> Gam baAl, aren 20k He { i ix 7 he Tae tok) Fe Kyla oid ha inp taal ee Y Ry Swaine Oe cineca a ee! ‘ ‘ RNeasy SP ee i iS 1 ¥ Se Nn! Ailes lean nig: Pike Nites “i a ni “A mi eh ee tra a ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THH ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR THE YEAR 1896. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE LONDON: MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND OO, PATERNOSTER ROW. ) VF CR Ae LIST OF THE COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. De. Joun Anverson, F.R.S., Vice-President, Wittian = T. Branrorp, Esq., E.RS., Vice-President. Groraze A. Bourencer, Esq., E.R.S. Tur Rr. Hon. Grorar Denman, Hersert Dever, Esq., F.LS. Cuartes Drummonn, Esq., Trea- surer. Gen. Toe How. Ferrtpsna, K.C.B. F. DuCanz Gopman, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President. Lr.-Cot, H. H. Gopwin-Avsten, FE.R.S., Vice-President. Sir Percy 1896. COUNCIL. (Elected April 29, 1896.) . H. Frower, K.C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., Sc.D., F.R.S., President. Dr. Epwarp Hawitron, Vice- President, Proressor Grorar B, Howes. Lr.-Cot. Leonarp H., Irsy. Srr Huex Low, G.C.M.G. Dr. St. Georar Mivart, F.R.S., Vice-President. Prorressok ALFRED F.R.S. Sir THomas Patne. E. Lort Parcuirs, Esq. Howarp Saunpers, Esq. Partie Lurtry Scrater, Esq., M.A.,Ph.D., F.RS., Secretary. Tue Lorn Watsinenam, F.R.S. Newton, PRINCIPAL OFFICERS. P. L. Scrater, Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary. Frank EH. Bepparp, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Prosector. Mr. A. D. Bartrerr, Superintendent of the Gardens. Mr. F. H. Warernovse, Librarian. Mr. Joun Barrow, Accowntant. Mr. W. J. Wittiams, Chief Clerk, LIST OF THE CONTRIBUTORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. ® Page Awnpruaws, C. W., F.G.S., F.Z.8., Assistant in the British Museum (Natural History). On a Skull of Orycteropus gaudryi, Forsyth Major, from Samos yiasiaje Sore disaby crepe Helayayorerai ah ae watateiseore car MAN Avstun, #. E., Assistant in the British Museum (Natural History). =a Notes on a Recent Zoological Expedition on the Lower 296 HAST ABOWG Pes, Lee eleh ee ai ered LaeES Usa ae Re caren cane ES 768 Barrert-Hamitron, G. E. H. See Hamitron, G. E. H. Barrart-, Barrpert, A. D., Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens. Notes on the Breeding of the Surinam Water-Toad (Pipa americana) in the Society’s Gardens:............ 595 iv Bateson, Wiut1aM, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, three Pigeons showing webbing between the toes Buppanp, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society. On some Earthworms from the Sandwich Islands col- lected by Mr. R. L. Perkins ; with an Appendix on some new Species of Pericheta, &c. CeCe On the Oblique Septa (“‘ Diaphragm ” of Owen) in the Passerines and in some other Birds soot ee etree ee eee tee A Note upon Dissura episcopus, with Remarks upon the Classification of the Herodiones . A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Anatomy of Rhynchops Pen Ce Ce eC Cama ee aC eC ee Cn On the Anatomy of a Grebe (chmophorus major), with Remarks upon the Classification of some of the Schizo- gnathous Birds Contributions to the Anatomy of Picarian Birds.— Part II. A Note upon the Pterylosis of the Barbets and Toucans CC Ce Contributions to the Anatomy of Picarian Birds.— Part III. On some Points in the Anatomy of the King- fishers eo eee eee eer eee er eres ee eter es essere sere seeene Burripeson, Graf Hans von, C.M.Z.8. Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.... Buriarson, Graf Hans von, C.M.Z.S., and Sronzmann, JBAN, On the Ornithological Researches of M. Jean Kalinowski in Central Peru. (Plates XIII. & XIV.) SeOnONOECEC ET Cnr EC CET) Page 989 194 225 231 299 538 555 603 319 Vv Brnewam, Lt.-Col. C. T., F.Z.8., F.E.S8. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Hymenopterous Fauna of Ceylon. (Plate XV.) ..........0. ccc eeee Buanrorp, W. T., LL.D., F.B.S., F.Z.8., &c. Remarks on the Rules of Zoological N omenclature .... Exhibition of, and remarks upon, four heads of Ovis ammon from the North-west Altai, Central Asia, obtained by Major Cumberland ............. fer Oe OSES Bovtrneur, GrorcEe Arpurt, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Second Report on the Reptiles and Batrachians collected by Dr. A. Donaldson Smith during his Expedition to Lake Rudolf. (Plates VII. & VIII.) ................ On some little-known Batrachians from the Caucasus. (abia3 OGL 65 WOKING) 5500000006000 00008500000000 Remarks on the Dentition of Snakes and on the Evolu- tion of the Poison-fangs ...........2 cece cece cece eens On the Occurrence of Schlegel’s Gavial (Lomistoma schlegel) in the Malay Peninsula, with Remarks on the © Atlas and Axis of the Crocodilians .................. On a new Gecko from Penang. (Plate XXXVI.).... Descriptions of new Fishes from the Upper Shiré River, British Central Africa, collected by Dr. Percy Rendall, and presented to the British Museum by Sir Harry H. Johnston, K.C.B. (Plate XLVII.) ............-+000- On the Lizards of the Genus Eremias, Section Boulen- GG soncoceonogs a9cnooob os osnodbesoucoSEDbORSS Browns, Epwarp T., B.A., F.Z8., Zoological Research Laboratory, University College, London. On British Hydroids and Meduse. (Plates XVI. & DOWILL)) caotoocc00000000) se0000 Riscdl Srepeuy cuantyemusrelaiere Page 401 321 786 212 548 614 628 767 915 920 459 t vl Burtur, Arraur G., Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.S8., &., Senior Assistant Keeper of Zoology, Natural History Museum. On a Collection of Butterflies obtained by Mr. Richard Crawshay in Nyasa-land, between the months of January eml /\joutl ISO, Cais) WI) sccococauconvccbcc0000 On the Butterflies obtained in Arabia and Somaliland by Capt. Chas. G. Nurse and Col. J. W. Yerbury in 1894 andels9 5a (PlatepX)| aeons or een rac en eee aes On two Collections of Lepidoptera made by Mr. R. Crawshay in Nyasaland. (Plates XLI. & XLII) ...... On a Collection of Lepidoptera from Nyasa-land pre- Page 108 242 817 sented to the Museum by Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B., - and collected by Mr. J. B. Yule. (Plate XLIII.)...... CampBripen, Frupuriox O. Pickarp, B.A. On the Theraphoside of the Lower Amazons: being an Account of the new Genera and Species of this Group of Spiders discovered during the Expedition of the Steam- ship ‘Faraday’ up the River Amazons. (Plates XXXIII.— 9,9. GS DEIN ae AMR RO Mn ae oto OR See oe oe CES Camprinas, Rev. O. Pickard, M.A., F.BS., &c. On some new and little-known Spiders (Araneidea). (PlatesEIT ee hte rk, eet ee Crawsnay, Riowanrp. Remarks upon the Gnu of Nyasa-land ............ CunnineuaM, Rosert O., M.D., F.LS., F.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Professor of Natural History, Queen’s College, Belfast. On the Occurrence of a Pair of Supernumerary Bones in the Skull of a Lemur, and on a Peculiarity in the Skull of a young Orang Ce Ce eC 851 716 1006 617 vii Doxirvus, ADRIEN. On West-Indian Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans...... 388 Drussmr, H. E., F.Z.S., &e. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of Pallas’s ’ Willow-Warbler shot at Cley-next-the-Sea, Norfolk .... 856 Darvon, Hamitron H., F.Z.8., F'.E.S. Further Contributions to the Knowledge of the Bornean Lycenide, (Plates XXIX.-XKXIL) .............--- 650 Duzo1s, Dr. AupHonseE, Conservator of the Royal Museum of Natural History, Brussels, Belgium. Description d’un nouveau Couroucou africain ........ 999 Duruam, Miss M. Enrru. Notes on the Mode of Feeding of the Egg-eating Snake (Dasypeltis scabra). (Plate XXXII.) ..........-..--- 715 Epwanrps, Janus, I'.1.8,, and Exwes, Il. J., F.L.8., 1.2.8. Notice of 1 Memoir containing a Revision of the European and Asiatic Butterflies of the Family Hesperide. 609 Etwss, Hunry Joun, F.LS., F.Z.8. Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.... 320 Etwzs, Henry Joun, F.LS., F.Z.S., and Epwanrps, JAMzs, F.E.S. Notice of a Memoir containing a Revision of the European and Asiatic Butterflies of the Family Hespernde. 609 Friower, Stantay Smyra, 5th Fusiliers. Notes on a Collection of Reptiles and Batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895-96; with a List of ° the Species recorded from that Region. (Plates XLIV.— D.GI\Vl) adccaacsqodgocdsnogocvgu vedo oodEdoo0 0c 856 Vili Fiownr, Sir Witt1am Howry, K.C.B., LL.D., F.B.S., &c., President of the Society. _ Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature .... Forsus, Hnyry Oaa, LL.D., F.Z.8. Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature .... Fowrrr, G. Hervert, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University College, London. Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. ¥. (Plate L.) wee ee we ee tere ee Gapow, Dr. Hans, F.Z.S. Remarks on Bone-caves in Estremadura, explored in INStoL iro tenons Mier rcanere a riceeoena a radia iow en trodia Ooi Borin Gopman, F. DuCann, F.R.S., and Satvin, Osperr, M.A., E.R.S. On the Butterflies of St. Vincent, Grenada, and the adjoining Islands of the West Indies CeCe CC CC i Cy Greeory, J. W., D.Sc., F.G.S., Assistant in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). On Lysechinus, a new Genus of Fossil Echinoderms from the Tyrolese Trias. (Plate LI.) ee ee ww eee eee sere On the Classification of the Palwozoic Echinoderms of ‘the Group Ophiuroidea CR eC OY Ginruer, Aubert C. L. G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., &e. ‘Report on a Collection of Fishes made by Dr. A. Donaldson Smith during his Expedition to Lake Rudolf. (Plate IX.) Cee iC i Cr CC ic, iC i i i array Page 319 322 991 306 513 1000 1028 ix Hamizroy, G. E. H. Barrerr-, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, remains of the Norway Lemming (Myodes lemmus) from Portugal ............ On a Variation in the Pattern of the Teeth of a specimen of the Common Field Vole ................ On the Existence in Europe of Two Geographical Races, or Subspecies, of the Common Field Vole ............ Hameyson, G. F., B.A., &e., and Wausinewam, Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.B.S., F.Z.S. On Moths collected at Aden and in Somaliland. (lateexny ye cteeiciavac sete ie avers pOdDODOvaGUdODODS Hansmn, Dr. H. J. (Copenhagen). On the Development and the Species of the Crustaceans of the Genus Sergestes ...... cece cet e ce ee sete eevee Harrert, Henst. Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.... Hitt, Lronarp, M.B. Remarks on some Experiments on supposed cases of the Inheritance of Acquired Characters .................. Hoxprve, R. E. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an Aniler of the Cir- cassian Red Deer, and a pair of Antlers of the Malayan Sambur abnormally developed ..................000- Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the head of a three- horned Fallow Deer and a pair of Roebuck’s horns Houtand, W.J., Ph.D., F.Z.8., F.E.S., &c., Chancellor of the- Western University of Pennsylvania. A Preliminary Revision and Synonymic Catalogue of the Hesperiide of Africa and the adjacent . Islands, with Descriptions of some apparently new Species. (Plates.I.-V.) .......- sistaninslass erecelet ens yaeanenscnins Page 304 598 599 257 936 319 785 618 855 x Hoyt, Wittiam Evans, M.A., F.R.S.E. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some Photographs of a Snake in the act of swallowing a Mouse ............ Jacony, Martin, I'.E.S, Remarks on the System of Coloration and Punctuation in the Beetles of the Genus Calligrapha .............. Kirsy, F. W., F.LS., F.E.S, Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. . On some Dragonflies obtained by Mr. and Mrs. Lort Phillips in Somali-land ............ 5 cess eeee ce eee Langester, Prof. E. Ray, M.A., LL.D., F.B.S., &e. Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. . Lirrieron, The Hon. H. 8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a life-sized model of the Australian Lung-fish (Ceratodus forstert) .............. LyprxKer, RicHanp, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8. Additional Note on the Sea-Otter.................. On an apparently New Deer from North China, in the Menagerie of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey. (Plates) XUV IE. & XE.) oe ee ee ee lee ccc Masor, C. I. Forsytu, C.M.Z.8. On the General Results of a Zoological Expedition to Madagascar in 1894-96 ............ obdcopoac0000000 Mrrcuert, P. Coanmurs, M.A., F.Z.S. On the Intestinal Tract of Birds ............000: 60 A Contribution to the Anatomy of the Hoatzin (Qpis- CLOCNIDUD CHEERS) Go0600000000000000000000000000 66 Remarks on a supposed case of ‘lelegony shown by a Fox-terrier puppy ........+0+.0s- Vo caooo0d00000 9000 Page 547 224 322 521 320 786 235 930 971 136 785 xi Mivarz, Sr. Guores, Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S., &e. ° On the Hyoid Bones of Nestor meridionalis and Nanodes CASO 0.00 009.00000000000000n0000000000000n0 aa0000 Neumann, Oscar. Description of a new Species of Antelope from Fast INE GodobsodooarspoconcododocadotnaddeoncoRdon Nawesiein, Miss Marion I., B.Sc. Observations on the Metallic Colours of the Trochilide and the Nectarinitde. (Plates XI. & XII.)............ Newton, Atrrep, M.A., F.R.S., I'.Z.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cam- bridge. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the type specimen of Heterorhynchus olivaceus .. 0... 6c cece eee eee ees Nortu, Atrrup J.,C.M.Z.8., Ornithologist to the Australian Museum, Sydney. On the Habits of a Cuckoo in the Gilbert Islands .... Parsons, F. G., F.R.C.S., F.Z.8., F.L.8., Lecturer on Com- parative Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital. The Myology of Rodents.—Part IJ. An Account of the Myology of the Myomorpha, together with a Comparison of the Muscles of the various Suborders of Rodents On the Anatomy of Petrogale xanthopus, compared with that of other Kangaroos .............. oadcd00ndode Puass, ALFRED EH. On the Antelopes of the Aures and Eastern Algerian SAN oocgdgoans0000b00a 0000 000d DODD G0G0GO0000C . Page 36 192 283 990 934 ° 159 683 xii Satvin, Ossrrt, M.A., F.R.S8., and Gopman, F. DuCanz, F.RS. On the Butterflies of St. Vincent, Grenada, and the adjoining Islands of the West Indies ................ Souavs, WILLIAM, F.Z.8. On Walker’s American Types of Lepidoptera in the Oxford University Museum ..............00 0. cere Sonarur, Purir Lurney, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Dk dle) Geoovoopgecsoocc 00 cccGGu000000d000 Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in damn IBD ooccococasnsbd000000c0n0000d 00000006 Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Theyraeray WEG goo0ccnnc0c0co000doene0nosooas ONS Remarks on the Divergencies between the “ Rules for naming Animals” of the German Zoological Society and the Stricklandian Code of Nomenclature .............. Remarks upon the prospectus of ‘ Das Tierreich ’ Remarks on the appointment of an International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature ....:......--. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Miedn WII “codacovcddaccdosaongd0s0g00900a0u00C Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some specimens from Nyasaland, sent home by Sir H. H. Johnston, K.O.B. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a pair of Horns of the so-called Antilope triangularis........ ..:+sseeeeee Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in April 1896 .....0-. cee cere eee tenet eee ee etna es Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a Daguerreotype Portrait of what was believed to have been the first Gorilla that was ever brought alive to Europe.......... Pago ° 513 634 303 306 400 401 505 506 506 547 xiii Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in May 1896 Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin of Cercopithecus stairst from Mombasa Ce ie ee ee ey Exhibition of some Water-colour Drawings of African Antelopes, executed by Mr. H. Caldwell weet twee ee eee Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a drawing of the Gnu of Nyasaland. (Plate XXVIII.) ...........0.0 e000, : Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in June, July, August, September, and October 1896.... Remarks on some of the principal Animals recently noticed in the Zoological Gardens of Antwerp, Cologne, Diisseldorf, Hanover, Amsterdam, The Hague, and Rotterdam. (Plate XXXVII.) SC Ck i Cea a rer er arr) Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in November 1896 Exhibition of, and remarks upon, two Volumes of original Water-colour Drawings by Wolf and Waterhouse Hawkins, from the Knowsley Library CeCe eC rt ar rar Snap, Dr. Davin, F.RB.S., F.Z.S. Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.... SHanpp, Eminry Mary. List of Lepidoptera collected in Somali-land by Mrs. E. Lort Phillips seem ew weet we tee te ee nee ee etre ete seces List of Lepidoptera obtained by Dr. A. Donaldson Smith during his recent Expedition to Lake Rudolf .... Sumurpokrn, C. Davis, F.Z.S. Explanation of the Plan adopted for preparing an ‘Index Generum et Specierum Animalium ’ Page . 608 609 609 616 780 783 981 981 321 523 530 610 XIV Page SronzMann, JHAN,and Buriupscn, Graf Haws von, C.M.Z.8. On the Ornithological Researches of M. Jean Kalinowski in Central Peru. (Plates XIII. & XIV.) ............ 322 Trenrmetur, W. B., F.Z.S. Exhibition of some drawings of two young King- Penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) ©... 0.6... cece eee 1 Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an actinograph of a “it owered mar LArtrid Pera ti-tcieriakicreoiererciceiiae 991 Tuomas, OLDFIELD, I'.Z.8., Natural History Museum. On the Mammals of Nyasa-land: fourth Notice. (Plates XXXVIIT. & XXXTX.) .................... 788 On the Genera of Rodents: an Attempt to bring up to Date the current Arrangement of the Order .......... 1012 Tuomson, ARTHUR, Head-Keeper of the Society’s Menagerie. Report on the Insect-house for 1895 .............. 240 WatstnaHam, Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., and Hampson, G. F., B.A., &e. On Moths collected at Aden and in Somaliland. QED AG) cobs sg ooodocobbopoopsodoo oon KDDDOObeo~ 257 Wurraker, Joszru §., F.Z.S. On the Gazelles of Tunisia ...............0.5.00- 815 Winton, W. EL. vz, F.Z.8. On some Mammals from Ecuador. (Plates XIX. & XX.) 507 On a new Rodent of the Genus Lophuromys from British East Africa, (Plate XXVII.)................ 607 On Collections of Rodents made by Mr. J. ffolliott Darling in Mashunaland, and Mr, F. C. Selous in Matabeleland, with short Field-Notes by the Collectors. GUD 2M) sooohoouansouuuscogoun udaegosscagouean 798 xV Page Woopwanrp, A. Smiru, F.Z.8. “ On some Extinct Fishes of the Teleostean Family Gonorhynchide. (Plate XVIII.) ...... ........00.. 500 Woonwarp, M. F., Demonstrator of Zoology, Royal College of Science, London. Contributions to the Study of Mammalian Dentition.— Part II. On the Teeth of certain Insectivora. (Plates XXIII-XXVI.) LIST OF PLATES. 