430.
3. “ Rosettes ” in dorsal integument. > 450.
C. Spherical bodies in ventral integument. > 430.
One specimen from Station IX. Matemo Is.
Length 175 mm.; breadth 60 mm.
As in the Ceylon specimen examined by me, there is a well-
defined white patch on the ventral surface The deposits are
1910. } FROM KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 175
similar to those described by Théel. Those of the ventral surface
consist of large numbers of spherical bodies.
Length of spinous rods in dorsal integument 63 »
(text-fig. 16 A).
Length of rosettes in dorsal integument 22 p (text-fig. 16 B).
Length of spherical bodies in the ventral integument 18°5
(text-fig. 16 C).
Width of spherical bodies in the ventral integument 11 yp.
General distribution. Indian Ocean from E. Africa to the East
Indies ; Funafuti.
MULLERIA MILIARIS Quoy & Gaimard.
Holothuria miliaris Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (4).
Holothuria lineolatt Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (4).
Miilleria lineolata Brandt, 1835 (6).
Mulleria plebeja Selerika, 1867 (10).
Miilleria miliaris Semper, 1868 (11); Lampert, 1885 (18) ;
Théel, 1886 (20).
Muelleria miliaris Bell, 1887 (21).
Actinopyga miliaris Bell, 1887 (22).
Milleria miliaris Ludwig, 1887 (23); Sluiter, 1887 (24), 1901
(28); Koehler & Vaney, 1908 (31).
Two specimens from Station IX. Matemo Is.
Length 90 mm. and 125 mm.
Breadth 35 mm. and 45 mm.
The body is wrinkled and much contracted. The pedicels are
arranged in three indefinite rows on the ventral surface. The
papille are scattered over the dorsal surface. There are twenty
tentacles and a similar number of long tentacular ampulle. The
calcareous ring consists of ten simple pieces. The body has well
developed circular muscles and there are five rows of longitudinal
muscles, each row beingdouble. The deposits are typical. The
dichotomous rods vary in shape and size.
Minimum length of rods 7°4 pu.
Maximum length of rods 44-4 wp.
General distribution. Kast coast of Africa, Indian Ocean, Red
Sea, Sumatra, Fiji Is.
HOoLoTHuRIA ALEIVENTER Semper.
Holothuria albiventer Semper, 1868 (11); Lampert, 1885 (18) ;
Théel, 1886 (20); Sluiter, 1901 (28).
Six specimens altogether.
Length. Breadth.
WlunehiiBay.. Station = eee (V0 nim. 23mm.
85 mm. 30 mm.
Nero-Nyuni Bay. St. VI....... 40 mm. 20 mm,
Rekawiebay. St. Ville va erer 85 mm. oo mm.
iRemiba) Bay.y Sta oll ee ee 70 mm. 17 mm.
45 mm. 23 mm.
176 DR. J. PEARSON ON MARINE FAUNA {| Feb. 1,
Colour. The dorsal surface is brown with a few large dark
brown spots. The ventral surface is lighter and each papilla 1s
surrounded by a white patch. All the papillee are white.
The anterior end of the body is blunt and the body tapers
towards the posterior end. Papille are present all over the body,
those on the dorsal surface being smaller than the ventral ones.
The mouth is surrounded by a ring of digitate papille.
The circular muscles of the body-wall are poorly developed.
There is one Polian vesicle and a long madreporite as described
by Théel. The calcareous ring agrees with Théel’s description.
The deposits consist of tables and buttons.
Diameter of tables 55:5 p.
Height of spire on tables 37 w.
Length of buttons 29°5 p.
General distribution. Philippines, Amboina, Red Sea, Labuan,
Pacific.
HoLorHuriA ATRA Jaeger.
Holothuria atra Jaeger, 1833 (8).
Holothuria (subgenus Microthele) affinis Brandt, 1835 (6).
Holothuria floridana Pourtalés, 1851 (8); Selenka, 1867 (10).
Holothuria atra Selenka, 1867 (10).
Holothuria amboinensis Semper, 1868 (11).
FHolothuria atra Semper, 1868 (11); Théel, 1886 (20); Bell,
1886 (19), 1887 (22).
Holothuria atra, var. amboinensis Théel, 1886 (29).
Holothuria atra Sluiter, 1887 (24), 1901 (28); Ludwig, 1887
(23); Pearson, 1903 (29); Koehler & Vaney, 1908 (81).
One specimen from Station 1X. Matemo Is. Length 115 mm. ;
breadth 35 mm.
This species is characterised by having numerous Polian vesicles
and madreporic canals. The numbers vary in different individuals.
In the specimen under examination there are four Polian vesicles
and twelve stone-canals.
The deposits are typical.
Width of table 22 up. Height of spine on table 52 p.
Average length of perforated plates 44:5 1.
General distribution. Celebes, Florida, Red Sea and Indian
Ocean, Hast Indies, Pacific Islands.
HoLotHURIA ATRA, var. AMBOINENSIS Théel.
Holothuria atra Selenka, 1867 (10).
Holothuria amboinensis Semper, 1868 (11).
Holothuria atra, var. anboinensis Théel, 1886 (20).
Two specimens from Station IX. Matemo Is.
Length 130 mm. and 125 mm. -
Breadth 30 mm. and 30 mm.
_ Both specimens are black.
These specimens resemble Holothuria atra very closely except
1910.] FROM KEBRIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 177
in colour. There are some small points of difference in the
spicules.
The tables have a larger base than in H. atra and have
generally a few small peripheral holes. The edge of the base is
often spinous. Fenestrated plates similar to those in H. atra are
rare, but there are numerous small rods which branch dicho-
tomously and which may represent stages in the disintegration of
larger fenestrated plates.
Diameter of tables 44°5 pi.
Length of branched rods 11 j.
There are numerous Polian vesicles and stone-canals as in
HT, atra,
General distributeon. Amboina, Venezuela, East Africa.
Hoxoruuria curtosA Ludwig.
Holothuria curvesa Ludwig, 1875 (12); Lampert, 1885 (18) ;
Théel, 1886 (20); Sluiter, 1901 (28).
One specimen from Station IX. Matemo Is.
Length 32 mm.; breadth 12 mm.
The colour of this specimen does not agree with Théel’s descrip-
tion of the species. The dorsal surface is dark brown over which
are scattered numerous yellow spots. The ventral surface is much
lighter. There is a small light area around each end of the body.
This specimen resembles Helothuria euriosa very closely in most
respects. The deposits are very similar to those described by
Théel. The tables in most cases have rudimentary spires, but in
a few instances complete spires are present consisting of four
upright rods surmounted by a spinous ring.
Diameter of tables from 37 pu to 48 pu.
Length of buttons 41 p.
General distribution. Bowen, Fiji, New Guinea, Philippines,
Indian Ocean.
HOoLotuvRIA DOFLEINII Augustin.
Holothuria dofleinti Augustin, 1908 (30).
One specimen (much flattened) from Station I. Tunghi Bay.
Length 85 mm.
I have no hesitation in placing this specimen in Augustin’s
species.
The colour of the body is yellowish white. The papille have
a brown colour and theve is a dark brown ring around the base of
each papilla.
The deposits agree with Augustin’s description and consist of
tables and buttons. The tables (text-fig. 17 A & C) generally
have four large central holes and four smaller peripheral holes.
In a few cases the peripheral holes are more numerous. The
spines are short and are generally imperfectly formed. In the
most perfect specimens the spire has a rectangular top which
bears blunt spines. In the majority of instances, however,
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1910, No. XII. 12
178 DR. J. PEARSON ON MARINE FAUNA [ Feb. 1,
the tops of the spires are very imperfect and irregular. The
buttons are very irregular in shape, and the more perfect speci-
mens suggest a derivation from perforated plates (text-fig. 17 B).
Diameter of tables up to 37 p.
Length of buttons 22 wp.
General distribution. Kast Africa, Japan.
Text-fig. 17.
Holothuria doflemii. Spicules.
A. Tables, from above. 860.
B. “Buttons.” 640.
C. Tables (side view). > 670.
HonoruuriA mpatiENs Forskal.
Fistularia impatiens Forskal, 1775 (1).
Trepang impatiens Jaeger, 1833 (3).
Holothuria fulva Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (4).
Thyone impatiens Blainville, 1834 (5).
Sporadipus impatiens Grube, 1840 (7).
Holothuria botellus Selenka, 1867 (10).
Holothuria impatiens Lampert, 1885 (18); Théel, 1886 (20) ;
Bell, 1886 (19), 1887 (22): Ludwig, 1887 (23); Sluiter, 1887 (24),
1901 (28); Koehler & Vaney, 1908 (31).
1910.] FROM KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO, 179
One specimen from Station IX. Matemo Is.
Length 75 mm.; breadth 15 mm.
One specimen from Station II. Maiyapa Bay.
Length 90 mm. ; breadth 20 mm.
The colour and general characters agree with Théel’s descrip-
tion. There are eighteen pinkish coloured tentacles situated in
two rows. ‘The deposits consist of tables and buttons.
Diameter of tables 92°5 py.
Length of buttons 80 pw to 95 p.
General distribution. Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, East Indies,
Pacific Islands.
Hotornuria uNnEATA Ludwig.
Holothuria lineata Ludwig, 1875 (12).
Labidodemas punctulatum Haacke, 1880 (14).
Holothuria lineata Bell, 1884 (17); Lampert, 1885 (18); Theel,
1886 (20).
One specimen from Station IT. Maiyapa Bay.
Length 23 mm.; breadth 9 mm.
This extremely small specimen possesses the characters of the
above species.
There are twenty tentacles present.
The deposits are similar to those of Holothuria lineata and
Holothuria pardalis, and consist of tables and buttons. The
buttons are asymmetrical and are scattered.
Diameter of tables 75 pu.
Length of buttons 55 p.
General distribution. Bowen, Red Sea, Mauritius, Thursday Is.
HoLorHuRIA MARMORATA Jaeger.
Bohadschia marmorata Jaeger, 1833 (8).
Sporadipus walensis (subgenus Colpochirota) Brandt, 1835 (6).
Holothuria ualensis Selenka, 1867 (10).
Holothuria brandtii Selenka, 1867 (10).
Holothuria marmorata Semper, 1868 (11).
Holothuria utrimquestigmosa Haacke, 1880 (14).
Holothuria marmorata Lampert, 1885 (18); Théel, 1886 (20) :
Bell, 1887 (21); Sluiter, 1887 (24), 1901 (28); Pearson, 1903 (29).
One specimen from Station I. Tunghi Bay.
Length 90 mm. ; breadth 20 mm.
This specimen is eviscerated, but it agrees with Théel’s
description.
The deposits consist of irregularly branched rods, the largest
being about 48 yu long.
General distribution. Indo-Pacific region.
HoLoTHURIA MARTENSII Semper.
Holothuria martensii Semper, 1868 (11); Théel, 1886 (20).
Two specimens from Station VII. South of Pekawi.
Length 43 mm. and 30 min.
Breadth 13 mm. and 10 mm.
12"
180 DR. J. PEARSON ON MARINE FAUNA [ Feb. 1,
These specimens agree with Théel’s description.
Deposits. The tables vary in appearance and have a diameter
ranging from 70, to 110. The tables have an extremely high
spire—up to 110 in height—and have seven or eight cross-
beams. The buttons present great variations in size and appear-
ance. The largest are about 110 in length. These are
generally smooth and have eight or nine pairs of holes. The
smaller buttons are about 70 p in length and are often knobbed
and have about six pairs of holes.
General distribution. Amboina, Celebes, Banda, and Hast Africa.
Ho.LotHURIA MONACARIA Lesson.
Psolus monacaria Lesson, 1830 (2).
Holothuria flammea Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (A).
Holothuria fusco-punctata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (4).
Holothuria fasciola Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (4).
Stichopus flammeus Brandt, 1835 (6). i
Stichopus gyrifer Selenka, 1867 (10).
Labidodemas leucopus Haacke, 1880 (14).
Holothuria monacaria Lampert, 1885 (18); Théel, 1886 (20) ;
Ludwig, 1887 (23); Sluiter, 1887 (24), 1901 (28); Pearson, 1903 ~
(29).
One specimen from Station VII. Pekawi Bay.
Length 60 mm. ; breadth 17 mm.
The spicules consist of tables and buttons.
The tables have twelve peripheral holes, those opposite the rods
of the spire being slightly larger than the others. These four
persist when the others are broken. Many of the tables, there-
fore, have only four peripheral holes.
Diameter of tables up to 55°5 pu.
Length of buttons 55:5 p.
General distribution. Indian Ocean, East Indies, Australia,
Pacific Islands.
HoLoTHURIA SCABRA Jaeger.
Holothuria scabra Jaeger, 1833 (8).
Holothuria tigris Selenka, 1867 (10).
Holothuria scabra Semper, 1868 (11); Lampert, 1885 (18) ;
Théel, 1886 (20); Ludwig, 1887 (23); Sluiter, 1887 (24), 1901
28).
Havin cadelli Bell, 1887 (21).
Holothuria gallensis Pearson, 1903 (29).
Holothuria scabra Koehler & Vaney, 1908 (31).
Two specimens from Station I. Tunghi Bay.
Length 150 mm. and 105 mm,
Breadth 40 mm. and 35 mm.
This is undoubtedly the same species as Holothuria gallensis
Pearson (29), so that this latter name must be included as one
of the synonyms of Holothuria scabra.
1910.] FROM KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 181
The two specimens in this collection agree with my description
of H. gallensis (29) except with regard to the colour. In neither
specimen is the dorsal surface marked by the transverse black
and yellow bands that were present in the Ceylon specimens.
The dorsal surface is uniformly grey in colour and evidently
resembles the Fiji specimen described by Théel (20).
The ventral surface is yellowish-white and the dark grey
patches are not nearly so numerous as in the Ceylon specimens.
The deposits are similar to those described in the Ceylon
specimens.
Length of buttons 37 p.
Diameter of tables 63 p.
General distribution. Indian Ocean, Philippines, Fij1.
HOoLorTHURIA VAGABUNDA Selenka.
? Stichopus (subgen. Gymnochirota) leucospiiota Brandt, 1835 (6).
Holothuria vagabunda Selenka, 1867 (10); Semper, 1868 (11);
Lampert, 1885 (18); Théel, 1886 (20); Bell, 1886 (19); Sluiter,
1887 (24), 1901 (28); Pearson, 1903 (29); Koehler & Vaney,
1908 (81).
One specimen from Station IX. Matemo Is.
Length 80 mm.; breadth 17 mm.
There is nothing new to add to previous descriptions of this
species.
Length of buttons 44 p.
Diameter of tables 44 u
General distribution. Indian Ocean, Hong Kong, Pacific Islands.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(1) Forskar, P.— Descriptiones animalium, que in itinere
queria observavit” ; post mortem auctor is edid. Niebuhr.
Havnie, 1775.
(2) Lusson, R. P.—Centurie Zoologique, 1830.
(3) Jazcrur, G. F.—‘“‘ De Holothuriis,” Dissert.-inaug., 1833.
(4) Quoy & Gatmarp.— Voyage de |’Astrolabe. Zoologie, T. iv.
Paris, 1833.
(5) pe Buainvinte, H. M. D.—Manuel d’Actinologie ou de
Zoophytologie. Paris, 1834.
(6) Branpt, J. F.— Prodromug descriptionis animalium ab
H. Mertensio observatorum. Fasc. 1, Petropoli, 1835.
(7) Gruse, A. E.—Aktinien, Behinadlsamen und Wirmer des
Adriatischen und Mittelmeers. Konigsberg, 1840.
(8) Pourratrs, L. F.—‘* On the Holothurie of the Atlantic
Coast of the United States.” Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.-
Washington, 1851.
(9) Bronn.—Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs. 1860.
(10) Srrenka, E.—* Beitriige zur Anatomie und Systematik der
Holothurien.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xvii., 1867.
(11) Semper, C.—Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Zeal
1. Band, 1868.
182 ON MARINE FAUNA FROM KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO, [| Feb. 1
3
(12) Lupwic, H.—* Beitriige zur Kentniss der Holothurien mit
Nachtrag.” Arb. zool.-zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg, Bd. ii.
Heft i1., 1875.
(13) Hurron, F. W.—‘“* Notes on some New Zealand Echino-
derma, with descriptions of new species.” Trans. & Proc.
New Zealand Inst. vol. xi., 1878.
(14) Haacke, W.— Holothurien, in Beitriige zur Meeresfauna der
Inseln Mauritius und der Seychellen bearbeitet von
K. Mobius, F. Richters und von Martens, nach Samml-
ungen angelegt auf eine Reise nach Mauritius von Mobius.
1880.
(15) Lupwie, H.—*“ List of the Holothurians in the Collection of
the Leyden Museum.’—Note X. Notes from the Leyden
Museum, vol. iv., 1882.
(16) Bru, F. J.—‘‘ Studies in Holothuroidea.” Proc. Zool. Soe.
1883, Part i.
(17) Bett, F. J.—Zoological Collections of H.M.S. ‘ Alert.’
Holothuroidea. 1884.
(18) Lampert, K.—Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Die
Seewalzen: Holothurioidea. 1885.
(19) Brut, F. J.—‘“On the Holothurians of the Mergui Archi-
elago.” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xxi., 1886.
(20) Turret, Hs.—The Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ Vol. xiv.
