsi *9. This species is in colour like 7. immaculatus, of a uniform black ; but, whilst that has only a very insignificant white patch on the bend of the wing, the 7. e/hiops has the under wing-coverts as well as the upper coverts close to the bend varied with white. Besides, the bill is much shorter and stouter, and the whole bird is smaller in its dimensions. Of 7. immaculatus I make the corresponding measurements :—Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°3, caude 3-0, rostri a rictu 1°0, tarsi 1°3. 53. THAMNOPHILUS CAPITALIS, sp. nov. 3. Cinereus, alis intus obscurioribus: pileo nigro; subtus dilu- tior, tectricibus subalaribus et marginibus remigum interioribus ochracescenti-albidis : cauda nigricante : rostro et pedibus plumbeo-nigris. Q. Umbrino-brunnea ; pileo rufo; subtus dilutior, gula albican- tiore: rostro pedibusque plumbeis, illius mandibula inferiore pallidiore. Long. tota 5*7, ale 2°5, caudze 2:0, tarsi *75. This Thamnophilus belongs to the typical division of the group which contains 7’. nevivs and its allies. It is easily distinguishable by its uniform cinereous plumage and black head, with the absence of all markings on the wings and tail. M. Verreaux’s collection contains a male not quite adult and two females of this species. 54. THAMNOPHILUS STRIGILATUS, Spix, Av. Bras. ii, pl. 36. fig. 1? Apparently a female of some species of this genus. A large light- chestnut blotch occupies the base of the back feathers, which are inordinately thickened. No. CCCLI.—ProcrepineGs or THK ZOOLOGICAL Sociery. 66 55. DysirHAMNUS scHisTAcEus(D’Orb.).—Thamnophilus schis- taceus, D’Orb. Voy. p. 170. pl. 5. fig. 1. 3. Obscure cinereus, subtus vir dilutior, macula parva sub dorsi medii pennis et rectricum margine apicali angusta albis : rostro et pedibus nigris. 2. Obscure brunnea, subtus flavicanti-rufescens, gula albicante ; alis caudaque nigricanti-fuscis, rectricum margine apicali ru- Sescenti-alba. Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°8, caudee 1°9, tarsi *75. Obs.—Affinis D. plumbeo ex Brasilia, sed alis concoloribus neque albo marginatis. I refer this bird with some doubt to D’Orbigny’s species. 56. DysITHAMNUS LEUCOSTICTUS, sp. Nov. Supra umbrino-brunneus, pileo rufescentiore, pennis omnibus in- terne cinereis: subtus cinereus, capitis lateribus cum gula et pectore guttis elongatis albis, pennas medias occupantibus, ma- culatis: ventri lateribus et crisso olivaceo tinctis: cauda ob- secure nigra, extus brunneo marginata: rostro et pedibus ngris. Long. tota 5°2, alee 2°75, caudee 2°0, tarsi 1°85. This species is noticeable on account of the clear white elongated shaft-spots on the throat and breast, which distinguish it from other birds of the group. In two younger specimens in MM. Verreaux’s collection these spots are hardly yet apparent, and the rich brown edging of the upper plumage is only partly assumed, leaving these parts of a brownish cinereous. 57. DysITHAMNUS SEMICINEREUS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 90. pl 97,..2 58. PyRIGLENA SERVA, Sp. nov. 3. Nigra, subtus magis ardesiaca : macula magna interscapula- rium interna et tectricum alarium superiorum marginibus apica- libus cum campterio albis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Q. Olivascenti-cinerea, macula interscapularium interna alba: subtus saturate ferruginea ; alis caudaque fuscis, tectricum alarium superiorum marginibus et tectricibus subalaribus rufes- centibus ; rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavido: pedibus Suscis. Long. tota 5°3, alee 2°5, caudee 2°3, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0°9. Distinguished from Pyriglena domicella and P. atra by its smaller size. Sir William Jardine recently lent me some specimens of For- micartide from Quixos, among which were examples of both sexes of this same species. I do not know Lanws funebris, Licht. (Doubl. p- 47), from Cayenne, but as far as I can judge from his short cha- racters, it can hardly be identical with the present bird. 59. PyriGLena QuixeEnsis (Cornalia).—Thamnophilus quizensis, Corn. Vert. Syn. p. 12.—Pyriglena quizensis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p- 112. 67 60. PyRiGLENA RUFIVENTRIS (Corn.).—Thamnophilus rufiven- tris, Corn. Vert. Syn. p. 12.—Pyriglena rufiventris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 112. Probably the female of the preceding. 61. THAMNOMANES GLAUCUS, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 230; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2017 62. Formicivora CINERASCENS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 131. This specimen agrees perfectly with others from the same locality, except in the absence of all edgings to the wing-coverts. 63. ForMIcIvOoRA HAUXWELLI, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 131, pl. exxvi. fig. 2, d et 2. 64. ForMICIVORA MENETRIESI. Myrmothera menetriesi, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mér. Ois. p. 184. 65. Formictvora pyGM#A (Gm.), Buff. Pl. Enl. 831. fig. 2, dg et 2. 66. Formicivora caupara, Sclater, P, Z.S.1854, p. 254, pl. 74, juy. 67. HypocNeMIS MYIOTHERINA (Spix) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p- 146. 68. Hypocnemis MELANosTIcTA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 234. pl. Ixxiii. 69. Hypocnemis THERES# (DesMurs). Conopophaga theresa, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 51. pl. 16. fig. 2. 70. HyrocneMis ORNATA.—Formicivora ornata, Sclater, Rev. et.Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 480, 3 et ?. 71. Hypocnemis cantator (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 700, 2. 72. Hypocnemis paciLtonota, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 213. pl. 4. fig. 2, 2. 73. Piruys atBirrons (Gm.), Pl. Enl. 707. fig. |. 74. HeTeEROCNEMIS ALBIGULARIS, Sp. nov. Brunnescenti-olivaceus, plumis omnibus nigro obsolete marginatis, alis caudaque nigricantibus ; fascia alarum duplici alba: sub- tus pallide cinerascens, gutture albo, ventre nigricante trans- versim lineato : rostro nigro, mandibule inferioris basi albido : pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 4°2, ale 2°35, cande 0:9, rostri a rictu 0°9, tarsi 1-0. 68 Obs.—Affinis H. bamble ex Cayenna, sed crassitie paulo majore, ' rostro longiore et gula alba dignoscenda. 75. CONOPOPHAGA TORRIDA, Sp. Nov. Clare brunnescenti-olivacea, dorsi plumis nigro partim variegatis ; capite supra, alis et cauda ferruginescenti-brunneis : tectricibus alarum et secundariis extus macula apicali fulvo-flavida orna- tis: plumarum fasciculo postoculart albo: subtus clare ferru- ginea, gula et ventre medio albicantibus, hypochondriis et ventre imo magis fulvis : mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore cornea : pedibus pallidis. Long. tota 4°6, alee 2°8, caude 1-2, tarsi 1°0. M. Verreaux’s collection contained a single specimen of this ap- parently new Conopophaga, not in very good plumage. A more perfect example in the British Museum, which is from Chamicurros in Eastern Peru, has furnished my specific characters. This is a typical species of the genus somewhat allied to C. lineata of South-eastern Brazil. 76. ConoporpHaGA PERUVIANA, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 52. pl. 16. fig. 1. 4 77. ForMIcaRIus NiGRIFRONS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 68. 78. Formicartus ANALIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.), D’Orb. Voy. pl.6 2s, fig. 1. 79. FoRMICARIUS NIGRO-MACULATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.), D’Orb. Voy. Ois. pl. 6*. 80. Cuamaza NoBILis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 68. 81. GRALLARIA FLAVIROSTRIS, sp. nov. Brunnescenti-olivacea, loris et capitis lateribus rufescentibus : subtus alba, pectoris medii et lateralis plumis pallide rujis, utrinque nigro late limbatis, quasi squamatis; gule laterum plumis rufo tinctis, fascia nigricante intus marginatis; tec- tricibus subalaribus pallide rufis; rostro flavo ; pedibus clare brunneis. Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°7, caudee 1°1, tarsi 0-9, rostri a rictu 0°7. This diminutive Grallaria is very like the Venezuelan bird which I described in the Proceedings for last year (P. Z.S. 1857, p. 129) under the name G. loricata. Like that, it has a pectoral band formed by the black margins of the pale rufous feathers ; but in the present species the band is much narrower, and the head is not chestnut. 82. GRALLARIA FULVIVENTRIS, Sp. nov. Olivaceo-brunnea, pileo obscuriore, alis extus magis rufescentibus, loris albidis: subtus gula et abdomine medio albis, pectore, ventri lateribus et crisso cum tectricibus alarum inferioribus — ee 69 saturate fulvis, pectore lineis quibusdam niyris variegato : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore, nisi apice, flavo: pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°2, caudee 174, tarsi 1°5, rostri a rictu 0°95. This Grallaria seems to belong to a species distinct from anything yet deseribed. The bird most resembling it of those I have met with, is G. macularia, of which there are specimens in the Leyden Museum ; but that is rather a peculiar species, remarkable for its denuded orbits and short, strong hind-nail, while this bird has the hind-nail slender and rather long, and is in every respect a typical member of the genus. Genus novum AGATHOPUS. Rostrum modice longitudinis, brevius quam caput, subulatum, culmine recto, ad apicem paulum incurvo, gonyde ascendente, mandibula superiore ad apicem dentata, naribus, prout in om- nibus hujus familie generibus, coopertis: ale brevissime, ro- tundate, remige septima sextam et quintam paulo excedente et longissima, tertia secundarias equante: pedes validi, tarsis longis, antice scutellis novem regularibus, postice scutellis mi- nutis, tecti; unguibus curvatis, acutis ; cauda modice longi- tudinis, multum rotundata, rectricibus duodecim, extimis di- midio brevioribus, ceteris gradatim longioribus ; tectricibus supra-caudalibus densissimis. 83. AGATHOPUS MICROPTERUS, Sp. Noy. Obscure nigricanti-schistaceus, dorso postico cum ventre imo, late- ribus et crisso saturate brunneis, radiis transversis nigris, in tergo viv apparentibus, subobsolete variegatis : rostro nigro, pedibus clare brunneis. Juvenis.—Radiis transversis nigris omnino obtectus, gula magis cinerascente, et colore toto magis brunneo. Long. tota 3°3, alee 2°3, caudee 1°9, rostri a rictu *7, tarsi 1-0. This curious bird, of which the collection contains two examples, seems intermediate in form, as in size, between Merulazis atra and the Scytalopodes. From the former it differs in the shape of the bill, which is shorter, has the gonys curved upwards, and wants the ele- vated feather-tufts on the front ; from Seytalopus it is distinguished by its thicker, stronger and larger bill, longer tail, and longer tarsi. These genera, along with Pterop/ochus and its allies, appear to me to constitute a well-distinguished group, for which, as I have said above, I propose to use the term Pteroptochide, deduced from the oldest and best-known genus (instead of Lafresnaye’s name Rhinomydee) according to the orthodox rule for forming the names of families. The distinctions of these birds as a group are well pointed out in the Ornithology of D’Orbigny’s Voyage (p. 192), and their most essential character, as is there stated, consists in the covered nostril, only a narrow longitudinal aperture being left, which occurs in every species. They must certainly be arranged next to the Formicarida, within the limits of which they have been placed by Cabanis and 70 other writers; and I am not myself certain that it may not be pos- sible to consider them only as a subfamily belonging to that series. 84. ToprRosTRUM CAPITALE, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 83. pl. 125. f. 2. 85. TopIROSTRUM SQUAMICRISTATUM, Lafr. R.Z. 1846, p. 363. 86. TopIROSTRUM SPICIFERUM, Lafr. R, Z. 1846, p. 363; P. i, 8, 1855,"p. By, pl. a2. 8. 2. . In my communication on some new species of this genus in last year’s Proceedings (p. 84), I have united this bird with T. galea- tum, figured in Pl. Enl. 391. f. 1, from Cayenne. Mr. G. R. Gray has however pointed out to me specimens of both these species in the British Museum, whereby it clearly appears that I was in error in so doing. The two are certainly very nearly allied species, but 7. galeatum (which appears to be the same as the bird deno- minated Colopterus cristatus by Cabanis) may be distinguished by having no edgings to the wing-coverts, and by the very peculiar ab- breviation of the three first primaries. 87. ToDIROSTRUM PICATUM, Sp. nov. Supra nigrum, loris et secundariarum trium ultimarum pogonis externis cum macula rectricis une utrinque extime apicali albis, his flavicante tinctis ; subtus album, tectricibus sub- alaribus et margine camptervi flavicanti-albis : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore albo ; pedibus pallide fuscis. Long. tota 3°5, ale 2°1, caudze 1°3, rostri a fronte 6:0, tarsi 6-5. This peculiar Todirostrum is quite unlike any other known mem- ber of the genus in colouring. In structure it is generally typical, but with the bill not quite so broad towards the apex as in some others. 88. Myrosprus pHaNicuRus. — Tyrannula phenicura, Sclater, P. ZS. 1854, p. TES. pl.166. 1 3: 89. Myiosius 2 Affinis M. barbato, sed crassitie majore. 90. Myrosrus ERYTHRURUS, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 249. pl. 5. f. 1. 91. TyRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill. 92, CYCLORHYNCHUS ZQUINOCTIALIS, sp. nov. Clare olivaceus, remigibus alarum nigricantibus flavicanti-viridi late limbatis ; cauda fusca, rectricum marginibus dorso con- coloribus: subtus flavicans, yula grisescente ; pectore et late- ribus cum crisso olivaceo perfusis ; tectricibus subalaribus sul- phureis ; rostro superiore nigro, inferiore albo; pedibus carnets. Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°6, caudee 2°3, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0°7. This bird is a close ally of the Brazilian Cyclorhynchus olivaceus, but may be distinguished by its shorter wings and tail, and by the pure yellow of the middle of the abdomen. 71 93. PLaryrayNCcuus coronatus, Verreaux, MS. Brunnescenti-olivaceus, alis caudaque fuscis, pilei cristati parte mediali flavissima laterali utrinque castanea ; linea superciliart et altera a rictu descendente nigris ; loris et corpore subtus cum tectricibus subalaribus sordide flavicantibus ; rostro supe- riore nigro, inferiore albicante ; pedibus pallide fuscis. Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°4, caudee 1°2, rostri a rictu *55, tarsi 55. This is a typical species of the genus Platyrhynchus with the bill nearly of the same breadth and shape as in P. cancroma, and of the general size and form of that species; but it is easily re- cognizable by its bright yellow crest being broadly margined with deep chestnut, and by the shorter and more slender tarsi. These two birds and Platyrhynchus rostratus are the only members of the group with which I am acquainted. 94, Event avsicers (Lafr. & D’Orb.). 95. EL&NIA LUTEIVENTRIS, Sp. nov. Supra fusca unicolor, alis caudaque paulo saturatioribus ; gut- ture griseo, abdomine medio et crisso cum tectricibus alarum inferioribus sulphureo-flavis, pectore et lateribus oleagineis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5:3, ale 2°8, caudee 2°3, tarsi 0°6. A typical Zlenia of the same form as FE. pagana, the type of the genus, but of smaller size, and differing in colouring from all mem- bers of the group with which I am acquainted. 96. LepropoGon suPERCILIARIS, Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Per. pl.10. f. 2. p. 161? 97. MronecTEs OLEAGINEUS (Licht.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 187. 98. Copurus LEuconoTus, Lafr. See P. Z. S. 1855, p. 148. The same as the Bogota bird. 99. PACHYRHAMPHUS MARGINATUS (Max.); P.Z.S. 1857, p. 77. 100. PacuyRHAMPHUS vERSICOLOR (Hartl.); P. Z.S. 1857, p- 76. 101. Lirpaveus rusco-c1neREvS (Lafr.). 102. CorrnGa MAYNANA (Linn.) 2? 103. CepHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, Geoffr. 104. Rurrcova pervuviana (Lath.)?. 105. CrrRHIPIPRA FILICAUDA (Spix) °. 106. Prera coracina, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 29. 107. Prpra cornuta, Spix ? ? 72 108. Piera srrio~ata, Bp. Consp. p. 174 ¢. 109. Piprires CHLORION, Bp. Consp. p. 174? I do not unfortunately possess, nor have I access to specimens of Piprites chlorion of Cayenne ; so I may be in error in referring this bird to that species. It is however certainly different from Piprites chloris of Brazil, and therefore probably new, if not identical with P. chlorion. 110. Cyanocorax r1ncas (Bodd.) ; Pl. Enl. 625. 111. Cyanocorax vioLaceus, DuBus ; Bp. Consp. p. 379. 112. Cacicus yuracarium, D’Orb. & Lafr.; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. pl. 51. f. 1. p. 365. 113. Cacicus cristatus (Gm.); Bp. Consp. p. 427. 114. DoticHonyx oryztvorus (Linn.) juv. ? I have seen several S. American specimens of this bird, not appa- rently much differing from northern examples, theugh I think it very likely that they may eventually be found to belong to a different species. Dr. Hartlaub has hinted at its occurrence in Paraguay (Index to Azara, p. 9): my own specimens are from Bolivia and S. Martha, New Grenada, and it appears to have been procured by Darwin in the Galapagos islands. 115. Spermopuita Luctuosa, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 291, jun. ? 116. SauraTor MaGNus (Gm.). 117. SALTATOR AZAR&, D’Orb. Nearly agreeing with Bolivian specimens in the British Museum, which I refer to D’Orbigny’s species ; but a shade darker on the back. 118. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafr.). 119. ARREMON SPECTABILIS, Sclater. ? 120. CHLOROSPINGUS An immature bird, and bad skin. 121. Evcometis ALBicouuis (Lafr. & D’Orb.) ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 117 (2). It will be necessary to compare this specimen with the type in the Paris Museum before it can be referred without doubt to D’Or- bigny’s species. 122. Lanio atricaPiLuus (Gm.) ?? 123. CREURGOPS VERTICALIS, sp. et gen. novum. (Pl, CXXXII. fig. 2.) 73 CreurGops*, genus novum, Lanioni et Trichothraupidi affine, sed rostro diverso. Rostrum breve, crassum, culmine versus apicem ineurvo, gonyde vie ascendente, commissura modice arcuata, mandibula superiore dente mediali distincto et altero finali instructo ; vibrissis rictalibus nonnullis: ale modice, cauda tertiam partem attingentes, remigibus secunda, quarta et quinta equalibus et longissimis, prima his paulo breviore : cauda longa, apice quadrata. CREURGOPS VERTICALIS, J. Verreaux, MS. Supra fuscescenti-schistacea, pileo semicristato saturate ferru- gineo, hujus lateribus cum fronte nigricantibus : alis caudaque Susco-nigris ; subtus ferruginescenti-ochracea : rostro nigri- cante, gonydis basi albida, pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 6°2, alee 3-2, caude: 2°5, rostri a rictu 0°7, tarsi 0°85. This peculiar Tanager seems to belong to the neighbourhood of Lanio, Tachyphonus and their allies, and, like the former, has a very sharply defined notch about two-thirds of the distance along the edge of the upper mandible. But the bill is otherwise very different from that of Lanio, being much shorter, broader, thicker, and more swollen, with the culmen much arched towards the tip. The single specimen contained in the collection is not in very good condition, but its perfect distinctness from every known species of Tanager is obvious at first sight. 124. PyranGa ruBRA (L.) ?. 125. PyranGa astiva (L.) ? et ¢ juv.? 126. RampuHoce us pimipratus (Lafr.) ?. 127. Evcuares coccingvs, J. Verreaux, MS., sp. et gen. noy. (Pl. CXXXII. fig. 1.) Coccineus, loris, facie et mento cum gutture et collo antico, alis caudaque nigerrimis: rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudee 2-4, rostri a fronte 0°55, a rictu 0°7, tarsi 0°9. The single specimen of this bird in the present collection is the most interesting novelty which I have met with since I commenced studying the group to which it belongs. Its plumage is precisely that of a Ramphocelus, but the structure is quite different, and renders it impossible to place it in that group. The form of the bill is rather that of the true Tanagre, and agrees more nearly with that of Ta- nagra olivi-cyanea and Buthraupis eximia, but it is shorter, thicker, aud more swollen than in the former, though not so much so as in the latter of these birds. The tail is comparatively much shorter than in either of these forms ; and altogether it is, 1 think, imprac- ticable to arrange it in any other way than as a separate generic division, for which the following characters may suftice :-— * cpcoupyos lanius, et wp facies. 74 Rostrum forte, breve, carinatum, compressum, culmine arcuato, gonyde ascendente, dente finali distincta, commissura paululum sinuata ; vibrissis nullis: ale longa, remige prima quartam aequante et a secunda et tertia longissimis paulo superatis: cauda brevis, apice modice rotundata: pedes fortes, sicut in genere Buthraupide : ptilosis coccinea, nigro varia. 128. TANAGRA MELANOPTERA, Hartl. 129. CaLuiste puLcHRa (Tsch.). 130. CALLISTE sCHRANKI (Spix). 131. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES (Lafr.). 132. CALLISTE VENUSTA, Sclater. 133. CHLOROCHRYSA CALLIPAR&A (T'sch.), juv. 134. EUPHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund. 135. EUPHONIA RUFIVENTRIS (Vieill.) ?. 136. Procnias OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 249. 137. CHLORONERPES SELYSI, Malh. 138. CeLEus JUMANA (Spix), Av. Bras. i. p. 57. pl. 47. 139. CeLeus Gramnicus, Malh. Mém. Soc. Roy. Liege, 1845, p- 69. I have a specimen of this bird from the Peruvian Amazon. 140. CELEUS VERREAUXI. Celeopicus verreauxi, Malh. MS.* * M. Malherbe, who examined and named the Picide@ in this collection before they came under my inspection, has kindly transmitted to me the following notes on this new species, of which there was but one specimen :— Celeopicus verreauxi, Malherbe. “ & adultus—Rostro albido-corneo, basi livido ; pileo toto, capite ad latera et occipitis crista obscure castaneis, in medio nigris ; corpore supra flavido- cinnamomeo, abdomine remigibusque secundariis cinnamomeo-rufis, omnibus immaculatis ; alarum tectricibus minoribus pectareque medio cinnamomeo- rujis, fasciolis nonnullis cordiformibus, interruptis, nigris variegatis: gule et colli plumis castaneis in medio nigris ; remigibus primariis nigricantibus, intus basin versus flavido-rufescentibus, extus plus minusve rufis: hypo- chondriis alarumque tectricibus inferioribus rufescenti-flavis ; plus minusve ad basin rufo marginatis : pedibus griseo-virescentibus. “Long. tota 220-230, ale 133, caude 73-80, tarsi 19 mill. Gall. “Ce grimpeur ressemble beaucoup au Celeopicus grammicus, mais on le dis- tingue de prime abord parceque le C. grammicus a tout le dos, les scapulaires, toutes les tectrices alaires et les rémiges secondaires ainsi que les parties infé- rieures, a l’exception du bas-ventre, rayés transversalement de bandes noires: le croupion, qu’est d’un jaune mélé du roussatre, et les tectrices caudales, qui sont 75 141. Dryocorus namarocaster, Tsch. Faun. Per. pl. 25. 142. Dryocorus aLurrosrris (Spix), Av. Bras, i. pl. 45. iP: 144. Capiro peRvUVIANUus, Cuv. 143. Prcumnus 145, Evusucco sARTLAUvBI, juy. ? 146. PrayA MEHLERI, Bp. Consp. p. 110? Agrees with specimens of the New Grenadian representative of P. cayana, which I suppose to be the bird intended by Prince Bona- parte for P. mehleri. ° 147, Rampuastos cutminatus, Gould, Mon, ed. 2. pl. 11. 148. PreroGLossus pLuRicinctus, Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 17. 149. PreroGuossus rLAvirostris, Fraser ; Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 29. 150. ANDIGENA NIGRIROSTRIS* (Waterh.) ; Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 44. The specimens from the Rio Napo have an obsolete orange band at the base of the upper mandible, which extends rather more for- ward in front of the nostrils. Bogota specimens have the bill black. 151. SELENIDERA REINWARDTI (Wagl.); Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 35. g et 9. 152. AULACORHAMPHUS ALBIVITTATUS (Boiss.) ; Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 49. 153. Curysotis AMAZONICA (Gm.), Buff. Pl. Enl. 547.—Psit¢. amazonicus, Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 588. sp. 7. 154. Curysotis rarrnosa (Bodd.), Buff. Pl. Enl. 861.—Psit¢. pulverulentus, auct., et Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 582. sp. 4. 155. CarysoTis MERCENARIA (Tsch.).—Ps. mercenarius, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 270. I refer this bird to Tschudi’s species, because it agrees with his description. It does not agree with the figure given in the ‘ Fauna Peruana,’ as that represents a red patch in the wing. But the plates of this work are so untrustworthy, that I think it is unad- rousses, ne portent aucune bande noire, tandis que le C. verreauri a toutes ces parties d’un roux marron clair uniforme et n’a que quelques taches noires sur les petites tectrices alaires. “On ne confondra pas non plus cette espeéce nouvelle avec le C. castaneus (Licht. nee Swainson) décrit par Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 515, ou Ladioides, Less. (Cent. Zool. pl. 14. p. 56. 1830-31, et Trait. d’Orn. p. 226, 1831), dont elle a aussi la taille et les caractéres.” * Since separated specifically by Mr. Gould under the title Andigena spilorhyn- chus, P.Z.S. March 23rd. 76 visable to pay too much attention to them, particularly as I have already been led into error by following them as a guide instead of the letter-press. This bird may be recognized among its congeners by the yellow bend of the wing, by the want of the red: wing-mark, and by the blue patch on the outer web of the exterior pair of tail-feathers, the inner web, and both webs of the second, third, fourth and fifth pair having a large red spot, and the middle pair being wholly green. The same bird is in the British Museum from New Grenada (Bogota). 156. Carica BARRABANDI (Kuhl), Le Vaill. Perr. pl. 134. 157. CAIcCA MELANOCEPHALA (Gm.), Pl. Enl. 527. 158. Ara miuirarts (Linn.).—Sittace militaris, Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 668. sp.%85; Edwards’ Birds, pl. 313. 159. ConurRuS GUIANENSIs (Gm.) ? 160. Conurus WEDDELLI, Deville, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p- 209.—Maracana weddellii, DesMurs, Voy. de Casteln, Ois. pl. 2. p- 13. 161. Conurus sucuuaris, Deville, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p- 209; DesMurs, Voy. de Casteln. Ois. pl. 3. fig. 2. p. 15. 162. Conurus ? A new species, which M. Jules Verreaux has undertaken to de- scribe. 163. Leproptiza puBusi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 75. 164. CHLora@nas speciosa (Gm.), Pl. Enl. 213; Bp. Consp. li. p. 54. 165. PeNnELOPE PIPILE (Gm.). 166. PENELOPE ? 167. OrTrALIDA MONTAGNII, Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 875 (May 12th, 1856). 168. OrTaLipA GuTTATA (Spix).—Penelope guttata, Spix, Av. Bras. il. p. 55. pl. 73. 169. ABURRIA CARUNCULATA (Temm.), Bp. Gall. Consp. Syst. in Compt. Rend. (May 12th, 1856). 170. Tinamvus suuivus, Bp. 171. Psopnia ——? (affinis P. crepitanti). An example of this peculiar S. American genus is in the collection, which M. Jules Verreaux considers referable to a new species. Such is very probably the case, unless it be the same as one of the two new Psophia, \ately described by Pelzeln in the ‘ Sitzungsberichte’ of the 77 Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna. But 1 have not access to specimens for comparison, so as to enable me to satisfy myself on this point, and I therefore prefer leaving it to M. Jules Verreaux, who is better acquainted with these birds than I am, to make further researches on this, the result of which I hope to induce him to com- municate to this Society. 172. Nycrrcorax GARDEN! (Gm.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 141. 173. HARpPreRION CAYENNENSIS (Gm.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 155, 174. Ruyncuors niGRa, Linn. February 9, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting British specimens of the Motacilla. flava of Ray, which had been shot by Mr. Thirtle of Lowestoft, to whom Mr. Gould was indebted for the following note as to its occurrence in that part of England :— “In February 1855, at Lowestoft there were to be seen on a large extent of waste grass land called the Denes, from 70 to 80 Yellow Wagtails, which is a very uncommon occurrence, for we seldom have more than two or three pairs during the whole summer, and last summer (viz. 1857) I did not see one, although I looked for them several times. «The birds named as above in 1855 were to be seen from about the 12th of February until the latter end of March. On the 14th of February I observed amongst them a Grey-headed Wagtail, and im- mediately went home for my gun, and I shot it and preserved the same: the head was only partially grey. The next day I killed a better specimen ; and within a fortnight from killing the first, I ob- tained seven specimens in all, they being all male birds. I have no doubt that there were females with them, but I could not make them out from the Yellow Wagtails. «The last killed were in the best plumage. During the time these birds were on the Denes the wind was blowing from the north-east, with bright sunny days ; and the wind had been blowing from the same quarter from about Sept. 20th, 1854, and continued to do so until April 13th, 1855, not having any other direction for twenty-four hours during the whole time. «IT know only of two instances of the Grey-headed Wagtail being 78 killed in this locality—one male in the last week of May 1851, and a male in May 1852: this was with a female. * JamES THIRTLE, ‘Bird Preserver, &c., Lowestoft.” Mr. Gould also called the attention of the Meeting to three beautiful specimens of Steller’s Duck, which had been brought for exhibition by Mr. Stevens. Mr. Gould remarked, that although this species was a native of high northern regions, even to within the Arctic circle, it had been more than once killed in England. The bird certainly belongs to the family of the true diving ducks, of which the King and the Eider may be considered typical examples, and with these it has usually been associated by ornithologists ; but the female differs remarkably from the females of those species in pos- sessing a well-marked speculum on the wing, and the bill on exami- nation will be found to differ in form, approaching nearly to that of the Smew (genus Mergellus), or perhaps still more nearly to that of Merganetta ; but it is not precisely like that organ in either of those genera, and Mr. Gould therefore considered that Mr. G. R. Gray had very properly made it the type of a new genus, Eniconetta. The following papers were read :— 1. On THE CHARACTERS OF FOUR SPECIES OF BATS INHABITING Eurore anp ASIA, AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A New SPECIES OF VESPERTILIO INHABITING he AEE By Rosert F. Tomes. (Mammalia, Pl. LX.) One of the most beautiful of the Bat kind is the Vespertilio pictus of Pallas. Like many of its congeners, it has been abundantly supplied with titles. One of these is V esp. Kerivoula, given to it by Boddaert. Dr. Gray having perceived that it possessed some peculiarities which entitled it to further consideration, and to still further di- stinction, proposed to elevate it to the rank of a distinct genus, and employed the rejected name given to it by Boddaert by which to de- signate the new genus. In the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. x., Dr. Gray made it the type of his genus Kerivoula, and associated with it several other species which he considered as representatives also of the new genus. Without going at length into the details of the examination which have led me to make use of the generic name above noticed, I may mention, that throughout the present commu- nication, whenever I have occasion to speak of the species, it will be under the name of Kerivoula picta. But whilst I adopt this name for the species, I reject most of the associates provided for it. The great beauty of the Kerivoula picta consists in its bright rust- coloured fur, and in its pied orange-and-black membranes. But i a a —— tke PAS me = gt ed i, SEs Poe abe whe . * 79 there is another species which in respect of colour greatly resembles it, indeed far surpasses it. It is a native of China, and the speci- men from which the illustration accompanying the present paper was taken, was presented to the British Museum by Mr. Fortune, its precise locality being Shanghai. At the time the illustration was executed, I supposed, from the extraordinary richness of its colour, that it could not be a known or described species, and I had proposed to give it the name of Vesp. rufo-niger. A careful examination, however, of specimens of Vesp. Jormosa in the British and East India Company’s Museums has shown me that it differs from that species chiefly in the intensity of the colour of the fur and membranes. The examination of these examples led further to the inspection of the Vesp. rufo-pictus of Waterhouse, and again to some other species possessed of similar forms, but not gifted with the beauty of colour observed in those mentioned above. It will be the purpose of this communication to point out these species, and to endeavour to show that none are referable to the genus Kerivoula (supposing it to be typified by the Kerivoula picta), in which some of them have been placed by Dr. Gray. In general form the examples of this group—scareely of sub- generic importance—bear some resemblance to the common Vesp. murinus of Europe. They all have a somewhat thick though not broad muzzle, and a crown but slightly raised above the level of the face ; nostrils which are removed from each other by only a moderate interval, and that interval not emarginate in the specimens preserved in spirit, although very slightly so in those which are dried. The ears are in all the species more or less ovoid, and deeply and evenly hollowed or scooped out about the middle of the outer margin, as in the Vesp. emarginatus of Europe. The tragus is rather long, nearly straight, and diminishes evenly to an acute point. The mem- branes of the wings extend to the base of the toes, and the latter are much longer than the remaining part of the foot ; and as if for the sake of uniformity, the terminal phalange of the thumb is much longer than the basal one*. The fur is everywhere thick and cottony, and is either bicoloured or tricoloured, with a tendency to spread on to the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane. At present I have not had the opportunity of examining the cra- * The great length of the toes in relation to the length of the foot depends very much on the elongation of the phalange next to the one bearing the claw ; and it is the corresponding phalange of the thumb that is so much the longest. It would appear worthy of inquiry whether the corresponding phalanges of the fingers are relatively longer. This I do not find to be absolutely the case, although in Miniopteris reversed proportions of the comparative length of the toes with the remaining part of the foot take place, accompanied by corresponding reversed proportions in the length of the phalanges of the fingers. Thus the toes are short, and the phalanges of the fingers which answer to them, equally short; in the present group the toes are long, and the joint of the thumb which corresponds, elongated in accordance with them; but the wing-joints exhibit no such relative proportions. 80 nium of either of the species, but am able to observe in the speci- mens in spirit and in those in skin, that the front teeth are of con- siderable substance in relation to their length, and that the upper incisors are placed in pairs, the pairs being separated from the canines by a considerable interval on each side, and from each other by a central interspace. From the Kerivoula picta, and a few more allied species, this group differs remarkably in not having the top of the head elevated, in having the muzzle much thicker relatively, in the greatly inferior development of the ear-couch, and in several other minor details. However, it agrees with Kerivoula in the form of the tragus, and in some measure in the texture of the fur. 1. VESPERTILIO EMARGINATUS, Geoff. V. emarginatus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. t. viii. p. 198. pl. 46 & 48, 1806; Desm. Mam. p. 140, 1820; Millet, Faun. de Maine et Loire, t. i. p. 10, 1828; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 105, 1829; Bonap. Fauna Italica, 1. 1832-42 ; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 190. pl. 51, 1835-41 ; Hollandre, Faune de la Moselle, p. 6, 1836 ; De Selys-Longch. Etud. Micromamm. p. 139, 1839; Faune Belge, pp. 1, 20 & 300. pl. 2. f. 4, 1842; Schinz, Europ. Fauna, 1. p- 15, 1840; Synop. Mamm. i. p. 154, 1844. Although the present well-marked species is cancelled from the European list by MM. Keyserling and Blasius, it is certainly a per- fectly distinct and easily recognizable species, and not uncommon in several localities on the continent of Europe; but does not I believe occur in the British Islands. I have seen and examined specimens in the Museums of Leyden and Paris ; in the latter, the type spe- cimens from Charlemont and Abbeville, together with others col- lected by M. de Selys-Longchamps in Belgium; but I sought in vain for the specimen which M. Brongniart obtained near Dover. I believe that it was merely an old female of V. mystacinus, and per- haps from its cranium the illustration was taken which accompanies the description given by M. Geoffroy. At any rate that figure re- presents with tolerable accuracy the cranium of V. mystacinus, and is obviously too small for the V’. emarginatus, as well as being too much inflated. I arrived at this conclusion, having before me the plate and the type specimens. I cannot learn that this species has been met with, excepting on the continent of Europe. Whilst many other European species occur not only over the whole of Europe, but also in Madeira, the Mediterranean shores of Africa, and even as far in Africa as Lake Ngami, the present one appears to be confined to France, Belgium, Holland, and the environs of Rome. The following description has been taken from the specimens in the Paris Museum :-— Muzzle rather long, thick in a vertical direction, but not broad ; top of the head very slightly elevated ; nostrils small, near together ; ears of medium size, ovoid, with a distinct and regular notch near _— ‘Rit + ¥. - 81 the middle of their outer margins; tragus narrow and tapering to an acute point, which is directed outwards ; its outer margin has a notch near the base. Wing-membranes extending to the base of the toes; the latter longer than the remaining part of the foot ; thumb with the free portion much longer than that which is engaged in the membrane. The fur of the forehead, which is very thick, extends uninter- ruptedly to halfway between the end of the nose and the eyes; all the side of the face from the root of the ear to the snout is naked, with the exception of a tuft of stiff hairs in front of the eye and a moustache on the upper lip. The ears are a little hairy at the base of their hinder surface, and the fur of the back encroaches a little on the interfemoral membrane. Everywhere the fur is very thick, soft, and cottony, with very little gloss. That of the upper parts is tricoloured, and that of the under surface bicoloured. On the top of the head and the whole of the back it is blackish brown at the base for a fourth of its length, sueceeded by yellowish buff, and tipped with light rust-colour, the latter prevailing most on the shoulders and on the interfemoral membrane. All the under parts have the fur dusky at the base for half its length, the re- mainder being pale buff, and it is so thick and close as to appear wholly of the latter colour unless it be moved. Individuals vary considerably in the hue of the rust-coloured and buff portions of the fur, so that their general appearance may be either light reddish buff-colour, or a medium brown ; but in either case the bicoloured and tricoloured character of the fur is main- tained. The specimen of V’. emarginatus, which formed part of the Italian collection of the late Prince C. L. Bonaparte, having been presented by him to me during a stay in Paris in the spring of 1857, I am enabled to correct an error into which T had fallen, with some other zoologists, in regarding it as referable to V. Nattereri. It is un- questionably the V. emarginatus of Geoffroy. This specimen, pre- served as a skeleton, but a good deal injured, supplies the following details respecting the dentition * :— In. >; Can. =; P.M. =; M. ===. * It may not be amiss to record here the exact condition of the specimens of Chiroptera presented by Prince Bonaparte, because they are the types of his de- scriptions in the ‘ Fauna Italica.’’ The species which I received were as follow :— Vesp. emarginatus, V. Aristippe, V. vispistrellus, V. Cappacinti, V. miniopteris, V. Ursinii, Noctula leucippe, Pipistrelius Savii?, P. noctula, P. aleythoe, Plecotus auritus, and Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, the names here given being those attached to the specimens. It appears that they had been prepared as skeletons, with the membranes and ears left attached, and had then been expanded on pieces of card-board and varnished, the skin and fur having been also attached to the card. In this state they had been placed in a portfolio prepared for their reception, which previously to passing into my hands had been subjected to suffi- cient pressure to crush and very much injure the specimens, the crushed parts being in some of them lost. No. CCCLII.— Procerepines or tur Zooioaicat Sociery. 82 The dental series of the upper jaw when seen from below presents two straight and nearly parallel lines, the space between them being closed across the front opening by the transverse position of the in- cisors. They are so placed as to occupy nearly all the opening. Seen laterally they are nearly vertical; but when viewed in front, they slope so much inwards that the points of the inner ones nearly touch each other, and thus fill up nearly the whole of the interval between the two canines. The space between them and the canines is very small. The inner ones are rather large and deeply forked ; the outer ones smaller and conical. The canines are short and stout, angular, and somewhat pointed. All the remaining teeth in the upper jaw are of the form common to nearly all the species of Ves- pertilionde. The lower incisors are small, close together, and trilobed; the canines short and rather stout ; and the three following teeth conical and increasing in size, the one next to the true molars being con- siderably larger than the two others, which are nearly equal. The molars present nothing remarkable in their form. The following dimensions have been taken from three specimens in the Paris collection,—one from Charlemont, one from Abbeville, where it was collected by M. Baillon, and the third from a specimen obtained by M. Hollandre at Metz. —_ = 3. = ~ ~ x < _ a = s Length of the head and body.. 2 Of the Yearly ris At a 1 of the head....... 0 of the ears .... 0 — of the tragus .. UNO of the fore-arm ...... 1 of the longest finger .. 2 2 0 0 10 _ APWOAMWALCHA S tolm bolt bole Aobw bolt to] bol bo| no] H bol of the fourth finger... . of the thumb ........ of the foot and claws .. Expanse of wings............ tole ho|— tol COONNKOCOFK NS SCSoOONNKOOCOK NS — SCERWONTWATwWL ohWK Ooh — 2. VESPERTILIO FoRMOsUS, Hodgs. a V. formosus, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, iv. p. 700, 1835. Kerivoula formosa, Gray, Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 27, 1843 ; Cat. Mam. and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, in Brit. Mus. p. 4, 1846. Vesp. (Kerivoula) formosa, Horsf. Cat. Mam. Mus. E. Ind. Comp. p- 40, 1851. V. rufo-niger?, Tomes, MSS. Mr. Hodgson thus describes this species :—‘ Entirely of a bright, soft, ruddy yellow, with the digital membranes triangularly indented, blackish. Head conical ; face sharp; muzzle and lips confluently nudish ; the former anteally grooved, not above; the outer and 83 inner ears acutely pointed, moderate, less than the head ; teeth —, =, =F snout to rump 24 inches; tail 2; expanse 12}. “Nasal bones slightly convexed in their length, and unite easily with a low forehead.” The following is the description of the specimen deposited in the British Museum by Mr. Hodgson. The specimen is preserved in spirit ; but the skull having been removed, renders the description less perfect than might have been wished :— Nostrils rather small and approximate. Feet rather large, the toes taking up fully two-thirds of their entire length. Wing-mem- branes extending barely to the base of the toes. Thumb with the basal phalange short, the one between it and the small one bearing the claw, taking up the greater part of its length. Tail-tip wholly enclosed in the interfemoral membrane. Membranes (when wet with spirit) translucent, and marked with reddish brown and dark brown, the latter occupying the triangular spaces between the digits, and the former appearing as narrow stripes on each side of all the bones of the wings—just as in Kerivoula picta. Fur very thick, that of the under parts yellowish buff, that of the | similar at the root and tipped with rust-colour.: he specimen included in Dr. Horsfield’s ‘ Catalogue of the Mam- malia contained in the Museum of the East India Company ’ affords the following particulars :—Muzzle rather produced, thick, but not broad ; top of the head scarcely elevated above the line of the face ; nostrils small, near together, opening sublaterally, and slightly tu- bular. Ears ovoid, emarginate at their outer margin ; tragus long, slender, and tapering evenly to a moderately acute point, which is curved a little outwards. Wing-membranes extending to the base of the toes, barely ; the feet large, the toes occupying fully two- thirds of their entire length. The basal joint of the thumb very short in relation to the length of the second. Fur very thick and close, and cottony in texture ; that of the upper parts yellow-buff, with the tips of the hairs conspicuously tipped with rust-colour ; below, uniform yellow-buff. The interfemoral membrane, the portions of membrane contiguous to the flanks, and all the parts in the immediate vicinity of the bones of the wings and legs, chestnut-coloured, all the remaining parts of the membrane being black-brown. v The following description has been taken from the specimen from which the illustration (Pl. LX.) accompanying the present paper has been drawn, and, as already stated, from Shanghai; and I may ob- serve that a.specimen in my own collection, also from China (Kiang), is similar, but with the colours even brighter than those of the plate. As these examples differ from those already described in a few par- ticulars only, save in colour, it will be necessary to mention merely these points of difference, and the remarkable colouring of the fur of this variety—if it is not a distinct species :— Ears ovoid, nearly the length of the head, and more deeply and evenly notched near the middle of the outer margin than in the 84 ordinary examples of V. formosus ; tragus very narrow and tapering to a very acute point, curved a little outwards. The extreme tip of the tail free. On all parts of the body the fur is thick and cottony, with very little gloss. That of the upper parts tricoloured, excepting on the head, where it is bicoloured. On the latter part it is buff at the base, tipped with very bright rufous ; on the whole of the back it is blackish grey at the base, succeeded by buffy yellow, and finally tipped with bright rufous. The rufous colour is brightest on the head and shoulders, from which parts it becomes darker and less pure on approaching the rump. The hair which extends on to the base of the interfemoral membrane is unicoloured, and dark red- brown. On the whole of the under parts, the fur is bicoloured ; that of the throat resembles that on the top of the head, being ‘buffy yellow, tipped for about a fourth of its length with bright red. Along each side of the body, from the insertion of the humerus to the pubal region, it is similar to the throat; but the rufous colour occupies more than half the length of the fur. Along the middle of the belly it is dusky at the base, similarly tipped with a deep and brilliant rufous colour. The membranes are very conspicuously marked with two colours, brown-red and black. The latter colour may be called the real co- lour of the wings ; but a narrow space on each side of all the bones is of the former; of this brown-red colour also is the whole of the interfemoral membrane and the membrane between the index finger and the longest. Beneath the fore-arm, and from thence by the side of the body to the hinder limb, the red colour is of consider- able breadth, attainmg to as much as three-quarters of an inch. From this space it runs in dotted lines into the black colour of the wing, and produces great richness of appearance. The ears are red- brown, tipped and margined exteriorly with black. The feet also are black ; but the legs and all the bones of the wing are of the same red colour as the contiguous membrane. In the annexed table of dimensions, column No. | represents Mr. Hodgson’s specimen in the British Museum, No. 2 the specimen in the East India Company’s Museum, No. 3 the Shanghai ree and No. 4 the one from Kiang. Vv No. 1. {| No. 2. | No. 3 No 4 Length of the head and body..| ... “1210/2 4/2 9 of the tal hadnt cnost: 2. nOFhWes6 ale oS se Rie ofthe head: e3eatune 0 9;0 73,0 8} Of the ears VS (kis Laake 0 6,00 7a es of the tragus ... VOC BE, I ae —of the forearm ......| 1 10 | 1 10/1 94) 1 10 of the longest finger ..; 3 2},3 0;);3 0/3 2 ——— of the fourth ie 2 116) 20.8) e200 62) aa ae — of the thumb . 0 440 5/0 5;0 5 of the tibia. . He 1a. oe ee — of the foot and claws.. 0 53}0 6/0 5)0 52 Expanse of wings .......... 12 7 112 0 13 6112 6 85 Although I have treated the Chinese specimens as varieties of the Indian species, I hold it by no means proved that my first impres- sion was not the correct one. The dekestes may be thus sum- marily stated:—1. The ears of the Chinese examples are more deeply hollowed out exteriorly. 2. The tragus is more acute. 3. The tip of the tail is free. In the Indian specimens the ears are less strongly emarginate, the tragus is sub-acute at the tip, and the tail wholly enclosed in the membrane ; at least it is so in the specimen in spirit. The great difference in colour may perhaps be due to the influence of climate. Without a greater number of examples for examination, and espe- cially without an investigation of their crania and dentition, it is difficult to decide with certainty whether this is merely a remarkable variety, or a distinct species. Should it however prove to be distinct, I propose for it the name I at first made use of to designate it, viz. Vesp. rufo-niger. 3. VESPERTILIO RUFO-PICTUS, Waterh. Vesp. rufo-pictus, Waterh. P. Z. 8. pt. 13. p. 8, 1845. Kerivoula rufo-picta, Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar. no. 5, 1849. The original specimen from which Mr. Waterhouse took his de- scription haying passed into my hands at the dispersion of the Mu- seum of the Zoological Society, I have been enabled to examine it attentively, and to compare it with Mr. Hodgson’s specimen of /. formosus in the British Museum, from which it at first sight appears to differ only in being a little larger. On more careful examination it proves to be quite an immature individual, so that if full-grown it would probably differ considerably in size from that species. Again, the number of the teeth appears to be different—different at least from the account given by Mr. Hodgson of the dentition of V’. formosus. He says, “Teeth =", a — I can only detect =* molars in the specimen of V.rufo-pictus, of which two on each side, above and below, are false molars. The face is rather long and somewhat obtuse, but not much broader laterally than it is thick in a vertical direction ; the top of the head very little elevated ; the nostrils small and near together, with the a between them slightly depressed rather than emarginate. The glands of the upper lip do not approach very closely to the edge of the latter, but pass backwards over the eyes almost to the front mar- gins of the ears, and leave a central longitudinal depression along the ace, up the middle of which is a narrow raised ridge, producing, to use the words of Mr. Waterhouse, ‘two longitudinal grooves.” The ears are very similarly shaped to those of /. formosus, but I think a little less emarginate. The tragus has a distinct tooth or lobe at its outer margin, close to the base, above which is a consider- able indentation, succeeded by an obtuse angle, from which it passes in a straight line to the tip, which is tolerably acute. The inner margin is nearly straight. Both the ears and tragus, when ex- amined by transmitted light, appear to be glandular in structure. 85 The feet are large; the toes occupying fully two-thirds of their entire length. The os calcis takes up two-thirds of the distance be- tween the foot and the end of the tail; the latter wholly enclosed in the interfemoral membrane. The middle phalange of the thumb (as in all others of the group) long, the basal one short. The fur on the top of the head is thick, but does not extend so near to the end of the nose as in V. formosus. On the space around the eyes are some irregular tufts of longish hairs, and the upper lips are furnished with moustaches of bristle-like hairs ; and all the upper surface of the snout, from above the nostrils to the fur of the fore- head, is similarly studded with short bristly hairs. The fur on the back extends on to the base of the interfemoral membrane for a fourth of its length, and along the tibiz to the upper surface of the feet, the outer toe * being furnished with short bristly hairs on the whole of its upper surface, and the others hairy only on their terminal and subterminal phalanges. The interfemoral membrane has a series of similar short hairs on the whole of its hinder margin. On all the upper parts the fur is close, firm in texture, and bi- coloured ; light dusky grey at the base, with the tips yellowish buff. Below, it appears to be unicoloured, buffy ash, with a strong tinge of yellow about the axilla. It is probable that the fur would be more markedly bicoloured in older examples, as we see in other species that the colours of young specimens are much less distinct than in older ones. The membranes are marked precisely as in V. formosus, and te- quire no further notice. 2 — iti roam 2—2 3— Dentition.— In. —, Can. = Premol. =, Mol. ot 8 aS er Dimensions :— Length of the head and body ............ 2 6 oF the -tatl <0. 20k Wee ne alok eee 2 | of the heal). As oe See ce a eee 0 10 OF the GATS, sc sfa.s's sasele Sets ot aisha koe 0 6 Brendth. Gt £088 23. es caves cee Gee ee 0 6 Length or the tracts. 2. OF the thu, ..-\. «:-2 oSicctss aac E 07S ¢ Of-the tibia. 2... 0. a ees conan | of the foot and claws ........ ... 0 6 @{9h — Ot THE OS RICE ose oo ks icy ae 0 114 DxpRUee. OF WMS co. 2. Ae ce te nee 13 2 * The so-called outer toe of a bat, with the members extended, corresponds with the inner toe of other mammalia. 87 4. Vespertitio Pearsonu, Horsf. Lasiurus Pearsonii, Horsf. Cat. Mam. Mus. E. Ind. Comp. p. 36, 1851; Blyth, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, no. 6. 1851, p. 524. This is much the largest species of the group, and probably if sufficiently examined would prove to be also the most characteristic. But at present I have only had the opportunity of examining three specimens, all in the state of skin ; viz. the type of Dr. Horsfield’s description, another in the same collection from Nepal, presented by Mr. Hodgson, and the third in the British Museum, from Amboyna. From these examples the following description has been taken, as bs will be followed by remarks on their individual differences. The top of the head is rather flat, scarcely so much elevated as in V. murinus; the muzzle is also rather broad and obtuse, as in that species, and the nostrils have nearly the same form and proportions. The ears are as broad as they are high, very much rounded at the end, and with a distinct and evenly-defined notch, scooped in their external margin. They resemble the same parts in V. emarginatus, but are much broader in relation to their length, and less deeply hollowed out externally. As in that species they are thickly dotted with fine glandular spots. The tragus is narrow, and tapers to an acute point, with a slight outward curvature, and it is furnished with a projecting angular point at its outer edge near the base. It is rather more than half the length of the ear. The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes, and the latter are fully two-thirds of the entire length of the foot. ‘The claws are strong and hooked. The thumb is very long, and its claw also large and hooked, more so relatively than in any of its congeners. The tip of the tail is free from the membrane. The upper canines are very short, stout, and conical, with a blunt inner lobe; the lower ones are also stout and short, as are also the incisors, above and below. The upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is more or less covered with hair, varying somewhat in different individuals, and the portions of the wing-membranes contiguous to the sides of the back are also hairy. Beneath, the membranes are hairy only in close proximity to the vent and lower part of the body. In texture the fur is soft, thick, and cotéony, and rather long, that ou the middle of the back being as much as 5 lines in length. On the upper parts the fur is tricoloured, as in the other mem- bers of the group. That of the back has the base dusky, succeeded by yellowish grey for the greater part of its length, and the remainder rufous brown, with the exception of the extreme tips of the hairs, which in the type specimens are paler and shining ; the general colour of the fur of the upper parts, when undisturbed, being a dull rufous brown, excepting that on the interfemoral membrane, which is of a somewhat brighter rufous tint, and uniform in colour for its whole length. The general tint of the under parts is palish brown, each hair being reddish brown for the greater part of its length, with shining 88 tips of the same colour, but paler. The shining tips are most ob- servable on the breast, and least so on the pubes. Mr. Hodgson’s specimen differs only from the type specimen in the absence of the shining tips to the fur. In both of these the membranes are reddish brown, with the portions contiguous to the bones of the wings somewhat diaphanous, and corresponding pretty accurately with the red parts in V. formosus. The specimen from Amboyna differs so considerably in colour, that it will be well to give a description of it separately. The interfemoral membrane has about twenty-four strongly marked transverse dotted lines ; and about ten or twelve similar ones may be seen on the base of the wings, parallel to the body. On the whole of its upper surface the interfemoral membrane is clothed with hairs, but not very thickly, excepting on the os calcvs, which is thickly fringed, as are also the feet ; also the membrane contiguous to the back is similarly furnished with hair. The under surface of the membranes contiguous to the body, 7. e. from the axilla, by the flanks and around the pubes, is also clothed with hairs, which thin off gradually, and are lost at the distance of alittle more than half an inch from the body. The whole of the fur is of the same peculiar texture observed in the other examples, fine, and of medium length. On all the under parts of the body it is purple-brown at the base, for a third of its length, succeeded by purplish white, and tipped with bright rust- colour. That which extends on to the upper surface of the mem- branes is of a uniform rust-colour, and the face is wholly rust- coloured. Beneath, all the fur is of a brownish-white colour, tinged with rufous on the shoulders. The membranes are dark reddish brown, the interfemoral, and those parts which are red in V’. formosus, being of a lighter and redder tint, but not so well marked as in that species. The following are the dimensions of these examples; 1. the type specimen of Dr. Horsfield, 2. Mr. Hodgson’s specimen, and 3. the one from Amboyna :— Up 2. 3. Length of the head and body.. ant 2 6? 1G of the ail s27 esas 18 0 7? 1 43 of ‘the head.) 64/3,28. 40 41 0 10? 0 64 Of the Gains Yo)/.2i 0 6 0 54 0 52 Breadth of the ears.......... 0 6 0 55 0 32 Length of the tragus ........ 0 4 0 3h 0'cs of the fore-arm SMe od TG PSs as of the longest finger .. 2 8 3.4 2 24 ——— of the fourth finger.... 2 8 iy hha 1 10 —— of the tibia .......... 0 11 O° 9 ede: of the thumb ‘0. / 7.5%: 0.7 0 6 — — of the foot andclaws .. 0 5 0 5 0 41 — of the os caleis ...... Org 048 ExpanseOr wings)... 21°. a ase 13 4 9) a 89 The Plate represents the Chinese species collected by Mr. Fortune, already alluded to. VESPERTILIO MADAGASCARIENSIS, Nl. S- The species which I have thus named, although not appertaining to the restricted group which forms the subject of the present paper, is nevertheless a true Vespertilio. It is properly a member of the restricted group which is represented by V’. mystacinus, V. poly- thrix, V. Chiloensis, V. ruber, V. Isidori, V. Hilairii, V. parvulus, V.. trilatitius (Temm. not Horsf.), and some others. As the first of these is the best-known species, I shall take it as a standard for comparison, and at the same time refer to any points of greater re- semblance which the new species may have to others less known. It is of about the same size as V. Daubentonii, but differs from it in other respects considerably. The top of the head is somewhat elevated, as in /’. mystacinus, and, as in that species, the muzzle is rather short and pointed. The nostrils are small, near together, sublateral in their direction, and the space between them emarginate. The ears are of medium length, rather broadly ovoid, and deeply emarginate about the middle of the outer margin ; but the notch has not the appearance of being scooped out, as in the species previously described in the present paper. It is in fact just asin /. mystacinus, but deeper. The tragus is about half the length of the ear, narrow and pointed, and curving slightly outwards. It has a prominent angle on its outer margin near to the base. The thumb is small, and the two visible phalanges are of nearly equal length. The wings are proportioned much as in /. mysta- cinus. The feet are relatively rather large as compared with those of that species, but much less so than in VY. Daubentonii, and the wing- membranes extend nearly to the base of the toes, the latter being of nearly equal length. The extreme tip of the tail is free. The face is densely hairy, only the end of the nose and a small space between the eyes and ears being naked. On the upper lip are moustaches of long hair, and there are a few similar long hairs pro- jecting from the chin. The ears are somewhat hairy on their outer surfaces, at the base only. All the membranes are naked. The fur is thick and soft, with very little lustre, in texture very like that of V. Chiloensis. That of the upper parts is nearly uni- coloured, of a deepish ferruginous hue, a little darker at the root than at the tip. Below, it is bicoloured, dark brown at the base, tipped with greyish brown, paler and unicoloured on the pubes. The dentition has not been examined. ~ ~ > . Length of the head and body, about .... 2 10 OF CERO GAN Soeraa. civ ve diein ids od brarelel nik OM of the head 0 73 —— of the ears...... 0 5 —— of the tragus:......c0s-seere. O 8 of the fOre-AFMs oc ces cavces ne Oe : 90 ~ = = = Length of the longest finger.......... . 2 7 of the-fourth finger “Y...+...... 110 of the thumb ...... ae re ee, of thefts: .s .s ys ta 0 72 — le of the foot and claws .......... 0 44 A Expamse: Of Wimestisg. an. cia o's <005s 6 «16 wie 10 2 2. On a New Genus or MytiILip&, AND ON SOME DisToRTED ForMs WHICH OCCUR AMONG Bivatve SHELLS. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Presipent oF THE ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. (Mollusca, Pl. XLI.) We have for several years had some specimens of large Myti- lide in the Museum Collection which I have always regarded as the types of a distinct genus, but have deferred from time to time their publication, as I was informed that Dr. Dunker and others were en- gaged on a monograph of the family. Dr. Dunker having published the species without forming it into a group, I have therefore brought it before the Society, and at the same time make some observations on a peculiarity which the species presents. STAVELIA, 0. g. Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, subtrigonal ; umbo anterior ; the front of the ventral edge sinuous, the flatter valve with a broad ex- panded lobe on the front of the ventral margin, the more convex one with a deep sinuosity to fit the lobe of the other valve. Anterior adductor scar distinct, oblong; posterior roundish ; submarginal sear parallel to the edge of the shell, entire. Hinge toothless. Li- gament and cartilage linear, marginal, rather short. - Periostraca laminate, with elongated flat linear or tapering pro- cesses. This genus differs from Mytilus in the inequality of the valve and the sinuosity of the lower edge, in the entire absence of any small teeth under the umbo, and in the paleaceous periostraca. 1. SraveviA TorTA. (Pl. XLI. fig. 1.) Mytilus tortus et M. horridus, Dunker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. t. 3. f. 6 & 9. Hab. North Australia and Philippines. I cannot discover any permanent character between the two spe- cimens described by Dr. Dunker. The specimens of this genus in the Museum, and others which have come under my observation, offer a peculiarity which I have hitherto only observed in a very few other bivalve shells, and in none to the extent which is presented in this species. 91 In my paper “On the Formation and Structure of Shells,” in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1833 (reprinted by Dr. John- ston, ‘ Letter on Conchology,’ p. 413), I observe,— “In some very rare instances the shells (bivalves) are also reversed ; but the fact is not easily observed except in the unequal-valved kinds. There were formerly in the Tankerville collection two specimens of Lucina Childreni, in one of which the right valve was a dextral shell, in opposition to the general structure. These specimens are now in the British Museum Collection.” The four specimens of this shell which I have under my eye pre- sent the same anomaly as the two specimens of Lucina Childreni above referred to, that is to say, two of them have the left valve the flattest and furnished with the large lobe on the front of the ventral margin, and in the other two it is the right valve which has this form and development ; and I cannot observe any other peculiarity between the specimens than this indifference between the develop- ment of the sides of the animal. So that, as a Lucina Childreni, it is impossible to determine which is the normal form of the species. A somewhat similar indifference fs to the direction of the shell is to be observed in some land univalve shells, as Bulimus aureus, where the shell appears to be indifferently dextral and sinistral ; but in the ee Stavelia it appears more extraordinary on account of the great ifference of the form of the two valves. We have just received from China a large species of Mutelade (Pl. XLI. figs. 2, 3), allied to Unio Grayii of Lea, which I do not name, as Mr. Cuming informs me that Mr. Isaac Lea is describing and figuring it in Philadelphia*, which offers a curious peculiarity. These shells have the hinder extremity twisted up on one side somewhat like Arca tortuosa, but not so regularly ; and unlike that species, the flexure is not always in the same direction: some have the bend towards the right, and the others towards the left of the animal. I may observe, that, as far as I have been able to examine, the side seems a matter of indifference, for as many of the specimens are bent to the one side as the other. It is to be observed that in Arca tortuosa and A. semitorta the hinge-line is always straight, and it is only the basal line which is bent to one side, the valves being slightly unequal, and in fact the shell is not distorted ; while in the Hyria under consideration the upper edge of the shell is bent as well as the lower one, and the shell is truly altered in form by some external circumstance. The shells appear as if they had been softened and suddenly twisted on one side. It has been suggested that this change in the form may be produced by the position which the shell occupies in the mud or under the stones near which it lives ; but it is to be observed that Uniones generally live sunk in the mud, and not lying on one side, and that, like shells which live in an erect position, they have equal valves, while those that live lying on their side almost always have unequal ones ; and if the form depended on this circumstance, * Triquetra lanceolata seu contorta, Lea. 92 as the animal must sometimes move and must be sometimes turned over, we ought to find some specimens with the flexure partly on one side and partly on the other, but no such specimens have occurred to me. I am inclined to believe that it arises from some peculiar predi- lection of the animal itself, by which it probably more easily obtains its food in the peculiar situation in which it resides. These shells were sent to England from China by one of Mr. For- tune’s collectors. They were accompanied by some specimens of reptiles and insects, on which the Chinese collectors had been exer- cising their ingenuity in hopes of adding to their value. Thus there was a stuffed specimen of a Night Lizard (Geeko Reevesii) which had a square tuft of hair from some mammal stuck on the back of its neck. A Snake, which had the claw of a mammal surrounded with fur inserted on each side of its neck just behind the head, so as to make it appear as if it had rudimentary feet armed with large claws. Several of the Coleopterous insects, especially the larger Ceram- byces, were painted, so as to give them quite a different appearance from the usual and natural colour of the species. I may add that the work was so coarsely executed as to be dis- covered on the most cursory examination of the specimens, and could only have been intended to deceive the most ignorant collectors. 3. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS NERITA AND ITS OPERCU- LuM. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., ETC. The distinction of the species of this genus is rather difficult ; therefore whatever assists in dividing the species into smaller groups is of use, as limiting the number of species between which any doubt can be entertained. Considerable confidence has therefore been placed in the form of the surface of the inner lip, which in some species is smooth, in others tubercular or ridged, or both ridged and tubercular; but in examining a large series of specimens from the same locality, though the character is generally permanent, the tubercles or ridges vary considerably in number and size, and are sometimes almost entirely wanting. It is to be observed that in many of the species which have this part tubercular, the tubercles are more distinct and crowded in the younger, and especially the youngest, than in the older, or what is usually called the more perfectly developed state of the species. In other genera such characters are generally more developed in the shells formed in the most perfect state of the animal. Mr. Adams has formed subgenera on the surface of the inner lip. My studies on Mollusca have proved to me that few parts offer 93 more important and better characters for the separation of the families, genera and species, tlian the operculum. This has been illustrated in the family Neritide. The family is well characterized by the form of this part, and the possession of the internal apophysis or shelly lobe under the nucleus forming a kind of hinge on the sharp inner lip of the shell. In my paper in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1833, I stated that the structure of the operculum offered the best character to separate the Nerite from the Neritine, and I there ob- served, “The operculum of Nerita agrees in form with that of Ne- ritina, but differs in having no eartilage on its edge, which is fur- nished instead with a groove in its outer surface, being covered with a thick, variously formed shelly deposit as in the genus T'urbo, and in its inner surface being lined with a thick, callous, polished coat. Between the outer and inner coat there exists a very distinct concen- trically striated horny layer, like the operculum of Littorina, and the left muscular scar is deeply grooved like that of the subannular operculum. «This difference in the structure of their opercula forms an ex- cellent distinctive character between these two genera.” In the same paper I observed, “ The difference in the outer sur- face of the opercula of the genus Nerita affords a good character for the separation of the species.” I have lately had an opportunity of examining a large number of freshly collected Nerites, with their opercula dried in the mouth of the shell, so that there can be no doubt that they are the real opercula of the species, and that these opercula have not been put into the mouths of the shells at random, as is too often the case with shells which have passed through the hands of dealers *. The species may be divided according to their opercula as fol- lows :— 1. Operculum polished, with a broad, slightly raised, concentrically grooved, submarginal band. Nerita. N. polita, Costal grooves arched (fig. 1). N. lineolata. Costal grooves straight (fig. 2). 2. Operculum polished, with a broad, slightly raised, granulated, submarginal band. Ritena. N. plicata (fig. 3). The specimens vary slightly in the distinctness, and especially in the breadth, of the tubercular submarginal band. 3. Operculum with a broad, raised, convex, smooth, submarginal band. Tenare. * Operculum smooth. N. Peloronta (fig. 5). * In Adams’s Genera of Shells, t. 42. f.1, a, 4, a granular operculum, probably that of N. signata, is figured as that of Nerifa polita. 94 ** Operculum granular. N. ornata (fig. 4). The younger shells have the inner lip more granular, and the adult more ridged. 4. Operculum uniform, granular, without any raised or distinct submarginal band. Natere. * Inner lip granulated. N. exuvia. N. Malaccensis. N. albicilla (fig. 6). N. Senegalensis. 1. Nerita polita. 2. N. lineolata. 3. N. plicata. 4. N. ornata. 5. N. Peloronta. 6. N. albicilla. ** Inner lip ridged. N. variabilis. N. Chameleon. N. versicolor. N. tessellata. *** Inner lip smooth. N. signata. The granules large, in lines. N. atra. N. inconspicua. The Puperita pupa, from the West Indian Seas, has an oper- culum of a single coat, with a polished surface like Neritina. This genus, in the ‘Guide to the Mollusca in the British Museum,’ is by mistake put in the same section as Nerita, instead of that of Neritina (see p. 137). 95 February 23, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Gould brought before the notice of the Society a highly in- teresting series of birds collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Aroo Islands. Among them were two species of Birds of Paradise—Pa- radisea apoda and P. regia. Hitherto these magnificent birds have only been sent to this country in a mutilated condition, their skins having been prepared and dried by the Papuans frequently without their wings, and almost always without their legs; Mr. Wallace’s skins, however, are perfect, and in the highest possible condition. They comprise not only adult males and females, but young birds in various stages of development. Mr. Gould remarked that the ornithology of the Aroo Islands, like that of New Guinea, partook more of the character of the Australian fauna than of any other. The Picide (Woodpeckers) and Bucerotide (Hornbills), so common in India and the Indian Islands, are totally wanting, while the Me- liphagide (Honeyeaters) and the Haleyonide (Kingfishers) are very numerous ; on the other hand, the collection did not contain a single Malurus, nor any of the Finches—forms represented by numerous species even in the northern parts of Australia. Mr. Gould, in re- marking upon the beautiful plumes which adorn the Paradisee, stated that he considered they were in their most perfect state just prior to the breeding season, and that the bird was then adorned in its greatest beauty,—a beauty assumed apparently not only for the purpose of attracting the females, but to exhibit to each other their gorgeous finery, when they assemble and perform many curious and extraordinary evolutions. In South America the Cock of the Rock (Rupicola) has many singular habits at the like season, while in Australia the Bower Birds attract every one by the curious strue- tures they make for a similar purpose: Mr. Gould instanced also the Peacock, the Turkey, and the well-known Ruff of the British Islands, as birds which assemble and make such displays. The following papers were read :— 1. Notrs on soME Birps rrom SoutrHerN Mexico. By Puiuip Lutvey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S. M. Edouard Verreaux of Paris has lately received a very fine series of birds from the tierra caliente of Southern Mexico—the same country where the collections made by MM. Sall¢ and Botteri, which I have already brought before the notice of this Society, were formed. He has kindly submitted to my inspection specimens of such of the species as have not been included in my former lists, concerning which I beg to offer the following remarks, together with a few cor- rections of statements made in my previous papers on this subject. 96 1. MicrastTur GILVICOLLIS.—Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill.; M. concentricus, Auct. A fine specimen in M. Verreaux’s Mexican collection agrees per- fectly with Mr. Cassin’s plate and description of M. guerilla (Journ. Acad. Philad. ii. p. 295. pl. 40), and I have no doubt is the same bird. M. Jules Verreaux writes to me that he considered this at first to be the young of M. concentricus, though he was afterwards inclined to alter his opinion. Mr. George Gray and Mr. J. H. Gurney, however, both regard this example as referable to an immature stage of M. concentricus, and such will probably be found eventually to be the case. The specimen in question has been selected by Mr. Gurney for the Norwich Museum. 2. CiccABA HUHULA (Daud.); Bp. Consp. i. p. 43? An example, which I am unable to refer otherwise than to this species, has the white feather-margins on the upper surface nearly evanescent, leaving the back nearly uniform slaty black. M. Jules Verreaux, who has examined a second example, considers it as a de- cidedly different species, probably undescribed ; but I should wish to consult a larger series of specimens before determining as new a bird of this difficult group. 3. Scops FLAMMEOLA, Kaup.—Strix flammeola, Licht. in Mus. Berol. ; Ephialtes fammeola, Licht. Nomencl. p. 7. This diminutive species of Scops is described by Kaup in a Mo- nograph of Strigidee, which will shortly appear in the Society’s Transactions. A single specimen obtained by M. Sallé from the vicinity of Jalapa is in the late Prince Bonaparte’s collection. 4. TRoGON MASSEN#, Gould, Mon. Trog. pl. 16. M. Verreaux’s collection embraces fine examples (¢ et ?) of this splendid species. 5. DENDROCOLAPTES SANCTI THOM. — Dendrocops sancti thome, Latr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 466. In M. Verreaux’s collection is a fine specimen of this bird, for which I believe M. de Lafresnaye’s name is unfortunately chosen, as the present example is from Southern Mexico, and I possess an- other from Honduras. Besides, I recognize the same species among some drawings by Mr. Bell, of birds obtained on the coast of Mos- quitia. I therefore doubt whether it really occurs in the island of St. Thomas, and consider 8. Mexico and Central America as its true habitat. 6. CyPHORINUS PROSTHELEUCUS. — Scytalopus prostheleucus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 290. I have already made some remarks on this species, which is by no means a Scytalopus, but a Cyphorinus, closely allied, if not iden- tical, with Cassin’s C. leucostictus. See antea, p. 63. a > ee, ee 97 7. GRANATELLUS SALL&I, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 292. The Vicomte B. Du Bus having kindly forwarded me a copy of his plate of Granatellus venustus, it appears that my bird is certainly a good second species of the genus. Mr. George Gray has also shown me an ‘etter ck specimen of G. venustus in the British Museum (where the type of G. sallai is also to be seen), whence the same deduction may be drawn. + 8. CaTHaRUS MELPOMENE. — Turdus melpomene, Cab. Mus. Hein. p.5; Catharus aurantiirostris, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294. Having forwarded a Mexican specimen of this Thrush to Dr. Hartlaub of Bremen, he informs me that his C. aurantiirostris from Venezuela is a different species, distinguished by the olive-green of its upper plumage. We may therefore employ for the Mexican bird (which will form a second member of the genus) the specific term melpomene, Cabanis’ Turdus melpomene being doubtless in- tended for this bird. 9. PacHyRAMPHUS MAJOR (Cab.), Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 78. This is the bird which I have inserted in the List of M. Salldé’s first collection as P. marginatus? (P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 298). 10. MyrapesTeEs unIcotor, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 299. An examination of the specimens of Myiadestes townsendi in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, has shown to me that I was right in considering it different from M. ob- scurus and the present species. The following is a short description of Myiadestes townsendi :— Brunnescenti-cinereus, alis caudaque nigricantibus, secundariarum marginibus externis albis; fascia alarum duplici extus appa- rente pallide fulva : rectricibus duabus utrinque extimis albo terminatis : annulo oculari albo. Long. tota 80, alee 4°4, caudee 40. M. townsendi was originally discovered by Mr. Townsend on the Columbia river. Dr. Gambel met with it in the mountains between the Rio Colorado and California (Journ. Ac. Philad. i. p. 41), and Dr. Woodhouse found it exceedingly abundant in the Zuni Moun- tains and from there westwards (see Sitgreave’s Report, p. 76). The sexes are coloured alike, as is, I believe, the case in all the species of this genus. 11. IcreERUS MELANOCEPHALUS (Wagler), Cassin, B. California, pl. 21. p. 137. Two different birds appear to have been confounded under the name of Icterus melanocephalus. Examples of both these have been forwarded to me by M. Verreaux for examination, and I have likewise specimens of each in my own collection. In general ap- pearance they are much alike ; but one (which appears to be Wagler’s No. CCCLIIIL—ProceepinGs or tue Zoo.ocicat Society. 98 species) is rather larger and stronger, and has the greater wing- coverts and secondaries broadly margined exteriorly with white, and has narrow white edgings to the exterior tail-feathers. The other is smaller, weaker, and has the wings and tail uniform black without edgings. This seems to be the bird represented by Mr. Cassin as Ict. melanocephalus. He says that the sexes are coloured nearly alike. My specimen of the former bird is from Orizaba, collected by M. Bot- teri; of the latter from the tierra caliente, I believe. An apparently female bird of true melanocephalus has the wing- and tail-feathers brown and the general plumage more greenish, but still shows signs of the white edgings of coverts and secondaries. I am not confident as to the real distinctness of these two birds, and for the present for- bear to separate them by name ; but I cannot avoid acknowledging that they seem to be different. 12. Cassiprx oryztvora, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 194. In M. Verreaux’s collection from Southern Mexico are specimens referable to this rather variable species. I have examples also from New Grenada, and it appears to extend over Guiana and Brazil. 13. HaMoPHILA RUFESCENS, Sw. The bird described by Prince Bonaparte in the ‘Comptes Rendus’ for May 12th, 1856, as Geospizopsis melanotis (of which I have lately obtained a specimen) is the young either of this species or of H. superciliosa, for at present I am unable to distinguish the two satisfactorily. I have already shown that Geospizopsis typus, the so-called second bird of the genus, is a female of a species of Phry- gilus (vide P. Z. S. 1855, p. 160), so that this ugly generic name may be altogether cancelled as useless. 14. GEOTRYGON ALBIFACIES. Peristera mexicana, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit. Peristera albifacies, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit. Geotrygon chiriquensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. Orn. Foss. &e. p. 21 (nee Sclateri). Rufo-cinnamomeus, interscapulio purpurascente, alis extus casta- neis ; pileo toto griseo frontem versus canescente ; hoe pure albo: subtus pallide rufescenti-ochraceus, gula albicante, cer- vice antica et laterali nigro squamulata: pectore plumbescente tincto ; remigibus alarum et caude rectricibus nigricantibus, his supra brunnescentioribus et (nisi in duabus mediis) albo late terminatis: rostro nigro: pedibus corallino-rubris. Long. tota 10°5, alee 6°3, caudee 3°5, tarsi 1°6. There has been a great deal of confusion about this Pigeon, caused principally by the practice of publishing names without descriptions, which leaves anybody else who is at work at the same group, the privilege of guessing at what may be the species intended, unless he likes to adopt the safer and more reasonable course of ignoring such a 99 names altogether. This bird is identical with an imperfect specimen in the British Museum, which is named “ Peristera mexicana”? in the ‘ List of Gallinze,’ &c. published in 1824 (p. 15), and “ Peristera albifacies”’ in the ‘ List of Pigeons’ published in 1856 (p. 55), but not described. Prince Bonaparte, making a bad guess at what the bird in question might be, in his ‘Conspectus,’ part 2, attributed both these names to another bird belonging to a different section, Leptoptila (Consp. ii. p. 74. sp. 5), and nearly allied to the Lepto- ptila jamaicensis and L. rufazilla. In the “ Additions et Corrections au Coup d’Gil sur l’Ordre des Pigeons,”’ published in the ‘Comptes Rendus’ for Nov. 1856, the Prince, having discovered his error, pro- poses to retain the name Leptoptila albifrons for the bird so de- scribed in his ‘ Conspectus’ (hinting at the same time that it is the same as Peristera brachyptera of the B.M. List), and states that the present species of Geotrygon is identical with Cabanis’ Geotrygon caniceps. In this, however, as far as I can make out from the imper- fect characters there given, he has fallen into two fresh errors. In the first place, the true Geotrygon caniceps of Cuba (Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 110) appears certainly distinct from the present Geotrygon albifacies. Secondly, the bird described by Prince Bonaparte as Geotrygon chiriquensis in the same place (p. 21) is not my Geo- trygon chiriquensis (P. Z.S. 1856, p. 143), but seems to be the pre- sent bird, G. albifacies—distinguishable at once from G. chiriquensis by the white terminations of the tail-feathers. For my knowledge of this last fact I am indebted to M. Jules Verreaux, who has care- fully compared specimens of both the species. The Geotrygon albifacies was obtained by M. Sallé in the environs of Jalapa, and has been received by M. Verreaux from the same part of Mexico. I have taken my characters from a fine example belonging to his collection. The result of the several papers which I have written on the Or- nithology of Southern Mexico gives as inhabiting that country— PAA PRULOR, ow cs oasis De ks ne US bale) 1 i emi A A i a CT ad a ni aE ae 30 es OS. ¢ Sccrais ax ve Mie eg, we SOMA 01 A Se ey 8 Pre ea yoo ct ee 7c SRUIRORER 6: 5s )a2e 7 354 species. 9. Note ON THE SKELETON OF THE SHEATH-BILL (CHIONIS aLBA). By T. C. Eyton, Esa., F.L.S. The general appearance of this skeleton is similar to that of the Plovers ; the fissures on the posterior part of the sternum are, how- ever, not quite so deep in proportion to its length, nor is the keel so 100 broad, but its form is very similar, and distinct from that of other grallatorial birds. It differs from Thinochorus (with which I at first thought it might be allied) in having two fissures in the posterior margin of the sternum, Thinochorus having but one. On comparing the skeleton with some portion of the skeleton of Glareola pratin- cola, the bones are almost identical in form, particularly the sternum, head and pelvis. I should therefore be inclined to place Chionis and Glareola in the same family. Mr. G. R. Gray arranges this form along with the Thinocorine in his order ‘ Galline ;’ Prince Bonaparte, in his ‘ Conspectus Sy- stematis Ornithologie ’ (1854), places it next to the Gulls, in the order ‘ Gavie.’ 3. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS CUSCUS, wITH THE DEscRIP- TION OF A New Species. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., etc. (Mammalia, Pl. LXI. LXII.) Mr. Wallace having sent two specimens of this genus to the British Museum, to determine them I went over the previous observations on the genus, and examined the numerous specimens which are in the Museum collection, received from the French voyages of discovery, Mr. J. Macgillivray, the Naturalist of H.M. Ship ‘ Rattlesnake,’ and those now sent from the Island of Ula; and I have come to the belief that they are all to be referred to four species, which are very variable in the colour of the fur ; one being variable in both the sexes, and the other, in which the sexes differ greatly from each other, but appear to be permanent in their colour; one species in which the furs of the two sexes are alike and uniform in colour; and one, of which the female sex only is known, which is uniform iron-grey. The two have the ears small, hairy on both sides, and hidden in the fur; the other two have larger ears, exposed beyond the fur and bald within. Herr Temminck, in the first volume of the ‘ Monographies de Mammologie,’ published in 1827, divides the short hairy-eared kinds into three species. At the time he wrote he only had specimens from the northern part of Celebes, brought home by Professor Reinhardt, and from the islands of Banda and Amboyna. The species evidently depend principally on the colour of the fur, which appears to be very variable in different individuals. It is true that he describes and figures skulls of the different individuals ; but the difference between those of Phalangista chrysorrhos and P. maculata appears chiefly to depend on the age and development of the specimen figured. M.Temminck and the writers of his school always forget that the skull and other parts of the skeleton are liable to quite as much variation from local circumstances, food, 7 101 and other accidental causes, as the colour of the fur or the size of the animal. 1. In Phalangista ursina the fur is thicker and closer, and the long hairs thicker than in the other species, blackish, with yellow tips to the longer hairs ; and the forehead of the skull is flat. Of this he had several specimens of different ages, all brought by Professor Reinhardt from the northern part of Celebes, the natives of which have not observed any varieties in colouring. 2. P. chrysorrhos is described from two specimens brought home by the same Professor, from some of the Moluccas, which have a short cottony fur, of an ash-grey more or less black, and the rump and upper part of the base of the tail golden-yellow. 3. Of P. maculata Herr Temminck particularly observes, that the fur in all ages and in both sexes is covered with irregular white or brown spots, which are paler and less marked in the young. ‘The very young are sometimes entirely ashy. They come from Banda and Amboyna. The yellow colour of the rump and the base of the tail, as far as the specimens in the British Museum show, is common to the ashy specimens, which might be called P. chrysorrhos, and the variegated specimens, which might be named P. maculata: it is very diffi- cult to distinguish the pale-rumped ashy ones from those without that mark ; but it is easy to connect the grey or ashy spotted ones with either the one or the other; and it is impossible to separate the ashy-grey spotted ones from the brown or orange spotted speci- mens. In one specimen the animal is nearly white, with some small dark spots about an inch over ; aud in another the animal is white, with red feet, and one large red spot on the middle of the back. From the examination of the specimens in the British Museum, and of their skulls, I am inclined to believe that the P. ursina is distinct, and that P. chrysorrhos and P. maculata are varieties of the same species. 1. Cuscus MACULATUS. Ears almost hidden in the fur, clothed internally and externally with fur ; forehead convex ; forehead of the skull convex and rounded | in front ; grinders moderate ; fur ashy-grey, or white and grey, or reddish, varied or spotted. Rump and base of the tail yellowish- white. Phalanger, male, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 11. Phalangista maculata, Desm. N. D. H. N. xxv. 472; Temm. Monog. i. 14. t. 3. f. 1-6; Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. 59. t. 7; Waterh. Mamm. i. 274. f. . Phalangista ursina, part., Waterh. Mamm. 267. Phalangista chrysorrhos, Temm. Monog. i. 12 ; Waterh. Mamm. i. 271. Cuscus maculatus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. 150. t. 4. Cuseus macrourus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool, i. 156, t. 9 ; Waterhouse, Mamm. i. 277. Hab. New Guinea. 102 Chrysorrhos would perhaps be the better name for this species, because all I have seen have a yellow rump and base of the tail, but some are not spotted. Of this species we have in the British Museum— 1. Adult female, from the Moluccas, from the Leyden Museum, sent as C. chrysorrhos. Uniform ashy-grey ; face, throat, chest, and beneath the rump and base of the tail yellowish. 2. Young female, from the south coast of New Guinea. Pre- sented by J. B. Jukes, Esq. Dark blackish-ashy ; head, neck and shoulders paler; rump and base of the tail reddish-yellow ; cheeks, throat and beneath white ; feet bright red. The two sides of this specimen are not coloured alike. The fore- head of the skull is very convex. 3. Half-grown “male from Darnley Island, brought from the south coast of New Guinea.” Presented by J. Macgillivray, Esq. Reddish; back and thighs darker blackish-ashy ; cheeks, throat, under side, large confluent spots on the sides, the rump and tail white; feet bright red. Like Cuseus maculatus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, t. 7. 4. Half-grown “ male from New Guinea.” Presented by J. Mac- gillivray, Esq. Like the former, but white, with irregular large symmetrical pale reddish spots on body, limbs and tail. 5. Half-grown “ female from Dufaure Island, south coast of New Guinea.’ Presented by John Macgillivray, Esq. Like the former, but white, with one very large reddish spot on the hinder part of the back; two large spots on the hind legs, and an obscured in- dication of a large patch on the shoulders; the feet red. 6. Half-grown, from the ‘island of Waygeroo.”” From M. Ver- reaux. Ashy-grey cheeks; back with some white spots; throat, chest, belly, rump and tail white ; sides white, with scattered, round, nearly equal-sized spots ; feet reddish. 7. Adult male. Aru Island. Sent by Mr. Wallace. White; body and limbs with small, roundish, rarely confluent, black-ashy spots ; feet white: the skull has a very convex forehead. Cuscus maculatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 4, is intermediate in colour and marking between Nos. 7 and 3. Cuscus macrourus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 5, from the island of Waygeroo, bears a great similarity to No. 3; but the reddish spots are less confluent. The figure of C. Quoyi, in Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, t. 6, looks like a specimen of this species intermediate between the ashy and spotted variety, being ashy with darker obscure spots. 2. CUSCUS BREVICAUDATUS. The ears hid in the fur, woolly internally and externally ; tail short ; the forehead ——-?; the front lower cutting-teeth broad. 103 Female uniform ashy-grey ; rump and base of tail, throat, chest and belly yellowish dirty-white. Phalangista nudicaudata, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 110. Hab, Cape York. This species is only known for “a female two-thirds grown, sent i Cape York” to the British Museum by John Macgillivray, sq. It is very like the ashy variety of C. maculatus, but the front lower cutting-teeth are much broader, and the tail, which has the bones still remaining on it, is considerably shorter than any of our specimens of C. maculatus. B uae specimen in the British Museum is that described by Mr. ould. Mr. Gould refers this animal to the subgenus Pseudocheirus of the genus Phalangista, and calls it P. nudicaudata, because it “ differs from all the other Australian members of the genus in having the apical three-fourths of its tail entirely destitute of hair.’ But Mr. Gould overlooked the fact that it is not a Pseudocheirus, but a Cus- cus, all the species of which have the major part of the tail naked ; and the species under consideration has the naked part of the tail, and indeed the tail itself, shorter than the rest of the species ; so that the specific name of nudicaudata is singularly inapplicable. The light mark on the rump, which Mr. Gould compared to that of the Koala, is also common to the species of Cuscus, and is pro- bably produced by the habit of the animal sitting on its rump, rolled up into a ball, on the fork of the branches of trees. The skull shows that the animal is much younger than the label indicates, as it appears only to have the milk teeth, and the broad lower incisors of the younger specimens of this genus. The skull differs both from that of C. ursinus and C. maculatus, but it is too young to predict what may be the normal form of the adult animal. The front half of the space between the eyes is rather convex, but not nearly so much so as the young skull of C. maculatus ; and the front of the forehead just behind the convexity described is rather concave ; this concavity has no resemblance to the deep concavity occupying nearly the whole space between the eyes in C. ursinus and C. maculatus. 3. CuSCUS URSINUS. Ears almost hidden in the fur, clothed with fur internally and ex- ternally ; fur blackish-ash, with larger silvery hairs; head, throat, belly and tail rather pale brown; forehead flat, concave; forehead of the skull flat, deeply concave ; grinders large, in a strongly-arched series. Phalangista (Ceonix) ursina, Temm. Monog. i. 10. t. 1. f. 1-3; t. 2. f. 1-5, skull; t. 3, skeleton ; Lesson, Cent. Zool. t. 10 ; Water- house, Mamm. i. 267, part. Hab. Celebes. We have in the British Museum only a single specimen of this species with its skull, which was obtained from the Zoological Society, 104 and is the specimen described by Mr. Waterhouse in Mammalia, i. p- 268. The other specimen there indicated as being in the British Museum is a young C. maculatus. In Lesson’s figure in Cent. Zool. t. 10, it is represented as uniform blackish-brown, with rather large white-edged ears ! The larger size of the teeth and the flatness of the forehead at once separate this from C. maculatus. 3. Cuscus ortenTALIs (PI. LXI.). Ears produced beyond the fur, naked internally ; forehead con- cave. Male white. Female pale reddish-brown, with a darker longitudinal streak ; skull with a narrow concave forehead ; grinders moderate. 2 b Phalangista cavifrons, Temm. Monog. i. 17. 2 & Cuscus orientalis, Gray, List Mam. B.M. 84. 2 S Phalangista (Cuscus) orientalis, Waterh. Mamm. i. 279. 3 Coescoes, Valentyn, Omst. in Amboyna, iii. 272. Phalanger, Penn. Quad. ii. 27. 3 Didelphis orientalis, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 59 ; Schreb. Saugth. il. 550. t. 152. 3 Cuscus Amboinensis, Lacép. 3 Phalangista alba, Geoff. Cat. Mus. 3 Cuscus albus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. i. 158. t. 6. 3$ Balantia orientalis, Wliger, Prod. 78. 2 Phalangista rufa, Geoff. Cat. Mus.; Desm. N. D. H. N. xxv. 473. ¢ Phalanger, female, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 10. Cuscus Quoyii, Lesson, Mam. 226. Phalangista Quoy, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Zool. 58. t. 62? Phalangista Quoy, Temm. Mon. Mamm. i. 17. Phalangista Papuensis, Desm. Mam. Supp. ii. 541; Bull. Sci. Nat. iii. 64. Phalangista (Cuscus) maculata, part., Waterhouse, Mam. i. 275. ? Cuscus albus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 6, 5? Of this species we have in the British Museum— 1. Adult male, from New Ireland, procured from M. Verreaux of Paris ; said to have come from one of the expeditions. Pure white ; throat yellow ; feet nearly bald. 2. A nearly adult male, from the old collection, said to have come from Amboyna. White. 3. Young male? Uniform pale brownish-yellow; throat, chest and belly whiter. From island of Waygeroo ; procured from M. Ver- reaux of Paris. 4. Adult female: ashy-brown, glistened with silvery ; throat, chest and belly pure white ; back with a narrow uniform longitudinal streak. This is sent as Cuscus Quoyii, Lesson, Mam. 220; Ph. Papuensis of Desmarest, Supp. The figure of M. Gaimard’s animal 105 in the ‘ Voyage of the Uranie,’ t. 6, is more like a variety of C. ursi- nus ; but the description agrees with our animal. 5. Young female, from the island of Waygeroo; procured from M. Verreaux. 6. Young female, from Aru Islands; procured from Mr. A. R. Wallace. These two only differ from the adult specimen in the silvery hairs of the back being rather more abundant, but they seem to be deciduous. Phalangista Papuensis of Desm. was described from a female specimen collected by M. Gaimard, which was afterwards described as Ph. Quoyi. In eins and Gaimard, ‘ Zoology to the Voyage of the Uranie,’ it is described as having a darker dorsal line, which rather widens over the loins, which at once shows that it must be the female of P. orientalis. Mr. Waterhouse has referred both these names without any com- ment as a synonym of P., maculata, misled probably by Herr: Temminck, Be fa (Mon. Mamm. i. 18) states it to be a young P. ma- culata—evidently overlooking the dorsal stripe. Lesson, in the ‘ Voyage of the Coquille,’ figures a male animal as Cuscus albus, t. 6, from Port Praslin, New Ireland, which is white, with a narrow black streak, just as in the female of this species. Knowing the little authority that is often to be placed on M. Les- son’s figures, I suspect it is the figure of a pale or perhaps bleached specimen of a female P. orientalis, in which some fold of the pouch, probably produced from bad stuffing, has been mistaken by the artist for the scrotum of a male. 4. Cuscus Cetespensis (Pl. LXII.). Ears produced beyond the fur, naked internally. Male and female alike, ashy-grey, grizzled with silvery hairs ; the nape and the upper part of the middle of the back blacker, but without any distinct dorsal streak. Cuscus Celebensis, Brit. Mus. Hab. Celebes. We have of the species— 1. Young animal, from the island of Macassar ; procured from Mr. J. R. Wallace in 1851. 2. Adult male and female, from San Cristoval, Soloman Group of Islands, Dec. 1855. Presented by John Macgillivray, Esq. and F. M. Rayner, Esq. in 1856. 106 4. List or Species or MAMMALIA SENT FROM THE ARu ISLANDS By Mr. A. R. Watiace to THE British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., etc. (Mammalia, Pl. LXIII. LXIV.) Mr. A. R. Wallace has lately sent to Mr. Samuel Stevens a col- lection of Mammalia and Birds from the Aru Islands, referred to in his paper on the Natural History of those islands in the ‘ Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1857, which has been transferred to the British Museum, and forms a most important addition to the collection of that establishment. His list does not contain a single Bat. In the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang’ I gave a list of the Mammalia which had up to that period been found in New Guinea (p. 31); and in Dr. Miller’s ‘ Verhandlingen’ is a similar list. Besides the animals sent home by Mr. Wallace from the Aru Islands, there are recorded in these lists— 1. DENDROLAGUS URSINUS. B.M. Dendrolagus ursinus, 8. Miller, Verh. 131, 141. t. 19. f. 22, 23. Hypsiprymnus ursinus, Temm. Faun. Japan.’ 2. DENDROLAGUS INUSTUS. B.M. Dendrolagus inustus, S. Miller, Verh. 131, 143. t. 20, 22, 23. 3. Dorcopsis ASIATICUS. Z B.M. Dorcopsis Brunii, Miller, Verhand. 131. Dorcopsis Asiaticus, Gray, Voy. Sam. 32. Filander or Kangaroo, Le Brun’s Voyage, i. 347. t. 213, 1714. Didelphis Asiaticus, Pallas, N. A. Petrop. 1777, 228. t. 9. D. Brunii, Gmelin. Halmaturus Brunii, Iliger, Prod. Hypsiprymnus Brunii, Miller, Verh. 63. t. 21-23. Island of Aru. It is curious that this animal, described as specially inhabiting the island visited by Mr. Wallace, was not ‘sent home by him. It is to be hoped that he did not neglect it, thinking it a common Kan- garoo, as it is a desideratum in most museums in Europe. The specimen of this animal in the Leyden Museum is said to be from the continent of New Guinea, where the two species of Den- drolagus and the Antechinus melas were also found. 4. PuHascoGaLte (ANTECHINUS) MELAS. Phascogale (Antechinus) melas, Miller, Verhand. t. 25. f. 1-3. From New Guinea. Differs according to the figure in having the hair of the tail rather se Lie. Law | 107 more elongated and spreading than the Australian species of the genus ; the dentition is more nearly allied to the Antechinus than to the new genus Myoictis sent home by Mr. Wallace. 5. Hauicore AUSTRALIS. B.M. Halicore Australis, Owen in Jukes’s Voyage of the Fly, ii. 323. f. 135, 1847; Gray, Voy. Samarang, 33. Hab. Timor Straits. 6. Sus PAPUENSIS. Sus Papuensis, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, t. ; Miiller, Verh. t. Hab. New Guinea. Called ‘ Bene.’ A species which has not yet reached England. The following animals sent home by Mr. Wallace do not occur in the list ; indeed it does not contain a single Bat : viz.— 1. Hipposideros Aruensis. 2. Pteropus argentatus. 3. Dactylopsila trivirgata. 4. Myoictis Wallacii. VESPERTILIONID. 1. PreROPUS ARGENTATUS. B.M. Back white, with scattered black hairs ; beneath yellowish ; face grey, nakedish ; head deeper yellow-grey, with black interspersed hairs ; collar broad, bright red-chestnut, darker brown at the sides and under side, where the hair is longer, forming a kind of ruff ; ears and membranes (when dry) black. Hab. Aru Island. Female. «Back of a silky or silvery shining white, very beautiful in the freshly killed animals.” — Wallace. HipposipeEros. As M. Bonaparte has given the name of Phyllorhina to the Euro- pean Horse-shoe Bats, I am inclined to restrict the genus Hipposi- deros to those species of the larger genus which have a large cavity opening with an expanding pore on the forehead behind the trans- verse hinder part of the nose-leaf; they have distinct pubal teats ; thus restricting Phyllorhina to those which have a simple forehead without any pore. 2. HiprosiperRos ARUENSIS. B.M. Sooty-brown ; the lower half of the hairs of the back paler; the hairs of the under side more uniform, or with rather paler tips ; the ears large, broad, rounded at the ends, with two hairy lines on the inner side of the front edge ; face and chin rather bristly, without any membranaceous ridges on the sides outside of the nose-leaf. Hab. Aru Islands. ‘‘ Male.” —Wadllace. 108 Length of head and body 2"; tail 2; expanse of wings 51; length of upper arm bone 13; length of shin bone 2 inch. The ears sooty-black ; the front margin of the ears is broad, with a rounded lobe on the basal part near the forehead ; wings broad, thin, sooty-black, bald; thumb slender, of two subequal joints; the interfemoral membrane broad, truncate at the end; the hind legs slender, rather elongate ; feet slender, enveloped in the membrane to the base of the slender equal compressed toes; the heel-bones elongate, longer than the foot; tail elongate, slender, attached and extending a little beyond the end of the truncated interfemoral mem- brane. Cutting teeth >; upper large, chisel-shaped, separated by a small space from each other and from the canines ; the lower small, crowded, three-lobed ; canines conical ; grinders 2 The specimen is unfortunately rather injured about the face ; but it appears quite distinct in form from any of the Horse-shoe Bats I have hitherto observed. : This species appears to be quite distinct from Hipposideros speoris of Timor, which is described as being a little larger than the larger English Horse-shoe Bat, Phyllorhina bifer ; it has the follow- ing synonyma :— Vespertilio speoris, Schneid. in Schreb. Saugth. t. 59 ; B. Shaw, Zool. i. 147. Rhinolophus marsupialis, Geoff. Cour. 1805. Rhinolophus speoris, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xx. 261. t. 5. 266; Desm. N. D. H. N. x]. 368; Mam. 126; Fischer, Mam. 139. Rhinolophe cruménifere, Péron & Lesueur, Voy. aux Terres Aust. Atlas, i. t. 35. : Hab. Timor (Péron and Lesueur). It is certainly distinct from Hipposideros insignis, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. 492, the Rhinolophus insignis, Horsf. Java, Vesp. cyclope, Deschamps, MSS., from Java, which Fischer confounded with the former, and which has acute ears on the sides of the face, numerous lamellz under the front part of the nose-leaf, and is 33 inches in expanse of wings. Fam. KANGEROID2. 3. CuscUS MACULATUS. Phalanger, male, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 11. Phalangista maculata, Desm. N. D. H. N. xxv. 473; Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 7. Cuscus maculatus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. Cuscus macrourus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. 150. t. 4. Grey or black and white, variegated, without any dorsal streak. Hab. Aru Island. Two skulls, male. The specimen sent is white, with scattered black spots, more abundant on the middle of the back and sides. EE es ——e eee > 109 4, Cuscus orrentauis. (PI. LXI.) Cuscus Quoyii, Lesson, Mam. 220. ( 4 ino Quoyii, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool. 38 ok gag & P. maculata, part., Waterhouse, Mamm. i. 274. P. Papuensis, Desm. Supp. 341. Brown, grizzled, with a few white-tipped hairs, with a narrow black dorsal streak. Hab, Aru Island. ‘“‘ Female,” young. 5. Betipeus ARIEL. Belidea Ariel, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, x. 11. Pelaurus sciureus, Miller, Verhand. tabl. Hab. Aru Island, Female adult, with one young in the pouch. DACTYLOPSILA. Tail elongate, slender, depressed, densely clothed with fur, with the exception of the under side near the tip, which is bald and ecal- lous, the end rather bushy. Ears elongate, rounded, bald, except at the outer sides of the base. Pupil round? The fore-feet elon- gate; toes very slender, compressed, very unequal in length, quite free ; the outer and third or middle toe nearly equal, the second or ring-finger much the longest, the fourth and fifth short, the fifth or innermost the shortest. The hind-feet slender, toes compressed, the two outer toes elongate, nearly equal, the two inner about half the length and united. Skull (figs. 1, 2, 3) depressed, very broad, with very large expanded zygomatic arches ; the face narrow, compressed and nearly erect on the side, tapering in front ; the palate is narrow, concave. The cutting teeth —; the upper front elongate, projecting in front, rather taper- ing and truncated at the tip ; the second and third compressed, chisel- shaped, close together and to the front ; the second small, the third larger ; the fourth separated from the others by a small space and placed on the intermaxillary suture, compressed, curved rather like a canine; the lower front very long, projecting in front, curved, rather tapering at the tip; the second, third and fourth small, trun- cated, separated from each other, the second largest close to the base of the front tooth ; the third small, separated from the second by a small space ; the fourth very small, far from the other; and at the base of the front edge of the first grinder, in the space between the third and fourth on the right side of the jaw, is a cavity which appears to have been filled with a tooth like the third one, but there is no appearance of the tooth or cavity on the other side. Canines? —, upper small, compressed, conical, tapering like, but smaller than, what I have called the hinder cutting teeth (fig. 3). Grinders = small, in two nearly straight lines parallel to each 110 other, and the hinder ones in each jaw rather smaller than the front * ones; the front upper small, triangular ; the others are four-sided and square, with four tubercles, the outer front tubercle of the second tooth being rather larger than the rest, which are nearly equal among themselves, and the front lower grinder has only one larger tubercle in the place of the two in the others (figs. 4, 5). This genus is very distinct from the other genera of Phalangistina, in the elongated and depressed form of the tail, the formation of the fore-feet, and especially in the disposition and form of the teeth, as well as in the broad depressed skull. Fig. 5. The following observations may assist in showing the value of these characters. In Cuseus the fingers are rather longer than in Hepoone, and the third or middle finger is the longest, the others becoming gradually shorter on each side. 111 In Phalangista proper (that is Trichosurus of Mr. Waterhouse) the fingers are moderatelylong, the second and third are the longest and equal, the fourth longer than the first, and the fifth or inner one the shortest. The hand of the Hepoona is very like that of Phalangista, both in the proportion and form of the fingers ; but the two inner fingers are rather separated and opposible to the other three. The tail though covered with hair is very unlike those of the genera Hepoona and Phalangista, and is more like that of a squirrel, but not so bushy; in Hepoona it is tapering and covered with shortish hair, and has a slender tip; in the more perfect specimen eae outs it is cylindrical and equally covered with hair on all sides. In Hepoona and Phalangista the grinders are placed in arched series, and they are much larger compared with the size of the skull than in this genus, and the hinder grinders are larger than the front ones ; the front grinder in the upper jaw is larger, more elongate, and compressed. : 6. DacrytopsiLa TRIviRGATA (Pl. LXIIT.). White; three broad black stripes on the back, the outer ones commencing on the side of the nose, enclosing the eyes, and con- tinued along the side of the back ; the central one commencing on the crown and continued to the end of the tail, being narrower at the base of the tail: a large black square spot on each side of the chin, separated by a narrow central line ; a large spot on the upper surface of each leg; the sides of the throat are greyish, and the sides of the body are rather greyish from the dark colour of the base of the fur on that part of the body ; the tip of the tail is whitish, and the under part of the upper surface near the tip, with a nar- row streak ending some way down the middle of the under side of the tail, black ; the under side of the tip of the tail is bald, without hair, but scarcely callous; the feet flesh-coloured, with few scattered short whitish hairs; the ears nakedish, black when dry. Hab. Aru Island. A female : lives on fruit. ‘ Teeth = ( Wallace.) Myoicrtis. Head tapering ; nose acute; whiskers strong. Tail depressed, tapering, clothed with rather elongated hairs above and on the sides ; the under side flat, nakedish. Feet moderate; soles bald to the heel ; toes 5°5, free, compressed ; claws acute ; first and fifth front toes equal ; second, third and fourth toes equal, longer ; hinder toes free, weak, distinct, clawless; thumb of hind-foot larger. Ears roundish, nakedish. Scrotum pendulous. Cutting teeth >; the upper with a central space in front between them, in a close series on each side, and with a small interspace be- tween them and the canines ; the first tooth very small, hid in the gums, the others all equal, lancet-shaped, rather crowded; the lower glia so ARPS oe Sra a4, “4 Ne ee a 112 forming a continued series, shelving forward, all lancet-shaped, sub- equal; the front rather the longest and narrowest ; the hinder rather broader. Canines =, conical ; the upper not quite developed, only slight! y produced above the level of the other teeth ; the lower small, conical scarcely raised above the other teeth (figs. 3, 4). ie 2—2 : . Grinders false, c= conical, compressed ; the lower with a very obscure, the upper with a rather more distinct, conical tubercle on the front and hinder edge (figs. 3, 4). The true grinders =; the upper large, triangular, acutely lobed ; the lower compressed, very acutely lobed; the middle one in each jaw the largest. The angle of the lower is produced, elongate and strongly inflexed, as is usual in Marsupialia. Skull: length, 1 inch 3 lines ; width, all the zygomatic arch,9 lines; length of the tooth-line 9 lines. Length of the lower jaw 113, of symphysis 41, of tooth-line 73 lines (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4). This genus is peculiar, because, as far as the dentition is concerned, there is no character by which we should have determined that it was a Marsupial animal; but the form of the angle of the lower jaw at once shows its true affinity to that group. It was not until a most careful examination of the space between the front upper cut- ting teeth, that I could find any indication of the front pair of cut- ting teeth found in the allied genus Antechinus. This genus is evidently allied to the genus Antechinus of Australia ; but it is known at once by its external form, which is just that of a small Indian Herpestes or Ichneumon, having like that genus a de- pressed tail with long spreading hair, broad and depressed at the base, tapering to an acute tip which bears a pencil of hairs. 7. Myorcris Watxacii (Pl. LXIV.). Rusty-brown, with interspersed black longer hairs; head redder ; throat, chest and belly pale reddish ; side of the neck at the base of Gray. "% Paes ns — | : | : 113 the ears bright reddish ; ears, and the greater part of the tail bright red-brown ; tip of the tail black. Hab. Aru Island. Male. “In houses as destructive as rats to every thing eatable. “Teeth 34 :—Inc. 3 io; Prem. ==; M. =.”—Wallace. 8. PeraMe.es (Ecarmrpera) Doreyanvs. Perameles Doreyanus, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. 100. t. 16. f. 1-5 ; Waterhouse, Mam. i. 386. Echymipera Kalulu, Lesson, Reg. Anim. 192. Tail naked, rugose, squamose, wrinkled below. Toes 3:5: the two inner front large, equal; the outer small; the inner hind toe short, clawless ; the two index fingers small, united, clawed. Hab. Aru Island. Female. ‘The skin is very thin and friable. “Teeth 46 :—Inc. 2; C. <3; Prem. =; M. —3.’—Wallace. “1-1? 3—3’ This enumeration agrees with that given by MM. Quoy and Gai- mard, being two cutting teeth in the upper jaw less than are found in the other species of the genus; hence Lesson considered it as a genus. The outer and inner toes of the forefeet are very small, rudi- mentary and clawless. 9, PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITA. Hab. Ké Islands. Is in the collection : it only appears to be a variety of the very vari- able and extensively distributed Paradoxurus hermaphrodita. 5. DescRIPTION OF APHROCERAS, A New GENus Of CALCAREOUS SPoNGIADZ BROUGHT FROM Honc-KonG By Dr. HAr.anp. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Prestpent Ent. Soc. etc. (Radiata, Pl. X.) APHROCERAS. Sponge tubular, branched, without any large superficial oscules, formed of two distinct coats, externally covered with simple fusi- form calcareous spicula, placed side by side in the longitudinal axis of the stem and branches, forming an even coat; inner surface of the tube lined with a minute network of interlaced fibre placed in all directions ; branches simple, tapering, attenuated at the tip, with a round terminal contracted aperture. The spicula are entirely dissolved in dilute muriatic acid, leaving the form of the sponge marked by the internal network and the sheaths No. CCCLIV.—ProceepinGs or tur ZooLoaicat Sociery. 114 of the spicula on the surface. When treated with caustic potash, the internal network is destroyed, leaving only the external spicula placed side by side. This genus is allied to Grantia, but it is easily distinguished by the uniform fusiform shape and the disposition of the spicula. APHROCERAS ALcIcorNis. (Pl. X.) Hab. Hong-Kong (Dr. Harland). This species somewhat resembles Grantia botryoides in appear- ance and habit; but in that species the spicula are all triradiate, which appears to be the generic character of the genus Grantia as I propose to restrict it. 6. On ApHROCALLISTES, A New GENUS OF SPONGIADH FROM Matacca. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.ZS., PRESIDENT ENT. Soc. (Radiata, Pl. XI.) In 1842 we received from Captain Sir Edward Belcher a Sponge which he obtained in Malacca, which evidently forms a new genus nearly allied to the Huplectella of Professor Owen. I therefore have great pleasure in bringing a description of it before the Society. » APHROCALLISTES. The sponge cylindrical, tubular, branched; the end of the main tube closed with an open network formed of spicula; branches cylindrical, simple, rarely bifid, rounded and closed at the end; the inner surface of the tube with large unequal-sized concavities placed in longitudinal series, having a large roundish oscule near its lower edge. The sponge hard, calcareous, with uniform, close, equal, regular hexangular pores on the surface, and larger round ostioles in series on the sides of the main tube. The outer surface formed of inter- tangled transparent spines, which inosculate and unite with each other at the intersection, forming a hard, rather brittle crust. The inner surface lined with a coat of fusiform transparent spicula, which are placed in bungles parallel to each other in the spaces between the roundish internal apertures of the crowded small superficial ores. f This genus is very like Huplectella of Professor Owen in its ex- ternal form, and especially in the upper part of the tube being closed with network. It differs from that genus in being more irregularly formed and branched, and in the structure and calcareous composition of the sponge itself. In that genus the basis of the tube is formed of ropes of elongated spicula placed at right angles longitudinally and transversely to the eS GH Pord = Whe: _ . —__” 115 axis of the tube, and covered with a more or less thick coat of smaller spicula. In this genus the mass of the sponge is formed of small spicula, which inosculate and are united together, forming a rather hard mass pierced with numerous closed, small, uniform hexangular pores, lined internally with a thin layer formed of elongate fusiform spicula placed parallel in bungle in a more or less longitudinal direction round the inner mouth of the pores. The main tube is smaller at the base, gradually enlarges upward, and is then subcylindrical and irregular on the surface. When examined externally, eight or ten longitudinal ridges are observed, between which are placed a more or less regular series of unequal-sized squarish concavities ; at the lower edge of each is to = observed a large round oscule, commencing with the outer sur- ace. APHROCALLISTES BEATRIX. (PI. XI.) Hab. Malacca. We have in the British Museum an imperfect specimen of Huplec- tella, which was brought home by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher at the same time as the above. March 9, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair, The following papers were read :-— 1. A MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS MINIOPTERIS, By Roserr F. Tomes. (Mammalia, Pl. LXV.) Perhaps there is no order of Mammalia in which there is so great a diversity in the forms of the different species as in the Chetiroptera. On examining the genus Vespertilio in the extended form in which it is given by M. Temminck, and more recently by M. Wagner, the naturalist will find an assemblage of creatures which he will have eat difficulty in making out to his satisfaction. But in endeavour- ing to separate them into groups or genera for the purpose of de- scription, he will be equally puzzled. An examination of the British species merely, will illustrate the nature of the difficulty to which I refer. Take, in the first place, the common Noctule Bat, and the equally common Whiskered Bat, the one exhibiting a heavy mus- cular body, and strong — capable of vigorous and sustained flight, and with jaws and teeth of sufficient size and power to masti- 116 cate a Cockchafer whilst on the wing with perfect ease ; and the other species having a slight and feeble body, with very slender wing-bones supporting a membrane of equal delicacy, suited only for flight in sheltered spots, and with a muzzle and teeth of such small size as to be fitted only for taking minute food in such situations. The difference between the two is quite sufficient to justify generic separation, and the work is easy so far as these two species are con- cerned ; but unfortunately a whole host of species come in between them, and bring such a series of small modifications as to reduce the distinction to one of degree only; so that in attempting to separate them the results are anything but satisfactory. And it is scarcely necessary to go beyond the European list to meet with an unbroken series from the one to the other. Under these circumstances, any character which could be found sufficiently marked to show a differ- ence apart from that of degree, however small it might be, would be valuable as a means of classification. In default of any single character which might be considered suf- ficient for this purpose, a certain combination of characters, not in themselves sufficiently distinctive taken separately, might neverthe- less, if taken collectively, answer the desired end; and further, the decision would be strengthened if we were to find that these cha- racters were so precisely uniform in degree, as to afford no specific differences beyond those of the size of the animal and the quality and colour of the fur. Such is literally the case with the group which I have now to consider. Although inhabiting widely separated localities—Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia,-—its several members scarcely exhibit any greater differences than those above noted, viz. colour and size. The genus Miniopteris was first proposed by Prince C. L. Bona- parte in his fine work on the Fauna of Italy, for a species which was there described as Miniopteris Ursinii, being regarded as new. It has however been subsequently shown by MM. Keyserling and Blasius, that this species is identical with the one described a long time pre- viously by Natterer, in Kuhl’s ‘Memoir on the Bats of Germany,’ under the name of Vespertilio Schreibersii. The specific name given by Natterer is the one now generally admitted, whilst the ge- neric one given by Prince C. L. Bonaparte is refused or adopted according to the opinion respecting the generic distinctions. In the following monograph the generic peculiarities will first be pointed out ; and this will be followed by a detailed description of the earliest-described and best-known species—the European one, — after which the points of dissimilarity in the other species will be adverted to*, * T am aware that some zoologists regard the Asiatic and African representa- tives of the genus as referable to the European one, an opinion in which I par- tially concur. The African one, Vespertilio dasythrix of Temminck, is I believe identical with Miniopteris Schreibersii; but the Asiatic ones occurring in the islands of the Indian Archipelago and in Australia, I believe to be perfectly distinct species. : j 117 Genus Miniopteris, Bonap.