1896. ' Plate Page 1. Il. Il, -African Hesperiidee ...........0.. cee cee eee ee 2 IV. v.J VI. New Lepidoptora from Nyasn-land ...... Boos bo0008 108 WAN PA gaia area iin s esersvsise craps cusses ol nieke ceeyte apostle } 219 WiIAgamaliionous manners race oreer cc ct UX. Synodontisismrthi . 000. ..ccssenssestsceee sss sees 217 X. Lepidoptera from Arabia and Somaliland .......... 243 ee Metallic colours of Trochilida and Nectariniide .... 283 XII. Dubusia stictocephala ........ cece ec cn cen esnnes ! 399 XIV. Tyranniscus frontalis 20.0.6... cece eee eee eee XV. Ceylonese Hymenoptera.............2.sereneavees 401 aii British, Madusssuysapinds een 7 Oe 5 ean neal 459 XVIII. Extinct Gonorhynchid Fishes .................... 500 XIX. Pudua mephistophiles 00.0.0... ccc cece cece cues, t XX. MIchthyomys séderstromt ........... 0.0 cee evens ui XXI. Fig. 1. Rana camerant; Fig. 2. Pelodytes caucasicus, XXII. Fig. 1. Salamandra caucasica; Fig. 2. Molge ain XXIi. XXV. Development of the Teeth in the Insectivora ..... ».. 557 XXVI. KXVIL. Lophuromys ansorget .........0 ccc ec e cee c ev ceees 607 XXVIII. Connocheées taurinus johnstont.........0c.eceeaces 616 XXIX. XXX.) Bornean Lyconide.................00005 aooodcod 650 XXXI. XXXID. Dasypeltis scabra...... 0... cect cece etn nceees 715 XXXIII. XXXIV, { Nem Theraphoside from the Lower Amazons ...... 716 XXXV. Proo. Zoor. Soo.—1896. 6 XViil Page Mimetozoon flowert (... ccc cece cece ee eer ceeeees 767 Haliaetus brantchit..... 0.0. cece cence eee nena 784 Papto prwinosus oss cveeccccecevnccccseccceaaes 788 Raphiceros sharpet ..c..cseveevscccccerceeees A Fig. 1. Georychus darlingi; Fig. 2. Acomys seloust .. 798 New Lepidoptera from Nyasa-land. (Collected by Ike, One 74) panc0 09 o0000nb000000000000000C 817 New Lepidoptera from Nyasa-land. (Collected by Wb; (OFAPENCI A) goo0c0dc0000000500000000000000 New Lepidoptera from Nyasa-land, (Collected by Rib; MANE) odoluclclbonboeogosd0o00N S000 000000000 851 Malay Reptiles and Batrachians. Fig. 1. Gonatodes penangensis; Fig. 2. Rhacophorus leucomystax ; Fig. 3. Bufo melanostictus .......0ceeeeeceaee 856 Malay Batrachians. Fig. 1. Rana macrodon ; Fig. 2. R. erythrea; Vig. 3. R. labialis................ f Malay Batrachians. Rana luctuosa .............. J IRD GUADINTD ooco00gd0e0.e ope DoDDDDOODDONN 915 Deer from North China (in Summer pelage) ...... 980 Deer from North China (in Winter pelage) ..-..... Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.................. 991 Lysechinus and Tiarechinus.....-....eeccevencens 1000 New or little-known Spiders ...............00. .- 1006 LIST OF WOODCUTS. 1896. Page Gorgyra abure, 3, Head and nouration of ..........6...2 2500 aol Gastrocheta meza, Neuration and palpi of ...............e.0e 00s 387 Teinorhinus watsont, 3, Neuration of ......... 0.0 cee eee eee eee 40 Rhabdomantis galatia, Neuration of. .......... 00sec eee eee eee 44 Semalea pulvina, Neuration of ....... 0... c see e eevee teen e eens 65 Andronymus philander, Neuration of ........... eee ee cence eee: 81 Choristoneura apicalis, Neuration of..........++.0000+ arate ate 83 Gama galua, Antenne: and palpi of........... 0. cer eee cece eee 84 Cenides dacela, Neuration of.........-... 0c cece eee e et tet ee eene 86 Artitropa erinnys, 5, Neuration of ............. cece eee ete aes 92 Acallopistes holocausta, §, Head and neuration of................ 96 Alligator mississiprensis, Intestinal tract Of ............+0see ee eee 137 Argus giganteus, Intestinal tract of, from a chick after incubation for Um, CEES. Soooondocboo ppcooeg boon bgondodgoanaD0oonD0NC 188 Casuarius, Intestinal tract Of 6.2.0... eee ee ce tee eens 140 Struthio camelus, Intestinal tract Of............ 00. se ee eee ee ees 141 Colymbus septentrionalis, Intestinal tract of .............- toe tk 142 Eudyptes chrysocome, Intestinal tract of ...........0..0+ sence ee 142 Fulmarus glacialis, Intestinal tract of ........... 0... eee e eee e ee 143 Platalea leucorodia, Intestinal tract of ............. 000. ee eee ees 144 Ciconia nigra, Intestinal tract of ......... 6. eee eee eee 145 Chauna chavaria, Intestine of ......... 0. cece ee eee tee eee eee 146 Cygnus atratus, Intestinal tract of ............ cece eee eee 147 Haliaétus albicilla, Intestinal tract of ........... cece esse ee eee 148 Crex pratensis, Intestinal tract of .............-.-. sees eee ees 149 Cariama cristata, Intestinal tract of............... eee eee eee 150 Numenius arquata, Intestinal tract of ................e eee eee ees 151 Scolopax rusticola, Intestinal tract of ............. 0. essence eeee 161 Larus marinus, Intestinal tract of....... ......0005 sara bieaktne vial OS Pterocles bicinctus, Intestinal tract of ............000055 oodnOviod 1563 Columba livia, Intestinal tract of 2.0.6.0... cee eee tee eee , 158 Corythaix chlorochlamys, Intestinal tract of.......... dgunonecd te 164 Ara ararauna, Intestinal tract Of. .... 66.6. cece eee eee eee 155 Bubo maximus, Intestinal tract of ..........ese ces eeeeeseeeeee 156 Rhytidoceros plicatus, Intestinal tract of .........0..2eeceeeeeees 157 Page Colius capensis, Intestinal tract of ........ cece eee eee e eee 157 Parus major, Totestinal tract of 1.0.0... cece eee ee eee ee 158 ’ Vole, Masticatory muscles of,.............0 cece eect eee tenes 160 Hamster’s masseter, Superficial dissection of ..........0..+20.005 161 Hamster’s masseter, Deep dissection of ...........-+0. sees sees 162 Heteromys, Masseter of ......... 00. c eect eee e eee e ee e ee neee 162 Bathyergus, Face-muscles of .........6. 0.0 cee cece eee eee eee 163 Rhizomys, Scalene muscles of .......... 60. eee cece eee eee 166 Rhizomys, Shoulder-muscles of............ 0 - eee eee eee ee eee 168 Heteromys, Pouch-muscles of ..........-+ 602s eee eee eee ees 174, 175 Hamster, Neck-muscles of............. 0. ceeeeee sete eee ene eee 176 Pericheta perkinst, Spermiducal gland of .............-++.+--- 200 Pericheta insule, Oviducal pore of ...... 0. ccc eect teen eee 206 SRT ULE oo ob Hu GhaooG on FOOD OHODC DOOD OG G~OoDG00N. 210 Clavius smithii, Teeth Of 1.0... cece cece ene n nee 219 Synodontis geledensis ..... 6.06 cece cece ence tee ee tnt ene 220 Synodontis schal ..... 0. ccc cece nce eee eben teen eens 221 Duck, Diagrammatic transverse section through the thorax of a.... 227 Crow, Diagrammatic transverse section through the thorax of a.... 227 Rook, Abnormal and thoracic viscera of, displayed by removal of abdominal muscles) sjarieliacl\ieetlele-telsiorsieteleleysiekoteretas stenosis 229 Dissura episcopus, Syrink Of 1... 0... cece e eee eee ees 232 Abdimia sphenorhyncha, Syvinx of «0... .. 0. eee eee ee cere 233 Leptoptilus, Diagram of the syrinx of .......-...-. 0... e ee eee 234 Sea-Otter in walking posture.........0.... eee ees e eee renee eee 235 Nestor meridionalis, Hyoid of ........... 0c cece ee tee eee eee eee 237 Lathamus discolor, Hyoid of... .. 0... 0c cece cece e ene e ee ee 239 Orycteropus gaudryi, Skull of 61.1... eevee eee eee ee eee ees 297 Rhynchops, Muscles of the patagium of ........-.-0.+..-... 008s 300 Larus argentatus, Patagial tendons of..........-++-. sees eee ees 301 Rhynchops, Syvink Of 6.0... cece eee nee eens 3802 Armadillo tenuipunctatus, Upper and underside of cephalon and first two segments of pereion, and of fifth segment of pleon, pleotelson, THONOE, Gi ondonesoosoneo0onGgous0doH0opDaD00000000 were. 889 Armadillo depressus, ditto 6.0.66. eee ete ee 390 Armadillo dumorum, Gitto... 6... cece eee eeee 391 Armadillo cinctas, ditto .. 0.0.0... cette eee cette teeter cees 892 Armadillo grenadensis, dittO . 6.6... cece cece tence ete tenes 893 Armadillo silvarum, itto ... 6. cic cence ee eee eens 894 Armadillo zigzag, ditto... 1... eee ee eet ete n ene 895 Armadillo perlatus, ditto . 0... 6... cee e ee eee eee renee es 395 Armadillo viticola, ditto 2... cece ete ee teetteet ee aee 396 Mesarmadillo modestus, QittO oo 26... cece cee ee tee teens 397 Mesarmadillo americanus, dittO 1.0... cece eect ee tee 398 Mesarmadillo reflexus, ditto ...... 0.6 c eee eee eee .. 399 Haplarmadillo monocellatus, ditto... . 6.6.66 v eee eee eee eee, 400 Gorilla, Head of female ........ 0... eee e cece ete te eee e ee eee 505 Pudua humilis, Side and palatal views of the skull of ....,....... 510 XXi Page Pudua mephistophiles, Side and palatal views of the skullof .,...: 510 Aichmophorus, Syvinx Of 1.0... 0c cece even ence cence een e anaes 541 Tachybaptes, Syrink Of ......... eee ee cere ee Doauveene as desioondn 541 Synthliborhamphus antiquus, Tensores patagii of ............005% 544 Lunda cirrhata, Tensores patagii of ......... 060 ees e tee eens 545 Ceratorhina monocerata, Tensores patagii of ............2s..0ee 545 Ceratorhina monocerata, Syrink Of ........ 60sec e cece eens 546 Lomvta trotle, Syrink of... 0.0... eee eee eects ... 546 Pelodytes caucasicus, Skeleton of, from a sciagraph, upper and lower WEL coogovoodooapoodoogoddaDoDtaneoDO Doo UOHOCOURd O00 552 Megalema asiatica, Feather-tracts of ....:..-. 0. cece ee neces 556 Diagram of the tooth-succession in a polyphyodont reptile ........ 583 Diagram illustrating the relation of a molar tooth-germ to the dental TET iON at ere eRE OST ORES ACL AY CECE Te crc ON HERG IC OREM Och can 5838 Surinam Water-Toads in copuld ......... 0. cece eee eet ete 595 Surinam Water-Toad, after deposition of eggs ..............5055 596 Microtus agrestis, First upper molars of: diagram of typical and DOOM 5 sonc0c0cccg0900000000000000000000000000 seeeee 598 Halcyon rufa, Tendons of tensor patagii brevis of.............+.. 605 Ceryle alcyon, Tendons of tensor patagii brevis of......... ...... 605 Sauropatis albicilla, Tendons of tensor patagii brevis of .......... 605 Abnormal horns of Wild Goat from the Caucasus................ 618 Opisthocomus cristatus, Intestinal convolutions of ................ 619 Opisthocomus cristatus, Dissection of hyoidean muscles of ........ 622 Opisthocomus cristatus, Thigh-muscles of ...............0es0ees 626 Opisthocomus cristatus, Leg-muscles of,...... dobdnosucdoonseodas 626 Tomistoma, Atlas and axis Of ..........eeee cette neces ee eenes 630 Metriorhynchus, Atlas and axis Of ......... ee essences cere eeees 633 Petrogale, Skull of, showing os antiepilepticum.................. 685 IRR, ASAI OP oonocovon00000G000005000000000000000000000 686 Petrogale, First lumbar vertebra of, with hypapophysis .......... 687 Petrogale, Knee-joint of....... 22... cee eect ee cee te eect eees 690 Petrogale, Lower end of femur of, with ligaments attached........ 691 Petrogale, Ankle-joint of .......... cece cece e eee n wesc nate 692 Petrogale, Pectoral muscles of ....... Ye retss A Le ceVecievarerstaaceisle 696 Petrogale, Muscles of the sole of ..............++0008. Ov0000000 703 Petrogale, Cervical and brachial plexuses of ........ d00000b00000 707 Petrogale, Lumbo-sacral plexus of ...........6:esecueeveeeees . 711 Loder’s Gazelle, 2, Head of.......... 2... cece eee cence eee eee 781 Owisammon, Head! Of- 7.0. cc cnc dscns ee ses cleecin eco vne 787 Adax, Horns’ of, front View, ©. ....0.-:0-s+cec sree se eeverstee 811 “ Rhime,” Horns of......... 0... cece eee eee eet oboogeeoganN 814 ec Adami,” Hornsiof: esis oirec im sinicciels|ecitheieieielsiaysie nsec Senerstee 814 Fallow-deer, Head of Three-horned..........+.....secceseeeees 855 Chromis rend allt 0.60.0. cs seers sre nesses orvetsvuces +o. 916 Oreochromis shiranus .....0..0ccc cece eee et sa nseeetsereetaes 917 “Docimodus johnstont .......+0ccecevecveecvccsrsseceeccs see. 918 Corematodus shiranus ....cccccaccccvccucccecctevesvcccsscrecs 919 Page Eremias mucronata ......... nada0ddonDG00000009000000000000 922 Eremias erythrosticta .......0....00008 po000G0000 g0000000 .. 924 Eremias smitht ...... hoon eDD 900D0000000000000000 Mea yatoloskelses 925 Eremias striata............4. Gavoasoobooone joono00Gd soo000a | GEMt E remias brennert .... ccc veer eevee Den AnD oOBE 00000006 000000 929 Lemur, Skull of, from above ..........0 sever ee eens nadogccod se Orang, Skull of (left side) 1.0.0... eee eee ee eee Rte da 998 Orang, Skull of (right side) ...............5 Honsadheosanaaogs 998 Protaster sedgwicki, Forbes, Structure of the arm of ,........... 1031° Protaster biforis: a, outline of dise of arms; 6, pair of syngnaths., 1033 Protaster biforis, Diagram of the arm-structure of ............+- 1033 Bundenbachia, Arm-structure Of .......0.. reece cence eee es 1034 Lapworthura, Diagram of the arm-structure of, seen from ventral BIDS opera stervepe rer ctape ie steress Gia ctokslense siotalctivarsnstatcresbaicucterersbataleretarte 1037 LIST OF NEW GENERIC TERMS. Page Acallopistes (Lep.) ............ 95 Acidaliastis (Lep.) ........+.+ 267 Actius (Arachn.) .....0....50008 1000 Andronymus (Lep.) ..... a0 80 Anisaspoides (Arachn.).. 726 Aplectropus (Lep.) ..... 275 Archinola (Lep.) .............. 258 Artitropa (Lep.),.......ssecreeee 92 COsenides (Lep.) ......sc.0eseeeee 85 Corematodus (Pisces) Orinipus (Lep.) ........... meee Oycelyrius (Lep.)........+. pocno0ad 830 Dictenus (Lep.)........ Docimodus (Pisces) Eospondylus (Echinod.) ...... 1039 Friula (Arachn.) .........s0000 1008 Gamia (Lep.) ..csescccsecereseeee . 84 Gastrochsta (Lep.) .. 37 Gorgyra (Lep.) .........s000 we) ol Haplarmadillo (Orustacea)... 399 \ Harmonicon (Arachn.)......... 765 1896. : Page Lapworthura (Hchinod.) ...... 1037 Lysechinus (Echinod.) ......... 1001 Mantoides (Lop.) .sss....ec0ec0. 677 Melodeus (Arachn.) ..... se 768 Mimetozoon (Rept.) ........006 767 Miospondylus (Echinod.)...... 1039 Neodiplura (Arachn.) ..... see 755 Osphantes (Lep.) oos-.----+e wae 46 Parosmodes (Lep.) .......0008 . 45 Phthoropoa (Lep.) s.s.cc00. 282 Platylesches (Lep.) ......+0s00 72 Prosopalpus (Lep.) ......c0e0. 53 -Rhabdomantis (Lep.) ......... 44 Santaremia (Arachn.) ......... 746 Scotinochroa (Lep.) ........6+4 845 Semalea (Lep.) cco. 64 Sturtzura (Hchinod.) ........ . 1034 Teniura (Echinod.) ............ 1088 ‘s Piva lots tan ; iets F ea : PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 14, 1896. Dr. W. T. Buanrorp, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1895 :— The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of December was 98, of which 57 were by presentation, 1 by exchange, 34 by purchase, and 6 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 92. Amongst these attention may be called to the two specimens of Forsten’s Lorikeet (Z'richoglossus forsteni), obtained by purchase. Of this scarce Parrot no examples have been previously received by the Society, and the species appears to be unrepresented in the British Museum (see Cat. Birds B. M. xx. p. 51). Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier exhibited some drawings by Mr. Frohawk of two young King-Penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) in down plumage, living in the Society’s Gardens. Proo. Zoot. Soo.—1896, No. I. 1 2 DR. W. J. HOLLAND ON THE AFRICAN [Jan. 14, The following papers were read :— 1. A Preliminary Revision and Synonymic Catalogue of the Hesperiide of Africa and the adjacent Islands, with Descriptions of some apparently new Species. By W. J. Hotzanp, Ph.D., F.Z.S., F.1LS., &e., Chancellor of the Western University of Pennsylvania. [Received November 6, 1895.] (Plates 1.-V.) Having been for a number of years past engaged in the diligent study of the Lepidoptera of Tropical Western Africa, and having been compelled in the prosecution of these studies to acquaint myself with the entire literature of the subject, it has occurred to me that it might facilitate the labours of others, who may be tempted to embark upon the same line of investigation, or who may already be involved in the tangled mazes of the subject, if I should at least attempt to bring together into one paper the scattered references to the various species. I have therefore begun a synonymic catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the African Continent and the adjacent Islands, but am led by the advice of trusted friends to anticipate the publication of the more extended catalogue by the following paper, in which is contained a list of a very difficult group of Butterflies included in the fauna. Jam led the more readily to take this step in view of the results of the recent labours of Lieut. E. Y. Watson, who, ina paper recently published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society upon the Classification of the Hesperiidw (P. Z. 8. 1893, p. 3), has laid solid foundations for the prosecution of systematic researches in the future. I have in the main followed the classification which he has suggested in his valuable paper, which, while confessedly incomplete, and leaving some things to be desired, is, nevertheless, one of the most notable contributions to the literature of the subject which has recently appeared. Based, as it is, upon an accurate and painstaking examination of the anatomical details and structural peculiarities of the various species represented in the collections of the British Museum and the magnificent collec- tion of Messrs. Godinan and Salvin, it may in the main be accepted as free from the blemishes which characterize much of the work done in this group by authors, who have relied almost wholly upon superficial resemblances. In the few cases in which I have departed from the classification of Lieut. Watson, it has been because I have been able to make more careful anatomical investi- gations than it was possible for him to do with the material at his command. 69 bo fe maculata, Hpsn., 5, p. 13. . 5 chrysoglossa, Mab., ¢, p. 14. 6. Padraona zeno, Trim., 3, p. 59. . 7. Pardaleodes xanthias, Mab., 3, p. 78. 8. Rhabdomantis galatia, Hew., 9, p. 45. 9.. Pardaleodes xanthopeplus, Holl., g, p. 76, 10. Zeinorhinus watsoni, Holl., p- 40. 104 Fig. Fig. DR. W. J. HOLLAND ON THH AFRIOAN 11. Oxypalpus annulifer, Holl., 3, p. 39. 12. ce ignita, Mab., ¢, p. 39. 13. i. ruso, Mab., p. 39. 14. Ceratrichia flava, Hew., 3, p. 79. 15. Rhabdomantis galatia, Hew., 3, p. 45. 16. Pardaleodes xanthopeplus, Holl., 9, p. 76. 17. Prosopalpus duplex, Mab., p. 54. 18. Pardaleodes.reichenowi, Ploetz, 9, p. 76. 19. Parnara micans, Holl., g, p. 63. 20. Osmodes staudingeri, Holl., 9 , p. 42. 21. Pardaleodes bule, Holl., § 2, p. 76. Prats IV. 1. Osmodes loronia, Hew., 40. ” ” . 40. 3. = thora, Ploetz, 5, p. 40. 4 p thops, Holl., 3, p. 43. 5. a thora, Ploetz, 2, p. 40. 6. ‘i thops, Holl., 9, p. 43. °° 7. es chrysauge, Mab., g, p. 41. 8. Saranyesa aurimargo, Holl., 3, p. 8. . Osmodes bang-haasii, Holl., ¢, p. 42. 10S. adosus, Mab., g,p. 41. 1l. Parnara subochracea, Holl., 3, p. 63. 12. Pardaleodes parcus, Karsch, ¢, p. 77. = astrape, Holl. “ 13. Osmodes adon, Mab., ¢, p. 41. 14. Pardaleodes xanthioides, Fr 15. Osmodes adon, Mab., °, p. 41. 16. i distincta, Holl., 3, p. 43. 18. ” ” ” g »?P. 35. 19. Pardaleodes sierre, Holl., 3, p. 78. 20. Semalea nox, Mab., 3, p. 66. 21. Trichosemeia (?) hereus, Druce, p. 16. 22. Kedestes (?) lentiginosa, Holl., 9, p. 66. 23, Osmodes lux, Holl., ¢, p. 42. 24. Gorgyra minima, Holl., g, p. 33. 25. Osmodes lux, Holl., 9, p. 42. N=} Puate V. 1. Christoneura apicalis, Mab., 3, p. 83. 2. Ploetzia nobilior, Holl., 2, p. 95. 3. Sarangesa theclides, Holl., 3, p. 8.’ 4, Eagris fuscosa, Holl., 9, p. 18. 