Part xxxix. Report on the Holothurioidea (Part ii.).
1886.
(21) Beui, F. J.— Report on a Collection of Echinodermata
from the Andaman Islands.” Proc. Zool. Soe. 1887,
Part i.
(22) Bett, F. J.—“The HEchinoderm Fauna of Ceylon.” Sci.
Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. 1887, vol. 111. (ser. 2).
(23) Lupwic, H.—* Drei Mittheilungen tiber alte und neue
Holothurienarten.” $.B. Akad. Berlin, pp. 1217-1244.
1887.
(24) Suurrer, C.—“ Fauna des Java-Meeres.” Nat. Tijd. v. Ned.
Gale Jel, sxlkyiig Icke
(25) Lupwiec, H.—Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-
reichs. Echincdermen. 2. Band, 3. Abth. 1889-1892.
(26) Koruier, R.—“ Echinodermes des Iles de la Sonde.” Mem.
Soc. Zool. France, 1895, p. 383.
(27) Drenpy, A.—“ Observations on the Holothurians of New
Zealand.” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xxvi., 1897.
(28) Siurrer, C.—Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. 1901.
(29) Pearson, J.—Herdman’s Pearl Oyster Reports. Supp.
Report, v. 1903.
(30) Auveustin, EH.—‘‘ Ueber japanische Seewalzen.” Abhand.
math.-phys. Klasse der K.B. Akad. d. Wissenschaften, ii.
Suppl.-Bd., 1 Abband. Miinchen, 1908.
(31) Korner, R., & Vanzy, C.—Echinoderma of the Indian
Museum. Littoral Holothurioidea collected by the
‘ Investigator.’ Calcutta, 1908.
1910. ] ON MARINE FAUNA FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. 1835
3. Marine Fauna: Mergui Archipelago, Lower Burma.
Collected by Jas. J. Simpson, M.A., B.Se., and R. N.
Rudmose - Brown, B.Sc., University of Aberdeen,
February 1907—May 1907: HoLoruuriomwEa. By
JosEpH Prarson, D.Sc., F.L.S8., Demonstrator and
Assistant Lecturer in Zoology, University of Liverpool *.
[ Received November 23, 1909. j
(Text-figures 18-21.)
Owing to the kindness of Mr. Simpson, I have had an oppor-
tunity of examining the collection of Holothurians obtained by
him and Mr. Rudmose-Brown from the Mergui Archipelago.
This collection, which comprises fourteen species, is typical of the
Indian Ocean. There are no new species to record, andI have
noted no points of special interest with the exception of the
occurrence of Thyone fusus var. papuensis. This form, which
differs only from Thyone fusus in the large size of the calcareous
ring, is interesting because of its distribution. The latter species
is distinctly northern in its distribution and occurs in the
cold waters of N.W. Europe. The variety papuensis has been
obtained only from tropical seas, once by the ‘ Challenger’ in the
Torres Straits, twice by Prof. Herdman off Ceylon, and it is also
represented in the present collection.
The following is a list of species in the collection :
Cucumaria imbricata Semper.
Cucumaria sempert Bell.
Colochirus inornatus von Marenzeller.
Colochirus cucunis Semper.
Thyone fusus, var. papuensis Théel.
Thyone sacellus Selenka.
Actinocucunis typica Ludwig.
Phyllophorus cebuensis Semper.
Milleria echinites Jaeger.
Holothuria curiosa Ludwig.
Holothuria tinpatiens Forskal.
Holothuria ocellata Jaeger.
Holothuria princeps Selenka.
Holothuria scabra Jaeger.
List of Stations at which Holothurians were obtained.
Sration [. East of Tavoy Is. and Port Owen.
Bottom. Sand, broken shell, and mud.
Depth. 4-12 fathoms.
Holothuria curiosa.
* Communicated by Prof. W. N. Parxer, Ph.D., F.Z.S.
184 DR. J. PEARSON ON MARINE FAUNA [ Feb. 1,
Station VII. Haycock Is. to Hummock Is.
Bottom. Rock and mud, or sand and shell.
Depth. 5-15 fathoms.
Cucumaria imbricata.
Holothuria princeps.
Sration VITY. Port Maria (Elphmstone Is.) and Castle Is.
Bottom. Sand.
Depth. 1-5 fathoms.
Holothuria impatiens.
Sration 1X. Between Bentinck Is. and Courts Is
Bottom. Sand and shell.
Depth. 12-26 fathoms.
Colochirus cucumis.
Sration XIV. Bushby Is. pearling ground.
Bottom. Sand and mud.
Depth. Shore to 21 fathoms.
Cucumaria senipert.
Station XVII. West of Sir John Malcolm Is.
Bottom. Coarse sand and broken shell.
Depth. 13-183 fathoms.
Colochirus cwewmis.
Station XVIII. W. & S.W. of Page Is.
Bottom. Sand, shell, and rock.
Depth. 10-21 fathoms.
Thyone sacellus.
Sration XXII. Hastings Harbour.
Bottom. Rock and sand.
Depth. 3-20 fathoms and shore.
Colochirus cucunis.
Station XXIV. Cat Is.
Bottom. Rock, sand, and broken shell.
Depth. 8-22 tathoms.
Colochirus cucumis.
Station XXV. Gregory Group.
Bottom. Stones and broken shell.
Depth. 4-14 fathoms.
Thyone sacellus.
Actinocucumis typica.
Phyllophorus cebuensis.
Srarion XXVIIT. Riou Is., Hobson Is. and adjacent islands.
Bottom. Rock and sand.
| Depth. 2-8 fathoms.
Miulleria echinites.
Holothuria scabra.
1910.] FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. 185
Sration XXXII. 8.W. of Domel Is.
Bottom. Sand and mud.
Depth. 26-29 fathoms.
Thyone fusus var. papuensis.
Sration XXXITI. Christmas Is. Group.
Bottom. Rock, sand, and mud.
Depth. 8-23 fathoms.
Colochirus cucwmis.
Moscos Islands.
Cucumaria senvperd.
Thyone sacellus.
CUCUMARIA IMBRICATA Semper.
Ocnus imbricatus Semper, 1868 (7).*
Ocnus javanicus Sluiter, 1880 (9); Lampert, 1885 (13).
Ocnus imbricatus Lampert, 1885 (18).
Ocnus typicus Théel, 1886 (15).
Ocnus gavanicus 'Théel, 1886 (15).
Ocnus typicus Ludwig, 1887 (17).
Cucumaria imbricata Ludwig, 1891 (19); Sluiter, 1901 (20) ;
Pearson, 1903 (21); Koehler & Vaney, 1908 (22).
One specimen from Station VII. Haycock Is.
This specimen agrees in every respect with the descriptions of
Semper and Théel. The body has a total length of 40 mm. and
is bent so that the trivium is on the convex side. There are 19
pedicels on each of the five ambulacra. The deposits are typical
and agree with the sizes given by Théel.
General distribution. Bohol, Java, Hongkong, Ceylon, Bay of
Bengal.
CUCUMARIA SEMPERI Bell.
Cucumaria semperi Bell, 1884 (12); Lampert, 1885 (13) ;
Théel, 1886 (15).
Two specimens :—
One from Station XIV. Bushby Is. Length 20 mm.; breadth
6 mm.
One from Moscos Islands. Length 15 mm.; breadth 6 mm.
In the larger specimen the pedicels are arranged in five double
_ rows. The smaller specimen is much crushed and the arrangement
of the pedicels is hard to determine. The colour of the two speci-
mens, which is yellowish-white in spirit, does not agree with the
colour of the ‘ Alert’ specimens described by Bell.
The calcareous ring (text-fig. 18 B) is one-sixth as long as
the body. Both the radials and inter-radials have short triangular
anterior prolongations. The radials also have long posterior
* The numbers in brackets refer to the Bibliography, pp. 193 & 194.
186 DR. J. PEARSON ON MARINE FAUNA [Feb. 1,
bifurcations. Both the radials and inter-radials are composed of
a large number of pieces. _
The retractor muscles connected with the calcareous ring are
well developed and are attached to the body-wall half-way down
the body.
Text-fig. 18.
Cucumaria semperi.
A. Spicules. X 700.
B. Calcareous ring. xX 16.
vr. =radial. ir. = inter-radial.
The deposits agree with Bell’s description and figures. The
plates in the general integument are subject to considerable
variation (see text-fig. 18 A).
The size of a normal plate is about 40 « long and 26 pv broad.
General distribution. Port Denison, Torres Straits.
1910.] FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. 187
CoOLOCHIRUS INORNATUS von Marenzeller.
Colochirus inornatus von Marenzeller, 1881 (10); Lampert,
1885 (13); Théel, 1886 (15).
Six specimens. Locality not given.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
ene these... 65 45 AD 52 53 39
Bread thesis... 14 rat 13 14 14 12
These specimens agree with Théel’s description. They have
the form which is typical of the genus Colochirus, i. e. a quad-
rangulay body which becomes pentagonal at either end. The
pedicels are confined to the ventral surface and are arranged in
three rows. This species differs from many other members of
this genus in not having the large tubercles. The colour in
spirit is yellowish-white on the trivium and brown on the rest
of the body. The pedicels are yellowish-white. There are ten
tentacles, the two ventral ones being smaller than the rest. The
tentacles are yellow.
The deposits are typical.
Length of perforated plates 67 » ; width 48 p.
Length of large scales 300 jp.
Length of buttons 74 p.
General distribution. Japan, ‘ Challenger,’ 11° 6’ N., 123° 9" KE.
CoLocuirvus cucuMIS Semper.
Colochirus cucumis Semper, 1868 (7); Lampert, 1885 (18);
Théel, 1886 (15); Sluiter, 1887 (18); Sluiter, 1901 (20).
Eleven specimens from Station IX. Between Bentinck Is. and
Courts Is.
: mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm mm. mn. Mmm. mm. mm.
Length ...... 19) 9 Dae DOR" ODN EN RR AN) neal Aly AUS (0)
Breadth...... Olin ono. 6O. Uh TA Sr
One specimen from Station XXIV. Cat Is.
Length 62 mm.; breadth 24 mm.
One specimen from Station XX XIII. “ Christmas Is. Group.”
Length 25 mm.; breadth 9 mm.
One specimen from Station XVII. West of Sir John Mal-
colm Is.
Length 70 mm.; breadth 16 mm.
One specimen from Station XXII. Hastings Harbour.
Length 17 mm.; breadth 6 mm.
Externally the specimens agree with Théel’s description. The
posterior end of the body is upturned so that the anus assumes
a dorsal position. There are five anal teeth. Contrary to Théel’s
statement, there appear to be scales around the anus. The body
is broad in front and gradually tapers towards the posterior end.
There are the well-defined double rows of pedicels on the trivium.
The calcareous ring (text-fig. 19) is composed of ten simple pieces
188 DR. J. PEARSON ON MARINE FAUNA [ Feb. 1,
which have no posterior prolongations, Anteriorly each radial is
rod-shaped and the end is notched. The inter-radials also have
anterior prolongations, but these are not notched.
The spicules agree with Théel’s description. The spheres have
a diameter of 44 w, and the cups have a width of 37 «.
General distribution. Bohol, Java, Japan.
Text-fig. 19.
Colochirus cucumis. Calcareous ring. X 5.
ry. =yadial. 7.7. = inter-radial.
TTHYONE FUSUS, var. PAPUENSIS Théel.
Thyone fusus, var. papuensis Théel, 1886 (15); Pearson, 1903
(21).
One specimen from Station XXXII. S8.W. of Domel Is.
Total length 25 mm.; greatest width 12 mm.
This specimen has a characteristic appearance, being broad in
the middle and becoming suddenly much narrower at the anterior
and posterior extremities. Externally it resembles in a marked
degree the northern form Zhyone fusus. Of the four recorded
specimens of the above variety, I have had an opportunity of
examining three, and I find that the only important difference
between the variety and the parent species is in the nature of
the calcareous ring. In both cases the shape is identical, but the
ring is much larger in the variety than in Thyone fusus. In the
specimen under examination the calcareous ring has a length of
12 mm.,7.e. half the length of the body. In aspecimen of Zhyone
Jusus examined by Théel, the calcareous ring was only one-fifth
the length of the body, and in a specimen I have examined the
ring was even shorter.
The deposits agree with Théel’s description, and appear to be
very similar to the deposits of Thyone fusus. In the Ceylon
specimens examined by me (21), there were tables scattered
throughout the general integument as well as the deposits in the
pedicels. In the Mergui specimen there are practically no
deposits in the general integument, but in the pedicels there are
tables similar to those described by Théel, and resembling those
found in the pedicels of Thyone fusus.
Length of tables in pedicels 67 pu.
Diameter of tables in integument (Ceylon specimen) 59 yu.
General distribution. Torres Straits, Ceylon.
Se ee eee
1910.] FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO. 189
THYONE SACELLUS Selenka.
Stolus sacella Selenka, 1867 (6).
Thyone rigida Semper, 1868 (7).
Stereoderma murrayt Bell, 1883 (11).
Thyone sacellus Bell, 1884 (12).
Stereoderma murrayt Lampert, 1885 (18).
Thyone sacellus Lampert, 1885 (13); Bell, 1886 (14).
Thyone sacella Théel, 1886 (15).
Thyone sacellus Sluiter, 1887 (18); Ludwig, 1891 (19) ;
Sluiter, 1901 (20); Pearson, 1903 (21).
Text-fig. 20.
Thyone sacellus.
A. Spicule. X 450.
B. Calcareous ring. X 8.
y, =radial. #7. = inter-radial.
One specimen from Station XXV. Gregory Group.
Length 33 mm.; breadth 8 mm.
190 DR. J. PEARSON ON MARINE FAUNA | Feb. 1,
One specimen from Moscos Islands.
Length 60 mm.; breadth 9 mm.
Two specimens from Station XVIII. W. & S.W. of Page Is.
ihenet hye 105 mm. 106 mm.
Breadth e.ne sa: NO; iss Tia
The general features of this species have been fully described
by previous investigators. The hard integument due to the
closely-packed spicules is characteristic of this species.
In the Ceylon Report I described plate-like spicules in addition
to the deposits described by Théel and figured by Bell. A more
detailed examination proves that these additional spicules have
not the simple structure indicated by me in the Ceylon Report.
In that report I described them as “plates having more than
four holes and having short spines on the surface.” That is the
appearance presented from above, but in side view it is seen that
from the centre of the large plate there arises an irregular
massive superstructure which bears numerous spines (text-
fig. 20 A).
Diameter of the large spinous tables ... 110 p.
Menethvor ihe lutions) 5... -eaeeeeeeaece-ne 74 p.
In the calcareous rg both the radials and inter-radials have
short anterior processes which are notched in front. The radials
have posterior bifurcations. Both the radials and inter-radials
appear to be composed of numerous small pieces, the arrangement
of which is not easily determined (text-fig. 20 B).
General distribution. Bohol, Japan, Torres Str., Aden, Zanzibar,
Mozambique, Mergui, Java, Kurachee, Ceylon.
Actinocucumis typica Ludwig.
Actinocucumis typica Ludwig, 1875 (8).
? Actinocucumis difficilis Bell, 1884 (12).
Actinocucumis typica Lampert, 1885 (13); Théel, 1886 (15);
Ludwig, 1891 (19).
One specimen from Station X XV. Gregory Group.
Length 55 mm.; breadth 9 mm.
There is nothing to add to previous descriptions of the external
appearance.
The caleareous ring has no posterior prolongations (text-
fig. 21 A).
In addition to the small peculiar spicules, described by Théel
as being ‘‘ acorn-shaped,” and which are very numerous, there are
present delicate perforated plates which appear not to have been
noticed hitherto. This is probably due to their being almost
completely hidden by the other deposits (text-fig. 21 B).
Length of the “ acorn-shaped” bodies ... 40 p.
Length of perforated plates ............... 40 p.
General distribution. Bowen, Amoy, Albany Is., Torres Str.,
Kurachee.
1910.] FROM MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO, 191
Text-fig. 21.
Actinocucuimis typica.
A. Caleareous ring. X 7.
r.=radial. 7.7. = inter-radial.
3. Plate-like spicules. > 740.
PHYLLOPHORUS CEBUENSIS Semper.
Thyonidium cebuense Semper, 1868 (7); Lampert, 1885 (138);
Théel, 1886 (15).
Phyllophorus cebuensis Ludwig, 1891 (19); Pearson, 1903 (21).
One specimen from Station XXV. Gregory Group.
Length 15 mm.; breadth 6 mm.
An extremely small and much contracted specimen, which agrees
in the main with the descriptions given by previous authors,
Diameter of tables ... 85 py.
Height of tables ...... 85 p.
General distribution. Philippines, Ceylon.
MULLERIA ECHINITES Jaeger.
Milleria echinites Jaeger, 1833 (2); Semper, 1868 (7); Théel,
1886 (15); Ludwig, 1887 (17); Sluiter, 1901 (20).
One specimen from Station XX VITT. Riou Is.
Length 50 mm. ; breadth 30 mm.
Agrees with Théel’s description.
The pedicels on the trivium are arranged on three longitudinal
ridges.
The deposits vary in size from 29 p to 44 u.
General distribution. Indian Ocean, Celebes, Sumatra, Fiji Is.
192 DR. J, PEARSON ON MARINE FAUNA [ Feb. 1,
Hotornurtia curtosa Ludwig.