—Tvilatitius, Gray (in part). Top of the head much elevated ; face very short, concave in its longitudinal direction ; muzzle obtuse, not much depressed, nostrils near together, with their upper and inner margins slightly project- ing, the space between these projecting parts being slightly emar- ginate. This notch between the nostrils does not, however, pass downward through the upper lip, which is entire and rather pro- minent. The nostrils themselves are crescent-shaped and open sub- laterally. From the outer side of each is a vertical notch or groove passing through the lip, but leaving its central portion entire and slightly projecting*. Lateral parts of the lip thick and overhang- ing. Lower lip with a distinct and clearly defined reflex central portion, as in Natalus, but of much less extent. Ears angular-round, very short ; tragus short, of uniform breadth, round at the end, and curved inwards. Tail as long as the head and body. Wing-membranes extending to the extremity of the tibie. Os calcis short. Cutaneous system ample ; middle pha- lange of the second and third finger very short. Fur very thick and soft. Skull with the bony palate extending backwards as far as the molar series only. Intermaxillary bones nearly meeting in front, so as to allow space for a considerable interval on each side between the outer incisors and the canines, and leaving only a small interspace between the two inner incisors. Incisors placed across the opening between the canines. 1. Mrniopreris SCHREIBERSII. Vespertilio Schreibersii, Natt. in Kuhl, Wetter. Ann. iv. 41,1817; Desm. Mamm. p. 138, 1820; Fisch. Synop. Mamm. p. 104, 1829 ; Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 174, 1835-41; De Selys-Longch. Etude Micro-mamm. p. 138, 1839; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugth. i. 508, 1841. Miniopteris Schreibersii, Keys. et Blas. Wiegm. Arch. v. 323, 1839; Die Wirbelthiere Europ. p. xiii. et 44, 1840; Less. Nouv. Tab. Régne Anim. p. 27, 1842. Miniopteris Ursinii, Bonap. Faun. Ital. fase. 21. fol. 106, 1832- 42; Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. 1.497, 1838 ; De Selys-Longch. Etude Micro-mamm. p. 139, 1839; Less. Nouv. Tab. Régne Anim. p. 27, 1842. Vespertilio Ursinii, Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 179, 1839-1841. Vespertilio dasythriz, Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 268. * This projecting part of the upper lip is somewhat singular. Separated by the two vertical grooves above mentioned, it is well and clearly defined, and has somewhat the appearance of the cartilaginous forepart of the palate of some Ru- ininants, as that of the Sheep. Its surface is conspicuously granular, and in size it exactly corresponds with the naked reflex portion of the lower lip, so that when the mouth is closed the two parts fit closely together. 118 Vespertilio Natalensis, Smith, South African Quart. Journ. new ser. v. 1, 1832. Miniopteris dasythriz, Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Africa, no. 27. pl. 52, 1848 ; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 166, 1844. The crown of the head is very much elevated, and the face so much depressed as to give the appearance of a deep hollow across its middle. The muzzle is very short and round, but it is not itself much depressed, as in the flat-headed species such as the Noctule. From the great concavity of the middle part of the face, the muzzle appears to have an upward direction. The nostrils are small, near together, and in the specimens preserved in spirit are directed nearly straight forward; but in dried specimens they have a sublateral di- rection. The ears are very short, somewhat quadrangular in form, with the angles rounded, and have their outer margin brought forward along the face in the form of a very narrow strip of membrane to near the corners of the mouth. The inner margin rises from the side of the head ina perpendicular direction for a very short distance, and then making an angle, which if not rounded off would be a right angle, proceeds outwards in nearly a straight line, and forms another similar rounded angle with the outer margin. About the middle of the outer margin is a slight hollow. The tragus reaches fully halfway up the ear, and in actual mea- surement nearly equals it in length, both being viewed as simple projections and measured along their central lines. Its form is somewhat similar to that of the tragus of the common Pipistrelle ; but it is relatively longer and narrower, of absolutely uniform breadth, and with the tip more regularly rounded. It curves inwards for the whole of its length, but most strikingly so about one-fourth of the distance from the end. The wings are long in relation to the size of the animal, and the longest finger is fully twice the length of the fore-arm. The middle phalanges of the two longest fingers in the wing are very short, but the relative lengths of the same parts in the other fingers are not remarkable. In the relative proportions of these bones to each other, they closely resemble the same parts in Furipterus, but in no other group that I have had the opportunity of examining. Thumb of medium length and size, with the terminal phalange a little longer than the basal one ; its claw rather strongly hooked. The wing-membranes are attached as far as to the extremity of the tibize. The hinder limbs are of medium proportion ; but the feet are rather large, and have the toes of about one-half of their entire length. The claws, although of moderate size, are strongly hooked. The tail is long, and is composed of nine vertebrz, and is fully equal in length to the head and body. It is wholly enclosed by the interfemoral membrane, which has about thirteen transverse dotted lines, which are very near together on its basal portion. All the membranes are somewhat diaphanous, but present no great pecu- liarities of reticulated or other markings. ceeatels 119 The fur is soft and thick, of medium length, and rather faintly bicoloured, both above and below. That of the upper parts is dark brownish grey at the base, its terminal half paler and strongly tinged with brown. Beneath it has similarly coloured roots, with palish grey-brown tips. Such is the colour of the European ex- amples. Those from Algeria are characterized by a strong ashy tinge over the whole of the fur, and in some specimens the pubal region is wholly ash-coloured. Examples from Lake Ngama have all the upper parts of the body of a deep brownish grey (similar in co- lour to the roots of the hair in the European specimens), with the extreme tips of the hairs slightly paler, but not browner. Beneath, the fur is nearly black at its base, and tipped with ash colour; and the latter colour prevails around the region of the pubes. The specimens from this locality represent the Vesp. dasythrix of M. Temminck, and correspond pretty accurately with his description ; but specimens from the Cape are described by Dr. A. Smith as having the upper parts “ intermediate between chestnut-brown and yellowish brown,” and the under parts “dull pale brownish red, tinged with wood-brown and yellowish brown, in places strongly tinted with pale reddish orange.” I have seen no African example of this colour. The cerebral region of the skull is very much elevated, almost as much so as in Furipterus, the evenness of its convexity being interfered with only by a narrow transverse depression occupying the position of the suture uniting the occipital with the parietal bones, by a moderately developed sagittal ridge, most conspicuous on the frontal region, and by an occipital crest of similar degree of development. The facial part of the cranium is very much depressed, and it is also considerably compressed. The intermaxillary bones are, as in Furipterus, more developed than is usually the case among the Vespertilionida, affording sufficient space for the incisors to be in- serted in a nearly perpendicular position, and at the same time to leave a considerable interval between them and the canines. It is worthy of remark, that in this, as in the crania of the other species of the genus, the antorbital foramina are placed more forward than usual, only just behind the canines. The nasal opening is rather small, and the corresponding notch in the front of the palate pro- ortional to it in size. The orbit is small, and the zygomatic arches hive a very moderate lateral curvature. As in other species having a dome-shaped cranium, the condyloid fossze are in aline high above that of the teeth, and the zygoma in consequence starts at an angle from the line of the dental series and passes upwards and backwards to the condyle. In those species which, like the common Noctu/e, have a flat cranium, with both the facial and cerebral surfaces in one continuous line, the dental series and the zygoma are in nearly a continuous line also. The bony palate presents one peculiarity, viz. that it scarcely ex- tends posteriorly beyond the last molar, whereas in the generality of the Vespertilionide it reaches as far backwards as halfway be- 120 tween the last molar and the condyles, and in some instances reaches even so far back as to the latter. The lower jaw does not present any great peculiarities of structure. It has a rounded posterior angle, to adapt itself to the elevated po- sition of the cranial condyles, and a distinct and well-marked poste- rior process, about halfway between the angle and the condyloid process. The coronoid process is of ordinary form and on a level with the condyle. Viewed in front, the upper incisors are seen to be in two pairs, which are separated by a moderately wide opening in the centre, and by another of less extent on each side, between them and the canines; but the teeth m each of these pairs are placed close together. In direction, their tips point a little inwards. Seen laterally they are nearly vertical. In form they present no remarkable deviation from what is com- mon in the genera Vespertilio and Scotophilus: they are of nearly equal length, the two nearest the canines simple in form and some- what blunt, the inner ones more pointed and with a kind of basal cusp or point near to the outer ones. The canines are of medium size, and conical, with but little angularity, and possessed of a mode- rately developed cingulum. The first pre-molar is small, and has a central pointed cusp, surrounded by a flattish space, from the centre of which it projects. Its general appearance is that of a diminutive canine having an exceedingly broad cingulum. Succeeding to this, and contiguous to the first true molar, is a tooth which may be re- garded as taking the place of the sectorial tooth of the Carnivora ; it is rather long and pointed, with an inner basal ring, which is con- siderably developed in the direction of the palate. The true molars have nothing remarkable either in number or form. In the lower jaw the incisors exhibit a slight deviation from the usual type. The four central ones are small and trilobed; but the two outer ones are conspicuously larger, and instead of having a thin lobated edge, have a roundish flattened crown with a transverse cleft through its centre, for the reception of the point of the outer upper incisor when the jaws are closed. The lower canines are of the‘ordinary form ; but it is worthy of remark, that the basal ring or collar is considerably developed, running off into a flat basal space in the direction of the first pre- molar, but rising up into a kind of blunt accessory cusp near to the large incisor already mentioned. This form of canine cannot, however, be instanced as peculiar to the genus, since I find that the additional cusp occurs more conspi- cuously in some other species, as the common Noctule Bat, and the equally common Long-eared Bat; whilst in some others, as the Kerivoula picta and the Barbastelle, it appears as a mere ring of enamel around the base of the tooth. The three following teeth are of a very simple form, conical and pointed, surrounded by a cingulum which is rather more developed te t. : ) : 121 on the inside of the teeth than on the outer. They increase in size evenly and rapidly, so that the one contiguous to the molars is the highest tooth in the jaw, excepting the canine, and even to that it is not greatly inferior. The only peculiarity I am able to note respecting the true molars is, that the first has its anterior inner cusp so much produced as to be nearly even with the outer anterior one, usually much the highest. The numeration of the teeth may be thus stated :— In. ==; Can. =; Prem. =; Mol. = The dimensions in column 1 of the following table are those of a specimen from Bannatt; 2, those of one from Sicily: both pre- served in spirit. Column 3 contains the dimensions of the mutilated skeleton, which is all that remains of the type of Prince Bonaparte’s Miniopteris Ursinii ; whilst column 4 refers to a specimen collected in Algeria in 1856 by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, and very kindly pre- sented to me; and columns 5 and 6 refer to specimens from Lake Ngama, collected by Mr. Anderson. The three last-mentioned spe- cimens are all preserved in skin, and their dimensions are therefore less to be depended on than those of the specimens in spirit. 1. | 2, | 3. ame (eer Same eet? in. lin.jin. lin.jin. lin.in. lin.in. lin.jin. lin, Length of the head and body... 2 3 | BrP a ive. a9. be 4 | 2 of the tail .....-.sscoaese Peedi tee Wl B10 Body Of the head...,...ccccssece |. 0... 84) Oy BS)...0505.. 0 83 0 80 8 Of the Cars ......seeeseee FO) a. eines 0 3/0 340 3 of the tragus ............ heel? aC ia RBCS 02 Oh 20 ae of the fore-arm ......... Bie bok Ot Wea Le Lt oe 11 84 of the longest finger .... 3 6/3 5'>3 3/3 4/3 5'3 3 of the fourth finger ....2 2/2 0/2 0/2 1 2.212 0 of the thumb ............ }0 4/0 3/0 3} 0 330 320 34 of the tibia ..............., 0 9 | 0 83/0 74] 0 830 84/0 8} of the foot and gta 0 535 0/0 43/0 5,0 43,0 43 Expanse Of WINGS .eseeeseeseseee 14 0/13 0 13 6 |12 9 13 0 |12 6 2. M. BLEPOTIS. Vesp. blepotis, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 212, 1835-41; Miller, Over, Zoog. d. Ind. Archiv, p. 23, and table; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p- 172, 1845. Miniopteris blepotis, Blasius, Weigm. Arch. Bd. 6. p. 4, 1840. Pipistrellus blepotis, Less. Nouv. Tab. Régn. Anim. p. 30, 1842. Trilatitius blepotis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. v. 10, p. 258, 1842; Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 26, 1843; Zool. Voy. Samar. p. 8, 1849. Scotophilus Morio, Gray, App. Greg’s Narrat. p. 405, 1841 ; Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 29, 1843; Weigm. Arch. Bd. 8. p. 339, 1842; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 192, 1844. Vesp. Escholtzii, Waterh. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 4. Noctulinia ? Escholtzii, Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar. p. 9, 1849. The following comparison of this species with the last has been made between a great number of examples of both, most of those of M. bilepotis being preserved skins, whilst the greater part of those 122 of M. Schreibersii have been preserved in spirit. It is necessary to make this statement before proceeding further, as the foregoing de- scription of the latter species was drawn up from the specimen in spirit, whereas the stuffed specimens of both species have been re- sorted to in the following comparative description. Unfortunately I have not yet obtained a sufficient number of M. dlepotis in spirit to be able to give as many details as I could desire. Compared with M. Schreibersit, the face of the present species appears more elongated, although still very short; and it is rather more pointed, and has the nostrils more prominent. The ears, too, are relatively somewhat longer. In quality the fur is pretty similar, from whatever locality the animal may have been obtained. That of the upper parts is uni- coloured, sometimes having the tips of the hairs a little paler. In M. Schreibersii it is bicoloured. The general colour is very dark brown, varying slightly in its hue according to the locality from which the examples have been obtained. Beneath it is bicoloured in both species. In the present one it is dark brown at the base, tipped with a paler tint of the same colour, which latter occupies the whole length of the hairs on the pubal region. Examples from Japan have for the most part a rich umber tinge in the colour of the fur; in others from Amboyna a black-brown is the prevailing colour, still however with a reddish tinge, whilst the majority of those from Australia have the fur of a very deep brown colour without such tinge. There is, however, a remarkable variety sometimes met with in the latter country, which may be thus men- tioned :—The fur of the head and fore part of the back is of the ordinary sombre colour, but that of the loins and rump is on the contrary of a bright chestnut-brown, very silky and shining, and the change from one colour to the other is not effected by a regular gra- dation, but takes place almost abruptly, a wavy irregular line across the loins marking the confines of the two. But in one or two spe- cimens which I have seen, the chestnut colour extends up the middle of the back in a narrowish line, almost to the shoulders, and pro- duces a very marked and beautiful variety *. In these specimens the region of the pubes also is lighter in colour than in the ordi- narily coloured individuals. I have not been able to examine examples of this species taken at different periods of the year, so as to follow out the notes given by M. Temminck of the seasonal changes in the colour of the fur. Some differences are observable in the crania of this and the last * Somewhat the same style of colouring occurs in the Scotophilus Gouldii, also of Australia, and in some examples there is a slight tendency towards the same peculiar division of the two colours. Scotophilus tuberculatus also, of New Zea- land, is very similarly coloured ; but the gradation from the dark fore parts to the more rufous hinder parts, is very slight and uniform. Mr. Blyth has remarked of many of the Indian Bats, that they are subject to what he calls a rufous phase: perhaps this remark may be extended to the Au- stralian examples of the present species, although why this should not equally take place with those inhabiting the islands of the Indian Archipelago, is rather difficult to decide. OO — 123 species, which deserve mention. From the greater length of the muzzle, as already noticed, it might be expected that the cranium also would exhibit some corresponding elongation of its anterior part, and accordingly that is seen to be the case. On comparing the two skulls, that of M. Schreibersii, besides being altogether the smaller one, has the facial portion more compressed immediately in front of the orbits, and is less depressed. The posterior part of the palate also is narrower, so that the zygomatic arches spring at once outwards from the maxillary bones ; whilst in 4/epotis, where this part of the skull is relatively broader, the zygoma passes off in a backward direction, scarcely making an angle with the outer surface of the maxillary bones. Another very apparent difference consists in the much greater length and substance of the teeth, especially the canines in M. 4/e- potis. Inthis species the upper canines are so long as to pass, when the jaws are closed, almost to the lower margins of the lower jaw, whilst in M. Schreibersii their points reach only to about the middle of the ramus. It is also deserving of notice, that the singularly formed outer incisors of the lower jaw exhibit the peculiarity already alluded to in a much greater degree in this species than in M. Schrei- bersit, or indeed than in any other species appertaining to the genus. Columns 1, 2 and 3 in the following table of dimensions refer to specimens from Japan, 4 and 5 to specimens from Amboyna, and 6 to the specimen in the collection of the British Museum, from which Mr. Waterhouse took his description of V. Lscholtzii. ’ 1. 2. | 3. 4. 5. 6. in. lin.jin. lin.jin. lin.jin. lin.|in. lin.jin. lin. Length of the head and body... 2 6|2 9/2 6,2 5/2 6 Te | OR ls TAD i, otis ntvest 2° 0 CE om hee Site OLY Oe oh of the head....s.....00++ 08/0 9/0 9/0 8/0 9/0 8 of the ears .........0000 0 3/0 3/0 3310 3/0 3/0 3 of the tragus ............ 0 2/0 240 240 23/0 240 24 of the fore-arm ......... ey eee ee a a a be ee im of the longest finger ...| 3 6)3 61/3 71/3 3)3 8|3 7 of the fourth finger ....2 0/2 1/2 2/2 0/2 2 | 2 4 of the thumb ............ 04/0 41/0 4;90 33) 0 33/0 34 of the tibia ............... 0 9/0 83}0 9)/0 8)/0 9/0 8} of the foot and claws...| 0 4 | 0 43)0 43 0 4/0 43,0 4 Expanse of wings..........:..+-+. 14 0|14 0 Iu 0/12 6|14 0113 6 The specimens, the dimensions of which are given in the next table, formed part of Mr. Gould’s Australian collection, and were obtained at several localities. They have been selected from a con- siderable number as fair representatives of the so-called Scotophilus Morio. 1. 2. 3. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. Length of the head and body.. 2 8 29 2 8} ——-ofthe tail .......... 2 2 ee 2 3 ———-of the head.......-.. 0 9 0 9 0 8} 124 1 2. 3. in. lin in. lin. in. lin. Length of the ears .......... 0 3h 0 32 0 ot of the tragus ...... QO 24 0 24 0 25 of the fore-arm ...... 1 10 1 93 ivga of the longest finger .. 3 6 3 6 3 6 of the fourth finger.... 2 2 2 3 ae | of the thumib*;).d<0 0 3h 0 4 0 4 = ofthe tabia® filiden oni 0 9 0 9 0 82 of the foot and claws... 0 5 0). 0 43 Expanse of wings............ 13 10 14 0 13 6 3. M. TRISTISs. Vespertilio tristis, Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. xiii. p. 3, - 1845; Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar. p. 31, 1849. The muzzle of this species is relatively broader and more obtuse than in any other species of the genus ; and this peculiarity, together with its superior size, is sufficient at once to distinguish it from the last species, which it otherwise resembles. The peculiarity pointed out by Mr. Waterhouse of having the nostrils directed sublaterally, whilst in the allied species M. blepotis they open almost in front, does not, I think, furnish a very valuable character in any of the species which have the glands of the upper lips much developed. When these glands are large, they often advance so far forward as to thrust the outer margins of the nostrils forward also, or at any rate to close up the vertical notch already mentioned as separating the lips from the nostrils. This gives the latter the appearance of open- ing directly in front ; whereas the same species, when examined in a dry state, when the lips have shrunk and produced a more pointed muzzle and prominent nostrils, the latter are found to open more or less laterally. And as it is not uncommon to meet with different individuals of the same species (in this genus) having these glands developed in a slightly different degree, so it is common to observe a corresponding difference in the nostrils. A good number of examples will alone supply the necessary materials by which to distinguish truthfully the characters of allied species. It remains therefore, as I think, to be proved by the examination of a greater number of examples, that this species differs essentially in what may be called a generic peculiarity from the so-called Vesp. Es- choltzii, or that the latter differs from the Vesp. blepotis of M. Temminck. I can detect no difference in the distribution or quality of the fur from the species last described. It is unicoloured, and the general colour is very deep brown, as in the Australian specimens of M. blepotis. When seen in spirit, it appears to be sooty black. As far as is at present known, this species is confined to the Phi- lippine Islands. — ee ”,SmCcr th ; j f 125 in. lin. Length of the head and body ........ 2 6 — of the tail.................. a —— ofthe head ........ aMig antics 0 103 IE ONEM os iia dc la gidat a he hake 0 4 ——— of the tragus.......... ei ine 3 ae ——w— of the fore-arm.............. eee ——— of the longest finger.......... 4 3 ——— of the fourth finger .......... Boo i= OF the thumb... .:.. «... “EPP epee | Sart? * ——— of the tibia .............. retin: es F of the foot and claws Py A! wey? Expanse of wings .........+.+.+5: -» 15 6 or 16in.* 4. M. AUSTRALIS, n. s. This species differs from M. dlepotis in having the face more hairy, the ears relatively smaller, and the thumb much smaller, and in being itself much smaller. The fur too of the under parts en- croaches somewhat on the membranes, whilst in M. d/epotis they are quite free from fur. M. Temminck, speaking of the latter species, says, “ La femelle n’a guére plus de 3 pouces 4 lignes (of length) ; envergure A-peu- prés 10 pouces ; antibrachium 1 pouce 6 lignes; ” which statement of dimensions appears to apply with moderate accuracy to the pre- sent species. It is not, however, the female of M. d/epotis, as I have examined specimens of both sexes, adult and immature ; and if neither age nor sex will explain the great difference in size, it must be regarded as a very remarkable variety or as a distinct species, The fact of its occurrence over a very considerable range of country —the Indian islands and Australia—inhabiting alike island and con- tinent without manifesting any difference in appearance, is very strong evidence against its being a mere variety, and in my opinion fully establishes it as a distinct species. The general colour of the fur is very similar to that of M. blepotis; but the generality of specimens have a more decided rufous tinge, which is given by the tips of the hairs being paler and redder than at the base. But this is not perceivable in some individuals, and thus they are of the ordinary sombre colour of the Australian ex- amples of M. blepotis. In the following Table of Dimensions, columns 1 and 2 refer to * It will be observed, that the dimensions I have given differ a little from those given by Mr. Waterhouse, both taken from the same specimen. But the differ- ence is very trifling in all respects save in the expanse of the wings, and here a good deal depends upon the measurer. I have usually taken this dimension by means of a thread extended along the bones of the wings to the shoulders, and then taken the breadth between them with a pair of compasses. If the expanse be taken in a straight line between the tips of the open wings, it must be evident that the length of this line will depend on their complete or partial expansion, and in dried specimens it is almost impossible to have them all with the wings in an exactly similar position. It is on this account that I have adopted the method just stated. 126 adult males, 3 to an adult female in young, 4 to a youngish male with the wing-joints imperfectly ossified, all of them being preserved in spirit in the British Museum ; and column 5 to a specimen in skin in the same collection,—the whole of them having been collected in Australia by Sir G. Grey, K.C.B., and presented to the National Collection. The dimensions in column 6 have been taken from the specimen of M. dlepotis mentioned in Dr. Gray’s ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia of the British Museum,’ as having been received from the Leyden Museum, its country being Timor. It is probable, therefore, that this may have Ween mistaken by M. Temminck for the female of that species. Be this as it may, the specimen in question is certainly a male, and the perfectly ossified condition of the wing-joints indicates that it is adult. VE 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. in. lin.'in. lin.in. lin.|in. lin.|in. lin.jin. lin. Length of the head and body..., 1 11/1 9|1 8|1 8/1 7/2 0 Of the tail .....csess+c.. 1795), 3 8 8 85) 16.) TS oe of the head ,.......,...00 0 8/0 73/0 73)/0 73/0 73/0 7 ——— of the ears .......06..0.0. LOIRE SES hs Reese 0 32/40 3210) 3) Ors of the tragus .......60... O2a ereseses 02/0 23:0 2/0 2 —— of the fore-arm ......... Le Za) (621012 5.) WiG oe eee ——— of the longest finger ...| 3 0 |......... 2°82, 38>] 25 OMeomas ——— of the fourth finger ...| 1 10 |......... Post oY She Seas Of the tibia setragse.s sees Onismlecsere ss 0 7') 0° 7) 0° 6 ORB — of the foot and claws...) 0 4#)......... 0 330 33/0 4/0 33 Expanse of Wings .........s000++ 11 8 |11 0/10 6 {10 7/11 0 {10 6 The name under which I have described this species was given under the impression that it was exclusively a native of Australia. It was not until after I had arranged and named the specimens in the British Museum and in some other collections, that I found it to be an inhabitant of Timor (and probably other islands of the In- dian Archipelago) as well as of Australia, and that the name of australis was not strictly appropriate. But to avoid the confusion which might possibly arise from a change of name, I have thought it desirable that it should remain unaltered. The two species following I am unable to give as complete an ac- count of as I could wish. The first is exhibited in the Leyden Museum with the name of Vesp. tibialis affixed, but I am not aware that any description has appeared. In that collection are four specimens, all from Amboyna. A single specimen in my own collection, received also from Amboyna by MM. Verreaux, although in a somewhat mutilated condition, will nevertheless furnish a sufficiently complete description by which to recognize the species, if species it really is. In general appearance it closely resembles M. dlepotis, but is a trifle smaller, and moreover appears to differ remarkably in all the specimens, in having the extremity of the tibia perfectly free for nearly a third of its length. The wing-membranes do not extend beyond two-thirds of the length of the tibia, and the os calcis ad- — a. fa P . a ta a ee 127 heres closely to it up to the same point, and then starts from it at nearly a right angle, so that the extremity of the limb is completely unencumbered, and appears like a slender shank. If this peculiarity is persistent, and not due to the state of pre- servation, it would mark out a very distinct and good species ; but it is very desirable that other specimens be examined that have been preserved in spirit, in which state they show these parts in a more natural condition. It is worthy of note, however, that all the speci- mens present precisely the same appearance ; that is, the leg is free for the same length, and this would hardly be the case were it due to the state of the preservation merely. On the other hand, the species so closely resembles in all other respects the M. b/epotis, that one may well hesitate and view with suspicion a species having only a single point of difference. The following are the dimensions of the specimen in my own col- lection :— in. lin. Length of the head and body, about .... 2 6 Pa PMIMCHML, Cia Coes ove gen et, QZ of the ears .. SS TR EONS | ME: PA Ses cto 9c 0 2 of the fore-arm ......... 1 64 or 7 lin. of the longest finger .... 2 11 of the fourth finger este tee MTNA Gh ele arco atec we OOF of the tibia, free part .......... GQ 7 of the foot and claws.......... 0 34 BEB ORHEE OF WINES .2 2 2 hae is eb ule va vs 1l 6 The other species to which I have alluded bears considerable re- semblance to the one I have called M. australis. A single specimen in the British Museum, received from the Stockholm Museum with the name of Vesp. scotinus affixed, furnishes all the information I possess respecting it, excepting that it is also labelled ‘“ Port Natal.’’ I am not aware that any description has been published. The fur of the upper parts is fuliginous-brown, with the tips a little paler and greyer in hue. Beneath similar, but with the tips of the fur paler, especially about the pubes. The general colour more nearly resembles the darker examples of M. Schreibersii, which have been described as V. dasythriz, than any other species; and possibly it may prove to be a small example of that species. The examination of a single specimen does not, amongst allied species, afford sufficient evidence for a satisfactory decision; and I prefer therefore to leave undecided the claims of the present so- called species, until further information afford more ample means of deciding. The following are the dimensions :— in, lin Length of the head and body, about .... 1 10 of the heals a5 S204 ere! ae in. lin. Length of the €afS..0. snus Ge ovis aon 0 3 of the tragus.... ich wwe nie: aa of, the fore-arM ji: ies weiaical ss LB of the longest finger . .2..5sa%% seine AQ G of the fourth finger ............ 1 11, nearly. of the: thamiby iiss givsndagien.wieiae his 0 33 of che tibia a’. sc .isiooaiaes wees 0 8! of the foot and claws .......... 0 5 Expanse of wings, about .............0. 12 6 The plate which accompanies the present memoir illustrates some of the peculiarities of the genus of which I have given a description. 2. On some NEw OR LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF ACCIPITRES, IN THE COLLECTION OF THE Norwicu Museum. By Puiuie Lutiey Scuater, M.A. At the request of Mr. J. H. Gurney, I exhibit to the meeting some interesting birds belonging to the fine series of specimens of the order Accipitres, which that gentleman has collected for the Norwich Museum. Among them appear to be several new or little- known species, concerning which I beg to offer the following remarks :— 1. URUBITINGA SCHISTACEA. Asturina schistacea, Sund. Ofy. Af. K. Vet. Ak. Férh. 1849, p- 132. Falco ardesiacus, Licht. in Mus. Berol. Morphnus schistaceus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 261. 3 adultus. Totus nigro-cinerascens, cauda nigra, fascia media angusta margineque apicali albis: orbitis subnudis: rostri apice nigra, hujus basi cum pedibus flavis. Long. tota 16:0, alee 11°0, caudee 7:0, rostri a rictu 1°4, tarsi 3°3. Sundeval has given an excellent description of this bird, which does not appear to have been recognized by any other writers except Prince Bonaparte. By this author it is alluded to in an article en- titled ‘‘ Revue générale de la classe des Oiseaux,’’ in the ‘ Revue et Mag. de Zool.’ for 1850, p. 474, and again in the ‘ Comptes Rendus ’ for 1855, under the specific name ardesiacus, the synonym ‘‘ Falco ardesiacus, Licht. in Mus. Berol.’’ being said to refer to it. Of the two examples of this species belonging to the Norwich Museum, one was procured by Mr. H. W. Bates* on the Rio Ja- varri—a branch of the Upper Amazon; and the other, I have no doubt, from the ticket with which it is labelled, is from the interior of Bolivia. So we may conclude that the interior wood-region of Peru and Bolivia is the natural habitat of this species. * See P. Z. S. 1857, p. 261. a i A sil 129 There are at least three birds of this group which are in their adult plumage slaty-black or blackish, with a white bar across the tail. The first of these and largest in size is the Falco urubitinga of the older authors. Lesson in 1839 proposed to convert the term Urubitinga into a generic name, and it was so adopted by Lafres- naye in 1842, before the creation of Cabanis’s genus Hypomorphnus for the same type. See M. de Lafresnaye’s remarks on this subject in the ‘Revue Zoologique’ for 1848, p. 240. With regard to the specific name to be employed for this bird we cannot use Brisson’s ** brasiliensis,” as is done in Strickland’s ‘Ornithological Synonyms,’ because Brisson’s* names are not to be employed in a binominal system of nomenclature. Nor is it proper to adopt Illiger’s MS. term ‘‘ longipes,”’ as proposed in Prince Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ while there are many other names for this bird already published. So the earliest specific name available seems to be Shaw’s zonurus (Falco zonurus, Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 62), and this species should stand as Uruditinga zonura. It appears to have an extensive range, extending from Paraguay, all over Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Guiana and New Granada into Southern Mexico, where specimens were obtained by M. Sallé (see P. Z. S. 1857, p. 227). The second allied species of Urubitinga is the ‘‘ Faleo anthra- einus, Licht. in Mus. Berol.,’”’ under which name it is described by Nitzsch in a note to his ‘ Pterylographie’ (p. 83). This is the same as Du Bus’s Morphnus mexicanus (Bull. Ac. Brux. 1847). See M. de Lafresnaye’s observations in the ‘ Revue Zoologique’ for 1848 (p. 240), where he clearly points out the differences between this bird and the Uruditinga zonura. The Urubitinga anthracina inhabits the northern portion of Sonth America, Guianat and New Granadat, Guatemala and Southern Mexico§, where MM. Botteri and Sallé both procured it, and M. Du Bus’s types were collected. The third species is Urubitinga schistacea as characterized above, which is distinguishable at once from the preceding by its inferior size and narrower tail-band. The following diagnoses are sufficient to point out the differences between these three species || :— 1. U. zonura. Major, caude dimidio basali et margine apicali albis. 2. U.anthracina. Media, caude fascia lata et margine apicali albis. 3. U. schistacea. Minor, caude@ fascia angusta et margine apicali albis. Such are these birds in their adult plumage : in their immaturity they are quite different. I have not yet seen the young of U. schi- * See British Association’s Report on Zoological Nomenclature, rule 2, p. 5. + Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, iii. p. 740. + MM. Verreanx have received examples from Santa Martha. § See P. Z. S. 1857, pp. 211 & 227. | A fourth black Uruditinga, allied to U. anthracina, has lately been described by Cabanis from Cuba under the name Hypomorphnus Gundlachii. See Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1854, Erinnerungs-heft, p. Ixxx. No. CCCLV.—Proceepines or Tar Zoo.oeicar Society. 130 stacea, as I now think the specimen in one of Sallé’s Mexican col- lections called Morphnus schistaceus, juv. (P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 227) does not really belong here; but the other two species in their im- mature state are both irregularly flammulated on the lower surface and back, and have numerous buffy-white cross-bars on the tail and under tail-coverts. Specimens of U. zonura in this state are in the British Museum, and we have a fine example of a similar bird now alive in our Gardens. I have hitherto used for these birds the generic term Morphanus, following Mr. Gray and other writers; but on considering that the true type of Morphnus is the Falco guianensis of Daudin—a bird of different structure and more nearly allied to Thrasaétus—I think they stand better disconnected. But the Falco unicinctus of Tem- minck and Falco meridionalis of Latham—two allied species—for which Kaup’s term Spizigeranus may be employed subgenerically— ought, as M. de Lafresnaye* has observed, to come close to the true Urubitinge ; and Buteogallus with its two species (equinoctialis and nigricollis) follows next. A bird more closely corresponding to the Urubitinge in its changes of colouring is Urubitornis solitaria, of which M. Jules Verreaux has described the several stages of plu- mage in these ‘ Proceedings; but it is distinguishable by its shorter and much more robust tarsi. 2. BUTEO ZONOCERCUS, Sp. nov. Schistacescenti-niger unicolor, alis extus brunnescente tinctis : remigua pogoniis interioribus albo obsolete transfasciatis : cauda nigra; vitta inferiore lata, et alteris duabus superiori- bus angustioribus et imperfectis cum margine apicali albis: rostro nigro, cera aurantia, pedibus flavis. Long. tota 17:0, alee 14°7, caudee 7°5, rostri a rictu 1-3, tarsi 2°9. Hab. Guatemala. In plumage this bird is very much like the typical Urudztinge, being of a nearly uniform ashy-black, tinged with brown on the sca- pularies and secondaries, and with a broad white band across the tail. Above this are two other bands, much narrower and not quite complete, and the tail is likewise tipped with white. The colour of these bands is pure white on the under surface ; on the upper sur- face it is cinereous on the outer webs of the lateral rectrices, and on both webs of the medial pair, but pure white on the inner webs of the lateral tail-feathers. The lowest band is about 13 inch in breadth, the second not half an inch, and the highest is quite nar- row. There are distinct traces of white cross-bands on the inner webs of the wing-feathers. The wings are, however, much more elongated than in the Uruditinge, the third primary (which is longest) extending 4 inches beyond the secondaries. The fourth and fifth primaries are only slightly shorter than the third, the first being nearly of the same length as the longest secondary. The general form seems to be that of the Buteones appertaining to the * Rey. Zool. 1848, p. 240. . + See P. Z. S. 1856, p. 145. 2 Se ee Di 131 subgenus called Tachytriorchis, and the nearest ally of the present species among the specimens of the British Museum appears, as has been pointed out to me by Mr. G. R. Gray, to be his Buteo albono- tatus (Cat. Accipitres [1848], p. 36). This latter bird does not appear to me to differ from Cabanis’s Buteo abbreviatus, described in Schomburgk’s ‘ Reisen in Britisch Guiana,’ vol. iii. p. 739, and I should be inclined to consider the two names as synonymous. 3. SYRNIUM ALBITARSE, sp. nov. Syrnium albotarse, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit. Supra brunnescenti-nigrum, plumis omnibus pallido rufo semel aut pluries late transfasciatis; pileo unicolore nigricante, plumis subtus pallide rufis : alis caudaque nigricantibus ; remi- gum pogoniis exterioribus quinque sive sex maculis quadratis pallide rufis marginatis; rectricibus vittis quinque et altera ter- minali latiore supra pallide rufis, subtus magis albidis apparen- tibus transfasciatis ; facie, loris, mento et plumis supra-ocula- ribus albis : subtus pure album, rufescente mixtum, plumarum terminationibus latis interdum etiam scapis saturate brunneis ; tibiis et tarsorum parte superiore rufis, horum parte inferiore albis : rostri plumbei apice flava, pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 15:0, alee 11°0, caudee 6°5, tarsi 1°9. The name of this Owl was inserted in the list of specimens of Ac- cipitres in the collection of the British Museum published in 1848 ; but no description of it has yet appeared. The type in the British Museum is immature, and nearly agrees with one in my own collec- tion. Mr. Gurney’s specimeu, from which my description is taken, appears to be nearly adult. All these three examples were received in collections from Bogota, and they are the only individuals of this species that I have yet met with. The face of this bird is white ; the head above brownish-black outside, with the bases of the fea- thers bright rufous. The whole upper surface is brownish-black varied with this rufous colouring, every feather being crossed with a broad subterminal band of rufous, sometimes with a second, and these bands being occasionally incomplete in the middle across the shaft. The primaries and secundaries are marked externally with rather square-shaped rufous spots, four or five in number. The tail has five cross-bands besides the terminal one formed in the same way, which bands appear whitish on the lower surface. Below, the colouring is creamy-white tinged with pale rufous, the breast- feathers, particularly on the sides, having broad terminations of black-brown, the belly-feathers narrower terminations and also lateral margins of the same colour. The tarsi are creamy-white with a yellowish tinge in both my specimens, more nearly pure white in that in the British Museum. They are thickly feathered down to the fissure of the toes. The form is that of other South American Syrnia, the fourth and fifth wing-feathers being equal and longest, only slightly exceeding the third. The specimen which I take for 132 the younger bird only differs in having the head varied like the back, and being generally more rufous. The other American species of this genus of which I have seen specimens are :— 1. Syrnium hylophilum (Temm. Pl. Col. 373), from Brazil. Mus. Brit. et Acad. Philadelph. 2. Syrnium rufipes (King, Zool. Journ. iii. 426), from Tierra del Fuego. Mus. Brit. Perhaps the same as the Chilian species figured by Des Murs as Ulula fasciata, Icon. Orn. pl. 37. 3. Syrnium virgatum, Cass. (Journ. Ac. Phil. vol. ii.) (S. squa- mulatum, Bp.—S. zonocercum, G. R. Gray), from S. Mexico and Central America. 4. Syrnium polygrammicum, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit. ex Brasil. An undescribed species very nearly allied to the last. 5. Syrnium albigulare, Cass. (Journ. Ac. Phil. vol. ii. pl. 4. p- 52).—S. macabrum, Bp.—S. albipunctatum, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit. From Bogota. 4. Scors USTA, sp. nov. Supra saturate castaneo-brunnea, plumis omnibus nigro subtilis- sime vermiculatis: facie et gula pure castaneo-brunneis, hac pallidiore: linea post regionem auricularem, cornuum capitis extantium marginibus ‘latis et pileo supero nigris : alarum pennis pallide castaneo-brunneis nigro punctulatis, intus autem ochracescenti-albidis, quinque aut sex fasciis latis in pogonio externo, maculas quadratas efficientibus, nigris transvittatis ; cauda ex eodem colore sed fasciis nigris pene obsoletis : subtus clarius brunnea, lineis angustis longitudinalibus, scapas pluma- rum occupantibus, nigris parce notata: tectricibus alarum in- ferioribus sordide albis: tarsis pallide fulvis: rostro et pedi- bus flavis. Long. tota 8°5, ale 7:0, caudze 4:0, tarsi 1°2. Hab. Ega on the Upper Amazon (H. W. Bates). This species is founded on the Scops which I mentioned as occur- ring in Mr. Bates’s collection from the Upper Amazon in these ‘ Pro- ceedings’ for last year (p. 261). It is distinguishable from every other South American member of the genus, as far as I am ac- quainted with them, by its rich brown colouring above and below, and by the longitudinal lines below not being crossed as in Scops choliba-and S. atricapilla. 1am inclined to refer the Scops which was contained in M. Verreaux’s collection from the Rio Napo to this same species. It presents nearly the same appearance on its lower surface, but the colouring above is more like that of Scops choliba, and I think it is probably a young bird. The birds of this genus are difficult to distinguish, and I have been unable to identify the present examples with any of ten species which have been already described as inhabiting different parts of America, as follows :— 1. Scops asio (Linn.), Cassin, Birds of Californ. p. 179. Hab. Whole of N. America, chiefly Atlantic States. Mus. Brit. 2. Scops Maccalli, Cassin, Birds of Californ, p. 180. Hab. Texas and N. Mexico. 3. Scops flammeola, Kp.—Strix flammeola, Licht. in Mus. Berol. Hab. Southern Mexico. 4. Scops choliba, Vieill.—Strix crucigera et undulata, Spix. Hab. Cayenne, Brit. Guiana, Brazil, Eastern Peru, Bolivia and New Granada. Mus. Brit. 5. Scops portoricensis, Less. : Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 26. Hab. Puerto Rico and New Granada. Mus. Paris. 6. Scops Watsoni, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. iv. p. 123, et Journ. Ac. Phil. ii. pl. 12. fig. 1. p. 95. Hab. Venezuela and Surinam. 7. Scops atricapilla (Temm.), Pl. Col. 145. Hab. Brazil. Maus. Brit. 8. Scops lophotes, Less. Tr. d’Orn. i. p. 107; Puch. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 22. Hab. Cayenne. 9. Scops grammicus, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 19, Illustr. pl. 4. Hab. Jamaica. The type of Kaup’s proposed genus Pseudoscops : see Bp. in Compt. Rend. Oct. 22, 1855. Mus. Brit. 10. Scops nudipes.—Ephialtes nudipes, Cassin, List of Strigide, sp. 13.—Bubo nudipes, Vieill. Ois. de ? Am. Sept. pl. 22. This paper will be published in the ‘ Transactions’ of the Society, and illustrated with plates. 3. Descriptions or New Srecties or LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS COLLECTED IN CEYLON, FROM THE COLLECTION OF H. Cuminec, Esa. By H. Dourn. 1. Henix auprzonata. Testa subperforata, turbinato-de- pressa, solida, striis longitudinalibus et spiralibus distantiort- bus decussata, castanea; sutura alba; anfr. 6 vix convexi, lente accrescentes ; ultimus carinatus, carina albizonata ; sub- tus convexiusculus, longitudinaliter striatus, nitidus ; apertura oblique lunaris, intus cerulescens ; peristomium rectum, intus incrassatum, margine columellari superne dilatato, perfora- tionem fere tegente. Diam. maj. 25, min. 224, alt. 154 mill. Allied to 7. Gardeneri, Ptr. 134 2. Limn#A PINGUIS. Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, ovato- oblonga, pellucida, tenuis, nitidissima, longitudinaliter levis- sime striata, cornea vel albicans ; sutura simplex, albida ; spira elevata, apice acuto, rubicundo; anfr. 4-44 convewiusculi, ultimus = longitudinis subequans; apertura obliqua, ovato- oblonga; peristomium rectum, simplex, margine columellari re- flexo; marginibus callo tenui junctis. Long. 18, lat. 94; apert. long. 113, lat. 55. 3. Limnaza TIGRINA. Testa oblonga vel ovato-oblonga, imper- forata vel vix rimata, tenuis, pellucida, nitida, cornea, longi- tudinaliter irregulariter albofasciata, subtilissime spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata; sutura simplex, plerumque brunnea ; spira acuta, apice fuscescente ; anfr. 4-5 vix convexi, ultimus efiatus, = longitudinis subequans ; apertura ovato-oblonga vel oblonga ; peristomium simplex, rectum, margine columellari re- frexo; marginibus callo albido, non nitido, junctis. Long. 25, lat. 13 ; apert. long. 16, lat. 8 mill. a. Normalis. 2B. Var. minor : cornea vel albida, interdum unicolor. Long. 19, lat. 10; ap. long. 14, lat. 7 mill. 4. PLanorsis STELZNERI. Testa discoidea, albido-cornea, tenuiter longitudinaliter striata, nitida, pellucida, supra plana, subtus paullo convexior, utringue foveolata ; anfr. 3-4 via convert, ultimus acute carinatus; apertura perobliqua, sub- lunaris ; peristomium rectum, intus albolabiatum. Diam. maj. 7, min. 54 mill.; alt. apert. 1 mill. 5. PLANORBIS ELEGANTULUS. Testa discoidea, albida, sub lente tenuiter striata, nitida, pellucida, supra convexiuscula, umbilicata, subtus plana; anfr. 4-5 lente accrescentes, ulti- mus infra medium obsolete carinatus; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris ; peristomium rectum, intus calloso- albo-labiatum. Diam. maj. 43, min. 4; alt. apert. 1 mill. 6. AMpuLLARIA Woopwarpt. Testa subturbinata, solidiuscula, parum nitida, longitudinaliter striata, late umbilicata, olivacea, fasciis viridibus vel fuscis spiralibus ornata ; spira exserta ; anfractus 4-44 integri convewi, rapide accrescentes, supra me- dium angulati; ultimus efflatus, antice descendens ; apertura ovato-lunaris, alba, fasciis intus pellucentibus ; peristomium simplex, rectum. Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, alt. 29 mill.; apert. alt. 194, lat. 114 mill. 7. AMPULLARIA TISCHBEINI. Testa ovato-globosa, solida, per- anguste umbilicata, rude longitudinaliter, sub lente subtilissime spiraliter striata, olivacea, fasctis saturatioribus cingulata ; 7 : 135 spira exserta ; anfr. 3-4 integri converi, rapide accrescentes, ad suturam impressam angulati; ultimus efflatus ; apertura lunato-ovalis, intus fusca, dense fasciata ; peristomium rectum, labro intus albido. Diam. maj. 31, min. 28, alt. 33 mill. ; apert. alt. 25, lat. 17 mill. 8. Naviceitia Livesayi. Testa oblongo-ovata, tenuis, parum pellucida, fusco-viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis triangu- laribus luteis ornata; apex ad dextram spectans, prominulus ; apertura alba. Long. 35, lat. 15, alt. 6 mill. ; apert. long. 18 mill. 9. NAVICELLA sQUAMATA. Testa ovata, tenuis, pellucida, fusco- viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis luteis squamaformibus, striis fulguratis et maculis nigrescentibus picta ; apex ad sini- stram spectans, marginalis ; apertura alba. Long. 18, lat. 124, alt. 54 mill. ; ap. long. 15 mill. 10. Mexvania conrusa. Testa turrita, solida olivacea vel ni- gricans ; anfr. 10-11 planulati, spiralisuleati aut varicosi, longitudinaliter striati ; apertura oblonga, albida, non detrun- cata. Operculum corneum, nigrescens, oblongum. Long. 72, lat. 18; apert. long. 22, lat. 11 mill., spec. max. This species is one of the varieties of M. aculeus, Lea, under which name the most different things are joined. The operculum of aculeus is straight-lined, even concave on the left side ; that of confusa is always convex. The lip of aculeus is not so far produced, the columella cut off sharply ; the confusa rounded. 1]. Mevania patura. Testa oblongo pyramidata, fragilis, diaphana, fusco-nigricans, decollata: anfr. 3-4 ad suturam angulati ; supra plani, subtus vix convexi, in angulo longis : spinis, infra medium lineis elevatis ornati ; apertura cerulea oblonga. Long. 21, lat. 11; apert. long. 10, lat. 5 mill. 12. MevaniA Layaroi. Testa turrita, solidiuscula, olivacea ; anfr. 6-7 convexi, striis spiralibus, rugis longitudinalibus regu- lariter ornata, ad suturam fusco-maculata : apertura ovato- oblonga, intus cewruleo-albida ; columella rotundata, peristo- i mium valde productum, arcuatum. Long. 35, lat. 10; ap. long. 10, lat. 5 mill. ; spec. max. Var. Minor, decollata, nigrescens, intus coerulea. ; Long. 22, lat. 7; ap. long. 7, lat. 4 mill. 136 4, Description or Two New Sreciers or PINNA. By Sytvanus Hantey, F.L.S., erc. 2 1. Pinna Cuemnirzi. P. testa magna, subventricosa, olivacea, carine centralis experte, costis (circiter 14) angustis rotun- datis et plerumque muticis ornata ; ventrali triente fere levi- gato, juxta umbones solum oblique pauciplicato : margine dor- sali valde incurvato, plerumque squamis pectinato : extremitate postica lata, subtruncata, inferne subrotundata : margine ven- trali postice cum margine dorsali paralleio, antice abrupte ascendente. Long. 5 pol., lat. 12 pol. et supra. Hab. Insule Philippine (Cuming). Mus. Hanley, Cuming. Chemnitz has very fairly delineated (Conch. Cab. f. 770) this species as the pectinata of Linnzeus, to which shell, indeed, it bears much resemblance. A few raised strize succeed the distant ribs. 2. Pinna Rumen. P. testa haud magna, subtrigona, ineurvato- cunciformi, nitida, cornea, in medio carinata, obsolete costata (costis muticis angustis postice evanidis), postice sublevigata, marginem ventralem versus late et oblique plicata: margine dorsali inermi, et valde incurvato ; ventrali sinuato: extremi- tate postica inferne subrotundata. Long. 3 pol., lat. 63 pol. Hab. Insule Molucce. Mus. Wanley, Cuming. In the forty-sixth plate (figures I, K) of his ‘ Thesaurus,’ Rum- phius has very clearly indicated this somewhat scarce Pinna, which exhibits such peculiar characteristics as to render its determination an easy process. 5+. PRopoOsAL TO SEPARATE THE FAMILY OF SALAMANDRIDA, Gray, INTO Two FAMILIES, ACCORDING TO THE FORM OF THE SKULL. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., ETc. In the Catalogue of Amphibia in the British Museum I placed all the Salamanders which have teeth on the imner side of the hinder edge of the palatal bone together into a single family, under the name of Salamandride. Having lately procured the skulls of several of the genera so united, and also examined M. Gervais and M. Dugés’ papers in the ‘Annals of Natural Sciences,’ in which the skulls of several other genera and species are figured, I am now induced to propose to di- vide the genera into three sections or families thus— For in a group which offers so few permanent characters for the separation of the genera and species, and which presents such differ- a wet ee ee 137 ent varieties in the form of the dermal appendages, and in the colour of the body in the different seasons of the year, one is very glad to seize on any part which appears to offer a permanent and tangible character :— Fam. I. Serranorip”&. Seiranotina, Gray, Cat. B. M. 1850, 29. Skull very depressed, broad ; the fronto-temporal arch distinct and united to the bones of the skull (figure 1). Tongue large, hinder half free. Body granular. Palatine bones with a longitu- dinal series of teeth forming two diverging series, angular in front. Ribs well developed. Vertebree crested above. Limbs and feet well ossified. Toes 474. 1, SErRANOTA. Lateral line none. Skin closely and equally granular, granules oblong. . SEIRANOTA PERSPICILLATA (skull, fig. 1). B.M. Fig. I. Fig. 3. Seiranola Spelerpes Calotriton perspicillata. rubre. punctulatus. Fam. Il. PLevrRopELID®. Skull depresssed, broad, with a distinct fronto-temporal arch, formed by the union of a process of the frontal and temporal bone. Tongue moderate, attached; hinder and side edges scarcely free. Body granular. Palatine bone, with a longitudinal series of teeth forming two diverging series, angular in front. Ribs well developed. Vertebre crested above. Limbs and feet well ossified. ‘Toes 4°5. a. Fronto-temporal arch complete. Lateral lines of pore distinct, low down between the axilla and groin. 2. PLEURODELES. Ribs exserted, forming a series of spines along the sides. Head and skull depressed, broad. Paratoids distinet. 138 1. P. Watts. Skull, Erp. Gen. t. 101. f. 2.° *« Bradybates ventricosus, Tschudi, t. 2. f. 1, is perhaps the young.”’—Dumeril. It only differs in the tail being short, perhaps injured. 3. GLOSSOLIGA. Ribs enclosed. Head and skull very depressed. ‘‘ Fronto-tem- poral arch with a separate central bone.”’—Gervais. Paratoid none ; lateral pores small, single, in a continuous line. 1. GLossoLiegaA PorreTt. B.M. Erp. Gen. t. 107. f. 1. Skull, Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1853, xx. t. 15. f. 9, & Erp. Gen. t. 102. f. 5, 6. Forehead flat, with small scattered brown-tipped tubercles. Eye- lids distinct, valvular. N. Africa. 4. NoTOPHTHALMA. Ribs enclosed. Head and skull rhombic. Forehead with two lon- gitudinal ridges. Tongue oblong. Paratoids none. Cheek with three pits. Hind feet flattened. Tail compressed, keeled, slightly finned often above and below in breeding season. N. America. 1, N. MINIATA. B.M. Skull, Erp. Gen. ix. t. 107. f. 2. 2. N. VIRIDESCENS. B.M. Vent in summer produced, truncated, with a rounded series of fringed filaments. 5. CyNops. Tubercular. Head and skull very depressed, broad. Paratoid large, compressed ; pores of lateral line small, distant, more distinct near the limbs. Fronto-temporal arch broad, distinct. Ribs enclosed. 1. C. pyRRHOGASTER. B.M. Skull, Tschudi, t. 2. f. 5, cop. Schlegel, Fauna Japon. t. 5. f. 7, 8; Cat. Batrach. B.M. t. 3. f. 13. Japan. 6. TarIcHa. Tubercular. Head and skull depressed, broad. Paratoid large, compressed. Pores of the lateral line small, distinct, far apart. Vent small. Fronto-temporal arch broad. Skin with conical tu- bercles. Ribs enclosed. 1. TARICHA TOROSA. B.M. Skull, Esch. Zool. Atlas, t. 21. f. 15. California. pe lh 7 — woe ae ee 139 b. Fronto-temporal arch complete. Lateral line indistinet, marked with a vessel ; ribs enclosed. 7. CALOTRITON. Hemitriton, part, A. Dugés. Head and skull rhombic. Eyelids distinct. Skin smooth, with small black-topped conical warts. Tongue oblong. Paratoids none. Toes free; tips black, rather claw-like. Vent conical. 1. CaLorRITON puNCTULATUS (skull, fig. 2). B.M. Hemitriton punctulatus, A. Dugés, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. 265. t.113. f. 1,2; skull, Dugés, /. c.f. 3 & 18. Triton puncticulatus, Erp. Gen, ix. 152. t. 106.f.3; skull, t. 102. 8. Evprocrtvs. Hemitriton, part, A. Dugés. Head and skull rhombic, depressed. Tongue oblong. Paratoids none. Skin smooth, with scattered small rounded black conic warts. Cloaca produced, conic. Lateral lines of pores none. 1. Evrroctrus Rusconi. B.M. Hemitriton asper, skull, A. Dugés, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. t. 113. fat, 22. H. cinereus, skull, Dugés, 1. c. f. 14, 15; H. rugosus, skull, /. e. t. 1. f. 16, 17, and A. Bitronii, skull, t. 1. f. 19, 20, are evidently very nearly allied, if not all the same species. 9. Lorainus. Body smooth. Palatine teeth in two separate series. Orbit in palate small. Fore toes slender, yery unequal ; the hind toes broad, webbed on each side, the two inner conic. Back three-ridged. Crest of male continued. Lateral lines with distant single pores. Tail of male suddenly truncated before the apex, ending in a fila- ment. ; 1. LopHINUS PALMATUS. B.M. Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. t. 5. f. 1, 2, good ; skull, Dugés, /. ¢. t. 1. f. 27, 28: Triton, Wooley ; Baker & Deby, Zoologist, 1848, 2149, &c. Triton minor, Higginbottom, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1853, xii. 382. t. 16. f. 8, 9. Lissotriton palmatus, Bell, British Reptiles, second edit. 1849, p- 154 (not of first edition). “In the season of reproduction the tail of the male is suddenly truncated before the apex and terminated ina slender filament 3 lines in length. The hind feet perfectly palmated, all the toes united by 140 a membrane (t. 16. f. 8). When the breeding season is over, the slender filament is absorbed, and the truncated portion of the tail becomes obtusely rounded off with a slight indurated dark tip at the end, and the web of the hind feet is wholly absorbed, leaving the toes free (t. 16. f. 9).”—Higginbotiom. Mr. Bell admits and figures this species in the second edition of his ‘ British Reptiles,’ 1849, p. 154. The figure is not characteristic, as the crest of the male is not sufficiently high, and the coloration is differently disposed from any specimen which has come under my observation. 10. OMMATOTRITON. Body smooth. Palatine teeth in a crowded series. Orbits in palate large, convex. Crest of male interrupted over the loins. Legs with a membrane on the inner edge. Hands with a subulate tu- bercle. The hind toes free, very slightly fringed with membranes. Lateral line of pores distinct, single. 1. OMMATOTRITON VITTATUS. B.M. Triton vittatus, skull, Dugés, J. c. t. 1. f. 29, 30. England ; North of France; Belgium. Mr. Bell, in his ‘ British Reptiles,’ gives a good figure of one of my specimens of this species, which he is convinced ‘‘is to be considered as a variety only of the present species that is, Lissotriton palmipes. The osteological character, as well as the form of the dorsal crest, and the disposition of the colours, shows this is not the case, and that it is not only a distinct species but a very distinct genus, as is further proved by M. Dugés’ figure of the skull. ** Fyonto-temporal arch incomplete, ligamentous behind. 11. Pyronictia. Hemisalamandra, Hemitriton, and Triton, part, Dugés. Body slightly tubercular. Hinder toes fringed with a membrane. Back smoothish. Males with a crest. The skull with only a frontal process directed backwards and outwards, the temporal apophysis in the other genera being replaced by a tendinous cord. 1. PyRONICIA MARMORATA. B.M. Skull, Erp. Gen. t. 106. f. 1. Hemisalamandra marmorata, Dugés, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. t. 1. f, 10,A% Back marbled, vertebral line pale. Pores of the lateral line di- stinct, in pairs. Skin smooth, punctulate, subtuberculous. Oporto. at OSE a 2. PyRONICIA PUNCTATA. Triton punctatus, Dugés, l.c. t.1. f. 25, 26; Bell, Brit. Rept. ed. 2. ; eas levis, Higginbottom, Ann. & Mag. N.H. xii. 380. t. 16. Lissotriton punctatus and L. palmatus, Bell, Brit. Rept. ed. 1, 1839 (not Latr.). Pupils circular, rather larger than those of 7’. cristafus. The figures of the Smooth Newts (Lissotriton) in Mr. Bell's ‘British Reptiles’ (1839) are so destitute of character, that it is impossible to refer them to the known species with certainty. The figures of L. punctatus at pp. 132 and 135, appear to be that species in its winter state; and the figures of L. palmipes at p. 139 appear to be intended for the same species in summer, if we regard the dis- position of the spots, and the height of the dorsal fin: but the fin is not dentated as it always is in that species, and the toes are not proper for it in its crested state ; at the same time it bears no resemblance to the true 7’. palmatus, which has an entire erest ; nor has it the filament at the end of the tail, which is always found in the crested form of that species. In the second edition (1849), Mr. Bell has referred all these figures to Lissotriton punctatus, and places the figure which he for- merly called L. palmatus at the head of the species, p. 143; but it is not characteristic of it, as wanting the dentation on the crest and the broad rounded end fringe of the toes, which are so charac- teristic of the crested state of the species. Mr. Bell, believing that the form of the upper lip afforded a good character for the distinction of the species of these animals, divides them into two species, thus—“ 1. Lissotriton punctatus, upper lip straight, not overhanging the lower (p. 132, 138, fig. 2). Lissotriton palmipes, upper lip pendulous at the sides, overhanging the under in a distinct festoon as far as the base of the lower jaw. Toes of hinder feet fringed with a short membrane at all seasons.” I may observe that the latter is not the 7. palmipes of Latreille, which has the hind feet of the male in the breeding-season webbed; and that I believe it only differs from the former by being in the fully- developed state at the season of reproduction; and I am borne out in this idea by the observations of Messrs. Higginbottom, Hogg, and many others. The former observes: ‘‘ Some Tritons have been distinguished by the upper lip overhanging the lower. I have observed that in the first year of T'riton asper the upper lip overhangs the under consider- ably at the sides ; in the second it overhangs less ; between the se- cond and third year it becomes straighter, and in the fourth it over- hangs again as much as in the first year. This is also very evident in the Triton levis, in which the same changes take place.’”’-—dnn. § Mag. N. H. 1853, xii. 375. ‘‘Neither kind of Triton is found in the water during the winter months; but they (the brick-makers) discovered great numbers of 142 them in holes in the clay, and sometimes ten or twelve coiled to- gether. I have observed that either a very wet or very dry situa- tion is fatal to the Triton during its state of hibernation, and that a moderately damp one is always chosen for that state of existence ; and further, that the Triton can live in a solid mass of ice withonk injury. ** About the last week in March the perfect Triton leaves the land and becomes aquatic. It has then acquired all those appearances which exist only during the breeding-season. They are absorbed rather rapidly, and the animal leaves the water in August. “The Tritons of the third and fourth year are fanned during the cold season in the earth under stones, in clusters of the magnitude of a cricket-ball; those of an earlier ‘period are often found singly at a greater depth under the earth, as before stated.”’—p. 381. 12. Hemirriron. Body tubercular. Males with a slightly-produced vent. Lateral line none. 1. HemMirRITON ALPESTRIS. B.M. Hemitriton alpestris, Dugés, l.c.t. 1. f. 23, 24; Fauna Ital. t. 8. £2) Fam. III. SALAMANDRID&. The skull narrow, without any dilation of the frontal or temporal bone to form a fronto-temporal arch. Palate with a longitudinal series of teeth, arched in front. Tongue moderate, attached, hinder and side edges scarcely free. Body granular. Vertebre rounded. Ribs and bones of limbs and feet imperfectly ossified. Paratoids large, glandular. * Lateral lines of pores high up the back, elevated, wart-like. 1. SALAMANDRA., Palatine teeth extending before the internal nostrils. Tail ronnd- ish. Back not crested. 1. SALAMANDRA ATRA. B.M. Skull; Dugés, 7. c.t. 1. f. 8, 9. 2. SALAMANDRA MACULOSA. B.M. Skull, Dugés, 7. c. t. 1. f. 6, 7. 3. SALAMANDRA CORSICA. Mouth, Bonap. Fauna Ital. ii. t. 53 (cop. Dugés, J. e. t. 1. f. 4, 5). Se ee es ’ 7 J j 143 ** Lateral line of pores on lower part of side between axilla and groin. 2. Triton. Granular. Tail compressed. Back of male crested. Toes free, simple. 1. TrITON CRISTATUS. B.M. Hemisalamandra cristata, skull, Duges, /. c. t. 1. f. 12, 13 (Erp. Gen. ix. t. 102. f. 2, 3, not sufficiently broad for our specimens). Triton marmoratus, Bibron, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, 23 (not Latr.). Triton cristatus & T. Bibronii, Bell, Brit. Rept. pp. 129, 131, figs. Pupil small, circular. Tail with a broad pale-bluish longitudinal streak rather below the centre. M. Bibron, when in London, on observing a specimen of the Warty Newt with straight lips, in the Collection of the Zoological Society, named it Triton marmoratus, probably thinking that it was Triton marmoratus of Latreille, a species of the South of Europe. Mr. Bell, in his work on British Reptiles, figures the specimen, and gives it the name of Triton Bibronui (pp. 129 & 131, figs.), ob- serving, “it is the same as 7’. eristatus, excepting that the upper lip is perfectly straight.” After examining various specimens in different states, I am con- vineed that the form of the lip depends on the season, the male in the breeding-season having the most overlapping lip. The same change in the form of the lip in the different seasons is to be observed in Lissotriton punctatus. Mr. J. Higginbottom observes : ‘‘ The two species of Triton (found in the Midland Counties) present such varied appearances during the three years of their slow but progressive growth, and during the changes they experience preparatory to their return from being in- habitants of the land, breathing atmospheric air, active in the sum- mer and hibernant in the winter, to being denizens of the water, reproducing their kind in the months of March, April, May, June and July, that I think they have been regarded by naturalists as present- ing too great a number of distinct species.”’—Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1853, xi. 370. The skulls and skeletons of all the genera of Molgide, Pletho- dontide, Protonopside and Amphiumid@ 1 have been able to exa- mine, or which are figured in any works that have occurred to me, resemble those of the family Sa/amandrida. Considering the very important characters which the examination of the skulls bam shown them to possess for the distinction of the European and Japan species, it is very desirable that the American species should be carefully examined for the same purpose. Up to this time even the description of the palatine teeth of the American spe- cies is involved in great uncertainty, the descriptions of Harlan, Holbrook and Baird being often at issue on this important point. It is but just to observe, that when I have had the opportunity of 144 comparison, I have generally found the description of Dr. Baird the most accurate and trustworthy. To facilitate this object, I have added a list of the species, the skulls of which have been figured. Fam. MoueGip#. Motee striata, Gray, Cat. Batr. p. 31. t. 3. f. 111; Schlegel, Fauna Japon. t. 5. f. 9, 10. Fam. PLETHODONTID. ONYCHODACTYLUs JAPONICUS, Gray, Cat. Batr. p. 33.t.3.f. 1; Fauna Japon. t. 3. f. 6. AMBYOSTOMA OPAcuM, Dum. et Bibr. E. Gén. ix. t. 10. f. 6. PLETHODON GLUTINOSUM, Tschudi, Batr. t. 2. f. 4. DrESMOGNATHUS FUSCUS. Plethodon fuscum, Dum. et Bibr. Erp. Gén. t. 101. f. 3. B.M. SrPELERPES RUBRA (skull, fig. 3). * Bolitoglossa rubra, Cab. B.M.” from Paris. GEOTRITON ruscus, sp., Dum. et Bibr. BE. G. ix. 112. t. 102. f.1. CEDIPUS VARIEGATUS. Bolitoglossa mexicana, Dum. et Bibr. Erp.Gén. ix. p. 3. t.101. f. 4. Ensatina Escuscuourzia, Esch. Zool. Atlas, t. 22. 6. On THE Power oF DissOLVING SHELLS POSSESSED BY THE Bernarv Cras (Pagurus). By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RS., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., Ere. : In a note to my paper ‘On the Formation and Structure of Shells,” in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1833, I stated it is probable that some Bernard Crabs have also the faculty of dissol- ving shells, for it is not unusual to find the long fusiform shells (such as Fusus fasciolanus and turbinella) which are inhabited by these animals, with the inner lip and great part of the pillar on the inside of the mouth destroyed, so as to render the aperture much larger than usual. Having continued my observations on these shells, I am convinced that certain species of Bernard Crab (Pagurus) have the power, some possessing it to a much greater degree than others. Lieut. Burnaby lately brought a number of Crustacea to the British Museum from the South Seas ; amongst which there were — =. 145 several specimens of Paguri in shells, and these shells were more destroyed than any I had before observed. One, a specimen of Persona tuberosa, not only had the whole of the thickened rounded inner lip ; but the whole of the septa between the whorls up to the apex of the shell were also destroyed, so as to convert the shell into a simple conical cavity, and the greater part of the substance of the outer lip was also removed from the inner surface, so as to render the outer part of the shell very thin—indeed so much was removed, that the series of pits on the outer surface, just above the marginal varix of the outer lip, were entirely destroyed, converting the pits into a series of apertures ; and the other shells inhabited by these Crustacea were similarly destroyed. The internal surface of the shell has the appearance of being ground away by a file or other rough surface. 7. REMARKS ON THE BritisH ACTINIAD&, AND RE-ARRANGE- MENT OF THE GENERA. By W. THompson. Observations extending over many years, on the characters and the habits of the British species of the Actiniade, clearly proved to me that the genera of British Actinie required great alterations ; and I ‘submit the present classification as an improvement on those hitherto used. It is well understood that the principal generic characters are de- rived from modifications, and differences existing in the tegumentary system and in the tentacula. Dr. Johnston, in his ‘ History of British Zoophytes,’ published in 1847, made but one British genus, Actinia of Linnzeus, and in this he included all known British spe- cies ; but he divided it into two sections or subgenera, the one cha- racterized by having the skin smooth, the other by having the skin covered with porous warts. Mr. Gosse, in a paper read before the Linnean Society in the early part of 1855, divided the family into three genera; namely, SaGartia, destitute of warts, and emitting filaments from pores; BuNnopes, studded with warts, and without pores and filaments ; and Acrrn1a, having a perfectly smooth skin, and destitute of warts, pores or filaments. The character arising from the presence or absence of filaments is not of very great weight, inasmuch as the presence of filaments depends entirely on the pre- sence of pores in the skin, and through which they are extruded ; consequently, when there are no pores there are no filaments. These genera comprised species possessing characters so different from each other, and so well established, that I found they must not remain united. For instance, the genus Sagartia included, amongst others, 4. dianthus, A. bellis and A. parasitica; but although the characters were useless as generic distinctives, yet they appear to me to be of sufficient importance to be used as characters for the division of the Actiniade, and I have accordingly used them for that purpose. No. CCCLVI.—ProceepinGs or Tur ZOOLOGICAL Society. 146 On examining Milne-Edwards’s ‘ Histoire des Corallaires,’ I was pleased to find that my views on this point were in accordance with that naturalist, he having divided the family into three sections, which he calls respectively Smooth Actinia, Warty Actinia, and Perforated Actinia, or with pores, each being equal to one of Mr. Gosse’s genera and my subdivisions. The true generic characters of the dctiniade are to be found (as I have already mentioned) in the integuments and in the tentacula ; these latter, although varying with age, are yet constant in form and number in adults of the same species. From these characters amongst others, I had divided the family into eight genera (exclusive of Anthea and Adamsia), of which the types were Actinia equina, A. gemmacea, A. clavata, A. bellis, A. viduata, A. dianthus, A. parasitica and A. coriacea ; and these I named respectively Actinia, Bunodes, Cyrtactis, Heliactis, Sagartia, Actiniloba, Aster, and Cribrina. My divisions and genera were formed from examinations of British species only, and I was not a little surprised to find that they so closely accorded with Milne-Edwards’s labours, founded as they are on an examination of all described species. The only genus containing a British species that I have not verified is his genus Dysactis, in which he includes A. biserialis. This species, however, was described by the late Professor Forbes as occurring plentifully on the shores of the island of Herm ; I have therefore admitted it as a genus on the authority of Milne-Edwards. The British species are distributed amongst six of his genera, namely, Metridium, Actinia, Paractis, Dysactis, Cereus, and Adamsia ; of these, Actinia is the same as mine, Paractis I have used in lieu of Sagartia, and Dysactis I also admit unaltered—they are represented by Actinia equina, Actinia viduata and Actinia bise- rialis. My genus Actinilobais the same as his genus Metridium, and includes Actinia dianthus. I retain Actiniloba, as being the most cha- racteristic name. His genus Cereus includes A. coriacea, A. gemmacea, A. clavataand A. bellis ; these species, it was quite evident, could not be included in one genus; indeed M.-Edwards divides his genus Cereus into several sections, 4. coriacea being in one section, A. gemmacea and A. clavata in a second, and A. ellis in the third. Restricting, therefore, his genus Cereus to 4. gemmacea, instead of retaining Mr. Gosse’s name Bunodes, I retained my division of the remainder of the species under the generic names of Cribrina, Cyrtactis and Heliactis. His genus ddamsia includes Actinia parasitica and Adamsia palliata, two very dissimilar species. No one, I am sure, who has ever seen these Polypes would imagine for an instant that they can possibly belong to the same genus ; and indeed the fact that Adamsia palliata secretes a horny base, an incipient polypidom, induces me to suggest the necessity of forming on its characters a distinct family. I have therefore formed a genus for the reception of Actinia parasitica, and withdrawing the suggested name Sagartia from the genus that will now stand as Paractis, I have transferred it to this genus. The genus Adamsia I at present retain under the family Actiniade ; and without entering into the question in this paper as to its proper position, I would suggest that it will eventually be placed between = Polypes that secrete a polypidom and those without a poly- idom. Of late years Adamsia palliata has so decreased in this locality, that I have seen but one since the severe winter some three or four years ago; this was given me in September last by my friend Mr. Busk, and is still alive and well in one of my tanks, but too valuable to submit to the dissecting knife. I trust this summer to obtain other specimens, when I hope to settle its proper position amongst the Anthozoa. As regards species, I refrain from touching on that point in the pre- sent paper, but purpose doing so at an early period, when a careful examination of a larger number of individuals *shall enable me to speak with authority as to which are Lond fide species and also those that are merely varieties. The rage for marine vivaria has thrown many useless workers into the field; and I much fear that what may possibly tend to a love of nature does not always as a matter of course advance science. The improper multiplication of species is a serious injury to the well-being of Natural History ; and I must admit I should like to see a council formed of five, ten, fifty, or any number of the most celebrated naturalists, and that no new species or arrangement should be published without their consent being first obtained. This would effectually prevent varieties and deformities creeping in as species, and objects already described and known being reproduced as new species, or, may be, even as a new genus. Proposed rearrangement of British Actiniade, with a revision of the genera :— AnTHOZzOA, Owen. Body soft, contractile, in every part symmetrical. Tentacles hollow, possessing thread-cells, and in most with pectinated margins, in uninterrupted circles or groups. Stomach suspended by radiating mesogastric folds in an abdominal cavity. No intestine ; mouth and vent generally one, placed in the centre of the upper disk, very dila- table. With or without polypary ; when present usually internal. Without polypary. ACTINIAD2. Free and solitary, or gregarious. ‘Tentacles simple, rarely branched or clavate, more than twelve often in more than one row in unin- terrupted circles. Body single, fleshy, elongate or conical, fixed by its base, and generally with the power of locomotion. Base broad and adherent. A. Tentacles conical. AA. Body without warts or pores ; skin smooth. Antuea, Johnston. Body adherent, cylindrical, smooth, without tubercles on the 148 edge of disk. Tentacles numerous, elongated, taper, flaccid, scarcely retractile, longer than diameter of disk. Type Anthea cereus. Actinia, Linneus. Body smooth, conoid or cylindrical. Tentacles numerous, in one or more uninterrupted circles, conical, undivided, subequal and en- tirely retractile, shorter than diameter of disk ; margin of upper disk furnished with a row of tubercles. Actinia mesembryanthemum. Paractis, M.-Edw. Body smooth, conoid or cylindrical. Tentacles few in number, in one or more uninterrupted circles, conical, undivided, subequal, filiform, very long. No tubercles on the edge of the upper disk. Actinia viduata. Dysactis, M.-Edw. Tentacles forming two distinct circles, continuous at their base, those of the inner row three times as long as the outer row, nume- rous, short and subequal. Margin of disk without tubercles. Actinia biserialis. BB. Body studded more or less with verruciform tubercles or sucking-glands. Crisrina, Ehrenb. Body studded with glandular warts irregularly placed, suctorial, distributed over the whole surface of the body. Tentacles short, thick, obtuse, subequal, very numerous. Actinia coriacea. Cereus, M.-Edw. Body with glandular warts, placed in vertical lines and unequal. Tentacles not numerous, chiefly marginal, much spread and bent, conical, rather stout ; length about equal to diameter of disk. Actinia gemmacea. CyrTactis, mihi. Body rough, with sucking-glands in close-set perpendicular ridges _ or vertical rows, and all equal, the whole height of the body. Centre of disk much more raised than the edges. Disk greater in diameter than the pillar of the body. Tentacles long, moderately slender, generally horizontal to the disk, mostly marginal, their tips con- stantly curled back. Actinia clavata. HE LIactTISs, mihi. The glandular warts placed only on the upper portion of the body. © Tentacles very numerous, short, varying in length, crowded towards 12 | —~ = 7. 7; -.° - 2 149 the edge of the disk, and of moderate thickness ; oral disk much expanded. Actinia bellis. Pi. CC, Body without glandular warts, and with pores for the passage of thread-cells. AcTINILOBA, Blainv. Skin soft, disk very large. Tentacles very numerous, short, vary- ing but little in length, and forming a thick filamentous fringe ; margin of disk lobed. . Actinia dianthus. ) SAGARTIA, Gosse. ; Skin coriaceous, occasionally wrinkled, firm to the touch, Ten- { tacles numerous, not particularly long, retractile, having great power of elongation. Base broad and circular. Body cylindrical. Pores { situated near the base, and varying in size. Parasitic. . Actinia parasitica. : ApamsiA, Forbes. ‘ Skin soft. Tentacles scarcely retractile, short. Base when young circular, afterwards expanding laterally until the extreme points meet, and form a circle. Disk pia, or oblong, according to the form of the base. Base secreting a horny membrane. Body much depressed, not cylindrical. Adamsia palliata, March 23, 1858, Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. ’ Mr. Gould exhibited and described a new species of Toucan which he had recently received from Professor Jameson of Quito. He re- | marked that it belonged to that division of the group to which he a had applied the generic term of Andigena, and that it was most in- timately allied to the A. nigrirostris, but differed from that species in the bill being shorter, broader, and much more robust, and co- loured with obscure brownish red at the base of the upper mandible, For this new species he proposed the name of ai ANDIGENA SPILORHYNCHUS. Crown of the head and back of the neck glossy black ; back, wing-coverts and margins of the primaries dull sienna-brown ; se- iMisdaries bluish brown ; upper tail-coverts blue strongly tinged with 150 green ; tail slaty blue tinged with green, the four central feathers largely tipped with chestnut ; band across the rump sulphur-yellow ; throat and cheeks white, blending into the light blue of the breast and abdomen; thighs rich chestnut; under tail-coverts blood-red ; feet greenish blue, with a lilac tinge on their under surface ; bill black, with a mark of obscure brownish red at the base of the upper man- dible, which, when viewed in front, much resembles the letter W, this colour advancing for a short distance on each side of the culmen, and extending down the sides of the base. Total length, 18 inches; bill, 33; wing, 7; tail, 7}; tarsi, 14. fIab. Forest of Beza, on the eastern side of the Cordillera in Ecuador. The following papers were read :-— 1. Norte oN THE VARIATION OF THE ForM OF THE UPPER Manp1sLe In A Rapacious Birp. By Puivtie Luritey SCLATER. Mr. J. H. Gurney has called my attention to the great variation in the form of the upper mandible of Urubitinga unicineta, as ob- servable in the specimens now before the Society, which form part of his collection. I have seen the same sort of thing in the case of other Accipitres, but never carried to such an extent as in the pre- sent instance. In one of these birds (fig. 1) the lateral margins of the upper mandible are strongly festooned, and project far down Fig. 1. Fig. 2. over the edges of the lower. In a second specimen (fig. 2)—appa- rently of about the same age, both being in immature plumage—the commissure is very nearly straight. In other examples there is merely a slight festoon. As the formation of the edges of the upper mandible is much in use as a generic character—rightly enough, I believe, and not generally liable to lead to error—the present abnor- mal variation seems worthy of notice. De Mi a Bak We oe ok ee i i a Ee ee Ba ee Oo 2. On SitpHonarta. By Sytvanus HANtey. Having examined the whole of the specimens delineated in the recent Monograph of this genus in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’ I have been induced to describe a few additional species, and to offer a few remarks upon the subject. From the versatility of form and seulp- ture exhibited by most Limpets, the synonymy of the Siphonarice demands a greater amount of leisure to elaborate than I can at pre- sent anticipate ; but in the confident belief that the following crude list of published species, being the most ample which has yet ap- peared, cannot fail to aid and interest the future student of this difficult genus, I now transcribe it from my note-book. A single asterisk is appended where the species has been adopted or defined by Mr. Reeve; twin asterisks denote that, although mentioned, it has been regarded by him as superfluous or varietal :— *acuta, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. Adansoni, Blainville, Dict. Se. Nat. xlix. (=pectinata). *@quilorata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. ** albicans, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. Algesira, Quoy, ibid. (probably =pectinata). alternata, Say, Americ. Conch. (seems immature). alternicostata, Potiez et Mich. Gal. Douai. *amara, Nuttall, MSS. in Reeve, Conch. Icon. Antarctica, Gould, Exped. aspera, Krauss, Siid-afrik. *atra, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. Australis, ibid. *Baconi, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Belcheri, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc. *hifurcata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Blainvillei, Hanley, Proc. Zool.. Soc. * Brasiliana, Reeve, Conch. Icon. brunnea, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc. . *cancer, Reeve, Conch. Leon. % Capensis, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. *& carbo, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc. *characteristica, Reeve, Conch. System. *cochleariformis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. *concinna, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. conica, Blainville, Dict. Sc. Nat. **Coreensis, Adams & Reeve, Zool. Samarang. cornuta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. *corrugata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. *costata, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.=lineolata, Reeve. costata, Hombron and Jacquinot. crenata, Blainville, Dict. Sc. Nat. *denticulata, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. * Diemenensis, ibid. **exigua, Sowerby (as of Martini), Genera, et en a Oe 152 exulorum, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soe. *ferruginea, Reeve, Conch. Icon. *fuliginata, ibid. *funiculata, ibid. grisea (as Patella), Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (=peetinata. Guamensis, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. *lirata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. *gegas, Sowerby, Tankerv. Cat. inculta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Japonica (as Patella), Donovan, Nat. Repos. Javanica (as Patella), Lamk. Anim. s. Vert. (? =exigua). Jonasit, Dunker, Guin. * Kurracheensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. levis, Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal. *leviuscula, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. lateralis, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. leecanium, Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal. lepida, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soe. ** Tessoni, Blainville, Malac. leucopleura, Blamville, Dict. Se. Nat. *lineolata, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soe.=costata, Reeve. *Iuzonica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. * Macgillivrayi, ibid. Magellanica, Philippi, Mal. Blat. * Maura, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Le Mouret, Adanson, Senegal. Natalensis, Krauss, Siid-afrik. normalis, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nuttall, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soe. *obliquata, Sowerby, Tankerv. Cat. oculus, Krauss, Siid-afrik. *palpebra, Reeve, Conch. Icon. (=pectinata). parma, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc. pectinata (as Patelia), Linn. Syst. Nat. *pica, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. picta, D’Orbigny, Amér. Mérid. placentula, Menke, Zeitschr. Mal. **nlana, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. **pylicata, ibid. **nunctata, ibid. radiata, Blainville, Dict. Sc. Nat. radiata, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. *redimiculum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Savignyi, Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal. (=crenata). *scabra, Reeve, Conch. Icon. **seutellum, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. (=obliquata). *sipho, Sowerby, Genera Shells. *Siyuijorensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Sowerbyi, Mich. Mag. Zool. *sptnosa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. eee eS eS el : : | 153 stellata, Blainville (as of Roissy), Dict. Se. Nat. striato-costata, Dunker, Guin. subrugosa, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. *Tristensis, Sowerby (as of Leach), Genera Shells. umbonata, Menke, Zeitschr. Mal. variabilis, Krauss, Siid-afrik. (as = concinna). *venosa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. viridis, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. *zebra, Reeve, Conch. Icon. **Zelandica, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. S. Nurratui. S. testa ovata, subsymmetrica, conica aut sub- conica, crassa, costis parvis rotundatis, costulisque depressio- ribus, arcte radiata ; squalide albida, interstitiis costarum Sumoso-fuscis: apice centrali, piceo, acuto: pagina interna superne castanea, inferne flavescente, seu pallida, lineis brun- neis radiantibus ornata : siphunculo inconspicuo. Long. 7 lin., lat. 5} lin. Hab, Littora Insularum Sandvicensium (Dr. Frick). Mus. Cuming. Very like a dwarf Patella vulgata. The ribs occasionally are slightly nodulous. S. Betcueri. S. testa tenui, ovata, subconica, brunnea, costis (plerumque pallidioribus, seu albidis) parvis, simplicibus, ro- tundatis, subremote radiata: lateribus valde inequalibus : apice acuto, recurvo, postico, nigrescente ; costa siphonifera conspicua: superficie interna suturate brunnea, plerumque ad marginem laciniosum albido-subarticulata. Long. 7 lin., lat. 52 lin. Hab. ? Mus. Hanley. Was brought over in the ‘ Samarang’ by Sir E. Belcher, and pro- bably taken in the Indian seas. It is prettily vandyked with white on the inner margin. The ribs are about 25 to 30 in number. S. Buatnvitier. S. testa subovata, conica, crassiuscula, sub- symmetrica, costis permultis, levibus, rotundato-planulatis, et marginem versus costulis depressioribus alternantibus, undique radiata; interstitiis costarum albarum chocolateis, haud an- gustis : costa siphonifera vel nulla vel inconspicua : apice sub- centrali: superficie interna superne albida, deinde brunnea, marginem versus subsimplicem pallida et lineis geminis fuscis pulchre radiata. Long. 10} lin., lat. 84 lin. Hab. ? Mus. Hanley. The apex of the only individual I have ever seen has been worn smooth ; it is ochraceous, and upright. There are about 30 well- separated ribs, and the same number of intervening riblets. The siphon is almost superficial, but is indicated by the absence of co- louring matter. 154 3. Description or A New Genus or Boip# From Op Ca- LABAR, AND A List oF W. AFrican Reptites. By Dr J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., etc. (Reptilia, Pl. XIV.) Mr. Logan kindly sent to me for examination a number of Snakes and other reptiles which had been collected by the missionaries in Old Calabar. Among several very interesting species I observed a new genus of the family Boide, which I have great pleasure in laying before the Society, more especially as it appears to be the indication of a new tribe in that curious family. This animal belongs to the second section of the family, which is thus characterized :— ii. Tail very short, not, or only very slightly, prehensile. Head indistinct, short. It is entirely distinct from the tribes Cylindrophina, Carinina, tees a and Tortricina, and therefore I propose to form for it a tribe (Cala- - bariina) by itself, having the same characters as the genus. CALABARIA. Head small, short, rounded in front, the same size as the body. Muzzle depressed, rounded; labial shields flat, a3 the hinder small, front moderate ; rostral shield high, large, triangular ; frontal shields three pairs, band-like, subsimilar, followed by a band-like shield continued from side to side, which has behind it a small sub- trigonal shield on each side, with a central large triangular shield between them on the crown. Eyes surrounded by scales on the upper edges of the upper labial shields and the outer edges of the fourth and fifth frontal plates, and with one ocular shield in front and two smaller behind the eyes; loreal shield single, small. Pupil circular. Nostril lateral, between two small nasal shields. Body cylindrical. Scales broad, triangular, polished, rather sunken and subrugose in the centre. Ventral shields very numerous, band-like, transverse, about half as wide as the diameter of the body. Vent small, with a single preanal shield. Spurs large, distinct. Tail short, as thick as the body, blunt and rounded at the end. Sub- caudal shields broad, band-like, one-rowed like the ventral shields. I think it is probable, when some other specimens have been exa- mined, that the band-like shield extending across from the upper edge of each eye wiil be found to be composed of three shields, like the band behind it, which are here united into one band; and then the head-shields will lie thus :—three pair of band-like frontal, two smaller triangular superciliary shields over each eye, having in the middle between them two triangular parietal shields. F, A — ee eS: non Nd A ay ' : A < oy 155 CaLaparra Fusca (Pl. XIV.). Dark brown, some of the scales yellowish, scattered singly or in groups on the back and sides ; ventral shields greyish ; sides of the belly with a few unequal yellow spots. Length 36 inches, diameter } inch. Hab. Old Calabar, W. Africa (WW. Logan, Esq.). Since this paper was read, I have discovered a young specimen of this Boa among the specimens from the Zoological Society, which they had received from Fernando Po. “It is about half the length and diameter of the specimen from Old Calabar. It has the head- shields more uniform, and as I supposed they might be when I de- scribed that specimen. It has three pairs of band-like frontal shields over the forehead, a rather large parietal shield behind them on the crown of the head, and two small subequal superciliary shields between the outer edge of the parietal and the eye, on each side, a narrow transverse band- like central shield behind, and rather broader than the parietal shield, with a small scale-like shield, like those on the neck, behind and on the sides of it. Having had occasion to look through many papers by Dr. Edward Hallowell, on the Reptiles of Liberia and Gaboon, in the ‘ Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,’ to find if the above Boide and other reptiles in Calabar had been described, I have been induced to prepare a list of the Reptiles and Batrachians which have hitherto been recorded as inhabiting Western Africa, giving a reference to where the species have been described, and the special habitat of the species noticed. 1, Regenia ocellata. Regenia ocellata, Gray, Cat. 9. Uaranus ocellatus, Riippell, D. & B. Senegal. 2. Monitor Niloticus. Monitor Niloticus, Gray, Cat. 11. Uaranus Niloticus, Dum. & Bibr. Gaboon (Hallow.) ; Ashantee (Bowdich). 3. Lacerta ocellata. Lacerta ocellata, Daud. ; Gray, Cat. 30. Senegal? 4. Tachydromus Fordii. Tachydromus Fordii, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 48. W. Africa ; Gaboon. ‘The African species differs in no respect from the Asiatic, ex- cept in the presence of the small plate imbedded between the outer nasal and the frontal and the two front nasals.””— Hallowell. 156 5. Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus. Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Phil. 1857, 49. W. Africa ; Gaboon. 6. Mocoa Africana. Mocoa Africana, Gray, Cat. 83. W. Africa. B.M. 7. Euprepis Perrotetii. Euprepis Perrotetii, D. & B. v. 669; Gray, Cat. 111. Senegal. 8. Euprepis Raddoni. Luprepis Raddoni, Gray, Cat. 112. W. Africa. 9. Euprepis Stangeri. Euprepis Stangeri, Gray, Cat. 112. W. Africa, Niger Expedition (Dr. Stanger). 10. Euprepis quinquetzniatus. Euprepis quinqueteniatus, Wagler ; Gray, Cat. 113. W. Africa; Senegal. ll. Euprepis albilabris. Euprepis albilabris, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 51. Gaboon. 12. Euprepis Harlani. Euprepis Harlani, Hallowell, P. A. N. S. Philad. 1854, 100. Plestriodon Harlani, Hallowell, 7. c. 170. Liberia. 13. Euprepis striata. Euprepis striata, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 98. Liberia. 14. Euprepis Blandingii. Euprepis Blandingii, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Phil. ii. 58; 1857, 50. Liberia ; S. Africa? 15. Euprepis frenatus. Euprepis frenatus, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 50. Liberia. 16. Sphenorhina elegans. Sphenorhina elegans, Hallowell, P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1857, 52. Acontias elegans, Hallowell, J. e. 1852, 65. W. Coast of Africa; Gabvon. 17. Feylenia Currori. Feylenia Currori, Gray, Cat. 129. Angola (J. Curror, Esq.). % 157 18. Onychophis Liberiensis. Onychocephalus Liberiensis, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854. Liberia; Calabar. 19. Onychophis nigrolineatus. Onychocephalus nigrolineatus, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad, 1854. Liberia; Calabar. 20. Onychophis punctata. Onychophis punctata, Gray, Cat. 133. Acontias punctatus, Leach ; Bowdich, Ashantee. Fantee (Bowdich). 21. Leiurus ornatus. Leiurus ornatus, Gray, Cat. 157. W. Africa. 22. Hemidactylus angulatus. Hemidactylus angulatus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. N.S, Phil. 1852, 63, fig. lips; 1857, 48. W. Coast of Africa ; Gaboon. 23. Hemidactylus formosus. Hemidactylus formosus, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Phil. 1856, 148. W. Coast of Africa ; Liberia. 24. Pachydactylus tristis. Pachydactylus tristis, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 98. 4 W. Africa. 25. Agama colonorum., Agama colonorum, Daud.; Gray, Cat, 256. Liberia. .— 26. Agama occipitalis. Agama occipitalis, Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 214 ; Cat. 256. W. Africa (Gray). 27. Chamezleo cristatus. Chamaleo cristatus, Stutch.; Gray, Cat. 262. Fernando Po. 28. Chamzleo vulgaris. Chameleo vulgaris, Daud. ; Gray, Cat. 265. Central Africa (Denham). 29. Chamzleo Senegalensis. Chameleo Senegalensis, Daud. ; Gray, Cat. 266. Senegal. 30. Chamzleo dilepis. Chameleo dilepis, Leach ; Bowdich, Ashantee, 493 ; Gray, Cat. 266. C. planiceps, Merrem. Senegal; Gaboon; Ashantee; Fantee. 158 31. Chameleo gracilis. Chameleo gracilis, Hallowell, Journ. A. N. 8S. Philad. viii. t. 18. C. dilepis, 2? Liberia ; Gaboon. 32. Chamzleo granulosus. Chameleo granulosus, Hallowell, Proc. A. N.S. Phil. 1556, 147. W. Africa. 33. Chameleo Burchellii. Chameleo Burchellii, Hallowell, P. A. N. S. Philad. 1856, 147. Fernando Po. 34. Chamzleo Owenii. Chameleo Owenii, Gray, Zool. Misc. 7. t. 4; Cat. 269. Ch. tricornis, Gray ; Griffith, A. K. Ch. Bibronii, Martin, P. Z. 8. 1828, 65. Fernando Po. 35. Leptophis smaragdina. Leptophis smaragdina, Boie; Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1854, 100; 1857, 52. Dendrophis smaragdina, Schlegel. Leptophis gracilis, Hallow. 1. c. ii. 60. Liberia; Gaboon; S. Africa. 36. Chrysopelea preornata. Chrysopelea preornata, Ginther, Cat. Oxyrhopus preornatus, Dum. & Bibr. Dendrophis preornatus, Schleg. Senegal. 37. Chlorophis heterodermus. Chlorophis heterodermus, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 54. Gaboon. | 38. Bozedon quadrivittatus. Boedon quadrivittatus, Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1857, 54. . Isle de Los ; Gaboon (/Tallow.). 39. Bozedon quadrivirgatus. . Boedon quadrivirgata, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 56. Celopeltis virgata, Hallow. 1. c. 1854, 98. Liberia ; Gaboon. 40. Bowdon niger. Boedon nigrum, Fischer, 1. c. West Africa. 41. Bozedon lineatus. Boedon lineatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 363. West Africa. 159 42. Bowdon geometricus. Boodon geometricus, Giinther. Lycodon geometricus, Schlegel. West Africa. 43. Bozdon unicolor. Lycodon unicolor, Schleg. p. 112. Boedon unicolor, Dum, & Bibr. p. 359. Coast of Guinea. 44. Homonotus audax. Homonotus audaz, Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1857, 56. Gaboon. 45. Lycophidion laterale. Lycophidion laterale, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 58. Gaboon. 46. Oxybelis Kirtlandii. Oxybelis Kirtlandii, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 59. Dryophis Kirtlandi, Wallow. l. e. 1854, 100. Leptophis Kirtlandi, Hallow. 1. e. ii. 62. Oxybelis Lecomptei, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii. 821. Liberia; Gaboon; S. Africa. 47. Holuropholis olivaceus. Holuropholis olivaceus, A. Dum.; Reyue et Mag. 1856, p. 466. West Africa. 48. Lycophidion Horstockii. Lycodon Horstockii, Schleg. Lycophidion Horstockii, Fitz. Angola. 49. Alopecion fasciatum. Alopecion fasciatum, Giinther. West Africa. 50. Metoporhina irrorata. Coluber irroratus, Leach. Hypsirhina maura, Gray. Metoporhina irrorata, Gunther. Ashantee. 51. Toxicodryas Blandingii. Toxicodryas Blandingii, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 00. Dipsas Blandingii, Hallow. 1. ¢. ii. 170; 1854, 100. Liberia and Gaboon; 8. Africa. 160 52. Dendraspis Jamesonii. Elaps Jamesonii, Traill. Dinophis Hammondii, Hallowell, Journ. A. N. 8. Philad. ii. 301. 229; 1852, 202; 1854, 100. Leptophis viridis, Hallowell, Z. ec. 1854, 100. Liberia. 53. Dendraspis angusticeps. Naja angusticeps, A. Smith. Dinophis angusticeps, A. Duméril; Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 72. . Gaboon. 54. Psammophis Philippsii. Psammophis Philippsii, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 100 ; 1857, 69. Coluber Philippsii, Hallow. 1. c. ii. 169. Liberia. 55. Psammophis. Psammophis, n. s., Hallow. P. A. N. S. Philad. 1857, 69. Liberia. 56. Psammophis crucifer. Psammophis crucifer, Boie. Coluber crucifer, Merrem, t. 3. W. Africa (Raddon). 57. Psammophis sibilans. Coluber sibilans, Linn. Psammophis moniliger, Boie. 58. Psammophis irregularis. Psammophis irregularis, Fischer. 59. Psammophis elegans. Coluber elegans, Shaw. Macrosoma elegans, Leach. Fantee (Bowdich). 60. Ccelopeltis lacertina. Ceelopeltis lacertina, Wagler. Natrix lacertina, Wagler. Rhabdodon fuscus, Heischmann. Bothriophis distinctus, Eichw. W. Africa. : 61. Hapsidophrys lineatus. Hapsidophrys lineatus, Fischer. Dendrophis nigrolineatus, Schlegel. W. Africa (Raddon). 4 L 4 P é 161 62. Hapsidophrys ceruleus. Hapsidophrys ceruleus, Fischer. 63. Dipsas carinatus. Dipsas curinatus, Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. ii. 119. ? earinatus, Hallow. 1. ¢. 1857, 69. 64. Heteronotus triangularis. Heteronotus triangularis, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Phil. 1857, 68. Coronella triangularis, Hallow. 1. ¢. 1854, 100. Coluber levis, Hallow. 1. ¢. ii. 118. Liberia. 65. Dasypeltis scabra. Dasypeltis scabra, Wagler. Coluber seaber, Linn. West Africa. 66. Dasypeltis palmarum. Dasypeltis palmarum, Giinther. Coluber palmarum, Leach, Zaire, 408. : D. inornata, A. Smith. River Congo, Boma ; Old Calabar. 67. Ahztulla smaragdina. Dendrophis smaragdinus, Boie. Leptophis smaragdinus, Dura. & Bib . L. gracilis, Hallowell. r Ashantee ; Guinea. 68. Ahztulla irregularis. Coluber irregularis, Leach in Bowdich, Ashantee, p. 494. Dendrophis Chenonii, Reinh. Leptophis Chenonii, Dum. & Bib. Dend. albovariata, A. Smith, t. 63. Ahetulla irregularis, Giinther, Cat. Gambia ; Fantee ; Gold Coast. 69. Leptodeira hippocrepis. Leptodeira hippocrepis, Nob. Dipsas hippocrepis, Reinh. Coast of Guinea. 70. Leptodeira rufescens, Leptodeira rufescens, Giinther. Coluber rufescens, Gmelin. Heterurus rufescens, Dum. & Bib. Ashantee ; Gambia. 71. Dipsas globiceps. Dipsas globiceps, Fischer. West Africa. No. CCCLVII.—ProceepinGs or Tux ZooLoaicat Soctery. 162 72. Dipsas fasciata. Dipsas fasciata, Fischer. West Africa. 73. Dipsas valida. Dipsas valida, Fischer, 1. c. Dipsas regalis, Gray, B.M. Triglyphodon fuscum, Dum. & Bib. Fantee and Guinea. 74. Dipsas pulverulenta. Dipsas pulverulenta, Fischer. Old Calabar. 75. Dipsadoboa unicolor. Dipsadoboa unicolor, Giinther, Cat. W. Africa. 76. Simocephalus poensis. Simocephalus poensis, Gray. Heterolepis poensis, A. Smith. H. bicarinatus, Schlegel. W. Africa; Old Calabar. 77. Thrasops flavigularis. Thrasops flavigularis, Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1857, 67. Dendrophis flavigularis, Hallow. 1. ce. 1852, 205 ; 1857, 66. Liberia ; W. Africa; Gaboon. Like Bucephalus Capensis, A. Smith. 78. Bucephalus capensis. Bucephalus capensis, A. Smith. Dispholides Lalandii, Duvernoy. Dendrophis colubrina, Schlegel. W. Africa. 79. Coronella fuliginoides. Coronella fuliginoides, Ginther, Cat. p. 39. Old Calabar. 80. Grayia silurophaga. Grayia silurophaga, Gimther, Cat. p. 50. West Africa. 81. Zamenis cliffordii. Coluber cliffordii, Schlegel. Periops parallelus, Dum. Bibr. p. 678. West Africa. 82. Meizodon regularis. Meizodon regularis, Fischer, Abhandl. Hamburg, 1856, p. 112. West Africa. 163 83. Elapomorphus galvensis. Llapomorphus galvensis, A. Duméril, Rev. Mag. 1858. Gaboon. 84. Lamprophis modestus. Lamprophis modestus, Dum. Bibr. p. 429. Coast of Guinea. 85, Echis squamigera. Echis squamigera, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 193. Guinea; River Gaboon. 86. Causus rhombeatus. Causus rhombeatus, Wagler; Gray, Cat. B.M. 33 ; Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 101. bear) 61 Naga rhombeutus, Schlegel. Vipera V. nigrum, Cuvier. Distichurus maculatus, Hallow. Journ. A. N. S. Philad. 8. t. 19. W. Africa, Gold Coast (Rich.) ; Liberia; S. Africa. 87. Prosymna meleagris. Prosymna meleagris, Gray, Cat. Snakes B.M. 80. Calamaria meleagris, Reinh. K. Dansk. Sels. x. 1843, 238. t. 1. . 4—6, head. Guinea (Reinhardt). 88. Naja haje? Naja haje? var. Melanoleuca, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, Galivou. 89. Clotho nasicornis. Clotho nasicornis, Gray, Snakes B.M. 25, Coluber nasicornis, Shaw, Misc. Vipera nasicornis, Daud. ; Reinhardt. Cerastes nasicornis, Wagner ; Savage, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1848, 37. Echidna nasicornis, Merrem; Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1847, 320. t. —; 1857, 62. Vipera hezacera, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 1416. t. 78. f. 2. Var. Echidna Gaboonica, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen.; Hallow. J, e. 1857, 72. Guinea; Liberia; Gaboon; Ashantee; S. Africa? 90. Clotho lateristriga. Clotho lateristriga, Gray, Zool. Misc. 69; Cat. Snakes B.M. 26. W. Africa; Gambia (Randal). 91. Atractaspis corpulentus. Atractaspis corpulentus, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 70. Brachycranion corpulentum, Hallow. 1, ¢. 1854, 99. Liberia. 164 92. Hortulia Sebe. Hortulia Seba, Gray, Cat. Snakes B.M. 90. Coluber Seba, Gmelin. Boa hieroglyphica, Schneider. Python bivittatus, Smith. Python Seba, Dum. & Bib. Liberia (/allowell) ; Ashantee; Gambia (Whitfield) ; Gold Coast (Rich.). 93. Hortulia regia. Hortulia regia, Gray, Cat. Snakes B.M. 90. Boa regia, Shaw. . Minor, Python Bellii, Gray, Zool. Mise. 44. W. Africa ; Gambia (Vhitfield). 94. Boa Liberiensis. Boa Liberiensis, Hallowell, P. A. N. S. Philad. 1854, 100; 1857, 66. Liberia. « Python Liberiensis, Hallow. 1. c. 1. 249, is a young Hpicrates cenchris from 8. America.’’—Hallow. 1. ce. 1857, 66. 95. Eryx Reinhardtii. Eryx Reinhardtii, Schlegel, Bijd. Amst. 1851. Gold Coast. 96. Calabaria fusca. Calabaria fusca, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, Rept. pl. 14. Calabar (Logan) ; Fernando Po. 97. Triglyphodon fuscum. Triglyphodon fuscum, Dum. & Bib.; Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. LBS 57 ae Gaboon. 98. Cecilia rostrata. Cecilia rostrata, C. ; Hallow. /. e. 1857, 72. Gaboon. 99. Rana subsigillata. Rana subsigillata, A. D.; Hallow. d. ec. 1857, 72. Gaboon. 100. Rana Bibronii. Rana Bibronii, Hallow. l. ce. 1857, 72. Liberia. 101. Rana galamensis. Rana galamensis, Dum. Bibr. p. 367. Senegal. a 165 102. Rana superciliaris. Rana superciliaris, Giinther, Catal. B.M. Sierra Leone. 103. Lymnodytes albilabris. Lymnodytes albilabris, A. D. Rana albilabris, Hallowell, l. ¢. 1856, 153. W. Africa; Gaboon (/Zallow.). 104. Cystignathus senegalensis. Cystignathus senegalensis, Dum. Bibr. Erpét. Génér. West Africa. 105. Ixalus concolor. Tvalus concolor, Hallow. /. ce. 1857, 72. Liberia. 106. Hyperolius ocellatus. Hyperolius ocellatus, Giinther, Catal. B.M. Fernando Po. 107. Hyperolius plicatus. Hyperolius plicatus, Giinther, Catal. B.M. Coast of Guinea. 108. Hyperolius marmoratus. Hyperolius marmoratus, Rapp. Erichson’s Arch. 1842. West Africa. 109. Hyperolius viridifiavus, Hyperolius viridiflavus, Dum. Bibr. Erpét. Génér. Senegal. 110, Hyla Aubryi. Hyla Aubryi, A. D.; Hallow. 7. ec. 1857, 72. Gaboon. lll. Hyla punctata. Hyla punctata, Hallowell, P. A. N. S. Philad. 1854, 193; 1857, 65. | Guinea; River Gaboon. ; 112. Heteroglossa Africana. ; Heteroglossa Africana, Hallow. 1. c. 1857, 64. Gaboon. 113. Bufo maculatus. Bufo maculatus, Hallow. 1. e. 1854, 101. Bufo cinereus, Hallow. /. ¢. ii. 169. Liberia. 114. Bufo tuberosus. Bufo tuberosus, Giiuther, Catal. B.M. Fernando Po. 166 115. Bufo guineensis. Bufo guineensis, Mus. Lugd. Bat. ; Giinther, Catal. B.M. Fernando Po; Sierra Leone. 116. Bufo pantherinus. Bufo pantherinus, Boie, Mus. Lugd. Bat. ; Dum. Bibr. Erp. Gén. Bufo arabicus, Riippell, Atlas. Gambia. 117. Dactylethra levis. Bufo levis, Daud. Hist. Rain. Pipa levis, Merr. Tent. Dactylethra capensis, Cuv. Régne Anim, Dactylethra levis, Giinther, Catal. B.M. West Africa. 118. Dactylethra Mulleri. Dactylethra Miilleri, Peters ; Hallow. J. ¢. 1857, 65. Gaboon. 119. Testudo sulcata. Testudo sulcata, Miller ; Gray, Cat. B.M. 7. T. radiata Senegalensis, Gray, Syn. R. 11. T. Schoepfii, Riippell. Senegal ? 120. Kinyxis erosa. Kinyzis erosa, Gray, Syn. 16; Cat. B.M. 13. K. castanea, Bell. Testudo denticulata, Shaw. T. erosa, Schw. Cinixis denticulata, Hallow. l. c. 1857, 71, 72. Liberia and Gaboon. ; 121. Kinyxis Belliana. Kinyzis Belliana, Gray, Syn. 69; Cat. B.M. 12. K. shoensis, Riippell, Mus. Senk. Gambia (Whitfield). 122. Kinyxis Homeana. Kinyxis Homeana, Gray, Cat. B.M. 11. Cinyxis Homeana, Hallow. 1. c. 1857, 72. Gaboon ; Cape Coast Castle (Friend). 123. Emys laticeps. Emys laticeps, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853; Catal. Testud. B.M. 23. t. 9. West Africa ; Gambia (Castany). 124. Pentonyx Gambonensis. Pentonyx Gambonensis, Aug; Dum. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, 373. Gaboon. 167 125. Stenotherus Derbianus. Stenotherus Derbianus, Gray, Cat. B.M. 37; Testud. B.M, Gambia (Whitfield) ; Sierra Leoue. 126. Emyda Senegalensis. Emyda Senegalensis, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 47. Cryptopus Senegalensis, Dum. & Bib. ii. 504. Senegal ?; Mus. Paris. 127. Emyda Aubryii. Cryptopodus Mubryi, Dum. & Bib. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, t. 10. Gaboon. 128 Cyclanosteus Petersii. Cyclanosteus Petersii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853 ; Cat. Testud. B.M. 64. t. 29. West Africa; Gambia (Whitfield). See C. frenatus, Peters, Mozambique. 129. Trionyx Mortoni. Trionyx Mortoni, Hallowell. Liberia. 130. Tyrsee Niloticus. Tyrsee Niloticus, Gray, Cat. B.M. 48, Trionyx Agyptiacus, Geoff. T. labiatus, Bell. Gaboon. 131. Tyrse argus. Tyrse argus, Gray, Cat. B.M. 48; Testud. B.M.; Knowles, Menag.t. . W. Africa; Gambia (Whitfield). 132. Phractogonus galeatus. Phractogonus galeatus, Hallow. 1. c. 62. fig. 3 1857, 50. Liberia. 133. Mecistops Bennettii. Mecistops Bennettii, Gray, Cat. B.M. 57. Crocodilus leptorhynchus, Bennett. Kbinh, Savage, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1848, 37. W. Africa; Gambia (Kenda/) ; Gaboon (Savage). 134. Mecistops cataphractus. Mecistops cataphractus, Gray, Cat. B.M. 58. Crocodilus cataphractus, Cuvier. W. Africa; Sierra Leone. Same as the former. Dr. Giinther has kindly added general synonyma to the above list, 4 i ot te. 168 4. On Nemopuis, A New Genus or RIBAND-SHAPED Fisues. By Dr. J. Kaup. In the collection at the Museum of Natural History in Paris I found, some years ago, when I was describing the order of Eels, this interesting genus, in which the form and function of the canine teeth are extremely remarkable. Two specimens of this rare fish were received at the Museum, from MM. Lesson and Garnot, without any note: as they were obtained in the expedition of M. Duperrey, I presume they were captured in the South Sea. One of the specimens being in a half-spoiled condition, I was en- abled, but in this specimen only, to observe the paradoxical arrange- ment and formation of the canine teeth, After the smallness of the mouth, no one would have expected to find at the end of the small incisors such large slightly-curved canine teeth in the lower jaw. These canine teeth pass through a canal in the flesh round the eye, and have an opening near the eye. These teeth, which cannot be used as true canine teeth on account of the smallness of the mouth, have certainly only the function of fixing and giving the lower jaw a certain direction. I call this paradoxical form NEMOPHIs. Without ventral fins. Mouth small; upper and lower jaw with minute incisors. Small canine teeth in the upper jaw, longer and curved ones in the lower jaw, which are placed, when the mouth is — closed, in a canal going round the eyes and opened on the surface near the eyes. Eyes large. Cavity of the gills with a small round opening placed very high. The dorsal fin commences near the eyes, and is connected with the caudal and anal as in the Eels. Pectoral fin de- veloped. Anus at the end of the first eighth of the total length. Nemopruis Lessont, Kp. It has a length of 255 mm. or 9 Par. inches. Colour silv er-white, with black points on the head and end of the tail. Dorsal and anal fins blackish, olf, lith arn ts FO SAXXV NM iid al dial de Meal 169 Diameter of the eye 5, length of the head to the gill-opening 15, from the muzzle to the anus 32 millimetres. This genus forms a distinct group among the Riband-shaped Fishes, and is perhaps the type of a different family, which we may call Nemophide. 5. A List or Tue Briros, wira Descriptions or New Seecies OBTAINED BY Mr. Atrrep R. WALLACE IN THE ARU AND Ké Isnanps. By GreorGce Rosert Gray, F.L. & Z.5., ere. (Aves, Pl. CXXXIII.-CXXXVIII.) The birds herein mentioned were collected by Mr. Wallace in the Aru Islands, with the exception of a few which were obtained by him in the Ké Islands near the coast of New Guinea. The list con- sists of 119 species—a number which shows great perseverance and energy on the part of Mr, Wallace; many of them are new and highly interesting, while others exhibit the sexes, which were pre- viously unknown. ‘The ‘Annals of Natural History’ for the pre- sent year contain an account by Mr. Wallace of the islands on which these birds were found; and he subjoins interesting remarks on the habits of several of the birds herein described and noticed. In the December number of last year he gave au account of the habits of the Great Bird of Paradise of Aru. Both these publications are well worthy of the perusal of the naturalist. I have added a Table of New Guinea Birds, at the same time noticing those found on the northern portion of Australia, and on the islands situated between the two. FALCONID2. 1. CUNCUMA LEUCOGASTER. Falco leucogaster, Gm. S. N. i. p. 257. Haliaetus leucogaster, Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 3. Cuncuma leucogaster, G. R. Gray, List of Accip. p. 24. Hab. Aru Islands. In Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 2. HALIAsTUR LEUCOSTERNUS, var. Haliaetus girrenera, Vieill.; Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. p. 615. Haliaetus leucosternus, Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 4. Haliastur leucosternus, G. R. Gr. List of B. B.M. 1. p. 13. Length 17"; wings 13" 3!’ Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 3. BAZA STENOZONA. Allied to Baza subcristata, but is smaller in all its proportions, except in the bill, which is of the same size; the bands on the under 170 part are narrower, and the rusty colour beneath the body and under wing-coverts is much paler; the bands on the tail are nearer together, while the one at the tip is broader: the outer feather on each side differs by being obliquely truncated. Length 17" 3!; wings 11! 9!" Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 4. ACCIPITER POLIOCEPHALUS. @ . Head, back of neck and nape grey; entire back, wing-coverts and tail above, plumbeous, the latter with narrow bars of black ; quills fuscous black ; beneath the body white; cere and legs red ; bill and claws black. Length 14" 9'"; wings 8" 6!”. Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. STRIGIDA. The collection does not contain a single example of this family ; in fact only two, the Athene humeralis, Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, t. 4, f. 1, and d. theomacha, Bp., have yet been recorded as coming from New Guinea, CAPRIMULGID&. 5. PopARGUS OCELLATUS. Podargus ocellatus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 14, 3. 9. Length 13" 9"; wings 7! 2’, Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 6. CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS. Caprimulgus macrurus, Horsf. ; Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 9. Hab. Aru lslands. 4G in the British Museum. HiIrRuUNDINID&. 7. MacrorTreRYX MYSTACEUS. Cypselus mystaceus, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 22. Hab. Aru Islands. 6 2 in British Museum. 8. COLLOCALIA HYPOLEUCA. Closely allied to Collocalia Linehi, Horsf., but is rather larger ; with the upper surface of a glossy green-black ; side of head, throat and breast fuscous black, the two latter with the feathers margined with pure white ; abdomen pure white; under tail-coverts glossy green-black. Q@. Length 4"; wings 4". - Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. Collocalia nidifica, var. Differs in being rather whiter beneath the body, especially on the throat. : 171 a Mirundo nidifica, G. R. Gr. Hirundo fuciphaga, Thunb. Hirundo esculenta, var., Lath. Syn. Suppl. pl. 135. Hirundo brevirostris, McClell. Hab, Chaumont Isle ; Louisiade Archipelago, ¢ in British Museum. 9. HiruNDO NIGRICANS. Hirundo nigricans, Vieill. N, Dict. H. N. xiv. p, 523; Voy. EMCI, eb 2. ft. 2, Collocalia arborea, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 14. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. CoORACIAD&. 10, EURYSTOMUS PACIFICUS. Coracias pacifica, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxvii. Eurystomus orientalis (L.), Vig. & Horsf. Burystomus australis, Sw. ; Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 17. Burystomus pacificus, G. R. Gr. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. ———— ALCEDINID, 1]. DaceLto GaupicHAupt. Alcedo Gaudichaudi, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, t. 21. Chaucaleyon Gaudichaudi, Less. ~ Dacelo Gaudichaudi, G. R. Gr. . Hab. Arulslands. ¢ @ in British Museum. 12. DaceLo tyro, (PI. CXXXIII.) d. Top, sides of head and back of neck black, spotted and 3 banded with fulvous white ; nape and upper part of back fulvous- ’ white, banded and margined with black; scapulars black; wing- b coverts black, broadly margined with shining blue ; quills and tail Z black, margined outerly with dull blue; back black, and lower part ‘ of back glossy silvery blue ; beneath the body pale fulvous, lighter on throat. Upper mandible black, and lower pale horn-colour. t 2. Quills and tail greenish blue. © Length 13"; wings 53". ie Juv. Beneath with each feather margined with black ; bill black, * tipped with pale horn-colour ; otherwise the same. Hab. Arulslands. ¢ Q in British Museum. 13. HaLcyon coLuarRis. Aleedo collaris, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. p. 90. Halcyon collaris, Sw. Zool. Ulustr. pl. 27. Hab. Aru Islands, ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection, 172 14. Hatcyon sorpipa, var. Rather larger in all its dimensions: length 10", wings 4" 2!', bill from gape 2" 5'; but the colour of the back and rump are brighter than in Halcyon sordidus, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 23. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. The Hope Isles’ specimens measured, length 10", wings 4" 6!'', bill from gape 2! 9!" ; while a specimen from Louisiade Archipelago is of the length of 8" 6", wings 3! 9', and bill from gape 2" 1!", which is about the same size as H. sordidus, Gould, but is rather brighter in its colours, and agrees best with the Aru specimen. 15. HALCYON SANCTA. Halcyon sancta, Vig. & Horsf. Dacelo chlorocephalus, var. 3, Less. Hab. Aru Islands. @ in British Museum. 16. TANYSIPTERA HYDROCHARIS. Top of head blue; eyebrows silvery blue; cheeks, ear-coverts and nape black ; back and wings deep blue ; rump and beneath the body white ; middle tail-feathers silvery blue, margined at base, and the tips white ; lateral tail-feathers black, margined outerly with deep blue. Biull red, and feet fuscous. Length to end of middle tail-feathers 13; wings 3! 8!"". Juv. Rufous brown ; beneath fulvous; feathers more or less mar- gined with rufous brown. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ Q and jnv. in British Museum. 17. SYMA TOROTORO. Syma torotoro, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 31 bis. f. 1. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. Only differs from S. flavirostris, Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pl. , in not having any black on the culmen near the tip. 18. Cryx PUSILLA. Ceyx pusilla, Temm. PI. Col. 595. f. 3; Gould, B. of Austr. ii. 1. 26. F Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 19. Cryx SOLITARIA. Ceysx solitaria, Temm. Pl. Col. 595. f. 2. Therosa solitaris, Mull. Ceyx Meninting, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. i. p. 691. Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 20, ALCYONE AZUREA, var. Ceyx azurea, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. i. p. 690. Aleyone azurea, var., Gould, B. of Austr. Introd. p. xxxi. Aleyone pulchra, Gould, Proc. Z. 8. xiv. p. 19. Ceyx Lessonii, Cass. Journ. Acad, Philad. 1850, p. 69. Hab. Aru Islands. o& in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. ili ey Ae ey o> : 173 PROMEROPID. 21. NECTARINIA FRENATA, Nectarinia frenata, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 61. t. 8. f. 1. Nectarinia australis, Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pl. } Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 22. NECTARINIA ASPASIA. Cinnyris aspasia, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 30. f. 4. Cinnyris sericea, Less. Dict. Sci. Nat. iv. p. 21. Nectarinia aspasia, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 58. Hab, Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 23. NECTARINIA ZENOBIA. Cinnyris zenobia, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 30. f. 3. Cinnyris Clementia, Less. Dict. Sci. Nat. Hab. Ké Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 24. ARACHNOTHERA NOV GUINES. Cinnyris nove guinee, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. i. p. 677. Arachnothera nove guinee, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 11. f. 3. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in British Museum. 25. DicawuM IGNICOLLE. do. Glossy blue-black ; under surface olive; middle of abdomen yellowish white; middle of throat, upper part of breast, and under tail-feathers vermilion-red, the latter mixed with vermilion-white ; under wing-coverts white. d juy.? Olive; wings and tail fuscous black ; middle of throat, breast and abdomen yellowish white, with the sides pale olive ; under tail-feathers tinged with vermilion. Length 3" 9'"; wings 2" 2", Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum. Close upon D. hirundinaceum, but the throat and part of breast are vermilion-red, &c. 26. PRIONICHILUS NIGER. Diceum nigrum, Less, Cent. de Zool. t. 27. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. MELIPHAGID. 27. MyzomELA NIGRITA. do. Entirely shining deep black. 2. Olive-brown, with the front and throat tinged with crimson. ‘ Length 5" 6'"; wings 2" 3'", Hab, Aru Islands. ¢ Q in British Museum. 28. MyZoMELA ERYTHROCEPHALA, Myzomela erythrocephala, Gould, B. of Austr. iv. pl. 64. Hat. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 174 29. GLYCIPHILA MODESTA. 2. Brown, with dashes of dark brown on the feathers ; beneath the body white, with some pale-plumbeous dashes on the sides ; feathers of the breast pale brown, margined broadly with white. Length 5" 3! ; wings 2" 6!". Hab. Arulslands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. A specimen is contained in British Museum from Goold’s Island. 30. GLYCIPHILA OCULARIS. Glyciphila ocularis, Gould, B. of Austr. iv. pl. 31. Hab. Aru Islands. 6 in British Museum. 31. PriLoTis FILIGERA. Ptilotis fiigera, Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pl. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 32. PrILoTIs sIMILIS. Ptilotis similis, Homb. & Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, t. 17. f. 2, 3. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 33. PriLoTIs MEGARHYNCHUS. 3. Brown; top of head olive, with dashes of black in the middle of each feather; eyes surrounded with yellow; throat yellowish white, with minute dashes of fuscous ; breast and upper part of ab- domen fuscous, margined with yellowish olive; sides, abdomen and under tail-coverts rufous brown; under wing-coverts rufous white. Length 8"; wings 3” 6'"; bill 1!" 1!" Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 34. TROPIDORHYNCHUS NOV& GUINE. Tropidorhynchus nove guinee, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 153. Hab. Aru Islands. o¢ @ in British Museum. 35. TrRorpIDORHYNCHUS PLUMIGENIS. Q. Differs from the former by wanting the knob on the basal part of culmen, and by the sides of the head beneath the eyes being plumed; the ends of the tail-feathers are margined with brownish white. g juv. Blackish brown; feathers round the base of neck mar- gined with yellow or white. Probably a younger bird than the female. Hab. Ké Island. ¢ 2 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. LUSCINID&. 