Seba ve 20 ees poe. Facute. aE RA eee eee Nee Pe ere Re rae ep PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE AQVOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1909, pp. 545-952. (MA Y—DECEMBER.) PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE, LONDCN: MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO, PATERNOSTER ROW. “126428 eles ae OF THE COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1909, COUNCIL. His Grace Tar Duxe or Beprorp, K.G., President. GrorcE A. Boutencsr, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President. Prof. J. Rosr Braprorp, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., Vice-President. Lt.-Col. Str R. HavetocK- CHaruss, K.C.V.O., M.D. AurreD H. Cocks, Esq., M.A. THe Rr. Hon. Toe Haru or Cromer, P.C., G.C.B. CHARLES DRUMMOND, Treasurer. FREDERICK GILLETT, Esq. F. Du Canr Gopman, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-Prest- dent. Tae Marquis oF HAmiLton, M.P. Ksq., Sypnry F. Harmer, Esq., M.A., Se.D., F.R.S., Vice-President. Sir Epmunp G. Lover, Bt. EK. G. B. Meape-Watpo, Esq. Prof. Epwarp A. Mrncutn, M.A., Vice-President. P. CaAumers MircHert, Esq., M.A., D.Sc., Hon. LL.D., E.R.S., Secretary. W. R. Octtyie-Grant, Esa. ALBERT Pam, Esq. OLDFIELD THomas, Esq., F.R.S. A. Trevor-Barrysr, Esq., M.A. A. Smita Woopwarp, KHsq., LL.D.,F.R.S., Vice-President. Henry Woopwarb, Esq., LL.D., DIRS) PRINCIPAL OFFICERS. P. Cuatmers Mircnenn, M.A., D.Sc., Hon.LL.D., F.R.S., Secretary. Frank EK. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector R. I. Pocock, F.L.8., Curator of Mammals and Reptiles, and Resident Superintendent of the Gardens. D. Sera-Surrs, Curator of Birds and Inspector of Works. Henry G. Purmmer, M.R.C.8., Pathologist. F. H. WatersHouss, Librarian. JOHN Barrow, Accowntant. W. H. Coxz, Chief Clerk, LIST OF CONTENTS. 1909, pp. 545-952. May 11, 1909. Mr. R. H. Burne, M.A., F.Z.8. Exhibition of specimens of adaptive structures for the respiration of air in some Aquatic Invertebrates and Tropical Freshwater Fishes . Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.L.S., F.Z.S8. Exhibition and description of the skin of an undescribed local race of Monkey, Cercopithecus tantalus alewandri ..........0.0ccececenveeeeeees E Mr W. F. H. Rosenberg, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a Rook oul a Evang cvavopsmmelll ovllll fee cacesobosdageoorcnosane nce ase sAenone: 1. Contributions to the Study of the Equide.*—I, The Differentiation of the Three Species of Zebras. By Prof. Wintram Rrpeeway, M.A., Sc.D., F.B.A., LL.D., IEG sel ies net ee SAE occ he On eR Coie RE one Mer eee 2. Contributions to the Study of the Equide.—II. On Hitherto Unrecorded Specimens of Hquwus quagga. By Prof. Witu1am Riverway, M.A., 8c.D., F.B.A., LL.D., HDT EMD eens neroar ge sere soe tacit rs soya Sera dase ee aa cae 3. Contributions to the Study of the Equide.—III. On a Portion of a Fossil Jaw of one of the Equide. By Prof. WinniaAM RipeEeway, M.A., Se.D., F.B.A., LL.D., MTG Ge A ts cerita drs Aly chic pan PMMA to peu ee Ae 4, Ona New Race of Deer from Sze-chuen. By R. LypEKKeEr. (iE levtge ja NTN eI RA eRe RS Code ass ean or facet ee 5. The Batrachians and Reptiles of Matabeleland. By HS Cy Cru Be ue Ze Suaeneene nae rates oe ant cc ics foes aces eens * See also p. 798. a 2 547 563 586 588 590 lv May 25, 1909. The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of April 1909 @eaoeceecescvece Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, examples of hybrid Ducks My. L. Harding Cox, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a living specimen of the Amblystome sJeseyss ects 4:5 tc ev NORE RR ettRt easTotetaae ove ein cet Mr. R. Lydekker. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the photograph of a young Stag from Sikhim .................. 1. On the Skull-Characters in the Southern Sea-Elephant. TB? its JUNADIISIRTSIR, ood con coords aos sessadeose comodo ou sboseno sees acs 2. On the Skull of a Black Bear from Eastern Tibet, with a Note on the Formosan Bear. By R. LyDEKKER 3. The Anatomy of the Olfactory Organ of Teleostean Fishes. By REL eB URNES MWA NZ. SO a rcscanresnncts dene encetee 4. Description of a new Species of the Genus Alpheus Fabr. Page 599 599 600 607 610 from the Bay of Batavia. By J.G.pz Man. (Plate LXX.) 663 June 15, 1909. Mr. H. W. Unthank, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skull of Sphenodon with abnormal nasal region The Secretary. Exhibition of the ears of an Elephant from the Guaso Ngishu Plateau, east of Mt. Elgon, British Mast Athrica inc Ss geces singe s asl hcok cas ee egee ad ee nd oan eee ee Mr. J.C. White, C.I.E.,C.M.Z.S8. Exhibition of photographs of a young living specimen of the Takin (Sudorcas) Mr. R. Lydekker. Exhibition of photographs of a spotted nll Asemiae Ore Tee yaNAIO IRON SYENIN aooobosscansoqooenddcondéos Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition and de- scription of a new Rat (Ototylomys guatemale) from Glatt eimalla ia cuss vis ces ve lctaletoeie setae oaeneh watee cele eee eet Dr. F. Wood Jones, F.Z.S. On a theory of Atoll formation. . 666 667 . 668 668 671 v Dr. R. Broom, C.M.Z.S. Exhibition of an unborn feetus of Chrysochloris hottentota, and two young specimens of CRO SUGE TCE AS osc, n.as Ds aR tS Seka Naar el Mp) See. cerEaRIOS Dr. R. Broom, C.M.Z.S. Exhibition of the skulls of two S. African fossil reptiles—Lycosuchus vanderrieti and J ETWONRODS GO OOO ocRBB BME tna © bo cindpig SoAA SOHUBOMHOnO HuONSnDE ANSABaS 1. On the Organ of Jacobson in Orycteropus. By R. Broom, Diser CME Sip (Plate: TiXeXde) eee... os. ae ease cence 2. On some Points in the Structure of the Lesser Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla), with Notes on the Cerebral Arteries of Myrmecophaga and on the Postcaval of Orycteropus. By Frank E. Brepparp, M.A., F.R.S., TvAcoen LEIKONSOO KO) TINS) TSOONEII YE Apcoeddacobdcedansdouae oneo>" 3. On Decapod Crustacea from Christmas Island, collected bys Dr CSW. Andrews, Hangs. EEZS S| By Wade Cumin Iasi, i yZes (lellenie IDOE) 5 eanacstcossnenn 4, An Abnormal Individual of the Echinoid Amblypneustes. By H. L. Hawkins, B.Se., Mark Stirrup Scholar in the UWiniversityaol, Manchester yptcnctes canes. iaceldaetee er ce 5. The Decapods of the Genus Gennadas collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger. By Sranury Kemp, B.A. (Plates AT OST TAD Te ENG Wicca cL Ss re ich oles Seen VAN me 6. Notes on a Young Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) recently living in the Society’s Gardens. By P. CHALMERS MircHett, M.A., D.Sc., Hon. LU.D., F.J.S., Secretary (5® was) (Swereriye —(eleyis) bp. ONGI9) Sendouogdocconeacooonedad 7. Notes on the Viscera of a Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus). Iii lei, Jal, IBGE, LYNE LY Sash cbocnben y.os5docooucaeccoroane November 9, 1909. The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of May, June, July, August, and September, 1909................0--eseeeeeceeeees The Secretary. Exhibition of the frontlet of a Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor). Also of a carved wooden figure lea) Naka). ap arsigsavieienpieplslakinue vicarieg ys Se leoeliees tr Reger Page 679 679 680 683 703 714 718 739 V1 Prof. E. A. Minchin, M.A., V.P.Z.S. Exhibition of micro- scopic preparations of the Cysticercus-stage of a Cestode found in the body-cavity of rat-fleas (Ceratophyllus SGSCLULUWS) Finaidaae ew R cia. shlen'e, sere easter Mr, William Bickerton, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Abstract of a lecture, illustrated with lantern-slides, on the nesting haunts and habits of the five species of British Nesting WOrws. tsiabssncessc si vtes ce tacuesatessovevenn4aule cen eeeeeeermeen Page 741 744 745 767 788 798 798 800 Vil 1. An Account of the Geographical Distribution of the Mar- supials and Monotremes of South-West Australia, having special reference to the Specimens collected during the Balston Expedition of 1904-1907. By G. C. SHortTRIDGE. bo . Notes on some Amphipoda from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay. Families PLeustipa and Hustrip#. By Mrs. EK. W. Sexton. (Plates LXXX. & LXXXI)... 3. Notes on some Aberrations in Oriental Lepidoptera, and on a new Form of Huschema from Sumatra. By Lt.-Col. J. Mancoum Fawcrerr. (Plate LXXXII.) ............... 4. Note on the Cetacean Sotalia borneénsis, By RK. HG WeDo RBA ers calet Ac bn olay. feeds ASR ee oA Rts citaleeate December 14, 1908. The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of November 1909 ......... Mrs. R. Haig Thomas, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some skins of Hybrid Pheasants ..................+5. Mr. D. Seth-Smith, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a photograph of, and remarks upon, a nest built by a pair of Tufted Umbres (Scopus umbretia) in the Gardens.................. Dr. H. B. Fantham, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, microscopic preparations and sketches illustrating the life-cycle of the Protozoin Himeria (Coccidiwm) avium, parasitic in the alimentary CanallotmGrouseleceeereee Dr. GC. W. Andrews, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of a photo- graph of the Robber Crab (Birgus latro) on Christmas Island, with an account of its habits. (Plate LX XXIII.) Dr. R. T. Leiper, F.Z.S._ Exhibition of the original specimens of the Nematode Worm , 5-11. Gennadas calmani . . | 2. Gennadas scutatus. 3. Gen- -718 4,5. Gennadas calmani. 6, 7. | eee eee eee ew 1, Ie 8-32. Sym-) ol ole lio» si ialior e]ieiiniraiailalia\ 0) (#) (olathe) siieliel la} ialiviielielieiei eileilulrs(ve) io) aie 1. Nest of Phyllomedusa sauvagit. Dissected from the side Dy Je sauvagn, 2. and y i j fs, rd : oh fo a. e- ASEM J .s LISTE OF TEXT-FIGURES. 1909, pp. 545-932. Page AOR Gmevae Zebra Ce gus Greve) aya dae a gneaste as ee ieee. « 548 LAME he Mout Ae brai(drsebna)\ Sank seas 6 ce ons ee. ER 548 NOON ARGUS9Ae WTO crencray altars wae ake coca ay Wake abe ree cs 049 Jee 26 GOT RON AION HOE WOE ROTTLOD)Y VAte en © Macc na ORIG hina SIO Cas 590 WAa) ee. ourcnelien(Chapmian’s: yariety));)).. ss oeicise ses se ese.) 551 AG EEE AOU CHOUIISN ei Vek. sytiusnNCWs ictons, isle els asthc capat Snares tei Mie eaateatte he 552 LAGE Shinran, Grevy Zebra e) ya 4.oess ei cps senso ssketaitees 593 HAZ S ameotiGmeviya Zebra (iemeale)iac diss samecies ose aie oes 554 14S TS kangoiGrant!s) Ze bray (vale) x. sec etal ae ceie cietem i teteie saree 555 128) Sina GUN) Ae ore (Gene) 8 ona poooouohonooeoAne 596 150-152. Skins of Grant’s Zebra (male)..............00005. 597-509 amo kiniom Grants Aebra, female) trai cmcdiac hcl eee: eel: 560 Wod loon Slans of Grantis)Zebra(male) fe... 5.0. 02-2. 561, 562 NAG. JORIS DOO Reno Moonen ooo SiC Bone Rito j OR bor ASE oote O64 lo hep Bascl@maseas (females. ob peiscusise eels elenlsapaeiaboal sie): 565 loss the Vienna Qnavea (female) 5 oo yccus > senses isla ens = 568 © INS a Ulivey dl Prevaver GR Keoatlcomo. sabpeno fhe sees oo dcomen ae: 569 160, 161. The Stockholm (Sparrman’s) Quagga.............. 570, 571 1G. he) Wiesbaden @nacca7s(male) Siee cree tte bello ase 572 163. The British Museum (Grey’s) Quagga (male) .............. 575 16, Bemuale Qmmeten, iscsi Slee easccananssonndasoocdsoue 575 Gowelhe widunibume ly Quaint | rai ces ere ecieisiree 576 NGS, Whe Ibeyalen Ghee, (MD) chaleeccos + sbhoocrenenonucscaan O77 Page Ge UherRanis G)nacca eee ne BREEN CY icarh Gens: boc Aaa oS ce Om 57 lesiRher Berlin Quagvar(emeale) wancmccie cere nC eer Tenet 578 169. The Munich Quagga.......... DEO A 0°0.0606 6 Sierra Sa eheekale 579 iO MheyAmsterdamuGuacca. vce. eee eRe nea stebileos 579 171. The Cape-Town Quagega foal ........... Eyota NE dev dot 580 li2iylead often’ Qimagca ie...) neron eRe ae clair heen 58h iio: MEd wards’ (Qa pated. 5.0c:t)3.0 sae ee eee one Seer ee 582 ia Dherktnowsley Quaceas ae nism terns Se Meee ont oie 682 175. Quaggas from Cornwallis Harris’ picture ..............008+ 583 . IG. Nsord: Mortonis: Quacca cen aa eRe ee eL eee eerie 583 lid. Buttons) Qua gear rears sc kite MeN itech ner eae eae ue 584 178. Quagga from Hamilton Smith’s drawing ............ eects 585 179: Danrellts @uagea eee ere Pts licen ap aE REG, Ber eA mE a 585 180. Quagga from Cornwallis Harris’ drawing .................. 586 181. Fragment of a fossil jaw of one of the Equide .............. 587 182. Moun Shout Stage ei ieee cts cg eerie Cireie el tame e ear aee 600 183. Palatal aspect of skull of male Falkland Sea-Elephant ...... 602 184. Palatal aspect of skull of male Macquarie Sea-Elephant..... . 604 185. Palatal aspect of skull of male Crozet Sea-Elephant ........ 605 186. Palatal aspect of skulls of Ursus torquatus, U. t. macneilli, and Cab Sf OWMOSANUS ets oe os oe ais tne eek eee GReTL I . 608 187. Palatal aspect of the lower jaw of the same three skulls...... 609 188. Gadus eglefinus. ‘The relation of the nostrils to the super- ficial bones of the face, and diagram of olfactory chamber in loneiiidina Ese ction, variate iter eee ee ee eee 614 189. Gadus eglefinus. The relation of the nostrils to the deeper bonestoneble tae aiscysy sat cterter tte is eee meee et 615 180. Motella tricirrata. Shape and position of the plincrory chamber, and diagram of cross section of the rosette........ 616 191. Merluccius vulgaris. Position of olfactory chamber and nasal SG Sao oc de San seo oo eeu dod 25 to counsaaooaetend 56886 O68 617 192. Salmo salar. Position and form of nostrils, olfactory cavity, and nasal sac, and diagram of nostrils, olfactory chamber, and a0 Sacunelonontidinallsection meee emer ene cere ao (II) 193. Coregonus oxyrhynchus. Diagram of nostrils, olfactory chacher and nasal sac in longitudinal section ...........--..-.... 620 194. Gymnarchus niloticus. Olfactory organ, from the side ...... 622 196. Diagram of nostrils and olfactory chamber of Tinea vulgaris in longitudinal section, and a similar diagram of the olfactory OUSENIR CI ZIRE RU Sonia Sid nano Od ued oconsoaUd Not oe O28 196. Clarias lazera. The olfactory organs from above, and Hossa ot the lamine Gf the rosette «1522. .2.0--- 2005. ae Beene 624 197. Malapterurus electricus. The olfactory organs,........... 55 20 198. Lsoav luctus. Diagram of olfactory organ in longitudinal SOCHION Gh. os sticwas day ielamits Secw eee ees nik ache meee eee Dare 629 ro to bo bo bo XX1 Page . Scopelus crocodilus. Position and form of nostrils and olfactory chamber, and diagram of the laminze of the rosette ........ 630 . Anableps microlepis. Position of the nostrils, and the nasal cavity in its relation to the neighbouring bones of the face .. 631 Orestias lesueurt. The nostrils in their relation to the super- ficial bones of the face, and the form and position of the OEKOGIAY CAVMAT Shope cones osooosn Bichiepeuacsi.c.wepricaagana ty scare 3 Oar Fistularia sp. Right olfactory organ showing relative pro- portions of olfactory and indifferent areas of the nasal cavity. 633 The right olfactory organ of Belone vulgaris, from above, and the right olfactory organ of Hemzrhamphus, from the side .. 634 . Mugil chelo. The olfactory organ, in position, from the side, Ral OTN AOS coopeeolodo veo ssduenodmedsogococens eels 635 Ophiocephalus marulius. The left olfactory organ, from the side and from above, also a diagram of the olfactory Menrnn i Boe, 0) ss oh Sisk) obey onesee coe! ise ohcvetedoualonahons ates aRAUay rere RNS 637 Sphyrena cameroon. Position of the olfactory organ and nasal sac relative to the bones of the face, and diagram of the olfactory chamber in longitudinal section.............. 638 Capros aper. Left olfactory organ, from the side, and surface- TION Ole Een MOSGrUS) yea ys acchaun ses us aena ares Grabs Marat suse allel roan 640 Berya delphinus. Left olfactory organ, from the side ...... 641 Pagellus centrodontus. Olfactory organ in position, from the side and from above, also a diagram of a lamina of the ORGIES ARB Se DEG OOS DOU Dts Gcioe hoe ae been Ro race EOITG 644 . Zeus faber. Left olfactory organ, from the side, showing Rlomnonimnall WOSMGOI SG oogoeseooanubecgoceddededuanoaGusaS 646 . Hippoglossus vulgaris. Position of both olfactory organs, from the ocular side, and the left olfactory organ, from above .. 647 . Rhombus maximus. Nostrils of the blind (zight) side, olfactory organ of the ocular (left) side, in position, and olfactory organ of the blind side, in position, 1GRON MIDONTE oodoonuccc0dd 650 Cyclopterus lumpus. Left olfactory organ, in position, and diagram of valvular posterior nostri] ................+0. 655 . Sphenodon skull with abnormal nasal region........ ey aeiheraeks 666 . Right ear of an Elephant (Llephas africanus peeli) .......... 667 . Young male Takin (Budorcas taxicolor whitet) ....... iol Wahake) . Spotted Bull Tsaine from Siam ..........+.-6--.+004-- ag. OOD . Cerebral arterial system of Myrmecophaga jubata............ 686 . Three pieces of small intestine of Tamandua tetradactyla .... 690 , lishwere ont Dirge “Ne Reick oc ocagoons 60 co ooU oo UuRt OU apo 2 692 . The spleen of Tamandua tetradactyla...... Saale at ateree ide te 693 223. A portion of the heart of Tamandua...... orobeos . 694, 695 . Diagram of persistent right posteardinal (?) of Tamandua .... 699 . Postcaval veins of Orycteropus............ Sint ttl tre ana nena 5 CON 6. Lateral view of test of an abnormal Amblypneustes .......... v14 Xxil Page 227, Adapical view of test of an abnormal Amblypneustes ........ 715 228. Apical system of an abnormal Amblypneustes .............. 716 229, 230. Abnormal ambulacra of Amblypneustes ........ 0.020005 ay 231. The thoracic vena cava inferior of a Walrus........ aan tonal 733 282. Clitoris and prepuce of a Walrus, seen from the side ........ 785 235. The ovary and ovarian sac of a Walrus, seen from the dorsal ASPECb swe eee atone Ste Ge rote he bread tome eee ree by eee: ae narra 736 234, Bile and pancreatic ducts of a Walrus and their mode of entry OES NS) roSsINOE CMIEGIS-SAC, oc occcacecoocoonvansucocoee 737 239. bullock ssMnseumiy22)iecacl lynne iinet ae 744 236, 237. Lateral and dorsal views of shell of Mya arenaria ...... 753 238, 239. Lateral and dorsal views of shell of Mya truncata ...... 754 240, Lateral view of left shell of young Mya truncata............ 754 PAD Neal SICK OE AM OCTRADEN UO Bato odcscbdovoonaabonssaanancos 755 PLONE) OMG GURUICUUE, os) do odo uscesocassoa6sedopbbeoesc (05 Puls) abies Oi UO UOICTUG,, FIR, OWN so oon00850oder4ca500a0se 758 244, Map showing present range and probable former range of West Australian mammalian fauna....................:. 804 245. Map showing Mammalian Faunistic region of Western AUG inal: sree kinins sh Se. ah ele Paes ie ee San00% 805 246. Map showing distribution of Macropus giganteus .......4-. 806 247. Map showing distribution of Wacrupus robustus cervinus .... 808 248. Map showing distribution of Macropus robustus erubescens.... 809 249, Map showing distribution of Macropus rufus ............05 810 250. Map showing distribution of Macropus trma ..........00- S11 251. Map showing distribution of Macropus eugenit.............. 812 252. Map showing distribution of Macropus brachyurus .......... 814 253. Map showing distribution of Petrogale lateralis and P. 1, Wachee ren bs Mee saeco on wean eee ee Soe CHE on 815 254. Map showing distribution of Onychogale lunata ............ 816 265. Map showing distribution of Lagostrophus fasciatus and L. f. GUD UBINAS obo jo: BNR Bie dU ae OE che RY CR EE A 817 256. Map showing distribution of Lagorchestes hirsutus, L. h. ber- UCT Ore NaN OB CCL ACM Asis Bh eit GG.6 OO HoE 4 51ob.0 000K O 820 257. Map showing distribution of Bettongia penicillata .......... 821 258. Map showing distribution of Bettongia lesuewrt and B. 1. grayt. 823 259. Map showing distribution of Potorous platyops ..........++ 824 260. Map showing distribution of Potorous gilberti .............. 825 261. Map showing distribution of Tarstpes spenser@ ........... $27 262. Map showing distribution of Dromécia concinna ...........- 828 203. Map showing distribution of Psewdochirus occidentalis........ 829 264. Map showing distribution of Trichoswrus vulpecula .......... 82 265. Map showing distribution of Thalacomys lagotis ..........+. 832 266. Map showing distribution of Isoodun obesulus ..... 00000000 834 267. Map showing distribution of Perameles bougainville? and P. 6. TOSIOS Nein a shin's S00 60.0 RA aR RO Oh frase dnc 8390 XXI1 Page 268. Map showing distribution of Cheropus castanotis.........5.. 836 269. Map showing distribution of Dasynrus geoffroyi fortis ...... 837 270. Map showing distribution of Phascogale flavipes leucogaster .. 838 271. Map showing distribution of Phascogale calura ....... ieee 640 272. Map showing distribution of Phascogale penicillata .......... S41 273. Map showing distribution of Phascoyale upicalis and P. bliyhi . 842 274. Map showing distribution of Smenthopsis murind ..........5. 843 275. Map showing distribution of Sminthopsis crassicaudata ...... 844 276. Map showing distribution of Myrmecobius fasciatus.......... 846 277. Map showing distribution of Tachyglossus aculeatus ineptus .. 847 278. Second gnathopods of the female of Lusirus biscayensis VOMIT weaysis peg ets i olo.e se PRE Es nus chee Nese aR SOO 279. Fourth perzeopod of the male of hackle opts Ween ? Boeck .. 875 230. Nest of Scopus umbretta in theSociety’s Gardens .......... 886 281. Interior of anterior half of larger lung of Boa occidentalis .... 919 282. A portion of the larger lung of Boa occidentalis ........ 5 BY) 283. A magnified representation of the end of the bronchial erties inthe same lune... .... sielesvataueneuse sree BO onmoonoeoonaec we 284. Two isolated pieces of the dorsal nonin of pba Poaaacen lensis 924 Deamon livernior Hua occedendilis ine aan eee a wee ees ea eal DAG, [BRM OF JRA PHOEBE) 050.0 doobo conv vedocnacccounaonbce 930 287. Larynx and a portion of the trachea of Pithecra pithecia ...... 951 288. Hyoid and larynx of Pithecia pithecia viewed from the ventral SMINIGD 5 oconncoocconeser aoe SE Sed ED Obs DI ee 932 289. Hyoid and larynx of Pithecia pithecia viewed laterally ...... 933 290. Crecum and adjacent regions of gut of Pithecia pithecia ...... 934 29 eC recummandscolonton Lichkeca pithecid sn... 2) see eee 935 292. Liver of Pithecia pithecia seen from abdominal surface ...... 936 293. Interior of right ventricle of Pithecia pithecia .............. 938 294. The commencing aorta of Pithecia pithecia, Cebus fatuellus, and Colobus guereza ........--. Sep HiGoD uo. gio Ph airesiaain 959 DO meen Ol Gi: /2G07 GUC) .catile = tere wis as eie a spale dletia teeters bays i ta or sie 945 296. Diagrams showing changes in markings with age of Grayia OO E68 coe BUR Done ORO ORG bed mye be nip eioneve 947 297. Head of Grayia Suess Shon pS were se OS oie Scars 949 298. Diagrams showing changes in markings with age in Grayia STAVILIDD. 5 SiO cn ch dc etatce oA CARERS RIO OO NE RE PRR RE OIC I, 1G saan Ba) » JoLeRGl OF CROING: WKONIDOE oonnn bok Chon canons sobooogoeuD Eo. 951 NEW GENERIC TERM PROPOSED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME (pp. 545-952). Lioxanthodesi(Crustacen))avacesnc ese tse aden eee ee eee ereieee 706 KRRATA., P. Z. 8. 1909 :— Page 564, line 2 from bottom, jor ‘Science Progress’ read ‘ Knowledge,’ vol. xxv. p. 220. Page 601, line 23 from top, for leoninina read leonina. PROCHKEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1909. ‘Pages 545-738, Part III. conTAINING PAPERS READ IN MAY anno JUNE. OCTOBER 1909. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. LONDON : MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,, PATERNOSTER ROW. aa , [Price Twelve Shillings. ] y bs LEST OF CONPEN-ES. 1909, pp. 545-738. * May 11, 1909. Page Mr. R. H. Burne, M.A., F.Z.S. Exhibition of specimens of adaptive structures for the respiration of air in some Aquatic Invertebrates and tropical Freshwater Fishes...... 545 Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.L.S8., F.Z.S. Exhibition and deseription of the skin of a well-marked undescribed local race of Moukey, Cercopithecus tantalus alexandri .......+.4+++++s 545 Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg, F.Z.8. Exhibition of a Rook with an abnormal bill .......... 546 1, Contributions to the Study of the Equide.—I. The Differentiation of the Three Species of Zebras. By Prof. Witttam Ripenway, M.A., Se.D., B.B.A., DL.D., bitt.D...-..... 547 2. Contributions to the Study of the Equide.—II. On Hitherto Unrecorded Specimens of . Equus quagga. By Prot. Witttam Ripgeway, M.A., Sc.D., F.B.A., LL.D., Litt.D. .... 563 - 3. Contributions to the Study of the Equide.—IITI. Ona portion of a fussil Jaw of one of the Equide. By Prof. Wruttam Riogmway, M.A., Sc.D., F.B.A.. LL.D., Litt.D. .... 586 4. On a New Race.of Deer from Sze-chuen. By R. Lypugxer. (Plate LXIX.) ........ 588 5. The Batrachians and Reptiles of Matabeleland. By BE. C. Cuvss, F.Z.S.-...........- 590 May 25, 1909. The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie during the month of BAP MBO sarc Metis Fe, a 2ate re ate fa CR Rcelne ee ee aide eR ee ee eee [ieee nee 2 Oa Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote, F.L.S.,F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, examples of hybrid PAD )WG sco Sais ap Oram UO 3.6 dag on Ades Anos asaey +S eas sles cearaitieoyerenere 598 Mr. L. Harding Cox, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a living specimen of the PNT hifcieh (Shake Serra AAO coi CeO Caen, OokceMsooNodeaman anes wea og or 599. Mr. R. Lydekker. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the photograph of a young Stag from. SHAME SoOecOO ny Aan obo unaeto eae So08s etse pave ee see sisa rs RRP Rae. OO 4 sto 599 1. On the Skull-Characters in the Southern Sea-Elephant. By R. LyppgKER ............ 600 2. On the Skull of a Black Bear from Eastern Tibet, with a Note on the Formosan Bear. By AR, YDERR eR yee ees c ss: eee eager eee eee eet sos aa Eda ON SO oho 607 3. The Anatomy of the Olfactory Organ of Teleostean Fishes. By R H. Burne, M.A., F.Z.S. 610 4. Description of a new Species of the Genus Alpheus Fabr. from the Bay of Batavia. By. is J-G. op-Man, (Plated XXe) sans 07s tee Upon ae eee Seen etnies ele 663 Contents contimued on page 3 of Wrapper. PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. (May to December, 1909.) May 11, 1909. Prof. EK. A. Mincutn, M.A., Vice-President, in the Chair. Mr. R. H. Burne, M.A., F.Z.S., exhibited a series of specimens, from the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, of adaptive structures for the respiration of air in some Aquatic Invertebrates and tropical Freshwater Fishes. Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., the Superintendent of the Gardens, exhibited the skin of a Monkey, representing a well- - marked undescribed local race of Cercopithecus tantalus, which he proposed to name Cercopithecus tantalus alexandri in honour of Capt. Boyd Alexander, F.Z.S., who had brought the specimen from Lake Chad and presented it to the Society. He said :— “The colour of the upper side of this specimen is speckled greyish green, the coloured annuli in the hairs being less green than is usually the case in Nigerian examples of C. tantalus, but as in the latter it becomes richer on the crown of the head; the face is wholly black and the white brow-band is well marked. The whiskers, however, are very long, as in C’. ethiops of Abyssinia and the Upper Nile; but instead of being wholly white, as in Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1909, No. XXX VITT. 38 546 ON A ROOK WITH AN ABNORMAL BILL. [May 11, that species, the hairs are slightly stained with yellow and very indistinctly speckled apically. Owing to the whiteness of the whiskers the brow-band is not so sharply defined at its extremities as in typical C. tantalus, where the whiskers are not only much shorter but are markedly stained with yellow almost throughout their length. The hairs of the sides of the neck are also long and mostly white, but towards the apex yellowish and speckled with black. On the arm and leg the greenish tint dies out of the hairs well above the elbow and knee, and it only extends for a short distance upon the root of the tail; the rest of the arms and legs, the hands and feet, and the upper side of the tail being grey. As in typical C. tantalus, the inner sides of the limbs, the under side of the body and of the tail are white, with a patch of rusty hairs upon the pubic region; and, as in C. tantalus tantalus and C. ethiops, there is a conspicuous tuft of whitish hair on each side at the base of the tail above the ischial callosity. ‘Although the length and whiteness of the whiskers give this monkey a striking superficial resemblance to C. ethiops, it appears, as might be expected from its locality, to be most nearly allied to C. tantalus, being at once distinguishable from C. ethiops by the absence of white hairs from the lips and chin. Never- theless, it is in a measure intermediate between the two species, and to a great extent justifies my surmise (P.Z.8. 1907, p. 733) that the two will be found to intergrade. “ C, tantalus is now known to be represented by three races ; namely, the typical C. tantalus tantalus from Nigeria, C. tantalus alecandri from Lake Chad, and C. tantalus budgetti* from Bathyaba on the eastern shore of Lake Albert in Uganda. The last-mentioned differs from the others in having the whiskers much more decidedly speckled, and in the large size of the red patch and the more fiery colour of its hairs on the pubic area.” Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg, F.Z.8., exhibited a Rook in which the upper mandible had overgrown the lower to a remarkable extent. Thisabnormality had evidently been caused by an injury to the tip of the lower mandible having deprived the upper one _ of the opposing surface necessary to check its growth. The bird was shot by Mr. Percy I. Lathy, F.Z.S8., F.E.S., on February 7th, 1909, at Nazeing, Essex. Mr. Lathy shot it out of a flock, and did not notice anything peculiar till he picked the bird up. ‘The bird was in good condition, so that it could not have had the ditficulty in feeding which one might have expected from the excessive prolongation of the upper mandible. Length of upper mandible 70 mm.; length of lower mandible 51mm. Normal length of upper mandible 55 mm. * Pocock, P. Z.S. 1907, p. 733. 1909. ] ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. 547 The following papers were read :— 1. Contributions to the Study of the Equide; i. The Differentiation of the Three Species of Zebras. By Prof. Wintiam Ripceway, M.A., Sc.D., F.B.A., Tis). Like Dees [Received April 21, 1909.] (Text-figures 140-155.) I propose to describe ten skins of Zebras from British East Africa, the interest of which consists partly in the fact that they were all shot expressly for me, and that an exact record of the locality and the altitude was kept in each case. They have thus a far higher scientific value than the ordinary specimens in our museums, which have for the most part been obtained from sportsmen or traders, who could give no accurate information regarding the provenance of the specimens. I must express my gratitude to the Rt. Hon. Alfred Lyttelton, K.C., M.P., who when Secretary of State for the Colonies authorised the officials of British East Africa to assist me in obtaining zebra skins, and to my friend, Mr. C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., Assistant-Commissioner at Nairobi, who kindly undertook to see that the instructions of the Secretary of State were carried out, and on whom devolved all the trouble of packing and despatching the specimens. But the skins have a further value, since they demonstrate that the individuals of the same species vary in coloration from locality to locality, and that it is useless attempting to make species or subspecies out of animals which are mere local varieties. Finally, we may reason from what these skins demonstrate as taking place in a given area that the same differentiation has taken place in the coloration of all the Equide from Northern Europe and Asia down to Cape Colony, a lesson which applies equally to the whole animal kingdom, man included. Zoologists are generally agreed that all existing Zebras fall into three main species: —Hquus zebra, or the Mountain Zebra,'formerly very abundant in Cape Colony, Z. burchelli, and L. grevyi, though Dr. Matschie treats as true species certain varieties of the Burchell family. Mr. Pocock has shown that all the varieties of the Burchell Zebra seem to shade off into the better marked specimens of the now extinct Quagga of Cape Colony, whilst Prof. Ewart has shown that a bridge can be found between the Mountain Zebra and the Burchelline family, through Crawshay’s variety of the latter. The chief characteristics of the three species may be briefly enumerated. The splendid Grévy Zebra, found in Somaliland, Shoa, and * Communicated by Dr. P. CoatmERS MircueE t, M.A., ee E.Z.S. 38 548 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON THE {May 11, Text-fig. 140. Grévy Zebra (Z. grévyi). Text-fig. 141. The Mountain Zebra (EZ. zebra). Seek == 1999. ] DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. o49 British East Africa as far south as the River Tana, is covered with narrow stripes (text-fig, 140), and its ears are more ass-like than those of the other two species, though its feet are more like those of the horse. In many specimens there are small stripes coming out from the dorsal stripe over the croup, but there are distinct variations in coloration between the Somali, Shoa, and British East Africa specimens. The Mountain Zebra (text-fig. 141) is also striped all over its body and legs, but the stripes on the haunches differ completely from those of the Grévy species, whilst a chief characteristic is the small stripes on its croup termed its “ gridiron.” Text-fig. 142. Ward’s Zebra (Baringo). In a skin procured from Mr. Rowland Ward, Prof. Ewart found an animal almost the same as the South African Mountain Zebra, which he named Ward's Zebra. There is some doubt as regards the provenance of this skin. It first appeared to have come from Somaliland, but I embodied in my ‘ Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse’ (p. 508) a note from Prof. Ewart stating that it came from the Lombori Hills, which form the southern edge of the Naivasha Plateau near the Uganda Railway in British East Africa. Of its provenance I will say more later on. 550 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON THE [May 11, My illustration (text-fig. 142, p. 549), by the kind permission of Messrs. Rowland Ward & Co. and of Mr. R. Lydekker, F.RB.S., is from the latter’s ‘The Game Animals of Africa,’ fig. 23, p. 65. In the Burchelline group the enlargement of the stripes seen on the haunches of the Mountain Zebra is found all over the body. The stripes are far larger and fewer in number, whilst in many varieties shadow stripes are seen, the vestiges of the closer striping still surviving in the Grévy and Mountain species. Text-fig. 143. E. burchelli (var. granti). The most northerly variety of this species is Grant’s Zebra (text-fig. 143) found all over East Equatorial Africa. As we advance southwards we find it shading off into Chapman’s variety found in the Transvaal, in which the legs are no longer striped down to the hoof (text-fig. 144), whilst in the typical Burchell Zebra or Bonte Quagga of the Orange River Colony the legs and the under surface of the body are free from stripes (text- fig. 145, p. 552). 1909. ] DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. 551 The Crawshay variety of the Burchell Zebra found in Nyassa- land, so far as colour is concerned, as Prof. Ewart has pointed out, is the bridge between the Burchell and Mountain Zebras, as it has black stripes close together, and small stripes on the croup, resembling the “ gridiron” of the Mountain Zebra and recalling the small stripes in some Grévy Zebras. Text-fig. 144. E. burchelli (Chapman’s variety). It is now universally held that in the Grévy Zebra we have the oldest type of coloration of the Zebra family, though I have argued elsewhere against the doctrine formerly held that in its skin we have the primeval livery of the ancestor of all the Equide. In coloration at least the other two species are more recent than the Grévy. I here figure ten skins, two of Grévy’s Zebra, and eight of Grant’s variety of H. burchelli. Text-figs. 146 & 147 show the 552 PROF, W. RIDGEWAY ON THE [May 1], skins of a male and a female Grévy Zebra shot by the late Mr. A. H. Neumann at Euaso Nyiro at an altitude of 3000 ft. Both specimens lack the small stripes commonly found in speci- mens from Somaliland and Shoa, and which correspond to the “ sridiron ” of the Mountain Zebra. Text-figs. 148 & 149 show the skins of a male and a female of Grant’s variety from Baringo (3000 ft.). The former shows faint, the latter more marked vestiges of the croup or “ gridiron ” stripes, thus showing a slight approximation in colouring to the Grévy and Mountain Zebras. Text-fig. 145. LE. burchelli (Bristol). Text-figs. 150 & 151 exhibit two skins (male) from Laikipia (5800 ft.). Text-figs. 152.& 153 give the skins of a male and a female from Uasingishu (6500 ft.). Next comes that of a male from Kinolop (7500 ft.), whilst text-fig. 155 is that of a male from the north end of the Aberdare Range (8000 ft.). The last has longer hair than the rest. The variation in the skins from different localities and altitudes is obvious. This is jin accord with the testimony of that excellent observer, Mr. A.H. Neumann, who (‘ Elephant-hunting in East Equatorial Africa,’ p. 372) 1909. | DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. 