Holothuria curiosa Ludwig, 1875 (8); Lampert, 1885 (13);
Théel, 1886 (15); Sluiter, 1901 (20).
One specimen from Station I. Kast of Tavoy Is.
Length 53 mm.; breadth 17 mm.
This specimen agrees with the descriptions of previous authors.
Diameter of tables... 37 p to 48 p.
Length of buttons ... 41 p.
General distribution. Bowen, Fiji, New Guinea, Philippines.
Ho.ornuria IMPATIENS Forskal.
Fistularia impatiens Forskal, 1775 (1).
Trepang impatiens Jaeger, 1833 (2).
Holothuria fuloa Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (8).
Thyone impatiens Blainville, 1834 (4).
Sporadipus impatiens Grube, 1840 (5).
Holothuria botellus Selenka, 1867 (6.)
Holothuria impatiens Lampert, 1885 (13); Théel, 1886 (15);
Bell, 1886 (14); Bell, 1887 (16); Ludwig, 1887 (17); Sluiter,
1887 (18); Sluiter, 1901 (20); Koehler & Vaney, 1908 (22).
One specimen from Station VIIT. Port Maria.
Length 50 mm.; breadth 17 mm.
The specimen is much shrunken, but agrees with Théel’s
description in all respects.
Diameter of tables ... 92 p.
Length of buttons ... 80 to 95 p.
General distribution.’ Mediterranean, East Coast Africa, Indian
Ocean, East Indies, Pacific Islands.
HoLoTHURIA OCELLATA Jaeger.
Holothuria ocetlata Jaeger, 1833 (2); Semper, 1868 (7); Théel,
1886 (15) ; Koehler & Vaney, 1908 (22).
Locality not given.
Two dried specimens.
Length ......... 220 mm. 135 mm.
Breadth .......-- 55 5, ALG)
There is a well-defined ventral surface on which are found
numerous pedicels not arranged in definite rows. The dorsal
side of the body is well arched, and at each side of the body there
are large protuberances. ‘The mouth is ventral.
The deposits agree with Théel’s description.
General distribution. Celebes, Torres Str.
HoLorHurRiA PRINCEPS Selenka.
Holothuria princeps Selenka, 1867 (6); Lampert, 1885 (18);
Théel, 1886 (15). ;
One specimen from Station VII. Haycock Is.
Length 93 mm.; breadth 20 mm.
This specimen agrees very closely with Selenka’s and Théel’s
1910. | FROM MERGUE ARCHIPELAGO. 193
descriptions. The tables have eight peripheral holes and a larger
central one. The margin of the table is spinous. The spine is
very short, and bears at the extremity eight large teeth as well
as numerous smaller.spines. The smooth buttons generally have
six holes, but in some cases there are eight or ten.
Height of the tables ...... 52 p.
Diameter of the tables ... 63 p.
Length of buttons......... DO fu.
General distribution. Florida, Egmont Key.
HoLorHuRIA SCABRA Jaeger.
Holothuria scabra Jaeger, 1833 (2).
Holothuria tigris Selenka, 1867 (6).
Holothuria scabra Semper, 1868 (7); Lampert, 1885 (13);
Théel, 1886 (15); Sluiter, 1887 (18); Ludwig, 1887 (17).
Holothuria cadelli Bell, 1887 (16).
Holothuria scabra Sluiter, 1901 (20).
Holothuria gallensis Pearson, 1903 (21).
Folothuria scabra Koehler & Vaney, 1903 (22).
One specimen from Station XX VIIT. Riou Is.
Length 175 mm.; breadth 60 mm.
This form is undoubtedly identical with Holathuria gallensis
Pearson.
Diameter of tables ... 70 p.
Height of tables ...... Ad py.
Length of buttons ... 37 ys.
General distribution. Indian Ocean from Hast Coast of Africa
to the East Indies, Philippines, Fiji.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(1) Forskan, P.—-‘ Descriptiones animalium, que in itinere
orientali observavit”: post mortem auctoris edid. Niebuhr.
Havnie, 1775.
(2) Jazcer, G. F.—“ De Holothuriis.” Dissert.-inaug., 1833.
(3) Quoy & Garmarp.— Voyage de l’Astrolabe. Zoologie, T. iv.
Paris, 1833.
(4) pe Brainvirte, H. M. D.—Manuel d’Actinologie ou de
Zoophytologie. Paris, 1834.
(5) Gruss, A. E.—Aktinien, Echinodermen und Wiirmer des
Adriatischen und Mittelmeers. Konigsberg, 1840.
(6) Sevenxa, E.—‘“ Beitrige zur Anatomie und Systematik der
Holothurien.” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xvii., 1867.
(7) Semprr, C.—Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. 2. Th.
1. Bd., 1868.
(8) Lupwie, H.—‘ Beitrage zur Kentniss der Holothurien mit
Nachtrag.” Arb. zool.-zoot. Inst. Wirzburg, Bd. 1i.
Heft ii., 1875.
(9) Suurrer, C.—‘< Ueber einige neue Holothurien von der Wet-
Kiiste Java’s.” Nat. Tijd. v. Ned. Ind., Bd. xl., 1880.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1910, No. XIII. 13
194 DR. G. S. BRADY ON 'THE [Feb. 1,
(10) von Marenzetier, E.—“ Neue Holothurien von Japin und
Shina.” Verhand. d. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Bd. xxxi.,
1881.
(11) Betti, F. J.—“ Studies in Holothuroidea.” Proc. Zool. Soe.
1883, Part 1.
(12) Bett, F. J.—Zoological Collections of H.M.S. ‘ Alert.’
Holothuroidea. 1884.
(18). Lamprrt, K.—Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Die
Seewalzen : Holothurioidea. 1885.
(14) Buti, F. J.—“ On the Holothurians of the Mergui Archi-
elago.” Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. xxi., 1886.
(15) Tren, Hs.—The Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ Vol. xiv.
Part xxxix. Report on the Holothurioidea (Part ii.).
1886.
(16) Bett, F. J.—‘*The Echinoderm Fauna of Ceylon.” Sci.
Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. 1887, vol. 11. (ser. 2).
(17) Lupwie, H.—‘ Drei Mittheilungen tiber alte und neue
Holothurienarten.” 5.B. Akad. Berlin, pp. 1217-1244.
1887.
(18) Suurrer, C.—“ Fauna des Java-Meeres.” Nat. Tijd. v. Ned.
Ind., Bd. xlvi., 1887.
(19) Lupwie, H.—Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-
reichs. Echinodermen. 2. Bd., 3. Abth. 1889-1892.
(20) Sturrer, C.—Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. 1901.
(21) Pearson, J.— Herdman’s Pearl Oyster Reports. Supp.
Report, v. 1903.
(22) Konnter R., & Vaney, C.—EHchinoderma of the Indian
Museum. Littoral Holothurioidea collected by the
‘Investigator.’ Calcutta, 1908.
4, A Revision of the British Species of Ostracod Crustacea
belonging to the Subfamilies Cundonine and Herpeto-
cypridine. By G. Srmwarpson Brapy, M.D., LL.D.,
D.S8e., F.R.S., C.MLZ.S. (With Note on a Parasitic
Worm, by Miss M. V. Lesour, M.Sc.)
[Received December 10, 1909. }
(Plates XIX.-_XXX.*)
The species dealt with in this paper are separated from most
other Cypridide by the absence, or the very scanty development,
of setee on the posterior antenne, together with a full development
of the caudal rami. When a setose antennal fascicle is present
it never reaches further than the extremities of the terminal
claws, and usually falls much short of them, so that in all cases
the animal is destitute of swimming capacity. The species may
* For explanation of the Plates see pp. 217-220.
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WORMS PARASITIC IN CANDONA ANGULATA.
1910. ] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSPRACODA. 195
be grouped under two families or subfamilies, Candoninw and
Herpetocypridine, broadly separable from each other by the dis-
tinctly bisexual character of the former, with accompanying
sexual reproduction, and the non- sexual (or hermaphrodite)
character of the latter with a constant ‘“ parthenogenetic” repro-
duction. It is to be remembered, however, that in some cases
which at one time were believed to constitute examples of
“ parthenogenetic” reproduction, males have been found to exist ;
and it is possible that the existence of that sex may hereafter be
demonstrated in the case of other species. The number of species
hitherto recognized as natives of the British Islands is only twenty-
nine. This number will doubtless be considerably increased when
various areas, at present but little known, have been thoroughly
examined. The only parts of the country which can be said to
have received anything like a complete investigation are :—(1) the
southern counties of Scotland, which have been most diligently
overhauled by Dr. Thomas Scott of the “ Fishery Board for
Scotland” and the late Dr. David Robertson of Cumbrae ; (2) the
counties of Northumberland and Durham and—less completely—
Cumberland and Westmorland, where the Rev. Dr. Norman
and myself have worked for many years; (3) the Fen District of
East Anglia including the Norfolk Broads and the Cambridgeshire
Fens, which have been fairly well investigated by Dr. Robertson
and myself, and more recently by Mr. Robert Gurney and others.
But even in these well-worked districts, much, no doubt, remains
to reward future investigators.* The species here recorded are.
as follows :—
Candonine.
Candona candida O. F. Miller. | Candona fragilis Hartwig.
» angulata G. W. Biller. 5 tabeformis Fischer.
» neglecta G. O. Sars. | °° y hyalina Brady & Robertson.
» caudata Kaufmann. » brevis G. W. Miller.
», Slliquosa G. S. Brady. | » pubescens Koch.
» elongata Brady § Norman. » rostrata Bredy & Norman.
> protzi Hartwig. y euplectella Robertson.
», Zenckeri G. O. Sars. Candonopsis kingslei Br. g& Robertson.
» stagnalis G. O. Sars. ee scourfieldi G. S. Brady.
» caledonie G. 8. Brady. Siphlocandona similis Baird.
» lactea Baird. s norman! G. S. Brady.
Herpetocypridineé.
Herpetocypris reptans Bazrd. | Prionocypris tumefacta Br. & Robertsow.
+ chevreuxii Gt. O. Sarvs. | Tlyodromus robertsoni By. & Norm.
33
strigata O. F. Miller. | e olivaceus Br. §¢ Norm.
Prionocypris serrata Normaw. |
* The differences between so-called species are in many cases so small, and withal
so inconstant, that the diagnosis becomes a matter of considerable difficulty. I have
therefore attempted i in this paper to place such species: on a rather more stable
footing—heing at the same time quite aware @hat the attempt is only partially
swccesst ul.
hae
196 DR. G.. 8. BRADY ON THE [ Feb. 1,
Fam. CYPRIDID&.
Subfam. 1. Candonine.
Posterior antenne destitute of swimming sete.
Last foot with three unequal end sete. Caudal rami well
developed. Sexes distinct.
Subfam. 2. Herpetocypridine.
Sete of the posterior antennze not reaching beyond the ex-
tremities of the apical claws. First segment of maxilla with
two smooth or toothed spines. Last pair of feet forcipate,
with a curved claw. Caudal rami normal. Moncecious.
Subfam. CANDONINA.
Genus Canpona Baird.
Canpona CANDIDA O. F. Miiller (in part). (Plate XIX. figs. 1-11.)
(Syn. Candona lucens Baird.)
1785. Cypris candida Miller, Entomostraca, p. 62, tab. vi.
7 SUNS SS)
1866. Caindona candida Brady, (1)* p. 383, pl. xxv. figs. 1-5.
1889. Candona candida Brady & Norman (in part), (2) Part 1.
p. 98, pl. x. figs. 14-17.
1891. *Candona candida Vavra, (6) p. 48, fig. 14. 1-10.
1900. ¢?Candona candida G. W. Miiller, (5) p. 15, pl. ii. figs. 1-3,
7-12.
1900. Candona candida, Kaufmann, (4) p: 3/95.) pli tzcayan
figs. 10-13, pl. xxviii. figs. 18-25.
This is probably the commonest and most widely distributed
form of the fresh-water Candone, but near the sea it seems
generally to give place to C. angulata or C. neglecta, preferring
the purer water of lakes, ponds, and streams.
The drawings here given (figs. 1-11) are from specimens taken
in a pool above high-water mark at Penmaenmawr, which, how-
ever, would not be quite inaccessible to saline spray during storms.
These agree closely with the descriptions and figures of Herr
Kaufmann taken from Swiss specimens, and may I think fairly
be taken to represent the typical form of C. candida. But the
prehensile claws of the second pair of maxille as figured by G.
W. Miller and Vavra differ so much from those of the form now
under consideration, that I doubt whether they may not belong
to some other species. The form referred to by Brady and
Norman as var. twmida differs. scarcely at all from that here.taken
as typical C. candida.
The shell of the male, as seen from the side, is more elongated
than that of the female, and is more fully rounded posterior ly and
somewhat less tumid when seen dorsally.
Shell smooth, and devoid of reticulated sculpture ; colour white
* The numbers in brackets refer fo the corresponding numbers in the list of papers
given on p. 216.
1910.] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 197
or brownish ; seen by transmitted light of a smoky colour, and
ornamented with a few small distant circular papille. Length
1-1-1 mm. -
The anterior antenne are ‘slender; the last three joints
~ are twice or thrice as long as broad, and: bear long sete ;
posterior antenne destitute of setose fascicle, each joint bearing
only one or two short rigid hairs (fig. 5); ‘‘sense organ,” * simply
‘tapered, subsigmoid in shape (fig. 5); mandibular palp short
and stout (fig. 6); palp of the second pair of maxille in the female
not much elongated, bearing four apical sete; in the male the
prehensile portion of the limb both right and: left is short and
stout and has the usual spinous armature (figs. 7, 8); the feet of
the last pair are not forcipate, but bear four apical setze, three
long and one short (fig. 9). Caudal rami nearly alike in both
sexes, slender, bearing two slender non-pectinate terminal claws
(fig. 10); marginal seta nearly as long as the claws, situated slightly
beyond the middle of the limb.
Canpona AncuLATA G. W. Miiller. (Plate XX. figs. 1-8.)
1900. Candona angulata G. W. Miiller, (5) p. 18, pl. i.
figs. 1-17.
1866. Candona candida G. 8. Brady, (1) pl. xxv. figs. 8, 9.
1889. Candona candida Brady & Norman (in part), (2) p. 99.
Shell of the male (fig. 1) seen laterally, elongated, subreniform,
greatest height equal to more than half the length and situated
much behind the middle; anterior extremity narrowed and rather
obliquely rounded ; posteri ior wider and obtusely angulated below
the middle ; dorsal max ‘gin sloping with a very s slight curve from
the highest point to the front, with a very steep and well pro-
nounced curve backwards; ventral margin deeply sinuated in the
middle: seen from above (fig. 2) the outline is oblong oval, with
pointed extremities, more than twice as long as broad, widest in
the middle. Shell-surface smooth, with a few distant, circular
papille, often marked toward the posterior extremity with a
beautifully reticulated ornament. Right valve smaller than the
Jeft which overlaps at.both extremities. Length 1-6 mm.
Setee of the anterior antenne rather short, not exceeding in length
the last six joints of the limb ; prehensile portion of the second pair
of maxille (figs. 4, 5) faleate, bearing near the extremity of the
concave margin, on the left limb one spine, on the right two longer
spines. Caudal rami slender (fig. 7), bearing two slender. apical
sete and one short hair, and beyond the middle of-the posterior
margin a single long hair.
The shell os the female is somewhat smaller Seren |: 4 mm.—
longer in proportion to height, and having a-less sinuated ventr al
with a less strongly arched dorsal margin. (fig. B)ecctee:
This species was figured.and briefly noticed in ine Monograph
* “Spur-organ ” of Caneel Raeae Pech a TBAT
198 DR. G. 8. BRADY ON THE [ Feb. 1,
of British Ostracoda’ as a variety of C. candida, the only
examples then known to me being a few dried shells found at
Gravesend and senf to me by my friend Professor T. Rupert
Jones. I have since taken it abundantly in the river Coquet near
the Hermitage at Warkworth, and in Hickling Broad, Norfolk, ©
in ditches neay Arundel and Felixstowe, and in a pool above high
water at Penmaenmawr ; and I have specimens taken by the late
Dr. D, Robertson in Lough Neagh. In all these places the water
robably becomes slightly saline owing to the influence of sea-
spray or perhaps occasional tidal overflow. The shell of this
species is liable to be infested with circular papilliform excrescences
which are probably the encysted stage of a trematode worm
(Pl. XX. figs. 9, 10, Pl. XXX, figs, 1-4). A portion of the shell
with the circular cysts is shown in fig. 10, and in the interior
at two of the cysts may be seen the coiled young worm. And
within the valves is occasionally to be found a fully developed
worm, which has been examined for me at the Armstrong College,
Neweastle-on-Tyne, by Miss M, V. Lebour, M.Sc., now of Leeds
University. This is roughly represented in fig, 9. Miss Lebour
pronounces jt to be one of the group Acanthocephala belonging
to the genus Neorhynchus, prebably NV. claviceps Zaddach (see
Pl. XXX. fig. 5). Her remarks on the specimens—which she
kindly allows me to reproduce here—are as follows :—
“Tt is about 1 mm. long with a thick skin and a retractile
proboscis armed with few spines in number and arrangement the
same as in JV. claviceps. The most anterior spines are large, brown-
ish, and much wecurved, the two rows of smaller spines behind these
are simpler and quite clear and colourless, In the thick sub-
cuticular layer of the skin a few giant nuclei can be distinguished
asin WV. claviceps. All the specimens seen appear to be males.