36. GERYGONE CHRYSOGASTER. Olive-brown ; stripe from nostrils to eyes, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pale brown ; throat and breast white ; abdomen and under tail-coverts pale yellow. Baill and feet dusky. Length 4” 3!"; wings 2! 1!"".. Hab. Arulslands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 175 37. ZOSTEROPS CITRINELLA. Zosterops citrinella, Mill. Bp. Consp. Av. p. 398. Hah. Ké Island. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. Zosterops griseotincta. Yellowish green ; line from each nostril and round each eye white ; quills fuscous black, margined with grey and yellowish green, espe- cially on the tertials. Tail fuscous, tinged with yellowish green ; under surface pale yellow, sides tinged with green and grey. Length 4" 7'"; wings 2" 6!". Hab. Louisiade Archipelago. ¢ in British Museum. Allied to Z. luteus, Gould (B. of Austr. iv. pl. 83); but not so rich in colour, being in places tinged with grey. TuRDID., 38. ALCIPPE MONACHA, Castaneous black ; top of head black ; under surface white, with the sides of breast and abdomen obscure brown. Upper mandible black, and lower one white; feet pale horn- colour. Length 4" 7'; wings 2! 5!". Hab. ArwIslands. 2 in British Museum. 39. Pirra NOVE GUINER. Pitta atricapilla, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 8. f. 3. Pitta nove guinea, Schleg. Brachyurus nove guinee, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 256. Hab. Aru Islands. do @ in British Museum. 40. Prrra Mackuori. Pitta Mackloti, Temm. Pl. Col. 547. Brachyurus Mackloti, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 255. Hab. Aru Islands. d¢ 2 in British Museum. 41. Orrotus Mivveri. Mimeta Miilleri, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 346. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢, Q,juv. in British Museum. MUSCICAPID&. 42. RuiPIDURA ATRIPENNIS. Closely allied to R. mimoides, Mill. MSS., but the black is alto- gether of a deeper hue, while the wings are of a decided black. These differences may be occasioned by the specimens from Aru being more matured. Length 8" 9!" 5. wings 4”. Hab. Aru islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 176 43. RHIPIDURA MACULIPECTUS. 3. Deep black ; with a line from nostrils passing above the eyes, and a broad line proceeding from the base of the bill on each side of the throat, the tips of the feathers of breast, of tail, of the upper and under wing-coverts, white. @. Brownish black ; but similarly marked in other respects with white ; upper mandible and feet black, lower white. Length 8" 8"; wings 3! 2!"’, Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. ~ 44, RHIPIDURA HYPERYTHRA. Plumbeous ; head and throat black ; quills and tail fuscous black, margined with plumbeous; spot at the base of lower mandible, which advances into two lines, one on each side of the throat, and the tips of the wing-coverts and tail feathers white ; breast and ab- domen rusty red ; bill black, lower mandible yellow ; and feet dusky olive. Length 6" 3! ; wings 2" 9!"", Z Hab. Aru Islands. ¢? in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. This may be the R. rufiventris, Miull.? 45. ReIPIDURA ASSIMILIS. Closely allied to R. isura, Gould (B. of Austr. ii. pl. 85), but is rather larger, with the breast paler ; under wing-coverts buffy white, and the outer tail-feather with less white than in the Australian specimens. Hab. Ké Island. c¢ in British Museum. 46. MacHa&RIRHYNCHUS XANTHOGENYS. Differs from M. flaviventris, Gould. B. of Austr. Suppl. pl. ‘ by having a rather larger bill, by the back being less green, and the ear-coverts being yellow instead of black. Length 5" 3!; wings 2! 4!’, Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 47. MYIAGRA LATIROSTRIS. Myiagra latirostris, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 92. Hab. Arulslands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. Myjiagra lucida. 3. Black, with the feathers broadly margined with glossy green ; quills fuscous black. Length 7" 3!; wings 3! 9!" Hab. Louisiade Archipelago, 6 in British Museum. 48. PrrzoRHYNCHUS RUFOLATERALIS. Very like Piezorhynchus nitidus 2 , Gould (B. of Austr. ii. pl. 88.), but the bill is shorter and rather broader at base, ‘which is also fur- nished with longer and stronger bristles. The sides, under wing- Lr Pag 2 177 coverts and under tail-coverts, pale rusty red; the under surface is also tinged with rusty red. Length 6” 9'"; wings 3! 4'". Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum. 49. Topopsis CyANOCEPHALA. (Pl. CXXXIV.) d. Indigo-blue ; front and sides of head deep black ; quills and tail black, the latter and tertials margined with blue; beneath, the body deep blue ; the tips of the tail slightly margined with white. 2. Todus cyanocephalus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 5. f. 4. Philentoma cyanocephala, Pucher. Voy. Pdle Sud, t. 20. f. 2. Length 6"; wings 2" 3!". Hab. Aru Islands. 2 ¢ in British Museum. 50. MoNARCHA TELESCOPHTHALMA. 3. Muscicapa telescophthalmus, Garn. Voy. Coq. t. 18. f. 1. Monarcha telescophthalmus, Sw. Classif. of B. ii. p. 257. Arses telescophthalmus, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 387. 2 or juv. Muscicapa Enado, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 15. f. 2. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ Q in British Museum. 51. MoNARCHA CHRYSOMELA. 3. Muscicapa chrysomela, Garn. Voy. Coqu., t. 18. f. 2. Monarcha chrysomela, Sw. Arses chrysomelas, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 387. 2. Yellowish olive, feathers on the head narrowly margined with fuscous; wings and tail fuscous, margined with yellowish olive ; throat, breast and sides obseure yellow; abdomen and under tail- coverts deep yellow ; spot under each eye pure white. Hab. Aru Islands. d 92 in British Museum. 52. MONARCHA INORNATA. Muscicapa inornata, Garn. Voy. Coqu. t. 16. f. 1. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 53. MONARCHA GUTTULA. 3g. Muscicapa guttula, Garn. Voy. Coqu. t. 16. f. 2. Monarcha guttula, G. R. Gray, Gen, of B.i. p. 260. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 54. MonARCHA GRISEOGULARIS. é. Plumbeous ; quills fuscous, slightly margined with grey ; some of the tail-coverts and tail deep black ; throat plumbeous ; ear- eoverts and line under each eye black ; a line from behind the eye and ending in a spot behind the ear-coverts, abdomen, under tail- coverts sod the tips of the three outer tail-feathers, white ; breast mottled with white and pale rust-colour. Length 6" 9!" ; wings 3”. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. No. CCCLVIIL.—ProcrepinGs or tHe ZOOLOGICAL Society. 55. MONARCHA LEUCURA. 3. Shining deep black ; breast, abdomen and the four outer tail- feathers pure white, with the base of the latter more or less black. ¢ juv. Olivaceous plumbeous ; top of head greyish plumbeous ; middle tail-feathers deep black, the three outer feathers mostly pure white, with the base black ; the fourth outer feather black, with white down the shaft and at the tip ; chin greyish plumbeous, with a white streak down each feather. Length 6" 3; wings 3! 1!"", Hab. Ké Island. ¢ in British Museum. (¢ 2 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. ) Monarcha melanoptera. Closely allied to M. trivirgata, Temm. (Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 96), but the black on the forehead, over the eyes and ear-coverts, is posteriorly bordered with white ; the wing-coverts deep black. Length 6"; wings 3! 3!"’, Hab. Louisiade Archipelago. In British Museum. The Museum also possesses a specimen of M. leucotis, Gould (B. of Austr. Suppl. pl. _), from the same place ; while that of Mr. Gould’s figure was from Cape York, Australia, and is now deposited in the British Museum. 56. Micra@ca? FLAVOVIRESCENS. Yellowish green; lore white; wings and tail fuscous, margined with yellowish green ; round the eyes and middle of throat, breast, and abdomen yellow ; sides pale yellowish green ; under tail-coverts yellowish white. Bill dusky ; lower mandible and feet yellow. Length 5" 4"; wings 2! 11", Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. AMPELID. 57. PACHYCEPHALA GRISEICEPS. Olive brown, tinged with grey on the top-of head; line from nostrils extending over each eye; throat and breast white, tinged with brown ; abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish yellow ; wings and tail fuscous, margined with olive. Length 6"; wings 3! 3!" Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 58. PACHYCEPHALA RUFIPENNIS. Olive brown ; line from nostril, extending partly over the eye and throat, brownish white ; breast pale rusty brown mixed with white ; abdomen white, tinged with yellow ; tertials margined with reddish castaneous. Length 6" 6!" ; wings 3! 3!"', Hab. Ké Island. 9 in British Museum. 179 59. PACHYCEPHALA? MONACHA. 3. Head, neck and breast deep black ; back, wings and tail fus. cous black; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; bill and feet black. Length 6" 6!" ; wings 3" 6". Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 60. CAMPEPHAGA CHRULEOGRISEA. Closely allied to Ceblephyris plumbea, Mill., but is larger, and without the rusty yellow on the under-coverts of the tail. Length 14" 3'"; wings 6" 9!". Hab. Aru Islands. 2 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 61. CAMPEPHAGA MELANOPS. Corvus melanops, Lath. ? . Campephaga melanops, G. RK. Gray ; Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 5). Graucalus melanotis, Gould. HTab. Aru Islands. @ in British Museum. 62. CAMPEPHAGA POLYGRAMMICA. Closely allied to Lalage rufiventris (Puch.), but is more nume- rously banded on the under surface, which is also of a deeper rusty colour, and there is less white on the wings and at the ends of the tail-feathers. Hab. Aru Islands. 92 in British Museum. 63. CAMPEPHAGA HYPOLEUCA. Graucalus hypoleucus, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 57. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 64. ARTAMUS PAPUENSIS. Ocypterus papuensis, Temm.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 344. Ocypterus leucorhynchus, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 21. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in the British Museum. 65. DicruRUS ASSIMILISs. Closely allied to Dicrurus bracteatus, Gould (B. of Austr. ii. pl. 82), but is smaller in all its proportions. Length 10" 6"; wings 5" 4!" Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum. 66. DicruRUS MEGALORNIS. Very similar in colourmg to the Dicrurus bracteatus, but is very much larger in all its proportions. Length 15"; wings 7" 1". Hab. Ké Island. In Mr. Wallace’s Collection. LANIID®. 67. Rectres picurovus. Rectes dichrous, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 563. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 180 68. RECTES STREPITANS. Rectes strepitans, Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Péle Sud, t. 6. f. 1. Rectes ferrugineus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 563. Hab. AruTslands. ¢ @ in British Museum. 69. MyIoLesTES ARUENSIS. Differs from the M. megarhynchus by being of an obscure olive- colour, darker on the head ; the outer webs of quills greyish brown ; and the under surface pale rusty colour, with the throat more in- clined to white. Length 7" 3'"; wings 3! 4!" 2 similar to the ¢, but with the greater wing-coverts and tertials deep rusty brown. Hab. Aru Islands. 9 in British Museum. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. Myiolestes Gouldit. Allied to M. megarhynchus, but is of a greyish olive, with deep rusty colour on the greater wing-coverts and outer margins of quills ; chin white, with a brown line down the shaft of each feather; a small rusty spot behind each eye. This mark points out at once this species from the others. Hab. Brown’s River, Australia; and Barnard Isles. In British Museum. Myjolestes griseatus. Differs from the others by being decidedly greyish olive on the upper surface, and by not having any rusty colour on the wings ; the under surface rusty white, which becomes white on the throat. Hab. Cape York, Australia; and Dunk’s Island. In British Museum. 70. CRACTICUS PERSONATUS. Coracias varians, Gmel. ? Cracticus personatus, Temm. MSS. ? Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ juv. in British Museum. These specimens differ from C. varians in having the black extend- ing further on the breast, and in having more white at the tips of the outer tail-feathers. . Cracticus Quoyt. pte Quoyi, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 14. Cracticus Quoyi, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. App. p. 143 Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. CorvipD&. 72. CORVUS ORRU. Corvus macrorhynchus, pt., Wagl. ? Corvus orru, Mull. ; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 385. ‘Tris sky-blue ”’ “a allace). Hab. Aru Islands. od ? in British Museum. ‘4 b 181 PARADISEAD. 73. PARADISEA APODA, Var. Wallaciana. The ‘intensely shining orange-coloured’’ lateral plumes easily distinguish this bird from the specimens of P. apoda in the British Museum, and from the representations given in the works of Le- vaillant, Vieillot, and Lesson, &e. The yellow on the top of the head and back of neck is also of a much paler colour, both in the Specimens with and without lateral plumes. In Forrest’s ‘ Voyage to New Guinea’ it is stated that the Great Bird of Paradise of Aroo migrated ‘‘ when the easterly or wet monsoon set in’? to New Guinea ; but we learn from the interesting paper * of Mr. A. R. Wallace, that this ‘is quite incorrect, as they are permanent resi- dents in Aru, and the natives know nothing of their being found in New Guinea.’ The two differences previously mentioned, which were uniform in all the specimens sent home by Mr. Wallace, induce me to suppose that, if not a distinct species, it is at least a well- marked local variety of the Great Bird of Paradise. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in several states of plumage. In British Museum. 74. PARADISEA REGIA. Paradisea regia, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 166. Cicinnurus spinturnix, Less. Hah, Aru Islands. ¢ in changes of plumage. In British Mu- seum. STURNID. 75. PriLoNORHYNCHUS MELANOTIS. Head, neck and nape fulvous-white margined with black, and some on the latter with green; back, wings, and upper side of tail green ; tips of some of the wing-coverts, of tertials and of tail feathers buffy white ; throat white, narrowly margined with black ; under surface fulvous white, tinged in some places with yellow and pale green, and margined with black on breast, fore part of abdomen, and sides ; under wing- and tail-coverts buffy white ; bill yellow, and feet plum- beous. Length 13” 6'": wings 7". Hab. Arulslands. ¢ in British Museum. 76. CALORNIS VIRIDESCENS. Lamprotornis cantor, Mil. ? Differs from LZ. metallicus (Temm.), in having the purple glossy appearances only on the head, nape and upper part of breast; in these respects it agrees with the specimen (C. nitida) from New Ireland, but the latter is rather larger in all its dimensions ; and it * Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1857, vol. xx. p. 411. 182 is also like in colour to the specimen (C. amboinensis) from Am- boyna, while in this the bill is rather larger and more arched than either of the others, and the tail and wings are rather less in length ’ than in the New Ireland species. Length 8" 9! to the end of middle tail-feathers : wings 4" 2!"', Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 4 inchanges. In British Museum. 77. GracuLta Dumonrtil. Mino Dumontii, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 26. Gracula Dumontii, Wag). Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in British Museum. PsirTACID. 78. CORIPHILUS PLACENTIS. Psittacus placentis, Temm. Pl. Col. 553. Coriphilus placentis, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 417. Psitteuteles placens, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 157. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 79. Ecuectus Linn«€1. Eclectus Linnei, Wagl. Monagr. Psitt. p. 571. t. 22. Eclectus puniceus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 155. Hab. Aru Islands. @ in British Museum. 80. EcLECTUS POLYCHLOROS. Var. aruensis. ' Psittacus magnus, pt., Wag). This variety differs from the HE. polychloros by having the ends of the tail-feathers above more prominently tipped with yellow, which is in some feathers tinged with purple. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 81. CHALCOPSITTA RUBRIFRONS. (PI, CXXXV.) The front, lores, sides of the breast, and spots on throat carmine ; hind head and ear-coverts purplish black ; throat purple with streaks of green ; breast purplish green, with a broad orange-yellow streak down the shaft of each feather ; back of neck and nape purplish green, streaked down the shafts with rich yellow ; scapulars, wings and tail green ; back and rump light green streaked with yellow ; under wing-coverts, inner webs near the base of tail, and thighs, car- mine; quills beneath at base yellow tinged on some feathers with carmine ; abdomen, sides, and under tail-coverts green, streaked with yellow intermixed near the thighs with crimson ; beneath the tail carmine, tipped with obseure yellow. Length 12"; wings 7" 2!". Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum, Allied to C. seintillata, which has the ends of the tail-feathers acutely pointed, while in the Aru species they are decidedly rounded. ee e = Am, fl . , 7 183 2. TRICHOGLOSSUS NIGROGULARIS. Trichoglossus capistratus, var., Mill.? Green; front and sides of the head azure ; occiput dark bronzy green ; semicollar above greenish yellow; throat blue-black ; nape scarlet broadly margined with green; breast tinged with yellow narrowly margined with black ; abdomen green broadly margined with black ; fore part of sides scarlet bordered with green hind part of sides, thighs and under tail-coverts yellow bordered with green ; under wing-coverts scarlet ; quills black beneath and yellow at their bases. Length 13" 6!" ; wings 6" 3!". Hab. Arw Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. It is intermediate between 7’. Swainsoni and T’. cyanogrammus. 83. TRICHOGLOSSUS COCCINEIFRONS, Green ; front and spots on the head carmine ; head and chin whitish blue ; nape and upper part of the abdomen scarlet, the two latter margined with blue; some of the lesser wing-coverts marked with yellow and scarlet; under wing-coverts and inner margins of tail-feathers scarlet ; base of quills beneath yellow tinged with scarlet, quills above green marked in some places with yellow ; abdomen varied with blue, green, scarlet and yellow ; under tail-coverts varied with yellow, green and pale scarlet. Length 11"; wings 5" 10". Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 84. PsITTACUS ARUENSIS. 3. Green, paler on the margins of the feathers; top of head silvery blue; front and cheeks scarlet-red; chin reddish yellow ; under surface yellowish green; spot on each wing castancous red ; under wing-coverts verditer blue. 2. Head rusty brown ; otherwise yellowish green. ¢ juv. Head of the same green as the back, but the sides of head brownish green. Length 8" 9"; wings 6" 3". Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 85. PsiTTacus CAPISTRATUS. ¢. Head brown tinged with green, and mixed with dull rufous ; general colour green edged with paler ; upper tail-coverts yellowish green ; under wing-coverts and the fore part of the sides verditer blue. Length 12"; wings 7" 5!". Hab. Ké Islands. ¢ in British Museum. Like the female of former species, but it is much larger in size. 86. PsirTTACULA DIOPHTHALMA. Cyclopsitta diophthalma, Homb. & Jacq.Voy. Pole Sud, t. 25 bes, Ben is Psittacula diophthalma, Womb. & Jacq, Hab. Arw Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 184 87. CACATUA TRITON. Cacatua triton, Temm. Consp. Gen. Ind. Arch. 1m. p. 405. Psittacus galeritus, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. i. p. 624? Length 16; wings 10" 3'". Hab. Aru Islands. Qin Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 88. MicrROGLOSSUM ATERRIMUM. Psittacus aterrimus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 330. Psittacus goliath, Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. pp. 12, 91. Microglossum aterrimum, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 682. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in British Museum. CucuLID&. 89. CentTropus MENEBIKI. Centropus Menebiki, Garn. Voy. Coqu. t. 33. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 90. CENTROPUS SPILOPTERUS. Greenish bronzy black; shafts of the feathers strong and deep shining black ; wings with small irregular spots of brownish white. Length 21"; wings 9! 3!" Hab. Ké Islands. gin Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 91. CuCULUS ASSIMILIS. Allied to C. flavus. Bronzy brown, marked on some of the edges with pale rufous ; side of head and chin tinged with grey ; under sur- face rusty colour, with the throat, breast and abdomen banded with slate-colour ; tail bronzy brown, with triangular marks along the edges of each feather. Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 92. CUCULUS MEGARHYNCHUS. Top and sides of the head greyish black; upper surface bronzy brown edged with rusty ; under surface brownish white mixed with rusty, and spotted with minute spots of greyish black ; tail bronzy brown, tipped with rusty white, with the outer feather banded in the inner web with rusty white. Length 7" 6'"; wings 3! 9!". Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr, Wallace’s Collection. CoLUMBID. 93. Pr1LONOPUS SUPERBUS. Columba superba, Temm. Pig. t. 33. Ptilonopus superbus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. 1. p. 279; Gould, B. of Austr. v. pl. 57. Lamprotreron superba, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 18. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. a, ae ee “par. 2. ~ ‘ 185 94. PriLONOPUS PERLATUS. Columba perlata, Temm. P}. Col. 559. Ptilonopus perlatus, G. R. Gray. Sylphitreron perlatus, Verr.; Bp. Consp. Av. il. p. 40. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 95. Pri1LONOPUS PRASINORRHOUS. Closely allied to Ptilonopus Rivoli, but it is at once distinguished by the vent and under tail-coverts being green, slightly margined on each feather with yellow ; the reddish purple patch on the abdo- men is connected to the white pectoral band; bill yellow, and feet red. Hab. Ké Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 96. Pritonopus Watiaci. (Pl. CXXXVI.) Top of head carmine ; cheeks and throat pure white ; neck, nape and breast greyish white ; lower part of breast with a band of white bordered posteriorly with a broad one of orange; lesser wing-coverts with a band of deep orange ; abdomen and under tail-coverts varied with yellow and green ; upper part of back orange-green ; scapulars and some of the greater wing-coverts grey margined with orange- yellow ; the other greater wing-coverts and secondaries yellowish green margined with yellow ; quills rich emerald green ; tertials yel- lowish green spotted with grey; lower part of back rich yellowish green ; tail coppery green with the apical half greenish white ; bill yellow, and feet red. Length 10"; wings 5" 9!" Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in British Museum. Most allied to Ptilonopus pulchellus, but differs in several re- spects. 97. PriLoNopus AURANTIIFRONS. (PI. CXXXYVII.) Front deep rich orange ; occiput and sides of head yellowish green ; chin pure white ; neck sooty grey ; breast and beneath the body yel- lowish green mixed with grey on the thighs; nape and scapulars grey, each feather of former margined with orange, those of the latter margived with green ; back and wing-coverts green, with some of the feathers spotted with grey, and others margined with orange-yellow ; quills rich emerald-green with the secondaries bordered with yellow ; tail coppery green with a narrow band of grey at the tip, which is white beneath ; under tail-coverts yellow varied with green; bill yellow ; cere and feet red. “Iris orange.” Length 9" 9'"; wings 5" 6’. Hab, Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 98. Pritonopus coronutatus. (Pl. CXXXVIILL.) Yellowish green ; front whitish purple, with posteriorly a narrow band of purple, and then a broader band of golden yellow ; occiput deep green ; chin yellowish white ; wings and tail shining emerald- 186 green margined narrowly with yellow; a spot on fore part of abdo- men purple ; middle of hind part of abdomen and under tail-coverts bright yellow. Length 7! 9'"; wings 4" 6!". Tris orange. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum. 99. PTILONOPUS IOZONUS. 3. Yellowish green; bend of wings greyish violet mixed with green ; middle of the abdomen deep orange; vent and under tail- coverts white varied with yellow; greater wing-coverts and tertials bordered with yellow, the latter grey in the middle of each feather ; quills shining deep emerald-green ; under surface of wings slate-co- lour ; tail green with a broad band of grey at the tip, which is white beneath, especially on the inner webs. 2. With a patch on the abdomen of an orange-yellow. Length 8" 3!; wings 4! 9!" Hab. Aru Islands. 9° in British Museum. Most like Ptilonopus nanus. 100. CARPOPHAGA ZOE. Columba zoee, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 39. Carpophaga zoee, G. R. Gray. Zoneenas zoee, Reich. Hab. Arulslands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 101. CARPOPHAGA PINON. Columba pinon, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Uranie, t. 28. Carpophaga pinon, Selby, Nat. Libr. v. p. 119. Zoneenas pinon, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 37. Hab. Aru Islands. o¢ ¢ in British Museum. 102. CarrpopHaGa MuULLERI. Columba Mulleri, Temm. Pl. Col. 566. Carpophaga Mulleri, G. R. Gray. Zoneenas Mulleri, Reich. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum. 103. CARPOPHAGA SPILORRHOA. Carpophaga luctuosa, Gould, B. of Austr. v. pl. 60. Columba alba, Mill. ? This species is distinguished by the feathers of the thighs and under tail-coverts being spotted near the margins, and the outer tail-feather with the greater part of the outer web and tip black ; while in C. luctuosa the feathers of the thighs and under tail-coverts end in deep black, and the outer tail-feather is white throughout, except on the outer web nearest the base. Hab. Avulslands. ¢ in British Museum. 187 104. CARPOPHAGA CHALYBURA. Carpophaga chalybura, Bp. Consp. Avy. i. p. 32. Columba enea, 5 ,Temm. Pig. t. 3. Columba enea, var. /3, Wagl. Syst. Av. Col. sp. 15. Hab. Aru Islands. 4 in British Museum. 105. MACROPYGIA PHASIANELLA. Columba phasianella, Temm. PI, Col. 100. Macropygia phasianella, Gould, B. of Austr. v. pl. 75. Hab. Arulslands. 9 in British Museum. Ké Islands. Qin Mr. Wallace’s Collection. MEGAPODID. 106. TaALEGALLUS CUVIERI. Talegallus Cuvieri, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 38. Hab. Aru Islands. Young in Mr, Wallace’s Collection. 107. MeGaropius Retnwarptil. Megapodius Reinwardtii, Wagl. Syst. Ay. (additamenta, p. 4). Megapodius Duperreyii, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 36. Hab. ArwIslands. d¢, @, juv. and egg in British Museum. Ké Island. © in British Museum. STRUTHIONIDZ. 108. CasuARIUS EMU. Struthio casuarius, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 265. Causuarius emu, Lath. Casuarius galeatus, Vieill. Hab. Aru Islands. Sternum in British Museum. a 4 ' é CHARADRIAD&. 109. EsaAcus MAGNIROSTRIS. Charadrius magnirostris, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixvi. (Edienemus magnirostris, Temm. Pl. Col. 387. Esacus magnirostris, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. 1841, p. 83. Hab. Aru Islands. @ in British Museum. 110. CHARADRIUS XANTHOCHEILUS. Charadrius xanthocheilus, Wag]. Syst. Av. Char. sp. 36; Gould, B. of Austr. vi. pl. 13. Hab. AruTslands. 2 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 111. CHARADRIUS INORNATUS. * Miaticula inornata, Gould, B. of Austr. iv. pl. 19. Hab. Aru Islands. 4 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 188 112. HaMATOPUS LONGIROSTRIS, var. Hematopus ostralegus, Mill. Hematopus longirostris, Vieill. Hab. Aru Islands. In Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 113. ARDEA ARUENSIS. Differs from Herodias picata, Gould, by having the feathers of the top of the head and the under surface of the body pure white. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 114. NUMENIUS UROPYGIALIS. Numenius pheopus, Mill.? Numenius uropygialis, Gould, B. of Austr. vi. pl. 43. Numenius minor, Mill. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 115. PHALAROPUS HYPERBOREUS. Tringa hyperborea, Linn. 8. N.1. p. 249. Phalaropus hyperboreus, Cuv. Hab. Aru Islands. 9, in winter plumage, in British Museum. 116. EULABEORNIS CASTANEOVENTRIS. Eulabeornis castaneoventris, Gould, B. of Austr. vi. pl. 78. Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum. 117. RALLINA TRICOLOR. Head, neck, nape and breast rusty red, paler on the throat ; back, wing and abdomen slaty black tinged in some places with olive-brown; the sides, thighs and under tail-coverts banded with pale rufous ; wings beneath slaty black banded with white; bend of the wings, both above and below, spotted with rufous white. Length 10" 6’; wings 5" 6!". Hab. Aru Islands. Qin Mr. Wallace’s Collection. 118. STERNA TORRESII. Thalasseus Torresti, Gould, B. of Austr. vil. pl. 25. Hab. Aru Islands. 92 in British Museum. 119. Suva FIBER. Pelecanus fiber, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 218. Sula fiber, G. R. Gray, List of B. in B.M. iii. p. 183. Sula fusca, Gould, B. of Austr. vii. pl. 78. _ Hab. Near Ké Island. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection. TABLE or SPECIES. ** denotes those contained in the British Museum from this particular locality. eg . t s4a| 8 z 4 3 “| Turdirostrum murinum............... * | } / Alcippe monacha ......... sigan: sie ee | Pitts Macklotii. <......00.....ssansecnee * | ek | . WIOWEE PONE acencn| gD CaaS & | § iis e | 's 2 | 2| 2) *88/3 = a =) | _— + | z|\|< | | a i 2 Sericulus aureus...........cseseseseeses| dK | | ANAIS faviciciensesanaseceecceeunsiseeies|i who) Sphecotheres flaviventris ............| ... |. jr eee [eee | eee | RK Pomatorhinus Isidori .....+........ x | TUDEEMIA saecnsenatnescexsswenene]” ane Nano ua oll Meee CRNCH ae ma Macherirhynchus flaviventris ......) ... odalltl a sis'em| | ps'cee le wenn | ieee ae na Xanthogenys ........ecesseeseesee| oo. | HK Myiagra latirostris...... sce alca Rally as 0v'].ee gen Be coal eat * CONCINEA, » ccccscccasqaantsss evens ards? alge alder | ccoreeaal tents. a ee ee ek * (grisea, H. & J.) Jive te RS Sececaan ieeccends Saosccea | aca, See We san tl Ee: | Piezorhynchus nitidus ....... diesel, voce: “Tieto nee eivicns tunics RIIGONG a | ate sie IME * ? rufolateralis........... + _Todopsis cyanocephala ...... Soll Soke eek Tchitrea Gaimardi...............0002--|. | Rhipidura threnothorax ............ * MUA VEDETIS, «secon cscs ences motmae eesti | hyperythra ...... A. | PUMALIS .4....serceccscssecsseseeee! of TSURDA cereus copes ehansiaiete sje o'e aie einai a'e ee si rclom ea inerec | tee e nH Irae all ASRS Saez shs aces teaseecesceceasl a Sees laeeeataneas MACULIPECTUS......00..--sereceees| oo. | EF motacilloides...... | ACTIPE UMS ee see sie duacaseienr=seens Pee PUGET ONS seals cio sa aidsviclevisesosweeiniac liga des eiraceee laa octal doen wee +k | SCISUIA INQUICEA.....-005ssseveceeserase| see | “coe | ave] see | onan uevel eee | Monarcha carinata..... Docaheweeaicokes Pe real (Gees wa rete |e th * WMOTMATR. <.:00cacoms sacle cece odsed) Ea fleas eee wereaeeee eee wee aes eee aes Oo | eo | ELIVIrgata ..,...-+rececserseeees =e liaeiazdliacere ne Awe ill bes wiete di-womisa fae * | FACIMOPURLD) oniasecnccc-p teee-ten | acest seenalle atau ERE MENG OLS cea cist acces ceeae es eee: wate ciaeapioraten maroon RRR alae), Sem TES telescophthalma ............08+] ok | 2b CHYYSOME]A, | Fs.esses+s00ceowsesce * | x IRAP deena altace ene dtaovese'e sneias|| cident teeam | eesiona| (aie olaneeem | een es | Micrceca flavovirescens ......+++++- Ral e eor | | ALAVISASLEK ania sceicom = sivenmienie vn si-ci|Melee it smell iarqan) lteter ©] betes! | (ete a Pardalotus luctuosus .......-+...+0000. ate Hes SL os eet Sell a melanocephalus......... a wioraia ese ees Pkeieen | edeaiah Mica nds/l 4 Son || ee Re | | Smicrornis flavescens...........+.++ Dl fet 8 Sites alee on eee ee * | | Pachycephala griseiceps .........++:| 4. | #* TUPPEMNIS, .0-2...ccctneecsessercss|iees | ace | HE monacha ........ aeeehine SOSA | wena Ste 12 Ingubris ......2.+- seuniapranciaccalt | Aes VITESCOHS, ccsrenes'scanauaspens siete * | MACIANIUTA, 's otic aeedsievianecioes caeell se cece] dorbuill loses ell keiteie cere = Liao SPINICAUUB...sccesnencseesvecsoresstir e fAlCatarewexsctsaasademeiwats cs PA Pease Perel Meroe econ yee to. ak * 193 Tasvx (continued). | New Guinea Aru Islands. Pachycephala simplex .. .......+0+0+ | aa a Hylocharis coil! CT RS ae ee * | Campephaga Desgrazii ....... cecegees] | RIP UORLOMcndsschs des descerepcvaanes aie EPELOLCORTISCA wecscorseccencvecce ete melanops ....... eoceses Soavpenevs wen TORE |) oe hypoleuca ....0.....0 eae ae ae. wee MING ABs ncuaadtvesasva¥eccedssvssnss ef PLUMBED. ..0scceccsescseasceesenees * | MOVE QUINCH ...seeeee seseeere res * PAPMETSIG, <.cnceccsevescsscsccooee * BUMMRRIOET Si dst yscdusansiedinanwe es * SWANSON .cccescesccsesssnececese| coe wesi|jnoe WAU vucntcsuaasheanechsasesacve|-.soe eel ee Lalage rufiventris ..............se000e- ZN eter ee (Karu, Gould.) polygrammica .......s.seseeeeee Geass Artamus papuensis ........0s.ses000e eo] Ae WTO Vasa gecaswiadae de eascecteee wenss|l aer| Vie enifibe leucopygialis ......... pevacadvsens|) ‘won ewasip te AIDIVENETIS .cscccceccensece anucasae sea ilweeteiica Dicrurus bracteatus .........scceeesee| aoe eerie MRAM Rese tuaatktavdecsvesseceee|! « oe | RK MEGAlOMMNIS......0cecccccesessececes| ove = megarhynchus eRe anne skal bavae * CAFDONATIUS ..eccsecsseceerscsves * Rectes kirrocephalus....... picksedenns| oe Gichrous' ....155s< Wapnsateyads ck * | kK SESEDIGANS | 500.55. scacvscecsnconsnc * | x Colluriocincla brunnea ......s.ceceeee| eee harmonica........se0es Waswtuatenclt-veu PACVUD oo ccccsccseccesvercesccsves Myiolestes megarhynchus...........- 40k BYVIPTISIS was sccsseesavvesssesecccses dee |) PUIBCAGUS se vsscrovusevseserencves|) ceo pulverulentus ...... pdiniaperdeste Cracticus cassicus ......... eS ore * PCTSONACUS.........00eceeeeves Wace] eos So Nigrogularis ...+0......+s00+ asves| coe] ove SIGNI craven Vaccavvsvadncravys ooo) * | KK picatus . . seeesceeeee| oe ATGENCACUS... ....eesseenceveneeee| oes aus INE as evn thon snes aseaesddven * | ee (macrorhynchus, pt., Vagl.) corone, pt., Wagl.....eecccseeees * COTONOIGES...cccrccceccasesesosven and GyMnocorvus SCMEX seeeeeeersceeeeees * Paradisea apoda .............seeeerees ek var. Wallaciana ..........sceereee] ove ** pe- lago. Louisiade Archi be ee ak er | Ke Islands. | Waigiou Timor laut lat. S., P. Essing- ton, C. York, &c. N. Australia to 14° * * ¥** Islands in Torres Strait. ‘No. CCCLIX. — Procreepineés or THE ZooLocicat Society. TABLE (continued). Paradisea regia ......+++eeress SPECIOSA... .sceeececceceessceeeres REND yoncaescessssn stem sceencovesees SEXPCNNIS ceerscecererscccsecerece NUD) voccccnceescincgsanciscnwasceess IWAISONA coaececrss vocesscccsesueoen Astrapia Migra sssssesassecsuseeeeseees Carunculata ....ccceccscereseeees Ptilonorhynchus buccoides ......... MELANOLIS .......seeereeereneeeees Chlamydera cerviniventris ......... Manucodia viridis ........++06- “ne ALTA —secccccccccecsersevcce Keraudrenii ....0...scscsese-sose Lamprotornis viridescens .......+.+++ Metallica ..scscececesesereseoeeee Gracula Dumontil .....-...eeeeeeeeeees Donacola castaneothorax ............ FlAVIPTYMNA ..cesesserecseecceeee Estrelda annulosa ....s.sseeeeeereseees PHACCON os. sevceacercecseeevesereee Amadina castanotis ......-sseeesseees GOUNTIEE se. ve siaceseosevecesscosese MITADILIS .s.cccervecarsseeeneeoes Poephila acuticauda .......seseeseeees PCYSONALA 2... ceeeseeereeceeeeeens Buceros ruficollis .....seersseeeereenes Platycercus dorsalis .0+......+seeeeees pallicepS ..c..seseseeeeerereveeee CYANOZENYS .cvececsesseeeceeeees BYOWNI ces ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeoeees Aprosmictus erythropterus, var. ... Chalcopsitta nov. guinez .....-..066 SCintillata ....ccececeereseoesscees YUDTIFTONS ...c0c.sevevseeeerseoses TUDIGINOSA ......eeereeerereeeeeees Charmosyna Papua ...serceseereeeeee Lorius domicella ......sescsseeeeevees EYICOIOL ccccccsccnesscnccesesresces PUNICEUS ceeeeececerseeesscev recs Eos squamata ...secceseesecreoeseenes Eclectus Linnei........... aber Psittacodis polychloros .... ce var. AUENSIS......+0+. ane TALADE cevecercccccscscecacecerens Coriphilus placentis ....+..sssereeseee Trichoglossus Swainsonii ......+++++ TUDTItOFQUIS .....eeeeereesereeee ° Capistratus, VAL, seecerersereees COCCINEIFFONS ..++-esseeeeeeerseces 194 New Guinea. Aru Islands. * * see Ké Islands. Louisiade Archipe- lago. hE Pe) = =] 3 3 4 a & | § ‘a =| S| eR * * RK * Of 8 x 1S = 22 on oo mM gis ie n° asa ae a *E Islands in Torres Strait. 195 TABLE (continued). 3 bs = 3%) 3 ¢ 8a4\5 sia) (<8 3 | dam |S o/812 |$2]3)2| 825/48 fo) ic} é\2 he 32.1 gn Pa ~ a P. c aee 5 & Fa ) 5 iS 5 Bp a AZAldai|Mina ae a PL | Trichoglossus nigrogularis ...40...) ... | 4 | WEKAICOIOK cdctestssantvesss etlae a bye 4: ? Tanygnathnus marginatus............ * ? macrorhynchus...... Wesvawvsadd * Psittacus Pucherani ...... advan sascunl Oe ee seeeees * capistratus... ce eenececcceesseoeers coe | cee | FF ATUCNSIS ..0.... 00008 “eee eer eee eee ae Desmarestii .........- Searewebscalh oe Psittacula A am aucuonpaceys * | RK Nasiterna pygmza.........+- See guetecs| ; Cacatua sequatorialis. . es See roe tae : (C. sigan >») RYICOMM, co cadevascsncevecscdeicsovs coo] & | (C. galerita.) ? PALETICA Viccesscnsssccevcscsscosessl oe “¢ Ty * * SANQUINED .....ceeerecrercerereees cal es 2 band - aaaitys * Calyptorhynchus macrorhynehus...| ... | ... | « ot * Microglossum aterrimum ......+60+0+| #2 | HE | .. Way | eee x BICCHO. 06 s.cecenvesccccessecveses: «| * Dasyptilus paraguanus ............ dealt svat] teers |e ret PeSQuetil: <..0c0.ccvceceosece veces ? Chrysocolaptes cardinalis .........| * Centropus Menebiki .........-00see008| 2 | HE SPIlOPterus.....sseeeeeseerers penal ae phasianus (macrourus)... e¥eealh saeot eavepn nts Pel ies Se * Eudynamis punctatus ........0.60065| aac Less. ae MPMNCCESIL cisveastwccosacecsfovess|! oie] cod )| sven" |) 'es 5a (BLL * * Cuculus leucolophus ER OTLELER TS MME. assimilis....... Reaidedcxevusventssct i" * megarhynchus ......-.-+00 dowel Seer th dumetorum ......... sescecereees| see | cee | cee | cee | eee | woe * Chrysococcyx lucidus .........000268) ee i * Ptilonopus superbus ........ beaesedsesl| aldol Aki See x oe Rivoli.....cccocsseee Givaresedsatess], StFOPHIUM «.,.,c0cesnccecsecccees| ooo | coe | eee | ¥¥ prasinorrhous cevecctecescecess! cee | vee | Perlatus ...ccccessceccsceeveccocees| 3 | HE Walllacii....cs.scscccccnccsevoveres| coo | 2% pulchellus ......sce.sscesseceerece| CYANOVIFENS ..seecceecseeeeeceeee| *K WILEHG, sesccecicovsensecceseevaccese| * BUFANEUTONS wo0.ssccccovscsececes| coe |: ¥¥ COTONUIATUS ceeseesecseeeeeeeerer cron ee TIGINIUS © acoccvastvccccacccscvstssas| # TOZONUS sesseseeereeeneerserensees| eee | OE rete eee eee fe . ef eee ** Ridophars wi wih v@dauncowace wuigiet 196 TABLE (continued). OQ: is ' we 3. ~ 2% | g 55 oa ~|/ @ aq Saas] R a : Pa as | 2 = Ca ls + | sam ‘= ae BP ate ho hesg lees 3 |8& «=: |28 2 se Lees ba as 5 co aa? ae o a = Ss ‘% 5 gad 2 Big |e |e | @ kas |) ees 2 led | MS lA |e = * * * Carpophaga Z0€# .....cssceseccscseees Mulleri ... DICQIOT Tassos. tes csnestesteaes cassia SPUOLTHO ass: .sssivecssevecscenaee| EK WOE G|\ cece eceals Meee essen ER Chalybura'\vscoesca:cseececosseee|t wether SUMMEVEI cot0sc .scceeutetrheeel cae digas adh Sak RS PACHUCA eivacesanendoneesessearrsecsle ce (znea, duct.) MLYFISHCIVONR: seuss csestavcssccce|ieck ABO GUIATIS..cecceessessenesase cook al eer orem ER TUGASEEL occsecccssess--cevecss|! K eccereccccvccceccee| KX * * * See eeeeeeereseeeseses assimilis...... eK Weclancheri-ccscescce-csaeseaeea|) ke Lopholaimus antarcticug vs . .9 |S Es “— -_ _ co asec 8 o z w | 2 a g 48/5 Apel eis (Pla le | aes See Meee FSR VR * Glareola grallaria .......sseeesseeseeee Lobivanellus personatus ............ Ait eee eas sal Charadrius xanthocheilus.......... vel Poce le & Dr) al eel ee Hk x WEEGOUS ‘Ghisdsepruwscias. x» aweettna ea te itn ares ls weer late * PUNCH PULOS asi casis ces dtcone vows cess be 34 lop tS ere re) een ey * * MO RTIAGUN is «cc tyce xd vapecss owes sud HP ae Men Nance tanec. awen ; * Cinclus interpres ........0000+ waveeée ae cooes Peeeeae| eed | coer eae * * * * * * Wematopus longirostris ..........+. eau tfe Mia |rwen |\ioene] Peweliicds dite Soe fuliginosus......... tbeccceevecsses een} nese |niewe |. eve: |) ewe |) ose * Grus australasianus ........... denakes Bed lee ako lesnad< lou ene lit tee sled * Ardea rectirostris ......000..seerssees Beouly «ap ©: | one: Irreee t'see |p aoe PAU evade deeds auns alee dosnes|h ose] Aunes\vcced-|twaes five lees * TOV. GUMER covccsseccscscereeoes| jugularis .......... a Spewsls HeMfses weed rka ses 40k ? PIROUIE tos clceacdhss¢iveisegavanec|:sey, il’ nest |)-cga-) Aes leoromtters 1k PITH sdaguauncsven sensth OOP Platalea regia........ Bean esas lank sent al iy Pe re fers) a heen: Numenius uropygialis ............. 94) ote [i Fe deens.: | veneslf aveti| beset (mee * (pheeopus ?) BUMRUB in cdawansdeduyeensvecsspee minutus....... Weaisecnsrspcsuce Shafi sev Ull see Nltxees|cewerfitced “1b sty Limosa uropygialis ...s0s..seseeeee ape |) eve | sea] ene | “uae? |, coals ee * melanuroides.......0-..sese00: xuel i: sewbil: oes Brie WL) ese * Xenus cinereus ......... Siusidetessneee sEeelees eae Totanus glottoides.......... suapnoee oe Nae ee ae ml OP eee a RUIMCOPVRLUG nsreversywevaveesssusl-vscen I) anny |m sas: over | wes Ieee eee PEXINGOUGES. EMPUSA coscccscccrssecses] H | eae | oy. | coe (hypoleucus ?) Himantopus leucocephalus .........) * |... (candidus ?). Tringa albescens ........s..ss0eeeeeee et) 5 SR a ee ae, omar * (pusilla ?). australis.......... Seveseceuscosce Sd er al ee ee ee ein ee Scolopax australis ........... dikhabeies SOE trata ware ces cereal (ame are - Phalaropus hyperboreus, var. ......) ... | Parra gallinacea...... cos esencs seeeesere] | coe | cee | cee | wee | eee | OH Rallus tricolor .....-eseeeecseeeeees Seal vee | ® SHEDS sqaens civesnssnenscepevseedl: eta f ean:|) ace 1. 30 * * *% € cad | ; 198 TaBLE (continued). . Q tod a =~ ES] ge 2. 8a2| gles|l. iss ; | g-0|e4 Et Ss 3 oS : 3 Flake ak 6/3/2138 | 3] 2 | gaol ee o ws ee a 53 .r}s Bho (ae ja }oevl See Z\/<¢/4/4 |E] 6 lz cc Rallusypectoraliis ieecesqeansisascanscseslesce tl hen all ures ascarid laeeeall meee 2k * Porzana lEUCOphTys sac.cses-censeges]. ar il lieeil|iueoei| vs", | eee econ ames * Eulabeornis castaneoventris .........| s+ | ¥*# | see | cee | coe | eee * Porphyrio Melavotus..dc.cacesscascdsc] sve fiseell|) see}. eae tfsedh|ionee ROR * Anseranus melanoleucus ..........0-| so | see | ooo] see | ove’ | oon | FF Nettapusspulchellus,<.c3-cacesssecseteateicss 1 Seaeg| tices |nycsau|lsse ll meee | ice Tadorna radjah .......0... ste a|h webu tasecl|veeels|t since | Meeaml meee Dendroeyena axcuatay 6. cvscan a. sues sttese | desoe || emnulletescudimecenl ies * Leptotarsis) BytOmlcs.ateasc-sesseseee|iaceei| deeeplicsrsr | ieee iter eehl tenet mane ANAS PUACTALA, , \occcsonssacepestsemers tel. see ,|dteeet ls cies: hucwes|y ioral resell Pemcese Nyroca australis....o..csssccssccnsssooe] soe | aoe | con | soe | en | one * 3 Podiceps gularis........scosscosssseseee] oe | see | cee | ose | soe | ony |. RE ? Eudyptes torquata ........seccseeees ? PAPUA... .ccseercceosvcccccccccseces ? Aptenodytes longirostris (?) ...... PUMINUS. SPHENUCUS, 5 socveseescacesbes| ave |. vse) ) sess || eos) enat, ho seeee * M@nia AM CSOMAL?) Cees heats ova seiee cect dees lk -seeyllUbese dla de mturnel Mesee * * LEM AISENENMUS ios ciusea sche anieMe nando voles lieeaplin asain || (xe uamaa| ies * PCLECANOIDES < comevessaesoessn-isal? Torresii (velox, duct. ?) ...... PTAC ISawsecdeaquartesbpenenyesssce melanauchen..... TIELEIS......00ecerses SUG INOSS crsccenpenescr cee qastcoes DAUAVB. coyncs xr sonseeeesaccecbocs GYPISCANCIGA 7 cccceacarcesscdegggnencalligcccal| eter ons e=onlliimcemtmee * Hydrochelidon, flmviatilis © sr.cccses-c|uces ali ieserll varew | cce=|eeenl [iota * SA NIOUS SCOLIGUS| a tawanc ses -savdeacqessce| deren we terilaectel aalecti lira Maras * * Leueocapillusian cerca specessascese| ies seul cess ttelastel wiseoin treeeie laear * * PHACLOMPHOENICINUS Sones ood casasestosns 4 | nesanliesesaeireel | eel ees sles * Sulabiiberie.<.. ccscnoccocobe omseusgeneas DISCHLON, coe vacances cesneactocncscnes DEESONAUA Coweta tencssheteae scene Pelecanus conspicillatus ..........6. Graculus hypoleucus ............0600+. MR CIANOLCUCUS.. -\exeesiisneateasien NUDAPCMAUICL. saescemacsens set canesst ov * * 199 April 13, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On THE SNIPES’ “‘ NEIGHING”’ OR HUMMING NOISE, ANDON =~ irs TAIL-FEATHERS SYSTEMATIC VALUE. By W. Meves, CoNSERVATOR AT THE ZOOLOGICAL Riks-MuseuM IN StTockK- HOLM. TRANSLATED AND COMMUNICATED BY JOHN WoL- LEY, JuN., Esa., F.Z.S. On the origin of the neighing sound which accompanies the single Snipe’s (Scolopax gallinago, L.) play—flight during pairing time— opinions are various. Bechstein thought that it was produced by means of the beak ; Naumann and others, again, that it originated in powerful strokes of the wing: but since Pralle * in Hanover ob- served that the bird makes heard its well-known song or cry, which he expresses with the words “ gick jack, gick jack!” at the same time with the neighing sound, it seemed to be settled that the latter is not produced through the throat. In the mean time I have remarked with surprise, that the humming sound could never be observed whilst the bird was flying upwards, at which time the tail is closed ; but only when it was casting itself downwards in a slanting direction, with the tail strongly spread out. The peculiar form of the tail-feathers in some foreign species nearly allied to our Snipe (for example, S. javensis) encouraged the notion, that the tail, if not alone, at all events in a considerable de- gree, conduced to the production of the sound. On a closer exa- mination of the tail-feathers of our common species, I found the first (outer) feather, especially, very peculiarly constructed; the shaft, uncommonly stiff, sabre-shaped ; the rays of the web strongly bound together and very long, the longest reaching nearly three-fourths of the whole length of the web, these rays lying along (or spanning from end to end of the curve of) the shaft, like the strings of a musical instrument (Fig. 1). If one blows from the outer side upon the broad web it comes into vibration, and a sound is heard, which, though fainter, resembles very closely the well-known neighing. But to convince one’s self fully that it is the first feather which pro- duces the peculiar sound, it is only necessary carefully to pluck out such a one, to fasten its shaft with fine thread to a piece of steel wire a tenth of an inch in diameter and a foot long, and then to fix this at the end of a4-foot stick. If now one draws the feather, with its outer side forward, sharply through the air, at the same time making some short movements or shakings of the arm so as to re- present the shivering motion of the wings during flight, one produces the neighing sound with the most astonishing exactness. * Naumannia. 200 If one wishes to hear the humming of both feathers at once, as must be the case from the flying bird, this also can be managed by a simple contrivance. One takes a small stick, and fastens at the side of the smaller end a piece of burnt steel wire in the form of a fork ; one binds to each point a side tail-feather ; one bends the wire so that the feathers receive the same direction which they do in the spreading of the tail as the bird sinks itself in flight ; and then with this apparatus one draws the feathers through the air, as before. Such a sound, but in another tone, is produced when we experi- ment with the tail-feathers of other kinds of Snipe. But in 8. major, capensis, and frenata are found four humming-feathers (surr pennor) on each side, which are considerably shorter than in the species we have been speaking of. Scolopax javensis has eight on each side, which are extremely narrow and very stiff. Since in both sexes these feathers have the same form, it is clear that both can produce the humming noise ; and by means of experi- ment I have convinced myself that it is so. But as the feathers of the hen are generally less than those of the cock bird, the noise also made by them is not so deep as inthe other case. Professor Nilsson announces, that in the female of the Single Snipe a neighing noise has been already observed. It would be interesting if travelling ornithologists would in future make observations on the foreign species in a state of nature. It ought to be found that these also have a neighing or humming noise, but differmg considerably from that of our species. Besides the significance which these tail-feathers have as a kind of musical instrument, their form may give a very weighty character in the determination of species standing very near one another, which have been looked upon as varieties. To call attention to this subject, I have caused to be drawn the tail-feathers of several species. They are the following :— Fig. 1. Seolopax (Telmatias, Boie) gallinago, L. Fig. 2. Seolopax (Telmatias) capensis. a Ls Se 201 Fig. 3. Scolopa& (Telmatias) frenata, Mlig. Fig. 4. Seolopax (Telmatias) javensis. Fig. 5. Scolopax (Telmatias) major, L. The structure of the tail-feathers in the last-named species differs considerably from that of the others; it gives upon experiment no humming sound ; and all the feathers of the tail are, as in Scolopax rusticola, formed pretty much like one another. If it be considered desirable to divide the Linnean genus Scolopax into subgenera, I should propose to class those together which have musical feathers iv the tail, under the name Odura. The interesting discovery recorded in the above paper was first an- nounced by M. Meves in an account of the birds observed by him- self during a visit to the island of Gottland in the summer of the year 1856, which account appeared in a publication of the Vetens- kaps Akademi at Stockholm the following winter. In the succeeding summer M. Meves kindly showed me his expe- riments. The mysterious noise of the wilderness was reproduced in a little room in the middle of Stockholm. First the deep bleat now shown to proceed from the male Snipe, and then the fainter bleat of the female, both most strikingly true to nature, neither producible with any other feathers than the outer ones of the tail. 202, I could not resist asking M. Meves the impertinent question, how, issuing forth from the town for a summer ramble, he came to dis- cover what all the field-naturalists and sportsmen of England and other countries had, for the last century at least, been in vain trying to make out, straining their eyes, and puzzling their wits? He freely explained to me how, in a number of ‘ Naumannia,’ an accidental misprint of the word representing tail-feathers instead of wing-fea- thers—a mistake which another author took seriously, and ridiculed —first led him to think on the subject. He subsequently examined in the Museum the tail-feathers of various species of Snipe, re- marked their structure, and reasoned upon it. Then he blew upon them, and fixed them on levers that he might wave them with greater force through the air; and at the same time he made more careful observations than he had before done of the living birds in the breeding season. In short, in him the obscure hint was thrown upon fruitful ground, whilst in a hundred other minds it had failed to come to life. At my invitation, M. Meves wrote for the Zoological Society of London the paper which 1 have here trans- lated. Joun WoLtey. April, 1858. 2. Synopsis oF THE AMERICAN ANT-BIRDS (FORMICARIIDZ). By Puruie Luriey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., erc. (Parr L, CONTAINING THE THAMNOPHILINZ.) (Aves, Pl. CXXXIX.-CXL.) Although Prince Max von Neuwied and M. d’Orbigny both re- cognized the error of separating the genera Thamnophilus and Cono- pophaga from their natural allies the Formicarii, and placing them, one in the family Laniide, and the other among the Muscica- pide (as has been done by Swainson and other authors), Miller, in his celebrated article “ Ueber die bisher unbekannten typischen Verschiedenheiten der Stimmorgane der Passerinen,”’ was the first to constitute this and the other peculiar groups of American Tracheo- phone on an intelligible basis. Cabanis and Burmeister have since followed out Miiller’s ideas, and reduced the genera belonging to this family into a better-organized series. 'The arrangement of these birds, employed in the present attempt at a synopsis of the numerous and very imperfectly known species, does not materially differ from that which the latter of these authors has employed in his ‘ Ueber- sicht der Thiere Brasiliens.’ In one respect, however, I have adhered more closely to Miiller’s ideas ; that is, in excluding the genus Scy- talopus and its allies, for which Miiller created the family name “ Scytalopide*.” J have already stated in these Proceedings, that * More correctly written Scytalopodide—the derivation being ondtaXoy and Tous, 7000S. tT See P.Z. 8S. 1858, p. 69. | att 203 these birds (which, I think, are more correctly denominated “ Pte- roptochide”’ from the oldest genus) seem to me to form a division rather parallel than subordinate to the family Formicaritide, and therefore I have not included them in this synopsis. But after this exception, there appears to remain a very natural group of birds, found only, as is usually the case with natural groups, within a limited geographical area, ca! of which the different mem- bers, although so varied in form as to be with difficulty comprehended in very precise family characters, yet present such an amount of coherence inter se, that it is impossible to remove any portion of them from the series without doing violence to their obviously natural affinities. For these birds J] employ, following Mr. Gray’s example, the name “ Formicariide,”’ derived from lormicarius— Boddaert’s Latinized term for Buffon’s Fourmillier, and therefore to be preferred to ‘“ Mytotheride”’ and other derivatives of subse- quently given appellations of the same genus. ‘This family,’ says M. D’Orbigny, who, as I have already ob- served, takes the same view of its limits as is here adopted, “ appears to us the most natural possible ; for it contains only birds who live, so to say, together in the same localities. Very different from the Shrikes of the Old World, which keep upon the outside of the trees, or at least of the bushes; and from the Cyelorhines and Vireones, which resemble them in habits,—these are all bush-birds pur ewcel- lence, and inhabit the densest parts of the thorns and thickets. In comparing them with the Shrikes (Lani) we find that the Thamno- phili resemble them in their hooked and toothed bill, and their long and graduated tail, but that they differ essentially in the shortness of their rounded wings, which causes them to be sedentary and not birds of travel, and in their long and slender tarsi and toes, which connect them with the purely terrestrial species—that is, with the Formicarians, to which they are intimately united by insensible pas- sages. In fact, in passing from Thamnophilus, with its strong beak, to Formicivora, one finds throughout the same habits and the same way of life.’ ‘‘ Again,” says the same experienced observer, ‘‘ we repeat that all the species of this family, independently of their being of the same habits, have a facies which unites them together. Their most salient traits are the long slender tarsi and toes, the ex- terior toe united to the middle at its base, the moderate claws, the fine elongated feathering of the rump, and in particular the spots of white which occupy the base of the interscapularies in the males of nearly all the species.” It would be easy to produce other testi- mony—such as that of Prinee Max of Neuwied, Burmeister, &c., in -fact, of every observer who has seen these birds in their native wilds, as to the general resemblance of their habits ; and this is, without ‘doubt, a stroug argument in favour of their constituting a natural and independent family. And their structure, when accurately examined, will be found to be very different from that of the Laniide, Turdide, and Muscicapide of the Old World, among which three families the component genera of this group are unnaturally distri- buted by many systematists. 204 Following then nearly the arrangement of Burmeister, already alluded to, we can separate the Formicariide into three divisions, which, although some of the genera in each are rather forms of transition from one to the other, may, I think, be most conveniently regarded as so many subfamilies. ‘he first of these, the Thamno- philine, contains the largest and strongest birds of the group ; and it is easy to conceive that a writer unacquainted with the intermediate links which bind Batara cinerea and other strongly formed species to their “ weaker brethren,” would at the first sight of the formi- dable bill be inclined to locate them among the Lanizde. But the graduated series that connects these with the more typical Formica- rians follows in a succession so regular that the real difficulty is rather to decide where the most salient breaks occur, and where one genus ends and the next begins. The Thamnophiline are characterized by their strong, deep, and compressed bill, which is hooked at the tip and notched; their short rounded wings; their long, broad-fea- thered, much-rounded tail, and strongly formed feet, with the tarsi rather elongated, and both the acrotarsia and the paratarsia divided, and the outer toe showing some signs of conjunction with the middle. The sexes of the birds of this division are always of very different colours, the males being varied with black and white, the females with brown. In the second subfamily—the Formicivorine —we find a series of smaller and more feebly formed species, which are appropriately denominated by Swainson Ant-wrens. These have the bill much more slender, not usually compressed, but as broad as it is deep, and often much elongated ; the tip of the upper man- dible is but very slightly hooked, and the final tooth often nearly obsolete. The wings are short and rounded. The tail varies much, being in some genera very long, and in others extremely short. The tarsi are much more slender than in the Thamnophilines ; the outer toe rather more closely connected with the middle. The sexes are (with but few exceptions) different, as in the Thamnophiline. The members of the third subfamily, or Formicariine, are more Thrush- like in appearance, and are, again, more strongly formed but en- tirely terrestrial species, whence they are named by D’Orbigny ** Fourmilliers marcheurs,”” or Ambulatores. In aceotdance with these habits, the tarsi are much lengthened, the feet rather large, and the toes long. The tail is always short and small, and nearly square at the termimation. The wings are short as before. The bill is rather variable, being in some genera broad, in others rather thick and strong. The sexes of these birds are usually coloured alike. In life, I believe, they carry their tail upright or even inclined forwards, like the Wrens, in which respect, as in general conforma- tion, they much resemble the birds of the nearly allied family Pteroptochide. The Formicariide are a strictly Neotropical group, occupying the same area as the Cotingide, the Momotide, the Galbulide and other characteristic families of this fauna. The most northern loca- lity in which I have ascertained their occurrence is in the State of Vera Cruz, in the tierra caliente of Mexico, where M. Sallé found ; by % ‘ . ; 205 four species — Thamnophili melanurus and doliatus, Formicarius moniliger, and Grallaria guatimalensis. They are numerous in the interior of New Granada, and most abundant in the great valley of the Amazon, particularly in the region traversed by the upper con- fluents of the great stream. A collection of birds from the Rio Napo (which I lately had the pleasure of bringing before the notice of this Society *) contained upwards of thirty species of these birds from this single locality. They extend all over the interior of Peru and Bolivia—rarely ascending the slopes of the Andean range above 5000 feet, the limit of D’Orbigny’s lowest zone, and not observed by him southward of 23° south lat. On the Atlantic coast, however, they certainly go further south, as I have seen several species of Thamnophilus in collections from the Rio Grande do Sul (32° south lat.); and Mr. Darwint procured specimens of a Thamnophilus which has been referred to Thamnophilus doliatus, at Maldonado, in the republic of Uruguay, nearly three degrees further south. On the western side of the Andes they are only met with in the republics of Ecuador and New Granada. Neither Tschudi in Peru nor D’Or- bigny in Bolivia mentions their occurrence on the Pacific side of the range. The principal particular accounts which have been written of the American Formicarians are Méné¢tries’s ‘‘ Monographie des Myio- théres,’”’ in the first volume of the sixth series of ‘Memoirs of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg’ (1835), and Caba- nis’s sketch of this family in his ‘‘ Ornithologische Notizen,” pub- lished in Wiegman’s ‘ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte’ for 1844. The first of these authors enumerates forty-five species of these birds (excluding the species of the Old World and the Pteroptochide) ; the second does not enter at full length into the species, but only gives a list of them in some particular genera. In 1855 I communicated a paper on the species of the genus Thamnophilus to the ‘Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal,’ New Series. With the exception of separating off the somewhat abnormal species 7’. cinereus and T’, lineatus, I have in the present synopsis adhered pretty much to the arrangement there given. I have how- ever thought it best to exclude from every part of the present sy- stematic arrangement the species of which I have not myself examined specimens, and to place them in an appendix. In so doing I need hardly say I intend no disrespect to the authors who have described these species; but I merely wish to indicate that I have not been fortunate enough to meet with specimens answering to their charac- ters, although many of them, no doubt, are founded on existing species. My own collection of these birds numbers about 223 specimens, belonging to 112 species. The public collections to which I have most frequently referred are those of the British Museum, and the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, which both contain fine series of * See antea, p. 59. + Darwin, in Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ Birds, p. 58. 206 these birds, particularly the former; and were it not for the unre- stricted access to specimens which I have enjoyed through the kind- ness of the authorities of these institutions, it would have been quite useless for me to have attempted to work out the complicated species of this group. Fam. ForMICARIIDA. Rostrum brevius aut vix longius quam caput, rectum aut paulo incurvum, mandibule superioris apice plus minusve inflexo et dente finali instructo ; gonyde recta aut leniter ascendente ; rictu plerumque glabro ; naribus ovalibus, basalibus, plerumque nudis, interdum membrana partim obtectis : alee breves, rotun- date, e primariis decem, secundartis novem; remige prima brevi, tertiam partem remigis longissime haud attingente ; secunda et tertia brevioribus quam quarta quinta et sexta; his fere equalibus et longissimis: cauda e rectricibus ple- rumque duodecim, non raro decem; uropygii plums laxis elongatis: pedes plus minusve validi ; digito exteriore cum medio plus minusve conjuncto : ptilosis inornata, nigra, olivacea, brunnea aut schistacea, nunquam e coloribus letis. Subfam. I. THAMNOPHILIN. Rostrum forte, altum, compressum, mandibule superioris apice uncinato et distincte dentato: naribus ovalibus, basalibus, nudis: pedes validi, acrotarsiis et paratarsis divisis: ale breves rotundate : cauda elongata, rotundata : statura mgor : sexus diversi, ptilosis marium albo-nigra, foeminarum olivacea et brunnea; mares macula ad interscapulariarum basin alba plerumque ornati. Genus I. CymBiLanivs. Cymbilanius, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. p. 49 (1840). Statura modica: rostrum breve, latum, tumidum : gonyde ascen- dente. 1. CyMBILANIUS LINEATUS. Thamnophilus lineatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. p. 318; Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vii. p. 351. Lanius lineatus, Leach, Zool. Mise. pl. 6. Thamnophilus lineatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. n. s. i. p. 231. Cymbilanius lineatus, Gray, List of Gen. 1840, p. 49; Bp. Consp. p. 197. , 3. Supra niger, albo anguste transvittatus : pileo nigro: subtus albo-cinereus, nigro confertim transvittatus. 2. Pileo rufo: fasciis corporis supert et colore corporis infert rufescentibus. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:0, caudee 3°0. Hab. Cayenne ; Upper Amazon ; Ecuador, prov. Quixos. Mus. Bnit., P. L. 8. 207 Genus II. Barara. Batara, Less. Trait. @’Orn. i. p. 347 (1831). Statura maxima : rostrum elongatum, valde compressum, fortiter uncinatum. 1. BaTARA CINEREA. Thamnophilus cinereus, Vieill. N. D. d. H. N. xxxv. p. 200 (¢); Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. n. s. i. 229. Thamnophilus rufus, Vieill. ibid. ( 2 ). Lanius undulatus, Mikan, Del. Faun. Bras. pl. 2. Thamnophilus undulatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 89. Thamnophilus cristatellus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 749 ; Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vii. p. 354. * Thamnophilus vigorsi, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 557. pls. 7 & 8. Thamnophilus gigas, Sw. Class. B. ii. 220. Vanga striata, Q. & G. Voy. Uran. Ois. pls. 18 & 19. Batara striata, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 347. do. Cinereus : pileo cristato nigro: dorso alis et cauda nigris, albo transfasciatis. Q. Pileo antice castaneo: fascits ferrugineis neque albis, subtus albo-cinerea, ventre brunnescente. Long. tota 14-0, alee 5-0, caudze 7-0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil: Minas Geraes, S. Paolo; Rio Grande do Sul (Plant). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. Genus III. THamMnopuitus. Taraba, Less. Trait. d’Orn. i. p. 376 (1831). Diallactes, Reichb. Av. Syst. Nat. pl. Ixxi. (1850). Nisius, Reichb. ibid. Othello, Reichb. ibid. Statura media aut minor: rostrum brevius quam caput, uncina- tum: alarum remigibus quarta, quinta et sexta longissimis. a. NIsIvs. Rerefiowi [FSO Statura major: rostrum forte, uncinatum : cauda elongata. 1. THAMNOPHILUS LEACHI. Thamnophilus leachi, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 588 (cd); Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. 41; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 230 ; Burm. Syst, Ueb. iii. 90. Thamnophilus ruficeps, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 589 ( 2 ). Lanius variolosus, Licht. in Mus. Berol. Lanius funebris, Cuv. in Mus. Par.; Puch. Arch. d. Mus. vii. 324. 6. Niger, supra albo ocellatus : ventris plumis albo stricte mar- ginatis. 208 2. Nigra, ferrugineo ocellata : pileo ferrugineo striato. Long. tota 10°5, alee 3°5, caude 5:0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Minas Geraes Spe Rio Grande do Sul (Plant). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 2. THAMNOPHILUS SEVERUS. Thamnophilus lineatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. 316 (?). Lanius severus, Licht. Doubl. p. 45. Thamnophilus niger, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 589 ‘eee Jard. Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. 21. Thamnophilus swainsoni, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 556. pl. 5. Thamnophilus othello, Less. Cent. Zool. p, 65. pl. 19. Batara othello, Less. Tr. d Orn. p. 347. Thamnophilus severus, Gray, Gen. i. p. 297; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 230; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 90. 3. Niger unicolor, cristatus. 2. Pileo eristato rufo : corpore nigro et fulvo confertim trans- vittato: cauda nigra, obsolete transfasciata. Long. tota 8°5, alee 3°5, caudee 4°5. Hab. South-eastern Brazil, S. Paolo (Licht.) ; Minas Geraes (Such). Mus. Brit., P.L.S. 3. THAMNOPHILUS GUTTATUS. Thamnophilus guttatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. 315; Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vii. p. 324; Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 35. fig. 1 (2); Max. Beitr. ii. 1019. Lanius meleager, Licht. Doubl. p. 46. ' Thamnophilus maculatus, Such, ea: Journ. i. p- 557, pl.-Os Thamnophilus meleager, Gray, Gen. i. p- 297; Sclater, Edinb. Ph. Journ. i. 231; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 91. Lanius macusanin Cuv. in Mus. Par. ; Puch. Arch. Mus. vii. 328. 3. Supra niger, albo guttatus; subtus albus: alis et cauda nigris, albo transfasciatis. 2. Guttis et fasciis fulvidis ; abdomine pallide ochraceo. Long. tota 9:0, alee 3°5, caudze 4:0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil : Espiritu S‘°, Bahia, and Minas Geraes (Maz.); S. Paolo (Licht.). Mus. Brit., P.L.S. 4. THAMNOPHILUS FULIGINOSUS. Thamnophilus viridis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. p. 318, et Enc. Méth. p- 743; Puch. Arch. M. P. vii. p. 354( 9). Lanius lunulatus, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. (9); Less. Tr. d’Orn. p 375. pl. 45. fig. 2. Thamnophilus lunulatus, Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil, Journ. i. p. 232 (1855). 209 Thamnophilus fuliginosus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 80(¢); Gray, Gen. i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 234. South American Strike, Lath. G. H. ii. p. 79. 3. Cinereus, gutture et capite cristato nigris: cauda obsolete ( transfasciata. Q. Lete rufa: corpore subtus albo nigroque confertim trans- vittato: cauda nigricante, albo obsolete transfasciata. Long. tota 8°5, alee 3°7, caudee 3-0. Hab. Cayenne ; British Guiana. Mus. Brit., Derb., P. L.S. From examination of several specimeus in intermediate states of _ plumage, it appears evident that Lesson’s 7’. unulatus is the female of the 7’. fuliginosus of Mr. Gould. I have adopted the latter name for this species, although not the most ancient, because the former is only applicable to the female. La bl fi iO» | b. TARABA. daieen © 162). Statura modica: cauda minus elongata. 5. THAMNOPHILUS MAJOR. Batara el major, Azara, Apunt. no. 218, unde. Thamnophilus major, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. 313; Ene. Méth. p- 744 ; @Orb. Voy. p. 166; Schomb. Reisen, iii. p. 607; Bp. Consp. p- 198; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n. s. i. p. 232. Th. stagurus, Max, Beitr. iii. 990 ; Gray’s Gen. p. 297 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p.92. Th. albiventer, Spix, ii. p. 23, pl. 32 ( dandé ). Th. bicolor, Sw. Zool. Journ. iu. 86 (¢); Orn. Dr. pl. 60 ; Gray’s Gen. i. p. 297. Th. cinnamomeus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 87 (2); Gray’s Gen. . 297. Pe Th. magnus, Wied.,” Less. Tr. Orn, p. 375. Lanius stagurus, Licht. Verz.d. Doubl. p. 46. 3. Niger, subtus albus; alarum tectricibus albo marginatis ; caude rectricibus lateralibus albo guttatis. 9. Rufa, subtus alba. Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°7, caude 3:0. Hab. Trinidad, Guiana (Schomb.); Brazil, Para (Wallace) ; Pernambuco (Spiz); Bahia (Licht.) ; Rio Belmonte (Max) ; Bo- livia, Yungas, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Chiquitos (D’ Orb.) ; Paraguay (Azara) ; Argentine Rep., Santa Fé, and Cor- rientes (D’ Orb.). Mus. Brit., P.L.S. 6. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS. Thamnophilus major, Tsch. Av. Consp. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p- 277; Faun. Per. p. 170. Thamnophilus melanurus, Gould, Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 345 ; No. CCCLX.—Procerpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 210 P. Z. 8.1855, p. 69. pl. 83 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 233; P. Z.S. 1856, p. 142, et 1857, p. 203. 3. Niger, subtus albus; tectricibus alarum albo marginatis ; cauda nigra immaculata. 2. Rufa, subtus alba. Long. tota 8:5, ale 3°7, caude 3:3. Hab. Eastern Peru (Tsch.); River Ucayali (Hauxwell) ; New Granada, Bogota; Panama, Chiriqui (Bridges) ; S. Mexico, prov. Vera Cruz (Sallé) ; Rio Napo. Mus. Brit. 7. THAMNOPHILUS TRANSANDEANUS. Thamnophilus transandeanus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 18; Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 233. 3. Niger, subtus albus: tectricibus alarum et crisso nigris albo marginatis : cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus utrinque eatimis macula parva terminali alba preditis. Long. tota 8-0, alee 3°7, caudee 3°2. Hab. Guayaquil (Barclay). Mus. Brit. 8. THAMNOPHILUS CORVINUS. Thamnophilus corvinus, Gould, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 69; Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 345 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 234; P.Z.S. 1858, p. 65. 3. Ater: campterio summo niveo. Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°5, caudee 2°5, rostri a rictu 1:0. Hab. Eastern Peru, River Ucayali (Hauawell) ; Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. 9. 'THAMNOPHILUS MELANOCEPS. Thamnophilus melanoceps, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 28. pl. 39. f. 1; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 133, et 1858, p. 65. Saturate ferrugineus, subtus magis cinnamomeus, capite toto cum gutture nigris. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:2, caude 2°4, rostri a rictu 1:0. Hab. Sarayacu on the Ucayali (Cast. et Dev.) ; Hastern Ecuador, Quixos. Mus. Paris., P.L.S. This is very likely to be the female of the preceding species ; but the dimensions of my specimens of each do not quite agree, and I am afraid to unite them until I obtain further evidence on the sub- ject. 10. THAMNOPHILUS MELANOTHORAX. Thamnophilus melanothorax, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 133. Supra intense castaneus, remigibus alarum intus nigricanti-brun- lle i ee ee er ae : 211 neis, lateribus capitis et corpore subtus ad imum pectus atris, hoe colore in ventrem sensim dilutiore : ventre et lateribus oli- . vascenti-brunneis rufo tinctis: cauda unicolore castanea : rostro corneo : pedibus nigro-fuscis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caudee 2°8. Hab. South America. Mus, Brit. I have not yet succeeded in meeting with other examples of this curious species. 1]. THAMNOPHILUS HYPERYTHRUS. Thamnophilus hyperythrus, Gould, Ann. N. Hi. ser. 2. xv. p. 346; P. Z.S. 1855, p. 70; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Mag. i. p. 235. 3. Schistaceus, alis caudaque nigris, alarum tectricibus albo guttatis: subtus saturate ferrugineus. 2. Obscurior, colore corporis inferi valde dilutiore. Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°2, caudee 2°3. Hab. Chamicurros on the Huallaga (Hauawell) ; Pebas, Upper Amazon (Cast. et Deville). Mus. Brit., Paris. 12. THAMNOPHILUS LUCTUOSUS. Lanius luctuosus, Licht. Doubl. p. 47. Thamnophilus luctuosus, Tsch. Faun. Per. p.172 ; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. 234; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 93. Lanius melas, Cuy. in Mus. Par.; Puech. Arch. Mus. vii. p. 328. me 07.1. 1. 3. Niger cristatus: alarum tectricibus supra et infra cum caude apice albis. Long. tota 6°7, alee 3°2, caudze 2°5. Hab. Eastern Peru (Tsch.). Mus. Brit. c. THAMNOPHILUS. Statura minor : forma debilior : rostrum minus uncinatum. Div. «. Species ptilosi marium nigra aut obscura, subunicolor. 13. THAMNOPHILUS IMMACULATUS. Thamnophilus immaculatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 340; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p.14 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 249. é. Niger: campterio summo partim albo. 2. Brunneo-cinnamomea ; fronte, loris, genis gutture et cauda tota nigro-ardesiacis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°3, caudee 3°0. Hab. New Granada, Bogota; Ecuador, western base of Andes near Quito (Jameson). Mus. P.L.S. 212 14. THAMNOPHILUS EZTHIOPS. Thamnophilus ethiops, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 65. 3. Ater unicolor ; campterio et tectricibus subalaribus albo variegatis : rostro et pedibus nigerrimis. 2. Castaneo-brunnea unicolor, alis intus obscurioribus ; maculis quibusdam tectricum superiorum majorum apicalibus cum eamp- terii margine et tectricibus subalaribus flavicanti-rufis: cauda nigra. Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°8, caudze 2°5, rostri a rictu ‘85, tarsi °9. Hab. Eastern Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. P.L.S. 15. THAMNOPHILUS BRIDGESI. Thamnophilus bridgesi, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 141. 3. Fumoso-brunneus, capite nigro, albo striato : alis nigris, albo guttatis : caude rectricibus lateralibus nigro terminatis : gula et pectore toto nigricantibus, albo striatis. Long. tota 6°7, alee 2°8, caudze 2°5. Hab. Chiriqui, David (Bridges). Mus. Brit. 16. THAMNOPHILUS CASIUS. Petit merle brun & gorge rousse de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 644. fie 12). Salas rufus, Boddaert, Table des Pl. Enl. Turdus rufifrons, Gmel. et auct. (2). Lanius cesius, Cuv. in Mus. Paris (3); Puch. Arch. vii. p. 330. Thamnophilus cesius, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 19; Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 284. 3. Nigro-plumbeus, pileo cristato et gula nigris: tectricum alarium marginibus anguste albis. Q. Fusca, pileo nigricante : capitis lateribus, tectricum alarium marginibus et corpore subtus rufis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°25, caudee 2°25. Hab. Cayenne; British Guiana. Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S. Div. 6. Species ptilosi marium cinerea, alis caudaque albo marginatis. 17. THAMNOPHILUS NIGRO-CINEREUS. Thamnophilus nigro-cinereus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 18. pl. 81; Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 246. 3. Cinereus, capite toto cum dorso summo et gutture nigris ; in- terscapularibus ad basin albis; alis caudaque nigricantibus, albo limbatis ; rectrice una utrinque extima media albo notata. 213 Q. Rufo-brunnea; gula et ventre medio albescentioribus ; alarum tectricibus secundariisque et cauda, sicut in mari, albo notatis. Long. tota 5°75, ale 3°8, caude 2°4, Hab. Northern Brazil, Para. Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 18. THAMNOPHILUS N2XVIUS. Spotted Shrike, Lath. Syn. i. pt. 1. p. 190, undé Lanius nevius, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 308; Leach, Zool. Mise. t. 17 ; Licht. Doubl. p. 46. Le Tachet, Levail. Ois. d’ Afr. ii. pl. 77. f. 1, unde Lanius punctatus, Shaw, G. Z, viii. pt. 2. p. 327. Thamnophilus nevius, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 59 ; Schomb. Reisen, iii. p- 687; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 242; Burm, Syst. Ueb. lll, p. 94, oe caerulescens, Lafr. R. Z. 1853, p. 338. 3. Cinereus: pileo nigro: interscapulio albo nigroque mixto : alis caudaque nigris albo marginatis: rectrice una utrinque extima in pogonio externo albo maculata. 2. Pallide viridescenti-rufa, subtus dilutior : pileo, alis caudaque rufescentibus : alis caudaque sicut in mari albo notatis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°7, caudze 2°1. Hab. Cayenne; British Guiana; Northern Brazil, Para; New Granada, Bogota; South-Eastern Brazil (Burm.). Mus, Brit., P. L.S. 19. THAMNOPHILUS AMBIGUUS. Thamnophilus nevius, Vieill. N. D. iti. 316 ; et Enc. Mcth. p. 747 ; Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 338. Th. ambiguus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii, p. 91; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 245. Th. nigricans, Max, Beitr. ii. 1006 ; Burm, Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 96. Th. ferrugineus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 91 (2)? 3 Cinereus, ventre albescente: pileo nigro: interscapulio nigro alho mixto: alis caudaque nigris albo marginatis : rectricibus omnibus in utroque pogonio albo maculatis. 2. Pallide viridescenti-rufa, subtus dilutior : pileo, alis et cauda rufis, his albo terminatis. Long. tota 5°7, alee 2°8, caudee 2°3. Hab. §.¥. Brazil (Maz) ; Minas Geraes (Such). Mus. Brit. 20. THAMNOPHILUS PILEATUS. Thamnophilus pileatus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 91 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 245( 4)? Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 95. Thamnophilus maculatus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 11; D’Orb. Voy. p. 172; Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 339; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 246 (@). Thamnophilus ventralis, Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Mag.i.p.244( 2). 214 3. Cinereus, subtus dilutior, ventre medio albo: pileo subcristato nigro : interscapulio nigro albo mixto : alis caudaque nigris albo terminatis : rectricis extime pogonii externi dimidio apicali albo, macula subterminali nigra: rostro breviore, altiore, com- pressiore. 2. Rufescenti-olivacea, abdomine ferrugineo: alis caudaque, sicut in mari, albo notatis, sed remigum marginibus externis rufes- centibus. Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°7, caude 2°5. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Burm.) ; Corrientes (D’ Ord.). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. _ Prof. Burmeister has identified—perhaps correctly—my Thamno- philus ventralis with Swainson’s Thamnophilus pileatus ; and I am glad to follow his lead in reducing the number of useless synonyms of supposed species of this genus. I have likewise convinced my- self that the Thamnophilus maculatus of my ‘‘ Draft Arrangement ”’ is nothing more than the female of this species. 21. THAMNoPHILUS AMAzonicus. (Pl. CXXXIX. fig. 1d, fig. 29.) Thamnophilus ruficollis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 37. f.1( 2); Schomb. Guian. iii. 687 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 247. 3. Cinereus: pileo, nucha et dorso summo, alis caudaque niger- rimis : macula interscapularium magna alba: alis caudaque albo terminatis: rectrice extima item in pogonio externo me- dialiter albo notata. 9. Rufescenti-olivacea: capite toto et corpore subtus ferru- gineis, abdomine dilutiore: alis caudaque sicut in mari albo notatis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°6, caudee 2°3. Hab. Brazil (Spix) ; British Guiana (Schomb.); Upper Amazon (Bates). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. : I have only lately acquired specimens of the male of this species from Mr. Bates’s collections on the Upper Amazon. The British Museum have received specimens from the same source, and xmongst them a young bird; clearly showing that Spix’s 7. rujicollis is merely the female. This bird may easily be distinguished from 7’. nevius and T'’. ambiguus by the black nape and upper back in the male bird, and the very different dress of the female. Spix’s name being only applicable to the female sex, I have deemed it necessary. to employ a new one. 22. THAMNOPHILUS CAPITALIS. Thamnophilus capitalis, Sclater, P. Z. S$. 1858, p. 65. 3. Cinereus, alis intus obscurioribus : pileo nigro; subtus dilu- tior, tectricibus subalaribus et marginibus remigum interioribus ochracescenti-albidis : cauda nigricante : rostro et pedibus plumbeo-nigris. 215 Q. Umbrino-brunnea ; pileo rufo; subtus dilutior, gula albican- tiore: rostro pedibusque plumbeis, illius mandibula inferiore pallidiore. Long. tota 5*7, alee 2°5, caudee 2:0, tarsi *75. Hab. Rio Napo (/ erreaus). Mus. P.L.S. 23. THAMNOPHILUS STRIGILATUS. Thamnophilus strigilatus, Spix, Av. Bras. il. pl. 36. fig. 1. Fuscescenti-olivacea, subtus dilutior, gutture rufescente : capitis et dorsi superioris scapis plumarum albidis : macula magna in- terscapulari celata castanea: alis extus et cauda rufis ; rostro altiore, productiore, fortiter uncinata: cauda longiore : tarsis brevioribus. Long. tota 6'0, alee 2°8, caudze 2°6, tarsi 08. fab. Rio Napo. Mus. P.L.S. I refer this bird (which is probably a female), not without doubt, to Spix’s Thamnophilus strigilatus. It has a deeper and stronger bill, weaker feet and rather longer tail, than is found in the neigh- bouring species, and is probably generically different. Div. y. Species pileo nigro, cristato. 24. THAMNOPHILUS ATRICAPILLUS. Pie-griéche huppée de Canada, Buff. Pl. Enl. 479. f. 2. Lanius canadensis, Linn. 8. N. i. 134 (2). Lanius atricapillus, Gm. 8. N. i. 303. Le Fourmillier huppé, Buff. H. N. iv. p. 476. Turdus cirrhatus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 826. Lanius pileatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 76. Tyrannus atricapillus, Vieill. Ois. de ? Am. Sept. pl. 48. p.78 (2 ). Tyr. canadensis, ib. p. 79. pl. 49 (2). Thamnophilus cirrhatus, Schomb. Reisen, iii. p. 687. Thamnophilus atricapillus, Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n. s. i. . 240. 3. Cinereus, subtus albescentior : dorso medio rufescenti-brun- neo: capite cristato et gutture cum pectore et ventre medio nigris: alis caudaque nigris albu marginatis. 2. Crista rufa: subtus ochraceo tincta, gutture nigro striato. Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°7, caudze 2°2. Hab. Trinidad; Cayenne ; British Guiana (Schomb.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 25. THAMNOPHILUS CRISTATUS. Thamnophilus cristatus, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1002; Burm. Syst. Veb. iii. p. 97. Lanius pecilurus, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. ; Puch. Archiv. Mus. Par. Wil. p. 331. pl. 17. f. 2. 216 Similis T. atricapillo, sed caude rectricibus maculis albis regu- lariter transfasciatis. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz). Mus. Paris. In my Draft Arrangement of this genus I erroneously united this species to the preceding. I have only seen the example in the Paris Museum. 26. THAMNOPHILUS LEUCAUCHEN. Thamnophilus leucauchen, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 18. pl. 79; Edinb. N, Phil. Journ. i. p. 241. 3. Pileo cristato cum lateribus capitis et gutture antico ad me- dium pectus nigris; nucha, cervice laterali et corpore subtus albis; dorso murino-brunneo ; alis caudaque nigris albo limbatis; rectricis une utringue exiime pogonio externo medio et omnium apicibus albo maculatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Q. Crista ferruginea; subtus ochracea, gutture nigro striato, lateribus capitis et nucha ochraceis nigro mixtis. Long. tota 6:4, alee 2°8, caudze 2°5. Hab. Eastern Peru, Upper Amazon (Hauawell). Mus. P-L. 8: Distinguished from T. atricapillus by the white sides of the neck, brighter-brown back and the termination of the black below at the breast, instead of being produced over the middle of the belly. 27. THAMNOPHILUS ALBINUCHALIS. Thamnophilus albinuchalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 18; Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 241. 3. Supra murino-brunneus ; nucha late alba; dorsi medii pennis albo mixtis ; capite summo cristato nigro; alis fuscis, tectrici- bus albo limbatis ; cauda nigra, rectricum omnium apicibus et une utringue extime margine externo albo maculatis; subtus albus ; gutture et pectore antico nigris ; capitis lateribus albo mixtis. 2. Supra brunnescentior, capite et cauda tota rufo-ferrugineis ; nucha et corpore infra ochraceis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caudze 2°5. Hab. Guayaquil (Kellett) ; Island of Puna (Barclay). Mus. Brit. Obs. Species a Thamnophilo atricapillo nucha alba et colore cor- poris inferi albo nec schistaceo, a Thamnophilo leuchauchene dorso albo mixto, crassitie majore, et nucha candidiore distmguenda. 28. THAMNOPHILUS MELANONOTUS. Thamnophilus melanonotus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 19. pl. 80; Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 242. 3. Supra niger ; interscapularibus albo mixtis ; dorso postico cinereo : alis ngris albo marginatis ; cauda nigra, rectricum omnium apicibus et extime utrinque lateralis etiam pogonio ex- 217 terno medio albo maculatis ; subtus gutture et pectore toto nigris, abdomine cinerascenti-albo medialiter nigricante. Long. tota 6°5, alte 3-0, caudee 2-5. Hab. 8. Martha, New Granada (Verreauz). Mus. P.L.S. I have not yet met with other examples of this apparently distinct species. 29. THAMNOPHILUS ASPERSIVENTRIS. Thamnophilus aspersiventer, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p.10; D’Orb. Voy. p. 171. pl. 4. fig. 1 (¢), fig. 2(2) (err. sub nom. Th. schistace?) ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 83; Gray’s Gen, i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n. s, i. p- 242. 3. Niger, dorso cinerascente ; interscapulio nigro, basi alba: tectricibus alarum albo marginatis : rectricum apicibus et une utrinque extime macula in pogonio externo albis: abdomine einereo, albo et nigro quasi asperso. 2. Abdomine toto rufo. Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°9, caudee 2°5. Hab. Bolivia (D’ Oré.). Mus. P.L.S. Div. 6. Species ptilosi marium albo nigroque fasciata, faminarum rufa. 30. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS. Lanius doliatus, Linn. 8. N. i. 136 (3). Lanius rubiginosus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 18 (2). Pie-griéche rayée de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 297. Thamnophilus doliatus, Max, Beitr. ili. p. 995; Gray, Gen. i. 297 ; Schomb. Guian. ili. 687; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. 235 ; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 65 et 141; Bp. Notes Orn. p. 86; Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 58; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 98. 3. Niger albo transfasciatus ; subtus albus nigro transfasciatus ; pileo cristato nigro, basi albo mixta: cauda nigra, rectricibus omnibus in utroque pogonio quinque aut sex maculis albis transvittatis. 2. Ferruginea, subtus pallidior: gutture nigro obsolete punc- tato. Long. tota 5:5, alee 3-0, caudee 2°3. Hab. Southern Mexico (Sal/é) ; Honduras ; Veragua (Bridges) ; S. Martha; Trinidad ; Cayenne; British Guiana; Northern Brazil ; Inner Peru, r. Ucayali (Hauawell) ; 8.E. Brazil (Maz). Mus. Brit., P. L.S., &e. Dr. Burmeister complains that I have unnecessarily split up the Th. doliatus into different species (Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 98). In my Draft Arrangement of this genus I certainly indicated seven sets of names that appeared to me to refer to different birds, though none i, - ie 218 of them were of my creation. I have now rejected two of these, of which I have not yet seen specimens, namely 7. albicans and T. brevirostris. And having again carefully compared specimens of the other five species as here given, I cannot regard them otherwise than as distinct ; and I believe Dr. Burmeister would agree with me if he were to examine them, which he acknowledges he has never had an opportunity of doing. 31. THAMNOPHILUS CAPISTRATUS. Thamnophilus radiatus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 24. pl. 35. fig. 2(¢), 38, fig. 1 (¢). Th. capistratus, Less. Rev. Z. 1840, p. 226; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 236. 3. Albo nigroque fasciatus : pileo cristato nigro : ventre medio albo: rectricibus lateralibus nigris, maculis solum in pogonio exteriore albis: rectricibus duabus mediis in utroque pogonio maculatis. ?. Capite, dorso, alis caudaque ferruginets : subtus pallide flavi- do-rufescens ; ventre et crisso albidis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°6, caudee 2°3. Hab. Brazil (Spix) ; Minas Geraes (Maz). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. This species is distinguished from 7’. doliatus by its crested black head and by the want of spots on the inner webs of the lateral rec- trices. Prince Max of Neuwied’s bird appears to belong to the former species. 32. THAMNOPHILUS RADIATUS. Batara listado, Azara, Pax. i. p. 196. Thamnophilus radiatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. ii. 315 ; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 168; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 237. 3. Pileo cristato nigro ; supra niger albo transfasciatus ; infra albus fasciis angustis magis distantibus, in ventre fere evanes- centibus, nigris ; gutture et crisso irregulariter albo punctatis; rectricibus omnibus et in utroque pogonio albo maculatis. 2. Supra ferruginea, pileo intensiore: infra pallide ochracea, gutture et ventre medio albis: lateribus capitis et nucha nigro dense striatis. Long. tota 6:3, alee 2°9, caudee 2°6. Hab. Paraguay (Azara); Bolivia, Yungas, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Chiquitos, and Moxos (D’Ord.). Mus. P. U8. The preceding characters are taken from a pair of birds im my collection, received from Bolivia. In comparing them with the true ‘‘ doliatus”’ we find the following differences :—Above, the crest is black, and wants the medial white vertical band of the ‘‘ doliatus,”’ and the hinder part of the neck is rather more mixed with white. Below, the plumage is much whiter, the sides of the head are stri- ated with black, and there are black points on the throat; the black = 2 hl 219 bands on the breast are much narrower and wider apart, and grow obsolete on the belly, the middle of which is almost white. The white spots on each web of the tail-feathers are situated as in dolia- tus, but are broader and squarer in form. In the female, the plu- mage above agrees with doliatus ? ; below, the striw are confined to the sides of the throat, this and the belly in the middle being pure white, with the breast and sides pale creamy buff. 33. THAMNOPHILUS TENUIPUNCTATUS. Thamnophilus tenuipunctatus, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p- 339; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 238. Supra nigerrimus, lineis angustis albis transversim vittatus, pileo nigro: subtus albo nigroque regulariter transfasciatus, vittis nigris paulo latioribus : cauda nigra; rectricibus in utroque pogonio lineis angustis transversis albis notatis: rostro bre- viore et minus alto quam in Th. doliato. Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°8, caudee 2°3, tarsi 0°95. Hab. New Granada; Bogota. Mus. Brit. . Two specimens of this bird are in the British Museum. They agree generally with Lafresnaye’s characters of Thamnophilus tenui- punctatus, and I am unwilling to give them a different name. But the wing-feathers are exteriorly as well as interiorly spotted in these specimens, and the inner as well as the outer webs of the tail-feathers are crossed by narrow transverse lines. These do not extend up to the shaft, but leave the web adjacent to the shaft black. As far as I can understand Lafresnaye’s description, he intends to say that the tail-feathers are only spotted on the outer web ; and if so, his species is perhaps different from the present. 34. THAMNOPHILUS MULTISTRIATUS. Thamnophilus multistriatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 82; Gray, Gen. i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n.s. i. p. 238. 3. Supra niger, omnino albo transfasciatus : subtus albo nigro- que alterne vittatus, gutture magis striato. 2. Supra castanea, subtus ut in mari fasciata: cauda dorso concolore. Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°8, caudee 2°5. Hab. Interior of New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., P.L.S. This is a common Bogota species, distinguishable from 7’, doliatus by the absence or little development of crest, and the head being banded across like the back. The female is chestnut above, and banded below like the male. 35. THAMNOPHILUS PALLIATUS. Lanius palliatus, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 46. Thamnophilus lineatus, Spix, Av. Bras. il. p. 42. pl. 33 (det 2) ; eons. FP. p. 171. 220 Thamnophilus fasciatus, Sw. Zool. Journ. i. p. 88. ‘Thamnophilus badius, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 65 (3), 61 (9). Thamnophilus palliatus, Max, Beitr. i. 1010; D’Orb. Voy. p. 174; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 99; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i, p. 239. Fania vestitus, Cuv. in Mus. Par. 3. Supra castaneus, pileo nigro: subtus niger albo crebro trans- fasciatus. Q. Mari similis, sed pileo castaneo. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°0, caude 2°6. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz) ; Eastern Peru (Tsch.); Bo- livia (D’Ord.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S8. 36. THAMNOPHILUS TORQUATUS. Batara acanelado, Azara, Pax. Par. no. 215? Thamnophilus ruficapillus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. p. 318 (2)? Thamnophilus torquatus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 89; Gray, Gen. i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 239. Lanius scalaris, Licht. in Mus. Berol. : Thamnophilus scalaris, Max. Beitr. ii. p. 999. Thamnophilus atropileus, Lafr. & D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 117; D’Orb. Voy. p. 173; Gray, Gen. i. p. 298. Thamnophilus pectoralis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 223; Gray, Gen. i. p- 298. 3. Cinereus, pileo nigro, alis rufis: subtus albidus, pectore nigro transfasciato : cauda albo nigroque transfasciata. Q. Pileo rufo, et coloribus dilutioribus. Long. tota 5:5, ale 2°4, caudee 2:2. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.); Bolivia (D’Ord.). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. Genus IV. PyGiprina. Rostrum validum, crassum, uncinatum, ad basin latius et apicem versus angustatum : tarsis brevissimis, digitum medium vix ex- cedentibus, undique scutellatis ; unguibus brevibus. I have united under this title two birds, one of which I have pre- viously arranged as a Thamnophilus, the other as a Myrmeciza. The strongly-hooked bill (of the first species especially) most re- sembles that of the Thamnophilines, with which also they agree in the nearly completely scutellated tarsi; whereas the lax, full fea- thering of the uropygium and shorter tail show some rapproche- ment towards Hypocnemis. 1. PyGIPpTILA MACULIPENNIS. Thamnophilus stellaris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 112 (nee Spiz). Thamnophilus maculipennis, Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 248. Sy eee aL fad ee ; 221 3. Cinereus: pileo et dorso summo nigris : interscapulii basi late alba: tectricum alarium apicihus minute albo punctatis. Q. Fusco-cinerea, subtus rufescens : gula et capitis lateribus di- lutioribus : alis rujis. Long. tota 53, ale 3-0, caudze 1°6, tarsi 0°8. Hab. Upper Amazon; Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 2. PYGIPTILA MARGARITATA. Myrmeciza margaritata, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 253. pl. 70. d. Cinereus, subtus dilutior, ventre medio crissoque albescentibus : alis caudaque nigris; rectricum apicibus albis : remigibus secun- dariis et alarum atque caude tectricibus superioribus omnibus maculis magnis, rotundis, albis terminatis. 2. Fusco-brunnea, subtus pallide cervino-rufa: maculis alarum et caude clare cervinis neque albis. Long. tota 5°3, alee 2°8, caudze 1°8, tarsi 0°75, Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauawell). Mus. Brit., P.L.S. Genus V. DysIrTHAMNUS, Dysithamnus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 223 (1847). Dasythamnus, Burm. Syst. Ueb., iii. p. 80 (1856). Rostrum breve, rectum, compressum, minus altum quam in THAM- NOPHILO: ale breves, remigibus quarta quinta et sexta longis- simis : pedes debiliores, tarsi breviores : statura minor : cauda brevis, magis equalis, paulum rotundata. 1. DystrTHAMNUS GUTTULATUS. Lanius guttulatus, Licht. Doubl. p. 40. Myjiothera strictothorax, Temm. Pl. Col. 179. fig. 1, 2. Thamnophilus strictothoraxz, Max. Beitr. iii. 1013. : Dysithamnus guttulatus, Cab, Orn. Not. p. 223; Bp. Consp. } p- 199; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 81. Thamnophilus striatothorax, D’Orb. Voy. p. 176. 8. Olivaceus, pileo cinereo, lateribus capitis albo variis: tectri- cibus alarum nigris albo limbatis : subtus pallide flavus, pee- tore nigro guttulato. os Q. Mari similis, sed pileo rufo et subtus vix guttulata. Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°4, caude 1°9. _ Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.); Bolivia, Cochabamba (D’ Ord.). | Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 2. DysiITHAMNUS MENTALIS. Myiothera mentalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 179. fig. 3. Myiothera poliocephala, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1098. Thamnophilus mentalis, D’Orb, Voy. p. 177 ; Tsch. F. P. p. 173. 222 Dysithamnus mentalis, Cab. Orn. Not. i, p. 223; Bp. Consp. p. 199; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 82. 3. Olivaceus: pileo cinereo; regione auriculart nigricante : alarum tectricibus albo limbatis: subtus subflavus, gutture albicante. 2. Pileo rufescente. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°4, bara: L-8; Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz); Bolivia (D’Orb.); Eastern Peru (Tsch.). Mus. P. L.S. 3. DysIrHAMNUS SEMICINEREUS,. Dysithamnus semicinereus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 90. pl. 97 et p- 147. 3. Cinereus, pileo saturatiore ; subtus medialiter albicantior : dorso postico et ventre imo olivascentibus ; alarum tectricibus albo tenuissime limbatis. 2. Olivacea, pileo rufo : subtus dilutior, gutture albicante, ventre medio flavicante. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2:4, caudee 1°6. ITab. New Granada. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 4. DysITHAMNUS XANTHOPTERUS. Dysithamnus xanthopterus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 81 ; Sclater, P21 807, pc aoe: ~ go. Cinereus, interscapulio et alis extus castaneis: subtus albus, cervice lateraliter cinerascente, ventre ochracescente. 2. Pileo rufo: subtus fusco-flavicans, medialiter dilutior. Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°4, caudze 2:0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Burm.). Mus. Brit., P.L.S. 5. DysiITHAMNUS PLUMBEUS. Thamnophilus stellaris, Spix, Av. Bras. ui. pl. 36. f. 2? Myiothera plumbea, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1080. Dysithamnus stellaris, Cah. Orn. Not. p. 224; Bp. wee p- 199; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 83. ~$. Plumbeus: alis caudaque nigricanti-brunneis: tectricibus alarum nigris albo terminatis. Long. tota 5°25, ale 2°75, caudze 2:0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.). Mus. P.L.S. I have not employed Spix’s name, because I am not confident that his figure is intended for this bird. 6. DystrHAMNUS SCHISTACEUS. Thamnophilus fuliginosus, Lafr. et D’Orb. ayn. Ay. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 10; D’Orb. Voy. p. 170. pl. 5. f. 1 > 4s 8) We if , 223 Th. schistaceus, D’Orb. Voy. p. 170. Dysithamnus schistaceus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 66. 3. Plumbeus, subtus viv pallidior: rectricum marginibus api- calibus anguste albis. Q. Fusco-olivacea, gutture albido: abdomine et alis subtus flavicanti-ochraceis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 2-9, caudee 1°9. Hab. Bolivia, Cochabamba (D’ Ord.) ; Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. _ This species seems to be best placed in the genus Dysithamnus. _ It has nearly the same form as the preceding. — -~ sa 7. DystrHamMNnus Levcostictus.(Pl. CXL.). Dysithamnus leucostictus, Sclater, P.Z. 8. 1858, p. 66. 3. Supra umbrino-brunneus, pileo rufescentiore, pennis omnibus interne cinereis: subtus cinereus, capitis lateribus cum gula et pectore guttis elongatis albis, pennas medias occupantibus, ma- culatis: ventris lateribus et crisso olivaceo tinctis: cauda ob- scure nigra, extus brunneo marginata : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5:2, ale 2°75, caude 2°0, tarsi 1°85. Hab. Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. P.L.S. : ' 5 | | Genus VI. T'HAMNOMANES. Thamnomanes, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 230. Rostrum dilatatum, abbreviatum, apice uncinata, setis rictalibus numerosis: uropygii plumis laxis, densissimis : ptilosis marium plumbea, feeminarum rufa. 1. THAMNOMANES C.&SIUS. Lanius cesius, Licht. Doubl. p. 46. Muscicapa cesia, Max. Beitr. iti. p. 826; Temm. Pl. Col.17.f. 1, 2. Tyrannus cesius, D’Orb. Voy. p. 309. Thamnomanes cesius, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 230; Bp. Consp. p-201. 3. Plumbeus, alarum et caude marginibus brunnescentibus : interscapulii plumis subtus albescentibus. 2. Olivaceo-brunnea, tectricibus alarum inferioribus et corpore subtus ferrugineis. Long. tota 5:8, alee 2°8, caude 1°5. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.) ; Bolivia (D’Ord.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. ‘ 2. THAMNOMANES GLAUCUS. _ Thamnomanes glaucus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 230; Bp. Consp. p- 201; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 66. Pracedenti similis, sed rostro altiore compressiore et interscapu- larium plumis pure albis (Cab.). Hab. Cayenne ; Rio Napo? Mus. Berol. 224 My specimens from the Rio Napo must be compared with birds from Cayenne, before they can be referred without doubt to this species. 3. Description or Two New SPECIES OF ENTOZOA.- By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S., etc. (Annulosa, Pl. LIT.) In 1821 Nitzsch established a new genus of Nematoid Worms in Ersch and Gruber’s Encyclopedia. This genus he named Hedruris, from the two Greek words édpa, seat, and ovpa, tail,—a name by which he intended to indicate the peculiar manner in which the female is attached to the stomach of the animal in which it was found. As vet there has been only one species described, Hedruris androphora, which was first discovered in the stomach of the fresh- water Newts, Triton cristatus and Lissotriton punctatus. The fe- male is distinguished by having the caudal extremity swollen and terminated by a suctorial apparatus, by means of which, and with the assistance of a horny claw like the claw of a cat, it adheres firmly to the coat of the stomach of its host. The tail of the male terminates in a sharp curved point, provided with five or six papillee disposed in a longitudinal series along the under surface. It is always found spirally twisted round the body of the female, and it is no doubt by means of these suctorial papillee that it keeps it- self attached to the female. Dujardin, in his ‘ Hist. Nat. des Hel- minthes,’ hesitates where to place this genus, and arranges it in an Appendix along with several others, the true position of which he had not satisfactorily ascertained. Diesing, in his ‘Systema [Helmin- thum,’ places it in the same section as, and immediately following, the genus Ascaris, and considers, along with Nitzsch, that the species androphora is identical with the Ascaris leptocephala of Rudolphi. In the Collection of Entozoa in the British Museum are several spe- cimens of a small Nematoid Worm, sent under the name of Ascaris leptocephala to the National Collection by M. Siebold. If these are correctly named by this last-mentioned naturalist, the species Ase. leptocephalais a true Ascaris, and quite distinct from the species from which Nitzsch formed the genus Hedruris, a very good figure of which may be seen in the ‘ Allgemeine Encyclopiadie’ of Ersch and Gruber, vol. vi. p. 48. A short time ago I received, through the kind attention of Sir W. Jardine, a specimen of an Entézoon which he took from the abdo- minal cavity of an Amphibian which has rarely found its way to this country, the Siredon mexicanus. Upon examination I ascertained it to be a female of a new species of this rare genus Hedruris. In size it is about four times longer than the androphora; it has a larger head, and the body more distinctly striated across. This species I have named Hedruris siredonis ;-but as only the female has been as yet discovered, I am unable to give a very detailed de- scription of it. oe De Bl ae A a ee) a ” o . u \ ionga todera el ‘ Lep ry 2) drophor a. an lof H idll 0 cm s “iis siredon: hot hk dr > Lz ’ j e £ - 2 : . ? . ¥ we ~ + f, ia . ; y ri ws " F ; - ' 4 ag fs " , ca Md y f f a i J 225 Hepruris streponts (Pl. LIT. fig. 1-4). Female. Body 13 millimetres long, } millimetre broad, strongly striated across, narrower at the anterior than the posterior extre- mity, this latter terminating in an obtuse point furnished with what Diesing calls a suctorial papilla, by which it adhered to the coat of the stomach of the Siredon. Male f Hab. Stomach of the Siredon Mewicanus from Mexico. British Museum Collection. Along with this interesting species, and in the abdominal cavity of the same animal, were three specimens of another Nematoid Worm of a very different form. I consider it to belong to the family Strongylide, and to a genus which Dujardin established under the name of Leptodera, so called from the long narrow neck (Aezros, narrow, dépn, neck) which distinguishes the species upon which the a was founded. Only one species of this genus has as yet been escribed,—the Leptodera flewilis of Dujardin, which was found parasitic in the vas deferens of one of the Common Slugs (imax cinereus). This species is only from 24 millimetres (male) to 4 mill. (female) in length, whilst the new species from the Siredon mea- sures from 25 to 16 mill. Lerropera EvLonGata (PI. LII. fig. 6-9). Female. 25 millimetres long. Body filiform, neck long and slender ; tail terminating in a long sharp point. Vulva situated about the middle of the length of the body. Male. 16 millimetres long. Body filiform, neck long and slen- der, tail sharp-pointed. Spicula double, proceeding from a swelling near the commencement of the tail, and accompanied by two short membranous expansions like wings. Hab. Abdominal cavity of Siredon Mexicanus. B.M. Collection. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII. Fig. 1. Hedruris Siredonis, natural size. Fig. 2. Hedruris Siredonis, enlarged. Fig. 3. Head of Hedruris Siredonis, enlarged. Fig. 4. Tail of Hedruris Siredonis, enlarged. Fig. 5. Tail of H. androphora, to show the claw. Fig. 6. Leptodera elongata, natural size. Fig. 7. Leptodera elongata, enlarged. Fig. 8. Head and neck of Leptodera elongata. Fig. 9. Tail of Leptodera elongata, enlarged. 4, Description oF New Pinna. By Sytvanus Haney. 1. Pinna Carouinensis. P. testa angusto-cuneiformi, soli- diuscula, olivacea, subinflata, carine centralis experte, nist marginem ventralem juxta undique costata : costis paucis (cir- citer 7-10), validis, remotis, rotundatis, et squamis brevibus No. CCCLXI.—Proceepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 226 magis minusve tubulosis nstructis : costarum interstitis latis, concavis : area ventrali angusta, sublevigata, plicis transversis aut nullis aut obsoletis: margine dorsali subrecto : margine ventrali sinuoso, ad extremitatem paululum pendulo : margine postico obtuse subtruncato, inferne (scilicet marginem ventralem versus) magis prominente. Long. 34, lat. 8 poll. Hab. Carolina, Amer. Sept. Mus. Hanley, Cuming. The projection of the ventral extremity of the posterior margin gives an oblique aspect to this coarse-looking shell, which has erro- neously been taken for P. seminuda by the American conchologists : it is, however, much narrower, and more sparingly ribbed. I may here remark, that the Pzmna usually forwarded to us by our North American friends as P. muricata, is the P. squamosissima of Phi- lippl. 2. Pinna uystrix. P. testa tenui, late cuneiformi, carine centralis experte, subinflata, postice subquadrata, cornea, livido- purpurascente partim fucata, costulis multis instructa ; costulis squamis semitubulosis longis erectis confertim horridis (alternis, autem, nonnumquam muticis) ; interstitiis latis, planoconeavis, et lamellis incrementi conspicuis arcte ornatis : area ventrali lata, scabra : margine postico subtruncato: margine ventral postice margini dorsali subrecto fere parallelo et equalt, an- trorsum abrupte concavo. Long. 6, lat. 4 poll. Hab. Amboyna. Mus. Cuming, Hanley. A very beautiful shell, and remarkable, when young, for the ex- quisite shagreening of the very broad ventral triangle. 3. Pinna Kraussir. PP. testa tenui, lanceolata, cornea, fusco- purpurascente picta, carina centrali obsoleta, et costulis, que squamis fornicatis erectis longis sunt armate, instructa: in- terstitiis vix latis, plano-subconcavis : area ventrali angusta sublevigata, minime scabra ; margine dorsali incurvato et mar- gine ventrali subrecto subequalibus : margine postico brevi, subtruncato. Long. 4, lat. 2 poll. Hab. Natal (teste Sowerby). Mus. Harley, Hamilton. From the locality, I should have suspected this might have been the lost dfra of Sowerby: but that celebrated conchologist gave me * the species as unknown to him. Moreover the ribs are not subob- solete, the scales loose, scattered and broadish, or the hinder margin roundish, as required by the description. The paintng of my own young specimen is composed of brownish liver-coloured irregular linear markings, the armed ribs are nine or ten, but incipient cos- telle are manifest in their intervals, which are consequently less broad than in the preceding species. 227 4. Ptnna mtnax. P. testa rotundato-trigona, lata, crassius- cula, prorsus atro-purpurascente, subventricosa, costis depressis rotundatis squamiferis arcte instructa ; squamis fornicatis (etiam marginem ventralem juxta) magnis patulis reflexis con- Sertis et transversim subjunctis undique armata: carina cen- trali nulla: margine dorsali subrecto, aliquantulum breviore : margine ventrali postice subarcuato, antice abrupte concavo : margine postico latissimo, rotundato, inferne eminentiore. Long. 54, lat. 7 poll. Hab. Noy. Guinea? Mexico? Mus. Hanley. The precise locality is very uncertain, the specimen (the only one I have seen) having been purchased without trustworthy authority . upon that point. “The scales, of which there are about eighteen . rows on the ribs (which latter beeome nearly obsolete posteriorly), cover the entire surface, and become smaller and still more crowded near the lower margin, which they face, leaving manifest traces of their presence where abraded. The general shape and aspect is that of P. nigra. obtuse carinata, cornea, griseo-nigrescente subradiatim nebu- losa ; antrorsum costellata, striolisque lamellaribus transversis arcte decussata ; costellis depressis, haud remotis : area ven- trali angusta, inconspicua, sublevigata, rugis incrementi sub- pliciformibus obsoletis: margine dorsali et ventrali subrectis, .. subequalibus : margine postico brevi, subtruncato. 4 Long. 104, lat. 44 poll. ’ Hab, Insulee Philippine. Mus, Cuming, Hanley. 4 The dorsal margin is barely the longer, and, except at the extre- mity, scarcely concave. 5. Pinna rumata. P. testa lanceolata, subventricosa, in medio 6. Pinna REGIA. P. testa trigona, haud angusta, satis con- vexa, carina centrali obtusa infirmata, corneo et purpureo-lives- cente transversim undulata, radiatim costata ; costis paucis (cir- citer 8), depressis, rotundatis, remotis, et squamis patulis lavis subremotis armatis : area ventrali angusta : margine dorsali et ventrali subrectis, subequalibus: extremitate postica convexo- subtruncata. Long. 34 34, lat. 74 poll. Hab. Amboyna. Mus. Cuming. The ribs extend to nearly the ventral margin, adjacent to which are only indistinct folds of increase. 7. Pinna rostettum. P. testa lanceolata, cornea, brunneo- purpurascente nebulosa, carina centrali subobtusa infirmata, an- tice solum costata (costis circiter 8) et lineis inconspicuis trans- versim rugosa ; postice squamis paucis lavris patulis in super- 228 ficiem levigatam subradiata : area ventrali aut angusta aut nulla, transversim subplicata ; margine dorsali elongato, sub- incurvato, longiore: margine ventrali subrecto, subequali : margine postico superne breviter retuso, deinde subrecto. Var.? Testa cuneiformi, purpureo-fuscescente late radiata, non- numquam rufa radius saturatioribus picta; squamis nullis ; plicis magis conspicuis: margine postico convexiore. Long. 23, lat. 63 poll. Var. long. 6, lat. 93 poll. Hab. Insule Indice. Mus. Hanley, Cuming (var.). 8. Pinna ruGtypTa. P. testa parva, pertenui, compressa, carina centrali obtusa infirmata, antice fulva, postice saturate olivacea, mutica, costellis radiantibus permultis (minimum 20) depressis convexis, et rugis transversis lamellaribus undique subcancellatim sculpta: area ventrali nulla : margine dorsali incurvato, maxime longiore: extremitate postica oblique sub- truncata. Long. (¢. junioris) 23, lat 44 poll. Hab. Insule Oceani Indici. Mus. Hanley, Cuming. 9. Prnna D’OrsiGny1. P. testa cuneiformi, sublanceolata, ventricosa, cornea, livido-purpurascente subradiata, carine centralis experte, radiatim squamifera, haud autem costata ; squamis magnis, fornicatis, erectis ; superficie aliter levigata : area ventrali inconspicua, haud plicata: margine dorsali sub- concavo: margine ventrali subequali, sinuato: extremitate postica convexo-subtruncata, haud obliqua. Long. 21, lat. 42 poll. Hab. 4 Mus. Cuming. j Of this I have only seen a single example, and that possibly a | young one ; it is not, however, remarkably fragile. Besides the ir- regular squamation near its ventral edge, the area adjacent to which is evidently squamous where not rubbed, there are about ten distinct rows of coarse radiating scales, but only faint indications of distant ribs near the beaks. 10. Pinna Menxer. P. testa cuneiformi, sepe subelongata, satis subventricosa, carina centrali obtusa infirmata, cernea, livido-fuscescente zonata vel umbrosa, undique costata ; costis multis (circiter 14-17), subdepressis, rotundatis, superne con- fertis, inferne subremotis, plerumque (exemplis attritis) levi- gatis, postice autem, in exemplis illesis, squamis fornicatis latis erectis fragilibus subremote instructis : area ventrali aut an- gusta aut nulla: margine dorsali longiore, subrecto aut con- cavo: margine ventrali antice incurvato, postice convexo : extremitate postica obliqua arcuata. Long. 54, lat. 103 poll. Hab. Portus Jacksonianus. Mus. Hanley, Cuming. 7D Wit Proc. Z..S. Radiata. X eso. W West ump ss XENOSPONGIA: PATELLIFORMIS. Gray 4 Adult. 5 Underside shewing the lip and its frmge,natural size 0 &/ Suriace a i fringe magnihied oi. et, a Se ry irl. a. a Tee ee et ete ee 229 Even in worn individuals the traces of the deciduous scales are always present. There are faint transverse lamellar wrinkles: the broader extremity is not pendulous. 5. Description or A New Genus or Sponce (XenosronGia) rroM Torres Strait. By Dr. Jonn Epvwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. etc. (Radiata, Pl. XII.) The Sponge here described was received from Torres Strait with some very interesting Madrepores and Polyzoa. It is peculiar as being free like the Munyee among the Ma- drepores, but more concave beneath, for having the upper oscules placed in the diverging forked groove of the upper surface, and for having the whole of the under surface covered with a thick coat formed of agglutinated particles of siliceous sea-sand, this coat being much thicker than the sponge itself; and it is probably used to keep it in its place and position at the bottom of the sea. Genus XENOSPONGIA. Sponge free, discoidal, subcircular, concave below, convex above (rarely lobed on the side) ; the lower surface with a thick cvat of agglutinated siliceous sand of nearly equal-sized particles ; the upper surface covered with a white leathery coat formed of felted spicula, studded with round tufts of glassy spicula, the tufts of nearly equal size, formed of numerous very fine transparent filiform spicula, form- ing a roundish brush, each tuft surrounded at the base by a slightly raised edge of the leathery upper coat; the circumference of the disk is surrounded by a uniforin series of similar tufts. The centre of the upper surface is marked with a subcentral impressed groove with raised edges enclosing a series of circular oscules ; this groove sends out branches diverging towards the edge, which are forked and reforked (or rarely trifid) as the disk enlarges, until they ap- proach the edge of the circumference, which is surrounded by two continuous circular grooves, concentric with the margin, containing between them a single circular submarginal series of tufts of spicula. When the sponge is young, the forked diverging grooves ure few, definite, and evenly spread over the surface of the disk, with several series of tufts between them; but as the sponge increases in age, the grooves become much more numerous, closer together, nearly pa- rallel with each other, and enclosing only a single series of tufts of spicula between the parallel grooves. The substance of the sponge between the grooves is minutely netted, the interspaces of the network being formed of bundles of very minute spicula, and with a single series of small uniform-sized, equal, roundish oscules. The upper surface of the adult sponge is sometimes taken posses- re 230 sion of by a species of Barnacle (Balanus), which forms a promi- nence on its surface, and is covered externally with a coat of the sponge. XENOSPONGIA PATELLIFORMIS (Pl. XII.). Hab. Torres Strait. The particles of sand forming the lower coat of the sponge are as if they were imbedded in a kind of plaster, having a smooth uniform surface, exactly as if the sand had been well mixed with a small quantity of fluid mortar and then cast upon a smooth body. The whole under surface is not perfectly smooth, but with more or less distinct impressed lines or concavities placed parallel with the circumference, showing the periodical increase in the size of the sponge. There is scattered over the under surface of the larger specimen a few larger dark-coloured stones and a few fragments of shells, which give a variegated appearance to the coat. The larger specimen, after it had reached a certain size, made an irregular growth on one of the sides, forming two rounded lobes which overlap each other, while the whole front retains the concave conical shape. The lobe, which is expanded on the under surface of the other,” is fringed with a continuous series of very close tufts of silky spicula. I have no doubt, as the bases of these tufts are to be seen on the rest of the margin, that similar tufts occupy the whole edge of the sponge in its perfect state, and have been rubbed off; they have been ~ retained in this place, because it is better protected from external injury than the other part of the sponge. In the larger specimens the grooves are much more irregular, as well as more abundant and more crowded than in the smaller one ; and in some few instances they appear to arise in the surface inde- pendent of any connexion with the other grooves, which is not the case in the smaller example. In the same specimen there are a few groups or rather lines of oscules, situated on the surface of the sponge itself, and not placed in the grooves, where all the other oscules are placed. } In the diverging grooves the texture of the sponge seems to be | across the grooves, that is, parallel to the outer circumference of the ; sponge, leaving minute square pits in the network. ; In the marginal grooves, on the contrary, the chief fibres of the texture appear to be also across the groove, but that is radiating from the centre towards the margin; this appearance may probably be ? partly, if not entirely, arising from the manner in which the sponge , has contracted when it dried, and may not be apparent in the fresh ¥ state ; but having only a single specimen of the adult and young form of the sponge, I am disinclined to soak it in water and examine it in a moist state, fearing that it may spoil the specimen, which is now very brittle and inclined to crack from the edge to the centre of the frond. 4 q ? ‘ 4 231 6. Nore on A TatkinG CANARY, ADDRESSED TO Dr. Gray, V.P.Z.S. By 8S. Le1cu Soruesy. The Woodlands, Norwood, Surrey, March 26, 1858. Dear Sir, Touching that marvellous little specimen of the feathered tribe, a Talking Canary, of which I had the pleasure a few days since of telling you, I now send you all the information I can obtain respect- ing it from the lady by whom it was brought up and educated at this our homestead. Its parents had previously and successfully reared many young ones; but three years ago they hatched only ove out of four eggs, the which they immediately neglected, by commencing the rebuild- ing of a nest upon the top of it. Upon this discovery, the unfledged and forsaken bird, all but dead, was taken away and placed in flannel by the fire, when after much attention it was restored and then brought up by hand. Thus treated, and away from all other birds, it became familiarized with those only who fed it; conse- quently, its first singing notes were of a character totally different to those usual with the Canary. Constantly being talked to, the bird, when about three months old, astonished its mistress by repeating the endearing terms used in talking to it, such as “ Kissie, Kissie,” with its significant sounds. This went on, and from time to time the little bird repeated other words ; and now, for hours together, except during the moulting season, astonishes us by ringing the changes, according to its own fancy, and as plain as any human voice can articulate them, on the several words—* Dear sweet Titchie”’ (its name), “ Kiss Minnie,” “ Kiss me then dear Minnie,’ ‘‘ Sweet pretty little Titchie,” “ Kissie, kissie, kissie,” ‘‘ Dear Titchie,” “Titchie wee, gee, gee, gee, Titchie, Titchie.” Now as I have shown that the great Melanchthon signed his name in no less than sixty different ways in uniting the words Philippus Melanchthon (see the plate of facsimiles in my work, a copy of which is in the British Museum), you will not be surprised at the extra- ordinary manner in which the dear little bird varies the several words he has learned. * The usual singing notes of the bird are more of the character of the Nightingale, mingled occasionally with the sound of the dog- whistle used about the house. It whistles also, very clearly, the first bar of ‘‘ God save the Queen.’ It is hardly necessary to add that the bird is, of course, by nature remarkably tame ; so much so, that, during its season, it will perch down from its cage on my finger, shouting and talking in the most excited state. Our friend Mr. Waterhouse Hawkins, who has heard the bird, tells me that about twenty years ago a Canary that spoke a few words was exhibited in Regent Street, the only other instance, I be- lieve, publicly known. I have now only to apologize for having trespassed upon your 232 patience to read all this long story about the accomplishments of a Little Bird; though at the same time I feel, that in acquainting you, as Vice-President of the Zoological Society, with the facts stated, I am not only giving you the means of placing upon record the same, but affording you the opportunity of witnessing the ¢ruth thereof, as being, in the event of any accident happening to the bird, a more satisfactory evidence than the mere assertion of, Dear Sir, Yours most faithfully, Dr. John Gray. S. LereH SoTHEBY. April 27, 1858. Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Synopsis or THE American Ant-Birps (FoRMICARIID#). By Puiuie Lutury Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., erc. Parr II. CONTAINING THE FoRMICIVORINZ OR ANT-WRENS. (Aves, Pl. CXLI., CXLII.) Subfam. II. FormMicivoriIn&. Habitus gracilior, statura minor : rostrum tenuius, magis subu- latum, viv uncinatum : tarsis gracilibus ; acrotarsus interdum, paratarsiis plerumque integris. I have met with very great difficulty in separating this group into genera presenting good distinguishing characters. Dr. Cabanis has depended mainly upon the division of the tarsal scutes ; but I have found instances of great variation"in this respect in apparently very closely allied species, although, I confess, this character ought to be attended to, and has been much too generally overlooked. Then again as to the number of rectrices, it is not only in the long-tailed Ellipure (as termed by Cabanis) that they are reduced to ten, but also in some of the short-tailed species (as in Myrmotherula hauxwellt and M. pygmea) ; and I have been compelled to abandon that sign as a ground for generic difference. On the other hand, Dr. Cabanis seems to me to have attached too little weight to comparative length of the tail, as in placing Formicivora grisea and Myrmotherula pygmea in the same genus; and I have thought it more natural to arrange the long-tailed and short-tailed Formicivore in different sections. ; ; ee a a, oe 1. Wol a . ie a ee ee } + 233 Genus I. HerpstLocumus. Herpsilochmus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 228. Habitus thamnophilinus sed statura minor: rostrum crassiusculum basi latiore quam in genere Formicivora : tarsi breves ; acro- larsiis et paratarsiis divisis. This small section (as Dr. Cabanis has observed) seems to form the transition between Thamnophilus and Formicivora. It is a smaller and weaker form than any of the last subfamily, and more resembles Formicivora, except in its stronger and more broadly-based beak. 1. HerpstLocuMvs PILEATUS. Myiothera pileata, Licht. Doubl. p. 44; Max. Beitr. iii. 1078. Formicivora pileata, Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 485 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 78. Thamnophilus pileatus, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 175. Herpsilochmus pileatus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 224; Bp. Consp. p- 199. Pallide plumbeus : pileo, alis caudaque nigris, his albo marginatis : superciliis, gutiure, et ventre medio albis. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Burm.) ; Bolivia, Chiquitos (D’ Orb.). Mus. Paris., Berolin. + 2. HerrsiLocumus PECTORALIS. Herpsilochmus pectoralis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 132. | Cinereus : pileo, alis caudaque nigris, his albo marginatis et rectri- cum lateralium dimidio apicali albo: superciliis et loris albis : subtus dilutior, ventre medio albo : plaga magna pectorali nigra. Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°1, caudee 1°7. Hab. 8. America; Brazil. Mus. Brit., Acad. Phil., et P. L. S. 3. HeERPSILOCHMUS RUFIMARGINATUS. Myiothera rufimarginata, Temm. Pl. Col. 132. fig. 1. Myjiothera variegata, Licht. in Mus. Berol. Formicivora rufimarginata, Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 487; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 79. Myiothera scapularis, Max. Beitr. ili. 1088, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 224; Bp. Consp. p. 199. ¢. Olivaceus : pileo nigro: superciliis albis: alis et cauda nigris albo terminatis ; remigum marginibus externis late rufis: subtus pallide viridi-flavus, gula albescente. 2. Pileo rufo. Long. tota 4-0), alee 2°0, caudze 1°7. Hab. 8.E. Brazil. Mus. Brit., Acad. Phil., P. L. S. 234 Genus II. MyrMoTHERvuLa. Cauda brevis ; sepe brevissima: rectricibus plerumque duodecim, interdum decem: rostrum tenue, subulatum, non magis altum quam latum: acrotarsiis et paratarsiis divisis. In M. pygmea and the next following species of this genus the tail is very diminutive, and the tail-feathers are much narrowed. In the latter part of the series it is longer and more broadly feathered, but never so elongated as in true Formicivora. The general facies of these two genera is otherwise nearly the same. 1. MyRMOTHERULA PYGMZA. Gobemouche a poitrine orangée de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 831. fig. 2. ° Muscicapa pygmea, Gm. 8. N.i. p. 933. Myrmothera minuta, D’Orb. Voy. p. 184 ? Formicivora pygmea, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 227; Bp. Consp. p. 200; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 147. 3. Nigra: superciliis, striis in dorso medio, et tectricum apicibus albis: subtus sulphurea, gula alba: caude@ rectricibus decem. Q. Capite rufo striato: gula fulvida. Long. tota 3:2, ale 1°8, caude 0°8. Hab. Cayenne; New Granada; Bogota; Rio Napo; Bolivia (D’Orb.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 2. MyRMOTHERULA SURINAMENSIS. (Pl. CXLI. fig. 1 ¢.) Sitta surinamensis, Gm. i. 442 (2). Surinam Nuthatch, Lath. G. H. iv. p. 72. pl. 62. Formicivora quadrivittata, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 227; Bp. Consp. p- 209. 3. Nigra, albo striata: alis caudaque nigris albo limbatis et ter- minatis : subtus alba, pectore nigro striato. 2 .-Capite rufo, nigro striato: subtus rufo tincta et siriis nullis. Long. tota 3°5, ale 1°8, caudze 1:0. Hab. Cayenne; Brit. Guiana; Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 3. MyRMOTHERULA MULTOSTRIATA, sp. nov. (Pl. CXLI. fig 25,32.) 3. Nigra, albo striata: alis caudaque nigris albo limbatis et ter- minatis : subtus alba, lineis angustis nigris omnino striata. Q. Capite ferrugineo, nigro striato: subtus pallide rufescenti- albida, striis minus crebris nigris. Long. tota 3°5, ale 1°9, caudze 0-9. Hab. Upper Amazon, r. Ucayali (Hauawell). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 235 4. MyRMOTHERULA GUTTATA. Myrmothera guttata, Vieill. Gal. Ois. p. 251. pl. 155. Rhopoterpe guttata, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 228; Bp. Consp. p. 200. Myiothera peciloptera, Cuv. in Mus. Par. ( 9° ). - &. Cinerea: interscapularium basi alba: dorso postico et ventre imo rufis : alis caudaque nigris : remigibus extus rufescente mar- ginatis : tectricum alarium omnium, secundariarum dorso proxi- marum, rectricum et caud@ tectricum apicibus pallido rufo late terminatis. 2. Olivaceo-brunnea, alis caudaque, prout in mari, gultalis ; ventre imo crissoque rufis. Long. tota 3°2, alee 2-0, caude 07. Hab, Cayenne. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 5. MyrRMOTHERULA GULARIS. Thamnophilus gularis, Spix. Av. Bras. ii. p. 30. pl. 41. fig. 2. Myiothera cinerea, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1093. Myrmothera gularis, Menetr. Mon. p. 476. pl. 2. fig. 2. Rhopoterpe (!) gularis, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 228; Bp. Consp. p- 200. Supra brunnea, castaneo tincta: subtus cinerea, gutture nigro albo punctato.; alarum tectricibus nigris ochraceo terminatis. Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°1, caudze 1°1, tarsi 0°8. Hab. §.E. Brazil (Maz.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 6. MyrMOTHERULA H&ZMATONOTA. - Formicivora hematonota, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 48. Supra brunnea, dorso medio rubro, uropygium versus dilutiore : alarum tectricibus nigris ochraceo terminatis ; secundariarum ex- ternarum apicibus eodem colore obsolete terminalis: subtus cine- rea, gula triangulariter albo maculata : ventris laleribus et crisso pallide brunneis : cauda unicolore brunnea. Long. tota 4-0, alee 2°0, caudze 1°2. Hab. Chamicurros, Eastern Peru (Haurwell). Mus. Brit. Very like M. gularis, but with the back more of a blood-red, and paler below. Perhaps an immature stage of the following species. 7. MyRMOTHERULA ORNATA. Formicivora ornata, Sclater, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 480 ; P. Z. S. 1855, p. 147; List Bog. B. p. 19. d. Cinerea: dorso late castaneo; subtus paulo dilutior : gula et cervice antica nigerrimis : alarum teclricibus nigris albo termi- natis : cauda nigra albo anguste terminata, ’ td 236 Q. Fusca: dorso castaneo: cauda rufa: subtus pallide brunnea, pectore antico cervino : alis fusco-nigris ochraceo terminatis. Long. tota 3°75, ale 2°0, caudze 1°5. Hab. New Granada, Bogota; Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S.; Gul. Jardine, Bart., Dom. Eyton. 8. MyrRMOTHERULA HAUXWELLI. Formicivora hauawelli, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 131. pl. 126. fig.2 (¢). 3. Plumbea, subtus paulo dilutior, mento albescentiore : alis nigris, tectricibus omnibus albo terminatis, duas lineas albas formantibus ; secundariis dorso proximis extus, caude quoque tectricibus et rec- tricibus ipsis omnibus macula terminali alba preditis : uropygit plumis lazis, elongatis: cauda brevissima, rectricibus solum decem. ©. Fusco-olivacea, subtus rufa: alarum tectricibus et secundariis caudaque nigris rufo late terminatis. Long. tota 3°7, alee 2°1, caudze 0°9. Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauawell) ; Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S. 9. MyRMOTHERULA ERYTHRONOTA. Formicivora erythronota, Hartl. R. Z, 1853, p. 4; Burm. Syst. Ueb, i. p. 75. 3. Nigerrima, dorso toto castaneo ; hypochondriis plumosis et tec- tricibus subalaribus cum tectricum superiorum marginibus albis. 2. Olivaceo-brunnea, subtus medialiter ochraceo-rufescens : dorso castaneo. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2-0, caudze 1°7. Hab. §.K. Brazil, prov. Rio. Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 10. MyrRMOTHERULA AXILLARIS. Le grisin de Cayenne, femelle, Buff. Pl. Enl. 643. fig. 2? Myrmothera axillaris, Vieill. Dict. xvii. p. 321; Enc. Méth. p. 682; D’Orb. Voy. p. 183. Myiothera fuliginosa, Licht. Doubl. p.45; Max. Beitr. ii. 1067? Myrmothera axillaris, Men. Mon. Myioth. p. 478. Formicivora axillaris, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 226 ; Bp. Consp. p. 200; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 76. 3. Nigricanti-schistacea, corpore subtus medialiter nigerrimo, hy- pochondriis valde plumosis, tectricibus alarum inferioribus et plu- mis axillaribus albis: alis caudaque nigris albo terminatis. Q. Viridescenti-cinerea, subtus dilute ochracea, gula dilutiore, late- ribus cinerascentibus. Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°0, caudee 1°5. Hab. Trinidad; Cayenne; Brit. Guiana ; Upper Amazon; Cha- SST. ” "he t ee 237 micurros (/aurwell) ; Eastern Peru ; Interior of Bolivia (D’Orb.) ; Brazil, Rio Janeiro (Burm.). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. This species seems to be widely distributed. I have examples from Trinidad, British Guiana, Brazil, the Upper Amazon, and the Rio Napo, which I refer to it. It may be distinguished from all its near allies, except the next following, by the thickly-feathered white flanks. The specimens from Guiana and Cayenne are blacker on the under surface than the Brazilian bird. 11. MyRMOTHERULA MELANA. Formicivora melena, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 130. 3. Fuliginoso-nigra, subtus intensior ; hypochondriis valde plu- mosis cum tectricibus subalaribus albis : alarum tectricibus et caudeé rectricibus albo terminatis. Long. tota 40, alee 2°1, caudee 2°5. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. P. L.S. Distinguishable from the preceding species by its black, not slate- coloured, upper surface. 12. MyRMOTHERULA MENETRIESI. Myrmothera menetriesi, D’Orb. Voy. p. 184. Formicivora menetriesi, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 226; Bp. Consp. p- 200. 3. Nigricanti-schistacea, gutture et pectore toto nigris, ventre schistaceo : alis caudaque nigris albo terminatis. Hab. Bolivia (D’ Orb.) ; Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauzwell) ; Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. I refer to this species of D’Orbigny, not without doubt, a bird from the Upper Amazon and Rio Napo, which differs from M. azil- laris in the want of the white flanks, and in the termination of the black colouring below at the lower part of the breast. 13. MyRMOTHERULA BREVICAUDA. Formicivora brevicauda, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 148; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 131. 3. Cinerea unicolor, plaga ovali in gutture et collo antico nigra : alis nigricantibus extus cinereo limbatis, harum autem tectricibus nigris albo terminatis : cauda brevi, colore nigro-cinerea, rectri- cum macula subapicali nigra, ipsarum autem apicibus albidis. 9. Olivascenti-brunnea, subtus clarior, capite subcinereo, gutture albicantiore : tectricum alarium apicibus colore dilutioribus. + Long. tota 3°5, alee 1:9, caudee 1°2. Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Rio. Mus. Brit., P. L. S. _ Easily distinguishable by its dark uniform cinereous plumage and the oval patch of black on the fore-neck and throat. 238 14. MyrRMOTHERULA UROSTICTA. . Formicivora urosticta, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 130. pl. 126. fig. 1. Cinerea subtus dilutior: plaga gulari elongata nigra: alis nigri- canti-cinereis, extus cinereo strictissime limbatis, tectricibus autem nigris, albo terminatis : cauda nigra, rectricibus omnibus albo lute terminatis ; rectricis une utrinque-extime tertia fere parte api- cali alba, hoc colore apud alias rectrices gradatim decrescente. Long. tota 3:5, alee 2:0, caudze 1-2. Hab. Brazil. Mus. Brit., P. L. S. The broad white terminations of the outer tail-feathers render this bird easily recognizable amongst its affines. Genus III. Formictvora. Formicivora, Swains. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 145 (1825). Ellipura, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 228 (1847). Rostrum tenue, subulatum, non magis altum quam latum : cauda elongata; rectricibus valde graduatis, duodecin aut decem : acrotarsiis et paratarsiis plerumque divisis. 1. FoRMICIVORA GRISEA. Le grisin de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 643. fig. 1. Turdus griseus, Bodd. Tabl. d. Pl. Enl. Motacilla grisea, Gm. 8. N. 1. p. 964. Thamnophilus griseus § , Spix, Av. Bras. 1. p. 29. pl. 41. fig. 1. Formicivora nigricollis, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 147 ; Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 482 (3). ** Myiothera leucophrys, Licht.’? Max. Beitr. iti. 1075. Formicivora deluze, Menetr. Mon. Myioth.pl. 5. fig. 2. p. 484(@ ). Formicivora grisea, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 225; Bp. Consp. p. 199. Ellipura grisea, Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. p. 67. 3. Obscure chocolatino-brunnea, alis caudague nigris, alarum tectricibus et caude rectricibus albo terminatis: superciliis angustis albis: subtus nigra, lateribus albo mixtis, 2. Supra mari similis, subtus saturate fulva. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°2, caude 1°8. Hab. Cayenne; Brit. Guiana; Para (Spiv) ; South-eastern Bra- zil (Maz). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 2. FORMICIVORA INTERMEDIA. Myiothera leucophrys, Licht. in Mus. Berol. Formicivora intermedia, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 225. Formicivora leucophrys, Bp. Consp. p. 200. 3. Similis precedenti, sed superciliis latioribus et tectricum alarium marginibus albis latioribus. — —o ee Pe ae ee 239 2. Subtus pure alba (teste Cab.). Hah. Trinidad ; Venezuela, Cartagena et Aragua (Mus. Berol.) ; New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 3. FoRMICIVORA RUFATRA. Thamnophilus griseus 2 , Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 40. fig. 1. *« Myiothera superciliaris, Licht.”” Max. Beitr. iii. 1073. Thamnophilus rufater, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Avy. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 12; D’Orb. Voy. p. 180. Formicivora rufatra, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 225; Bp.Consp. p. 199. 3. Supra brunneo-rufa: superciliis et tectricum alarum cau- daque rectricum terminationibus albis : subtus gutture toto et pectore medio nigris, hujus lateribus cum ventre imo albis, hypochondriis fulvis. 2. Subtus alba, fulvo tincta (teste Cab.). Long. tota 5-0, alee 2-0, caudze 2°3. Hab. South-eastern Brasil (Maz); Bolivia (D.Ord.). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S. 4. ForRMICIVORA FERRUGINEA. Myjiothera Serruginea, Licht. Doubl. p. 44; Temm. Pl. Col. 132. fig. 3. Formicivora ferruginea, Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 488. _ Drymophila variegata, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 559 Ellipura ferruginea, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 238 ; Bp. Consp. p. 200; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 71. $. Saturate ferruginea : pileo, interscapulio, alis et cauda nigris : superciliis, regione auriculari, maculis tectricum alarum et cauda, marginibus secundariarum et rectricum apicibus albis : interscapulio albo mixto. 2. Mari similis sed magis rufescens et subtus valde dilutior. Long. tota 5°2, alee 2°2, caude 2°4. Has. South-eastern Brazil. 5. FoRMICIVORA GEN. Formicivora genei, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 31. 3. Pileo nigro, superciliis elongatis et maculis quibusdam in Fronte et pileo medio albis ; cervice postica grisea nigro varia ; interscapulii macula celata alba : dorso postico ferrugineo : alis caudaque nigris, tectricum alurium marginibus et caude rec- tricum apicibus latis albis : subtus a mento ad medium ventrem . alba, regulariter nigro striata: ventre crissoque ferrugineis : rostri mandibula superiore nigricante, inferiore cum pedibus albidis. 2. Supra rufescens, capite fulvo striato : subtus sordide alba, re =" 240 pectore nigro striato : dorso postico et ventre imo dilutius fer- rugineis, cauda nigricanti-brunnea, albido terminata. Long. tota 5-2, alee 2°2, caudee 2°4. Hab. South-eastern Brazil. Mus. Mediol., P. L. S. The upper surface of this bird is like that of F. Serruginea, the lower like that of F. rufa. M. De Filippi does not mention the white ends of the rectrices, but his specimen was probably immature. 6. FoRMICIVORA ERYTHROCERCA, sp.nov. (Pl. CXLII.) ( &. Pileo nigro, loris et superciliis elongatis albis: dorso supe- riore griseo nigro variegato: interscapulii plumis ad basin albis : dorso postico ferrugineo : alis extus cauda et tota satu- rate rufis: alarum tectricibus superioribus nigris albo termi- natis : subtus grisescenti-alba, nigro variegata, ventre cum lateribus et crisso ferrugineis; rostro brunnescente, pedibus pallidis. Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°3, caudee 2:7. Hab. Brazil? Mus. Dom. Eyton. A single specimen of this apparently distinct species has been kindly lent to me by Mr. Eyton. The colouring of the upper sur- face resembles F. ferruginea and F. genei, but it is easily distin- guishable by its pure rufous tail. 7. FORMICIVORA CAUDATA. Formicivora caudata, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1854, p. 254. pl. hiss et 1855, p. 147. 3. Supra nigra albo striata, pileo postico nigro : dorso postico Serrugineo : alis nigris, tectricibus albo, remigibus rufo margi- natis: subtus alba, nigro striata, ventre imo ferrugineo : cauda longissima, rectricum omnium apicibus albis. 9. Strits corporis superi rufescentibus : alis rufescente margi- natis: subtus sordide alba, pectore solum striato: dorso et ventre imo dilutioribus. Long. tota 5°8, alee 2°1, caudee 3°1. Hab. New Granada. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. %. FoRMICIVORA RUFA. Myiothera rufa, Max, Beitr. iti. p. 1095. Formicivora rufa, Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 497. pl. 9. fig. 1. Ellipura rufa, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 229; Bp. Consp. p. 201 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 70. 3. Brunnescenti-rufa: tectricibus alarum et cauda nigris, albo terminatis : subtus alba, regulariter nigro striata ; ventre medio albo, hypochondriis pallide rufescentibus. : gees ee oe ~~ a, ee 241 2. Obscurior, flavescentior, striis corporis inferi rufescentibus (teste Burmeister). Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°2, cand 2-2. Hah, South-eastern Brazil. 9. FoRMICLVORA MALURA. Myjiothera malura, Temm. Pl. Col. 353. figs. 1, 2. Formicivora malura, Ménétr. Mon. p. 496. Ellipura malura, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p- 228 ; Bp. Consp. p. 200 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. p. 68. ( g. Plumbea, uropygio schistaceo : cervice et pectore antico q nigro striatis: alarum tectricibus allo marginatis. ?- Brunnescenti-grisea ; cervice et pectore antico niyricante striatis : alarum tectricum apicibus sordide flavidis. Hab. South-eastern Brazil; S. Paolo, Ypanema (Natterer). al Mus. Brit. This isa scarce species. The single example in the British Mu- seum has affixed to it the tail of some other bird, and I an» unable to give its dimensions. 10. FoRMICIVORA SQUAMATA. Myiothera squamata, Licht. Doubl. p. 44; Max, Beitr. iii. p.1070. ) Formicivora maculata, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 147; Ménétr. Mon. j p- 494. pl. 5. fig. 1 (¢). 4 Ellipura squamata, Cab, Orn. Not.i. p. 229; Bp. Consp. p. 201 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 70. | 3. Supra nigra, superciliis albis, dorso albo guttulato: alis caudaque nigris, guttis albis transfasciatis ; subtus cinerea, nigro squamata, ventre medio albicante. 2. Guttis et fasciis corporis superi pallide rufis ; subtus dilutior, hypochondriis rufescentibus. Long. tota 5:1, alee 2°1, caudee 2°1. Hab. South-eastern Brazil. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. * 11. ForMIciIvorA QUIXENSIS *. Thamnophilus quivensis, Corn. Syn. Vert. p. 12 (2). Thamnophilus rufiventris, Corn. ibid. ( 2 ). Pyriglena quizensis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 112; et 1858, p. 67. Pyriglena rufiventris, Sclater, ibid. (° ). 3. Nigerrima, dorsi postici totius plumarum basibus, maculis tec- tricum minorum parvis rotundis et tectricum majorum et caude rectricum apicibus cum tectricibus subalaribus albis. * Nearly allied to F. guixvensis is Formicivora boucardi, mihi, ex Mexico, Oaxaca. Vide infra P.Z.S. June 8th, 1858. No. CCOLXIIL.—Proceevincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery. 242 Q. Mari similis sed abdomine saturate castaneo. Long. tota 4:5, alee 2°1, caudze 2:0. Hab. Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L. S. After some hesitation, I have united these birds as ¢ and 9, there being no difference in structure of specimens which I have recently acquired for my own collection. 12. FoRMICIVORA STRIGILATA. Myjiothera strigilata, Max, Beitr. ii. p. 1064. _Formicivora strigilata, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 493. Supra castanea dorso summo et capitis lateribus longitudinaliter nigro striatis: alarum tectricibus albo, secundarus fulvo late terminatis : subtus cinnamomescenti-alba, pectore et lateribus nigro guitatis : cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus mediis dorso concoloribus, ceteris albo terminatis et una utrinque extima item albo extus marginata. Long. tota 6:0, ale 2°6, caudze 2°5. Hab. South-eastern Brazil. Mus. Acad. Phil., et Lugdunense. : A very peculiar species, of which I have only seen two examples in the Museums above named. I am quite doubtful about its true situation. 13. ForRMICIVORA MACULATA. Myiothera maculata, Max, Beitr. ui. p. 1088. Leptorhynchus striolatus, Ménétr. Mon. p. 517. pl. 10. fig. 2. Ellipura maculata, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 229; Bp. Consp. p. 201. Ramphocenus maculatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 73. Pileo, alis extus et pectore albis nigro variegatis: gula alba: dorso medio castaneo : abdomine flavo: tarsis obsolete squa- matis. Long. tota 4°0, alee 1°8, caudée 1°8, rostri a rictu 0°55, tarsi 0°6. Hab. South-eastern Brazil; environs of Rio (Ménétriés). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. ~~ OTSA YT 14. FoRMICIVORA CALLINOTA. = Ut Formicivora callinota, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 89. pl. 96. et p. 147; List of Bog. B. p. 19. 6 Olivacea, pileo nuchaque nigris : loris, capitis lateribus cum gula et pectore cinereis: abdomine pallide flavicanti-viridi: tergo lete castaneo, ngro partim marginato: alis nigris, carpo et tectricum marginibus flavis : secundariis et rectricibus olivaceo marginatis. Long. tota 4:0, alee 2:0, caudee 1°7. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit. 245 Genus IV. PstLorHampuvus. Leptorhynchus, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 515. Psilorhamphus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 90. Rostrum rectum, tenue, elongatum, ut in genere sequente, sed bre- vius ; narium membrana obtectarum apertura basali, laterali, elongata : ale breves rotundata, remige quinta sexta et sep- tima longissimis : caude longe rectricibus decem graduatis : tarsi longi, graciles, leves, acrotarsiis et paratarsiis integris : sexus similes. I am not confident of this being the right position for the present and the next following genus. Their members are very peculiar birds, in the formation of the nostrils quite different from the rest of the family, and might perhaps be more naturally placed as a distinct subfamily of Pteroptochide. Here, and again in the genus Heterocnemis, there is little external difference between the appear- ance of these birds and the true Wrens. 1. Pst1LoRHAMPHUS GUTTATUS. Leptorhynchus guttatus, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 516. pl. 10. fig. 1. Ramphocenus guttatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 73. Psilorhamphus guttatus, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 90. Supra cinereus, uropygio et alis extus rufescentibus : dorso, tec- tricibus et secundariis alarum, et cauda punctis minutis albis irroratis : subtus dilutior, ventre medio albescentiore et nigro punctato: hypochondriis et crisso rufescentioribus et nigro transversim lineatis : cauda albo terminata : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore cum pedibus flavis. Long. tota 5:3, alee 2°0, caudze 2°3, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 1:0. Hab. Cuyaba, Brazil (Langsdorf ). Mus, P.L.S. I have never met with but one example of this curious bird, which is now in my own collection. Genus V. RHAMPHOCANUS. Ramphocenus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxix. p. 6 (1818). Acontistes, Sund. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1835, p. 95. Scolopacinus, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 118. Rostrum rectum, tenue, longius quam caput, ad basin latum, apicem versus compressum; narium apertura basali, laterali, longa, membrana partim obtecta: acrotarsiis obsolete divisis, para- tarsiis integris : cauda longa, valde graduata ; rectricibus solum decem. 1. RHAMPHOCAENUS MELANURUS. Rhamphocenus melanurus, Vieill. N. Dict. xxix. p. 6; Ene. Meth. p- 863; Gal. Ois. ii. pl. 128; Burm. Syst. Ueb. p, 72. Myiothera longirostris, Licht. in Mus. Berol. Troglodytes rectirostris, Sw. Zool. Ul. pl. 140. Troglodytes gladiator, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 752. el v5 7 JF 4q ies 244 Murino-brunneus ; subtus albus, lateraliter paulum rufescens: cauda nigra, rectrice una utrinque extima sordide brunnea. Long. tota 4°75, alee 1°9, caudee 1°7, rostri a rictu 9°5, tarsi 0°8. Hab. S.E. Brazil (Maz.); Para (Wallace). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S. 2. RHAMPHOCENUS CINEREIVENTRIS. Rhamphocenus cinereiventris, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 76, pl. 87. Olivaceo-brunneus ; capitis lateribus rufis, spatio postoculari nigro: gutture albo, nigro-cinerascente striato: abdomine cinerascente, medialiter albescentiore, lateraliter autem olivas- centiore: cauda nigricanti-fusca. Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°0, caudee 1°3. Hab. New Granada, Pasto (Delattre). Mus. Derbianum. 3. RHAMPHOCANUS RUFIVENTRIS. Scolopacinus rufiventris, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p.119; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 357. pl. 47. fig. 2. Murino-brunneus: capite toto precipue ad latera rufescente : subtus pallide rufescens : gutture albo, plumis subtus cinereis : cauda nigra, rectricibus tribus extimis albo terminatis, extima etiam in pogonio externo albo limbata. Long. tota 5:3, alee 2°2, caudee 2:0, rostri a rictu 1°1, tarsi 0°9. Hab. Guatimala, Coban (Delattre); New Granada, S. Martha (Verreauz). Mus. Brit., Derb., P. L. 8. Genus VI. Cercomacra. Statura major: ptilosis magis unicolor : forma validior : rostrum ad basin dilatatum : cauda longa e rectricibus plerumque decem multum graduatis: acrotarsis divisis, paratarsvis integris. These birds form a transition between Formicivora and Pyriglena. I have sometimes been inclined to unite them to the latter; but they differ in their broad flattened bill, which in Pyrzglena is compressed throughout. 1. CERCOMACRA CRULESCENS. Myrmothera cerulescens, Vieill, Nouv. Dict. xvii. p. 311; Ene. Méth. p. 680. Formicivora cerulescens, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 499. pl. 6. fos lege ” iisiea cerulescens, Cab. Orn. Not. 1. p. 229; Bp. Consp. p- 201; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 67. 3. Clare cinerea : interscapulii macula celata, campterio, tectri- cum apicibus et caude apice albis. 2. Flavicanti-fusca, subtus rufescens. Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°3, caudee 3-0. ITab. South-eastern Brazil, prov. of Rio (Ménétries). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 245 2. CeRCOMACRA CINERASCENS. Formicivora caerulescens, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 112. Formicivora cinerascens, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1859, p- 131. if 3. Cinerea ; campterio concolore: interscapulii macula celata et tectricum apicibus (etate evanescentibus !).albis : caude apice ; latiore alba. 4 \ _ Long. tota 5-7, ale 2°5, caudee 2°6, _ Hab, Eastern Peru, r. Ucayali (Haurwell) ; Ecuador, Rio Napo. / Mus. Brit. 3. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA, Pyriglena tyrannina, Sclater, P. Z.S8. 1855, p. 90. pl. 98. et p- 147; List of Bog. B. p. 19. &. Nigricanti-cinerea, subtus dilutior : interscapulii macula ce- lata, campterio, alarum tectricum marginibus et caude apice angusta albis. 2. Pallide brunnea, rufescente tincta : abdomine toto clare rufo. Long. 5:2, alee 2°5, caudee 2°25. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit:, P. L. S. 4, CERCOMACRA NIGRICANS, sp. nov. Formicivora melanaria, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 500. pl. 9. fig. 2°? g. Cinerascenti-nigra, subtus nigra ; macula interscapulii celata, tectricum alarium marginibus, remigum basi interiore et caude [ rectricum omnium apicibus albis: rostri nigri mandibula infe- riore albicante : pedibus nigris. _ Long. tota 5°5, alse 2-4, caudze 2°5. _ Hab. New Granada, 8. Martha (Verreaux) ; Bogota. + Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. __ I received specimens of this bird from MM. Verreaux, labeled “‘ F. melanaria.” But that species seems to be “ coal black”’ above, _ and is from a very different zoological region. I therefore doubt _ their identity. \ ae 5. CRERCOMACRA ATROTHORAX. re LT Alapi de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl, 701, fig. 2. Turdus atrothorax, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. Turdus alapi, Gm. et auct. Formicivora alapi, VOrb. Voy. p. 181; Mén. Mon. Myioth. p- 502. Formicivora melanura, Ménu. Mon. Myioth. p.508; pl.8. figs. 1,2.?? Olivaceo-brunnea, alis fusco-nigris, tectricum apicibus albo pune- tatis: gutture et pectore toto cum cauda nigris ; abdomine et lateribus capitis cinercis. Long. tota 53, alee 2°2, caudee 2°2. Hah. Cayenne ; Bolivia (D'Oré.). Mus. Lugdunense et Acad. Philadelph. 246 Meén¢tries’ F’. melanura seems to agree very well with this species, and is perhaps not different. Genus VII. PyriGLena. Pyriglena, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 211 (1847). Rostrum tenue, elongatum, compressum, apice incurva: pedes validi, acrotarsus divisis, paratarsiis integris : cauda modice longa, alas subequans, multum rotundata e remigibus duodecim : statura modica : ptilosis marium nigerrima, foeminarum olivacea aut brunnea. 1. PyrRIGLENA LEUCOPTERA. Turdus leucopterus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p.272; Enc. Méth. ». 666. Lanius notodelos, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. Lanius domicella, Licht. Doubl. p. 47. Drymophila trifasciata, Sw. Zool. Journ. u. p.152; Zool. Ill. 1 ser. pl. 27. Myiothera domicella, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1058. Formicivora domicella, Mén. Mon. Myioth. pl. 7. figs. 1, 2. Pyriglena domicella, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 212; Bp. Consp. p. 202; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ili. p. 59. Myrmeciza melanura, Strickl. Ann. N. H. 1844, p. 417 (2). 8. Atra: campterio, fascia alarum duplici et macula dorsi celata albis. 2. Olivascenti-brunnea, subtus dilutior, gutture albicante. Long. tota 7:0, ale 3°2, caude 3:0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil. Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. 2. PyRIGLENA ATRA. Thamnophilus leuconotus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 27. pl. 39. fig. 2 (1824). Drymophila atra, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 153 (1825). Formicivora atra, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 505. | Formicivora maura, Ib. p.506? — | Pyriglena atra, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 212; Bp. Consp. p. 202. Pyriglena atra, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 60. ~ 8. Atra: macula magna dorsi celata alba. Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°2, caudze 3:0. Hab. Brazil, Para (Spix) ; Bahia (Burm.). 3. PyRIGLENA ELLISIANA. Pyriglena ellisiana, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 109, pl. 100( 2). 3. Nigra unicolor, alis extus brunnescente tinctis, campterio albo. 2. Fusco-castanea, facie, mento et regione auriculurit cum cauda nigricantibus : rostri nigri, mandibule inferioris basi alba. Long. tota 7°75, alee 3:0, caudze 3°5. Hab. Interior of New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit. es fF 247 The specimen of this bird which I originally described was a female. During a recent re-examination of the fine series of these birds in the British Museum, I detected the male, which is black, ~ like its congeners, with the bend of the wing white, but wanting — the white spot at the base of the interscapularies. 4. PyRIGLENA SERVA. Pyriglena serva, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 66. dorsi celata albis. , | 3. Altra: campterio et tectricum alarium marginibus cum macula : Q. Olivascenti-cineracea, subtus ferruginea. Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°6, caudee 2°3. Hab, Rio Napo. Mus. Jard., P. L. 8. 5. PyrRIGLENA MACULICAUDIS, sp. nov. $. Alra: campterio, tectricum alarium apicibus, macula dorsi celata et caude rectricum apicibus albis : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°7, caudee 2°5. Hab, Trinidad. Mus. P. L. S. I have two specimens of this apparently unnamed Pyriglena in my own collection. It is distinguishable from the three preceding by the white terminations of the tail-feathers. The bill is rather broader and stouter than in the typical species. Genus VIII. HeTerRocnemis. Holocnemis, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 415 (1844). Heterocnemis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 146. Rostrum cylindricum, elongatum, graciliusculum, dente apicali fere obsoleto : cauda brevis : tarsi elongati, glabri, scutellis vix appa- rentibus. Upon re-examination of Turdus bambla (“Le bambla de Cay- enne,’’ Buffon) and its allied species, which I have hitherto referred to this genus, I have found a more natural position for them among the Pteroptochide, with which they agree in the formation of the nostrils. 1, HeterRocNEeMIS N&VIA. Wall-creeper of Surinam, Edwards, Birds, pl. 346 (2). Sitta nevia, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 442. Fourmillier tacheté de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 823. fig. 1 ( 2). Turdus lineatus, Gm. 8. N. i. 828. Myioturdus lineatus, Ménétr. Mon. p. 47). Formicarius lineatus, Gray, Gen. i. p. 211. Holocnemis flammatus, Strickl. Ann, N, H. xiii. p. 415, pl. 138 (¢). Holocnemis nevia, Strick]. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 34, pl. 18. figs. 1 (¢), 2 (2). Holocnemis lineata, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 214; Bp. Consp. p. 202. p- 248 ¢. Supra schistacea, alis caudaque nigricantibus, alarum tectricibus et caude rectricibus externis albo terminatis: subtus pallide schistacescenti-alba, plumis nigricanti-schistaceo marginatis. . Olivaceo-brunnea, subtus albida, prout in mari, brunneo varie- gata. Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°6, caudee 2, tarsi 95, rostri a rictu 1°05. Mus. Berol., P. L. 8. Genus IX. MyRMECIZA. Drymophila, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 146 (1825), nec Temm. Myrmeciza, G. R. Gray, List Gen. 1841, p. 34. Myrmonaz, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 210 (1847). Rostrum rectum, plus minusve elongatum : ale breves; remi- gibus quarta quinta et sexta equalibus et longissimis : cauda e rectricibus duodecim, valde graduatis: tarsi graciles: acro- tarsiis et paratarsiis integris, acrotarsiis interdum obsolete divisis. 1. MyRMECIZA LORICATA. Myiothera loricata, Licht. Doubl. p. 44 (1823). Drymophila leucopus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ti. p. 150 (1825). Formicivora loricata, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 490. pl. 4. fig. 1 ¢, ie) Myrmonax loricatus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 210; Burm. Syst. Ueb. 1. 64. Drymophila loricata, Bp. Consp. p. 201. 3. Rubiginoso-brunnea ; superciliis elongatis et tectricum ala- rium apicibus pallide ochraceis: subtus alba, facie, gula et plumarum pectoris parte interna nigris; lateribus et crisso ochraceis : rostro nigro: pedibus pallide flavis. 2. Gula et pectore ochraceis nec nigris: rostro inferiore flavo. Long. tota 6°0, alee 2:4, caude 2°7, tarsi 1:0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Bahia (Sw.); Rio de Janeiro (Ménét.). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. 2, MyRMECIZA RUFICAUDA. Myrmeciza ruficauda, Max, Beitr. it. p. 1061. 3. Capite, collo toto, dorso superiore et corpore infra ad imum pectus nigris ; dorsi et pectoris plumis anguste albo marginatis : dorso postico, ventre, crisso, alis et cauda rubiginoso-brunneis ; alarum tectricibus nigris ochraceo terminatis: rostro nigro : pedibus flavis. 2. Coloribus dilutioribus : pectoris plumis medialiter mgris, flavicanti-albido marginatis. Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°7, caudee 2°3, tarsi 0°85. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Mas). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. This bird has been generally confounded with the last species, ~ % from which it may easily be distinguished by the want of the su- perciliary marks, blacker head, shorter tail and shorter tarsi. 249 3. MyrMECIZA HEMIMELANA. Thamnophilus guttatus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. 1837, p.13 ; D’Orb. Voy. p. 177 (nec Vieill.). Formicivora hemimelena, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 48. 3. Castanea, dorsi medii plumis ad basin albis, inde nigris, ad apicem castaneis: capite toto undique et corpore subtus ad medium pectus nigris : ventre medio albido: campterio summo et maculis tectricum alarium apicalibus albis: cauda rufo-cas- tanea unicolore. 2. Obscure olivacea rufo tincta; interscapulii plumis ad basin albis : dorso postico alis et cauda rufis: alarum tectricibus nigris, sicut in mari, albo guttulatis: subtus lete ferruginea, pectore et ventre medio pallidioribus : lateribus et crisso rufes- centi-olivaceis. Long. tota 5°U, alee 2-4, caudee 1°7. Hab. Bolivia (D’ Orb., Bridges). Mus. Brit., Paris. 4. MyrMecizA CINNAMOMEA. Merle a cravatte de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 560. fig. 2. Turdus cinnamomeus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 825. Thamnophilus cinnamomeus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 745. Thamnophilus albicollis, Vieill. ibid. p. 744 (2). Holoenemis cinnamomea, Strick]. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 415 (1844). Myrmonaz cinnamomeus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 210 ; Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 684; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 65. Drymophila cinnamomea, Bp. Consp. p. 201. Formicivora cinnamomea, Gray, Gen. p. 212. $. Cinnamomeo-brunnea gutture et pectore antico nigris, ventre grisescenti-albo nigro variegato : alarum tectricibus nigris ochraceo terminatis : periophthalmio nudo. 9. Mari similis sed gutture albo: pectoris vitta lata nigra. Long. tota 5°7, alee 2°7, caudee 2:1. Hab. Cayenne ( Buff.) ; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 5. MyrRMECIZA LONGIPES. Myrmothera longipes, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. p.113; Ene. Méth. p-. 682; Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 474. Drymophila longipes, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 152 ; Zool. IIL. ser. 2. pl. 23 (fig. opt-); Bp. Consp. p. 201. Myrmonax longipes, Cab.Orn. Not. p. 210; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. . 64, ij Myjiothera castanea, Licht. in Mus. Berol. Myrmeciza longipes, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 147; List of Bog. B. p. 19. 250 g¢. Castanea: pileo cinereo: gutture et pectore antico ngro: ventre albo, lateraliter rufescente. 2. Gutture toto cum pectore clare rufis. Long. tota 5°7, alee 2°6, caudee 2°2, tarsi 1°15. Hat. Venezuela; Trinidad ; New Granada. Mus. Brit., Berol., P. L.S. 6. MyRMECIZA ARGENTATA. = Me4Q.repirine Herpsilochmus argentatus, Des Murs, Voy. Oat. et Dev. Zool. pl. 17. fig. 2. p. 53: Fusca, subtus alba: lateribus capitis et corporis utrinque cum erisso et maculis tectricum apicalibus rubiginoso-rufis : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore albo: pedibus fiavis. Long. tota 5:7, alee 2°7, caude 1°8. tarsi 0°95. Hab. Upper Amazon, Nauta (Cast. et Dev.). Mus. Paris., P. L. S. I think this is very likely to be a female bird. My specimen, re- ceived from MM. Verreaux, agrees perfectly with the type in the Paris Museum. Genus X. Hyrpocnemis. Hypocnemis, Cab. Orn. Not. 1847, p. 212. Rostrum validiusculum, ad basin latius, apicem versus compressum, dente finali distincto: cauda brevis, paulo rotundata; rectri- cibus duodecim ; acrotarsiis plerumque divisis, paratarstis in- tegris. 1. HypocNnEMIS CANTATOR. Le Carillonneur de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 700. Turdus cantator, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. Turdus tintinnabulatus, Gm. 8. N. p. 826. Hypocnemis tintinnabulata, Cab. Om. Not. p. 212. pl. 4. fig. 5; Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 684; Bp. Consp. p. 202. Myiothera margaritacea, Licht. in Mus. Berol. Myrmothera campanella, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 681. Thamnophilus striatus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 29, pl. 40. fig. 2. 3. Schistacea : capite nigro ; linea verticali et supercilits albo variegatis : interscapulti plumis ad basin albis, ad apicem nigris : uropygio et hypochondriss ferrugineis : gula, pectore et ventre medio albis, lateraliter nigro variegatis : alarum tectri- cibus nigris albo terminatis : cauda fusca, apice albida. 2. Rufescentior : pilei et tectricum alarium maculis pallide rufis nec albis. Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°3, caudee 1°5. Hab. Cayenne ( Buff.) ; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.) ; Upper Amazon, Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauawell) ; Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 2. HypocNeEMIS PG@CILONOTA. Myiothera pecilonota, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. ; Puch. Ann. du Mus. vii. p. 337. Hypocnemis pecilonota, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 213, pl. 4. fig. 2; Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 684 ; Bp. Consp. p. 202. d. Obscure cinerea, tectricum alarium, secundariarum, intersca- pulit et caude tectricum plumis nigris albo marginatis: cauda : nigra fascia mediana et altera apicali e maculis rotundis alba, ' . Pileo ferruyineo, supra rufo varia. Long. tota 5°3, alee 2:6, caudee 1°7. Hab. Brit. Guiana (Schomb.); Upper Amazon, New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 3. HyrocNEMIS MYIOTHERINA. Thamnophilus myiotherinus 3 , Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 42. fig. 1. Myiothera thamnophiloides, Voigt, Thierr. i. p. 494. Myrmonaz myiotherinus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 210. Drymophila myiotherina, Bp. Consp. p. 202. sp. 4. Hypocnemis melanolema, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 254. pl. 72. fig. 2. Silomasinis myiotherina, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 146. Cinerea, subtus valde dilutior ; interscapularium basibus niveis ; loris ; et oculorum ambitu cum cervice laterali et gutture toto nigris ; 4% linea superciliari indistincte albida; tectricibus alarum nigris, fascia terminali alba; remigibus et rectricibus fuscis, externe cinereis ; rostro nigro, pedibus pallidis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudee 1°6. Hab. New Granada, Bogota; Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (//auz- well) ; Upper Amazon. Mus. Brit., P. L.S I do not believe Myiothera ardesiaca of Prince Max of Neuwied to be the same as this species ; but I have never seen specimens of t. It is referred here by Cabanis and Burmeister. 4. HyrpocNEeMIS MELANOSTICTA. Hypocnemis melanosticta, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 254. pl. 73. (d et 2). ¢. Ex cinereo olivascens ; interscapularium basibus niveis ; tec- tricibus alarum nigris, albo anguste terminatis ; loris et regione auriculari nigris: subtus cinerea, gutture toto et ventre medio albis ; punctis paucis rotundis in summo pectore nigris ; rostro nigro, pedibus pallidis. Q. Supra rufescenti-olivacea, alarum tectricum marginibus et abdo- mine toto pallide ochraceis ; gutture albo nigro striato, collo sicut in mari punctato; mandibule inferioris basi alba. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caude 1°6. Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Haurwell). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 252 I have lately begun to suspect that these birds are the young male and the female of the preceding species. If such be the case, H. ele- gans is no doubt also a female, and perhaps H. erythrophrys the female of H. leucophrys ! 5. HypocnEeMIS ELEGANS. ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 147; List of Bog. Hypocnemis B. p. 19. Hypocnemis elegans, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 47. Olivaceo-brunnea, fronte et superciliis rufescentibus : capitis late- ribus et regione auriculari nigris : tectricibus alarum nigris ru- fescente terminatis: gutture albo, abdomine cinnamomeo ; collo antico striis quibusdam nigris maculato. Long. tota 4°75, ale 2°6, caude 1°6. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S. 6. HyrpocNEMIS LEUCOPHRYS. Hypocnemis myiotherina, 9? , Spix, Av. Bras. 11. pl. 42. fig. 2. Pithys leucophrys, Tsch. Faun. Peruan. p. 176. pl. 11. fig. 2? Myrmonax leucophrys, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 211. Pithys leucophrys, Bp. Consp. p. 203. Hypocnemis leucophrys, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 146. Cinerea, gutture nigricante : fronte et superciliis latis albis. Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°6, caudze 1:7. Hab. Eastern Peru (Tsch.) ; Upper Amazon; New Granada, Bo- gota; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. re: HypocneEmis ERYTHROPHRYS. Conopophaga angustirostris, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 685 ? Pithys erythrophrys, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, pl. 72. fig. 1. Hypocnemis erythrophrys, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 146. Olivaceo-brunnea, subtus alba : fronte et superciliis latis ferrugineo- rufis: loris et regione oculari nigris: alarum tectricibus albo terminatis. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°7, caudee 1°7. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. 8S. 8. HypocNeEMIS SCHISTACEA, Sp. nov. 3. Caerulescenti-schistacea unicolor: tectricum alarium omnium apicibus minute albo punctatis : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudze 2-0. Hab. Upper Amazon; Rio Javarri (Bates). Mus. Brit. ; In the general form and somewhat slenderness of the bill this species resembles H. erythrophrys ; but its uniform colouring renders { 4) 253 it easily distinguishable from that and other described members of the genus. j 9. HypocNEMIS MELANOPOGON. Hypocnemis melanopogon, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 130. 3. Cinerea, subtus dilutior, ventre medio albicante; gula nigra: alis brunnescenti-nigris, tectricibus omnibus albo marginatis: cauda nigra, rectricibus omnibus anguste albo terminatis: rostro : nigro, pedibus fuscis. 3 4 9 aut o jun. Supra mari adulto similis, subtus gutture et pectore | cinereo variegatis ; abdomine albo, lateraliter cinerascentiore. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 1°5. | Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauxwell). | Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. 10. HypocNeMIs THERES. Conopophaga therese, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 51. pl. 16. ; fig. 2( 2). 3. Supra cinerea: interscapulit macula magna celata alba: dorso medio et alis nigris, maculis magnis rotundis albis variegatis : sub- 3 tus alba, gula et vitta lata pectorali e maculis confluentibus nigra : lateribus et crisso pallide cervinis : rectricum apicibus albo macu- latis : rostro nigro ; pedibus flavis. eS + | Q. Magis rufescens, subtus pallide cervina ; gula alba nec nigra: 1 maculis corporis superi pallide cervino-flavidis nec albis. ¢ Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 1°6, tarsi 0°8. Hab. Rio Javarri (Cast. et Dev.). Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S. { U 11. HyeocNeMIS N#VIA. Fourmillier tacheté de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 823, fig. 1. Pipra nevia, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1003. Conopophaga nevia, D’Orb. Voy. p. 186 ; Bp. Consp. p. 203. Rhopothera punctulata, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 53. pl. 17. fig. 37 (?). 3. Cinerea: interscapulii macula magna celata alba : dorso et alis nigris albo guttatis ; rectricum apicibus albo quoque maculatis : subtus alba, gutture et vitta pectorali e striis confluentibus nigra: . rostro nigro: pedibus pallide cinereis. ) 3. “iigal rufescens : maculis corporis superi pallide cervinis : gula alba. . Long. tota 3°75, ala 2°1, caudee 1°1, tarsi 0°7. __ Hab. Cayenne ; Upper Amazon (Bates) ; Rio Javarri (Cast. et Dev.). Se wees, Drit., P. L. S. _ Very like the preceding species, but distinguishable by its smaller size, shorter tail, remarkably short tarsi, and cinereous, not yellow, feet. a Bee 254 12. HypocNEMIS NZVIOIDES. Conopophaga nevioides, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p.69; Bp.Consp. p. 203. 3. Rufo-cinnamomea: capite griseo : alis nigris, rufo-cinnamomeo bifasciatis ; tectricibus minoribus albo guttulatis, primariarum marginibus et secundariarum apicibus pallide rufis : subtus alba, gutture et maculis crebris vittam pectoralem formantibus nigris : rostro nigro, pedibus plumbeis. 9. Gutture albo: maculis pectoris evanescentibus. Hab. Panama (Delattre) ; Mosquito Coast (Bell). Mus. Derbianum. I have seen a pair of this species in the Derby Museum at Liver- pool; and the same bird is represented in some drawings by Mr. Bell of the birds of the Mosquito Coast. 2. DescripTION oF New Pinna. By Sytvanus HANuey. Pinna SrrancGet. P. testa late trigona, satis valida, magis mi- nusve ventricosa, carine centralis experte, livido-purpureo in cor- neum colorem inferne pallescente: triangulo dorsali costis per- multis (circiter 20) angustis rotundatis et manifeste elevatis in- structo ; triangulo ventrali lato, antice asperato et (in exemplis eximiis) plicis magnis conspicuis undatis arcte ornato, postice leviusculo : margine ventrali antice subsinuato, postice aliquan- tum pendulo, margini dorsali subrecto subequali: extremitate postica truncata, subretusa. Long. 6, lat. 81 poll. Hab. Sinus Moretonianus (Strange). Mus. Cuming. Although in adult examples the ribs appear unarmed and become obsolete near the broader end of the shell, in all probability the im- mature examples are spinous. The shagreening of the ventral tri- angle is very conspicuous. Pinna Cuminet. P. testa late cuneiformi, satis valida, ventri- cosa, caring centralis experte, fulva, brunneo-purpurascente partim fucata, costis magnis rotundatis valde elevatis et squamis fornicatis maximis, que cava tubera denique fiunt, arcte armatis, instructa : squamis costisque aree ventralis (plicarum expertis) minoribus : margine ventrali antice valde sinuato, postice pendulo, margini dorsali cencavo subequali: extremitate postica subtrun- cata, convera. Long. 43, lat. 7} poll. Hab. Peruvia. Mus. Cuming. The description has been solely derived from the unique example in Mr. Cuming’s collection, and may consequently hereafter require some little emendation. Almost the entire surface is covered with ribs, of which there are from nine to eleven (two being smaller than Proc. Z.5.Mollusca XLI ry hth Nes. & C 255 the rest) upon the dorsal or upper triangle. The great bubble-like laterally incoiled scales seem disposed to encroach upon the compara- tively narrow intervals of the ribs. The nacre is dusky. Pinna Goutpu. P. testa late et obtuse cuneiformi, subventricosa, carine centralis experte, fulva, purpureo-vinoso antice nebulosa et postice (in costas) radiata ; costis (in exemplis adultis) paucis, depressis, remotis, angustis, postice subexoletis et squamis lon- giusculis subcylindraceis parce armatis : area ventrali latiuscula in exemplis adultis sublevigata : margine ventrali sinuoso, et mar- gini dorsali retuso vel subrecto subequali: extremitate postica pendula, rotundata, haud obliqua. Long. 34, lat. 64 poll. Hab. “ Amboyna”’ (in museo Cumingiano). This beautifully painted shell approaches vevillum in general aspect, and agrees in many respects with the description of senticosa. The hinder extremity of the latter, which is stated to be subinflated, is declared to be oblique, a most important distinction in the genus Pinna. Besides some scarcely raised anterior interstitial riblets, there are about five or six armed ribs, whose diminished elevation at the broader extremity renders them more perceptible from their purplish hue than from their projection. PinNA assimitis. P. testa cuneiformi, sublata, subventricosa, : carine centralis experte, cornea, antice fumoso-purpurascente pal- lide tincta, squamis fornicatis longis in costas multas angustas subrotundatas subconfertus dense instructa: area ventrali scabra late, sed obsolete, plicata, haud costata: margine ventrali valde 4 sinuoso, et margini dorsali subretuso subequali: extremitate pos- tica truncata, subpendula. ; Long. (exempli parvi) 22, lat. 54 poll. Hab. Portus Essingtonianus. Mus. Cuming. One of the many species without salient characteristics. It closely approaches both alta and rigida. 3. DescripTion or A New Oniscia. By Sytvanus HANtey. (Mollusca, Pl. XLII. figs. 9, 10.) OnisciA PONDEROSA. O. testa late et obtuse trigona, ponderosa, alba brunneo punctulata, eodemque colore (prasertim infra sutu- ram) sparsim maculata : spira vix totius longitudinis sextam par- tem implente, transversim striata, anfractibus ejus perbrevibus, postice subcrenato-marginatis, antice crasse nodosis : area infra- suturali sublate concava, subangulata ; anfractu ultimo transver- sim cingulato, postice nodis grandibus longitudinaliter nodoso ; cingulis alternis nodulosis, nodulis subremotis ; labro crassis- 256 simo punctulis confertissimis brunneis transversim virgato, et lyris remotis intus dentato : columella subaurantia, haud granosa, juxta aperturam albam transversim lyrata, maculis angularibus brun- neis variegaia. Long. lip | Jats i> polit, Hab. Mus. Gute Resembles a Cyprecassis. The sculpture is very coarse, and the lip extends up the penult whorl, so as to be nearly on a level with the apex. 4. Descriptions or TEN New Species oF BULIMUS, FROM THE COLLECTION OF H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L. PFeirrer. (Mollusca, Pl. XLII. fig. 1-8.) 1, BuLimus prycHosty vs, Pfr. (fig. 7). 7. rimato-umbilicata, Susiformi-oblonga, solida, sublevigata (sub lente irregulariter im- pressa) ; spira convewxiusculo-turrita, apice obtusula ; anfr. convexiusculi, superiores albidi, fulvo rare strigati, ultimus spira brevior, spadiceus, albido-strigatus et maculatus, basi attenuatus ; columella fortiter torto-plicata; apertura subverticalis, auri- formis, intus nigricanti-limbata ; perist. simplex, albidum, margi- nibus approximatis, dextro late expanso columellari perdilatato, patente. Long. 47, diam. 15 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 2. BULIMUS CATAMARCANUS, Pfr. (fig. 5). J. profunde umbili- cata, ovato-conica, solidula, irregulariter plicata et undique minute granulata, non nitens, albida; spira conica, obtusula; anfr. 6 convert, ultimus spiram superans, antice ascendens, basi rotun- datus ; columella profunde et obsolete plicata; apertura verti- - calis, oblongu-ovalis ; perist. simplex, marginibus approximatis, dextro ab insertione horizontaliter abeunte, late expanso ; columel- lari perdilatato, fornicato. Long. 42, diam. 23 mill. Hab. Province of Catamarca, Andes of Peru (Mr. Williams). 3. Buxiimus pLatystomus, Pfr. (fig. 2). T'. profunde umbilicata, oblongo-conica, solida, oblique striata, fulvo-albida, strigis irre- gularibus castaneis et fulvis picta; spira conica, apice subtrun- cata; anfr. 6} convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, antice leviter ascendens, basi compresso-rotundatus ; columella fusco- violacea, profunde subplicata; apertura vix obliqua, intus ovalis, fulvida; perist. simplex, saturate fusco-violaceum, marginibus approximatis, dextro late expanso, columellari perdilatato, patente. Long. 40, diam. 18 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). ee a a ee az : [an : oleae 257 4. Buiimus paTasensis, Pfr. (fig. 6). 7. profunde rimato-umbi- licata, ovato-conica, solidula, subargute striata, parum nitens, carneo-albida, sepe spadiceo strigata et nebulosa ; spira convex- tusculo-conica, apice subacuta ; anfr. 7, superi subplani, penulti- * mus convexior, ultimus spiram superans, antice leviter ascendens, basi rotundatus, juxta umbilicum subcompressus ; columella fusco- violacea, profunde subplicata ; apertura vix obliqua, ovalis, intus late violaceo-limbata; perist. simplex, margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari perdilatato, patente. Long. 47, diam. 24 mill. {. Testa tenuiore, saturate carnea, sepe strigis obliquis fulvis picta. Hab, Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 5. Butimus ca#Ruvescens, Pfr. T. umbilicata, ovato-oblonga, solidula, striata, cerulescenti-albida ; spira elongata, apice acuta ; anfr. 74 converiusculi, ultimus spira brevior, antice saturatius cerulescens, basi parum attenuatus, subcompressus ; columella superne profunde dentato-plicata ; apertura subverticalis oblonga, intus atro-fusca; perist. atro-fuscum, margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari libero, non reflexo. Long. 31, diam. 124 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). §. Butimus BINNEYANUS, Pfr. (fig. 4). 7. umbilicata; ovato- conica, solida, conferte striata, opaca, cretacea, interdum radiis Juscis fasciatim interruptis picta ; spira conica, apice acutiuscula ; anfr. 54, subplani, exserte carinati, ultimus non descendens, spiram @quans, infra carinam acutam turgidus, circa umbilicum infundi- buliformem pervium vir compressus ; apertura obliqua, irregula- riter rhombea, fundo fuscula ; perist. simplex, acutum, sordide purpurascens, margine dextro expanso, columellari late patente. Long. 26, diam. 19 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 7. Butimus witiiamsi, Pfr. (fig. 1). 7. imperforata, subulata, solidula, striatula, alba, strigis saturate castaneis, deorsum satu- ratioribus et crebrioribus picta; spira turrita, apice obtusula ; anfr. 8 planiusculi, ultimus 4 longitudinis non attingens, basi compressus; apertura viz obliqua, oblonga; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus subparallelis, columellari tenui, adnato. Long. 24, diam. 64 mill. Hab. Province of Catamarca, Andes of Peru (Mr. Williams). Le Se Oe 8. Buximus vespertinvs, Pfr. (fig.3). 7. subperforata, oblongo- Susiformis, tenuiuscula, irregulariter (interdum levissime) striata, nitidula, albido-rosea, strigis spadiceis, irregulariter albo-adspersis, ornata; spira conica, apice acutiuscula, nigricans ; anfr. 63-7 conveviusculi, ultimus spiram paulo superans, basi attenuatus, croceus; columella filaris, subrecedens ; apertura vix obliqua, No, CCCLXIII.—Proceepincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 258 acuminato-oblonga, intus rubra, strigata, nitida ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari sursum sensim dilatato, subappresso. Long. 36, diam. 14 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 9. Buximus rarrisI, Pfr. (fig. 8). 7. anguste umbilicata, fusifor- mi-turrita, solidula, longitudinaliter subremote pliculata et conferte striolata, striis spiralibus levibus decussatula, albida vel rosea, plerumque strigis et maculis pellucentibus fuscis vel rubris sig- nata ; spira elongato-conica, apice acutiuscula, crocea ; anfr. 64-7 planiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, vie ventrosior, basi at- tenuatus ; columella superne levissime plicata; apertura parva obliqua, acuminata, oblongo-ovalis, intus fusco-crocea ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari superne dilatato, fornicatim reflexo. Long. 47, diam. 16 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 10. Butimus cLaturatus, Pfr. T. compresse umbilicata, fusi- formi-oblonga, tenuiuscula, plicatula, parum nitens, albida, strigis et fasciis angustis interruptis fuscis subclathrata; spira elongata, apice acutiuscula; anfr. 8 parum convexi, ultimus 2 longitudinis vix superans, basi compressus ; apertura viz obliqua, subrhombeo-ovalis ; columella medio leviter torta; perist. sim- plex, rectum, margine columellari a basi dilatato, superne late patente. Long. 30, diam. 11 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 5. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS FURCELLA. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc. Sir Everard Home figured, as I stated in my former paper, the fragment of the vaulted continuation of the tube that closes its lower ends, for the shelly valves of the animal. Considering this as an accidental mistake, I took no further notice of it. An eminent com- parative anatomist having observed,—“ In the great Teredo arenaria, which lives in soft mud, the valves are wanting, according to Dr. Gray, or their homologues form the convex cap closing the periodi- cal growths of the calcareous tubes ”’ (““Mollusea,” in Ency. Britan. 353), I feel it incumbent on me to show the reasons why I cannot consider the ‘‘ convex caps” closing the calcareous tube to be the homologues of the true valves, which, in my paper, I have said are entirely absent. First. The caps have the structure, and are continuations of the tube, and have no relation to the usual valves of the Teredo in their form or structure. Secondly. The convex caps here referred to are evidently identical in structure and formation with the convex cap that is found on the end oe we Latha 259 of the tubes of the allied genera Clavagella and Aspergillum ; and as these genera have the shelly valves of the animal in their proper situations, on the sides of the body, quite distinct from the convex caps, I think it is conclusive that they are not the homologue of the valves, in those genera, as both the valves and the caps which are considered as their homologue are present together, so that I must consider the convex cap in those genera as I do in /urcella, as only a continuation of the shelly tube in which the animal lives, and having no more affinity with the shelly valves than the tube of Gas- trochena and some Lithodomi and other perforating Mollusca. Thirdly. It is to be remembered that some species of the true genus T'eredo, which have distinct shelly valves, also form a shelly convex cap at the base of their tube in front of the animal, exactly similar in structure and situation to the cap of the genus Furcella, as I mentioned in my former paper ; so that I cannot consider it only as a septum formed by the animal for its protection during the period of rest in those species of T’eredinide which have true, well-deve- loped, shelly valves, and the same convex caps as the homologue of the shelly valve in the genus of the family which are without true valves. Hence I must continue to regard Furcella as a Conchifer with- out shelly valves or any part homologous to them ; and if we were to find a Conchifer without valves, I should consider their absence would be most likely to occur in a family which have the valves in the normal members of it so reduced in comparison with the size of the animal as in Teredinide, where they have been regarded as ‘mere appendages of the foot ;”’ and also being a family of Bivalve Mollusca, in which the animals always live in a shelly tube, it is one in which the valves are least required for their protection. Since I sent in the former paper, I have had the opportunity of _ examining Mr. Cuming’s series of Furcella from the Island of Ca- miguen, one of the Philippines, where they live in hard mud left exposed at very low water. Mr. Cuming has several specimens of the tube of the young ani- mal, which commence with a much smaller diameter than the spe- cimen figured, and enlarge more rapidly in thickness, so that the tube is more conical. He has two examples of the base of the tube of larger specimens, which end in the cap formed of two overlap- ping arched plates, like the one figured, showing that to be the normal formation of the termination. All the specimens have two separate apical siphonal tubes. He has also two specimens of the upper part of the tube, which are of a slender, elongated, nearly cylindrical form ; both are pierced the whole length with two central semicylindrical tubes, separated by a narrow opake septum. One of these specimens is water-worn, the other as fresh as if it had been broken from a living specimen ; the latter shows at the fracture that the apex of the tube is formed of a number of concentric lamin deposited one within the other. The two semicylindrical siphon tubes are surrounded with a special 260 opake shelly lamina, the septum between them being of the same thickness and structure; and between the outer surface of this tube of the siphon and the inner surface of the cylindrical outer sheath or tube, there is deposited at each end of the central septum, between the two siphonal tubes, a transverse space filled with a loose, spongy, cellular shelly texture. Mr. Cuming has two small tubes from California which appear to belong to the genus Teredo, which have the lower or larger end of the tube closed with a single hemispherical cap like those described in my former paper. In one the cap is simple and terminal, and the apex of the tube is oblong and quite simple; in the other the cap at the lower end of the tube is larger, rather distorted, and bent on one side of the axis of the tube, and the aperture at the apex of the tube is partially divided by a series of plates, which have a promi- nence in the middle on each side, forming an imperfect division of the cavity. I may add, that the siphonal end of the tube being divided into two distinct tubes is not a distinctive character of Furcella, as we have in the British Museum a Teredo or rather a Xylotrya from Sierra Leone which has some of its tubes furnished with two distinct siphonal apertures, and others in which the tubes are only partially separated, and others with a simple aperture. The Cloisonnaine de la Méditerranée of M. Matheron (Annales des Sciences et de l’Industrie du Midi de la France, vols. 1 & 2), quoted by Deshayes (Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. 245), is evidently a Teredo, furnished with shelly valves and palettes, and not a Furcella. 6. On a New GENUS AND SEVERAL New Species or Uropet- TID, IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BritisH Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., ETC. These animals, when first discovered, were arranged with Typhlops by Schneider; and afterwards Cuvier, who had previously regarded them as belonging to that genus, formed for some of them a genus under the name of Uropeltis. In the ‘Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum’ (12mo. 1845), I formed for them a family under the name of Uropeltide, and di- vided the species into three genera, each containing a single species. Lately I described a fourth genus named Morina in the ‘ Proceed- ings’ of this Society (1858). Professor Johann Miiller, in an article on the ‘ Osteology of Rep- tiles’ in Tiedemann’s ‘Zeitschrift fiir Physiologie’ for 1851 (vol. iv.), gave an account of the osteology of the two genera Rhinophis and Uropeltis. Schlegel in 1837 regarded them as a genus under the name of Pseudotyphlops, and noticed three species. Having occasion to re-examine the various specimens which we have received since the printing of the Catalogue above referred to, I have found several additional species. ea ae | ae =f ~ 261 The family may be divided into three groups, according to the form of the tail. I. The tail obliquely truncated with a flat superior disk. 1. Strronovura. Disk oblong, covered with separate, two or four keeled scales. 2. Uroprettis. Disk circular, covered with a single tubercular plate. Il. The tail subtruncate ; end conver, rounded, covered with a va single horny tubercular shield. 3. Mytin1a. Caudal shield many-keeled ; nose more or less acute. 1. Siloboura Ellioti. 4. Mytilia unimaculata. 2. Mytilia Templetonii. 5. Mytilia melanogaster. 3. Plectrurus Perrotetti. Ill. Tail oblong, compressed, covered with separate 3-keeled scales ; tip covered with a small compressed cap-like spinose shield. 4. Mavupria. Instead of this family being characterized by the tail being “ cylin- drical, obliquely truncated above,” it ought to be described as tai cylindrical or compressed, covered with keeled scales, which are separate or more or less united into a horny shield,—the scales on the tip of the tail being always united and many-keeled. 262 I. Tail cylindrical, obliquely truncated, with a flat superior dish. Uropeltina. 1. Srrogoura, Gray. Tail obliquely truncated ; disk oblong, covered with rhombic, two- or four-keeled scales, the scales on the lower edge of the disk larger, tubercular above, and having two acute tubercles on its sharp lower edge. * Scales of caudal disk four-keeled. 1. Srrepoura Exxiorti (fig. 1). B.M. Siloboura ceylonica, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. 142 (not Cuvier), a Caudal disk oblong, elongate; scales of the disk four-keeled; brown, with a narrow yellow streak on each side of the neck, a broad yellow band in front of the vent continued in a band on each side of the tail. Var. Larger scales of caudal disk three- or four-keeled. Hab. Madras (Walter Elliot, Esq.). ** Scales of caudal disk two-keeled. 2. SttoBpouRA CEYLONICA. B.M. Uropeltis Ceylonicus, Cuvier, R. A. ii. 76; Cocteau, Mag. Zool. 1833, t. 2 (not S. Ceylonica, Gray, Cat.); Miller in Tiedemann’s Zeitsch. Phys. iv. 252, 273. t. 21. f. 4, 5, skull? Siluboura Ceylonicus, Kelaart, Prod. Fauna, 156. Pseudotyphlops ceylanicus, Schlegel, Abbild. 45. Coloburus Ceylonicus, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 164. t. 59. f. 3. Caudal disk roundish, oblong ; scales of disk two-keeled ; black, a broad irregular yellow band on each side of the neck from the angle of the mouth, and some yellowish marbling on the sides of the body becoming more obscure behind ; a broad yellow cross band in front of the vent, continued in a broad band to the sides of the tail. Hab. Ceylon. 2. URopeE tris. Tail obliquely truncated; disk roundish, covered with a single flat roundish granulated shield. 1. UROPELTIS GRANDIS. B.M. Uropeltis (sp.?), Kelaart, Prodromus, 155. “ Uropeltis grandis, Kelaait.”? In Brit. Mus. Caudal disk subcircular, with large scattered tubercles ; nose #subacute, rather produced; dark brown ; chin and beneath yellowish brown, with some of the scales dark brown in the centre near the hinder edge. Hab. Ceylon (Kelaart). Dr. Kelaart’s type specimen. 263 2. UROPELTIS PARDALIS. B.M. “* Uropeltis pardalis, Kelaart.”’ Nose convex, rounded ; caudal disk subcireular, scarcely tuber- cular ; back black, with numerous small white specks on the back and sides; caudal disk brown, smooth, with a narrow white edge above and a white spot on each side of the lower edge ; belly white, three or four irregular rows of oblong transverse black spots. Hab. Ceylon (Kelaart). Dr. Kelaart’s type specimen. 3. Urorettis? Puriippinus. Uropeltis Philippinus, Miller, Thienem. Zeitsch. fiir Physiol. iv. 248, 274. t. 22. f. 1 a, 6, c, skull; f. 3, animal nat. size; Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 161. t. 59. f. 2. Rhinophis Philippinus, Boie, Isis, 1827, 513; Miiller, 1. c. 248. Typhlops Philippinus, Cuvier, R. Anim. ii. 72. Pseudotyphlops philippinus, Schlegel, Abbild. 44 (not figured). Hab. Philippines. This species is unknown to me. One specimen in the Paris Museum. Il. The tail cylindrical, subtruncate ; end covered with a single horny convex tuberculated shield ; nose acute. 3. Mytinia. Caudal disk convex, covered with a single convex shield, covered with small spine-like ridges; rostral scales produced, more or less acute. Rhinophis, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 150. * Caudal shield with a slight perpendicular keel ; rostral scales square, rather acute. 1. Myritia GerrRArDI. B.M. Mytilia Gerrardi, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 57. Rept. pl. 13. Caudal disk large, with a slight perpendicular terminal keel ; black ; white spot over the upper edge of disk. Hab. Ceylon (R. Templeton, Esq., 1845). 2. Myrixia Tempietonni (fig. 2). B.M, Caudal disk small, covered with radiating lines of uniform spines, with a slight perpendicular apical keel; blackish-brown, with the middle of the scales rather paler, a large irregular yellow streak on each side of the neck, and a few yellow cross-bands on the sides, becoming small and more indistinct behind; a yellow spot on each side of the vent, extending in an irregular narrow line to the end of the tail. Hab, Ceylon (R. Templeton, Esq ). 264 ** Caudal shield convex, rounded, without any terminal keel ; rostral shield compressed, produced, very acute.—? Rhinophis, Hempr. 3. Myrit1a unimacuata (fig. 4). . | B.M. Uniform grey-brown (in spirits), with pale edges to the scales, those of the under side being the broadest, with a single oblong transverse yellow spot in front of the vent. Hab. Ceylon (Thwattes). We have two specimens of this species,-—one not in a good state, rather discoloured, being uniform red-brown, from the Haslar col- lection, and another, in good state, received from Mr. Thwaites in 1856. They both have the same preanal spot and keelless caudal shield. The species is most like the Pseudotyphlops oxyrhynchus figured by Schlegel, Abbild. 43. t. 12, which is said to be the Typhlops oxyrhynchus of Schneider, Amph. ii. 341; the Rhinophis oxyrhyn- chus, “‘ Hemp. Berl. Mag.,’? Wagner, Syst. Amp. 195; the Rhino- phis punctata, Miller in Tiedem. Zeitsch. Physiol. i. 248, 273. t. 21. f. 1, 2, 3, skull; t. 22. f. 1, head shield; f. 1, d, e, f, caudal disk, which Schneider says came from Coromandel, and Professor Johann Miiller from Guiana: but I think the latter must be a mis- take, as no species of the family has yet been found on the Western continent. The specimen figured by Schlegel in the Leyden Museum differs from the one here described, chiefly in having no yellow spot in front of the vent, and in being provided with a dark spot in the centre of the scales, forming a central and some lateral lines on the back, and a single line of spots on the underside of the tail and the hinder part of the belly near the vent. I have no specimen which agrees with it in these characters. It is doubtful if Schlegel’s figures of this genus differ from Mo- yina; but Professor John Miller describes the tail as covered at the end with a “hard oval horny shield,’’ and he says Uropeltis has a caudal shield exactly like Riinophis, and rough with granulations ; he further observes that there is no other difference between the ex- ternal form and the skull of the genera, except in the form of the rostral shield, which in RAznophis is sharp and keeled and produced. At any rate Rhinophis and Morina were not established on the same kind of characters, and the sharpness or bluntness of the rostral shield differs in the species of both genera; and though the name and character is applicable to this kind, the nose of the other species of the genera more resembles that of genera Siloboura, Uro- peltis, and Maudia. *** Caudal shield small, with a terminal transverse dentated keel; rostral shield square, rather acute.—Crealia. 4. MyTILiA MELANOGASTER (fig. 5). Above brown (in spirits), with indistinct pale lines between the series of scales, formed by very small pale dots on the outer sides of 265 the scales ; sides white from lips to vent ; belly black, white-spotted ; tail above ‘and below like the back, dark. with sndiatinet pale lines ; caudal shield tridentate at the tip. Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites). We procured through Mr. Cuming two specimens of this spesies, which were sent home by Mr. Thw aites in 1854. See also— 1. Rhinophis Philippinus, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 134. t. 57. Ee 2. R. oryrhynchus, |. c. 156. 3. R. punctatus, |, ec. 157, only known from figures. Ill. Tail oblong, compressed, covered with separate three-keeled scales; tip covered with a small compressed cap-shaped spinose shield.—Plecturina. 4, PLECTRURUS. Tail oblong, compressed, covered with separate three-keeled scales; apex furnished with a small compressed cap-shaped shield, covered with small spines, and ending in a central perpendicular spinose keel. Nose rounded, rather produced. The central ventral series of scales rather iouiler than the other scales, six-sided. 1, Puecrrurus Perroretrti (fig. 3). B.M. Pale brown (in spirits), paler beneath, with a more or less large or distinct oblong transverse yellow spot in front of the vent. Plectrurus Perrotetti, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 167. t. 59. f. 4, skull; t. 76. f. 1. Hab. Madras (J. C. Jerdon, Esq., 1846) ; ‘* Neelgherries.”’ Var. 1. With series of obscure small pale spots between each series of the dorsal scales. Var. 2. Tail with a central line of white spots on the upper side, and with a row of white spots on each side near the vent, converging and united in the middle of the end of the tail; hinder part of upper lip white. Var. 3. Scales of the tail nearly smooth ; in other specimens these scales are very distinctly three-keeled. We have a smaller specimen of this animal, which we received from the Fort Pitt Museum, as having been sent by Mr. Ford from the Cape of Good Hope; but as ‘they had many specimens from India in that Museum, I suspect this habitat is a mistake, as the genus has not yet been received with certainty from Africa, and it is scarcely likely that an Indian species should be also found in that country. 266 7. On CARPENTERIA AND DvuJSARDINIA, TWO GENERA OF A NEW FORM OF PROTOZOA WITH ATTACHED MULTILOCULAR SHELLS FILLED WITH SPONGE, APPARENTLY INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN RuHIzoroODA AND PoriFerRA. By Dr. J.E. Gray, F.R.S. etc. Many years ago I observed on some specimens of Cardita varie- gata, which Mr. J. Ritchie, the late Consul of Tripoli, had collected at Marseilles and sent to the British Museum, some specimens of a parasitic shell which resembled a Balanus in shape, but when more carefully examined were evidently not formed in the same manner as the shells of that class of animals; but as they were not in a good condition, it was not easy to decide from what animal they derived their origin. Mr. Cuming some years later, when he transmitted his collection of Cirripedes to Mr. Dawson for his examination, sent with them some shelly bodies attached to the surface of a Porites Coral, and different kinds of shells, as Pecten and Cardita, which that natu- ralist returned to Mr. Cuming as “ not Cirripede,” on which Mr. Cuming brought them to the British Museum, requesting me to examine and describe them. These specimens brought to my mind the shells I had formerly received from Mr. Ritchie, and a casual examination of their form and structure at once showed me that they could not belong to a Cirripede; and as they presented some cha- racters which were not to be observed in the Mediterranean speci- mens, a careful study of them led me to consider them as nearly allied to the Foraminiferous shell, but differmg from any form of them with which I was acquainted, in being permanently attached to marine bodies ; and they were so unlike, both in size and form, to any shells of the kind previously known, that several persons to whom I had expressed this opinion doubted their affinity to them. I therefore laid the specimens aside, in hopes that some other spe- cimens might occur that would more fully elucidate their structure, and show their affinity to other known animals. Though most of the naturalists to whom I have shown Mr. Cu- ming’s specimens were inclined to regard them as a peculiar form of Cirripede shell, each examination of them tended to strengthen my original opinion, that they were a new form of Foraminifera ; and this was further confirmed when I accidentally discovered that the cells were filled with a fleshy substance, in which bundles of simple sponge-like spicula were imbedded. This induced me to show them to Professor George Busk, and to inquire of him if he had ever seen any coral, or other natural body, to which they could be allied. He stated that he had not, unless they were the shells of a Cirripede ; and on my expressing to him the opinion I had formed of their probable formation and affinity, he stated that it was not impossible that I was right, and that they might be an intermediate form of Rhizopod between a Foraminiferous shell and a Sponge, which is exactly the idea I had formed of their position, 267 considering them as a Sponge that was surrounded by and provided with a shelly case with a single terminal oseu/e. Being desirous of obtaining other opinions on the subject before publishing any account of them, I transmitted the specimens to my friend Dr. William Carpenter, stating my belief that they were a new form of RAizopod which had been mistaken by several natural- ists for the shell of a Cirripede, giving him permission to take off and examine one of the specimens. He has most kindly sent me the following note. University Hall, April 23, 1858. My pear Sir, : Your guess was a very sagacious one. The structure of the shell is most characteristically Foraminiferous, being riddled full of holes like a Rotalia. In the interior of the only specimen I have laid open was a brownish animal residuum full of Sponge spicules. Of course there is no great improbability in the idea that the Sponge was para- sitical ; but I am inclined to believe that this organism is the con- necting link which I have long thought must exist between Sponges and Foraminifera, and that it is in fact a Sponge whose integuments have been consolidated into a Foraminiferous-like shell. You will find that the interior is not one single undivided cavity, but that it is loculated ; and sections of the shell show a sort of areolation cor- responding with the little bosses of the exterior. I do not think that you will satisfactorily elucidate the organiza- tion of this creature, unless you have several sections made in dif- ferent directions through the shell. Ihave limited myself to the one which you gave me the liberty to break up, with which I have done the best I could. I should like to have these (two) slides back again, and to have one or two perfect specimens, if you could spare me a corner of your block. Yours very truly, Wixviam CarPenter. This account exactly agrees with my previous examination, as it was the knowledge that the shell was multilocular and minutely foraminated like the multilocular Foraminifera, which induced me to regard them as the case of a Rhizopod; and the knowledge that the cells were filled with a fleshy substance strengthened with spicula like certain sponges, which induced me to believe that they were also allied to the Porifera or Sponges; and in my note to Dr. Carpenter transmitted with the specimen on the 21st of April, 1858, I stated that ‘“‘I regarded it as a Rhizopod of a new form; it is formed of a number of cells each ending in a terminal pore. The cells look like the valves of a Barnacle, and that is the reason that Mr. Cuming and my German friend think it is one; but the examination of the structure at once proves that it cannot be one.”’ Being strengthened by the opinion of Professor Busk and Dr, Car- Dacian, 2 have ventured to bring the subject before the Society ; and I propose to form for the Philippine specimens a genus which I shall 268 name Carpenteria, after Dr. William Carpenter, who has paid so” much attention and has been so successful in elucidating the stree- ture and organization of these animals, and who is also the son of CARPENTERIA. Fig. 1. Exterior surface complete. Fig. 2. Partly eaten off by acid. a. Complete. Fig. 3. Cross sunken cells, showing the spicula in the cells. Fig. 4. Part of Fig. 3, more magnified. a. Outer parietes of cells. my very dear friend Dr. Lant Carpenter, and the brother of Mr. P. P. Carpenter, to whom we are much indebted for the collection of Magellan Shells and the catalogue that accompanied it. I shall merely give a slight description of the genus, sufficient to vee es 269 distinguish it from other marine bodies, and send some of my speci- mens to Dr. Carpenter, in the hope that it will enable him to add a full account of its formation and structure to his paper on the Fora- miniferous Shells which he is preparing for the Transactions of the Royal Society, assisted by the funds of that Institution. 1. CARPENTERIA. Shell conical, attached by the broad base, formed of a series of elongated cells, each ending in a contracted mouth, piled one against another in a spiral manner, and with the aperture of the last cell at the apex in the centre of the acute cone. The substance of the cellg is formed of a network of calcareous anastomosing ribs; the interspaces between the ribs are thin, calcareous, prominent exter- nally, and pierced with numerous perforations. The cavity of the cells is filled with a fleshy sponge-like body, strengthened by nume- rous minute, simple, pin-shaped and fusiform smooth spicula placed in bundles. C. BALANIFORMIS. Hab. Philippine Islands, on Porites, Cardita, Pecten and other shells. The conical shell is furnished with a single contracted aperture at the apex of the cone; as each cell is formed it closes the aperture of the preceding cell, so that only one is seen at the top of the cone. Some specimens show two or rarely three apertures at the tip of the cone; but this arises from the tip having been broken ; these aper- tures are of a larger size and irregular form, very unlike the con- tracted uniform-shaped aperture of the last cell. When the shell is worn, or partly destroyed by acid, the thin part between the network is destroyed, leaving only the calcareous ribs, which fill the greater part of the cavity, leaving a cavernous calca- reous body somewhat like a sponge turned into stone. A section of the parietes of the cells appeared to be formed of polyhedral plates separated from one another by a rather opake line, as if formed by the union of the edges of the plates ; and each plate is pierced with a number of uniform-sized, regularly disposed cir- cular perforations, leaving a nearly uniform imperforated belt round the margin of each plate. The specimens on the shells of Cardita variegata from the shores of the Mediterranean are so different in substance and structure from those found (on the same species of shell among others) on the shores of the Philippines, that I propose to form for them a second genus, named in honour of M. Felix Dujardin, the Professor of Biology and Dean of the Faculty of Sciences at Rennes, who first described the animal of the many-chambered microscopic shells, which had before been generally considered as the residence of Cephalopods! the most complicated organized mollusea, instead of the most simply organized animal. 270 2. DusgARDINIA. Having the same external appearance and form as: the prece- ding genus; that is, formed of cells aggregated together in a spiral form, the last cell being furnished with an apical opening ; but the cells appear to have a simple cavity, and are formed of a thicker, harder, uniform shelly coat, which is very closely and uniformly pierced all over with very numerous, minute, equal-sized parallel pores. The cavity of the cell ? in the imperfect specimen which I have been able to examine, is simple; but then it has evidently been well-washed, probably with acid. Dusarpinia MEDITERRANEA. Hab. Mediterranean; Marseilles, on Cardita variegata (J. Rit- chie, Esq. 1817). These genera appear to me to forma distinct group of Rhizopoda, which may be called Fenestrifera, which is characterized by the animal being always attached to marine bodies, and the cellular body of the animal being strengthened with spicula and enclosed in a cal- careous cell furnished with a single contracted aperture and pierced with numerous foramens or tubes. These shelly bodies differ from all the shells of RAczopods hitherto known, in being attached, and in the form, structure, and disposi- tion of the cells, which (should the existence of spicula on the body prove a peculiarity of the genus Carpenteria, where alone it has been observed) is sufficient to form a group distinct from the other Rhizopods. The existence of these spicula shows that the genus Carpenteria, and probabiy all the group, forms the passage between the Porifera and Rhizopods, which has been long suspected to exist, but has not before been described. On the Mediterranean specimens of Cardita variegata there is intermixed with the Dwardinia a species of Lepralia, the anoma- lous Polytrema miniaceum, which is formed of numerous layers, one deposited on the other, each formed of a calcareous network, with small equal hexangular interspaces, undefined patches of a crust formed of rough calcareous cells placed side by side like the cells of a Lepralia, but much more unequal in size and irregular in form than the cells usually found in that genus. The parietes of these cells are pierced with numerous equal-sized minute pores like the foramens of Foraminifera, the whole substance of the cell being apparently formed of numerous short shelly tubes placed parallel side by side. The cells are furnished with a smal] roundish hole at one of their extremities, which is often hid by the convexity of the other cell. This may be a peculiar genus of Lepraliade allied by my genus Cribrillina (Cat. Brit. Radiata, pp. 116, 147), which has ‘‘ forami- niferous cells,’’ as Professor Busk calls them; or it may prove to be another form of Foraminifera. If the former, the form of the cells ¢ — 0 AVES 271 and mouth, and the structure of the cell-walls, are sufficient to di- stinguish it from Cribrillina. As the only way to draw attention to it is to give it a name, I propose to form for it provisionally, until its nature is better understood, a genus named PuUSTULARIA. Cells ovate, four- or five-angled, convex, crowded together side by side, forming a crust without any definite form ; the cells closed, their entire parietes being pierced with numerous close uniform mi- nute pores ; the cavity simple; aperture small, roundish, simple at the front end of the cell (without any ovarial cells ?). 1. PusTruLARIA ROSEA. The crust rose-red, rather rugose. Hab. Mediterranean. 8. Nore on THE Eco or “Tur Moorvuxk” (Casvarius Ben- NETTII, GOULD), FROM New Britain, tN THE Britisu Mv- sEuM. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc. (Aves, Pl. CXLIV.) The British Museum having obtained from Mr. Samuel Stevens the egg of the Mooruk from New Britain (sent to him by Mr. Turner, which he wished to exhibit to the Society before he deli- vered it into the Collection), I aminduced to send the following ob- servations on it. The egg is of the same form and has the same solid shell, covered with rounded tubercles, as that of the Common Cassowary, Casua- rius galeatus. It differs from the egg of the latter bird in the British Museum in being rather larger (it is 14} inches in circumference in the longest, and 114 inches in the thickest part), in the tubercles on the surface being larger, considerably further apart, and more iso- lated, that is to say, more rarely confluent together. The egg is pale olive-green with darker olive tubercles ; it is much darker than what I recollect of the eggs of the Cassowaries in other collections ; but they may have become faded, as is the case with our specimens in the British Museum. Mr. Bennett sent with the living specimen of the Mooruk now exhibited in the Menagerie, which he so liberally presented to the Society, an egg which was brought from New Britain with the bird. This egg has been presented by him, through the Society, to the British Museum. This egg differs very considerably from that exhibited by Mr. Stevens: first, in being smaller, that is to say, only 13} inches in circumference in the longest and 11 inches in the thickest part ; secondly, in the egg being blunter, more rounded in front, pat not 272 so conical as the other ; thirdly, it is of a uniform pale olive-colour, without any appearance of tubercles or darker spots. It has been suggested that the difference between the two eggs is so great that they cannot have been laid by the same species of bird. They both differ considerably from the egg of the Galeated Cas- sowary ; and Mrs. Turner assures me that they were both brought from New Britain, by her husband and the captain of the ship, with the living bird, to Sydney; they were divided by lot, and he, having the choice, selected the tuberculated egg: so that, if they are not the eggs of the Moornk, it would indicate that there must be two Cassowaries inhabiting New Britain, both different from C. galeatus. There is so great a similarity in colour and texture of the smooth egg with the ground-colour of the other egg between the tubercles, that it has been suggested that the tuberculated egg is the perfect egg of the bird, and the smooth egg that of a very immature or sickly specimen ; but under any circumstances I have considered it desirable that both specimens should be figured. May 11, 1858. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— ~~—1. Synopsis or THE AMERICAN ANT-BIRDS (FORMICARIID). By Puitie Luttey Scuater. Part II]. conrTAINING THE Tuirp SUBFAMILY FoRMICARIIN&, OR AntT-THRUSHES. (Aves, Pl. CXLIII.) Subfam. III. Formicariinz. Habitus magis turdinus : rostrum subulatum, validiusculum, rec- tum, apice incurva et dente finalt instructa: ale breves: cauda brevis, plerumque brevissima, vix rotundata sed plerum- que quadrata : pedes magni, ambulatorii, tarsi longi, sepe longissimi, digitis gracilibus et elongatis : ptilosis rufa et brun- nea, nigro varia: sexus plerumque similes. In terra apud sylvas densas vivunt, ibique nidificant. It is difficult, in this as in many other cases, to draw a precise line and say where the last subfamily ought to end and the present one to begin. In order to determine this accurately, it would be de- sirable to know a little more of the habits and other peculiarities of some of these birds. My idea is, that the present section ought to | 273 include the Ant-birds which keep always on the ground, in contra- distinction to those of the other subfamilies which live in the thickets near the ground, but are generally seen on the branches. Whether the genus Pitta and its allied forms of the Old World, which -cer- tainly show great outward resemblance to some of these birds, are to be placed near here in a natural arrangement, does not yet seem very certain. Cabanis in his ‘ Ornithologische Notizen,’ leaves the question in doubt, while Prince Bonaparte, who in his ‘ Conspectus’ excluded the Pitta from the Tracheophones ‘‘ geographia repug- nante,” and placed them among the Oscines, in his more lately pub- lished arrangement has located them near the Rollers (Coraciide). For this there seems to be some ground in the formation of the skeleton, the thorax in Pitta having much of the same appearance as in the Volatores. The series which I have arranged in this section is nearly the same as that included by Prof. Burmeister in his division ‘‘ Myio- theride,” with the exception of Sclerurus, which though somewhat intermediate in form, seems to me to fall more naturally into the Dendrocolaptide or Anabatide, where I assign to it the rank of a distinct subfamily. Genus I. Pirays. Pithys, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 862 (1823). Gymnopithys, Bp. Consp. Syst. Orn. p. 28 (1854). Rostrum modicum : ale subelongate : pedes subfortes ; acrotarsiis et paratarsiis integris ; digito externo cum medio usque ad se- ~ eundum articulum conjuncto: cauda longior. l. Piruys ALBIFRONS. Le Manikup de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 707. fig. 1. Pipra albifrons, Gm. 8. N.i. p. 1000. Myiothera albifrons, Licht. Doubl. p. 44. Pithys leucops, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 862. Dasycephala albifrons, Gray, Gen. i. p. 208. Pithys albifrons, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 214; Bp. Consp. p. 203. Olivascenti-cinereus, cervice undique et abdomine toto cum cauda saturate castaneis; capite nigro; crista frontali erecta et plumis mentalibus albis. Long. tota 4-5, alee 2°8, caude 1°5. Hab. Cayenne ; New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. b. Gymnopithys. 2. Pirays RUFIGULARIS. Le petit merle brun a gorge rousse de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 644. fig. 2. Turdus rufigula, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. Turdus pectoralis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 151. Pithys pectoralis, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 214 ; Bp. Consp. p. 203. No. CCCLXIV.—ProcerpinGs or THE ZooLocicaL Society. 274 Brunnescenti-olivaceus, subtus dilutior, gutture rufo, loris ob- scuris ; macula dorsi celata, in mari alba, in feemina pallide Sulva. Long. tota 5:0, alee 3°1, caudze 2°9. Hab. Cayenne. Mus. Berol., P.L. 8. 3. PirHys LEUCASPIS. Myrmeciza leucaspis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 253. pl. 70 ; 1855, p- 147; List of Bog. B.p.19. ~ Supra cinniamomeus, pileo intensiore : subtus albus, vitta laterali a loris ad imum pectus descendente utrinque nigra: ventreimo et lateribus olivascenti-cinnamomeus : macula dorsi celata pal- lide fulva. Long. tota 5°5, ale 2°8, caudee 1°8. Hab. New Granada, Bogota; Upper Amazon; Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauawell) ; Cobati, Rio Negro (Wallace). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. This is a typical Pithys, having the same formation of the bill, and the outer toes joined as in P. albifrons. Genus II. GyMNocICHLA. Rostrum forte: pileus cum loris omnino denudatus : narium aper- tura antice posita, ovalis: ale breves : pedes debiliores, digitis brevibus, unguibus brevibus nec validis; acrotarsiis divisis, paratarsiis integris. 1. GYMNOCICHLA NUDICEBS. Myiothera nudiceps, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. v. 106. pl. 6. Pyriglena nudiceps, Sclater, P.Z.S, 1854, p. 113. 3. Nigerrima, tectricibus alarum et cauda apicali anguste nigro marginatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6°0, alee 3°0, caudze 2:3. Hab. Panama (Bell); 8. Martha, New Granada (Verreauz). Mus. Brit., et Acad. Philadelph. Genus III. MyrMe.astes. Rostrum forte, ad basin latum, loris et regione oculari denudatis : ale modice ad caude dimidium attingentes: cauda modica, rotundata : pedes validi, tarsis modice longis, acrotarsiis divisis, paratarsis integris ; digitis elongatis, validiusculis. 1. MyRMELASTES PLUMBEUS, sp. nov. (Pl. CXLIII. ¢ et 2). 3. Nigricanti-plumbeus, alis caudaque obscure nigris ; tectricum alarium apicibus albo guttatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. ?. Mari similis, sed corpore toto subtus ferrugineo-rufo. Long. tota 6:0, alee 3:1, caudee 2°3, rostri a rictu 1°05, tarsi 1*2. Hab. Upper Amazon, Rio Javarri (Bates). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 2 275 The British Museum possesses both sexes of this fine, strong Ant-thrush from collections lately transmitted by Mr. Bates from Ega, but originating, I believe, from further up the stream. I have a single male specimen from the same source. The female has so nearly the same general appearance as Thamnophilus hyperythrus g , that they might easily be confounded at first sight. 2. MyRMELASTES NIGERRIMUS, Sp. Noy. Unicolor nigerrimus, tectricibus alarum superioribus, campterio proximis, albis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°3, caudze 2°3, tarsi 1°3. Hab. Upper Amazon (Bates), Mus. Brit. A single example of this bird occurred in the same collection as the former species, and is now in the British Museum. It is quite the same form as Myrmelastes plumbeus, with the exception of the bill being slightly shorter and the feet rather stronger. It is marked “«Trides black, bill black.’’ It is without doubt a male ; and it will be interesting to see the female. Genus IV. RuoroTerPe. Rhopoterpe, Cab. Orn. Not. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 227. Rostrum rectum, validum, elongatum: ale elongate, remige tertio quartum quintum et sextum subaquante : tarsi validi sed breves ; acrotarsiis divisis. This peculiar bird must come near Formicarius, but is at once distinguishable by its long wings and short tarsi. The two other species placed by Cabanis in this genus seem to me to have nothing to do with it. See Myrmotherula gularis and M. guttata. 1. RHOPOTERPE TORQUATA. Le Fourmillier de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 700. fig. 1. Formicarius torquatus, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. Turdus formicivorus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 828. Myrmothera formicivora, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 782. Myjioturdus palikour, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 470. Formicarius torquatus, Gray, Gen. i. p. 211. Rhopoterpe formicivora, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 228; Bp. Consp. p.200. 3. Cinnamomeo-brunnea, dorso nigro maculato ; alis nigris pal- lido cinnamomeo trifasciatis : subtus cinerea, gutture et pectore antico nigris ; ventre medio nigro transversim radiato. Q. Gutture et pectore antico ferrugineis. Long. tota 5-5, alee 3°7, caudee 1-4, rostri a rictu 1°05, tarsi 0°9. Hab. Cayenne. Mus. Bnit., P. L. S. 276 Genus V. PHioGopsis. Phlegopsis, Reich. Nat. Syst. d. Vég. pl. 57. (1850). Rostrum forte, compressiusculum, naribus parvis, rotundatis, an- tice positis ; regione oculart nuda; narium plumis erectis et setosis: pedes modict ; acrotarsiis vix conspicue divisis ; para- tarsits integris, ungue postico brevi, incurvato. This section is at once distinguished from Formicarius by the for- ward position of the small, rounded nostrils and nudity of the ocular region, which in Formicarius is densely feathered. The hind claw is also remarkably short and thick. 1. PHLOGOPSIS NIGRO-MACULATA. Myiothera nigro-maculata, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 14; D’Orb. Voy. p. 190. pl. 6*. fig. 2. Formicarius nigro-maculatus, Gray, Gen. i. p. 211 ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 68. Brunnescenti-olivacea, capite toto cum gula et pectore ngris : primariis extus cum cauda rufis ; interscapulio, tectricibus alarum et secundariis dorso proximis maculis ovalibus nigris ornatis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°3, caudee 2°3. Hab. Bolivia, Chiquitos (D’Ord.) ; Upper Amazon; Ecuador, Rio Napo; River Ucayali (Hauzxwell). Mus; Britt, Peies: 2. PHLOGOPSIS ERYTHROPTERA. Formicarius erythropterus, Gould, Ann, N. H. ser, 2. xv. p. 345, et P. Z. 8. 1855, p.. 69. Nigra, dorsi postici plumarum marginibus anguste albis: fascia tectricum alarium mediarum apicali et primartis extus casta- neis. Long. tota 6:5, alee 3°7, caude 2:5. Hab. South America. Mus. Brit. Genus VI. FormMIcaARIvs. Formicarius, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. (1783). Myrmornis, Herm. Tab. Aff. Animal. (1783). Myrmecophaga, Lacép. Mém. Inst. (1800-1). Myiothera, Ill. Prod. Syst. M. et Av. (1811). Myrmothera, Vieill. Analyse, p. 43 (1816). Myiocincla, Swains. Class. ii. 230 (1837). Rostrum crassiusculum : regio ocularis plumis vestita: ale longiores, remigibus tertio quarto et quinto aqualibus et longissimis : tarsi modice longi, validiusculi; scutis divisis ; ungue postico elongato, gracilt. 277 + 1. ForMICARIUS CAYANENSIS. Le tetema de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 821. Formicarius cayanensis, Bodd. Table des Pl. Enl. ; Gray, Gen. i. p- 211. Turdus colma, var. 8, Gm. 8. N.827. Le colma de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 703, fig. 1. Turdus colma, Gm. 8. N. 827, et auct. Myiothera tetema, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 46 ; Bp. Consp. p. 205. Myioturdus tetema, Max, Beitr. iii. 1038 ; Ménétr. Mon, Myioth. p- 166. Myrmothera fuscieapilla, Vieill. Nouy. Dict. xii. p. 112; Ene. Méth. p. 681. Myjiothera ruficeps, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 72. pl. 72. fig. 1. Myrmothera tetema, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 683, Myrmothera colma, Vieill. ibid. p. 682. Myjiothera colma, Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 686; et Bp. Consp. p- 205. Rufous-naped Thrush, Lath. G. H. v. p. 167. Olivaceo-brunneus ; loris et gutture nigricantibus ; fronte pileoque castaneis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudee 2°0. Hab. Cayenne; Brit. Guiana; North and South-eastern Brazil. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. The ‘colma’ is the young of this species, the ‘ tetema’ the adult. T have seen intermediate stages, +2, FoRMICARIUS NIGRIFRONS. Formicarius nigrifrons, Gould, Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 344 ; et P. Z.S. 1855, p. 69. Precedenti simillimus, sed fronte nigra. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudee 2-0. Hab. New Granada; Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Zauawell). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. I am far from being satisfied as to the real distinctness of this species. +3. FoRMICARIUS ANALIS. Myiothera analis, D’Orb. & Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 14; D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mér. p. 191, pl. 6. fig. 1 ; Schomb. Guian. iii. p- 686; Bp. Consp. p. 205. Formicarius analis, Gray, Gen. i. p. 211. Rufous-naped Thrush, var. B, Lath. G. H. v. p. 168. Rufescenti-olivaceus, subtus magis grisescens, gutture nigrican- tiore ; crisso vivide rufo. Long. tota 6°8, alee 3-6, caudee 2°2. Hab. Bolivia (D’ Orb.) ; River Amazon, Para (Wallace) ; Cay- enne; Trinidad; Brit. Guiana, Roraima Mountains (Schomd.). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 278 4>> FORMICARIUS MONILIGER. Formicarius moniliger, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294. Brunnescenti-olivaceus, pileo nigricantiore ; macula in loris alba ; : gutture nigro, infra rufo cincto; abdomine nigricanti-griseo, lateraliter olivascente. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudze 2°2. Hab. Southern Mexico, prov. Vera Cruz (Sallé); Mosquito coast (Bell). Mus. Brit. et Paris. 5. ForRMICARIUS TRIVITTATUS. Formicarius trivittatus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 46. Supra flavo-cinnamomeus, subtus elarior, gula pallidiore ; alis caudaque nigris cinnamomeo tinctis, illis albo trifasciatis. Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°4, caudee 2°5. Hab. Upper Amazon. Mus. Brit. Genus VII. CHAM2ZA. Chameza, Vig. 1825 ; Zool. Journ. ii. p. 395 (1826). Chamezosa, Cab. Orn. Not. 1847, p. 204. Rostrum brevius quam caput, compressum: ale brevissime, remi- gibus tertio quarto et quinto equalibus, secundarias via exce- dentibus: tarsi modice longitudinis, acrotarstis et paratarsiis divisis ; ungue postico brevi, valido: cauda modica parum ro- tundata. 1. CHAM#ZA BREVICAUDA. Turdus brevicaudus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 249; Ene. Méth. 645. F Myiothera campanisona, Licht. Doubl. p. 43 Pipes Chameza meruloides, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 395 (1826) ; Jard. Selby, Ill. Orn. i. pl. 11. Myioturdus marginatus, Max, Beitr. ii. 1035 (1831) ; Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 465, pl. 1. Grallaria marginata, Gray, Gen. i. p. 213. Chamezosa brevicauda, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 218. Grallaria brevicauda, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 334. Chamezosa marginata, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 47. “ Myiothera strigilata, Cuv.”’ ; Puch. Arch. d. Mus. vii. p. 335. Cinnamomeo-brunnea, pileo rufescentiore: subtus pallide ochracea, a ee ee eT eo ee gutture toto et ventre medio albis ; plumis pectoris et ventris laterum nigro late marginatis et punctatis ; caude apice albo, : fascia subapicali nigra. ¢ Long. tota 7°75, alee 3-4, caudee 3:0, tarsi 1°4. £ Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Bahia. ‘, Mus. P.L.S., Brit. a A so ‘Das! Bee 279 2. CHAM2®ZA OLIVACEA. Chameza olivacea, Tsch. Consp. Av. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 2/9 ;/1ech. F, P. p. 178. Grallaria olivacea, Gray, Gen. i. p. 213. Chamezosa olivacea, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 218. Similis speciei precedenti, sed pileo dorso concolore, colore subtus magis albo et plumarum marginibus multo latioribus ; cauda breviore, ‘ Long. tota 7°5, alee 3-6, caudze 2°5, tarsi 1°4. Hab. Eastern Peru; New Granada, Bogota; Venezuela, Ca- raccas. I have seen Tschudi’s type of Chameza olivacea, which is but slightly different from C. brevicauda. The characters above are taken from a Venezuelan specimen in my own collection, which I think is probably the same as Tschudi’s bird. 3. CHAM2ZA NOBILIS. Chameza nobilis, Gould, Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 344; P.Z.S. 1855, p. 68. Supra cinnamomeo-brunnea: subtus alba; pectoris, ventris et laterum plumis utrinque nigro marginatis, tanquam squamatis ; gutture et abdomine medio albis ; caude apice albo, vitta sub- apicali nigra. Long. tota 9:0, alee 4°3, caude 2°5, tarsi 1°5. Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros on the Huallaga (/Tavawell) ; S. Maria on the Ucayali (Cast. et Dev.). Mus. Brit., Paris. 4. CHAMZZA MOLLISSIMA. Chameza mollissima, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 89, pl. 96 et p.145 ; List Bog. B. p. 17. Supra brunneo-castanea, remigibus rectricibusque intus nigrican- tibus ; capitis lateribus et corpore toto subtus nigris, albo con- fertim transvittatis. Long. tota 5°75, alze 3-2, caudze 2-4. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. ° Mus. Brit., Paris, Genus VIII. GRALLARIA. Grallaria, Vieill. 1816; Analyse, p. 43 (1816). Myioturdus, Boié, Isis, 1826. Myjiotrichas, Boié, Isis, 1831. Colobathris, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 216 (1847). Hypsibemon, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217 (1847). Rostrum validum, modice elongatum, compressum, culmine multum incurvo : ale breves, remigibus quarto quinto et sexto longissimis 280 et tertium superantibus: tarsi longissimi, acrotarsiis divisis, paratarsiis plerumque integris. 1. GRALLARIA VARIA. Le roi des Fourmilliers de Cayenne, Pl. Enl. 702. Formicarius varius, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. Turdus rex, Gm. S. N. i. p. 828, et auct. Turdus grallarius, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 361. Grallaria fusca, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 154 ; Tsch. Faun. Per. p. i81. Myioturdus rex, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 462. Grallaria varia, Gray, Gen. i. p. 213. Colobathris rex, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217. Grallaria rex, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 333; Bp. Consp. p. 204. Olivacea, pileo plumbescente, plumis omnibus nigro marginatis : loris et striga rictali utrinque albis : regione auriculari et gula nigricantibus : macula cervicali media alba: abdomine cinnamo- mescenti-albido, plumarum parte mediali alba, nigro marginata ; tectricibus subalaribus pallide cinnamomeis. Long. tota 7:0, alee 4:6, caudee 1°7, tarsi 1-8. Hab. Cayenne ( Buff.) ; Para; Eastern Peru (Tsch.). Mus. Brit. 2. GRALLARIA IMPERATOR. Myioturdus rex, Max, Beitr. iii. 1027. Myiothera grallaria, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 43. Grallaria imperator, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 333; Gray, Gen. i. p- 213, Grallaria rex, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 50. Similis speciei precedenti sed abdomine fasciis obsoletis nigris om- nino transversim radiato ; maculis in scapis plumarum nullis. Long. tota 7°5, ale 4°6, caudee 1°7, tarsi 1°9. Hab. South-eastern Brazil ; 8. Paolo (Licht.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 3. GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS. Grallaria guatimalensis, Prev. Voy. d. 1. Venus, Ois. t. 2; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294; Gray, Gen. 1. p. 213. Olivacea, plumis late nigro marginatis ; pileo cinereo: loris albis : alis extus rufescentibus : cauda rufa: subtus saturate ferruginea, macula in collo medio alba. Long. tota 6°8, ale 4:5, caudee 1°7, tarsi 2°05. Hab. Guatemala; 8. Mexico, Cordova (Sailé). Mus. Brit., Derb. 4. GRALLARIA SQUAMIGERA. Grallaria squamigera, Prevost, Voy. Venus, Ois. t. 1; Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 338; Bp. Consp. p. 204; Gray, Gen. i. p. 213; Selater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p..145; List Bog. B. p. 17. 281 Obscure plumbea, subtus fulva, vittis et punctis nigris omnino trans- Sasciata, ventre imo et gula media immaculatis, Long. tota 8°5, alee 6-0, caudze 2:0, rostri a rictu 1°4, tarsi 2°4. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 5. GRALLARIA HYPOLEUCA. Grallaria hypoleuca, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 88, et 1856, p. 145; List Bog. B. p. 17. Supra ferruginea, loris albidis : subtus alba, lateribus magis cineras- centibus ; tibiis et hypochondriis brunnescentibus. Long. tota 6-5, alee 3°5, caudee 1°8. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Paris. 6. GRALLARIA MODESTA. Grallaria modesta, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1855, p. 89. pl. 94, et 1856, p- 145; List Bog. B. p. 17. Supra intense brunnescenti-olivacea, alis caudaque nigricanti-brunneis olivaceo tinctis : subtus olivacea, flavescenti-albido, nisi in ventre medio, flammulata ; tectricibus subalaribus pallide castaneis. Long. tota 6°2, alee 3:2, caudee 1°8, tarsi 1°75. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit. 7. GRALLARIA MONTICOLA. Grallaria monticola, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 68; DesMurs, Icon. Orn. pl. 53; Gray, Gen. i. p. 213. Chameza monticola, Bp. Consp. p. 204. Grallaria quitensis, Less. Echo d. M.S.? Olivaceo-brunnea, subtus fulvescenti-albida ; loris, gutture et ventre medio albescentibus. Long. tota 6°4, alee 3-9, caudee 2-0, rostri a rictu 1°15, tarsi 2-0. Hab. New Granada, Pasto (Lafr.); Bogota; vicinity of Quito (Jameson). , Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S. 8. GRALLARIA BREVICAUDA. Le grand befroi, Buff. Pl. Enl. 706. fig. 1. Formicarius brevicauda, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. Turdus tinniens, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 827. Grallaria tinniens, Bp. Consp. p. 204 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 51 ; Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 334; Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 182. Grallaria brevicauda, Gray, Gen. i. p. 213. Colobathris tinniens, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217. Myjioturdus tinniens, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 469. Cinnamomeo-brunnea, subtus alba, pallide grisescenti-olivaceo flam- 282 mulata, gula et ventre medio puris, immaculatis : tectricibus sub- alaribus pallide rufis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 3°3, caudee 1-3, tarsi 1°8. Hab. Cayenne ; Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 9. GRALLARIA MACULARIA. Pitta macularia, Temm. in Pl. Col. sed fig. nulla. Colobathris macularia, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217; Schomb. Guian. il. p. 685. Grallaria macularia, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 334 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 50; Gray’s Gen. i. p. 213; Bp. Consp. p. 204. Olivaceo-brunnea, alis extus rufo variis, remigibus extus rufis: sub- tus alba, pectore confertim nigro maculato, lateribus ochraceis: | regione oculari nudiuscula : ungue postico brevi et valido: Long. tota 5°4, alee 3°4, caudee 1°3, tarsi 1°4. Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.). Mus. Derbiano. 10. GRALLARIA OCHROLEUCA. Myioturdus ochroleucus, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1032; Ménétr. Mon. p- 464. Similis speciet precedenti, sed rostro multo angustiore et compresso ; maculis externis tectricum nullis: maculis solum in lateribus pectoris et ventris et his minoribus et rotundis: ungue postico gracili, elongato ; oculorum ambitu vestito. Long. tota 5°5, alee 3-0, caudze 1°5, tarsi 1°4. Hab. South-eastern Brazil, prov. Bahia (Maz), Mus. Lugd. The above are my notes taken from a specimen in the Leyden Museum, which is labelled “ Myiot. marginatus.’ This is certainly an error ; and I think in all probability the bird is referable to this species. 11. GRALLARIA FULVIVENTRIS. Grallaria fulviventris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 68. Olivaceo-brunnea, pileo obscuriore, alis extus magis rufescentibus, loris albidis : subtus gula et abdomine medio albis, pectore, ven- tris lateribus et crisso cum tectricibus alarum inferioribus saturate fulvis, pectore lineis quibusdam nigris variegato : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore, nisi apice, flavo: pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°2, caude 1°4, tarsi 1°5, rostri a rictu 0°95. Hab. Eastern Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. P.L.S. 12. GRALLARIA RUFICAPILLA. Grallaria ruficapilla, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 333; Gray’s Gen. 1. p- 217; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 145, et List Bog. B. p. 17. Hypsibemon ruficapillus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217; Bp. Consp. p- 204. 4 283 Olivaceo-brunnea, pileo toto et capitis lateribus castaneo-rufis : sub- tus alba, pectoris et laterum plumis utrinque nigro-brunneo mar- ginatis, quasi striatis ; tectricibus subalaribus pallide rufis. Long. tota 8-0, alee 4°0, caudee 2°0, tarsi 1°9. Hab. New Granada, Bogota ; Ecuador, vicinity of Quito (Jameson). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 13. GRALLARIA RUFULA. Grallaria rufula, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 99 ; Gray, Gen. i. p. 213; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 145; List Bog. B. p. 17. Hypsibemon rufulus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 218; Bp. Consp. p. 204. Castaneo-rufa, subtus dilutior : ventre medio flavicanti-albido. Long. tota 4°75, alee 2°9, caudee 1°5, tarsi 1°7. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. Genus IX. GRALLARICULA. Rostrum breve, basi dilatata, rictu parum setoso : ale breves rotun- date: cauda brevis: pedes debiles: tarsi graciles, breviusculi ; acrotarsiis divisis, paratarsiis integris, unguibus brevibus. These birds are diminutive Grallarie, but distinguished by their shorter, feebler bill, the indications of rictal bristles, and short slender tarsi and toes. They appear to form a transition between Grallaria and Conopophaga. The woodcut represents (fig. 2) the tarsus of Grallaricula flavirostris, which may be contrasted with that of Conopophaga lineata (fig. 3) and Grallaria rufula (fig. 1). 1. GRALLARICULA FLAVIROSTRIS. Grallaria flavirostris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 68. Brunnescenti-olivacea, loris et capitis lateribus rufescentibus : sub- tus alba, pectoris medii et lateralis plumis pallide rufis, utrinque 284 nigro late limbatis, quasi squamatis ; gule lateribus rufo tinctis, fascia nigricante intus marginatis ; tectricibus subalaribus pal- lide rufis ; rostro flavo ; pedibus clare brunneis. Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°7, caude 1:1, tarsi 0°9, rostri a rictu 0°7. Hab. Ecuador, Rio Napo; New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S. 2. GRALLARICULA LORICATA. Grallaria loricata, Sclater, P. Z.S.1857, p. 129. Supra olivacea: pileo castaneo: oculorum ambitu, loris et gula tota albidis, fulvo tinctis: stria duplici gutturis utrinque nigra : pectoris et ventris lateralis plumis omnibus medialiter fulvo- albidis, undique late nigro marginatis: ventre medio et crisso albis, hypochondrits brunnescentibus : rostro clare brunneo, basi flavida: tectricibus subalaribus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 4:0, ale 2°8, caudze 0°8, tarsi 1°6. Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud). Mus. Paris. 3. GRALLARICULA FERRUGINEIPECTUS. Grallaria ferrugineipectus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 129. Supra pallide brunnea, olivaceo induta: loris et regione oculari et auriculari fulvo tinctis : subtus flavicanti-ferruginea, collo antico medialiter et ventre toto cum crisso albis : alis nigricantibus pal- lido brunneo limbatis, tectricibus alarum superioribus omnino nigricantibus, inferioribus autem cum campterio ochraceis : rostri nigri basi flavicante : pedibus pallidis. Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°6, caude 1°2, tarsi ‘85. Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud). Mus. Paris. 4. GRALLARICULA NANA. Grallaria nana, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p-. 334; Gray’s Gen. 1. p. 213. Chameza nana, Bp. Consp. p. 204. Conopophaga nana, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 145; List Bog. B. eal. Brunneo-olivacea, pileo schistaceo, loris et corpore subtus intense Serrugineis, abdomine medio albicante. Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°7, caudee 1°5, tarsi 1:1. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. Brit. Genus X. ConoPporpHaGa. Conopophaga, Vieill. Analyse, p. 39 (1816). Myiagrus, Boié, Isis, 1826. Rostrum breve, tumidum, latum, rotundatum : ale subbreves, remige tertio quartum quintum sextum et septimum equales et longissimos subequante : tarsi longi, acrotarsiis vix conspicue divisis, para- tarsits integris, ungue postico subbrevi et multum arcuato. ee ee) w 285 a. Fasciculo postoculari elongato. 1. CoNOPOPHAGA AURITA. Turdus auritus, Gm. 8. N. p. 827. Pipra leucotis, Gm. 8. N. p. 1003. Fourmillier a oreilles blanches, Buff. Pl. Enl. 822. Conopophaga leucotis, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 127; Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 532. Conopophaga aurita, Gray, Gen. i. p. 255; Bp. Consp. p. 203 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 52. Supra olivaceo-brunnea, pileo rufo ; fronte, capitis lateribus, et gula nigris ; plumarum fasciculo elongato post-oculari albo ; pectore castaneo, ventre medio albescente, lateribus olivaceo-brunneis. Long. tota 4°0, alee 2°5, caudee 1°3, tarsi 1°05. Hab. Cayenne (Buff.). Mus. P.L.S. 2. CoONOPOPHAGA MELANOGASTRA. Conopophaga melanogaster, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 537. pl. 15. fig. 2; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 53; Bp. Consp. p. 203. Castanea, fasciculo postoculari albo: capite et corpore subtus nigerrimis : crisso grisescenti-ferrugineo. Hab. Interior of Brazil, Cuyaba (Langsdorf) . Mus. Petropolitano! (Non vidi.) 3. CONOPOPHAGA LINEATA. Myiagrus lineatus, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1046 (1831). Conopophaga vulgaris, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 534. pl. 14. fig. 1 (1832). Conopophaga lineata, Gray, Gen. i. p. 255 ; Cab. Orn. Not. p. 215; Bp. Consp. p. 203; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 52. $. Supra olivaceo-brunnea, subtus ferruginea, gula et ventre medio . albescentibus ; plumarum fasciculo elongato postoculari albo. ?. Mari similis, sed coloribus dilutioribus. Long. tota 5-0, alze 2°8, caudze 1°7, tarsi 1°1. Hab. South-eastern Brazil. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 4. CoNOPOPHAGA TORRIDA. Conopophaga torrida, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 68. Clare brunnescenti-olivacea, dorsi plumis nigro partim variegatis ; capite supra, alis et cauda ferruginescenti-brunneis ; tectricibus alarum et secundariis extus macula apicali fulvo-flavida ornatis ; plumarum fasciculo postoculari albo; subtus clare ferruginea, gula et ventre medio albicantibus, hypochondriis et ventre imo magis fulvis. Long. tota 4°6, ale 2°8, caude 1°2, tarsi 1°0. Hab. Ecuador, Rio Napo ; Chamicurros (Haurwell). Mus. Brit., P.L.S. 286 5. CoNOPOPHAGA CASTANEICEPS. Conopophaga ardesiaca, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 179; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 145. Conopophaga castaneiceps, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 47. Supra brunnescenti-olivacea, pileo castaneo, frontem versus letiore : capitis lateribus et gula nigricanti-cinereis plumarum penicilla postoculari alba: subtus cinerea, abdomine medio albescentiore, lateribus olivaceo indutis : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavo : pedibus brunneis. Long. tota 4:4, alee 2°9, caudee 2°7. Hab. New Granada, Bogota ; Eastern Peru (Tsch.). Mus. Brit., P.L.S. 6. CONOPOPHAGA PERUVIANA. Conopophaga peruviana, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 50. pl. 16. fis Olivaceo-brunnea, dorsi pennis nigro marginatis ; tectricum alarium apicibus clare fulvis ; pileo castaneo, penicilla postoculari alba: subtus plumbea, gutture medio et ventre medio albescentibus ; hypochondriis et crisso rufescentibus. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudze 1°3, tarsi 1°0. Hab. Upper Amazon, Pebas and Nauta (Cast. et Dev.) ; Ecua- dor, Rio Napo. Mus. Paris., P. L. S. I think that this is an immature bird, perhaps the young of C. ardesiaca. 7. CONOPOPHAGA ARDESIACA. Conopophaga ardesiaca, D’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837 ; D’Orb. Voy. p. 188. Fusco-olivacea, fronte et corpore subtus ardesiaceis, penicilla post- oculari alba: abdomine medio albicante, hypochondriis parum olivascentibus. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°8, caudze 1°8, tarsi 1°2. Distinguishable from C. castaneiceps by the cinereous front, and by the head being of the same brown olive as the back. Hab. Bolivia (D’Orod.). Mus. Paris., P. L.S. b. Fasciculo postoculari nullo. 8. CoNOPOPHAGA MELANOPS. Platyrhynchus melanops, Vieill. Dict. dH. N. xxvii. p. 14; Ene. Méth. p. 837; Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vil. p. 359. Myiothera perspicillata, Licht. Doubl. p. 43. Myjioturdus perspicillatus, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1042. Conopophaga perspicillata, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 215; Bp. Consp. p. 203; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 54. 287 Conopophaga nigrogenys, Less. Trait. @Orn.i.p. ; Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 536. pl. 15. fig. 1. Conopophaga ruficeps, , Sw. Orn. Draw. pl. 67 (2), 68 (2); Nat. Lib. x. pl. 52. Conopophaga dorsalis, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 533. pl. 14. fig. 2( 2); Bp. Consp. p. 203; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 53. 3. Olivaceo-brunnea, dorsi medii plumis nigro marginatis ; pileo castaneo ; capitis lateribus nigris : subtus plumbea, gula et ventre medio albis. Q. Olivaceo-brunnea, dorsi medii plumis nigro marginatis ; pileo brunnescenti-castaneo ; tectricum apicibus pallide fulvis: subtus clare brunnea, gutture et ventre medio albidioribus. Long. tota 4°5, alz 2°5, caude 1°3, tarsi 1-0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil, prov. Rio (Meénétriés, Burm., Maz). I believe Ménétri¢és and Burmeister are in error in considering C. melanops and C. dorsalis as specifically different. Prince Max (who found them breeding) describes them very clearly as being dif- ferent sexes of the same bird ; and such would be the obvious deduc- tion from an examination of specimens. 10. CoNOPpOPHAGA CUCULLATA. Conopophaga cucullata, Sclater, P. Z.S8. 1855, p. 29. pl. 119. Brunnescenti-olivacea, capite toto cum gula castaneis ; plaga cer- vicali antica alba ; abdomine dilute cinereo ; rostro albo-flavo. Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°7, caudee 1-1. Hab. New Granada, Bogota. Mus. P.L.S. Genus XI. Corytuorts. Corythopis, Sundeval, Vet. Acad. Handl. 1835, p. 93. Rostrum debilius, elongatum : ale sublonge ; remige primo secunda- rios, secundo sextum subequante ; tertio quarto et quinto longis- simis : cauda sublonga, parum rotundata: tarsi sublongi, acro- tarsiis integris aut extus obsolete divisis ; paratarsiis integris ; ungue postico gracili, elongato. 