5. Cenides zaremba, Ploetz, 3, p. 91. 6. Baoris statirides, Holl., 3, p. 69. 7. Acallopistes dimidia, Holl., g, p. 97. 8. Eagris denuba, Ploetz, 3, p. 17. 9. Sarangesa eliminuta, Holl., ¢,p. 9. 10. Gorgyra mocquerysii, Holl., $, p. 33. 11. Platylesches amadhu, Mab., 3, p. 73. 12. Abantis efulensis, Holl., ¢, p. 21. 13. Acallopistes holocausta, Mab., ¢, p. 96. 14. Sarangesa thecla, Ploetz, 3, p. 8. 15. Trichosemeia subolivescens, Holl., d, p. 15. 16. Gorgyra subflavidus, Holl., g, p. 34. 17. Baorrs ilias, Ploetz, 3, p. 67. 18, Cenides podora, Ploeiz, 9, p. 86. = Cenides dacela, Hew., 2. oll., S, p. 78. (Jan. 14, 1896.] BUTTERFLIES OF THE FAMILY HESPERIIDE. 105 APPENDIX. List of the Specific Names which have been applied to the Hesperiidee of Africa, which are cited in the foregoing paper. The numbers following the names refer to the serial numbers prefixed to the species. Names sunk as synonyms are printed in italics. Where a name has been used correctly and also incor- rectly applied to another species as a synonym it is placed twice in the list in order to facilitate reference. abjecta, 157. abscondita, 89. abure, 115. acteon, 198. adelica, 61. adon, 134. adosus, 136. egipan, 153. seschylus, 325. agylla, 81. alberti, 226. albigutta, 202. albirostris, 210. albiventris, 122. alces, 95. ali, 91. alveus, 93. amadhu, 252. amaponda, 39. amena, 169. amygdalis, 310. anchiises, 327. andonginis, 324. andrachne, 62. annulifer, 129, anommus, 163. npicalis, 283. arbagastes, 330. arbogastes, 330. arela, 227. aretina, 21. argenteipuncta, 136. argenteo-gutta, 165. argenteostriatus, 155. argyrodes, 228. argyrospila, 273. argyrosticta, 273. ariel, 263. asterodia, 79. astrape, 262. astrigera, 6. atratus, 32. atratus, 83. atrio, 275. aures, 344, aurimargo, 19. ayresii, 246. balenge, 303, bang-haasii, 139, barbere, 191. basistriga, 286. batange, 253. batea, 126. bauri, 243. benga, 294. bernieri, 173. bicolor, 67. bicuta, 182. biguttulus, 111. binoevatus, 291. biseriata, 31. bismarcki, 66. bixe, 340. bixe, 341. boadicea, 33. bocagii, 334. © borbonica, 212. borbonica, 221. . bosese, 309). bouvieri, 15. brevicornis, 201. brigida, 44. brunneostriga, 167. brussauxi, 323. bubovi, 126. buchholtzi, 286. bule, 261. crenira, 279. caffraria, 221. callicles, 190. calpis, 279, 295. camerona, 149. canopus, 62. _ capenas, 186. capronnieri, 315. carbo, 219. cariute, 182. carmides, 100. eatocalinus, 104. cerymica, 313, chaca, 187. chalybe, 341. chameleon, 251. charita, 273. cheles, 154. chersiag, 184. chirala, 106. chrysauge, 135. chrysoglossa, 34. cinerea, 221. coanza, 257. cqjo, 236. colattus, 207. collucens, 32. colotes, 86. comus, 307. corduba, 298, coroller, 183. corvinus, 274. cretadea, 149, cybeutes, 127. cylinda, 295. dacela, 287. dacena, 296. dannatti, 49. debilis, 181. decastigma, 64. decolor, 68. denuba, 58. derbice, 186. detecta, 215. dimidia, 319. diomus, 77. diomus, 78. dispar, 174. distincta, 140. ditissimus, 284, diversata, 115. diversata, 116. djeleelee, 1. lus, 122. dromus, 74, duplex, 180. dysmephila, 312. edipus, 256. efulensis, 70. elegans, 208. elegantula, 69. eliminata, 18. ellipsis, 213. elma, 96. elmina, 35. empyreus, 98, 106 empyreus, 99. enantia, 150. ennius, 307. erinnys, 306. ernesti, 326. euryspila, 233. evander, 276. exprompta, 5. falatius, 215. fan, 270. fastuosus, 99. fatuellus, 221. fatuellus, 212. fenestratus, 194. ferox, 78. fervida, 332. Festus, 259. flara, 311. flava, 273. flavus, 196. flesus, 47. florestan, 329. forestan, 329. formosus, 158, fulgens, 26. Jurvus, 157. fuscosa, 55. galatia, 142. galena, 26. galenus, 26. galesa, 249. galua, 284. gambica, 204. gemella, 213. gillias, 102. gisgon, 128. gonessa, 345. grandiplaga, 247. grisea, 7. hamza, 199. hanno, 336. hanno, 337. harona, 145, havei, 208. helops, 307. hereus, 45, herilus, 258. heterochrus, 116. heterogyna, 61. heterophyla, 252. hoehneli, 31. holocausta, 318. holtzii, 245. homeyeri, 38. hottentota, 201. hova, 103. howa, 103. humbloti, 37. hyalinata, 52, DR, W. J. HOLLAND ON THE AFRIOAN ibara, 208. icteria, 144, ignita, 128. ilerda, 300. iliag, 224. ilustris, 28. incerta, 257. inconspicua, 208. indusiata, 123. inornatus, 162. instabilis, 114. insularis, 48. interniplaga, 29. iphis, 343. iricolor, 281. jamesoni, 57. Johnstoni, 117. johnstonii, 255. jucunda, 328. juno, 342. jupiter, 343. kangvensis, 289, keithloa, 333. kingdoni, 102. kobela, 25. lacida, 301. lacteus, 49. lelius, 24. laronia, 132. laterculus, 280. laufella, 282. leander, 277. lefebvrii, 200. lentiginosa, 195, leonora, 292. lepeletierii, 161. lepenula, 184. letterstedti, 201. leucogaster, 71. leucophxa, 230. leucopogon, 296. leucopyga, 107. leucopygus, 108. lewcosoma, 149. leuzex, 92. levubu, 72. libeon, 322, ligora, 265. limpopana, 152. linea, 196. lineola, 197. lodra, 209. lucens, 33. lucetia, 59. lucidella, 10. luehderi, 40. lugens, 2, 228. lux, 137. lynx, 177, mabea, 229. mabillei, 125. mackenii, 109. macomo, 185. macrostictus, 36, maculata, 20, 30. mafa, 82. ajorelles 9. malchus, 101. malgacha, 152. malthina, 233. mango, 348. maracanda, 290. marchalii, 222. margarita, 330. margaritata, 308. massiva, 298. mathias, 208. medetrina, 29, melancholica, 53. melania, 3. melphis, 232. meninx, 155. metis, 151. meza, 126. micacea, 7. micans, 217. micipsa, 208. midas, 160, midea, 97. minent, 178. minima, 119. mirza, 172. mocquerysii, 120. mohopaani, 208. mohozutza, 189. mokeezi, 140. monasi, 237. monochromus, 164. morantii, 143. moritili, 248. morosa, 2. motozi, 11. motozi, 9. motozioides, 12. motozioides, 15, mucorea, 312, murga, 244, namaquana, 64, nanus, 84, naso, 347. neander, 278, neba, 248. necho, 337. neoba, 241, nerva, 18, netopha, 236. nigerrima, 250. nigricans, 254, niso, 201. niveicornis, 240, - (Jan. 14, 1896.] BUTTHRELINS OF THD FAMILY HESPHRIID AM. ‘107 niveostriga, 193. nobilior, 317. nora, 87. nostrodamus, 200. nothus, 271. nottoana, 53. nox, 220. nyass@, 236. nydia, 287. obumbrata, 202. occulta, 205. octofenestrata, 208. ogowena, 146, oileus, 94. olaus, 113. onopordii, 93. ophion, 47, 48. ophiusa, 148. ophthalmica, 21. orma, 297. pallida, 127. pansa, 326. paola, 166. paradisea, 64. parcus, 262. pardalina, 171. pardalinus, 171. parcechus, 105. pato, 11. perpaupera, 4. pertusa, 14. phidias, 343. phidyle, 176. philander, 276. philotimus, 23. phoceus, 272. phocion, 272. phyllophila, 56. picanini, 247. pillaana, 61. pisistratus, 331. placidus, 110. plistonicus, 22. ploetzi, 75, 108. podora, 287. poutieri, 214, prodicus, 349. producta, 278. proto, 90. proxima, 35, 305. pulvina, 219. pumilio, 200. punctulata, 179. pusiella, 264. pygmeus, 200. pyrosa, 128. quadrisignatus, 159. quaterna, 43. quaternata, 314, radama, 170. ramanatek, 320. ranoha, 1438, rara, 60. ratek, 335. rega, 268. reichenowi, 259. rhabdophorus, 142, rhadama, 170. romi, 168. roncilgonis, 236. rubescens, 124. rufipuncta, 239, ruralis, 295. ruso, 130. rutilans, 27. sabadius, 52. sabadius, 63. saclavus, 175. samborana, 50. sandaster, 83. sandaster, 78. sataspes, 76. sataspes, 84. sator, 256. schulzi, 346. secessus, 85. sejuncta, 338. semialba, 16. semilutea, 272. sextilis, 304. shelleyi, 309 a. sierrm, 269. sinnis, 210. smithii, 51. soritia, 288. sosia, 142. spio, 75. spio, 73. splendens, 207. statira, 234. statirides, 235. staudingeri, 138. stella, 333. stellata, 178. stoehri, 293. subalbida, 46. subfacatus, 118. subfiavidus, 121, subnotata, 239. subochracea, 216. subolivesceng, 41. substrigata, 112. synastalmenus, 13, syrinx, 156. tancred, 339. tarace, 238. taranis, 327. tergemira, 27. tetrastigma, 42, tettensis, 63. thaumas, 196. thecla, 16. theclides, 17. thersander, 265. thops, 141. thora, 133. thrax, 208. titanota, 147. transvaalim, 80. tricerata, 8. trimeni, 65. tripunctata, 147, teita, 164. tucusa, 188. umvulensis, 68. wmbra, 1. unicolor, 321. uniformis, 157. unistriga, 231. ursula, 218. valmaran, 331. varia, 126. venosa, 68. venula, 196. vibius, 268. vindex, 73, 78. violascens, 297. virgula, 197. waga, 299. wallongrenii, 192. wambo, 211. watsoni, 131. watsont, 206. weiglei, 316. weymeri, 210. willemi, 154. woermanni, 27. santhargyra, 292, xanthias, 266. xanthioides, 267. xantho, 288. xanthopeplus, 260. xychus, 288. xylos, 225. ypsilon, 101. zaira, 88. zambesiaca, 6D. zambesina, 65. zaremba, 302. zeno, 206. zephora, 242. zimbazo, 144. zintgraffi, 284 108 DR. A. @. BUTLER ON BUTTERFLIES (Jan. 14, 2. On a Collection of Butterflies obtained by Mr. Richard Crawshay in Nyasa-land, between the Months of January and April 1895. By Arruur G. Burier, Ph.D., F.L.S., &e. (Plate VI.) [Received December 11, 1895.} Many of the specimens in the present consignment from Mr. Crawshay, who remains for the present at his station, Deep Bay, on the west coast of Lake Nyasa’, were obtained at con- siderable altitudes, and therefore are of special interest. The only surprising thing is that comparatively few of the species prove to be undescribed, though some of the novelties which are in the collection are of exceptional interest, such as a Neptis represent- ing a new section in the genus, a pure white species of Hyreus, a Mylothris which marvellously resembles Phrissura lasti, and a very beautiful new species of Melittia. Nine species altogether are described as new. The novelties are, however, not the only species of interest in this collection, for it contains the rare Satyrid Aphysonewria pigmentaria, previously unrepresented in the Museum ; a variety of Acrea johnstont, which we required; the female of Acrea vinidia, var. tenella; specimens of A. anacreon tending to link it to A, bomba (a seasonal form of it) ; a second example of A. periphanes (seasonal form of A. guillemei); examples of Alena nyasse, proving that I was correct in speaking of the buff form as a variety; specimens of Catochrysops glauca, a very beautiful Lycenid new to the Museum series; the trie female of Castalius lintza, proving my C. resplendens to be a distinct species ; specimens of Durbania hildegarda, of which we previously only possessed one poor example; Larinopoda peucetia, of which the type alone existed in the Hewitson cabinets; examples of Uranothauma crawshayt in both sexes; the female of EHpamera sidus, new to the collection ; both sexes of Teracolus opalescens ; the male of 7. mutans, which was previously unknown; variations of Cyclopides quadri- signatus; the female of the rare Hesperid Kedestes capenas; specimens of Padraona watsont, linking that species to P. zeno; and the male of JIcterodes roscovittata, which was previously undescribed. As with other collections obtained by Mr. Crawshay, most of the specimens are in good condition, and therefore easily identified : with the exception of two or three specimens (the descriptive notes of which may have been lost when they were mounted, or may never have been written on the envelopes) all were carefully labelled with the exact locality, date of capture, a popular name 1 About 10° 50'S, lat. See map attached to Sir H. H. Johnston’s paper, Geogr. Journ, v. p. 193 (1895). vie PZ51896.Plate VI EC.Knight del.et hth. West Newman chromo New Lepidoptera from Nyasa-land. 1896.} FROM NYASA-LAND. 109 descriptive of the insect, and any other note of interest which occurred to Mr. Crawshay at the time. The following is a list of the species in this consignment :— RHOPALOOBRA. 1. NHOOANYRA YPTHIMOIDES. Neocenyra ypthimoides, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1893, p. 646. 3, Kondowi, Lower Nyika, W. of Lake Nyasa, 5th April, 1895. Q, Lower Nyika, Feb. 2nd, 1895. The male is noted as ‘ Black Ringlet” and the female as “ Black Ringlet. with eyes,” the ocelli being larger in this sex. 2. SAMANTA PHRSPIOUA. Mycalesis perspicua, Trimen, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1873, p. 104, pl. i. fig. 3. @, Kambwiyi, Lower Nyika, Jan. 21st, 1895. ¢ , Lower Nyika, Feb. 2nd. “ Dusky Ringlet” (2. C.). 3. MYOALBSIS RHACOTIS. Mycalesis rhacotis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Myc. pl. viii. fig. 50 (1866). 3 6, Henga, W. of Lake Nyika, Feb. 1st, 1895. “ Black Ringlet” (J?. C.). 4, PHYSOZNURA PIONR. Q. Physcenura pione, Godman, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 183, pl. xix. figs. 2,3; ¢. Trimen, l. c. 1894, p. 20, pl. iv. fig. 1. e Q. Periplysia johnstoni, Butler, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 647, pl. Ix. fig. 1, ¢. ° 9, Mtambwi Hill, Deep Bay, west coast of Lake Nyasa, April 3rd, 1895. “ Black and white Heath” (2. C.). 5, YPTHIMA DOLETA, var. Ypthima doleta, Kirby, Proc. Royal Dubl. Soc. 1879, separate copy p. 44. do, Henga, W. of Lake Nyika, Feb. Ist, 1895. ‘“‘ Brindled Heath ” (R. C.). A single male, probably representing the dry-season form of this species; it differs chiefly from the typical form in its inferior size and the minute ocelli of the under surface. 6. APHYSONEURIA PIGMENTARIA. Aphysoneuria pigmentaria, Karsch, Ent, Nachr. xx. p. 191 (June 1894). ; Rhaphiceropsis pringlei, E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. (Aug. 1894), pe 336, pl. xix. figs. 1, 2. 110 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON BUTTERFLIES [Jan. 14, Kondowi, Lower Nyika, April 6th and 11th, 1895. This species is new to the Museum series; two examples were obtained, one in very good condition, the other somewhat worn. Mr. Crawshay calls it the “ Black-and-white Glade Butterfly.” 7. CHARAXES DRUCHANUS. Charazes druceanus, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p.4 (Oct. 1869); Lep. Exot. p. 26, pl. x. fig. 4. d, Nyankowa Mt., 5575 feet alt., Nyika, April 10th, 1895. The single specimen obtained is the most perfect I have ever seen, but its chief interest lies in the fact that the markings on the under surface of the wings are somewhat aberrant; the differences, if constant, would serve to distinguish it as a species, but the female received from Zomba shows transitional characters. Mr. Crawshay notes this as the “‘ Burnt-umber and Silver Swallow- tail,” but it is one of the “ Emperor” group. 8. JUNONIA SESAMUS. Precis sesamus, Trimen, South Afr. Butt. i. p. 231, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1887). Kondowi, 4110 feet alt., Lower Nyika, March 1895 (taken by M. Moffat, Esq., of the Livingstone Mission); Cheni-Cheni Mt., 6480 feet alt., Nyika, April 17th; Kambwiyi, 3800 feet alt., Lower Nyika, April 20th. “ Violet, scarlet, and black Tortoiseshell ” (22. C.). 9. JUNONIA OHAPUNGA. Junonia chapunga, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Jun. pl. i. figs. 2,3 (1864), 3, Nyankowa Mt., 5576 feet alt., Nyika, April 10th, 1895. “ Black scarlet-beaded Admiral” (2. C.). 10. JUNONIA TRIMENTI. Junonia trimenii, Butler, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 651, pl. Ix. fig. 4. @, Mtambwi, foot of Nyika plateau, W. of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 4th, 1895. “ Salmon-coloured Tortoiseshell” (2. C.). 11. JUNONIA SIMIA. Precis simia, Wallengren, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Hand). 1857, p. 26. 3, Lumpi R., Lower Nyika, W. of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 2nd, 1895. Small Tortoiseshell” (2. C.). 12, JUNONIA OALESOBNS. Junonia calescens, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1893, p. 652. 3g, Watisi, Lower Nyika, Jan. 21st, 1895. “ Scarlet and black Tortoiseshell ” (22. C.). 1896.] FROM NYASA-LAND. 111 13. JUNONIA OBRYNE. Salamis ceryne, Boisduval, Faun. Madag. p. 46 6 (1838). od od, Henga, west of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 1st, 1895. « British (!) Tortoiseshell” (2. C.). The trivial name is a curious one; there is certainly no British species of Junonia: memory is a treacherous reed to lean upon. 14. JUNONIA AURORINA. Junonia aurorina, Butler, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 651, pl. Ix. fig. 3. g, Kondowi, Lower Nyika, April 5th, 1895. ‘¢ Black and orange Tortoiseshell” (2%. C.). Prof. Aurivillius considers that J. aurorina, J. milonia=kowara, J. sinuata, and J. tugela may all be races or local forms of one species. This is one of the very few points in which I differ from this admirable Lepidopterist. I think it possible that J. milonia and J. stnuata may be seasonal forms of one species, and J. tugela and J. aurorina of another allied species; but I do not see my way at present to uniting the western and eastern species, which appear to be constant. Prof. Aurivillius proposes to regard J. pyriformis as a fifth development of the species, but as both the western and eastern forms are already provided with probable dry and wet-season races it would be puzzling to discover under what category to place this singularly formed type: that it is constant in its proper locality seems to be demonstrated conclusively by our seven examples; but it is not safe to dogmatize about the constancy of African Lepidoptera, and therefore I do not say that transitional links will not be discovered, which may eventually unite it to J. aurorina, though, at present, I do not believe that such links exist. 15. JUNONIA CLOANTHA. Papilio cloantha, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. ceexxxviii. A, B (1782). 6 6, Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa, Feb. Ist, 1895. ‘« Hirsute underwinged Tortoiseshell” (2. C.). - 16. JUNONIA BLGIVA. - Junonia elgiva, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Jun. pl. i. fig. 1 (1864). do, Ngerenge, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 27th, 1895. *Old-gold and black Admiral” (2. C.). 17. JUNONIA BOOPIS. Junonia bodpis, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. London,-1879, p. 331. 6, Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa, Feb. Ist, 1895. ‘¢ Blue underwinged Admiral ” (R. C.). 18. JUNONIA OHBRENE, _ Junonia cebrene, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1870, p. 353. é 6, Henga, Jan. 25th, and Ngerenge, Feb. 24th. _ “ Light brown and black Admiral” (2. C.). 112 DR, A. G, BUTLER ON BUTTERFLIES (Jan. 14, 19. PYRAMEIS CARDUI. Papilio cardui, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 276 (1761). 3, Chilindi (8 miles S. of Karonga), W. coast of Lake Nyasa, March Ist, 1895. “Painted Lady” (R. C.). 20. HYPANARTIA SOH@NEIA, Eurema scheneia, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1879, p. 329. 3, Nyankowa Mt., 6500 ft. alt., April 9th, 1895. “ Scarlet Admiral” (2. C.). The colouring of Hypanartia must be very fugitive ; for speci- mens never come to hand with scarlet: bands. As I have already suggested, this will probably prove to be a seasonal form of H, hippomenes. 21, PsHUDARGYNNIS HEGEMONE. Argynnis hegemone, Godart. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 258 (1819). Jaera duodecimpunctata, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 2nd ser. part 7, pl. i. figs. 1, 2 (1872). 6, Kondowi, Lower Nyika, W. of Lake Nyasa, April 5th; 9, Kondowi, 4110 feet alt., April 11th, 1895. “Silver-tipped Fritillary. 9 full of bright green eggs” (#. C.). Nyasa-land appears to be the headquarters of this rare butterfly, which for many years was unrepresented in the Museum collection ; it never comes in numbers, but collections from Nyasa usually contain one or, rarely, two examples, and, as a rule, of the male sex. 22. HaAMANUMIDA DA&DALUS. Papilio dedalus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 482 (1775). 