There is only one testis instead of two as in WV, claviceps, which
occurs near the centre of the body, and an indistinct vas deferens
runs down from this, becomes more distinct where the glands
appear, and opens at the extreme posterior end, The retractors
af the proboscis are conspicnous, as are also the peculiar structures
known as the lemnisci. Four specimens occurred in one Candona
and single specimens in several others. Small Crustacea or water
insects are the usual hosts for these Acanthocephala, and in the
family Neorhynchide the larval forms are sexually mature, The
adult AV. claviceps lives in the carp, Cyprinus carpis, and the larval
form in the larva of Stalis lutaria, one of the Neuroptera
(Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii. p. 185). It is interesting to
get this speciés in a new host, for it does not appear to have been
noticed in Candona before.”
CANDONA NEGLECTA G, O. Sars, (Plate X XT, figs, 1-8.)
1887. Candona neglecta G, O. Sars, Nye Bidrag til Kundskaben
om Middelhavets Invertebratfauna, p. 107, pl. xv.
figs. 5-7, pl. xix.
1866. Cundona candidu G, 5. Brady (in part), (1) p. 385.
1910. | BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 199
1889. Candona candida Brady & Norman (in part), (2) Part i.
p- 98, pl. x. figs. 20-23, and var. claviformis, pl. x.
figs. 1, 2.
1900. Candona neglecta G. W. Miiller, (5) p. 17, pl.ii. figs. 4-6,
13-18.
1900. Candona neglecta Kaufmann, (4) p. 387, pl. xxix. figs. 1-5,
pl. xxx. figs. 12-18, pl. xxxi. fig. 21.
The shell of the male seen laterally is reniform, lower in front
than behind, greatest height situated much behind the middle
and equal to rather more than half the length ; extremities boldly
rounded, the posterior much the wider of the two; dorsal margin
boldly arched, sloping with a gentle curve toward the front, much
more steeply behind, ventral deeply sinuated in the middle. Seen
from above (fig. 2) the outline is ovate, slightly tapering to the
front which is obtusely pointed, posterior extremity well rounded,
greatest width in the middle and equal to half thelength. Surface
quite smooth. Length 1:55 mm.
The shell of the female differs in being smaller (figs. 3, 4), less
deeply sinuated ventrally, and in having the two extremities more
nearly equal in size. Length 1°35 mm.
The contained animal differs scarcely at all from that of
C. angulata.
Among the British localities in which it has been found are
Mutford (Suffolk), and other places in the Eastern fen district,
the river Went at Ackworth (Yorkshire), in ‘the Mere,”
Scarborough, the Warn Burn (Northumberland), a pond near
Sunderland now built over (G.S. B.), anda pond at Sedgefield,
Co. Durham (Rev. Canon Norman). It is probably generally
distributed, but has not usually been recognized as distinct from
C. candida.
Canpona cAuDATA Kaufmann. (Plate XIX. figs. 12-15; Plate
XX. figs. 11-13.)
1900. Candona caudata Kaufmann, (4) p. 365, pl. xxiv. figs. 16-
20, pl. xxvi. figs. 17-23.
The shell of the female, seen laterally (Pl. XIX. fig. 12), is
elongated, subreniform, greatest height situated in the middle
and equal to less than half the length: anterior extremity
obliquely rounded, posterior narrower, scarcely rounded, almost
angulated ventrally ; dorsal margin evenly arched, sloping very
gently in front, steeply behind ; ventral sinuated in the middle
and showing again a short sinus near the posterior extremity *
(fig. 14): seen from above (fig. 13) the outline is narrowly
oval, nearly thrice as long as broad, widest in the middle and
thence tapering evenly to the extremities which are rather sharply
pointed. Shell quite smooth, thin, semitransparent; colour
yellowish with darker and lighter patches and a few scattered
circular papille. Length 1:3 mm. Male unknown.
* T cannot certainly say whether this sinus is found in one or both valves.
200 - DR. G. 8S. BRADY ON THE hkteb ar,
Anterior antenne short (Pl. XX. fig. 11), the last four joints
bearing short and rather rigid sete ; all the joints, except the first,
nearly equal in length. Posterior antennze four-jointed, stout,
sparingly setiferous, the penultimate joint bearing a very rudi-
mentary brush of about three short setee (Pl. XIX. fig. 15). First
pair of feet with small bristles at the extremities of each joint
and at the apex a long curved claw ; second pair with three long
subequal setee arising from the small terminal joint and a smaller
one from the penultimate joint (Pl. XX. fig. 12). Abdomen
terminating in two stout nipple-shaped projections of the genital
lobe (fig. 13) which, however, are not so sharp nor so long as in
C. siliquesa. Caudal rami bearing two not very long curved
claws and near the middle of the posterior margin a single short
hair.
I have met with three or four examples of this species in
examining afresh a gathering made at Belsay, Northumberland, so
long ago as 1866. The small lake from which the specimens came
has, however, been drained and, I believe, built over. Candona
caudata has not as yet been noticed in any other British locality ;
and Kaufmann is wrong in suggesting that the species referred
to C. acuminata by Brady and Norman is identical with this
species, which is, however, very nearly allied to Candona elongata.
so nearly that I was disposed at one time to unite the two
forms under one specific name. The characters upon which I
rely to distinguish them are as follows :—the shell in C. caudata
(as seen by transmitted light) is without any definite structural
character, but bears a few distant circular papille, in C. elongata
it is coarse and vaguely areolated: seen externally the shell of
C. caudata has always a produced postero-ventral angle, which is
not seen in (. elongata. The anterior antenne in C. caudata are
not so stout nor are they so much dilated at the base as in the
other species, and the joints of the last pair of feet are longer ;
lastly the caudal rami are more slender and the marginal seta is
situated near the middle of the ramus. It is possible that the
specimen figured by Brady and Norman as perhaps the young
male of C’, elongata may belong to C. caudata.
CANDONA SILIQUOSA, nom, n. (Plate XXI, figs. 9-14; Plate
XXII, figs. 9, 10.)
1889. Candona acuminata Brady & Norman, (2) Part i. p. 104,
Olly abe HEY INOS ale oe ey eos
(Not C. acuminata Fischer & G. W. Miller.)
The species referred by Brady and Norman to C. acuminata
Fischer differs very considerably from the true acuminata, not
only in the form of the shell but in certain points of internal
anatomy. Iam indebted to Dr. G. W. Miller for specimens of
that species which put the matter beyond doubt. Our British
specimens are very similar in general aspect as well as in internal’
structure to C. cawdata Kaufmann, but they do not show the
characteristic backward production of the shell, and the posterior
1910. ] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 201
processes of the abdomen are sharper and more elongated, while
there are also some slight differences im the setz oP the limbs.
Another nearly allied species is C, proizi Kaufmann, but here
the differences are more conspicuous.
It therefore seems necessary to adopt a new name. It is
probable that if male specimens were forthcoming, serviceable
characters might be found, but none except females have hitherto
been observed.
In addition to the localities mentioned in the Monograph (loc.
cit.) I have found C. siliqguosa in Barton Broad, Norfolk, and in
ponds near Lyndhurst, Hants. Dr. T. Scott has taken it in many
Scottish waters.
CaNnDoNA ELONGATA Brady & Norman. (Plate XXII. figs. 1-8.)
1889. Candona elongata B. & N. (2) p. 100, pl. x. figs. 26-27.
1891. - fe (?) Vavra, (6) p. 111.
Female. Length 1:3 mm. Shell, seen laterally, reniform,
greatest height situated in the middle and equal’ to about half
the length ; “oxiemiities rounded, the anterior narrower than the
posterior ; dorsal margin evenly arched, ventral only slightly
sinuated (fic. 1): seen dor sally the outline is rather narrowly ovate
(fig. 2), pointed acutely in front, less acutely behind, width scarcely
eaual to half the length ; left valve somewhat larger than the right
and overlapping at the extremities. Surface of the shell smooth,
colour brown.
The anterior antenne are short and stout (fig. 3), the individual
joints also short, all but the last two broader than long; the setze
also short and stout, the three longest not as long as the antennule
itself, the rest very much shorter; mandible-palp very short and
stout (fig. 5); palp of the second maxilla more than usually dilated ;
terminal joints of the second pair of feet short and stout (tig. 7).
Caudal rami robust and curvate (fig. 8), the two apical claws
nearly equal in length; the marginal seta moderately long and
situated considerably beyond the middle of the limb.
In the original description of C. elongata, it seems probable
that two quite distinct species have been taken as representing the
two sexes, but it is impossible at present, owing to want of
specimens, to clear the matter up. Lough Neagh, where the
species was taken years ago by the Rev. Canon Norman, is up
to the present the only known British locality for it, though
specimens referred to it have been found in Bohemia by Herr
Vavra. Dr. Vavra, however, writes to me that his supposed
specimens of C. elongata were identified by the late Herr Hartwig
as belonging to C. protzi.
The species is very closely similar to C. siliquosa; but he limbs
genevally are much more robust and the individual joints thicker
andl shorter; the caudal rami are stouter and more curvate, and
the genital prolongation of the abdomen, which is so conspicuous
in C. siliquosa, seems to be entirely absent. The shell is slightly
larger than that of C. siliquosa.
i)
02 DR. G. 8. BRADY ON THE [Feb. 1,
CanpDonA PRotzt Hartwig. (Plate XXIII. figs. 1-8.)
1898. Candona protzi Hartwig, Zool. Anzgr. p. 476.
1900. b, . G. W. Miller, (5) p. 35, Taf. vi. figs. 4, 5,
17-22.
1891. Candona elongata Vavra (2), (6) p. 111.
Shell of the male (fig. 1) seen laterally oblong, subreniform,
greatest height equal to half the length, situated in the middle ;
posterior extremity boldly rounded, anterior rounded but not so
fully as the anterior ; dorsal margin evenly arched, almost gibbous
in the middle, ventral sinuated, with a slight pouting protuberance
of both valves in front of the middle: seen dorsally (fig. 2) the out-
line is compressed, oblong-ovate, thrice as long as broad, acuminate
in front, narrowed more abruptly toward the posterior extremity
which is obtusely pointed. Shell-surface smooth: colour brown.
Length 1 mm. Shell of the female (fig. 3) longer in proportion
to the height and without protuberance of the ventral margin.
Anterior antenne slender, with long, delicate setze, the terminal
joints more than twice as long as broad ; setose fascicle of the
posterior antennee (fig. 5) scarcely reaching to the end of the last
joint, terminal claws not pectinated ; last joint of the last pair of
legs not forcipate, bearing three sete, two very long and one about
half as long as the other two, penultimate joint with one shoit
seta. Caudal rami slender, with smooth margins; terminal claws
simple, not half as long as the limb, marginal seta situated a little
beyond the middle (fig. 8). Prehensile claws of the posterior
maxille in the male very robust, strongly falcate, the tips obtuse,
emarginate, and armed with a minute hyaline mucronate apical
process (figs. 6, 7).
Some of the specimens hitherto referred to Candonopsis hingslei
belong undoubtedly, as has been pointed out by Dr. G. W. Muller, to
C. protzi. This is certainly the case with many Scottish examples,
as for instance those from Lochmaben and Lewis. It is by no
means easy to distinguish, except by careful dissection, between
such closely similar forms as C. protzi, C. kingsleii, C. hyalina,
and perhaps sometimes C. fabeformis. I am indebted to my
friend Mr. D. J. Scourfield for specimens of C. protzi from
Wanstead Park, Essex.
CANDONA ZENCKERI G. O. Sars.
1890. Candona zenckeri G. O. Sars, “ Oversigt af Norges
Crustaceer, 11. Branch., Ostrac., Cirrip.”, Vidensk.-Selsk.
Forhand. p. 66.
1896. Candona zenckeri Brady & Norman, (2) Part it. p. 730,
pl. lxiu. fig. 25, pl. Ixviii. figs. 12, 13.
This species was found many years ago by the Rev. Canon
Norman in a pond at Ferry Hill, Co. Durham, but has not been
taken since in Britain. .
T have nothing to add to the account given in the “ Monograph ”
(Joc. cit.).
2
ATO] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 203
CANDONA STAGNALIS G. O. Sars. (Plate XXII. figs. 11, 12.)
1890. Candona stagnalis G. O. Sars, “ Oversigt af Norges
Crustaceer, 11.,” p. 69.
1891. Candona ambigua T. Scott, ‘Invertebrate Fauna of
Inland Waters of Scotland” (Ninth Annual Report,
Fishery Board for Scotland) p. 277, pl. iv. figs. 7 a-c.
1896. Candona stagnalis Brady & Norman, (2) Part 11. p. 729,
pl. Ixvin. figs. 14-17.
The only known British localities for this species are Lochgelly
Loch and Loch Fitty, Fifeshire, where it was taken by Dr. T
Scott. I have nothing to add to what has already been published
respecting it.
CANDONA CALEDONIA, sp.n. (Plate XXIII. figs. 9-14.)
Female.—Shell seen laterally oblong, subovate, greatest height
situated in the middle and equal to half the length ; extremities
well rounded, the anterior the wider and more obtuse of the two
(fig. 9): dorsal margin forming an even and somewhat flattened
arch, ventral very slightly sinuated in the middle: seen from
above (fig 10) the outline is much compressed, tapering gently to
the anterior extremity, rounded behind, the right valve slightly
smaller than the left, width equal to one third of the length ;
hinge-margins depressed in the middle, forming a well-marked,
shallow groove. Shell thin, structureless, showing no surface-
markings whatever, mottled yeliow, the colour partly dependent
on the contained animal. Length 0°88 mm.
Posterior antennz devoid of any setose fascicle; the last two
joints bearing a few stout, claw-like sete (fig. 11); no sensory
sete. The mandible-palp is stout, the terminal joints short,
bearing a small branchial plate at the base (fig 12); last pair of feet
(fig. 13) bearing a very small forcipate process on the minute apical
joint, also two sete of unequal length; the long penultimate joint
has two marginal sete. Caudal rami (fig. 14) straight, slender,
bearing two stout, perfectly smooth terminal claws, the dorsal
one considerably in front of the other ; seta of the dorsal margin
very short, distant from the apex about one third of the length of
the limb.
Examples of this species have been in my collection for many
years, but have hitherto been erroneously identified with
Candonopsis kingsleii. A ve-examination of the contained
animal shows, however, that it has none of the distinctive generic
characters of Candonopsis, nor can IJ assign it to any known
species of Candona. Its nearest ally is probably Candona
stagnalis G. O. Sars, from which, however, it differs i the non-
flattened dorsal margin of the valves, in the absence of pitted
shell-structure, in the elongated, quite straight caudal rami, the
claws of which are distantly apart and devoid of marginal setee.—
My figures of the shell and caudal ramus of C. stagnalis ave drawn
from Norwegian specimens kindly sent to me by Professor Sars,
204 DR. G. 8S. BRADY ON THE [ Feb. 1,
but the figure of the caudal ramus does not agree very. accurately
with his description of it as being “almost straight.”
For this species I can at present only specify with certainty
a few localities in the West of Scotland :—lochs near Dumfries,
Lochmaben, Loch Fadd, and lochs in Lewis.
-CANDONA LACTEA Baird. (Plate XXIV. figs. 1-4.)
1850: Candona lactea Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 255,
pl. xvii. (Annulosa) figs. 25-27.
1866. Candona lactea & Candona detecta Brady, (1) pp. 382, 384.
1889. Candona lactea Brady & Norman, (2) p. 100.
female.—Length 0°75 mm. Shell seen from the side oblong
(fig. 1), subreniform, greatest height in the middle.and equal to
rather less than one half of the length, extremities well rounded
and about equal in width ; dorsal margin straight or very feebly
arched, ventral almost straight, the median sinuation being scarcely
perceptible: seen from above (fig. 2) oblong, subovate, abruptly
acuminate in front, rounded off behind, width scarcely equalling
half the length. Shell-surface smooth, very finely and closely
punctated, colour white. Valves equal in size, bordered throughout,
except on the hinge-line, with a wide, thick lip which is destitute
of the pitted sculpture of the general shell-surface but is marked
by numerous transverse hair-like lines (fig. 3): this appearance is,
however, seen only in the separated valves and best when viewed
by transmitted light. It forms a good diagnostic character.
This species has not to my knowledge been noticed by any
Continental author. It may possibly have been sometimes
mistaken for the young of C. candida, from which, however, it
may be at once separated by its evenly rounded extremities and
flattened dorsal surface. Nor have I noticed in C. candida the
delicate pitting of the shell surface which may always be found
in C. lactea. ‘The soft parts do not disclose any noteworthy
characters : the limbs—antenne especially—-are short and stout.
The male has not been seen. The species is common every-
where in Britain,
CANDONA FRAGILIS Hartwig. (Plate XXIV. figs. 5-10.)
1898. Candona fragilis Hartwig, Zool. Anzgr. p. 474.
1900. 3 " G.W. Miiller, (5) p. 31, pl. vii. figs. 8-11,
14, 17, 19.