1. CoRYTHOPIS CALCARATA. Myjiothera calcarata, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1101. Muscicapa delalandii, Less. Tr. d’Orn. i. p. 392. Corythopis calcarata, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 215 ; Bp. Consp. p. 203; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 58. Viridescenti-olivacea, subtus alba: torque lata pectorali e maculis magnis confluentibus nigra. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°6, caudze 2-0, tarsi 0°9. Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz). Mus. Brit., Paris. 288 2. CoRYTHOPIS ANTHOIDES. Muscicapa anthoides, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. ; Puch. Arch. Mus. vii. 334. Brunnescenti-olivacea, subtus alba; torque lata pectorali e maculis magnis confluentibus nigra. Long. tota 4°5, alee 2:5, caudee 2°0, tarsi 0°9. Hab. Cayenne. Mus. Paris., P. L.S. Distinguishable from the Brazilian bird by the different tint of the back, which is olive-brown, not green. I have not yet seen the Bolivian bird (C. nigricincta, D’Orb.) nor the Peruvian (C. torquata, Tsch.), and cannot say whether they are different or not. List of species not recognized. 1. Myrmothera unicolor, Ménétr. Mon. p. 480. pl. 2. fig. 1, ex Brasilia. 2. Myiothera ardesiaca, Max, Beitr. iii. 1055, ex Brasilia. 3. Formicivora atra, Tsch. F. P. p. 145 (Pyriglena picea, Cab.), ex Peruvia. 4. Lanius funebris, Licht. Doubl. p. 47 (Pyriglena a Cab.), ex Cayenna. 5. Myrmonaz lugubris, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 211, ex Guiana. 6. Thamnophilus axillaris, Tsch. F. P. p. 174 (Herpsilochmus axillaris, Cab.), ex Peruvia. 7. Thamnophilus jani, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 32. 8. Thamnophilus afinis, Lafr. et D’ Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 12, ex Boliv. 9. Thamnophilus olivaceus, Tsch. F. P. p. 174, ex Peruvia. 10. Thamnophilus griseus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 41. f. 1, ex fl. Amaz. 11. Ramphocenus trinitatis, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 42.— Lesson’s R. viridis is a Madagascar bird, the type of Prince Bona- parte’s genus Bernierta (see Pucheran, Types, Arch. de Mus. vii. p- 369). 12. Myrmothera melanoleucus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. p. 113, et Enc. Méth. p. 682, ex Guiana. 13. Myrm. vittata, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. 114, et Enc. Méth. p. 683, ex Guiana.—Referred by Mr. Gray to Psilorhamphus ma- culatus. 14. Myrm. rufa, Vieill. J. c., ex Guiana. 15. Myrm. leucophrys, Vieill. 7. c., ex Guiana. 16. Myrm. atricapilla, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. p. 115, et Ene. Méth. p. 683, ex Cayenna.—This is perhaps Cercomacra atrithoraz. ean a ” 17. Myrm. tessellata, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 684, ex Cayenna. 18. Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 341, is said to be a Malacocichla (see P.Z. 8. 1858, p. 64). 19. Formicivora lafresnayana, D’Orb. Voy. p. 182, pl. 6. fig. 1, ex Bolivia. 20. Drymophila ruficauda, Less. Rey. Zool. 1840, p. 226. Seems to be the same as Myrmeciza ruficauda. 289 21. Formicivora guttata, Less. 1. c. p. 853, ex Brasil. 22. Myiothera yarrelli, Leadb. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 87. I do not think it necessary to repeat here the unrecognized syn- onyms of Thamnophili, which I have given at full length in my ‘ Draft Arrangement’ of that genus, Edinb. Phil. Mag. n.s. vol. i. 2. AppitionaL Nore on THE Uptanp Goose (CHLOEPHAGA MAGELLANICA). By Paizie Luriey Scuarer. In my note upon this bird in last year’s ‘ Proceedings’ (p. 128), I spoke somewhat doubtfully as to the brown bird figured by Buffon (Pl. Enl. 1006), and upon which Gmelin’s term magellanicus was founded, being really the female of the white bird. The legs of the brown bird are yellow, and of the white bird black, a variation almost, I believe, without precedent in sexes of the same species. I had hoped that the question would have been settled by the pairing and breed- ing of these birds this spring ; but this has not yet taken place, al- though the Chloephaga poliocephala has bred freely for several years. But the subjoined letter, which I have received in answer to an ap- plication for information made to Mr. James Hunt, the intelligent Head Keeper of the Gardens, seems to set -this question of their being sexes of the same species quite at rest. Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, April 27th, 1858. Sir, PL ee I beg leave to inform you that the person who reared the four Magellanic Geese presented to the Society by His Excellency Go- vernor Moore, when in the Garden on the 5th of April last, stated that these birds were hatched about Oct. 1856, from eggs taken from the nest of the wild bird by Corporal Brown. The eggs were set under a common hen, and four young ones were hatched from them, one of which died quite young ; the other three are the three at present living in these Gander. The fourth one that arrived with these three had one of its wings injured when it arrived here. This was a wild bird, taken when quite young ; and the wing was injured in its capture. He also stated that the black and white bird with the black legs is the male, and the two that are with it with the yellow legs are the females ; that they are all hatched with black legs, and remain with the legs of that colour for some weeks after they are hatched ; No. CCCLXV.—ProceepiInGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery. 290 and that the first indication of sex is the change of colour of the legs from black to yellow, which change takes place earlier than the change of plumage in the young birds. This person was in the service of Governor Moore for some time in the Falkland Islands. I am, Sir, P. L. Sclater, Esq., Your most obedient servant, Se. Cs Se. James Hunt. I may remark, that these birds are well represented as sexes on the same plate in Mr. Cassin’s account of the birds procured by the U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition in Chili (see that work, pl. 24). With regard to the ‘‘Ashy-headed Goose” which is figured in Gray and Mitchell’s ‘Genera of Birds’ as Bernicla inornata, I am enabled to confirm what I before stated, that King’s Anas inornata is not the same bird. Mr. G. R. Gray has shown me the type of King’s description, which is now in the British Museum ; and it is clearly not our ‘ Ashy-headed Goose ”’ of the Gardens, but perhaps hardly different from the true ‘‘magellanica.” The Ashy-headed bird should therefore bear the name poliocephala given to it in the B.M. Catalogue published in 1844. Mr Gould exhibited to the meeting a specimen of the American species Regulus calendulus, which was shot in a wood on Loch Lo- mondside by Dr. Dewar about five years since. He also exhibited a specimen of the Night Heron, which had been shot at Combe Abbey, the seat of the Earl of Craven. The following extract was read from a letter addressed to Mr. Gould by his son Mr. Charles Gould, dated Eastbourne, May 3, 1858 :— **In the course of my walk yesterday, I came close to a sand-pit rather suddenly ; a number of Rabbits were playing about, who scampered off as soon as they became aware of the dread proximity of man, leaving behind them six or seven nondescript companions about their own size, sedately playful, awkward, and grotesque ; at the distance at which I first saw them I was quite at a loss to ima- gine what they were. Finding they were curious rather than shy, I approached nearer, and found them to be young Fox Cubs; they allowed me to venture within about 15 yards of them, and then re- tired, without any indecorous haste, one by one into their holes.” Paw eS ae yi Pty Sate ae et ae) 291 June 8, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On New Species or Birps From WESTERN AFRICA, IN THE CoLLECTION oF THE British Museum. By Dr. Gusray Hartvavus or Bremen, Foreign MemBeErR. One of the principal reasons that made me anxious to visit Eng- gland was the wish to increase my materials: for a second edition of my book on the Birds of Western Africa. In this object I have been most liberally assisted by Mr.G. R. Gray, who has allowed me every opportunity of examining the specimens in the magnificent Collec- tion of the British Museum. Besides some interesting novelties which we found, and which I wish to describe in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, among whose Foreign Members I have the honour to be enrolled, I have had the pleasure of inspecting some very rare species which I had not seen before. Among these I may mention some of those rare types collected during the second Niger Expe- dition by Mr. Louis Fraser,—as, for instance, the Sylvicola super- ciliosa of that naturalist, which from a second and more perfect Ashantee specimen I have found te be what I never expected, a typical Camaroptera ; then the Coccothraustes olivaceus of Fraser, a type most peculiar and unique amongst the great number of African Fringillide. But by far the most interesting and most curious African form which I have seen for the first time, is a little bird hardly larger than the smallest Humming-bird, the Diceum Rushie of Cassin, and the type of my genus Pholidornis. This minute and very peculiarly coloured species is the only true African representa- tive of the essentially Asiatic form Diceum, from which, however, I hold it to be truly generically distinct. The new species which I have observed, are the following :— 1. OnycHoGNnaTHuS HARTLAUBII, G. R. Gray, MS. Minor, obscure violascenti-chalybeus ; capite toto et remigum mi- norum marginibus externis in e@neum vergentibus ; scapularibus, tectricibus alarum minoribus et subalaribus dorso concoloribus ; rectricibus obscure chalybeis, margine cnescentibus ; remigum nigrorum dimidio basali oblique rufo ; rostro nigro ; pedibus fuscis. , capite et collo cinerascente striatis. Long. tot. 103", rostr. a fr. 12", al. 43", rectric. intermed. 4}", tars. 11'". Hab. Fernando Po. This bird is a second and very typical species of my genus Ony- chognathus, the type of which, O. fulgidus, seems to be confined to the Island of St. Thomas. The system of colouring is quite the same in both species; but O. hartlaubii is a much smaller bird, and has the bill much less hooked. One of the two specimens in 292 the British Museum is labeled ‘‘ Fernando Po;”’ the exact habitat of the other one is not known. Onychognathus is a beautiful transi- tional form, intermediate between dmydrus and Lamprocolius. 2. TELEPHONUS MINUTUS, Sp. nov. Minor ; pileo toto nigro; striola superciliari gracili albida ; cervice et interscapulio immaculate fulvis ; dorso medio longitudinaliter nigro variegato ; tergo et uropygio fulvis; loris albidis; alis rufis, remigibus primariis in pogonio interno nigricanti-fuscis, tertiariis et tectricibus majoribus in medio longitudinaliter nigri- cantibus ; subalaribus fulvis ; rectricibus fusco-nigris, duabus externis fulvescente extus limbatis, extime apice latius pallido ; corpore inferiore toto fulvo, gula pallidiore ; rostro valido nigro ; pedibus fuscis. Long, 7", rostr..a fr. 83!", al. 2") 7", cand: 3! tars. bers fTab. Ashantee. This is the smallest species of the exclusively African genus Tele- phonus. It is, perhaps, not generally known in this country, that the German traveller, Dr. A. Brehm, a very acute and scientific na- turalist, who has explored the Ornithology of Spain better than any person before him, most decidedly contradicts the occurrence of Telephonus cucullatus or of any other species of this group in that country. 'Temminck’s indication to the contrary appears to be one of those many errors occurring in Part 3 and 4 of the ‘ Ma- nuel d’Ornithologie ;’ at least it was regarded as such by ever person in Spain who had paid any attention to the birds of the country, and Dr. Brehm himself could not discover there the slightest trace of this bird. Another striking and interesting example of the incorrectness of local indications in the ‘ Manuel d’ Ornithologie,’ is given in the total absence of the Ivos obscurus from Spain or any other country in the south of Europe. Two specimens of 7’. minutus are in the collection of the British Museum, which besides possesses a very complete set of all the other known species of the genus. 3. ANDROPADUS ERYTHROPTERUS, G. R. Gray, MS. Obscure olivaceus, alis totis et imprimis tectricibus distincte rufes- centibus ; remigum marginibus internis pallidis ; subalaribus fla- vidis ; cauda fusca; corpore inferiore pallidiore, flavescente ; rostro fusco, apice et mandibula tota flavidis ; pedibus pallidis. Long. tot. 6", rostr. 53", al. 2" 8!", caud. 2" 9!", tars. 8!" Hab. Ashantee. Another bird of one of those exclusively African genera which seem to have their full development on the western coast. The other spe- cies are 4. importunus from the Cape, A. latirostris and A. graci- lirostris, both widely distributed along the western coast, and A. virens of Cassin, discovered by Du Chaillu on the banks of the river Muni. and near Cape Lopez. The colouring of all these species is = = e x ; . : | 293 very much alike ; and clearer distinctive characters are much wanted in this group. 4, TRICHOPHORUS CINERASCENS, sp. nov. Supra olivaceo-viridis, plumis medio cinerascentibus, capite di- stinctius cinerascente ; genarum plumulis stria mediana pallida notati$; tergo et uropygio viridioribus ; remigum pogoniis ex- ternis virentibus, internis nigricantibus ; rectricibus olivaceis, scapis nigris ; subalaribus et subcaudalibus olivaceis : subtus oli- vaceo et cinerascente variegatus ; gula flava; rostro plumbeo ; pedibus nigricantibus. Long. tot. 8}, rostr. 9'", al. 4", caud. 4", tars. 103!" Hab. Ashantee. This fine new species comes nearest to 7'r. flavicollis of Swainson, but is easily distinguished by the much greater amount of grey in its colouring. Nearly the whole of this group is distributed over the western parts of Africa. We know only one southern species. Not one has as yet been discovered in Abyssinia. 2. On some NEw OR LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF TANAGERS FROM THE COLLECTION oF M. VERREAUX OF Paris. By Puiptie Lurvey ScuatTer. I have just received from M. Verreaux of Paris specimens of five Tanagride, part of a collection lately obtained from some district in the interior of Peru—I have little doubt, from the neighbourhood bordering on Bolivia, if not really within the limits of the latter re- public. Two of them are certainly new species, and the others of rare occurrence ; and I cannot avoid acknowledging my obligations to M. Jules Verreaux, our Corresponding Member, to whose friend- liness I am indebted for having the opportunity of first examining these rare birds. The species are as follows :— 1.BuaRREMON RUFINUCHUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.), Sclater, Syn. Av. Tan. p. 25, sp. 10. Quite a distinct species from B. /atinuchus of Ecuador, and rea- dily known by its black back, and the black chin and sides of the throat. M. DuBus was perfectly right in separating them. 2. CHLOROSPINGUS ALBITEMPORALIS (Lafr.), Syn. Av. Tan. p- 27; P.Z.S. 1856, p. 89. This specimen confirms my separation of this species from the Mexican C. ophthalmicus. I have already stated the grounds of difference. 3. CHLOROSPINGUS CASTANEICOLLIS, Sp. Ov. Supra olivascenti-fuscus, pileo saturatiore, alis caudaque rufes- centioribus : capitis lateribus cum mento nigris, superciliis an- gustis ad nucham protractis et macula parva suboculari albis : 294 subtus castaneus, pectore saturatiore, ventre medio dilutiore : rostro nigro : pedibus brunneis. Long. tota 5°4, alee 2°5, caudee 2°3. In colour this apparently new species of Chlorospingus shows most resemblance to C. melanotis (P. Z. 8. 1854, pl. 68), and it may be conveniently arranged next to that species, and between it and C. rubrirostris, with which it nearly agrees in the shape of the bill. The dark chestnut colour of the breast, black chin, and white superciliary stripe render it easily recognizable amongst its con- geners. 4. CALLISTE CYANOTIS, sp. nov. Metallice viridis, dorso summo obscuriore, pileo supero nigro ; superciliis latis metallice viridibus : fronte ipsa cum loris nigris : regione auriculari et vitta supra-frontali cerulescentibus ; alis caudaque nigris cerulescenti-viridi limbatis : ventre imo cris- soque pallide ochraceis : rostro nigro, pedibus brunneis. Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°5, caudze 1°7. Oés. Affinis CALLISTH LABRADORIDI, sed crassitie paulo minore, vitta frontali et regione auriculari ceeruleis et colore corporis viridi minus ceerulescente distinguenda. Having recently completed a Monograph of the genus Calliste, it is with no ordinary interest that [look upon the present bird,which seems to be a new and hitherto unrecognized member of the group. A close ally of Calliste labradorides of the New Granadian Andes, it doubt- less represents that species in South-eastern Peru and Bolivia, just as Calliste xanthocephala replaces Calliste venusta in the same lo- cality. The single specimen sent by M. Verreaux is not in very per- fect plumage; but its distinctness from its New Granadian repre- sentative is easily seen on comparison. The whole of the fore part of the head of C. labradorides is of a shining green, leaving the nape and back of the neck black. In the present bird there is merely a narrow post-frontal band, which, like the ear-coverts, is deeply tinged with blue. The black chin of C. labradorides appears to be absent in the present bird ; and the under surface is not tinged with blue. In C. labradorides the small coverts on the bend of the wing are of a bright shining blue, which is also absent im this new species. 5. CALLISTE XANTHOCEPHALA (Tsch.), Sclater, Mon. of Call. pl. 44. fig. 1. p. 99. Two examples of this scarce species of Calliste are in M. Verreaux’s collection. 3. On aA CoLuLecTION oF BirDS RECEIVED BY M. AvGUSTE SALLE FROM OAxAcA IN SOUTHERN Mexico. By Puixip LuTLeyY SCLATER. I have again the pleasure of bringing before the notice of the So- ciety one of M. Sallé’s series of beautifully prepared skins of Mexican 295 birds. M. Adolphe Boucard— M. Sallé’s correspondent—who formed the present collection, has lately changed his quarters from Vera Cruz into the State of Oaxaca on the Pacific side of the divi- ding range. The precise localities, where he has mostly worked, are La Parada, a village situated at about six leagues from Oaxaca at an elevation of about 10,000 feet in the cold region, and San Miguel de las Peras, about two leagues from the same city, in the temperate region. The species collected are over eighty in number ; and though there are not many of them which I consider absolutely new to science, there are several birds of very great interest, and which are to be seen but rarely in the Museums of Europe. Comparing this collee- tion with those which I have previously examined from Cordova and the adjacent portion of the Atlantic slope, we notice considerable differences. Taking, for example, the Wood-warblers from each, we find from Oaxaca, Cordova. Dendroica auduboni. | Dendroica coronata. nigrescens. pensilis. townsendi. virens. olivacea. olivacea. This at once lets us into the secret that the western and eastern Species descend respectively on their own side of the continent from north to south—the first three birds from Oaxaca being all Califor- nian species, and those from Cordova species which are found in the Eastern States ; while D. olivacea, which occurs in both localities, is not known to go further north than Texas, and its occurrence even in that country may be considered questionable. There are several other birds of different groups in this collection, such as Hel- minthophaga celata,Vireo huttoni, Cyanocitta californica, &e., which are exclusively western species. Altogether there are at least 35 species in this collection which I have not met with from the lo- ealities on the eastern slope ; and I have thought it advisable to give a list of the whole, so as to contribute something towards a knowledge of the range of species. 1, UrvsBiTiNGA ANTHRACINA (Nitzsch), antea, p. 129. $ juy., Parada, Oct. 1857. 2. Accrrirer Fruscus (Gm.). é, Parada, Jan. 1858. 3. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.). é, Parada, Oct. 1857. 4. Syrnrum NEBuLosuM (Forst.), Cass. B. Cal. p. 184. Parada, Dec. 1857. 5. Nycrave acapica (Gm.), Cassin, B. Cal. p. 186. dg, Cinco Senores, Oct. 1857. The occurrence of these two owls so far south is very interesting, and has not hitherto, I believe, been noted. 296 6. Scops Macca, Cassin, B. of Cal. p. 180. 3, Parada, Dec. 1857. I cannot quite make this bird fit Mr. Cassin’s description ; but it certainly has the general appearance of Scops asio, and is smaller, measuring, whole length 7:0, wing 5:2, tail 2°8. There are traces in the colours above of the lingering red plumage, which is said by Mr. Cassin (in the General Report of the U.S. R. R. Expedition and Surveys) to characterize the young of this species as well as of Scops asio. 7. ANTROSTOMUS MACROMYSTAX (Wagl.) ? Caprimulgus macromustaz, Waalen: Isis, 1831, p. 533 ; Cassin, B. Cal. p. 240. 3. Parada, Oct. 1857. I regard this Antrostomus as very likely to be Wagler’s 4. ma- cromystax,—it agreeing with all the characters he gives of that spe- cies, and several other birds noticed by Wagler in the same paper being in this collection. The specimen bears a general resemblance to A. vociferus, but is rather larger, and the wings and tail longer. The rictal bristles are particularly stiff and long, the longest mea- suring 1°8 inch in length, which is quite as long as the ‘head without the bill.’ The plumage above is more closely freckled than in 4. vociferus, particularly on the head (which is variegated nearly the same as the back), and presents the black vertical line much less distinctly. The wings and tail are coloured nearly as in A. vociferus ; but the ground-colour is darker, being nearly black, and the white tips of the outer tail-feathers are much broader, ex- cept on the outer web of the outer feather, which the black ad- vances far down, leaving only a narrow white termination. Whole length of skin 9°7, wing 6°7, tail 5-0. 8. PrETROCHELIDON SWAINSONI. Hirundo melanogaster (!), Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 366. Nitenti-cerulescenti-nigra, fronte, lateribus capitis, cervice un- dique cum gula et pectore antico lete rufis: macula pectorali nigra: uropygio pallide rufescenti-fulvo: alis caudaque ob- scure brunneis: abdomine albo, crisso rosacescente : rostro nigro: pedibus brunneis. Long. tota 5:0, alze 4°1, caudze 2°0. Obs. Inter Petrochelidonem lunifrontem ex America Boreali, et P. fulvam ex insula Jamaica media; huic fronte rubra, illi vero uropygio pallidiore et macula pectorali nigra magis affinis ! 3, Oaxaca, June 1857. This interesting bird, which has now for the first time come under my notice, is a close ally of P. fulva and P. lunifrons, and in some respects intermediate between the two, as I have just pointed out. The front is rufous, like the sides of the head and collar behind, and shows no trace of the whitish mark which so eminently distinguishes P. lunifrons. It is also inferior in size to my specimen of that spe- —" 297 cies, but larger than P. fulva. I have little doubt it is Swainson’s H. melanogaster, which I believe has remained unknown to naturalists since the time he described it, though the name has been mixed up by Audubon and Bonaparte with the synonyms of P. lunifrons. But as it appears ridiculous to continue the use of this name to a bird with a white belly, I have substituted Swainsoni as its specific appellation, in conformity with the Rules for Nomenclature adopted by the British Association. 9. PETASOPHORA THALASSINA (Sw.). +10. CaLtigeNa FULGENs (Sw.). 11. DeLatrria HENRICI (Less.). 12. DeLatrria RHAMI (Less.). + 13. Devarrria CLEMENCIz (Less.). 14. AMAZILIUS ARSINOE (Less. ). +15. Crrce vatrrostris (Sw.).—Trochilus latirostris, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 441.—Ornismya lessoni, Delattre, Rev, Zool. 1839, p- 15? 16. SappHrrRonia Lucipa (Shaw). +17. SeLaspHorus PLatycercus (Sw. ). + 18. SELAspHORUS RUBER (Linn.). +19. TrypH@na HELOISH (Less. & Del.). All these Humming-birds, except Circe latirostris, Sapphironia lucida, and Selasphorus ruber, are included in the list of M. Sallé’s collection from Cordova (see P. Z. S. 1856, p. 287 et seq.). 20. PicoLarrEes LEUCOGASTER (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 440; Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1850, p. 150. ¢ et $similes, sed foem. paulo minor, Parada, Oct. 1857.. 21, Cerruia mexicana, Reichb. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 290. é et 2 similes, Parada, Oct. et Dec. 1857. Easily distinguishable from C. americana, on comparison, by its darker head, back, and wings, and dark chestnut-red rump. Long. tota 5°0, alee 2°5, caudee 2°5, nearly the same as C. americana. 22. SALPINCTES MEXxICANUs (Sw.), P. Z, S. 1857, p. 212. 6, Oaxaca, May 1857. 23. TROGLODYTES BRUNNEICOLLIS, sp. nov. é, Parada, Dec. 1857. Supra terricolori-brunneus superciliis et capitis lateribus rufes- centibus, regione postoculari nigricanti-brunnea, uropygio sa- turatiore brunneo et hujus plumis quibusdam intus apicem versus albo maculatis : alis extus, et cauda tota lineis angustis 298 nigris regulariter transvittatis : subtus clare fulvo-rufescens abdomine medio albidiore, ventre imo, lateribus et crisso nigro anguste transvittatis : rostro superiore nigricante, inferiore cum pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 4°4, alee 2-0, caudee 1:7. This little Wren is very closely allied to 7. aedon of the United States, of which I have also specimens from Guatemala; but it is readily distinguishable by its clear, rufous under surface, more distinct supercilia, and rather darker upper plumage. On disturbing the feathers of the uropygium, a small white medial spot is seen-in the interior, as in 7’. aedon and several other species. 24. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS MEGALOPTERUS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p: 339 ; DesMurs, Icon. Orn. pl. 54. 3 et similes, Parada, Dec. 1857. These specimens settle the locality of this bird, which was not certainly known. I do not make the dimensions quite so large as M. de Lafresnaye (these examples measuring, long. tota 679, alee 3°5, caudee 3°3), but I have little doubt the species is the same. 25. MNIOTILLA VARIA (Linn.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291. 3, Parada, Oct. 1857. 26. HeLMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA (Wils.), P.Z.S. 1856, p. 291. S et $, Parada, Aug. 1857. 27. HeELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say), Bp.Am.Orn. pl. 5. fig. 2. Parada, Dec. 1857. Rather larger in dimensions than a Californian specimen in my collection, but apparently hardly distinct. 28. DENpRoIcA AUDUBONI (Townshend), Aud. B. Am.ii. pl. 77. 3 et 2, Parada, Oct. 1857. 29. DenpRoIcA TOWNSEND! (Nuttall), Aud. B. Am. ii. pl. 92. —Sylvia melanocausta, Licht. MS. 3 et 9, Parada, Oct. 1857 and Jan. 1858. Of this rare and beautiful species the Bremen Museum (as I am informed by Dr. Hartlaub) possesses specimens (as also of D. nt- grescens) collected by Wahlberg near Sitka in Russian America in 57° N.L., Oaxaca being in 17° N. L. nearly! This gives a distance of no less than 40° of latitude to the range of the migration of this species. 30. Denproica oxivacea (Giraud), P. Z.S. 1856, p. 291. do, Parada, Jan. 1850. 31. DenpROIcA NIGRESCENS (Townsend); Aud. B. Am. ii. pl: 94.—Sylvia halseii, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 3. fig. 1( ¢ ). 3 et 2, Parada, Dec. 1857. There can be no doubt, on comparison, that M. Giraud’s plate is intended for the female of this species. Mr. Cassin informed me that this was likely to be the case. All these three species of Wood- 299 warblers are in fine plumage. I have already adverted to the interest of their occurrence here. 32. ParuLa suPERCILIOSA (Hartlaub).—Sy/via mexicana, Licht. in Mus. Berol.—Parula mexicana, Bp. Consp. p. 310.—Compso- thlypis mexicana, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 21.— Conirostrum superci- liosum, Hartlaub, Rey. Zool. 1844, p. 215. é et 2, Parada, Oct. 1857. The female (so marked) of this pretty species only differs from the male in its less bright colouring, and the cervical spot not being so distinct. I have examined the type of Dr. Hartlaub’s description, which is in the Museum at Bremen, and can vouch for its identity with this bird. In M. Sallé’s former collections from the eastern coast we had Parula americana. See P. Z.S. 1857, p. 202. 33. Myirprocres pusiiius (Wilson), P. Z.S. 1856, p. 291. @, Parada, Jan. 1858. 34. BAsILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291. g, Parada, Oct. 1857. 35. SeropwacGa pict, Sw. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 292. g, Parada, Jan. 1858. A young bird of this species, before the first moult, is of a uni- ey slaty-brown, with the wing-coverts and outer tail-feathers white. 36. SeropHaGa MINiATA, Sw. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 292. @, Parada, Oct. 1857. 37. CARDELLINA RUBRA (Sw.), P. Z.S. 1856, p. 292. é et 2 similes, Parada, Dec. 1857. 38. CARDELLINA RUBRIFRONS (Giraud).—Muscicapa rubrifrons, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 7. fig. 1 (1840).—Cardellina amicta, Bp. Consp. p. 312, ex Dubusi icon. inedit.—Parus erythropis, Licht. in Mus. Berol. : $, Parada, Dec. 1857. 39. S1axi1a witsont (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293. ‘ ¢, Parada, Oct. 1857. ’ 40. Parus MeRIDIONALIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293, et 1857, p. 81. é, Parada, Dec. 1857. 41. LopuorHanes wottwesert (Bp.), Compt. Rend. xxi. p- 478; Cass. B. Cal. p. 19.—Parus annerus, Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. v. p- 103.—Lophophanes galeatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 90. é adult. et juv., Parada, Jan. 1858. 42. Psatrriparus MELANOTIS (Sandb.).— Parus melanotis, Sandbach, Pr. Brit. Ass. vi. p. 99 ; Hartl. R. Z. 1844, p. 216 ; Cass. 300 B. Cal. p. 20; Westerm. Bijdr. tot de Dierk. pt. 2.—Psaltriparus personatus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxi. p. 478. 3 et 2, Parada, Dec. 1857, et Jan. 1858. 43. Sirra CAROLINENSIS, L. ? g et 2, Parada, Oct. 1857. M. Salle’s collection contains examples of both sexes of a Nuthatch similar to S. carolinensis of the United States, but of inferior dimen- sions; and, as regards the bill, remarkably smaller. Mr. Cassin has lately separated the Californian representative of S. carolinensis from its eastern prototype, under the name S. aculeata; but this is distinguishable ‘“‘by its longer and more pointed bill’’—the very reverse of the variation in the Mexican birds. The dimensions of this species are as follows :— 3. Long. tota 4:9, alee 3°4, caude 1°8, rostri a rictu 0°8. 2. Long. tota 4°8, ale 3°35, caudee 1°75, rostri a rictu 0°65. As far as I recollect, the specimens of this bird from Vera Cruz, there, were of the ordinary size. 44, REGULUS CALENDULA. Parada, Nov. 1857, juv. 45. Turpvus mieraTorivs, Linn. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294. Parada, 9 juv. 46. Turpus siLens, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369 ; North. Zool. ii. p. 186. 3 et 2 similes, Parada, Jan. 1858. This is evidently the true 7’. silens of Mr. Swainson, and agrees with his detailed description in the ‘Northern Zoology.’ Professor Baird has given an excellent account of this puzzling little group of Thrushes in his General Report on North American birds, the first sheets of which he has been so kind as to send to me by post: He was, however, unacquainted with this bird, and seems inclined to refer the name to a Mexican variety of Turdus pallasi. The upper sur- face of this bird is paler and more greyish than that of 7’, swainsont. From that bird, however, it may be readily distinguished by its | yellowish-brown tail—which, however, is not nearly so deeply tinted as in 7’. pallasi. 47. FoRMICIVORA BOUCARDI, Sp. nov. Nigra: interscapularium basibus, carpo summo, tectricibus alarum inferioribus, maculis parvis in tectricibus alarum supe- rioribus et caude rectricum lateralium apicibus albis: rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 4°3, alee 1°9, caudze 1°8. 3, Acatepec, April 1857. This is the first bird of the subfamily Formicivorine I have seen from the north of the isthmus of Panama; and I call it by the name of its discoverer, M. Adolphe Boucard, whose collections of. beauti- fully prepared skins have much increased our knowledge of the Pay ae 301 Southern Mexican Avi-Fauna. It is most nearly allied to Formici- vora quixensis of my lately published ‘Synopsis of Formicariidee ’ (vide antea, p. 241), but may be distinguished by its smaller size, shorter wings, and the small size of the white wing-spots, which in F’. quizensis are much more prominent. 48. Muscrvora MEXICANA, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 295. 3, Acatepec, April 1857. _ The crest of this specimen is of a bright blood-red tipped with glancing purple ; but the longer bill at once distinguishes it from the two South American species. The length of the bill from the gape is 1:3, in my example of M. regia only 1:0. 49. Conrorus BorEALIS (Sw.).—Tyrannus borealis, Sw. N. Z. pl. 35.—Tyrannus cooperi, Nuttall. dg et 2, Parada, Oct. 1857. This Tyrant is distinguishable by its very long wings, which ex- tend two-thirds of the way down the tail. C. virens, the type of Cabanis’s genus Contopus, has also long wings, but is remarkable for its diminutive feet and short tarsi. In this bird the tarsi are pretty strong, and the hind claw rather elongated. 50. EmprpoNAx BAIRDI, Sp. noy. Supra pallide olivaceus, capite subcristato ; loris et regione ocu- lari flavescentibus: subtus sulphureo-flavus, ventre imo satura- tiore, pectore et lateribus corporis magis virescentibus : alis brunnescenti-nigris, tectricum alarium apicibus latis et secun- dariarum marginibus externis ochracescenti-flavidis ; itaque alis bifasciatis : cauda brunnescenti-nigra, pallido olivaceo extus _ marginata : rostro superiore nigricanti-brunneo, inferiore flavo ; pedibus nigerrimis. Long. tota 5-3, alee 3-0, caudee 2°6. I have been unable to identify this bird with any of the described species of this genus, and accordingly propose to call it after my friend Prof. 8. F. Baird of Washington, who is particularly well-acquainted with the group to which it belongs, and has the merit of being the original discoverer of two of the North American species. Were it not for the full information as to the other species which I have derived from the pages of his new Report upon North American Ornithology, I should have feared to characterize the present bird as new. The Empidonaz bairdi may be placed next to the FE. flaviventris, Baird, with which it agrees in the colouring of the lower surface, though perhaps a shade more creamy yellow on the belly. Above, however, it is not of the same full olive, but more rufescent in tinge ; besides, the head is somewhat crested, the beak is longer and nar- rower, the general dimensions are larger, and bands on the wings are buffy yellowish instead of being white or yellowish white. 51. Emprponax rutvirrons (Giraud).—Muscicapa fulvifrons, Giraud, B. of Texas, pl. 2. fig. 2. M. Sallé’s collection contains a single specimen apparently refer- 302 able to this species, of which I have likewise an example from Texas or Northern Mexico. The dimensions of these birds are slightly in- ferior to those assigned by M. Giraud; but his description agrees, and the species seems to be the same. 52. EMpIpONAXx ? 2 et ¢ similes, Parada, Oct. 1857. A species very closely allied to the last, but larger and deeper ferruginous below, of which I have likewise examples in my own collection from Orizaba. 53. TyRANNUS INTREPIDUS (Linn.) ; Wils. Am. Orn. ii. pl. 13. fig. 1. Acatepec, March 1857. This is the first occasion on which I have seen specimens of this bird from Southern Mexico. Its occurrence has, however, been al- ready noted by Swainson (Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 368). 54. VirEo HuTTONI, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. v. p. 150, pl. 10. fig. 1. Bey Cinco Sefiores, Oct. 1857. This specimen seems to agree with Mr. Cassin’s figure and de- scription of the Californian Vireo huttont. It is not more surprising . to find it here so far south, than to meet with the Californian Den- droice and Cyanocoraces, which is the case in this collection. 55. Vireo citvus (Vieill.).—Vireosylvia gilva, Cass. Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. v. p. 153; P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 298. 2, Oaxaca, June 1857. As this species possesses the first spurious primary (always ab- sent in Vireosylvia), ought it not to be referred to the genus Vireo? 56. AMPELIS CEDRORUM, Vieill. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 299. ¢ juv., Parada, Jan. 1858. 57. PriLOGONYS CINEREUS, Sw. 1856, p. 299. do, Parada, Oct. 1857. 58. My1aprecres onscurus (Lafr.), P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 213. 3, Parada, Dec. 1857. 59. CYANOCITTA CALIFORNICA (Vig.).—Garr. californicus, Vig. in Beachey’s Voy. pl.5; Bp. Consp. p. 377. do, Parada, Dec. 1857. Not quite mature ; but the white eyebrows, which distinguish the species, are sufficiently noticeable to betray its identity with this Ca- lifornian species. 60. Cyanocitra coRONATA (Sw.).—Garr. coronatus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p.437; Jard. Selby. Ill. Orn. pl. 64. 6, Parada, Oct. 1857. a ee . , : 61. IcreRus pARisiorvM, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 110.—Icterus scottii, Couch, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vii. p. 66. g adult. et juv., Parada, Oct. et Dec. 1857. I have specimens of this bird in my own collection from Northern Mexico. The female, which I believe has not yet been noticed, is greenish-brown above, with darker centres to the back-feathers, and the coverts and secondaries of the dull black wings margined broadly with white. Below yellowish-olive, brighter in the middle of the body. 62. Icrerus pustuLatus (Wagl.), Bp. Consp. p. 435. Parada, Oct. 1857, juv. 303 63. HepyMELES MELANOCEPHALUS (Sw.), P. Z.S.1856, p. 213. 64. SPERMOPHILA TORQUEOLA, Bp. Consp. p. 495. @, Oaxaca, June 1847. Supra nigra, dorso postico pallide rufo; speculo alari albo: subtus pallide rufa, gutture albicante, torque pectorali lato nigro : rostro et pedibus nigris. , Long. tota 4°0, alee 2°1, caudze 1°9. This is the only Spermophila which I have yet met with occurring northward of Panama besides Sp. moreleti. The latter bird was in M. Sallé’s former collections.—See P. Z.S. 1856, p. 302. I have specimens of the present species in my collection from Northern Mexico. 65. BuARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafr.). ‘6, Parada, Oct. 1857. 66. PyranGa HeEPATICA (Sw.). g et $, Parada, Oct. 1857. 67. EvpHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Bp.). $, Parada, Oct. 1857. I have already noticed all these three Tanagers in the collections from Vera Cruz. 68. Curysomitris NoTATA, DuBus.—Carduelis magellanica, Aud. ed. 2. pl. 182; P.Z.S. 1856, p. 304. get 2, Parada, Dec. 1857. 69. Curysomitris MEXICANA (Sw.), P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 303. g et 2, Oaxaca, June 1857. ‘ 4, Oaxaca, June 1857. 71. Passercuvus ALAupinus, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 305. ‘ * “ : 70. Carrpopacus H#MoRRHOUS (Licht.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 304. a $, Parada, Oct. 1857. 72. Passercuus Lincouni (Aud.).—P. zonarius, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 305, ¢. 304 73. SPIzELLA sociALis (Wilson), P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 305. get 9, Parada, Jan. 1858. 74. JUNCO CINEREUS (Sw.); Bp. Consp. p.486; P.Z.S. 1856, p- 306. 3, Parada, Oct. 1857. Professor Baird informs me that I was in error in identifying this bird with Struthus caniceps of Woodhouse (which I have done in P. Z.S.1857, p. 7), the latter bird, from New Mexico, having the red colour confined to the interscapularies, and not extending over the wing-coverts as in the present bird. 75. ATLAPETES PILEATUS, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 526; Bp. Consp. i. p. 486. 9, Parada, Dec. 1857. This curious bird is placed by some authors in the Tanagrine series near Buarremon. It is, “however, remarkable for its short bill and short wings, the primaries only extending 0°3 inch beyond the secondaries, and in this latter respect comes nearer to Eméer- nagra rufivirgata of Lawrence. The hind claw is very short, and the structure quite different from that of typical Embernagra. 76. Pip1Lo ALBICOLLIS, sp. nov. Supra grisescenti-fuscus unicolor, alis caudaque saturatioribus : loris et tectricum minorum apicibus albescentibus : subtus griseus, collo antico et gastreo medio pure albis, gula et ventre imo cum crisso rufis : rostro plumbeo, mandibule inferioris basi brunnea : _pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 7°6, alee 3:4, caudze 3°6, tarsi 1°075, rostri a rictu 0°6. San Miguel de las Peras, May 1857, ’s. This bird belongs to the same group as P. fuscus, Sw., P. meso- leucus, Baird, and P. aberti, Baird, but seems specifically distinct from all of them. Its clear white throat at once distinguishes it from the former and latter, while from P. mesoleucus (as described by Baird, and as shown by a specimen in my collection, which I refer to that species) it differs in the entire absence of any rufous colouring on the head, the whole upper surface being of a perfectly uniform greyish brown. 77. Pirro macuatus, Sw. Phil. Mag.1827, p.434; Jard. & Selb. Il. Orn. pl. 316, 322. 3 et 2, Parada, Oct. and Dec. 1857. 78. CHAM£osPIzA TORQUATA (DuBus).—Pipilo torquatus, Du Bus, Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 246; Bp. Consp. p. 487. ?, Parada, Jan. 1858. Chameosp’za, gen. novum. Rostrum Piritonts, sed brevius et magis crassum: ale breves, rotundate, remigibus quarto, quinto et sexto equalibus et lon- a er eg ETP OMS ye > he wae ca 305 gissimis : pedes maximi, fortissimi ; tarsis crassis, unguibus elongatis, horum postico longissimo. The enormous size of the feet and length of the hind claw of this bird render it easily distinguishable from any other of the American Ground-finches, and seem to necessitate its generic isolation. The plumage, moreover, is exactly that of the Buarremones ! 79. CoLapTEs MEXICANUsS, Sw. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 307. 8, Parada, Oct. 1857. 80. MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS, Sw. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 307. $, Parada, Oct. 1857. 81. Picus varius, Linn. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 308. Parada, Oct. 1857. 82. Grococcyx AFFINis, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p- 215; Gray, in Mitch. Gen. of B. pl. 114. 6, Durasnal, Sept. 1857. Dr. Hartlaub has correctly pointed out the differences between this species and G. mexicanus, which, as he rightly observes, is the only other known species of the genus; and the figure in the “ Ge- nera of Birds” is good. It is certainly curious that Geococcyx nexicanus, which is common in California, should cross the centre of the continent (occurring in New Mexico and Texas), and pass down the eastern slope into Vera Cruz, while in the southern part of the western slope and in Guatemala, this bird appears to take its i. Dr. Gambel has some excellent remarks on these birds in the ansactions of the Academy of Philadelphia, i. p. 217. 83. CuLtora@nas FAsciATA (Say), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 309. Oaxaca. 84. ZeNAIDA LevcopTerRA (Linn.), P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 309. Parada, Jan. 1858. 85. ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS (Linn.). @, Parada, Jan. 1858. ; This appears to be identical with the bird of the United States. I d have never seen the (so-called) second species Z. marginella (Wood- house). 86. Cyrtonyx MASSENA (Less.); Cassin, B. of Cal. pl. 4; Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pl. 2. é, Parada, Aug. 1857. Cae SAT es No. CCCLXVI.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 306 4. On ELecrRA VERTICILLATA, WITH A NOTICE OF ITS DIF- FERENT FORMS OF GROWTH. By E. W. H. Ho.tpsworrtna, F. LS. F.Z.5., Eve: (Radiata, Pl. XIII.) The fact that but little attention has been given to a remarkable variety of growth in Electra verticillata must be my apology for bringing before this Society an animal that was first noticed more than seventy years ago. Ellis described this species in 1786, under the name of ‘‘ Flustra verticillata,” or the “‘ Basket-work Sea Matt,” from a specimen that he received from the Mediterranean ; and he was followed by other naturalists, who retained the same title for it. In 1824 Lamouroux’s translated work ‘Corallina’ was published in England, from which it appears that, observing the branched poly- pidoms and verticillate arrangement of the cells in this species, he proposed a genus for its reception under the name of Electra; and in this he was supported by many subsequent writers, including Risso, Cuvier, and Blainville,—the last-mentioned author, however, stating that Electra could hardly be separated from Flustra. Its true position appears to be close to Membranipora, but distinct from it on account of the regular transversely linear arrangement of the cells under all its varieties of growth; this will especially distinguish it from Flustra, and in a less degree from Membranipora, where the quincuncial disposition of the cells is not so uniformly ob- served, and their arrangement is more frequently irregular. I am inclined to consider Lamouroux’s view of the case correct, and shall therefore retain the name that he proposed for the genus. Several naturalists have mentioned the occasional growth of Electra in subcompressed linear fronds; but the only published figures of the species that I know—those of Ellis, Lamouroux, and Blainville—are all taken from the cylindrical variety, which appears to have been considered as typical. My own experience of Electra rather points to this encrusting of slender branching sea-weeds as exceptional, and the suberect ribbon-shaped fronds as being the most common form. I have only observed the species in one locality however—on the northern shore of Portugal, near Oporto, where the free compressed variety is abundantly met with in a dried state on the beach ; fourteen specimens were obtained of this shape, and only one was found of the cylindrical form usually described. The early growth of the polypidom, however, is undoubtedly encrusting, and generally on Fucus ; but after the formation of a few cells on the surface, the erect form is assumed, and dense clusters of narrow ribbons spring up, with occasional branches budding from their edges, each ribbon being composed of a double layer of connected opposite cells, placed in transverse parallel rows of 10 or 12 in each. The cells are compressed and cup-shaped, with the walls minutely punec- tured, and have the margin surmounted by several irregularly placed erect denticles, and a long curved vibraculum inserted a little below the anterior edge. In the ribbon-shaped variety, these vi- ee Re nT ORES ake poem Proc. Z. S. Radiata ee ELECTRA VERTICILLATA , Lamourouz l¥ree ribbon-shaped var u 2ijree and encrustimg forms Pe) Hdge of ribbon,magnilied 4 Do side view We Went img 307 ' bracula are generally aborted on alternate rows ; but in such eases the external cells are protected by the development of the denticles into i conspicuous spines. ; The variety of Mectra usually described and figured consists sim- ply of the disposition of the cells over the cylindrical branches of some sea-weed, and not, as has been stated by one author, “ around an ideal centre.” ; According to Lamouroux, the polypidom in a living state is of “a red-violet colour ; but when exposed to air and light, it becomes an earthy white.”’ The polypes are probably the same as in Membrani- pora. Electra appears to be widely distributed ; for it is said to be ecom- mon in the European Seas, and I believe Prof. Busk has received it from the Cape of Good Hope. 5. On tHe Reeropvuction or Nemertes Boruassit. By WixiiamM Beatriz, Honorary SECRETARY OF THE Mon- TROSE Naturat History Society. (In a Nore to Dr. Gray, V.P.Z.S.) “On the last week in February, Commander Lysaght, of the Coast Guard, brought me from one of the fishermen on the coast a very long specimen of Lineus longissimus (Nemertes Borlassii) ; after keeping the animal alive four days, it produced a young one 18 inches long and about 2rds of a line or ~,th of an inch in dia- meter, of a cream-colour. Both lived for nearly a week ; but in con- sequence of my illness the water was not changed, and the little creature died and was considerably decomposed before I knew. I have the remains in spitits. At first we fancied it must be an in- testinal worm ; but its habits were the same as the supposed parent.” Dr. Baird has examined the specimen produced by the Nemertes. It is not in a good state ; but he is satisfied that it is not an Ascaris or Filaria, and thinks it very probably the true young of the Ne- mertes. a te ee = wd oe oS) eel pe el a i 6. ON tue Famities or ASPERGILLID®, GASTROCHENID&, anp Humpureyiape. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8., Pres. Ent. Soc., Erc. In the ‘Synopsis of the British Museum’ I referred Aspergillum, Clavagella and Gastrochena to the same family, under the name of Gastrochenide. A further study of the ceconomy of the animal and the development of the shells have induced me to divide them into two families, and to add to them a third, founded on a recently dis- covered Mollusca brought by Mr. Strange from Australia, which differs from the other two in habits and ceconomy. 308 Fam. I. ASPERGILLID. The animal living sunk in sand, or holes in rock, or shells, enclosed in a shelly tube, the adult animal imbedding one or both of its valves in the shelly tube in which it resides, and emitting from the front of its mantle a number of tentacles which are enclosed in ¢ubuli radia- ting from the edge or disk of the base of the enclosing tube. This family may be divided into two, according to the adhesion of one or both valves on the substance of the tube*. Subfamily 1. PENICILLINA. Both the valves of the adult animal imbedded in and forming part of the shelly tubular sheath. The valves of the young animals are early united into one plate. Aspergillum, Lamk. Hist. The umbones of the valves are always, and a considerable part of the valves is sometimes, to be seen on the outer surface of the tube; and in the inside of the tube the united valves are to be observed extending almost two-thirds of the circumference of the cavity, and separated from the surface by a distinct groove, and marked by a large submarginal scar left by the attachment of the adductor muscles. The tube in which the animal lives is sunk in sand or mud, and has its surface often covered with a thin coat of sand, small stones, or shells; but otherwise they are free and easily removed from this locality, and, except when they are distorted by some larger stone or coralline, they are of a regular symmetrical shape. The older authors figured two or three kinds of these shells. Hum- phreys, Favanne, and Bruguiére, describe two species—one “ furbe- lowed,” and the other “‘ unmargined,”’ as Humphreys defined them. Dillwyn, in his ‘ Recent Shells,’ united these kinds as varieties of his Serpula aquaria, he still regarding them as Serpule fixed by the smaller end of their shell. Lamarck describes two fringed—4. ja- vanum and A. vaginiferum, and two unfringed species—A. Nove Zelandie and A. agglutinans; the two latter appear to be varieties of the same species f. In the ‘Annals of Philosophy’ for 1825, I divided the “ unruffled ” kinds into two species, 4. javanum and A. Listeri. Chenu, in ‘Illustrations Conchyliologiques,’ gives a monograph of a new species of this genus, figuring a number of specimens from the * When it was believed that the Aspergilla, or Watering-pot Shells, were affixed by the smaller end of the tube, with the disk upwards, these tentacles were sup- posed to be used to collect food. Thus Humphreys observes, “the tentacles or feelers which the animal of this curious species puts forth from the perforations of its furbelow or border to catch its food, are here artificially represented.”— Colonne Cat. 2. + According to Favanne, the lower part, by which it adheres to the rock, is flexuous and twisted ; and the upper part, which is straight, proceeds from it nearly at right angles (Recent Shells, 1084). See Favanne, t. 5. f. B, where the shell is represented so attached, the specimen being evidently formed of an Aspergillum and Serpula united together. 309 British Museum collection ; but he appears to have elevated several distorted specimens into the rank of species, and, like most modern French authors, describes his species as they came to hand, without paying any regard to the characters which separate them into na- tural groups. Having had occasion to examine these specimens afresh, I propose to divide those in the British Museum into the following genera or subgenera. As the names Penicillus, Aspergillum, Clepsydra, and Arytene have been given to this genus, I have used them for the subgenera rather than create new names. At the same time it must be observed that all these names were applied to a single species, and to quote them as the genera of the authors who first used these names would produce a very false impression ; but this is an error that is con- stantly committed *. I. The umbo and a considerable portion of the valves exposed on the outer surface of the tube. Fringe distinct, of one series of tubes. 1. WARNEA. The edge of the tip of the siphon periodically expanded, the umbo and great part of the valves exposed. Tube cylindrical, the siphonal end furnished with expanded plaited ruffles. Fringe distinct, of a single series of thick simple tubes. The animal unites sand, Forami- niferous shells, and even stones to its tube. I have named this genus in honour of my friend Miss Elizabeth Warne, who translated, at Dr. Leach’s recommendation, Lamouroux’s ‘Polypiers flexibles,’ and in 1824 published it at her own expense, under the title of ‘ Cora/lina,’ and who from that time to the Seta bas been an industrious student and collector of natural pro- uctions in various parts of Europe and Africa. 1. WARNEA VAGINIFERA. B.M. A. vaginiferum, Lamk. no. 2; Savigny, Egypt. N. Ilist. t. 70. f. 91-99; Riippell, Atlas, t. ; Sow. Genera, f. 12; Chenu, t. 1. f. 1, var. small, and t. 4. f. 9. A. Delessertianum, Chenu, t. 1. f. 2, var. ruffles far apart. Red Sea. Miss Elizabeth Warne has most kindly sent me a series of twelve specimens of Aspergillum vaginiferum from the Red Sea for exami- nation. They are all adult, and very nearly of the same diameter, and the difference in the height of the tube between the basal fringe and the first ‘“ruffle’’ is very slight, varying between 8} and 9 inchest. * See paper ‘On the Development of the Shell and Tube of Aspergillum.” (Ann. and Mag. N. H., June 1858, p. 423.) + “M. Lamarck,” observes Savigny, ‘en a recueilli de grandes portions de la ie antérieure du tube. II doit avoir plusieurs pieds de longueur (Lamk, Hist. no. 2). The largest I have seen is about 13 inches. 310 The tubes of the fringe and the holes in the disk are of the same diameter ; and the holes in the disk are all more or less tubular. The valves of the nucleus are very distinct, and uniform in shape and size, in all the specimens. They are oblong, with the apex ra- ther behind the middle of the shell ; and the hinder end is obliquely truncated. They resemble in form the outline of Thracia declivis. They differ among themselves in the following particulars :—1. In the size and form of the exposed part of the valves, some having this part much shorter from back to front, and broader from side to side, than others. In one the valves are even longer than broad. 2. In the number and in the distance between the “ ruffles”’ at the siphonal end, this peculiarity producing the chief difference in the length of the specimens. In general the base of the plaited part of the ruffle commences a little above the apex of the expanded part of the former ruffle ; and of the nine shells agreeing in this parti- cular, one has 3, three 4, two 5, two 6, and one 8 rufiles. In one specimen which has four ruffes, which are not so much expanded as the average in the other examples, there is a consider- able space between them, and the space increases in length as they are formed, so that the tube of the shell is much elongated ; but one specimen is intermediate in the length of the interspaces and in the more expanded form of the ruffles. M. Chenu, in his Monograph, considers a specimen with elongated interspaces between the ruffles a different species, under the name of A, Delessertianum. One specimen has a much more slender, rather tapering, shorter tube than the rest; and it is evident that this specimen has been broken off at the apex, and a new series of ruffles have been formed on the broken apex : the first or lowest ruffle is irregular in form, to adapt itself to the broken edge; the rest are regular ; and they are all closer together than usual. 2. WARNEA AUSTRALIS. B.M. Asp. australe, Chenu, t. 3. f. 1. A. incertum, Chenu, t. 4. f. 6, a fragment. A. Cumingianum, Chenu, t. 3. f. 4, variety ? Australia, Swan River. Aspergillum incertum, Chenu, t. 4. f. 5, is probably the same as A. australe, as it is said (but on what authority I know not) to come from the same locality; but it is so distorted by the stones in the sand in which it lived, as to render it almost impossible to determine it with certainty. This specimen has been broken in the middle of the tube when the animal was alive ; and it has been repaired by the animal, part of the broken part of the tube forming a kind of sheath to the repaired portion. The specimens of Aspergillum Cumingianum in Mr. Cuming’s collection appears to be only a very distorted specimen of Warnea vaginifera or W. australis, without any marginal fringe. The tube is very irregular, with scattered moderate-sizetl stones and impressed grooves in every direction, as if it had lived where the animal must ha sg a ia ae ea: 311 have been much pressed on by surrounding bodies; and this has probably prevented the proper development of the fringe of tentacles to the edge of the mantle. The valves are of the same form, and exposed as in that genus. In one of our specimens of Warnea vaginifera from the Red Sea, sent with the others by Miss Warne, the fringe is very imperfectly developed, and forms a passage to the shell in Mr. Cuming’s collection. 2. ASPERGILLUM. The edge of the top of the siphon not expanded. Umbo and great part of the valves exposed. Tube conical, tapering to a simple, rather compressed siphonal end. Fringe distinct, formed of a single series of elongated united tubes that are repeatedly forked. The tubes smooth externally. 1. ASPERGILLUM LISTER]. B.M. A, Listeri, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Phalus testaceus, Lister, Conch. t. 548. f. 3, distorted. A. javanum, Lamk,?, Chenu, t. 2. f. 1 (not 5). Penicillus ambiguus, Desh. MS. Serpula harpagium major. The Furbelowed Watering-pot, Humph. Calonne Cat. ii. Penicillus. - The Watering-pot, DaCosta, Elem. t. 2. f. 8, im- _ perfect. The perforated Serpula (Serpula perforata), Shaw, Nat. Misc. vi. t. 188. Exposed part of valves distinctly marked. Singapore. 2. ASPERGILLUM PULCHELLIUM. B.M. A, pulcheilum, Desh. A, javanum, Chenu, t. 2. f. 2. Exposed part of the valve indistinctly marked. Mozambique. Perhaps not distinct from the former. Penicillus javanus, Bruguitre (Aspergillum javanum of Lamk. and Deshayes), included all the Watering-pot shells with a distinct frill and without any ruffles at the siphonal aperture. Dillwyn observes, “This shell when perfect is nearly a foot long, and more than an inch in diameter at the dilated summit.” This is far larger than any Aspergillum Listeri 1 have seen: it fits better Warnea vaginifera; but that species was not known until the French expedition into Egypt. Gumner (in the Drontheim Gesellsch. Schrift. iv. t. 4. f. 9-11) figured the perforated terminal disk of this shell as a Millepore, under the name of M. causia. Guettard (Mém. iii. 558. t. 70. f. 1) figured the tube of a species as a kind of Bunode. 312 3. ASPERGILLUM ANNULUS. Aspergillum annulus, Deshayes, MSS. ; Mus. Cuming. Tube tapering ; valves very short and broad ; tubes of the fringe very slender, numerous, and close, forming a thin expanded lamina. Hab. 2 4, ASPERGILLUM PULCHRUM. Aspergillum pulchra, Deshayes, MSS. ; Mus. Cuming. Tubes of fringe and disk very long and slender ; valves moderate. Hab. ? Il. The umbo or nucleus of the valves alone exposed on the outer surface of the tube, and often more or less covered with an an- terior protuberance, but distinct on the inner surface. The edge of the top of the siphon not expanded. 3. PENICILLUS. Umbo or nucleus of the valves alone exposed on the outer surface of the tube naked ; fringe, of a single series of once-forked elongated thick tubes; disk with scattered pores ; tube smooth externally. 1. PENICILLUS AQUARIA. B.M. Serpula Penes, Linn. S. N. 1267. Serpula aquaria, Burrows, Elem. t. 22. f. 3. Asp. javanum, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; both from Martini, t. 1. a Asp. dichotomus, Chenu, t. 2. f. 6. Disk, holes few; fringe perfect. Asp. semifimbriatum, Chenu, t. 3. f. 5. Disk, holes few; fringe imperfect. A. sparsum, Sow. Genera, f. 3,4,5. Disk, holes more numerous ; fringe perfect. A. javanum, var., Chenu, t. 2. f.5. Fringe-tubes perfect, elon- gate, flexuous. Hab. Red Sea? 2. PENICILLUS RADIX. Aspergillum radix, Deshayes, MSS. ; Mus. Cuming. Tubes swollen, subglobose above or behind the valves; nucleus only exposed, small. Hab. ? 4. CLEPSYDRA. Umbo or nucleus of the valves alone exposed on the outer surface of the tube naked ; fringe formed of two or three series of crowded once or twice forked tubes; disk with numerous small tubes; si- phonal end of the tube compressed and with a central impressed groove on each side. The animal unites sand to its tube. 313 1. CLEPSYDRA STRANGULATA. B.M. Aspergillum strangulatum, Chenu, t. 2. f. 4. N.E. coast of Australia. 5. ARYTENE. Umbo more or less covered with a swollen prominence in front ; the whole of the valves except the nucleus or umbo enclosed in the tube ; fringe distinct, of a single series of numerous elongated once- forked tubes ; disk with tubular holes: The animal unites sand and stones to its tube. 1. ARYTENE TUBERCULATUM. B.M. Aspergillum tuberculatum, Chenu, t. 2. f. 3. A. ornatum, ibid. t. 4. f. 3. A. clavatum, ibid. t. 4.f.4. All having lived in very fine sand. A. incrassatum, Chenu, t.4.f. 2. Having lived in coarse sand. A. Recluzianum, Chenus, t. 4. f.1. Having lived in coarse sand, stones, &c. Hab. Indian Ocean. See also Asp. Nove Hollandie, Chenu, t.4.f. 8; very like A. Recluzianum, from gravel, with the fringe destroyed. The Aspergillum zeluensis (Chenu, t. 3. f. 3), in Mr. Cuming’s collections, has the tube covered with fine sand, and it is nearly allied to 4. clavatum; but the disk has only two or three large tubes on each side of the central slit. See also Aspergillum gracilis, Deshayes, MSS. ; Mus. Cuming. 6. Foreta. Umbo more or less covered with a swollen prominence in front ; the whole of the valves except the umbo or nucleus enclosed in the tube ; fringe indistinct, formed like the hole in the disk, of short thick separate tubes. The animal unites sand, stones, &c. to its tube. 1. FoEGIA AGGLUTINANS. B.M. Aspergillus agglutinans, Lamk., Chenu, t. 3. f. 2. A. Nove Zelandie, Gray, Chenu, t. 3. f. 6, 7, distorted. Serpula harpagium minor, The Unmargined Watering-pot, Humph. Cat. Calonne, ii. Serpula aquaria, var., Dillw. R. 8. 1084. Hab. Australia, Cape York (Jukes), in fine sand ; Swan River. A. philippinense (Chenu, t. 4. f. 7), which I have not seen, ap- pears to be allied to the above. Chenu figures the umbones as ex- posed ; but he does the same with 4. agg/utinans and Nove Zelan- die, which are covered in the specimens from which he took his figures, so that I cannot depend on his accuracy in this respect. The Penicillus Nove Zelandia of Bruguitre was established on a very bad figure in Favanne, 642. t. 70. f. E, copied in Chenu, pro- bably taken from a specimen of this genus. 314 In Mr. Cuming’s collection there is a specimen of this shell which has had its tube destroyed just above the valves. The animal has formed a new tube of a small size and irregular form, flattened be- neath, subcylindrical, but of a smaller diameter in the middle, and compressed at the end. Subfamily 2. CLAVAGELLINA. Only one valve of the adult animal imbedded in the shelly tubular sheath, the others free and moveable in the cavity of the tube. Clavagella, Lamk. I. Some, like the Aspergilline, appear to have lived sunk in sand, and are symmetrical in shape: these are only known in the fossil state. 1. CLAVAGELLA. The end of the siphon simple; tube free, elongate, clavate, com- pressed; base with diverging tubes. Living sunk in sand or gravel. * Base convex, with scattered tubes.—Bacilia, Valenc. 1. CLAVAGELLA ECHINATA. B.M. C. echinata, Lamk., Desh. Coq. Paris. 1. 9.t. 1. f. 788; ed. 2. t. 2. f=. C. cristata, Lamk., Desh. Coq. Paris. ed. 2. t. 1. f. 16-20, junior ? C. lagenalis, Desh. Coq. Paris. ed. 2. t. 2. f. 4-6. Glycimeris margaritaceus, Lamk., shelly valve. Hab. Fossil, Paris. ** Base flat, with a fringe of branched tubes.—Clavagella. 2. CLAVAGELLA CORONATA. B.M. C. coronata, Desh. Cog. Paris. i. 8. t. 3. f. 9, 10; ed. 2. t. 1. ee all Ty C. caillate, Desh. Coq. Paris. ed. 2. t. i. f. 1-4. Hab. Fossil, Paris. Il. Others now existing in the sea, inhabit holes in rocks or between barnacles and other fixed bodies ; the tube is irregular, and modified in form by the cavity it inhabits and lines. 2. Bryopa, Gray, 1840. The edge of the top of the siphon periodically expanded; tube shelly, base enclosed in a hole in the rock in which the animal re- sides, siphonal end of the tube expanded, ruffled ; the inner sur- face of the tube, round the valves, is pierced with small holes. 1. BryYopPA APERTA. B.M. Clavagella anerta, Sow. Genera Shells, no. 13. f. 1-4. Clavagella melitensis, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 116 ; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 265, t. 35. f. 58. vd 5s a in re = 315 Clavagella vivens, Audouin, Rang, Man. Moll. p. 342. C. Mammoi, Maltese dealers. Hab. Malta, in calcareous tufa. 2. Bryopa? LATA. Clavagella lata, Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 116 ; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 265, t. 30. f. 8-10, shell ; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 267, t. 30. f. 11-16, animal. Hab. Pacific Ocean. See also Clavagelle Rape, Rang, Man. Moll. 339, from the Isle of Bourbon. 3. Dacosta. The siphon not expanded at the top; tube shelly, cylindrical ; base enclosed in a hole in the rock in which the animal resides ; siphonal apex of the tube simple, circular, not expanded ; the inner surface of the tube, round the valves, is pierced with small holes. [ have named this genus after E. M. DaCosta, a conchologist of considerable talent in a time when the science was greatly depressed. 1. DAcosTA AUSTRALIS. B.M. Clavagella australis, Stutchbury, Catal. t. .f. . Clavagella elongata, Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 116; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 265, t.35.f. 1-4? Deshayes, in B.M. Hab. Australia, Port Jackson (Brit. Mus.); New Zealand (Lady Grey) ; Bow Island or Hao, Pacific Ocean (Stutchbury). Fam. II. Gastrrocu £NID&. The animal living sunk in sand or holes in rock and shells, en- closed in a shelly tube. The adult animal, as well as the young, free in the tube. The front of the mantle not provided with any ten- tacles. The tube of the adult animal closed at the base, and desti- tute of any slit or tubes. The siphonal end of the tube not ex- panded. Subfamily 1. Cu anarna. The tube symmetrical, clavate, free. The animal living free, sunk in sand, 1. CH2NA. Valves linear, elongate, ‘truncated at the ends ; tube free, cylin- drical, close, larger end closed with a regular convexity at the base ; siphonal apex simple, compressed ; cavity with two imperfect septa over the upper part of the valves. 1. CH#NA TESSELLATA. B.M. Chena tessellata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1858. Fistulana clava, Lamk. Hab. Philippines (Cuming). 316 2. CHENA ANNULATA. B.M. Chena annulata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858. Hab. Mozambique ; Mauritius. Subfamily 2. GasTROCHENAINA. The tube irregular, attached. The animal living in holes in rocks, shells, and other marine bodies. Lamarck described the shells of these animals as Gastrochena, and the tubes mixed with the tubes of a species of Pholadide as Fistulane. The shape of the tube is modified by the substance in which they happen to be imbedded or attached. Sometimes the animal attaches itself to a thin marine body which does not admit of the animal burying itself into it ; it then forms a tube on the surface, to cover the part of the body which would be exposed. 2. GASTROCHANA. Valves ovate, ends rounded ; tubes enclosed in a cavity, or attached to the surface of shells, irregular, retort-shaped ; siphonal aperture compressed, simple ; cavity simple. 1. GASTROCH ENA HIANS. B.M. Pholas hians, Chemn. x. t. 172. f. 1678. Gastrochena Sprenylex, Nov. Acta Dan. i. f. 8, 11. G. cuneiformis, Lamk. no. 1 ; Sow. Gen. f. 3-5. Hab. Isle of France. 2. GASTROCHENA MODIOLINA. B.M. Gastrochena modiolina, Lamk. no. 3 ; Sow. Gen. f. 1, 2. Mya dubia, Penn, B. F. iv. t. 44. f. 17. There are many other species in the British Museum and other collections which want to be specially studied. Fam. II]. HumPHREYIAD. The animal at first free and covered with two shelly valves, which become united into a single plate, which expands on the sides and in front, forming a bag-like cavity, which is attached by its outer surface to shells or rocks, and as the animal increases in size is ex- panded behind into a shelly tube with a circular aperture. The front of the mantle is furnished with scattered tentacles, which are emitted through tubular pores on the upper part of the front of the tube and round the circumference of the part by which it is attached. The shells are attached to the surface of shells or rocks, and not sunk into their substance ; nor do the animals live sunk in the sand like Aspergillide and Gastrochenide. HuMPHREYIA. The character of the family. I have named this genus after Mr. George Humphrey, the con- 317 chologist and shell dealer who published the Catalogue of M. de Calonne’s collection in 1797. This catalogue is arranged in natural groups, and foreshadowed many of the genera afterwards established by Lamarck and other conchologists. I recollect him well, and was strongly impressed with his knowledge not only of the species of shells, but also of the affinities which the groups bore to each other. Though comparatively an uneducated person, he was far in advance of the state of natural history in his time. 1. HumMpuREYIA STRANGEI. Aspergillum Strangei, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 91, Moll. pl. 15. f. 5. A. (Foegia) Strangei, A. & H. Adams, Genera Moll. p. 339. Humphreyia Strangei, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. July 1858, pao. f. 1, 2. ; Hab. New South Wales, Sydney Bay (Strange). These shells have been confounded with Aspergillum ; but the have a very distinct appearance and mode of living, and the shell must be formed in quite a different manner. . In Aspergillum the shelly tube in which the animal lives is ana- Fig. 1. Humphreyia Strangei. us to the shelly tube of Chena, Gastrochena and Teredo, as I have shown in my paper on the development of this genus, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for June 1858; but in Humphreyia* the tube at the end of the shell is an extension of the normal shelly valves of the animal itself, which is formed after the * See paper “On the Structure of Humphreyia” (Ann. and Mag. N. H. July 1858, p. 16). 318 shell has become attached to the surface of some marine body, for the protection of its siphons, and, like the usual part of the valves, the tube is coloured and covered with a thin periostracum. The two specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection are very different in external appearance. In the larger one (figured in the ‘ Proceed- ings,’ 1852, Moll. pl. 15. f. 5) the valves after they become united are expanded considerably, forming a large irregular-shaped shield ; and then they extend suddenly behind into a tube which is separated from the shield by an impressed line and the front bag-hke projection fill- ing up the gap between the front of the valves, which is irregularly wrinkled and scattered with small rather prominent perforations, evi- dently formed for the protection of the cylindrical tentacles on the surface of the mantle ; and the edge of the expanded part of the base, by which it is attached to the shell on which it lived, is furnished with similar projecting perforations, often placed in pairs. The entire shell is covered with a thin periostracum. The posterior tubular part of the shell is marked with a succession of rings, showing the period- ical interruption in its growth, the prominent longitudinal limes on its outer surface being continued, from one to the other, showing that the siphons of the animal must be constantly becoming longer and longer as the animal grows, and is marked also by four equi- _ distant prominences on its edge, which give the tube its regular subquadrangular appearance. In the smaller specimen, which was attached to a stone, the small valves, as soon as they were united, seem to have expanded behind and on the sides into a continuous subquadrangular tube, with scarcely any projection in front of the valves ; there is a small tube arising in front and behind the dorsal edge of the valves, and curled over their back. There are only a few tubular projections on the left side of the attached part of the shell, instead of the number found on the front and sides of the other specimens. In both the specimens the interior surface of the cavity is. quite smooth and continuous, and entirely destitute of the definite line which defines the form of the proper valves of the shell, and separates them from the tube, which is always so distinctly marked in the Aspergilla. The valves of the young shell appear to be rather unequal in size; that is to say, the apex of the right valves in both the species is situ- ated rather under that of the left, as if the right valve were rather © the flattest and smallest ; but the difference is not very defined. 7. Nove oN THE Ecaoes oF THE FRIGATE BirD AND CROCODILE oF Jamaica. By E. Cavenpisu Taytor, M.A. The eggs of the Frigate Bird (Fregata aquila), which I now ex- hibit, were taken by my brother, Mr. J. C. Taylor, on the Ist of January 1858, at Fonseca Bay, on the Pacific coast of the Republic of Honduras. They are of a pure white colour, and measure 2? inches in length by 13 in breadth. -> 319 Although the species of Fregata are not as yet very accurately determined, it is believed that the same species (Fregata aquila) is found on both the Pacific and Atlantic shores of Central America. The eggs of the Crocodile of Jamaica (Crocodilus acutus) were also obtained by my brother early in the present year, on that island. They present the elongated oval form peculiar to the Crocodilians. They are of a shining white colour, and measure 3} inches in length by 2 inches in breadth. 8. On CHARADELLA AND LICHENELLA, NEW FORMS OF PoLyzoa FROM AUSTRALIA. By Dr. J. E. Gray. The first coral which I wish to bring before the Meeting is nearly allied to the genus Amathia—indeed some naturalists may be inclined to regard it only as a section of that genus ; but as it presents a dif- ferent mode of growth and habit, I think it is desirable that it should be distinguished by a distinctive name. I may premise that the name of the larger group to which it be- longs is the subject of a very unpleasant discussion. Lamouroux and Lamarck both published the genus in the year 1812 under two dif- ferent names, the first calling it Amathia and the second Serialia, as is also the case with many other genera established in the same works. . There can be no doubt that these authors studied their subject, and found out what they considered natural groups, and named them, independently. Lamouroux presented his memoir on the subject to the Institute in 1810, and Lamarck was named one of the Commis- sioners to report on his paper; so that he had the opportunity of knowing what Lamouroux had done two years before the publication of his own work ; and this has given rise to Lamarck being charged with pirating the labours of Lamouroux. But I think any one who has known anything of the character of Lamarck must consider such a charge as groundless ; and I merely cite this as an instance of the very unpleasant position in which a naturalist is placed by being called upon to examine and adjudicate ‘on an unpublished paper of another author engaged on the same branch of study; and an opinion on such a subject by one not so engaged is generally worse than useless. I consider this one of the great objections to the system of reference which is so commonly adopted in this country, France, and America. In France and America they do their best to obviate the evil, by making the names of the referees public, and requiring them to send in a written report, while here the referee is often only known to the officers of the society. Neither system obviates the evil which laid Lamarck open to the unpleasant, and, I believe, ungrounded charge, which has been brought against him, and which may be made against any scientific man who is called upon to read the MSS. com- munication of another labourer in the same field of study. Lamouroux named one of the species of dAmathia, cornuta, 320 because the end of the stem beyond the cluster of cells is produced into two setaceous filaments or tags. If these tags are examined, it will be found that the cells are gradually developed upon them, and they are only the commencements of the next articulations which are to bear the cells. They are to be observed, more or less developed, on all the species I have examined ; and when the stem is simple, as in A. lendigera, there is a single tag ; and when the coral is repeatedly forked, then there are two tags at the end of the last cell-bearing ar- ticulation, as is also the case in A. lendigera, where a branch is going to be formed. In the genus now noticed, as the branches arise in three, it has three such tags. CHARADELLA. Polypidom tree-like, branched ; stem formed of numerous tubes, forming at the base an expanded mass of tubes ; branches numerous, pinnate or bipinnate, formed of uumerous articulations, each articu- lation throwing off, at its point of junction, two opposite branches formed of a single joint, each joint furnished on its upper edge with a series of small subequal tubular polype-cells. 1. CHARADELLA TRIFIDA. B.M. Pale brown; the branches furnished at the end with trifid tags, being the commencement of the branches in process of formation. Hab. Australia, Portland (Mrs. Maccloud). The coral form a bush 8 or 10 inches high. The genus Amathia of Lamouroux and Serialia of Lamarck forms avery natural group, which may be divided into the following genera or subgenera. ]. Cells simple, in a straight cluster on the joints. 1. AMATHIA. Coral creeping ; stems rarely forked; joints filiform, the upper half covered with one or two series of cells, terminal joint or tag simple or rarely bifid. 1. AMATHIA LENDIGERA. B.M. 2. AMATHELLA. Coral arborescent, erect, repeatedly forked; joints short, rather incurved, covered with one or two series of cells; terminal joints or tags bifid. * Cells in two series. 1. AMATHELLA BISERIALIS, Krauss. B.M. Hab. 8. Africa. ** Cells in one compressed series. 2. AMATHELLA UNISERIALIS. B.M. 321 3. CHARADELLA, Coral arborescent, erect, repeatedly trifid ; joints moderate, rather incurved, upper side covered with one or two series of cells ; ter- minal joint or tag trifid. C. rrirripa. B.M. Hab. Australia. II. Cells simple, disposed spirally on the articulations. Coral . arborescent, forked. 4. SeriAcia. , Coral arborescent, forked ; articulation elongate, naked at the tail; cell-bearing above, subspiral ; terminal joint bifid. 1. SERIALIA CONVOLUTA. B.M. Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. 5. SPIRALIA. Coral arborescent, forked ; articulations short, covered with crowded cells, forming together a nearly continuous spiral series of ; 4 } : F cells on the stem ; tags indistinct. | 1, SprraLta sPrRALis. B.M., 2. SpPrRALIA UNISPIRALIS. S. unispiralis, Holdsworth, MSS. i Ill. Cells with an elongated horny process on each side, and 7 disposed spirally on the articulations. 6. CoRNALIA. Coral arborescent, forked ; articulations elongate, upper end with a crowded spiral series of cells, each armed with an elongated horny process on the side. 1. CornatiA AUSTRALASLE. B.M. Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. In 1850 Mr. Francis Brent sent me a Coralloid from Western Australia, which is exceedingly peculiar in its character ; for though it is evidently allied to F/ustra, it is so unlike, both in substance and form, any that I have before seen, that I feel assured it must form a distinet genus. The specimen is not in as good a state as I could wish, I therefore placed it on one side for a time in hope that I might procure other _ examples that might more completely illustrate its structure; but as they Reve not occurred, | am now induced to bring it before the Society. No. CCCLXVII.—Procrepines or Tur ZOOLOGICAL Society. 322 It may be thus described:— - LICHENELLA. Coral frondose, erect, branched, hard, calcareous, and brittle ; the stems and branches are convex on one side, and flat or rather con- cave on the other; the stem is broad and flat ; the branches are nar- row, with a more or less expanded thinner margin, which is dilated into broad foliaceous expansions at the tip, which are sometimes pro- liferous, giving out at the top a thin branch bearing an expanded tip. phe concave surface of the stem and branches are marked with the remains of squarish cells. The expanded ends of the branches are sometimes smooth on both sides ; but generally they are marked externally with longitudinal grooves, and on the upper side fur- nished with longitudinal series of thin, rather calcareous, cells, which are each furnished with a regularly circumscribed roundish mouth closed by a thin membrane marked with a central longitudinal de- pression. The smooth surface of the coral under the microscope is marked with closed transverse punctated undulated cross lines. This coral has much more the appearance of a Lichen than of a Flustra. 1. LicHENELLA BRENTII. B.M. Hab. W. Australia (F. Brent, Esq., 1850). The coraloid is so very like the calcareous Alga named Masto- phora Lamourouaii by Descaine, from the same locality, that 1 am in doubt if it should be regarded as distinct from it. It differs from the usual specimens of that Alga in the leaf-like expansions being covered with cells on the upper surface, and longitudinally grooved on the under surface, the grooves forming the ridge between the cells on the upper side, while in the Alga both sides of the leafy expansions are smooth like Pavonia ; but I must at the same time own that there are one or two of the expansions at the top of one or two of the branches that are smooth like the Alga. Can it be a specimen of Mastophora Lamourouwii in which the form of the leaves is changed by a parasitical coral, which causes the leaves to be longitudinally radiately grooved ? 9. A MonoGrapH OF THE GENUS KERIVOULA. By Rosert F. Tomes. (Mammalia, Pl. LXVI.) The following monograph is one of a series which I have prepared, having for their object the definition of groups or genera rather than the description of the species of which they are composed. This has been done with a view to render less difficult the determination of the species, which difficulty is chiefly felt from the indiscriminate manner in which they are thrown together by some zoologists; the ole,‘ 323 descriptions of the species themselves being often quite sufficient, supposing that they had been more carefully divided into groups. Two principal works which demand study in working out the spe- cies of Vespertilionide—Temminck’s Monograph, and Wagner's _ Supplement to the work of Schreiber—are of this description. Whilst giving a pretty complete account of each species, the generic definition is, in consequence of the great disparity in the characters of the different species, necessarily so vague as to be nearly useless. Searcely more valuable to the investigator are lists of genera and species without accompanying descriptions, or having these so ex- cessively brief as to be wholly unavailable in distinguishing species. I have therefore, while bringing together species which fall easily under a generic definition, considered it advisable to add also a de- scription of each, although they may have been before described, or be even well-known species. By adopting this method I am enabled to give much more com- plete descriptions than have hitherto appeared, because they are of a more comparative nature, and are therefore more serviceable in the discrimination of allied species. With regard to the synonymy of the several groups, it is as com- omy as I have been able to make it, but is I believe very imper- sct. In all instances care has been taken to exclude such names and references as I could not either personally test by the examina- ___ tion of unquestionable species, or by the comparison of figures and ____ deseriptions agreeing with such accuracy as to leave no reasonable doubt as to their identity. This explanation appeared necessary previous to bringing before ___ the Society successive papers in which but very few of the species “ni new, and many old and well-known ones are described at some The name of Kerivoula was first given by Boddaert * to a species of Bat which had before been described by Pallas+ by the name of Vespertilio pictus—a name singularly appropriate for an animal with the bright red fur and membranes, and the peculiar distribution of the colour on the latter, which characterizes the species. Boddaert’s specific name having given way to that of Pallas, has been taken up by Dr. Gray ¢, and used in a generic sense, he ~ ___ having perceived that the species differed considerably from most _ other representatives of the genus Vespertilio. But Dr. Gray, & placing great reliance on the importance of a single character, has _ arranged with it some species, the affinity of which the subsequent _ €xamination of a greater number of species has not corroborated. __ In these investigations others have been discovered which bear very generic resemblance to the original one, V’. pictus, whilst some of those which have been associated with it prove, on the _ contrary, to be by no means closely aftined. ss yee * Elenchus Animalium, vol. i. sist. Quadrup. p. 70, No. 10, 1785. t Spicilegia Zoologica, iii. p. 7, 1774. } Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 258. 324 I have in a previous communication to the Society removed one of these species—V’. formosus—from the present genus, and placed it in the group with the members of which its characters most closely agree. After describing the species which I consider referable to the genus Kerivoula, I shall enumerate such others as have been called by that name, but which I consider as appertaining to other groups. Fam. VESPERTILIONIDS. Genus Kertvouta, Gray. Vespertilio, Pallas, Geoffroy, Desmarest, Fischer, Schreiber, Wagner, Temminck. The top of the head is very much elevated, but not so much so asin Furipterus, Natalus, and Miniopteris. The face is depressed ; and the muzzle is of moderate length, and somewhat pointed. The nostrils, which are near together, open sublaterally, and have an emarginate space between them. The lower lip has a tolerably well defined naked triangular space in front. The ears are broad, with the outer margin so much developed near the base as to form a com- plete dobulus, which however is not separated from the upright part of the ear by a notch or hollow, as in some species. The ear may, indeed, be described as extending along the side of the face for some distance, and in a line with the corner of the mouth, not as a narrow strip of membrane, as in the generality of species, but ascending at once from its most anterior point, and forming what is called the ear-conch. Its inner margin is very convex, and curves off to the tip of the ear, which terminates in an angular point not very acute. In all the species there is a notch or hollow of more or less extent in the outer margin, very near to the tip. The ear bears great resemblance to those of Furipterus and Na- talus, especially to those of the latter. The tragus is long, nearly three-fourths the length of the ear, excessively narrow and pointed, and a little curved outwards. Its outer margin near the base is furnished with a projecting point or tooth. = The tail is rather long, in some species as long as the head and body. The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes. The feet are of medium size; and the toes occupy a little more than half the length of the foot. The thumb also is moderate; and the basal phalange, which is enclosed in the membrane, is shorter than the remaining part. 4 The membranes and ears of all the species are more or less dia- phanous, and rather conspicuously marked with glandular dots ar- ranged, on the former, in lines. = The fur is of a fine woolly texture, in the Asiatic species without lustre; but in the African ones the hairs have shining tips. The skull does not, as might have been expected, exhibit any of those peculiarities which are observable in the high-crowned genera, such as Furipterus, Natalus, and Miniopteris. In its general ap- pearance it somewhat resembles those of Vesp. mystacinus and “a a, Vesp. Nattereri, but the central region is much more inflated —~indeed in the African species almost as much so as in Furipterus. Besides this point of difference, the following peculiarities require mention. The facial region is very much depressed, and also compressed ; and the notch in the fore part of the palate is much deeper than in any other genus, but varies considerably in the different species. This appears to be due chiefly to the straightness of the intermaxillary bones, their development in a forward direction affording space for the incisors to range in a line with the other teeth, instead of being placed more or less across the opening between the two canines. This is best seen in the K. picta. The bony palate extends nearly as far back as to the condyloid fossa, and narrows considerably after leaving the posterior boundary of the molar range. In no other Bat which I have examined has the palate extended further back than to the middle of the zygo- matic arch. 325 Dentition.—In. a, Can. =; Premol. —; Mol. = The upper incisors are slender, conical, and pointed, with a slight accessory cusp behind the base ; the anterior ones are the longer. The canines are long and pointed; and in most of the species the cingulum is amply developed. Between them and the incisors the interval is very small. The next two teeth are very simple in form, conical, and pointed. Following these is the carnassier or sectorial tooth, in form as in the ordinary Vespertilionide ; and the molars are of the ordinary form and proportions. In the lower jaw the incisors are small and trilobed, those contiguous to the canines having their central lobe very much deve- loped, and of a blunt conical form. The canines require no parti- cular notice. Following these, the premolars present the appearance of three very regular and pointed cones, each with a small but distinet spur on its anterior and posterior surface near to the base. The molars are of the form so constant in the Vespertilionide. 1. Kerivouna pica. Vespertilio pictus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. in. p. 7, 1774; Erxl. Syst. p. 150, 1777; Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. i. p. 49, 1788; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 199, pl. 48 (cranium), 1806; Desm. Mam. p. 141, 1820; Schreib. Siugth. Th. i. p. 170, 1826 ; Lorsf. Zool. Research. Java, viii. p. 6, 1821-28; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p.106, 1829; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 223, pl. 56. f. 1, 2, 3, 1835-41 ; Blasius, Wiegm. Archiv, Bd. vi. p. 2, 1840 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. i. p. 517, 1840 : Schinz, Synops. Mam. p. 174, 1844; Kelaart, Faun. Zeylan. p- 25, 1852. Vespertilio (Kerivoula) pictus, Horsf. Cat. Mam. Mus. E. Ind. Comp. p. 40, 1851. Pipistrellus pictus, Less. Nouv. Tab. Régne Anim. p. 29, 1842. vs Kerivoula picta, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. p. 258, 1842; Cat. Mam. B. M. p. 27, 1843; Kelaart, Faun. Zeylan. p. 25, 1882. a x4 yy 326 Although I have given to this species the most prominent posi- tion, I do not regard it as the most typical of the genus; but the generic name having been borrowed from it, it appeared desirable to mention it first, and those afterwards which are less known, but per- haps more characteristic. The top of the head is very much elevated, but not quite so much so as in some of the other species of Kerivoula; and the muzzle is a good deal depressed, and of medium length. All the face is very hairy, the fur of the forehead extending nearly to the end of the nose, and filling up the concavity of the face. The upper lips are furnished with fine longish hairs of the same texture as those of the rest of the body. The ears, as already mentioned in the generic description, are broad, and when seen in front appear like two rather broad recesses, in the further end or bottom of which the tragus takes its origin. They are rather more pointed than in some others, owing to a shallow notch immediately below their tip, in the outer margin ; and the inner margin becoming more convex as it approaches the tip, assists in giving to the latter an outward direction. The tragus has been already described sufficiently. The wing-membranes extend precisely to the base of the toes. The tail is as long as the head and body, is composed of six joints, and has its tip enclosed in the membrane. The fur of the back extends sparingly on to the mterfemoral mem- brane, for half its length ; and all its transverse lines are studded with very short and fine hairs, scarcely visible without the assistance of a lens. The upper surface of the tail itself, and of the legs and feet, are sparingly, but visibly, clothed with fine hairs, most conspicuously on the latter. The whole of the margin of the interfemoral mem- brane, inclusive of the os calcis, is fringed with fine hairs, those on the os calcis being adpressed and similar to those of the feet, whilst those on the edge of the membrane are projecting and bristle-like. On no other part of the membranes does the fur of the body en- croach ; but that of the head extends for half the length of the ears, — on their hinder surface. The fur of the body is very fine, but without gloss, and nearly unicoloured. That of the upper parts is buff for two-thirds of its length, the remainder a bright and lively rust-colour. Beneath, it is uniform whitish buff, tinged with rust-colour on the humeral region and along the sides of the body. All the bones of the limbs in the dried specimens are of a light yellowish-brown ; and the interfemoral and interbrachial mem- branes are of the same colour. A part of the wing-membranes con- tiguous to the sides of the body, from the foot to the elbow, and from thence along the under side of the fore-arm to the wrist, is of a similar colour; and it passes from the wrist along each finger, margining it on each side, and leaving three triangular imterspaces between the digits, of a deep chocolate-brown colour, which in many places is elaborately marked with dotted lines of the same light colour as that which accompanies the wing-bones. 327 The above description having been taken from dried specimens, I copy the following description of the colour of this species from the excellent account given of it by Dr. Kelaart in his ‘ Fauna Zey- lanica.’ * Body above, yellowish ferruginous-brown, or, as artists would call it, yellowish crimson-brown. Below, fulvous whitish, with a dark yellowish tinge on the sides. Alar membranes black and bright yellow or citron-coloured. The former colour (black) confined to triangular spaces between the citron rays along the digits, and on a large triangular space between the last digit and body; the alar membrane adjoining the latter being also citron-coloured. Inter- femoral membrane wholly citron-coloured ; above and below the arms also, the same yellow colour prevails, as through the other parts of the membrane already mentioned.” ‘Tips of toes brown, the rest yellow.” “Ears yellow.’’ ‘Sexes alike in colour.” As Dr. Kelaart is speaking of the species in its native country, and from personal observation when in a fresh state, the foregoing account is doubtless the correct one, and the comparatively dull co- lour which pervades all the specimens in our Museums is due to a change having taken place after preservation. The following dimensions are taken, (1) from a Javanese speci- men very kindly given to me by Dr. Horsfield, (2) from a specimen from Amboyna, and (3) from the specimen mentioned in Mr, Water- house’s Catalogue of the Mammalia contained in the Museum of the Zoological Society, No. 138. 1. 2 3. Length of the head and body, about .. 1 9 ae La TE OEE NS EE De a! ae L--6 LyiG 0 Es ie Se ee ae Qs 7 0 7% O 73 of the ears . se. 0 6 a. > 0 5 Breadth of the ears.......... 0-5 0 5 0 5 Length of the tragus ...... 0 3} O 3 0 3 MEGHe SPCR. ssc. cscs, ss ol 4 Li Gh. ab 3 of the longest finger ........ 2 11 2 10 3.0 of the fourth finger 229) L. 13 21 of the thumb ......... 0 3 0 3 0 3 le ee | ef 0 7 0 73 of the foot and claws ........ 0 4 0 3 O 3} of the os calcis ............ 0 64. A.6 0 6} Expanse of wings........ 10,6, 210: Qaer Ein 0 Hab. The Continent of India ; Ceylon; Java ; Sumatra ; Borneo. 2. KeRIVOULA PAPILLOSA. Vespertilio papillosus, Temm. Mon. de Mam. li. p. 220, 1835-41 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugth. i. p. 515, 1840; Schinz, Synops. Mam. i. p. 173, 1844; Blasius, Wiegm. Archiv, Bd. vi. p. 2, 1840 ; Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar, no. 5. p. 10, 1549. 328 The present species, although not placed first on the list, is, I believe, quite as typical of the genus as the one preceding it. The top of the head is quite as much elevated as in that species ; and the face is similarly depressed, and densely hairy ; the nostrils, too, pre- sent precisely the same form and position. The ears are somewhat longer in relation to their breadth and to the size of the animal, than in K. picta, and have their points less acute and directed upwards, instead of outwards as they are in that species. They are thickly and conspicuously dotted with glandular dots. The tragus is fully two-thirds of the length of the ear, is narrow, and tapers evenly to a very acute point. Tt has a very slight outward curvature for its whole length, and has a projecting point on its outer edge, close to its base. The body of the animal is small, and all the membranes very much developed, nearly as much so as in Nutalus. The thumb is rather long, and the basal phalange less than half its entire length; the feet are rather large, with the toes taking up half of their length, and the outer one a little shorter than the others, as it is also in K. picta and K. Hardwickii. The wing-membranes extend exactly to the base of the toes; and the os calcis is two- thirds of the length from the foot to the end of the tail. The hair of the face presents some differences from that of the last species. In K. picta that which borders and fringes the lips is of the same peculiar soft and woolly texture as the rest of the fur of the head and face ; that of K. papillosa, on the contrary, is strong and bristle-like. Over the eyes is a tuft which is nearly four lines in length, and is very straight ; and above the nostrils is a similar fringe of straight strong hairs, whilst the upper lips are margined similarly with hairs which have a downward curvature and almost conceal the mouth when it is closed. The upper surfaces of the ears are hairy only near the base; and the fur of the upper parts of the body does not encroach noticeably on to the wing-membranes ; but the base of the interfemoral mem- brane is a little hairy, and fine short hairs are scattered along the upper surfaces of the tail, tibia, and feet. The free portion of the edge of the interfemoral membrane, between the os calcis and end of the tail, is also slightly fringed with fine short hairs. The fur is fine and woolly in texture, and very long, that of an example in the Museum of the East India Company, from Calcutta, attaining as great a length as four lines on the dorsal region. It is bicoloured both above and beneath. On the whole of the upper parts it is dusky at the base for nearly two-thirds of its length, with the terminal third brown (nearly of the same tint as the back fur of Vesp. Daubentonii, but a little more tinged with rufous). Beneath, it is dusky at its base, tipped with yellowish-brown. Such is the colour of the specimen alluded to, presented to the Company’s Mu- seum by Mr. Pearson. A specimen in my own collection, taken in Ceylon by Mr. Thwaites, appears to exhibit the usual differences which exist between the animals of that island and the mainland of 329 India. It is smaller and darker in colour, but is otherwise similar to the Calcutta specimen. The membranes are of a medium brown colour, darker in the Ceylon specimen. Dentition.—In. — ; Can. = ; Premol. — ; Mol. —=->. I can detect no difference in the position or proportions of the teeth in this species from those of K. picta. No. | of the following table refers to the specimen from Calcutta, and No. 2 to the one from Ceylon. 1s 2. Length of the head and body ........ ths i 9 So SETS Re a || ia TET Sa 0 734 PET ge dense’ Z, wl odhms vis = 0 44 SIRS RIE a his ale de 00, = 0 Riiins 0 35 STR ENS a 1 64 1 4 of the longest finger ...... ere eT 1 10 of the fourth finger .......... 2 3 me SU ID righ iis: Sips si « alg 0 32 TES oT na eee 0 9 O.8 of the foot and claws ........ 0 4 0 4 BE EOD IOS, COCR 55 75-5 6 x cinyniey v0 fate 0 6 SN SE ae ee i nth oh tA ee Hab. India; Ceylon; Java, and Sumatra. 3. Kerrvovuta Harpwickil. Vespertilio Hardwickii, Horsf. Zool. Research. Java, no. 8, 1821— 28; Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. Comp. Mus. p. 39, 1851 ; Temm. Mon. ii. . 222, 1835-41 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugth. i. p. 516, 1840; Blasius Wiegm. Archiv, Bd. vi. p. 2, 1840; Schinz, Synops. Mamm. i. p. 173, 1844. Kerivoula Hardwickii, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. x. p. 258, 1842; Cat. Mamm. B.-M. p. 27, 1843; Zool. Voy. Samar. no. 5. p. 7, 1849. Vespertilio pellucidus, Waterh. Proc. Zool, Soc. pt. xiii. p. 3 et 6, 1845 Vespertilio? pellucidus, Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar. no. 5. p. 7, 1849. The following description has been taken from the original spe- cimens in the Museum of the East India Company and in the British Museum, and from the one which furnished the description of V. pellucidus of Mr. Waterhouse, now also in the National Collection. The examination and comparison of these has proved beyond ques- tion the identity of the latter species with K. Hardwick. As the Javanese specimens are preserved in skin, and the one from the Philippines in spirit, they may be supposed, taken together, to fur- nish a tolerably accurate description of the species. The elevated form of the head, the concavity of the face, and the shape of the muzzle and nostrils are so much like the same parts in 330 K. picta and K. papillosa, as to require no further mention. The ears, although in general form very similar to those of the former of these species, differ in being a little longer, and in having their tips less acute and not so much directed outwards; in fact, they very closely resemble those of K. papillosa, and, as in that species, are thickly studded with glandular dots. The tragus is nearly two- thirds of the length of the ear, is narrow, excessively acute, and curved outwards in the dried specimens, but perfectly straight in the one in spirit. The wing-membranes extend a little further than the base of the toes, almost to the middle of the outer one, which however is shorter than the others, and consequently the membrane does not reach as far as to the middle of the other toes, which may be said to con- stitute the foot. ‘These remaining toes are of equal length, and are about half the entire length of the foot, which is rather large in re- lation to the size of the animal. The os calcis is long, and occu- pies two-thirds of the distance between the foot and end of the tail. The interfemoral membrane has about 18 or 19 transverse dotted lines. The fur of the upper part of the body extends on to the wing- membranes for a little distance, and on to the interfemoral membrane in a similar manner. Beneath, the fur encroaches on the membrane similarly, but in a less degree. The upper surfaces of the tibiee are fringed with fine bristly hairs; and the dots on the interfemoral membrane have each a bunch of very fine short bristles on the upper surfaces, and the glandular dots of the ears are similarly provided on their hinder surfaces. Also the free portion of the mterfemoral membrane, between the os calcis and tail, is frmged with fine short hairs. The fur is long, very fine and woolly ; that of the upper parts of the body is grey at the base, which is succeeded by pale brown, and tipped with a slightly darker tint of the same colour. These shades are not sufficiently distinct to give a tricoloured appearance to the fur, the general appearance of which is buffy-brown. This is the colour of the type-specimen, which has probably faded considerably. That of the specimen in spirit appears (as far as can be seen of the colours in spirit) to be of a reddish cinnamon-brown colour. The membranes and ears are of a pale reddish-brown colour, and translucent. “I could,’ says Mr. Waterhouse, “read this writing through the wing-membranes, moistened as they were with the spirit, at a distance of more than a quarter of an inch.” The dentition, according to Mr. Waterhouse, is—In. =; Can. eas (aa The two inner upper incisors are, as in K. picta and K. papillosa, in advance of the others, long, curved, and pointed ; whilst the outer two are placed considerably behind them, and are smaller. Those of the lower jaw are trilobed and small. The following dimensions have been taken (1) from the original specimen of V. Hardwickii, and (2) from the type specimen of V. The molars have not been examined. 331 pellucidus. Those of the second column will appear at first sight to differ a good deal from those of the first, but probably the latter may be considerably altered from its real size by the state of pre- servation. Such parts as could not be altered by this means, as the bones of the wings, do not differ materially, as may at once be seen by reference to the table. I. 8 “ Length of the head and body........ 1 oe | EGE aera | Se er 0 ONT ia sds Deus. ve Breadth of the ears............. .. Length of the tragus)...5.......... ofthe forearm. 86. ose eee ] ——— of the longest finger ........ 2 ——— of the fourth finger.......... 1 — ofthe thumb .............. 0 Botnet seta. =O 0 0 9 ~ = = = > mae Sw AND © Qi & QS CSCwnNr Coo O et wi -_ — a _— of the foot and clave wean de. of the 08 calcis. oo. eee Bmpanve of wiligsieie. c's. F. . Hab. Java; Philippine Islands. wl ao NT tO Ob’ _ ~_ — ~ ~ 4, KerrvovuLa LANOSA. Vespertilio lanosus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Africa, pl. 50. This species presents precisely the same generic peculiarities which characterize the foregoing ; and they are quite as typically developed. It possesses the same elevated crown and small muzzle, and has ears and tragi of a similar shape, the differences being s»ch only as are purely specific ; but these differences, taken in the ..er sense, are very conspicuous. Whilst the fur is relatively as long as that noticed of K. papillosa, it is, in addition to that, very thick and-eurly, with the tips very glossy. But it is necessary first to notice some other slight differences which exist in the form of the ears and the distribution of the fur. The ears, although of the same general form as those of K. picta and the other species here treated of, yet differ in being more deeply notched externally towards the tip. The tragus is of the same tapering and pointed form observable in the other species. The face is very hairy, in some examples excessively so, the fur of the forehead almost concealing the ears ; and it is of the same soft quality as that on the top of the head and on the back, a small quantity only in front of the eye assuming a more bristly appear- ance. ‘The ears have their hinder surfaces clothed with hairs, and when seen from behind are scarcely visible. The fur of the back does not encroach on the membranes of the wings, but extends on to the base of the interfemoral membrane for nearly half its length, 332 and, thinning out, leaves the hinder half naked. The upper sur- faces of the tail, feet, tibize, forearms, and thumbs and index-fingers are garnished with short and shining hairs of a silvery or pale golden-yellow colour. The hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane, between the os calcis and tail, is furnished with a very remarkable comb-like fringe of prominent thick-set hairs, which, curving downwards, have their points directed towards the belly of the animal. On all the upper parts the fur is tricoloured, with a faint indication of a fourth colour. At the root it is blackish-grey for nearly half its length, which is succeeded by palish-brown, and this again for a very short length of a darker tint, and finally tipped with sulphur-yellow. The latter colour is on the head, neck, and shoulders so pale as to give a silvery appearance to the tips of the hairs, which is heightened by their being curly, somewhat as in the fur of the common hare. Towards the hinder parts they are less curly, and more yellow in colour, especially those which grow on the legs, tail, and interfemoral mem- brane. The same may be said of those on the upper surface of the forearms, thumbs, and index-fingers. Beneath, the fur is bicoloured, dark at the base, with the terminal fourth whitish-grey, very much as in the common Vespertilio mysta- cinus ; but the light-coloured tips are more shining than in that species. The membranes are of a medium brown colour, somewhat diapha- nous, and have their veins thickly marked with glandular-looking dots. The description of the cranium will be given in connexion with that of the skull of the next species, the better to illustrate by im- mediate comparison the difference between the two. In the following table of dimensions, the first column are those of a male and the second those of a female, both from the same locality :— i 2. Length of the head and body, about. . To 2 0 Lap To ieee at eae RR 1g 1 Ss i ei ete en | ear Onn OA GG OAR is Soo a a cio oe So QO 44 0 a PCC RCE Ol ERG CAR on. soto ence at ee 0 5 Weneti Ot the Grasse oe bind a ak 0 3h 0 35 ORC AOR CMUID acu o ooo in Wi tceee Me ee 1 28 of the longest finger ........ 2 9 PA —— — of the fourth finger ........ 1 1 103 ’ Ol, Che Winans bys ew ie age 0 3 0 3 ——of the tibia .............. 0 6 0 6 ——- of the foot and claws ...... 0 34 0 32 — Of TNE G8 COLES i. si iss vm ima ea 0 8 ESpaNSE OF WERE cS. cess cen ey 10 3 Hab. South Africa, the eastern coast. 333 5. KERIVOULA ZROSA, D. 8. This species, from the same locality as the last, resembles it in the long and curly nature of the fur, but is larger and differently coloured. The ears, too, are larger, with the ends more rounded, and less deeply notched externally. The top of the head, although much elevated, is scarcely so much so, relatively, as in K. /anosa, and the muzzle is proportionally longer; but the nostrils and snout are shaped as in that species. The ears have their ends rounded, quite as much so as in the Noteh- eared Bat and Natterer’s Bat of Europe; and the hollow in the outer margin near to the end scarcely deserves the name of notch. It is in fact a mere indentation, shallow, but regular, and occupying nearly one-third of the outer margin. In all other respects the ears resemble those of the foregoing species, and indeed those of the other representatives of the genus. The tragus offers no deviation in form from that of the species already described ; it is long, taper- ing, and pointed. The membranes are similar to those of K. /anosa, excepting that they are not quite so distinctly marked with dotted lines as in that species. The fur of the head is only of medium length, and does not ob- scure the ears, nor extend so far along the face as in HK. /anosa. The face is in fact moderately hairy, with a woolly moustache on the upper lip, and a naked space between the eye and ear. The chin also is nearly naked. On no part of the membrane does the fur of the back extend, and that of the under parts only to a very trifling extent on the base of the interfemoral membrane ; but the upper surfaces of the legs, feet, and heel-cartilages, of the tail, forearms, thumbs, and index-fingers, and of the two terminal phalanges of the longest fingers, beyond the extremity of the index fingers, are more or less clothed with short adpressed shining hairs, thickest on the forearms and tail, but no- where so thick as in the last species. The edge of the interfemoral membrane, between the heel-cartilage and tail, is spuringly furnished with short bristly hairs, very unlike the thick comb-like fringe of K. lanosa. The fur of all the upper parts is long, thick, and curly, and nearly uniform in colour over the whole of the back, varying only in be- coming a little darker towards the rump. It is of four colours,— dark grey-brown at the base for nearly half its length, succeeded by yellowish-brown, then by deep umber-brown, and tipped with shining bronzy yellow; that which is spread over the upper surface of the limbs, tail, &c. wholly of the latter colour. Beneath, the fur is of a dark sepia-brown colour, tipped with brownish-bronze colour. In no other Bat have I seen fur at all resembling that of the pre- sent species. It is not difficult to attain a tolerably correct idea of its general appearance, by supposing a small species with fur of the quality and texture of that of the common hare, but of a dark brown 334 colour, and with the light tips observable in the fur of that animal, changed to a shining golden-bronze colour. Ls Ls —~ > > = Length of the head and d body, a about. . of the tail . 4 ; of the head te aera i re. 0 af the ear oe Pr ey 0 Breadth of the ears 0 henetivot the Wristie. eee ee of the forest ts. Ss sk... 1 of the longest finger........ 2 ——— of the fourth finger ........ 2 0 0 0 0 1) — et le bolene| OL the thumbs.) ee ee oF the Ciba” hor PR pe of the foot and claws ...... of the os calcis.. . hi 2: Hixpaiase Of wimesie hs toes ] toler ble ON OWeRKOoOLhOOOAS Sooo OoNntNrooocor wt — On P ORR OUoOhanagwte — Hab. South Africa, eastern coast, the same locality as the prece- ding species. On comparing the skulls of three of the foregoing species, K. picta, K. lanosa, and K. erosa, 1 find their general form to be pretty similar, but yet presenting some slight modifications which require notice. Of these, K. lanosa has the cranium proportionally the shortest, and with the cerebral region most elevated, closely approach- ing Furipterus in this respect. It also has the facial portion more depressed, and the notch between the intermaxillary bones less deep than in K. picta; and these bones are not so much separated at their anterior extremities as in that species, so that the incisors which they bear are less separated also, and have an inward deviation from the line of the other teeth, contrary to what has been stated in the generic description. However, in this species, the upper incisors by no means approximate each other closely as they do in Furipterus. In other respects the crania of K. picta and K. lanosa do not differ materially ; and the dentition is also so similar as to present scarcely any differences worthy of notice. The outer incisor in the lower jaw has precisely the same central elevated cusp already noticed, and is similar in both species ; but the skull of the third species, K. erosa, has, on the contrary, the top of the skull less elevated than in K. picta, and the facial depression scarcely so deep, owing chiefly to the hinder extremities of the nasal bones having a somewhat inflated form. The facial portion of the skull is rather long in proportion to its entire length ; and the bones of which it is composed are much thicker than in the other species, giving support to much longer and stronger teeth. Indeed the whole skull and teeth are much more substantial than the other and more typical species of the genus. The lower jaw, with its teeth, is of proportionate strength, and is rather thick at the symphysis mentt, where it has a slight descending process. ae 335° In number the teeth resemble those of the other species, but differ somewhat in their form. The outer lower incisors, although they have the central principal cusp already mentioned, yet have it so little developed that it would scarcely be regarded as singular if previous notice had not been called to it*. The upper incisors present a re- ‘markable deviation from what appears typical: instead of two pairs of well-developed teeth, we find instead that the inner ones are long and pointed, but the outer ones merely rudimentary, so that they ean scarcely be seen without the aid of a lens. The upper canines are long, strong, and angular; and the premolar next to them is also long and pointed. These differences in the teeth are alone suf- ficient to distinguish this species. The following are the dimensions of the crania of these three species :— “ “i “a “ K, picta. K. lanosa.| K. erosa. “a “ 4 Entire length of the skull exclusive of the SIMIBORA I ek sancuvccskss. do asec vorw oust Musee alle 0 6 Greatest breadth across the zygomatic BTCHEB.. +2... .ceceseereeseenes tovesrecesesereees| O 4 0 3} O 4} Breadth of the skull behind the zygomatic arches...... Wee dasa se sicuecchecdaccuneswsuek 0 33 0 33 0 3% Length from the posterior root of the zy- goma to the anterior point of the inter- HAMA AEY, DONEH GF .vecssecse asc ueuwaeZeys os 0 4% | 0 4 0 5 Length of the zygomatic arches ............ OF ae 0. 2 0 24 Length of the bony palate ...............06 0 3 0 23 Length of the dental series in the upper MAGMA GATT cD Cait abc codec teveatiestiven ses 0 33 0 23 0 3 Breadth between the outer cusps of the two posterior molars.......0+...+e+0e- seeees 0 23 0 23 0 2% Breadth between the tips of the upper canines ....... Marat dardaica cakes SCyuseereas 0 14 0 14 0 Wy Length of the lower jaw, exclusive of the PICIBONH cua Siik ve deceses pabinucls wusdepplevecs 0 5 O 43 0 54 Elevation of the condyle above the lower Pig Of the TAMUS,, to.0>. 050-0405 s0> Se 0 12 01 0 ik _ Length of the dental series in the over SS ar eae Ra eae ee 0 33 ' 0 33 0 33 The following species, having the wing-membranes attached as far along the foot as to the root of the toes, have been placed by Dr. Gray in this genus ; but their similarity to the species of other genera, * It is curious and interesting to note the very slight outward deviation from the more typical forms, exhibited by this species, and to find on examination that it possesses also an internal departure from the same typical standard; and it is satisfactory to find that these differences are such as accord well with each other, externally and internally. The slightly more bulky appearance of the animal, ac- companied by membranes of less delicate nature, and more imperfectly marked with the veins and papillae which are so characteristic of this and the allied genera, is associated with an osseous system of greater solidity, and with upper incisors which approach in their inequality of size those of many of the species of the robust genus Scofophilus. if we examine, for instance, the upper incisors of the Noctule or the Hairy-armed Bat, we shall perceive at once that the inner ones are much the largest, just as they are in AK. @rosa; and in those stout species of the genus Vespertilio which have a near affinity with Scofophilus, the same thing is observable. 336 or minor groups, has induced me to leave them out of the present monograph. Kerivoula formosa I have already separated from it, and placed in company with the Vespertilio emarginatus of Europe, and some other species. K. Sykesii is a small species, closely allied, if not identical, with Scotophilus coromandelicus ;-and K. poensis and K. grisea are both referable to the same subgeneric division of the genus Scofophilus, all having characters pretty similar to those of the S. pipistrellus, S. Kuhlii, and S. marginatus. K. trilatoides is a true Vespertilio, having the same generic forms as Vesp. mysta- cinus. K. brasiliensis I have not seen. I have taken the occasion in a former monograph to give a few notes on the classification of some of the species of Vespertilionide ; and I seize the present opportunity of adding such others as bear on the same point, which have arisen during the examination of the species comprised in the present memoir. The observations I made were something to this purpose,—that after eliminating such easily recognizable genera as Plecotus and Barbastellus from the genus Vespertilio, as given by M. Temminck, there yet remained a large number of species differing greatly from each other, but the most diverse of which were so connected by intermediate species as to be with great difficulty brought under generic definition. The common Noctule Bat and the Whiskered Bat were given as familiar examples of the desired genera, the first being considered as typical of the stout species which are organized for strong and rapid flight in exposed situations, and for capturing and masticating the larger species of Coleoptera ; and the latter was given as an example of the light and comparatively fragile species which take their minute food amongst the foliage, or in other con- fined situations. But the Whiskered Bat is by no means the most typical of the slender species. The genera Furipterus, Natalus, and Hyonycteris are the most so, and Kerivoula immediately after them, and before Vespertilio, in which genus, in its restricted form, the Whiskered Bat, with many other species, takes its place. Assuming that Kerivoula is a more typical genus than Vespertilio, we should expect its habits to be in accordance with its structure, and to differ somewhat from those of Vespertilio ; and the following (all that I can gather which appears authentic) will throw some light on this point. In vol. xiv. of the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ the following notice of one of the species, K. picta, appears, from the pen of Capt. R. C. Tytler : “‘ This elegant Bat is found in thick jungle, and is only observed when disturbed by sud- denly flying out of its retreat and taking almost immediate shelter, like a moth, amongst the bushes.’ Dr. Kelaart, after observing that there are no Bats in Ceylon called “ Kerivoulha,” says ‘“ Kehil- voula is the Cingalese name for the yellow Bats found on plantain trees,—‘ Kehil’ in Cingalese meaning plantain, and ‘ Voulha’ a bat. We have never obtained the Kerivoulha from any other places than plantain groves, where they are generally found clinging to the fruit.” From the observations of these gentlemen it would appear that 7 x | 337 the Kerivoula picta is an arboreal species, certainly resting during the day among dense foliage, and more than probably taking its food in similar situations. It would be interesting to know if those which Dr. Kelaart has seen clinging to the plantain fruit had chosen that as a resting place, or were in search of insects which might feed on the fruit; for we cannot suppose that the Bats would be feeding on the latter: they are too purely insectivorous in their structure. Of another species inhabiting South Africa, A. /anosa, Dr. A. Smith says that it frequents “a wooded district stretching along the sea-shore about 200 miles from Cape Town. Like other species of the genus, it appears as night sets in, and may then be seen flitting from spot to spot along the open spaces which exist here and there in different parts of the forest.”’ These short extracts comprise all that I can learn of the habits of the genus under consideration; but such as they are, they tend to corroborate my previous supposition, derived from observing the ob- vious similarity of the organs of flight to those of some of the Rhz- nolophi, one species of which I have observed in a state of nature. When we look at the considerable development of the cutaneous system, and its delicate nature, and the ample organs of flight with their slender digits, in the genus Kerivoula, we can readily perceive that they are not well-suited for exposed flight, but that they would be admirably adapted for flitting amongst the boughs and leaves of trees; and the existence of numerous lines and papilla, probably nerves of sensation, in the membranes, would render them highly delicate organs of touch, and a safe protection against the injuries which their slender members might otherwise sustain in such places. All the membranes of this and the allied genera Furipterus, Natalus, and Iyonycteris are elaborately veined and dotted, just as in the Horse-shoe Bat ; and 1 have had a good opportunity of witnessing the extraordinary powers of flight of the latter. On one occasion I had liberated from a box in my usual sitting- room a Pipistrelle and a Lesser Horse-shoe Bat. The former flew directly against the glass of the window, just as a bird does, and re- peated the attempt to escape several times. The /Zorse-shoe Bat, instead of doing this, although it approached very near to the glass, never even so much as touched it with the tips of its wings; and I could distinctly see it pass in front of each pane so near as almost to touch it, but at the same time avoid the prominent wood-work of the window. Under and amongst the tables and chairs it passed with perfect ease, touching nothing, and behind the window curtains in a similar manner, although there was*searcely an inch of space between them and the wall: At length, when flitting in front of some book-shelves from which I had just removed an octavo volume (Temminck’s Birds of Europe), it seemed, if I may use the expres- sion, to feel the vacant space, and passed in and out again without, I believe, even so much as touching the volumes on either side, Mr. Blyth has observed of Nafterer’s Bat that it occasionally “flapped against a glass case”’ while flying round a room. I have No. CCCLXVIII.