3, Lower Nyika, W. of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 2nd, 1895. ' “Dark grey and white Fritillary ” (2. C.). 23. NEPTIS AGATHA. Papilio agatha, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. ecexxvii. A, B (1782). d, Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa, Jan. 30th; 9, Cheni-Cheni Mt., 5700 feet alt., Nyika, April 17th, 1895. “ White Admiral. @ full of bright green ova” (2. C.). 24, Nupris InconeRuA, sp. n. (Plate VI. fig. 2.) @. Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, the fringes black at the extremities of the veins, white between them; primaries with a minute subcostal white point near the end of the cell, two (elongated) immediately beyond the cell, and a fourth below the latter in the lower radial interspace; seven white spots in three groups crossing the dise much as in NV. marpessa—three subapical (the first small), two on the median interspaces, and two, separated by the submedian vein, near externul angle: secondaries crossed beyond the middle by a tolerably regular white belt, separated by 1896.] FROM NYASA-LAND. 113 the nervures into eight spots, the first of which is smallest: body black; head, collar, and front of pterygodes spotted with white. Under surface much paler than above, bronze-brown, with a paler triangular patch at centre of outer margin of all the wings, and with the costal area of secondaries paler to just beyond the white belt; primaries with three white spots forming an elongated triangle in the cell, four in a semicircle beyond the cell, and seven crossing the disc as above, but larger; belt of secondaries as above; pectus black, spotted with white and clothed with tawny hair; venter fuliginous, with sordid white central stripe; legs striped with white longitudinally, Fxpanse of wings 59 millim. Kantorongondo Mt., 15,900 fect alt., Nyika, April 15th, 1895. “ Black and white Admiral. Grass-green ova” (Zt. C.). This extraordinary species is represented by a single example, the wings of which on one side are badly shattered ; it does not appear to be nearly related to any other species in the genus, but perhaps should form a distinct section next to N. marpessa, though in some respects it more nearly resembles the Australian NN. shepherdi. 25. ATBLLA COLUMBINA. Papilio columbina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. ecxxxviii, A. B; y. pl. ceexxxvil. D, E (1782). 6, Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa, Jan. 28th, 1895. “Common old-gold Fritillary ” (2. C.). i = 26. BYBLIA VULGARIS. Hypanis ilithyia, var. vulgaris, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 106. 3, Mtambwi, foot of Nyika plateau, Feb. 4th, 1895. “ Reddish-brown Wall” (22. C.). This is the form which I have hitherto regarded as B. acheloza ; but Prof. Aurivillius has pointed out to me that B. cora is that race, a much rarer form, having the under surface of the second- aries belted with dull reddish argillaceous. B. vulgaris differs very little from B. goetzius of Herbst. The species of Acraine in the present collection are, as usual in African series, well represented, and in the present instance are of exceptional interest to us. 27. ACRZA JOUNSTONI. 3. Acrea johnstont, Godman, P. Z.8. 1885, p. 5387; 2. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 91. Var. semialbescens, Oberth. : 6 6, Nyankowa Mt., Nyika, April 10th ; Kondowi, 4110 feet alt., Lower Nyika, April 12th, 1895. Var. flavescens=kilimandjara, Oberth. : 3s 6, Kondowi, April 6th and 12th, 1895. “ Black and white Fritillary. Vlies high, generally far out of reach ” (J?. C.). : Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1896, No. VIII. & 114 DR, A. G, BUTLER ON BUTTERFLIES (Jan. 14, No two examples of this species are absolutely alike, and thus the unfortunate creature has received the following names since Mr. Godman first made it known :—M. Oberthiir calls it A. pro- teina, flavescens, semifulvescens, fulvescens, and semialbescens ; Herr Rogenhofer calls it A. telekiana, confusa, and fallaw ; and Herr Karsch denominates it A. octobalia: the species thus has ten names; it divides itself very vaguely into four varieties, as follows :— 1. A. johnstoni, in which the sexes differ greatly ; the typical male is described by M. Oberthiir as .A. semifulvescens, and the typical female as A. proteina. 2. A. fulvescens, Oberth.= A. telekiana, Rghfr. 3. A. semialbescens, Oberth. 4, A. flavescens (if a male)=A. kilimandjara, Oberth.= A, confusa and A, fallax, Reghfr., and A. octobalia, Karsch, Tn the last-mentioned form both sexes have adopted the female dress; but the male sometimes has the spots on the primaries yellowish. Acreu is a very variable genus, and it has been the custom of lepidopterists to regard all the different phases of each species as distinet ; the genus, when properly studied, reduces itself to about a third of its supposed magnitude. The triangular black apical patch, which has been made to serve as a specific character in several instances, is of no value whatever, being a purely indi- vidual characteristic dependent on presence or absence of moisture. 28. ACR#A CABIRA. Acrea cabira, Hopffer, Ber. Verh. Akad. Berlin, 1855, p. 640; Peters’ Reise n. Mossamb. p. 378, pl. 23. figs. 14, 15 (1862). 3d, Chifumya, Lower Nyika, 2Uth April; 9, Munchewi R., Lower Nyika, April 8th, 1895. “ Yellow and black Fritillary. Q full of orange-coloured ova ” (R. C.). 29, ACR#A VINIDIA. Acrea vinidia, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xi. p. 130 (1874); Exot. Butt. v. Acr. pl. 7. figs. 45, 46 (1875). Var. Acrwa acerata, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xiii, p. 381 (1874); Exot. Butt. v. Aer. pl. 7. fig. 44 (1875). Albino: Acrea tenella, Rogenhofer, Ann. Hof. Mus. Wien (1891). rf Acrea abbotii, Holland, Entomologist, Suppl. xxv. (1892). , Ngerenge, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 27th, 1895. “ Pale orange and black Fritillary ” (22. C.). This species, like most of the Acree, is very variable, and especially in the female sex; the present example is straw-yellow, with the normal black border, subapical bar, and basal marking ; it may therefore stand as the female of the albino form A. tenella, a male example of which we have from Kilima-njaro. 1896.] FROM NYASA-LAND. — 115 As an example of the inconsistency of those lepidopterists who have been styled ‘ Lumpers,” Hewitson’s separation of two palpable forms of the present species is noteworthy. 30. ACREA EXCELSIOR. ‘ Acrea excelsior, E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1891, p. 192, pl. xvii. ig. 3. 3 6, Kondowi, Lower Nyika, W. of Lake Nyasa, April 4th and 6th; 9 9, Nyankowa Mt., 6500 feet alt., April 9th; ¢, Lumpi R. valley, Lower Nyika, April 21st, 1895. “‘ Deep-bordered orange and black Fritillary ” (2. C.). This rare species is one of the most beautiful in the genus. 31. ACREA VENTURA. Acrea ventura, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xiv. p. 51 (1877). 3, Lumpi R., Lower Nyika, W. of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 2nd ; 2, Nyankowa Mt., 5575 feet alt., Nyika, April 10th, 1895. “Orange and black Fritillary.” 32. ACRMHA SERBNA, var. BUXTONI. Acraa buatoni, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xvi. p- 395 (1875). 3 6, Deep Bay, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 14th, and Ngerenge Plains, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 24th, 1895. “Small orange and black Fritillary ” (2. C.). < Whether this is a race or a sectional form of A. serena can only be decided by breeding it; but with our present extensive series I find it impossible to regard the following as distinct species :— A. serena=eponina=janisca = rougetii = manjaca= buatoni = per- rupta =balina. Probably the Linnean name terpsichore should stand over -- INTHSTINAL TRACT OF BIRDS.,’ 141 described frequently, were marked by the attachment of a spiral valve. But the rectal part of the intestine, that supplied by the {, Struthio camelus ; intestinal tract. #, short-circuiting vessel cut across. posterior mesenteric vein, is expanded into an enormous coil swung at the circumference of a semicircular expansion: of its meseritery. Only in Chauna and in the Eagles and Petrels have J found the slightest trace of a convergent resemblance to this feature, but in the latter the subsidiary rectal loops, although sup- plied by the rectal vessel, lie above the caca. I have not yet had an opportunity of dissecting a Rhea or an Apteryx!. It is plain that, so far as degree of divergence of type in the alimentary canal goes, the Ratites deserve their accepted place at the bottom of the avian scale. CARINATS. CoLYMBIFORMES. In these (Podiceps not examined) (fig. 5, p. 142) the duodenal loop is straight and normal. The circular loop is pulled out into a series of minor loops that are arranged almost symmetrically round the middle mesenteric vein. . The yolk-sac vestige lies in front of the middle point of the series. The last loop of the circular system 1 [In a Rhea americana which I have more recently examined the gut was intermediate in form between those of Casuarius and Struthio. The anterior portion resembled Caswarius; the rectum had an expansion recalling that in the Ostrich, but much less strongly marked.—P. 0. M., March 1896.] ~ 142 MR, P, CHALMERS MITOHELL ON THR [Jan. 14, is longer than the others, as frequently happens when the cca are relatively short. It is drained partly by the duodenal: vein. Fig. 5. Colymbus septentrionalis ; intestinal tract. ., short-circuiting vessel from duodenal to posterior mesenteric vein cut across. The last part of the intestine is long and straight, and the poste- rior mesenteric vein drains the ceca and part of the region in front of the ceca. SPHBENISCIFORMES, In these (fig. 6) the primitive arrangement is disguised by the enormous length of the gut and consequent complexity of the Fig. 6. Eudyptes chrysocome ; intestinal tract. 2, short-cireuiting vessel cut across, 1896.] INTESTINAL TRACT OF BIRDS. 143 three parts. In Hudyptcs chrysocome the duodenum forms a subsidiary system of loops ; in Aptenodytes pennanti a spiral, bearing . a convergent resemblance to the duodenum of the long-gutted Sea- Eagles. The circular loop is thrown into an enormous series of minor folds, about the middle of which, but in a position similar to that in the Divers, occurs the yolk-duct vestige. The last two loops are supplied from the duodenal vessel. The posterior part of the gut is quite like that of the Diver, although the czca are still further reduced. ; PROCELLARIIFORMES. The Northern Petrel (fig. 7) presents several interesting modifi- cations of the type. The duodenum is compound, the first part being twisted round the small gizzard, the second part forming a Fig. 7. Xp ZY iy, 4, Li? LY, eee < Fone ate ss q Fulmarus glactalis; intestinal tract. , wey Zz “= BOST.SUP.MAS. ANT.SUP.MAS. | Wey : " SS st! POST DEEP MAs. Masticatory muscles of Vole. TEMP. In the Myoxidx and Muride the muscles of opposite sides are separated by an interval which is often, as in Aus rattus, of considerable extent. In the Spalacide, on the other hand, the two muscles rise close together, and the superficial layer described by Allen ' is distinct and rises by aponeurosis from the sagittal crest. These animals, moreover, bear out the statement in Broun’s 1 Pr. Acad, Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia, vol. iii. p. 385. 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODEN'S. 161 ‘Thierreich,’ that the size of the temporal varies inversely with that of the eyes, for in them the eye is rudimentary while the muscle is very large (Jthizomys, Georychus, Bathyergus). ; Masseter.—The four parts of the muscle already described are present in the Myomorpha, but the posterior superficial and posterior deep parts are usually difficult to separate satisfactorily. The anterior superficial portion is constant and rises in front of the infraorbital foramen, from the side of the maxilla, by a narrow tendon. It is very strongly marked in the Spalacide, in which the lower jaw has a broad pulley-like groove under which the muscle passes to be inserted into the inner surface of the bone; this arrangement is very well seen in Georychus and Bathyergus. The anterior deep part shows an intermediate arrangement between the Sciuromorphine and Hystricomorphine type and throws a Fig. 2. :ANT.DEEP MAS. => Seruromorphine, Superficial dissection of Hamster’s masseter. good deal of light on the morphology of this portion. In the Hystricomorpha there is a large infraorbital foramen through which the anterior deep part of the masseter passes to be inserted by a narrow flat tendon into the mandible opposite, or just in front of, the anterior cheek-teeth. In the Sciuromorpha the part which I have hitherto described as “anterior deep” rises from a vertical groove in front of the zygoma, and passes down to the same insertion without traversing any bony canal, the infraorbital foramen being only large enough to allow the passage of the nerve. As the insertion of a muscle is justly regarded as of more importance than the origin in determining homologies, I have hitherto looked upon these two portions as homologous, but the arrangement in many of the Myomorpha has made me change this opinion. Inthe Myomorpha the infraorbital foramen is inter- mediate between the arrangement found in the other two sub- orders; it is usually present as a vertical slit, through which passes a small bundle of muscular fibres corresponding to the anterior deep part of the Hystricomorphine masseter; but in addition to this there is another slip, corresponding to the Sciuro- morphine anterior deep part, which rises in front of the zygoma Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1896, No. XI. 11 162 MR. F, G. PARSONS ON TNE [Jan. 14, and runs down to be inserted, also by a narrow flat tendon, just external to the former and covering its insertion. This part is especially well marked in Heteromys. This arrangement, which is present in all the genera of the Muride that I have dissected, shows that, as the two muscles coexist in the same animal, they cannot be homologous, and I am now of opinion that the so-called Fie. 3. ANT. DEEP MAS, | HysTricomorphine, ran St NS ANT‘ SUP.MAS, Sczromorphine., Masseter of Heteromys. anterior deep part of the Sciuromorphine masseter is an extension forward of the posterior superficial plane of fibres. The arrange- ment in the Spalacide gives a clue to the way in which the infra- orbital slip appears ; in these animals it is very feebly marked, rises from the margins of the infraorbital foramen, and runs back to blend with the temporal instead of having an independent insertion opposite the anterior cheek-teeth. Facial Muscles—These muscles are best developed in the Spalacide, especially in Bathyergus. In this animal the frontalis is continuous dorsally and laterally with the superficial panniculus, and the muscles of the small auricle aré extensions from this. The orbicularis palpebrarum in Bathyergus is very small, corre- sponding to the feeble development of the eye. ‘The levator labii superioris corresponds with the description of it in the other Rodents'. The dilatator naris rises deep to this and passes to the 1 P. ZS. 1894, p. 253. 1896.| — MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 163 side of the nasal aperture. The zygomaticus rises behind and. below the eye and runs to the angle of the mouth. The orbicularis. oris is feeble, as the mouth never closes over the enormous lower incisors, and the infra-labial muscles are hardly developed at all. Fig. 5. iF RONTALIS, Lev. casi, SUPER, __ Face-muscles of Bathyergus. This description applies to the other animals examined, with the exception that a depressor labii inferioris can be made out, and that the orbicularis palpebrarum is better developed than in the Spalacide. The other facial muscles, especially the zygomaticus, are more difficult to separate from the facial panniculus. Windle, however, made out a levator ale nasi, a dilatator naris, and a levator Jabii inferioris in Hydromys chrysogaster '. Buecinator.—-The buccinator has the normal arrangement, except in Cricetomys and Cricetus: in the former animal I was unfortunately unable to examine the face owing to its damaged condition; in the latter the muscle is prolonged into a pouch which runs back along the side of the neck as far as the scapula, at its blind extremity a muscular fasciculus is attached to it, which runs backward to the posterior thoracic spines parallel to the posterior border of the trapezius, of which it seems a part, as it is supplied by a continuation of the spinal accessory nerve coming out of the trapezius. The action of this muscle would be to draw back the pouch and possibly to assist in emptying it. Pterygoids.—The description of these muscles already given applies to the arrangement in the Myomorpha. In the Spalacide, especially in Bothyergus, the large anterior superficial part of the masseter is inserted into the inner surface of the mandible above the insertion of the internal pterygoid, so that the latter seems to stand out in a more isolated manner than is usually the case. Digastric.—Distinct Hystricomorphine and Sciuromorphine types of this muscle have already been described. In the Myomorpha the type is usually Sciuromorphine, but certain \ Pp. Z. 8. 1887, p. 54. 11* 164 MR. F, G. PARSONS ON HH [Jan. 14, animals approach more or less closely to the Hystricomorphine arrangement. In Myoxus the type is essentially Sciuromorphine, there is a distinct central tendon and a tendinous arcade connecting the anterior bellies of opposite sides; the two anterior bellies, more- over, are in contact in the middle line. The same arrangement is found in Gerbillus (where, however, the posterior bellies rise from the bulla tympani), in Cricetomys, in the Murine (Aus rattus, M. decwmanus, and M. barbarus), and in Rhizomys among the Spalacide. In Cricetus, Microtus, Myodes, and Hydromys (Windle) the central tendon is reduced to a mere tendinous intersection as in the Hystricomorpha, but the two anterior bellies are still in close contact. In Bathyergus and Georychus among the Spalacide a similar arrangement is found, but, as in all other cases, the double nerve-supply of the muscle is preserved. Heteromys approaches most nearly to the Hystricomorphine type, since the two anterior bellies are not in contact and there is no tendinous arcade; there is, however, a distinct constriction and fendon between the anterior and posterior bellies. Transverse Mandibular Muscle—This muscle is present in all cases ; it is perhaps better developed in the Muridw than in the other families, When the mylo-hyoid comes far enough forward the transverse mandibular is superficial to it. Mylo-hyoid.—The mylo-hyoid is attached posteriorly to the tendinous arcade connecting the digastrics and to the hyoid bone. Anteriorly the two muscles usually form a V-shaped border, with the aperture of the V forward, and do not reach the symphysis. In Myoxus, Microtus, the Murine (A. rattus, decumanus, and barbarus), and in Heteromys the muscle extends farther forward than in the rest and is then deep to the transverse mandibular. Genio-hyoid.