553 notes in reference to a zebra shot in one loeality that “along its back were spots or blotches instead of distinct stripes,” and he remarks that there are many local varieties of the same species. He told me also that in the area just referred to, all the Grant's Zebras he met had this blotching on the back. In this respect they seem to resemble my two skins from Baringo. Text-fig. 146. Grévy Zebra (male); Euaso Nyiro (3000 ft.). Can we discover the region where the differentiation of all three species gradually took place? It ought to be where all three species once overlapped or still overlap. This would rule out South Africa, for no animal of the Grévy type has ever been found in those latitudes. But in the northern part of British East Africa in the region round Lake Rudolphand Lake Baringo the Grévy and Burchelline Zebras are found overlapping as far south as the Tana 554 PROF, W. RIDGEWAY ON THE [May 11, River, below which the Grévy species, as is stated by Mr. A. H. Neumann, does not occur. On the other hand the Burchell type is never found in Somaliland or Shoa, where the Grévy species seems to be the sole zebra, and where its nearest neighbours are the Somali and the Abyssinian Asses. It thus extends further up than the other zebras in North-east Africa. But in the region round Text-fig. 147. Grévy Zebra (female) ; Euaso Nyiro (3000 ft.). Lake Baringo where the Grévy Zebra overlaps the Burchelline, at least one specimen of the latter is known to possess a functional premolar, a feature common in Grévy Zebras, and a peculiarity which is a survival from Pliocene forms such as £. sivalensis of India and LZ. stenonis of North Africa and Southern Europe. Two of my skins (text-figs. 148 & 149), both from animals shot at Lake Baringo, have small stripes or spots indicating vestiges T9098] DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. 550 of such small stripes as those found on the croup of Crawshay’s Zebra from Nyassaland, and which resemble the small stripes on the croup of many Grévy Zebras and the “gridiron” of the Mountain Zebra. Text-fig. 148. Grant’s Zebra (male); Baringo (3000 ft.). Thus at Lake Baringo we have a point of contact between the Grévy and the Burchelline Zebras, not only in coloration but in osteology. Now if we could find a zebra of the Mountain type in that same area we might not unreasonably infer that in this region we have the point from which the various species of zebras had radiated. 956 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON THE [May 11, I have not been as yet able to get a specimen of Ward’s Zebra from this area, But, on the other hand, Mr. C. W. Hobley not long since wrote to me the substance of a conversation which he had with Lord Delamere, the well-known big-game shooter. The latter told Mr. Hobley that he had sent home to Mr. Rowland Text-fig. 149, Grant’s Zebra (female) ; Baringo (8000 ft.). Ward the skin of a zebra, which some one had named after Mr. Ward. This animal Lord Delamere said he had shot at Baringo. We have thus at last got the true provenance of this very important specimen from the mouth of the sportsman who shot it. 1909. ] DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. B57 But as Ward’s Zebra is virtually the Mountain Zebra only locally varied, I submit that it was in the northern part of British Hast Africa that the differentiation of the three species, not only in colour, but also in osteology, had begun. Text-fig. 150. Grant’s Zebra (male) ; Laikipia (5800 ft.). Tn this area there are lofty mountains, elevated plateaus and low-lying swamps, as well as hill country with abundance of grassy patches in it. Is it to these different types of country that the differentiation in types may be due? 558 PROF, W. RIDGEWAY ON THE | May 11, I had remarked in reading Mr. A. H. Neumann’s excellent book, ‘Elephant -hunting in Equatorial East Africa,’ that although both Grévy and Burchelline Zebras are found in the same country and not unfrequently together, yet on the whole Text-fig. 151. Grant’s Zebra (male) ; Laikipia (5800 ft.). Grévy Zebras live in low-lying grounds with a thin vegetation of prickly shrubs, whilst the Burchelline species lives commonly ata higher elevation and where there is more bush and richer pasture. But on the mountains and plateaus of this area the conditions 1909. | DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. 599 are much the sameas in the mountainous regions of South Africa, where the Mountain Zebra was formerly abundant. Text-fig. 152. Grant’s Zebra (male) ; Uasingishu (6500 ft.). I had an opportunity of talking over this view with Mr. Neumann, who approved of it, and in confirmation told me that he had visited the great. swamp at the upper end of the Euaso Nyiro River, and in the low-lying lands there, although it was within the geographical area occupied by the Burchelline Zebras (Grant’s variety), he never found any of that species, 560 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON THE [May 11, though the Grévy Zebras were abundant. I had previously noted in Col. Swayne’s valuable paper (P. Z. 8. 1894) that in Somaliland the Grévy Zebra lives in a like environment. He found them first at Durhi, about 300 miles inland from Berbera. These zebras are very common in the land of the Rer Amaden and Text-fig. 153. Grant’s Zebra (female); Uasingishu (6500 ft.). Malingur tribes. ‘The country there is covered with scattered bush over its entire surface, and is stony and much broken up by ravines ; the general elevation is about 2500 feet.” The zebras “were met on low plateaux covered with scattered thorn bush and glades of durr grass, the soil being powdery and red in colour with 1909. | DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. 561 an occasional outcrop of rocks. J saw none in the open flats of the Webbe Valley, and they never come near so far north as the open grass plains of the Haud, Durhi south of the Fafan being their northern limit.” Text-fig. 154. Grant’s Zebra (male) ; Kinolop (7500 ft.). On the high plateaus it is quite possible that Ward’s Zebra, or in other words the Mountain Zebra, was differentiated. Mr. Neumann told me that he knew three or four localities where it might be quite possible to find the Mountain Zebra, and it was his intention, when he went out again, to make a diligent search for such.{ = | That animals living at a high elevation have to adapt themselves Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1909, No. XX XIX, 39 562 ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAS. [May 11, totit, is shown by a skin (text-fig. 155) of a Grant’s Zebra shot on the Aberdare Range about 8000 feet high. The hair of this skin is much longer than that of my other skins from East Africa. Mr. Neumann had hunted over that range, and seen a Text-fig. 155. Grant’s Zebra (male) ; north end of Aberdare Range (8000 ft.). few Grant’s Zebras there ; they did not live on the top, but only passed up and down over the edge of the plateau. I may point out that just as the Burchelline Zebras from the most northern point where they are met keep changing from locality to locality (as is demonstrated by my skins from East 1909. ] ON UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 563 Africa) until they passed into the Quaggas ef Cape Colony, so on the north the Grévy with its ass-like ears comes closer in that respect to its neighbours, the asses of Somaliland and Abyssinia, whilst its hoof resembles that of the horse more than those of the other zebras. The difference between its hoof and those of the two other species may be due to the fact that it is not a mountain animal, but always keeps rather to the low and often swampy ground, 2. Contributions to the Study of the Equide; ii. On Hitherto Unrecorded Specimens of Equus quagga. By Prof. Wintiam Ripe@Eway, M.A., Se.D., F.B.A., LL.D., breed Des [Received April 21, 1909.} (Text-figures 156-180.) In view of the scantiness of our existing material for arriving at any conclusions respecting the now extinct 2. quagga, which once roamed the plains of Cape Colony in vast herds, and was found in Orange River and Griqualand West, it is most important to make known any yet surviving specimens which have hitherto escaped the vigilance of zoologists. In my ‘ Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse’ (pp. 438-9, figs. 131-3) I was enabled to publish the head and neck of a Quagga, preserved in the Elgin Museum (to which my attention had been called by my friend Dr. Duckworth) (text-fig. 172, p. 581). This specimen shows a white ground-colour in the middle of the forehead like the typical specimen described by Edwards in 1758 (text-fig. 173, p: 582). I.—By the kindness of another friend, Mr. R.C. Punnett, F.Z.8., Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, I am now able to describe and figure for the first time an entire specimen hitherto neglected by zoologists. This specimen is preserved in the Naturgeschichtes Museum at Basel, and for the photograph from which the illustration (text-fig. 157, p. 565) is taken as well as for the description I am indebted to the great kindness of Dr. Fritz Sarasin, the Director of that Museum. The specimen (a female) was presented to the Basel Museum in 1864 by a missionary called Gysin, who resided at Silo (Shiloh), Cape Colony. The fact that in this case, as well as in that of the Elgin specimen, we have some indication of the locality where the animal was killed is of considerable importance, Inasmuch as few of the other specimens as yet known have any provenance. Dr. Sarasin writes as follows:—‘‘ The ground-colour of the centre of the forehead is not white and not lighter than the ground-colour of other parts of the face and neck. The colour of the stripes on head, neck, and back is bright chestnut (‘ hell kastanienbraun, ‘brun marron clair’). The colour of the non- * Communicated by Dr. P. CoatmERsS MircuEtt, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 39* 564 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON [May 11, striped hinder parts is bright brown (‘hellbraun,’ ‘ brun clair’). There is a broad dorsal stripe of a deep maroon (‘dunckel kastanienbraun’) colour, bordered on each side by a small stripe of yellowish white (‘ gelblichweiss,’ ‘ blanche- -jaunatre’) colour. The hair of the tail is Orig cream (‘hell créme’). The under- parts of the body are of a ‘créme-blanchatre’ colour, so also are the legs, but getting darker towards the feet.” This new specimen has a peculiar interest, for it differs from all the others known, and may serve to bridge over the gulf between the Quaggas of Cape Colony and the Burchell Zebras. Text-fig. 156. HE. burchelli (Paris) ; north of Cape Colony (about 1820). Mr. Pocock has well pointed out that the current descriptions of the Quagga are made up by blending together animals of different types, whilst he and Mr. Lydekker have suggested that the Quaggas figured by Edwards (text-fig. 173, p. 582), by Harris (text-fig. 180, p. 586), and Hamilton Smith (text-fig. 178), may be subspecifically distinct from the one photographed by York (text- fig. 164, p. 575), the last known living example of its race, which survived in the Zoological Gardens until 1872. Mr. Lydekker (‘Science Progress,’ 1902, pp. 220-2) proposed names for two new subspecies. (1) #. quagga greyi, under which fall the British 1909. | UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 565 Museum (text-fig. 163), Amsterdam (text-fig. 170), Edinburgh (text-fig. 165), and Tring (text-fig. 159) specimens; the last being (he thought) that really photographed by York. (2) He applies the name /#. quagga lorenzi to the famous Vienna specimen (text- fig. 158). But Mr. Lydekker is now very doubtful whether the division into races 1s justifiable, although it is possible that the Vienna specimen may be distinct, and “‘ despite certain differences in regard to the width and backward extension of the stripes, and also the relative proportions of the white and fawn areas,” he is Text-fig. 157. The Basel Quagga (female) ; Silo, Cape Colony, 1864. “ disposed to regard the quaggas figured by Edwards, Harris, and Hamilton Smith, as representing the same type of animal. ‘ Mr. Pocock has added a third subspecies: ZH. quagga daniella (text-fig. 179, p. 585). Mr. Pocock has argued that the Burchell Zebras and the Quaggas of Cape Colony are only subspecifically distinct, and he includes all the varieties of the Burchell Zebra as well as the true Quaggas of Cape Colony under the species #. quagga. Whether these two types of animals were specifically or sub- specifically distinct, the relationship between them was extremely close. Furthermore, it is generally admitted that the Vienna Quagga, of all the specimens hitherto published, comes nearest to - the true Burchell Zebra. 566 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON [May 11, But a glance at the illustration of the Basel Quagga will show that it comes still closer to the Burchell Zebra than the Vienna Specimen, and it may be taken as virtually filling the gap which hitherto has existed between the true Burchell Zebra and the Quaggas of Cape Colony. It would seem that we must be careful not to make species or subspecies too hastily, for it may turn out that slight local differences in the environment may cause a difference in the coloration of animals which are practically one and the same in type. This, indeed, can be put beyond all doubt by the series of skins in my own possession, which I obtained from British East Africa (supra, pp. 547-563). II.—I will next describe another specimen of HL. quagga. It has long been known by hearsay to those interested in the subject, but, so far as I am aware, it has not been described or figured by any of our leading authorities on the Hquide. Sad to say, 1t is the only specimen of the true Quagga preserved in the Museums of South Africa. For, although the Director of the Bloemfontein Museum, in reply to my inquiries, informed me that there was in the Museum a skin of the true Quagga, when the photograph, taken for me by a local photographer, arrived, the skin turned out to be probably that of the true Burchell Zebra. But as the legs had been trimmed off, it is by no means certain that it is even that of a true Burchell. However, in the Cape Town Museum, there is a genuine relic of the true Quagga, which, by the kindness of Dr. L. Péringuey, the Director, Tam able to describe in his words and to figure from a photograph kindly sent to me by him. Dr. Péringuey writes :— “T very much regret to say that the extinct Quagga is represented in the collection by a foal only. The skin was never properly mounted, and the animal looks somewhat grotesque, but I dare not have this relic taxidermised. The animal was procured from the Beaufort West district ‘of the Cape Colony cirea 1860. It is rufous-brown, the stripes whitish, but slightly mingled with rufous, or rather tawny, on the edges. The animal is 110 cm. from nose to the root of the tail, 68 em. at the shoulders, 70 cm. at the hind quarters; the length of the head is 30 cm. from the muzzle to the centre of the ears. The remarkable feature of the foal is the great length of the hairs; those bearding the lower jaw are 3 cm. long. On the facial part there are four distinct stripes and many outer, ill-defined ones. These show distinctly in the photograph.” (Text-fig. 171, p. 580.) I here figure all the chief specimens of the Quagga which I have been able to find in the museums of Europe and Africa, except that at Turin * and those said to be at Mainz and Frankfurt-on- * I obtained, but too late to reproduce, a picture of this specimen, by the kindness of Dr. L. Camerano, who published it (Atti d. R. Accad. d. Scienze, Torino, vol. xliii. pp. 3-6, pl.). 1909. ] UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 567 Main *. I have arranged all the specimens in a series according to the amount of striping in each speciinen. ‘This will serve to show the relation of the Basel Quagga to those already familiar. Whenever I could ascertain the provenance of the specimen and its date, I have given it. The sequence shows that the process of self-divesting of the stripes from the hoofs upwards, which we can trace in the Burchelline Zebras from Grant’s variety in North- east Africa downwards (text-figs. 144-8, supra), continued in operation amongst the Quagegas of Orange River and Cape Colony. Scanty as the evidence is, it renders it clear that if we had more specimens we could trace every stage in the process and we would find, that as in British East Africa the Zebras vary from area to area, So was it also with the Quaggas of Cape Colony. In addi- tion to the reproductions of the extant specimens in museums as well as York’s photograph of the female Quagga which lived in the Regent’s Park from 1851 to 1872, I have reproduced the chief pictures of Quaggas drawn from living specimens. There has been in the past much discussion as to whether the drawings of Edwards, Cornwallis Harris, Hamilton Smith, and Daniell are trustworthy, because the animals pourtrayed differ in coloration inter se and also from the extant museum specimens. But a comparison of the illustrations from the pictures with those from the extant specimens, and from York’s photograph, and the descriptions of such men as Cornwallis Harris, will convince the reader that the pictures of Edwards, Harris, Daniell, and Hamilton Smith, though differing from each other, and from some of the extant specimens, show forms quite in keeping with what might be expected in other specimens of Quaggas. Cornwallis Harris, who had studied the Quagga from life in its haunts (‘ Wild Sports of Southern Africa,’ p. 48), has left us in his ‘ Portraits of the Game Animals of Southern Africa’ (1841) a picture of an animal (text-fig. 180, p. 586) with less striping than Daniell’s (text-fig. 179). Harris was drawing from animals that he saw around him, and had he not seen such variations, he would have given us an animal striped like the skin drawn by himself (text-fig. 175, p. 583). Again Hawkins ay, in his drawing from life of the Knowsley quaggas (text-fig. 174), shows animals of different degrees of striping. But his picture is in accord with the evidence of the extant skins. TIT. The Vienna specimen (text-fig. 158, p.568),a female. This specimen has been fully described by Dr. Lorenz (P. Z.S. 1902, vol. i. pp. 32 sqq.), with an illustration taken from a photograph made for Dr. Lorenz by Herr Custos Marktanner, of Gratz, from whose negative the photograph here reproduced is also taken (having been obtained for me by Dr. Karl Toldt, of the Vienna * Mr. G. Renshaw (Nat. Hist. Essays, 1904, p. 192) gives both in his list, and one at Berne (p. 191). But the Director of that Museum tells me that this is a mistake. + ‘Gleanings from the Menagerie and Aviary at Knowsley Hall’ (J. E. Gray and Waterhouse Hawkins: Knowsley, 1851). 568 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON [May il, Museum, in 1906). The specimen was procured by Ecklon in 1836 (who had purchased for Munich its specimen in 1835). IV. The Tring specimen (text-fig. 159). Dr. P. L. Sclater, ¥.R.S., described and figured this specimen (P. Z.8. 1901, vol. i. p. 166). My illustration is from a photograph given by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, M.P. to Mr. R. I. Pocock, who has kindly allowed me to embody the following notes on this im- portant specimen (pp. 569-70). Dr. Sclater stated that this Text-fig. 158. The Vienna Quagga (female), 1836. specimen was the animal which lived in the London Zoological Gardens from 1851to 1872. Iam also indebted to Mr. Pocock for the facts relating to the history of this specimen and its supposed identity with either the quagga which died in the Regent’s Park in 1864 (Sir G. Grey’s specimen) or the one which died in 1872. The question is fully discussed (infra, pp. 572-5) where I treat of the British Museum specimen and that photographed by Fred. York. “The chief points to be noticed about this Quagga are the following. The general colour is practically the same as in the 1909. | UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 569 type of L. guagga greyi in the British Museum, that is to say, the stripes are dark brown, the interspaces paler creamy brown, the belly and legs whitish with a dark rim above the hoofs and dark hair at the back of the fetlocks. The stripes on the neck are moderately broad and some of them at least are double. The lower half of the shoulder is unstriped ; and on the anterior portion of the body behind the shoulders the stripes are short, but posteriorly they become progressively longer and retain their distinctness as far back as the hind-quarters, exhibiting most clearly in the posterior Text-fig. 159. The Tring Quagga. half of the body the backward inclination so characteristic of so- called Zebras of the Burchelline group. The last long stripe that is visible slopes backwards from a point a little in front of the stifle-joint towards the root of the tail, and appears to represent the stripe in a specimen of Chapman’s Quagga which Prof. Ewart called the ‘‘intermediate flank stripe.” Below this the hind- quarters seem to show traces of at ieast one abbreviated stripe, recalling the abbreviated stripes on this area in typical #. qguagga burchelli. “Tt is the persistence and distinctness of both the vertical and oblique stripes on the body that make the Tring Quagga excep- tionally interesting. In these particulars, coupled with the width 570 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON [May 11, of the interspaces between the stripes on the body and neck, it more resembles some of the recorded examples of H. quagga burchelli than any of the extinct Quaggas hitherto described and figured. It surpasses even the Vienna specimen in the cogency of the evidence it supplies of the closeness of the affinity between the extinct and existing members of this species. Apart, indeed, from its browner tint, due to the lightening of the stripes and the darkening of the interspaces, I cannot detect one single im- portant character in which this Quagga differs, for example, from the specimen of Burchell’s Quagga in the Bristol Museum. Text-fig. 160. The Stockholm (Sparrman’s) Quagga, 1775. “Tam greatly indebted to Mr. Rothschild for giving me more than one opportunity of examining this Quagga at Tring and also for_very kindly supplying me with a photograph of the’ animal from which Prof. Ridgeway has had the subjoined block prepared.” V. The Stcckholm specimen (text-figs. 160 & 161). This specimen has a peculiar interest, as it is not only the oldest extant specimen, but is the ‘full-grown fetus” brought home by 1909. ] UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 571 Sparrman in 1775*. For the two illustrations I am indebted to my friend Prof. Dr. Linnberg, the Keeper of the Natural History Museum, Stockholm, who has also given me the notes here embodied. Text-fig. 160 is from a photograph taken before the dust of a century was removed from the animal. Text-fig. 161 is from a painting made by the Stockholm artist Mr. 8. Ekblon for Dr. Lénnberg of the specimen after it was cleaned. Dr. Lénnberg has most generously put this picture at my disposal, and he tells me Text-fig. 161. The Stockholm (Sparrman’s) Quagga (from a painting). that ‘it represents a careful copy of the pattern of the right side, which is not fully identical with that on the left” (represented by the photograph, text-fig. 160). “The light patch on the rump in the photograph is due to the fact that the specimen had not been fully cleaned when the photographer had it.” In answer to my query Dr. Liénnberg writes that “the brown of the stripes may be a little bleached, but only a little; the light ground colour is of * © Voyage to Cape of Good Hope, etc.’, Engl. trans. (Perth, 1789), vol. i. p. 190. Sparrman gives its measurements : “from ears to tail 31 inches; height at loins 22.” 572 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON [ May 11, course not altered. Sparrman says in his narrative that the colours of this foetus were ‘fresher,’ ¢. e. brighter, than in full- grown animals of the same kind.” The exact locality is not mentioned, but Sparrman relates that he saw the first quagga at Swellendam, and in this connection he mentions this fcetus, although he says only that he brought it home “ from the Cape.” VI. The Wiesbaden specimen (text-fig. 162) was bought in — 1865 from Frank, the Amsterdam dealer, for one hundred florins. Jt isa male. The provenance is simply “South Africa.” Text-fig. 162. The Wiesbaden Quagga (male), 1865. This information and the photograph I owe to the kindness of Dr. Lampe, Custos of the Wiesbaden Museum. VII. The British Museum specimen (text-fig. 163). Mr. Ly- dekker (‘ Guide to the Specimens of the Horse Family (Equide),’ p. 34), writes :—‘ The species is represented in the collection by the mounted skin and the skeleton of a male formerly living in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park. That animal, which was one of the last survivors of the species, was presented to the 1909. ] UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 573 Zoological Society by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., in 1858, and lived in the Menagerie in the Regent’s Park till June 1864. The skin is exhibited in case no. 38 in the lower mammal gallery, and the skull on the opposite side of the same case.” Between this specimen and that at Tring there has been much confusion. In the P. Z.S. 1901, vol. i. p. 165, Dr. P. L. Sclater, F.R.S., stated that the female Quagga purchased on March 15th, 1851, by the Zoological Society died on July 7th, 1872, and was sold to Mr. E. Gerrard, and is now in the Zoological Museum at Tring. A photograph of this animal taken during its lifetime Text-fig. 163. The British Museum (Grey’s) Quagga (male), 1858. (1870) by York is reproduced on p. 166 of the volume just cited. Mr. Pocock accepted this statement as correct and reprinted it in his paper on the Cape Colony Quagga (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiv. p. 324, 1904). The Hon. Walter Rothschild, M.P., then wrote to Mr. Pocock to tell him that he had bought the Tring Quagga from Gerrard in 1889, understanding that it had been received in exchange from the Dresden Museum. Mr. Pocock wrote to Mr. Gerrard, and he informed Mr. Pocock that it camefrom the Leyden Museum. 574 PROF, W. RIDGEWAY ON [May 11, Mr. Pocock wrote to Dresden, and the then Director replied that the Dresden Museum had never possessed a Quagga, and had never sold one to Gerrard either before, during, or after 1889. All doubt on this matter is removed by the following letter from Gerrard to Mr. Pocock :— Natural History Studios, 61 College Place, Camden Town, London, N.W., June 12th, 1909. Dear Sir, The Quagga I sold to Tring was one I bought from Mr. Frank of Amsterdam. It was an old mounted specimen, and I remounted it. JI do not know where Frank got it. The Quagga which died at the Zoo was made into a skeleton. The skin was bad. ‘The skeleton is in the British Museum. Yours truly, Epw. GERRARD. Dr. Harmer, F.R.S., on recently examining the specimen in the British Museum and comparing it with the animal shown in York’s photograph, told me that he doubted if they were one and the same animal. Mr. G. Dollman has kindly sent me the extract * from the Museum Register. It puts beyond doubt that the specimen is Grey’s which died in 1864, years before York’s photograph. Mr. Gerrard is therefore wrong, and so is Dr. Renshaw 7, who states that the Museum specimen is the animal which died in the Gardens in 1839. The statements prove the following conclusions :— (i) In 1851 the Society purchased a female Quagga which died in 1872. (ii) The skin was not preserved being in a bad state, but its skeleton was mounted, though it is not that now in the Natural History Museum. (iii) In 1858 Sir George Grey presented to the Zoological Society a male Quagga which died in 1864. It is the mounted skin, skull and skeleton of this male which is now in the British Museum. (iv) It is certain that York’s photograph represents a speci- men which was living in the Regent’s Park. But as this photo- eraph does not represent the stuffed specimen in the British Museum (Sir G. Grey’s male), it must represent the female specimen bought in 1851, of which the skeleton was preserved but not the skin, which was in too bad a state. (v) The Tring specimen is neither the female specimen which was in the Gardens from 1851 to 1872, nor the male presented by Sir G. Grey in 1858 and which died in 1864. It is the skin of a quite different animal. (vi) Thus through the efforts of Mr. Pocock and Dr. Harmer’s * The entry runs: ‘64.7.2.3, Reg. no. Hguus quagga, male, stuffed skin and skeleton, purchased of the Zool. Soc. (Sir George Grey, 1858).” + Nat. Hist. Essays, pp. 186-7. 1909. ] UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 575 sagacity we are enabled to add another specimen to the list of Quaggas preserved in our museums. Most fortunate it was that York photographed the female Quagga in the Gardens, for although her skeleton may be preserved in some museum, all record of her external appearance would have been lost. VIII. The Female Quagga photographed by York (text- fig. 164). For this illustration I have to thank the Director of the British Museum, who has permitted me, with Mr. Lydekker’s approval, to reproduce the fig. 22 in the ‘ Guide to the Specimens Text-fig. 164. es Female, Rezent’s Park (1851-72). Photographed from life by F. York. of the Horse Family’ (p. 33). From what has been said under “The British Museum specimen ” supra, it is clear that York’s photograph, taken (1870 or 1872) from the only living quagga ever photographed, represents the female which lived in the Gardens from 1851 to 1872, and not the specimen now in the British Museum. IX. The Edinburgh specimen (text-fig. 165). The Edinburgh specimen has no provenance except Cape of Good Hope. It was purchased by the University of Edinburgh for their ‘“ College Museum ” during the year ending June 1818, for the sum of one guinea, and it was afterwards transferred to the Royal Scottish 576 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON [May 1], Museum, where it now is along with the rest of the old College Collection. I am indebted to the Director, Dr. Dobbie, F.R.S., and to Mr. G. P. H. Grimshaw for the photograph and information. Text-fic. 165. The Edinburgh Quagea, 1818. X. The Leyden specimen (text-fig. 166) is from a photograph kindly given to me by my friend Dr. F. A. Jentink, F.M.Z.S., the Director of the Dutch State Museum of Natural History at Leyden. The animal was shot near Steenbergen by Dr. van Horstok on June 15th, 1827. The skeleton of this fine animal (male) is ikewise in the Leyden Museum. XI. The Paris specimen (text-fig. 167) is from a photograph kindly given to me by Dr. Trouessart, the Director of the Paris Natural History Museum, to whom I am also indebted for the following account :—‘ Le quagga est venu (vivant) lors de la création de la ménagerie du Muséum de l’ancienne ménagerie du Roi & Versailles en 1793. A cette époque Vindication ‘ Cap de Bonne Espérance’ semblait trés suffisante.” Dr. Trouessart has since published the specimen with an illustration in the ‘Bulletin’* of the French National Museum. * 1906, xii. p. 449. 1909. | UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 577 Text-fig. 166. ee ee I an ne ome nf be The Leyden Quagga (male), Steenbergen, 1827. Text-fic. 167. The Paris Quagega, 1793. Proc. Zoou. Soc..—1909, No. XL. 40) 578 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON [May 11, XII. The Berlin Quagga (text-fig. 168), a female, is that which died in the Berlin Zoological Garden in 1875. The skull and skeleton are also in the Berlin Museum as well as two other quagga skulls. Dr. Matschie, who kindly gave me the photograph, Text-fig. 168. The Berlin Quagga (female). informs me that the specimen has not been fully described. He considers that it belongs to the same type as the Vienna (#. lorenzi). ‘The ground-colour is burnt-umber; the bright stripes are very bright brown (sehr hell braun).” XIII. The Munich specimen (text-fig. 169).—The illustration is from a photograph kindly sent to me by Dr. Hertzog, the Director of the Natural History Museum. The specimen was purchased by Ecklon in 1835, who in the following year procured the Vienna specimen. XIV. The Amsterdam Quagga (text-fig. 170).—The illustration is from a photograph kindly given to me by Prof. Dr. Kerbert. The specimen has been described and discussed by Mr. Lydekker (P. Z.S. 1904, vol. i. p. 430, text-fig. 86). 1909. ] UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 579 s Text-fig. 169. The Munich Quagea, 1835. Text-fig. 170. The Amsterdam Quagex sac. 40% 580 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON | May 11,. Text-fig. 171. ‘ The Cape-Town Quagega foal, Beaufort West, about 1860. XV. The Elgin Quagga (text-fig. 172).—I published this head and neck in my ‘Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse’ (pp. 438 & 9, figs. 131-3), 1905. 1. Edwards’ Quagga.—The illustration (text-fig. 173, p. 582) is from the drawing made by G. Edwards himself ‘“ from the living animal belonging to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales” in 1751, and published in his ‘Gleanings of Natural History,’ London, 1758, p. 29, pl. 223. This drawing was reproduced and discussed by Mr. R. I. Pocock (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1904). The figure is that given in my ‘Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse,’ p. 72, fig. 38. 1909. | UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 581 Text-fig. 172. Elgin Quagga: Kingwilliamstown, 1861. 2 and 3. The Knowsley Quagzas (text-fig. 174, p. 582).—My illustration is from their portraits by Hawkins (supra, p. 567) in the ‘ Knowsley Menagerie.’ The two animals ave shown on one picture. One is more striped than the other, but the skin (text- fig. 175) might belong to a similar animal. 4. Cornwallis Harris’ Drawing of a Quagga Skin (text- fig. 175), ef. p. 567. It is reproduced from the ‘ Portraits of the Game Animals of Southern Africa.’ 5. Lord Morton’s Quagga.— My illustration (text-fig. 176) is from a block made from Agasse’s drawing for my friend Prof. J. Cossar Ewart, F.R.S. (‘Penicuik Experiments,’ p. 65). 582 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON [May 11, This animal belonged to Lord Morton in 1821 (see Phil. Transac- tions, 1821, p. 21). (Cf. ‘Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse,’ p. 457.) Text-fig. 173. Edwards’ Quagga, 1751 (from Edwards’ drawing). Text-fig. 174. The Knowsley Quaggas, from Hawkins’ drawing. 1909. ] UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 583 Text-fig. 175. _ From Cornwallis Harris’ picture (‘ Portraits of the Game Animals of Southern Africa’). Text-fig. 176. Lord Morton’s Quagga, 1821 (from Agasse’s drawinz). 584 PROF. W. RIDGEWAY ON | May 11, 6. Buffon’s Quagga.—My illustration (text-fig. 177) is from that in Buffon’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle,’ vol, x. p. 112 sqq., pl. u. (1787). The description of the quagga there given and the drawing from which the engraving was taken (here reproduced) Text-fig. 177. Bufton’s Quagga: from Gordon’s drawing. were obtained from a Mr. Gordon, who (dans le pays des Bosjemans fort éloigné de toute habitation) made a drawing from a young Souk 8 eb YOUN quagga, which he had cut off from a herd of females with their foals, and which followed his horse (p. 115). 7. Hamilton Smith’s Quagga (supra, p. 567). (Text-fig. 178.) 1909. | UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF THE QUAGGA. 585 Text-fig. 178. iy Ree ys 4 Bate alla Hamilton Smith’s drawing, 1840 *. Text fig. 179. Daniell’s Quagga: from a drawing anterior to 1804. * Horses,’ pl. xxiv. 2 586 PROF, W. RIDGEWAY ON THE [May 11, 8. Daniell’s Quagga.—The illustration (text-fig. 179, p. 585) is a reduced facsimile from the drawing by Samuel Daniell in his ‘African Scenery’ (1804-8), no. 15. The picture has been reproduced and discussed by Mr. Pocock (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1904). 9. Cornwallis Harris’s Quagga (text-fig. 180) is a reproduction of Harris’ drawing in the ‘ Portraits of the Game Animals of Southern Africa’ (supra, p. 567). Text-fig. 180. From Cornwallis Harris’ drawing. This survey of the extant skins and the pictures of the Quaggas of Orange River and Cape Colony, and the comparison of the illustrations with those of the Burchelline Zebras, leads irre- sistibly to the conclusion that every area has its own variety due to environment, that we must be slow to make new species or even subspecies, and that Mr. Pocock was right in maintaining that the Quaggas of Orange River and Cape Colony were not specifically distinct from the Burchelline Zebras. 3. Contributions to the Study of the Equide ; iii. On a portion of a fossil Jaw of one of the Equide. By Prof. Winttiam Ripcrway, M.A., Se.D., F.B.A., LL.D., Litt.D.* | Received April 21, 1909. ] (Text-figure 181.) By the kindness of Mr. A. C. Hollis, secretary to the High Commissioner of British East Africa, through my friend Mr. C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., Assistant-Commissioner at Nairobi, I am * Communicated by Dr. P. Coatmers Mrircuent, M.A,, F.RS., F.Z.S. 1909. | FOSSIL JAW OF ONE OF THE EQUID. 