—PgrocrrpinGs or THe ZOOLOGICAL Society, 338 often seen various species of Vespertilionide do the like against the walls and furniture of a room, but have never seen the Horse-shoe Bat do so. Now, although speculation in zoological science is scarcely admis- sible, yet I am tempted to suggest, from the general similarity of the organs of flight in the genera Furipterus, Natalus, Hyonycteris, and Kerivoula with those of Rhinolophus, that they may have pre- cisely the same function to perform; and I should entertain but little doubt of this, were not the latter provided with very singular cutaneous expansions, as nose-leaves and facial crests. These have by some observers been considered as organs of touch, performing in tact the office of eyes. But this latter suggestion is at best a mere suggestion, since we find amongst the Rhinolophide some species which, while they possess all the other peculiarities of Rhinolophus, are destitute of what may properly be called a nose-leaf, having in its stead grooves and hollows not likely to be highly sensitive organs of touch. This is the case with Rh. aurantius of Australia, and with Nycteris, which is simply a modified Rhinolophus. Without further pursuing these suggestions, I may state my belief that it is in the whole expansion of the cutaneous system that the singular sense with which these animals are endowed exists, and that this, if properly investigated, will afford one of the most certain indices to the natural classification of the Vespertilionide. Before concluding, I wish to add a suggestion relative to the pro- bable habits of Hyonycteris, derived from the examination of spe- cimens. As the creature is destitute of claws to the feet, which could be used as instruments of support, and has suctorial disks in- stead, it appears probable that it would be capable of traversing such surfaces only as were sufficiently even for the action of the disks, and that suitable surfaces might be furnished by the fruit or leaves of many of the trees of tropical America, from which the pig-like snout of the animal would be well adapted for taking minute insects, in a state of rest. aM 339 June 22, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On tue Systematic ARRANGEMENT OF THE TAILLESS Ba- TRACHIANS AND THE STRUCTURE OF RHINOPHRYNUS DOR- satis. By Dr. ALBertr GUNTHER. The organ which in the tailless Batrachians offers the most re- markable character, and which is most closely connected with the mode of their life, is the tongue. Wagler has already separated from the other Ranide a group without tongue, dy/osse, comprising all other Ranide under the name Phaneroglosse, which have a tongue entirely adherent in front. This division was also afterwards accepted by Bibron, who changed the name of Aglosse into that of Phryno- glosse. 'The separation of the first group appears the more justifi- able, as Miiller came to the same result by another principle.- I now add a third form, hitherto very imperfectly known, and the tongue of which is not yet described. Rhinophrynus dorsalis is the only Batrachian which has a tongue free in front, with the anterior tip capable of being stretched out of the mouth. The details are as follows :—The base of the cavity of the mouth is occupied by the tongue. The front part of this organ is rather narrow and cylindrical, with an obtuse rounded tip, of a similar shape to that of one of the small Rodentia ; the front part is quite free ; somewhat anterior to the middle of its length it is fixed to the base of the mouth by a frenn- lum ; behind this it becomes gradually broader, and is fixed on each side by a muscular pad. The hinder edge is rounded, not notched, entirely adherent, and exhibiting only a transverse slightly prominent swelling. The tongue is entirely soft, with a velvet-like surface, covered with papille filiformes, which gradually become longer behind. And whereas the front tip of the tongue is again capable of being stretched out of the mouth, both halves of the musculus genioglossus are well developed, forming the very base of the cavity of the mouth. | I propose to divide the Batrachia anura into three groups :— A. Aglossa: B. a. without tongue. B. Opisthoglossa: B. a. with a tongue adherent in front, and more or less free behind. C. Proteroglossa: B. a, with a tongue free in front and adherent behind. We find by far the greatest development and the greatest variety of forms in the second group; and therefore I prefer to consider the principles of further division first in this group, hoping to obtain in this way points of view according to which we may characterize and 340 divide the few known forms of the other groups. Those characters which are generally considered as the most important, and which always command a separation of two Batrachians, are :— 1. The presence or absence of the maxillary teeth. 2. The dilated or cylindrical form of the transverse process or dia- pophysis of the sacral vertebra. 3. The dilated or not dilated tips of the fingers and toes. When we consider that the lower jaw of the tailed Batrachians is provided with a series of teeth, and that these are wanting in the same bone of all the tailless Batrachians, we are obliged to acknowledge the importance of this character,—the more so as this difference is followed by a difference in the mode of life, as far as I have been enabled to observe it in European forms. In the former the teeth are the organs for seizing the food; in the latter, as well in those with maxillary teeth as in the toothless, it is the tongue. The former seize the prey in the same way as the Saurians do, and hold and press it with the teeth; the latter seize it with the clammy tongue, either filliping it out of the mouth as the frogs, or only turn- ing it out, as the toads do, with broad and fixed tongue: the mecha- nism of seizing is the same as in Myrmecophaga, Picus, or Chame- leon. On examining the recently swallowed animals out of the sto- mach of a lizard or newt, we shall find them always in a more or less dilacerated condition; whilst those taken from the stomach of a toothed or toothless frog or toad are constantly uninjured. This is even the case with Ceratophrys and Cystignathus, which are provided with the strongest dentition among all the Batrachians. The prey when seized is held and pressed by the tongue against the upper part of the cavity of the mouth; and though there are in a part of the species maxillary teeth, they appear to be entirely without function, and palatine teeth alone give assistance to this second part of the action. Therefore, not being able to consider the character of the dentition among the tailless Batrachians as one intimately con- nected with their mode of life, I think it right to subordinate it to another character which does correspond to this pretension. In a similar way the value of dentition is disregarded in the Edentata, which contain the toothless Myrmecophaga and Manis, and on the other hand the Dasypus gigas, which exhibits more teeth than any other mammal except some Cetacea. So also the Salmonidee contain the nearly toothless Coregoni and the strongly-armed Sulmones, &e. What influence the dilated or more cylindrical form of the process of sacral vertebra has upon the mode of life is difficult to explain, as it does not absolutely correspond with other physiological or ana- tomical characters. The pelvis obtains by the dilatation of these processes much more firmness ; and a lateral motion is more or less entirely impeded. We should therefore expect to meet with this character in those Batrachians which are provided with the longest and most powerful hind legs, according to the physical problem, that the longest lever requires the strongest centre. But on the contrary, the Batrachians with the shortest legs exhibit a much-dilated sacral vertebra, whilst on the other hand the long-legged Hylide = et Pat SS TE nh igles Re = yah ane ae ddI show the same peculiarity. In fact, this osteological form seems to be connected with none of the modifications of locomotion; tor we find among these Batrachians good swimmers as well as bad, tree- as well as earth-frogs, those which always hop as well as those which often crawl ; finally we are unable to refer to it a peculiarity of any part of the propagation. Generally, I can only state— 1. That all the Batrachia anura without mazillary teeth exhibit dilated processes of the sacral vertebrae, except the Uylapleside ; but that, on the other hand, the Batrachia anura with maxillary teeth may have this bone sometimes dilated, and sometimes cylin- drical in form. 2. That all the Batrachia anura with paratoids exhibit dilated processes (without any exception at present) ; but that, on the other hand, the Butrachia anura without paratoids have either this bone dilated or cylindrical in form. From the above inquiries it is evident that I do not think this anatomical character fit for separating the whole group of the Opis- thoglossa, so as to form two natural divisions ; and there remains only the third of the above-mentioned characters,—the dilated or not di- lated tip of the fingers and toes. This natural character is connected with a strongly marked di- stinction in the mode of life, with climbing trees, which peculiarity is justly considered as one of the most important characters among the Vertebrata. No frog or toad without dilated toes is known to climb trees; and although our knowledge of the mode of life of the tropical forms is very limited, I have no doubt that the tooth- less Batrachians with dilated toes, of the tropics (Hylaplesia, Hy- ledactylus, Brachymerus, &e.), are enabled to climb trees, walls, &e., some being active during the day, others during the night. I am well aware that there are forms having the toes so slightly di- lated that it is difficult to say to which part they belong; but in such instances the question will be decided either by observation of the living animals or by the more distinguishable form of closely allied species, as for example in the genus Hylodes. The objection to separate in this way the toothless Batrachians, which it was till now the custom to consider as a natural one, I get over by the fact that my two proposed series are parallel, and their members nearly corresponding ; and I trust that at a not far distant time some of the wanting forms will be found. Therefore I divide the Adnura opistho- glossa into two series :— 1. Opisthoglossa oxydactyla: Opisthoglossa with cylindrical or pointed tip of the fingers and toes. 2. Opisthoglossa platydactyla : Opisthoglossa with dilated tip of the fingers and toes. Among the animals of both series we find that the same characters recur ; and so we are enabled to apply in both series the same fur- ther division. I have already mentioned what value I am disposed to attribute to the dentition ; and by co-ordinating with it the strue- ture of the ear, I think we may obtain natural and scientifically- 342 established groups. Especially I think we can thus satisfy the long- felt necessity of separating the Bombinatores in a strictly cireum- scribed group. Now-a-days a group, defined as Tschudi does the Bombinatores, “‘ Body and extremities short, head rounder than in the Rane, skin generally warty,” is not fit to form a part of the natural system. Huschke was the first who directed the attention of naturalists to a peculiarity in the ear of Bombinator igneus, stating, in the ‘ Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte und Physiologie,’ p. 39, ** Not much of a cavum tympani is to be seen in Bufo tgneus, whereas muscles of the ossicula auditus appear to fill up the whole space.” This information was not much enlarged by the inquiries of Geoffroy, Scarpa, and Windischmann ; but Johannes Miller, having found a similar structure in the ear of the Pelobates of France (P. cultripes), with his anatomical ingenuity applied this character for a distribu- tion of the Tailless Batrachians into three groups :— 1. Anura with an entirely bony cavum tympani, with a cartilagi- nous cover of this cavity instead of a membranaceous tympanum, with the Eustachian tubes united into a single aperture: Dactyle- thra and Pipa. 2. Anura with a partially membranaceous cavum tympani, with a membranaceous tympanum and the apertures of the Eustachian tubes separated: the greater part of the Azura. 3. Anura without tympanum, eustachian tubes, or cavum tympani, and with the cover of the fenestra ovalis cartilaginous : Bombinator igneus and Pelobates cultripes. In rejecting this systematical arrangement of the whole suborder, I agree so far with Tschudi, not, however, “ because the anatomist ought not to prescribe divisions to the zoologist,’ but rather because the Batrachians with imperfectly-developed ear would form together an unnatural group, and would be separated too far from other allied forms, if we tried to apply this character as that of a section. On the other hand, it is much more important than Tschudi supposes, because it proves to be of absolute value, as always indicating the total ab- sence of the tympanum. Batrachians with well-developed ear exhibit sometimes a conspicuous, sometimes an indistinct, sometimes a hidden tympanum, which differences may offer in some cases a generic, in others only a specific character ; even in many instances the appear- ance of the tympanum is variable in the individuals of the same species, beg more or less conspicuous. The tympanum is hidden in those Batrachians where it is formed by a transparent membrane ; but the skin of the body, not modified and not adherent, equally covers the tympanic region, and the tympanum becomes visible only after the skin is removed. The tympanum is ¢ndistinct m those Batrachians where the skin of the body is firmly adherent to the tympanum, covering more or less of its surface. But in all these Batrachians the tympanum is present ; and it is a great mistake to confound the characters of a hidden and of an absent tympanum ; and much trouble and much misunderstanding would be saved to naturalists, if a more precise mode of expression were introduced Se oe ae new. j s 343 into the descriptions. Secondly, we are obliged to acknowledge the value of the development of the ear in systematical arrangements, when we consider that this organ gradually returns to simplicity in the series of the Vertebrata, and that especially in the next class, of Pisces, it obtains systematical importance again. Therefore, though not accepting the structure of ear as the first principle for the divi- sion of those animals, I shall combine it with the dentition. Tschudi discredited Miiller’s observation, vindicating for all Anura Eustachian tubes and a cavum tympani, and only referring variations of the aperture of the Eustachian tube in the cavum tympani to the age of the individual (Bombinator igneus). Besides he mentions frequent examinations of the structure of the ear, according to which this organ, especially among the “‘ Bombinatoride,” is liable to great variations, nearly in every genus, as regards the form and situation of the ossicula auditus, the chorda tympani, the tympanum, the tuba Eustachii, &e. It is a great pity that Tschudi never published these examinations ; but in those which he has published I cannot quite agree with him. The imperfect development of ear I have found or recognized in Bombinator igneus, Pelobates fuscus and cultripes, Alsodes monti- cola (Wiegmann in Telmatobius peruvianus), Mierhyla achatina*, Phryniseus nigricans, levis and cruciger, Brachycephalus ephippium, Hemisus guttatum (Engystoma guttatum, Rapp.), and finally in RAi- nophrynus dorsalis, which, although not belonging to the Opistho- glossa, may be mentioned on account of the structure of the ear. In all these Batrachians, tympanum and cavum tympani are entirely absent ; the Eustachian tube either is entirely deficient, as I found it in Phryniscus cruciger and Rhinophrynus (and according to Miiller’s observations, perhaps in some specimens of Bombinator igneus and Pelobates cultripes), or it is only a blind tube without osteum tym- panicum. Although I always found in some specimens of the same species the same development of the Eustachian tubes, I do not ven- ture to contradict other observations, according to which these tubes were found more or less accessible ; and Tschudi may be right in stating a variation to occur with the age. But such a variation as regards abolition certainly would not reach the cavum tympani or the tympanum ; and therefore I hold to the truth of the fact that in the aforesaid Batrachians this part of the ear is wanting. In Bombinator and Pelobates { have always found the osteum pharyngeum of the Eustachian tube open. It is situated quite on the side of the pharynx, is very small and narrow, and accessible only to a thin bristle ; the tube passes near the united os sphenoideum and petrosum inwards and towards the back, crossing the carotis and the nervus vagus. The membrane by which it is formed becomes gradually excess- ively thin, and is closed without an aperture near the fenestra ovalis vestibuli. This aperture is really oval, closed by a cartilagi- nous cover and in direct contact with muscles; the nature of the * Cf. Tschudi’s ‘ Batrachia,’ p. 14. 344 vestibulum is proved by the soft white calcareous concrement. Such I found to be the structure of ear in Hemisus guttatum and Mi- erhyla. In Phryniscus levis and nigricans and in Brachycephalus the osteum'pharyngeum of the tube is more open. Rhinophrynus dorsalis exhibits the following details :—After removing the skin, an aperture of the ear is no more to be observed than a tympanum ex- ternally, the whole region being covered with muscles. The most accurate and repeated examination of old and young individuals did not enable me to find any osteum pharyngeum of the tube; there, where it might be supposed to be situated, on the sides of the pala- tum molle, I found only a very short and flat groove, perhaps the same seen by Bibron, who describes the Pastachiin tubes as ex- cessively small. After removing the muscles, the external entrance in the ear becomes conspicuous ; Tit is the fenestra ovalis vestibuli,—a large opening with rounded outlines, formed by swollen edges of the os petrosum. This opening is closed by a cartilaginous operculum, internally concave, externally convex, and so inserted by a membrane in the bony ring as to be rendered moveable. Round the bony ring arise some muscular fibres, which continue to the front edge of the shoulder blade. Other muscular fibres, having arisen from the centre of the operculum, join them ; and their function is, by moving the operculum outwards, to enlarge the cavity of the vestibulum. The vestibulum itself is spacious, quite bony, and forming an externally conspicuous, thin, flat du//a. In the interior is enclosed in the saccum vestibuli,—a large, rounded, white and soft calcareous concre- ment. Besides the fenestra ovalis are to be observed 3-4 minute openings, through which a bristle can reach immediately the cavity of the skull, and a larger one, oval, near the canales semicirculares. Thus we find in these duura slight modifications in the type of the structure of the ear, as it is found in the Cecilie and Urodele (Am- phiuma, Menopoma, Siredon, Proteus, Triton, Salamandra),—a cir- cumstance, which directs us not to neglect it as a character for systematical arrangement; and thus I divide the Opisthoglossa owy- dactyla and platydactyla mto the following sections :— I. Opisthoglossa oxydactyla. 1. With maxillary teeth and pertectly-developed ear: Ranina. 2. With maxillary teeth and imperfectly-developed ear: Bom- binatorina. 3. Without maxillary teeth, and with imperfectly-developed ear: Brachycephalina. 4, Without maxillary teeth, and with perfectly-developed ear : Bufonina. Il. Opisthoglossa platydactyla. 1. With maxillary teeth and pertectly-developed ear: Hylina. 2. With maxillary teeth and amiperisee -developed ear: Mz- erhylina. a ee at i , | 4 ; 345 * (3. Without maxillary teeth, and with imperfectly-developed ear: not known.) 4, Without maxillary teeth, and with perfectly-developed ear: Hylaplesina. For the division of these sections into families I use :-— |. The absence or presence of paratoids. 2. The form of the diapophysis of sacral vertebra. 3. The absence or presence of a web between the toes. I consider the latter character as the most subordinate of the three, and I have used for the systematical arrangement only those ag- gregates of erypte, which are found on the shoulder and generally are called paratoids. Similar glandular aggregates are found on other parts of the body ; and having had the opportunity of exami- ning some new examples of such large glands, I think it useful to give an account of them in all the species. In the genus Pleurodema a large gland is situated on the loins, in the males of Pe/obates on the upper arm, in Limnodynastes dorsalis* and Bufo calamita on the calves. In other Batrachians the glands are situated on the shoulder, being either prominent and conspicuous, or hidden. 1. Anura with prominent paratoids are—Alytes, Scaphiopus, Uperoleia, Bufo, Otilophus and Phyllomedusa. 2. In other dnura the crypte are accumulated on the shoulder, but do not form a prominent gland, and the aggregate becomes vi- sible only by an incision in the skin, the structure of the paratoid being the same: as in Heleioporus, Pelodryas, and Rhinophrynus. It is far more peculiar in Kalophrynus, which offers quite a smooth surface of the skin ; and not only onthe shoulders, but on the whole surface of the back, the skin is densely crowded with large erypte, together forming a large dorsal paratoid. Having now gone through the most important characters upon which I base the division of the Opisthoglossa, I add the following tabular arrangement, which will show at once the families thus created, their natural relationship, and the parallelism of more remote families and characters of forms which may be discovered. The ver- tical divisions show their agreement in the anatomical, the horizontal ones in the zoological characters. * In this species I have only had the opportunity of examining the males. > episadertyy | aeprAgoeparsyy| seers . aepryAquorpy apse} — @pepadayo epriiaud orig *sprozvaed oN a “paqelIp JOU Soy, xpisnpamorpAqd > ‘ 3 Oe Se i] a oe z,\2 eee eee ere ee ae epipedipolad ee |? a ——————— ee a © } epruoyng epydty ee iy ae le oie Re eed = Pea} Se eeprypo1od 83 | * re] 4 epryewmosksuyq | wpiyeydoodqovig eprpArydoiajsy xpiyyeusysig g ee eee ee a a SE a a ANU 2 Ss (Ee a g @ KpiyeumAapouryry eeprostu dry g VpLoyVUrgurog KpIssopsoosiqy wepuey a = Qu : a = *paytTp ION “para “power *pere] tp JON “pared “paid ‘porn 3on | ay 1 * BICIWOA [CLIVE BIQI}IOA [e1IVG | xs “qoograd ey “qoayaodunt eq ‘qoojiadurt weg : *qoajiod seq * "yq903 Areypixeut ony *yqooy Areyprxe | 3 a | . i ; : \ 1 . _ 4 Bay 94 ‘ - OT Aw oe) ae ee we Pa y . - pt =e) oe , So AN esa ater te as 347 Both the series of Opisthoglossa are not to be considered as form- ing one continued series between the Aglossa and Proteroglossa ; they do not form one series of animals, descending from the most highly organized form to the lowest one: such a gradation is equally found in both series ; and one is at once struck with the identity of the chararacters in the single families, if brought side by side in two parallel series. OPISTHOGLOSSA. OxyYDACTYLA. PLATYDACTYLA. Ranide. Polypedatide. Cystignathide. Hylodide. : Discoglosside. Hylidae. Iya Ranina. Asterophrydid®@.°~ .. .ese. sees Hylina, | Uperoliide. Phyllomeduside, \ Alytidee. Pelodryadide, Bombinatorina. Bombinatoride. Micrhylide. Mierhylina. d d Ted renigiltu lites geetiame Lie MROMGe ot Rises Brachycephalina, Brachycephalidz. ==... saesaeaee Rhinodermatide. Hyledactylide. | : Engystomatide. Brachymeride. d peenins. Be gues iss Mekeins a ; ay inplesing, Saédasepades Hylapleside. I am always afraid of admitting teleological principles into natural science ; the most important results of truth are gained by adhering to objective facts, and by inquiring into them. Each system should be adapted only to the present state of our knowledge of animals ; but at last we must come to that point where analogies will enable us to look further, and the future will show (if it is allowed to presume so far) that, among the forms which hereafter may be discovered, there will be found correspondents to the Asterophrydide, Phry- niscide, Brachycephalide, Bufonide, and Hylapleside, viz. :— 1. Hylina, without paratoids, with dilated sacral vertebra and free toes. 2. O. platydactyla, without maxillary teeth and with imperfectly developed ear. 3. Bufonina, without paratoids, with not dilated sacral vertebra and webbed toes. 4. Hylaplesina, with paratoids, with dilated sacral vertebra, and webbed toes. Only three genera are known belonging to the first group of Anura, to the Aglossa,—Dactylethra, Pipa and Myobatrachus, the ) latter of which is imperfectly known to myself from a short notice of Dr. Gray in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ All these three genera offer such | characters as to become the types of as many families. But as I do not know whether the star-like configuration of the toes in Pipa, or the ____ horny claws of the toes of Dactylethra, have the same functional im- portance as in the Oxydactyla and Platydactyla, or whether the two horizontal fangs in the intermaxillary bone of Myobratrachus are true teeth, or only apophyses (as in the lower jaw of Tomopterna), I am at a loss which of these characters must be subordinated to the 348 other ; and therefore I refer first to the more-known structure of ear, and propose for the present the following division of this group :— I. Aglossa with united Eustachian tubes and entirely bony cavum tympani. a. With maxillary teeth : Dactylethride. 6. Without maxillary teeth: Pipide. II. Aglossa with separated Eustachian tubes; cavum tympani? a. With two horizontal fangs in the intermaxillary bone: Myobatrachide. Finally, of the last group of ProrERoGLossa only one genus is known, forming the type of a family—Rhinophrynide, the com- plete characters of which would be— Proteroglossa without maxillary teeth, with imperfectly developed ear, paratoids, dilated diapophysis of sacral vertebra, and webbed toes. Bibron has given the only published description of Rhinophrynus dorsalis; but having had only a single specimen in an imperfect condition, he was not enabled to point out all its peculiarities. I therefore finish this paper with a full description of it. The body being of an oval depressed shape, appears to be broader than it in reality is, because the skin is too wide for the cireum- ference of body, forming on each side a broad longitudinal fold. It is rounded on all sides, the belly being rather more flat ; the whole surface smooth, only on some places finely granulated. The head is confounded with the body, situated on the same level, and appears to be only the tapering front part of it ; being somewhat depressed, it tapers conically, and ends suddenly with the obtuse, truncated top of the muzzle. The front part of the muzzle forms, if closed, a flat round disk, somewhat similar to the snout of a pig, but differing by being separated by the cleft of the mouth into an wpper smaller and a lower larger half. The mouth itself is so peculiarly formed as to be unlike that of every other Batrachian. The cleft is situated in one plane, not on the lower side of the muzzle, but above the middle ; and if the snout be imagined to be a truncated cone, the cleft splits it by a ver- tical cut going from the truncated plain to the base; the cleft there- fore does not form a convex line, but three sides of the vertical cut of a truncated cone. Being of itself not small, and reaching nearly to the anterior angle of the eye, it does not allow a considerable widen- ing of the mouth, as is necessary where a sling-tongue is present ; and when we consider this configuration connected with the plump figure of the animal, we may conclude that its food consists only of small and slow animals. The nares are situated on the upper side of the head, at some distance from the end of the snout; they are formed by a small oval opening, surrounded by a low cutaneous fold, aud can probably be closed. The eyes are situated but little fur- ther behind the nares, but rather more outwards; they are small, and placed behind a narrow cleft formed by the swollen external eyelids. o 349 The posterior parts of the animal are very large and muscular. Just in the centre is the anus, situated in the upper end of a deep longitudinal furrow, which, formed by two thick cutaneous folds, ex- tends along the lower part of the belly ; probably it serves for con- ducting the products of generation. Each of the folds is in connexion with a broad musele, destined for removing them one from the other ; along the middle of the bottom of this furrow is a raphe, as in the perinzeum of man. The extremities are short ; and the single mem- bers are not conspicuous, on account of the wide and enveloping skin ; the anterior ones are enveloped to the middle of the forearm. The fingers are four, quite free, ending in a blunt tip without being di- lated ; the thumb is the shortest, the second and fourth are nearly of equal length, the third much longer. There are callosities on the inner and outer side of the carpus. The hinder legs become more conspicuous from the articulation of the knee; the lower leg and tarsus are short; but notwithstanding the bluntness of the extremities, a free motion is allowed by the wide-folded skin. The planta is very broad ; and the toes are joined by a web, which, deeply notched between the toes, reaches the extreme pha- lange as a narrow fold. The os cuneiforme forms a high, elongated, elliptical prominence, not as hard and sharp as in Pelodates, the integument of which may be separated from the bone together with the skin, and exhibits a surface with transverse grooves, a cirecum- stance which affords a firmer hold when in locomotion. Immediately before this prominence is situated the rudiment of the first toe, mo- dified into a perfectly similar and also striated but smaller promi- nence. This must support locomotion, the more as its surface is sometimes injured and lacerated. The four other toes end with a small round knot, the second being the shortest, the fourth the longest, the third intermediate between the second and fourth, the fifth rather longer than the second. On the back, on the head, and round the snout, the skin is firmly adherent, all other parts being enveloped by it as by a too wide sac. It appears to be smooth on the back, but is pierced on all parts with innumerable minute pores. On the head appear scattered very small warts, becoming gradually more crowded towards the end of the snout; they are not glandular in structure, perhaps bearing organs of feeling. The disk-like end of the snout is entirely smooth, polished and soft, but of a firm structure. There are whitish pro- minences on the neck, the belly, and on the under sides of the legs ; ah obtain, especially on the latter place, the cireumference of fig- seed, and are glands without ductus excretorius. There is externally nothing of a parotis to be seen; but by an incision is found a thick te of glands, as above mentioned, situated above and behind the shoulder-blade, and of the same circumference as the skull: the duetus excretorii of the single glands are not different from those seattered on the other parts. In the subcutaneous tissue a black pigment is thickly deposited: the colour of the upper part is dark bluish-olive, either uniform or with yellowish spots along the verte- bral line, sometimes confluent into a streak ; spots of the same 350 colour are sometimes seen on the shoulder, and especially on the sides and on the upper parts of the extremities. The snout and the under parts are paler, and the disk of the snout is colourless. The eye is protected by two external swollen eyelids, but the lower eyelid forms a double fold, the external of which is merely a fold of the cutis, the internal being transparent and representing an internal eyelid. There is no membrana nictitans; the pupil is round; the dens round, somewhat compressed; no pecten. The small size of the eye evidently shows that the animal is nocturnal. There are no teeth ; the edge of the jaws is obtuse and truncated, especially that of the lower jaw. Upon examination of the cavity of the mouth, it is found as spacious as the natural entrance is narrow. Behind the articulation of the mandibula, and on the side of the hinder insertion of the tongue, opens a large cavity, covered inside with a strongly-folded mucosa, and outside with a stratum of mus- cular fibres; the end of the bottom of this extends behind the head, and is situated near the insertion of the musculus supraspinatus at the shoulder-blade. Supposing this cavity to be a vocal sac, I do not think that it will be found in females; and it is a peculiarity of this animal that the vocal sac is covered by a muscular stratum, thus being quite separated from the skin; nor am I acquainted with any other instance in which the vocal sac reaches so far behind. The entire upper part of the cavity of the mouth is very concave, and co- vered by such a thin mucosa as to render the whole configuration of the bone transparent. Near the middle of the palate, and somewhat laterally, the inner nostrils are situated, being roundish-oval and of moderate size. The anterior part of the pharynx is separated from the hinder part by a cartilaginous transverse pad; and the latter part deserves the name of a palatum molle, masmuch as it is pro- vided with a soft body covered with a mucosa, as a similar one is found at the same place in the Cyprinide. Between the tongue and cartilago thyreoidea is situated a spacious cavity, as is generally found in Anura beneath the tongue ; it is quite closed. I think it is a bursa mucosa. Concerning the situation of the intestines, the following is to be noticed. The heart is situated somewhat towards the right side of the medial line; and it is a highly interesting fact that it is sur- rounded by the liver in a similar way as in higher animals, as iu other Batrachians it is surrounded by the lungs. The stomach is quite on the right hand, and partly covered by the left hepatic flap, separated from the heart only by a part of the peritoneum: it is on its left side. The right lung is behind the liver; the left lung is larger and is placed behind the liver and stomach. The situation of the other intestines is the same as is generally found in the dnura. The glottis is a simple cleft; the /arynx and trachea are conspi- cuously separated by a pair of excessively large, thick, and soft liga- menta vocalia. The larynx itself is very spacious, and forms nearly the cavity of a globe; the trachea is of a similar form, separated from the lungs only by a slightly produced fold of the mucosa. The lungs and the vascular system do not differ from those organs in a 7 351 the other Adnura, except in the situation, as mentioned above. There is a single ventriculus and two separated atria; from the former rises a very short bulbus arteriosus, the interior of which and of the other vessels could not be examined on account of their condition. The bulbus is soon divided into two strong stems, each of which emits three branches, ascending together for a short distance,— namely, an arteria pulmonalis, a carotis descendens, and a united stem of the a. cerebralis and a. lingualis. The right atrium receives the blood of the veins of the body ; the left one that of two vene pulmonales. We find more peculiarities in the tractus intestinalis. The ceso- phagus is very strong, its circumference equal to that of the stomach; the mucosa is provided with very long villi, projecting nearly 1 mill. into the cavity ; the next outer stratum is thick and of tendinous texture, thickest in the anterior and posterior medial line, and form- ing two very strong tendinous bands. These serve for the insertion of transverse muscular fibres, going from the anterior medial line to the posterior one, and forming two very strong constrictores, each surrounding one half of the cesophagus. If they co-operate, they then string the cesophagus as circular fibres would do; but by the separation into two parts the effect is rendered more powerful. The entrance from the cesophagus into the stomach is marked externally by the absence of the muscles, internally by the beginning of the mucosa veutriculi, which is deeply and longitudinally folded and wants the long villi. The stomach is short, ovoid, and gradually lost in the smaller intestines without pylorus; the latter are 34 as long as the body, and suddenly open into the excessively wide rectum. The pancreas is large, and joined with the intestine by a wide ductus Wirsungianus ; about half an inch below the stomach three or four smaller branches open into the intestine, separated from the chief ductus ; probably this is the place for the mouth of the ductus cho- ledochus, which I could not find. The /iver is large, and at the first glance it appears to be separated into a right half and a larger left one ; but both parts are joined by a very narrow bridge, passing behind the heart: the left flap has a deep incision. Both flaps sur- round the heart, and the left one also the stomach. The gall- bladder is situated just in the medial line, beneath the uniting bridge, not in direct contact with the hepatic parenchyma, but fixed to it by the peritoneum ; from each flap of the liver one ductus hepaticus opens separately into the bladder. The organa uropoetica do not offer any remarkable differences, at least not in the male. The tes- ticles oval; kidneys elongate, cylindrical; corpora adiposa formed by long appendages; the bladder enters the cloaca on the anterior part, the urethree on the posterior one. The osteological peculiarities only consist in differences of form ; and as far as they can be made out in a single coherent skeleton, they are the following. All the external bones of the skull are en- tirely ossified ; the cranium is flat, depressed, very broad, without crest, and with a sharp not prominent lateral edge. The foramen ju- gulare is very large, but closed by a fibrous membrane pierced by 352 the nervus vagus and glossophargyngeus. The os petrosum is di- stinguished by a spheroid flat bulla ossea, which is quite different from that in some Mammals, being there the ossified cavum tym- pani, here a part of the vestibulum ; it is very thin and transparent, so that the caleareous concrement may be seen. ‘The upper part of the cranium is as broad as the os basilure is expanded; from the broad united ossa parietalia and frontalia suddenly projects a narrow long bone, situated between the nostrils, parallel with the ascendent processes of the intermaxillary bone, and nearly reaching the sym- physis of the intermaxillary bones. This is formed by the frontalia anteriora ; and there is in front a vestige of a suture, perhaps of for- merly-separated nasal bones. The edge of the maxillary and inter- maxillary bones is sharp ; and the latter are provided with very long and narrow ascending processes. There are nine vertebree, the second with hammer-like, the third and fourth with long cylindrical diapo- physes ; that of the sacral vertebra is moderately dilated, triangular, and flat, and joined with the ossa ilea by a much-developed cartila- ginous symphysis. The scapula is not notched on the inner edge ; the bones of the extremities are distinguished by their shortness and by the large size of their condyles. ‘There is no processus xiphoideus. The contents of the stomach consisted of a great many excessively small beetles, some lumps of earth, and small pieces of stick. I suppose that the animal catches those insects by stretching out the tongue, as some other animals do. In this action small particles of earth, &c. adhere to the tongue. The lumps of earth found were balled together only in the stomach, being too large to have passed the narrow cleft of the mouth*, 2. A FEW REMARKS ON THE HABIT AND ECONOMY OF THE Brown-Carrep Pomaroruints (P. ruriceps, HARTLAUB). By G. Krerrr. The range of this bird does not appear to be a very extensive one ; it was first discovered in the Polygonium Flats bordering the Murray River and its backwaters ; but on the Darling they were not found so plentiful. Their favourite haunts are clusters of dead box timbers, and serubby flats studded with salt bush, &e. This bird is remarkably shy, and so cunning, that in almost all eases it will evade pursuit by running into some scrubby bush, and hide there till the danger is over. Its power of flight is exceedingly mo- derate, and closely resembles that of the brown Tree-creeper. * M. Sallé, to whom science is indebted for the discovery of this strange animal, writes in a letter, ‘ Je sais bien peu de choses sur le Rhinophrynus dorsalis; il vient des terres chaudes et tempérées de l’Etat de Vera Cruz; on le trouve dans la terre et assez profondément enfoneé, quelquefois 4 un pied on deux; il parait y vivre, ila des mouvements trés lents et il est trés mou, ce qui fait, que les in- digénes le désignent dans des endroits sous le nom de Sapo sin hueros (Crapaud sans 0S) ; je ne sais pas comment il peut s’enterrer ni de quoi il se nourrit.” — “a i 353 These birds are always found in flocks of from four or five to twenty and more. They keep a good look out ; and as soon as they suspect danger, they will rise with a sharp whirring noise, and seek shelter among the foliage of another tree, or run at a quick pace along the geen They are very restless, and keep constantly moving up and own the branches and in the shade of the foliage ; so that it is very difficult to obtain a shot at them. Different kinds of insects appear to be their principal food, as I have found the remains of grasshoppers, &c. in their stomach. Their nests are very remarkable structures, and about 30 to 36 in. long by 2 feet in circumference ; the entrance is at the top, and pro- tected by overhanging sticks. The whole fabric is very strongly constructed of dry branches, and at first appearance would never be taken to be the work of such a small bird. ‘The inside of the nest is very small, consisting of a tunnel of about 14 or 15 in. in depth by 3 or 4 in. indiameter. The roof-like sticks covering the entrance are a good protection against the depredations of the spotted Dasyurus and other enemies to the eggs and young brood, showing the deep sagacity of this singular bird. Travelling along the banks of the Murray, and now and then cut- ting off a bend of the river by crossing through the scrubble, the traveller cannot help noticing a great many of these nests buried be- tween the forked branches of Lucalyptus dumosa, or into the very crown of the Huon pine. Whenever I asked my native companions to which birds these nests might belong, they would tell me their native name for it, which is Tannekun, but which left me as wise as before, as no Brown-capped Pomatorhinus was to be met with. It was not until Mr. Blandowski had returned to Melbourne, leaving me in charge of the expedition, that I was informed by that gentle- man that this bird was not described by Mr. Gould, urging me to procure every information about its habits and economy ; but very soon after this a splendid life-like representation appeared in the Supplement to the ‘ Birds of Australia.’ Measurements : — Weight hardly 2 oz. ; between wings 11" ; length 94". t was not so easy as I thought, to procure the eggs ; and for two days I was unsuccessful—not one nest of more than a score which were searched contained any eggs; but on the 20th of September an inhabited nest was found in the top of a pine tree, which con- tained five fresh eggs of a light greenish-blue colour, with a few very indistinctly marked darker spots, and divided in the middle by a band paler than any other part of the egg. When the nest was first seen there were about ten or fifteen birds hopping about it, by which and by the size of the nest I should sup- pose that more than one female deposits her eggs in it. The eggs which the natives brought in after this were almost all set upon: at the same time they brought some young birds ; and about a fortnight later I shot several young birds on the wing. No. CCCLXIX.—ProcerpincGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery. 354 July 13, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On a New Species oF Prarmican. By Jonn Gou_Lp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ETC. Everything which tends to increase our knowledge of so important a group of birds as the Tetraonide must be regarded with especial interest ; and hence I have great pleasure in exhibiting to the meet- ing a skin, imperfect though it be, of what I believe to be a new species of this family. I may remark that, while many specific names have been given to some species of this group, others appear to have been passed over unnoticed, of which latter the bird now before us is an instance in point, for I believe that it has not as yet received a specific appellation. It is to be regretted that the speci- men is not in a better state of preservation; it furnishes, however, sufficient materials for a good description. Its native habitat is Spitzbergen, where I believe it is plentiful. It was brought to this country by Edward Evans, Esq., of Neath, who shot it during a visit to that part of the world in the summer of 1856; the specimen, which is that of a female, is of course in its summer plumage, as at no other season are these high northern lands visited’ by travellers. “In size it considerably exceeds our Common Ptarmigan, from which it differs very remarkably in the colouring of the tail; the basal half of nearly all the feathers being white and the apical half black, nar- rowly fringed with white at the extreme tips. As is the case with all other Ptarmigans in their summer plumage, the primaries are white ; in this species most of the secondaries and the wing-coverts are also white ; the remainder of the plumage is rayed with black and ochreous yellow, the black predominating on the upper surface, while the feathers of the flanks are beautifully and equally barred with these two colours; the feet are white, the nails jet-black, and the bill brown. The total length of the bird is about 16 inches, of its wing 83 inches, tail 53, tarsi 13. I propose to call this species Lagopus hemileucurus. ‘With much kindness Mr. Evans sent me the only skin he pro- cured, accompanied by permission to describe and make any other use of it I pleased, and the following note respecting it :— ** The skin sent is the only one I have from Spitzbergen, though I shot many. The bird was so plentiful, that, thinking I could always procure examples, I neglected to preserve any at the time, and was obliged to come away at last with only this one. The hen birds had all assumed their summer plumage; but the males had not changed a feather, though the old ones, which had become very ragged and dirty, would almost fall off on being touched. I started one hen from her nest, or rather from the little dry hollow where 7 ar * et * 355 she had collected a few stems of grass, and found two eggs; these were all we met with ; the nest was placed in the high fields where in the dry parts scarcely any vegetation is to be seen, while the swampy portions where the snow had melted were covered with coarse grass and the dwarf willow, which is the only thing approach- ing to a shrub on these barren treeless islands. The specimen sent was shot on the 27th of June on the south shore of Ia Sound in about 772° N. lat. “The neighbouring country consisted of a belt of swampy ground covered with rank grass, with high, rugged, and barren mountains rismg behind, covered with snow, except on their sharp ridges and steep sides ; these mountains, which are interspersed with vast snow- clad plains, stretch away for miles inland, and rise into beautiful cones in the distance ; here and there in a few sheltered spots a scanty supply of small flowers were to be found, mostly belonging to the following families: Draba, Ranunculus, Saxifraga, &c. The dark grey rocks were covered with lichens in great variety, but of a gloomy and sombre hue, in strict keeping with the wildness of the scene ; here too the reindeer moss grew in great abundance. I may remark that the Ptarmigans were so tame, that we could easily have knocked them down with a long stick, doubtless from being so un- accustomed to the intrusion of human visitors.” I cannot conclude without expressing a hope that some person visiting the country, such as the noble Lord Dufferin, will think of our museums as well as of gratifying their palates, and send us spe- cimens of this new species, which would be highly prized. 2. Descriptions or Two New SPeEciEs OF THE Fami.y H1run- DINIDZ. By J. Goutp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., etc. One an Afticora from Guatemala, the other a Chelidon from Cashmere. ATTICORA PILEATA, Gould. Size of the Sand Martin (Cotyle riparia) ; crown of the head, ear-coverts, and back of the neck black, with bluish reflexions ; back deep brown, becoming darker on the upper tail-coverts; wings blackish-brown, darkest on the shoulders; tail moderately forked, and of the same colour as the wing ; throat mottled with dark brown and greyish-white ; breast white, blending into brown on the flanks ; under tail-coverts largely developed, and of a dark purplish-brown ; a and feet dark purplish-brown; thighs brown, gartered with white. Total length, 54 inches; wing, 34; tail, 2}; tarsi, 2. Hab. Guatemala. Remark.—This bird is much smaller, but is of precisely the same form as the Atticora fasciata. Science is indebted to George Ure Skinner, Esq., for the introduction of this new and interesting Swallow. 356 CHELIDON CASHMERIENSIS, Gould. Considerably smaller than the common species Chelidon urbica, but of precisely the same form and colour, except that the axillaries and under part of the shoulder are dark brown instead of greyish- white ; the feathered tarsi occur in both species; crown of the head, back, and shoulders black, with steel-blue reflexions; tail brownish-black ; throat, under surface, and rump white, stained with brown on the flanks. Total length, 42 inches ; wing, 32; tail, 2; tarsi, 75. Hab. Cashmere. Remark.—For our knowledge of this species we are indebted to Dr. A. Leith Adams of the 22nd Regiment; several of whose dis- coveries in ornithology have already been recorded. 3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS BUTEO FROM Mexico. By Puinie Lutiey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., ETC. Mr. J. H. Gurney has requested my attention to a specimen of a species of the genus Buteo belonging to the Norwich Museum, which I now exhibit. It was formerly in the collection of this Society, and was originally received along with other birds from the State of Tamaulipas, in Northern Mexico, by Mr. Gould. I have never seen any other bird quite resembling it—the nearest ally known to me being the Buteo albonotatus of G. R. Gray ; from which, how- ever, On comparison, it appears to be perfectly distinct. I agree with Mr. Gurney in considering it as probably undescribed ; and in allusion to its nearly uniform sooty black plumage, propose to cha- racterize it as BUTEO FULIGINOSUS, sp. nov. Saturate fuliginoso-brunneus unicolor ; capite, dorso medio et alarum primaris extus paulo nigricantioribus : primariorum et secundariorum vewillis internis subtus albis, sex aut septem vittis ngris transversim notatis ; tectricibus alarum infe- rioribus nigro-brunneis : cauda supra fuliginoso-brunnea, vittis quingue aut sex nigris obsolete transfasciata et nigro late terminata; cauda subtus alba et vittis dilutioribus: rostro nigro, pedibus flavis. Long. tota 15°5, ale 12°0, cand 6:5, tarsi 2°6. Hab. In Mexico Boreali. This paper will be printed in the ‘ Transactions,’ and illustrated with a plate. 4. List or Birps coLuectep sy Gro. CavenpisH TAYLor, Esa., IN THE RepusLic or Honpuras. By Puirie Lutyey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., etc. A small collection of Birds, some of which I now exhibit, was 357 made by my friend Mr. George Cavendish Taylor during his route across the Republic of Honduras in the beginning of the present year. Mr. Taylor landed in Fonseca Bay on the Pacific side, and pursued the route of the proposed “ Honduras Interoceanic Rail- way’ to Omoa, at the extremity of the Bay of Honduras on the Atlantic side. There is nothing of very striking novelty in the col- lection, though a Motmot (Prionirhynchus carinatus) and one of the blue Jays, allied to Cyanocitta coronata, are of much interest. But wherever localities are accurately marked on specimens (as is here the case), I think the knowledge of them is worth preservation ; and I have therefore drawn up the subjoined list of the present collec- tion. 1, Sprzarrus TYRANNUS (P. Max). Near Potrerellos, Atlantic side. 2. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (L.). Tigré Island, Bay of Fonseca. 3. Scoprs rricuopsis, Wagler ? 4. Nyctipromus —— ? ——. Tigré Island. 5. Nycripromus ——? ——. Tigré Island. Two species of this difficult genus of Caprimulgide, which in the present state of our knowledge of the group it is impossible to de- termine accurately. 6. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould, 2? Tigré Island. 7. TROGON ELEGANS, Gould, °. Plain of Comayagua. 8. GALBULA MELANOGENIA, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 61, pl. 90. Omoa. 9. PRIONIRHYNCHUS CARINATUS (Du Bus) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 257. pl. 128. ** Near the Lake of Yojoa.”’ This bird agrees well with the Plate given in the Proceedings for last year. The figure was reduced from a copy of a plate originally intended for publication in the ‘ Esquisses Ornithologiques,’ and kindly sent to me by the author of that work in reply to an appli- eation for information concerning this species. The present is the only example of the bird which I have yet seen. It has not yet occurred in the collections lately made in Western Guatemala by 358 Mr. Skinner, and I am inclined to think that the Atlantic slope of Honduras is more likely to prove its true habitat. 10. AMAZILIUS CORALLIROSTRIS (Boure.) ; Gould, Mon. Troch. xiii, pl. 194. Tigré Island. 11. THAUMANTIAS CANDIDUs (Bourc.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 78. * Near Potrerellos.”’ Mr. Taylor states that these were the only two Trochilide he met with in the country. 12. CeRYLE AMERICANA (Gm.). ** Lake of Yojoa.” 13. My11piocrEes MITRATUS (Gm.). Comayagua. 14. Mitvuus TyRANNUS (L.). Lake of Yojoa. 15. SCAPHORHYNCHUS MEXICANUS, Lafr. Tanlavi. 16. SALTATOR ATRICEPS (Less.). Comayagua. 17. Pyranea azstiva (L.), 2. Comayagua. 18. TanaGra aBsas, Licht. ; Sclater, Syn. Ay. Tan. p. 61. Lake of Yojoa. 19. Sprza crris, (L.). Comayagua. 20. SruRNELLA LuDovicIANA (L.) ? Equalling in size the true /udoviciana of the United States. In Mexico a smaller species (?) occurs, which is generally referred to Wagler’s S. hippocrepis. 21. QuiIscCALUS MACRURUS, Sw. An. in Men. p. 299. Comayagua. 22. Icrerus GuLARIS (Wagl.); Bp. Consp. p. 435. Comayagua. 23. Cacicus MONTEZUM (Less.), Cent. Zool. pl. 7. Tanlavi, 2. 24. CaLociTra BULLOCKItI (Wagl.). Comayagua, 359 25, CyANociTTa coronatTa (Sw.); Jard. & Selby, Til. Orn. pl.64? Near Siguitepeque. This bird agrees perfectly with an example in my own collection from Guatemala, which I have always considered to be Swainson’s Garrulus coronatus. But on referring to the figure given in the ‘ Il- lustrations of Ornithology’ and accompanying description, it appears that the head and crest of that species are of a “ deep bluish black.”’ Now the sides of the head of the present bird are certainly nearly black, but the crest is of a fine blue—not much darker than the back ; and knowing well how closely allied some of the species in the family are, I should wish to compare it with Mexican specimens before I assign it unhesitatingly to Cyanocitta coronata. 26. CyANOCORAX MELANOCYANEUS, Hartlaub. Near Siguitepeque. 27. Picus sarpinut, Malherbe. Near Tanlavi. 28. CeLeus castaneus (Wagler).—Pieus castaneus, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 515 ; Celeus badioides, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 229. Potrerellos. 29. CENTURUS SANTACRUZI (Bp.), 2. Comayagua, 30. Dryocopus GuaTIMALENs!s, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 229. Near Omoa. 31. Dryocopvus scaputaris (Vig.).—D. leucorhamphus, Reichb. Handb. d. Sp. Orn. p. 393. Island of Tigré. 32. PreroGLossus roraquatus (Wagl.); Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. 2. pl. 20. Near Omoa. 33. CHRYSOTIS ALBIFRONS (Sparm.). Near S. Pedro. 34. Praya MExicana (Sw.); P. Z.S. 1857, p. 308. Comayagua. 35. CROTOPHAGA RUGIROSTRIS, Sw. Comayagua. 36. CHAM#PELIA RUFIPENNIS. — Talpacotia rufipennis, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 79. Comayagua. 37. TIGRISOMA TIGRINUM. Tigré Island. 360 38. Parra GyMNostTomA. Wagler. Tigré Island. 39. DeENDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS (L.). ** Lake of Yojoa.”’ 5. On THe Genus Synapra. By S. P. Woopwarp aAnp Lucas Barrett. (CommunicaTep By J. S. Gaskxoin, Esa.) (Radiata, Pl. XIV.) The marine animals allied to the Sea Cucumbers, forming the genus Synapta, possess a peculiar interest for that large class of persons who study Natural History with the microscope, because they afford the miniature Anchors, of which a hundred may be shown in the field of the ‘‘ inch object-glass,’’ and thousands some- times exist in the space of a square inch—each elegant in form and perfectly finished, and articulated to an anchor-plate whose pattern (as well as that of the anchor itself) is characteristic of the species to which it belongs. Curiously enough, these anchors were unknown to all the earlier writers, and most of the moderns. Forskal, who had the merit of describing two species of Synapta so long ago as 1775, remarked that they “adhered to the finger by glutinous papille invisible to the eye.’ O.F. Miller called the Northern species Holothuria in- herens for the same reason. And Eschscholtz, who met with several species at Tahiti and on the coast of Russian America, concluded that they ought ‘‘ to form a class apart, not having tubular feet, but adhering, by means of their sharp skin, to extraneous objects, on which account they might be called Synapta *.” Only five years ago (in 1853) Mr. Cocks of Falmouth described two British species, and gave a magnified figure of the skin without seeing the anchors. And still more recently Mr. Gosse was unable to find them, even with the aid of a microscope +. However, they are present in all the examples that have come under our notice, and they can always be seen with a common pocket lens. Indeed the larger anchors of Synapta digitata are nearly half a line in length, and visible to the unassisted eye. Jeeger says that all the anchors of his Synapta Beselii are 19d of a line in length, and can be seen without a glass. This great Synapta * Appendix to Kotzebue’s Second Voyage, 8vo, Lond. 1830, p. 338. Van der Hoeven makes Eschscholtz say the Synapta adheres ‘‘ by means of small hook- lets ;”’ but this expression (der sie iiberall wie Kletten anhangen) is employed in the introductory paragraph. In the special description of Synapta he only speaks of ‘small roughnesses (Rauhigkeiten) invisible to the naked eye.” And he de- scribes Chiridota verrucosa as, “corpore undique verrucis rubris adhzrentibus obsito.”—Zool. Atlas, fol. Berlin, 1829. t+ Aquarium, p. 243. - 2 Spicula of Synapta & Cluridota | 117 Synapta digitata. 18.22. Synapta mharens. 23.25 S bident-ta ion D4 Bhi» 26. Chindota Jeevis, 2241 Mynotrochus Riki m4 = & Fat ae a * = ~~ = a era rT s ‘ ’ » < 4 361 of or velsuen is a yard long, and called a ‘‘ sea-serpent”’ by the na- tives ! Two other large species, described by Lesson, were said to create a burning sensation when handled; but it is not clear whether this was caused by the anchors, or by urticating organs, like those of the Actinia and Holis. No such phenomenon could be detected by Quatrefages or other observers who have handled the smaller Synapte when alive. The anatomy of these creatures appears to have been first in- vestigated by Leuckhart +, who examined the Synapta vittata of Forskal, and ascertained that it had no internal respiratory organs like the Holothuria. ’ Anchors and plates attributed to this species, which comes from the shores of the Red Sea, near Suez, are to be found in the cabinet of every microscopic observer. The slides are prepared in Paris, and extensively re-manufactured in this country. The anchor-flukes are plain and simple, and the articular end of the shank is deeply subdi- vided. The plates are furnished with a raised arch at the smaller end, forming a sort of cavity for the reception of the anchor-stock. They are exactly like those figured in Miiller’s article, “ Uber den Bau der Echinodermen” (Berlin Trans. 1854, t. 6. f. 17), under the name of S. serpentina. There is a woodcut of them in Carpenter’s work on the Microscope ; and figures are also given in the Micro- graphic Dictionary. Mr. Wm. Griesbach has a slide with the mi- liary plates, which are oval and granular, very numerous, and all alike. Prof. Forbes was unacquainted with the anchors of the British Synapte, and Dr. Carpenter in his last work (1857) says it is not known whether they have anchors, or wheels like Chiridota. We have obtained evidence of both the European Synapte from several British localities ; and as the published notices are scattered in many works, we propose to give some account of them, with figures of their spicula, and also to describe a new species from China. 1. Synapra picirara (Hototuurtia), Montagu. (Pl. XIV. figs. 1-17.) The earliest account of this species appears to have been given by Montagu {, who discovered it on the coast of Devonshire, and cor- rectly observed its affinity with the Holothuria inherens of the Zoologia Danica, but pointed out its characteristic difference by the epithet “digitata.” It has four fingers to each of the twelve ten- tacles, and a minute thumb which has been overlooked by all ob- servers except J. Miiller. It was again found, prior to 1818, by Cranch (the Naturalist to the Congo Expedition), whose specimens are preserved in the British Museum§. In 1844 Mr. Joshua Alder discovered it on the west coast of Scotland, the most northern lo- * Dissertatio de Holothuriis, 4to. Turic. 1833. + Isis, 1831. t Linn. Trans. xi. p. 22. t. 4. f. 6. § Gray, Catalogue of British Radiata, p. 12. 362 cality yet known. He says in a letter :—‘‘I dredged the true digi- tata of Montagu in Rothsay Bay in 1844. At that time I could have got any number of specimens, though it was confined pretty nearly to one spot in shallow water. They broke themselves up so that it was impossible to keep them entire; I, however, made a drawing of one at the time, which I now send for your inspection.” Mr. Alder further states that he had received specimens from Mr. Barlee, dredged in Birterbuy Bay and at the Arran Isles, on the west coast of Ireland. In 1845 Mr. Alder again met with this species in Torbay; and in January 1854 the Rev. Charles Kingsley ‘ eollected many living specimens on the beach, near Torquay, washed ashore after a heavy gale.” ” Tn the ‘Contributions to the Fauna of Falmouth’ for 1853, by Mr. W. P. Cocks, this Synapta is figured and described, but not very minutely. ‘The specimens procured measured from 23 to 4} inches in length, and about + inch in diameter. Found in the blue mud and sand, Helford ; plentiful in particular localities ; Fal- mouth, very rare.” The Synapta digitata ranges southward to the Mediterranean, and seems to be very common on the shores of the Adriatic near Trieste, since J. Miller speaks of finding the ‘‘ molluskigerous sacs” in upwards of 70 individuals *. By the kindness of Dr. Hartmann of Berlin, we have received examples from the same locality. It was not found by Prof. Edward Forbes in the Agean; the specimens distributed by him were taken by Mr. MacAndrew in Vigo Bay, on the north-east coast of Spain, in the year 1849. Last year (1857) we accompanied Mr. MacAndrew in a second dredging excursion to the same coast, and obtained numerous examples of the Synapta in 10-fathom water, a few miles below the town of Vigo; they had been previously found in shallow water, on the quarantine ground, about twelve miles higher up the bay. The specimens were small, none exceeding 6 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter. In colour they were dull purplish red, slightly darker in front and on the back, and marked with five pale bands, indicating the longitudinal muscles which answer to the lines of suckers (or améulacra) of the other Echinodermata. The skin was also mottled with minute red spots, produced by epidermal papille. We preserved every specimen we could find, hoping to detect the ‘‘ molluskigerous sacs”’ in some new phase of their development ; but in this we were entirely disap- pointed. The intestines of the creature were filled with morganic mud, in which we detected an occasional Diatom or Rhizopod, but nothing more. When placed in basins of sea-water, they showed their tentacles freely, and. most of them remained expanded when preserved in spirit. They were very sluggish, and did not evince much disposition to vomit their interiors or to break up into frag- * U. S. pigirara und iber die Erzeugung von Schnecken in Holothurien. 4to. Berlin, 1852. 363 ments. We readily detected them in the dredge, even when obscured with mud, by their clinging to the fingers, as described by Esch- scholtz. In some examples the anchors are very few, and ranged in a double line along the muscular bands. They vary from about twenty-five in the field of the inch object-glass to three times that number. Their length averages about the ;};th of an inch. The anchor- flukes are sometimes plain, and sometimes barbed with three to five serrations (figs. 6-16). The anchor-plates are oval and leaf-shaped, having a process (or stalk) at the end to which the anchor is articu- lated ; the disk is perforated by four large simple holes surrounded by an irregular series of smaller openings ; the articular process has a slit like the eye of a needle (fig. 15). In the northern specimens these plates are rounded and rather ‘ obcordate,”’ but in those from the southern locality they are longer, less regular, and somewhat contracted in the middle ; the perforations also are larger in propor- tion, and more angular. Some specimens possess a few great anchors, four times as long as the rest, and with large flukes, lying with great regularity in the interspace of the muscular bands; their plates are correspondingly large, and irregular in outline (fig. 16). All the anchors are fixed transversely to the /ength of the animal, some being turned one way and some the other. Besides these, the skin contains innumerable smaller particles, or miliary plates, which are especially crowded over the muscular bands. They are oblong, or hour-glass shaped, and about 1th to 1th the length of the anchor-plates, or, from ;,),5th to =4;th of an inch long (fig. 17). By far the greater number of the anchors are imbedded in the skin; only a few rise above the surface or swing freely on their pivots. They are developed beneath the epidermis, become liberated by the wearing of the surface, and are themselves broken by use and worn away and replaced by others. The anchors are developed before the anchor-plates. First, we find a simple, slender spiculum (fig. 1); then another (fig. 2), longer and expanded at one end; those only which have attained their full length begin to develope flukes (figs. 4, 5); and it is not until the anchors are completely grown that we detect any trace of the anchor-plate. This also makes its appearance as a straight needle lying beneath the middle of the shank ; in the next stage it is forked at each end; these branches grow and divide again, until the plate is all sketched out, the margin being added last, and the whole becoming more solid (figs. 7-14). We have not met with any figure of the spicula of S. digitata, ex- cept the bad one given by Miiller, whose work we have only been able to see in the Library of the Museum of Practical Geology. ' 2. Synapra 1nueRENS (Hotoraurta), O.F. Miller. (PI. XIV. figs. 18-22.) The second European Synapta was discovered at Christiansand, on the coast of Norway, and figured and deseribed in the ‘ Zoo- 364 logia Danica’ (1781). The anchors and plates are also figured in the admirable Memoir of Duben and Koren*. The ana- tomy of this species is described at some length by M. Quatre- fages t, who regarded it as a new species, and called it S. Duvernea. These specimens were obtained on the coast of Britany, at the Isles Chaussey near St. Malo, where they were very abundant in the mud near low water, and attained a length of 10 to 18 inches, with a dia- meter of 5 to 12 lines. The anchor-plates of this species (fig. 19) more nearly resemble those of the Red Sea S. vittata than the last. They are oval, with no arch or process at the articular end, and the disk is perforated by six oval cells surrounding a central opening each with a scolloped border, as in S. vittata. The anchors have serrated flukes, the serrations varying from 3 to 7; and the anchors are sometimes shorter than the plates, some- times considerably longer (figs. 18, 21). The miliary granules are few, and confined to the muscular bands ; they are only half as long as in S. digitata, and rudely crescent- shaped (fig. 20). A specimen of this Synapta was obtained by Mr. Henslow at Aberystwith, and communicated in 1819 to Dr. Leach, who labelled it “ Jemania Henslowana.”’ It is a small individual with imper- fectly developed spicula, but showing the characteristic pinnate ten- tacles. In June 1856 Mr. J. W. Wilton, of Gloucester, found another example at Criccieth, on the same coast of Cardigan Bay. It was discovered under a stone, at low water, and presented the appear- ance of “a clear pinkish waving worm, about 3 inches long, with a number of little papillee all over it, and five faint longitudinal bands from head to tail. It had twelve tentacles, with five digits on each side. It was perpetually waving and swelling in one part, contract- ing in another. It lived but a short time, and finally constricted itself and broke up into half a dozen fragments.” In February 1856 Mr. E. C. Buckland obtained a finer specimen under similar circumstances, in Lihou Bay, Guernsey. A micro- — scopic preparation of the skin of this specimen shows 150 anchors in the field of the inch object-glass (+ inch diameter) ; and the an- chors are more than half as long again as the plates §. Mr. Cocks, who met with Synapta inherens on the coast of Corn- wall, regarded it as a variety of S. digitata. He describes it as having ‘‘ 13 digitated pinnze on each tentaculum. Length of speci- mens procured from 1 to 2} inches by ;},th to th of an inch. Found in hard and stony soil; Helford, scarce ; Falmouth, very rare. I have kept them alive for months in sea-water procured from Helford * Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1846. + Annales des Sciences Nat. 2 sér. t.17. Zool. p. 19. t Forskal named one species Synapta reciprocans, on account of these remark- able muscular movements. § “Slides ” of this specimen are in many cabinets, with a red label, but with no specific name or locality. 365 or Gwyllyn-vase, but they invariably broke into fragments as soon as water from Green Bank was thrown into the glass.” Lastly, two small specimens were dredged by Mr. MacAndrew in Bantry Bay, in August 1857. Synapta Bipentata, W. & B. (Pl. XIV. figs. 23-25.) The new species which we have now to describe was presented to the Zoological Musewin of the Cambridge University by the Rev. G. Vachell, who brought it from China. There is also a specimen in the British Museum presented by Mr. Reeve. In its contracted state it measures only 2 inches in length and 5 lines in diameter. The skin is unusually thick, much corrugated transversely, and thrown into five deep longitudinal folds. It is almost devoid of colour, but the ventral band may be distinguished by its breadth, the lateral being rather less wide, and the dorsal muscles narrower still. The twelve tentacles are each furnished with four lobed digits surrounded with a sheath. The anchors are short and stout (rather shorter than those of S. digitata), with straight projecting “‘beams’’ ; the flukes are smooth and bifid. From 50 to 70 occur within a radius of jth of an inch (fig. 23). The anchor-plates are obovate, truncated at the articular end, and pierced by very numerous circular holes, which diminish in size from the centre to the circumference. The margin is never completed (so far as we have seen), but the boundary of the external perfora- tions is broken, like that of a wire-gauge (fig. 24). The miliary granules are rather large, very numerous, and resem- ble cruciform fragments of the anchor-plates. Near the bases of the tentacles, they become still more numerous, larger, and more complicated (fig. 25). Monstrosities.—As might be expected of minute organs indefi- nitely multiplied, monstrosities are not unfrequent. Mr. Hislop has a slide of Synapta vittata in which two of the anchors have double shanks, and we have seen S. didentata with three flukes. Genus Curriporta, Esch. Fig. 26. This genus was proposed by Eschscholtz at the same time with Synapta. It was defined as having digitate tentacles, whilst Syn- apta had pinnate tentacles,—an unfortunate definition, as all the species figured in the ‘ Zool. Atlas’ are represented with pinnate tentacles ; and of the two other examples of Chiridota quoted, viz. Holothuria inherens and H. levis, the first is a Synapta according to the author’s own definition. It was on this account that Prof. Forbes referred our digitate species to Chiridota. However, subsequent authors have agreed to apply the name Synapta to the species with anchors, which consequently adhere to the finger * ; and to call those Chiridota which are ornamented with * The name Fistularia, given by Forskal, has been abandoned, partly because the author included under it some true Holothuria, and chiefly because Lamarck employed it for these latter instead of the Synapte. 366 microscopic wheels. In C. levis these wheels are very minute and clustered in little groups beneath the epidermis, and when the sur- face is raised with a needle point they are set free. In Chiridota violacea, figured by Miller in the Berlin Transactions, and again in Dr. Carpenter’s ‘ Microscope,’ the wheels are attached to a common connecting thread. Prof. Steenstrup has formed a genus (or subgenus) for another Greenland species—Myriotrochus Rinkii (figs. 27-31), m which the wheels are larger and scattered over the skin, each having its own stalk. These wheels first appear as little stars, with rays or spokes of various number (18 to 25), which increase until they attain their normal length, and then expand at their ends until they join and form a rim (or ¢ire) to the wheel. A ring of spines is afterwards formed on the thickened margin ; the spines are pointed towards the centre of the wheel, and are as numerous as, or rather more numerous than, the spokes. As the wheels only occur on the three dorsal inter-muscular bands, they can scarcely assist in locomo- tion, and must be regarded as ornamental characteristics, such as nature loves to bestow for us to marvel at. Synaprta, Eschscholtz, 1829. 1. S. vittata (Fistularia), Forskal, 1775. Suez, Red Sea. 2. S. reciprocans, Forsk. Suez, Red Sea. 3. S. inherens (Holothuria), O. F. Miller, 1781 (=Holothuria flava, Rathke ; Jemania Henslowana, Leach; Synapta Duvernea, Quatr.). Christiansand og Kragerde; Aberystwith and Criccieth, North Wales (Henslow and Wilton); Falmouth, Cornwall (W. P. Cocks); Bantry, W. Ireland (Macdndrew and Barrett); Guernsey (E. C. Buckland) ; Wes Chaussey, near St Malo (Quatrefages). 4. S. digitata (Holothuria), Montagu. Devonshire (Mont., Cranch, Alder, Kingsley) ; Falmouth (Mr. Cocks) ; W. Ireland (Mr. Barlee) ; Rothesay, Bute (Mr. Alder) ; Vigo Bay, N. Spain (Mae Andrew) ; Trieste (Joh. Miiller, Dr. Hartmann). 5. S. mamillosa, Esch. Tahiti. 6. S. maculata, Chamisso & Eysenh., Act. Nat. Cur. x. p. 1. t. 25. 7. S.? verrucosa (Chiridota), Esch. Sitcha, Russian America. 8. S. Beselit, Jager, 1833. Celebes. Berlin Trans. t. 6. f. 15. 9. S. radiosa, Reynaud (teste Jager). Coromandel. 10. S. didentata, W. & B. 1858. China. 11. S. lappa, Mill. Berlin Trans. 1854, t. 6. f.16. W. Indies. 12. 8. serpentina, Mill. Id.f.17. Celebes. Cuiripota, Esch. C. levis (Holothuria), O.Fabr. Greenland, . C. violacea, Peters. Mozambique. . C.? purpurea, Less. Falkland Islands. . C. lumbricus, Esch. I. Radak, Coral Sea. C. discolor, Esch. Sitcha, Russian America. Oo ® b= | 3 367 Myrtiorrocuus, Steenstrup. 1. M. Rinkii, Stp. Greenland. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. Figs. 1-17. Spicula of Synapta diyitata, Mont., magnified 125 diameters. Figs. 1-16. Anchors in various stages of growth. Figs. 7-14. Anchor-plates in various stages of growth. Fig. 15. Dwarf anchor and plate, close to fig. 16. Fig. 16. One of the larger anchors. Fig. 17. Miliary plates from one of the muscular bands. Figs. 18-22. Spicula of Synapta inherens, Miill., magnified 125 times. Fig. 18. Long anchor and plate, from the Guernsey specimen. Fig. 19. Anchor-plate more fully formed, from the Guernsey specimen. Fig. 20. Miliary plates, from Bantry specimen. Fig. 21. Anchor and unfinished plate, from Bantry specimen. Fig. 22. Anchor and plate in use, seen obliquely. Figs. 23-25. Spicula of Synapta bidentata, W. & B., magnified 125 times. Fig, 23. Anchor of Chinese Synapta. Fig. 24. Anchor-plate ; the anchor thrown out of focus. Fig. 25. Miliary plates ; the more complex from near the head. Fig. 26. One of the wheels of Chiridota levis, O. Fabr., Greenland, magnified 160 diameters. Figs. 27-31. Wheels of Myriotrochus Rinkii, Stp., Greenland, magnified 100 diameters. ’ Figs. 27, 28. Young wheels, with unfinished spokes. Fig. 29. Wheel with the spokes full-grown and expanded at the ends. Fig. 30. Wheel with the spines beginning to appear on the tire. Fig. 31. Finished wheel of rather unusual size. 6. ON THE VESPERTILIO SUILLUS OF TEMMINCK, THE TYPE OF THE GENERA Murina (Gray), AND Ocypreres (Lesson). By Roserrt F. Tomes. Contemporaneously with the adoption of Kerivoula as a new us, Dr. Gray gave the name of Murina* to the species which Temminck had long before described under the name of Vespertilio | suillus. During the same year, M. Lesson bestowed on it the generic appellation of Ocypetes +. The departure in some of its external characters from the more ordinary species of Vespertilio was noticed by the original describer ; but as his genus Vespertilio was a very comprehensive one, no generic separation was attempted. At a later date, but before the appearance of the names proposed by Dr. Gray and M. Lesson, unt Keyserling and Prof. Blazius, in the arrangement of the Ves- pertilionide appended to their paper on European Bats published in the fifth volume of Wiegmann’s Archives, had placed this species by itself, immediately following their second group of the genus espertilio, as an aberrant form, but without any name. * Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. (1842), p. 258. + Nouy. Tab. Reg. Anim. p. 30 (1842). 368 Dr. Gray and M. Lesson, as above noticed, have made it the type of a new genus, for which each has advanced a name; but the ap- pearance of these names in one year, renders it difficult to ascertain which claims the priority—supposing that a name is required, which is by no means certain. As the name imposed by Dr. Gray has the advantage of that given by M. Lesson, in having an accompanying generic description, I should choose, if a name be required, to give it the preference, believing that the practice of making new genera by the mere alteration of a name, done in some instances in antici- pation of the investigations of others, or on the mere chance of its turning out a genus, and without perhaps ever having seen the spe- cies, is a habit that cannot be too carefully avoided by the truth- seeking investigator. At one time I was much disposed to adopt one of these names for the species under view; but a more intimate examination made me pause. I found that the external peculiarities on which the genus was founded were not supported by such characters in the cranium as I deemed essential to generic independence. But, at the same time, as I have been able to examine a limited number only of spe- cimens, and all of them in the state of skin, I scarcely hold myself qualified to determine this point with certainty, and therefore shall content myself with giving what I believe will be found a more com- plete description than has yet appeared, and with pointing out some affinities with other species, which have been overlooked, —believing that this species, like many others, is one of those that are ever and anon appearing, to warn the scientific zoologist that while he con- structs generic and other divisions, and expands or contracts them here or there, moulding them to what he thinks they should be, nature, working to her inscrutable ends, presents such an infinite vaviety of forms, as, in their numberless and complicated affinities, to baffle and perplex the most determined systematist. In proceeding to give the characters of this species, I shall first give those which may be supposed to be of generic or subgeneric value, followed by a list of synonyms, and these again by the notice of such peculiarities, as appear purely specific. This paper will, by this arrangement, take the form of the other monographs which I have communicated to the Society. The top of the head is but very little elevated above the facial line, just as in the group containing the Vespertilio formosus, V. emar- ginatus, V. rufo-pictus, and V. Pearsonii; and the muzzle is pro- duced in about the same degree as in V. formosus. It has also about the same vertical thickness in relation to its breadth as in that spe- cies. The mouth and the end of the nose are also pretty much as in the examples of that group ; but the nostrils have their margins so much produced as to have the appearance of two tubular excrescences, which, however, differ from the same parts in the Chinese examples of V. formosus (with which only I have compared it) in degree ra- ther than in actual difference of form. The ears are rather large for the size of the animal, and are of a roundish oval form, with a % - epi i” 369 ‘regular outline, and without trace of external basal lobe. In this respect they differ from those of the group above alluded to; but in the form of the tragus there is but a slight difference. It is straight, narrow, and pointed, but not so long; nor is the tip so acute, The organs of flight are rather broad in relation to their length, aud are furnished with a long and strong thumb having a very short basal phalange enclosed in a narrow piece of membrane extending from its joint along the upper surface of the index finger. Its se- eond phalange is long, as in V. formosus, V. emarginatus, &e. The wing-membranes are said to extend the whole length of the foot, quite to the claws, which they certainly do in the specimen in the British Museum ; but in a specimen in my own collection they do not reach to the claws ; scarcely further than to the middle of the toes *. This I have been able to ascertain by softening the speci- men ; but one in spirit is required to determine this point with ac- curacy. The feet themselves are rather long, and have the toes of two-thirds their entire length. The tail is a little longer in relation to the size of the animal than it is in the species of the group with which I have found it most nearly allied, ¢. e. the group containing the before-instanced species, V. formosus, &ce. All the membranes are somewhat translucent ; those of the wings are rather distinctly veined ; and near to the sides of the body and legs they are marked with dotted lines, as is also conspicuously the ease with the interfemoral membrane. The ears are faintly marked with small dots, but not nearly so much so as in Kerivoula. The fur of the head extends uninterruptedly to near the end of the ‘nose, in precisely the same manner as it does in /’. emarginatus ; and there is a similar naked space around the eye. All the upper sur- face of the interfemoral membrane is hairy, and the upper surface of the wing-membranes near to the body; but everywhere else the membranes are naked. On the back the fur is tricoloured ; on the under parts it is bicoloured. In general form the cranium very much resembles that of /, emarginatus ; and in form and relative proportion the teeth are also similar, but differ in numbering one more premolar in the upper jaw, and one less in the lower. ‘Their number may be thus stated : In. >; Can. = ; Prem. ae Mol. —=— Those of the upper jaw are arranged i: two straight lines, which are nearly parallel ; and across the front opening of these the incisors are placed in pairs, of nearly uniform size, close together, with a very adeiate interval on each side between them and the canines, and a moderate central opening. They are simple in form, with their cutting edges somewhat flattened. The canines are short and stout, somewhat * This specimen is one I purchased with other Indian mammals, which formed part of the collection made by Capt. Boys. No. CCCLX X.—Proceepineos or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery. 370 conical, without accessory cusp or point, and with a feebly developed cingulum inside the tooth. Following these are two premolars, short and stout, and somewhat pyramidal in form, without internal lobe or projection. The following two molars are of the form so common in all the Vespertilionide; but they, like all the other teeth, have their cusps less acute than is usual, and the inner ones rather less extended towards the central part of the palate. The last molar is of small size, and transverse in form. In the lower jaw the teeth are, as may be inferred from those in the upper, arranged in two straight lines, a little narrower in front than behind. The incisors are of the ordinary form, and trilobed ; but the canines are very short and rather stout, and are furnished with an obtuse lobe on their inner surfaces sufficiently prominent to occupy a space equal in breadth to the two outer incisors on each side, behind and above which it may be seen when looking at the jaw in front. The same peculiarity occurs, but in a less degree, in the canines of the common Noctule Bat. The two next teeth are triangularly pyramidal in form, short and blunt, with faint indica- tions of inner accessory cusps. Following these are the three true molars, requiring only to be noticed as having their cusps less acute than is usual. VESPERTILIO SUILLUS, Temm. V. suillus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 224. pl. 56. f. 4, 5, 6, 1835-41; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugth. i. p. 512, 1840; Keys. et Blas. Weigm. Archiv, vi. p. 2, 1840. Murina suillus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 10. no. 65. p- 258, 1842; Zool. Voy. Samar. no. 5. p. 9, 1849 ; Gervais, Voy. Castelnau, Mamm. p. 78, 1855; Horsf. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 24. p- 394, 1856. Ocypetes suilla, Less. Nouv. Tab. Régne Anim. p. 30, 1842. Noctulinia lasyura, Hodgs. Journ. A. S. Bengal, no. 182. p. 896, 1847. On all the upper parts, with the exception of the interfemoral membrane, the fur is tricoloured, brown at the base, succeeded by pale rufous, and with the ends of the hairs of a brighter and deeper tint of the same colour ; and in the specimen in the British Museum the extreme tips are a little paler, giving an indication of a fourth colour. The hair on the interfemoral membrane is of a uniform light brownish rufous colour. Beneath it is bicoloured, dark brown at the base, with its terminal third brownish cream-colour, but rufous on the humeral region. The specimen in the British Museum (included in Dr. Gray’s Catalogue) has the fur much more distinetly marked with the different tints than the one in my own collection, in which they are very faint. The specimen in the Museum of the Hon. East India Company, collected by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and forwarded with the name of Noctulinia lasyura attached, has the colours well-marked. This, with the one in the National Collection, is decidedly smaller than the one in my own collection. M. Tem- 371 minck’s specimen would seem to be smaller than either; but I can- not find any other disparity, excepting that of size, sufficiently marked to establish the existence of a second species. Probably the smaller island example, from which M. Temminck took his descrip- tion, may hold the same relation to those from the continent of India, which the smaller specimen of 7”. Pearsonii from Amboyna does to those collected by Dr. Pearson at Darjeeling, of which I have spoken in a previous communication. In the following Table the dimensions of column No. 1 are those of the specimen in the British Museum ; those of No. 2 are from the one in my own collection (collected by Capt. Boys) ; No.3 from M. Temminck’s description, but reduced to English measure ; and No. 4 from Mr. Hodgson’s description of Noctulinia lasyura. A specimen bearing the latter name having been forwarded by that gentleman to Dr. Horsfield, has enabled me to identify it with the 7”. suil/us of M. Temminck. 1 2. a. 4. } in. lin, | in. lin. in. lin. | in. lin. Length of the head and body... 2 2 | 2 O LD 2 6 ———- of the tail ............... BMOTEO Cy. 786 ; O 8%; 1 9 of the head............+ Bae poo) | .:.,, 0 114 GE RUE PANS. wns cupsceccey ae hae oe 0 84 Breadth of the ears............00, seevee | 0 52 | Length of the tragus ............ 0 34; 0 4 ——— of the fore-arm ......... SR bb, ol rs BE IWIN deck eds zs vee, Tepe 8 of the foot and claws... 0 34) O 43 Expanse of wings.................. rt ee fe I Vita na) a Ss Hab. Java, Sumatra, and the continent of India. Although Mr. Hodgson has forwarded an unquestionable example of this species under the name of Noctulinia lasyura, yet the dimen- sions which are appended to his description are more nearly those of V. Pearsonii. It is quite possible that the two may have been con- founded. During the examination of this singular species, its affinities with the group consisting of /’. formosus, V. emarginatus, V. rufo-pictus, and V. Pearsonii become sufficiently manifest. The general form of the head and face, of the tragus, of the organs of flight and the members of support, the quality and distribution of the fur, but, more than all, the general conformation of the cranium and the short- ness of the teeth, are points of essential resemblance,—whilst the differences are, with the exception of that in the number of the pre- molars, purely external. So external are they, that a neat hand, with the assistance uf a pair of scissors and a sharp knife, might speedily, with very slight alteration, remove all the external peculiari- ties of Murina. If a very small piece were scooped out of the outer margin of the ear, it would resemble that of /. Pearsonii; if the 372 prominent rim of the nostril were reduced a little, the nose and face would precisely resemble the same parts in V’. formosus; and it a mere scrap of membrane were taken from the margin of the wing near to the toes, reducing it to the base of the latter, the change would be complete. The more important difference therefore consists in the presence of an additional premolar in the lower jaw, and the absence of one in the upper jaw. Mr. W. H. Flower exhibited a flying fish (Zvocetus volitans), to which was attached a specimen of Penellus Blainvillii (Milne- Edwards, Nat. Hist. des Crustacés)—Leoneopenna Blainvillii of Lesueur. The latter was 2} inches long ;. the head and three horn- like processes were buried in the muscular mass on the right side of the spinal column of the fish, and the whole of the exposed part gave lodgment to a colony of little Cirripeds—Conchoderma virgata, Spengler, sp. (Darwin’s Monograph of Cirripedia) ; these were of various sizes, the largest measuring 9 lines in length. When first caught they were all living, and being placed in a basin of sea-water, exhibited beautifully the characteristic motions of the Cirri; while a circulation was also observed in the Lerncead. The specimen was taken in the Atlantic Ocean, about 5° 17! south latitude, and brought home by Mr. Walter Crisp, Surgeon to the ‘Monarch,’ East Indiaman. July 27, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Gould exhibited a drawing of a very remarkable Bat which had lately been transmitted to him from Melbourne, Victoria, by Dr. Ludwig Becker, under the impression that it was a new and unde- scribed species, but which proved to be identical with the Molossus australis of Dr. Gray, characterized more than twenty years ago from the unique example contained in the Museum of the United Service Institution. Mr. Gould remarked that the receipt of this drawing was of especial interest, inasmuch as it proved that the animal is a native of Australia, a fact which, from the circumstance of no other example than the one referred to having been hitherto found in that country, had been disputed; the form being Brazilian. O73 The following papers were read ;— 1. On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DistrRipuTION OF REPTILES. By Dr. ALBert GUNTHER. It was with great pleasure I read Mr. Sclater’s paper ‘ On the Geographical Distribution of the Members of the Class Aves,’ pub- lished in the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnzean Society,’ February 1858. And again, in personal interviews with my friend on similar subjects I had often the satisfaction to agree with him in results he had gained from another part of the animal kingdom. But such gratifying re- sults as we find in the aforesaid paper can only be obtained, not merely by an extended knowledge of the whole animal kingdom, but by a complete knowledge of the details of a separated portion of it ; and the reason why all the attempts at a general account of the geo- graphical distribution of animals are not satisfactory enough for the naturalist, is to be found in the circumstance, that the authors were not acquainted in the same degree with every part of the subject treated, as also in our limited knowledgeof zoology. Thus I may follow the example of Mr. Sclater and give for the present only an account of the geographical distribution of those animals, to the knowledge of which especially I have latterly devoted myself; and often refer- ring to that paper, I shall show how far I can agree with the general views contained therein, and whether these parts of the natural kingdom give us a division of the earth’s surface into the same natural provinces. Part I. On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNAKES. Schlegel, as he first founded philosophical views in the knowledge of Snakes, first gave an essay on their geographical distribution, showing the then most possibly exact locality of the species. He however only pointed out the geographical areas over which the spe- cies extends,— certainly the first basis upon which a knowledge of the geographical distribution of the families and genera can be founded. But at that time the much more limited knowledge of specific forms obliged him to establish genera of too great extent ; and in conse- quence he could not bring, in a more or less accordant correspondence with a certain province of the earth’s surface, those genera which are really peculiar to such a separated district. And although that sketch, by which the first volume of Schlegel’s ‘ Essai’ is concluded, deserves the more admiration, as this part of the science, not pre- viously cultivated, was raised by him at once to a degree of phi- losophical view adequate to his system: it must share the destiny of every such attempt, when our knowledge of the fauna as well as of the geography is more advanced: many stated truths will hold good—a part or all the principles applied before will form the basis of the next attempt ; but many other points will appear to be modi- fied or wrong, and will be placed with other results. For a better 374 understanding, one may compare my view of the geographical dis- tribution of Reptiles in Africa with that of Schlegel. In this at- tempt I have maintained his idea of species, but I think I have gained more general and more true results by more limited genera (far different from those ‘“ subgenera,’’ which are in fact species) and by a modified view of the geographical regions. But we now also want far more correct information concerning the genera and families, before we arrive at very satisfactory conclusions. There is, in the first place, a much greater disproportion in the distribution of Reptiles over the different regions, with respect to the number of genera and species, as well as to individuals. Amphi- bian life is entirely different from that of the higher animals, being exposed to the slightest modifications of external physical influ- ences; and there are again great differences among the Reptiles themselves. Let us compare some of our Snakes with Batra- chians, in a few instances only. Frogs and Toads are found on the Shetlands, whilst Vipera berus, the most northern Snake, is already scarce in the north of Scotland. Rana temporaria is met with in the Alps round lakes, near the region of eternal snow, which are nine months covered with ice; whilst Vipera berus reaches only to the height of 5000 feet in the Alps, and of 7000 in the Pyrenees. A Triton or a Frog being frozen in water will awake to its former life, if the water is gradually thawed ; I found myself that even the eggs of Rana temporaria, frozen in ice during seven hours, suffered ‘no harm by it, and afterwards were developed. A Snake can only endure a much less degree of cold: even in the cold nights of sum- mer it falls into the state of lethargy; it awakes late in the spring, when some Frogs and Tritons have already finished their propaga- tion ; it retires early into its recess in harvest while still the even- ings resound with the vigorous croaking of the Tree-frogs and the bell-like clamour of Alytes obstetricans. Our European Snakes die generally, in captivity, during the winter, partly from want of food, partly by the cold nights. ‘The eggs of our oviparous species are deposited during the hottest part of the year, requiring a high tem- perature for development. Further, though some accounts of Ba- trachians enclosed in cavities of the earth or trees may be exag- gerated, the fact is stated by men whose knowledge and truth are beyond all doubt, that such animals live many years apparently without the supply of food necessary for preserving the energies of the vital functions *. Dr. A. Smith himself was an eye-witness how several specimens of Brachymerus fasciatus were found in a lethargic state in a hole of a tree, completely closed, conspicuously open before and grown together afterwards. Such a tenacity of life is never to be observed in a Snake: the higher the temperature the greater is the need of food; and a Snake having endured fasting during six or nine months always dies. Moreover, the tenacity of life in the Ba- trachians is proved by their power of reproduction, which never has * Cf. “ Observations on the Common Toad, and on its long abstinence from food,” by John Brown, Esq. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. x. p. 180). BS 379 been observed in a Snake. If we add the fact that Snakes do not produce many eggs or young ones, that they are able to propagate only when several years old, that they incur continual dangers by their numerous enemies, and that they are deprived of the means of performing distant journeys, we must consider it as the natural eon- sequence, that no species will spread so far as Batrachians. These are enabled to endure temporary physical disadvantages, to traverse localities without the regular supply for their life, and to make up yearly for the lost number by a numerous offspring. More or less confined to a fluid element, they are favoured by another agency for an easier spreading. But these facts are really applicable to a com- paratively small number of species only ; and the question why we do not find all these peculiarities equally exhibited in all the Batra- chians or in a great part of them, is as difficult to be answered as why one species is richer of individuals than the other: but it is remarkable that just those species which are spread over the widest range are also those distinguished by an intensity of individuals. On the other hand, we find Snakes almost entirely limited to the original locality of the individual: but if the individuals are restricted to the soil which gave them birth, the whole group, formed by such individuals, is likewise stationary ; and if there be different creations, corresponding to the different natural divisions of the earth’s sur- face, such a group as the Snakes must be best adapted for proving it, because here the agencies are wanting by which a species or a genus 1s spread over a larger part of the globe in the course of time, thus becoming mixed with foreign forms. After these preliminary remarks, I proceed to the special objects of our inquiry ; and we shall then see what conclusions can be formed in comparison with those of the ornithologist*. According to the above-stated peculiarities of the life of Snakes, there is no cosmopo- litan species, and we can find only a few examples where one and the same species extends over the borders of the neighbouring region (cf. p.378, Naja haje, Echis carinata, Zamenis ventrimaculatus, and p. 385-386, some species ranging from the Nearctic region into the Neotropical, and vice versa). Among the genera we do not find one true cosmopolitan genus. Tropidonotus is one ot those which have the widest range, a genus containing about thirty well-known species, each of which bears natural characters so conspicuous, that its posi- tion in the system is not to be mistaken: they are not to be found in the Athiopian region only; they are truly called freshwater Snakes, following the course of the rivers and the borders of lakes. Some of the species (7'. natrix, hydrus, quincunciatus, ordinatus, fasciatus) have a very wide range within the borders of its peculiar region. A few of the Asiatic species exhibit slight modifications of the general appearance of the genus (7'. cerasugaster and vibakari). * As for the systematical denominations adopted, I refer to the ‘ Catalogue of Snakes’ (Crotalide, Viperide, Hydride, Boide) vy J. EB. Gray, London, 1849, and to my Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum, London, 1858. 376 The second genus, which may be almost called a cosmopolitan, is Co- ronella, being spread over the whole globe except the Indian region, where it is replaced by such modifications of the characters as to justify the separation of them into new genera—Simotes and dblabes, sp. The latter, closely allied to Coronell/a, accompanies this genus, extending over all the regions, except over the Australian one. Thus, if I speak hereafter of cosmopolitan genera of Snakes, they are to be understood with the restrictions mentioned. The families of Snakes in the different systems are at present founded upon such general characters, that in most of them genera of some or of all the geographical regions are comprised ; perhaps at some later period they will be limited to more contracted boundaries of less general characters, thus approaching more to the borders of the geographical regions. But for the present we cannot derive from them our de- ductions as to the primary creation of the natural regions of the earth’s surface, as the ornithologist does ; and we are obliged to con- fine our views to the genera: we have not even such families of Snakes as are peculiar to one of the two great geographical divi- sions, either to the old world or to the new, except those in which the characters of the family are identical with those of the single genus. This discrepancy between Ornithology and Herpetology may be caused by a different systematic treatment of the characters, and may be more reconciled together by time ; but there will always re- main forms common to the new and old world. Therefore it is not possible to give a list of Familia Neogeane and Familie Paleo- geane (cf. Sclater, 1. c. p. 133). : But I may here give an account of such genera as, I think, will still long remain examples of forms common to the new and old world (cosmopolitan genera excepted): they are Rhabdosoma, Co- luber, Spilotes, Coryphodon, Cyclophis, Philodryas, Dipsas. I could add as many other genera; but I think such genera as Rhinostoma, Dryophis, &c. will be subdivided hereafter into two. Further, with regard to the aforesaid genera, the same observation as in Ornitho- logy cannot be made, viz. that these are invariably genera belonging to temperate regions, disappearing entirely before we reach Tropical and Southern America. A part of the members of these genera are peculiar to Neotropical (Tropical America) Ophidio-fauna ; a part reaches the Tropics in the old world, and a third part belongs to the temperate portions of both hemispheres. Taking the amount of similarity or dissimilarity of ornithic life as a guide, Mr. Sclater states the following primary divisions of the earth’s surface :— I. Palearctic Region (Regio Palzearctica). Extent.— Africa, north of the Atlas; Europe; Asia Minor ; Persia and Asia generally, north of the Himalaya Range, upper part of the Himalaya Range (?); Northern China, Japan, and the Aleutian Islands. Approximate area of 14,000,000 square miles. 377 Il. £thiopian or Western Paleotropical Region (Regio JEthiopica). Extent.—Africa, south of the Atlas Range ; Madagascar ; Bour- bon; Mauritius ; Socotra, and probably Arabia up to the Persian Gulf, south of 30° N. lat. Approximate area of 12,000,000 square miles. Ill. Indian or Middle Paleotropical Region (Regio Indica). Extent.—India and Asia generally, south of the Himalayas; Cey- lon; Burmah, Malacca, and Southern China ; Philippines; Borneo ; Java; Sumatra, and adjacent islands. An area of perhaps 4,000,000 square miles. IV. Australian or Eastern Paleotropical Region (Regio Australiana). Extent.—Papua and adjacent islands ; Australia; Tasmania and Pacific Islands. An area of perhaps 3,000,000 square miles. V. Nearetic or North American Region (Regio Nearctica). Extent.— Greenland and North America, down to centre of Mexico. Area of perhaps 6,500,000 square miles. VI. Neotropical or South American Region (Regio Neotropica). Extent.— West India Islands ; Southern Mexico ; Central Ame- rica, and whole of South America; Galapagos Islands; Falkland Islands. Estimated area of about 5,500,000 square miles. The notices devoted to each region will show how great the con- formity is, which this most natural division and the definition of the limits of the regions find in Herpetology. I. Palearctic Region (Regio Palearctica). Characteristic forms.—(Calamaria’?) coronella, (Tachymenis?) vivar, (Simotes?) diadema, Rhinechis, Zamenis, Chorisodon, Celo- peltis, Eryx, Pelias, Vipera, Echis, Verastes. Form common with India.—Trigonocephalus. This region is at once distinguished by the small number of generic forms and of species ; great variety of amphibian life is produced only by the sun of the Tropics, and dependent upon a similar variety of the vegetative world. Where the soil is covered with social plants, either trees or grasses, there we find an equal uniformity in the life of Reptiles, which uniformity is still more manifest in temperate zones. North of the 62° N. L. no Snake has hitherto been found; and thus the forty species which live within the boundaries of this region are very unequally distributed over an area of 14,000,000 square miles. We have on the average a single species to each 350,000 square miles. All species are of a small size, dusky colour, and of a timid disposition ; far the greatest part belongs to the Coludrina ; 378 their ratio to the Botna being that of 20: 1, and to the Viperina of 4:2>17 The identity of the creation in the different provinces of this re- gion may be represented by the following examples, which will for- cibly show the reason why I unite the AZthiopian shores of the Medi- terranean especially with this region, instead of considering Spain and Portugal as a part approximate more to Africa than to Europe, as Schlegel did. - Lryx jaculus may be traced from the eastern half of the shores of the Mediterranean, through the temperate part of Asia, into the south of Siberia; Ta achymenis t vivax from Egypt northwards to Hungary. Further, the genus Zamenis is one of the most cha- racteristic types of this region,—Z. atrovirens being spread along the northern shores of the Mediterranean, Z. Cliffordii along the southern ones, Z. hippocrepis and dahlii going entirely round this inland sea, Z. ventrimaculatus reaching from Egypt through Kurdistan to the south of the Himalaya, and, finally, Z. caudolineatus being a native of Kurdistan. Coronella austriaca, more common in the parts north of the Alps, is replaced in the south by C. girundica, m the north of Africa by C. cucullata. Tropidonotus natrix, reaching into the heart of northern Asia, is represented in North Africa by Trop. vipe- rinus. Trop. hydrus appears to range still further towards the west of Asia. Coluber quadrilineatus, common on the northern shores of the Mediterranean and on its eastern islands, is again found in the north of China. Celopeltis, a true native of northern Africa, is found in the Pyrenean peninsula. Pelias berus inhabits Ireland, Scotland, England, Norway, Sweden, and all the central parts of Europe, and is again found on the shores of the Lake of Baikal. The viperine snakes of this region exhibit generic differences on the north and south of the Mediterranean,—on the former being found Pelias and Vipera, on the latter Hchis and Cerastes. But the above-stated facts sufficiently show that the lower part of Egypt is to be united with this region as well as Algiers; and I wonder that Mr. Sclater leaves it uncertain whether he includes that part of Egypt or not. A few true African forms intrude themselves into the African parts of the region; EHehidna atricauda and mauritanica are found in Algiers, and Naja haje, following in many varieties the course of the African rivers, comes down with the Nile and reaches the Delta. That Lchis carinata, more frequently met with in the East Indian continent, is also found in Egypt, is a curious fact stated by Duméril and Bibron (vil. p. 1448) ; and as Schlegel mentions it as being found also in the deserts south of the Caspian Sea, it quite corresponds to the aforesaid range of Zamenis ventrimaculatus. The genus Trigonocephalus, which has its focus in the Indian re- gion, is “curiously enough represented by a single species (7. halys) in the southern parts of Siberia, reaching into ‘the north of the Cas- pian sea. Thus of all the genera peculiar to the Indian region, Trigonocephalus advances furthest northward, emitting moreover another species (7. Blomhoffii) to Japan. Japan, that outpost of the paleearctic region, is not in the same way peopled with palzearctic snakes as we find it with palearctic oe 379 forms of other parts of the animal kingdom. As for the Herpeto- logy in general, it is truly a debateable ground between Palzotro- pical and Indian Amphibio-fauna: but as for the Ophidii, it be- longs entirely to the Indian region ; for the present, at least, we do not know one Japanese snake found also in the Palearctic region, or even only belonging to one of its peculiar generic forms. Il. £thiopian or Western Paleotropical Region. Characteristic forms.—Hortulia, Sanzinia, Pelophilus, Casarea, Calabaria. Homalosoma, Psammophylax, Heteronotus, Prosymna, Meizodon, Psammophis, Dasypeltis, Bucephalus, Hapsidophrys, Langaha, Simocephalus, Lamprophis, Alopecion, Lycophidion, Me- toporhina, Boodon, Holuropholis, Naja haje, Cyrtophis, Elaps? hygie, Dendraspis, Causus, Sepedon, Atractaspis, Clotho. Forms common with other regions.—Philodryas, Chrysopelea, Ahetulla, Dryophis, Leptodeira, Dipsas, Dipsadoboa. . We now enter a tropical region, and immediately find forms of gigantic magnitude, variety, and vivacity of coloration, and a great multiplication of the number of generic forms and of species, al- though only the southern part of this truly continental region has been examined in a satisfactory manner ; it is not many years since the borders of Western and of part of Eastern Africa were searched through ; and the great enrichment of zoological knowledge, produced by this first progress, promises the most extensive results to those daring attempts to cross a continent which, instead of being a con- tinuous buruing desert, contains a new world of vegetable and animal life. An enumeration of the reptiles of Western Africa, by Dr. Gray (see ante, page 155 et seqg.), shows how greatly our knowledge of the Herpetology of that country has been enlarged in the lapse of a few years. Thus I hope that the ratio here given of the geogra- phical area and distribution of the OpAidians will only be a proof of the distance between our present knowledge and that of the coming decennium. Taking the area of this region at 12,000,000 square miles, and the number of species of Snakes contained therein at 80, we have on the average a single species to each 150,000 square miles, or 24 species to the same area for which we found only one in the paleearctic region. The number of Coludrina is again predominant, but is to that of the Boina only as 8: 1, and tothat of the Viperina as 11:1; the proportional number of the Boina therefore is enlarged, that of the Viperina diminished. We must observe, first, as a peculiarity of this region, that at present there is not one species known of the genus Tropidonotus. Schlegel believed he found its representative in Dasypeltis scaber ; but a snake living on trees, devouring eggs of birds, the shells of which it breaks by gular teeth, with irregular ar- rangement of the lateral scales, is a form quite peculiar in itself, and quite peculiar to this region. Highly interesting is the fact, that more than one-third of the genera live on trees; which ratio is never met with in any of the other regions : there we find a member 380 of the family of Lycodontida, a family which contains either Ground- snakes, or forms only slightly approaching to that structure which indicates the capability of climbing trees, entirely transformed into a very Tree-snake (Simocephalus). There we find Tree-snakes with perforated fangs in front (Dendraspis). The African species of Naja (N. haje), so closely allied to the Indian Cobra de Capello, is to be considered as a Tree-snake as well as Ground-snake, whilst NV. ¢ripu- dians never appears to climb trees. But the Indian and the African species offer a similar series of varieties, and it would be, in many cases, very difficult to assign one of those varieties, if of unknown origin, to the right species, without the single character of the sixth upper labial shield. The question whether those varieties really are species is not yet decided. Every large collection should gather of both forms as many specimens as possible, with the most accurate accounts of their localities. There are about 70 specimens in the collection of the British Museum ; but even by this number I was not enabled to distinguish separate species within accurately limited boundaries. Another peculiarity of this region is the abundance of Snakes pro- vided with longer front teeth, or Lycodontide ; and it agrees also in this respect with India: in fact, the western and middle palzeotropical regions equally partake of this family, each region producing a form with entire subcaudal plates. Venomous Colubrina occupy here a great part among the Ophidia, a greater one than the true Viperina ; and they also exhibit quite a peculiar group, namely such Colu- brina as are provided with permanently erect and perforated fangs (Dendraspis, Atractaspis). As our knowledge of the whole region is very limited, so also is the case with the large island connected with it, Madagascar. The following Snakes are known belonging to its fauna :— Sanzinia. Pelophilus. Heterurus gaimardii and arctifasciatus. Psammophis sibilans, var. (Herpetodryas bernierti. Isle de France). Herpetodryas quadrilineatus. Enicognathus rhodogaster. Philodryas miniatus and goudoti. Ahetulla lateralis. Langaha. None of these Snakes, except Psam. sibilans, have been found on the continent of this region, or in any other part of the globe ; and it may be a question, as already suggested by Schlegel, whether such a separate and peculiar fauna as that of Madagascar might not form ground for establishing a separate region, small for the geographical area, rich for its animal and vegetative life, if the still hidden parts should prove to be as peculiar as that which we know. Sanzinca, Pelophilus, Langaha form genera not represented by other species in other provinces.—If we Jook at the forms common with other regions, we find them all to be Tree-snakes, having the allied species spread over the tropical regions in the west or east. THES 381 IIL. Indian or Middle Paleotropical Region (Regio Indica). Characteristic forms.—Chersydrus, Acrochordus, Xenodermus, Python, Cliftia, Cusoria, Gongylophis, Clothonia, Cylindrophis. Calamaria, Rhabdion, Brachyorrhos, Aspidura, Haplocercus, Ela- poidis, Trachischium, Oligodon, Simotes, Ferania, Homalopsis, Phy- tolopsis, Tropidophis, Hypsirhina, Fordonia, Raclitia, Miralia, Xenodon (with keeled scales), Gonyosoma, Euophrys, Psammody- nastes, Passerita, Leptognathus? indicus, Amblycephalus, Pareas, Hologerrhum, Lycodon, Tetragonosoma, Leptorhyton, Ophites, Cercaspis, Cyclocorus, Hamadryas, Bungarus, Naja tripudians, laps (with thirteen rows of scales). Hyprip#, Trimesurus, Parias, me” Atropos, Trigonocephalas, Daboia (except D. xanthina, ray). i Forms common with other regions.—Rhabdosoma, Cerberus, Co- luber, Elaphis, Spilotes, Coryphodon, Chrysopelea, Dendrophis, Dryophis, Eudipsas, Dipsas, Dipsadomorphus, Echis, Whether the Indian region really is richer in peculiar generic and specific forms than the African one, or whether this difference is caused only by our more extended knowledge of the former, the future will show; for the present it is not even rivalled by the South American region: for taking the area of the Indian region at 4,000,000 square miles and the number of species of Snakes at 240, we have on the average a single species to each 17,000 square miles, or 21 species to the same area for which we found only one species in the palzearctic region, and 9 for the same area in the Athiopian. The ratio between the different sections of the Snakes, shows that, in comparison with Africa, the relative number of Boina is diminished, their ratio to the Colubrina being =1:12, but that of the Viperine Snakes has as much enlarged as the absolute one: each seventh species belongs to this truly venom- ous section (1: 6). Quite a new form of snakes enters into this fauna—the Hydride : organized for living in the sea, they are seldom found on the coasts, and we do not yet know whether they approach the beach occasionally, or when obliged by certain physio- ’ logical functions. But being constant inhabitants of the sea, they are endowed with active as well as with passive locomotion, to enable them to traverse greater distances than the snakes living on dry ground ; and therefore it is not to be wondered at that we find not only the section in general, but the single species spread far beyond its actual native ground—namely the sea between the southern coast of China and the northern one of New Holland—and extending to the south of the Australian region, and far between the tropical islands of the Pacific. A certain proximity to land appears to be necessary for their life, as they are never found in those wide marine spaces which are void of islands, not being able by traversing them to spread into the Neotropical or Ethiopian regions * ; and thus they * During the printing of this paper, I first heard of Sea-snakes seen near the western shores of America. They were observed in considerable numbers by M. Sallé and Mr. Salvin, at different times, from steamers crossing the Bay of 382 a may be brought as properly as marine birds into the statement of the ratio between the number of species and the area of dry land. A second form, quite peculiar to this region, are Snakes covered with granular tubercles, Chersydrus, Acrochordus, Xenodermus ; without being ve- nomous, they approach to the Hydrid@ by the genus Chersydrus, an inhabitant of rivers and their mouths, and with an organization like that of true Sea-snakes. As the family of the Lycodontide is to be assigned to the Indian and African region, each exhibiting different genera, so that of the Ca/amaride is divided in the same way between the neotropical and this region ; whereas Homalosoma and two species of Rhinostoma perhaps afterwards may be separated from this family. The above-mentioned genera of Calamaride are very characteristic, and the very aberrant forms which abound in India are here repre- sented by a genus of this family having no palatine teeth. Those intermediate forms between the well-proportioned structure of the family of Colubrid@ and the excessively slender one of the true Tree- snakes, which I unite in one family of Dryadide, and which are so common in the Neotropical region, are scarcely represented by some species of Cyclophis and Gonyosoma. The genus dhetulla is here represented by Dendrophis—in one species (D. picta) extending to New Guinea, in another (D. punctulata) to Australia. Dryophis is found in the Neotropical region as well as in the Indian one, but the species of both regions differ in dentition; the African species (D. Kirtlandii) agrees with the South American ones ; finally, Pas- serita is only limited between the boundaries of the East Indies. If we exclude the Hydride, the number of venomous Colubrine is far surpassed by that of the Viperina, and all the latter exhibit the peculiarity of having a pit on the side of the face, which is also found in the representatives of the New World, not in those of Africa. Ceylon offers a remarkable exception, producing a form without such a pit. Tasioie those large islands which are connected with the Middle Palzeotropical region, none offer forms so different from those of the continent and the other islands as Ceylon: it might be considered the Madagascar of the Indian region. We not only find there pecu- liar genera and species, not again to be recognized in other parts, but even many of the common species exhibit such remarkable va- rieties, as to afford ample means for creating new nominal species. 1. Calamaria and Elaps are not represented in this island. 2. The following species are common to Ceylon and the other parts of the region, the Ceylonese specimens exhibiting no remark- _ able variation :—Simotes russellit, Coryphod. blumenbachii, Ablabes collaris, Chrysopelea ornata, Dendrophis picta, Tropidonot. stolatus, Lycodon aulicus, Naja tripudians. ' 3. Ceylonese specimens of the following species always exhibit one and the same variation :—Simotes purpurascens, Tropidonotus Panama, and were about the size of an eel. I have not the slightest reason to doubt the credibility of the observers ; but as long as we have not obtained them, it will always be a question whether the animals seen are Snakes or not. 383 quincunciatus (two Ceylonese varieties), T'ropidonotus chrysargos, Passerita mycterizans, Bungarus fasciatus. ; 4. The following species are peculiar to Ceylon, but representatives of the genera are found in other parts of this region :—Cylindrophis maculata, Oligodon sublineatus, Cynophis helena (appears to be the representative of Hlaphis subradiatus), Cyclophis calamaria, Dipsa- domorphus ceylonensis (is the representative of D. trigonatus), Tri- mesurus ceylonensis and nigro-marginatus, Megara trigonocephata, Trigonocephalus hypnalis, Daboia elegans. 5. Finally, the following genera, exhibiting entire subcaudal plates, are peculiar to Ceylon :—Aspidura, Haplocercus, Cercaspis. If we look at the forms of this region, common with other ones, we see that most of them belong to the two genera of Schlegel’s Co- luber and Dipsas. The separation of the former into smaller na- tural genera has not yet been effected in such a way as to satisfy the systematist ; and therefore it is the less fit for a consideration of its geographical distribution (genus Zamenis excepted). Nearly the same is the case with the genus Dipsas; and even if we separate single forms more aberrant from the general type, there remain a great many species which, comprised in one genus, do not give us the idea of a cosmopolitan genus, but of a “ tropicopolitan.”” Spe- cies of Rhabdosoma are found in the Neotropical, a single species of Cerberus and Dendrophis in the eastern Paleeotropical region; the geographical distribution of Dryophis and Echis has been stated above. I may add a few words to prove what I have before mentioned, viz. that the Snakes of Japan belong to the fauna of the Indian region. The following species are known from these islands * :— 1. Tropidonotus tigrinus, and 2. T. Vibakari belong to a cosmopolitan genus ; but the former, being also found near Ningpo in China, belongs to a group of this genus, which is formed solely by natives of India; and the second species is the single type of another peculiar group (see Catal. of Colubr. p. 60). 3. Coluber conspicillatus, - 4. Elaphis quadrivirgatus, and 5. Elaphis virgatus, exhibit not only a remarkable similarity in neral habits, and in the system of coloration, with other true East ndian Snakes ( L/aphis subradiatus, &c.), but the two latter are also found on the Indian continent, in China, south of the Yellow River. 6. Trigonocephalus Blomhoffi belongs to a genus with four species in the East Indies and one in the northern parts of Asia. How greatly different the view gained by a consideration of the graphical distribution of the Batrachians is, we shall see in the econd Part of this paper. Our knowledge of the Herpetology of Celebes is yet too limited to allow a satisfactory attempt to compare its fauna with that of other parts. * Cf. Schlegel, ‘ Fauna Japonica ’—* Reptiles.” 384 IV. Australian or Eastern Paleotropical Region (Regio Australiana. ) Characteristic forms.—Morelia, Liasis, Nardoa, Enygrus, Bo- lyeria, Myron, Glyphodon, Diemansia, Hoplocephalus, Pseudechis, Pseudonaja, Brachysoma, Vermicella, Acanthophis. Forms common with other regions.— Cerberus, Dendrophis, Dipsas, Hydride. What I have said in the beginning of my notices on the Aithio- pian region I can as justly repeat respecting this part of the globe, the borders only of which are known to us; so that the propor- tionate numbers here given will be far from truth, and can be only considered to be proportionate to our present knowledge. If we allow 50 species as peculiar to this region, and take the area of dry land at 3,000,000 square miles, we have on the average a single species to each 60,000 square miles, or 23 species for the same area in the AKthiopian ; but the Indian region is richer, giving 3} species for the same area, in which we have only one in the Australian. We find a peculiar character of this region in the ratio between the numbers of species in the different sections of the Snakes. Two- thirds are venomous snakes—a disproportion not again to be found in any of the other regions, where the number of innocuous snakes always far predominates ; secondly, two-thirds of the non-venom- ous snakes are Boide; thirdly, there is only one genus (Acan- thophis antarctica) belonging to the tribe of Viperina, the whole number of the other venomous snakes being constituted by Colu- brina with grooved fangs. We know only six non-venomous Colu- brina from New Holland, two of which (Coronella australis and Tropidonotus picturatus) belong to cosmopolitan genera, the third (Dipsas fusca) to a tropicopolitan genus, the fourth and fifth (Den- drophis punctulata and Cerberus australis) to Kast Indian ones ; for the sixth (Myron Richardsonii) a separate genus was established, but it is closely allied to the East Indian Hypsirhina. 'The genus Elaps, represented by a different form, Vermicella, is so far from being capable of being united with the East Indian forms, that it is nearer to those of the Neotropical region. Thus if we except three species and the Hydride, which are subjected to quite other physical con- ditions, we have in the Eastern Palotropical region a fauna of Ophi- dians as widely different from the nearest one of the East Indies as from all the other ones. It must be mentioned, that there is no snake known for the present from New Zealand. I say, for the present ; for not many years since a total absence of Serpents in all the nume- rous isles of the Pacific Ocean was believed in. V. Neuarctic or North American Region (Regio Nearctica). Characteristic forms.—Charina, Wenona, Conopsis, Conocephalus, Carphophis, Osceola, Ninia, Lodia, Sonora, Rhinochilus, Tantilla, Simotes ? coccineus, Ischnognathus, Helicops, Farancia, Dimades, 385 Abastor, Virginia, Contia, Pituophis, Cenchris, Crotalophorus, Uropsophus, Crotalus. Forms common with other regions.