Shell seen laterally oblong, subreniform (fig. 5), greatest height
situated in the middle, equal to less than half the length; dorsal
margin evenly arched, ventral slightly sinuated in the middle ;
extremities nearly equal in width and well rounded : seen dorsally
the shell is compressed, oblong (fig. 6), widest in the middle, with
equally tapered acuminate extremities, width scarcely equal to one
third of the length. Shell very thin and fragile; surface smooth,
colourless; the extremities slightly fringed with fine hairs.
Length 1 mm... The feet of the last pair are non-forcipate and
bear three apical sete, one of which is extremely long (fig. 9): .the
LOEOS BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 205
caudal rami (fig. 10) have two nearly equal terminal claws and a
minute marginal seta attached a little beyond the middle of the
limb.
I took a single specimen of C. fragilis in a roadside pool near
Carrick, Co. Donegal, and I am indebted to Dr. Thomas Scott for
others taken by him in Scottish lochs—L. Arklet, L. Doon and
Forfar loch; but in none of these cases have I found the
contained animal in good condition and cannot therefore give
complete illustrations of it; females only have been observed in
this country.
I did not observe in any of the imperfectly preserved British
specimens, the conspicuous processes of the female genital plates,
the figure of which (fig. 10) was drawn from a specimen kindly
sent to me by Dr, Vavra.
In two of Dr. Scott’s specimens I found parasitic organisms
which appear to be the scolices of some kind of Zenia: one of
these is shown in Pl. XXII. figs. 18, 14. The two specimens in
which the scolices were found are from different lakes—Loch Arklet
and one or other of the two further lakes referred to above, so
that it may be fairly inferred that this particular species acts as
intermediate host for the Zenia. In the ‘Cambridge Natural
History,’ vol. i1. p. 84, several Ostracoda and Copepoda are men-
tioned as the intermediate hosts of Cestode Worms which attain
their final development in the intestines of Birds (Anatide), the
larval forms belonging to the genus Cercocystis. And Professor
R. Blanchard has described in the ‘Mémoires de la Société
Zoologique de France’ (1891) a new genus of these worms found
in the same group of birds, the scolex of which occurred in an
Ostracod (“‘Cypris cinerea” Brady). This species Professor
Blanchard calls Hchinocotyle rosseteri, and it may possibly be
identical with that here referred to*. In F. rosseteri, however,
the crown of hooks is stated to be composed of tem spines, whereas
in the scolices found in Candona fragilis there are, so far as I can
make out, éwelve.
CanpoNA FABEFORMIS Fischer. (Plate XXIV. figs. 11-15.)
1851. Cypris fabeformis Fischer, (9) p. 146, pl. iti. figs. 6-16.
1870. Candona diaphana Brady & Robertson, (8) p. 18, pl. v.
figs. 1-3.
1889. Gumdone fabeformis Brady & Norman, (2) p. 1038, pl. ix.
figs. 1-4. .
1900. Candona fabeformis G. W. Miiller, (5) p. 29, pl. vii,
figs. 1-7, 12, 13. °
Although W. Hartwig, in a paper on the ‘ Candonine of the
Province of Brandenburg’ (1901), dissents from our identification
of the British specimens with Fischer’s C. fabeformis, 1 cannot
myself see any sufficient grounds for this dissent. The figures
* Since these lines were in print I have received from: Professor R. Blanchard
a note in which, after kindly examining my mountings, he refers these larv to
Drepanidotenia anatina Krabbe.
206 DR. G, 8. BRADY ON THE | Feb. 1,
given by Fischer, though incomplete and otherwise not very
satisfactory, are not, at any rate, contradictory, and G. W. Miiller
agrees with Dr. Norman and myself in our conclusion. I here
give drawings of some of the more important diagnostic details—
the shell only having hitherto been figured from British spe-
cimens. The figures are from a specimen taken at Hairmyres,
near Glasgow, by the late Dr. D. Robertson.
CO. fabeformis, though not by any means a common species, is
pretty widely distributed in England, Wales, and Scotland.
CANDONA HYALINA Brady & Robertson. (Plate XX V. figs. 1-5.)
1870. Candona hyalina B. & R., (8) p. 18, pl. v. figs. 4-11,
pl. ix. figs. 5-8.
1889. Candona hyalina Brady & Norman, (2) p. 247.
1900. i pre iG) Wai Miller, 4¢5)) p24 33.) eplay vane
figs. 14—21.
Shell of the female (fig. 1) seen laterally, oblong, subreniform,
ereatest height situated behind the middle and equal to about
half the length; anterior extremity rather obtusely rounded,
somewhat wider than the posterior, which is however move fully
rounded off; dorsal margin well arched, ventral very slightly
sinuated in the middle: seen dorsally (fig. 2) the outline is much
compressed, elongated, with acutely pointed, nearly equal extre-
mities, the lateral margins evenly curved, greatest width in the
middle and equal to one-third of the length. Shell thin and semi-
transparent; surface smooth, free from hairs. Length 1°35 mm.
Anterior antenne slender, the last three jomts bearing long
apical sete; posterior antenne stout, sparingly setiferous ; last
joint of the last pair of feet bearing three long sete. Caudal rami
(fig. 5) armed with two moderately strong claws of nearly equal
length, seta of the dorsal margin as long as the terminal claws
and arising a little behind the middle of the limb. Grasping
portion of the second maxilla of the male not very dissimilar on
the two sides, with chisel-like extremities; that of the right side
rather larger and stouter than the left (figs. 3, 4). ;
T have seen but one male specimen of C. hyalina—already im-
perfectly figured in previous papers, the dissection having been
a good deal distorted and otherwise injured in preparation.
Dr. Thomas Scott, however, records the male as having been taken
in Threipmuir reservoir near Balerno, and the female in several
Scottish localities. The type specimens are from Bartcn Broad
and other parts of the English Fen-district. I have recently
received from Mr. Robert Gurney some which were taken at
Sutton in Norfolk. The species has very probably been often
recorded as C. fabeformis. In my own collection are specimens
which have been erroneously so called.
CanpDonA BREVIS G. W. Miller. (Plate XXV. figs. 6-12.)
1900. Candona brevis G. W. Miller, (5) p. 20, pl. iv. figs. 5, 20,
pl. v. figs. 26 30.
1910. | BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 207
1900. Candona lobipes Hartwig, Zool. Anzeiger, xxiii. no. 628,
p. 570.
1901. Candona lobipes Hartwig, (3) p. 94.
Female.—Shell seen from the side (fig. 6) subreniform, greatest
height near the posterior extremity and equal to nearly two-
thirds of the length; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior
gently rounded, almost subtruncate ; dorsal margin forming
a flattened arch, sloping with a gentle curve to the front,
much more abruptly backwards, ventral almost straight: seen
from above (fig. 7) the outline is regularly ovate, greatest
width equal to much more than half the length. Shell-surface
smooth but beset, especially at the ends, with numerous rather
long hairs and bearing a few scattered circular papille; colour
white, but seen by transmitted light, dark brown, almost
opaque, with indistinct and irregular areolations which become
very evident when the colour-matter isremoved by a dilute alkali
(fig. 12); ventral border of the valves produced in the middle into
a broad flange bearing a pattern composed of a series of strongly
marked rectangular tongue-like areas. Length 0°85 mm. Male
‘unknown in Britain.
Anterior antenne slender and bearing very long, slender
sete ; posterior antenne (fig. 8) nearly devoid of sete except at
the apex which bears three or four setiform claws; first foot
having an unusually long terminal claw (fig. 9); second pair of
feet not forcipate, bearing three unequal terminai sete (fig. 10) ;
post-abdominal rami (fig. 11) rather short and stout, with two
apical claws and a very small marginal seta situated on the distal
third of the limb.
I am greatly indebted to Mr. R. Gurney for several gatherings
of Ostracoda from the Norfolk Fen-district, and in one of these
—the exact locality not noted—occurred a few examples of this
interesting species.
CANDONA PUBESCENS Koch.
1837. Cypris pubescens Koch, Deutschlands Crustaceen, H. 11,
nay
1838. Cypris compressa idem, ibidem, H. 21, p. 17.
1866. Candona compressa Brady, (1) p. 382, pl. xxvi. figs. 22-27,
1889. Candona pubescens B. & N., (2) Part i. p. 101, pl. xii.
figs. 32-37; Part i. p. 729, pl. Ixiii. fig, 24; pl. Ixiv.
figs. 20, 21; pl. Ixvin. figs. 7-9.
1891. Candona pubescens Vavra, (6) p. 43, fig. 11.
1900. bi if G. W. Miller, (5) p. 26, pl. iv. figs. 3,
2 Da MSDS hl) Cle OI,
A widely distributed species both in England and Scotland.
I am unable to recognize any specific difference between the two
forms C’. pubescens Koch and C. compressa Koch. Vawvra (loc. cit.)
has adopted this view, but by some authors the two species are
held to be distinct.
The species is too well known to need further description.
208 DR. G. 8. BRADY ON THE [ Feb. 1,
CANDONA ROSTRATA Brady & Norman.
1889. Candona rostrata B. & N., (2) p. 101, pl. ix. figs. 11, 12;
pl. xu. figs. 21-31.
1891. Candona rostrata Vavra, (6) p. 40, fig. 10.
1900, os 5 G. W. Miiller, (5) p. 23, pl. v. figs. 2,
3, 7-14.
The much produced anterior beak of the shell forms a very
distinctive character, and another good diagnostic point is to be
found in the very unequal lengths of the two terminal claws of
the caudal rami; this does not occur, so far as I am aware, in any
other member of the genus, though Hartwig figures a similar
condition in the male of his C. marchica, but this species he
identifies with the C. rostrata of G. W. Miiller, and this latter I
take to be identical with the C. rostrata Brady & Norman. If this
be really so, Hartwig’s name C. marchica has no locus standi
whatever.
CANDONA EUPLECTELLA Robertson, MS.
1889. Candona euplectella Brady & Norman, (2) p. 105, pl. ix.
figs. 7, 8, 8a.
1900. Paracandona euplectella G. W. Miiller, (5) pl. ix.
figs. 1-9, 14.
1901. Paracandona euplectella W. Hartwig, (3) p. 126.
Several Scottish localities for this species were noted in the
Monograph of Brady & Norman. In addition to these I have to
thank Mr. R. Gurney for specimens from Sutton Broad, Norfolk,
and Mr. Scourfield has taken it also in Catfield Fen, Norfolk. It
has been recorded in Germany by W. Hartwig and G. W. Miiller.
Hartwig, in 1899, proposed to constitute a subgenus* of
which C. euplectella would be the only known member, the
characters of which depended chiefly on the number of joints of
the posterior antenne. But these and other minor characters
seem to me too trivial to warrant the separation of a new sub-
genus.
Genus Canponorsis, Viavra.
This genus was by Vavra separated from Candona on the
strength of the following characters. The second pair of antennz
are, in the male, six-jointed, and have two “sense organs” on the
fourth and fifth joints; the mandibular palp is exceedingly long
and slender; the second pair of maxille have a branchial append-
age of three plumose filaments ; the caudal rami are slender and
have no sete on the posterior margin.
These characters were founded on the male only, the female
being unknown to Herr Vavra, but they apply likewise to the
female. The only hitherto recognized species of the genus is
O. kingsleii Brady & Robertson.
* “ Candona euplectella (Robertson), bildet eine selbsti andige Gattung,” Zoologisch
Anzeiger, Bd. xxii. no. 592, 1899.
1910.] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 209
CANDONOPSIS KINGSLEL Brady & Robertson.
1870. Candona kingsleii Brady & Robertson, (8) p. 17, pl. ix.
figs. 9-12.
1889. Candona kingsleti Brady & Norman, (2) p. 102, pl. ix.
figs. 19, 20 (not 21, 22), & pl. xiii. fig. 13.
1891. Candonopsis kingsleit Vavra, (6) p. 54, fig. 16.
1900. ' 68 G. W. Miller, (5) p. 38, pl. vi. figs.
6, 7, 23-28 ; pl. vil. figs. 22-25.
“This seems to be a widely distributed species. It is of frequent
occurrence in the Fen district of England, and in Scotland;
‘perhaps less frequent in other parts of England, but may very
possibly have been often confounded with other nearly allied
forms. This is undoubtedly the case with some Scottish speci-
mens, which, though supposed to belong to C. kingsleii, are
really Candona protzi. Others belong to the form here described
as Candona caledome.
CANDONOPSIS SCOURFIELDI, sp. n. (Plate X XVI. figs. 1-12.)
Male.—Length 0°85 mm. Shell, seen from the side, oblong,
subreniform (fig. 1), greatest height situated in the middle
and equal to rather less than half the length, extremities
equally and evenly rounded; dorsal margin gently arched, sloping
gradually towards each extremity, ventral almost straight: seen
dorsally (fig. 2) the outline is much compressed, widest in the
middle, the width being equal to one-fourth of the length, extrem-
ities sharply produced, acuminate. Surface of the shell smooth,
slightly hairy near the extremities; the free margins of the
valves when seen by transmitted hght are marked with a single
row of minute dark pigment spots (fig. 12). Anterior antenn
slender, six-jointed, the last four joints provided with long,
delicate sete ; posterior antenn five-jointed (fig. 3), the basal
joint bearing a slender triarticulate sense-organ (tig. 4), second
joint having at the extremity of its inner margin a single long
seta which reaches considerably beyond the apex of the limb, third
joint provided witha fascicle of three short sete, fourth and fifth
joints each bearing two stout sete but no claws ; niandible-palp
elongated, and otherwise having the typical characters of the
genus (fig. 5); second pair of maxille prehensile, clawed, that of
the right side the more robust (fig. 6) ; second pair of feet bearing
at the apex (fig. 8) two sete of unequal length. Caudal rami very
slender (fig. 9), the two terminal claws not quite equal in length,
no marginal seta: the penis rather small and compact, oblong, with
two subtriangular apical lamine (fig. 10); ejaculatory duct very
broad and massive, enclosed in a dense, transversely striated
capsule (fig. 11). The female does not differ materially from the
male except in purely sexual characters.
I am indebted to my friend Mr. D. J. Scourfield for two speci-
mens—male and female—of this very interesting species. ‘Chey
were taken in Catfield Fen, Norfolk.
Proc. Zoot, Soc.—1910, No, XIV. 14
210 DR. G. 8S. BRADY ON THE | Feb. 1,
Genus SIPHLOCANDONA*, gen. n.
Shell elongated, elliptical, thin and fragile. Posterior legs
almost obsolete, their place being taken by an ill-developed club-
shaped appendage. Caudal rami of the usual form, armed
with two terminal claws and a very small marginal seta situated
almost close to the distal extremity: of the two claws that
situated above (or nearer the dorsal surface) is much the larger
of the two. In other respects like Candona.
SIPHLOCANDONA SIMILIS Baird. (Plate XX VII. figs. 1-9.)
1845. Candona similis Baird, (7) p. 162, pl. xix. figs. 2,
2a (1850); Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, 11. p. 153 (1845);
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 415, pl. ix. fig. 4.
Female.—Shell, seen laterally, elongated, subelliptical, rather
higher in front than behind (fig. 1), length equal to more than
twice the height; extremities well rounded, the anterior the
broader of the two; dorsal margin quite straight, ventral gently
sinuated in the middle: seen from above (fig. 2) the outline is
elongate-ovate, widest in the middle, nearly twice as long as
broad, lateral margins evenly arcuate and tapering equally to the
extremities which are sharply pointed. Shell very thin and fragile
and showing no trace of sculpture; almost colourless. Valves
equal, their margins scarcely at all inflexed. Length 0-98 mm.
Anterior antennz six-jointed, slender, their terminal setz long
and slender; posterior antennz four-jointed, moderately stout
(tig. 3); mandibles (fig. 4) bearing a stout four-jointed palp the
first jot of which is provided with a 4-setose branchial plate ;
first and second pairs of maxille of the usual form (figs. 5, 6);
feet of the first pair (fig. 7) four-jointed, inner margin of the
second joint rather densely setose, last joint bearing two very
unequally sized claws and a short seta: the homologue of the last
limb is a short, slightly curved, club-shaped process with a small
proboscidiform apex (fig. 8). Caudal rami simple, straight,
with smooth, non-setose margins, bearing two terminal claws, the
uppermost quite twice as long as the lower ; marginal seta very
small and situated almost close to the apical claw (fig. 9). Male
unknown.
This species, which, though collected in 1897, has remained
unrecognized until now, is, I have little doubt, identical with that
described long ago by Dr. Baird under the name of Candona
similis, his description and figures agreeing in every particular
with my specimens. These, of which I took only a very small
number—some three or four—are from “the Mere” at Scar-
borough, a small sheet of fresh water lying under Oliver’s Mount,
and I have more recently received specimens from Mr. Robert
Gurney, taken in Catfield Fen, Norfolk.
The characters which essentially distinguish this genus from
* oupdos, a cripple.
1910.] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 211
other Candonine, are the atrophied posterior foot, and the
abnormal structure of the caudal rami, the terminal claws of which
differ in their comparative size from those of other species, the
uppermost of the two being much the larger, and the marginal
seta is closely approximated to the claws.
In addition to the type species, I have recently detected in a
Scotch mounting kindly sent to me by my friend the Rev. Canon
Norman, a few specimens of another form distinct from S. similis,
but undoubtedly belonging to the same genus: this I propose to
name S. normant.