—The two muscles of opposite sides tend to coalesce posteriorly as in the Sciuromorpha. Genio-hyo-glossus.—This has the usual attachments ; it is speci- ally large in Rhizomys. Styloid Muscles.—The stylo-hyoid has the usual Rodent arrange- ment in passing deep to the digastric. In Rhizomys these two muscles are closely blended, while in Georychus the blending seems to be more complete, for no distinct stylo-hyoid could be made out. The stylo-glossus rises by tendon from the posterior part of the bulla; it is very well marked in Cricetomys, while in Georychus and Bathyergus it rises by tendon from the stylo-hyal element of the hyoid arch. As in other rodents the stylo-pharyngeus was not seen as a distinct muscle. Sterno- and Cleido-mastoid.—In the Myomorpha these two muscles are perhaps not quite so distinctly separated one from another as in either of the other suborders. In Cricetus, Myoxus, Microtus, Myodes, Mus barbarus, M. rattus, and Heteromys the cleido-mastoid rises from the inner part of the bony clavicle under cover of the clavicular insertion of the trapezius ; it is inserted into the curyed line of the occipital bone, close to the 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODEN'S. 165 paroccipital process, by fleshy fibres. The sterno-mastoid has the usual origin and is inserted by tendon into the base of the par- occipital process in front of the last muscle ; it is the larger muscle of the two. In Cricetomys the cleido-mastoid is not covered by the trapezius at its origin, it is, however, overlapped by the sterno- mastvid at its insertion. Inthe Gerbille the two muscles are con- tinuous at their origin, the cleido-mastoid being the larger and rising from the inner half of the clavicle. Rhizomys resembles Cricetus, Myoxus, and the Murine in the origin of the cleido- mastoid being overlapped by the trapezius, and Cricetomys in the insertion being overlapped by the sterno-mastoid. In Hydromys* the cleido-mastoid is the smaller muscle and is overlapped at its insertion by the sterno-mastoid. In Georychus and Bathyergus the cleido-mastoid is not overlapped by the trapezius ; in the latter the two muscles tend to fuse as in the Gerbille, but to a greater extent ; at their insertion they are completely fused and are attached by a narrow tendon to the base of the paroccipital process. Sterno-hyoid and thyroid.—In most cases these muscles have the human attachments. In Bathyergus, however, the sterno-hyoid , misses the hyoid bone and continues on to the symphysis menti, in this respect somewhat resembling the arrangement found in Myopotamus’. In Hydromys the arrangement seems ideutical with that of Myopotamus °. Omo-hyoid.—As in the Sciuromorpha the omo-hyoid is always present in the Myomorpha; it has the same attachments, never, as far as I have seen, being attached to the clavicle. There is no central tendon. In Bathyergus the muscle is not attached to the hyoid bone, but is continued forwards with the sterno-hyoid to the symphysis menti. evator Clavicule (Acromio-trachelian).—In all the animals examined this muscle rose from the anterior arch and transverse process of the atlas. Its usual insertion is into the acromial pro- cess, but sometimes it extends to the spine of the scapula. ‘This description applies also to Hydromys*. In Bathyergus the muscle is very large and extends from the acromion on to the outer half of the clavicle at its insertion, in this respect resembling the Dipodide. Rectus Capitis Anticus Major and Minor and Longus Colli.— These muscles have the Hystricomorphine attachments. Scalene Muscles.—A scalenus anticus, that is a muscle passing to the first rib in front of the subclavian artery and brachial plexus, was only seen in the following animals—Gerbillus, Georychus, and Bathyergus. In these it resembled the same muscle among the Hystricomorpha, in rising from the basioccipital bone. ‘The sca- lenus medius and posticus of human anatomy are represented by one mass, which rises from the transverse processes of all the cer- vical vertebre, passes behind the brachial plexus, and is inserted into 1 P. ZS. 1887, p. 55. 2 P. Z. 8. 1994. p. 256. 2 P. ZS. 1887, p. 55. 166 MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THD [Jan. 14, the first four or five ribs. In Cricetomys, Gerbillus, Microtus, Mus rattus, Myodes, and Heteromys the muscle rose from all the cervical vertebre and was inserted into the first five ribs. In Myowus and Cricetus it was only inserted into the first four ribs. In Geory- chus the muscle came from the anterior four cervical vertebre and was inserted into the first four ribs. In Bathyergus the arrange- ment was the same except that it reached the fifth rib. In 2thizomys, although there was no scalenus anticus, the scalene mass was Fig. 6. SJ hi... SCALENUS, lips --- SUBGLANIAN , ART x BRAGH, PLEX. Scalene muscles of Rhizomys. divisible into an anterior and a posterior part: the anterior part rose from the second to the seventh cervical transverse processes and was inserted into the first: rib, while the posterior part only came from the transverse process of the atlas and went to the first four ribs. Muscles of the Anterior Extremity. The Pectoral Muscles.—For purposes of description, and for comparison with other Rodents, the same four divisions of the pec- toral mass which have already been defined‘ will be here adhered to. The chief differences noticed in the Myomorpha are that a is not so oblique a muscle, and, as its fibres correspond in direction with those of 6, the two parts are much less easily distinguished from one another. In Cricetomys, with which Myoxus closely agrees, a rises from the anterior part of the sternum and runs horizontally outward to be inserted into the pectoral ridge; 1 P. Z. 8. 1894, p. 259. 1896.] " MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 167 B rises from the whole length of the sternum; y (the abdominal fibres) are feebly marked; 6 (the part corresponding to the pec- . toralis minor) comes from the lower true rib-cartilages and runs forward and outward to the head of the humerus and to the cora- coid process. Heteromys only differs from this description in having the abdominal fibres more closely united with the panni- culus than in any otheranimal. In the Gerbille, aand £ are fused, while y and 6 unite near their insertion, which is into the capsule of the shoulder and into the humerus just internal to the pectoral ridge. The Hamster differs from the last only in having the abdominal fibres better developed and running quite separately to the cora- coid process. The Vole closely resembles the Gerbille, but is remarkable for the great development of the fibres from the cartilages (6); these fibres unite with y, and are inserted into the coracoid. In the Rat and Mouse the arrangement is almost identical with that of the Gerbille. In Siphneus Milne-Edwards describes a large and distinct pec- toralis minor inserted into the coracoid process and coming from the second rib; this is interesting when one notices the similar arrangement in the Vole, an animal to which he regards Siphneus as being more closely related than to the Mole-Rats ’. Rhizomys resembles Cricetomys except that 9 is larger, rises from the 2nd to the 7th costal cartilages, and is inserted into the clavicle as well as the head of the bumerus. Greorychus has a and fused ; y is inserted into the neck of the humerus; 6 rises from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th costal cartilages and is inserted into the coracoid and shoulder-joint. In Bathyergus the pectoral mass is very large, and resembles the last in having aand # fused; but near the insertion the posterior fibres become tucked under the anterior and are inserted deep to them into the pectoral ridge. The abdominal fibres (y) rise from the end of the sternum to the middle of the linea alba; they are inserted together with a large part of the latissimus dorsi into the capsule of the shoulder. The pectoralis minor (0) rises from the posterior two-thirds of the sternum and the posterior true rib- cartilages, and is inserted into the outer half of the clavicle, having its anterior border in contact with the posterior border of the subclavius; between these two contiguous borders the external anterior thoracic nerve emerges to reach the superficial parts of the muscle. Sterno-scapularis—In the greater number of the Myomorpha this muscle is only represented, as in Man, by the subclavius, which rises from the cartilage of the first rib and is inserted into the outer half of the posterior border of the clavicle. Georychus and Bathyergus are the only exceptions which I have met with ; in these there is a large and distinct claviculo-scapularis, as in the Hystrico- morpha. In Siphneus, according to Milne-Edwards, the arrange- ment is the same. 1 «Recherches des Mammifeéres,’ tome i. p. 99. 168 MR. F. G. PARSONS ON THE (Jan, 14, Deltoid.—This muscle in the Myomorpha has the usual three parts, but the intervals between them are hardly noticeable ; more- over, they are all inserted into the humerus at the same point. The portion rising from the spine of the scapula, instead of being: the smallest, as in the Hystricomorpha, is usually the largest. This description applies to all the animals examined, with the exception that in Bathyergus, Georychus, and Stphneus the intervals are so ill-marked that the muscle appears single as in Man. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Subscapularis——These resemble the same muscles in the other Rodents in having the human attach- ments. In some, e. g. Cricetomys, the supraspinatus is larger than the infraspinatus ; but, as a rule, the reverse is the case. Milne- Edwards points out that in Siphneus the supraspinatus only occupies the anterior three-fourths of the fossa, the posterior part giving attachment to the rhomboid. Teres Major.—This has the usual attachments, its relation to the tendon of the latissimus dorsi is variable, and depends on the extent to which that muscle is wrapped round the lower border of it. In Myoaus, Cricetus, Rhizomys, Microtus, Mus barbarus, and M, rattus the teres major is wrapped round by the latissimus dorsi, so that the latter is inserted anteriorly to it.. In Cricetomys, Georychus, and Bathyergus the wrapping round is not so complete, and the teres major is inserted in front of the latissimus dorsi. In Siph- neus the arrangement seems to be the same. Teres Minor.—This muscle closely agrees with the description given of it in the other Rodents. It is very rarely a distinct muscle, Cricetomys being the only animal in which it could be described as well-marked. It is interesting to notice that a strong Vig. 7. See INFRA.SPIN. {| T.MAJOR! H = Y eaten Hh le Hy} iN y WE MN WH Hy 17 /) eh Shoulder-museles of Phizonys. 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 169 ligament was seen in Rhizomys running from the axillary border of the scapula, between the origins of the teres major and minor, across the latter muscle to the metacromion process. A similar ligament has already been described in Lagostomus’. Biceps Cubiti.—Vhere can be no doubt that, speaking generally, one of the characteristics of the Myomorpha is a double-headed biceps. This was noticed in every specimen which I dissected. Milne-Edwards, however, found only one head in Siphneus, but it is possible that further investigation may prove that this was merely an individual variation. In Hydromys Windle does not notice the condition of the biceps. As a rule the insertion is into both bones of the forearm, but in Oricetus and Myoxus the muscle only goes to the radius, while in Rhizomys the ulna is the only bone to which it is attached. In Georychus and Bathyergus the two heads are easily separable down to the insertion by a little force. In the former the coracoid head goes entirely to the radius, the glenoid head to the radius and ulna; inthe latter both heads can be traced to both bones. Coraco-brachialis.—In the Myomorpha the most usual arrange- ment is to find the second and third parts, described by Wood’, present; they are, however, fused, and the muscle has one continuous insertion from the middle of the humerus to the internal condyle. This description applies to Ithizomys, Siphneus, Microtus, Myodes, Heteromys, Hydromys, and the Murine. The Cricetine (Cricetus and Cricetomys) have the same arrangement, but in addition the first part or rotator humeri is present. In Gerbillus and Myoaus only the second part was seen. In Georychus the muscle was absent, while in Bathyergus it was very small, and was only represented by the second part. Milne-Edwards says that the muscle is absent in “le Rat-Taupe du Cap,” by which, I suppose, Bathyergus is meant. In all the animals dissected, as in other Rodents, the musculo-cutaneous nerve passes above the second part of the muscle. Brachialis Anticus.—All the Myomorpha have the external and internal heads of the brachialis anticus, and these are more or less completely fused; perhaps Bathyergus shows them most clearly separated from one another. The insertion, in every case that I dissected, was into the ulna only, but Milne-Edwards describes an additional feeble attachment into the head of the radius in Siphneus. Triceps and Anconeus.—There is no difference between the Myomorphine triceps and that of other Rodents. In Cricetomys it was noticed that the outer head was inserted largely into the fascia of the outer side of the forearm. Bathyergus resembles Castor in the great development of the muscle, and in the fact that it is attached to both sides of the olecranon, as well as to the top. The anconeus has the usual attachments, and shows nothing of special interest. 1p. Z. 8. 1894, p. 263. ? Journ. of Anat. vol. i. p. 45. 170 MR. I. G. PARSONS ON ‘IID (Jan. 14, Epitrochleo-anconeus.—This is present in all the Myomorpha ; it is supplied by the ulnar nerve. Pronator Radit Teres.—This muscle agrees with the description given of it in other Rodents; in Mus barbarus and Cricetus it is inserted into the second quarter of the radius, while in all the other animals examined it goes into the middle of that bone. Cricetomys resembles Scturus in possessing a supracondylar foramen, but in it the pronator teres does not rise from the supra- condylar arch, as it does in Sciurus. Flexor Carpi Radialis—The attachments of this muscle were normal in all cases. In the Vole, and, to a lesser extent, in all Rodents, the tendon of this muscle is bound down to the flexor surface of the radius by a fibrous pulley just below the attachment of the pronator radii teres. Palmaris Longus.—The muscle is present and large in Cricetomys, Cricetus, Microtus, Georychus, Bathyergus, Mus rattus, Siphneus, and Heteromys; it is inserted into the palmar cartilage or ossicle and into the fascia of the palm. In Rhizomys and Gerbillus it is only inserted into the fascia, while in Myovus it is absent. In Mus barbarus it is developed as a slip from the surface of the flexor sublimis digitorum, an arrangement which recalls that found in Coelogenys and Xerus. Flexor Sublimis Digitorum.—In all the animals examined, except Myowus, this muscle rises from the internal condyle and forms the flexor perforatus for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits. In Myovus it also goes to the 5th digit. Milne-Edwards describes the slip to the 2nd digit as a distinct muscle in Siphneus. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris.—This muscle has the usual attachments, except that in Hhizomys and Bathyergus the origin from the internal condyle is wanting. The tendon is specially thick in Georychus. Flexor Profundus Digitorum.—The deep flexor of the fingers is composed, as in other Rodents, of two superficial heads from the internal condyle and of two deep heads from the flexor surfaces of the radius and ulna. A small slip is given off to the pollex from the front of the tendon formed by these heads in Cricetomys, Gerbillus, Microtus, Mus burbarus and rattus, Myodes, Georychus, Bathyergus, and Rhizomys. In Myowus, Cricetus, and Siphneus (Milne-Edwards) no tendon goes to the thumb. In Bathyergus the fibres derived from the different heads were traced downward through the tendon, and it was found that the two condylar heads join together to form the superficial part of the tendon, which gradually winds round the outer side to eventually become deep.. When the tendon divides into its ultimate five slips for the four fingers and the thumb, each slip receives fibres both from the condylar and the radio-ulnar origins. This twisting of the tendon reminds one of the arrangement of the fibres of the tendo Achillis’. There are usually four lumbricals which arise from the flexor surface of the tendon at or before its point of division. 1 Author’s paper, ‘Journ, Anat.’ vol, xxvii. p. 414, 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODEN'S. 71 In Microtus, Rhizomys, Bathyergus, and Hydromys, however, only three lumbricals were seen, the radial one having been suppressed. Pronator Quadratus.—This muscle is less well developed as a tule than in the Hystricomorpha, never, so far as I have seen, extending along the length of the bones. In Myoawus and Microtus it occupies the middle third of the forearm; in Cricetomys, Cricetus, and Mus barbarus the lower half. In the Gerbille it attains its maximum of development, and is attached to the lower three-quarters of the two bones. In Georychus, Bathyergus, Rhizomys, and Siphneus it is a very feeble muscle—in the two former being found only opposite the insertion of the pronator radii teres, while in the two latter it is represented by a few fibres between the lower ends of the two bones. Supinator Longus.—This muscle was wanting in every animal dissected. Windle found it absent in Hydromys, and Milne- Edwards says that it is also wanting in Siphneus, Spalax, and Hdamys. He states, however, that it is present in the Hamster, and, although it was most certainly absent in the Hamster I dissected, I take his statement to mean that very occasionally a supinator longus may be found among the Myomorpha as a reversion to the Sciuromorphine type. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior and Brevior.—In all the animals examined these muscles had the usual attachments. ‘When there is any difference in size, as in the case of Myoaus, Georychus, Rhizomys,. and Siphneus, the brevior is the larger muscle. Milne-Hdwards says that in Georychus and Spalax there is only one radial extensor, but he does not mention where that one is inserted. Unless the insertion is carefully looked for the two muscles may easily be mistaken for one, as they lie very close to one another. Extensor Communis Digitorwm.—The only point of interest in the Myomorphine common extensor is whether it goes to the fifth digit or not. In Georychus, Bathyergus, Siphneus, and Mus barbarus no slip is given to the little finger. In Cricetomys two tendons pass to the middle, and in Rhizomys two to the ring finger. pail! ptihege Minimi Digiti.