587 enabled to publish a most interesting fragment of the fossil jaw of what was undoubtedly one of the Equide. It was found in 1906 ‘*by a Mr. W. A. Macgregor in the Morendat River near Naivasha.” Mr. Macgregor gave it to Mr. Hollis. Iam informed by Professor Gregory of Glasgow, who has worked in British Hast Africa, that the gravels of the Morendat are late Tertiary. The fragment here shown (text-fig. 181) is the fore part of the under Jaw. Unfortunately it does not extend back beyond the diastema and include any of the premolars or molars, but five of the six incisors survive and also the canine on the vight side, the canine and second corner incisor on the left side being lost. Text-fig. 181. Fragment of a fossil jaw; River Morendat, British East Africa. Allowing for the loss of a small portion, the breadth across the jaw at the corner incisors is exactly two inches. The distance from the corner incisor to the canine is very small, not more than a quarter of an inch. ‘This specimen is very interesting as it 1s, so faras I know, the only fossil remains of a mammal as yet obtained from British East Africa, and at the time of its discovery was the first from any part of East Africa. But the Germans have lately made some discoveries. ‘The only mammal fossil from Central Africa as yet known, is a fossil tooth of a giraffe. Close to the area where it was found there still survive repre- sentatives of all three species of Zebra—JLH. zebra or the Mountain Py) 588 MR. R. LYDEKKER ON A [May 11, Zebra, Grant’s variety of Burchell’s Zebra, and Grévy’s Zebra; and it is not improbable that in this jaw we have a relic of an ancestor of one or more or of all these species. Is it possible to form any estimate of the size of this animal, which I propose to call Z. hollisi ? Let us compare the few measurements which we can make with those of its living relatives. The distance across the four com- pletely surviving incisors in the fossil is one and three-quarter inches. The same measurement in my skull of a Grévy stallion gives two inches, and in that of my Grant stallion two and three- eighths inches. The interdental space between the canine and the nearest incisor in the fossil #. hollist is about a quarter of an inch, im the Grévy three-eighths, in the Grant nearly an inch. Thus, so far as these very inadequate measurements indicate, the animal was more like the Grévy Zebra than the Grant, an inference quite in keeping with the view that the stripe-system in the Grévy is much older than in the Burchell family of Zebras. As regards the actual size of the Hquzs hollisi, we can form no estimate from the jaw measurements. Thus the Grévy stallion, the measurements of the jaw of which J. have just cited, stood 4 feet 94 inches (14:13 hands) or just the height of the true Libyan horse, that is the small ‘“ Arab” not increased in height by crossing with Asiatic horses. On the other hand, the Grant’s Zebras of East Africa seldom reach more than 4 feet 2 inches (12:2 hands), yet the measurement of the front of the jaw in the latter is distinctly larger than that of the Grévy stallion. Thus from the present scanty data, we cannot form any estimate of the height of 4. hollisi, for although the front of the lower jaw is much smaller than that of H#. grant, it is quite possible that it, like the Grévy Zebra, may have been a much larger animal. 4, On a New Race of Deer from Sze-chuen. By R. LyDEKEER *. [Received April 8, 1909.} (Plate LXIX.+) Shortly before his death, I received from the late Mr. J. W. Brooke a communication regarding a so-called ‘“‘ white deer” inhabiting Sze-chuen, which was stated to be no albino, but, in my correspondent’s opinion, a new species. In February of the present year, Captain Malcolm McNeill called at the Natural History branch of the British Museum, and informed me that he had just returned from Sze-chuen, where he had seen a small party of these deer, out of which he succeeded in shooting a hind. * Communicated by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. + For explanation of:the Plate see p. 590. PZS.1909 P1l.LXIX. CMP-EFEJ Miles aC ° Imp SZE-~-CHUEN HANGUL (FEMALE) CWA oe ASU EePAN WS = WAG NE Phy E 1909. | NEW RACE OF DEER FROM SZE-CHUEN. 589 Of this hind he brought home the skin, skull, and limb-bones, which have been secured for the British Museum and form the subject of the present communication. Captain McNeill described the deer as being nearly the size of a Wapiti; and this estimate seems to be approximately borne out by the skull and skin, the former of which, although immature, is rather larger than the skull of an adult red deer hind. Unfortunately, Captain McNeill was unable to furnish any information with regard to the form of the antlers of the stag. The general characters of the skin indicate a deer akin to the Hangul (Cervus cashmirianus) of Kashmir and Kishtwaz. The coat is, for instance, of the same dense and close character, with the individual hairs ringed with dark and light in their terminal halves, so as to give a speckled appearance to the body-fur. There is the same narrow white area on the buttocks, bordered by a darkish band, which is continued down the middle line of the short tail, and there is a similar dark mane on the neck, continued as a dark line for some distance down the back. ‘The Sze-chuen deer is, however, a much lighter-coloured and a more fully speckled animal than the typical Hangul. The general colour is grey fawn, becoming paler on the limbs, of which the backs and inner sides are nearly white. ‘The individual hairs on the body have also a greater number of light rings; and the speckling is as well-developed on the flanks and neck as on the back, whereas in the Kashmir Hangul the speckling is almost obsolete in the regions first-named. In both forms the tips of the hairs are, however, always light, although on the flanks and neck of the Kashmir stag these tips are but little paler than the general body-colour. On the back the dorsal stripe of the new deer stops short a little behind the shoulder, instead of continuing as a more or less distinct line to the rump. The Sze-chuen deer lacks the white under-lip of its Kashmiri relative; but, on the other hand, the whole throat is much lighter than the general body-colour, instead of being quite as dark, or darker, in the stags, at any rate, of the typical Hangul. Then again, the whole of the under-parts of the Sze-chuen deer are dirty white, whereas in the Kashmiri animal the abdomen alone is white, while the lower surface of the chest is darker than the back. Certain differences are observable in regard to the extent of the white and black of the buttocks when the Sze-chuen skin is compared with those of the Kashmir Hangul in the Museum, but these may be merely individual. The gland on the hind cannon-bone is pale chestnut in the new deer, and thus shows out, against the grey fawn, much more conspicuously than in the typical Hangul. The skin of a second hind in the possession of Captain McNeill agrees in all essential characters with the specimen described. So far as the present specimens go, the Sze-chuen deer may be defined as follows :—— “Alhed to Cervus cashmirianus, but much paler and more profusely speckled; the general colour being grey fawn, becoming 590 MR. E. C. CHUBB ON BATRACHIANS [May 11, whitish fawn on the throat and limbs, and the speckling as fully marked on the neck and flanks as on the back. No white on the chin; but the whole of the under-parts dirty white, instead of merely the abdomen. Dark dorsal line stopping short about the middle of the back. For the present, at any rate, I propose to regard the Sze-chuen ‘‘white” deer as a race of the Hangul, under the title of Cervus cashmirianus macneilli. The occurrence in Sze-chuen of a repre- sentative of the Hangul is paralleled by the occurrence in the same province of a local race of the Sambar. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX. Cervus cashmirianus macneilli, from the type female trom Sze-chuen in the British Museum (Natural History). The Batrachians and Reptiles of Matabeleland. By E. C. Causs, F.Z.8. [Received April 28, 1909. } The following list is based entirely upon material in the Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo, and is intended to give some idea of the Batrachia and Reptilia inhabiting this region, although it cannot claim to be more than tentative, for as soon as extensive collections are made in various parts of the country there will, no doubt, be many species to add. The localities vary in altitude between 2000 and 4500 feet ; the latter figure representing the height of Bulawayo. Tn a previous paper dealing with the Mammals of this area * an allusion was made to the probability of the various geological formations supporting distinct faunas, and this appears to be borne out to a remarkable extent by the lizards, no single species of which has as yet been found common to our twol principal local formations, viz., granite and schist. Below is given a list of those forms which I have had an opportunity of observing in their haunts; it is arranged to show their habitats according to these two formations. GRANITE. SCHIST. Homopholis wahlbergii. Pachydactylus affinis. Pachydactylus bibronit. Agama kirkit. Agama distant. » atricollis. Platysaurus guttatus. Gerrhosaurus validus. ' Gerrhosaurus flavigularis. Mabuia quingueteniata. Mabuia striata. » varie. * P. Z. 8. 1909, p. 113. 1909. ] AND REPTILES OF MATABELELAND. 591 The Matabele names are given wherever it has been possible to ascertain them with certainty, but the natives are not so well acquainted with the names of lizards and snakes as they are with those of mammals and birds. In reading these, it must be remembered that ‘c,” “q,” and “x” represent clicks, as in Zulu. Among the numerous donors of specimens to whom the Museum is indebted, should be specially mentioned Messrs. R. Edge and G. Dally for collections made in the vicinity of Bulawayo. I must express my warmest thanks to our Vice-President, Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., who has been good enough to examine the collection and confirm or correct my determinations. BATRACHIA. 1. BuFO REGULARIS Reuss. a. Bulawayo. 6, c. Crombie’s Store, 16 miles 8.E. of Bulawayo, 18 Oct. 1907. d. World’s View, Matopos, April 1908. ‘¢ Txoxo ” 1s used for all frogs and toads. 2. Buro CARENS A. Smith. a. Bulawayo. b-e. Crombie’s Store, 18 Oct. 1907. f. Kana River, 20 Nov.. 1907. 3. PHRYNOMANTIS BIFASCIATA A. Smith. a. Bulawayo, 3 Dec. 1907. b. Shangani River, 28 Nov. 1907. ce. Gonda’s, Shangani River, 3 Dec. 1907. 4, BREVICEPS MOSSAMBICUS Peters. a-c. Bulawayo. d,e. Near Gwamayaya River, 21 Nov. 1907. 5. RANA DELALANDID D. & B. a—c. Bulawayo. d. Gwamayaya River, 13 Nov. 1907. 6. RANA ANGOLENSIS Bocage. a. Bulawayo, 6 Sept. 1907. 6. Crombie’s Store, 18 Oct. 1907. c, d. World’s View, Matopos, April 1908. e, f. Gwamayaya River, 13 Nov. 1907. A number of tadpoles were taken with “6” on Oct. 18th. 7. RANA ADSPERSA Bibr. a-d. Bulawayo. e. Gwamayaya River, 22 Nov. 1907. 592 MR. E. C. CHUBB ON BATRACHIANS [May 11, 8. RANA MASCARENIENSIS D. & B. a. Swena’s, Gwamayaya River, 22 Nov. 1907. 9. PHRYNOBATRACHUS NATALENSIS A, Smith. a. World’s View, Matopos, April 1908. b-r. Kana River, 20 Nov. 1907. s-a. Gwamayaya River, 13 Nov. 1907. 10. CASSINA SENEGALENSIS D. & B. a. Kana River, 20 Nov. 1907. 11. CHIROMANTIS XERAMPELINA Peters. a. Victoria Falls. This species was observed to change colour in different, lights after the manner of a chameleon, though to a less degree. RHPTIULIA. OnE Ton 1A. 1. CINIXYS BELLIANA Gray. a. Near Shangani River, Nov. 1907. 6, c. Essexvale, March 1909. “ Ufutu ” is the name applied to all tortoises. 2. STERNOTHARUS NIGRICANS Donnd. a. Near Gwamayaya River, 22 Nov. -1907. 5. Near Gwelo River, 24 Noy. 1907. 3. TESTUDO PARDALIS Bell. a, Near Gwamayaya River, 23 Nov. 1907. EMYDOSAURTA. 4, CrocopiLUs NiLoticus Laur. The crocodile is common in most of the rivers. *‘ Ingewenya.” LACERTILTA. 5. LYGODACTYLUS CAPENSIS A. Smith. a. Bulawayo, 24 Oct. 1907. 6. HomorpHonis WABLBERGI A. Smith. a. World’s View, Matopos, April 1908. b. Mazeppa Mine, Gwanda. The first example was obtained from a hole in the trunk{of a tree; the species is probably arboreal. 1909. ] AND REPTILES OF MATABELELAND. 593 7, PACHYDACTYLUS BIBRONT A. Smith. a. Bulawayo. 6. Springvale Farm, 16 miles S.E. of Bulawayo, 10 June 1907. This is our commonest gecko; it is usually found in houses and huts. ‘* Amacanda-pobolo.” 8. PacHybactyLus AFFINts Bler. a. Rhodes’ Park, Matopos, April 1908. 9. AGAMA ACULEATA Merr. a. Bulawayo, March 1907. All our species of Agama possess the property, to a greater or less extent, of changing their colour. 10. AGAMA DisTantr Bler. This is the commonest Agama at Bulawayo. It runs about the ground during the heat of the day, and at other times lives in holes, usually under stones, where its eggs are laid during October and November. 11. AGAMA KiIRKII Bler. a,b(d, 2). Mt. Silozi, Matopos, April 1908. c-e. Khami River, Oct. 1907. Lives among the rocks and is commonly found on granite kopjes. 12. AGAMA ATRICOLLIS A. Smith. a—f. Bulawayo, Sept. 1907. Arboreal and common. Umiulos 13. ZonurRus corpyLus Linn. a. Bulawayo, 27 Sept. 1907. 14. Puarysaurus euTratus A. Smith. a-g(d,6 2). Mt. Silozi, Matopos, April 1908. h,i(2 2). Colleen Bawn Mine, Gwanda, Dec. 1908. Found only on the granite kopjes where it is fairly common. 15. VARANUS ALBIGULARIS Daud. a. Bulawayo, 3 Feb. 1908. 6. Bulawayo, March 1909. Found among rocks on granite kopjes and also on trees. “ Tmbulu.” 16. VARANUS NILOTICUS Linn. a. Bulawayo, April 1907. 6. Yg. Bulawayo, 8 March, 1908. Almost entirely aquatic. Coal) xc vee Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1909, No. X LI. Al 594 MR. E. C. CHUBB ON BATRACHIANS [May 11, 17. NucrRAS TESSELLATA A. Smith. a-c. Bulawayo. 18. IcHNOTROPIS LONGIPES Blgr. a. Bulawayo, 28 Sept. 1907. 6. Khami River, Oct. 1907. 19. GERRHOSAURUS VALIDUS A. Smith. a. Mt. Silozi, Matopos, April 1908. 6. Empandene, Aug. 1908. Lives among rocks on granite kopjes. “¢ Tsiqusa.” 20. GERRHOSAURUS FLAVIGULARIS Wiegm. a-e. Bulawayo. jf. Empandene. Fairly common, may be seen running about the ground among the grass during the warm part of the day. “* Tsiqusa.” 21. MABUIA QUINQUETANIATA Licht. a, 6. Hellenvale Farm, near Bulawayo. c. Khami River, Oct. 1907. d-g. Colleen Bawn Mine, Gwanda Dist., Dec. 1908. h. Empandene. Commonly found among boulders of granite kopjes. 22. MABUIA VARIA Peters. a. Khami River, Oct. 1907. 6, c. Colleen Bawn Mine, Gwanda Dist., Dec. 1908. . d. Kmpandene. Found only on the rocks and on granite kopjes. 23. Masuia striata Peters. a-d. Bulawayo. e, f. Rhodes’ Park, Matopos, April 1908. Usually seen on the walls of buildings, in the sun, catching flies. Very common at Bulawayo. “ Umbankwa.” 24, LyGosoMA SUNDEVALLI A. Smith. a. Bulawayo, 13 Sept. 1907. RHIPTOGLOSSA. 25, CHAMALEON DILEPIS Leach. 25 A, CHAMELEON QUILENSIS Bocage (parvilobus Bler.). Common, though not often seen on account of their assimilative coloration to the surroundings. ““ Unwabu.” 1909. ] AND REPTILES OF MATABELELAND. 595 OPHIDIA. 26. TYPHLOPS DELALANDI D. & B. a, 6. Bulawayo, 20 Oct. 1907. 27. TypHLors MucRusoO Peters. a, b. Bulawayo. c, d. Matopos. Var. VARIUS. e-l. Bulawayo. Both varieties are very common at Bulawayo. ‘“ TInyorka umshlaba.” 28. GLAUCONIA SCUTIFRONS Peters. a-h. Bulawayo. “ Tnsunula.” 29. PyTHON sEBz Gmel. a. Fort Usher, Matopos. 6. Springvale Farm, 16 miles $.E. of Bulawayo. c. Syringa. Commonly found in the hilly country. “ Tnshlatu.” 30. Boopon LinEAtTUS D. & B. a-m. Bulawayo. nm. Shangani River, Nov. 1907. o. Gwamayaya River, Nov. 1907. 31. LycopHrpium CAPENSE A. Smith. a-c. Bulawayo. d. Metetsi. The Bulawayo examples represent form A of the British Museum Catalogue, while the specimen from Metetsi agrees with B. 32. SIMOCEPHALUS CAPENSIS A, Smith. a. Bulawayo, 13 Dee. 1907. 6. Filabusi. “ Tnyanda izulu.” 33. PsEuDASPIS CANA Linn. a. Yg. Bulawayo, Jan. 1908. 34, CHLOROPHIS IRREGULARIS Leach. a. Victoria Falls, 16 Sept. 1908. 35. DAsyPELTIS SCABRA Linn. a, 6. Bulawayo. 4]* 596 ON BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF MATABELELAND. [ May 11, 36. TARBOPHIS SEMIANNULATUS A. Smith. a. Bulawayo. 37. LeproprrRA HoTAMBa@IA Laur. a. Mazeppa Mine, Gwanda, 1 Nov. 1907. 38. TRIMERORHINUS TRITENIATUS Gthr. a-k. Bulawayo. Fairly common in the neighbourhood of Bulawayo. “¢ Umshlwazi.” 39. PSAMMOPHIS SUBTHNIATUS Peters. a. Bulawayo, 18 Sept. 1907. 6. Railway Terminus, Matopos, 6 July, 1907. The latter was caught in the act of swallowing a lizard (Agama sp.). 40. PSAMMOPHIS SIBILANS Linn. a, 6. Bulawayo, 5 Aug. 1908. c, Swena’s, Gwamayaya River, 23 Nov. 1907. d. Near Gwamayaya River, 24 Nov. 1907. 4], 'THELOTORNIS KIRTLANDI Hallow. a. Bulawayo, 21 May, 1907. 6b. Khami River, 21 April, 1900. c,d. Empandene, Aug. 1908. “ Ukotikoti.” These specimens seem to combine characters of divisions A and B of the Brit. Mus. Catalogue, having the heads distinctly marked and the black blotches on the necks present. 42. DispHoLipus Typus A. Smith. a-e. Bulawayo. “ TIndlondlo.” 43. APARALLACTUS CAPENSIS A. Smith. a. Bulawayo. 44, KLAPECHIS GUENTHERI Bocage. a. Bulawayo. b. Deka, about 50 miles south of Victoria Falls. 45, Nata HAIE Linn. a—b. Bulawayo. c. Springvale Farm. d. Railway Terminus, Matopos. Blackish-brown examples, ““C” of the Brit. Mus. Catalogue, are by far the most common, and the natives call them “Tmamba.” This name is used by the Zulus for Dendraspis 1909.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 597 angusticeps and it is evident that the Matabele, who are of Zulu descent and migrated from Zululand some 50 years ago, have mistaken the dark variety of Vaie haie for that species. Var. ANNULIFERA, Peters. e. Bulawayo. J (portion of skin). 15 miles south of Bulawayo. “ Tlunga.” 46. NAIA NIGRICOLLIS Reinh. a-c. Bulawayo. d. Mazeppa Mine, Gwanda. e, f. Deka. I know of several instances here of this species spitting at people who have attacked it. “ Tpimpi.” 47, ASPIDELAPS scuraTuS A. Smith. a. Empandene, Aug. 1908. 48. CAUSUS DEFILIPPII Jan. a. Bulawayo, 9 Dec. 1907. 49, Brivis ARIETANS Merr. a. Bulawayo. Very common. “ Tbululu.” 50. Brris cAuDALIS A. Smith. a, b. Bulawayo. May 25, 1909. Dr. S. F. Harmer, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions made to the Society's Menagerie during the month of April SOS) B= The number of registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of April last was 243. Of these 116 were acquired by presentation, 15 by purchase, 91 were received on deposit, 6 in exchange, and 15 were born in the Gardens. 598 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON HYBRID DUCKS. [May 25, The number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 161. Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :-— One Burchell’s Zebra (Hquus burchelli) 3, from S. Africa, presented by F. A. R. Zurcher, Esq., on April 1st. One Eland (Taurotragus oryx) §, born in the Menagerie on April 3rd. One Cape Ant-bear (Orycteropus capensis), from S. Africa, purchased on April 17th. One Black-fronted Bulbul (Pycnonotus nigricans); one Red- capped Lark (Zephrocorys cinerea), presented ; and two Levaillant’s Barbets (Zrachyphonus cafer), new to the Collection, one Martial Hawk-EKagle (Spizaétus bellicosus), deposited with other 8S. African Birds by Major Boyd Horsbrugh, F.Z.S., on April 15th. Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote exhibited an example of a tetragen duck, which he had bred in his Aviaries, containing Wild Duck (Anas boschas), Spotbill (Anas pecilorhyncha), Australian Duck (Anas superciliosa), and Pintail (Dajfila acuta). This bird was of the F, generation, 2. e., it had been bred from brother and sister and was remarkable in that, to all outward appearances, it was almost indistinguishable from a pure bred Wild Mallard. According to Mendel’s Law it was to be expected in theory that such a bird should appear, but in practice the chance of all the Mallard characters appearing in any one individual was very remote, and the fact that they had all appeared in this bird was a striking confirmation of the truth of Mendel’s Law even in a very complicated case. The only difference to be noted between this bird and the pure- bred Mallard was the rather more defined and Pintail-like vermi- culations to the flank-feathers. Mr. Bonhote also exhibited a pair of pentagens of the F, generation. These contained the blood of the following species: Anas boschas, A. pecilorhyncha, A. superciliosa, A. melleri, and Dafila acuta. As yet they showed no tendency to infertility, but on the contrary proved more fertile than several less complicated crosses. The matter had become too much involved to draw any deductions from their plumage, but it would be noticed that the Mallard seemed to predominate. They were interesting, however, as showing to what extent cross-breeding could be carried among certain species, the hybrids proving fertile to at least the 4th generation since the last cross with a pure species. Many hybrids, as was well known, were unfertile, but with those that proved fertile in the first generation, infertility was generally reached in the 3rd generation (F,)—that is to say the 3rd generation from the last cross with a pure species ; in some cases, 1909.] ON THE PHOTOGRAPH OF A YOUNG STAG FROM SIKHIM. 599 however, the F, generation proved fertile, but as yet no young of the F, generation had been reared. Infertility was usually accompanied by loss of colour. Pedigree of birds exhibited. — WES SS) IP x Wil MS x PM | PMS x Z MxS PxXM | | salle : PF, PMSZ xX PMSZ X Mell. M MS | Oo | | iS a > HER Salar a, | aaeEssl ae | ms ire | op tac| eT | | | | | | | | | | | | NGI | N |R We | [eye pele SL NGIN ee N |/R i ee IN | N ||R bela | \N Here ef ES | i}. | N | N| HR | (eta | N | N R i N iN IIR Ee (cel alte | | Peal | para tineiala ts Nee Iceni ONE yn | eka Th § N/|N Inaba OP NE RL | N|N N RB ltites R | | N/IN| | iN IIR | \N | N least eae Ss Le circled Pal ae iN | N | R|. a | Lh eax tay ee lx dee oem welaclies | sy eee |) P54) S| ce PER ae i L | aera etles aaa a re vee a > | | | | Hit | | | | | | | | Dorsal sac. | Dorsal and ventral sacs. | RNRNRNNRN opens to the exterior by two nostrils, and contains a rosette in which the component laminz are as a rule set radially around the sides and hinder end of an axis which is attached in front to the anterior wall of the anterior nostril (Rosette, Column 1). An olfactory organ of this description occurs in most of the lower Teleosteans, and is well represented in a generalized con- dition in the Haddock, which, therefore, serves as a good central type with which to compare the rest. Minor variations occur to different degrees in all parts—in the details of the nostrils, of the rosette, and of the cavity, some of Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1909, No. XLV. 45 658 MR. R. H. BURNE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE _[ May 25, which appear to be characteristic of families or even larger groups. The nostrils are perhaps the most variable part, and also that in which variation is correlated least with natural affinities. The position of the anterior nostril directly above the rosette is almost universal, no doubt in order that the incurrent water may play directly upon the olfactory membrane. This position is also probably due in part to the close connection that there is in almost every instance between the axis of the rosette and the front lip of the nostril, which indicates that the rosette belongs essentially to the anterior part of the olfactory chamber. When the rosette is elongated, as in the Eels, Siluroids, and some Pleuronectids (Rosette, Column IT.) the nostril opens in front of and not above it. The anterior nostril is very frequently, especially in the lower Teleostei, more or less tubular (Nostrils, Column IJ.). The tube is particularly well marked in the Eels, some Siluroids, Anableps, and Ophiocephalus, but the tendency towards tube-formation is so widely distributed and variable in its occurrence and extent that it probably has little to do with natural affinity. In certain groups, notably the Cyprinide and Gadide, the hinder wall of the tube is elevated to form a valvular flap (Nostrils, Column ITI.), and in other groups or separate genera (Merluccius, Hsox, Salmonidee, Clupeidee) this may be augmented or replaced by a similar downward prolongation or curtain that dips into the olfactory cavity above the centre of the rosette (Nostrils, Column IV.). Both these developments of the bridge of skin between the nostrils are without doubt mainly of physio- logical importance, although in restricted groups (e. g. Cyprinide) they are also constant enough in their occurrence to be of systematic importance. Variations in the form of the posterior nostril seem also to depend little upon affinity. Broadly speaking this nostril is either a simple open perforation flush with the surface of the skin (Nostrils, Column VI.), which may show considerable differences in size, but commonly is either circular, oval, or crescentic in shape; or it is a slit or pin-hole closed by valves. The crescentic type is highly characteristic of the Salmons, Herrings, and Carps, though found also in Merluccius, Hsox, and (Gn a bean-shape) in Zeus. It always more or less closely embraces the hinder margin of the anterior nostril. The oval or circular form occurs in many groups, but can hardly be regarded as characteristic of any. A valved condition (Nostrils, Column V.) is found chiefly though not solely (some Siluroids) in fishes provided with acces- sory nasal sacs, and forms part of a general mechanism for drawing water forcibly into the olfactory chamber through the anterior nostril. In their simplest condition the valves are merely the thin converging lips of a minute perforation at the end of a short 1909.] OLFACTORY ORGAN OF TELEOSTEAN FISHES. 659 conical tube (Solea, Cyclopterus, Trachinus), or the thin back- wardly directed anterior lip of a slit-like orifice (ugil, Sphyrena, Scomber, Bovichthys), but when fully developed they are special folds of membrane attached to the inner surface of one or both lips of the nostril and directed outwards (Trigla, Pagellus, Anableps, Orestias, Clarias). Finally, there are cases in which there is one nostril only present [Gastrosteus (Solger); Chromide, Labride (Milne - Edwards)|. Or the nose may assume (apparently as a secondary modification) the condition of a widely open pit without defined nostrils at all (Scombresocide); or by the elevation of its floor and the subsequent rupture of the bridge between the nostrils, the cavity may be everted and the organ transformed to a bifoliate tentacle (Tetrodons, Wiedersheim and Tate Regan). Turning now to the rosette, it is noticeable that the axis is most frequently linear and continued to the front lip of the anterior nostril, as in the Haddock, the rosette being usually of an oval form (Bateson’s type 3) (Rosette, Column I.). In Cyclopterus, Bovichthys, Cottus, Hsox, Orestias, it is a central circular boss from which the lamin radiate in all directions, the rosette being circular (Bateson’s type 3) (Rosette, Column III.). In the Eels, and to a less extent in the Siluroids and the Sole, the axis is lengthened and the laminz are set in parallel series at right angles to it (Bateson’s type 2) (Rosette, Column IT.); and finally in Ophiocephalus, Hippoglossus, and Pleuronectes, the axis lies transverse to the internarial line and the lamine are attached to its posterior border in parallel series (Bateson’s type 4). In the degenerate nose of Lophius the few lamine left are also arranged parallel to one another and to the narial axis, and in the Percesoces lamin are entirely wanting. Considerable differences are apparent in the shape of the individual lamine of the rosette. Starting from the type pre- sented by Gadus as a centre (Rosette, Column V.), one line of variation leads by the suppression of the peripheral part of tne lamina and the exaggeration of the linguiform process (Rosette, Column VI.) to the claw-like shape which is particularly charac- teristic of the rosette of the Salmonidz and Clupeide. akarensis. b gy Sramsedaira . Polyacanthus signatus. Fig. Oo bo et On Prate LXXVIII. ig. 1. Betta teniata. 1 2 SUS COs 3. 4, macrostoma. 4. » anabatoides. Prate LXXIX. Fig. 1. Trichopodus pectoralis. 2. es leeri. 3. Trichogaster sota. Proc. Zoo. Soc.—19(9, No. LIV. 54 788 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON A SMALL [ Nov. 9, 3. Ona Small Collection of Mammals from Egypt. By J. Lewis Bonnore, M.A., F.LLS., F.Z.8. [Received July 15, 1909. | The following is an account of a small collection of Mammals brought home from Egypt. It was made up partly of a few skins and skulls which Capt. 8. S. Flower had brought together, chiefly those of animals that had died in the Giza Zoological Gardens or had been killed as vermin, partly of animals brought in from the district by natives, whom Capt. Flower had commissioned on my behalf, and lastly of specimens collected by myself. Unless otherwise mentioned the specimens came from near Cairo. The collection contains some 28 species, of which one (Dipodillus marie) is new to science, in addition to which I have been enabled to resuscitate the name Procavia burtoni for the Egyptian Hyrax, which is quite distinct from both the Sudan and Palestine species. An example of Acomys russatus, a very rare species, which has hitherto only been found locally in Palestine and Syria, was procured within a short ride of Cairo. The material has also enabled the range of other and commoner species to be extended, e. g. Gerbillus mackilligini, Lepus imnesi. I must acknowledge my indebtedness to Messrs. Oldfield Thomas, R. C. Wroughton, and K. Andersen, who have given me much help in the working out of the collection, which is now in the British Museum, and lastly to Capt. Flower, who is doing so much for the Zoology of Egypt and without whose kind co- operation this collection would never have been brought together. Rovuserrus aeyprracus (BH. Geoffr.). Pteropus cegyptiacus BK. Geoffr. St. Hil. Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 96 (1810). Rousettus egyptiacus de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamn. p. 84 (1902). I found this Fruit-Bat extremely abundant in the Zoological Gardens. ‘They have never been found roosting there in the daytime, but arrive as soon as it is dark and commence feeding on the fig-trees. Later in the year, as other fruits ripen they change their diet. Although most of my specimens were obtained in February and March, the reputed breeding season, none of the females were gravid. Several young about three-quarter grown were shot. The White Ow! (Stria flammea) occasionally preys largely on these bats. RHINOLOPHUS ACROTIS BRACHYGNATHUS K. Anders. Rhinolophus acrotis brachygnathus Anders. Ann. Mag, N. H. ser. 7, vol. xv. p. 73 (1905). One male from the Giza Gardens. 1909. | COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM EGYPT. 789 NYcTERIS THEBAICA HK. Geoffr. Nyeteris thebaica BK. Geoftr. St. Hil. Ann. du Mus. xx. p. 20, pl. i. (1813); de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 107 (1902). A single specimen of this species was obtained in the Fayum. PIPISTRELLUS KUHLII (Natt.). Vespertilio kuhlii Natt., in Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm., Wetterau Ann. iv. p. 55 (1817). Pipistrellus kuhli Natt.,de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 124 (1902). A common species near Giza, also obtained in the Fayum. PIPISTRELLUS RUEPPELLII (Fisch.). Vespertilio riippellit Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 109 (1829). Pipistrellus rueppelli Fisch., de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 127 (1902). A single example obtained in the Fayum. RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM (Briinn.). Vespertilio microphyllum Briimnich, Dyrenes Hist. og Dyre- Sam. Universit. Natur-Theater, i. p. 50, pl. vi. figs. 1-4 (1782). Rhinopoma microphyllum (Briinn.), de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 143 (1902). Of the two specimens of Rhinopoma from Aburoash, one proved to belong to this species. Except for skull characters and length of forearm this and the following species seem to be identical, and to live side by side in the same caves. RurNopoma cystors ‘Thos. Rhinopoma cystops Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. xi. p- 497 (1903). In visiting a cave at Aburoash in which Capt. Flower had told me that bats of this genus were abundant, I was surprised at seeing only about half-a-dozen specimens, of which I secured two examples. Possibly these bats were hibernating in the cracks and fissures, as I was unable to procure some owing to their running into clefts. These bats are able to crawl about easily and with considerable alertness (for a bat) on the sides and roof of the cave. In all the examples procured there was no sign of any accumulation of fat on the tail and thighs. Thinking that the scarcity of these bats was due to hibernation, I again visited the cave about a month later on the 8rd of April, and then only saw three individuals, but possibly I was still too early. NyctTrvomus THNIOTIS (Rafinesque). Cephalotes teniotis Rafinesque, Précis decouv. somiol. p. 12 (1814)=W. cestontt (Savi). One example from Aburoash. 54* 790 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON A SMALL [Nov. 9, CrocipurA (Crocidura) onrvieri (Less.). Sorex oliviert Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 121 (1827). Crocidura oliviert (Less.), de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 166 (1902). 1 brought back two specimens from Giza, colleeted by Mr. M. J. Nicoll. The male is slightly greyer in colour than the female. The dimensions (in the flesh) were as follows :— 3. 22. 9.08. Head and body 107 mm., tail 69, hindft. 21, ear 10. @. 12.12.06. “3 110 mm., tail 65, hindft. 16, ear 4. CrocipurA (Crocidura) RELIGIOSA Is. Geoftr. Sorex religiosa Is. Geoftr. Mem. Mus. xv. p. 128, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1827). Crocidura religiosus (1s. Geoffr.), de Wint.in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 168 (1902). Through the kindness of Capt. Flower I was able to bring back a spirit specimen of this rare and little known species, which had been taken alive at Giza. FELIS CHAUS NILOTICA de Wint. felis chaus nilotica de Wint. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. 11. p. 292 (1898) ; id. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 176 (1902). The Wild Cat is by no means uncommon at Giza and in the course of the year does considerable damage to the animals and birds in the Gardens. During my stay one killed a nearly full- grown sheep, and after dragging it to the edge of the enclosure, devoured a whole fore-quarter. Capt. Flower gave me the following notes as to their weight. The heaviest known was procured at Benha and weighed 21 pounds. On this estate, where many are destroyed every year, the average weight is said to be 16 pounds. An oid male caught in the Gardens during my stay weighed 17-6 pounds. The measurements of this specimen were :— Head and body 725 mm., tail 280, hind-foot 178, ear 70. The following are skull measurements of this example and of two others. Breadth across Greatest | palate outside | Pm.2. Pm. 3. length. pm. 3. : mm. mm. mm. | mm. @aCappunedswal dat Gian! 2109harysee ene ene ree 134 54 ~ IO |) LES<® b. At least 6 years old, died in capt., 18.5.08. g¢.| 140 59 9 = Oe SMO HUG ene, Cava, HOG BY ccrcoccoococssoccane-|| 50 9 | 11x75 1909.] COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM EGYPT. 791 Fenis typica Meyer. I never met with this species, but a variety of the domestic cat frequently seen is, at a rough glance, almost exactly like this species. VULPES VULPES £GYPTIACA (Sonn.). Cams egyptiacus Sonnini, Nouv. Dict. vi. p. 524 (1816). Vulpes vulpes cegyptiacus de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 227 (1902). Foxes were fairly plentiful and occasionally seen by day in the desert bordering the cultivation near Aburoash. PUTORIUS AFRICANUS (Desm.). Mustela africana Desm. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xix. p. 376 1818). Putorius africanus (Desm.), de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 235 (1902). The Stvat is very common in Cairo and the neighbouring villages, where it inhabits houses, preying presumably on the rats. The amount of white on the underparts shows much variation, but the chin and throat are nearly always white although broken up with patches of brown. Along the rest of the body there is frequently only a narrow median line of white which broadens out on the inner sides of the thighs. GERBILLUS PYRAMIDUM Geoftr. Gerbillus pyramidum Is. Geoffr. Dict. Class. N. H. vii. p. 321 (1825); de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 255 (1902). Two specimens of this species were brought in by local Bedouins. They show considerable variation in colour though the measurements are alike. One is of a pale buff with the dark tips to the hairs largely predominating, the other is much more rufous and the dark tips are minute and hardly affect the general colour. The British Museum collection contains several examples intermediate between these two. GERBILLUS TARABULI Thos. Gerbillus pyramidum tarabuli Thos. P. Z. 8. 