SIPHLOCANDONA NORMANI, sp. n. (Plate XX VII. figs. 10-14.)
Shell, seen laterally, compressed, oblong, siliquose (fig. 9), greatest
height situated in the middle, not nearly equal to half the length ;
extremities narrowly rounded, the posterior somewhat oblique ;
dorsal margin gently and evenly arched, ventral slightly prominent
in front, gently sinuated behind: seen from above (fig. 10), com-
pressed, subovate, greatest width equal to the height and situated
in the middle, gradually tapered to the extremities, which are
acuminate : surface of the shell smooth, colour milk-white.
Length 0°83 mm. Claws of the caudal rami stout (fig. 14), the
uppermost more than twice as long as the lewer; the marginal
seta short, stout, and claw-like, closely approximated to the
terminal claws.
The only specimens of this curious species which I have seen
were included in a series of Candonopsis kingsleii, from which,
indeed, it was not very easy to distinguish them. They were
taken by the Rev. Canon Norman in pools near the margin of
Loch Fadd, Isle of Bute.
Subfam. HEePETOCYPRIDIN®.
Genus Herrerocypris Brady & Norman.
HERPETOCYPRIS REPTANS Baird.
1850. Candona reptans Baird, (7) p. 160, pl. xix. figs. 3, 3 a.
1889. Hrpetocypris reptans Brady & Norman, (2) Part i. p. 84,
pl. xiti. fig. 27.
1891. Cypris reptans Vavra, (6) p. 86, fig. 28. 1-5.
1900. Herpetecypris reptans Te wtneain, (4) Dig 282 aol sevas
figs. 1-3, pl. xviii. figs. 21-26.
1900. Oypris reptans G. W. Muller, (5) p. 58, pl. xiv. figs. 4, 6,
WA, NBs Ire
The most abundant and apparently the most widely distributed
species of this subfamily—found everywhere in Great Britain, in
Scandinavia, and all over the continent of Hurope.
HERPETOCYPRIS CHEVREUXIIG.O.Sars, (Plate XXIX. figs. 1-7.)
Stenocypris chevreuaii G. O. Sars, “On a new fresh-water
Ostracod, &c.” (Archiv f. Mathem. og Naturvidenskab,
1896).
‘Shell, seen laterally (fig. 1), oblong, of nearly equal height
i4*
242 DR. G. S. BRADY ON THE | Feb. 1,
throughout, height equal to less than half the length ; extremities
well rounded and nearly equal in width; dorsal margin almost
straight, curving gently downwards toward the extremities,
ventral slightly sinuated in the middle: seen dorsally (tig. 2), the
outline is compressed, subovate, widest behind the middle, rather
acutely pointed in front, more obtuse and more abruptly tapered
behind; width equal to about one-third of the length: left valve
larger than the right and infolded at both extremities so as to
form an overlapping flange *; surface of the shell smooth; colour
a clouded green with lighter patches. Length 2°55 mm. (,/5 in.).
The antennal sete are beautifully plumose and reach to the
extremities of the terminal claws (fig. 3); the lobe of the first
maxilla next following the palp has two of its claws laterally
denticulated and terminating in a spear-head (fig. 5); palp of the
second maxilla (fig. 4) narrow and elongated, masticating portion
twisted upon itself toward the base; posterior legs of the usual
form (fig. 6), the last joint small, divided into three distorted
finger-like lobes, bearing a single long seta and a strongly falcate
claw. Caudal rami (fig. 7) slender, bearing two unequal, strong,
apical claws which are marginally pectinated, and two sete, a
small one on the dorsal and a uch longer one on the lower
angle; the dorsal margin of the ramus is ornamented at its distal
end with about four series of delicate spines separated from each
other by slight depressions of the margin; these spinules, reduced
very much in size, are continued without intermission along the
proximal portion of the limb.
This is so closely allied in genera] form and characters to the
foregoing species, H. reptans, that it seems to me undesirable to
assign it to a distinct genus (Stenocypris) as has heen proposed by
Professor G. O. Sars, especially as the variations in anatomical
points are comparatively unimportant.
A single specimen was taken many years ago at Lyndhurst,
and remained in my collection unnamed and without description.
Since that time I have found it in considerable abundance
in the Hatchett Pond (New Forest), in ditches near the River
Arun (Sussex), in Conway Marsh (North Wales), and in a pond
near Sellafield (Cumberland).
Herperocypris stricAta O. F. Miller. (Plate XXVIII.
figs. 4—9.)
1889. Hrpetocypris strigata Brady & Norman, (2) p. 85, pl. vii.
figs. 14, 15.
1891. Hrpetocypris strigata Vavra, (6) p. 84, fig. 27.
1900. Cypris strigata G. W. Miller, (5) p. 74, pl. xv. figs. 11-13,
IG), PAD)
Shell, seen laterally, oblong, subreniform, height equal to nearly
half the length; anterior extremity obtusely rounded, posterior
narrower, rounded off obliquely; dorsal margin forming a some-
* These duplicatures occur also on the right valve but are much less conspicuous.
1910.] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. PAL 33
what flattened arch, ventral gently sinuated in the middle: seen
dorsaily it is compressed, subovate, widest in the middle, with equal
acuminate extremities. Length 2:7 mm. The posterior antenna
bears a fascicle of six very short setz, and its terminal claws are
slender an‘ finely pectinated (fig. 6); the two principal claws of the
first maxillar segment are club-shaped (fig. 7) and have blunt,
terminal denticulations ; last joint of the second pair of feet
forcipate, bearing at the apex a slender curved claw and one long
seta, the penultimate joint forming distally on its inner margin a
convex pad which is fringed with a series of curved bristles, on its
outer margin a small finger-like ciliated process (fig. 8). Caudal
rami slender, bearing just within the upper margin along the
greater part of their length an interrupted series of minute cilia ;
terminal claws unequal in length, delicately pectinated, the
marginal seta almost close to the apical claws (fig. 9).
Not infrequent in Scotland ; less common in England. Noted
also by several Continental authors.
Genus PrionocyPris Brady & Norman.
PRIONOCYPRIS SERRATA Norman. (Plate XXV. figs. 13-16.)
1866. Cypris serrata Brady, (1) p. 371, pl. xxv. figs. 15-19,
pl. xxxvi. fig. 3.
1896. Prionocypris serrata Brady & Norman, (2) p. 725.
1900. Cypris serrata G. W. Miiller, (5) p. 72, pl. xiv. figs. 3,
11, 14.
1900. Prionocypris serrata Kaufmann, (4) p. 292, pl. xx.
figs. 10-12, pl. xxi. figs. 22-26.
A very distinct and well-marked species, far different in shell-
characters from any other fresh-water form. There are also
several minor abnormalities in the structure of the contained
animal which seem to warrant the use of the generic name
proposed in 1896 by Brady and Norman (Joc. cit.). The more
important distinctive characters are: (1) the extremely short
antennal setz; (2) the smoothly edged claws of the outer lobe of
the first maxille, and the dilated extremity of the palp; (3) the
perfectly smooth margins of the very slender caudal rami, and the
position of the dorsal seta very near to the apical claws; (4) the
simple termination of the second pair of feet which bear on the
small terminal joint only two setz, one long, and one short and
claw-like.
The species is nowhere common, but is widely distributed in
England. It does not seem to have been found in Scotland or
Treland, but is noticed by several Continental authors. In addition
to localities already published I have taken it in a backwater of
the River Wye at Rowsley, Derbyshire, and Mr. Scourfield records
it from reservoirs at Walthamstow and Purfleet, Essex.
The generic characters mentioned above, though none of them
separately very important, may, together with the exceptionally
marked characters of the shell, be taken as suflicient to warrant
the separation of the species as the type of a distinct genus,
214 DR. G. 8. BRADY ON THE [Feb. 1,
PRIONOCYPRIS TUMEFACTA Brady & Robertson. (Plate XXVIII.
figs. 1-3.)
1870. Cypris tumefacta Brady & Robertson, Ostracoda and
Foraminifera of Tidal Rivers (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 4, vol. vi.) p. 13, pl. iv. figs. 4-6.
1889. Hrpetocypris tumefacta Brady & Norman, (2) Part i.
p. 87, pl. vii. figs. 5-7, pl. xiii. fig. 18.
1900. Cypris tumefacta G. W. Miiller, (5) p. 73, pl. xvii.
figs. 4, 8, 13.
1900. Prionocypris tumefucta Kaufmann, (4) p. 295, pl. xvi.
figs. 13-15, pl. xxi. figs. 9-13.
Shell, seen laterally, subreniform, highest in the middle, height
greater than half the length; extremities rounded, the posterior
much the broader of the two; dorsal margin arched, sloping more
abruptly behind than in front: seen from above the outline is
ovate, excessively tumid, width equal to two-thirds of the length ;
anterior extremity abruptly tapered and forming a mucronate
prominence, posterior broadly rounded ; the two valves are nearly
equal in size but have the two extremities and, in a smaller degree,
the ventral margin incurved so as to form a very conspicuous
flange or duplicature (fig. 1). Shell-surface quite smooth, colour
white. Length 1:05 mm.
Setze of the posterior antennz very short, arranged in a distinct
fascicle of four (fig. 2); caudal rami (fig. 3) slender, the two
terminal claws equal in length, and almost imperceptibly pectin-
ated, marginal seta very small and not far removed from the
claws.
A very well marked species, recognizable at a glance by its
excessive tumidity and produced anterior extremity. The internal
duplicature of the margins of the valves is more pronounced than
in any other species known to me.
I have taken it in the Warn Burn, Northumberland, near
Sunderland, and in the River Lathkill, Derbyshire; it has been
found also by the late Dr. Robertson and by Dr. Thos. Scott in
several Scottish localities. ‘
Genus [tvopromus G. O. Sars.
Shell highly compressed, and, seen laterally, oblong; dorsal edge
straight in the middle, ventral sinuated. Valves generally not
very unequal, the left the larger; surface usually longitudinally
striated. Sete of the inferior antennz poorly developed, not
reaching beyond the terminal claws. Caudal rami coarse, armed
with three strong claws increasing in length distally. Animal
devoid of swimming power. Propagation parthenogenetical.
This generic definition is slightly condensed from that given by
G. O. Sars in a paper on the “ Freshwater Entomostraca of New
Zealand,” 1894. As applying to the British species, the state-
ments as to the straight dorsal edge and longitudinal striation
1910.] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA. 215
of the valves must be eliminated, but in other respects the
generic definition is perfectly applicable. Whether the fact of
the three-clawed caudal ramus is sufficiently important to call for
separation from Herpetocypris may perhaps be doubted, but it
seems to be the only distinctive character, if we except the not
very important matter of shell-sculpture ; from Candona, on the
other hand, it is differentiated by the anatomical structures con-
nected with “‘ parthenogenetic” propagation, as well as by the
presence, apparently, in the type species, of a setose fascicle on
the posterior antenne. The two British species at present known
are Llyodromus olivaceus and I. robertson.
InyoprRomus RopEeRTsonI Brady & Norman. (Plate XXVIII.
figs. 10-15; Plate XXIX. fig. 12.)
1889. Hrpetocypris robertsont Brady & Norman, (2) Part 1.
p. 88.
1896. Zlyodromus robertsoni Brady & Norman, (2) Part. ii.
p. 724.
Length 16mm. Shell oblong, subovate ; seen laterally, oblong,
subreniform (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 10), greatest height behind the
middle and equal to about half the length; anterior extremity
broadly and rather obliquely rounded, posterior also rounded but
narrower than the anterior; dorsal margin boldly arched, sloping
gently toward the point, more steeply backward, ventral margin
slightly sinuated: seen from above (fig. 11) the outline is com-
pressed, ovate, width. much less than half the length, obtusely
pointed in front, rounded off behind. Shell-surface smooth ;
colour variable, but generally dark green with mottled patches of
lighter shades: left valve larger than the right and overlapping
distinctly at the two extremities; the anterior margin rather
- densely clothed with long hairs, ventral margin slightly hairy :
general surface of the shell structureless, but marked with
distant, very minute, circular punctures. The posterior antenne
(fig. 12) are very sparingly provided with short sete and have no
distinct fascicle ; palp of the posterior maxilla (Pl. X XIX. fig. 12)
narrow and bearing three apical sete ; two principal spines of the
first lobe of the anterior maxilla finely denticulated (Pl. XX VIII.
fig. 15); terminal joint of the last leg (fig. 13) small, bearing a
slender falcate claw; penultimate joint with a long seta near the
apex. Caudal rami (fig. 14) with three stout terminal claws pro-
gressively increasing in length towards the apex, a single slender
seta adjoining the last claw. .
The types of J. robertsont were taken at Hayston Dam near
‘Peebies and at Portree, Isle of Skye. I have myself taken it in
a pool on Loughrigg, Westmorland, in a roadside pool near
Carrick, Co. Donegal, and in a ditch near Staward, Northumber-
land. It does not seem to have been observed by any Continental
authors.
216 DR. G. S. BRADY ON THE [Feb. 1,
Inyopromus oxivAceus Brady & Norman. (Plate XXIX.
figs. 8-11.)
1889. Hrpetocypris olivacea Brady & Norman, (2) Parti. p. 89,
pl. viii. figs. 3, 4.
1891. Llyodromus olivaceus Vavra, (6) p. 88, fig. 29. 1-4.
1896. Llyodromus olivaceus Brady & Norman, (2) Part ii.
p. 724.
1900. Zlyodromus olivaceus Kaufmann, (4) p. 299, pl. xx.
figs. 7-9, pl. xxi. figs. 17-21.
It is needless to repeat the descriptions already given (loc. cit.)
of this species, but, for the sake of comparison with the closely
allied J. robertsoni, I give drawings of some of the more charac-
teristic parts of the animal. The types of J. olivaceus were
found in the River Lathkill, Derbyshire. It has since been taken
by Dr. T. Scott in several Scottish localities, and has also been
recorded by Dr. Kaufmann as occurring in Switzerland, by
Dr. Vavra in Bohemia, and at Moscow by Croneberg.
The works referred to by numerals in the text are as
follows :—
(1) Brapy, G. S.—A Monograph of the recent British Ostracoda
(Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. xxvi.), 1866.
(2) Brapy, G. S., & Norman, A. M.—A Monograph of the
Marine and Freshwater Ostracoda of the North Atlantic
and of North-Western Europe. Section I. Podocopa.
(Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. iv.
series 11.), 1889. Part 11. Myodocopa, Cladocopa, and
Platycopa, 1896,
(3) Harrwie, W.— Ueber die Arten der Ostracoder Unterfamilie
Candonine der Provinz Brandenburg (Sitzungs-Bericht
der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin),
1902.
(4) Kaurmann, A.—Cypriden und Darwinuliden der Schweiz
(Revue Suisse de Zoologie), 1900.
(5) Miuuer, G. W.—Deutschlands Siisswasser-Ostracoden. Stutt-
gart, 1900.
(6) VAvra, WeENzEL.—Monographie der Ostracoden Bohmens
(Archiv der Naturwissensch. Landesdurchforschung von
Boéhmen), 1891.
(7) Barrp.—Natural History of the British Hntomostraca
(Ray Society), 1850.
(8) Brapy,G.8., & Ropertson, D.—The Ostracoda and Foramin-
ifera of Tidal Rivers (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,
vol. vi.), 1870.
(9) Fiscuer, 8.—Ueber das Genus Cypris (Mémoires des Savants
étrangers, t. vil.), 1851.
(10) Scorr, T.—A Catalogue of Land, Fresh-water, and Marine
Crustacea found in the Basin of the River Forth and its
Kstuary. 1906.
1910.] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XIX.
Candona candida.
. Shell of female, seen laterally and dorsally, x 40.
a
isi}
n
aoe
39
. Posterior antenna, X 140.
. Mandible, « 125.
. Second maxilla of male, left and right side, x 140.
Foot of second pair, X 125.
. Caudal ramus of male, X 140.
. Copulatory organ of male, X 110.
Nn
HOODOO
bt
Candona caudata.
Figs. 12, 13. Shell of female, seen laterally and dorsally, x 40.
14. Posterior ventral angle of shell, x 84.
15. Posterior antenna, X 120.
PuatTE XX.
Candona angulata.
Vigs. 1, 2. Shell of male, seen laterally and dorsally, x 40.
3. os female, seen laterally, x 40.
4,5. Second maxilla of male, right and left, < 125,
6. End of foot of second pair, X 125.
7, Caudal ramus, X 84.
8. Copulative organ of male, X 84.
9. Parasite, X 84.
10. Parasitic cysts on shell, < 10.
Candona caudata.
Wig. 11. Anterior antenna, < 120.
12. Hnd of foot of second pair, * 125.
13. Caudal ramus with genital lobe of female, x 120.
PratEe XXI.
Candona neglecta.
2. Shell of male, seen laterally and dorsally, x 30.
4. » female 5 bs 8 x 30.
5, 6. Second maxilla of male, left and right, x 140.
7. Caudal ramms, < 100.
8. Copulative organ of male, X 100.
Candona siliquosa.
Vigs. 9, 10. Shell of female, seen laterally and dorsally, * 40.
11. Anterior antenna, X 125.
12. End of foot of second pair, & 125.
13. Caudal ramus and genital lobe of female, X 128.
14. Muscle-spots, * 125.
Prary XXII.
Candona elongata.