—The insertion of this muscle was into the fourth and fifth fingers in Gerbillus, Microtus, Myodes, Mus barbarus, Hydromys, Georychus, Buthyergus, and Rhizomys. In Bathyergus, however, the tendon to the fourth digit was very small. In Cricetus it was attached to the third and fifth digits, while in Myoxus and Cricetomys it only went to the fifth. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris.—Nothing special was noticed in the attachments of this muscle. Milne-Edwards describes it as a double muscle in Siphneus, one tendon going to the base of the fourth, and the other to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone, at the same time he does not describe any extensor minimi digiti. Considering the very constant character of the extensor carpi ulnaris in Rodents, and the comparative inconstancy of the extensor minimi digiti, I expect that the explanation of what he 172 MR. F. G. PARSONS ON TH [Jan. 14, found is that the outer division of his extensor carpi ulnaris is really the extensor minimi digiti, the tendon of which has lost its digital attachments and has become inserted into the base of the fourth metacarpal bone. Supinator Brevis.—The description of this muscle given in the other Rodents applies to the Myomorpha, with the exception that in the latter a sesamoid bone is usually found in the tendon. The only animals in which this bone was wanting were Bathyergus and Georychus. The relationship of the tendon of the supinator brevis to the external lateral ligament of the elbow is interesting, in some cases, as in that of Buthyergus, there is a well-marked external lateral ligament, situated behind the tendon, but in others, of which Cricetomys is an example, the tendon itself seems to form the lateral ligament, and bas the orbicular ligament attached to it. Extensor Ossis Metacarpi Pollicis—In all cases this muscle rises from both bones, and is inserted into the base of the metacarpal bone. In the Gerbille its tendon was double. In Cricetus and Cricetomys it had an extra insertion into the radial sesamoid bone or palmar cartilage. Extensor Primi Internodii Pollicis—In every animal examined this was absent. Hxtensor Secundi Internodii Pollicis.—This muscle was only seen in Georychus, where it was well-marked, it accompanied the extensor indicis and separated on the back of the hand. This arrangement is practically the same as that already described in Castor. Extensor Indicis—As in other Rodents the extensor indicis rises from about the middle of the back of the ulna, and is inserted only into the dorsal side of the index, In Myowus it rises from the top of the back of the ulna close to the olecranon. In the Vole 1 dissected the tendon had acquired a secondary attachment to the prominent ridge on the back of the radius at its lower end, while the part of the tendon between this and the index was wanting. Palmaris Brevis—When a palmar ossicle is present, which is not so often the case as in other Rodents, the muscle is attached to it. When there is no ossicle it is attached to the palmar fascia. In AMicrotus and Bathyergus no palmaris brevis was found. Flexor Brevis Digitorum Manus.—This muscle was found in Cricetomys, Cricetus, Georychus, and Bathyergus. In the first three it arose from the palmar ossicle, but in the last from the fascia just external to the pisiform bone. Muscles of the Thumb.—In almost all cases the abductor pollicis can be made out, and has its origin from the palmar ossicle. The flexor brevis was made out with difficulty in Myoxus, Gleorychus, and Bathyergus; in the two latter the thumb is provided with a pair of sesamoid bones, as in all the other fingers. Bathyergus has a prominent cartilaginous spur on the outer and inner side of the hand; these probably represent the prepollex and postminimus, 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 173 In no case could I satisfy myself of the existencs of an adductor or opponens pollicis. Muscles of the Little Finger.—These are not so easily made out as in the other Rodents. ‘the abductor is present, but is not double. The flexor brevis is represented by the uluar slip of the interosseus muscle to the little finger, when there happens to be a muscle in that position. [ have never been able to find an opponens, although Windle describes it in Hydromys. Interosset.—In all the animals examined, except Georychus and Bathyergus, there were eight interossei, the inner of which forined the flexor brevis minimi digiti. In these two animals there were no interossei attached to the fifth finger, although the two sesamoid bones supposed to be developed in them were present. Practically the same arrangement was found in the Beaver. In Cricetomys, Microtus, and possibly in Cricetus, there was an ' adductor minimi digiti, which recalls the figure already published * of the same muscle in Celogenys. In Rhizomys and Gerbillus there is an adductor indicis. These two muscles are situated on a plane superficial to that of the interossei, and I have not come across any Myomorphine animal which possesses both of them, although they frequently co-exist in the Hystricomorpha. Muscles of the Trunk. Panniculus Carnosus.—In the majority of the Myomorpha the panniculus corresponds to the rodent type already described. The sterno-facialis is always present, but seldom large. In Georychus and Bathyergus the panniculus, especially the anterior part, is very well developed; in the former the platysma is very strong and rises from the angle of the mouth and from the median raphe running back from the symphysis menti, it runs backward and upward to be lost over the region of the shoulders, though some of the more posterior fibres are attached to the metacromial process. When this is removed, the whole length of the sterno-facialis and epitrochleo-facialis comes into view, the former rising from the posterior half of the sternum, the latter from the internal condyle of the humerus; they both run forward to be inserted into the fascia on the surface of the masseter. In Bathyergus the sterno-facialis has undergone greater development, and is continuous posteriorly with the panniculus of the abdomen; this I have figured, and have pointed out? that it is a possible foreshadowing of the human sternalis muscle. The posterior part of the panniculus in Bathyergus is also well marked, and gets an attachment to the external tuberosity of the tibia and to the ramus of the ischium. In Heteromys among the Geomyida, the pouch causes a good deal of modification in the facial panniculus. The superficial part or platysma rises from the 1 P. Z, 8. 1894, p. 273. ? Journ. Anat. vol. xxix. p. xii. 174 MR. F. @. PARSONS ON TILB - (Jan. 14, surface of the pouch, and runs backward and upward under the ear to be lost on the back of the neck. When this is dissected away, there is seen to be a deeper layer of muscle having exactly the same direction, and also coming from the surface of the pouch, By far the larger portion of the outer wall of the pouch is formed by the sterno-facialis muscle, which is especially thick at the orifice forming a partial sphincter; the fibres of this muscle run downward and backward to be inserted into the anterior half of the sternum, superficial to the pectoralis major. There is no panniculus in the inner wall of the pouch, which consists solely of skin covering the masseter and buccinator muscles, with the --STER=FAG. | --PLATYSMA. d 4 Pouch-muscles of Heteromys. exception of one narrow slip which rises from the mental symphysis, runs round the inner side of the opening of the pouch, and when it reaches the lower margin turns sharply outward, superficial to the fibres of the sterno-facialis, to run to the side of the neck, where it joins the platysma. This decussation of the fibres guarding the onter and the inner side of the aperture gives a powerful sphincteric action by which the pouch can be closed at will. It is worth while to compare the anatomy of the pouch in the Geomyide with that in Cricetus, and to notice that, whereas in the former the pouch,is formed by an invagination of skin probably perforating the platysma, so as to leave some of 1896. ] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 175 that muscle on the inner side of the opening, while the pouch itself is deep to the whole of the panniculus, in the latter the &,)-~~ OPENING o SH » 9}-Poucn , \SPHINCTER, é gey or Poucn, STERNO FACIALIS , Pouch-muscles of Heteromys. pouch is formed by an evagination of the buccinator, to the fundus of which a slip of platysma has become attached. Latissimus Dorsi.—Vhis muscle has the same attachments that it possesses in other Rodents; the dorso-epitrochlearis is always present, und reaches as far as the olecranon, though in Cricetomys it is also inserted into the fascia of the forearm. Trapezius—In most of the Myomorpha as in the Sciuromorpha there are three separate parts of the trapezius. The first of these, described by Milne-EHdwards' and by Strauss-Diirckheim as the clavo-cucullaris, consists of the fibres passing between the occiput and the clavicle; it is separated from the rest of the muscle by the levator clavicula, and was found in the following animals :— Myoxus, Cricetus, Cricetomys, Microtus, Myodes, Mus decumanus, Heteromys, Bathyergus, and Stphneus. In Georychus and Mus barbarus, however, this part of the muscle was not seen. The second part, or acromio-cucullaris, consists of the fibres running between the ligamentum nuche and the anterior thoracic spines on the one hand, and the acromial process and spine of the scapula on the other; it is usually separated from the third part or dorso-cucullaris by a pad of fat. In all the animals dissected, these two parts were separate with the exception of Cricetomys and Myowus. Rhomboidet.—The rhomboideus capitis is a distinct muscle, while the major and minor are not separable one from another. In Cricetus, Myoxus, Microtus, Georychus, Bathyergus, and Heteromys, part of the rhomboideus capitis rising from the outer part of the occipital curved line is separated from the rest and runs to the inner half of the spine of the scapula, covering part of the supra-spinatus instead of going to the vertebral border. Serratus Magnus and Levator Anguli Scapule.—The origins of 1 « Ktudes pour servir, &e.,’ p. 94. 176 MR. F, G. PARSONS ON THE [Jan. 14, these combined muscles in the various animals dissected are the following :— Myowus ....... a51910.6.0 5,0 . 2-7 ev Cricetusi wane 3-7 4, Gerbillus .....000+ P 2-7 ;, INERODS “Soocoousagco00 2-7 4 MWB. 30.00000009000000 2-7 Mus barbarus............ = ames my EMG on 6biso dboo-cOUS 2 Tees Ehizomys ........ ee eens Bia lee ea Georychus oo... ..eeeees 3-7 4, Bathyergus........0e.e0 3-7 ,, Heteromys .........0000 Qaim. Te eee eee Serratus Posticus.—In the Myomorpha the anterior part of this muscle is always present and well marked ; it is usually inserted into the ribs from the 4th to the 7th, but in Cricetomys it is continued back to the 9th, and in Rhizomys to the 11th. In Georychus and Bathyergus it is inserted into the 6th, 7th, and 8th ribs. The posterior part of the serratus posticus was only seen in Microtus, Buthyergus, and Myodes; in the first it was inserted into the last 4, and in the two latter into the last 5 ribs. SPLEW CaP. cue y Bye " ME a LEV.ANG.SCAP, th ft fe, eR EZ VEZ p ; 2 ING A : TR.cout AGN " Hy ee INS Lup TR) S Neck-muscles of Hamster. 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. V7 Sacro-lumbalis and Longissimus Dorst.—These muscles show nothing remarkable in their attachments. Transversalis Capitis et Collii—In Myowus the trachelo-mastoid or transversalis capitis was absent, in all the other animals both muscles were found. Splenius Capitis et Colli.—The splenius capitis rises from the ligamentum nuche nearly as far forward as the occiput, and almost entirely covers the complexus; it has the usual attachments. The splenius colli was not seen at all. Compleaus.—There is usually a slight tendency to longitudinal division, but this is not seen in Georychus, Bathyeryus, Myoxus, or Myodes. Cricetus shows two intersections extending across the whole muscle, while in Rhizomys they only extend across the outer hal€ of it. Tail-Muscles.—In those animals which have tails, the arrange- ment of the muscles is the same as in other Rodents. Obliquus Externus Abdominis.—This muscle usually rises from the posterior nine or ten ribs. ‘The description already given of it in the other Rodents applies to the Myomorpha, with the exception that it never runs upward to the first rib with the rectus. The outer pillar of the abdominal ring is large and muscular, and is inserted into the whole length of the body of the pubes, external and parallel to the symphysis. The inner pillar is thin and fascial. In Cricetomys five or six linez transverse were seen extending across the muscle from the rectus, while in Microtus the same thing was also noticed, but much less distinctly. Obliquus Internus and T'ransversalis.—These muscles can be separated with great care. In Bathyergus they are very well marked, and in that animal the relation of the aponeurosis to the rectus can be made out, and is found to be asin Man. In Mus rvattus the scrotal pouches are very large, and are composed entirely of the internal oblique. Rectus Abdominis.—In all the specimens of the family of Muridee examined there was a decussation resembling that already described in the Octodontide'; this was not seen in Myoarus, Georychus, or Bathyergus, though it was found in Rhizomys. Supracostalis.—In no Rodent was this muscle seen. Psoas Parvus.—The psoas parvus was present in all the specimens except the Gerbille; in Microtus, Rhizomys, and Georychus, however, it was small. Psoas Magnus and Ilkacus.—These, muscles have the usual rodent attachments. i Quadratus Lwmborum.—In most of the Myomorpha the quadratus lumborum does not seem to rise from as far forward in the dorsal regionas it does in the other Rodents. Itis attached toall the lumbar vertebra except in the case of Rhizomys, where it only comes from the first three. - 1 P.Z.S. 1894, p. 280. Proo. Zoon. Soo.—1896, N: o. XII. 12 178 MR. ¥. G. PARSONS ON tHE (Jan. 14, Muscles of Posterior Extremity. Gluteus Maximus, Tensor Fascice Femoris, and Sartorius.—The description already given' applies perfectly to the Myomorpha; the tensor fascie and sartorius are, however, as a rule less well marked, and there is also a closer union between the posterior border of the gluteus maximus and the anterior border of the biceps femoris. The bony insertion of the gluteus maximus is into the middle of the femur except in Cricetus, where it is also attached to the external supra-condylar ridge of the femur, and in Fhizomys, where it is attached almost entirely to the third trochanter in the upper part of the bone. The sartorius and tensor fascia femoris are best marked in Cricetus, while in Georychus they are practically absent. Gluteus Medius and Minimus.—These muscles present no differences from those already described in other Rodents. Scansorius.—The scansorius is so closely fused with the gluteus minimus, that it is only possible to make it out as a distinct muscle in Cricetomys, though even there the separation is not very clear. Pyriformis,—This muscle is also much more closely fused with the gluteus minimus than in the other Rodents; indeed, the Myomorpha are remarkable for the unsatisfactory differentiation of the muscles composing the gluteal mass. Obturator Internus, Externus, and Gemelli.imThese muscles correspond to their descriptions in the other Rodents. The anterior gemellus is always better marked than the, posterior one. Quadratus Femoris.—There is usually a very slight tendon at the insertion, the muscle being triangular as in the Hystricomorpha and differing from the quadrilateral Sciuromorphine type; it is always large and distinct. Biceps Femoris.—In Myoxus, Mus barbarus, and Mus rattus the two parts of which the biceps is composed are closely united and have one continuous insertion, as is the case in the Hystricomor- phine Rodents. In the other Myomorpha the two parts are easily separable, as they are in Sphingurus?. When this happens, it is the upper part which rises from the anterior caudal vertebrae and is inserted into the outer side of the patella and ligamentum patellee, while the lower part rises from the tuber ischii and is inserted into the fascia on the outer side of the leg. In certain cases, e.g. Cricetomysand Myodes, the upper portion is very closely connected to the gluteus maximus; while in Cricetus it is so closely blended with that muscle, that it has already been described as.a part of the gluteus maximus which is inserted above the external condyle of the femur. In Georychus, Bathyergus, Rhizomys, and Heteromys the two parts are separate from one another and from the gluteal. 1 P.Z.S. 1804, p. 282. 2 P.Z.S. 1804, p. 284. 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 179 Semitendinosus.—The normal arrangement seems to be, as in the other Rodents, that one head should rise from the posterior sacral and anterior caudal vertebree, while the other comes from the tuber ischii. Hither of these heads is often wanting. In Georychus, Bathyergus, and Mus barbarus the head from the tuberosity alone was found, while in Mzcrotus and Heteromys only the spinal head was present. With regard to the arrangement in Mus barbarus, it is interesting to note that Mus ratius has both heads. The insertion in all cases is the same as that described in the other Rodents. Semimembranosus.—The two parts of this muscle are always present, and correspond. to the description already given in other Rodents. The semimembranosus proper is quite coustant, always rising from the tuber ischii and being inserted into the back of the internal tuberosity of the tibia. The supracondylar slip, as in the Hystricomorpha, is variable both in size and in origin; its insertion, however, above the internal condyle of the femur is quite constant. In Gerbillus, Mus barbarus, and Mus rattus the supra-condylar portion rises from the anterior caudal vertebra. In Cricetus it is small and comes from the caudal vertebree and the tuber. In the other animals examined it rises from the tuber ischii only in common with the rest of the semimembranosus except in the case of Buthyergus, where its origin is more in common with that of the semitendinosus from the tuber. This supra-condylar slip is largest in Georychus, where it is greater than the rest of the muscle; in Bathyergus it is not so large; in Rhizomys it is only half the size of the rest of the muscle; while in Cricetus it is quite small. In Hydromys, Windle says‘ that the semimem- branosus is inserted into the condyle of the femur alone, that is to say, the main part of the muscle is wanting. His dissection must of course be repeated, to see whether he had chanced upon ai individual variation or whether this arrangement is constant in Hydromys. The nerve-supply of the two parts of the semi- membranosus is as in other Rodents. Gracilis.