1902, p. 5. Gerbillus tarabuli Thos., Schwann, Nov. Zool. xii. p. 3 (1905). Mr. Thomas in his original description has regarded this species as a form of G. pyramidum, but as we find it now in company with this species, I am inclined to regard it as a form of G. pygargus, to which also it approximates in general appearance. Our knowlege of these forms is, however, still so limited that, for the present, it seems best to adhere to binomial classification. I brought back four skins as well as several living examples, and for the present have followed Mr. Schwann in assigning them to 792 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON A SMALL [ Nov. 9, the above species. My specimens agree very well with those brought back by Mr. Rothschild from the Wadi Natron, but seem to differ slightly from the typical series from Tripoli. In the subsequent working out of this race note should be taken of G. burtow (F. Cuv. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 145, 1838), which Lataste has placed as a synonym of G. pygargus. The material at my disposal is at present too scanty to allow of a decided opinion, but I am inclined to the belief that pygargus, burtoni, and tarabuli will prove to be forms of one and the same species. GERBILLUS PYGARGUS F. Cuv. Gerbillus pygargus F. Cuv. Trans. Zool. Soc. 1. p. 142, pl. 25. figs. 10-14 (1838); de Wint. in Anders., Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 256 (1902). One specimen brought home from No. 5 Station on the Sudan Railway by Capt. Flower. GERBILLUS GERBILLUS (Oliv.). Dipus gerbillus Olivier, Bull. des Sc. Phil. Paris, 11. p. 121 (1801). Gerbillus gerbillus (Oliv.), de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm., p. 252 (1902). This pretty little Gerbille, which may at once be distinguished by its bright reddish colour, seems to be very common near Cairo. I have a specimen collected by Capt. Flower in the Sudan which does not differ much from typical Cairo examples. DIPODILLUS WATERSI de Wint. Dipodillus watersi de Wint. Nov. Zool. viii. 4, p. 399, pl. xx. (1901); id. in Anders, Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 263 (1902). Two examples of this species were brought back by Capt. Flower from Atbara, Sudan. DIPoODILLUS MACKILLIGINI Thos. Dipodillus mackilligint Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. xiv. p. 158 (1904). A single specimen of a Gerbille closely resembling this species was brought in from near Cairo. The type locality is on the Sudan frontier many miles to the south. DIPODILLUS MARL&, sp. Nn. While working a tract of country for further specimens of Acomys russatus, we caught two specimens of a small species of Dipodillus which is apparently undescribed. I have pleasure in naming this species after my wife, who has accompanied me on all my excursions and to whose keen eyesight I owe many of my captures. Mostly nearly allied to D. henleyi but rather larger and much greyer in general tone of coloration. 1909. ] COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM EGYPT. 793 Colour above yellowish buff, the hairs being slate-coloured at their bases and with blackish tips. On the flanks the hairs are white to their bases. The underparts, feet, sides of the face, a spot above and behind each eye and behind each ear white. The skull differs from that of henleyi in the larger size of the bullz and teeth, though the skull itself is but very little larger. The bulle in size approximate to those of D. amenus, a much larger species. Measurements of type (in flesh):—Head and body 60 mm. ; tail 87; hind-foot 18; ear 8. Skull. Greatest length 21:5 mm.; basal length 19; greatest breadth 12; length of palate from hensehon 2; diastema 5; greatest length of bulle 7; length of molar series 2-7. Type. Coll. J. L. B. No. 288. Ad. Mokattam Hills near Cairo, 25th March, 1909. One of the two specimens obtained was kept alive to ensure it being full grown, but it unfortunately escaped. MERIONES CRASSUS Sundevall. Meriones crassus Sundev. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. p. 233, pl. 11. fig. 4 (cranium) (1843). Meriones crassus sellysti Pomel, H. Schwann, Nov. Zool. xii. p- 3 (1905). Four skins of a Jeriones were brought back, two from Atbara, Sudan, where they were procured by Capt. Flower, and kept alive in the Giza Gardens, and two that were brought in alive by natives. It is impossible on this material, even combined with that at the British Museum, to work out this very difficult group. As they have large bulle I have provisionally placed them under Sundevall’s name, as the type of crassws came from Sinai. Those from the Sudan appear to be rather larger and greyer in colour, and have in life a rather more pointed snout. PSAMMOMYS OBESUS Cretzschmn. Psammomys obesus Cretzschm., Riipp. Atlas, p. 58, pl. 22 (1828); de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 270 (1902). A single example of this form was given me by Dr. Todd, of the Public Health Department. It belongs to the typical form, and came from Abu Homos in the Delta near Alexandria. Mus rattrus Linn. Mus rattus Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 61 (1758); de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 274 (1902). Mus alexandrinus Desm. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxix. p. 47 (1819). Mus tectorum Savi, Nov. Giorn. Pisa, Feb. 1825. A very abundant species throughout the country. 794 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON A SMALL [ Nov. 9, Two forms of this species occur :-— a. Mus rattus tectorum, in which the fur of the underparts is white to its base. Average hind-foot measurement 35 mm. b. Mus rattus alexcandrinus, in which the fur of the underparts is wholly or partially slate-coloured. Average hind-foot measurement 33 mm. I made a considerable study of the variations of this species, the results of which I am now working out and hope to publish In a separate paper. Mus norvecicus Erxl. Mus norvegicus Erx]. Syst. Reg. Anim. p.381 (1777); de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamin. p. 276 (1902). This rat is now becoming very common in some districts though at present its distribution seems rather erratic. It is said not to occur in Cairo itself, though on the other (western) side of the Nile it is very numerous. Capt. Flower tells me that it has been found in the Zoological Gardens only within the last eight years, and in that time it has completely ousted Arvicanthis which used formerly to abound there, and quite fifty per cent. of the “rats” caught in the Gardens now belong to this species. I procured two specimens in the Fayum. Mus muscuuus Linn. Mus gentilis Brants, Muizen, p. 126 (1827). Mus orientalis Cretzschmar, Riipp. Atlas, p. 76, pl. 30 (1828). Mus musculus Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 62 (1758); de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 277 (1902). Two forms of this species are apparently found in the Giza Gardens. One form may, I think, be known as Mus m. gentilis (Brants), in which the hairs of the under parts are white to their bases and the whole animal is of a more fulvous tint. The other is Mus m. orientalis Cretzschm. In this form the hairs of the under parts have slate-coloured bases. The general colour is greyer than in Mus m. gentilis, and a clear line of fawn along each side separates the colour of the upper from that of the under parts. ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS (Desm.). Arvicola wiloticus Desmarest, Ency. Meéthod., Mamm. Suppl. p- 281 (1822). Arvicanthis niloticus (Desm.) de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 279 (1902). This species is extremely common throughout the country. It lives almost entirely in the open fields except during the 1909. | COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM EGYPT. 795 inundation, when it is forced to take refuge in the villages, Some specimens procured on the southern shores of Lake Meeris in the Fayum were indistinguishable from Cairo examples. ACOMYS CAHIRINUS (Desm.). Mus cahirinus Desm. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxix. p. 70(1819). Acomys cahirinus de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 282 (1902). This is the common House Mouse of Cairo, far outnumbering Mus musculus. A large series (86) was examined: they prove very constant in coloration, and with the exception of the fingers and toes they are of a uniform slaty blue all over. Slight traces of white are sometimes visible on the breast and along the median line. The sexes are alike in size and the average 1s :— Head and body 101 mm.; tail 105; hind-foot 18; ear 17. The largest individual (a male) measured :—Head and body 109 mm. ; tail 119; hind-foot 19; ear 19. Acomys Russatus Wagn. Acomys russatus Wagner, Abh. Akad. Munich, ii. p. 195, pl. 3. fig. 2 (1840); Tristram, Fauna Palestine, p. 11, pl. 3. fig. 1 (1884). I procured a single example of this species within half an hour's ride of the Citadel on the Mokattam Hills, and it seems certainly strange that it should not previously have been recorded from Egypt. _ It is an extremely well-marked species, and may easily be distinguished by the hairiness of the ears on both their inner and exterior surfaces and by the colour of the under parts being of a greyish white with no sharp line of demarcation from the colour of the upper parts. In all other species of Acomys the ears are naked and the under parts (except in A. cahirinus) are snowy white divided sharply from the colour of the upper parts. The colour of the upper parts is a uniform reddish fawn, the brown tips to each spine being so minute as not in any way to affect the general colour. The feet are thickly covered with short spines and the tail is well clothed with stiftish hairs. The skull differs from that of its allies in having the snout rather shorter and broader, the bullz considerably larger and thus tending to constrict the basi-occipital and to make it more concave. The most noticeable point, however, is the size of the teeth and the length of the molar series, which latter measures 5 mm. as against 4 mm. in the other species. A. nesiotis Bate has a molar series of 4°5 mm. and in this measurement comes nearest to the present one, but the whole animal is larger, so that the increase in size of the teeth is merely in proportion to the general increase in the size of the animal. In other respects the skull of nesiotis agrees with that of dimidiatus. For many details of this group I am indebted to Mr. R. C. 796 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON A SMALL [Nov. 9, Wroughton, who kindly allowed me to look over MS. notes of his on the genus. The measurements of my specimen, an adult female, are :—Head and body 97 mm.; tail imperf. 60 (certainly shorter than head and body when complete); hind-foot 18; ear 16-5. Skull. Greatest length 29 mm.; basal length 24; greatest breadth 15; length of molar series 5; length of diastema 7 ; length of palate to henselion 23; length of nasals 11-5, This is apparently a very scarce and local species. The type locality is Sinai, and Tristram found it near Massada at the southern end of the Dead Sea but not elsewhere in Palestine, and since then it does not seem to have been brought home by any collector. ‘There is a specimen of Burton’s in the Museum which has been referred to this species, but it is in such a bad state that identification is quite impossible. It is certainly curious that this species, occurring so near Cairo, should never have been brought in by local Bedouins, but the fact that a second visit to the locality with two men to dig did not result in any further examples of this species, but brought to light two individuals of the new Dipodillus described in this paper, tends to show that the particular locality is certainly unworked either by natives or collectors and that such mammals may escape observation even when searched for *. J ACULUS JACULUS (L.). Mus jaculus Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 63 (1758). Jaculus jaculus (Linn.), de Wint.in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p-. 305 (1902). This species is frequently brought in from the desert near Cairo. It is smaller and yellower in general coloration than the next species. J ACULUS JACULUS GORDONI Thos. Jaculus gordoni Thos. P. Z. 8. 1903, p. 299. The southern form of this species seems paler and rather larger than the typical race from Egypt. A single specimen from Khartoum, the type locality, was brought back. LEPUS INNESI de Wint. Lepus innesi de Winton, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 445 (1902). A single example of this Desert Hare was shot by Mr. M. J. Nicoll in the desert near Aburoash. It was originally described from Gattah in the Fayum, so that this record extends its range to the north. One of the most distinctive points of this species is the long white hairs on the flanks and sides of the body. The measurements of this specimen (a female) were :—Head and * Since the above was written Mr. Nicoll informs me that he has procured another example of this species in the Wadi Hof near Helouan. 1909.] COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM EGYPT. 797 body 453 mm. ; tail 77; hind-foot 96; ear from notch 102, from crown 128; breadth of ear 57. PROCAVIA BURTONI (Gray). Hyrax burtoni Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, 1. p. 43 1868). Hyraa ruficeps Thos. P. Z. 8. 1892, p. 63; de Wint. in Anders. Zool. Egypt, Mamm. p. 324 (1902). During my stay in Egypt the Zoological Gardens received, through the kindness of Capt. Burnet Stuart and Mr. Russell, three specimens of a Hyrax from the Wadi Abu Kalifa, east of Sohag, Upper Egypt. These animals lived only a day or two, and on their death were handed over to me by Capt. Flower together with a skull and flat skin collected near the same locality by Mr. Russell the previous autumn. A careful comparison of these examples with the British Museum collection shows that while they agree with the cotypes of Gray’s H. burtont, they are easily distinguishable from spe- cimens occurring in the Sudan and which are undoubtedly referable to P. rujficeps. P. burtoni differs from ruficeps in having the crown of the head similar in colour to the rest of the upper parts and not markedly darker. The hairs surrounding the dorsal gland are also con- colorous with the back, so that the yellow spot so conspicuous in ruficeps and some other forms is absent. Skull. Mr. de Winton, referring to Burton’s types, notes that they show considerable variation but agree in the length of the molar series. A comparison of a series of eight skulls from the Sudan with the three cotypes of burton, shows that the teeth in the first mentioned are constantly smaller than in the burtont specimens. All the examples now brought back, as well as the one from Etbai presented a few years ago by Capt. 8. 8. Flower, and Measurements of Skulls. Palate | Length length. | breadth.| length. | to hens.| series. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Cotype burtoni. 120@ ......... 0... 93 54 ve 42 35 11 - THO © crcdrrcnoeclt 0 52 83 42 35 9 1D 5 120% © .. 84, 52 nae 38 36 9 ree Capt. Flower ........ soos! tel) 52 77 40 35 9 adi Abu Kalifa. Burnet Stuart. 2 oe } 86 50 79 39 35 9 Burnet Stuart ” eae } 88 51 80 49 35 10 Wadi Fertili. Russell ............... 84. 50 aS 39 35 10 Greatest |Greatest | Basal | length | of molar| Diastema. Length of nasals. mm. 22°5 21 19 20 20 19 17 798 A LETTER FROM PROF. RIDGEWAY, [Nov. 23, mentioned by Mr. de Winton, agree with burtont in having the large teeth as well as in the external characters mentioned above, so that I have no hesitation in separating burtoni from ruficeps. P. syriaca from Palestine and Sinai also has the large teeth ; the series available, however, is too small to allow a comparison between the Egyptian and Palestine species to be made. The latter appear to be darker and more washed with fulvous. The measurements of an adult female of burtoni taken in the flesh are :—Head and body 460 mm.; hind-foot 72; ear 30. I have since received from Capt. Flower the fresh skin of a specimen of P. syriaca from Sinai, which died in the Giza Gardens. It agrees well with skins of P. syriaca in the Museum. There is a clear yellow patch round the dorsal gland and a median dorsal stripe,of the same colour runs towards the tail. In my opinion, therefore, this species is quite distinct from P. burtoni. November 23, 1909. Dr. A. Smiru Woopwarp, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions made to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of October 1909 :-— The number of registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of October last was 148. Of these 94 were acquired by presentation, 16 by purchase, 16 were received on deposit, 2 in exchange, and 20 were born in the Gardens. The number of departures during the same period, by deaths and removals, was 161. Amongst the additions special attention may be directed i) Ss A Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), from the Arctic Seas, purchased on October Ist. A Grey Seal (Hdlicherus grypus), from the North of Ireland, deposited on October 23rd. A Brazilian Tapir (Zapirus terrestris), born in the Menagerie on October 6th. The Secretary read the following letter addressed to him by Prof. William Ridgeway, M.A., D.Sc. :— In my paper on “The Differentiation of the Three Species of Zebras” in the last volume of the P. Z.8., p. 556, when writing about Ward’s Zebra, I mentioned the doubts respect- ing the provenance of the type specimen presented to Prof. Cossar Ewart, F.R.S., by Mr. Rowland Ward. It was originally said to have been “traded out of Somaliland.” But later Prof. Ewart gave me the information that its habitat was 1909. | A LETTER FROM PROF. RIDGEWAY. 799 probably the Lombori Hills not far from Naivasha, which I embodied in the Appendix to my ‘Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse,’ p. 508. In his paper on this specimen published later (P. Z.8. 1904, vol. 11. p. 181), Prof. Ewart states in his footnote that “It probably inhabits part of the area between the upper reaches of the Tana River and Lake Rudolf.” As it was very important to obtain full information, and, if possible, more specimens of this most interesting animal, T had inquiries made in British Hast Africa with a view to obtaining, if possible, a skin. My friend, Mr. C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., who has helped me much in such “Totes, endeavoured to fra out the habitat of Ward’s Zebra. He was told by Lord Delamere that he had shot near Baringo the animal, the skin of which had been named after Mr. Ward. Messrs. Ward & Co. have now written to inform me that they most certainly did not acquire the skin from Lord Delamere, but that “the type . wardi was purchased in the flesh from Barnum and Bailey’s Menagerie.” Prof. Ewart, in a letter dated 9 Nov. 1909, writes to me as follows -— About the provenance of ‘Ward’s Zebra’? I am still ignorant. The zebra in question was, I believe, accidentally strangled by Barnum and Bailey’s people when they were, for some purpose, putting on a halter. After correspondence with the owners all that Mr. Ward could learn was that, as I originally told you, the zebra was ‘traded out of Somaliland.’” IT am of course responsible for any mistake in the matter, and, as I am anxious to have the error corrected as soon as possible, I will be very grateful if you will read this note at the next meeting of the Zoological Society and print it in the Proceedings. Flendyshe, Fen Ditton, Cambridge. WiiiiAmM RipGEway. 13 Nov., 1909. Yours sincerely, Postscripr, 19th Feb., 1910.—My friend Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.Z.S. (¢ Field,’ 20th Noy. 1909, p. 889) suggested that “ Ward’s Zebra is nothing but a hybrid between a Mountain Zebra (Z#. zebra) and Chapman’s Zebra.” He substantiated this view in the ‘ Field’ (18th Dec. 1909) by a letter from Dr. Heck, the Director of the Berlin Zoological Garden, who states that he saw a hybrid Zebra resembling Ward’s Zebra in Hagenbeck’s Menagerie in 1902. He adds an extract from a letter from Mr. Hagenbeck, who speaks of this Zebra as a hybrid between Hquus zebra and Equus chapmani that came from the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. “The photo- graph of this specimen,” says Mr. Pocock, “taken by Hagenbeck and also kindly submitted to me by Dr. Heck, represents an animal differing in no important par- ticulars from Ward’s Zebra. It is therefore highly probable that Messrs. Barnum and Bailey procured Ward’s Zebra from the Jardin des Plantes.” Mr. Pocock seems to have got the real provenance. If from the outset it had been stated that it was procured from Barnum and Bailey’s, much unnecessary propagation of error would have been avoided. This story shows the immense importance of getting specimens direct from Africa, as is the case with the series of skins figured in my paper.—W. R. 800 MR. W. BICKERTON’S EXHIBITION OF [Nov. 23, Dr. F. D. Welch, F.Z.8., exhibited photographs of a male Gayal (Bibos frontalis) living in the Society’s Gardens, in which the lower halves of both fore and hind legs were almost entirely black instead of pure white as in the normal adult. British Nesting TERNs. Mr. William Bickerton, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., gave a lecture illustrated with about 120 lantern-slides showing the nesting haunts and habits of the five species of Terns which nested in the British Islands. These, given in the order in which they arrive during the Spring migration, are:—-Sandwich Tern (Sterna cantiaca), end of March; Common Tern (S. fluviatilis) and Arctic Tern (S. macrura), latter part of April; Roseate Tern (S. dougalli), very end of April; Little Tern (S. mnata), early in May. He contributed the following notes on these Terns, arranged in the order in which the birds were photographed— Sandwich Tern, Common Tern, Little Tern, Roseate Tern, Arctic Tern. The three first-named he had photographed in a haunt where they all nested in the same locality, namely an area of sand-hills on the coast at Ravenglass in Cumberland. Sandwich Tern (Sterna cantiaca).—This is the earliest to arrive in spring, and the first to nest. The Sandwich Terns at Raven- glass did not all nest in one area, but chose four or five different areas in different portions of the Sand-hills District. Some of these nesting areas were on quite bare sand; others amongst the long marram grass, and others in intermediate areas partly sandy and partly grass-covered. They are probably the most social of all the five species in that the nests are more concentrated in any particular nesting area. The eggs were always either one or two in number. On no occasion were three eggs found in any one nest, although the colonies were visited in three successive nesting- seasons—1905, 1906, and 1907. The young birds began to hatch out during the last week in May. The Sandwich Tern is the most insanitary of all the five species, inasmuch as the droppings of the birds always seemed to be deposited immediately round the outside of the nest—a point that had not been noticed with regard to any other species. In fact the condition of the sur- roundings of the nest was, roughly speaking, a test of the length of time that had elapsed since incubation commenced. Common Tern (Sterna fluviatilis)—This was the latest of the three species to nest at Ravenglass—very few eggs being found before the end of the first week in June, at which date large numbers of the Sandwich Terns were hatched out. He had been ou the nesting area as late as July 7th and failed to find a singie young bird hatched out. At that time the Sandwich Terns had absolutely completed their nesting season. There were probably 1000 to 1500 pairs of Common Terns nesting, and the following 1909. ] LANTERN-SLIDES OF BRITISH TERNS. 801 result was noted in a casual walk across their nesting area on July 2nd, 1907 :— Total. 102 nests contained 1 egg each = 102 eggs WAAL ee i 2eggs ,, — eee wae ” ” 3 ” ” =S 27 ” 232 nests contained 371 eggs He had observed very considerable variation in the position and surroundings of the nests. Some of these were made in long grass; some in short grass; others on quite bare sand, and others on a bank of shingle. The materials of the nests also showed great variation, but generally speaking it was the exception to find a bulky nest of this species. The large majority were simply holes scratched in the sand or grass without either structural or lining material. He had noticed very considerable variation in the colour of the eggs, and this applied both to the ground-colour and markings. As a rule the ground-colour was much duller than that of either the Sandwich or the Little Tern. Lesser or Little Tern (Sterna minuta)—This was the least numerous of all in the locality named—the colony including not more than about half a dozen pairs. The Lesser Terns were generally less social in their habits than any of the others. They also nested further apart, and he never found it possible to in- clude two nests in the same half-plate photograph. Moreover, the Little Terns always seemed to choose a nesting area quite near to the sea, or river estuary, and for the most part on a sand- bank only just above high-water mark. The white crescentic band on the forehead characteristic of this species was clearly shown in the photographs. Most of the Lesser Terns seemed to use small stones and broken fragments of shell as nest material, and in this respect they were quite characteristic. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli).—The series of photographs of these birds shown by the Lecturer were unique, being the only series ever taken within the British Isles. He did not give the locality in which the photographs were obtained, as he wished to do what was possible to protect this rarest and perhaps most beautiful species of the group. Roughly speaking there were in the nesting area referred to about 10,000 pairs of Arctic Terns and 1000 pairs of Common Terns. So far as he could judge, there were not more than from fifteen to twenty pairs of Roseates, and of these he managed to find eight distinct and clearly iden- tified nests, each of which contained only one egg. From the field naturalist’s point of view there were four marks of distinction of the Roseate Tern, viz., the roseate colour of the breast, the black bill reddish just at the base, the harsh ery “ crrark-errark,” and the long streamers of the tail. He cited Mr. H. E. Dresser’s statement that “the wing of this species was nine inches in length and the tail nine inches in length, and that the lateral feathers of the tail extended nearly six inches beyond the central ones.” He had found that the Roseate Terns seemed to prefer 802 EXHIBITION OF LANTERN-SLIDES OF BRITISH TERNS. [ Nov. 23, association with the Common rather than with the Arctic Terns although individually the pairs of Roseate Terns seemed to select more isolated. and somewhat concealed nesting sites than any other species. Four of the eggs found he had carefully measured and found the largest to be 147 inches long and the smallest 133. On July 3rd, 1908, the last day of his visit, none of the Roseate Terns or Common Terns in this area had hatched out, but quite a number of young Arctic Terns were found in the nests, some of which were photographed. He found it rather difficult to understand the statement of Dr. Louis Bureau with regard to the date of departure of this species (see report of the Ornithological Congress held in London 1905) :— “The Roseate Tern arrived on the coast (of France) about the 15th of May, commenced nesting about the 5th of June, and departed on the 10th of July approximately.” He hardly thought it possible for the young Roseate Terns to leave their nesting islands within say a fortnight of being hatched, and if Dr. Bureau’s statement were to be accepted, it could only mean that the old birds departed, leaving their nestlings in an almost helpless condition. Arctic Tern (Sterna macrura).—He estimated that there were 10,000 pairs of this species on the nesting area, which was pro- bably one of the largest colonies in the British Isles. They evinced a marked preference for nesting just where the grassy portions of the island intermingled with ridges and areas of bare rock. For instance, he had marked out an area roughly rectangular in form, 140 yards long by 30 yards across. On each of the long sides of this area a ridge of bare rocks protruded through the grass, and walking along each of these two rocky ridges and finally walking down the central line of the grassy area, he had noticed nests of the Arctic Terns as follows :— Along Eastern rock ridge 82 nests with 133 eges. » Western ,, i oo: 5 oO Total 175 293 —— a 99 Along the central line of the grassy area there were 34 nests with 62 eggs. Again he had found extraordinary differences both in the sites chosen for nests and in the materials of which the nests were made, and a type series of such nesting sites and materials was well shown in the photographs. A series of very beautiful slides showing the Arctic Terns alighting at their nests with extended wings was also shown. He had noticed that the Arctic Terns were not only more vocal, but bolder and more vicious than any of the other species. They would not only swoop at a passer-by but would in many instances actually strike him as well. He had noticed that both sexes shared in the duties of incubation. The first young bird was hatched out on June 29th and on July 1st he counted thirteen young ones, although this number was by no means exhaustive. 1909.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARSUPIALS ETC. 803 The following papers were read :— 1. An Account of the Geographical Distribution of the Marsupials and Monotremes of South-West Australia, having special reference to the specimens collected during the Balston Expedition of 1904-1907. By G. C. SHORTRIDGE *. [ Received May 7, 1909. | 4 (Text-figures 244-277. List of Western Australian Marsupials and Monotremes South of the Tropics. Macropus GIGantEeus Zimm. S.W. 35 ROBUSTUS CERVINUS Thos. N.W. €. K is robustus erubescens* Sclat. S.E.] Fy RuBUS Desm. N.W. C. S.H. a IRMA Jourd. S.W. 5 EUGENIT Desm. 8.W. 3 BRACHYURUS Quoy & Gaim. S.W. PETROGALE LATERALIS Gld. S.W. (N.W.?) 5 LATERALIS HACKETTI Thos. S.W. (insular). OnycHoGaLE tuNnatTa Gld. S.W. Lagostropnts Fascratus Pér & Les. N.W. (insular). ‘ FASCIATUS ALBIPILIS Gld. S.W. LAGORCHESTES HIRSuTUS Gld. S.W. Bs HIRSUTUS BERNIERI Thos. N.W. (insular). 3 HIRSUTUS DORREH Thos. N.W. (insular). BETTONGIA PENICILEATA Gray. S.W. Pr LESUEURI Quoy & Gaim. N.W. (insular). Fe LESUEURI GRAYI Gld. S.W. PororowUs GILBERTI Gld. S.W. 5 pLaTyors Gld. S.W. TARSIPES SPENSER® Gray. S.W. Dromicra concrnna Gld. S.W. C. PsEUDOCHIRUS OCCIDENTALIS Thos. S.W. TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA Kerr. S.W. (C., a rare straggler.) [Phascolomys sp.~ 2?) | $.E.? THaLAcomys LaGcotis Reid. S.W. N.W. C. Tsoopon oBESULUS Shaw. S.W. PERAMELES BOUGAINVILLEI Quoy & Gaim. N.W. (insular). 5 BOUGAINVILLEI MyosuROS Wagn. S.W. [Cheropus castanotis + Gray.| (S.W.?) (N.W.?) DASYURUS GEOFFROYI FoRTIS Thos. S.W. PHASCOGALE FLAVIPES LEUCOGASTER Gray. S.W. catura Gld. S.W. 3) * Communicated by Mr. OrprreLp Tuomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S. + Occurrence in South-Western Australia not yet confirmed. Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1909, No. LV. 55 EOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION | Nov. 23, « x 804 MR. G. €. SHORTRIDGE ON G *) (C.: S.W. PHASCOGALE PENICILLATA Shaw. APICALIS Gray. 39 C.? N.W.? blighi®* Woodward ? |? 29 SMINTHOPSIS MURINA Waterh. r E S.W. C. N.W. S.W. CRASSICAUDATA Gld. 39 | Antechinomys i Thos.| ?C.? cratus Waterh. spencei 5.W. CP MyRMECOBIUS FAS | Notor “yh a S.E.? g.]? Stirlin HYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS IN * Oc ctes typhlops”* Y Cc. NW. S.W. EpPrus Thos. AC onth-Western Australia not yet confirmed. 8 currence in “BUN B, URILRUTUTB CL eeRy. JSo AA JO (SOUT [ROI}.10.A) OSMBL TOLLLOF ee oe Ce Bee) asued yuesoid Sarmoys dey oro buDyy AANGASS . : Peg sudonsvpyy 9 opPSBIMa Aungqung aureus y MUOLLIAD NOISIAIG N Hi } "ill sartonng vy vrivest v. f waco FEES Jotun: LSaM | tf Huh 0] Modmog VWidvaeLSNnW HLNOS ayjMAsamoy: eae esterase e e “AIG | ABAY Senin @ 107900) P— our bbe our 0 oor Sof, YSU Je STEPS VITIVYLSNY eriejuedse) Fo z1ng ®. FPG PUTO, 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA, 805 Text-fig. 245. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. 0 100 f 200 : — GW Coy eG ik Carrarvon Ra. aN qlorthame ton _Y Geraldton NS Margaret RUS Augusta ve ose F\, tea, Pe: , KI wma fe R Le Cay v/v) fern i Hi Broome NG i i Cowar i | HOM GR ow Mian rn a ama iy (ob) Nie fai Wee a pate ieee pe J i = 7 —-——- oe i i) “ | i {Sy 4 ! sa H Johanna. Base. buiton i i es fare nut ey Ny enh &) { Beate M- Macpherson & L.Macdonald (QR i (salt L. Wrgshen Sete OSL Bernier eS “2 Carnarvon Ra. i Io S Gi ilps i ea S Dy “tl, EV eS, LON. H Hara ‘2 0 ! i 355 os, . i : SS ‘2 Laverton. ! Wallabi ; = i roup* peeen ; ! Geraldton & Pl 5 } = — E Se J ! pong a ar i Piciote = iI qi t a H 1) d | Kracla || 1! — Southern Cross kb | Lis ! [p | : ie | i PERTH i= tat Parkers ) Eyre | Fremantle a vd Map showing distribution of Macropus giganteus. As with most of the species common to both States, the area in which it occurs in the West is separated from that in South * On this and following maps the dotted area indicates ascertained present range, horizontal lines—probable range, vertical lines—extinct, and crossed lines—dying out. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA. 807 Australia by a wide tract of dry desert country from six to eight hundred miles in width. In the extreme South-Western coastal districts there appears to be a somewhat darker race, which is particularly noticeable in immature individuals,—the head, limbs and tail being frequently almost entirely black, possibly corresponding with J/acropus giganteus melanops of Kastern Australia. 19 specimens collected. Albany (King River); Beverley (Stock Pool); Brookton (Dwaladine); Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells) ; Margaret River (Burnside) (caves). Grey Kangaroo ( ¢ ‘ Boomer’) of Colonists. ‘Konga’ 3,‘ Woyre’ 2 (S.W.); ‘Eowit’ (Moore River), of natives. Macropus Ropustus CERVINUS Thos. (Text -fig. 247, p. 808.) Frequenting rocky hills and mountain ranges in North-Western and parts of Central West Australia, extending south to Southern Cross and inland as far as Laverton, in which places, however, it seems to be less abundant. Most plentiful towards the North-West, where in favourable situations it extends to the coast. Said to occur as far north as Port Hedland. Known to colonists as the ‘ Hill Kangaroo,’ to distinguish it from the ‘ Red’ or ‘ Plain Kangaroo.’ 3 specimens collected. Gascoyne River (Wyndham Range) (Clifton Downs station). ‘ Bigodar’ (N.W.), ‘ Euro’ (C.), of natives. MACROPUS ROBUSTUS ERUBESCENS Sclat. (‘Text-fig. 248, p. 809.) Of South Australia, is said to occur in the extreme South-East of Western Australia to the east of the Fraser Range. Macropus ruFus Desm. (Text-fig. 249, p. 810.) Distributed throughout the North-West, Centre, and South- East. Not occurring in the South-West, where MJacropus giganteus takes its place, as it does in the southern districts of South Australia, the two species rarely, if ever, frequenting the same areas. Particularly abundant in the North-West. The Red and Hill Kangaroos (IZ. robustus cervinus) seem to be less dependent on fresh water than the Grey, although in dry seasons they will collect around pools and ‘ gnamma holes,’ or even dig for water in the beds of dry creeks. However, in many places they exist where water is quite unobtainable. The females, although normally blue, are frequently of the 808 MR. G. C, SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, Text-fig. 247, WESTERN AUSTRALIA $ E Scale of English Miles. 0 R Lz AY ern Fe ao erecaeesso—ad] — = mse — 3 Wallabv Group® | | | | i : : { 1 | ! if | ! | Comandien Ne Map showing distribution of Macropus robustus cervinus. same sandy-red colour as the males; the males themselves being very rarely, but occasionally, blue. 18 specimens collected. Laverton (Hawksnest) ; Gascoyne River (Wyndham Range). Red or Plain Kangaroo of Colonists. ‘Marlo * (N.W.) of natives. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA. 809: Text-fig. 248. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. a 100 200 L.Macdonald A> ‘ Zz Yh Sov Ee mR mM v0 sae Carnarvon Ra. Margaret Ree Augusta ee Map showing distribution of Wacropus robustus erubescens. = di Macropts trma Jourd, (Text-fig. 250, p. 811.) Range almost identical with that of Wacropus giganteus, except that it does not seem to occur in the southern coastal districts between Cape Naturaliste and the Leeuwin. Resembling the large Kangaroos rather than the smaller Wallabies in habits. Very fast, and quick in its movements when hunted, when it will 810 MR. G. C, SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION | Noy. 23, turn and double like a have. Generally considered to be the best sporting animal in Western Australia. Text-fig. 249, WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. 0 100 100 200 3g0 4 , m. K I MAN JE OR Le rby o/ if on Barrow 1G Map showing distribution of Wacropus rufus. Not apparently dying out or disappearing even in the more thickly populated districts to the same extent as the smaller marsupials. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA. 811 Extending northwards beyond Watheroo, its range probably ends at some point to the south of Geraldton. Text-fig. 250. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles 0 100 200 L. Macdanald ore a Ne VAELSIR TIED IRIN « " Carnarvon Ra nub? Map showing distribution of Wacropus irma. 19 specimens collected. Albany (King River); Mt. Barker ; Beverley (Boyadine—Dale River) (Stockpool); Brookton (Dwala- dine) ; Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells). Brush Kangaroo of Colonists. ‘ Quoyrer ’ of natives. 812 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Noy. 23, Macropus EuGENII Desm. (Text-fig. 251.) Very plentiful in. many parts of the South-West, but rapidly disappearing in the cultivated districts, especially towards the Text-fig. 251. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of cae Miles. g 100 200 3g0 L.Macéanald Se A 8S or & RW i, eos 44, Carnarvon Ra. s outhern. Cross aN Lt ie Parkers Map showing distribution of Jlacropus engenii. northern end of its range. Not occurring in the coastal country between Albany and Cape Leeuwin, although extending to the 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA, 813 coast at the Margaret River and Cape Naturaliste. Said still to exist in isolated patches in the North between the Swan River and Gin-Gin, Also occurring on the Abrolhos (Wallabi Group), Garden, and some of the islands off Esperance. Although not extending on the South Coast much beyond Phillips River, it reappears on the Southern mainland and on islands off South Australia. The small Wallabies with the exception of Lagorchestes are eregarious, frequenting thickets and dense undergrowth. 34 specimens collected. Wagin (Arthur River); Beverley (Boyadine—Dale River) (Stockpool); Brookton (Dwaladine) ; Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells); Margaret River (Ellensbrook); Twin Peak and Middle Islands, off Esperance (in Perth Museum). *Tammar’ (S.W.), ‘ Bonnan’ (Margaret River), of natives and Colonists. Macropus BRACHYURUS Quoy & Gaim. (Text-fig. 252, p. 814.) Very plentiful among the coastal thickets and swamps of the South-West, not extending inland. Said to occur sparingly as far north as Moore River. Numerous on Rottnest, where J/acropus eugentt is equally plentiful, but not found on Garden Island. Also occurring on Bald Island to the east of King George’s Sound, and on Twin Peak and probably other islands off Esperance. 38 specimens collected. Albany (King River) (Big Grove) ; Busselton (Yallingup); Margaret River (Burnside); Rottnest and Bald Islands Gn Perth Museum). ‘Quokka,’ ‘ Bungeup, of natives. PETROGALE LATERALIS Gld. (‘Text-fig. 253, p. 815.) Fairly plentiful on low rocky hills around Beverley and York. Said to occur sparingly in suitable localities, at least as far north as the Wongan Hills. Distribution apparently very local and patchy. Although not found among the Stirling ranges, it is said to reappear on the coastal hills between Phillips River and Esperance, occurring again on the South Coast and some of the islands off South- Australia, which last might be referable to lateralis hackettt. I do not think that this species is likely to occur in the extreme north, although a Rock Wallaby described from around Port Hedland, Cossack, and doubtfully from the Murchison River, may be this species. 10 specimens collected. Beverley (near Stockpool) (Boyadine-— Dale River). Rock Wallaby of Colonists. ‘ Boggile’ of natives (8. W.) 814 MR. G. C, SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, Text-fig. 25 WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles o 100 200 300 L. Macdonald ( = A Oy & & Ik a Cardaten Ra. Beak nubt ona A’ Ht aret R: Augusta | res \ Map showing distribution of Wacropus hrachyurus. PETPROGALE LATERALIS HACKETTI Thos. (Text-fig. 253.) The insular form seems hitherto to have been found only on Modrain Island, off Esperance, although two skins examined from Pearson’s Island, Investigator Group, South Australia, seem referable to it, except that they were less distinctly marked than the Modrain Island specimens. 2 specimens collected. Modrain Island (in Perth Museum). 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA, 815 Text-fig. 253. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of Englsh Miles. 0 100 200 L. Macdonald (Q, SY PNR ap tS. Se 17 1 i Carnarvon Ra Peak Hill = As F : Te tal Wallahi Group* i 1 i i | i | 4 | | | | | ; | 1 1 ! ! \ Geraldton sede H* y L Olgardie mp aa Southern Cross © Naturaliste \~+6y5> “SK jonuph Margaret R e. oh ‘Barker Augusta R we cL Map showing distribution of Petrogale lateralis and P. 1. hacketti. ONYCHOGALE LUNATA Gld. (Text-fig. 254, p. 816.) Within a more limited area this species seems to have much the same range as Jlacropus eugeni, both forms frequently occurring together, although generally less plentifully—not ex- tending far, if at all, beyond Beverley in the North, or near the coast; its western boundary apparently being the Darling Range. 816 MR. G. 0. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, Also oceurring in the southern interior of South Australia, where, however, it is little known and probably rare. Gregarious, resembling Kangaroo Rats in occasionally hiding or running into hollow logs or burrows when disturbed. Text-fig. 204. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. 0 400 200 bs Ganuatvan Ra. ‘ Wongan H® by jane a EERE) us Bun C. Wat aerLate = Margaret R Augusta ‘E a wv oe Map showing distribution of Onychogale lunata. 23 specimens collected. Wagin (Arthur River); Pinjelly {Woyaline Wells). ‘Wurrine’ or ‘ Wurrung’ of natives and Colonists. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA. 817 Lacostropuvs Fascrarus Pér. & Les. (Text-fig. 255.) . Confined to Dirk Hartog, Dorrée and Bernier Islands, off Sharks Bay. Text-fig. 255. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles Q 100 200 %, K 1 owiiB ie ROL aS (Phe ad stilt Geraldton % rca pong? Map showing distribution of Lagostrophus fasciatus and L. f. albipilis. Observed on Bernier Island to be particularly abundant, where they had bred to such an extent that in times of drought, when food is scarce, 2 number would probably have to die. 818 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, While on the island during a very dry season, I noticed that both this species and Lagorchestes were thin and apparently in a very unhealthy condition, while numbers were lying about dead.: It may be noted that sheep had been temporarily introduced there, while in the south of Dirk Hartog there is a large sheep station, and the wallabies are said to have entirely left that end of the island. 14 specimens collected. Bernier Island, LAGOSTROPHUS FASCIATUS ALBIPILIS Gld. (‘Text-fig. 255, p. 817.) Existing in a few isolated localities to the east of Pinjelly and Wagin, and according to natives the Pellinup and Salt River districts in the neighbourhood of the Stirling ranges. Plentiful enough in the restricted areas in which they occur, frequenting thick prickly serub. 22 specimens collected. Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells). ‘Merrnine’ or ‘ Munning’ of natives (S.W.). Up to quite recently—within the last twenty-five or thirty years—from abundant evidence many of the Western Australian mammals had a much wider range than at the present time, thei disappearance, which is said to have been first noticed about 1880, being most sudden and unaccountable. Their former existence is still remembered both by natives and old colonists around Port Hedland, Cossack, Carnarvon, Peak Hill, Laverton, Huela, and many other widely separated localities. The following, and other less easily recognised species, are said to have been very abundant throughout the Western, South-Eastern, and Central districts :—Lagostrophus fasciatus, Lagorchestes hirsutus, Bettongia lesueurit, and Trichosurus vulpecula (wherever trees occurred), To which might be added most of the other mammals common to South Australia. The above areas are now, with a few exceptions, entirely devoid of indigenous mammals. This is said partly to account for the way in which the natives have been disappearing from the Western and Central districts of late years. In the North-West even the Red Kangaroos were said to have decreased considerably, although they have since been recovering in numbers: while a few Wallabies are said to still exist to the north of the Ashburton River. Lagostrophus fasciatus was recorded from South Australia many years ago by Gould, and although unknown there now, it might easily have extended into that region. The entire disappearance of so many species, over such large tracts of country, is generally considered to be due to some epidemic or disease, which IT have been told appeared to be a kind of marasmus, perhaps brought into the country by introduced mammals. It may be noted, however, that they have died out chiefly in the drier parts of the country, where, except for the introduction of sheep, there has been very little alteration in 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA. 819 the natural conditions. Rabbits, although already very numerous in the Centre and South-East, have not yet found their way to the North-West. The mammals of the South-West, to about as far north as the Moore River, have not disappeared in the same extraordinary way, although they are rapidly retreating before civilisation, being already very rare to the north of the thickly populated districts around the Swan River, as well asaround all the settled- in and agricultural areas. The burning of forests and general clearing of the country, together with constant raids of dogs and domestic cats, are among the chief causes. On account of isolation from enemies and disease, the abun- dance of native mammals on the small islands off the coast, compared in most instances with their scarcity, or in many cases non-existence, on the adjoining mainland, is very marked, and forms a key to the original distribution of many of them. Insular forms of South-Western mammals extend as far north as the Sharks Bay Islands in the West; while in the South several occur on the islands off Esperance, reappearing again on the mainland as well as on islands off the coast of South Australia. The mammals on the islands off Sharks Bay correspond with the originally widely spread “ sand-plain fauna” of the South- West; those on the islands farther south resembling the kinds confined to the coastal and forest districts. On the islands to the north of Bernier, the mammals seem to show a similar likeness to those on the extreme northern mainland, while there would seem to be absolutely no mammals peculiar to the North-W est, those that do occur being stragglers from the South-West, North, and Centre. LAGoRCHESTES HIRSUTUS Gld. (Text-fig. 256, p. 820.) Mainland form almost, if not entirely, extinct. Said possibly to still occur very sparingly on sand-plains to the east of Beverley and York—where within quite recent times it was fairly plentiful. A single specimen was recorded from Hastings, near Kojonup, in 1896, by the Perth Museum. Described as being very swift and to give a distinct sharp whistle when put up, although I did not notice this on Bernier Island. Whistler of Colonists. ‘Wurrup’ of natives (S.W.). LAGORCHESTES HIRSUTUS BERNIERI Thos. (Text-fig. 256.) Plentiful on Bernier Island in heathy and spinifex country. Unlike the other small Wallabies Lagorchestes is not gregarious, frequenting more or less open country, where it lies up in a form similar to that of a hare, which on Bernier Island is rather deep and generally half hidden beneath a bush or tuft of spinifex. 24 specimens collected. Bernier Island (south end). Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1909, No. LVI. 56 820 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, Text-fig. 256. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles 100 o 100 200 390 —— + + ———+ 9 Lory Hea L. Macdonald ED RAGE Sony were Rein: = Carnarvon Ra. Talla hi Group® fs PERTH od nei) ( ae) 9 Y ache Margaret REBee RMIT ‘ "oe “Se Mader Augusta Ye ee ae ty we Map showing distribution of Lagorchestes hirsutus, L. h. bernieri, and Lh. dorree. LAGORCHESTES HIRSUTUS DORREM Thos. (Text-fig, 256.) Dorée Island. As the red Kangaroo Hares on Bernier and Dorée Islands differ subspecifically, it would be interesting to compare specimens from Dirk Hartog Island. ’ 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN §.W. AUSTRALIA. 821 BETTONGIA PENICILLATA Gray. (Text-fig. 257.) Very plentiful in the South-West, where, unlike Bettongia leswewrt, 1b occurs near the coast, extending as far north as the Text-fig. 247. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of Enghsh Miles. a 100 200 — L. Macdonald (Q EY Sh oe Eg i ois ? *% i rh 3 fs i ¢ “® Carnarvon Ra. Dorresp % Ke one® oak Hill Pell! Me til She fae ewe asco WE ods \ i a: _t YY 2% % Xo cf < i) Vine oMahnine iT at | : 7 Hawks Nest fy Day D t (eo Laverton i ae ( Naas ton Beat Yh Geraldton &f||||te aif tl ANG a ne Map showing distribution of Bettongia penicillata. Moore River, becoming very rare at its northern limit. Formerly recorded from Sharks Bay, as so many of the other South- Western marsupials have been. Although getting scarce in the more settled districts, both a6* 822 MR. G.C.SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, species of Lettongia are sufficiently numerous in many places to be rather destructive to crops, on which account they are often trapped and poisoned off in large numbers. Omnivorous, and toa great extent scavengers, often collecting around camps at night in order to pick up any scraps that might be lying about, and, unless specially frightened, they become very fearless, often approaching within a foot or two of where people are sitting. If startled, however, they are wonderfully quick, being even more agile in their movements than the smaller wallabies. More exclusively nocturnal than the kangaroos and wallabies : lying up by day in a grass nest, which is generally hidden either beneath a thick bush or tuft of grass, and when put up, bolting into the nearest hollow log or patch of cover. Although it has been said that this species carries about bundles of grass or small sticks with its tail, [ do not think that such a thing is possible with an animal whose tail is not in the slightest degree prehensile. Tail occasionally tipped with white like that of “leswewri.” 31 specimens collected. Albany (King River); Brookton (Dwaladine) ; Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells); Busselton (Yal- lingup); Margaret River (Burnside). The Kangaroo-rat of Colonists. ‘Woylyer’ or ‘ Woyre’ of natives. BETTONGIA LESUEURI Quoy & Gaim. (Text-fig. 258.) Typical form, confined to Bernier, Dorrée, and Dirk Hartog Islands off Sharks Bay, where it is very plentiful, making burrows among the cliffs along the sea-shore. Feeding to a great extent on marine refuse and dead matter, even dead sheep being occasionally partly eaten. 18 specimens collected. Bernier Island. BETTONGIA LESUEURI GRAYI Gld. (Text-fig. 258.) Very abundant in many parts of the South-West, differing curiously from the insular form in not occurring near the coast. It is possible that some of the mammals that do not occur to the west of the Darling Ranges extend to the coast between Albany and Esperance, and when they existed in the dry districts of the North-West and South-East, there is no doubt that they were coastal there, as this species is still said to be in South Australia. Differing from Betiongia penicillata, which it resembles in most of its habits, in being a burrowing animal, numbers often collecting together and making small warrens similar to those of rabbits. The two species of Bettongia frequently occur in the same localities. Not appearing at the present time to exist on the mainland to the north of the Swan River. Tail very shghtly incrassated. At night the Kangaroo-rats make a peculiar grunting noise as they hop about. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN $.W. AUSTRALIA. $23 24 specimens collected. Wagin (Arthur River); Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells); Beverley (Boyadine-Dale River); Brookton (Dwaladine). WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles 0 100 100 200 ” L. Macdonald (Q EAA eS) Th eee Oe 7 & oe 2£ Carnarvon Ra. a) Map showing distribution of Bettongia lesueuri and B. 1. grayi. Boodee Rat of Colonists. ‘ Boodee’ of natives (S.W.). (The ‘ Boodee’ of the Central districts is Thalacomys lagotis.) 824 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION | Nov. 23, WESTERN Scale of English Miles. 0 100 200 @ lt os D, ¥) fern Dd, ‘ i M* Mac pherson (Salt L. Wyaghor ay (ee 8s Q Ue 3 Peak Hilb- wey . aN (essen a paper eion A Geraldton & pong” C. Nataraliste \~#\, Margaret Rega f Augusta QW J ob oe 9G. forge St Map showing distribution of Potorous platyops. (1) Pororovs piatyors Gld. (Text-fig. 259.) (2) Pororovs citgerti Gld. (Text-fig. 260.) Neither of these species has been recorded since 1840, when Gilbert secured both near King George’s Sound, obtaining platyops again in the Walyema swamps (Victoria), which probably has some reference to the Victoria plains near Northam. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA, 825 It is quite possible that they are now entirely extinct, although I picked up six old skulls of Potorous gilberti near the entrances of some caves in the Margaret River district, and they may still Text-fig. 260. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles 100 © 0) 100 200 390 SSS ee Ziyi Me, tale >= Carnarvon Ra. woe c. sae | im 2 Hs 2 Ve y H : Laverton Northampton / \ Riad ra a aan Sank VSN 5 OY. pongo” ; : i Augusta Q we ou Map showing distribution of Potorous gilberti. exist sparingly in that and other localities, as they are very liable to be overlooked on account of their great external resemblance to Maecropus brachyurus. 826 MR. G..C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, The animal known to natives as ‘ Wurrark’ around the Margaret River is probably Potorows gilberti, said to frequent marshy country, and although formerly numerous, it is thought to have almost, if not entirely, died out. A few may still occur towards Cape Leeuwin. A small gregarious wallaby is said to have been at one time plentiful in the coastal scrub to the east of Albany; from the description it was probably one of these species. It was known to the natives as ‘ Moort,’ and according to them has entirely disappeared there. Described as being rather similar to J/acropus brachyurus in habits, but more sluggish in its movements, on which account cats and bush-fires have probably caused its disappearance. 6 skulls collected (Potorous gilberti). Margaret River caves. TARSIPES SPENSER® Gray. (Text-fig. 261.) As yet known to occur only in the extreme coastal districts of the South-West, although the natives around Beverley speak of a striped mavsupial mouse occurring there which they call ‘ Deed.’ Apparently very local, most of the specimens known having been obtained around Albany; the only other known locality is Wagerup, about thirty miles north of Bunbury, from which place the Perth Museum has a single specimen—deser ibed as from the Margaret River. Said to fr ‘equent low-lying and often swampy country, making small round grass-nests, like a dormouse, among the thinner branches of 'Ti-tr ees or Paper-barks. The small marsupial mice are very difticult to secure on account of their rarity, and their noctur nal, arboreal, and to a great extent insec- tivorous habits, beg chiefly known from cats killing and bringing them into houses. 8 specimens collected (Albany); (6 in Perth Museum), DrRomIcrA CoNCINNA Gld. (‘Text-fig. 262, p. 828.) Rather widely distributed throughout the South-Western and Central districts ; obtained as far lem as Parker’s Range, near Southern Cross, where it is said to be fairly plentiful, and is well known owing to its frequently dropping down the shafts of mines. A pouched mouse, that probably belongs either to this species or Sminthopsis crassicaudata, is also described from Kurrawang (near Kalgoorlie) and eperton! Tt oceurs in South Australia, Senae however it seems to be little known. Arboreal, hiding by day among dead timber, or in nests built either in hollow stumps or among the branches of low trees and bushes. 4 specimens collected. Southern Cross (Parker’s Range) ; Bunbury ; Albany (in Perth Museum). “Possum Mouse of Colonists. ‘ Nyeranit’ (Margaret River) of natives. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA, 827 Text-fig. 261. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. 100 200 Es Aw Si Eye reeN a3 Ca precio Ra. apt Peak Hib: Day, Margaret R| ee € Augusta & : bys Map showing distribution of Tarsipes spensere. PSEUDOCHIRUS OCCIDENTALIS Thos. (Text-fig. 263, p. 829.) Chiefly confined to the banks of rivers and swamps in the South-West ; local, and apparently disappearing in many places. Fairly plentiful near the Margaret River, where they occur among Ti-trees and peppermint gums, making nests of grass and sticks among the bushes, although occasionally hiding in hollow trees like the Common Opossum. 828 MR. G.C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, Text-fig. 262. WESTERN AUSTRALIA aw fe ey Scale of Enghsh Miles yale i * 100 0 100 200 300 Y jews ae a raat Derby ° Broome Cowan = | ; ‘ i ‘ Jehanna i ! Spring x Mt Macpherson | | .Macd L. Macdonald \Q, |; | | Wyndham Ee AS oily Ee ERIN 1 rey S os Peer: ! Bernier 7 os ae Carnarvon Ra. Se ! 4 0 Grase, Vs . Ss Dorresy XS Oy Ne y ! | ie | 1 a H | Dirk % 4» GAS CP NE pcctes. wy = S NGA | Hore Vet, a ce ce ee “e. Do’ v.. oNahnine y ! si CRN —— { Woke a atenes 1 ns i oR uy Hades : we e Day Daw \ Sfaverton ! Wallabi S ; = 1 Groups \QNorthampton “|p >? >? 22k Geraldton ee i Oo . 5 dD 4 OU Ne gee eo Jj ov = Ve yo es i yor) ries Nee = = 2 | MN ' ee } CC ——————————— | $ 5 . ae 29 t SS amigas YS og SSS J ‘ a ate : 1 Eucla j Re eel coy < 12? ae Lyre He ves) E 2? \~% na y Pipempster 9 ———a J. C.Neturaliste 3 FAY eEOPERERD Rae Oat Diane Margaret R Pale Bday 4 pital as eS Middle P ANaaaee Vee ¢ GM Barker EY ye : Augusta Cy eo AFbaly 3 sf gcc ee Bre AS *Bald is = Tee yet rs gL ’ Rec | 8 George si Map showing distribution of Dromicia concinna. During -life this species has a slight but distinct musky smell which is noticeable also in Sminthopsis. Tt is curious that both with Jrichosurus and Pseudochirus melanism should be of such frequent occurrence in the coastal districts, while comparatively rare inland. 22 specimens collected. Margaret River (Burnside) ;} Busselton (Yallingup). 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA, 829 Ring-tail or Rat-tail Opossum of Colonists. ‘Wormp’ (Beverley), ‘ Moilyer, or ‘Ngnuara’ (Margaret River), of natives. Text-fig. 263. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of Enghsh Miles 0 100 200 E ; y ; ———— nel bs Aik x D/¥ Mew ni . Johanna Sprug L. Macdonald EO Al Sot, Soe Rain "4 Carnarvon Ra, a Vere ypR ERIE : ii \ 1 | « 7 outhern Cross q ss Map showing distribution of Pseudochirus occidentalis. TricHosurus vuLPEcULA Kerr. (Text-fig. 264, p. 830.) Plentiful and occurring generally throughout the South-West, except in the neighbourhood of towns, although far less abundant and widely distributed than formerly, getting very much thinned 830 MR. G. OC, SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, out in many places by trappers. Also it seems to be subject to some epidemic that at times almost clears them out of districts where they were plentiful previously; when this occurs it often takes years for them to recover in numbers. Text-fig. 264. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. 100 ROO 300 a £; rm van Map showing distribution of Trichosurus vulpecula. They appear at one time to have extended over the dry North- Western and Central Districts to as far inland as Laverton, 1909. ] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA. 831 wherever belts of eucalypti fringed the banks of creeks, but now almost, if not entirely, confined to the south-western corner of the State, a few stragglers only being found as far north as Gin-Gin, and inland. The red patch on the throat appears only in adult individuals (not visible from the underside of the skin), often becoming more ov less suffused over the fur of the whole body with age, and similar to the throat-gland of Jf yrmecobius in being very much less distinct and often entirely absent in the females. Old males will occasionally take to living in deserted burrows or crevices among rocks, being known to Colonists as Ground Opossums. Melanism, which is apparently more common in the females, seems to be of far more frequent occurrence in the coastal districts of the extreme South-West, where almost twenty per cent. of the Opossums obtained are black. Albinos occasionally occur, while specimens with white tail-tips are very common, being in many localities even more plentiful than the normal variety. The black- and white-tailed varieties are said to be very rare in South Australia. Although not as a rule very active among the branches of trees, when disturbed at night they will generally climb to the topmost branches, evidently with a view of getting as far from danger as possible, cals than of hiding among ainsi foliage, so that it is easy to discover and shoot them on moonlight nights. They have a distinct and rather peculiar cry which is often heard at night, very much resembling that of the South African Tree-dassie (Procavia arborea). The usual method of trapping ’possums is by fastening a wire snare on a stick placed against a tree on the sloping side by which they invariably descend; as the stick is in a still more slanting position, they leave the tree for the easier means of descent and get caught in the snare. 88 specimens collected. Mt. Barker ; Albany (King River) ; Beverley (Boyadine-Dale River) (Stockpool); Brookton (Dwala- dine); Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells); Busselton (Yallingup) ; Margaret River (Burnside). Grey or Black ’Possum of Colonists. ‘ Koomaal’ of natives. THALACOMYS LAGOTIS Reid. (Text-fig. 265, p. 832.) The only true burrowing marsupial in the South-West with the exception of Bettongia lesweuri (the Bandicoots dig pits in the ground in search of roots and insects, but they do not make or live in burrows). Zhalacomys makes a larger and deeper burrow than DLettongia; the entrance also is almost perpendicular for about two feet and then takes a side turn at right angles. Like a badger, it is difficult to dig for, and will often burrow as fast as a man can dig. 832 MR. G. C., SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION | Noy. 23, As with Bettongia penicillata, its tail during life has a peculiar downward curl, although possessing no prehensile power. Text-fig. 265. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. 100° 200+ 390 Serre D ty a in (Macdonald Group* Geraldton %& pong?” PERTH = Preece! =< Fremantle o| a Map showing distribution of Thalacomys lagotis. Nocturnal. Not saltatorial, resembling a rabbit in its move- ments. Tail tipped with a small sharp pointed horny spur rather like that of Onychogale. Although widely distributed throughout the South-West (except 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA, 833 near the coast), North-West, and Centre, it has within recent years become extremely rare in the far interior. Most plentiful in the inland districts of the South-West, rather frequently caught in traps set for rabbits along the rabbit-proof fence. In the dry North-Western and South-Eastern divisions, where it is rare, it extends to the coast. | Said to be widely distributed in South Australia. 21 specimens collected. Wagin (Arthur River); Southern Cross (Parker’s Range); Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells); Watheroo. Native Rabbit or Pinkie of Colonists. ‘ Dalgyte’ (8.W.), ‘ Moyer’ (N.W.), ‘ Boodee’ (C.), of natives. TsooDoNn OBESULUS Shaw. (Text-fig. 266, p. 834.) The Common Bandicoot of Western Australia. Confined to the South-West, extending as far north as the Moore River, where however it is said to have become very scarce. Generally frequenting damp and marshy localities, where it hides among reeds and thick scrub. It makes a nest on the ground of dry grass and sticks, rather like that of Bettongia penicillata, only much flatter, generally either hidden beneath a fallen tree or in the middle of a bush: the animal making for the nearest hollow log or thick patch of scrub when disturbed. Although generally nocturnal this species frequently comes out in early evenings, and occasionally during the day. The stomachs of all specimens examined contained wing-cases and legs of beetles and other insects, but the animals also feed freely on roots and other vegetable matter. 33 specimens collected. Albany (King River) (Big Grove) ; Wagin (Arthur River); Brookton (Dwaladine); Pinjelly (Woya- line Wells); Margaret River (Burnside); Busselton (Yallingup). Bandicoot or Native Pig of Colonists. ‘Quaint * or ‘ Waint’ (Beverley), ‘Queenda’ (Margaret River), of natives. PERAMELES BOUGAINVILLEI Quoy & Gaim. (Text-fig. 267, p. 835.) Occurrring on the islands off Sharks Bay. Probably owing to the introduction of a number of cats on Bernier Island, it has become very rare there. The Perth Museum has a very old specimen from Dorrée Island. It appears to be a smaller and less distinctly marked animal than the South-Western subspecies. 1 specimen (skull) collected—Bernier Island. PERAMELES BOUGAINVILLEI MyosuROS Wagn. (Text-fig. 267.) Apparently not plentiful in the South-west, although described by natives as being fairly numerous in the Salt River district. 834 MR. G. C, SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, Text-fig. 266. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles o 190 200 390 Bes) “sy Hawks Nest Ny c Day Dax l bs Weertors Wallabi \Yn Na, ae a Northampton _/ i Group Q ee Geraldton eA CR Ne RNs ‘ , Ar i sini oe cree MD scoisally a 30 uthern C “Parkers C. Naturaliste > | Margaret RAE Augusta %& we ose Map showing distribution of Tsoodon obesulas. A species of Bandicoot, probably this species, is said to have formerly extended as far north on the mainland as Sharks Bay. Said to lie up by day in a small nest on the ground, like Zsoodon obesulus. 2 specimens collected. Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells). Kojenup (Darton) (in Perth Museum), ‘Marl’ (Beverley) of natives. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA. 835 Text-fig. 267. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Niles 0 100 100 260 300 . Johanna Spruw L. Macdonald ERAS ego eas RN Carnarvon Ra {southern Cross tty | yak lit Parkers OV! Fremantle of ap Map showing distribution of Perameles bougainvillei and P. b. myosuros. CH@ROPUS CASTANOTIS Gray. (Text-fig. 268, p. 836.) I was not able to find out anything definite about the distribution of this species in Western Australia. It is evidently very rare. The specimen obtained by Gilbert in 1843 seems to have been the only one ever secured in this State : it is labelled “ Boorda (Kirl- tana),” a place I could find no record of except that it may refer Proc. Zoot, Soc.—1909, No. LVII. 57 836 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, to Cape Borda in the extreme North-West, near Cape Levéque at the entrance of King Sound. A small Bandicoot, doubtfully described from around Port Text-fig. 268. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of Enghsh Miles. UV) 700 200 390 Sw 8 yw & | W % Pea 44, Carnarvon Ra. sf Margaret RVG om C Is "Middle P ugusta ani P wy por we = i GV em Map showing distribution of Cheropus castanotis. Hedland, said to frequent rocky situations, may be this species ; while an animal that is said to be now extremely rare, if not entirely extinct in the district, described to me from around Beverley and York, may be the same. Known to the Colonists as the Camel-foot. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA. 837 ‘ Buddile ’ of natives (Beverley). Dr. G. C. Stirling, of the Adelaide Museum, tells me that, although extremely scarce in South Australia, Chwropus has been obtained in the interior, both to the north and south of the Macdonnell Ranges, and inland from Fowler’s Bay on the south coast. DasYURUS GEOFFROYI FoRTIS Thos. (Text-fig. 269.) Fairly numerous in many parts of the South-West to as far Text-fig. 269. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of Enghsh Miles. u 100 290 300 4 M* Macpherson FENN eng, \ “ as Salt L. “eens ye & ae lie 2 Carnarvon Rae Peck Hilti ie ef Y Map showing distribution of Dasyurus geoffroyi fortis. 57* 838 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION | Nov. 23, north as Watheroo or Geraldton. Originally recorded from Sharks Bay, where it no longer exists, frequenting rocky and well timbered country ; plentiful along the sea-coast in the Mar- garet River district, where, judging by the number of their tracks along the sea-shore, they feed largely on marine refuse. Text-fig. 270. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of Enghsh Miles 106 0 100 200 300 : t + = J Johanna Spring =e A & w EH i NW Ms 7 -& Carnarvon Ra B Northan: ton , Oo Margaret R Augusta % f gi Map showing distribution of Phascogale fiavipes leucogaster. Killed off as much aa possible in the agricultural and more 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W. AUSTRALIA. 839 thickly populated districts on account of being so destructive te poultry. Not extending far inland. Arboreal and nocturnal, hiding by day In crevices among rocks, deserted burrows , hollow. logs, &e. Very much resembling Viverrine animals in habits. 30 specimens collected. Wagin (Arthur River); Beverley (Avon River); Brookton (Dwaladine) : Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells); Enesco (Beachlands; Yallingup); Margaret River (Burnside). Native Cat of Colonists. ‘Chuditch’ (Beverley), ‘Gnuljargneet’ (Busselton), ‘ Barry- git’ (Moere River), of natives. PHASCOGALE FLAVIPES LEUCOGASTER Gray. (Text-fig. 270.) Confined in the South-West to the coastal and well-watered forest districts. The specimens obtained near Albany were —— in rough ironstone country timbered with Jarrahand Red Gum. For merly obtained in the Victoria Plains near Northam by Gilbert, where it is now without doubt extinct; nearly all the small marsupials appear to have died out in that district. 6 specimens collected. Albany; Kojonup. PuascoGaLe cALURA Gld. (Text-fig. 271, p. 840.) Very rare, seeming hitherto to have been recorded only four times from Western Australia: once from the Williams River, where it was originally obtained by Gilbert, and three times since from around Kojonup. The British Museum has an old specimen from Adelaide, which seems to be the only known instance of its capture in South Australia. 1 specimen collected. Kojonup (in Perth Museum). PHASCOGALE PENICILLATA Shaw. (Text-fig. 272, p. 841.) Although not plentiful this species seems to have a more general range in South-Western Australia than the smaller Phascogales. Doubtfully recorded from as far inland as Kalgoorlie, where it would probably only bea straggler. Said to be generally distri- buted throughout the southern parts of South Australia. Arboreal. Very active among the branches of trees. Occa- sionally frequenting the neighbourhood of farms, where according to natives they come after mice. _ 4 specimens collected. Busselton (Yallingup); Margaret River (caves) (skull). Squirrel of Colonists. ‘Coming-coming’ (Beverley), ‘Wambgner’ (Busselton), of natives. 840 MR. G. Cc. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, PHASCOGALE APICALIS Gray. (Text-fig. 273, p. 842.) Confined to the forest districts of the South- West, where it is apparently a rare species. 3 specimens collected. Albany (in Perth Museum). Text-fig. 271. WESTERN , AUSTRALIA el eee rt KS, Seale of English Males €.Bordaf \* 100 200 10 mines fe RLe mm Yew L. Macdonald (XX N15 a Apso ; Kealt L. Syatos EAS Tee RN Wallabi Group* Lat sa Avolgardie Southern Cross Aad if Parkers me Ne Pia dne a PF, Woyaline Ke jou ees Cina son Map showing distribution of Phascogale calura. PHASCOGALE BLIGHI Woodward. (Text-fig. 273.) A medium sized species with a distinctly incrassated tail, 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.W, AUSTRALIA. 841 recently described from the Pilbarra district, where several specimens were secured, and since obtained in the far interior a little to the south of the Kimberley district, near the spot where “ Notoryctes” was found. Probably occurring at least as far south as latitude 25°; a small marsupial said to occur very sparingly on the Upper Gascoyne probably being referable to this species. I believe that the smaller Phascogales resemble Sminthopsis in Text-fig. 272. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of Enghsh Miles 0 100 200 300 io Condon ‘ Ve Barrow lQ E ssa’ w. Div | 0 ~eseu, 3 pe POn slow it & Laverton & Map showing distribution of Phascogale penicillata. 842 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRBUTION [ Nov. 23, spending a great deal of their time on the ground, while P. bligh, occurring in comparatively treeless country, would seem to be almost if not entirely terrestrial. Text-fig. 273. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. 