Figs. 1,2. Shell of female, seen laterally and dorsally, x 40.
38. Anterior antenna, < 240.
4, Posterior antenna, * 180.
5. Mandible, x 240.
§. Foot of first pair, x 180.
"lo » second pair, X 240.
8. Caudal ramus, x 240.
3 junr., seen laterally and dorsally, X 45.
18
Vig. 9.
10.
Figs. 9, 10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
7
8
9
10.
Ie, il
12, 13.
DR. G. S. BRADY ON THE
Candona siliquosa.
Posterior antenna, X 180.
Foot of first pair, X 180.
Candona stagnalis.
. Shell of female, seen from right side, x 50.
. Caudal ramus, x 240.
Candona fragilis.
. Scolex of Tenia from Candona fragilis, X 120.
. Crown of hooks of the same, X 3650.
PuatEe XXIII.
Candona protzi.
. Shell of male, seen laterally and dorsally, X 50.
» female ,, 9 » x 50.
39
. Anterior antenna, X 125.
. Posterior antenna, X 240.
. Second maxilla of male, left and right, X 240.
. Caudal ramus, X 150.
Candona caledonia.
Shell of female, seen laterally and dorsally, x 50.
Posterior antenna, < 240.
Mandibular palp, x 240.
End of foot of second pair, X 140.
Caudal ramus, X 240,
PuatTE XXIV.
Candona lactea.
. Shell, seen laterally and dorsally, x 65.
. Portion of shell, X 150.
. Caudal ramus, X 150.
Candona fragilis.
Shell of female, seen laterally and dorsally, x 40.
Posterior antenna, X 240.
. Posterior maxilla of female, x 240.
. End of foot of second pair, 240.
. Caudal rami with genital processes of female, 140.
Candona fabeformis.
Anterior antenna, X 125.
Second maxillz of male, left and right, 125.
. Caudal ramus, X 125.
. Copulative organ of male, X 125.
PLATE XXV.
Candona hyalina.
. Shell of female, seen laterally and dorsally, x 40.
. Second maxill of male, right and left, X 125,
. Caudal ramus, X 240.
Candona brevis.
. Shell of female, seen laterally and dorsally, 50.
8. Posterior antenna, X 120.
. Foot of first pair, & 120.
second pair, X 120.
?
. Caudal ramus, & 120.
. Shell structure, X 125.
[ Feb. 1,
1910. ] BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACODA.
Prionocypris serrata.
Fig. 13. Posterior antenna, 140.
14, Maxilla of first pair, x 240.
15. Foot of second pair, end, « 240.
16. Caudal ramus, X 140.
Pirate XXVI.
Candonopsis scourfieldi.
. Shell seen laterally and dorsally, x 65.
. Posterior antenna, X 240.
. Sense-organ of-same, 350.
. Mandible, x 540.
. Second maxille of male, right and left, x 240.
. End of foot of second pair, X 240.
. Caudal ramus, X 150.
. Copulative organ of male, x 150.
. Ejaculatory duct of male, x 240.
. Ventral edge of shell, 125.
or)
a RS
COO myne we
He
toe
PuatTeE XXVII.
Siphlocandona similis.
i)
Figs. 1, 2. Shell seen laterally and dorsally, x 50.
. Posterior antenna, < 150.
. Mandible, x 150.
. Mavilla of first pair, X 240.
33 second pair, X 200.
Foot of first pair, X 240.
53 second pair, X 240.
. Caudal ramus, X 240.
OM me co
Siphlocandona normani.
Figs. 10, 11. Shell seen laterally and dorsally, X 55.
12. Foot of first pair, X 240.
Teen second pai, X 240,
14, Caudal ramus, X 240.
Prats XXVIII.
Prionocypris tumefacta.
Fig. 1. Left valve seen from inside, X 50.
2. End of posterior antenna, X 240.
3. Caudal ramus, X 240.
Herpetocypris strigata.
5. Shell seen laterally and dorsally, X 16.
6. Posterior antenna, < 84.
7. Tooth of first maxilla, X 350.
8. End of foot of second pair, X 240.
9. Caudal ramus, X 84.
Ilyodromus robertsoni.
Figs. 10, 11. Shell seen laterally and dorsally, < 30.
12. Posterior antenna, < 140.
13. End of foot of second pair, 240.
14. Caudal ramus, X 140.
15. Tooth of anterior maxilla, « 240,
MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE ~ [ Feb. 1,
PLATE XXIX.
Herpetocypris chevreuxii.
Figs. 1, 2. Shell seen laterally and dorsally, 20.
3. Posterior antenna, X 84.
4, 5 maxilla, x 84.
5. Tooth of anterior maxilla, x 300.
6. End of foot of second pair, x 240.
7. Caudal ramus, X 120.
7a. Marginal spines of same, 240.
LIlyodromus olivaceus.
Fig. 8. Posterior antenna, X 120.
9. Foot of first pair, x 84.
10. » second pair, end, X 210.
11. Caudal ramus, « 84.
Ilyodromus robertsoni.
Fig. 12. Posterior maxilla, x 200.
PLatTE XXX.
Fig. 1. Shell of Candona angulata with encysted trematodes.
2-4. Cysts of the above in various stages of development.
5. Neorhynchus (? claviceps Zad.).
P. Proboscis. LZ. Lemnisci. S.C.Z. Subcuticular layer. R. Retractor of pro-
boscis. G.N. Giant nucleus. 7. Testis. V.D. Vas deterens. G. Glands.
G.P. Genital pore.
5. A Contribution to the Anatomy of Hippopotamus am-
phibius. By Frank H. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8.,
Prosector to the Society.
[Received January 18, 1910. ]
(Text-figures 22-25.)
Our knowledge of the anatomy of this animal so far as the
viscera, are concerned is due principally to the great work of
Gratiolet *, and to shorter and more recent memoirs by Crisp Tf,
Clark ~, Garrod§, Flower ||, Alix, Chapman **, Weber 77,
Peters i}, as well as to Dr. Macalister’s $$ memoir upon the
Liberian Hippopotamus.
* Recherches sur Anatomie de ’Hippopotame. Ed. by Alix. Paris, 1867.
+ “On some Points connected with the Anatomy of the Hippopotamus,” 12) ys)
1867, p. 601.
t ‘Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Hippopotamus,” P. Z. S. 1872, p. 185.
§ “On the Brain and other parts of the Hippopotamus,” Trans. Zool. Boe. Xl.
p. 11.
|| “‘ Lectures on the Digestive Organs of Mammals,” Med. Times & Gazette, 1872.
{| “Sur la Glande-lacrymale de l’Hippopotame,” Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7) iii.
1879, p. 146. “Sur le Plexus cervicale,” ib. p. 167. “Sur le Glande Sympathique
de V Hippopotame,” ib. p. 168. “Sur Ja Glande lacrymale del’Hippopotame,” Bull.
Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. 1879, p. 117.
*“* “ Observations upon the Hippopotamus,” P. Acad. Philad. 1881, p. 126.
+} Studien tiber Saugethiere : i. Beitrage zur Anatomie von Hippopotamus amphi-
bius. Jena, 1886.
28 lim Reise nach Mossambique,’ Satigethiere, 1852, p. 180. :
« “The Anatomy of Cheropus liberiensis,” P, Roy. ae Acad. (2) i. 1874, p. 496.
1910. | ANATOMY OF HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIEIUS. 221
These numerous memoirs between them deal with all the
organs of the body. ‘The recent dissection of a male specimen
which died in the Society’s Gardens has enabled me to verify
a number of the recorded facts, and also to add some few details
to ow: knowledge of the anatomy of the Hippopotamus. In
particular, I believe that I am able to compare more satisfactorily
than has yet been done the intestinal tract of this animal with
that of its allies.
When the animal is cut open the stomach is seen to occupy the
greater part of the abdominal cavity; it completely hides the
liver, which is behind it. A transversely running section of
the colon is nearly all that is visible of that gut, and it lies
between sections of the small intestine. The only part of the gut
upon which I made observations worth recording as a contribu-
tion to our knowledge of the anatomy of this animal, was the
colon. Of this section of the gut Gratiolet * wrote: ‘“ Le célon
ascendant décrit une ligne sineueuse dans laquelle en peut
compter six anses successives. 1] y a ensuite un célon transverse,
une 5 iliaque médiocrement courbée, placée trés-prés de la ligne
médiane, et enfin un rectum trés-musculeux.” This description
is not in the present state of our knowledge of the mammalian
gut enough to indicate the relationships with other Artiodactyles.
Dr. Crisp figures the entire alimentary canal of this Pachyderm,
but gives so generalised a figure that no details can be ascertained
beyond the well-known absence of cecum, and the proportions,
roughly speaking, between the long small and the short large
intestine. :
The figure of Gratiolet is better, and represents some of the
essential features of this gut in the Hippopotamus as I would
interpret them. ‘The six successive loops of the colon are given
in his illustration, and then the sharp bend backwards to form
the straight running descending colon and rectum. According
to Flower, ‘‘ The colon is comparatively short, about one-tenth of
the whole intestine, and instead of the spiral convolution found
in most Artiodactyles, its first or ascending part is thrown into
about six transverse folds, and then it pursues the usual course
of the transverse and descending colon.” This description agrees
entirely with the figure of Gratiolet. There are, as I believe, no
further notes upon the alimentary canal of the Hippopotamus
tending to explain its relations to and differences from the
alimentary canal of other Artiodactyles, save a brief reference by
Dr. Mitchell in his comparative survey of the Mammalian gut 7.
The colon of the example of /:ppopotamus which I have myself
examined appeared to be like that of other examples; but my
own observations enable me to add some details which serve to
fix more plainly, as I think, the correspondence between the colon
of this animal and that of others among its allies. It is to be
noted, in the first place, that the colon has, to begin with, a
* Loe. cit. p. 395.
+ Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xvii.
222 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [ Feb. 1,
descending direction. Its origin from the small intestine—
though, as is well known, there is no cecum—is quite marked,
and cannot be missed. ‘This descending origin is decidedly on
the left side of the body, the origin of the duodenum on the
right side really occupying the position so often seen in mammals
to be occupied by the cecum. ‘The first part of the colon is quite
loosely arranged, and although six tolerably regular folds are
figured by Gratiolet, it must not be inferred from the stress
laid upon these folds by him and by Flower, that they are
definite entities. On the contrary, the colon is in this region
entirely lax and can be passed through the fingers in a perfectly
straight line without in the least damaging the mesocolon by
which it is suspended. ‘There is, in fact, no really definite
series of colic loops. ‘The colon happens to lie in this way or
that to meet the conditions of space; but it is as free from any
anse coli as is that of the Primates or the Marsupialia, &c.
We have to note therefore, in the first place, that Hippo-
potamus in the arrangement of the gut is more primitive than
is any other Artiodactyle, or indeed than any other Ungulate,
excepting perhaps the Elephant. In surveying the various Orders
of Mammals with reference to the coiling of the gut *, I was
unable to find any Artiodactyle which had not a very specialised
gut. Even Tragulus, which lies near to the base of the series,
so far as living Artiodactyles are concerned, showed all the typical
artiodactyle features in the arrangement of its colon and in
the permanent loops thereof. The animal therefore furnishes
additional. evidence in favour of the contention that the gut
undergoes an evolution in separate groups, the stages being in all
cases the same in general outline. A knowledge of the intestinal
tract of the Hippopotamus thus fills a very considerable hiatus
in what is known concerning the group of Artiodactyles.
It is, however, important to notice that while the gut of the
Hippopotamus represents Stage II. among the Artiodactylest,
a stage which has been hitherto missing in that group, there is
not a precise correspondence between the gut and that of, for
example, a Kangaroo which represents the same stage. The
intestinal tract of Hippopotamus is distinctively Artiodactyle, or
at least Ungulate, in various features to which I now shall
direct attention. In the first place, the position of the vanished
cecum is on the left side of the body, and the colon therefore
commences by passing ina downward direction. This is precisely
what we find in other Ungulates, for example in Hyraxt. The
second feature of importance in which the gut showsan Ungulate,
and this time a distinctively Artiodactyle, character, is in the
* “On the Anatomy of Antechinomys, &c.,” P. Z. S. 1908, p. 561.
+ Tam not absolutely certain whether the gut of Hippopotamus may not really
belong to Stage I. Gratiolet speaks of a continuous mesentery for both small and
large intestine. Unfortunately my own notes are defective as to this point.
+ See Beddard, “On the Anatomy of Antechinomys, &c.,” P. ZS, 1908, p. 582,
fig. 415.
1910. ] ANATOMY OF HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS, 223;
sharp turn of the ascending to form the descending colon. This
is particularly well seen in, for instance, Zragulus. But it occurs
in other Artiodactyles also.
The enormous stomach of the Hippopotamus has been described
by so many writers, indeed by all those quoted above as well as
by some earlier contributors to our knowledge of this ‘ Pachy-
derm,” such as Daubenton, The various chambers of the stomach
seem to be now well understood, and in consequence I have not
troubled myself to revise the existing knowledge upon this
subject. But one matter which I noted in connection with
that organ has not been dwelt upon by previous writers. If it
has been noted at all, it has escaped my attention. I found
in the case of the young animal which I examined, that along a
line parallel with the elongated spleen and about coextensive
with that organ, the stomach was attached to the ventral parietes
by a strong white band of connective tissue. The direction of
this was rather obliquely longitudinal, being somewhat between
the transverse and the longitudinal planes of the body. On the
opposite side of the body the stomach was attached to the dorsal
parietes by an equally strong ligament. This latter may, of
course, be regarded as the mesogaster. But the homologies of
the ventral ligament are not so clear.
I showed the structure to my colleague Dr. Plimmer, who was
of opinion that the ligamentous band was not a pathological
structure, and indeed it hardly gave the impression of being of
that nature. It may perhaps be regarded as representing a
portion of the ventral mesentery, of which in other mammals the
falciform ligament is the only representative. In the case of the
Hippopotamus, however, the direction of this ligament was not
quite such as to lead to a confident assertion of this view of its
homology. The attachment of the stomach to the ventral
parietes is, I believe, a new structural feature for a mammal.
It obviously reveals the conditions which obtain in the Crocodilia
(and in Birds). The fixation of so huge an organ as is the
stomach of this great beast when distended with food would seem
to be a most useful fact in its economy, and it is possibly to be
looked upon in this light. For one can hardly make the com-
parison suggested with the aquatic Crocodilia save as due to a like
need.
The heart in the example which I have studied does not show
any marked bifidity of its apex such as has been described in this
animal. Indeed nothing of the kind was obvious to me. As
Gratiolet has observed, there are no corpora Arantii in the valves
of the pulmonary artery. These nodules are also absent from
the same valves in the Peccary. The accompanying drawing
(vext-fig. 22, p. 224) illustrates the interior of the aorta and
pulmonary artery, and shows the erescentic depression in each
which represents the former orifice of the ductus Botalli. It will
be noted that, in accordance with the direction of the tube (which
is a solid band in the adult and indicated in the figures already
224 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE [ Feb. 1,
referred to), the rudimentary orifice is thickened along one side ;
b is the aortic orifice, a that in the pulmonary artery.
Text-fig. 22.
The aorta and pulmonary artery of Hippopotamus opened up to show the
vestigial orifices (a & 6) of the ductus Botalli.
The right ventricle fully opened is shown in text-fig. 23. It
will be observed from the very accurate figure that the free wall
of that ventricle is not sculptured into columne carnose, but
merely presents an honeycombed appearance. It is in fact only
unevenly pitted with variously sized excavations which acquire,
near to the attached wall of the ventricle, some approach to the
more usual arrangement of trabecule. The auriculo-ventricular
valve itself was markedly tricuspid, and it 1s shown in the text-
figure not in its normal position. For the cutting and reflection
of the free wall of the ventricle has carried with it the muscles
attached to the middle flap of the valve, the infundibular cusp of
human anatomy. On the extreme left the valve is attached to
the septal wall of the ventricle in a way which is not universal
among Mammals. There is, in fact, a thick and well-marked
papillary muscle in this situation which is shown in the figure, as
are the other papillary muscles, as striated longitudinally, to
distinguish them more definitely from the walls of the ventricle.
This septal papillary muscle is quite short and very stout.
The anterior papillary muscle is rather complex. Its actual
origin from the ventricular wall is marked by the letter ‘“ A ”
towards the right of the drawing (text-fig. 23), and a portion of
it also arises from the neighbouring cut edge marked “ B.” The
actual course of the papillary muscle and its subdivisions is
€
19102]. ANATOMY OF HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS. 225
shown on the left of the drawing with the same letters attached
to the corresponding parts. It will be noticed that this, the
anterior or great papillary muscle, arises very near to the junction
between the free and the septal wall of the ventricle. The septal
half of the auriculo-ventricular valve arises from or is connected
with two perfectly distinct papillary muscles, of which the left-
Interior of right ventricle of Hippopotamus.
AA, BB. Attachments of great papillary muscle.
hand one (that to the right in the figure) is the larger. From the
cut edge “A” to the left of the figure a muscle passing upwards
is seen. This I regard as the moderator band. An interesting
feature of this heart consists in the presence of chord ten-
dines, which run parallel with the margin of the auriculo-
Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1910, No. XV. 15
226 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [Feb. 1,
ventricular valve and connect the successive papillary muscles.