—This muscle is usually double and the two parts have approximately the attachments described in the Hystricomorphine Rodents; the anterior muscle usually overlaps the posterior a good deal. In Myowus, Rhizomys, and Heteromys no separation was seen. In Georychus and Bathyergus the separation was very marked, there being quite an interval near the insertion. In Myodes the interval is greatest at the origin. Hydromys according to Windle agrees with Myoavus and Rhizomys. Pectineus.—This muscle corresponds to the account of it in the other Rodents. In Gerbillus, Cricetus, Myoxus, and Ihizomys the muscle is double, but I am inclined to regard the inner part as belonging to the adductor mass, possibly representing the adductor longus. Guin Extensor.—In all the animals dissected, the two heads of the rectus could be made out, though in Rhizomys, Georychus, 1 P.Z.8. 1887, p. 57 12* 180 Mn. #. G. PARSONS ON THE (Jan. 14: and Bathyergus the straight head was reduced to a minimum; the reflected head has usually some fleshy fibres rising directly from it. With regard to the other muscles the vastus externus is large and separate, while the internus is small and closely blended with the crureus. Adductors.—The adductor mass in the Myomorpha resembles in its complexity that of the Sciuromorpha, although one frequently finds attempts at the more simple arrangement of the Hystrico- morpha by fusion or non-differentiation of contiguous parts. As in the other Rodents, the supracondylar slip has been described with the semimembranosus, to which it undoubtedly belongs. Perhaps the animal which shows the greatest differentiation is Cricetomys: in it the mass consists of the following parts: —(1) The most anterior portion from the ilio-pectineal line to the middle of the posterior border of the femur by a narrow flat tendon. (2) Deep to this is another bundle which has the same origin but comes from rather more of the symphysis and goes to the whole of the femur as low as the ligamentum patelle. (3) Behind the last isa thin flat portion rising by tendon from the horizontal ramus and being inserted into the lower half of the femur. (4) Most posteriorly, there is a thick mass from the ramus and tuber ischii which is inserted into the whole length of the back of the femur from the insertion of the quadratus femoris to the internal condyle. In Cricetus (1) and (2) are fused and (4) only goes to the upper half of the femur. In Microtus (1) and (2) are fused, as are also (3) and (4). In Gerbillus, Mus barbarus, and Mus rattus (3) was not identified, while (4) was only inserted into the upper half to two-thirds of the femur. hizomys closely resembles Cricetomys. In Georychus and Bathyergus (1) is inserted into the middle third of the femur behind the pectineus, while the other three parts are fused into one great mass, which in Georychus is inserted into the middle two-fourths of the back of the femur, while in Bathyergus it goes to the whole length of that bone. In Hydromys, according to Windle, the adductor magnus, which apparently corresponds to the part which I have described as (4), reaches as low as the head of the tibia *. Libialis Anticus.—This muscle always has the human origin ; it never rises from the femur as in some of the Hystricomorpha. In Georychus the tibia above the cnemial crest is flattened, and forms a triangle with the apex downward and the surface a little concave; from this the muscle rises. As a rule, the tendon divides slightly below to be inserted into the internal cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal, the latter insertion being the smaller. _ In Mierotus, however, the tendon divides into two equal parts. In Gerbillus, Mus barbarus, Mus rattus, and Myodes the tendon does not divide at all, but goes entirely to the cuneiform. In Heteromys the division is well marked, but both parts are inserted into the cunéiform. APSE ARM, BRN A 1 P.Z.S. 1887, p. 68. ' 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 181 Extensor Longus Digitorum.—As in all other Rodents, this muscle rises by tendon from the front of the external condyle of the femur. In Mus barbarus, however, as in Sphingurus and Dipus, a few accessory fibres came from the head of the tibia. The insertion is into the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes except in Mus barbarus, where the slip to the little toe was wanting, and in Gerbillus, where there was in addition a feeble slip to the first toe. Extensor Proprius Hallucis—This is always present and has the normal insertion. Its exact origin varies a good deal, and apparently is of little importance from a classificatory point of view. In Gerbillus, Myoxus, Mus barbarus, Georychus, and Bathy- ergus it rises from the second quarter of the fibula; in Cricetomys, -Cricetus, and Mus rattus from the third quarter; in Rhizomys, Microtus, and Heteromys from the middle two quarters. Extensor Brevis Digitorwum.—As a rule this muscle has two tendons, one for the second, the other for the third toe; this is the case in Cricetomys, Cricetus, Gerbillus, Ithizomys, Microtus, Heteromys, Mus barbarus and MM. rattus. In Georychus the fourth toe has a slip as well. In Myoaus and Bathyergus I was interested to find a distinct but small tendon to the proximal phalanx of the first toe, these being the only Rodents in which I have ever seen the extensor brevis going to the equivalent of our great toe. In no Rodent, so faras I know, is there ever a tendon to the fifth toe. Peroneus Longus.—This is always a constant muscle rising from the upper quarter of the fibula, and passing through a groove on the outer side of the external malleolus anterior to the other peroneal tendons. In no animal dissected does it call for any remark, Peroneus Brevis.—This arises from the middle two quarters of the fibula and passes between the tendons of the peroneus quarti and quinti digiti behind the external malleolus; it then runs above the peroneal spine on the calcaneum, which is usually large, to the base of the fifth metatarsal. It is in many cases a powerful abductor of the little toe. ; Peroneus Quartt Digiti—This muscle is always present, and generally rises just above the fusion of the fibula with the tibia. It has the usual insertion. Peroneus Quinti Digiti—This is quite constant and rises just above the last. Gastrocnemius.—The gastrocnemius differs in no respect from the description given of it in the other Rodents. The three Mole- rats Rhizomys, Georychus, and Bathyergus have no fabellez developed in the origin of the muscle, while in every other animal examined one was present in each head. Soleus.—The soleus rises from the back of the head of the fibula and joins the tendo Achillis just below the middle of the leg. In Myoxus, however, it rose from the middle of the fibula. The rope- like twisting of the tendo Achillis already referred to’ is always evident... : osc, = 1 Author's paper, Journ. Anat, vol, xxviii. p. 414. 182 MR. F, G. PARSONS ON THE (Jan. 14, Plantaris.—This has the typical rodent arrangement, the only point of interest being the extent to which the muscular fibres of the flexor brevis digitorum are developed in the sole. In Gerbillus three little slips of muscle are alone seen in the intervals between the four tendens where they first separate. In Microtus the flexor brevis has no muscular fibres at all, while in Myoxus and Myodes there are very few. All the other animals examined had well- developed muscular bellies to the flexor brevis. Popliteus.—The popliteus always rises from the external condyle, and is inserted into the upper part of the internal border of the tibia. Flexor Longus Hallucis (Flexor Fibularis)—This is always a large muscle, rising from both the tibia and fibula and being inserted into the distal phalanges of all the toes. Flexor Longus Digitorum (Flexor Tibialis).—Dobson * states that this muscle in the Myomorpha is always separate from the flexor fibularis tendon in the sole. I have, however, met with two remarkable exceptions to this generalization, viz. Rhizomys and Heteromys. In both of these animals the tendons unite in the sole exactly as they do in the Hystricomorpha. I should mention that this arrangement was present in both the right and left feet. In Georychus and Bathyergus the muscle is better developed than in most of the Myomorpha, and ends in a bone beneath the base of the first metatarsal which I am inclined to regard as a rudiment of a prehallux. In all the other animals examined the muscle ends chiefly in the fascia of the foot. Tibialis Posticus.—This is always a small muscle and rises from the upper part of the posterior surface of the tibia below the attachment of the popliteus, and also very often from the back of the head of the fibula. As a rule it has a groove of its own behind the internal malleolus, but in Myowus it shares the groove of the ’ flexor fibularis. It is inserted into the under surface of the navi- cular, though in Mus rattus it goes chiefly to the plantar fascia, Muscles of the Foot. LIumbricales.—In Georychus, Bathyergus, Rhizomys, and Heteromys only three lumbricales are present. All the other animals dissected have four. Accessorius.—This muscle is very ill-developed in the Myo- morpha. The only animal in which I found it really well marked was in Bathyergus, although traces of it could be made out in Mus rattus. Abductor Hallucis.—This is usually present and rises from the navicular in Cricetomys, Rhizomys, Mus barbarus, and M., rattus. In Gerbillus, Cricetus, Microtus, Myowus, Heteromys, and Georychus it came from the internal cuneiform. In Bathyergus it was well- marked and rose from the sustenaculum tali of the calcaneum, its proximal part forming the caleaneo-scaphoid ligament, Journ, Anat, xvii. p. 142, 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 183 Adductor Indicis.—The adductor indicis was present in all.the animals examined except Buthyergus, Georychus, and Heteromys ; in the latter it was replaced by an adductor hallucis, which in the other specimens was ‘wanting, although Windle describes it in Hydromys*. Prof. Cunningham has pointed out (Journ. of Anat. vol. xiii, p- 11) that the foot of Bathyergus is peculiar in the total absence of plantar adducting and dorsal abducting muscles. This state- ment, which also applies to Georychus, I am able to corroborate. | The muscle which I have described as abductor hallucis corresponds to Prof. Cunningham’s inner head of the flexor brevis hallucis, though in his specimen the origin of the muscle was not so far back as in mine. In no Rodent were any distinct dorsal inter- osseous muscles found. Interossei.—There are two interossei, or flexores breves, to each toe inserted into the sesamoid bones beneath the metacarpo- phalangeal articulation. Myological Characteristics of the various Families of Myomorpha. The animals of which the muscles have been described furnish examples of four families of the Myomorpha, namely the Myoaide, Muride, Spalacide, and Geomyide, Unfortunately the first and last of these are each represented in my dissections by only oue indi- vidual, and for this reason any generalizations must be made very tentatively. Still it seems worth while making an admittedly imperfect contribution in the hope that it may be added to and corrected whenever fresh material is available. In the first place, taking Ayoaus dryas as a type of the 1 ee one notices that :— 1. The biceps cubiti is only inserted into the radius. 2. The coraco-brachialis is only represented by the second part. 3. The palmaris longus is absent. 4, The flexor sublimis digitorum is inserted into the fifth digit as well as into the second, third, and fourth. 5. The extensor minimi digiti is only inserted into the fifth digit. 6. The trapezius has the second and third parts fused. 7. The trachelo-mastoid is absent. 8. The rectus abdominis does not decussate at its origin with its fellow of the opposite side. 9. The gracilis is single. 10. The soleus rises from the middle of the fibula instead of from the head of that bone. 11. The tendon of the tibialis posticus lies in the same groove as the flexor fibularis instead of in one of its own. In the Geomyide, of which Heteromys longicaudatus is the only representative dissected, the following points are of interest :— 1. The digastrie approaches the hystricomorphine type. 2, The Semitendinosus has only the caudal head present.. © 1 PZ. 8, 1887, p. 58, 184 MR. F. G, PARSONS ON THE (Jan. 14, 8. The gracilis isa single muscle. 4, The flexor tibialis joins the flexor fibularis in the sole. 5. There are only three lumbricales in the foot. 6. There is an adductor hallucis instead of an adductor indicis in the foot. _ Whether the rectus abdominis decussated with its fellow of the opposite side, could not be determined owing to the large incision which had been made for evisceration before the specimen came _into my hands. The family of the Muride is represented by accounts of the dissection of nine animals, and I am only able to discover one mus- cular peculiarity which is common to them all and at the same time distinguishes them from other families,—this is the fact that the rectus abdominis always decussates with the muscle of the opposite side. When one considers what a large and hetero- geneous family this is, and that many of the genera included in it are only placed there provisionally, one is not surprised to find that their musculature is not nearly so consistent as it was found to be in the different families of the Hystricomorpha. To my mind the fact that the latter show definite muscular characteristics which are not found in the former, indicates that the hystricomorphine families consist of animals which are more nearly allied to one another than is the case in the Muride: in other words, that the classification of the Hystricomorpha is more success- ful than that of the Myomorpha. While speaking of the Muride, it is worth noticing that Cricetus and Cricetomys are the only two of the Myomorpha examined which possess the first part of the coraco-brachialis or rotator humeri muscle. In many particulars, however, they differ from one another. Tn the family of the Spalacide there are records of three animals, Bathyergus, Georychus, and Rhizomys. The following points of resemblance were noticed in this group :— 1. The temporals are large and meet in the middle line of the head. 2. The stylo-hyoid and stylo-glossus are closely blended in Rhizomys, while in Georychus the stylo-hyoid is absent or completely fused with the other muscle. 3. The pronator quadratus is very feeble. 4, The reflected head of the rectus is ill-marked. 5. The gastrocnemius has no fabellw in its tendons of origin. 6. There are three lumbricales in the foot. The following are points of difference between Rhizomys on the one hand and Georychus and Bathyergus on the other :— 1. In Rhizomys the digastric has a well-marked central tendon, in Bathyergus and Georychus there is only an intersection. 2. In R. the cleido-mastoid is overlapped by the first part of the trapezius ; in B. and G. it is not. 3. In-B. and G. the scalenus anticus is present. In BR. it is absent, as it is in all other Myomorpha except Gerbillus. 1896.) MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 185 4. In B. and G. the sterno-scapularis is present. In 2. it is absent. 5. In B. and G. the teres major is inserted in front of the latis- simus dorsi, in 7?. behind it. 6. The coraco-brachialis is absent in G., small in my specimen of B., absent in Milne-Edwards’s specimen. In J. the second and third parts are well marked. 7. In B. and G@. the extensor communis digitorum sends no slip to the fifth digit. In #. a slip to this digit is present. 8. There is no sesamoid bone in the tendon of the supinator brevis in B. and G. There is one in &. 9. The pair of interosseous muscles which should be. inserted into the two sesamoid bones of the fifth digit of the hand are absent in B. and G. They are present in R. 10. The rectus abdominis does not decussate with its fellow of the opposite side in B. or G., though it does so in &. 11. The gracilis is a single muscle in R. It is distinctly double in B. and G. 12. The flexor tibialis joins the flexor fibularis in the sole of 2. The two tendons are separate in B. und G. 13. The adductor indicis pedis is absent in G. and B., present in &. It will thus be seen that, though there are six more or less un- important points of resemblance between Ehizomys on the one hand and Bathyergus and Georychus on the other, there are 13 points of difference, some of which, such as nos. 3, 4, 10, 12, and 13, I regard as of great importance. The study of these marked muscular differences in animals whose habits are so much alike, and whose external appearances are so similar, seems to point to one of two conclusions. Either the external appearances are acquired by the animals living under similar conditions while the muscles tell the true tale of their different ancestry, or else the differences in the muscles are of no value for classificatory purposes. Against the latter conclusion the evidence of the myology of | Bathyergus and Georychus tells strongly ; these animals are so alike in their habits, in their osteology, and in their visceral anatomy, that no one doubts that they are closely related; they are also alike in their myology with one or two trifling exceptions. This, however, is only one instance of the close resemblance of the mus- culature in animals which are for other reasons regarded as akin ; and I cannot help thinking that when several important differences occur in the muscles of two animals which otherwise seem closely related, the muscles are trustworthy guides, because, taken as a whole, they are less likely to adapt themselves quickly to changed conditions than are other structures. With regard to the position of Rhizomys, the junction of the two long flexors in the sole has been regarded by Dobson as character- istic of the Hystricomorpha, though I have found it in other animals, As this characteristic is present in Rhizomys, it is worth 186 MR. F, G. PARSONS ON THE (Jan. 14, while noticing that in no other respect does it approach. the Hystricomorpha ; consequently I think that the study of the muscles bears out the suggestion of Winge’ that Ithizomys is distinct from the Bathyergine, and that it should be placed among the Muride, which it resembles in the only common point which this family has—the decussation of the rectus. Winge' also suggests that Bathyergus is closely allied to the Hystricide. The following points in its myology show a diver- gence from the myomorphine and an approach to the hystrico- morphine arrangement :— 1. The scalenus anticus is present and rises from the basi- occipital. 