0 100 joo 200 LO L. Macdonald (TY, Lee. reas 8 a Sati Il A Nyadnam 4 y [= A VS at jE GROIN © Ze oualins { : é ? a >| £5 pee - ~ ) ae (4, Carnarvon Ra. a scoyne % ot ets t Vode Bs _, Hawks Nest iH Laverton PERTH Mh Fremantle » 3 ie) agar? 6? Margaret K Augusta bv, s (em Map showing distribution of Phascogale apicalis in S.W. and’ P. blight n N.W. SMINTHOPSIS MURINA Waterh. (T'ext-fig. 274.) Occurring throughout the South-West; appears to be more plentiful in the coastal districts wherever grass-trees (Xanthor- rhea) occur. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN S.\. AUSTRALIA. 843 Arboreal to a certain extent, occasionally making their nests or hiding in the hollow stumps of dead grass-trees or eucalypti. Text-fig. 274. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Seale of English Miles. jov 200 rf ¢ “E Carnarvon Ra Peak Hil O Goats CPV NE orhoe [oy ty WY ‘y., Hawks Nest . “> View yi i a > a : : i = ee ie Wallaby a. Group’ \@ ion = on Geraldton & GF ¢ oa thern Cross Hil ee o zat y Margaret R| sg ASSES LANs ; . . . . . OY . . - Map snowing distribution of Sminthopsis murina. 6 specimens collected. Albany (King River); Margaret River (Burnside). Pouched Mouse of Colonists. ‘ Dunnart * (Margaret River) of natives. 844 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 2 25 On account of their habit of hiding among fallen timber or tree-stumps, the marsupial mice must invariably g get exterminated wherever bush fires occur. This species, as well as Dromicia and the small Phascogales, has consequently become very scarce, especially in the agricultural and more thickly populated areas. In addition it is probably to a great extent killed off by the cats that have run wild in large numbers. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Niles. N00 me nO, 100 200 L. Macdonald (Q = ois Sor 1S Es IN a ycarnaiven. ‘Ra Poak Hilbe Be SIS TeOn Nes PERTH ia eae t Augusta Map showing distribution of Sminthopsis crassicaudata. 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA. 845 The numerous recent remains at the bottoms of the circular precipices around the mouths of many of the Margaret River caves, even of the large marsupials, including Jacropus giganteus, M. brachyurus, Potorous gilberti, Trichosurus, Pseudochirus, Lsoodon, (Canis dingo), as well as small rodents and marsupial mice, give an idea of the enormous destruction caused by bush fires. In the same district, while walking through a tract of country that had been burnt off, 1 picked up 18 burnt bodies of Pseudochirus, as well as odd individuals of other species. SMINTHOPSIS CRASsICAUDATA Gld. (Text-fig. 275.) Apparently rare in Western Australia where, however, it seems to have a wide range. Differing from S. murina in frequenting dry sandy and often treeless districts. The Perth Museum has two specimens from Day Dawn and Dongarra, while it was originally obtained by Gilbert in the Wilhams district. Occurring, according to natives, on the coastal sand-plains to the east of Albany. 2 specimens collected. (In Perth Museum—from Central South Australia, where it also occurs.) MyrmMecosits Fasciatus Waterh. (Text-fig. 276, p. 846.) Diurnal, Fairly numerous, although rather scattered, through- out the inland forest districts of the South-West, especially where the prevailing trees are the White Gum (Lucalyptus redunca) and the Jam (Acacia acuminata). Not extending to the West Coast. Becoming rare to the north of Beverley, a few being said, how- ever, to still occur as far north as Watheroo. According to natives this species at one time extended into the interior, while the Perth Museum has an old specimen obtained from near Coolgardie. Although a forest animal it is not arboreal, never climbing trees; when alarmed generally making for the nearest hollow log. Its habit of sitting up to watch anything gives it a great resemblance to an African Meerkat. Not naturally timid, and unless startled by a sudden movement, it is often possible to approach within a few yards. If caught alive, it does not attempt to bite. The natives say that during the breeding-season it makes a rather shallow perpendicular hole in the ground which the female lives in when she has young, and that when they begin to grow big she does not carry them about with her. Dr. G. C. Stirling, of the Adelaide Museum, tells me that the South Australian specimens were mostly obtained near the north- west bend of the River Murray, where it was formerly plentiful, but that it must be now either very rare or entirely extinct, as it has not been obtained there for many years. 846 MR. G. C. SHORTRIDGE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION [ Nov. 23, 12 specimens collected. Wagin (Arthur River); Beverley (Boyadine-Dale River) ; Busselton (Dwaladine) ; Pinjelly (Woyaline Wells). Ant-Kater of Colonists. ‘Numbat’ of natives (8.W.). Text-fig. 276. WESTERN AUSTRALIA cz gS. aignctuail oNeae! S ? Scale of English Miles nase? oes 100 0 me 200 i 300 C. Borda a, 4 (x | rete! wins fe ke LF \ ELYY D/Teun® ° Broome St if Seal = aus Macpherson L. Macdonald \7, == BAST BRN % re <4 Carnarvon Ra. Wallabv Group* Geraldton & Ss N _Norkhampton , ae Map showing distribution of IZyrmecobius fasciatus. NororyctEs TYPHLOFS Stirling. This species has not yet been discovered in Western Australia 1909.] OF MARSUPIALS AND MONOTREMES IN 8.W. AUSTRALIA, 847 south of the tropics, although there is little doubt that it occurs throughout the far central districts. In South Australia it has been obtained near Fowler’s Bay in the extreme south, and around Charlotte Waters telegr: aph-station (about latitude 26°), while it was quite recently secured in North- Western Australia about a degree south of the Kimberley district, in Spinifex country, between Johanna Springs and the spot where Col. Warburton’s track cuts that of Carnegie made in 1897, Text-fig. 277 WESTERN AUSTRALIA Scale of English Miles. 100 200 Geraldton 7 pong? Map showing distribution of Tachyglossus aculeatus ineptus. 848 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Noy. 23, Other Central-Australian mammals most probably occur in the Spinitex country of the far interior of Australia. Antechinomys spencer has been obtained from Central South Australia. A small jumping pouched mouse, said to exist in the rocky hills round Laverton, might be referable to this species. TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS INEPTUS Thos. (Text-fig. 277, p. 847.) Widely distributed over Western Australia except in the extreme south-west ; recorded from Kojonup, but seldom seeming to extend south of the rocky country around York and Beverley. Although nowhere plentiful it appears to be more numerous in the North-West than elsewhere. Generally frequenting dry and rocky situations. Sluggish in its movements, curling up like a hedgehog if irritated. Apparently a great wanderer, often turning up in districts where it has seldom if ever been observed before, even by natives. Although the claws are very powerful and well adapted for digging, they seem to be used chiefly for tearing up anthills, and the animal does not seem to be truly fossorial ; but when disturbed in sandy country it is said to be able to bury itself underground like a mole, quickly disappearing from sight, while if the country happens to ‘be hard or rocky, it will cling to the surface so tightly that it is quite difficult to dislodge it. If placed in water it is a quick and powerful swimmer. anes described from Barrow Island. 5 specimens collected. Southern Cross (Parker's Range) ; Ga coyne River. ‘Native Porcupine of Colonists. ‘Ningan’ (8S.W.), ‘ Bokaboi’ (N.W.), of natives. 2. Notes on some Amphipoda from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay. Families PLeustiIpa and Husirip«. By E. W. Sexroy *. [Received September 20, 1909. | (Plates LAXX. & LXXXI.7, and Text-figures 278 & 279.) Tam indebted to Dr. Allen for the opportunity of examining the collection of Amphipoda taken by the 8.8. ‘ Huxley ’ from the north side of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906 ; and for specimens most kindly sent me for comparison I have to thank Dr. Hansen, Professor Sars, Dr. Scharff and the Trustees of the Dublin Museum, Mr. Tattersall, and Dr. Vanhoffen. Variations due to Sex and Age. The collection, though small, proved of great interest. In some species several stages of development were found, * Communicated by Dr. W. T. Cauman, F.Z.S. + For explanation of the Plates see p. 878. Huth, London. PS) Meo Mei sh eSy ia Sy 3edsU-ANGANENESy wenetcd aula feliz, ese, 7S) ME IE IE )UNS AS GRANDIMANUS, Ghevr eux. ras ei on o OQ oO) es “Q N | Ay Lencon = EW. Sexton del. 33> 46 45, EUSIRUS BISCAYENSIS, Bonnier. RHACHOTROPIS ROSTRATA, Bonnier. 49-65. RHACHOTROPIS HELLERI, Boeck. mvEy 1909. | FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY, 849 which appear to prove conclusively that not only do these animals become sexually mature before attaining their full growth, but that i both sexes the secondary sexual characters undergo considerable modification after sexual maturity is reached, the character most affected being the second gnathopod. Hitherto it has been accepted as a general rule amongst Amphipods that the male only has been modified, and that it is subject to variation in a far greater degree than the female; but an examination of this material shows that the female undergoes quite as much modi- fication as the male, though owing to the usually smaller size of its gnathopods, the changes are less noticeable. (For an example of diversity in the shape of the gnathopod hand of an ovigerous female see Sympleustes grandimanus, Pl. LX XX. figs. 11 & 12.) In some species the degree of difference between the stages of development is negligible; in others it is of remarkable extent, so much so that the two extremes of a series of stages might be taken for absolutely distinct species. Further knowledge on this point will lead to a considerable revision of specific nomenclature. The variation in the gnathopod of the male has been noted by many writers, the first to discuss it being Fritz Miiller (20) pp. 16-18. Muller figured two forms of the hand of the male of Orchestia darwinii, and stated that there were “nur zwei durch keinerlei Zwischenglieder verbundene Formen.” He considered it a case of true dimorphism. Darwin quoted Miiller’s observations in support of his argument for Sexual Selection, (12) vol. i. p. 332, vol. ii. p. 215. Faxon also refers to them, (14) p. 43, (15) pp. 12 and 111, and suggests as explanation, that the two forms may be, as in Cambarus, alternating periods in the life of the individual, one form being assumed during the pairing season, and the second form during the intervals between the pairing seasons. Della Valle (13) p. 508, attributes the differences in the two forms of the male of Orchestia darwinii to development ; so also Stebbing (40) p. 545, where the animal is described from Miiller’s drawings. Geoffrey Smith (33) in a series of obser- vations on Orchestia deshayesii and O. gammarellus has made the important discovery “that the males of these species, when breeding is not going on, assume a semi-hermaphrodite condition of a quite indubitable kind”; and that it is during this period of sexual suppression that active growth takes place. He states (p. 91) that ‘the antagonism that exists between the functional activity of the sexual organs and growth of the body . . . appears to result in the phenomena of high and low dimorphism only in the male sex.” It should be noted, however, that Boulenger (5) has recently questioned these conclusions. The development of the female would appear to proceed on totally different lines, and to follow a steady course from im- maturity to full growth. In one species, Rhachotropis helleri Boeck (infra, p.869), I was able to examine a large number of speci- mens, about 250, and to trace a continuous series of stages of development. The stages are easily observed in this species because 850 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [Nov. 23, of the great modification of the chitimous cuticle of the body with age. In the young from the incubatory pouch, 2°25 mm. long, the dorsum is perfectly smooth, but, under a high power, a microscopic sensory setule can be seen, inset at each point where later either a carina or a hump is developed. The first dorsal hump of the pereon does not develop till the animal has attained a length of 5 mm., and not until two stages later, when it is a little more than half-grown, can the sexes be distinguished. At this stage, 8-9 mm. in length, with three dorsal humps developed, the young female shows the incubatory lamelle just budding as small excrescences, and the young male carries the characteristic masses of sensory filaments on the antenne. At the next stage in the female, 10 mm. length, with four dorsal humps developed, breeding has commenced, the eggs are extruded and carried in a large mass attached to the 5th segment, but the lamelle are not more than half-grown, and only cover about half the egg-mass. In other animals at this same stage, presumably older, measuring 10°5 mm., the incubatory lamell are fully expanded and closed to form the pouch. All the remaining stages, to the full-grown female with seven well- marked dorsai humps, carry eggs, and all have the lamelle fully expanded. Sexual dimorphism is a common feature of the Amphipoda, the second gnathopod being the organ generally affected. One species in the ‘ Huxley’ collection, Sympleustes grandimanus Chevreux, displays a very unusual and marked type of di- morphism, the side-plates and pereopods differing widely in the sexes, as well as both the gnathopods (tfrra, p. 857). An examination of the present material shows that the mouth- organs are practically constant through the various stages, only the number of spines and setz increasing with age; they would appear to be the safest characters on which to base specific distinctions. The antenne and gnathopods, from which such characters are usually drawn, are the parts always the most affected by sex and development. But it is in the sensory equipment of the animal that most change is to be seen after sexual maturity is reached: the ommatidia increase in number ; the flagella of the antenne increase in length, those of the male to a far greater degree than those of the female; the calceolli, sensory filaments (“olfactory cylinders,” ‘“ Riechzapfen”), de. develop in both sexes; and the peduncles of the antenne in the male become covered with masses or thick tufts of sensory filaments or sensory sete. There seems to be surprisingly little individual variation in the different stages, taken under the same conditions, though animals in the same stage of development but captured in different localities show considerable variation in size. I examined over 100 individuals of one stage of hachotropis helleri Boeck, from the S.W. of Ireland, taken in one haul, and they differed from each other neither in size, nor proportions, nor even in the 1909. ] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 851 number of the sete and spines with which they were provided ; but on comparing them with Norwegian specimens at the same stage, taken in shallower water, a difference in size was at once perceived, the Norwegian specimens measuring 12 mm. in length as against the 10 mm. of the Irish ones. The classification followed is that of Stebbing’s ‘ Das Tierreich : Amphipoda.’ The measurements of the whole animal in all eases are taken from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the telson. Fam. PLEUSTID4. Genus PARAPLEUSTES Buchholz, 1874. Syn. 1859. Paramphithoé (part) Bruzelius (7). 1860. “3 Boeck (1). 1865. “fi Goés (16). 1870. is Boeck (2). 1874. Parapleustes Buchholz (8). 1876. Pleustes Boeck (8). 1882. Paramphithoé G. O. Sars (27). 1887. és Hansen (17). 1893. ve G. O. Sars (29). 1906. Neopleustes Stebbing (40). In 1874 Buchholz founded the genus Parapleustes on the type species P. gracilis. He recognised its near relation to the older genus Paramphithoé Bruz., and stated (p. 337) that he had hesitated as to the identity of his species P. gracilis with Boeck’s species Paramphathoé glabra, but had decided that the differences in the form of the body and more particularly of the mandibles justified the institution of a new genus for it *, His account of the genus, apart from the description of the mandibles which was founded on error, agrees in every particular with Paramphithoé. The type species was later identified by Hansen (17) with Paramplatheé brevicornis Sars. 'That this identification is correct, and that Buchholz’s description and figures of the mandibles are erroneous, I have been enabled to prove, thanks to the courtesy of Dr. Vanhoffen and Dr. Hansen, by dissecting one of Buchholz’s type specimens of Parapleustes gracilis and comparing 1 with one of Sars’s type specimens of Param- phithoé brevicorms. Sars, however, identified P. gracilis with Boeck’s species glaber, altering Buchholz’s generic detinition of the mandibles from ‘“ vollig ohne Spur eines Kauhéckers ” to * “JTch muss gestehen, dass es mir etwas zweifelhaft bleibt, ob die nachstehend beschriebene kleine Art von Ostgrénland mit den angeftihrten Synonymen [? an: Amphithopsis glaber Boeck ; ? Paramphithoé exigua Goés ; Paramphithoé glabra Boeck] identisch ist, da die sehr kurzen Angaben von Boeck und Gos hieriiber betrachtliche zweifel bestehen lassen. Ich ziehe daher vor, sie als neue Art zu beschrieben und glaube sie mit der vorigen, wegen der ziemlich betrachtlichen Abweichungen in der Bildung der Mandibeln und Kérperformen, nicht in derselben Gattung vereinigen zu kénnen.” Buchholz (8) p. 387. Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1909, No. LVIII. 58 852 MRS, E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Nov. 23, “molar expansion well-developed and of cylindrical form, exhibiting the usual fluted triturating surface” (29) p. 357. The two species are, however, absolutely distinct, as will be seen on comparison of the detailed figures of P. gracilis given below with Sars’s figures of P. glaber in vol. i. of the ‘ Crustacea of Norway’, pl. 126. fig. 1, gracilis having the typical molar of the Paramphithoé degraded and almost rudimentary, while that of glaber is well-developed and cylindrical. Stebbing (40) has retained the generic name of Paramphithoé Bruz., for Acanthosoma hystrix Owen and allied species, substi- tuting the new generic name of Neopleustes for Paramphithoé pulchella Kroyer and its allies. The type species of Parapleustes Buch. being now proved to be a true Paramphithoé in the sense in which Sars uses the name, and the genus Parapleustes thus becoming a synonym of Paramphithoé, the generic name Parapleustes must take precedence over Veopleustes Stebbing, and this latter name must therefore be cancelled. The species glaber Boeck falls into line with the Amphithcé latipes M. Sars, and for these, with AmpAithopsis pulchella G. O. Sars, 4. olrikii Hansen, and A. grandimana ieee Stebbing (39) proposed in 1899 the generic name of Sympleustes. PARAPLEUSTES GRACILIS Buchholz, 1874. (Plate LX XX. figs. 1-7.) Syn. 1874. Parapleustes gracilis Buchholz (8), pp. 269, 299, & 398, Taf. vu. fig. 1. 1882. Paramphithoé brevicornis Sars (27), p. 98, Taf. iv. ee Ils 1887. Ms gracilis Hansen (17), p. 124. 1893. a brevicornis Sars (29), pp. 353, 359, pl. 124. fig. 2. 1906. Neopleustes brevicornis Stebbing (40), p. 313, and Parapleustes gracilis p. 320. The specimen described below is an adult ovigerous female, measuring 6°75 mm.; the specimen of Paramphithoé brevicornis Sars, with which I have been able to compare it, is also an ovigerous female but smaller, measuring only 3°75mm. Sars gives the average length of the adult female as “scarcely attaining 4mm.,” but he appears to have had only young specimens to examine, which, while sexually mature, were not full-grown. Hansen (17), p. 124, says that the single specimen he ex- amined agreed with both Buchholz’s and Sars’s descriptions and figures, excepting in one or two trifling details: viz., the superior antennz were rather longer than these authors stated, and the 2nd joint of the peduncle was very little shorter than the Ist, agreeing with Buchholz’s figure, Sars on the other hand showing it as considerably shorter than the first joint. The same difference occurs in the two specimens I have examined, and the proportions of the joints of the first gnathopod also differ somewhat, but apart from these small details, due entirely to age 1909. ] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 853 and development, the specimens are in absolute agreement on every point. The mouth-parts are figured afresh, Buchholz’s figures and descriptions not being accurate. In my opinion a great many inaccuracies arise from the custom some authors have of mount- ing their specimens before describing or figuring them. This appears to be a case in point. I could not at first discover how Buchholz could possibly have overlooked the molar (which, small and degraded as it is, can be plainly seen under the 1 in. obj.), until I tried placing the mandible in the position represented by him and mounting it. The exact effect of his figure was immediately obtained, through the weight of the cover-glass flattening and depressing the delicate pellucid molar ridge to such an extent as to render it indistinguishable from the body of the mandible. Sode-plates.—The hind margin of the first three side-plates is entire with 3 or 4 setules inset, and a single denticle at the inferior angle, not 3 sharp teeth as described by Buchholz who apparently mistook the insertions of the setules for incisions of the margin. Head (fig. 1).—Lateral corners more pointed in Buchholz’s specimen. Antenne. Superior.—I|st and 2nd joints of the peduncle sub- equal; 3rd joint half the length of the 2nd. In Sars’s specimen the Ist joint equals in length the 2nd and 3rd combined. ‘The first two joints carry extremely fine ciliated hairs. Primary flagellum.—Buchholz gives 15-16 joints; Sars, 12 articulations only.” Buchholz’s co-type had 12 joints, Sars’s, 13 joints. The Ist joint of the flagellum is shorter than the 2nd. All the joints carry delicate sete, with long thread-like tips, and in addition to these sete, the alternate joints beginning with the 2nd are each provided with a very long, hyaline sensory filament, inset on the imner surface in a line with the accessory flagellum. The accessory flagellum (fig. 2) is present in both co-types, but quite rudimentary and microscopic in size. It consists of a minute pellucid flat joint carrying one ciliated hair and one long thread- tipped seta. I have found this microscopic accessory flagellum in all the other members of the family I have examined, distinct in Sympleustes latipes, but too small to be of any value in classi- fication in the others. Inferior.—The proportions of the peduncle joints are as given by both authors, but the peduncle is longer in proportion to the flagellum in Buchholz’s specimen. lagellum 6-jointed. Oral parts.— Upper lip unequally bilobed, incision oblique. Lower lip.—Outer lobes very large and rounded; inner lobes not projecting. Both lips covered with fine downy hair; the outer lobes of the lower lip each with a cluster of 5 or 6 stronger hairs. Mandibles (figs. 3 & 4).—The anterior portion of the man- dibles forms a scoop-like projection, almost triangular, with the 58* 854 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [| Nov. 23, apex of the triangle at the insertion of the palp; the strong ridge which runs down from this point to the posterior end of the spine-row carries the molar on its inner surface at the base. When the mandible is in position, this ridge hides the molar from view; in the figures both mandibles are turned to show the molar. The molar is oval, the crown indented in the middle, with faintly marked but distinct transverse ridges. Cutting-plate on the right mandible (fig. 3) strong and curved, divided into 8 teeth, the terminal tooth broad and truncate, the 2 above large and pointed, and the 5 upper ones small and rounded ; no accessory plate. On the inner surface the cutting-plate is so ridged as to give the appearance of the teeth being coalesced for nearly the whole length of the plate; the apices of the teeth are considerably bevelled also, presenting a broad, ridged edge. Buch- holz considered the formation to be due to the accessory plate having become coalesced with the cutting-plate in both mandibles. The left mandible (fig. 4) possesses a well-developed accessory plate, the margin of which is divided into 9 teeth, the lowest tooth being the largest. The cutting-plate is strongly curved, the upper half arching over almost at right angles to the lower portion ; the upper portion has 5 or 6 very small rounded teeth, the lower being divided into 3 large, rounded teeth, bevelled and ridged as in the right mandible. The two plates are set very closely together; Buchholz in his figure confused them, and represented them as one plate, with 2 rows of teeth on the margin. There are 4 spines in the left spine-row; 6 in the right. The spines are short, stout, and have a downy appear- ance, being covered with microscopic spinules ; behind each spine a few fine hairs are inset. The palp is exceedingly large; the 2nd joint lightly curved, with 2 strong spines; the terminal joint the longest, falciform, and covered on the outer surface with minute spinules. It carries on the inner margin 5 feathered spines in the right mandible, 4 in the left. Mawilla 1 (fig. 5).—Outer plate broad, with 2 rows of strong spines at the apex; 5 in one row, graduated in size, curved and bifureate; 4 in the other row, longer, more slender, and finely serrated. The inner plate is small and rounded, widening at the apex, and provided with 1] plumose seta, in place of 5 sete figured by Buchholz. Palp long and slender; the apex of the terminal joint carries 7 simple spines, 4 on the margin and 3 inset submarginally. Mazilla 2 (fig. 6).—Buchholz’s description is incorrect. Both plates are broad and rounded; the owter is longer and only slightly narrower than the inner, and carries 1 short and 5 long stiff sete apically ; the anner plate has shorter curved sete on the inner margin and a few fine hairs. Mazillipeds (fig. 7)—Plates small and narrow. The inner plate has the inner margin straight, with 1 strong tooth inset, the outer margin convex, and the apex truncate and beset with 2 small teeth and 2 small setiform spines. The outer plate only 1909. ] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 855 reaches to a little above the base of the 2nd joint of the palp, not to the middle, as Buchholz says; it is furnished with 9 lightly curved setiform spines, the apical ones inset considerably within the margin. The palp is long, the joints not greatly differing from each other inlength. The 2nd isa little longer than the Ist; the 3rd and 4th are subequal, and longer than the 2nd; the 3rd is slightly attenuated distally ; the 4th forms a strong, almost straight claw, with a row of spinules along its inner margin. ‘The greater part of the claw and the upper half of the 3rd joint are covered with these spinules, and, in addition, the 3rd joint carries a number of strong sete on the inner surface, the apical ones nearly as long as the succeeding joint. Gnathopods—exactly alike in both specimens with the exception of a slight difference in the length of the joints of the first gnathopod in Buchholz’s specimen, due, I consider, to age and fuller development. In this specimen the first gnathopod is slightly longer than the second ; the 2nd and 6th joints are sub- equal to each other in length (as in Sars’s specimen) but longer in proportion to the side-plate; the hand is a little longer than the hand of the second gnathopod, but agrees with it in all details. Perewopoda—exactly alike in both specimens. The terminal joints are more curved in the hinder pereopods than in the anterior: all are provided with a plumose seta proximally. The 2nd joints of the hinder perzopods are beset with small spines anteriorly and are serrated posteriorly, each serration having a setule inset. The incubatory lamelle are attached to the second gnathopod and the first three perzeopods. The two anterior lamelle are exceedingly large and wide, and deeply hollowed; that of the 3rd pereopod is very small and narrow, with the hind margin straight. The branchial vesicles are small, that attached to the second gnathopod being the smallest ; they increase rapidly in size to the Ath perzeopod. Pleopods.—First pleopod ; the outer margin of the peduncle is fringed with long plumose sete, about 14 in number; outer ramus 9-jointed, inner ramus 8-jointed, with 2 cleft spines on the Ist joint; Ist joint very large in both rami. Second pleopod with only 1 or 2 sete on the peduncle; outer ramus 8-jointed ; inner 7-jointed, with two cleft spines. Third pleopod with | cleft spine. Uropods.—First uropod; rami subequal to the peduncle in length; inner ramus scarcely longer than the outer. Outer ramus in second and third wropods two-thirds the length of the inner. Telson.—Exactly as figured by Sars, in both specimens. It carries 2 simple setz near the apex, and a pair of long mobile ciliated hairs on either side. 856 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Nov. 23, Genus SyMPLEusTES Stebbing. Syn. 1860. Amphithopsis (part) Boeck (i), p. 661. 1893. Parapleustes Sars (29), p. 357. 1899. Sympleustes Stebbing (39), p. 209. 1900. Dautzenbergia Chevreux (10), p. 73. 1906. Sympleustes Stebbing (40), p. 317. Two species of this genus were taken by the ‘ Huxley “— S. latipes M. Sars, 3 specimens; and S. grandimanus Chevreux, 5 specimens, SYMPLEUSTES LATIPES M. Sars. For synonymy see Stebbing (40), p. 317. Three specimens, measuring respectively 7°5 mm., 4-5 mm., and - 2°59 mm. This species has been recorded once before from the Bay of Biscay, one specimen, an adult male, having been taken by the ‘Caudan’ Expedition of 1895. The ‘ Huxley’ specimens are all young forms, the largest, 7°5 mm.., agreeing very closely with Sars’s description and figures of the adult (29. p. 360); the other two differing im degree only. These latter have the palm margin of the second gnathopod hand almost straight and the dorsal processes scarcely perceptible. As Hansen pointed out (17. p. 135) the development of the dorsal proeesses, and the emargination of the palm of the second gnathopod are characters of maturity; to these may be added another character, taken from the epimera of the 3rd_pleon segment: in the adult the postero-lateral corner is produced to an obtuse angle, while in the young form it is deeply notched with a setule inset. The accessory flagellum of the superior antenna, first noted by Bonnier (4. p. 646) is well-developed in all three specimens, Distribution :— Norway: M. Sars, as Amphithoé latipes (30. p. 139), Hammerfest and Troms06, 30-60 fms., on Hydroids ; largest, 13 mm. A. Boeck, as Amphithopsis latipes (3. p. 355) : Jargest, 9 mm. G. O. Sars, as Parapleustes latipes (29. p. 362), from Finmark to the Trondhjemsfjord : 30-100 fms., on Hydroids ; largest, 12 mm. Norman, as Parapleustes latipes (23. p. 481), Lang Fjord : 5-15 fms. Greenland: Norman, as Amphithopsis latipes (22. p. 208), 175 fms. Hansen, as 4 mphithopsis latipes (17. p. 135), Disko ete.; 100- 160 fms., on Hydroids; and on clay bottom; largest, 16 mm. Great Britain: Shetland Isles: Bate, as Calliope fingalli (adult) (35. p. 377) = Amphithoé latipes, p. 380. Norman, as Calliopius ossiani and C. fingalli (21. pp. 280 281); 40-90 fms. East coast, Banff, Berwick, Yorkshire :— Bate, as Calliope ossiani (young form) (36. p. 262). 1909. ] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 857 Channel Is.: Norman, as Sympleustes latipes (24. p. 366). S.W. of Ireland: Bourne, as Amphithopsis latipes (6. p. 317). N. America: off Grand Manan: Holmes, as Sympleustes latipes (19. p. 490); 45 fms.; 1 specimen, 15 mm. Bay of Biscay : Taken by the ‘Caudan’: Bonnier, as Parapleustes latipes (4. p. 645): 45° 57’ N., 6° 21’ W.; in 1410 m.; bottom deposit ‘‘coraux et vase”; 1 specimen, male, 10 mm. Taken by the ‘ Huxley’, 26. vii. 06 ; 48° 74’ N., 8° 123’ W.; with the Agassiz trawl in 412 fms.; bottom—sand, mud, and hard ground ; 3 specimens, immature. SyMeLEUSTES GRANDIMANUS Chevreux. (Plate LX XX. figs. 8-32.) Syn. 1887. Amphithopsis grandimana Chevreux, 2, (9) pp. 570— 580. 1893. Acanthozone latipes (part) Della Valle (13), p. 608. 1897. Parapleustes megacheir Walker, 3 , (42) p. 230, pl. 18. figs. 4-4 ¢. 1899. Sympleustes Stebbing (39), p. 209. 1900. Dautzenbergia gr aunts Chevreux (10), pp. 78-75, jolly oe seed 1906. Sympleustes megacheir Stebbing (40), p. 217 Sympleustes grandimanus ,, ag OF 318. Dautzenbergia grandimana ,, oe pal28. This species furnishes a remarkable example of the modification of the “secondary sexual characters” after maturity is reached, especially in the female (see figures 11.& 12.) It is interesting also as an unusually pronounced type of sexual dimorphism. The male and female, which have been described as separate species, differ not only in both the gnathopods, but, what is more note- worthy, in the shape of the first four side-plates. These in the female are practically subequal, while in the male the 4th is nearly twice as deep as the Ist. Other unusual points of differ- ence will be found in the pereeopods; the 4th joint in the female is shorter, in the male longer, than the 5th joint ; and the inner margins of the fingers are dentate in the female, entire in the male. Sympleustes grandimunus is distinguished from the other known species of the genus by the comparatively small side-plates ; the great inequality in size of the gnathopods; the serrate fingers of both gnathopods ; and the incised telson. In 1887 Chevreux described the female of this species under the name of Amphithopsis grandimana, placing it near Amphithopsis pulchella Sars, among the Paramphithoide. In his later work, however, he formed a new genus Dautzenbergia, for its reception, classing this genus provisionally in the family Calliopide, pro- visionally because of the great inequality in size between the first and the second gnathopods. This same character and the differ- ence in the form of the telson, are the reasons given for its removal from the Paramphithoide. Sars afterwards, in his ‘ Crustacea of Norway,’ placed his species A. pulchella in the genus Par apleustes Buchholz (now Sympleustes 858 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Nov. 23, Stebbing). Between the characters of this genus, as given by Sars, l.c. p. 857, and those given by Chevreux for Daatzenbergia I can find no essential difference; on two points only do the accounts vary—viz., the lower lip and the telson, and of these, the first is due to misapprehension on Chevreux’s part, and the second, the difference in the shape of the telson, is only a cha- racter of specific value, and not of sufficient importance to justify the creation of a new genus. Chevreux founded his genus on a single specimen, always an unsafe proceeding, for even if, as in this case, the specimen be sexually mature, yet as these animals pass through several stages of development after reaching maturity (see Rhachotropis helleri), the presence of the incubatory pouch is no guarantee of its being fully adult. All the parts undergo more or less modification, and therefore characters drawn from a young specimen are of no value as distinguishing specific features. Description.—) specimens were taken by the ‘ Huxley,’ measur- ing 3 mm.,5 mm., 5 mm., 5°5 mm., and 7-5 mm., respectively, all females. Three marked stages of growthareshown: 1 immature ; 3 young females about the same stage of development as Chevreux’s specimen (as will be seen by a comparison of his figures with mine); and 1 larger specimen older than the others, as shown by the further modification of the second gnathopod. The description of the male is taken from the type specimens of Parapleustes megacheir Walker, which, through the kindness of Dr. Scharff, I have been able to examine; the larger specimen measured 11 mm., the smaller 7 mm. The body is compressed, smooth, almost pellucid, cuticle exceedingly thin; segments well-defined. Pereon and Ist three pleon seoments evenly rounded; 4th pleon segment with a marked dorsal depression. Chevreux in his first account says ‘‘les trois premiéres segments de l’abdomen présentent une légére carene”: this statement is omitted in his later work, and the pleon is figured as perfectly smooth and rounded. Owing to the transparency of the cuticle permitting the underlying terga of the 2nd and 3rd pleon segments to show through the ov erlapping posterior edges of the segments preceding them, a curious de- ceptive effect of dorsal teeth is produced with transmitted light (see fig. 8). Walker in describing the male (P. megacheir) says “second segment of pleon (metasome) having a small dorsal tooth,” but in both sexes all the posterior margins are evenly curved and entire. In the young specimens the first three pleon segments have each a small tooth at the postero-lateral corner; in the large specimens only the 2nd and 3rd are thus provided, and in a less degree than in the young; inferior margin of the 3rd segment in all, strongly curved. Side-plates.