—Heterodon, Coluber, Cory- phodon, Herpetodryas, Cyclophis, Elaps. There is some difficulty in stating the southern boundary of this region ; the Tropical fauna advances along the Isthmus of Panama, and extending over the again expanding part of Southern Mexico, it is gradually mixed with the Arctic fauna. And in these parts the fauna of the same latitude is the more mixed on account of the great differences of the elevation above the level of the sea, and the result- ing great variety of climate in a small space; but as the climate gra- dually assumes the tropical character, so do also the vegetative and animal life. Nevertheless we have in the New World two quite dif- ferent creations, radiating from the system of the Mississippi in the north, and from that of the Amazon in the south; and in each of those smaller provinces situated on the boundary between both regions, it will be a question, whether the larger number of its species belongs to northern or southern forms. As far as we are able for the pre- sent to judge, the tropic of Cancer may be considered as the bound- ary. No Snake is to be found north of the 60° N. lat., in a lati- tude where in the Palearctic region Pelias berus exists. But taking 6,500,000 square miles as the amount of the whole dry land in this region, and allowing seventy-five * species as peculiar to it, we have one species to every 87,000 square miles, or four species to the same area, for-which we found only one in the Palearctic region. Thus this region indicates a much greater degree of intensity of species than the Palzearctic region ; but if it be stated that it surpasses also the Ethiopian region, this I consider as not an established fact, but only an appearance caused by the circumstance that North America has been much more fully explored than Africa. Even then, if we consider (according to Dr. Gray’s system) Charina and MWenona to be Boide, the ratio of this section to the number of Colubrina is very small (1 : 18), the ratio between Viperina and Colubrina being large (1 : 5); in this respect this part of the fauna quite agrees with the same part of the Old World. Among the non-venomous Colubrina the two families of Calama- ride and Natricide offer the most generic and specific forms. The type of Heterodon is a North American form ; but there is also one species to be found in South America. , Colubrina with grooved fangs in front can hardly be considered as pertaining to this region, only two species of Z/aps reaching into the most southern parts, ‘The Viperine Snakes are represented by most peculiar forms, all belonging to the family with a pit on each side of * Without summing up the number of all the North American species de- seribed since the publication of the ‘ Catalogue of North American Reptiles’ by Baird and Girard, 1853, | only mention that they describe therein 119 species. What I think of such species is shown by the synonymy of the North American Snakes in my catalogue. No. CCCLXX1.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 386 the face: they exhibit all entire subcaudal shields (at least on the anterior part of the tail). VI. Neotropical or South American Region (Regio Neotropica). Characteristic forms.—t{ Zpicrates, Xi iphosoma, + Corallus, +Boa, Eunectes, *Chilabothrius, *Ungalia, Tortriz, Streptophorus, Homa- locranion, Elapomorphus, Elapocephalus, * Arvhy yton, Liophis, Ste- norhina, Erythrolamprus, *Hypsirhynchus, Xenodon (with smooth seales), Uranops, Hydrops, Hygina, *Gerarda, *Hipistes, Ficimia, +Dromicus, Psammophis? lineatus, Thamnodynastes, Dipsas? cenchoa, Rhinobothryum, Leptognathus, Tropidodipsas, Scytale, Oxyrhopus, * Flaps (with fifteen rows of scales), ~Craspedocephalus, Lachesis. Forms common with other regions.—Rhinostoma, Rhabdosoma, Tachymenis, Tomodon, Heterodon, Spilotes, Coryphodon, +Herpeto- dryas, +Philodryas, +Ahetulla, +Dryophis, Leptodeira, Eudipsas, Dipsadomorphus, Dipsadoboa. If the number of species duly attributable to this region be rec- koned at about 150, and its geographical area at 5,500,000 square miles, we have a single species to every 36,000 square miles, or nearly 23 species to the same area, for which we found in the northern region a single one. As for intensity of species, this region is far surpassed by the East Indies, exhibiting only half as many species for the same area, and therefore showing itself proportionally far less productive of snakes than of birds. This fact will be very near the truth, as we know nearly equal parts of both regions. In the ratio of the different sections of snakes, South America does not agree with any other region, showing a ratio between Boia and Colubrina=1 : 8, and between Viperina and Colubrina=1:15. All the Botna have only a single row of subcaudal plates, whilst the other tropical re- gions exhibit such species with entire subcaudals as well as with two- rowed. Among the Colubrine Snakes, it is rich especially in those intermediate forms without prominent characters, the systematical arrangement of which is far from being complete. Another character of the Region is; that true Lycodontide are wanting : they are replaced by Scytale and Oxyrhopus, in many re- specis similar to the East Indian Lycodontide, and forming a con- necting link between these and the Dipsadide. All the venomous Colubrina belong to the genus laps, different from the East Indian species by having fifteen rows of scales and another system of colora- tion; one or two species range into the southern parts of the former region. Finally, all the /iperina exhibit a pit on the side of the face, two-rowed subcaudal plates, and the head covered with scales, thus being more closely allied to the greater part of the. East Indian genera than even to those forms which we meet with in North America. One Viperine Snake with a rattle, Crotalus horridus, ranges into this region; but being also found in the more northern parts, and having the other relations in North America, it must be reckoned among those of the latter region. 387 Of the forms common with other regions there are found :— 1. In the Athiopian region species of Rhinostoma, Philodryas, Ahetulla, Dryophis, Leptodeira, Dipsadoboa—in fact all the species belonging to these genera show severally, according to the different region, such different characters as may be hereafter considered to be generic characters, if they are again to be found in other species of the same region ; and I wish therefore to point out a much greater difference between both regions than might appear by the number of forms mentioned as common. For instance, the South American species of Rhinostoma exhibit a posterior grooved tooth ; in Rhino- stoma cupreum of Africa I found the same tooth not grooved ; if Rh. occipitale of Hallowell from Western Africa, or other species hereafter to be discovered, should prove to have also smooth teeth, I should consider it to be a character sufficient to separate the Neotropical species from those of the Western Paleeotropical region, Not know- ing the species of Philodryas from Madagascar, I retrain from giving my opinion in that respect. 2. In the Indian region species of Rhabdosoma, Tomodon, Spilotes, Coryphodon, Dryophis, Eudipsas, Dipsadomorphus,—l have already pointed out that South America exhibits in more than one respect similarities with the middle region of the Palzeotropical ones ; and thus, except those forms which are represented in both regions by _ different genera, we have two genera truly common to them, Ihad- dosoma and Coryphodon. The other genera I reckon of the same account as those mentioned as common with the Athiopian region. 3. In the Palzeotropical region one species of Tachymenis. 4. In the Nearctic region species of Heterodon, Herpetodryas, Coryphodon. he first two genera-are limited to the New World, one exhibiting more species in the northern part, the other more in the south. The Ophidians decidedly show that the West Indies are referable to the Neotropical region only. Hardly one species* is common to them and to the Nearctic region, and only the genus /lerpetodryas might be considered such. On the other hand, many Southern con- tinental species are again found in the West Indies ; and how many generic forms are common to both, the number of genera marked above with a cross (+) will represent. The genera peculiar to the West Indies, and marked with an asterisk (*), do not express a common peculiar character, and some of them are founded on rela- tively slight characters. * Hallowell mentions /schnognathus dekayi as found in Jamaica (Proe. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 237). 388 00009 _ 000‘ZT _ .000‘0ST _ 000'9¢ _ I I I I ‘sotoads gc ‘saroods OFZ ‘soroads 9g ‘sotoads OCT ‘sopra arenbs 000‘000'¢ ‘saytar arenbs 000‘000‘F ‘sopra arenbs 000‘'000‘ST ‘saqium aaenbs yQQ‘00s's ‘eURT[VIJSNY OLdoy “BoIpuy OLsoy “eotdomyay OLsexy “eotdor1j09N OLsOy ‘AI Ill ‘Il TA 000‘0S6 _ 000'28 _ I vor ‘sotoads op ‘sotoads cy ‘soptur arenbs 000‘000‘FI ‘saqim arenbs 900‘00¢‘9 ‘BOTPOIVe[Vq OLdoy “BOTJOIVON OLSOY 7 “A 00008 _ ‘saroods OLF 000°0L — ‘saioads eg 000‘ES _ ‘satoads ¢¢z T | ‘saprtauenbs goo‘ooo'se 1 — | ‘sapmarenbs goo‘oo0'sh 1 —_| ‘sayrm aaenbs 000‘000'ZI “VNVG9OW IVd OLLVANO WOAUVAUNAL SIO “VNVGOOGN OILVAYO “wOIHAVILO OND SINOILNAIMISIG WOAYOIGTHdO VNUHOS 3 . \ 389 The above Schema is brought to an accordance with Mr. Sclater’s Schema of the geographical distribution of Birds; but in both schemes the calculations made as to the number of square miles to one species cannot be looked upon even as attempts at approxima- tions in those regions, a part of which only has been explored by naturalists. Thus the large space of central Asia, between 250° and 300° W. long. and between 35° and 50°N. lat., is quite unknown —a space of about 3,000,000 square miles, which cannot be justly taken into account ; and then we should have a ratio of 1 : 275,000. In the Athiopian and Australian region, at least two-thirds of the area mentioned being unknown, we should have on the average a single species to 50,000 square miles for the former, and to 20,000 square miles for the latter region. In this way we arrive at least at a more accurate idea of the series in which the regions follow one another, as to their respective richness in forms :— 1. Indian region 1 : 17,000. 2. Australian region 1 : 20,000 (instead of 1 : 60,000). 3. South American region 1 : 36,000. 4. Mthiopian region 1 : 50,000 (instead of 1 : 150,000). 5. North American region 1 : 87,000. 6. Palearctic region 1 :; 275,000 (instead of 1 : 350,000). Thus by the consideration of the geographical distribution of Snakes we are obliged to acknowledge the views of the primary divi- sions of the earth’s surface given by Mr. Sclater as those most natural. I have endeavoured always to state those facts which ap- parently contradict this view, as well as those which favour it; but, by stating the former, I intend rather to direct the attention of the systematist to such less satisfying results of his exertions, than to de- stroy the idea of primary ontological divisions. As, however, we do not know one species of Snakes extending fully over two regions, and as we find each region occupied by a majority of peculiar genera, we come to the inevitable deduction that these different forms of Snakes were created in the different parts of the world where they are now found ; but it would be a too precipitate inference to maintain the same for all other species of the animal kingdom. As I said in the beginning of this paper, Snakes form a most sta- tionary tribe among animals; but other animals are subjected to internal or external agencies by which they are necessarily spread, in a longer or shorter lapse of time, beyond their primary bound- aries; and it is a great mistake, in such instances, not to admit the identity of species, even though it be modified into a climatic variety. How the Batrachians are related in this respect, and what are the most natural divisions of the earth’s surface as to this part of the Reptiles, will be the subject of the Second Part of this paper. 390 PaArr II. On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BATRACHIANS. In the accounts given of the geographical distribution of animals, we find only a few general statements in which divisions of the earth’s surface are characterized for their Batrachio-fauna. The presence of tailed Batrachians in the northern parts of the globe, the scarcity of Batrachians in Africa, gigantic forms between the tropics, and the abundance of Tree-frogs in South America, form the general results of those attempts. The faunas of some provinces were most accurately composed ; but I am not aware that such an attempt has been ex- tended through all the single parts of this suborder. The Batra- chians are better adapted than are Snakes to range over large spaces ; and this is especially observed with some Batrachians of the northern temperate part of the globe. Rana esculenta, Bufo vulgaris, and Hyla arborea are spread over the whole space of Europe and Asia, belonging to the Paleearctic region ; Cantor found them again south of Japan, on the Chinese island of Chusan. Rana temporaria reaches beyond even these parts, being equally spread over the tem- perate regions of the New World. But none of the species are to be called cosmopolitan; and the differences between the different crea- tions are such, that we have not even a true cosmopolitan genus. In looking for genera with the widest range, we may mention Rana, Bujo, and Hyla—the same genera which exhibit also the widest- spread species. Bufo is wanting only in Australia; the most numerous and largest of its species are met with in Tropical America. Rana is entirely wanting in Australia, and represented in the most northern parts of Tropical America by a single species only ; the East Indies and Africa produce most of the species, some from the former region being di- stinguished by their gigantic size, but rivalled by R. mugiens from N. America ; some from the latter region being peculiar on account of very slender and long toes. Hy/la is entirely wanting in the Aithio- pian and Indian regions, and in the Arctic regions represented by only a few but widely-spread species, —Tropical America and Australia, on the other hand, producing an exceedingly great number of specific forms. Thus, in speaking of cosmopolitan genera in this paper, I mean those three genera severally, with the restrictions mentioned. Such a difference, between the animal life of the New World and that of the Old, as pertains to other parts of the Animal Kingdom, is not to be observed in the Batrachians. Dissimilarity and simi- larity of the Batrachio-fauna depend upon the zones. Paleearetie and Nearctic regions resemble each other more than any third; the same is the case with Australia and South America ; the Athiopian region exhibits similarities with South America as well as with the East Indies, but more especially with the latter. I. Palearctic Region. Characteristic forms.—Pelodytes, Discoglossus, Alytes, Pelobates, Lombinator, Salamandra, Seiranota, Pleurodes, Bradybates, Ellip- 391 soglossa, Geotriton, Onychodactylus, Triton, Euproctus, Sieboldia, Proteus *. Cosmopolitan genera excepted, we have only one genus common with another region—Polypedates. We may assign to this region 15 species of tailless Batrachians and 30 of the Urodela, which gives on the average a single species to each 300,000 square miles. The region is distinguished by the production of a part of the tailed Batrachians, a group of the animal kingdom which must be. considered peculiar to the Arctic regions both of the New and Old World}; and although the species of Uro- deles of the New World must be considered as types of different enera, yet the families exhibit representatives in both the regions. ome of the species of Batrachians are known to be extremely local (Pelodytes punctatus, Pelobates cultripes, Sieboldia, Proteus) ; but other species and genera are spread over the whole space of this region, proving in the most striking way the natural extent of this primary division. There is not a single tailed Batrachian known from Tropical Africa; but north of the Atlas we find Sa/amandra maculosa and Pleurodes waltlii, both inhabitants of Europe, and also a peculiar species, Zuproctus poireti, As far as we know the west- ern parts of Asia, belonging to this region, we meet species of Ba- trachians with all the characters of the true inhabitants of Europe ; and what forms we should find in the centre and in the eastern parts by a better knowledge of these countries, is easily to be in- ferred by a glance on the fauna of Batrachians of Japan. There we find :— Rana rugosa. LEllipsoglossa. esculenta. Geotriton fuscus. temporaria. Onychodactylus. Bufo vulgaris. Triton subcristatus. Polypedates schlegelii. Sieboldia. Hyla arborea. Of the twelve species of these islands, five are identical with species in Europe, and one (Triton subcristatus) belongs to a European genus. Three genera of Urodeles are peculiar to Japan, Sieboldia being more closely allied to Menopoma from America than to any other genus. Polypedates schlegelii is a single representative of an East Indian genus, species of which, however, are also met with in Madagascar. Thus we find in Japan a ground which is supplied from a tropical region with Snakes, and from an arctic one with Batra- chians. Il. £thiopian Region. Characteristic forms.—Dactylethra, Tomopterna, Heteroglossa, * Respecting the new denominations, I refer to my * Catalogue of Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the British Museum,’ which will shortly be pub- lished. + I quite agree with those naturalists who think the characters of Cecilia and Lepidosiren sufficient for forming separate classes of Vertebrata. 392 Stenorhynchus, Arthroleptis, Schismaderma, IHemisus, Breviceps, Chiromantis, Hyperolius, Leptopelis, Brachymerus. Forms common with other regions.—Cystignathus, Hylarana, Polypedates. There are nearly 60 species known, all belonging to the Anura, which number would give a single species for every 200,000 square miles, or for each 70,000 square miles if we are allowed to refer the number of species only to the area of the more- or less-known parts,—a ratio which shows the great progress of our knowledge during the last few years. This region was said to be especially poor in Tree-frogs ; and the reason for this was an overstated po- verty of trees. The genus Hyla is here replaced by Hyperolius— as abundant in species as, or even proportionally more than Hyla: one species, Hyla aubryi, was believed to be a representative of true Hyla; but a closer examination has shown that even this species differs from it by having cylindrical diapophyses of the sacral verte- bra, forming a separate genus, Leptopelis. If we add the other Aithio- pian Batrachians living on trees, we find the number of the Platy- dactyla nearly one-half of that of the Orydactyla—quite in accord- ance with the observation made on the Snakes of this region. There are so very few species of Batrachians known from Madagascar, that we are not yet enabled to compare its fauna of Batrachians with that of the continent ; but, again, all are peculiar to this island. III. Indian Region. Characteristic forms.— Oxyglossus, Leptobrachium, Megalophrys, Ceratophryne, Asterophrys, Uperodon, Diplopelma, Kalophrynus, Ivalus, Rhacophorus, Micrhyla, Kaloula. Forms common with other regions.—Hylarana, Polypedates, Cornufer, Platymantis. The Indian region, in comparison with the Athopian, does not exhibit a greater abundance of Batrachians such as we found to be the case with Snakes. The number of ‘species is nearly the same. This is the more to be wondered at as the climate of the East Indies might be supposed to be most adequate to the life of Anura, and most productive of specific as well as of generic forms and of individuals. Moreover, the East Indies are comparatively well known; and the collection of the British Museum contains such a complete series of East Indian Batrachians, as considerably to increase the number of the species formerly known. But neverthe- less the fact appears to be, that this region is excessively productive of individuals (especially of certain species, as in Snakes), but that it is not in the same way rich in generic, and still less in specific forms. There is some resemblance in this respect to the Palzearctic region. We may state 60 as the number of species, which gives a single species to every 66,000 square miles. All the Batrachians belong to the Opisthoglossa, not the half of which are Platydactyla. The true Hyla are wanting, and, as in Africa, replaced by genera without dilated processes of the sacral ver- ial 393 tebra. Ceylon is comparatively rich in species ; but as in general the Batrachians are adapted for spreading over a much greater space than other reptiles are, we do not find such a peculiar fauna of them in this island. The following species are known to be found in Ceylon :— Rana kuhlii. *[valus variabilis. vittigera. * leucorhinus. —— tigrina. * pecilopleurus. hexadactyla. aurifasciatus. malabarica. Polyped. microtympanum. Bufo melanostictus. maculatus. bs kelaartii. _ eques. Kaloula pulchra. Only those species marked with an asterisk are peculiar, the others exhibiting not even remarkable varieties. IV. Australian Region. Characteristic forms.— Myobatrachus, Limnodynastes, Chiroleptes, Heleioporus, Uperoleia, Pseudophryne, Chelydobatrachus, Litoria, Pelodryas. Forms common with other regions.—Cystignathus, Hylarana, Cornufer, Platymantis. Of thirty species which are known to belong to this region, we have on the average a single species to each 100,000 square miles, and therefore only to each 33,000 square miles of the known part of Australia and its islands. Just the half of the species are Opistho- glossa platydactyla. Australia produces one Batrachian without a tongue ; and if there should be known such a Batrachian from the Indian region, all the dglossa would be equally distributed through the Tropical world, each put producing a peculiar type, viz. Africa the genus Dactylethra, uth America the genus Pipa, Australia that of Myobatrachus. Secondly, this region is distinguished by the total absence of true Ranide and Bufonide. Among other characteristic forms, Pelodryas especially deserves to be mentioned, representing the genus Phy/- lomedusa of the New World, but distinguished by a web between the toes. Hylarana extends in one variety of H. erythrea to the islands of the Pacific (S. Christoval); but the geographical distri- bution of this genus is far from being known. On Cystignathus, see the notice given in the sixth Region. Finally, Cornufer and Platymantis respectively are known by two species, one of which be- longs to islands of the Indian Archipelago, and the other to some of the Pacific. Thus the Bratrachio-fauna of this region, though offer- ing well-distinguished generic forms, does not exhibit characters so neral that a peculiarity of the whole could be expressed as we found it with Snakes. At present there is not one Batrachian known from New Zealand. 394 V. Nearetic Region. Characteristic forms.—Scaphiopus, Acris, Pseudacris, ‘Notophthal- mus, Taricha, Xiphonura, Ambystoma, Cylindrosoma, Desmogna- thus, Desmodactylus, Batrachoseps, Spelerpes, Gidipus, Ensatina, Axolotes, Protonopsis, Amphiuma, Menobranchus, Siren, Pseudo- branchus. Forms common with other regions. —Cystignathus, Engystoma. Schlegel, by trying to establish parallels between North and South America, was, I think, unfortunate in looking for respective repre- sentatives of both regions: parallels may be established between the Palearctic and Nearctie region which are far more true and inter- esting. If we allow 20 species of Anura and 50 of Urodela for this region, we have on an average one species to every 90,000 square miles, or about three species for the same area for which we found only one in the Paleearctic region. This greater abundance is due to a greater number of Anura as well as of Urodela; but if the Nearctic region has three times as many Anura as the Pale- arctic in proportion to its area, it yet produces four times as many Urodela. By repeated examinations of a great number of specimens I have convinced myself that the North American frog, called Rana sylva- tica, does not form a distinct species from the Rana temporaria of the Old World. Itis true that there may be found more differences than _ those of colour only, by examining a few specimens (for instance, in the size of tympanum) ; but if we look to a greater number of specimens, and compare them especially with those from the eastern parts of Asia, even those differences will he found to be levelled. Among those species which are the most common we always find the greatest variations in form and colour. Among the European specimens themselves were found greater differences than those be- tween European and American ones; and naturalists were induced to establish several species even for the European forms. The ex- tremes of the variety Rana oxyrhina might be taken at the first glance for Rana esculenta; but on comparing them with other spe- cimens of the same locality, we soon come to the point where it is impossible to decide to what form the specimen belongs. Like- wise any naturalist, before whom might be placed one of the above- mentioned specimens from Eastern Asia, would be at a loss to de- termine whether it were from the Old World or from the New. But are we at liberty to separate species or genera only according to the soil where the beings are born, without finding sufficient external or better anatomical characters? As the paleeontologist endeavours to show what organic forms reappear in a stratum above or below an- other, and where a new creation begins, so the zoologist must do in the horizontal distribution of animals on the earth’s surface. Our Rana esculenta is represented by Rana halecina: specimens of the former exhibit sometimes quite the same coloration as that con- stantly found in R. halecina ; but they invariably differ in the strue- “es a at er 395 ture of the vocal organs. Bufo vulgaris of the Old World is repre- sented in North America by B. lentiginosus, in South America by B. chilensis—all sufficiently distinguished by the structure of the skull. Hyla arborea has its representative in JT. euphorbiacea from the table-land of Central America. Thus we find one of our most common Anura to be the same in the New World, and three others represented by closely allied species. Our fifth’ common species, Bombinator igneus, is amore local species, and has no representative in North America. No species of the Urodela is common to both regions, not even a genus; but in both we have not only such genera as are assigned by their structure either to living in water or on land, but also those intermediate forms which cannot be justly brought to one or the other category. Among the Urodela with free gills or gill-openings, Steboldia exhibits at least such similarities with Menopoma, and Proteus such with Menobranchus, that they may be well considered as representing one another in the two re- ions. Thus we find the Nearctic and Palzarctie regions nearer allied in respect to Batrachio-fauna than they are to any other. Cystignathus and Engystoma severally exhibit one species in the southern parts of North America, those genera belonging, in fact, to the Tropics. VI. Neotropic Region. Characteristic forms.—Pipa, Pseudis, Calyptocephalus, Cyclo- rhamphus, Pithecopsis, Limnocharis, Hylorhina, Pyxicephalus, Ceratophrys, Leiuperus, Pleurodema, Alsodes, Phryniscus, Brachy- cephalus, Rhinoderma, Atelopus, Engystoma, Otilophus, Elosia, Crossodactylus, Phyllobates, Hylodes, Nototrema, Opisthodelphys, Trachycephalus, Phyllomedusa, Hylaplesia, Rhinophrynus. Form common with other regions.—Cystignathus. There is on the northern boundary of this region the Batrachio- fauna mixed with Arctic forms, which is also the case in other parts of the animal kingdom, without taking into account those animals which, living on mountains, find by this vertical elevation the con- dition of a more northern climate. The absence of the genus Rana may be pointed out as a character of this region ; one species, how- ever, which I think I have recognized as R. Lecontii of Girard, reaches, together with Hy/a versicolor, into the South of Mexico, and is found in localities with Bufo granulosus, Hylaplesia, and Rhino- phrynus. Bufo chilensis ranges along the western coasts to Califor- nia. But putting aside these examples, we meet, on entering Mexico, that Batrachio-fauna, by the abundance and peculiarity of which this region is widely distinguished beyond all the others. There we meet the greatest number of species of Bufo and Hy/a, and those peculiar tree-frogs with a pouch on the back for their progeny ; and there also we meet the single representative of the Proteroglossa. This region is the most productive in Batrachians, as we find the East Indies to be in Snakes. At least 110 species are known, giving one species for every 50,000 square miles, rather more than one- half of them belonging to the Platydaety/a. South America pro- 396 duces one peculiar form of the Batrachians without tongue, Pipa— the more characteristic of this region, as it is, moreover, provided with pouches on the back, which are never met with in animals of any other part of the earth. If such a Batrachian were found in Au- stralia (as I think will be realized), a strange point of analogy with the distribution of the Marsupial Mammals would be afforded. We find in several families genera which are distinguished by pe- culiar development in the structure of certain bones of the skeleton, especially of the bones of the skull: Calyptocephalus, Ceratophrys, Cystignathus, Brachycephalus, Otilophus, Opisthodelphys, Trachy- cephalus. Numerous are those forms of Oxydactyla as well as of Platydactyla which have no web between the toes, and which are in general peculiar to tropical regions. Two-thirds of the genus of Ayla are found in Tropical America. The genus Cystignathus, which I have mentioned as common to several regions, has most of its species in South America. Tschudi has separated a part of it by the name of Pleurodema, containing only South American species ; I have done the same, uniting moreover a part of the Australian species under the name of Limnodynastes, whilst the other part, I find, has received a third generic name. But there remain still for Cystignathus South American and A&thio- pian species ; and these in fact, together with the separated species, form a very natural group—of genus or family—which is spread over the Tropics, but not met with in the East Indies. If, on re- view, we ask to which of the other Tropical regions the Batrachio- fauna of South America is the most closely allied, we find that re- gion to be Australia. Both regions agree in producing severally one Batrachian without tongue, and in producing Cystignathide, Hy- lide, and Hylina with paratoids, which forms are all wanting in the East Indies ; they also agree in the absence of the large genus Rana and of the Polypedatide*. On the other hand, there is hardly one point of view in which we could find a relation between the Au- stralian and East Indian regions; and thus the fact appears to be established, that Australia offers far more similarity in the Batra- chio-fauna with S. America than it does with the East Indies, on the western coasts as well as on the eastern, and also that the real in- tensity of species corresponds more with that in South America. The West Indies exhibit a Batrachio-fauna the character of which quite agrees with that of S. America: there is, however, a greater separation of the species, a few only being identical with those of the continent ; and the genus Hylodes may be considered nearly as pecu- liar to these islands. I now give a Schema similar to that for the Ophidians. * There is in each region a single species; in South America Elosia, in New Guinea Cornufer unicolor. 397 000001 _ 000‘99 _ 000'002 _ | 00°08 _ | I I I I | ‘satoads o¢ ‘satoads 09 ‘soroads 99 ‘saroods OTT ‘sau aenbs 900'000‘E ‘soyim aenbs 000‘000'F ‘sapiut orenbs 000‘000'ZI ‘sayra aaenbs goo'n0s's ‘eUUTeIysny OLsey “eorpuy o1sey “eordoryyoy OLsey ‘vordorjooN o1sey ‘Al “III ‘Il ‘TA | | 000‘008 _ 000°06 _ / I I | ‘satoads cp ‘soioads Qf | ‘sajtut erenbs 000'000'FT ‘sayta aiunbs 900‘00S'9 | ‘eooIBeleg OLsey ‘eoToIveN OLseyy a0 ‘A 000%C9T | ‘saroads 002 000021 _ ‘saroads oge 000'99 _ ‘soroods ORT 1 _L ‘saytut arenbs goo‘ooo‘ss = =—s I ‘saya arenbs Qog‘O00'Sr = T ‘saqrut azenbs 900'000'Z1 “VNVEDOW Vd OLLVAYO WOAUVAUAL SIXHO “VNVA9OEN OLLVAYO ‘WOIHAIVUVOTY SINOILAAIULSIG WAUYOLHOVULVEA VWAHOS 398 If we, finally, try to refer the number of species to the area of each region according as it is more or less known, the regions, ac- cording to their respective richness of forms, will stand thus :— 1. Australian region 1 : 33,000. 2. Neotropical region = 1 : 50,000. 3. Indian region = 1: 66,000. 4. Athiopian region = 1 : 70,000. 5. Nearctic region = 1: 90,000. 6. Paleearctic region = 1 : 250,000. 2. Descriptions oF MoNoHAMMUS BowrinGi, Batrocera Una, AND OTHER LONGICORN COLEOPTERA, APPARENTLY AS YET UNRECORDED. By ApAam Waite, Assistant, Zoou. Dr- PART. Brit. Mus. (Annulosa, Pl. LIII.) One of the most interesting Beetles found by John Bowring, Esq. in Hong-Kong is the very pretty species described below. Although Mr. Bowring has been for nearly fifteen years in that Chinese Island, and, as far as the management of immense commercial affairs would allow him, has been an active collector, he has only twice seen this curious Longicorn. It is somewhat allied to a small North Chinese species (Monohammus luridus) described by Mr. Pascoe; and to a North Indian species (Monohammus melanosticticus, White), in which there are five transverse bars of small black spots; and to one figured in ‘ Linn. Trans.’ vol. xviii. t. 40. f. 7. Insecti hujus nomen specificum est in honorem Domini Johannis Bowring, amici descriptoris, in Sinica insula Hong-Kong degentis. Valde amat Coleoptera. Collectio sua magnifica fere nationalis est. MonoHaMMUS BOwRINGII, n.s. (Pl. LIII. fig. 1.) M. breviusculus brevipilosus, pilis caput, thoracem, elytra cor- pusque subtus tegentibus pallide viridibus, suberuginosis ; oculis nigerrimis ; thorace supra nigro trimaculato ; elytris maculis plurimis nigerrimis depilatis subquadratis in quatuor series transversas ordinatis, bast, inter humerum nigrum et scutellum gibbere subverrucato nigro ; antennis nigris, articulis basi pilis brevibus ceruleis annulatis, corpore subtus immaculato, pe- dibus viridibus, tarsis tibusque pilis ceruleis indutis. Long. lin. 7-83. Hab. Wong-Kong. Mononammus cHampionti,n.s. (Pl. LILI. fig. 2.) ‘ M. subelongatulus miniaceo-sanguineus brevipilosus ; thoracis spina macula laterali strigaque media longitudinal nigerrimis ; elytris singulis maculis 9-14 nigris pilosis disperse maculatis, corpore subtus nigro in lateribus singulis miniaceo plagatis ; antennis nigris, articulo primo (apice nigro excepto) miniaceo . Oo 4 Doe | Q ~ A 7 0 - ¢ c e I > cE « 4 ae 4 a Ss 5 oc a ao — a nae kre th a i eee TI ‘ > 399 piloso, articulis ceteris basi subpubescentibus, pedibus ngris, Semoribus pedum \-2 subtus miniaceis pilosis. Long. lin. 103-11. Hab. In China boreali (Shanghai). Somewhat allied at first sight to Monohammus ruber, Wope, from Silhet, described and figured in the ‘Linnean Transactions,’ and now common in collections. The present soldier-costumed species I have named after Colonel Champion, who was mortally wounded at Inkerman, and died after- wards at Scutari. The Gazette, that reached the Crimea after his death, carried out the news of his promotion to Lieut.-Colonel, for distinguished services in the field. Colonel Champion is known to many a naturalist as one of the most amiable of men, and as an excellent botanist and entomologist. His memoir on the Flora of Hong-Kong, in the ‘ Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald,’ his paper on Chinese Plants, in the ‘Linnean Transactions,’ and his papers in the ‘ Entomological Magazine,’ under the name of “ loni- cus,’ describing the habits of Insects noticed by him in Corfu, are all much appreciated. I remember well his sober, but ever-constant quiet enthusiasm, and his liberal donations of insects to the Mu- seum Collection. We looked forward to our Turkish, Greek, and S. Russian collections being greatly added to. But his allotted time on this earth had come; and Major Champion fell on the field of Inkerman, at the head of his regiment. Professor Lindley has pub- lished a brief memoir of him, which I ounce saw for a few minutes, and which gave some pleasing descriptions of his decision of cha- racter and of his amiability. My excellent friend Mr. Murray pub- lished a striking sketch of him in the ‘ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal’ for 1855, pp. 302-307. Colonel Champion studied wild plants and insects in Corfu, Ceylon, and Hong-Kong, and was a modest, retiring man, with keen powers of observation. It would be well if other officers would follow his example in this respect. Barocera una. (PI. LIII. fig. 6.) B. pilis perbrevibus albidis submargaritaceis dense tecta, antennis pedibusque obscurioribus ; elytris costulis duobus longitudina- libus ante apicem coadunatis et desinentibus, parte basali ely- trorum verrucis parvis dispersis, in lateribus crebrioribus. Long. une. 23-3. Hab. New Webrides (where it was collected by John Maegillivray, Esq., the able naturalist who was out with H.M.SS. Fly, Rattle- snake and Herald). Closely allied to Batocera Hercules, figured by Boisduval in ‘ Voy. Astrolabe.’ The joints of the antenne have a tendency only to that seabrosity and spininess which gives the name of Batocera Rubus, or the “ Bramble-branch Long-horned Beetle”’ to one of the species. The specific name is from the heroine of Spenser's ‘ Faéry Queene,’ the “ woful,”’ gentle, white-clad Una. 400 ACMOCERA FERRUGINOSA, n.s. (Pl. LIII. fig. 8.) A. ochraceo-grisea ferrugine tincta; fronte nigra; antennarum articulo basalt nigro, crasse punctato ; thoracis lateribus sin- gulis bituberculatis, dorso tuberculis duobus distantibus; elytris singulis bast medio carina abbreviata supra tuberculata; hu- meris scabriusculis ; elytris apice emarginatis, dorso lineatim subtuberculato. Densely covered with small hairs; an ochrey grey, tinged here and there, especially on the elytra, with rust-like markings and stains ; the front of the head is black; the basal joint of the antenne is black and rather roughly punctured ; the fourth joint of the antennze is longer than the third ; all the joints except the first are of an ochre- ous grey at the base, and tinged with ferruginous at the tip; the thorax is palest on the middle, the back of it has two tubercles which are somewhat distant from each other; the sides have two tubercles close to each other, the posterior the larger; on the back are two longitudinal rusty lines: the sides of the scutellum are tinged with rusty ; the elytra are each emarginated at the end, the surface has many small tubercles arranged in lines ; the tubercles are larger on the shoulders, and before it and between the shoulder and the suture is an abbreviated considerably raised keel, which is tubercled on the upper edge ; the legs and under side are ochrey-grey dotted with brown; the sides of each segment of abdomen beneath with a large rusty spot ; the tibize tinged with rusty behind. Length 94 lines. Hab. Port Natal (Coll. Gueinzius). In Coll. Brit. Mus. ACMOCERA TRIANGULARIS, N. 8. A. canescens; thoracis lateribus migris; elytris singulis bast medio tuberculo elongato cristato; elytris lateribus macula me- diana nigra triangulari postice albo-cincta et post mediam par- tem fascia curtula nigra ad suturam; antennis cinereis nigro- annulatis. Hoary, a black band between the eyes with two white spots, side of head behind the eyes black ; thorax above with three small tuber- cles, two in front and one in the middle; each side with a largish blunt tubercle, the sides black ; elytra in the middle at the base with a longish tubercle, which is crested above ; down the middle is a ridge ; the side about the middle has a large triangular black mark, margined behind with white ; behind the middle across the suture is a short black band, only separated from the side spot by a narrow white line ; near the tip are two small black marks connected by the — margin ; under side grey, sides spotted with black ; tarsi with the two basal joints above cinereous; the other joints black, Length 5+ lines. Hab. Port Natal (Coll. Gueinzius). In Coll. Brit. Mus. Be po DP +h red ’ he 401 APLOCNEMIA BISPECULARIS, N. 8. A. obscure fusca ; thorace maculis duabus nigris rotundatis cinereo cinctis ; elytris punctis paucis pallidis. Of a dull brown; the thorax with two black rounded marks mar- gined with cinereous; elytra punctured, and with a few palish dots arranged in two indistinct transverse bands, and a white dot before ; legs spotted with brownish. Length 64 lines. Hab. E. Indies. Coll. Brit. Mus. In the general form allied to dA. nubdila rather than to A. curculio- noides. CACIA GRISELLA, 0. s. C. cinereo-fusca punctata, sutura et margine elytrorum punctu- latis, fascia grisea undata mediana antice et postice fusco mar- ginata. Of an ashy-brown, thickly punctured, the suture and margin of the elytra punctulated with brown ; across the middle of the elytra there is a greyish waved band, in front and behind margined with brown. Head, in front and on the crown down the middle with an impressed line ; legs and antennze brownish, base of the joiuts of the latter greyish, the former with short greyish hairs. Length 42 lines. Hab. Hong-Kong (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Coll. Brit. Mus. CACIA ANTENNATA, D0. 8. C. griseo-fusca, elytris fascia nigro-fusca ante et altera cinerea post mediam partem ; antennis fuscis, articulis tertio, quarto, sexto, octavo et duobus ultimis basi cinereis ; pedibus griseis Susco maculatis abdominis segmentis pilis ochraceis ciliatis. Greyish-brown, the elytra before the middle with a deep brown transverse band somewhat contracted at the suture, behind it a greyish band margined behind with deep brown, and punctulated in the middle with brown; abdomen with the posterior segments ciliated with ochreous hairs ; legs greyish spotted, especially on the femora, with brown ; antennze brown, the basal joint slightly thickened at + the end, and on the outside somewhat ridged, the third, fourth, sixth, . 2 i: eighth, and two last joints cinereous at the base. Length 7 lines. Hab. Java. Coll. Brit. Mus. CACIA LATIFASCIATA, 0. 8S. C. nigra, capite thoraceque supra ochraceo lineatis ; elytris Sascia mediana lata ochraceo-fusca cinereo-variegata ; basi et apice ochraceo-punctulatis ; abdomine subtus medio nigro; pedibus nigris, libiis medio ochraceo annulatis. Brownish-black ; head in front ochraceous, dotted with black, an 4 impressed line down the front and over the crown ; top of head black, i No. CCCLXXII.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoGicaL Sociery. 402 with three ochreous lines ; thorax black, with five longitudinal ochreous lines, the two on each side of the central one interrupted with black; scutellum black, with an ochreous spot at the base and another at the tip; elytra somewhat roughly and distantly punc- tured, the base and apex black, spotted and marked with ochraceous ; the centre with a wide ochreous-brown band varied with greyish, in front and behind undulated and margined with black ; under side black, spotted and varied with ochraceous ; hinder side of abdomen black in the middle; tibize with a widish ochreous ring round the middle; antenne, three first joints black varied with ochreous, ciliated behind (the others are broken off ). Length 7-9 lines. Hab. N. China (Shanghai) (Coll. Fortune). Coll. Brit. Mus. PHYMASTERNA LEUCOSsTICTICA, n. Ss. (PI. LIII. fig. 3.) P. nigra ; elytris maculis plurimis parvis albis, singulis subqua- - dricostatis mesothoracis lateribus pilis albidis confertis tectis ; abdominis segmentis lateribus cinereo marginatis. Black, head with scattered cinereous hairs ; thorax very smooth above, sides below the recurved lateral spines varied with two or three spots of greyish hairs; elytra at the base rounded and some- what produced behind ; surface of each punctured and obscurely four-ribbed ; the punctures behind the shoulders, running together, cause the surface there to be somewhat rugose; black, with many small white marks formed of hairs; sides of thorax beneath covered with white adpressed hairs ; margins of abdominal segments behind edged with cinereous hairs ; legs with scattered cinereous hairs. Length 43 lines. Hab. Sierra Leone (Rev. D. F. Morgan). Coll. Brit. Mus. PHYMASTERNA SENILIS, Nn. 8. P. nigra, pubes delicatula cinerea tecta; thorace levi, elytris punctatis, humeris et basi profundis ; basi medio sinuato. Black, covered with a slight cinereous pubescence ; cheeks ochra- ceous; thorax very smooth; elytra punctured, more deeply at the base, but more especially on the shoulders ; the base in the middle sinuated ; abdomen down the middle black, the sides cinereous. Length 8 lines. Hab. Sierra Leone (Rev. D. F. Morgan). Coll. Brit. Mus. DIASTOCERA CATHERINA,n.S. (PI, LIII. fig. 4.) D. elongata, angusta, cinerascenti-nigra; thoracis marginibus anticis posticisque purpureo-rufis ; elytris albido delicatulo punctulatis singulis fasciis 7-8 purpureo-rufis angustis inter- ruptis ornatis ; femoribus et tibtis purpureo-rufo vittatis; ab- domine subtus purpureo-rufo transversim quadrifasciato. Elongated, narrow, greyish-black ; head in front and margin of eyes varied with purplish red ; antennz black, sprinkled with greyish hairs; thorax in front wider than behind; the fore and hind edges . = 403 margined with purplish-red, the rest black, rather thickly varied with short grey hairs; the lateral margins with two slight plaits ; elytra elongated, narrow, greyish-black, thickly iF the pune- tures filled with small grey hairs, which give the elytra the appear- ance of being thickly dotted with whitish ; across them are from seven to eight interrupted narrow purplish-red or pinkish bands, the apex margined with pinkish-red; the mesothorax with a large red- dish patch coming down on each side ; abdomen beneath with four transverse pinkish bands, one on each posterior margin of the seg- ment; femora above with a longitudinal pinkish vitta and a smaller one beneath ; tibize with a longish patch of pink. Length 15 lines. Hab. 8. Africa. Coll. Brit. Mus. Dedicated to Miss Catherine Spooner, of Kentish Town, the ele- gant and amiable artist who drew the Plate on which this insect is figured. CERATITES PIPERITA, 0. 8. C. nigra, albido creberrime punctulata ; thorace transversim sul- catulo: elytris rude punctatis, basi intus haud elevatis. Purplish-black, the elytra very thickly punctulated with white ; thorax with many transverse furrowed lines, having corresponding ridges ; elytra rather roughly punctured, the base not ridged as in C. jaspidea, nor having like it the portion at the base of the suture somewhat elevated; under side with many small tufts of greyish hairs, the posterior margin of abdominal segments rather thickly ciliated ; legs rather thickly covered with short cinereous hairs. Length 104 lines. Hab. 8. Africa (Sir Andrew Smith). Coll. Brit. Mus. CEROSTERNA JAVANA, N.S. C. ferrugineo-fusca ; humeris excavato-punctatis, punctis postice subtuberculatis. Allied to C. gladiator, but of a brown approaching to ferruginous, the apex of the joints of the antenne darker; middle portion of thorax between the spines somewhat wrinkled ; elytra with the shoulder and space about it covered with deep excavated punctures, most of them somewhat tuberculated behind; elytra in some parts varied with paler patches. Length 13 lines. Hab. Java. Coll. Brit. Mus. CxeROSTERNA PLAGIATA, 0D. 8. C. cervino-fusca sericea, antennarum articulis, a tertio, apice nigro-fuscis, cervice nigro-punctata ; thorace supra pallido tri- vittato ; scutello lateribus pallidis ; elytris singulis basi sub- tuberculatis, plaga magna laterali subquadrata pallida, macu- lisque variis parvis pallidis, una post mediam, majore. Silky fawn-coloured brown ; the back part of head with two or 404 four brown spots, sometimes obsolete ; antennee with the joints from the third to the end tipped with brown; thorax above with three pale vittee, the sides of which are jagged ; on each side of the cen- tral one, before the middle, there is a small round dot; the lateral spine is sometimes surrounded by the side vitta; the scutellum has the side margins pale ; the elytra are somewhat tuberculated at the base ; there is a large pale squarish patch on the side of each elytron ‘before the middle, and several small scattered spots besides ; there is a largish pale spot behind the middle, and two others between it and the tip, but these spots vary in the specimen, and sometimes run into each other; under side rather paler than the upper : each seg- ment of the abdomen has a small brown spot on the side. Length 9-13 lines. Hab. KE. Indies (Walter Elliott, Hsq.). Coll. Brit. Mus. CEROSTERNA TESSELLATA, N.S. C. ochracea, sericea, antennarum articulo basali nigro; thorace supra vittis duabus nigris distantibus strigaque nigra laterali, elytris nigro maculisque ochraceis variegatis, scutello et spatio triangulari ad basim communi suture ochraceo, elytris singulis maculis tribus magnis subrotundis ochraceis ; pedibus corpo- reque subtus ochraceis. Ochreous yellow, sometimes of a lighter, sometimes of a darker hue; head yellow, with a black mark behind the eye, connected with a waved streak to the side of it; thorax above with two distant lon- gitudinal vittee, widest in the middle; each side with a narrow black streak running through the spines; scutellum and a triangular space behind it at the base of the suture yellow; each of the elytra varied with black and with small yellow spots, the tip yellow; there are three largish somewhat round yellow spots, one placed before the middle of each elytron, the second behind the middle, and the third before the tip and received into a notch of the yellow space; legs and under side yellow, femora slightly tipped with black; antennee with the basal joint black, the other joints yellowish ferruginous ; most of the joints tipped with dark brown. Length from 73 to 93 lines. _ Hab. K. Indies. Coll. Brit. Mus. CEROSTERNA IMITATOR, N.S. C. nigra, antennarum articulis apice basique cinereo annulatis ; thoracis dorso supra maculis quatuor subochraceis ; elytris singulis basi levibus, maculis paucis depressis pilis subochraceis teclis ; corpore lateribus subtus plagis magnis subochraceis ornato ; pedibus pube carulescenti tectis. A species allied to C. farinosa, but may at once be distinguished from it by the following characters :—the front of the head is slightly marked with white, a short white band on each side close to the eye ; the lower part of the cheek has a patch of short ochrey-coloured hairs ; the joints of the antennee, beginning with the third, are nar- - 405 rowly ringed with ash-coloured hairs at the base and at the apex ; the thorax above has four slight ochraceous marks, two in front and two behind ; each of the elytra at the base is smooth, or with only one or two instead of many as in the C. punctator; the surface has a few depressed spots larger than in the other, and covered with ochraceous hairs; the under side of the thorax and the abdomen with large spots of ochraceous hairs; legs slightly bluish from a delicate pubescence with which they are covered. ~ Length 16 lines. Hab, N. China (Shanghai) (Coll. Fortune), Coli. Brit. Mus. AnopLostHara JARDINE!, n.s. (PI. LIII. fig. 5.) A. pilis fulvis densissime induta, thoracis dorso plagis duabus magnis cretaceo-albis, plagis singulis marginibus nigris et ex- terne (quoad situm) rectis, interne rotundatis ; elytris singulis plagis tribus cretaceo-albis, basali subcordata lobo interno cordis elongato ad basin; plaga mediana subtriangulari, plaga apicali subelongato-trianguiari ; thoracis abdominisque lateri- bus cretaceo distincte plagiatis. Long. une. 1, lin. 1. Hab. Africa mer. Coll. Plant. in Mus. Brit. Coleopteron hoc pulchrum, Domini Gulielmi Jardine, Baronetti, de prisca gente Seo- tica, nomen fert. This fine, very distinctly marked, species of the genus was sent to the Museum by the late Mr. Plant. I saw a specimen forwarded to Dr. Baird by Sir William Jardine, Bart., the distinguished Scot- ‘tish naturalist ; I have named it in compliment to one who has la- boured so long, so assiduously, and so successfully, in making his fayourite subject popular. His edition of White’s ‘Selborne,’ in *Constable’s Miscellany,’ made many a one who read, about 1830, fam‘liar with that delightful observer. His ‘ Naturalist’s Library,’ and his more scientific Ornithological, Ichthyological, and Palonto- graphical works are all highly appreciated. Of late years the Ba- ronet of Applegirth (of that ancient family, the Jardines) has attended much to Entomology. This species has no inconsiderable resemblance to Cerosterna mar- garitifera, Melly, an Indian species figured by Westwood. MonNoHAMMUS ARMATUS, 0. 8. M. nigro-fuscus, elytris singulis spinis 8 magnis suberectis, dor- salibus antennis subferrugineis. Of a deep blackish-brown, the elytra varied with many small dull ochrey spots formed of short hairs ; head slightly punctured in front at the base of the antennz; antenne with the basal joint above slightly striated across, deep brown, the third and following joints ferruginous, the tips dark brown ; thorax above somewhat rough with three small tubercles, two transverse placed before the other ; seutellum covered with ochreous hairs ; elytra with two or three small spines about the shoulders, and with eight large strong outstanding 406 spines, arranged in four oblique lines, the first solitary, the second (with two spines) before the middle, the third (with three spies) be- hind the middle, the fourth (with two spines) a little behind the third line ; legs deep brown, tibize rather paler. Length 9 lines. Hab. Silhet. Coll. Brit. Mus. MoNOHAMMUS LARVATUS, 0. 8. M. ater, capite lineis quatuor albis, in genis brevibus, in lateribus Jrontis, elongatis, macula triangulart inter oculos et post basin antennarum, antennis articulis 5-8 albis, quarto basi albo, apice nigro, elytris punctatis ; maculis plurimis albis, humero intus excavato et postice directo ; pedibus et abdomine subtus pilis cinereis vestitis. Black ; the head in front with two white lines widely separated from each other, each cheek has a shorter white band; behind the notch which separates the antennz there is a triangular patch of white hairs divided down the middle by a slight raised line; an- tennee have the first and second joints and the third at the base of a reddish brown, the tip of the third joint is black, the base of the fourth joint is white, the greater part of the joint being black; the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth joints are white, the terminal joints are brown ; the thorax is in front shortly ciliated with white, the back is co- vered with very small tubercles, the hind margin, except in the middle, is narrowly margined with white ; the sides of the scutellum are margined with white hairs; the elytra have the shoulders fur- nished with an abrupt knob, which extends backward and is hollowed out on the inside ; elytra punctured, at the base slightly tubereu- lated ; covered with short inconspicuous black hairs, and varied with a great many small white spots formed by patches of short hairs ; under side of body and legs with short greyish adpressed hairs; the second, third, and fourth segment of the abdomen narrowed. The sternum projects between the middle pair of legs. Length 103 lines. Had. India (Coll. Children). Coll. Brit. Mus. MoNOHAMMUS STEPHANUS, 0. 8. M. nigro-fuscus, capite punctato, vertice linea transversa sex punctorum luteorum ; thorace supra vittulis quatuor longitu- dinalibus luteis, medianis abbreviatis ; elytris singulis linea obliqua alba, antice incrassata, apice subochraceo et linea plagam magnam triangularem velutinam fuscam fere eingente. This species is allied to M. crucifer, but differs from it somewhat in form, the thorax and elytra being rather narrower ; it is of a deep brown, the head and first jomt of the antennze are punctured ; on the back part of the head is a transverse line formed of six small yellowish spots, behind which is a black line indented in front ; thorax above roughish, with points and with a few transverse wrinkles in the middle, with four obscure longitudinal yellowish lines, one over = 407 each spine, and two abbreviated in the middle ; seutellum with deep yellow hairs; elytra at the base scabrous, with small tubercles and with a few patches of deep yellow hairs ; on each elytron is a large triangular deep velvety brown mark, the fore-edge with a transverse white line, thickened at the end next to the margin, behind edged with pale, and the space between the spot and the tip somewhat ochraceous, varied with brownish ; legs and under side brown, with distant scattered greyish hairs. Length 11 lines. Hab. E. Indies. Coll. Brit. Mus. Mono#wAMMUS MELANOSTICTICUS, N. §8. M. pallido cinereo-viridis ; articulis antennarum apice fuscis ; elytris singulis lineis sex transversis macularum nigrarum. Thickly covered with pale ashy-green pubescence, the antenna at the apex brownish ; a black spot on the cheek to the side of the eye; the thorax with three black spots placed transverstly ; elytra rounded at the apex, each with six transverse rows of small squarish black spots, the base somewhat tubercled and punctured. Under side and legs covered with pale ashy-green pubescence ; the meso- thorax with a blackish spot on each side. Length 7} to 8} lines. Hab, N. India. Coll. Brit. Mus. MoNnoHAMMUS GEORGIUS, 0. 8. M., cinereo-fuscus, sericeus ; capite inter antennas fisso, antennis subochraceis, articulis apice fuscis ; thorace lineis quatuor ob- scuris longitudinalibus ochraceis, sulcis duobus transversis ; scutello ochraceo in medio linea levi; elytris apice rotundatis, basi tuberculatis, singulis costis quatuor obsciris, spatiis inter costas punctatis, et variegatis nigro et ochraceo ; fascia trans- versa quatuor guttarum ochracearum ante apicem; apice ochraceo maculato et sublineato, abdomine subtus, latere sin- gulo, lineis duabus macularum. Of an ashy-brown, the elytra with a silky pile; head between the antennz cleft; behind the cleft two ochreous bands; antenne ochreous, the joints at the tip brown; thorax black, varied with ochreous and with four rather obscure ochreous bands, two in the middle and one on each side over the spine, with two transverse shallow grooves; scutellum ochreous, with a smooth line down the middle; elytra at the base tuberculated, each with four indistinct coste, the space between punctured and varied with small ochreous spots and a few velvet-like black spots; between the middle and the tip there is an arcuated transverse line formed of three or four longish ochreous spots; the front of each has a velvet-like black spot; near the tip, where the costs: converge and are lineated with ochreous, there is a hooked range of small ochreous spots often con- 408 verging ; the under part of abdomen with two lines of ochreous spots on each side. Length 9 to 132 lines. Hab. Silhet. MoNOHAMMUS FREDERICUS, Ui. 8. M. nigro-fuscus, fronte ochraceo-maculato, vertice ochraceo bili- neato ; thorace subangustato supra transversim aciculato, lineis quatuor ochraceis interruptis ; elytris apice rotundato singulis bast subtuberculatis, tuberculis in lineis tribus indistincte ordi- natis ; lineis tribus valde interruptis macularum flavarum et nigrarum femoribus ad apicem annulo ochraceo ; corpore sub- tus nigro, flavo maculato. Allied to M. Georgius, but may be distinguished by the thorax being narrower and delicately aciculated across; the front is spotted with ochreeus, and on the cheek is a short yellow band ; on the crown of the head and between the notch are two slender yellow lines; the elytra are, at the base, tubercles, the tubercles close to each other and somewhat arranged in three lines; on each elytron are three lines of distant velvet-black spots with occasional yellow marks, which, behind the middle, are blotched together ; the antenne, elytra, and legs are darker ; the femora have a ring of yellowish hairs just before the tip, and the under side of the body is black and marked with yellow spots, arranged on the abdomen in four lines. ~ Length 10+ lines. Hab. Assam. Coll. Brit. Mus. MoNOHAMMUS TESSERULA, 0. S. M. ferrugineo-fuscus, capite, antennarum articulo basali pilis ochraceis variegatis ; thorace supra medio vittis duabus dis- tinctis fulvo-ochraceis ; elytris apice rotundatis lineis sex fer- ruginers punctatis alternatim ordinatis cum lineis quinque albis, maculis nigris tessellatis, corpore subtus subochraceo nigro ver- miculato. Ferruginous-brown, elytra tessellated with white and black and fer- ruginous ; head and first joint of antenne varied with ochrey hairs, the other joints at the base ashy-brown, at the tips dark brown; thorax above somewhat rugose, with two wide and distinct tawny- yellow bands down the middle; elytra at the base somewhat tuber- cular; the surface of each with six ferruginous lines punctured with black, and alternating with five greyish-white lines, which are tessel- lated with black ; body beneath somewhat ochraceous and slightly vermiculated with black. Length 7 lines to 112 lines. Hab. China (Hong-Kong) (J. C. Bowring, Esq. and Major Cham- pion). Coll. Brit. Mus. 409 MoNOHAMMUS OFFICINATOR. M. ferrugineo-fuscus, pilis densis vestitus, thorace medio nudo et transversim striato, elytris apice rotundatis basi subtubercu- lato, singulis maculis duabus pallide flavis, una ante, alia post mediam partem elytri, elytris punctis parvis flavis et ochraceis ; elytris post scutellum paullo depressis. M. officinator, De}. MSS. Coll. Chevr. Ferruginous-brown, clothed with a dense pile; thorax in the middle with a slight bare space, transversely striated ; elytra at the base covered with many small tubercles, behind the scutellum and on the suture slightly depressed, with many small scattered yellow and ochreous spots ; each elytron has besides two larger pale yellow spots, differing in size in different specimens, surrounded with a darker colour, the first somewhat oblique and before the middle, the second behind the middle ; underside and legs uniform ferruginous-brown. Length 11 to 12 lines. Hab. Assam. MoNOHAMMUS BRIANUS, Ii. Ss. M. niger, thorace supra vittis tribus albis, una mediana ; scutello albo ; elytris singulis apice truncatis, maculis 8 marginalibus et suturalibus, plagisque quatuor albis in medio elytri, tertio biangulato ; lateribus corporis subtus albo plagiatis, segmentis abdominis postice albo ciliatis. Black ; thorax above with three white vitte, one in the middle, one on each side above the spine, the side below the spine with a widish white band ; scutellum white ; each of the elytra truncated at the tip, the margin with four white spots, the suture with three, and one before the tip; down the middle are four largish white patches, one at the base, the third shaped like a Z; under side of thorax and body with a long white band. (Head wanting in the specimen.) Length of thorax and elytra 9 lines. Hab. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson, Esq.). Coll. Brit. Mus. MonoHAMMUS NIVOSUS, nN. 8s. M. ferrugineo-fuscus, sericeo-velutinus, fronte et antennis ca- nescentibus ; thorace subtuberculato ; scutelli lateribus nigro- Suscis, apice truncato ; elytris sericeo-canis basi, et lateribus Serrugineo-fuscis, apice fusco, vitta laterali intus bisinuata ; corpore subtus et pedibus ferrugineo-fuscis, sericeis ; elytris singulis apice rotundatis. Of a ferruginous-brown, with punctured, almost foveolated, elytra; front of head pale, whitest on the margins; antennme pale; thorax somewhat tuberculated, punctured ; scutellum short, truncated, sides very dark brown ; elytra of a satiny grey at the base, a slight patch at the tip, and a’ widish band on the side (which is bisinuated on the nner margin), ferruginous brown, and the apex of each elytron 410 rounded ; under sides and legs ferruginous-brown silky, the knees greyish. Length 9 to 10 lines. Hab. Ceylon (F. Layard, Esq.), India? Coll. Brit. Mus. MonoHuAamMMus SUBCRUCIATUS, Ni. S. M. pallide fuscus, elytris griseo subcruciatis et punctatis ; tho- race supra subtuberculato et punctulato, spina laterali subcur- vata ; thorace medio postice pallide lineato, scutello pallido; elytris apice intus obliquis. Near M. obfuscatus, the head is shorter and the eyes are larger ; the thorax above is somewhat tuberculated and punctulated, the lateral spine on each side somewhat hooked backwards, a short palish line on the back part of the thorax, seutellum pale; elytra pale brown, punctured, with a large greyish cross-shaped mark, each of the elytra at the apex obliquely cut inward. Length 82 lines. Hab. China (Hong-Kong) (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Coll. B. M. MonouAmMMUS SUBLINEATUS, Nl. S. M. griseus fusco tinctus ; antennarum articulis apice fuscis, capt- tis vertice linea levi; thorace supra lineis duabus nigro-fuseis postice convergentibus ; elytris griseis, fusco longitudinaliter sublineatis, plaga mediana nigro-fusca. Griseous and tinged with brown; joints of antenne brown at the tip, greyish at the base, the first jot brown speckled with greyish ; head brownish, a smooth impressed line between the antennee and extending to back part of head ; thorax above with two deep blackish- brown vittze converging behind; elytra somewhat truncated at the tip, greyish, and each with at least four longitudinal brownish lines, at the base blackish-brown and tubercled, a large blackish-brown silky patch touching the margin, but not the suture, transverse in front and oblique behind ; legs and under side tinged with brown. Length 9 lines. Hab. Silhet. MoNOHAMMUS SIERRICOLA, 0. 5S. M. griseo-cinereus, capitis fronte et vertice ferrugineo tinctis ; thoracis dorso plaga magna nigro-fusca, postice ferrugineo maculata, spina supra ferruginea ; elytris elongatis macula communi quadrata fusca ante mediam; ante apicem fascia transversa nigro-fusca in suturam postice currente; elytris singulis apice truncatis et ferrugineo ciliatis. Of a grizzled grey ; the head in front and the crown tinged with a yellowish ferruginous ; the front with a short brown line crossed at the top by a wider line, sides of head grey; antenne with the first joint grey on the outside, brown on the inside, and yellowish 411 ferruginous at the tip, other joints greyish ochreous at the base, brown at the tip; thorax above inthe middle with a very wide dark brown band occupying the greater part of upper surface ; it has a yellowish patch on its hinder portion ; above the spine there is a short line of a yellowish ferruginous hue, between that and the dorsal patch is a narrow short obscure line ; the elytra are elongated and of a grizzly grey; the shoulder is tinged with ferruginous; before the middle there is a large squarish brown spot on the suture common to both elytra, it is margined on the side with ferruginous ; before the tip there is a transverse blackish-brown band, which at the suture ex- tends to the tip: the under side is griseous, the abdominal joints marked behind with blackish-brown ; legs brown and griseous, the soles of tarsi and the joints tinged with ferruginous yellow. Length 10} lines. Hab. Sierra Leone (Rev. D. F. Morgan). Coll. Brit. Mus. MoNnoHAMMUS OBFUSCATUS, 0. s. M. fusco-griseus, antennis canescentibus, capite medio linea levi, thorace medio linea levi abhreviata et vittis duabus nigro- Juscis obscuris; elytris basi scabriusculis, singulis maculis duabus nigro-fuscis una basali ad suturam recta, altera ad mediam subcurvata sericea, apice subtruncatis et subemar- ginatis ; corpore subtus pedibusque ferrugineo-cinereis. Allied to H. sublineatus. The antenne are of a greyish hue ; the thorax has an abbreviated smooth line down the middle, on each side of it is an obscure vitta of a deepish brown ; the base of the elytra is somewhat scabrous ; the apex is somewhat truncated and slightly notched ; each has two dark brown marks, the first is straight and rather near the suture, the other is silky and somewhat curved near the middle; the legs and under side are of a greyish ferru- ginous. Length 10 to 11 lines. Hab. China (Hong-Kong) (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Coll. B. M. MoNOHAMMUS ASPERULUS, 0.8. M. griseo-fuscus, elytrorum humeris acutiusculis, basi medio elevato, basi plaga magna fusca communi ; elytris post mediam partem, macula sericeo-velutina fusca, antice fissa, pedibus et corpore subtus nigro punctatis. Of a greyish-brown ; head with scattered black punctures ; thorax _ onthe upper side with five small tubercles, one in the middle larger than the others, the front and back part of the thorax and two lines on the back with black punctures ; elytra with a short longitudinal elevation at the base, serrated on the top, a large triangular brown mark at the base, common to both elytra, beyond the middle of each a deep brown velvet-like mark deeply notched in front ; the suture before the tip is bordered with deep silky brown; the general sur- face is somewhat roughened and punctured ; the legs and under side 412 of the body are punctulated with black; the elytra are rounded at the tip. Length 93 to L1 lines. Hab. Port Natal. Coll. Brit. Mus. PrycHODES HONDUR&. P. olivaceus, ore supra sulphureo marginato, capite vittis tribus pallidé sulphureis, una verticali, una singulis lateribus ; thorace vittis tribus pallide sulphureis, una dorsali, una lateribus sin- gulis, dorso transversim striatulo ; scutello pallide sulphureo ; elytris apice acuminatis spinosis; elytris vitta suturali com- munt sulphureo ante apicem desinente ; elytris singulis vitta laterali pallide sulphurea, mesothorace macula laterali sul- phurea ; abdominis segmentis quatuor basalibus linea sulphurea. Olive, punctured, face above the mouth margined with pale yellow ; head with three pale yellow vittae, one on the crown and a wider one on each cheek, a slight yellow mark at the bottom of the notch of the eye; antennz ferruginous brown, the three basal joints darker ; thorax above slightly striated across with three pale yellow vitte, one down the middle, and one rather wider on each side, in the same line with those on cheek and side of elytra ; scutellum pale yellow, elytra with a narrow yellow band on the suture, but not extending to the tip: the inner margins of it are toothed ; the sides of the elytra have a rather wide pale yellow band, the margins are some- what toothed; each side of the mesothorax has a pale yellow spot ; the first four segments of the abdomen havea pale yellow line below ; the last segment of the abdomen has a small slight spot on each side. Length 12 lines. Hab. Honduras. Coll. Brit. Mus. CEREOPSIUS HELENA, White. (Pl. LILI. fig. 7.) C. pilis brevibus creberrimis indutus, scutello, capite, thoracis partibus, abdominis segmentorum marginibus subtus pilis pal- lidioribus ornatis ; elytris singulis, plagis duabus magnis nigris, plagulam elegantem irregularem sericeo-albidam, includen- tibus. Long. une. lin. 1. Hab. Borneo (Coll. Horsburgh in Mus. Brit.). Coleopteron hoe distinctum conjugis mez carissimee nomen fert ; figura picturam pulchriter notatam entomologis monstrabit. Thorax with lateral spines, not so far back as in Mr. Pascoe’s pretty species Cereopsius exoletus, from Sarawak; the transverse groove, behind front, rather deep and free from much pile, a de- pressed space on the back between spine, narrower in middle in front, and with a slightly emarginate protuberance behind; the elytra deeply punctured at the base, with a few scattered punctures, a very slight bulge at the base on each side of the pale hair-covered scu- tellum ; each elytron has a large black patch, including the bulging, “tt eS 413 but not very prominent shoulder, and passing from it to the suture diagonally, so as to leave a broad, subtruncated, triangular brown space at the base of both elytra, including the scutellum ; this black space extends to before the middle, its hind edge is waved, a large ale testaceous irregular patch is included in it, arising from lateral edge, bnt not extending to the suture ; it is of a pale yellowish silky white, and its well-defined edge makes the contrast with the black background singularly pleasing ; behind the middle of each elytron is an oval black patch, not extending to the suture, and at some distance from the tip it has another white silky spot, well-defined ; the elytra are somewhat truncated at the tip, the outer point of truncature being slightly apiculated ; the hind margins of the abdo- men beneath are edged with lighter-coloured pile. A distinct species of the genus Cereopsis, whose name has been changed by Mr. Pascoe to Cereopsius, that it may not be confounded with Latham’s Cere-billed Goose from New Holland—Cereopsis. As Mr. Pascoe has changed the name, I retain his modification, not because I deem it necessary. The strong and long first joints of the antennee, placed near each other at the base, and separated by a notch, are well-marked ; they are of a rich brownish-red colour. 3. First Srers rowarps A MonoGRAPH OF THE C&CID&, A -Famity or Rosrrirerous Gasreroropa. By Puirip P. CARPENTER. History of the Group. The remarkable Mollusks here described long escaped observa- tion, from their extreme minuteness. The Dentalium minutum ot Linn. (ed. 12, no. 1264), described as from the Mediterranean, ‘testa tam parva, ut genus nisi armatis oculis non conspiciatur,’’ may pos- sibly be the Brochina glabra, as supposed by Hanl. (F. & H. Brit. Moil. vol. iii. p. 181), though the same author prefers assigning it to the young of Ditrupa gadus in his Ips. Linn. Conch. p. 439. This is also supposed by Milne-Edwards (Lam. An. S. Vert. vol. v. p. 599, no. 21). According to Dr. Fleming, ‘none of the shells of this genus were known to Linnzus. Mr. Boys discovered the Caecum imperforatum, which was inserted by Mr. Walker in the genus Dentalium.” The British species, supposed to be three in number, were described (as Dentelia) by Montague, 1803, and by other writers on native shells; but Dr. Fleming was the first to point out their generic pe- euliarities. In the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 1817, article ‘“* Con- chology,” he characterized Caecum as “Shell tubular, cylindrical, sub- arcuated, undivided, and closed at the apex.’’ This he placed between Dentalium and Serpula, as the Sth genus of his Order I. Univalves, Division I. Unilocula, citing three species, C. imperforatum, trachea and glabrum. In his ‘ Philosophy of Zoology,’ 1822, he altered the 414 generic name to Cecalium, which was adopted by Macgillivray in his Mollusca of Aberdeen. Capt. Brown, in his Ill. Rec. Conch. Gr. Br., 1827, although writing from Edinburgh, took no notice of his predecessor’s labours, except to cite his figures, and proposed two genera—one, Brochus, for the adult ; the other, Cornuoides, for the early state of the same species. These are placed among Annelides as the third and fourth genera of the family Maldanie, characterized as having the ‘‘ bran- chiee of the animal intermediate; tube open at both ends.’ The very loose descriptions and inaccurate figures of this work render the identification of species extremely difficult ; nevertheless, as in this British work is the first publication of foreign Ceca, it is ne- cessary to analyse its contents. Aided by specimens of the supposed British shells in the collection of Mr. Alder, and by a tolerably com- prehensive series of known West Indian specimens, the following is offered as a fair elimination of Brown’s forms :— Genus Brochus. Species 1. trachiformis, Brown,= Dentalium trachea, Mont. British. Species 2. striatus, Brown, (described as destitute of a knob, but figured with one),—=Dent. imperforatum, Mont.=ftrachea, var. British. Species 3. reticulatus, Brown, =annulatus, adolescent. West Indian. Species 4. annulatus, Brown. A good species, but West Indian. Species 5. glabrus, Brown,= Dent. glabrum, Mont. British. Species 6. /evis, Brown, (erroneously quoted as the Dent. im- perforatum of Walk. and Mont.),? = Dent. glabrum, var. British. Species 7. arcuatus, Brown,=Dent. glabrum, Mont., ado- lescent: v. infra. British. Genus Cornuoides. Species 1. major, Brown, ?=Cecum trachea, jun. British. Species 2. minor, Brown,= Brochina glabra, jun. British. There is no evidence that the author had himself seen the shells he described from Walker’s figures as Cornuoides. The same errors are repeated in the second edition (which is that cited in the follow- ing pages), bearmg date 1844. In 1828, Fleming in his Hist. Brit. An. p. 237, places his Ceca (postea Cecalia) along with Foraminifera in the genus Orthocera, under Mollusca Cephalopoda,—a proceeding which Philippi charac- terizes as “ horribile dictu ;”’ but, without breaking up the tube, it was not worse to regard the plug with its knob as a chamber and siphuncle, than to disregard the plug altogether and treat the shell as a Dentalium. The same species are again cited, but not the same shells, the Orthocera trachea being the Brochus annulatus of Brown. In 1834 (according to Bronn, ‘ Lethzea,’ p. 985) Zborzewski de- } bo ner 415 scribed the Cecum trachea under the name Odontina, in the Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. iii. p. 310, pl. 27.f.5. This rare work had not been seen by Philippi; nor have I been able to meet with a copy containing the above citation. In the celebrated Moll. Sic. Utr. vol. i. p. 102, 1836, Philippi redescribes the Cecum trachea as Odontidium rugulosum, and assigns his new genus a place among the Pteropods. This place is retained in vol. ii. p. 73, where he cites the English synonyms, and quotes Cantraine, who had previously figured the shell as a Creseis. In 1842, Mr. Searles Wood catalogued four fossil species from the Coralline Crag, in the Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., for the first time directing attention to the shape of the plug as a guide in spe- cific determination. In the Monogr. Crag Moll. (vol. i. of the im- portant works published by the Palzeontological Society), 1848, the species are further illustrated and figured, being arranged between Vermetus and Litorina. The types were presented to the British Museum, but without names. Previously to the publication of Philippi’s views, W. Clark, Esq., in 1834, had discovered the animal of Caecum trachea, and ascer- tained its true relationships. It was not, however, till 1847 that he published his observations in the Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. iv. p- 180. In his Moll. Test. Mar. Brit., 1855, pp. 322-331, he mi- nutely describes the animals of the two British species, resigning his MS. designation of Dentaliopsis, and inserting Fleming’s genus, with Turritella, in the family Vermetide *. In 1851, the British species were carefully described and the animal of C. trachea figured in Forbes & Hanl. Brit. Moll. vol. iii. pp- 176-183. Prof. Forbes placed the genus in Twrritellide, and confirmed many of the observations of Mr. Clark. Mr. Hanley ex- perienced difficulty in assigning Brown’s species, saying that ‘the nus Cecum has not been studied with that due attention to its oreign members which alone entitles us to pronounce upon what are the permanent characters by which its species are determinable.” This want it is the object of the present paper to aid in supplying. In the same year (Oct. 15th, 1851), Mr. Stimpson presented a Monograph of the species found in the United States, to the Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. It is published in their ‘ Proceedings,’ and contains descriptions of the shells of two species from Florida, and one from New England. In his ‘ Shells of New England’ is given a figure of C. pulchellum, and an account of its animal (p. 36), agreeing in the main with Clark’s observations on C. trachea. In 1852, the late lamented Prof. C. B. Adams published his Mo- nograph of the Shells of Panama in the ‘ Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist. New York. At pp. 160-163, 310, 311, eight supposed * I have to record my greatest obligations to Mr. Clark for the kindness with which he has supplied me with the records of his laborious researches, and fa- youred me with perfectly fresh British specimens. A few of his observations (as, @. g., that ?Skenea rota = Caecum trachea, jun. ; that the young Caca are fixed ; that the operculum of Brochina glabra is analogous to that of Siliquaria) have not been confirmed. 416 species are described and arranged in the family Litorinide, between Turritella and Chemnitzia. According to the mode of diagnosis here adopted, five of these species are resolvable into one. The types are in the Amherst College Museum ; but duplicate types of six were sent by the author to Mr. Cuming, and have supplied what was wanting in the descriptions. Prof. Adams recorded that he had found several species at Jamaica ; but he did not describe them. In Woodward’s valuable ‘ Manual of Mollusca,’ 1851, p. 133, the then accessible knowledge was condensed, and the genus placed in Turritellide, between Aclis and Vermetus. In Dr. Gray’s “ List of Genera,” P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 203, no. 775, “? Cecum’’ appears with its synomymy in Family Cleodoride (Pteropoda*). In the ‘Fig. Moll. An.’ p.85, the group first appears as a family, between Scalariade and Truncatellide. In the ‘Guide Syst. Distr. Moll.’ 1857, part i. pp. 100, 101, the family is placed between Rissoide and Melaniada, and the genus Brochina is insti- tuted. In Messrs. H. and A. Adams’s ‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca,’ now publishing, vol. i. p. 355, the family Ceczde is placed betwen Tur- ritellide and Vermetide. In Philippi’s ‘ Handb. Conch. & Mal.’ p- 197, the Cecacea appear as a family between Vermetacea and Siphonariacea. The naturalists of France do not appear to have been acquainted with these shells till of late years; neither in the works of Lamarck, Cuvier, Sander Rang, D’Orbigny, nor Deshayes, is there to be found any notice of their existence. This is the more remarkable, as D’Orbigny paid no little attention to the minute shells of the West Indies and South America. It is true that Chénu has copied Brown’s figures of Cornuoides major and Brochus ‘‘ treechiformis”’ in his ‘Illustr. Conch.’ ; but itis hardly possible to recognize even the genus in them. In the ‘B.M. Cat. Maz. Moll.’ pp. 312-329, were described, in August and September 1856, eighteen species of Caecum, grouped under three heads according to sculpture, viz. Hlephantulum, Anellum, and Fartulum. At the same time I prepared descriptions of the remaining foreign species. The whole have now been subjected to a rigid examination, after the study of about 1000 additional speci- mens, principally from Mazatlan, the West Indies, and Teneriffe. The best series of types of all the species at my disposal I have presented to the British Museum. These will aid future students in correct- ing the errors into which I have doubtless fallen, not from want of patient care, but of materials and judgment. Other series of types are prepared for public museums in America and on the Continent. Station and Geographical Distribution. The established European species are only two in number—Caeecum trachea and Brochina glabra; but these have been found from Scot- land to the Mediterranean. The living specimens have been taken * See ‘ B.M. Cat. Pteropoda,’ p. 3, no. 7, where the error is corrected. - 417 in the Coralline zone ; but their favourite haunts have not been made known. Of these, the C. trachea is recorded as fossil in the Sub- appenine beds. On reaching the Canaries, we lose the European species; but at the great depth of 50 fathoms Mr. M’Andrew dredged many hun- dreds belonging to five species or varieties of the Anellum and Far- tulum groups. They were all pure white and very fresh ; but most were pierced by Proboscidifers, and not one was found with its operculum. It is doubtful, therefore, whether the gravel-sand was their place of residence. No species has yet been found either on the Guinea Coast, at the Cape, or at Port Natal. The tropical regions of America appear to be the head-quarters of the group, both for the number of species and of indiviuals. The only species which has been found living adheres to groups of Ver- meti in the Laminarian zone. But the coarse sponge of commerce, known to be from the West Indian region by the shells which are found abundantly in it, as well as from the same Ceca being ob- tained in shell-sand from the Antilles, has supplied the principal part of the Atlantic species. Although most of the shells are dead, enough have been found with their opercula to prove that they live at no great distance. Here we find the handsome group Elephan- tulum; here the most delicately sculptured forms in each division ; and here the abnormal genus Meioceras, presenting in the mode of growth a singular approach to Vermetus. It is remarkable that the type of this genus is also found fossil in Barbadoes, both in its young and adult state, in company with species still living in the island, but now of smaller size (Dr. Cutting). The European types are both found here sparingly ; but whether they are conspecific is not yet decided. On crossing the peninsula, we find eighteen species belonging to the three groups of Ceca, all of which can be easily separated from the (perfect) West Indian forms. Here again the “analogue” of Brochina glabra occurs in limited numbers ; of its identity, even anger it is vain to speak till the opercula have been found. ost of the Mazatlan Ceca, to the number of at least 1200, were found on breaking up the shells of large Spondyli, &c., where their form is peculiarly adapted to traversing the numerous worm-eaten passages in which they seem to reside *. Numbers were found in every stage of growth (one only, however, with the nuclear coils, which are extremely perishable), which materially aided in ascer- taining the principles of specific variation ; and eleven species were found with their opercula, of which some were nearly flat. The Indo-Pacific fauna appears as bare of Ceca as the American seasare rich. The C. annulatum reappears at Aden, and the C. re- gulare from Singapore and Australia: from the latter country we have a new species related to Brochina glabra; and Japan has re- cently furnished us with two species, one at least distinet ; but * A few, however, were found, with their opercula, among the sand from the Olivellas, &c. No. CCCLXXIII.—Procerpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 418 among all Mr. Cuming’s dredgings at the Philippines, not a single specimen has been found. The earliest known appearance of Cecide on our globe was in the Eocene epoch ; three species having been found in the London clay, belonging to the remarkable type Strebloceras, which is as it were a permanently undeveloped Cecum. In the Coralline Crag we have three species which have since perished, while the recent B. glabra appears to connect the ancient with the present condition of our seas. No species have been found in the Eocene tertiaries of the Paris basin (teste Deshayes, MS.) ; but one is said to have been described by Grateloup from the middle epoch*. In Italy, species have been found in the ?middle and later tertiaries ; one of which is the C. trachea, now living in the same seas. Specific Characters. It is possible that all Czecids are smooth, or nearly so, in their « nuclear and first tubular stage, assuming the characteristic sculp- ture of the species either gradually or suddenly. The young shells are much longer in proportion, and generally more bent, than the adult ; the ribs and rings are either crowded or loose according to circumstances ; and the mouth is often either sharp or thickened, straight or slanting, according to age. ‘To found species on shape and sculpture, therefore, is more hazardous than in most shells ; but there is one character which, with certain slight exceptions, is found generally reliable. This is the shape (not the mere amount of prominence) of the plug, which, instead of being of homogeneous texture and simply flat or convex as in other septa-making and de- collated univalves, always presents, in every successive stage of in- crease, the same marked peculiarities of form and the same striz of growth. This character having been generally overlooked by pre- vious authors, fresh diagnoses have been written for all the known species, in order that, by the use of terms in the same sense, the forms might be more easily compared together. The lire are longitudinal riblets from apex to aperture, corresponding with spiral sculpture in other shells; the annu/i form the concentric or trans- verse sculpture. The sepfum is the plug covering the decollated portion ; its margo lateralis, the profile when the shell lies on its side. The plug itself is either wngulate, when the whole surface rises gradually towards the back like a horse’s hoof ; or mucronate, when it tapers to a point ; or mamillate, whenit is rounded, without apex; or it is intermediate between these forms. The groups de- scribed under Cecum can scarcely be regarded even as subgenera, 80 — very gradually do _ pass one into the other; but they are found convenient, to avoid the frequent repetition of characters, and to aid in the identification of species. * Teste Desh. in lit. But Dr. Gray, who has kindly consulted for me the Con- chologie Fossile, 1840, is unable to find any allusion to the genus. ‘All our knowledge of the animals being in the papers of Clark and Stimpson, it is not thought necessary to repeat their statements. All the measurements are in decimals of an inch. 419 Family CAXCIDA, Gray. Testa nucleosa spiralis, postea tubularis, regularis, haud affiva : apertura orbiculari. Operculum corneum, multispirale: margine haud fimbriato. Turritellide, pars, Forbes, Stimps., Woodw. Vermetide, pars, Clark. 2 Genus Cacum, Fleming. Testa nucleosa planata : animal una in plana solute orbiculari erescens : testa animali crescente iterum iterumque decollata, septo regulari, varie constructo, partem decollatam teyente ; superficie seu annulata, seu lirata, seu levi; apertura plerum- que primum constricta, postea expansa. Operculum concavum seu subplanatum ; sutura sepius linea ele- vata instructa, interdum levi. _ Syn. Cecalium, Macgil.—Brochus + Cornuoides, Brown.—Odon- tina, Zborz.—Odontidium, Phil.—Cccum, Forbes & Hanl.—Denta- liopsis, Clark, MS.—? Corniculina, Miinst.*—Dentalium, Orthocera seu Creseis, pars, auct. The distinguishing characters of the restricted genus are (1) the frequently decollated, orbicular growth, the nuclear whirls being in cant same plane as the adult; and (2) the concave or flattened oper- eulum. Sect. A. ELEPHANTULUM. Ceca insigniora; t. tereti, elongata, regulari ; adulta liris lon- gitudinaliter sculpta ; apertura parum declivi. The shells in this group are like a minute Dentalium elephantinum, and are distinguished by their (comparatively) large size, tapering form, and longitudinal sculpture. They are for the most part rare. 1. Cacum sussPrIRaLe, Cpr. C. (Elephantulum) t. maxime elongata, lentissime augente, tenuis- sime lirata, liris parallelis ; juxta aperturam annulo subtu- mente; septo mucronato, superficie subplanato, mucrone late- rali, dextrorsum sito, parvo; apice rotundato, subspirali : le i ee See Td * The Corniculina Ehrenbergii of Miinster, ‘ Beitriige zur Geognosie und Pe- trefacten-kunde des Siidéstlichen Tirols,’ 1841, pp. 118, 119. pl. 12. f. 3, a, 4, ¢, is described and figured as a chambered Cephalopod, the siphuncle (? plug) seen at the narrow end being also described and figured at the larger opening. It is from the Middle Tertiaries of Castelurquato (Parma), and only half a line in length ; and is supposed by Mr. Woodward, Man. Moll. p. 155, to be an imper- fectly observed Caecum. ; 4 420 operculo concavo, tenui; anfr. plurimis, lira tenui spiraliter ascendente. Long. test. jun. °05, lat. °007—-01. Long. test. adult. +155, lat. -025—-03 (aperturam versus). Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. &c. Maz. Cat. p. 315. This is the largest known Cecid, and easily recognized by the shape and the very peculiar plug, the apex of which appears like a minute Vitrinella set sideways on the otherwise flat surface. About twenty specimens were found. 2. CacUM ABNORMALE, Cpr. C. (Elephantulum) t. curtissima, valde arcuata, tenwore ; lrulis tenuissimis circ. Xxx., aperture tumenti supereuntibus ; septo mucronato, prominente ; mucrone obtusiore, omnino dextrorsum sito; margine laterali (i. e. hac specie dorsali) concavo, rapide ascendente: operculo’?... Long. °06, lat. -023. Hab. Mazatlan, three sp. Mus. Brit. &c. Maz. Cat. p. 316. The shells of this species are extremely short, and yet so bent that the plug and the inside can be seen at once, while the apex of the plug is on the extreme right, so that the front view of the shell gives its profile. 3. CacumM INSCULPTUM, Cpr. C. (Elephantulum) t. juniore vitrea, adulta solida ; liris validis quadratis et interstitus profundis ornata; aperturam versus haud tumente ; septo ungulato, subprominente, apice obtuso, pauletues dextrorsum verso, margine laterali subrecto : oper- culo?... Test. jun. long. *053, lat. -013—-017. Test. adult. long. -133, lat. ‘023—-028. Hab. Mazatlan, extremely rare. Mus. Brit. &c. Maz. Cat. p. 315. Known by the square ribs with deep interstices, and the ungulate plug. 4. Cxcum LaqueatuM, C. B. Ad. (diagn. auct.). C. (Elephantulum) t. gracili; lirulis circiter xx. haud acutis, interstitis haud profundis ; septo submamillato, submucronato; mucrone parvo, obtuso, subsinistrali ; marginel aterali convexo : operculo?... Long. ‘11, lat. -028. Hab. Panama, 2 sp. (C. B. dd.). Mus. Amherst, Cuming. C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311, no. 215. Known by the remarkable plug, which appears mamillate, but has a small apex projecting at the side. Zz 421 5, Caecum osrusum, Cpr. C. (Elephantulum) t. elongata, tenue lirata ; aperturam versus haud tumente ; septo submamillato, parum tumente, apice ob- tusissimo dorsum versus spectante : operculo? .. Test. jun. long. *04, lat. -(01— 014. Test. adult. long. *132, lat. ‘(017-—-026. Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. &c. Maz. Cat. p. 317. About a dozen specimens were found of this species. The plug is mamillate in front, but ungulate behind. 6. Cacum PLICATUM, nN. s. C. (Elephantulum) t. curtiore, longitudinaliter valde plicata ; plicis xii.-xvi., acutis ; apertura t. adolescente stellata, ¢. adulta annulata; interdum annulis indistinctis aperturam versus ; plerumque superficie concentrice minutissime striata ; septo mucronato, superficie subplanato, mucrone dactyliformi subiter ascendente, apice obtuso: operculo? Test. adol. long. -07, lat. -01—-017. Test. adult. long. *105, lat. -017-0—28. Hab. Sponge, W. Indies. Mus. Brit. &c. Thirty-eight specimens of this species were found, of which some were white; others orange, perhaps coloured by the sponge. It is known by its strong plications and finger-shaped plug. Two young specimens were found much straighter than the rest, and with the plications finer, which may belong to a distinct species. Three dead specimens, received by Mr. Bean from the Mauritius, do not present any characters by which they can be separated from this species, except that the mucro is shorter, which is probably due to their being worn. 7. CZCUM LIRATUM, N.S. C. (Elephantulum) t. “C. mamillato”’ simili, sed lirulis creber- rimis subobsoletis ornata ; septo magis elevato. Lat. 025. Hab. Cor. Crag, Sutton. 1 sp. in Mus. Brit. Only a fragment has been observed of this gy which is named as being the earliest known Llephantulum. It is to be hoped that those who are able to obtain access to the locality of Crag Ceca will investigate the species. ? ry 8. Cacum LiratocinctuM, Cpr. C. (Elephantulum) t. tenue lirata, liris plus minusve acutis, con- Jertis seu subdistantibus ; plerumque annulis obsoletis, sub liris monstrantibus ; septo submucronato, subungulato ; mucrone dactyliformi, apice prominente, laterali, acuto; margine late- 422 rali concavo: operculo valde concavo, anfr. circ. xii. ; lira pro- minente spirali, marginem quasi duplicante. Test. jun. long. 047, lat. -017. Test. adult. long. *14, lat. -02—-032. Var. tenuiliratum: ¢. liris crebris, tenuibus; apice parum pro- minente. Var. subobsoletum: ¢. alba, alabastro simili ; liris paucis inter- dum vix monstrantibus. ? Var. subconicum: ¢. septo maxime elevato, subconico. Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. [? Singapore, 1 sp. Mus. Brit. ] Maz. Cat. p. 317. Although about seventy specimens were found of this species (the least uncommon of the Elephantula), I cannot fix definitely the limits of the species, and one or more of the above varieties may prove distinct. The principal feature is the appearance of rings under the ribs. A terminal fragment of an Elephantulum, picked out of mud in the burrow of a Lithophagus in an E. Indian Plicatula received from Singapore, presents no characters by which it can be separated from this species. Perfect specimens will, however, probably prove it to be distinct. 9. CacuM HEPTAGONUM, Cpr. C. (Elephantulum) t. septangulata; annulis rotundatis confertis cincta, angulos longitudinales supracurrentibus ; apertura pla- nata, extus heptagonis forma, intus circulari, suleo concentrico ornata: septo?....: operculo?... Lat. -02. Hab. Mazatlan. Mus. Brit. Maz. Cat. p. 319. Only a mouth-piece was found of this very remarkable species. 10. CacuUM IMBRICATUM, 0. s. C. (? Elephantulum) t. haud parva, tereti; primum levi; dein longitudinaliter multangulata, sulcis creberrimis, angustis con- centrice quasi annulata ; adulta, liris longitudinalibus obtusis, angulatis viil.—xiv. polygonata, a sulcis concentricis xxv.—l. ut in adolescente interrupta ; apertura stellata; septo subungu- lato, submucronato, plerumque valde prominente ; margine late- rali subconcavo ; apice extante, latiore, marginibus dextrali et sinistro declivibus : operculo? .... Test. jun. long. -06, lat. -O08—-014. Test. adol. long. :087, lat. ‘012—-023. Test. adultee long. +11, lat. -(017—-027. Hab. Sponge, W. Indies. Mus. Brit. &c. This extremely beautiful species (like C. heptagonum) is exactly intermediate between Llephantulum and Anellum. The sculpture ‘~* ‘resembles a number of polygonal flat tiles piled one on another. The concentric sculpture is strongest in the young shell, the longitudinal in the adult. ‘Thirty-three specimens have been examined. 423 Sect. B. ANELLUM. Ceca typica; t. adulta annulata. That this is the typical condition of the genus is shown by the tendency that shells in the other groups have to assume the ringed character, especially about the mouth. 11. Cacum aANNULATUM, Brown (diagn. auct.). C. (Anellum) t. majore, elongata, solida; annulis validis xx. xxx., rotundatis, extantibus, cincta, plerumque distantioribus, presertim aperturam versus ; lirulis longitudinalibus crebris, minimis, extantibus, et interstilia et annulos transeuntibus ; septo mucronato, margine laterali concavo ; mucrone subiter ascendente, valido, dactyliformi, subdextrorsum sito ; t. juniore annulis acutioribus, lirulis obsoletis : operculo? Test. jun. long. -053, lat. -(008—-014. Test. adolesc. long. *108, lat. -016—-035. Test. adultz long. -122, lat. ‘(022 —-035. Hab. [South Coast of England (Alder) ; Killough, Lough Strang- ford, Ireland (Brown)]; W. Indies, sponge of commerce; Aden (Bean, MS.). Mus. Brit. &e. Brochus annulatus, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Br. 1844, p. 125. pl. 56. f. 12. : + Brochus reticulatus, Brown, loc. cit. p. 124, pl. 56. f. 11. Caecum annulatum, Forbes & Hanley, Br. Moll. vol. ili. p. 181. pl. 88. f. 7. | Orthocera trachea (pars), Flem, Hist. Br. An. 1828, p. 257 {mon Dentalium trachea, Mont.]. The name reticulatum would have been far more characteristic of this beautiful species ; but as it was given to the adolescent state, and annulatum to the adult, which is well figured in the Br. Moll., the latter is retained. Fifty-three specimens of various ages have been examined from the W. Indian sponge, and have been carefully compared with Mr. Alder’s supposed British specimen. This has the posterior rings much closer than usual. The characteristic longitu- dinal threads, which reticulate both the rings and the hollows, are searcely seen in the young shell, which, even in the earliest stages found, is distinctly and somewhat sharply ringed. In this state it is known from C. regulare by the very prominent finger-shaped mucro. Many adult specimens were found having an additional ring remaining beyond the plug; but even then the mucro is con- spicuous. The Aden specimens are too much rubbed to determine with con- fidence ; but in the most perfect the characteristic finger-shaped mucro, the reticulated sculpture, and the thickened distant rings 424 near the mouth, will not justify specific separation merely on geo- graphical grounds. 12. Cxcum ELoNGATUM, Cpr. C. (Anellum) t. elongata, tereti ; primum levi, dein annulis ro- tundatis parum extantibus instructa, interstitiis minimis ; septo ungulato, apice parum elevato, subobtuso ; margine late- rali subrecto: operculo?... Test. jun. long. -06, lat. -008—-017. Test. adult. long. *103. lat. °015—-023. ? Var. semileeve. T'. huc et illuc annulata; hue et illue levi. Long. ‘112, lat. :025—-028. Hab. Mazatlan, very rare. Mus. Brit. &e. Maz. Cat. p. 319. About a score of specimens were found, including the ? variety, which may be distinct. The shape approaches Elephantulum. 13. Cacum suBIMPREssuUM, Cpr. C. (Anellum) t. elongata, solidiore ; annulis creberrimis, rotun- datis, haud extantibus, interstitiis subimpressis ; septo mucro- nato; margine laterali vix concavo ; mucrone parvo, obtuso, ad dorsum sito: operculo concavo, linea elevata suturam defi- niente. Test. jun. long. 058, lat. -(O08—-016. Test. adult. long. +115, lat. -017—-03. Hab. Mazatlan, very rare. Mus. Brit. Maz. Cat. p. 320. This species differs from C. elongatum in the narrow mucro. About a dozen specimens were found. 14, Cacum PULCHELLUM, Sthmp C. (Anellum) t. satis elongata, ane pallide fusca; t. ado- lescente gracili, annulis paucis distantioribus; t. adulta an- nulis circiter xxv. validis, rotundatis, interstitiis plus minusve equantibus ; septo? mamillato, haud eatante ; margine lateral parum convexo : operculo concavo, anfr. circiter viii. Long. ‘1, lat. -025. Hab. New Bedford Harbour, U.S., adhering to groups of Vermeti in laminarian zone. Stimpson in Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. Oct. 1851; Shells N. Eng. p- 36. pl. 2. f. 3. The above description of the plug, which was not noticed by Stimpson, is supplied from the figure. If correct, it is the only Anellum known with a purely mamillate plug. 15. Cacum TRACHEA, Mont. (diagn. auct.) C. (dnellum) t. haud parva, solidiore, rufo-fusca, haud opaca ; t. guniore levi ; adolescente tereti; adulta cylindrica, annulis 425 creberrimis, xl.-l., viv expressis, contiguis cincta; interstitiis parvis, minutissime longitudinaliter striulis ornatis ; apertura acuta, vix declivi, viv contracta et postea expansa ; septo sub- ungulato, submucronato; margine laterali recto; apice sub- dextrorsum sito, obtuso, plus minusve elevato: operculo vix concavo, linea spirali elevata, anfr. circiter xv., apertura equante. Test. jun. long. 076, lat. ‘(013—-018. Test. adolesc. long. *128, lat. ‘(015—-03. Test. adult. long. +128, lat. ‘(025—-032. Variat margine laterali convexo, interdum tumente. Had. British Seas, in coralline zone (v. Forbes § Hanl.); Mag- nisi, near Syracuse, very plentiful in sand (Philippi); Piedmont (Jeffreys); N. and S. of Spain and Mediterranean (M’ Andrew) ; fossil at Palermo (Philippi) ; Subappenine beds (/Zorne). Dentalium trachea, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 497. pl. 14. f. 10; Maton & Rack. Linn. Trans. vol. viii. p. 239; Dillw. Rec. Shells, vol. ii. p. 1068; Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 5. f. 61; Wood, Ind. Test. ed. Hanl. p. 192. + Dentalium imperforatum, Ad. Mier. pl. 14. f.8; Mont. loc. eit. p- 496: Mat. loc. cit. p.238; Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 39; Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 4; Dillw. p. 1067; Wood, p. 192 (not f. 12). =Orthocera imperforata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 237. =Odontidium rugulosum (pars), Phil. Moll. Sic. vol. i. p. 102. pl. 6. f. 20; vol. ii. p. 73. = Creseis rugulosa, Cantraine, p. 32. = Brochus trachiformis, Brown, Ill. Conch. G.B. p. 124. pl. 56. {. 10 (male). + Brochus striatus, Brown, loc. cit. (male), pl. 56. f. 13. Brochus trechiformis, Chénu, Ill. Conch. Caecum trachea, Flem. Enc. Edinb. art. Conchology ; Clark, Ann. Nat. Hist. series 2. vol. iv. p. 180 ; Forbes & Hanl. Br. Moll. vol. iii. p- 178. pl. 69. f. 4, & pl. KK. f. 1; Clark, Test. Mar. Brit. Ins. p- 327; Adams, Gen. vol. i. p. 355. pl. 38. f. 6, 6a; Jeffr. Mar. Test. Piedm. (Ann. Nat. Hist. Feb. 1856), p. 30; M’Andr. Rep. Moll. N. Atl. (Br. Ass. 1856) p. 149; Horne, Foss. Vien. & Sub- appen. pl. 46. f. 19, a, 6, c*. +Cacum imperforatum, Flem. loc. cit.; Gray, Guide to Moll. B.M. part i. p. 100. ?jun.=Serpula recta, Walker, Flem. Enc. pl. 205. f. 8. =Cornuoides major, Brown, loc. cit. pl. 56. f. 49 ; Chénu, loc. cit. Although the name ¢rachea was given to the tapering adolescent state of this typical species, and imperforatum to the adult, the former name has come into current use, probably because the other represents the generic and not a specific character. It is one of the * The Dentalium incurvum, Kenier, f. 39 a, 4, of the same plate, looks like a rubbed Caecum; but neither figure nor description is sufficiently accurate for identification. 426 largest species of the Anellum group, known by its very faintly ex- pressed ribs, plug intermediate between the mucronate and ungulate forms, and mouth not thickened, but with a slight contraction and expansion like that of a preserve jar. The reticulating striule in the interspaces are only seen in very fresh specimens. The shell is then glossy, and to a slight extent transmits the light. The oper- culum in well-preserved specimens is almost flat; but the drying of the animal sometimes draws it into a concave form. The ten outer volutions are conspicuously marked by a spiral rib. The shell in its young state is quite smooth, and by no means accords with Mr. Clark’s surmise, that ?Skenea rota may be the nuclear portion. At this period it is known at once from C. glabrum by the sharply an- gular plug. Whether the Oornuoides major and minor of Brown are the young of the same species, or one of C. trachea and the other of C. glabrum, cannot easily be ascertained, except from the compara- tive size. 156. Cacum (?TRACHEA, var.) OBSOLETUM. C. (Anellum) t. “ C. trachez ”’ simili ; sed multo minore, gracili ; postice annulis distantibus, antice sublevi ; tota superficie mi- nutissime longitudinaliter corrugata ; septo subungulato, mar- gine laterali coneavo. Long. -095, lat. -015—-02. Hab. Salamis (Bean). 1 sp. Mus. This solitary shell may be a starved form of the common species ; but as it may belong to an Aigean type not yet investigated, it is kept provisionally separate. 16. CacumM GURGULIO, 2 n. s. C. (Anellum) t. parva, solida; annulis xxx.-xxxv. rotundatis, subexpressis cincta; interstitis minimis: septo mucronato, mucrone parvo, subdextrorsum sito, margine laterali recto: operculo? .... Long. *077, lat. °017—-02. Hab. W. Indies, sponge of commerce. Mus. Brit. &e. ?= Odontidium rugulosum (pars), Phil. loc. cit. The West Indian specimens quoted by Philippi probably belong to this form, which may possibly prove to be a dwarf variety of C. trachea. Seven specimens were found, one only of which was per- fectly fresh. This displays no sign of the longitudinal corrugation characteristic of C. trachea: moreover the plug is decidedly mu- eronate, though very short ; and the rings are both fewer and larger than in the European species. 17. CacCUM TUMIDUM, nN. s. C. (Anellum) t. tereti, sublevi seu annulis obsoletis ornata ; apertura haud contracta, annulo tumido cincta; septo mamil- 427 lato, plus minusve tumente ; margine laterali convexo, dorsum versus subangulato : operculum ?—. Long. *11, lat. ‘018-024. Hab. Sutton, Cor. Crag. Mus. Brit. &c. =C. trachea, Searles Wood, Crag. Moll. p. 115. pl. 20. f. 5 (? pars), non Mont. et auct. It is with great hesitation that I venture to differ from so accurate an authority as the author of the ‘Crag Mollusca:’ nevertheless, having subjected all the specimens in the British Museum, as well as some sent me by Mr. Wood, to a very rigid examination under the microscope, I have not been able to find a single specimen that can be strictly affiliated to C. trachea. Of the minute sculpture in a crag shell, little can be said; the majority of specimens are almost smooth. The recent species is, however, peculiar in the cha- racter of the aperture, never showing even an approach to the swell- ing mouth of the fossil; and the plug of the latter is completely mamillated, though with a flattening and incipient apex at the dorsal side. When compared with the swollen variety of the recent shell, the front of the latter displays an irregularity of outline which con- trasts strongly with the beautifully rounded fossil, and proves it to be of abnormal growth. The B.M. specimens being somewhat mixed on the tablets, it is probable that the magnified plug in the figure of this species is really an individual of C. mamillatum, with the mucro rubbed off. 18. Cazcum rirmatouM, C. B. Ad. (diagn. auct.) C. (Anellum) t. robusta, satis tereti ; t. jun. primum levi, dein annulis circ. Xxiil.—xxxill., primum acutioribus, dein parum quadratis ; interstitiis subquadratis, interdum evanidis ; septo subungulato ; apice parum prominente, subdextrorsum sito, ob- tusiore ; margine laterali subrecto: operculo vix concavo, su- turis minus definitis. Test. jun. long. *067, lat. ‘(006—-012. Test. adol. long. -063, lat. -013—-017. Test. adult. +1, lat. -(016—-025. Hab. Panama, common (0. B. Adams) ; Mazatlan, rare, off Spon- dylus and among Olivelle. Mus. Brit. Pars=Cecum firmatum, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, no. 213, pp. 161, 311. + C0. eburneum, C. B. Ad. no. 212. pp. 161, 311. + (adolesc.) C. monstrosum, C. B. Ad. no. 216. pp. 162, 311. + (adolese.) C. pygmeum, ©, B. Ad. no. 218. pp. 163, 311. + (jun.) C. diminutum, C. B. Ad. no. 211. pp. 161, 310, Maz. Cat. p. 320. Known from C. trachea by the stout subquadrate rings. If the mode of specific diagnosis adopted by Prof. Adams had been fol- lowed in this monograph, the number of species (wherever the spe- cimens were sufficiently abundant) would have had to be increased fivefold. 428 19. Czcum quapRatuM, Cpr. C. (Anellum) t. parva, curta, solida, annulis quadratis xii.—xx. cincta, interstitis profundis, quadratis ; apertura subcontracta, annulis concurrentibus ; septo mucronato ; mucrone parvo, ex- tante, angusto, subdextrorsum sito; margine laterali concavo : operculo valde concavo, anfr. circ. x., linea spirali expressa. ? Var. compactum. T'. interstitiis parvis seu evanidis, annulis maxime planatis. Long. °072, lat. (interst.) ‘016, (annulis) :02. Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. &c. Maz. Cat. p. 322. The extreme forms are very different ; but no uniform character has been observed by which they cau be separated. 20. CacuM CLATHRATUM, Cpr. C. (Anellum) t. haud parva, solidiore, annulis valde distantibus, acutioribus, extantibus cincta ; interstitiis concavis ; septo sub- planato, mucronato ; mucrone minimo, obtuso, pene in dorsum sito; margine laterali in adulto haud conspicuo, planato : operculo? . Test. jun. long. ‘057, lat. (007—-017. Test. adult. long. *102, lat. (interst.) -026, (annul.) °03. Hab. Mazatlan, very rare. Mus. Brit. &c. Maz. Cat. p. 322. An extremely beautiful species, remarkable for its size, nearly flat plug, and distant rings with curved interspaces. 21. Cacum FLoripanvo, Stimps. C. (Anellum) “t. valde arcuata, solida, alba, nitida; annulis circa xxxil. acutis, elevatis cincta, interstitiis multo latioribus ; apertura parum obliqua, haud contracta ; interdum annulo lato aperturam superante ;”’ septo®?....: operculo?...... Long. °075, lat. -02, poll. Hab. Florida. Stimpson in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Oct. 15th, 1851. 22. CHCUM REGULARE, 0. S. C. (Anellum) t. satis tereti, tenuiore, alba, subdiaphana ; annulis subacutis, regularibus xx.-xxiv. cincta, interstitits conspicuis ; apertura declivi, contracta, haud incrassata ; septo mucronato, mucrone parvo, haud conspicuo, subdextrorsum sito ; margine laterali parum elevato, subconvexo : operculo? Test. jun. long. :04, lat. -(007—-014. Test. adult. long. -U85, lat. -(018—-024. Hab. W. Indies (Woodward) ; Singapore, 2 spec. from Litho- phagus burrow in Plicatula ; Australia, 1 young sp. in Petalocon- chus nerineoides. Mus. Brit. &e. Twelve specimens of this species have been examined from the W. a 429 Indies, and three from the Eastern Seas, as well as one pseudo- British specimen from Mr. Alder’s cabinet*. They are all very constant and regular in the arrangement of the rings, never present- ing so many as are recorded for C. Floridanum, and further jisfering in the contraction of the mouth. More exact information about the Florida species may, however, prove them identical. 23. CmcuM GRACILE, N. s. C. (Anellum) t.valde tereti, parva, annulis circiter xxiv. subdistan- tibus, subacutis ornata ; apertura haud contracta, haud declivi, annulo valido cincta ; septo?...... » margine laterali subpla- nato: operculo?... Long. ‘09, lat. -012—-017. Hab. Japan (Stimpson). Mus. Smithsonian. Dr. Gould, to whom is entrusted the duty of describing the shells of the U.S. Japanese Exploring Expedition, has kindly allowed me to include the Ceca brought back by Mr. Stimpson in the present Monograph. They consist of but two specimens. One is a young shell, with the plug broken off, closely resembling C. elongatum, var. semileve, from Mazatlan. The other is the shell here described, which, though dead and wornat the plug, is adult, and clearly distinct from any other recorded species. It is much more slender even than CO. elegantissimum, with the rings closer and not so sharp. 24. CxcuM ELEGANTISSIMUM, Cpr. ©. (Anellum) t. diaphana, vitrea, nitida, alba, arcuata, tereti, subelongata ; apertura parum declivi, parum contracta ; t. jun. levi ; t. adolescente et adulta liris concentricis distantibus (xiv.—xviil.) acutis cincta ; interstitiis elongatis, elegantissime arcuatis ; septo submucronato, subungulato ; apice obtuso, parvo, haud valde prominente ; margine laterali concaro : operculo?... Test. jun. long. ‘042, lat. -006—-013. Test. adult. long. ‘1, lat. ‘014—-023. Hab. Teneriffe, in gravel sand, 50 fms. (R. M’ Andrew). Mus. Brit. &c. = Caecum trachea, M’ Andr. Geogr. Distr. Test., Liverpool, 1854 ; B.M. List Canary Shells, p. 29 (non Mont. et auct.). C. elegantissimum, Cpr. in M’Andr. Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl., Brit. Assoc. 1856, p. 149. More than 300 specimens of this exquisitely beautiful species were dredged by R. M’Andrew, Esq., in company with C. vitreum and C. pollicare. It differs from C. undatum in its glossy texture, slender form, and very distant rings: also in the plug, which is in- termediate between the mucronate and ungulate forms. The young shell is quite smooth; and as soon as the rings commence, they are distant as in the adult. * See Note in Brit. Moll. vol. iii. p. 180. The other specimen on the same eard was Meioceras cornucopia, also from the W. Indies. 430 24 6. Cxcum (? ELEGANTISSIMUM, var.) SEARLES-Wooptl. C. (Anellum) t. parva, gracillima, elongata, alba, subdiaphana, subvitrea; annulis subobsoletis, creberrimis, subacutis cincta, seu interdum sublevi; septo ungulato, apice subdextrorsum sito ; margine laterali subrecto: operculo?... Test. adol. long. 046, lat. -(007—-012. Test. adult. long. ‘068, lat. -008—-013. Hab. Teneriffe, in gravel sand, 50 fms., very rare (R. MW’ Andrew). Mus. Brit. &c. = Cecum Searles-Woodii, Cpr. in M’ Andr. Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl., Br. Ass. 1856, p. 149. Twenty-three specimens were found differing from C. elegantis- simum as above stated. It is annulated from a very early stage; the rings are closer (about twenty-four in the young shell), scarcely sharp, and often obsolete ; the growth is scarcely tapering and very slender; and the plug is ungulate, turned somewhat to the right. Whether it prove to be a dwarfed condition of C. elegantissimum, or a distinct species, it is named in remembrance of the author of the invaluable Monograph of the Crag Mollusca, where the plugs of Ceca were first described. 25. CCUM UNDATUM, ?n. 8. C. (Anellum) t. obesa, curta; t. jun. levi; t. adulta annulis x.-xv. acutis cincta; interstitiis concavis, undatis ; antice et postice contracta, planis decollationis et aperture ad ang. circ. 115°; apertura contracta, dein paululum reflexa, acuta ; septo ungulato; apice acuto, elongato, prominente ; margine laterali recto: operculo concavo, anfr. circ. xv., sutura distincta. Variat ¢. minus obesa, annulis subobsoletis. Test. jun. long. ‘042, lat. ‘01. Test. adol. long. ‘067, lat. -01—-02. Test. adult. long. :074, lat. :021. Hab. Mazatlan, abundant in worm-eaten shells of Spondylus cal- cifer, &c. (? Panama, 1 sp., C. B. dd.). Mus. Brit. &c. Maz. Cat. p. 323; Brit. Ass. Rep. 1856, pl. 9. f. 4 a-o. Test. adol. ?=C. parvum, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 163, 311: “t. arcuata, gracili, vix tereti; albida; annulis xv. acutis, distan- tibus, haud multum elevatis ; apice laterali, prominente. Long. -065, lat. 019.’ Sp. un. Mus. Amherst. At least 500 specimens have been examined of this species, in almost every stage of growth ; both young and adults, to the number of about fifty, containing their opercula. By this means the mode and variation in growth were ascertained, and the knowledge gained applied to the other species where connecting links were not ac- cessible. The ‘“ monstrosum”’ stage, in which the tube hitherto smooth and slender suddenly alters its angle of growth and diameter, assuming sharp rings, is very remarkable. The posterior contrac- = ai p- 7 431 tion of the tube in the adult shell of this and some other species is also well worth attention. Sect. C. Farrutum. Ceca levia: t. sepius utrinque contracta, apertura declivi. In form and texture, some of the species approach the adult state of Meioceras : others pass into the more typical groups. They are named from their likeness in shape to a little sausage. 26. Cacum te&ve, C. B. Ad. (diagn. auct.). C. (Fartulum) t. juniore “C. undatum”’ fere exacte simulunte, paulum graciliore; t. adulta eidem simili, sed levi, nitida, subdiaphana, brunneo tincta ; antice et postice minus contracta; aperturam versus interdum tumente ; operculo concavo, suturis minus distinctis. Test. jun. long. *035, lat. -005—-01. Test. adult. long. ‘07, lat. ‘018. Hab. Panama, 2 sp. (C. B. Ad.) ; Mazatlan, not uncommon. Mus. Brit. C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311; Maz. Cat. p. 325. So like is this shell, even in many minute particulars, to C. unda- tum, that a single specimen might have been taken for an extreme variety of it. A careful examination of at least 200 specimens, however, clearly proves their distinctness. 27. CZCUM BIMARGINATUM, 0. 8. C. (Fartulum) t. “C. leve”’ fere exacte simulante ; planis trun- cationis ad angulum 100° ; septo ungulato, apice minus elevato, subdextrorsum sito; margine laterali recto seu paulum con- vexo : operculo multispirali, subplanato, bimarginato. Long. 078, lat. -(015—-022. Hab. Singapore, nestling in Lithophagus burrow in Plicatula ; Australia, nestling in Petaloconchus nerineoides. Mus. Brit. The fortunate discovery of a specimen with the operculum in situ, presenting a double rim round the edge, as in some of the Cyclosto- mide, furnished a satisfactory character to distinguish the E. Indian from the very similar Mazatlan species. The attempt to extract it was, however, unsuccessful ; and the original specimen from Plicatula perished after the description had been written. Five others from the neighbouring seas, but without opercula, are provisionally allotted to the same species. (See however note * to sp. 41, infra.) * Two young specimens of uncertain locality (from shell-washings), but probably from the E. Indies, are doubtfully referred to this species on account of the similarity in the plug (Br. Mus.). 28. Caecum FraRCIMEN, Cpr. C. (Partulum) t. “C. levi’? simili, sed albida, apertura minus 432 contracta ; annulis rotundatis paucis, subobsoletis, aperturam plerumque precedentibus ; septo submucronato ; apice subpro- minente, haud acuto; margine laterali subtumido: operculo concavo, suturis distinctis, peripheriam versus linea elevata instructis. Long. ‘064, lat. -019. Hab. Mazatlan, very rare in Spondylus; and living among Oh- velle. Mus. Brit. Maz. Cat. p. 326. This species differs from C. /eve not only in the more slender shape and submucronate plug, but also in the spiral rib round the outer whorls of the operculum, which was found in four specimens. 29. Cacum virrevuM, Cpr. C. (Fartulum) t. subelongata, vitrea, nitida; apertura parum declivi, vix contracta et postea reflexa; aperturam versus tu- midiore ; septo prominente, mucronato ; margine laterali recto seu Paeleaess mucrone plus minusve obtuso, subdextrorsum sito: operculo?.. Test. jun. long. ‘038, lat. °007—'011. Test. adol. long. ‘073, lat. -(01—-018. Test. adult. long. °107, lat. -(017—-023. Hab. Teneviffe, 50 fms. gravel (MW? Andrew). Mus. Brit. Xe. Caecum glabrum, M’Andr. Geogr. Distr. Test. 1854; B.M. Cat. Shells Canar. p. 29 (non Mont.). Cecum vitreum, Cpr. in M’Andr. Rep. Moll. N.E. Atl, Br. Ass. 1856. More than 100 specimens were found of this species, which is: characterized by its somewhat tapering shape, and obtusely mucro- nated plug. The surface sometimes displays annular lines of growth. 29 6. Cacum (? vITREUM, var.) CLARKII. C. (Fartulum) t. “C. vitreo”’ simili, sed minore, magis terett ; septo ungulato; apice obtusiore : operculo?... Variat margine laterali valde convexo, tumente. Test. jun. long. ‘042, lat. -(008—-013. Test. adult. long. *082, lat. -013—-015. This is probably a ‘distinct species from C. ritreum; but as the plugs in each form are more variable than usual, the species is not binehicaied till more is known. About fifty specimens were found. It is named after the first discoverer of the animal in this interesting genus. 4 Hab. Teneriffe, 50 fms. gravel (M’ Andrew). Mus. Brit. &e. 30. CacuM POLLICARE, N. §. C. (Fartulum) t. “C. vitreo”’ similt, sed plerumque magis terett ; nitida, sed striulis minimis tota superficie longitudinaliter cor- — _ ee ee Po eT ee a ea le 424 Bee ee Pe es aie ee 433 ° rugata ; septo ungulato, margine laterali recto, apiece oblu- siore: operculo’?... Test. jun. long. 055, lat. -006—-012. Test. adult. long. -1, lat. .015—-023. Hab. Teneriffe, 50 fms. gravel (M’ Andrew). Maus. Brit. &c. On examining the smooth Teneriffe Ceca under a }-inch achro- matic, thirty-six specimens were found, in shape agreeing with C. Clarkii, but with the whole surface covered with irregular longitu- dinal corrugations resembling thumb-marks, a sculpture entirely wanting in the rest of the specimens. In the very young shells it is searcely discernible. 31. ?Caxcum corRUGULATUM, Cpr. °C. (Fartulum) t.**? Brochinee glabriformi’’ simili, sed tumidiore ; superficie transversim tenuissime striata, striulis minimis irre- gulariter corrugata ; septo *mamillato : operculo’?... Long. ‘075, lat. -(017—-022. Hab. Mazatlan, 1 sp., off Chama. Mus. Brit. Maz. Cat. p. 327. The only specimen found is dead and imperfect, but presents a sculpture like that of C. pollicare, yet in the opposite direction. It may be a Brochina. 32. CacumM pexTRoveRsuM, Cpr. C. (Fartulum) t. tereti, satis elongata, tenui ; septo tumido, sub- mamillato ; mucrone tumidissimo, dextrorsum versato ; margine laterali valde convexo: operculo concavo, suturis vix definitis. Test. jun. long. °023, lat. 008. Test. adult. long. ‘092, lat. -024. Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. &c. Maz. Cat. p. 328. About thirty specimens were found, off Spondylus, and (living) among Olivelle, of which six had their opercula. The knob on the plug is frequently worn off in the adult, leaving a mamillate appear- ance. 326. Cucum (? DEXTROVERSUM, Var.) ANTILLARUM. One young specimen only was found in the W. Indian sponge, not presenting any characters by which it can be separated from C. dex- troversum. Additional materials, however, may prove them distinct ; = it is kept provisionally separate. It measures long. °056, lat. ‘01— 012. 33. ? CzxcuM sUBQUADRATUM, DR. 8. 1C. (Fartulum) t. elongata, minima, levi, haud nitente ; aper- tura haud contracta; septo submamillato, subungulato ; mar- gine laterali extante, supra satis convexo, lateribus rectis, par- No. CCCLXXIV.—ProceepiInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 434 allelis ; apice obtusissimo, lato, ad latus quadrato: oper- culo? ... Long. -068, lat. -009—-012. Hab. Port Elizabeth (Bean). Mus. Brit. Three specimens were found, differing from all other known species in the shape of the plug. This, on a side view, has parallel sides with a somewhat rounded top; the apex, however, is at the end of one of the straight sides. The shell resembles B. glabra in the non-contraction of the aperture. The texture is in some parts slightly diaphanous, but opake behind the mouth. It may be a Brochina. 34. Cacum ReveRSuM, Cpr. C. (Fartulum) t. jun. “C. dextroverso”’ simili, sed septo sub- convexo ; mucrone reverso, semicylindraceo, arcuato, aperturam versus convexo, dorsum versus concavo ; t. adulta’?...: oper- culo?... Long. °048, lat. -012. Hab. Mazatlan, 1 young sp. off Spondylus. Mus. Brit. Maz. Cat. p. 329. The plug is unique; the mucro resembles a small Cecum lying on the slightly swollen surface, with its horns towards the back, and its back adjoining the front of the shell. 35. Czcum TERES, Cpr. C. (Fartulum) t. elongata, tereti, longitudinaliter interdum sub- angulata; septo mucronato; mucrone subelongato, obtuso; margine laterali subrecto: operculo vix concavo. Test. jun. long. 045, lat. :012. Test. adult. long. 115, lat. -017—°027. Hab. Mazatlan, very rare. Mus. Brit. &c. This shell has the shape of Zlephantulum without the ribs, a ten- dency to which, however, sometimes appears in slightly-marked angles. 36. CacUuM MAMILLATUM, 8S. Wood. C. (Fartulum) t. tereti, solida; apertura haud declivi, tumente ; septo mucronato, mucrone dactyliformi ; margine laterali valde concano. Variat mucrone parvo, subtumente. Long. 15, lat. -023—-033. Hab. Sutton, Cor. Crag, abundant. Mus. Brit. &e. C. mammillum, 8. Wood, Cat. 1842. C. mammillatum, 8. Wood, Crag. Moll. p. 116, pl. 20. f. 4 a, ¢; ?+f. 5 a (rubbed). | Adol.=Cecum m. var. subulatum, 8. Wood, loc. cit. f. 4 b. Jun. = Caecum (?) ineurvatum (2), 8. Wood, loc. cit. p.117, f.7 a, 6; (non Serpula ineurvata, Walker). 435 This species is known from the smooth forms of C. tumidum by the greater proportionate length, less thickening of the mouth, and the very conspicuous mucro on the otherwise flattened plug. As Crag shells are prone to variation, it is probably not a mark of spe- cific difference that the mucro varies in shape, being sometimes straight, sometimes bent as in the figure, sometimes long, sometimes short, sometimes swollen so as to approach C. frachea. It is pro- bably one of these specimens that is figured at 5 a.* Genus Brocurna, Gray. Testa Ceco similis, levis ; apertura simplici, acuta; septo ma- millato. Operculum convexum ; anfractibus linea elevata in- structis. It will be a remarkable coincidence, should it hereafter appear that all the shells with mamillated plug and sharp mouth have the convex operculum. At present we can only distinguish Brochina from Cacum by the latter character. As the same terraced struc- ture appears in the concave forms, as some of these are almost flat, and as the amount of convexity differs in different individuals, or in the same individual according to accidents in drying, this alone forms a scarcely sufficient generic character. Brochina, Gray, Guide Moll. p. 101.—Cecum, pars, auct. 37. BrocuH1na GLABRA, Mont. (diagn. auct.) Br. t. parva, tereti, levi, tenui, subdiaphana; apertura haud contracta, haud declivi, haud tumida ; septo mamillato, plus minusve elevato, apice nullo ; margine laterali circulari ; mar- ginibus decollatis, haud conspicuis. Test. jun. planorbiformi, anfr. ii, et dimidio, tumidis, tenuissimis. Operculo pellucido, | corneo, extante; plerumque medio planato, homogeneo ; dein conico, lateribus plus minusve divergentibus, linea spirali ex- tante, anfr. v.—vii.; interdum omnino convexo, linea spirali apicem versus ascendente. Test. jun. spir. diam. ‘011. Test. jun. elongata, long. -03, lat. -006. ‘Test. adolese. long. *055, lat. -O08—-01 2. Test. adult. long. ‘068, lat. -012—-015. Hab. British Seas (vide Forbes §- Hanley) ; Mediterranean — (M’Andrew) ; Piedmont (Jeffreys) ; Cephalonia (Bean) ; fossil in r. Crag (S. Wood). =Dentalium minutum, Linn, ed. xii. p. 1264 ; Dillw. Ree. Shells, vol. ii. p. 1068 (vide antea, p. 1). ; Dentalium glabrum, Mont. Test. Br. vol. ii. p. 497 (1803); Maton _-=- * Students have cause to regret that the invaluable series of Crag Mollusca from which the monograph was compiled were not named by the author before he so generously presented them to the British Museum. In the absence of a copy of the work in the Zoological Department, they are still unnamed, and the identification of types is retarded. 