2. The scapulo-clavicularis is present, as in all Hystricomorpha, while in no myomorphine rodent was it found. These two points alone would not of course justify one in separating the Bathyerginee from the Myomorpha, but they show an approach to the hystricomorphine type which is suggestive. The Position of the Dipodide. A review of the muscles of Rodents would be incomplete without considering whether they lend any assistance towards determining the vexed question of the position of the Jerboas. In my former contribution I described their muscles with those of the Hystri- comorpha. Now that the muscles of the Myomorpha have been worked out, a comparison can be made between them. In the following points the Dipodids resemble the Hystrico- morpha :— 1. The large size of the anterior deep part of the masseter passing through the infraorbital foramen. 2. The presence of a scalenus anticus rising from the basi- occipital. 3. The presence of only one head of the biceps cubiti. 4, The non-decussation of the rectus abdominis at its origin with the muscle of the opposite side. 5. The union of the tendons of the flexor tibialis and fibularis in the sole. The first point is only one of degree since the Myomorpha show a small piece of the masseter passing through the infraorbital foramen. The second has been found in Myovus among the Myomorpha, as well as in Bathyergus and Georychus, whose position is not quite certain. The third point is certainly in favour of hystricomorphine tendencies, as I have not yet found any myomorphine rodent without two heads to the biceps cubiti. The fourth point, the decussation of the rectus, is not always found in the Myomorpha, while it sometimes occurs, as in the Octodontide, among the Hystricomorpha. : ' B® Museo Lundii, 1888, p. 109, 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 187 The union of the tendons in the sole has been already alluded to as not being entirely confined to the Hystricomorpha. In the following points the Dipodide resemble the Myo- morpha :— . The sciuromorphine arrangement of the digastric. . The presence of a transverse mandibular muscle. . The absence of the scapulo-clavicularis. . The presence of the omo-hyoid. . The absence of the splenius colli. . The origin of the levator clavicule (acromio-trachelian) from the atlas. The first three of these are very important and constant points, the latter three are sometimes noted in the Hystrico- morpha. On the whole I think that the myological points in favour of myomorphine tendencies for the Dipodidw are far stronger than those in favour of hystricomorphine. DoF cwre GnvBRAL SUMMARY OF MusonEs oF RopmEnts. In order to complete my paper I propose to give a series of lists of the different points in which the four suborders of Rodents differ from and resemble one another, though the following pages are only tentative, and liable to require rearrangement as further material is added. They may, however, prove useful in directing the attention of future observers to the muscles deserving of special notice from a classificatory point of view, and they may also be of service in showing the muscles that are constant in Rodents nearly related, whatever their mode of life may be, and that may turn out to be equally constant in nearly related groups belonging to other orders. In a former contribution’ the differences between the Hystrico- morpha and Sciuromorpha are summarized. Differences between the Myomorpha and Hystricomorpha. 1. The part of the masseter which passes through the infra- orbital foramen is usually small in the Myomorpha, large in the Hystricomorpha. 2. The Myomorpha have the sciuromorphine arrangement of the digastric. 3. The transverse mandibular muscle is present in the Myo- morpha, absent in the Hystricomorpha. 4, The omo-hyoid muscle is always present in the Myomorpha, and may be present or absent in the Hystricomorpha. 5. The acromio-trachelian (levator clavicule) always rises from the arch of the atlas in the Myomorpha. In the Hystricomorpha it sometimes rises from the basioccipital. 6. The scalenus anticus is usually absent in the Myomorpha, usually present in the Hystricomorpha. 1 P.Z. 8. 1894, p. 294, 188 ME, F, G. PARSONS ON TH [Jan. 14, - 7. The claviculo-scapularis is absent in the Myomorpha, present in the Hystricomorpha. 8. In the Myomorpha the three parts of the deltoid lie close together. In the Hystricomorpha they are separated by distinct intervals. 9. The biceps eubiti has two heads in the Myomorpha. In the Hystricomorpha there may be one or two. 10, The Myomorpha seldom have the first part of the coraco- brachialis, in the Hystricomorpha it is often present. 11. The splenius colli is never found in the Myomorpha, in the Hystricomorpha it is sometimes seen. } 12. The two parts of the biceps femoris are usnally distinct in the Hystricomorpha. In‘the Myomorpha they are seldom separable. e 13. In the Myomorpha the flexor tibialis and flexor fibularis do not usually join in the sole. In the Hystricomorpha they are always united. F 14, In the Myomorpha the accessorius is absent or very ill- developed. In the Hystricomorpha it is present and well marked. Differences between the Myomorpha and the Sciuromorpha. 1. The three parts of the temporal muscle are more closely fused in the Myomorpha than in the Sciuromorpha. 2. A small part of the masseter passes through the infraorbital foramen in the Myomorpha. No part passes through in the Sciuromorpha. 3. The three parts of the deltoid are more closely fused in the Myomorpha than in the Sciuromorpha. 4, In the Myomorpha a rotator humeri is only found in the Cricetin. In the Sciuromorpha it is always present. 5. In the Myomorpha the flexor sublimis digitorum sends no slip to the fifth digit. In the Sciuromorpha this slip is present. - 6. The supinator longus is absent in the Myomorpha, but is present in the Sciuromorpha except Castor’. 7. The extensor longus digitorum always sends a tendon to the fifth digit in the Sciuromorpha; this tendon is often absent in the Myomorpha. 8. The rectus abdominis often decussates at its origin with its fellow in the Myomorpha. There is no decussation in the Sciuro- morpha. 9. The quadratus femoris is triangular in the Myomorpha, quadrilateral in the Sciuromorpha. 10. The supracondylar slip of the semi-membranosus always rises from the tuber ischii and is closely connected to the adductors in the Sciuromorpha. In the Myomorpha it may rise from the tuber or caudal vertebre and is distinct from the adductor mass. 1 Macalister describes an exceedingly feeble supinator longus in the Beaver (‘ Morphology of Vertebrate Animals,’ p. 289). 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. 189 11. The gracilis is usually double in the Myomorpha, single in the Sciuromorpha. 12. The accessorius is usually absent in 1 the Myomorpha, always present in the Sciuromorpha. With a view to comparing the myology of the Lagomorpha with the other suborders, I dissected the muscles of a Hare and a Rabbit, but have refrained from enlarging this paper with a detailed description of these muscles because they have already been described by other authors. Differences between the Myomorpha and the Lagomorpha. 1. In the Myomorpha the different parts of the temporal are closely connected. In the Lagomorpha the orbital part is large and much separated from the rest. 2. In the Myomorpha the anterior deep part of the masseter passes through the infraorbital foramen. In the Lagomorpha there is no anterior deep part. 3. The posterior belly of the digastric is well marked in the Myomorpha, in the Lagomorpha it is only present as a narrow tendon. 4. The transverse mandibular muscle is present in the Myo- morpha, absent in the Lagomorpha. 5. The omo-hyoid is present in the Myomorpha, absent in the Lagomorpha. 6. The acromio-trachelian (levator clavicule) rises from the arch of the atlas in the Myomorpha. In the Lagomorpha it rises from the basioccipital aud bifurcates below, one part going to the meta- cromion, the other to the clavicle and deltoid. 7. The scalenus anticus is sometimes present in the Myo- morpha but absent in the Lagomorpha. 8. The scapulo-clavicularis is absent in the Myomorpha, except the Bathyergine. It is present in the Lagomorpha. 9. The three parts of the deltoid are fused in the Myomorpha, separate in the Lagomorpha. 10. The biceps cubiti has two heads in the Myomorpha, one in the Lagomorpha. 11. Among the Myomorpha the rotator humeri is only present in the Cricetine. In the Lagomorpha it is present in both rabbit and hare. 12. The pronator quadratus is present in the Myomorpha, absent in the Lagomorpha. 13. The clavo-cucullaris part of the trapezius is generally present in the Myomorpha, absent in the Lagomorpha. ; 14. The splenius colli is absent in the Myomorpha, peta in the Lagomorpha. 15. The rectus abdominis frequently decussates with its fellow of the opposite side in the Myomorpha. In the Lagomorpha theres is no decussation and the lines transverse are neh Weise. marke e 190 MR, F, G. PARSONS ON THE [Jan. 14, 16. The gracilis is usually a double muscle in the Myomorpha, single in the Lagomorpha. The distinctions above given are possibly more numerous than they would be if the opportunity of dissecting a Pika (Lagomys) had presented itself. To merely point out the differences between the various sub- orders does not give a just idea of their muscular characteristics. It is necessary also to lay stress on the chief points in which one resembles another and differs from the rest. In the first place the Myomorpha resemble the Hystricomorpha and differ from both the other suborders in the following points :— 1. A slip of the masseter passes through the infraorbital foramen. 2. The three parts of the temporal are more closely fused. 3. The rectus abdominis often decussates at its origin. 4, The gracilis is usually double. 5. The supracondylar slip of the semimembranosus often comes from the caudal vertebra. The Myomorpha resemble the Sciuromorpha and differ from the other two suborders in the following points :— 1. The sciuromorphine type of the digastric. 2. The presence of the transverse mandibular muscle. . The constant presence of the omo-hyoid. a The acromio-trachelian (levator clavicule) always rising from the atlas. 5. The absence of the scalenus anticus in the Sciuromorpha and in the Myomorpha except the Bathyergine and Gerbillus. 6. The absence of the scapulo-clavicularis in both, with the exception of the Bathyergine. 7. The presence of the two heads to the biceps cubiti. &. The presence of the clavo-cucullaris part of the trapezius. 9. The absence of the splenius colli. 10. The presence of ischial and caudal heads to the biceps femoris, the latter being often more or less blended with the gluteus maximus. 11. The fact that the flexor tibialis (flexor longus digitorum) does not join the flexor fibularis (Hexor longus hallucis), except in Ethizomys, feteromys, and partly in Pteromys. I have been unable to find any point of importance in which the Myomorpha resemble the Lagomorpha and differ from the other two suborders. The Hystricomorpha resemble the Lagomorpha and differ from the other two suborders in the following points :— 1. The presence of the scapulo-clavicularis. 2. The omo-hyoid is often absent in the Hystricomorpha, anes in the Lagomorpha. 1896.] MYOLOGY OF RODENTS. loi 3. The absence of the transverse mandibular muscle. 4. The frequent origin of the acromio-trachelian (levator claviculs) from the basioccipital. 5. The usual presence of only one head of the biceps cubiti. 6. The occasional presence of the splenius colli in the Hystrico- morpha and its constant presence in the Lagomorpha. 7. The basioccipital origin of the scalenus anticus when that muscle is present. The Sciuromorpha resemble the Lagomorpha and differ from the other two suborders in the following points :— 1. The rotator humeri portion of the coraco-brachialis is always present. 2. The supracondylar slip of the semimembranosus rises from the tuber ischii in both, but while it is closely connected to the adductor mass in the Sciuromorpha, it is separate from it and adherent to the rest of the semimembranosus in the Lagomorpha. On looking through these lists one cannot help being struck by the frequency with which certain muscles, such as the omo-hyoid, the scapulo-clavicularis, the acromio-trachelian, the scalenus anticus, the splenius colli, the trachelo-mastoid, and the rectus abdominis, occur again and again. It is chiefly by various com- binations of these muscles aided by a few others, such as the transverse-mandibular, masseter, digastric, biceps, coraco-brachialis, &ec., that the affinities between animals belonging to the same group are marked ; and it seems to me that one would be justified in saying that, in Rodents at all events, the muscles of the trunk and neck are the most valuable for classificatory purposes. It may be urged that all these muscles are liable to individual variation; and this of course is probably true, though I am inclined to think that individual variations are far less frequent in Rodents than in Man; still if five or six of these muscles are taken, the risk of more than one being abnormal must be very slight indeed. As an instance of this the case of the Jerboa might be cited. In all the Hystricomorpha examined a scapulo-clavicularis had been found, but in the Jerboa it was absent. At that time I looked upon the . animal, with Dobson, as hystricomorphine, and I regarded the absence of the muscle as an individual variation; as the dissection proceeded I found other points which were different to anything seen in the Hystricomorpha; later on I was lucky enough to get two more Jerboas of different species to the first one, and in both of these the scapulo-clavicularis was wanting also. Without the confirmatory testimony of the other muscles, the absence of the scapulo-clavicularis would probably have been passed over as of little importance. If the long flexors of the foot are considered, it will be found that they are not so reliable as the muscle just quoted. Dobson says that these long flexors unite in the Hystri- comorpha but not in the other sahoudeet ; L have found, however, three animals—Rhizomys, Heteromys, and Pleromys—which have no 192 MIR. OSOAR NEUMANN ON A NEW (Jan. 14, other affinities with the Hystricomorpha, but in which the union took place. Other facts which may perhaps be of interest to the systematist are borne out by the foregoing lists. It is quite evident that the myology of the Myomorpha resembles that of the Sciuro- morpha much more closely than that of the Hystricomorpha. The Lagomorpha, on the other hand, in their myology are much more closely allied to the Hystricomorpha than to the Myomorpha or Sciuromorpha, and of the two latter are nearest the Sciuromorpha. These conclusions I believe are already recognized by systematists from a study of other parts than muscles; and the fact that myology bears out these conclusions is to my mind an important plea for the value of the study of muscles as a help to settling the position of animals. The results of this and the preceding paper may be briefly summed up in the following propositions :— 1. That the Myomorpha and Sciuromorpha approach one another in their myology. 2. That the Hystricomorpha similarly approach the Lagomorpha. 3. That the Bathyergine in many respects resemble the Hystri- comorpha. 4. That Rhizomys more closely resembles the Muride than the Bathyergine. 5. That the Dipodide are more nearly allied to the Myomorpha than to the Hystricomorpha. 6. That in Rodents certain muscles are valuable for classificatory purposes and, if several are taken, are not likely to mislead. 7. That the muscles of the trunk, neck, and shoulder-girdle are the most reliable. 5. Description of a new Species of Antelope from East Africa. By Oscar Neumann’. [Received January 1, 1896.] Among the animals collected during my expedition to East and Central Africa, in 1892-95, there are examples of an Antelope from Uganda, Ussoga, and Kavirondo, belonging to the genus Adenota, © Gray. This Antelope seemed to me to be different from Adenota ob, with which it had hitherto been united. Not having enough material of the true West-African Adenota kob in Berlin, I took two horns and one skin of this species with me to compare them in Paris with Buffon’s type and also with specimens in London. In both places I found my opinion confirmed; I also found that both Mr. Thomas and M. de Poussarges had independently arrived at the same conclusion—thanks to additional material brought by Mr. Décle from Uganda, and by Captain Lugard from the Niger. I propose to name this species, in honour of Mr. Thomas, ~ » Communicated by the Secretary. 1896.] ANTELOPE FROM EASY AFRICA; 193 ADBNOLA THOMASI, sp. nov. Colour nearly or quite the same as Adenota kob. Size larger. Skull and horns much larger than those of A. ob. ‘The ridges of the horns much more rounded and less sharp than in A. kob. Colour of the horns basally light horn-yellow, gradually becoming darker at the points; while the horns of A. kob are nearly uniformly blackish. Adenota vardoni, to which the horns of A. thomas: come samiesty although generally shorter, is distinguished by the total absence of black colour on the legs, while A. leché is distinguished by its far larger size and longer horns. Young specimens of A. kod, A, thomasi, A. vardoni, and A. leché may be diflicult to distinguish. Skull Measurements. Adenota thomast. Adenota kob. a. Type, 6. Lugard. a, Stevens.| >. Lugard. Scott Htlliot. (Unyoro.) (W. Africa.)| (Niger-Benue (Uganda.) |94.5.4.3(younger).|| 885. Junction.) millim. millim. millim. millim. Greatest breadth. 131 121 112 115 Basal length. ...... 267 248 235 242 Horn Measurements. Adenota kob, Buffon. Length ————_— |Cir__ -} Tip to straight. round | ference. tip. curve. millim. | millim. } millim. | millim. a. W. Africa, B.M. (Stevens) ......... 277 372 141 144 6. Niger-Benue Junction (Lugard)..| 305 321 131 159 Adenota thomast, O. Neum. a. Type B.M., U oath (Scott Hot) 6000000000 ° aog9sapecatacas9000090 369 464 178 6, Unyoro, B.M. (Lugard) ......... | 378 470 166 c. Uganda, B.M. (Speke) ......+000- 375 458 190 d. Uganda, Berlin (O. Newmann) ...) 410 512 178 Puoc, Zoo. Soc.—1896, No. XIII. 13 194 MR, F, DB, BEDDARD ON BARTIWORMS [Jan. 14, Mr. Matschie, in his excellent book on the ‘Mammals of German East Africa,’ calls the Central-African form Adenota ob (p. 126), but in the appendix he calls it Adenota koba, Irxl. (p. 147). I cannot believe that Buffon’s “ Koba ou la grande vache du Sénégal” was an Adenota at all, and if it was one, it rather seems to me that Buffon had had two skulls of the same species, and that he figured the adult: specimen as ‘‘oba” and the young one as ‘‘kob.” For he aflirms that both came from the Senegal. Adenota thomasi is known from the northern Central-African Lake region:—Kavirondo, Ussoga, Uganda (Speke, Jackson, Gedge, Lugard, Stuhlmann, Newmann); Unyoro, Albert Lake (Lugard) ; Simiu River—south-east corner of the Victoria Nyanza (Langheld). Unyoro is the most northern known point. 1 does not occur east of the watershed to the Victoria Nyanza (Mau Sotik mountains). North of Unyoro is the region of Adenota marie, Gray, and A. leucotis, Licht. (Bahr el Gazal, Sobat, Kir). T’o the west the true A. lob occurs—Senegal and Gambia (B.M. Type Paris Mus.), Togo (Baumann), Cameroons (Zenker), extend- ing eastward°to the Ubangi river, whence Dybowsky brought specimens to Paris. Southward occur