—In the female the first four are subequal in depth; 1st produced anteriorly in an acute lobe, covering the post- antennal corner; the 4th the broadest, lightly excavate behind ; dth and 6th bilobed, much wider than deep. In the male, the Ist 1909. ] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 859 and 2nd are small; the 3rd is considerably longer, but not much wider than the 2nd; and the 4th is the largest, inferior margin strongly curved, hind margin only a little concave (fig. 19). Head nearly as long as the first two pereonal segments ; rostrum very small, recurved, more so in the female than in the male; lateral corners truncate, not much produced ; post-antennal corners small and rounded. Hyes large, oval; quite colourless in spirit specimens, and difficult to trace though they show clearly enough in photographs of the animal. Walker’s statement, “‘ eyes wanting,” is not correct. Antenne.—Superior antenne over two-thirds the length of the body, but the proportion varies with the age of the animal. Pedunele: 1st joint stout, as long as the 2nd and 3rd together ; 3rd joint shorter and much more slender than the 2nd; in the young female 5-5 mm. long, and in Chevreux’s first description the 3rd joint is only half the length of the 2nd. The peduncle carries some fine hyaline hairs, as well as 3 or 4 ciliated ones, but the construction of these and of the filaments and sete of the flagellum is exceedingly difficult to observe, even when magnified 500 times, because of their fragility and transparency; this probably accounts for Chevreux’s description ‘“ presque absolument glabres.”. Primary flagellum.—AlIl the flagella of the larger specimens were unfortunately broken, 34 joints remaining on one; lst joint almost double the length of the 3rd joint of the peduncle, carrying 3 or 4 clusters of sensory filaments; the 10 succeeding joints short, each with a cluster of filaments; the remaining joints longer and thinner, provided each with small sete, and a long sensory filament. The rudimentary accessory flagellum is characteristic of the family ; it consists of one minute, pellucid joint, flat and leaf-like, tipped with 2 or 3 hyaline cleft setze (fig. 18). Inferior antennce much shorter than the superior. Pedwnele : antennal cone large; 5th joint about one-sixth shorter than the 4th. This proportion appears constant, being the same in all the specimens examined; Chevreux in his second account has ‘beaucoup plus court ” instead of the more correct “‘ un peu plus court” of the original description. /lagellwm in the young female with 14 joints; both flagella broken in the large female and in the males, 15 joints remaining in young male. Oral parts.—Upper lip (fig. 20): Alike in both sexes. Apex unevenly bilobed, with the rather oblique incision characteristic of the genus ; inner margin of the right lobe minutely crenate. Lower lip (figs. 21, 22, and 23).—Inner lobes much broader than the outer lobes; a figure (fig. 23) is given to show the proportions as seen from above. In the older specimens the lip is flatter and the inner lobes larger in proportion to the outer ones than in the young animal. Sars gives as a generic character “posterior lip with the inner lobes scarcely projecting,” while Chevreux has “lévre postérieure simple, sans lobes internes.” In the young animal the lower lip has a tendency to curl in on 860 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Nov. 23, itself, the outer lobes thus completely hiding the small inner ones; it requires to be straightened out before its true construction can be seen, and this, because of its extreme tenuity, is a diffi- cult matter. This appears to be the explanation of Chevreux’s statement; the specimen he examined was a young animal with the lower lip contracted. Mandibles strong (figs. 24, 25, 26, & 27). Cutting-plate of the right mandible in the large female with the margin divided into 7 teeth, the two below very large; accessory plate (fig. 26) Jarge, almost as large as that of the left mandible, but of more delicate structure, produced below to a curved tooth, upper portion of the margin crenulated, with 2 small teeth. In the young female the cutting-plate has 6 teeth (the two uppermost ones being very small) and the margin of the accessory plate is much more dentate than in the older animal, probably less worn (fig. 25). The accessory plate being pellucid and lying flat against the cutting- plate, is no doubt the reason it escaped Chevreux’s notice. Jn the male the cutting-plate is divided into 6 teeth; the accessory plate is of the same construction as that of the female but with the inferior margin straight, not curved (fig. 27). Left mandible (fig. 24).—In both male and female the cutting- plate is divided into 6 teeth, the second lowest being the largest ; the accessory-plate margin into 5 teeth. The figure given by Chevreux is scarcely accurate. The right spine-row, male and female, contains 7 spines, the left 8, each with a plumose brush- like seta behind; the spines have a downy appearance, being covered with microscopic spinules. Molar prominent, cylindrical ; the crown is ridged transversely with small rows of teeth; it is surrounded with fine hairs, and carries a long ciliated hair pos- teriorly. In the female the crown of the left molar is ridged all over, but the anterior portion of the crown of the right molar is smooth. Palp very large; 3rd joint unusually long, much longer than the Ist and 2nd taken together; the distal half of its anterior margin is bordered with strong bristles (19 in the female, 17 in the male), the 5 apical ones set at a different angle from the others, and feathered on both sides, while the remaining ones are feathered on one side with cleft tips; the middle bristle in the apical group is twice the length of the others. In addition to these a diagonal row crosses the joint proximally on the outer side; and the tip of the joint is covered with minute spines. The 2nd joint is produced a little anteriorly, like, but in a less degree, to that of S. latipes; it carries a group of bristles distally. First maxilla (fig. 29).-—Inner plate small, with 2 long, and 2 minute plumose hairs; outer plate in the female with 7 spines, 4 large, strong, furcate, and the other 3 longer, each with about 6 small teeth. The male has the same number of spines, but fewer teeth on the spines. Palp biarticulate, longer than the outer plate; apex with a row of 5 feathered spines on the margin and 3 feathered sete submarginally. 1909. | FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 861 Second maxilla (fig. 30).—Both plates covered with fine hairs ; inner plate slightly the smaller, with a row of 4 plumose hairs on the inner surface, the proximal one the longest. The apices of both plates are provided with long stiff sete, serrated for half their length. Maxillipeds (fig. 28).—Female. Inner plate, apical margin straight with 2 small, broad teeth, and 5 setiform feathered spines ; the inner margin carries 2 stout feathered spines. Outer plate reaching to the middle of the 2nd joint of the palp; a short, curved, flat spine with serrate edges is inset at the apex, with 3 setiform feathered spines on the right maxilliped and 4 on the left ; the inner margin is produced beyond the row of spines into a delicate crenulated border (similar to that of the second gnathopod palmar border of the male). Male exactly as in female, except for an increased number of spines and sete ; 3 along the inner margin of the inner plate; and 5 setiform spines on the apical margin of both outer plates in addition to the curved spines. The immature specimen 3 mm. long has 3 on each outer plate and the curved spine at the inner angle is more slender; the construction and pro- portions are the same as in the adult. Palp, 2nd joint very large, much larger than the 3rd; 3rd produced a little anteriorly over the finger: 4th joint or finger longer than the 3rd, with a distinct nail, anterior margin edged with rows of minute spinules. Gnathopods very unequal in size in the full-grown animal, though in the young there is not much difference between them. Tn the ‘ Huxley’ specimens, the small 3 mm. one has the hand of the second gnathopod only one-fourth longer than the hand of the first; in the intermediate specimens 5-5°5 mm. the difference increases, the second being twice the length of the first; and the inequality is still greater in the largest specimen 7°5 mm. Of the two males examined the smaller one, 7 mm., has the second gnathopod hand twice the length of the first ; the difference is greater in the larger specimen of 11 mm. First gnathopod (figs. 9 & 10).— Female. 2nd joint large, curved, carrying proximally, on either side, several extremely long and delicate sete; 4th joint cup-shaped; 5th large, produced to a transparent lobe at the posterior distal angle on the outer side, the anterior margin shorter than that of the 6th joint in all the specimens, more markedly so in the young. The shape of the 6th joint or hand varies with age; in the small 3 mm. specimen, the posterior margin is convex, palm defined by a sensory spine ; but in the larger specimens the palmar angle is well produced, the hind margin is straight and about the same length as the palm. Chevreux, however, describes it thus, ‘‘son bord palmaire se confond avec le bord postérieur, et forme avec lui une courbe reguliére.” -In examining the ‘ Huxley’ specimens I found that the hand in the natural position is held turned inwards at an angle to the rest of the limb, bringing the palmar angle under- neath, thus masking the real shape of the joint, and giving it the convex appearance described by Chevreux. In the figure (fig. 10) 862 MRS. E, W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Nov. 23, I have bent the hand back to the level of the other joints, in order to show its true contour. The palm has a submarginal row of small setz on the outer surface, and 2 or 3 clusters of longer sete, and carries besides in all the specimens (male and female) a regular fringe of minute spinules on the margin, extending round the palmar angle. ‘The sensory spines at the angle are notable for the great length of their apical filaments; the young female has 2 spines on the outside and 3 on the inside of the angle, the larger specimen more. Similar spines occur on the palm of the second gnathopod hand and on the pereopods. The posterior margins of the 5th and 6th joints are deeply inset with clusters of sensory sete, and the under surfaces of both joints carry two longitudinal rows of groups of these sete. The finger (fig. 14) is broad, curved, and serrated in all the stages, a setule being inset in each serration ; the number of the serrations increases with age. ‘The tip of the finger fits into a small groove on the inner surface of the palm between the two groups of spines at the angle. Male (fig. 9)—The proportions of the 5th and 6th joints differ in the male. The anterior margin of the 5th joint is half as long again as the 6th, instead of only slightly longer as in the female ; and the posterior margin of this joint is convex and not produced to a lobe at the distal angle. The shape of the hand is different in the two sexes, the hind margin being shorter than the palmar margin in the male, longer in the female. The finger also is longer in proportion, with more serrations. Second gnathopod (figs. 11, 12, & 138) powerfully developed. 2nd joint broad and curved, with some of the long delicate setz proximally on either side; both this and the succeeding joint are prolonged at the anterior angles in large rounded pellucid lobes. The 4th joint is produced posteriorly to a subacute lobe tipped with sensory sete; the 5th is also produced posteriorly, to the same width as the 6th joint, its contour in the female forming one continuous line with the 6th; posterior margins of both inset with groups of sensory sete, more In number in the larger specimens. The hand undergoes a remarkable amount of modifi- cation with the growth of the animal, especially in the female. Both the hand and the finger differ in the two sexes. Female (figs. 11 & 12).—In the immature specimen 3 mm., the whole of the posterior margin is evenly curved, the palm, defined by 2 sensory spines, being the same length as the hind margin. In the young female 5°5 mm., sexually mature but not full-grown, the posterior margin is still convex, but the palm is half as long again as the hind margin, and the palmar angle is developed ; while in the large female 7-5 mm., the palm is concave instead of convex, with the palmar angle acutely produced, and is more than twice the length of the hind margin. The palmar margin in the young female projects in a small subacute lobe at about one-third of its length from the finger articulation ; the whole of the margin is crenate; and the tip of the finger fits into a small 19093] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 863 hollow at the angle between the two large sensory spines. In the large female the palm is greatly elongated, the projecting lobe being one-fifth of the distance from the finger-articulation, with a deep indentation immediately following it; equidistant between this lobe and the palmar angle is a slighter indentation with a small projection following; the whole of the margin crenate. The palmar angle projects considerably beyond the palm-level, the tip of the finger impinging against the under surface of the palm some distance from the angle instead of meeting it, as in the young animal. The palm is bordered on either side with the sensory spines characteristic of this species, and with long cleft- tipped sete, the under surface thickly setose. The finger is strong, curved and serrate; the serrations are very distinct in the immature specimen, 4 in number with a setule inset in each, as in the first gnathopod ; much less distinct in the young female, 6 in number; and only visible in the large specimen under a high power, when they show as oblique incisions. Male (fig. 13).—The hand in the young male is about twice as long as broad, with the palm half as long again as the hind margin, As in the female, transverse rows of sensory set are deeply imcee along the hind margin, 5 in the female, 8 in the male. The palmar angle is as in the young female, the tip of the finger meeting it and fitting between the groups of sensory spines. Walker describes the palm margin (p. 231) as ‘‘divided into three lobes with crenate edges by two deep sinuses.” The edges of these lobes are of very delicate structure, pellucid, with the sensory spines and sete inset considerably within the margin. The finger is large, stout, with a deep indentation proximally on the inner edge; it has 14 of the oblique incisions in the young male. The larger male agrees with the one described, with the accentuation of the lobes and sinuses natural to the greater development. Perceopods.—The 1st and 2nd pereopods are practically sub- equal in length ; basal joints with some of the long sete on either side, as in the gnathopods. Hinder pereopods not differing much in length, basal joints expanded, rounded oval, carrying small spines on the anterior margins, and minute setules on the posterior ; 4th joints produced downwards at the posterior angle to long triangular lobes ; 5th jomts also produced but in a less degree. The female differs from the male in having the 4th joints shorter than the 5th, instead of longer; this difterence’is very slight in the first two pereopods, but marked in the hinder ones. Another difference lies in the terminal joints ; those of the female being provided with two small teeth on the inner margin, while those of the male have the margin entire (figs. 15, 16, and 17). All the terminal joints carry a plumose hair on the outercurve. The finger of the 3rd perzopod in the female differs a little in form from the others; it is more hollowed underneath, and has the second auxiliary tooth much produced. The sensory spines are as in the gnathopods. 864 MRS, E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [Nov. 23, Branchial vesicles and incubatory lamelle comparatively small. The large female had four eggs remaining in the incubatory pouch ; the eggs very large in proportion to the animal’s size, exceeding in leagth the hand of the first gnathopod. Pleopods very long. All the peduncles are provided with fine hairs ; coupling-spines very small, apices recurved, with 2 small teeth on one side and 3 on the other. In the Ist and 2nd pairs the rami are longer than the peduncle, 12-jointed ; 4 cleft spines on the inner ramus of the lst pair, 3 on the 2nd. In the 3rd pair the rami are subequal in length to the peduncle, 10-jointed, 3 cleft spines on the inner ramus. Uropods (fig. 31).—Apices reach to nearly the same level. The rami of the Ist pair are about subequal to the peduncle in length; the rami of the 3rd pair twice as long as the peduncle: inner rami of the 2nd and 38rd pairs longer than the outer; all the margins edged with small spines, Telson (figs. 31 & 32) in the female cleft for one-quarter its length ; apices each with a setule inset. In the male the cleft is slightly oblique, with the apices dehiscent. Just above the cleft on either side, a pair of mobile plumose hairs is inset, with a few scattered ones proximally. Chevreux first described the telson as rounded, but in the later account he describes and figures it as cleft. Fam. HUSIRID®. For synonymy see Stebbing (40), p. 338. Three of the four species of Husiride collected by the ‘ Huxley’ were taken in one haul at Station XII. in 246 fathoms. Two of these, Husirus biscayensis Bonnier, and Mhachotropis rostrata Bonnier, are recorded for the first time since their discovery by the ‘Caudan’ Expedition in 1895. One specimen of the hitherto unknown male of Husirus biscayensis was taken. Owing to the method of capture, the Agassiz trawl, all the specimens are more or less mutilated, the slender fragile perzeopods especially suffering. The specimens of Husirus longipes Boeck, the fourth species, taken at a much less depth, 109 fms., and by a different method, are in a good state of preservation; these were caught in a tow-net attached to the dredge working on the bottom. Genus Eusirus Kroyer, 1845. For synonymy see Stebbing (40), p. 338. Evsirus LonGIPEsS Boeck, 1861. Syn. Stebbing (40), p. 341. Three specimens, males, the largest measuring 8 mm., were taken at Station IV. near La Chapelle Bank, 23. viii. 06, lat. 47° 48’ N., long. 7° 25° W., in 109 fathoms; bottom deposit, coarse sand and broken shell. This species has been recorded twice before from the Bay of 1909. | FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 865 Biscay, trawled by the ‘ Hirondelle’ at two closely adjoining stations about 110 miles to the 8.E. of the ‘Huxley’ Station. (Chevreux (10), pp. 65, 171, 172.) Distribution. Coast of Norway, 30-300 fms. Boeck (3), p. 504; Sars (29), p. 420. Shetland Isles, 40-50 fms.; bottom deposit, sand. Norman as H. helvetic, (21) p. 281. Scotland, W. coast, 10-12 fms.; bottom—mud, gravel, broken shell. Robertson (25), p. 42; Scott (31), p. 173. Channel Islands, off Guernsey, 25 fms. Walker & Hornell (41), D. D3. is of Biscay, 166 & 180 m.; bottom deposit, muddy sand. Chevreux (10), pp. 65, 171, 172. Bay of Naples. Della Valle as #. cuspidatus (13), p. 669. Adriatic. Heller as H. bidens, (18) p. 32. KUSIRUS BISCAYENSIS Bonnier, 1896, (Plate LX X XI. figs. 33-45.) 1896. Husirus biscayensis Bonnier (4), pp. 651-653, pl. xxxix. mer, Je 7 specimens, one male measuring barely 13 mm., and six females 12-13°5 mm. in length. The original description was made by Bonnier from one spe- cimen, a mutilated female, to which were lacking the superior antenne (except the Ist joint), the terminal joints of the 5th pereopods, and the 3rd uropods. The description of a species from a single specimen is always a difficult matter, and with the arrival of fresh material, a modifying of the original account becomes necessary. Seven specimens were taken by the ‘ Huxley’: one male, the first hitherto recorded, and six ovigerous females, all mutilated, as was to be expected from the method of capture, the Agassiz trawl. ‘Two of the specimens, however, retained the antenne and uropods in good condition, but in all, the hinder pereeopeda were missing. A curious point is that two of the females have the 2nd gnathopod on the right side abnormal, much smaller than the corresponding gnathopod on the other side. In one the side-plate and 2nd joint are normal, the 5th, 6th and 7th joints very small; but in the other, though the branchial vesicles and incubatory lamelle are the normal size, both the 2nd and 3rd side-plates are small and malformed, the 2nd gnathopod is much smaller (text-fig. 278, p. 866) and the Ist pereopod is only half the size of the one on the left side. It would almost appear to be due to some injury received while immature, before the development of the incubatory lamelle. The male is easily distinguished from the female by its more slender form; by the antenne with their dense fascicles of sensory bristles; the much shorter pereon; and by the 4th pleon segment (fig. 37), the anterior dorsal depression of which is more marked and the dorsal carina more developed. The whole animal (fig. 33) is covered with microscopic spines and fine hairs, these last especially numerous on the pleon. es ; 866 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA — | Noy. 23, Superior antenna. Female (fig. 34).—First joint of the peduncle broad, with several dentiform apical projections; it carries a fan of fine sete distally, and several sensory ciliated hairs; 4 long sensory hairs above and 7 or 8 small ones, and a transverse row of the small ones on its inner surface. The 2nd joint is longer than the Ist, also apically dentate, with curved spines; the 3rd Text-fig. 278. Eusirus biscayensis Bonnier. Second gnathopods of the female, showing the abnormal right gnathopod. joint small, widening distally, spines curved. Primary flagellum. In the two specimens examined the tips were broken, 32 joints remaining. ‘The lst joint is the largest; from the 9th—27th the joints vary in length, short ones carrying the long sensory fila- ments alternating with longer ones provided with small sete only. The filaments are set in groups of 3 to 5 on the outer side of the antenna, the middle filament of each group being double the length of the others, equalling in length the six succeeding joints. 1909.4 FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 867 These groups occur on each joint from the Ist to the 9th, then on alternate jomts to the 27th. The accessory flagellum (fig. 35) : 1-jointed, narrowly laminar, with a large cleft spine and two divergent setz at the apex. Male (fig. 36).—Only the Ist joint of the peduncle remaining. This has the dentiform projections and sensory ciliated hairs as in the female, but is furnished posteriorly with 8 transverse rows or tufts of fine sensory bristles, extending partway round the inner side. Inferior antenna. Female (fig. 34)—The 2nd and 3rd joints of the peduncle apically dentate; the 4th long and broad, with sinuous upper margin, thickly setose on its anterior surface, and produced at the posterior angle to a setiferous lobe; the Sth, subequal to it in length, is much narrower, with numerous small sete anteriorly and several long fine ones distally. The flagellum consists of about 20 joints, each furnished anteriorly with a cluster of small setze, those on alternate joints being longer than the others. I found no trace of the calceoli mentioned by Bonnier. Male (fig. 36).—Only four joints of the peduncle remaining. The upper margin of the 3rd joint has four tufts of the sensory bristles in the right antenna, five in the left; the 4th joint carries twelve of these in the right and thirteen in the left antenna, the apical group being the largest, and containing also several long sensory ciliated hairs. This joint is produced at the posterior angle, as in the female, to a lobe bordered with long fine sete; on the posterior margin are several clusters of the ciliated hairs, with a longitudinal row of 7 or 8 of the small ones proximally, each set in a little depression similar to those on the 1st joint of the superior antenna. Upper and lower lips. Female (figs. 38, 39).—The figures given by Bonnier are not of the same magnification. Jnner lubes of the lower lip covered with fine hairs. Mandibles. Female (figs. 41, 42, 43, 44).—Cutting-plates greatly curved, with a strong obtuse tooth above, bidentate below in the right mandible, rounded and recurved in the left. These plates appear subject to great variation. Bonnier gives (loc. cit. p. 651) “apex allongé, robuste, sans denticulations; le processus acces- soire est élargi et présente cing a six dentelures sur lun des appendices, tandis que sur l’autre il est rudimentaire, et tridente ; il est accompagné d’une rangée de cing petits poils courts.” In the three specimens examined I found the accessory plate of the left mandible with 8 teeth in two specimens (fig. 44), 9 in the other, 5 or 6 spines in the spine row, the accessory plate following the deep curve of the cutting-plate. In the right mandible the accessory plate is of a more complicated structure, divided below, the inner portion tuberculate with 3 or 4 strong teeth; the other portion variable as regards the number of teeth but with one above and one below strongly produced (figs. 41, 42). In one specimen the accessory plate was broken, leaving only the Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1909, No. LIX. 59 868 . MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [Nov. 23, inner tridentate portion intact; from Bonnier’s description and figure I should imagine the same accident had occurred to his specimen. ‘The spine-row in all three contained 4 spmes. The bristles of the 2nd joint of the palp are plumose; those of the 3rd serrate, the two apical ones much longer than the others. Maxilla 1. Female-—J/nner plate with 2 large plumose sete and several fine hairs; owéer plate with 11 strongly denticulate spines, arranged in two rows on the apex, 6 in one row, longer than the others, with 4 or 5 teeth on each spine; the spines of the other row have only 1 or 2 teeth apiece (cf. Ahachotropis rostrata, fic. 55). Bonnier’s specimen had “huit dents barbelées toutes semblables.” On the inner margin of the palp the sete are arranged in two parallel rows, bases contiguous, apices widely divergent. Mawxilla 2. Female.—Both plates nearly covered with fine hairs. Mawillipeds. Female (fig. 40)—Resembling 1. propinquus, as figured by Sars; easily distinguished from all the other species of Eusirus by the fan-shaped groups of exceedingly long, flexible, plumose setze on the outer surface of the Ist and 2nd basal joints. Each seta has a broad pellucid shaft, with several longitudinal rows of delicate hairs running the whole length. There are two groups on each joint; those on the Ist joint containing 16 sete i each fan and extending to beyond the middle of the 2nd joint of the palp; those on the 2nd joint each with 14 sete, much smaller, set more closely together, only reaching to the Ist joint of the palp. Gnathopods | & 2. Female.—The figure given by Bonnier is that of the first enathopod, but through an error it is marked as the second. ‘The second gnathopod (see text-fig. 278, p. 866) is longer than the first, the 2nd joint, for example, being as long as the 2nd and 3rd taken together of the first. The 4th joint is more produced posteriorly, forming a distinct lobe; both this and the more acute lobe of the 5th joint are provided with numerous finely serrate cleft bristles. The hand is longer though no wider than that of the first, the palm with a densely crowded row of small sete on either side of the margin, about 60 on the inner side and 40 on the outer, with a few widely spaced set above. The posterior angle of the palm is bordered with 6 or 7 large sensory spines, and at the articulation of the finger is a large plumose specialised bristle (cf. also #. longipes, Rhachotropis rostrata, R. helleri, &e.). In the abnormal specimen there are only 25 small sete on the inner margin and 27 on the outer. First and second perceopods. Kemale.—Bonnier says of his specimen (p. 652): “le méropodite n’est pas plus long que le carpopodite”; the ‘Huxley’ specimens differ from this, having the 4th jomt longer than the 5th, as in all the other known species of Husirus. Third pleon segment. Kemale.—Hind margin nearly straight, with 23 down-turned serrations turning the corner; posterior angle rounded; lower margin produced to a strong denticle behind ; 11 spinules inset submarginally. 1909. ] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 869 Third uropods (fig. 45).—The peduncle as long as the telson ; rami broad, subequal in length to the peduncle, the outer ramus a little.the shorter; margins bordered with sensory spinules. The peduncle has three rows of these spinules. Distribution. Taken by the ‘Caudan’ Expedition, 1895, 44° 17’ N., 4° 38’ W., in 940 metres; bottom deposit, mud. By the ‘ Huxley,’ August 26, 1906, at Station XTI., 48° 72’ N., 8° 13’ W., about 240 miles to the N.W. of the ‘Caudan’ station, in 246 fathoms; bottom deposit, fine sand. Genus Ruacuorroris 8. I. Smith, 1883. For synonymy see Stebbing (40), pp. 347, 729. RracHorroris rostrata Bonnier, 1896. (Plate LXXXI. figs. 46-48.) Rachotropis rostrata Bonnier (4), p. 653. 4 specimens, all males, measuring respectively: 10, 10, 9°5, and 9 mm. I have only one or two points to add to the excellent descrip- tion and figures given by Bonnier. On p. 655, he states: “la mandibule a un apex sans denticulations, avec un processus accessoire denticulé, bien développé sur lun des appendices et rudimentaire sur l’autre.” In these specimens, however, as will be seen by the figures (47, 48) the cutting-plate is elongate, ineurved, with a strong tooth above, regularly crenulate in the right mandible, the lower end of which is bidentate, and having several irregular crenulations on the left mandible with the lower end rounded and deeply incurved. Both accessory plates are well developed; the margin of the left divided into 8 teeth; the right, as in #. biscayensis, of a more complicated construction, forming distally 2 strong broad teeth, with 15 serrations above, and having the upper part of the plate divided and its inner portion produced to a long falciform tooth (cf. R. helleri, fig. 54). The left spine-row has 3 spines, the right 2, each with a plumose brush-like bristle behind. Distribution. Taken by the ‘Caudan,’ 1895, 44° 17’ N., 4° 38’ W., in 950 metres; bottom deposit, mud. 3 specimens male. By the ‘ Huxley,’ August 26, 1906, at Station XII., 48° 72'N., 8° 13’ W., in 246 fathoms; bottom deposit, fine sand. RHACHOTROPIS HELLERI Boeck. (Plate LX XXI. figs. 49-65.) For synonymy see Stebbing (40), p. 351. 20 specimens: 1 male measuring 8:75 mm.; 19 females from 10-12°5 mm. in length, one specimen with a young one 2:25 mm. long still remaining in the incubatory pouch. These specimens showed several points of difference from the R. hellert figured by Sars (29), pl. 150, viz., all the segments of the pereon dorsally raised, the 7th pereonal segment with lateral carine, and the first three pleon-segments with the 59* 870 MRS. EB. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [Nov. 23, postero-lateral margins firmly serrate. On consulting Prof. Sars and Mr. Tattersall on the matter, they most kindly sent me specimens which prove these differences.to be due to age. Mr. ‘Tattersall’s specimens, about 250 in number, all taken at one station by the ‘ Helga,’ show a very interesting regular series of the stages of development, from the young in the incubatory pouch with the dorsum smooth to the full-grown female with all seven perzon-segments dorsally raised. In this species the completion of sexual maturity in the female coincides with the development of the fourth dorsal perzeon-hump at 10 mm. length. A previous stage, 8 mm., shows the incubatory lamellz just starting as very small glabrous plates, but none of the specimens of this size had the lamelle further expanded, nor carried eggs. Specimens 10 mm. long, with the Ist, 2nd, 3rd, and 7th pereon-humps produced, had the lamelle half-grown, with two or three minute hairs near the apices, and carried large rounded masses of eggs protruding considerably beyond the lamelle and flattened underneath against the body-wall. The eggs, about 60 in number, each measuring “25 mm., are supported on long bulbous stalks, branching from a short central stem by which: the mass is attached to the 5th segment (see fig. 51). Specimens of 10°5 mm. length show the lamelle fully developed, bordered with long hairs and closed to form the pouch. The eggs enclosed are separate from each other, fewer in number, and large, some measuring as much as | mm. Most of the Irish specimens are at this latter stage of develop- ment, answering exactly to the description and figures given by Sars (pl. 150); the Norwegian specimens at this same stage are larger, averaging 12 mm. About 40 of the Irish spectmens were larger than the rest, all ovigerous, all with the Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 7th humps, and the lateral carine of the 7th segment, and in most cases with the 4th and 5th humps perceptible as slight swellings of the posterior margins. Of the ‘ Huxley’ specimens, 18 of the 19 females were full- grown, with all seven dorsal humps produced. The remaining female, of 10 mm. length, had only six humps, that of the 5th segment not being developed. This specimen is younger than the others, as is proved by the fact that the antenne had only 10 joints in each flagellum, instead of the 12 joints of the larger animals. The males are distinguishable from the females at a glance by the shorter, more compressed perzon, and the long filiform flagella of the antenne. Unfortunately, none of them are full- grown, though sexually mature, as shown by the development of the antenne. Of the Ivish specimens, 14 measure 10mm. In all these the 7th hump is large and the Ist very small, the other segments smooth; no trace of the lateral carinze on the 7th; the antennal joints as Sars has figured them, the 4th joint of the peduncle of the inferior antenna being three-quarters the length of the 5th. 1909. ] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 871 The single male specimen taken by the ‘Huxley’ measures 8:75 mm. and has apparently just undergone ecdysis, the integu- ment being exceedingly thin and transparent and easily crumpled. The whole animal is much more slender and compressed than the Irish specimens, probably owing to its condition; it differs also in having well-marked carine on the 7th segment, while all the other segments are smooth, and in the number and proportions of the antennal joints. This latter point is probably due to immaturity, the length of the joints of the peduncle and the number of joints in the flagella increasing with age. Integument (fig. 50)—The whole animal is covered with minute scale-like plates, with pectinate margins. Perwon.—In the young from the incubatory pouch, 2°25 and 3 mm. long, the perzon is perfectly smooth, the dorsal processes and lateral carine of the 7th segment being represented by mobile sensory setules, each inset in a little depression of the cuticle. The 7th dorsal process appears to develop first, followed by the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd consecutively, then the 6th and Ath, the 5th bemg the smallest and the last to arrive. At about 5 mm. length the 7th hump commences as a slight rounding of the margin behind. At 7 mm. it is well developed and elevated as in the adult, and the Ist also can be seen. At 8-9 mm. the hump on the 2nd segment has appeared ; and at 10 mm. the Ist, 2nd, 3rd, and 7th are well-marked, and the lateral carine of the 7th segment indicated by a rounding of the margin. In only the largest specimens, 11-13 mm., are all seven humps developed ; lateral carinee ending in denticles. The posterior angles of the hinder segments are produced backwards, those of the 7th acute and slightly serrate. Side-plates overlapping considerably. Anterior lobe of the 5th broader than_posterior ; anterior lobe of 6th very small; 5th and 6th ridged laterally; in the young from the incubatory pouch the lateral ridges are distinctly though faintly indicated; 5th, 6th, and 7th serrate behind. Pleon.—The postero-lateral margins of the first three segments firmly serrate, the serrations turning the corner; segments | and 2 more rounded in the female than in the male, the teeth of the lateral carine and the serrations downcurved; segment 3 rounded quadrate, evenly serrated, the lateral denticles and the 12-14 serrations upcurved. The 3rd segment in both male and female carries a row of long, plumose sensory hairs, set just under the projecting tooth of the dorsal carina of the 2nd segment. In the young the dorsal carinew of segments 1-4 are indicated, as also the lateral carine of the 3rd, and in the place of the denticles which develop later, minute sensory setules, sunilar to those of the perzon, are inset. The apices of the telson and of the uropods are likewise provided with these setules. Head about the length of the first two pereonal segments in the female, of the first three in the male; rostrum broad and deflexed, not quite half the length of the Ist joint of the superior antenna, 872 MRS. E, W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [Nov. 23, yes large and prominent, and pyriform in the adult, with numerous small dark ommatidia. In the young the eyes are round ; in gone specimen, 4 mm., the very dark ommatidia eavanen ed 22, arranged in 5 rows; in another, 8 mm., the shape was a rounded oval, the ommatidia numbering about 80. Antenne: superior antenna, full-grown female.