436 & Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 239; Turt. Conch. Dict. p- 40; Br. Mar. Conch. p. 4. f. 5; Wood, Ind. Test. Ed. Hanl. p- 192. no. 14. f. 12. Caecum glabrum, Flem. Enc. Edinb. pl. 204. f. 7, pl. 205. f. 8, 9; Forbes & Hanl. Br. Moll. vol. iii. p. 181. pl. 69. f.5; H.& A. Ad. Gen. vol. i. p. 356; Clark, Test. Mar. Br. p. 329; Searles Wood, Crag Moll. p. 117. pl. 20. f. 6; M’Andr. Br. Ass. Rep. Moll. N.E. Atl. 1856, p. 149; Jeffr. Mar. Test. Piedm. p. 30. [Non M’Andr. Geogr. Distr. 1854; B.M. Cat. Shells Canar. p. 29.] Brochina glabra, Gray, Syst. Distr. Moll. p. 101. Orthocera glabra, Flem. Br. An. p. 237. Odontidium levissimum, Cantr. Bull. Brux. vol. ix. p. 2, 1842. Brochus glaber, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Br. p. 125. no. 5. pl. 56. Tia ?+ Brochus levis, Brown, loc. cit. no. 6. f. 6*. T. adol.=Brochus arcuatus, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Br. p. 125, no. 7. pl. 56. f. 9; Forbes & Hanl. Br. Moll. vol. ii. p. 182. T. jun.=? Serpula incurvata, Walk. Test. Min. f. 11, 1787; Ad. Mier. pl. 14. f.7; Maton & Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 246; Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 156; Dillw. Rec. Sh. vol. ii. p. 1071; Wood, Ind. Test. ed. Hanl. p. 192. no. 3. pl. 38. f. 3m. Vermiculum incurvatum, Mont. Test. Br. p. 518. ? =Cornuoides minor, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Br. p. 125. no. 2. pl. 56. f. 50: “ =Serpula recta, Walker, Flem.” [? Non ? Cecum tincurvatum, 8. Wood, Crag Moll. p. 117. pl. 20. f. 7 a, 6,=? Serpula recta, S. Wood, Cat. 1842: ? = Caecum mamil- latum, jun. | The shell is described as snow-white by Hanley. This is true of dead specimens ; but when fresh it is somewhat horny in texture, and so pellucid, that the shape of the operculum within can easily be seen through the shell by transmitted light. The English specimens generally have the plug somewhat flattened, presenting not more than a third of a sphere; but many of the Mediterranean shells, especially when young, are so inflated as closely to resemble the Ma- zatlan species. I have carefully examined about thirty specimens with the oper- cula in situ, of which part were dredged by Mr. M’ Andrew in the Mediterranean, part were most kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. Clark. From several of these, after softening the animal in dilute potash (till the viscera were clearly discernible through the trans- parent shell), I removed the opercula, and subjected them to a rigid scrutiny, by transmitted and reflected lights, under various achro- matic powers up to} in. Iam not able to confirm all the observa- tions recorded by Mr. Clark, and presume that some of them may * This may be a foreign species, as the aperture is said to be somewhat con- tracted; but as the protuberance is further said to be central, it is probably, as Hanley supposes, a form of B. glabra. “ D. imperforatum, Walker, Mout.,” is cited as a synonym: perhaps the author may have been misled by the figure in Wood (no. 12), which corresponds with D. imperforatum, but is clearly intended to represent D. glabrum. 437 have been made from imperfect specimens. I have searched in vain * for the Siliquaroid windlass and fringe and the Polystomelloid loculi. The ordinary shape is like that of a common brown basin—flat in the middle, where the spiral elements are very rarely discernible, with the sides flattened, diverging at a greater or less angle, and with a strong rib bounding the medial portion, and proceeding in about seven spiral turns (or less) to the periphery. Although presenting analogies with the opercula of some of the Bivonie, it appears much more nearly related to the Turritellide, from which it differs in. being bent outwards instead of inwards. The peculiar characters are not so constant as might be expected, and perhaps depend in part on the amount of contraction of the animal in drying. One specimen was found with but very slight excurvation: a few were pretty regularly convex, instead of being trigonal ; and in these the central area was not marked off by the rib, which proceeded to lose itself gradually towards the apex. ‘The flattened part is about the size of the first tube of the shell; the whole diameter, about ‘012. The spiral rib is also found, more or less developed, in species with a concave operculum. The Brochus arcuatus of Brown proves to bea veritable Brochina glabra in a transition state. After I had described and returned Mr. Alder’s apparently plugless specimen, it came in two in his hands, displaying a duly formed plug in the middle. The decollated portion, which was abnormally persistent, having been open, seems to favour the hypothesis I had ventured to suggest from the com- plex character of the plugs in Ceecidee, that they are not mere septa continually cast off and renewed, but an integral part of the struc- ture, removed from time to time with additional layers. Some emi- nent naturalists, however, state that this is impossible, 37 6. ? BrocHINna ? GLABRA. Hab. W. Indies, in sponge of commerce. Very few W. Indian specimens were found of this form ; and of these only three were sufficiently perfect to allow of identification. These did not present any characters by which they could be distin- guished from the European species ; but they await a knowledge of the operculum. 38. ? BrocuINA GLABRIFORMIS, Cpr. Maz. Cat. p. 327. This species is kept provisionally separate, at least till the opercu- lum has been examined. The shell alone affords no satisfactory __ mark of specific separation. 438 Genus Mr1ocEerRas*. Testa adolescens solute spiralis, haud planata; adulta sepe in- flata. Apertura obliqua. Operculum spirale, extus concavum; anfractibus linea spirali instructis. Cecum, pars, Stimpson. (Pars= Inflatulum, B. M. Maz. Cat. p- 314, note *.) The young shells of this group might easily be passed over as Ver- metide ; when perfect, however, the minute plug displays their Czecous origin, while their peculiar growth, in a loose spiral instead of a plane, seems to warrant their separation. The young and adult shells have been found together (1) fossilized in the coral rocks of Barbadoes+, (2) in recent shell sand from the W. Indies, and (3) in the coarse sponge of commerce. The peculiarities of the adult form are easily explicable from its spiral origin. If the decollated parts had remained, Metoceras would bear a loose resemblance to ffelicoceras, and Cecum to Toxoceras. It is presumed that these creatures are more stationary in their habits than Ceca; their mode of growth would enable them to keep pace with sponge, but would be inconvenient in crawling through the narrow passages in which Ceca have been found. All the species found are glossy, without sculpture, and with a texture often partly opake, partly transparent, in irregular concentric bands interrupted by longitudinal ribs, like the framework of inflated fashionable dress. The adult shells can searcely be distinguished from Fartula, the irregularity of outline being the best criterion. 39. MEIocEeRAS NITIDUM, Bean, MS. M. ¢t. nitidissima, vitrea seu subcornea, subdiaphana ; fusca, seu albida et candida nebulosa; adolescente anfractibus paucis, rapide augentibus ; t. adulta valde gibbosa, plerumque maxime inflata, utraque extremitate constricta ; apertura valde declivi, circiter angulum 130° planum apicis respiciente ; margine an- tico maxime arcuato, postico subplanato : septo submucronato, conico, marginibus laterali et dorsali rectis, apice parum ele- vato, acutiore, dorsali: operculo parum concavo, linea spiral extante instructo ; anfractibus paucis, circiter v. Variat t. magis elongata, minus inflata. * netov, rather small; xépas, horn. tT Not from Grignon, as erroneously stated in the note, p. 314 of the ‘ Mazatlan Catalogue.’ Those who possess the work are requested to cancel the note alto- gether. The very faulty name Jnflatulum was simply intended as a section under Cecum, founded on the shape only. As the peculiar shape is found to vary even in the species, and as the true generic character is in the Cornucopie-shaped a, growth of the adolescent shell, I gladly adopt the excellent name given at my re- quest by Mr. H. Adams. The finding of the fossil specimens was due to the ee skilful labour of the late Mary Clow, the faithful attendant of S. Worsley, Esq., — long known as (though blind) the zealous investigator of the Inferior Oolite fossils of Dundry. It was to serve as eyes to guide his knowledge, that 1 commenced the study of shells. 439 ?=Cacum nitidum, Stimps. Monogr. Cee. U.S. in Proc. Bost. 'N. H.S. Oct. 15th, 1851, p. 112*. While size and shape are tolerably good guides in examining adult Ceca, they afford very little character in Meiocerata. As the adult shell might be formed either out of a bend in the spire or a straight- ened prolongation, it might assume the peculiar form of the species, or a thinner, longer condition. The spiral formation also gives more or less of twist to the axis even of the adult shell, which causes spe- cimens to roll over at a touch, and makes the examination even of the profile of the plug a matter of difficulty. The same cause may also make the shape of tWe plug itself not quite so constant as usual, More than 150 specimens have been examined, of which three pos- sessed their opercula. Test. adolesc. long. ‘058, lat. ‘(006—--02. Test. adult. normal. long. *088, lat. °013—-027. Test. adult. elong. long. ‘091, lat. ‘014d—'027, Test. adult. obes, long. ‘068, lat. -015—-03. Hab. W. Indies, in shell sand, and sponge of commerce ; fossil L, ae rock, Barbadoes (Dr. Cutting) ; ? Florida (Stimpson). Mus. rit. &e, 40. Me1ocerAs CORNUCOPIA, 0. 8. M. t. “M. nitidum” simulante; sed minore, minus inflata; t. ado- lescente anfractibus minus rapide augentibus; septo mucro- nato, mucrone acutissimo, haud elongato, a superficie subplanato subito ascendente; margine laterali valde incurvato: oper- Variat mucrone elevato. Test. jun. long. *048, lat. -(007—-015. Test. adult. elong. long. -09, lat. °012—-02. Test. adult. compacta long. 064, lat. °013—-018. About 120 specimens were found, of which one apparently pos- sessed a thin, scarcely concave operculum. A high power, however, displayed a texture without trace of spiral elements ; and it was pro- bably formed of adventitious matter. Some forms of this species run into aberrant forms of the last: but it may in general be easily distinguished, in the young shell by the more gradual increase ; in _ the adult by the small size and slight inflation; and in all stages by the very sharp mucro, with concave sides. Hab. W. Indies, in sponge of commerce. 41. Mer1oceras CORNUBOVIS, 0. 8. M. t. “M. cornucopiam”’ simulante ; sed septo subungulato ; apice angusto, submucronato ; margine laterali plus minusve convexro, sepe inflato: operculo satis concavo; extus lamina * Mr. Stimpson’s diagnosis does not speak of the plug, and might accord with any of the three species here proposed. It will save much confusion between this and Mr. Bean’s MS. name, should the two (on comparison of specimens) prove to be identical. 440 extante spirali fortiori, anfr. circiter xii. definiente, nucleum versus obsoleta ; intus umbone satis prominente, superficie stri- ulis minimis concentricis ornata. Variat apice parum seu valde elevato. Test. adult. gibbosa, long. :063, lat. -013—°022; div. sept. et apert. 130°. Test. adult. normalis, long. ‘067, lat. -013—-02; div. sept. et apert. 105°. Test. adult. elongata, long. -082, lat. ‘(016—*022 ; div. sept. et apert. 105°. About 240 specimens have been examined, of which three pos- sessed their opercula. In one, the spiral raised bar is distinctly traceable to the very apex ; in another it is only seen for about eight whorls. The same difference is recorded under Brochina glabra*. The shells go through the same changes of form as in the last species ; and many specimens display the same ‘crinoline”’ pattern in the transparent and opake banding. It is in general easily distinguished by the shape of the plug, which, even when the apex is but slightly raised, is still somewhat tumid, while in M, cornucopie the lateral outline is concave. Aberrant specimens exist in all the species which cannot be discriminated with confidence. It is possible that the forms with the high pointed plug belong to a fourth species, perhaps a Fartulum, allied to C. teres; but they have here been distributed among the rest according to the balance of characters. Genus STREBLOCERAST. Testa haud decollata ; vertice nucleoso orbiculari, plane tuber- culart perpendiculariter affixo. Habitus increscentis plerum- que orbicularis, seu subtortuosus. This earliest known Ceecid preserves in its adult state the first stage of Cecum,—the whorls not being decollated, nor any plug formed. ‘The shells are too large and too numerous to be supposed rudimentary, especially when the extreme rarity of the ‘‘Cornu- oides”’ form even in recent Ceca is taken into consideration. It bears the same relation to Cecum that Rimu/a does to Glyphist, and, as far as the shell is concerned, forms an easy passage to Vermetus. The plane of growth is generally flat, as in Caecum; but some spe- cimens have a slight twist, forming an approach to Mezoceras. In * Having succeeded in extracting one of the opercula, ‘018 in diameter (in which the concavity was about *002, the inner boss about ‘001), I was surprised to find, on the second day’s examination, that it presented fewer whorls, and those further apart, than before. On investigation, it appeared that the whole margin had bent over inwards, giving the object the appearance of an elf’s “ wide-awake”’ hat. The tiny article was then caused to balance on its reflected margin, in which position the strong ribs presented much the appearance of the lost opercu- a lum described under Caecum bimarginatum. Tt orpcBrOs, twisted ; xépas, horn, t B.M. Maz. Cat. pp. 213, 220=Lueapina, pars, H. & A. Ad., non Gray, = Ca- piluna, Gray, Guide Moll. 1857, p. 166. The proof sheets of the Maz. Cat., bear- ing date May 1856, were submitted to Dr. Gray’s inspection. , 0 { _ the nuclear whorls it is set perpendicularly to the plane of the adult, 441 in this respect also differing trom Cornuoides of Brown. As his genus must be expunged, being constituted only for young Ceca, the name is retained for the typical species. 42. SrREBLOCERAS CORNUOIDEs (Brown), n. s. St. t. elongata, haud rapide augente ; vertice nucleoso magno, anfr. ii. et dimidio, tumentibus ; habitu increscentis subregula- riter arcuato, interdum vix tortuoso ; superficie levi, seu lineis increscentibus concentricis ; apertura haud contracta, haud tu- mida. Long. ‘08, lat. tubee ‘008—-015. Lat. verticis *01—:014. Hab. Fossil in Eocene beds, Hempstead and Barton (Zdwards). Mus. Brit. Twenty-three specimens of this very interesting shell were found by Mr. Edwards, and were alluded to by Searles Wood and by Forbes and Hanley: their peculiarities, however, do not seem to have been recorded till the present time. There is no trace of plug in the few specimens which have lost the nuclear whorls. Only one specimen was found from Barton, with one of the next species. 43. STREBLOCERAS SOLUTUM, 0. 8. St. t. elongata, tereti ; vertice nucleoso minimo, anfr. ii. tumi- dioribus ; t. adolescente rapide augente, levi ; dein subito lineis concentricis exillimis, creberrimis ornata, subcylindrica ; habitu increscentis subregulariter arcuato, seu vix tortuoso ; apertura haud contracta, haud tumida. Long. 082, lat. tube ‘004—015. Lat. verticis °0035—:004. Hab. Upper Marine Beds, Hordwell, 6 specimens ; Barton, | sp. (Edwards & Higgins). Mus. Brit. Of this very distinct species, three broken specimens were found by Mr. Edwards in the Upper Marine beds at Hordwell, and one nearly perfect from Barton, along with S¢. cornuoides. Mr. Higgins was fortunate enough to find three specimens, of which two pos- sessed the minute nuclear coils. These are not half the size that they are in the last species, though in the adult state it is a trifle the larger of the two. For about one-fourth of the entire length, the shell is smooth and increases rapidly : it then suddenly becomes minutely striated, and adopts the habit of growth of S¢. cornuoides. To assist the student in the identification of species, an abstract, giving the principal distinctive characters at a glance, is here ap- pended. pat eplloyy “UR[ILZLIN, “URTJUZE IN “URVZV “uepezeyy § vueURg pssof ‘Berg “109 *sorpuy “AA “ueaa yy “nssof pue 4ua0e1 ‘adoing *purlsuq "N “URTIEZe TN suede ¢ ¢ uepezeyy “URTILZL IA, ‘uapy £ Sarpuy "A “sorpul “M URTILZL IN URTIEZL I, URLeZe “UR [eZe ‘a1odeSuig ¢ { uepyezeyy pssof ‘Brig “109 “snigtineyy ‘ SOIpuy “AA “UL[JEZL IN “eUvUe | “UR[ILZ IN “ULTILZB “Aqyyeoo'y ¢ sttewrnee yey Ajreou dAv0u00 eet aeeseeeee aAvou0d eeeveeeee renSuewy [e194e] Xode ‘xoauo0o repnsurL}4 dABOU0D eee eeeeee repnsueiy aseceeeeseses* SOATIOD serereees gavomooqns eoeeeeeee Iepnsuel} terres rein Sawn} teeeeeeeeee* QABOTIOD seeeseeeree> QapOOD é + guoutmoaid A10A “+ quoutmoid ssa] ses kasbeaxrsi” @NROTIOD Hereeeeerees pouayey Hearse nomaqeg [estop xode ‘xoauoo [e1oqe] xode ‘xeauoo ssn eeeee tisteeeeneereeress agTy ‘Sng Jo o[yo1g iepasueny ——— ayeuo10nul * ayeuoronul ayeuoronut ayeuoroud-"Sun a7e TUE ayeuorOnUt a}epnsunqns ayeuosonM-"sun ayelpimue wa ayvuorONUr ayepnsun ayeyn3un a4 v101ONUL ayepn3un-*r0nUt é oqvynsun-"10nw ayeynSun-"1onu ayepnsun-"19nw + BABDUOD qui teards qta yeards ‘oul [eds 9ABOU0D a.n. + *9U00 9AvDTOD > *0u00 é sttees setae “qtipeuds 300148 ayeyn3un-aonu |: aaeou0d = Asa ayeuoronUt ayeuoronM aqejnSun-"weUl dJVUOTONIU- "We wu ayepnsun [eayxop ‘conul "Teridsqns ‘uRpezeyy) yey) wyxXepqns “on ‘Sntd d Meme Ame Oe oO ‘aut Teatds ¥ a ed, 7 sesees ugrjoms)*tetreereseeeseeeeees Sarr amegsrp ‘die ree he arr a Foe oy “+ upqfoms youl" sBurx dreys rayyes “queystp { eBaey ee reeeseess ugRAyIE|O Seta *** UaT[OMS JOU AXOA *** WITTOMS JOU *** UZT[OMS JOU uaT[OMS TORU *** T9TTOMS JOU *** TOT[OMS JOU. *** TOTTOMS Jou *** TATJOMS JOU ‘tees WaT[OMS UdT[OMS TONUL waT[oms uaT[OMS Yonu *** TaTTOMS JOU é see eweeee posuit se eeeeees pasutr seeeeeeee posur seewweree pasts é UaT[OAs *** UQT[OMS JOU *** TIQTTOMS JOU} "** UaTfOMsS Jou * Zura Suryjoms see warseresereserseererssaeeeseeersseee srreeeereees gangdfnos JuIvy ‘lapueys ‘[[euIs)*** UNyajoOsqo “1vA —— ¢ *payessnd -ap AjaqnuIu $ssuLI punod ‘yurey ‘asopo| tt BaYyoRIy —— Seer rer er s3ult punoz 4no4s mee eeeeeeneneee umnyjeqornd — sereeeoes SSut papunod ‘qurez ‘osopo £ Buoj|***ts****** wanssardatqns —— Suyeursyye sooeds yioous pue sBurs|****** SA@TIUIIS “IVA — pee eeereveeersreee sSuLt popunor qurey $ Zuo] teen een weeneerrens winyesuoya sores noaessnoap ‘sul Buoys | aaj] sts WNgepnuUe (unyjeuy) *SI9UIOD eurpnyisuo0] FI-g ‘SMOLINZ dLyUeDMOD)"***""**""** “es+srou0o f Aq passoso ‘sSurt papunogl set" WRGOSeyday [euiou|*** umotmooqns =“ “sre quaosauvad orngdynos { aulaqseqrye|* WNysposqoqns pcinie(oA Re ninelee sie oir eis taminginnee? mene OTT AqOA squ soe TanzVATMUI} “IRA +e""* YMOUL LIU SBUTL VJoTOSqO puwB Sqia|*****-*** sereesees auiggsauvad saotsiaqur ¢ Aduinys|** uingoedui0o “18a ——- ; —— raxssee meee sane cease ee SB TET poxenbs $ yews tose ewseey esse > *eMENBUL ayeipenbqns ‘s8uit qnogs|"* tees UNRULY ta feasts sadeirietige Seoyre* tae TOO TIs Ajreau *** pazessnoap you sBurt punoar $ Adumngs) steers ests ors eee eeewesraree wnpiany —— “* UUNgROTIqUaL “ee wwnjouTI07 eT hia Gna telecine we cn eb lalpe Wh Y/s ele weleeh Sqit auy AOA Pere e tt te eer tt enscee TuNgelly —— RWS VU oUyY ‘sq davys { yxoys| es ttt TANgeotTd —— PTVUuEEeE EET Cee e eee eee e ree eee squ ouyg)** eer tt weer eee tinsnjqo —— steceteceeancecescsessesseeceesserrrres SCTE GUY sereeeeeseesseee TNgBaNbey —— testrererereereeerers gana gaenbs yno Adaap| ttt wingdynosur =—— *4n0q pur ‘gzoys Ajouteayxo $ etays porTered aug Azaa}esstees ss teset* QTBELIOUGR —— | N otis cra auy : aAvouoo| Suit Surpoms|*ssss**""** Soy Saeways yorpwued ouy Ara)" gyeatdsqns (uinpnjueydayq) wnow9 *[ *unjno1adg “qmoW ‘ainydinog pue odeyg ‘sotoads ‘SH1LOUdS AO SISATVNV “pssof ‘aus.0q ‘uo.reg| —] —) a. wee teneee daeys Settee eee een ane snapont [yeas ¢ gaputays °°" ““* mnjnjos —— “¢} *yussof “dog ‘peaysduiayy 0 0 é sereeeres” Gawys|* sss" snaponu adie, f YIOOUS ‘Buoy “s+ "**+++**+++* saplonusoa sBIBD0TqQaIS “ZF “STATA asoyo ‘qua peatds “sorpuy SA teeetettes XOAU0D| OJBUOIONUI-"Fun |Suo0ys :aavouos Sunuvys aqqer ee pagegue APIBS)+ee eerste eee eee ences StAOg-nuI09 —— "[F *soIpuy “AA BAROUOD! «= aIBUOTONUL é Buyjueys ayer sees pagegur AGUAS steeereeesseeeseoeeee ardog-nas109 —— “hp *S[ITM. | queysip = ‘qa . jeatds Suo1s | e pss0f 2 901 ‘sarpuy “yy aeNSueLy] ayeuosonuqns |:aavouod AJao.wos|"*BuTjurys Aral pagepar Apamargxa) esses" CNP SBIBIOIOPY “GE * i . “URTILZL TY teeeeeeee~OATIOD Adoa a1 eT[LUAE I : We Wala e davys Poe ee re reeseressseeeereresteas yews ‘1apuays ° Ae e eee eee ee STtIOFLIQeys -—— “ge *soIpUuy "M eeerssessece X@Au00 o7v][LUIe OL 3 ode aca Greqel "72°" - yjemus ‘rapuays Pewee eee emer tweet ete tone —-: —i'gls ‘adoang ssts"*"rt* — X@AMOD] = aFLT[TUTeUT Grd feats SxaAT0g|*"*<"*89=_ dawray" “soe eee steers ene BOR RED UBIO es ee er eee vign|3s vupoig “7¢ *pssof ‘Beig 109 see QAROTIOD AIOA ayeuoronu 2 eesese uaT[OMs Pere eeeeeCCeCerr yer eer er rer eer er ie prfos ‘Suo] eeeee seeee wNgEyy teat = “oe sunpezeyy "ey Apreau| = ayeNoAONUT aavouod Ajaorvos Suqueys aygeal***""*** paqepnsuv APYSys ‘tapuays “Buopy* ***********ee*e*""* $9l9_——— —— "CE “UReZeyy ” X@AU00 Jaye pesiaral *jonul ; eeeceense daeys MPTYTIITTITL IT Tiere te Japuays seteeseeessereeoes TWINSIQAQL —— ——— “FE “BrRaysny “ss ayeupenbqns ayeyn3un-"wear 3 pate Oe davys “ns Sasinve pete ve eens soa soe TON TAIN ‘Tyeus AOA Henne eet eee wmyvrpenbqns qaititlinsitr' icin “eg *sorpuy “M é : Fi tee UaT[OAS qou Pore eee eee eee eee eee eee ee Ceres Japuas ‘aB1v] . wnieyquy "IVA i— —'"9z¢ “uvyezeyy “t**xoauod Ar9A)yxap ‘Sun-"urem) gavouod APYSIys\"** UaT[OMS Jou) ATT TTT seeess Japuays ‘aavy| tt UINsLVAO.NXOP —— —— “ZE “URpALZL PY” reeeerereees XQATIOO! — OFLITLUUVUT Z Q Suyurys zayyes|"***** paywsnaroo Ajaqnuru $ zapuoys arouy" — MANgUNAN.A09 —— —— “[¢ ‘ayuouag tt epn Suen aqeyndun é Suyurys zayaeal"***** poyeTnar09 Ajaynurur capuays atoun)*********7*-QawaI[jod —— —— “og ‘ayuauag se sss Suypaas ayengun é Suyurys sayyes)”” st** Japuays a1our)***** THYAVTO “awA i— —"962 ‘ayuouay, *** aavau0d spaysys ajeuosonut Q Suryurys gaqyeay 7" ** eetteesersseseeeerss Japuays/ ess CUNALIIA —— —— *62 “uRezeyy)*** UayfOas A[YSYs, aevuosonu-Fon pres Apysys)et'* aL ea sButt ajyajosqo aay ef Adams) UaMTTOTe] ———- —— "gz F “utd. aq —“eyeaysny SorodeSurg sss" zepnSuewa aqyndun = -nop :4ey Apaeou)*****s Sauyys** pace! Aduinys sereeeereees WUNQBULSIVULG ———— "£7 = “uRpeZEpy ttt aepn3ueny aqeynsun seseeeee® Qapguoalteett* rN a a eeseveneserone Kdamnggiee "| OAT (winyjngaeq) — ‘97 uRpezeyyy | ren Zurn aqepnsun verrerees gapouool'* Sunues ree sBurr davys “quuystp sAdumngs;** uNQRpuN —— —— “CZ ‘ayuauay ttt aepnSueny) — ayepnZun é *** UATJOMS JOU "STULL JJoTOSGO asoja SAsSO[D “[TeUIs “Buoy (poo 4 -sopIwag “AVA——— ¢-——- —— "FG ‘ayaa ttt aAvOUOD! O}R[NZun-"10ONUI é '* UaToms JousButr davys yuvystp § Assopd ‘qyeus ‘Huoj|"** "ss cANaMssyyURFaja@ —— —— “FZ under errr reer rey pouayep é é teens HaT]OAS erro rrr ree s3uit ystdieys $ rapuays Saas A Rae eee eee tent wee aplouss —— —— "SZ *paqoesy gh Su) lah tia ete ATS ** XOAU0O Apysys ayeuosonu } é -u09 ‘Sunurys eeee rere try s3au ysidaeys $ oaid eye ai—— — “7 A a ae . . 8 ae a E - i at 2 — ws Mah 444 ANALYSIS OF GENERA. Shell ribbed, Genus Elephantulum. Operculum : nee on lens CCUM ...r0000: ! Shel aes Growth | COnC@ve- - Shell smooth, i Shell succes- } orbicular Fartulum. sively de- 0 perculum a ra collated. convex...... Brochina. ED Growth ™ A epital. :idajesqysseeaneet nas Meioceras. © * Shell persis- HOHE Shi pascnsves otas packs oh oeaveanvetncentad .Strebloceras. 4. DescripTIon oF Riama, A New Genus or Lizarps, FORM- ING A DISTINCT Famity. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. etc. (Reptilia, Pl. XV.) Mr. Louis Fraser has lately sent to the British Museum a con- siderable series of Lizards, Snakes, and Toads and Frogs from Gua- yaquil, in spirits. Among other interesting species is an annulated Lizard, which, as it cannot be referred to any of the existing families, and hasa very peculiar external appearance, must at the same time be considered as the type of a new genus and new family. This Lizard belongs to the section of Cyclosaure, which have a distinct longitudinal fold along each side like the Zonuride ; but it differs from the animal of that family in all the scales of the body and tail being elongate, four-sided, placed in transverse rings and regular longitudinal series, like the scales of the Amphisbenide, while the scales of the back and tail of the Zonuride are all rhombic and more or less distinctly keeled. It differs from the Amphisbenide in having an elongated head, four distinct moderately strong limbs (each furnished with five toes armed with claws), and broad square shields on the central part of the belly and tail. It differs from the genera of the Chalcide in the position of the nostril (which in the genera of this family is large and placed in the suture between the lower edge of the nasal and the upper edge of the labial shield), and in the presence of exposed ears, which in that fa- mily are entirely hidden under the skin. These animals have the general form of the Lizards—their elon- gated head furnished with regular shields, well developed eyes co- vered with eyelids, well developed legs and feet, and a bifid tongue with acute lobes, combined with small regular square or rather elon- gated four-sided scales forming rings round the body. The scales of the different rings are arranged in regular longitudinal series, smooth, impressed, not imbricate one over the other, but like those of Am- phisbena: indeed on looking at its back it might be almost taken for 445 an Amphisbena furnished with short legs ; but, unlike those animals, the scales of the middle of the belly and the middle of the under side of the body are of the same length, but twice as wide, as the other scales, forming equal-sided square shields like those of the true La- certide. Their general appearance would lead one to the idea that they may form a group intermediate between the Amphishena and the Zonu- riform Lizards, but evidently more nearly allied to the latter. Family Rramip. The characters of the genus. Genus R1raMa. Head elongate, with regular shields; labial shield short, broad. Chin and gullet with large shields. Tongue scaly ; apex bifid ; lobes acute. Nostrils lateral, in the front part of a single plate. Eyes distinct, furnished with eyelids. Ears sunken, covered with small scales. Throat with several distinct collars, the hinder largest. Body and tail elongate, cylindrical ; sides with a narrow impressed groove extending from the axilla to the groin. The scales of the back, sides of the belly, and upper part and sides of the tail, square, elongate, four-sided, narrow, placed in equal-sized regular transverse rings and longitudinal series ; of the middle of the belly and under side of the tail, broader (about twice as broad as the others), square. Legs four, short, moderately strong. Toes 5° 5: the front short, subequal, claws short, blunt ; the hind ones unequal; the inner very short, rudimentary; the outer elongate, placed lower on the foot than the rest, claws longer, acute. Femoral pores few, distinct. Tail elongate, cylindrical, rather fusiform, tapering to a fine point. Vent with two arched series of squarish shields in front. The rings of dorsal scales are rather interrupted over the vertebral line : on the nape between the shoulders and on the front part of the back there is a line, or two or three series, of small scales ; but these gradually become fewer and fewer, and in the hinder part of the back the rings of scales are only interrupted by a very narrow sinuous impressed line, which terminates over the loins. I am not certain whether this interruption of the rings is a character com- mon to the genus, or a peculiarity of the individual under exa- mination; it is not to be observed on the upper surface of the tail. A very narrow, indistinct, impressed line is generally to be observed in the same situation in the genus Chirotes, and in some specimens of Amphisbena. The fronts of the fore legs and thighs are furnished with large flat shields ; the rest of the legs, groin, and axille are covered with small granular scales. The head has three single sbields, the second and third being separated by a frontal pair, placed between the hinder parts of the last of the three pairs of superciliaries ; the sides of the head are covered with three pairs of large polygonal shields ; the temples with small polygonal shields. 446 RiAMA unicotor. (PI. XV. fig. 2.) Uniform lead-coloured in spirits ; tail longer than the body and head,. tapering to a fine point. Hab. Ecuador (Mr. Louis Fraser). Length: body and head 23, tail 34 inches. It may be observed, that though the genera of the family Chal- cide all agree in the form and situation of the nostrils between the nasal and labial shields, and in the absence of the external ear, they present two very distinct forms of scaling, forming at least two tribes. Thus :— 1. The scales elongate, subquadrate, pointed behind; the scales © in the rings alternating with each other, the points of the scales of one ring being opposite to the suture between the scales in the next ring.—Brachypodina: Brachypus. 2. The scales elongate, subquadrate, truncated at the end; the scales of the different rings opposite each other, forming longitudinal as well as transverse lines. The ventral and subcaudal shields broader than the rest.—Chalcidina : Chalcis—the first having the shield like Chirocolide and Anadiade, and the second like Cercosauride and the genus Rama here described. Another genus of this family named Bachia, which is not in the British Museum, is described as having narrow, smooth, six-sided shields on the back, in nineteen longitudinal series. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. Fig. 1. Argalia olivacea, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 97. From Venezuela. Fig. 2. Riama unicolor. All natural size. November 9, 1858. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. CHaAraActTers oF Five New Species or AMERICAN BIrRpDs. By Puitie Luriey Scuater, M.A. 1. EvucHLORNIS FRONTALIS, sp. nov. Psittaceo-viridis, fronte et gutture flavis ; alis caudaque intus ngris, extus viridi limbatis ; secundartis albo anguste termina- oe Fs \ aN «! 447 tis: ventre medio flavo variegato: rostro fuscescenti-nigro, pedibus pallide flavis. Long. tota 6°5, ale 3°3, caudee 2°5. Hab. Bolivia (Bridges). Mus. Derbiano. I have enumerated the seven known species of this beautiful group, under the description of Zuchlornis melanolema in the ‘ An- nals of Natural History’ for June 1856. I there used the generic name Pipreola for them, thinking then that Swainson’s Pipreola chlorolepidota probably belonged to the genus. But after again considering Swainson’s description, I must acknowledge that the point is very doubtful, and, until it is cleared up, it is perhaps more proper to employ De Filippi’s term Luchlornis for the genus. It is easy to recognize the present species of Luchlornis by its yellow front and blackish bill, which are possessed by no other mem- ber of the group. In size it is also inferior to all except Euchlornis sclatert, Cornalia. The only example I have ever seen was pro- eured by Bridges in Bolivia, and received through Mr. Cuming by the late Lord Derby in 1846. It now ornaments the Derby Museum at Liverpool, and has been lent me, along with some other rare S. American birds, through the liberality of the Trustees of that Insti- tution, so that I now have the pleasure of submitting it to the exa- mination of the Society. 2. TurRDUS LEUCAUCHEN. Supra nigricanti-cinereus, alis et cauda saturatioribus ; capite toto et gula nigris, hac albo striata; collo antico pure albo ; abdomine toto pallide cinereo, ventre medio crissoque albis ; tectricibus subalaribus pallide ochracescentibus ; rostro flavo, pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 9-0, alee 4:6, caudee 3:8. Hab. In Guatemala. Mus. P.L.S. This is one of the numerous allies of Turdus crotopezus of Brazil and 7’. assimilis of Mexico. It is however a very distinct species, easily recognizable amongst them, by its dark cinereous colour, con- spicuously white neck-mark and yellow bill. My example was ob- tained from Mr. Leadbeater. Others similar are in Mr. Gould’s collection. 3. GEOTHLYPIS SPECIOSA. Saturate flavo-oleaginea ; capite, precipue ad latera, cum regione aurieculari nigris ; alarum remigibus fusco-nigris : subtus vivide flavus, lateribus brunnescentioribus, tectricibus subalaribus flavis ; rostro nigro, pedibus nigricanti-carneis. 2 Supra oli- vacea unicolor, subtus brunnescenti-flava, lateraliter olivascens. : + | Long. tota 5°3, ale 2°4, caude 2°3. 4 Hab. In Mexico. I found an adult male, a young male, and a female of this pretty Yellow-throat among some duplicates lately obtained by eatoige 448 from the Museum of Geneva, which were: out of the fine collection made by M. de Saussure during his recent travels in Mexico. These specimens had been wrongly identified with Geothlypis trichas, from which the black head of the male and want of the white band, not to speak of minor differences, render it easily distinguishable. The female, however, is not unlike the female of G. trichas, but of a more brownish yellow below. In form this species is rather more tenuirostral, and the tarsi, toes, and claws are slightly longer. The third primary is slightly shorter than the fourth and fifth. 4. CyCLORHIS FLAVIPECTUS. Olivaceo-viridis ; capite cinereo, pileo saturatiore ; fronte, loris et superciliis elongatis rubris : subtus lete flavus, mento summo, ventre crissoque pure albis ; rostri mandibula superiore brunnea, inferiore nigro-plumbea, apice pallescente ; pedibus pallide car- nets. Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°8, caudee 2°2. Hab. In ins. Trinit., Venezuela; et rep. Nov. Grenad. Until I obtained examples of the true Cyclorhis guianensis from Guiana and Cayenne, I mistook the present bird for that species. On comparison they are quite distinct, the Cyclorhis guianensis having the head pure cinereous, the yellow colour below confined to the fore-neck and sides of the breast and of a different tinge, and the legs lead-colour, and being besides of smaller dimensions. Of the present bird I have examples from Trinidad, from Venezuela collected by M. Aug. Sallé between La Guayra and Caraccas, from S. Martha received from M. Verreaux, and from Bogota collections. I now recognize at least six distinct species of this purely Neo- tropical group (some of which have been sadly confounded together by modern systematists), each occupying a distinct geographic area, namely— 1. guianensis, (Gm.) ex Guiana, et Brazil. Bor. 2. nigrirostris, Lafr. ex Nov. Gren. int. 3. flavipectus, mihi, ex Trinit. ins. Venezuela et Nov. Gren. littorali. 4. flaviventris, Lafr. ex Guatemala et Mex. Merid. 5. ochrocephala, Tsch. ex Bras. Mer. Orient. 6. viridis, Vieill., ex Paraguaya et Boliv. The last two species are very different, as may be seen at a glance, and yet have been always confounded together. In the Brazilian species the bill is of a pale reddish horn colour. In the Paraguay and Bolivian species it is much more elevated and compressed, and has a large dark lead-coloured blotch at the base. 5. CINCLODES BIFASCIATUS. Supra fulvescenti-brunneus, superciliis elongatis albis ; alis nigri- canti-brunneis albo bifasciatis, tectricibus omnibus dorso con- coloribus ; cauda nigra, rectricibus tribus extimis albo termi- natis : subtus grisescenti-albus ; hypochondriis, ventre imo et a, og 449 erisso pallide rufescentibus : rostro nigro, mandibula inferiore ad basin brunnescente, pedibus brunneis. Long. tota 8:0, alee 4:1, caudee 3°3, tarsi 1°2. Hab. In Bolivia (Bridges). Mus. Derbiano et Brit. This fine species of Cinclodes is quite typical in form, though it departs somewhat in colouring from the uniform appearance of Cin- clodes patagonicus and its allies. In this respect it approaches Civ clodes palliatus (Tsch.), and I was at first almost inclined to believe that it might be referable to that species. It is in fact just recon- cileable with the characters, as given in Tschudi’s ‘Conspectus Avium’ (Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 281). But turning to the Fauna Peruana, we find a plate representing a bird with the apical portion of all the tail-feathers white. On the other hand, in the letterpress of the same work, the tail-feathers are described “‘ an der Basalhiilfte rein weiss, im iibrigen Verlaufen schwarz,’ and in the following sentence “ Schwanz schwarz.” I cannot undertake to reconcile these three conflicting accounts of the colouring of the tail-feathers ; but if any one of the three be correct*, the present bird must be quite different. It may further be noticed that the underside of Tschudi’s species is represented both by figure and description as “‘pure white.’ The two white bands in the wing of Cinclodes bifasciatus are formed, one by the bend of the wing and distinct exterior edging of the feathers of the spurious wing being white, and the second by a broad white space, which occupies the basal portion of all the secondaries except the outermost, and passes obliquely across the inner primaries, ter- minating at the fourth from the outside, and leaving the three outer primaries wholly unmarked. The fourth primary is marked only on the inner web. There is a specimen of this bird in the British Museum, from the same origin as the bird described, 2. List or Birps cotLtectep By Mr. Lovis FrAseER, At Cuenca, GUALAQUIZA AND ZAMORA, IN THE REPUBLIC OF Ecuapbor. By Pariie Lutiey Sciatrer, M.A. (Aves, Pl. CXLV.) I have the pleasure of exhibiting some new birds belonging to the first collections sent home by Mr. Fraser (our corresponding mem- ber) from the journey he is now making in the Andes of Keuador, and pointing out the characters by which they may be distinguished. I subjoin also a complete list of the species obtained, as well for the preservation of the localities, which are always accurately marked, as on account of the value of the notes on the habits, food, &e. taken from Mr. Fraser’s MS. which I thus have the opportunity of making public. * For other instances of the untrustworthiness of the plates of Tsehudi’s book, see P. Z. S. 1854, p. 248, & 1558, p. 75. Dr. Giinther informs me that the Ba- trachia there figured are also quite irrecoguizable. No. CCCLXXV.—Proceepincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery. 450 Mr. Fraser’s first collecting-place was Cuenca, the capital city of the province of the same name, situated on a branch of the Rio Mat- tadero, and on the eastern slope of the great watershed, at an eleva- tion of about 8200 feet above the sea-level. Birds here were very scarce, and during a residence of parts of October and November in 1857 and March, April, and May of the present year only twenty- seven species were procured, namely— ® $Hypotriorchis columbarius. Sayornis cineracea. Otus crassirostris. Serpophaga cinerea. Turdus gigas. Hlenia, sp. chiguanco. Petrochelidon cyanoleuca. SWaINSON?. Petasophora iolata. Conirostrum fraseri, sp.nov. Calothorax fannie. Tanagra darwini. Lesbia gracilis. Pheucticus chrysogaster. amaryllis. Zonotrichia pileata. Zenada hypoleuca. Phrygilus ocularis, sp. nov. Columbula cruziana. Catamenia analoides. Glottis melanoleuca. Chrysomitris, sp. Tringa Sycalis, sp. Tringoides macularius. Sturnella bellicosa. Of these eight or nine, such as Zonotrichia pileata, Petrochelidon cyanoleuca, Glottis melanoleuca, &e. are birds of wide distribution ; Turdus gigas, Lesbia amaryllis, and Chrysomitris spinescens are New Granadian forms, occurring in collections from Bogota ; but the re- mainder may be pronounced to be mostly Peruvian, having been found, where their localities are known, in the Andes of that re- public. Two only, a Conirostrum and a little finch of the peculiar S. American genus Phrygilus, appear to me to be undescribed. It may be remarked that this spot being probably in what Tschudi calls the “‘ eastern Sierra region,”’ not a single bird of the great S. American families Formicariide, Cotingide, or Anabatide occurs, and only one Tanager (Tanagra darwini) found by Tschudi in the western maritime region of Peru. At Gualaquiza and Zamora, both sitzated much lower down in the eastern wood-region on different branches of the Rio 8. Iago, Mr. Fraser passed the months of December, January, and February. Here the ornithology is totally different, only four of the species met with at Cuenca occurring again, and members of all the three typical families above mentioned being found. Of the sixty-two species obtained here, though there are several interesting birds amonyst them, the generality are well known and of rather wide dis- tribution, occurring either in collections from Bogota or from the Upper Amazon. Three only I can at present venture to characterize as unnamed ; but there are several others belonging to the difficult group Tyrannide, which may ultimately prove to be new. 1. Hyrorriorcuis coLuMBARIUS (Linn.) 3. Cuenca, November 1857. The most southern locality yet re- 451 corded for this species.‘ From the topmost branch of a large tree cee I had disturbed some doves (Zenaida hypoleuca), rides azel,”’ 2. Burgeo PENNSYLVANNICUS (Wilson) ¢. Gualaquiza. Irides dirty-white ; cere, legs, and feet orange. Ex- ceedingly shy. Appeared to be feeding on the ground. In the stomach were fish-scales, locusts, beetles, and frogs. 3. IsycrerR AMERICANUS (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 417. Gualaquiza. Mandibles yellow, cere blue; face, throat, legs, feet and irides deep red. In the gizzard, beetles and other insects. “A very active noisy bird. Having killed one out of three together among the high trees in the deep forest, the others made a great noise, screaming and crying round about. ‘The second fell wounded, and his cries made the third an easy prey.’’ Xivaro name, “ Fa-ca- coo;”’ Spanish, ‘“ Catacao.’’ 4. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Gm.). Gualaquiza, 2. “ Irides deep yellow; cere and face orange ; bill bluish base, black towards the tip ; legs and feet orange.” 5. Buso crassirostris, Vieill. Cuenca, 2. ‘The stomach contained hair and bones of small mammals. Irides orange.”’ 6. Turpvs Gieas, Fraser, P. Z.S. 1840, p. 59. Cuenca. Bill and legs orange. Agrees with New Granadian specimens from Bogota. 7. Turpus curGuanco, Lafr. et D’Orb. ; D’Orb. Voy. p. 201, pl. 9. f. 2. Irides light hazel ; bill, legs, feet, and claws yellow. ‘A smart, active, upright bird, seen in pairs about the meadow-lands.”’ 8. TurDUS ALBIVENTRIS, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pl. 69; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 4. Zamora, ¢. A single specimen: hardly differs, except in rather shorter tarsi, from examples of T. albiventris from Cayenne. 9. Turpus swainsont, Cab. in Tsch. F. P. p. 188. — Turdus minimus, Lafr.; Sclater in P. Z.S. 1855, p. 145. Gualaquiza and Cuenca. I am not prepared to point out any difference between S. Ame- rican and N. American specimens. 10. Mysopiocres canavensis, Aud. B. Amer. pl. 72; P. ZS. 1855, p. 143. Gualaquiza and Zamora. 452 11. Dacnis cayana (Linn.). Gualaquiza. 12. Dacnis ANGELICA, De Fil. Gualaquiza. 13. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA, Vieill, Gualaquiza, ?. 14, CeRTHIOLA LUTEOLA, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 97. Zamora and Gualaquiza ; sexes alike, but female smaller.‘ Giz- zard soft, like that of Trochilide, and containing insects.” 15. CONIROSTRUM FRASER], sp. nov. Supra viridescenti-cinereum, superciliis elongatis et corpore subtus JSulvis; alis caudaque nigris grisescente limbatis ; tectricum majorum et secundariorum marginibus externis cum macula primariorum basali albis ; rostro et pedibus nigris ; tectricibus subalaribus albis. Long. tota 4°5, ale 2°25, caudee 2:0. Cuenca, ¢ et Q alike. Irides hazel, bill, legs, and feet nearly black : contents of stomach minute insects. This apparently new species of Conirostrum (which I have the pleasure of dedicating to its discoverer) seems most nearly allied to the Bolivian C. cinereum (D’Orb. Voy. pl. 59. f. 1). 1 have not had an opportunity of comparing it with authentic specimens of this species, but as far as I can judge from the figure and description of D’Orbigny, the present bird may be at once distinguished by its ful- vous supercilia and under surface, and the want of the black head. The Conirostrum fraseri will form a fifth species of this limited group, of the known members of which I have already given a list in these Proceedings (see P. Z.8. 1855, p. 75). There are two ex- amples of this bird in the Derby Museum at Liverpool, both col- lected by Delattre, one of which is marked “‘ Lima”’ and the other “‘Guyaquil,” and I have also noticed a specimen in Sir William Jardine’s collection, transmitted from Ecuador by Professor Jame- son. 16. Procinas OcciDENTALIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 249. Zamora, 9; one ex. from the top of a tall bush. Ovaries full, stomach empty. 17. EUPHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund. Gualaquiza, ¢, from the top of a large Guarumba tree. Irides very dark hazel! 18. CALLISTE CYANEICOLLIS, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) ; Sclater, Mon. Calliste, pl. 38. p. 87. Gualaquiza and Zamora, Dec. and Jan. Irides dark hazel. ‘“ Fre- quents the tall trees in parties of three or four individuals. The 4 453 skin of this bird is worn as an ornament by the natives, suspended from the neck. Stomachs contain small seeds and vegetable matter.” 19. CALLIsTE SCHRANKI (Spix); Mon. Calliste, pl. 8. p. 17. Gualaquiza and Zamora, Jan. 1858. Males with testes developed. *Trides dark hazel; bill black, legs and feet bluish ; food vegetable matter. Found in the tall trees. Also used by the Xivaros as an ornament.” 20. CaLuisTe YENI (Lafr, et D’Orb.); Mon. Calliste, pl. 2. p. 5. Gualaquiza. 21. Cauuisre Gyro.orpes (Lafr.) ; Mon. Calliste, pl. 26. p. 57. Q juv. Zamora. In the stomach, vegetable matter. 22. TANAGRA Ca@LEsTIS, Spix. Gualaquiza, Dec. with testes enlarged; irides dark hazel. In the stomach, insects, seeds, and vegetable matter. 23. TANAGRA DARWINI, Bp. Tanagra darwini, Bp. P. Z.S. 1837, p. 121. Tanagra frugilegus, Tsch. Av. Consp. in Wiegm. Archiv. 1844, p. 286; Faun. Per. pl. 17. f. 1. p. 204; Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1849, p- 286. Calliste frugilegus, Bp. Consp. p. 236. Chrysothranpis frugilegus, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 143; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 22. Aglaia striata, Darwin, Zool. Beagle, p. 97 (partim). Tanagra striata, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 236 (partim). Cuenca, many specimens ¢ et 2. Indian name “ Chuci-chugo.”’ Tongue fleshy, round, and pointed; irides hazel. Feeds on the ‘eapuli’ or wild Indian cherry. Mr. Fraser has transmitted some examples of this Tanager in ae which have served to clear up the mysteries of its relation- ship to Tanagra striata. In my Synopsis of this group I have fol- lowed Mr. G. R. Gray in considering the present blue-backed bird as the female of the latter. But an anatomical examination shows that this is an error, and that the Tanagra darwini, as described by Bonaparte, is in fully adult male plumage. It appears, therefore, that this is a western species, and Tanagra striata its eastern repre- sentative. Tschudi found this bird in the fruit-gardens of Lima, and Sir William Jardine has specimens sent by Professor Jameson from the Table-land of Quito. 24. TANAGRA MELANOPTERA, Hartl. Gualaquiza. Solitary: high up in large trees: in stomach, seeds and vegetable matter. 25. RAMPHOCELUS UNICOLOR, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 128. Gualaquiza and Zamora (Dec. 57, Jan. 58). Very active, always 454 on the move, frequenting the more open trees round the houses in threes and fours, and the bushes: common. Instomach, seeds and vegetable matter. 26. LANIO ATRICAPILLUS (Gm.). Gualaquiza, 1 sp. ¢, testes developed, Jan. 1858. Irides dark hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black. ‘‘ On a large tree in the thick forest. Stomach contained insects: testes large: Xivaro name Chee-hay.” 27. Cissopis MINOR, Tsch. ? . Gualaquiza, Dec. 1857. ‘“‘Irides straw-colour : bill, legs, and feet black : has a loud shrill cry: frequents the bare tops of high trees, generally in pairs. Stomach contained vegetable matter.” 28. PHructicus CHRYSOGASTER (Less.). — Pitylus chryso- gaster, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 67 (1830) ; Coccothraustes chrysope- plus, Vig. P. Z.S. 1832, p.4; Coccoborus chrysopeplus, Bp. Consp. p- 504. Cuenca, Oct., Nov. 1857. Common in the gardens in the town ; to be seen constantly, perched on the topmost branch of some small naked tree, sending forth its pretty little song. Stomachs contain seeds, pieces of Indian wild cherry, ‘ capuli,’ and peas. Called “Chugo.” Irides dark hazel ; upper mandible blackish, lower yel- lowish ; legs and feet lead-colour ; claws brown. 29. ZONOTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.). Cuenca, Nov. 1857. Common everywhere, about the houses, on the trees, bushes, &c. The boys brought me a nest contaiming young. Spanish name ‘ Gorion.’ Mr. Fraser has sent a nest of this bird containing two eggs, taken in March, “hard set.’’ The nest is neatly built of coarse dried grass and stalks, lined with finer materials, and some hairs. It is open and cup-shaped. The eggs are pale.greenish, spotted and blotched, principally at the larger end, with pale reddish brown: long diameter *83, short diameter *61 imches. : 30. PHRYGILUS OCULARIS, sp. nov. (Pl. CXLV. ¢ et 9). 3. Cerulescenti-cinereus ; dorso medio fusco, nigricante-flam- mulato ; alis caudaque nigricantibus, illarum secundariis fusco, tectricibus et primariis anguste cinereo limbatis ; loris albidis ; oculorum ciliis supra et subtus albis: subtus albus, pectore et lateribus cinerascente lavatis ; rostro supra nigricante, infra carneo, apice nigricante ; pedibus carnets. 2. Supra fusca, nigricante flammulata ; infra albida: pectore Suscescente, nigricante-flammulato. Long. tota 4°75, alee 2°5, caudze 1°9. Cuenca, 7 specimens. Tschudi’s Phrygilus plebeius seems to be nearly allied to this species, but the describer says nothing of the very noticeable white 455 eye-marks. ‘Common in flocks about the houses as well as in the fields: small seeds in stomach.’’ Spanish name, ‘ 7'riguero.’ 31, CoruRNICULUS PERUANUS, Bp. Consp. p. 481. Gualaquiza. ‘Sexes alike ; frequents the piles of brushwood near the houses, running in and out. Xivaro name, ‘ Pincho-chinchi.”’ Irides light hazel. Gizzard contains seed and insects. A distinct species from C. manimbe, easily recognized by its yellow lores and flexure. 32, CATAMENIA ANALOIDES (Lafr.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 493. Cuenca. Gizzard contained seeds. Among the bushes on the banks of the river. 33. Oryzonorus Torripus (Gm.); Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 151 ¢. Zamora. Sings very prettily. In the gizzard, yellow vegetable matter. 34. SpeRMOPHILA LucTUOSA (Lafr.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 497. On the bushes and dead fence near the house, Gualaquiza and Zamora. In the gizzard, seeds. 35. CHRYSOMITRIS ? Cuenca. From a flock of the same species among trees and bushes. Gizzard contains small seeds and grit. B6. Sycaris ——!? Cuenca. 37. Ostinors cristata (Gm.); Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 187 &. Gualaquiza, Dec. 1557. Irides light blue, bill lemon-colour ; legs and feet black. “This bird perches himself on the bare topmost branches of the loftiest tree, and throwing himself far forwards and backwards, with wings and tail fully extended, gives forth his very loud and distinct notes of * Biaggle, biggle, biggle,” with his head hanging down. They live in society, and construct hanging nests, attached to the lower branches of a lofty palm, the trunk of which is covered with very sharp spines, which render it impossible to ascend. Now inhabiting their nests as if breeding. The gizzard contained small grasshoppers.” Xivaro name, ‘ Churi;’ Spanish, ‘ Bugglas, 38. Cacicus 1cTERONOTUS, Vieill. Gualaquiza. ‘Feeding, like the Tanagers, in a Guarumbo tree. Very wary.”’ 39. SruRNELLA BELLICOSA, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 32 (1846).—Pezites brevirostris, Cab, Mus. Hein. p. 191. Cuenca,—-‘ Chirote,’ ¢ et 2. ‘This species is always solitary, perching in small trees and bushes: it is very squat in form. The 456 male is celebrated for his song, and the Cuencans often pay as much as 4 or 5 dollars for specimens in confinement.’” Stomachs contain Indian corn, small seeds, and grit. There has been much confusion among the birds allied to the Sturnus militaris of Linneeus. Prince Bonaparte in his ‘Conspectus’ has rightly distinguished three species, but has, as I believe, partly misapplied the names and given wrong localities. The true Stur- nella militaris is well characterized by him as much the largest and longest billed bird. There are numerous specimens of this species in the British Museum from East Falkland and Patagonia. It has the under wing-coverts white. The present smaller species, with the under wing-coverts, also white, was first recognized by De Filippi, and appears also to be Cabanis’ brevirostris. One specimen in the British Museum is from Delattre’s expedition in 1846 to Peru and New Granada. The third species is easily recognized by its black under-wings. Two specimens in the British Museum are said to be from Chili. If this is so, this species is more likely to be the Stur- nus loyca of Molina. 40. Cyanocorax vioLaceus. DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 30; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 153. g et Q similes. Gualaquiza and Zamora. ‘‘A shy but noisy bird, cawing like a crow in the large trees in the deep forest. On a female being shot from a Guarumba tree, where a pair were in company with some Bugglas (Ostinops cristata), the male flew several times close round my head. The gizzard contained seeds and vegetable matter.” 41. DeENDRORNIS ‘i Ie Gualaquiza. ‘Runs up and down the limbs of the large trees like a Woodpecker.” 42. ANABATES RUFICAUDUS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. pt. 2. p- 15; Sclater in P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 26. Gualaquiza. ‘“‘Irides dark hazel; bill blackish above, greenish beneath. Among the large trees in the deep forest, running up and down the limbs like a Woodpecker. Gizzard contained inseets.”’ 43. ANABATES ——? Gualaquiza, ¢. ‘‘ Sometimes running up the bark of the trees in the forest, at other times perching.”’ Allied to A. atricapillus, Max., from Brazil, but probably distinct. Only a single specimen sent. 44, SYNALLAXIS ALBIGULARIS, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 63. Zamora, 3S. Irides light hazel. Contents of the stomach—cater- pillars, beetles, &c. “Always heard, but seldom seen, creeping about in the very thickest bush close to the ground, and repeating its note of chink, chink.”’ 457 45, SYNALLAXIS ANTISIENSIS, Sp. Nov. Supra terricolori-brunnea ; loris, ciliis et striga superciliari albis ; pileo, alis extus et cauda rufis: subtus dilutior, gutture et pectore antico albis, hoc sensim ventrem versus cinerascente ; rostro carneo, supra nigricante ; pedibus nigricanti-fuscis. Long. tota 6:1, alee 2°8, caudee 3-0. Cuenca, Nov. 1857, 1 specimen. ‘‘Irides hazel; legs and feet greenish ; nails flesh-coloured. Climbs up and down and round the branches of trees like a Certhia.” This apparently new Syna/lavis is most nearly allied to S. pallida, Max., but may be distinguished by its larger size, white throat, and earthy-brown plumage. 46. SYNALLAXIS BRUNNEICAUDIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 62. Zamora, ¢. 47. XENOpS GENIBARBIS, Ill. Prod. p. 213; Bp. Consp. p. 211. Gualaquiza. A single imperfect specimen. 48. THAMNOPHILUS £THIOPS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 65. Zamora, 2 spec. ¢. Irides light hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet blue. ‘Creeping about in the underwood of the deep forest. In the stomach, insects and their eggs.” Xivaro name, ‘ Pong-gah.’ 49. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS? Zamora, 5 , 2 sp., one “from the upper part of the latter bushes,”’ another ‘‘ from a tall Guarumba tree.” Stomachs contained “ beetles and other insects.” These specimens are generally darker than 7’. doliatus, but I do not venture to separate them at present. 50. DysirHaAMNUS PLUMBEUs (Max.). Zamora. Apparently rather stronger than Brazilian specimens, but only one example sent. 51. Prpra AuRICAPILLA, Licht. Gualaquiza, Jan. 1858. o¢ testes very large. Irides white, bill, legs, and claws nearly so. One ex. “ killed inside the house.” 52. TyRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill. Gualaquiza, 4 specs. all 2. In one, contents of stomach red berries ; in another, green and black Coleoptera. Irides very dark hazel. 53. SavorNIS CINERACEA (Lafr.).—Tyrannula cineracea, Latr. Rey. Zool. 1848, p. 8 (7). Cuenea, “‘Golondrina de Agua,’’ or ‘‘ Water-swallow.”’ On the banks near the river, and one specimen on the stones in the river. Irides black. 458 These specimens are rather darker than others in my collection from S. Martha and Caraccas. 54. TopIROSTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.). Zamora, ¢, one specimen. 55. SERPOPHAGA CINEREA (Strickl.).—Huscarthmus cinereus, Strickl. Ann. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 414. Cuenca, 4 ex., Gualaquiza, 1 ex.; ‘‘ Patitodel Agua.” Xivaro, “ Misqueet.”’ ‘‘ Hopping from stone to stone in the Gualaquiza river.’ ‘Found amongst the bushes and stones on the banks of the river.” Irides dark hazel. 56. ELa&NIA CAYENNENSIS (Linn.), Pl. Enl. 569. f. 2. Gualaquiza and Zamora. Found on the topmost branches of tall trees in twos and threes, whence they fly upwards, and forming a circle of nearly 6 feet in diameter, seize their prey and return to their post again. In the stomach of one example, “ two large green ber- ries—no insects.” 57. ELANIA 2 Cuenca. A single specimen of a species nearly allied to H#. pa- gana and FE. olivacea. Stomach contained ‘ capuli (wild Indian cherry) and insects.” 58. ELANIA ? Zamora, | ex. imperfect. 59. Myr1osius ? Gualaquiza, 2 ex. ‘‘A lively active little bird, frequenting the uppermost branches of the large trees overhanging the water.” 59*. Myrosius if 2 ex., Zamora and Gualaquiza. Inrides dark hazel. Gizzard con- tained insects. 60. ORNITHION ? Zamora, 1 ex. Killed among the creepers round the trunk of a large tree. 61. TyRANNULUS CHRYSOPS, Sp. Noy. Olivaceus ; alis nigricantibus omnino flavo marginatis ; cauda ni- gricanti-brunnea extus olivascente ; fronte et ciliis oculorum aureis: subtus flavescenti-albidus medialiter dilutior ; tectri- cibus alarum inferioribus et carpo pallide flavis; rostro et pedibus nigricanti-brunneis. Long. tota 3°6, alee 2°8, caudee 1°4, rostri a rictu °45, tarsi °60. Gualaquiza and Zamora, 2 ex. Irides hazel. ‘‘ High up in a large tree at the river side: contents of stomach, hard green berries en- tire ;’’ in another, ‘‘ hard green seeds.” — cie. ot Pad f : [- ; 4 | ’ 459 Agrees in form with 7’. e/atus, Spix, nearly enough to be placed in the same genus. Third and fourth primaries equal and longest. 62. Emprponax —— ? Zamora, 2 ex. Stomach contained beetles and other insects. 63. Conrorpus ——? Gualaquiza, 1 ex. Stomach contained insects. 64. Conrorus BoGorensts, Bp. Consp. p. 190. Obscure olivascenti-brunneus, pileo intensiore ; alarum tectricibus minoribus et majoribus cum secundariis pallido ochracescenti- cinereo extus limbatis, itaque alis bifasciatis ; remigibus rec- tricibusque nigricanti-brunneis: subtus pallide flavicanti-cine- reus, gula et abdomine imo dilutioribus et fere albescentibus ; rostri mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore carnea, pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5-9, alee 3°6, caudee 26, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0°5. Q paulo minor. Obs. Contopodi virenti ex Am. Bor. maxime affinis et forsan vix diversus. Zamora and Gualaquiza, many specimens, all in moult. This species is certainly very like the C. virens of the United States. But comparing it with the single specimen of that bird which I possess, I find the head not so dark, the edgings of the wings paler and more buffy, without any tinge of rufous, and the throat more white. And I can hardly believe that two species of this genus from such distant localities can be really identical. 65. PeTROCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.). Cuenca, 1 ex. 66. TroGon ——? Gualaquiza, 2, 1 ex. ? 67. TroGon Gualaquiza, | ex. These Trogons are immature, and not in very perfect condition. 68. PerasopHora IoLara (Gould). Cuenca and Gualaquiza, many examples. Found among the hedges and on the cacti. At Cuenca common in March, found round large trees in the fields, generally solitary, and uttering a loud ‘tweet, tweet,’ like a grasshopper. Stomachs contained minute insects. 69. CALOTHORAX FANN1I# (Less.); Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. xii. pl. 6. Cuenca, Nov. 1857. ‘ This species is common about the gardens and lane hedge-rows. It makes much more humming with its wings than the long-tailed green one.” (Lesdia.) 460 70. LorpHorRNIs REGINA, Gould. Zamora, 1 ex. Irides black ; mandibles reddish flesh-colour with black tips. Feeding on a large Guarumba tree. 71. LeESBIA AMARYLLIS. Cuenca, 1 ex. ¢. “I saw a male of this species attacking a male ‘ Chugo’ (Pheucticus chrysogaster) most pertinaciously, flying into the air some 20 or 30 feet from the ground, and darting into the bushes where the enemy was. The Chugo had to retreat under cover.” 72. LEsBIA GRACILIS (Gould), P. Z. S. 1846, p. 86. Cuenca, 5 ex. “Tt is difficult to get a sufficient distance from these birds to shoot them, on account of their quickness and uneasiness of motion. They would seldom be seen but for their constant chirping and the humming of their wings.” 73. THALURANIA TscHUDII, Gould, MS.—Trochilus furcatus, Tsch. nec auct. Irides dark hazel; bill and feet black. Gualaquiza and Zamora. 74. CHRYSURONIA G@NONE (Less.). Zamora, 1 sp. d. Irides black. 75. THAUMANTIAS LINNAI. Zamora, 2 ex. det 2. Feeding on the Guarumba trees. Irides black. 76. Piaya MEHLERI, Bp. Gualaquiza and Zamora, 3 ex. Irides red ; naked space in front, behind and over the eyes red, below bluish flesh-colour. From the bush about 10 feet above the ground, and the thinly-clad trees. Stomachs contain grylli, beetles and insects. 77. MELANERPES HIRUNDINACEUS (Gm.). Gualaquiza. Irides deep straw-colour. 78. Dryocorus ALBirostTRis (Vieill.) ; Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 56, pl. 45. Gualaquiza. Irides orange. 79. RHAMPHASTOS CULMINATUS, Gould. Gualaquiza, ¢. 80. Pronus menstrRvuvus (Linn.). Zamora, Jan. 1858, 1 ex., 9, with an egg ready to lay. Inides black. “Sitting on a lofty solitary dead stump, I mistook it for a Falcon.” 81. ZENAIDA HYPOLEUCA, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 83.—(sufficiently agrees with the type in the British Museum). a 461 Gualaquiza and Cuenca. ‘Tortola.’’ “ TIrides hazel, cere bluish flesh-colour ; rim round the eyes greenish yellow ; bill black ; legs red,” 82. CotumBULA cRuzIANA, D'Orb.; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 80. Cuenca, 1 ex. 2. Beak black; cere yellow; irides red; legs red, claws black: contents of stomach very small seeds. ‘ Tortolita,’ Spanish. ‘‘I saw nine together on the tiles of a house in Cuenca; also I observed it in the fields, sometimes in threes and fours, often solitary.” 83. GLoTTIS MELANOLEUCA (Gm.). Cuenca. Eyes black ; bill green ; legs deep orange. 84. TriNGorpEs MacuLarivus (Linn.). Gualaquiza, 2, 2ex. Young birds, but the spots below are just discernible in one specimen. 85. Toranus souiTarRivs, Wilson. Gualaquiza, 1 ex. 2. Irides dark hazel ; bill blackish ; legs dull green. Frequents the stones and margins of the river. 86. TRINGA 2 Cuenca, Oct. 1857. 87. TIGRISOMA TIGRINUM. Gualaquiza, Feb. 1858. 3. SYNOPSIS GENERIS FRINGILLINI EryTHRUR#, AUCTORE Gus- Tavo Harriaus, Mep. Docr. a. Species Typic2%. 1. ERyTHRURA vRASINA (Sparm.). Viridis, fronte guttureque dilute cyaneis, abdomine medio et cauda rubris. Hab. In Java et Sumatra. Syn. Loxia prasina, Sparm. Mus. Carls. t. 72, 73.-—Emberiza quadricolor, Gm. L. no. 65.—Emberiza ecyanopis, Gm. ibid. no. 66. —Fringilla sphenura, Temm. Pl. Col. 96.—£rythrura viridis, Sw. Confer Bp. Consp. p. 457. 2. Eryrarura tricuroa (Kittl.). Lete viridis; facie et re- gione parotica pulchre cyaneis ; cauda breviuscula cum tectri- cibus superioribus rubra, rectricibus intermediis cerulescen- tibus. Hab. In ins. Ualan Carolinarum. Syn. Fringilla trichroa, v. Kittl. Mem. Acad. Pet. 1835, ii p. 8. t. 10, fig. bona.—Erythrura trichroa, Bp. Consp..i. p. 457; v. Kittl. Denkwiirdigk. ii. p. 38. 462 3. EryYTHRURA TRICOLOR (Vieill.). Lete viridis; fronte, genis et gastreo toto lete cyaneis ; cauda parum elongata rubra. Hab. Timor (Mus. Paris. et Lugd.). Syn. Fringilla tricolor, Vieill. Ois. Chant. pl. 20; id. Eneyclop. p:. 974.—Erythrura tricolor, Bp. Consp. p. 457. 4. EryrHrura psiTracea (Gm.). Lete viridis ; fronte, sin- cipite, gutture, uropygio et cauda coccineo-sanguineis. Hab. In Nova Caledonia. Syn. Parrot Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. 287. pl. 48; id. G. H. vi. p. 81. pl. 96.—Fringilla psittacea, Gm. 8. N. i. 903.—Char- donneret acalanthe, Vieill. Ois. Chant. pl. 32; id. Encyel. p. 982.— Fringilla pulchella, R. Forster, Descr. Anim., ed. Licht. p. 273.— Erythrura psittacea, Bp. Consp. p. 457.—Poéphila Paddoni, Mac- gillivr. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1858, p. 273. 5. ERYTHRURA PUCHERANII, Bp. Glauco-cyanea ; pileo genis tectricibusque caude superioribus sanguineis. Hab. In insulis Oceanie. Syn. Erythrura Pucheranii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 457. 6. ERYTHRURA CYANOVIRENS (Peale). Viridis, nitore glauces- cente: capite coccineo: ygutture pectoreque dilute cyaneis : tectricibus duabus intermediis totis rubentibus, reliquis in medio Suscescentibus in margine rubentibus. Hab. In. ins. Navigatorum Upolu. Syn. Geospiza cyanovirens, Peale, Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Ornith. p- 117; Hartl. in Wiegm. Archiv. xviii. p. 104. 7. ERYTHRURA PEALII, nob. Lete viridis; pileo, regione paro- tica, et tectricibus caud@ superioribus scarlatinis ; pectore pul- chre cyaneo, gulam nigricantem versus saturate indigotico ; rectricibus nigricantibus viridi marginatis. Hab. In insulis Fee-jee. Syn. Geospiza prasina, Peale, Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Orn. p. 116. —Erythrura pealii, Hartl. Wiegm. Arch. xvii. p. 104. Sp. MINUS TYPICA. 8. ERyTHRURA PHAETON (Hombr. & Jacq.), Puch. Voy. au Pol. Sud. Ois. p. 99.—Neochmia phaeton, Hombr. & Jacq. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 458; Gould, B. Austr. iii. pl. 83; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p- 115. Hab. In Australia Boreali. 4. Norrs on THE Hasits oF THE ScyTHROPs Nov HOot- LANDIZ. By Grorce Bennett, Ese., Corr. Meme. Zoo. Soc. CoMMUNICATED TO JOHN GOULD, Esa., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ETC., IN A LETTER DATED SYDNEY, JUNE 8, 1858. “TI send you a few notes on the Seythrops Nove Hollandia, or 463 Hornbill Cuckoo of the Colonists, which, perhaps, you may think worth bringing under the notice of the Zoological Society. “A few years since a fine female specimen was shot in the Bota- nical Garden at Sydney ; and from the notes I took at the time I find that the peculiarity of its mode of flight induced me to mistake it for a Hawk ; for it wheeled about, occasionally hovered very high in the air, and then gradually descending, continued its flight close to the tops of the lofty Hucalypti, Casuarina, and other large trees, as if for the purpose of capturing insects, more especially the Tettigonia or Locust, which at that season of the year (January) were very numerous. It also whirled round the trees in circles and from branch to branch, apparently to capture the Tettigonias and other insects during their flight; and I further observed that it often darted down and took its prey among the foliage and on the trunks of the large Hucalypti, occasionally making a screaming noise and hovering with its wings expanded to the utmost, at a short distance above the trees, precisely as a hawk does. After making these various evolutions and securing its morning meal, it quietly perched itself on the very lofty branch, whence it was shot. On examining the stomach, it was found to contain Gold Beetles (Ano- plognathus) and Tettigonie in great numbers. A young specimen formerly in the possession of Mr. Wall, the Curator of the Austra- lian Museum, and now in the well-arranged and extensive aviary of Mr. Alfred Denison at Government House, Sydney, is in excellent health after recovering from a broken wing and broken leg. *“‘T observe you mention in your ‘Birds of Australia’ that a spe- cimen was presented to you by Lady Dowling, being one of two taken from the branch of a tree while being fed by birds not of their own species : an important fact, as showing the parasitic habits of the bird. Now as the Scythrops is regarded as a member of the Cucu- lide, anything which tends to confirm the propriety of placing it in that group must be considered of great interest ; I have much plea- sure, therefore, in telling you that when the young Scythrops was in- troduced into Mr. Denison’s aviary it was placed in a compartment already occupied by a Dacelo gigantea, and, doubtless feeling hungry after its journey, immediately opened its mouth to be fed; and its wants were readily attended to by the Dace/o, who with great kindness took a piece of meat, and after sufficiently preparing it by beating it about until it was in a tender and pappy state, placed it carefully in the gaping mouth of the young Scythrops; this feeding process continued until the bird was capable of attending to its own wants, which it now does, feeding in company with the Dace/o in the usual manner. When I saw it in the morning it was perched upon the most elevated resting place in the aviary, occasionally raising itself, flapping its wings, and then quietly settling down again after the manner of Hawks in confinement, and presenting much the appear- ance of a member of that tribe of birds. It comes down for food every morning, and immediately returns to its elevated perch, Judging from what I saw of this specimen, I should imagine that the bird might be very readily tamed and would bear confinement very 464 well. In the young state the bird is destitute of the scarlet orbits so conspicuous in the adult.” 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE COLLECTION oF Mr. Watuace. By W. C. Hewitson. (Annulosa, Pl. LIV., LY.) NYMPHALID&. Drapema Panparus (Pl. LIV. figs. 1, 2). $ P. Pandarus, Lin.=P. Calisto, Cram. pl. 24. 2 P. Pipleis, Cram. pl. 60=Hiibner, Sammlung. Although differing greatly in size and colouring from the figures of Cramer and Hiibner, I have no difficulty in believing that the Butterflies here figured are varieties of the same species. The insects previously figured are from Amboyna; these are from New Guinea, where, Mr. Wallace remarks, the Butterflies are gene- rally smaller than those of Amboyna. The male of the Amboyna insect is without the white band of the anterior wing; the female has it. The male now figured seems to represent the female of that insect. The upperside of the female here differs but little from the underside of Cramer’s figure of the same sex. The undersides of both sexes of the Amboyna and New Guinea Butterflies are nearly identical. I think it is not at all unlikely that the other figures in the plate, which I have preferred at present to consider as a distinct species, may be only another variety of D. Pandarus. The insects of this genus are well known to be subject to great variation both in size and colour. D, Lasinassa has been figured by Cramer alone under thirteen different names; and I have no doubt that P. Alimena, pl. 221, and P. Vitellia, pl. 349, both of Cramer, are one and the same species. Exp. 3,5, inches. Hab. Ké Islands, near New Guinea. All the insects of the plate are kindly lent to me from the private collection of Mr. Wallace. DiapeMA Deois, Hewitson (Pl. LIV. figs. 3, 4, 5). Upper side, male (fig. 4), dark brown. Anterior wing with an indistinct transverse band of lighter brown beyond the middle. Posterior wing with a large central rounded white spot, with, be- tween it (touching it) and the anal angle, a rufous spot marked with two black eye-like spots, each with a central dot of light blue, two other indistinct black spots towards the costal margin touching the central white, each with a scarcely seen dot of blue. Under side. Anterior wing as above, except that the central band is nearly white, that the wing beyond it to the apex is lighter brown, and that there is a black spot with a dot of blue near the anal angle. u ~* % cs » ‘ — ET 465 Posterior wing, from the base to the central white spot, brown ; the outer margin brown, traversed by a rufous line; the rest of the wing, except the central white spot, orange, with five blue-black eye-like oval spots, three near the apex, two near the anal angle, each with a single dot of light blue, except that which is nearest to the anal angle, which has two. Female (fig. 3) brown. Anterior wing with a large central space of white reaching from the costal margin to nearly the outer margin ; the nervures black. Posterior wing light brown, with a large cen: tral space of white; four black eye-like spots beyond the middle placed in pairs, three of them with the central dot of blue. Under side (fig. 5) white, tinted with lilac beyond the middle. Anterior wing with a broad space of brown attached to the inner margin, from the base of the costal margin to near the outer margin, where it is marked by a black spot with two dots of blue. The outer margin and apex (which is traversed by a line of white) brown. A faint line of brown parallel and near to the outer margin. Pos- terior wing as in the male, but with less orange, the outer margin and a line near it brown. Exp. 34 inches flab, Aru, New Guinea. In the collection of Mr. Wallace. EuRYTELID&. MELANITIS MELANE, Hewitson (Pl. LV.). Upper side. Male (fig. 1) dark green or blue-brown, lighter at the margins. Anterior wing crossed near the apex by a curved band of light green. Posterior wing with a submarginal band of the same colour, broader towards the anal angle, where it is marked by two round black spots, each with a dot of light blue. Outer margin of both wings dentated, with bifid lunular white spots between each dentation. Under side as above, except that it is rufous-brown, that the sub- marginal band of the posterior wing is orange near the anal angle, that there are three black eye-like spots (two on the orange), the spot nearest the anus marked with two dots of blue. hy Eb Female (fig. 2): upper side light rufous-brown, tinted with lilae towards the margins. Anterior wing with a large space of white beyond the middle. Posterior wing with two indistinct black spots dotted with blue between the median nervules. Under side as above, except that it is lighter, that the whole of the posterior wing (the costal and outer margins excepted) is of a dirty white, that there are three black spots dotted with blue (larger and more distinet than above) and surrounded with orange. Mae Bt Variety : female (fig. 3) differs on the upper side from the last (which appears to be the most typical) as represented in the plate. On the under side it differs from that figure in having the costal mar- in broadly brown, the eye-like black spots surrounded with orange, the spot nearest the anal angle marked with two dots of light blue. No. CCCLXXVI.— Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soc. 466 Variety : female (figs. 4, 5) has (more than the other varieties) two indistinct black spots on the upper side of the anterior wing. On the under side there are three such spots (two only, dotted with light blue). On the under side of the posterior wing there is a fifth black spot. Exp. ¢ 3,2) inches, 9 3,5, inches. Hab. New Guinea. Greatly as the four examples of the plate differ from each other, I cannot separate them, except in colour; their chief variation seems to consist in the differing distance of the eye-like spots from the outer margin. ‘This may he noticed also in the genus Drusilla, in which the beautiful large eyes of the posterior wing vary much in their relative distance from the outer margin. 6. Notes on THE Hasits, Haunts, ETC. OF SOME OF THE BIRDS or Inp1a*. By A. Letra Apams, M.B., SuRGEON 22ND ReGIMENT. COMMUNICATED BY Messrs. T. J. & F. Moore. The Vulture tribe is very generally distributed over India, and yet the traveller may journey over a vast extent of that country and meet with scarcely a single species ; for during the greater part of the day they mount to high elevations and soar in great circles, sel- dom remaining constant in any locality. They prefer the neighbour- hood of towns or along the highways, often congregating in flocks ; and it is not uncommon to see different species together. We have seen them even in the centre of the Scinde deserts; in fact no si- tuation is without its species, for with few exceptions they abound all over Asia. I have devoted much attention to the question whether these ‘birds discover their food by smell or sight ; and after many prac- tical observations I am convinced it is by sight alone they are en- abled to find out their prey. In illustration of this fact, I may ad- duce the following as an occurrence familiar to every Himalayan sportsman. After a bear or other large animal is killed, the hunter soon finds himself surrounded by rapacious birds, where none were seen before; they are ubserved dashing down the glens, and sailing in circles around his quarry. Some sweep within a few yards of him. Others are soaring at higher elevations, and even at such vast altitudes that the huge Bearded Vulture appears only as a small speck in the deep blue heavens; but gradually it becomes more distinct as its wide gyrations increase. It may gather itself up and close its wings, or dash in one fell swoop hundreds of feet, and the * Throughout the following paper I have given only the result of careful exa- mination and experience. No species is named whose identity I have not con- firmed; such as are doubtful will be left unnamed and a description given, taken shortly after death. The nomenclature followed is with little variation that of Blyth’s catalogue.—A. L. A ee ae eee ee ee be She re cuts lhe 467 next minute is seen perched on the jutting rock beside him. Such, then, are the usual appearances observed immediately after the death of a large animal; and the hunter wonders whence all these big Vultures and Carrion Crows have come: but if, immediately after his noble Ibex has rolled down the crag, he directs his eyes hea- venward, he will observe Carrion Crows and Vultures at various distances and elevations sailing leisurely about; and very probably the one nearest to him, observing the death of his quarry, instantly commences to descend; then one follows the other, until the valley resounds with the hoarse croakings of the Crows, and the air seems alive with them. It is surprising the numbers that are sometimes observed to congregate on these occasions ; I have seen no less than sixty Vultures and Crows on and around the carcase of a bear. 1. Gypaiirus BarBatus (Linnzeus). Bearded Vulture. **Greed”’ of the Cashmerees, but generally applied to all the spe- cies. Among all the grandeur and beauty of the Himalayas I know few sights more attractive to the naturalist than to behold the Vultures and rapacious birds soaring over the vast ravines and around the tops of the mighty mountains in the clear blue sky of a July afternoon,— the setting sun casting his last rays on the distant snow-clad moun- tains, the quiet evening broken only by the cry of the eagle, the bleat of the goat, or the shrill pipe of the Black Partridge. There is to be seen the Bearded Vulture (the Indian, Bengal, and Egyptian species) and kites and eagles wheeling in vast circles around the sum- mits of the towering mountains as if it were all in one medley ; but more conspicuous than the others is seen the immense Bearded Vulture. It frequents the Western Himalayas to very high elevations, and is found likewise on the Salt and Suliman Ranges of the Punjab. I have seen a solitary bird at Peshawur ; but it is seldom seen on the plains of India, and when at all, close to the mountains. The Bearded Vulture does not strictly confine itself to live animals ; for on the hill stations at daybreak, among the first camp-scavengers, it is seen sailing leisurely along the mountain-sides in search of offal and re- fuse. However, it would appear, circumstances change to a great degree the habits of many rapacious birds ; and although this species is a foul feeder in camp, in the solitude of his native mountains he hunts with great boldness and intrepidity. The Brown Eagle (Aquila nevia) of the Himaiayas, in form perhaps the most typical of its family, I have seen frequently feeding on carrion and refuse. Yet, with all, the Limmergeier is a noble-looking bird, either when feeding in camp or hunting for prey on the more distant mountains. When thus employed, he flies low, keeping within a few yards of the ground, and describes circles on the mountain-side until he has beaten it from top to bottom. The Bearded Vulture is easily distin- guished on wing from any other species by the long sharp-pointed wings and tail. There are two varieties of plumage—that of the 468 young and old. The former has the head and neck black, with a tinge of sooty-black all over the body ; the adult has the same parts rufous-white. The feathers on the legs are long and plume_like, and project much backwards, particularly obvious when the bird is feed- ing. There are few rapacious birds possessing greater powers of flight, although generally to be seen sailing quietly and slowly along the mountain-sides, flapping now and then his long wings when he wishes to mount higher. If suddenly frightened, or bullied by his common tormentors Govind Kites (Milvus govinda) or Indian Jackdaws (Corvus splendens), he will shoot like an arrow down the ravine, then rise up with an easy but very rapid flight. It is by no means a shy bird, and will often pass within a few yards of one when searching for food. The nest is always built among rocks and inac- cessible places. On one of the lesser ranges near Simla I found its nest and two young on a cliff overhanging a steep ravine; a vast collection of bones of sheep and cattle was strewed around—the re- fuse of one of the European stations not many miles distant. The eye of the Lammergeier, although much smaller than might be ex- pected in such a large bird, is bright and keen; the sclerotic coat red, and iris white: the former is brown in the young bird until its second year. Bruce, the African traveller, mentions having killed one weighing 22 lbs. ; but none I have shot weighed above 14 lbs. From the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail the largest mea- sured 3 feet 11 inches, and between the extremities of the wings 9 feet. In the stomach of one killed by me on the mountains of Cashmere I found several large bones, together with a hoof of an Ibex. Many tales are told by the natives of the Himalayas, of the boldness and strength of this species, that the ibex, young bears, sheep, and goats are often carried away. The Marmots (Arctomys Tibetanus et Himalayanus) constitute their favourite prey; and wherever they abound, Bearded Vultures are to be seen. Among the feathers of the neck and lower parts are secreted quantities of a rust-coloured powder like cinnamon. ‘The use of this ingredient I have never been enabled to discover, unless it keeps the feathers dry when the bird is feeding on carrion. 2. Gyps rnpicus (Scopoli). Indian Vulture. The Indian Vulture is larger than the bearded species, and is pro- bably the largest of the tribe found in Hindostan. It measures. gene- rally about 83 feet between the tips of the wings; length of body, including tail, 35 feet. The largest I ever shot, apparently a fine old male, was 8 feet 11 inches between the tips of the wings, and 4 feet from the beak to the extremity of the tail; weight 19 lbs. The species is common all over India, and is seen in the interior of the Himalayas ; indeed it is seldom the sportsman can leave his dead quarry an hour before he finds these birds devouring it. In the course of a few hours I have seen the carcase of a bear de- voured by these birds, assisted by Bearded Vultures and Carrion 469 Crows. The backbone was generally the only part of the bea visible after their repast; and so nicely cleaned was the vertebral column, that it might have been done by the scalpel of an anatomist. They are common camp-visitors, but by no means so bold as others of the family, preferring to feed in secluded places, while the Egyp- tian Vulture can be seen on almost every dunghill in India. It would appear they prefer the carcases of the dog, sheep, or ox in a putrid state to any other sort of offal. In clear evenings, and par- ticularly after a sumptuous repast, they may be seen soaring in cireles at vast elevations, and at dusk congregate in flocks of from thirty to forty, frequently accompanied by Bengal and Pondicherry Vultures, all huddled together on a rock or decayed tree: the white heads of the two former distinguish them from the red of the Pondicherry Vultures. Fights sometimes ensue ; but, from the tardy movements of the combatants, they are seldom severe or bloody. Along with the other Indian species, it hunts the shores of the Ganges in search of the dead bodies of Hindoos, and likewise follows the armies of India in the field ; and when the roar of the cannon and clash of war have died away, they repair in hundreds to the scene, and glut on the dead bodies of the fallen. 3. Gyrs BENGALENSIS (Gmelin). Bengal Vulture. Is widely distributed over Bengal and the Lower Himalayan Range, but does not appear to travel far into the interior of these mountains. It is at once distinguished on the wing from having the lower part of the back, and under surface of the wings, pure white ; when the latter are closed, the white on the back is not visible. These marks are very distinctive, and sufficient to discover the bird at very high elevations. Its total length is about 3 feet ; and be- tween the tips of the wings it measures 7 feet 8 inches. It is one of the keenest-sighted of the Vulture tribe, and usually the first to discover a dead animal. 4. OroGyrs catvus (Scopoli). Vultur Pondicerianus, Latham. Red-headed Vulture. Is found in Bengal, the Deccan, and Lower Himalayan Range, but does not travel any distance into the interior of these mountains. This species is easily distinguished from the others by the red colour of the skin on the head and neck. In size it is less than the preceding. Total length about 2} feet. Bill bluish-black, cere yellow, feet deep yellow. 5. Neopuron percnorrervs (Linnzeus). Egyptian Vulture. With perhaps the exception of the Govind Kite (Milvus govinda, Sykes), this is the most abundant and generally distributed of the 470 Indian Raptores. It is found in Scinde, but not common. It is abundant in the Deccan, Bengal, Punjab and Valley of Cashmere, but does not travel far into the interior of the Himalayas. Its habits are strictly domestic, frequenting towns and camps, where it lives on almost every description of offal and putridity. Its flight is un- steady and slow; and when on the ground, it walks with head erect, lifting the legs high, much after the manner of crows. The Indian authorities fully appreciate the value of its services ; for in many districts of Bengal there is a penalty for shooting this species and the Govind Kite. Egyptian Vultures regularly repair to the Euro- pean barracks during meals, and may be seen feeding in hundreds on the ground, and the Govind Kites darting down and bearing away in their talons the bone which the Egyptian Vulture is busily cleaning, the Kite devouring the flesh as it sails away. The two species never quarrel, and may be seen often perched together. Du- ring the march, they accompany regiments for hundreds of miles ; and regularly at daybreak, as the camp is being formed, these vul- tures may be seen in flocks approaching from the direction of the last encamping-ground. This remark applies likewise to Govind Kites and Indian Jackdaws (Corvus splendens). The Egyptian Vulture is the smallest of its tribe found in India. The total length does not exceed 2 feet 2 inches, and the size is about that of the Raven. The iris is yellow *. The shades of plumage are consequent on age; and it appears the adult garb is not ob- tained until the third year. Besides the species above mentioned, the Vultur kolbii may be reckoned as an occasional visitor on the interior range of the Western Himalayas ; and as the Griffin Vulture has been shot in Persia, I see no reason why that species likewise may not be found on the more western ranges, Hindoo Koh, &c. 6. AQuiILA CHRYSA:TOs, Linn. Golden Eagle. I shot a young bird (Ring-tailed Eagle) on the Chor Mountain, near Simla, with a Kalij Pheasant (Lophophorus albo-cristatus) in its talons. The species frequents the Western Himalayas, but is not common. 7. Aquiua BIFASCIATA (Gray). Is common around Poonah, in the Decean. I have seen them roosting on the tops of houses ; they feed at times on carrion. 8. AquiLa nzvtIA (Gmel.). Spotted Kagle. Is plentiful on the Western Himalayas, and less common in the Punjab. Its flight is rapid and strong. With Kites it is often seen feeding on offal in the Hill Stations near Simla. * Some authors state the iris to be brown; true as regards the young bird only. 471 9, ? AQUILA MALAYENsIs, Temminck. Black Eagle. In Rupshoo in Ladakh I saw an eagle about the size of the A. chrysaétos (colour black, but head and neck white, tail long and wedge-shaped), probably belonging to this species. 10. Hauraétrus macetr, Temminck. Mace’s Eagle. Met with all up the Indus and its branches ; very common on the Jhelum in the Valley of Cashmere. Its favourite haunts are low level shores, where it is often seen perched on a rock or decayed trunk of a tree, intently watching for fish. I have seen it frequently feeding on offal and the remnants of sheep and goats slaughtered for the use of the regiment during a march through Scinde. ‘There is much variety in regard to colour. The bird after two years has the head and neck of a dirty white, body and wings black, rump and tail white, the latter broadly tipped with black. Young birds of the first year have very little white on the tail ; and the head and neck are rufous. Its ery is loud, and resembles the cackle of the domestic fowl. They are very abundant on the Jhelum river and lakes of Cashmere, and so tame that boats may approach within a few yards of them. The iris is light brown. In the month of December 1852, a pair built on a pepul tree in the vicinity of a marsh close to Rawul Pindee ; and by the end of the following month the young were hatched. I frequently observed the parents hunting in a pond for fish and dead snipe killed by sportsmen. ll. Hauiasrur 1npus, Boddaert. Common on the Indus. Has much the habits of the Govind Kite ; feeds on refuse as well as fish. Does not seem to frequent the rivers of the Punjaub, although very common in Scinde, 12. Mitvus Govinpa, Sykes. Goviud Kite. There is considerable variety in colour of plumage in this species ; searcely two specimens are exactly similar. I have shot Govind Kites so dark of plumage, that I could not discover the slightest difference between this bird and M. ater of Gmelin: I believe they are identical. Abundant all over Bombay, Bengal, and the lower range of the Western Himalayas. One afternoon, when the steamer was drawn up by the bank of the Indus, I observed a native washerman close by eating his fowl and curry. He was busy devouring a wing, when down dropped a kite, and actually, by means of its talons, tore the wing from between his teeth, devouring the capture as it sailed away. A few weeks afterwards, while sailing up the Sutlej river in small country boats, we halted at noon on a wet and sandy beach, for the purpose of allow- ing our party time to cook their dinners. As the soldiers and women were returning from the cooking-station about 30 yards from the 472 boats, carrying their plates filled with beef and rice, a flock of kites assailed them, darting like so many arrows on the laden platters, and bearing away the contents: the sight created great mirth in those who had dined. One poor woman, from the clayey nature of the soil, was unable to extricate herself, and stood there with out-stretched arms, begging for assistance as each successive kite darted down on her plate, until they completely devoured her dinner. It is won- derful the unerring accuracy with which these birds dart on their food: as soon as a piece of flesh is thrown on the ground, down darts a kite and seizes it with his talons, devouring it as it sails away ; and so daring and undaunted are they, that, in the case of the poor washerman, his wife was obliged to stand over him with a stick, which she waved over his head during the remainder of the meal. The Kite’s nest is built of twigs lined with wool or any soft sub- stance. The eggs are white, with rust-coloured streaks on the larger end. They generally build near the native towns and villages, par- ticularly on the chunar trees in the Valley of Cashmere. They commit great havoc among young poultry and tame pigeons, which they torment to death by chasing them, until, worn out, the pigeon falls to the ground, and is soon despatched by his relentless enemy. 13. Circus 2ruGinosus (Linneus). Moor Buzzard. India. Common. 14. Circus SWAINSONH, Smith. Punjab ; Scinde. Pretty common. 15. Circus montaGul, Vieillot. Punjaub and lower range of the Western Himalayas. Common, 16. Poxiornis TeEESA (Franklin). Around Poonah in the Deccan pretty common; not seen in the Punjab or Western Himalayas. ; 17. ELANUS MELANOPTERUS, Daudin. Scinde and Punjab. Favourite food, mice. 18. CrrcaETus GALLIcUS, Gmelin. Bombay, Bengal. Common in the Punjab, particularly in the north-west, near Rawul Pindee. 19. FaLco PEREGRINUS, Linneus. Used by the Mahrattas for hawking. Inhabits Scinde. I found a nest on a tree on the banks of the Indus below Ferozepore, con- taining two young. On dissecting a specimen shot in Scinde, I found large coils of a species of Round Worm of about the thickness of a packthread, and 8 to 12 inches in length. Although the abdo- minal cavity was infested with them, the bird appeared plump and in good condition. 473 20. FALCoO pEREGRINATOR (Sundeval). Shot one near Simla on the Western Himalayas. 21. Fatco cuicauera, Daudin. Lower range of the Western Himalayas, and N.W. frontier of the Punjab. 22. TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS (Brisson). Falco tinnunculus, Linnzeus. Deccan, common; seen at dusk in almost all situations ; preys chiefly on large insects, mice, and the Black-breasted Lark-finch (Pyrrhalauda grisea). Punjab, Lower Himalayas, and Cashmere, common. . 23. TINNUNCULUS CENCHRIS, Frisch. Falco tinnunculoides, Temminck. Abundant in many districts on the lower Himalayan Ranges, and preys extensively on the Mountain Pipit. 24. Fatco 2saton, Gmelin. N.W. frontier of the Punjab (Peshawur), during the cold months only. 25. AccrpPITeR Nisus, Linnzeus. N.W. Himalayas, pretty common. 26. AcctriTeR pussuMIERI (Sykes). Deccan, Scinde, Punjab, and Cashmere, pretty common; fa- vourite prey, larks and pipits. 27. Micronisus sapivus (Gmelin). Punjab and Cashmere ; seen frequently, but not so common as the last. 28. AstuR PALUMBARIUS (Linn.). Seen only in a domestic state. The ex-Ameers of Scinde had several very fine specimens at Poonah trained for hunting. Said to inhabit the Western Himalayas. 29. Buso BENGALENSIS, Franklin. Common in the northern Punjab and cultivated districts on the Lower Himalayas. : ’ 30. Asto Bracuyotvus, Gmelin. Pretty common all over the Punjab and lower ranges of the W. Himalayas. 31. Kerupa ceyLonensis (Gmel.). Western Himalayas, not common. Iris deep orange. 474 32. ATHENE CUCULOIDES, Vigors. Lower Himalayan ranges, northern Punjab. Pretty common ; killed one devouring a brown rat; the crop contained a mouse and beetles. 33. ATHENE BRAMA, Temminck. Common in the Deccan, Scinde, Punjab, and W. Himalayas. 34. ATHENE BRODIEI, Burton. I saw one specimen of this small species near Simla on the W. Himalayas. Not common. 35. Upupa repops, Linn. India and on the Western Himalayas as far north as Chinese Tartary. I found it common in Ladakh. Often seen on trees. Its ery re- sembles the words hoo hoo. The Dicrurus longicaudata (A. Hay) is its frequent tormentor. On the fine glassy glades in the Valley of Cashmere the Hoopoe may be seen digging its long bill into the soft turf in quest of insects; and just as its labour is nearly done, down pounces the black Drongo Shrike (Dicrurus) to secure the fruits of its toil. 36. HaLcyon sMyRNENSIs (Linnzus). India, common. 37. CeryLe RuDIs (Linneus). India and Himalayas, common. 38. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS (Gmelin). India and Lower Himalayan ranges. Very plentiful on the streams and lakes of Cashmere, and adding much to the beauty of the far-famed Shalimar gardens and the delightful scenes in that romantic land. 39. Coractas 1npIcaA, Linneus. India, W. Himalayas, Cashmere; common. The C. garrula is said (Blyth’s Cat. As. Soc. Mus. p. 51) to frequent the latter country ; but this I think is very doubtful. The Indian Roller is everywhere abundant ; they perch on the broad tops of the mango trees in the Deccan, and at dusk sport from tree to tree with a zigzag flight in quest of insects. Their cry is harsh and loud. The nest is often built in the thatch of houses or in chimneys. 40. Merops aprasrer, Linn. Plentiful at certain seasons and in particular localities both in the Punjab and Western Himalayan ranges. May be seen in large flocks at Peshawur, on a fine afternoonin summer, sailing overhead, with that peculiar flight by which the family are so readily distin- guished ; it is usually after a shower of rain, when the White Ants take flight and the air is filled with these insects, that the Bee-eater 475 is seen sporting about and feeding sumptuously. The larger size and louder call-note distinguish this from other Indian species. 41. Merops viripis, Linnzeus. Indian Bee-eater. Abundant all over India and the warmer parts of the W. Hima- layas. It is frequently seen in large flocks sailing over pools or across desert sands in quest of insects. What are called varieties of this species are, I think, only immature birds before the first moult. 42. CHLOROPSIS MALABARICUS (Jardine). A specimen of the above was procured from a collection made on the Eastern Himalayas near Nipal. Apparently not a native of the Western Himalayas. 43. Bracuyrrernvs aurantivs (Linneus). Scinde and Lower Himalayas; pretty common. One specimen from the Himalayas had the feathers on the forehead black, edged with white ; supposed to be a female or variety. ris red. 44, Gecinus squamatus (Vigors). A common Himalayan species; frequents dense oak and pine forests or jungles. Habits and call resemble the Green Woodpecker. Confined to the mountain-ranges. 45. Picus MAHARATTENSIS, Lath. Not uncommon at Poonah ; occasionally in Scinde ; not seen in the Punjab or Himalayas. 46. Prcus u1imaLaAyaNnus (Jardine and Selby). The most common and widely distributed Woodpecker in the East ; found all over India, and in all wooded districts on the Western Himalayas.—Qu. Is P. majoroides (Modg.), a distinet sp.? 47. Wuitre-HEADED WooDPECKER. A species seen on one occasion in a forest on the ranges around the Valley of Cashmere. About the size of the Lesser Woodpecker. Head, neck, and breast white; back blue; vent and under parts red. 48. MreGartaima virens (Boddaert). Frequents dense forests and jungles on the Western Himalayas, confined to the mountain-ranges ; is often met with on the Cash- mere mountains. Flight rapid, and like the true Woodpeckers ; ery loud and harsh. Gizzard contained small seeds, no insects. 49. MeGavaima 1npica (Latham). Pretty common at Poonah, in the Decean ; not seen on the Hi- malayas or in the Punjab. 476 50. CucuLus cANnorus, Linneeus. Deccan; at Poonah pretty common. Abundant from the lower ranges to the limits of forest on the Himalayas ; commences to call in March and ceases in June. I saw them on the Himalayas in August and September, and was informed by natives that they re- main all the year. 51, Epotrus cuckoo *. This bird is common in the Deccan and Western Himalayas, par- ticularly in the Valley of Cashmere, where its loud note is heard in every brake, and resembles the word “‘coe/”’ repeated frequently. The following is a description of one I shot at Poonah. Iris hazel ; size of Blackbird ; crested ; crest and all upper surface of body black glossed with green; the tip of tail white ; a bar of white across the wings; lower surface of body a dirty white; that on the throat and neck tinted blue ; lower feathers of tail graduated, with white tips ; feet black. No difference between sexes. Gizzard contained ca- terpillars. 52. CENTROPUS RUFIPENNIS (Illiger). Malabar Crow of Europeans. . Common in the neighbourhood of Poonah, not seen in the Pun- jab or Himalayas ; frequents plantations ; flight easy and noiseless. Gizzard contained grasshoppers and large insects. 53. CenTRopus, sp. ? ~ Hooked-billed Cuckoo. These birds are common in low bushy places on the ranges near Simla, W. Himalaya ; confined to the mountains ; gregarious ; notes rough; flutter from bush to bush like the Bush Thrushes; size about that of the Song Thrush; bill much curved and a bright scarlet, becoming fainter towards the tip; the lower parts of the body are ochreous brown, upper parts brown; wings short and rounded ; tail long, broad, and fan-like; tarsus large and strong; feet rather small; versatile toes nearly equal to lateral; general cast of plumage lax, and points of feathers spinous, especially about the head and neck. Gizzard contained an entire lizard of about 3 inches in length, and several locusts, beetles, and large insects. Always secreting itself in thick coverts, is oftener heard than seen. 54. CapRIMULGUS, sp. ? A species very common on the lower ranges of the Himalayas. Size of the British species. Crown of head brown, minutely barred, the centre of a few feathers black ; a white spot on the throat ; the four outer wing-quills barred with white, the two outer quills of the tail broadly terminated with white ; claw serrated. 55. CaprRimuLeus, sp.? Seen rarely on the Western Himalayas; total length 10 inches : * Oxylophus melanoleucus (Gmel.).—F.M. ~ 477 specimen a female. Wing-quills and tail barred and spotted with rust-colour, the rust-coloured spots on the centre of the second and third wing-quills; throat-patch rufous, with a tinge of rufous all over the lower parts. Gizzard contained small seeds, earwigs, and grasshoppers. 56. CypsELUS MELBA (Linneus). Sometimes seen in large flocks during the cold months in the Punjab ; at all seasons on the W. Himalayas. 57. Cypse.us apus (Linneus). Abundant on the rocky banks of streams in Ladakh; Cashmere ; very plentiful in the Punjab during the rainy months. 58. CypsELUs AFFINIS, Gray. Scinde and Punjab, pretty common. Builds under the eaves of houses: the nest is made of mud intermixed with wool or feathers. 59. Corvus corax, Linnezeus. The Raven found in Ladakh is larger than the C. coraz ; but I saw no other difference, and am inclined to think it is only a variety *. The species is an inhabitant of the northern countries of India, com- mencing at Upper Scinde ; it is found all over the Punjab at every season of the year, where they frequent camps and cantonments with Govind Kites and Egyptian Vultures. Mr. Blyth is wrong in saying the species does not frequent India, if by that he means the Punjab and Scinde (vide Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 89). 60. Corvus cuLminatus, Sykes. Abundant in the Decean, Scinde, but not in the Punjab. It is plentiful on the Western Himalayas, from the lower ranges north- wards to Ladakh, Cashmere, &c.+ Note.—I think I have seen the C. corniz in the latter countries, and rather think it is a native of the more western Himalayan ranges, Hindoo Coosh, &c.$ 61. Corvus SPLENDENS, Vieillot. India universally, lower Himalayan Ranges, including Cashmere, but does not travel far into the interior ; is frequently seen in the society of the C. monedula in the localities frequented by the latter. 62. Corvus FRUGILEGUS, Linneeus. A winter visitor in the N.W. frontier of the Punjab at Rawul Pindee, abundant; arrives about the beginning of September, and * Is separated as C. Tibetanus, Hodgs. (vide Catal. Birds Mus. E.1.C. ii. p. 553). —F.M. + Mr. Blyth states this to be the “ ‘Raven’ of Europeans in India.” I never heard it so called (vide Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 89).—A.L. A. j + Specimens of C. cornix from Mesopotamia and Affghanistan are contained in the Museum of the East India Company.—F. M. 478 leaves before the end of March. Its migrations, I think, are west- ward. I never saw it in Cashmere in summer ; unless a winter vi- sitor, it is not found on the ranges eastward of Peshawur. 63. Corvus MONEDULA, Linneeus. Confined to certain places ; nowhere more abundant than in the Valley of Cashmere. The imperial palace of His Highness Goulab Sing, with its crumbling walls, and the ruins in the Shalimar and Neshat gardens on the lake, offer excellent retreats for this species. During the breeding-seasons they congregate in vast numbers, and cover the adjacent country. I have seen them with rooks in the neighbourhood of Rawul Pindee and Peshawur, but only during the cold months ; with this exception, it appears the species is confined to the locality above-mentioned. 64. Corvus corone, Linn. Lesser Carrion Crow. Closely allied to the Indian Crow (Corvus culminatus), butvery much smaller, and not larger than the Indian Jackdaw, is a black crow which frequents the lower Himalayan ranges from Peshawur to Simla. I can find no reference to this species anywhere. In habits it closely resembles the jackdaw; but its appearance is very like the Carrion Crow (C€. culminatus). ‘‘ Nostrils covered with bristles ; colour me- tallic black like the rook ; tail wedge-shaped; the feathers of the tail and secondary quills of the wings are mucronated at their tips. It feeds on offal and carrion, is gregarious ; flight strong and rapid. Is often seen tormenting Govind Kites and birds much larger than itself.” 65. NuCIFRAGA HEMISPILA, Vig. Frequents the great forests on the W. range of the Himalayas, Cashmere pine forests, pretty common; and on the wooded ranges near Simla. A wandering bird, and not common anywhere. Gene- rally seen at high elevations ; they live among the topmost branches of the pine trees. Its harsh discordant cry is lke that of the Mapgie. 66. Freeitus eracuuus (Linneus). The Chough is often met with in the W. Himalayas, and durmg winter migrates with jackdaws to the N.W. frontier of the Pun- jab. Abounds on the Cashmere mountains, and may be seen in small flocks around the margin of melting snow, where the insects and roots it feeds on are obtained. Its wild excited flight, and still wilder cry, attract the sportsman’s attention. 67. PyRRHOCORAX ALPINUS, Vieill. Very distinct from the last, and frequents the high ranges in the interior of the Himalayas: pretty common in Ladakh. The food consists of insects and fruit; of the latter, mulberries constitute the chief portion. 479 - 68. Pica BpoTTANeEnsts, A. Delessert. P. megaloptera, Blyth. P. Tibetana, Wodgson. Differs but little from the European bird. Its favourite habitat is among the dreary and desolate mountains of Ladakh ; and it would appear it is found only in that country on the Western ranges. It is strange that a bird, whose near ally is so fond of fertile localities _in Europe, should prefer the wastes of Little Tibet to the culti- vated and wooded mountains of Cashmere: but such is the case; and the Magpie is the same crafty and familiar bird among his Tartar friends as with Englishmen. 69. DENDROCITTA RUFA (LeVaill.). Scinde, Punjab, and lower Himalayan Ranges, pretty common. Its loud resonant cry is heard at a long distance. Its haunts are in retired wooded places ; is oftener seen solitary than otherwise. Locusts, beetles, cockchaffers, and fruit constitute its favourite food. 70. DENDROCITTA SINENSIS, Latham. Confined to the lower Himalayas. Abundant in all cultivated districts, frequenting the neighbourhood of villages; cry, loud and discordant: food, insects and fruit. 71. PstLORHINUS OCCIPITALIS, Blyth. Pica erythrorhyncha, Vigors. Pretty common on the ranges around Simla and Kussowlee, and to the westward until replaced by the P. flavirostris of Blyth. The habits of this bird resemble the Magpie. The presence of a Cheetah or a bird of prey is often discovered by the chattering of these beau- tiful creatures. 72. PsILORHINUS FLAVIROSTRIS, Blyth. On the mountains around the Valley of Cashmere, particularly on the banks of the Jhelum between the valley and the plains of India. 73. GARRULUS GULARIS (Gray). A truly Himalayan bird, and is common in the lower ranges: erv, loud and harsh; habits assimilate to the European species. 74. PARUS CINEREUS, Vieillot. India and Himalayas, abundant; replaces the Greater Tit of Europe in these countries. Solitary. 75. PaRUS XANTHOGENYs, Vigors. Confined to the Himalayas; not common ; gregarious. 76. PARUS MELANOLOPHUS, Vigors. Gregarious, and more common than the last, and more generally 480 distributed over the Himalayas. Confined to the mountains ; seen often with the Golden-crested Wren (Regulus cristatus, Ray). 2* 77. PaRUS The following Tit I shot in a flock of the last species near Simla, W. Himalayas. Confined tothe mountains. Crested ; length about 5 inches; iris brick-coloured; bill like Cole Tit and bluish black ; forehead and below ear-coverts a dirty white; all upper parts, in- cluding wings and tail, leaden ash ; breast, belly, and vent ochreous white ; tail moderate and slightly forked; legs leaden-coloured, and claws the same. Specimena male. I never saw this species after- wards. 78. DorITES ERYTHROCEPHALUS, Vigors. Not uncommon around Murree on the Himalayas: confined to these regions ; frequents pine forests, and often seen mixed up with P. cinereus, melanolophus, or the next species. 79. AAGITHALUS FLAMMICEPs (Burton). W. Himalayas, not common. Seen frequently with the Tits, and in habits exactly similar, 80. ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS (Linneus). India and W. Himalayas to the limits of cultivation. 81. ACRIDOTHERES GINGINIANUS (Latham). Frequents the banks of the Indus in Scinde. Habits closely re- sembling those of the last species. Not seen in the Punjab or Hi- malayas. 82. Srurnus vuLearis, Linneus. Abundant all over northern India, Cashmere, and Himalaya. 83. Srurnvs, sp. ? Very common in Cashmere, Scinde, and Punjab. Rather smaller than the Starling. Bill yellow; feathers of the body long and nar- rowed, uniform metallic black shaded with green and purple, parti- cularly on the neck and breast ; rump-feathers thick, and obscurely tipped with white; tail rather short and forked; legs brown, claws strong and curved. Frequent in the plains of India, the jungles, and cattle pastures, often associating with the derid. tristis. They breed in Cashmere, and build their nests in the decayed chunar trees in the valley. Nest composed of dried grass, wool, and feathers. « This bird, if not identical, is very like Sturnus unicolor.””—Blyth. 84. SrurRNIA PAGODARUM (Gmelin). Common on the Cashmere mountains, not seen in the plains of * Evidently Parus dichrous, Hodgs., which has hitherto been found only in Nepal.—F. M. 481 India. Solitary in its habits ; is shy and timid; cry, loud and harsh. Food, seeds or the buds of Coniferee. Iris white. 85. Pastor rosevs (Linneus). Very gregarious, and abundant during the harvest months in the Punjab, and destructive in barley fields; whole districts have been devastated by this bird. Not seen on the Himalayas; common around Poonah in the Deccan. It is seen often associating with Acrid. tristis. 86. PSARAGLOSSA SPILOPTERA (Vigors). Not uncommon in the W. Himalayas ; frequents rice-fields or sides of mountain streams. Iris whzée. Shy and timid in habits. 87. Piocervs Baya, Blyth. Gregarious ; abundant in the Deccan, particularly near Poonah, but is less so in Upper Bengal and the Punjab. 88. Munta unputata (Latham). 89. Munta MaLaBarica (Linneus). 90. EsTRELDA AMANDAVA (Linnzus). Generally distributed over India. The undulata and amandava are perhaps the most common ; they live in little societies, are tame and easily caught ; they are the common cage-birds of India. 91. Passer inpicus (Jard. & Selby). The House Sparrow is more widely distributed than any species found in Hindostan: it is found all over India, and northward even on the steppes of Chinese Tartary. In every village and town of Hindostan it swarms in countless thousands, and is the same dirty noisome bird as we find in the streets of London. During summer evenings in Cashmere they assemble in vast flocks on the chunar trees, accompanied by myriads of Jackdaws and Maina birds (Acridotheres tristis) ; their rough calls, mixed with the chirpings of the sparrows, are anything but pleasant. In the wild and barren Ladakh the Sparrow lives and dies under the roofs of the rude in- habitants of that desolate and dreary land. I recollect, when travel- ling in that country, we came to an assemblage of Tartar huts after a long and fatiguing march of twenty miles; not a symptom of ani- mated nature was visible: long we waited at the doorway of a miserable little hut ; but no natives made their appearance : at last a chirp was heard, and a Sparrow flew out of the hovel: this little fact was convincing ; for the Sparrow loves man—“‘ The place is in- habited ;”? and so it was. A short time afterwards a flock of goats and sheep were seen winding down the glen ; and we were soon sur- rounded by crowds of wondering Tartars. 92. PaAssER CINNAMOMEUS, Gould. On the lower and middle regions of the W. Himalayas. Fre- No. CCCLXXVII.—ProcrepInGs of THE ZOOLOGICAL Soc. 482 uents the wooded copses, and is common around the hamlets in the Valley of Cashmere. More shy and wary thaw the last, with which it does not associate: its cry is very different. 93. MonTIFRINGILLA NEMORICOLA (Hodgson). Strictly a Himalayan bird ; is plentiful at high elevations at all seasons, and feeds around the margin of melting snow. Generally seen in large flocks, flitting from place to place like Snow Buntings. As winter advances, they migrate southwards, and are found on the lower ranges. The chirp is like the Snow Flake (Nanee), and flight exactly similar. ; 94. MonTIFRINGILLA H#&MATOPYGIA, Gould, P. Z. 8S. 1851, p- 115. Found in Ladakh, common on the mountains around the Chou- meraree Lake ; I did not see it on the ranges southward. Its flight is strong and rapid. Feeds on the seeds of a species of wormwood, which grows plentifully around the lake. 95. MonTIFRINGILLA ADAMSI, Moore, MS.* Mountain Finch. Common on the bare and barren mountains of Ladakh and Little Tibet, and feeds on the seeds of the few plants found in these deso- late and dreary-looking mountains. Its cry is like that of a Lark; and its habits on the ground are very similar. The nest is composed of grass, and generally placed in the long dykes built by the Tartars over their dead, so frequently to be seen in that country. General texture of the plumage lax and soft. Size of the Chaffinch. Iris hazel. Baill perfectly conic, the commissures considerably sinuated and lobed in the middle. Nostrils basal. Head and back greyish- ashy ; three first wing-quills nearly equal; quills black, having the secondary quills broadly tipped with white. Wing-coverts white, tipped with black ; last feather of the wing-quills like the head and back. Tail moderate and rounded, having the upper feathers black, and the under white tipped with black. Lower parts greyish-white, with an obscure black mark on the neck. Lower extremities black ; hind toe and claw much longer than the lateral toes, which are about equal. 96. CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS (Pallas). Scinde, not common; lower ranges of the Himalayas ; Cashmere ; cultivated districts of Ladakh. Pretty common; seen generally solitary or in small flocks. Habits resemble Linnets. Note.—On the Peer Pinjal ranges of Cashmere I saw a species of Finch larger than the above, with the red on the body more bril- liant, particularly on the throat and breast. I was inclined to think it was the Carp. rhodochrous, Gould. * Sir William Jardine considers this a new species allied to M. gebleri. pa eee Nee Cy ers eee ee ee ee 483 97. CARDUELIS CANICEPS, Vigors. Strictly Himalayan, and inhabits all the western ranges from the lower mountains to the limits of cultivation, but only a winter visitor in the ranges next the plains of India. In Cashmere common. Its song is sweet, and exactly similar to its European congener. 98. HesPpERIPHONA ICTERIOIDES (Vigors). Common in the dense pine forests of Cashmere. Feeds on cones, fruits, and tender shoots of trees. Generally seen in flocks, but oftener in pairs. Flight rapid and strong. The loud wailing cry of this bird is frequently the only sound heard to break the stillness of a Himalayan forest. 99. LinoTa 2 Abundant in Ladakh only. In habits and appearance bears a likeness to the Grey Linnet*; gregarious, and frequently seen with the Montifringilla hematopygia (Gould). Total length 52 inches. Bill livid; eye small; iris hazel, size of Redpole; upper plumage greyish brown, with darker streaks of brown; wing-quills black, margined with white; wing-coverts light brown ; tail forked, with edges of quills streaked with brown or white ; legs nearly black, lower parts dirty greyish white. 100. EmBerRiIza STEWARTII, Blyth. Emberiza caniceps, Gould, Birds of Asia, 1854. Very common on the ranges around Cashmere, but not seen east- ward: frequents fields, and in its habits exactly similar to the Yel- low Bunting: confined to the mountains. 101. Huspiza LUTEOLA (Latham). Very common during the harvest season on the Punjab, and gre- garious. Its song is sweet and melodious, and somewhat resembles that of the Goldfinch. 102. Euspiza taTHami (Gray). A solitary bird, scarcely ever seen otherwise: common in the Punjab and lower Himalayas. 103. Euspiza sim1Luima, Blyth. Gregarious and commonaround Poonah in the Deccan. Notseen in the Punjab or Himalayas. 104. PyRRHULA ERYTHROCEPHALA, Vigors. Confined to the Himalaya ranges. Never seen in the plains of India. By no means common anywhere. Its habits exactly similar to the P. vulgaris ; but its call-note is not so loud. Frequents dense jungle. _ * Mr. Gould names my specimen (a young bird), of L., brevirostris. Sir William - Jardine is disposed to consider it identical with L. montium, Linn. (see Moore, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 217). 484 105. PyRRHULA AURANTIA, Gould, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 222; Birds of Asia, 1858, pt. x. Orange-coloured Bullfinch. Seen only on the Cashmere Ranges; usually in small flocks in lonely places. Call-note more like the chirp of the Greenfinch than the clear call of the P. vulgaris. Male.—Bill black. Total length 5 inches. A black band sur- rounds base of bill, eyes and chin. Crown of head, neck, breast, belly, back, and edges of wing-coverts a rich orange. Tail, wing- coverts, except their edges, glossy erow-black. Rump pure white ; the colour of the back is less rich than on the other parts, and fades towards the vent, which is white. Legs light brown. Iris black. Female.—Has the black circle round the bill. Head and neck ash-coloured, like the female of vulgaris. Back slightly tinged with orange on an ashy base; the tips of the wing-coverts the same. Lower parts like the male, but much less brilliant, and approaching to olive. 106. PyrRRHULAUDA GRISEA (Scopoli). Poonah, Deccan, very common ; less so in the Punjab; not seen in Scinde. 107. FRiNGILLA RUBRIFRONS (Gould) *. Very common in all the wastes and valleys of Ladakh. Its favourite food in summer is the seeds of a species of Artemisia. Often seen in the Punjab towns as a cage-bird ae from La- dakh and Afghanistan. 108. MeELANOCORYPHA TARTARICA “, Pallast. A common cage-bird in Cashmere and the northern towns of the Punjab. I have not seen the bird in a wild state ; but natives say it is brought from Afghanistan. It is nearly the size of the Redwing. Bill strong and thick. Colour of plumage like the Skylark, except a broad black band across the chest. Its song is sweet and melo- dious, and is more powerful and as much varied, as the Al. arvensis. 109. ALAUDA ARVENSIS?, Linnzeus. A winter visitor on the lowest ranges of the Western Himalayas ; at all seasons in Cashmere and cultivated districts of the interior. I think it identical with the British species ; however, it does not ap- pear to mount so high or remain so long on the wing. Perhaps found in the Punjab during winter. Description.—Length 6 inches. Upper parts lark-brown, spotted deeply with black; white streak over eyes; throat dirty white; * ? Metoponia pusilla (Pallas). eae Fringilla rubrifrons, Hay (see Catal. B. Mus. E.I.C. ii. p. 494. no. 754).—F + This is Melanocorypha torquata, ‘Blyth (see Catal. B. Mus. E.I.C. ii. p. 470). The Mel. tartarica of Pallas inhabits Northern Asia and North-eastern Europe.— F. M. eA ee ge ee aN a Oe 485 breast obscurely spotted with black. Lower parts dirty white. Inner surface of wings French white ; first quill exceedingly minute ; second nearly as long as the third and fourth, which are equal, and the longest secondary quills emarginate. Tail forked, outer feathers having their margins white. Legs light brown. It follows up the valleys leading from Cashmere; and wherever cultivation extends and luxuriant pasture abounds, there the Lark is seen. I found it at Dras in Ladakh, but afterwards lost sight of it owing to the barren state of the country northwards. 110. GaLERIDA CHENDOOLA (Franklin). This is the most common species of Larks in India, and is as much a bird of the desert as of the field. Scinde, cultivated or in the desert ; parts of Punjab, very common, gregarious during winter. 111. Sanp Lark. Abundant on the banks of the Indus and Northern Scinde. Size of the Grey Linnet. Colour a sandy brown. Bill short and nearly conical; hind claw long and curved; tail moderate and slightly forked, the upper feathers of which are black ; otherwise similarly marked to the last species. Note.—On the lower Himalayan Range I saw on one occasion a species of Lark or Titlark of the size of the Alauda arvensis: colour of body was a sandy brown; but very distinguishing marks were a black throat, and streak round the eyes of the same colour. The female was not so distinctly marked. 112. AntHus rvFuuUs, Vieillot. A common and generally-distributed species all over India and the cultivated districts of the Western Himalayas. 113. Anruus TRIviALis (Linnzus). _ Very common on the lower Himalayan Range. 114. Anruus aeruis, Sykes. Common around Poonah in the Deccan; Northern Punjab. Gre- garious during winter in the latter country. Less abundant on the lower Himalayan Range. 115. AnTHUS 2 Frequents the furze country in Ladakh. Its call-note resembles the Siskin. Size of a Black Redstart. Iris hazel. Biull notched, broad at the base and thin; upper mandible overlaps the lower ; nostrils slit, culmen almost straight. Upper parts brown, striated like the Anthus trivialis; throat and neck mouse-brown; a broad rufous band across the breast ; belly and lower parts dirty white, mixed with the brown of the back ; legs light brown ; tarsus slender; feet well-formed ; lateral toes almost equal; hind claw well-deve- loped. 486 Except the band across the breast, this bird is very like the com- mon Himalayan Pipit, 4. trivialis. Builds a nest like the Yellow Bunting ; eggs similar. 116. MoraciLLA MADERASPATANA, Briss. Poonah, rare, and not seen elsewhere. 117. MoraciLua DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes. Very common at Poonah and in Scinde, less go in the North- west Provinces ; not seen at Peshawur. 118. MoracinLa LuZONIENSIS (Scopoli). Punjab (Peshawur), very common during the winter months. Not seen in the Deccan or elsewhere. 119. MoTAcILLA BOARULA, Linneeus. Only met with in Cashmere and its surrounding mountains ; com- mon. 120. BupyTeEs c1ITREOLA (Linneus). Deccan, Scinde, Punjab, common. 121*, Bupyres viripis (Scopoli). India, Punjab, very common, often gregarious. 122*, BupYTES MELANOCEPHALA, Sykes. Very common in lower Scinde during the cold months ; not seen in the Punjab or Himalayas. 123. MALACOCcERCUS MALCOLMI (Sykes). Common at Poonah ; Scinde (banks of Indus) ; not Punjab or Hi- malayas. 124. Maracocercus caupatus (Duméril). Scinde and Punjab, common. 125. ? TROCHALOPTERON ——. Bush Thrush ? ? Length 33 inches ; tail 5 inches. Bill black, curved, with two bristles diverging backwards from the gape; feathers of forehead stiff; upper parts brown; lower parts dirty-white, more or less tinged with brown ; wings short, rounded; legs long; feet large ; tail worn at, the tips and much graduated. Habits. Frequents bushy places, and, like its genus, seen in small * “ These are identical ; the birds. acquiring blue-grey feathers on the head at the vernal moult, which change afterwards to black. The name B. viridis must be retained for the species.” (Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. Cale. Appendix, p. 325.) —T.J.M. 497 flocks ; flies feebly, and emits a tittering call. This species is com- mon on the Himalayan Range, near Simla. 126. Prints or Drymorca. This little bird is common in the Deccan and Scinde ; frequents hedges and fields of grain: an active, restless creature, continually jerking its tail up and down when on the move. Searches for insects among the dense foliage of mango and other trees. Call, loud and very like the sound produced by the rasping of a file. 127. ? Printa , Sp. Size of Long-tailed Tit. Bill short and black; legs long and slender ; tail graduated and long, first quill minute, second nearly as long as the third. In appearance and plumage resembles in some degree the Willow Wren; the upper parts are exactly similar; the tail is soft and readily moveable, tipped with white, conspicuous when the bird is on the wing, or when jerking the member ; cheeks, throat, and breast whitish-yellow ; belly and vent white, tinged with yellow; tarsus and feet yellow. Common in the fields around Poonah, Deccan. 128. Print socrais, Sykes. General characters the same as the last. Frequents like situations. Total length about 41 inches. Bill slender, black ; nostrils slit-like ; head, back part of neck, and back leaden-blue ; wing-feathers brown, their outer margins tinged with reddish-brown ; tail brown, having the tips of the longest feathers barred with obscure black ; throat, cheeks, breast, belly, shoulders, and vent ochreous-white, the yellow tinge being more distinct on the sides of the belly and the legs. Frequents fields of Badgeree in the Deccan, where it may be seen often perched on a stalk of grain, emitting its loud rasping call, which might be mistaken easily for that of a much larger bird. It is as common as the last species. Not seen in Scinde. 129. ? PHyLLoscorus ? Very closely allied to the last ; in habits and general appearance the same. Generally seen in pairs, or three at a time. Common in Scinde and Punjab, frequenting gardens and fields of grain. Same _ size as last. Bill weak and narrow, with a few diverging bristles at the base, colour brown ; head, neck, and back olive-brown ; wings short and rounded and margined with rufous; tail brown, beneath paler; an obscure white streak passes over the eye; throat and lower parts white, with an ochreous tinge on the belly and vent ; legs pale. Description taken from a male. 130. Prinia Hopesont (Blyth). Punjab and lower Himalayas, common. Frequents bushes and hedges by waysides. 488 131. OrTHOTOMUS LONGICAUDA, Gmelin. Frequents the mango and other trees in the Deccan; flits among the dense foliage in quest of insects. Cry loud and rasping. I have frequently mistaken its call for that of the Common Mina (derido- theres tristis) ; so loud and powerful is it: unless by its ery, it is not easily discovered ; for its motions are noiseless. 132. ? PRINIA