—Ilst joint of the peduncle not so long as the 2nd and 3rd together; 3rd nearly two-thirds the length of the 2nd; Ist and 2nd with apical teeth. Primary flagellum scarcely as long as the peduncle, each joint carrying a calceolus and a long sensory filament; 12-jointed in the largest specimens, 12°5 mm. long, with all 7 pereon-humps well dev eloped, as in fig. 49. In slightly smaller specimens, 11 mm., with the 4th and 5th segment humps minute, the joints of the flagellum numbered 11, while in the smallest ‘Huxley’ specimen, 10 mm., there were ‘only 10 joints in each flagellum. The accessory flagellum consists of 1 small joint with 1 long ciliated hair and | sensory cleft seta (fig. 52); the ciliated hair being inset on the under side, much lower than the seta, gives the appearance, when in position, of a minute apical joint. Male. ‘ Huxley’ specimen, 8°75 mm.— Ist joint as long as the 2nd and 3rd together; 3rd not quite half the length of the 2nd. Primary flagellum 23-jointed ; accessory flagellum as in female, tipped with long ciliated hair and 2 cleft sete. The Ist joint of the primary flagellum is long and broad; the 2nd short; the following 8 successively a little longer and thinner, each with a calceolus and a dense group of sensory filaments (fig. 61) on the inner side; the next 4 joints are alternately long and short, the long ones with a cluster of setz only, the short ones with a calceolus and sensory filaments. This alternation of long and short joints occurs also in the inferior antenna (cf. also Husirus biscayensis). The remaining 9 joints are of equal length, with clusters of small filaments. The ciliated hairs on the peduncle are remarkable for the great length of the ‘“ feathering.” In the Ivish specimens, 10 mm., the Ist jot of the peduncle is shorter than the 2nd and 3rd combined; 3rd joint about half the length of the 2nd. The primary flagella are all broken, 31 joints remaining on one. The young in the ineubatory pouch has the 1st and 2nd joints subequal in length, the 3rd half as long as the 2nd; primary flagellum of 4 joints not nearly so long as ihe peduncle; accessory flagellum (fig. 53) 1-jointed, tipped with 2 setz and 1 sensory filament. Inferior antenna. Fall-grown female.—Agrees with Sars’ description. Male. ‘ Huxley’ specimen.—4th joint of the peduncle broader and slightly shorter than the 5th; 3rd, 4th, and 5th posteriorly laminar. The flagellum subequal to the peduncle in length, 24- jointed; the first 4 joints each carry a calceolus and a cluster of long sete; the next 8 are alternately long and short, the short ones with a calceolus and long sete; the 14th, 17th, 20th, and 1909.) FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 873 apical joint with long sete, the others with only 3 or 4 small sete apiece. The Ivish specimens of 8-9 mm. agree with the ‘ Huxley’ one; the sensory filaments and calceoli are developed, though in much less degree than in the adult. The larger males, 10 mm., have the peduncle joints of the inferior antenna as figured by Sars; the 4th joint being three-quarters the length of the 5th, instead of subequal to it, as in the younger animals; flagellum 36-jointed. In the young in the incubatory pouch the 4th and 5th joints of the pedancle, taken together, much exceed the flagellum in length. The caleceoli are of exactly the same construction as those figured by Bonnier for 2. rostrata, but with the “ cupule” much smaller in proportion to the “ tube.” They are a character of sexual, maturity, appearing simultaneously with the incubatory lamelle in the female, and with the antennal sensory filaments in the male, and increasing in size and number with the animal’s growth. Oral parts : upper lip.—The apex appears to be more produced in the male than in the female; apical margin covered with fine minute hairs, with a cluster of longer ones on either side. Mandibles. Female (fig. 54): Right mandible.—Cutting-plate greatly curved; margin divided into 8 rounded teeth, with 1 large obtuse tooth above, and 2 very large teeth below. Accessory plate tridentate, upper tooth at a different level from the others, as appears usual in this genus. Left mandible.— Cutting-plate with 1 large tooth above, 7 small rounded ones, and 2 strong incurved teeth below. Accessory plate much stronger than that of the right mandible, margin divided into 6 teeth. 5 spines in the spine-row, each with a delicate brush-like seta behind. The spines are stout, and being covered with minute spinules, have a downy or furry appearance. J/olar prominent, the small spines edging the crown of the same construction as those of the spine- row ; crown surrounded with numerous long fine sete. . Male.—Cutting-plates tridentate below, margin divided into 9 rounded teeth ; accesscry plates asin female. 4 spines in spine- row in ‘ Huxley” specimen, 5 in Irish specimens of 10 mm. length. The terminal joint of the palp is covered on the outer side with a fur-like spinose armature. The margin is bordered with three series of spines; an apical group of 3 or 4, long and seti- form; then a group of short, flat, strongly dentate spines (fig. 59), usually 5 on the right palp and 6 on the left; the third series extending along the rest of the margin, containing 18-20 spines of varying length, similar to but smaller than those at the apex (fig. 60). The spines of the 2nd joint are of the cleft-tipped variety, feathered for half their length. Maxilla 1. Female and male.—Outer plate with 9 spines set in two rows; 5 with from 1-3 large auxiliary teeth; the other 4 longer, with from 4-12 small teeth (fig. 55). The number of spines 874 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Nov. 23, is the same on both maxille, but the number of the auxiliary teeth varies. Both plates and palp covered with fine hairs. Maaillipeds—The 2nd and 3rd basal joints with fan-shaped groups of long stout bristles on the outer side. 2nd and 3rd joints of the palp each carrying on the inner side a longitudinal row of cleft-tipped bristles and a number of small curved sensory spines, similar to those on the gnathopods; terminal joint in the male ending in a distinct nail. Gnathopods.—Practically no difference between the gnathopods of the full-grown specimens and those figured by Sars. The basal joints in both gnathopods are considerably wider at the distal end; posterior margins convex, densely crowded with small curved sensory spines, with 6-9 longer ones at the distal angle. These spines develop at maturity, together with the calceoli and sensory filaments of the antenne; young specimens, 4-5 mm., have none; older animals, 8 mm., carry a single row; while in the full-grown specimen the margin is thickly covered with a band of them, one overlapping the other. In the second gnatho- pod the 4th and 5th joints are produced to a strong denticle at the posterior angle. The curved finger is longer than the palm, the tip fitting mto a groove on the inner side of the hand. The feathered spines on the outer side of the palmar margin are shorter and twice as numerous as those of the inner side, and are set in graduated oblique rows, the longest spine of each row the farthest from the margin; those of the inner side are also graduated in size, but set in a continuous line. The curious specialised bristles, characteristic of this family, are to be found on either side of the finger articulation, the dentate one on the outer side, and the plumose on the inner. These bristles are among the first to appear; in a small specimen, 4 mm., both ave well developed. Percopods. Full-grown female.—Agreeing with Sars’ figures ; sensory armature more complete, as is to be expected. The 2nd pereeopod is longer than the Ist; basal joint wider, the posterior margin densely crowded with sensory spines, as in the gnathopods, that of the lst with only a single row. In the hinder pereopods, the anterior margins of the basal joints are armed with numerous small spines; the 4th and 5th joints carry a row of small deeply inset spines (fig. 56) on the outer side, in addition to the marginal grovps, a double row on the 5th joint of the 5th pereopod. The under surface of some of the joints—4th of pereeopod 3, 4th and 5th of perzopod 4, and the 4th, 5th, and 6th of perzeopod 5—is provided with rows of very delicate, mobile, plumose hairs (fig. 57), about 6-8 in a row; a few scattered smaller ones occur on the basal joints. The terminal joints of all the perseopods are extremely long and slender, the first four with the tip recurved (fig. 62), the fifth with a disdact nail (fig. 63); all carry the long, stiff, feathered seta proximally, longest on the 5th. The Ist and 5th fingers are subequal to each other 4 in length, the 2nd and 3rd a little longer, the 4th the longest. 1909. ] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 875 Male. ‘Huxley’ specimen.—The basal joints of the hinder pereopods differ from those of the female in having the anterior portion much more produced downwards, forming in the 3rd and 4th persopods, a large rounded pellucid lobe extending consider- ably beyond the level of the posterior expansion, and nearly covering the succeeding joint (text-fig. 279). On the under side of these joints is a slight longitudinal expansion setting out at right angles to the joint, and terminating distally in an acute projection tipped with 3 sensory spines, one of great length. The Text-fig. 279. Rhachotropis helleri Boeck. Fourth pereeopod of the male, showing the anterior lobe of the basal joint. basal joint of the 5th pereopod is much larger than the pre- ceding, with anterior and posterior lobes at the same level. A ciliated hair is found midway on the hind margin of pereeopods 3-5, and perzopod 4 also carries a remarkably long ciliated hair proximally. Pleopods. Male. ‘ Huxley’ specimen.—Rami but little longer than the peduncle in the Ist pleopod, half as long again in the 3rd ; coupling-spines large, more dentate on the left pleopod than on the right (see figs. 64, 65). The peduncle of the lst pleopod 876 MRS. E. W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Nov. 23, carries a row of 25 delicate plumose hairs along the outer margin ; on the 2nd pleopod the hairs are smaller and fewer in number. In the full-grown female the outer ramus has 20 joints, the inner 17; 4 cleft spines on the 1st pleopod, 3 on 2nd and 3rd. In the young in the incubatory pouch the outer ramus has 4 joints, 1 large and 3 small; the inner ramus, 3 joints, with 1 cleft spine on the Ist. The coupling-spines have the two large upper teeth, but none of the small ones. Uropods and telson.—In the female the proportions are as in Sars’ figure. The young male has the inner ramus of the 2nd uropod half as long again as the outer; all the margins pectinate. The telson in the female is cleft for half its length, in the young in the pouch, and in the young males, 8-10 mm., to rather more than half the length. It carries proximally a pair of large, mobile, ciliated hairs, as do most of the Rhachotropis; another much smaller pair near the cleft; a submarginal irregular row of sensory spinules; and a setule inset in either apex. Both pairs of ciliated hairs, and the apical setules are to be found in the young in the pouch. Distribution. Kava Sea. Stebbing (38), p. 38. North Atlantic. Stebbing (37), p. 955. Norway, 8. and W. coasts, 50-100 fathoms. Sars (29), p. 427. Theale: ‘‘Common on the Atlantic slope off the West Coast of Ireland, at depths from 200-400 fathoms.” (Mr. Tatter- sall, in a letter dated 31. x. 08.) Bay of Biscay: Taken by the ‘ Huxley’ at Station XII., 48° 73’ N., 8° 13' W., August 26, 1908, in 246 fathoms; bottom deposit, fine sand. Other localities doubtful. Bibliography. 1. Borcx, AxeL.—“ Bemerkninger angaaende de ved de Norske Kyster forekommende Amphipoder.” Forhandl. Skand. Naturf., 8° mgde. Kjobenhavn, 1860. . Borck, AxEL.—‘‘ Crustacea Amphipoda borealia et arctica. ” Vidensk.-Selsk. Forhandlinger, 1870. Borck, AxeL..—De Skandinaviske og Arktiske Amphipoder. Christiania, 1876. . Bonnier, JuLes.—‘‘ Edriophthalmes”: Rés. Scient. Camp. ‘Caudan.’ Ann. Univ. Lyon, 1896. . Boutencer, C. L.—“ On the Hermaphroditism of the Amphipod, Orchestia deshayesit Audouin.” Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1908. 6. Bourne, G. C.—“ Report of a Trawling Cruise in H.M.S. ‘Research’ off the S.W. Coast of Ireland.” Journ. Marine Biol. Association, New Ser. vol. i. no. 3, 1890. 7. Bruzevius, R. M.—Bidrag till Kannedomen om Skandi- naviens Amphipoda Gammaridea. Lund, 1859. ono Bm wo 1909.] FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 877 8. Bucutoiz, R.—Crustaceen. Die zweite Deutsche Nord- polaifahrt, Bd. ii. Abth. 1. Leipzig, 1874. 9. Cuevreux, Epovarp.—‘“ Crustacés amphipodes nouveaux dragués par |’ Hirondelle, 1886.” Bull. Soc. Zool. France, tome xi., 1887. 10. Cunyrevx, Epouarp.—‘ Amphipodes provenant des cam- pagnes de l Hirondelle.” Res. Camp. Sci., fase. xvi. Monaco, 1900. 11. Cuimron, Cuartes.—“ On an example of Polymorphism in the Amphipoda.” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvi., 1885. 12. Darwry, Cuartes.—Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London, 1871. 13. Detia Vattz, Antonio.—‘* Gammarini del Golfo di Napoli.” Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Monogr. xx. Berlin, 1893. 14. Faxon, Watrer.—“ The so-called Dimorphism of the genus Cambarus.” Amer. Journ. of Science. New Haven, Conn., 1884. 15. Faxon, WAtTeR.—“‘ Revision of the Astacide.” Mem. Mus. Harvard, vol. x. No. 4, 1885. 16. Gos, A.—‘‘ Crustacea amphipoda maris Spetsbergiam alluentis” K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., No. 8, 1865. 17. Hansen, H. J.—‘“ Oversigt over det vestlige Gronlands Fauna af Malakostrake Havkrebsdyr.” Vidensk. Meddel. Naturf. Foren. Kjobenhavn, 1887. 18. Hetter, C.—Beitriige zur niheren Kenntniss der Amphi- poden des Adriatischen Meeres. Wien, 1866. 19. Hotes, 8. J.—‘“‘ Amphipoda of Southern New England.” Bull. Bureau Fisheries, vol. xxiv. Washington, 1904, 20. Miuyer, Frrrz.—Fiir Darwin. Leipzig, 1864. 21. Norman, A. M.—Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland Isles. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advance. Science, 1868. 22. Norman, A. M.—“ Biology of the ‘ Valorous’ Cruise, 1875.” Proc. Royal Soe., vol. xxv. London, 1877. 23. Norman, A. M.—“ Notes on the Natural History of East Fin- mark.” Extr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1902-5. London, 1905. 24. Norman, A. M.—‘‘ Notes on the Crustacea of the Channel Islands.” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. xx., 1907. 25. Roserrson, Davip.—‘“‘ Jottings from my Note Book.” Proce. and Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. pt. 2, 1887-88. Glasgow, 1890. 25. Sars, G. O.—Histoire naturelle des Crustacés Veau douce de Norvége. Christiania, 1867. 27. Sars, G. O.—“ Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer.” Vidensk.- Selsk. Forhandl., No. 18. 1882. 28. Sars, G.O.—The Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876-78. Zoology: Crustacea, i. Christiania, 1885. 29. Sars, G.O.—An Account of the Crustacea of Norway. Vol. i. Amphipoda, Christiania, 1893. 878 MRS, E, W. SEXTON ON AMPHIPODA [ Nov. 23, 30. Sars, Micwann.—“ Oversigt over de i den norsk-arctiske region forekommende Krebsdyr.” Vidensk.-Selsk. For- hand., Christiania, 1859. 31. Scorr, THomas.—‘ Report on a Collection of Marine Dredg- ings and other Natural History Materials made on the West Coast of Scotland by the late George Brook, F.L.8.” Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1896. 32. Smrra, Georrrey.—“ High and Low Dimorphism, with an account of certain Tanaide of the Bay of Naples.” Mitth. Zool. Station Neapel, 17 Bd. Berlin, 1906. 33. SmirH, GEorrrEY.—Rhizocephala. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Monogr. 29. Berlin, 1906. 34. Spence Barr, CHARLES.—‘“‘ On some new Genera and Species of Crustacea Amphipoda.” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, WOM, ta, JUS 35. Spence Bare, CHARLES.—Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum. London, 1862. 36. Spence Bare and Westwoop.—A History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea. London, 1863. 37. Sreppine, T. R. R.—Report on the Amphipoda collected by H.M.S. ‘Challlenger’ during the Years 1873-76. ‘Challenger’ Reports, vol. xxix., 1888. 38. Sruppine, T. R. R.—“ The Amphipoda collected during the Voyage of the ‘Willem Barents’ in the Arctic Seas in the Years 1880-84.” Bijd. tot de Dierkunde, vol. xvii. Amsterdam, 1894. 39. Sressine, T. R. R.—“ Revision of Amphipoda.” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. iv., 1899. 40. Sreppinc, T. R. R.—Amphipoda. I. Gammaridea. Das Tierreich, Lief. 21. Berlin, 1906. 41. Waker, A. O., and Hornett, J.—‘ Report on the Schizo- poda, Cumacea, Isopoda, and Amphipoda of the Channel Isles.”. Journ. Marine Zool. and Microscopy, vol. 11. no. 7. Sept. 1896. 42. Watker, A. O.—‘*On some new species of Edriophthalma from the Irish Seas.” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xxvi. no. 167. 1897. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats LXXX. Fig. 1. Head and antenne, 9. Parapleustes gracilis Buchholz. x 44. 2. Accessory flagellum, superior antenna, 2. P. gracilis. .X 28. 3. Right mandible, 2. LP. gracilis. X 44. 4. Left mandible, 2. 53 x 44. 5. First maxilla, 9. Fe x 44. 6. Second maxilla, 2. eo x 44. 7. Maxilliped, 2. S x 44, 8. Wholeanimal, 2. Syimpleustes grandimanus Chevrenx; actual size 75 mm. 9. First gnathopod, young @, Ivish specimen. S. grandimanus. X 28. 10. First gnathopod, young 9, ‘ Huxley’ specimen. 33 x 44. FROM THE BAY OF BISCAY. 879 . Second gnathopod, young 9. S. ea x 44, . Second gnathopod, large "2. _ &K 44. . Second gnathopod, young ¢, Irish specimen. S. DE a x 28. . Finger of first enathopod, under surface, young 2. 3< I7/ ; Finger of first pereeopod, a 6. SS. grandimanus. 49. ” x 84. . Finger of third pereopod, young Q. 3 x 84. { Accessory flagellum, superior antenna, young 2. S. grandimanus. X 109. 19. Side-plate 4, young g. S. grandimanus. X 28. 20. Upper lip, large 9. %3 Xx 38. 21. Lower lip, ,, a x 50. 22. FA young 2. x 50. 23. 35 young 6, taken from above to show relative proportions. S. grandimanus. X 38. 24. Left mandible, large 9. S. grandimanus, X 50. 25. Cutting-plate and accessory plate, rightmandible, young 2. ,, X 176. 26. ” ” » ” 2 ” large 2 ” x 176. 27. x young ¢. ,, x 176. 28. Right maxilliped, lar are OF s. grandimanus. x 85. 29. First maxilla, young B 5 ee x 50. 30. Second maxilla, young 3. X 38. 31. Second and third uropods and telson, young 2. S. grandimanus. X 50. . Apices of telson, young g. S. grandimanus. x 50. Pirate LXXXI. All the figures, except fig. 51, from the ‘ Huxley ’ specimens. . Whole animal, 2. Eusirus biscayensis Bonnier; actual size 13°5 mm. . Antenne, 2. 5 S 8 Hi ; e 4 : : ¥ * ps . c * ’ = . ¥ u 4 ‘ cr + a . ¢ 3 = a . : us E ; 5 oS) be - ry ws 1 P 1 , : 7 z wit: : : 2 he yi - y a ~: * ; F - i € / < eae t : i - y ’ ‘ : \ : : pees | 2 o 1 ‘ ¥ q . = , 2 t & : F je * " i MW ‘ see * 5 eG 1 0 f : ‘ J . ‘ q ep > “ ; fi , \ P, Z. 8. 1909, Pl, Sony. Bale & Damelsson, Ltd MADREPORARIA FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. ae eZ. 8. 1909. Bl. ocean. Bale & Damielsson. Lt? MADREPORARIA FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. 1909. ] ON MARINE FAUNA FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. 897 paper “Zur Kenntnis des javanischen Flugfrosches,’ in the Biologischen Centralblatt, Bd. xxix., Nov. and Dec. 1909, in which he describes the nesting-habits of Polypedates reinwardtir. These present some interesting points of comparison with those of P. sawoagii. The general economy of the nests is the same, but in Polypedates the protection for the eggs and the source of fluid for the developing embryos are supplied by a stiff foamy substance instead of by empty egg-capsules (though Siedlecki states that empty egg-cases are often laid). This substance is distinct from the oviducal egg-membranes, which are embedded in the frothy mass, the whole being suspended in leaves as in Phyllomedusa. The majority of the eggs are in the centre of the mass, the outer layerscontaining comparatively few eggs. It is the foamy substance which appears to give up its water to the developing embryos, like the empty egg-cases in P. sauvagii. After hatching, the tadpoles remain for twenty-four hours or more in the fluid thus obtained, which now lies in the interior of the hollow nest formed by the dried outer layers of the frothy mass. The tadpoles are finally freed by the giving way of the wall of the nest under the softening influence of the fluid inside, or of rain, or of both.— Jan. | 910.] 4. Marine Fauna from the Mergui Archipelago, Lower Barma, collected by Jas. J. Simpson, M.A., B.Sc., and R. N. Rudmose- Brown, B.Sc., University of Aberdeen: Mapreporaria. By Rura M. Harrison and Marcarer POOLE™*. [Received October 19, 1909.) (Plates LXXXV. & LXXXVI.7) The collection was made during the spring of 1907, and entrusted to us for identification and description by Professor Bourne. It contains one species of Turbinolide, one species of Flabellide, two species of Fungiide, and ten species of Kupsam- miide including one new species of Balanophyllia. We wish to take this opportunity of thanking Dr. Bourne for much help and advice, Professor Herdman for the loan of two species of Balanophyllia, and Professor Jeffrey Bell for permission to examine the Hupsammiide in the National Collection ; also Dr. E. H. J. Schuster and Mr. Robinson for the photographs on Plate LX XXYV. Family TURBINOLID® Milne-Edwards & Haime. By Marcarer Poors. The collection contains 84 specimens of superficially very different appearance, but Gardiner has recently shown [16] that * Communicated by Prof. G. C. Bourns, D.Sc., F.Z.S. + For explanation of the Plates see p. 912. 898 MISS R. M. HARRISON AND MISS M. POOLE ON [| Dec. 14, we are really dealing, not with several, but with a single species which is highly variable. Genus Hererocyaruus Milne-Edwards & Haime. HererocyatHus azQguicosratus Milne-Edwards & Haime [24]. (Plate LXXXYV. figs. la—1f) Stephanoseris rousseaut Milne-Edwards & Haime [27]. H. philippinensis Semper [34]. H. parasiticus Semper | 34], H. pulchellus Rehberg. H. oblongatus Rehberg. H. equicostatus Gardiner [16]. The above list of synonyms of H. equicostatus is due to Gardiner [16], with the exception of Stephanoseris rousseaui which was subsequently added by Bourne [5]. The specimens fall into three main types, of which two are identical with those described and figured by Gardiner [16] ; while the third is rather markedly different and resembles more closely the figure given by Semper of his now abolished species H. philippinensis. The accompanying photographs (Pl. LAXXV. figs. 1 af), however, show that this type is connected with the second type of Gardiner by beautifully intermediate forms. All the specimens are free with smooth bases, and have the aperture of the Aspidosiphon chamber well at one side and often on a slight protuberance. Type I. 49 specimens. The corallum is _ pear-shaped, 14:5 10°5 mm.and 6 mm. in height. Lateral pores are confined to the basal surface. The cost are equal in number tothe septa, very clearly defined and extending well round on to the basal surface. They are closely covered with small granules. The septa form four cycles of six systems; the primaries and second- aries are the largest and equal in size, the quaternaries come next in size, the tertiaries being the smallest. Crenulated pali stand before all the septa except those of the third cycle, and are indistinguishable from the inner edges of the septa on one hand and from the columellar trabecule on the other. Both pali, trabecule and septa are covered with spiniform granules. The calicular fossa is hardly 1 mm. in depth, and 2x3 mm. in dia- meter owing to the crowded pal. Type II. 22 specimens. The corallum is pear-shaped or round, of the same size as type I., but generally slightly taller, 8 mm. The lateral pores are distributed in an irregular manner round the lower part of the wall of the corallum and not restricted to the base as in type I. Cost as in type I., but tending to be less regular in size. The septa are in four cycles of six systems, but here the primaries are clearly marked off from the secondaries by their greater prominence and larger size, and form, together with their adjacent quaternaries, a well-defined six-rayed star, alternating with the points of which the secondaries with their 1909. ] MARINE FAUNA FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO, 899 quaternaries form a similar though less conspicuous figure. The third cycle is here also the least developed. There are three crowns of pali, which are usually well marked off from the septal margins and the columellar trabecule ; both pali and trabecule are covered with spiniform granules. The columella lies well below the cealicular margin, so that in this type there is a distinct though narrow fossa. Intermediates between types I. and IT. show less obvious star figures, and the gradual reduction of the pali and consequent development of the well-defined calicular fcssa. Type III. 13 specimens. The “corallum is oval or round, 15 mm. in diameter and 10 mm. high, and somewhat compressed in the middle. The lateral pores form an irregular ring a little below the calicular margin. The costz are as in the two previous types. The septa form five cycles of six systems, of which the primaries and secondaries are very much exsert round the margin and the remaining cycles of about equal size, except those members of the fifth cycle on either side of the primaries and secondaries which are shghtly enlarged. There are four crowns of nodular pali clearly marked off from the septa and standing well above the trabecular columella; all are ornamented with spines. The fossa is large, 5x3 mm.and 2 or 3 mm. deep. Intermediate forms connecting this type with type IT. have an incomplete fifth cycle of septa, or all the quinaries are very much reduced so as to be hardly visible. Localities.— All three types occur at Station XXX. Fly Island, Observation Island, and 8.W. of Domel Island. Bottom: rock and sand, Depth: 8-15 fathoms. 48 specimens of type I., 18 of type II., 7 of type IIT. Station XXXII. Christmas Island Group. Bottom : rock, sand, and mud. Depth: 8-23 fathoms. 1 specimen of type I. Family FuABELLID# Bourne [5]. In the present collection there are 29 specimens of the genus Flabellum, which, since Gardiner’s [15] revision of the group, can all be included in the highly variable species /. rubrum. Genus FLABELLUM Lesson. FLABELLUM RUBRUM Quoy & Gaimard. F’. variabile Semper | 34 |. I’, stokest \ FF. owent F. aculeatum | Mil : . Ve ec ne-Edwards & Haime [27]. aoe | Ff. debile | F. sumatrense ) All the specimens are free, but with large and clearly defined basal sears. They are truncate in form, the height of the corallum being in all cases less than the length of the calice. The margin of the calice is entire, the ends of the long axis are Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1909, No. LXI. 61 | = Height of | | vy:,, | Basal | Number Ee oetin Locality. | Cor allum | aie = scar of basal a a [testa imnarae ieee ne nao | 1 mm. processes. a Se Sat pen ELS Mir) SOLS it Station XXV. Gregory Group. 27 29 X12) 8x4 4 Bottom: stones and | broken shell. Depth : 4-14 fathoms.} 2 Station XXV. Gregory Group.| ) Station XXIV. Cat Island. Bottom: rock, sand,) - 25 35 X10! 11x5 2 and broken shell. | | | Depth: 8-22 fathoms.) } | 2 Station XVI. Alligator Rock.) ) Bottom: rock and sand or mud. Depth : 8-18 fathoms | ; Station XVIII. Paye Island. r 19 Bs SMO RS 4 Bottom: sand, shell, and rock. Depth: 10-21 fathoms.| } 3 Station XVIII. Paye Island. 17 225 x7 8x4 2 or 4 6 Station XVIII. ,, 35 16 23°35 X8 8x4 2,4 or 6 A Station XVIII. ,, Re 15 195xX75 8X4 2 or 4 5 Station XVIII. ,, 45 14. 20 <8 8x3 | 2 ) Station XVIII. ,, 3 13 17 X75) 9X35 2) | Stnuiom SOVIOE, g, 12 18 x7 | 9x4 2 : | | 1 Station XVIII. ,, 5} 10 12 <6 | 10x4 — 900 MISS R. M. HARRISON AND MISS M. POOLE oN | Dec. 14, from 2 to 10 mm. below the sides, and the latter may be straight, convex, or slightly concave. The corallum is completely covered by an epitheca marked by slight vertical ridges and horizontal concentric lines of growth. There is almost always a root-like process at either end of the basal scar, and often one or two pairs nearer the calice. The septa, which are somewhat exsert round the calicular margin, form generally five eycles of six systems; in some the fifth cycle is incomplete. The primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries are equal in size, with their inner edges slightly thickened and sinuous before they unite by means of thick nodular trabecule to form the loose parietal columella. Occasion- ally two or three of the quaternaries are similarly thickened and united with the columella. All the septa are ornamented with radiating ridges bearing small spines. Localities and the relation between the height of the corallum and the calicular and basal measurements, with the variation in the number of root-like processes of the epitheca, are given im the accompanying table. Flahellum rubrum. 1909. ] MARINE FAUNA FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. 901 Family Funeitp# (Milne-Edwards & Haime). Genus Funera Lamarck. Founera FuNGITEes Linneus. Var. acaricirormis Doderlein [7]. Fungia agariciformis Lamarck. Fungia tenvifolia Milne-Edwards & Haime [26, 27). Fungia repanda Milne-Edwards & Haime (26, 27]. Fungia linnei Milne-Edwards & Haime [26, 27). Madrepora fungites Forskal. Doderlein [7] identifies F. fungites var. agariciformis with F. agariciformis and F. tenuifolia, and F. repanda with F. linner. Milne-Edwards [27], however, gives F'. repanda as synonymous with Madrepora fungites and F. agariciformis, and £. linnei also with J/. fungites; while /. tenuifolia he identifies with F. agariciformis. ‘The descriptions given by Milne-Edwards of these species show no marked differences beyond those one would expect in a form which Déderlein has shown to be highly variable, and they should therefore, I think, be absorbed into /. fungites. There are in the collection two adult and three young specimens, the latter having well-developed peduncles and being of irregular shape, flat or sometimes slightly concave above. They measure from 30x 22 mm. to 64x62 mm. The two adult specimens are concave below and arched above to a height of 38 mm. in the centre. They measure 11098 mm. The scar of attachment is just to be distinguished. Localities.—Station XXIX. High Peaked Island. Bottom : coral-reef. 3 young specimens. Locality of adult specimens is unrecorded. Genus Diaseris Miine-Edwards & Haime. DIASERIS DistorTA Michelin. (Plate LXXXYV. figs. 24, 5a.) Fungia distorta Diaseris-form of Déderlein [7 '. Bourne [5] has already criticised Quelch’s [33] opinion that this species is really nothing more than abnormal specimens of Cycloseris (Fungia), and shown that broken and repaired forms of the latter differ very markedly from Diaseris. Déderlein, however, says that he finds Cycloseris-form specimens of Diaseris distorta, and Vaughan [37] describes a specimen of Cycloseris from the Philippines which had “several sharply indented lines radiating from the base.” ‘“ This specimen,” he says “ looks as if its division in Diaseris segments had been initiated, but the process not completed. The segments have remained attached, but indications of the arrested division still persist. There are suggestions in some of the other specimens of lines along which division might take place.” He also says that while handling a specimen of D. pulchella which was circular, a segment broke out ; and therefore he considers Diaseris inseparable from Fungia. §1* 902 MISS R. M, HARRISON AND MISS M. POOLE ON [ Dec. 14, Nevertheless, I think more evidence is necessary before uniting a form with so peculiar a method of reproduction as Diaseris with the genus Pungia. Plate LXXXV. figs. 2a, 6, 3a, b, show a photograph of a specimen of Fungia cyclolites from the Ceylon collection described by Bourne [5}, which has been broken and yepaired, and for comparison a specimen of Diaseris distorta with two segments. The collection includes one specimen measuring 30 x 27 mm. and 20x 18 mm., and a few fragments. Locality. Station XJIJ. Maria Island. Bottom: reck and sand. Depth: 8-10 fathoms. One specimen. Family EupsamMMirp® Bourne [5]. By Rurs M. Harrison. Genus BALANOPHYLLIA Searles Wood. BALANOPHYLLIA SOCIALIS Semper [34]. Rhodopsammia socialis Semper. Six examples, of which the largest measures exactly 30 mm. in height, calicee 10 x 8°5 mm., depth of calice 8 min.; the smallest is a 10 mm. high, with a nearly circular calice, 6 x 5°5 mm., and 3°53 mm. in depth. The largest specimen shows two lateral scars, one about halfway up the corallum, and the other on the opposite side at a quarter of the entire length from the lip of the ealice. Another specimen has two small swellimgs, the beginnings of lateral buds on opposite sides immediately below the lip of the ealice, and below these again on one side is the old scar of a former bud, and on the other is a large lateral bud nearly as large as the parent zooid, and having itself two very fresh lateral scars. The remaining four specimens are obviously young individuals, the two smaller have such very freshly-made basal scars as to suggest that they may have been artificially broken off. Table of measurements 1n mm. | Height. Calice. | Depth of calice. | WI galas ln a) | Ase Ga 6! 8 SENHA eG ane | 26 IE SLTKO 9-5 be FDA ly aca ie peli, 8) 8 eae ge Resco ene. Peet 85x 7 5 Aisaibe alee dahsi incre, Sa Lig Dey Ep Bale MORE 5 Eanes men Bec hal aae e ew pierina Sms ai dioha’ 5 Gee ee ee ee: | 10 Se Hb | Bw The table of measurements illustrates the fact pointed out by Semper, that in the young individuals the calice is circular, and the tendency to become oval increases with the age of the in- dividual. The columella is but poorly developed in very young 1909. j MARINE FAUNA FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. 903 individuals, becoming more pronounced in older specimens. In all other characters the Burmese specimens agree very exactly with Semper’s and Bourne’s descriptions of those from the Philip- pines and Ceylon. Locality.—Station IX. Bentinck Island and Court’s Island. Bottom : sand and shell. Depth: 12-26 fathoms. BALANOPHYLLIA STOKESIANA Milne-Edwards & Haime. Leptopsammea stokesiana M.-Kdw. & H. [25]. Four individuals undoubtedly belonging to this species. The resemblance in general form and mode of growth is borne out in detail in the characters of the coste and septa. The columella is rather less developed than in the Philippine species, but projects upwards in the calicular fossa. Locality.—Station XXII. Hastings Harbour. Bottom: rock and sand. Depth: 3-20 fathoms, and shore. BALANOPHYLLIA PROFUNDICELLA Gardiner [14]. Three specimens which, with much hesitation, I refer to this species, as they do not appear to differ sufficiently from the de- scription of the type-specimen to justify the creation of a new species. Table of measurements in mm. Height. | Calice. | Depth of calice. | Pe 9°5 x 8 | 6 | 16 115x9°5 | a) | 4 Oe Oat he ieee urea | In all three examples the corallum is straight and cylindrical, attached by a spreading base. Epitheca absent ; coste correspond to septa, broad, subequal, and are visible from the base upwards. Calice oval, fossa not very deep, with a well-developed columella which projects upwards slightly, and has a rounded, somewhat dome-like appearance. Septa in six systems of four cycles, with traces of an incomplete fifth cycle, Primaries and secondaries somewhat exsert, but in all three specimens the lip of the calice is more or less broken, and the character is not very obvious. The quaternaries fuse over the tertiaries and again over the secondaries deep down in the calice. The granulations on the septa of the primary and secondary cycles are extremely fine in the tallest of the three specimens; in the two others the granules have run together to form fine radial ridges; the edges are entire; the edges of the septa of the lower cycles are denticulate. In the shallower calicular fossa and the denticulate edges of the septa of the third and lower cycles, these forms resemble B. parvula (Moseley [28]), which, as Gardiner has pointed out, comes very near to the present species ; but the quaternaries are 904 MISS R. M. HARRISON AND MISS M. POOLE ON | Dec. 14, not prominently exsert asin the ‘ Challenger’ specimen ; and as in other respects the Burmese specimens resemble Gardiner’s speci- men from Lifu, it is better to retaim them with this species. Locality.—Station XXIV. Cat Island. Bottom: rock and sand and broken shell. Depth: 8-22 fathoms. BALANOPHYLLIA PARALLELA Semper [34]. B. parallela Bourne | 5}. There are thirteen examples of this species, varying in height between 9 and 25 mm., and another closely-allied specimen which is notified below. Table of measurements 1n mm. | Station. Height. Calice. Depth of calice. WAV teense cee ne 22 16 8x 12°5 8 ONG ey cry ctrl te 25 ae OR cle 8 FIED ear pret or 24 WW «12 8 OS AR eS 2 acre ees 22 ra xa | 8 DOO 8 fe ks ape Adak 19 3.x 9°5 6 JD .OE Ras et aoe Par 19 WA Se) 6 EXOT or Ma ae) USoalan i ac TUNE Se 0 5 TORO Jenene ee eee 16 il ExrSso 5 Valpeseeiy Pets eRe it ey 15 PD