The arrangement of these is such as to suggest a former great
extension of the membranous valve towards the apex of the
ventricles.
It seems to me from the account given by Gratiolet * of this
valve, that in the specimen which he dissected the papillary
muscles of the septal half of the valve were not much developed.
Otherwise there is no great difference between his account and
that given above, save that I have entered into the matter some-
what more in detail.
Dr. Crisp, in his account of the Hippopotamus, remarks of the
right auriculo-ventricular valve that the ‘‘ tendons of the Tricuspid
valve, seventeen in number, spring from three columns (so-called),
one prominent and nipple-like, the others but little raised above
the surface.” I fancy from this account that the specimen
examined by that anatomist was not unlike the one described by
myself in the present communication. My figure shows a number
of chorde tendinee which is not very far from the number
asserted by Dr. Crisp, while his description of the musculi papil-
lares, although not absolutely agreeing with the arrangement of
those muscles as I saw it, emphasizes, as I think, the stout
elevated muscle to the extreme right of the ventricular cavity in
the figure.
The accompanying figure (text-fig. 24) represents the interior
of the right auricle of the Hippopotamus, which has never been
figured so far as I am aware, though many of the features
there visible are referred to by previous writers. The auricular
appendix, shown to the right of the drawing, is not completely
opened up. aS
KS = i = Pere - Ph.
=e)
O 9Q0 a =a
SQ
Vere | es ----}}- 5h.
Paramphistomum pisum. Median longitudinal section.
The shell-gland mass is situated lateral to, and a little behind,
the ovary. It hes in contact with the dome of the ventral sucker
and the under surface of the posterior half of the excretory
vesicle.
The uterus is a widely dilated tube almost 1 mm. in diameter,
filled with eggs measuring 0°15 x 0:07 mm.
Laurer’s canal follows an almost straight course from the
shell-glands to the dorsal surface, crossing the excretory vesicle at
about its middle and opening about 1-4 mm. behind the excretory
pore.
The excretory vesicle discharges by an excretory pore situated
about 1-4 mm. in front of Laurer’s canal, and from this opening
its fissure-like cavity (0°15 mm. wide) stretches backw ards towards
the dome of the ventral sucker for a distance of 1:5 mm.
200 ON ENTOZOA OF THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. [ Feb. 1,
11. PARAMPHIStOMUM COoTYLOPHORUM Fischoeder.
A phial sent by Dr. Sells and labelled “from the Hippo-
potamus” contained a number of specimens of this species. As
P. cotylophorum is by far the commonest parasite of cattle,
buffaloes and antelopes in Uganda, it is by no means impossible
that infection of the Hippopotamus may occur. On the other
hand, there may have been a mistake in the labelling, for another
phial of similar forms ‘“ from a Buffalo” was received at the same
time.
12, PARAMPHISTOMUM WAGANDI, sp. n. (Text-fig. 35.)
A few specimens of this species occur in Dr. Sells’ collection.
‘They are small and whitish and fairly closely resembling grains of
boiled rice. The specimens have a length, in section, of 3°5 mm.
and a dorso-ventral diameter of 1:2 mm., and are very like
P. sellsi in outward appearance. The genital pore is, however,
very minute, and a genital sucker is absent.
Text-fig. 35
P.p.-
Ves.sem.-
Paramphistomum wagandi. Median longitudinal section.
The pharynx is poorly developed when compared with other
forms. It is elongated in shape, measuring 0°3 mm. in length,
0-14 mm. in greatest diameter, and has a musculature of 0°07 mm.
The esophagus measures 0°33 mm. in length and bifurcates at
the level of the genital pore.
The ventral sucker lies subterminally and has a transverse
measurement of 0°5 mm. The musculature of its dome is 0°2 mm.
thick. The dorso-ventral diameter of its cavity is 0°37 mm.
The excretory vesicle lies dorsal to and slightly in front of the
1910.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 251
ventral sucker. It is pyriform in shape and discharges posteriorly
by a short thick-walled canal 0°16 mm. long in the mid-dorsal
line, 0°6 mm. in front of the lip of the ventral sucker, and 0°9 mm.
behind Laurer’s canal.
The genitalia discharge by a small common pore at the level of
the bifurcation of the gut. The arrangements of the various
structures in this region are well shown in text-fig. 35.
The testes are two large round or ovoid bodies 0°45 mm. by
0-6 mm. in diameter, lying one in front of the other, the posterior
resting upon the ovary and shell-gland.
The ovary is elongated dorso-ventrally, being wedged in between
the posterior testis and the fundus of the excretory vesicle. It
measures about 0°25 mm. by 0-09 mm.
The shell-glands form a well-defined mass lying slightly to one
side of the ovary. From them Laurer’s canal can be traced
forwards and to the dorsal surface to discharge there at about
the level of the centre of the posterior testis and in the middle
line 0-9 mm. in front of the excretory pore.
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT-FIGURES.
Fp. Exeretory pore. Ph, Pharynx.
Ex. Excretory vesicle. | P.m. Pars musculosa.
G. Gut, main branch. P.p. Pars prostatica.
G.b. Gut bifurcation. Sh.gl. Shell-gland.
G.c. Genital cup. T. Testis.
G.p. Genital pore. T.a. Anterior testis.
.c. Laurer’s canal. ' L.p. Posterior testis.
Mt. Metraterm. | Ut. Uterus.
Ces. sophagus. V.p. Ventral pouch.
O.p. Orifice of ventral pouch. V.sk. Ventral sucker.
Ov. Ovary. | Ves.sem. Vesicula seminalis,
February 15, 1910.
Dr. 8. F. Harmer, M.A., F:R.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions made to
the Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1910 :—-
The number of registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie
during the month of January last was 117. Of these 72 were
acquired by presentation, 7 by purchase, 2 were received on
deposit, 31 in exchange, and 5 were born in the Gardens.
The number of departures during the same period, by deaths
and by removals, was 199.
Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :—
One English Wild Bull (0s taurus var.), borin in the
Menagerie on Jan. 14th.
One Eland (Taurotragus oryx) 2, born in the Menagerie on
Jan. 20th,
252 KINEMATOGRAPH EXHIBITION IN NATURAL coLours. | Feb. 15,
One Congo Marsh-Buck (Limneotragus gratus), born in the
Menagerie on Jan. 14th.
One Sambur Deer (Cervus aristotelis), born in the Menagerie
on Jan. 25th.
Four Persian Gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) 1 3, 3 9, from
Meshed, presented by Capt. J. W. Watson, I.M.S., and Major
R. L. Kennion, LS.C., F.Z.8., on Jan. 8th.
One Wood-Brocket (Mazama nemorivagus), from Brazil, pre-
sented by Frederick Burgoyne, Esq., F.Z.S., on Jan. 31st.
One Mallee Bird (Leipoa ocellata), from Australia, deposited on
Jan. 24th.
Mr. James F. Ochs, F.Z.S., exhibited twelve heads of Wapiti,
Cervus canadensis typicus, obtained by Mr. A. Williamson in
1879 on the Piney Range, Rocky Mountains, and the head of a
Bison, Bos bison, which had formed part of a collection of hunting
trophies that had been presented to the Royal Automobile Club
by Mix. Williamson.
The following are the measurements in inches of the horns of
the five largest Wapiti heads :—
Boints meas: cheats oe 13 16 14 125 ysalp. geeks
ILGVERN os oovcnccrencssce|| Se), SDE 56, 59 54, 555 54,545 | 52,53
SPAN saaeee teen eee 50 45 45 42 51
Girth round burr ...... 1g = 155 12 123 125
Girth above burr ...... 104 125 104 11+ 10; =|
Mr. Charles Urban, F.Z.S., Managing Director of the Natural
Colour Kinematograph Co., Ltd., gave a display of motion pictures
of animals which had been exhibited hitherto in this country
only before T.M. the King and Queen at Knowsley, the Society
of Axrts, and the Palace Theatre, London. The pictures had been
taken, with one or two exceptions, at the Society’s Gardens in’
Regent’s Park, and at the National Zoological Park, Washington,
U.S.A. Mr. John Mackenzie, the expert who had photographed
the animals, introduced and explained the series and the processes
which had been employed in obtaining them.
The coloured pictures obtained by the Urban-Smith system of
Kinemacolor were particularly successful in reproducing faithfully
various shades of yellow, grey, and brown, the films exhibiting
the Giraffes feeding and the Elephants bathing being strikingly
good, whilst some of the brightly coloured birds were extremely
interesting. A series of uncoloured films gave faithful and
pleasing representations, of various animals in movement, some
of them displaying the effect on the animals of gramophone
music.
—E
PiZ:S., 1910, Pi, XOX
4
André & Sleigh, Ltd.
AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS.
ay
wt
DZ 5Soq UGIIO, 1s XOXGIL.
André & Sleigh, Ltd.
AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS.
1910. ] ON THE FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 253
The following papers were read :—
1. Additions to our Knowledge of the Fossorial Wasps of
Australia. By Rowxianp E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.H.S.
[Received February 16, 1999. |
(Plates XX XI. & XXXIT.*)
The material for the following descriptions is nearly all in the
British Museum collection, most of the Thynnide having been
received from Mr. H. M. Giles, and the Ceropalide from the
collection of the late Gilbert Turner. We may now assume that
our material, though very incomplete, is fairly representative of
the Fossorial Hymenoptera of Australia. It is most striking
that of the species described up to the present time nearly one-
half belong to the family Thynnide, which is almost entirely
without representatives in any other part of the world excepting
South America.
The wingless condition of the females must operate against a
wide distribution, but I think it quite possible that the family as
it exists to-day is derived from less specialised and much more
widely distributed ancestors of a form more nearly resembling the
modern Scoliide. The mouth-parts of the females in most
Australian species are aimost rudimentary, while in South-
American species they are usuaily developed, so that the degree
of specialisation in the two countries differs considerably. I am
inclined to believe that the ancestors of the group have been
exterminated in the northern continents and Africa by the keener
competition existing on large continental areas, and that their
descendants have survived on the smaller and more isolated land-
areas of the south. In South America the species are very few
in the tropical lowlands, but increase in number in the temperate
and mountainous regions. In Australia they are most numerous
in the south-west and decrease in number as they come into
contact with a fauna of a more Oriental character in Queensland.
Ido not therefore look on the occurrence of the group in such
distant localities as any proof of a land connection in the past,
but rather regard the South American and Australian species as
isolated survivors. The Mautillide of Australia mostly seem
generically distinct from those of other countries, and the Scoliid
genus Anthobosca is elsewhere only represented by a few species
in South America, South Africa, and Madagascar, but has been
found fossil in Colorado. The Ceropalide do not show any
remarkable peculiarities, being nearly all representatives of wide-
ranging genera. It is unfortunate that the old name for this
family, Pompilide, has to be superseded.
* For explanation of the Plates see p. 356.
254 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
Fam. MUTILLID-.
EPHUTOMORPHA CONDONENSIS, Sp. N.
@. Head much narrower than the thorax, longer than broad,
not much produced behind the eyes, rounded at the posterior
angles, rather coarsely reticulate. Eyes situated near the middle
of the lateral margin of the head, strongly convex and shining.
The second joint of the flagellum nearly twice as long as the third.
Thorax very coarsely reticulate; the anterior margin straight and
produced into tubercles at the angles, more than half as wide
again as the posterior margin, which is also produced into tubercles
at the angles and obliquely truncate posteriorly ; a large lateral
tubercle on each side close to the middle of the thorax, behind
which the thorax is sharply narrowed, a small rounded tubercle
on each side rather nearer to the posterior angle than to the large
lateral tubercle. First abdominal segment short, with a short
petiole, punctured ; second segment very coarsely reticulate, much
broader than the first or third segments, convex, feebly depressed
and much more finely reticulate on the middle; pygidial area
shghtly convex, very finely longitudinally striated. Ventral
segments rather sparsely punctured. Intermediate and posterior
tibiee with a row of four spines on the outer margin.
Fusco-ferruginous ; the head almost black; the vertex covered
with long whitish pubescence; a spot at the apex of the first
dorsal abdominal, one in the middle of the second segment, and
a very small one on each of the following segments covered with
whitish pubescence ; the apical margins of the ventral segments
fringed with pale fulvous pubescence.
Length 12 mm.
3. Head punctured, a longitudinal carina on the front reaching
the anterior ocellus, much narrower than the thorax, strongly
rounded behind the eyes. Mandibles with a tooth on the inner
margin before the apex; scape finely punctured and pubescent ;
all the joints of the flagellum except the first longer than broad,
the third about half as long again as the second. Eyes strongly
convex ; posterior ocelli quite as far from each other as from the
eyes. Thorax deeply punctured, the mesonotum reticulate in the
middle ; anterior margin of the pronotum almost straight, the
angles slightly produced anteriorly ; scutellum strongly convex
and subtuberculate; median segment very coarsely reticulate,
more than twice as broad as long, the posterior angles tuberculate,
very steeply sloped posteriorly. First abdominal segment small
with a short petiole; the second very large, coarsely punctured,
the punctures more or less confluent longitudinally, somewhat
flattened in the middle, with a low longitudinal median carina
which does not reach the base or apex, the remaining segments
very much narrower and finely punctured. Second ventral
segment swollen and subtuberculate at the base. Three cubital
cells and two recurrent nervures, the first received just before
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 255
the middle of the second cubital cell, the second at two-thirds
from the base of the third cubital cell; radial cell truncate.
Fusco-ferruginous ; head black, covered with grey pubescence ;
abdomen paler than the thorax, a tuft of white pubescence at the
apical angles of the second and third segments, the dorsal segments
with sparse black pubescence, white on the apical segment. Legs
black. Wings hyaline on the basal third, the remainder fuscous ;
nervures black.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Condon, North-West Australia (1. W/. Giles). February.
3 Q incop. —
Nearly allied to rugicollis Westw., which the female strongly
resembles in shape and sculpture; but the second segment is
somewhat broader in proportion. ‘The male is easily distinguished
from rugicollis § by the tubercles at the apical angles of the
median segment and the broader second abdominal segment. The
colour is also very different in both sexes. The two species both
occur in the Condon district.
EPHUTOMORPHA COCYTIA, Sp. n.
2. Black, clothed with long black hairs, the hairs at the apex
of the second and third ventral segments greyish ; the four apical
ventral segments testaceous brown at the base. Manduibles
smooth and shining, almost straight, with a small blunt tooth on
the inner margin. Head narrower than the thorax, rounded at the
posterior angles, strongly narrowed and produced anteriorly, finely
punctured rugose with a few longitudinal strize on the front.
Scape punctured, clothed with long black pubescence ; flagellum
opaque, the two basal joints shining. Thorax very coarsely rugose,
transverse on the anterior margin, about twice as long as the
width on the anterior margin, slightly widening to before the
middle, then gradually narrowing to the posterior margin, which
is not more than two-thirds as wide as the anterior. Pleure
shining and almost smooth. Second dorsal segment coarsely
rugose ; segments 3-5 punctured, the apical segment without
hairs, finely longitudinally striated ; second segment shallowly but
rather broadly depressed in the middle. First ventral segment
strongly carinated longitudinally ; the second rugose in the
middle, punctured at the base and apex, depressed on each side
at the base, leaving a low carina in the middle between the
depressed spaces, the apical margin very broadly depressed.
Length 14 mm.
Hab. Condon, N.W. A. (#. MW. Giles), 3.2. Cossack, W. A.
(Walker), 1 @.
In specimens which have lost some of the pubescence on the head,
and the sculpture shows more plainly, there can be seen a carina
on each side starting from the antennal tubercle and arching
toward the eye, and a short transverse carina at the base of the
clypeus. ‘The second joint of the flagellum is nearly half as long
256 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
again as the third. The eyes are large and prominent, situated
nearer to the occiput than to the base of the mandibles.
EPHUTOMORPHA GILESI, sp.n. (Plate XXXII. figs. 1 ¢,2 9.)
@. Mandibles slightly bent at the base, straight and pointed
at the apex, with a strong tubercle on the outer margin near the base,
the inner margin apparently without teeth. Head much narrower
than the thorax, rounded at the posterior angles, deflexed and
narrowed anteriorly, finely and shallowly punctured, a curved
carina on each side running from the antennal tubercle nearly
to the eye; the head below the carina strongly depressed. Scape
punctured and clothed with long greyish-white pubescence ; the
second joint of the flagellum nearly half as long again as the third.
Eyes large, strongly convex, situated much nearer to the occiput
than to the base of the mandibles. Thorax very coarsely reti-
culated, pro- and mesopleure coarsely punctured; the thorax
pyriform, straight on the anterior margin, narrowed and steeply
sloped posteriorly, strongly convex. First abdominal segment
short, shining, sparsely and finely punctured, much narrower
than the second, which is strongly raised at the base above the
first, shining and sparsely but very coarsely and deeply punctured,
with a very large, cordiform, shallow depression in the middle,
more finely punctured ; the third, fourth, and fifth segments finely
and closely punctured ; the apical segment without hairs, longi-
tudinally striated. First ventral segment with a strong carina ;
second segment subtuberculate at the base in the middle and
slightly depressed on each side, very coarsely but rather sparsely
punctured, the apical margin strongly and broadly depressed ;
the remaining segments delicately reticulate at the base, closely
and finely punctured at the apex.
Black, clothed with greyish pubescence, longest and closest on
the head and sides of the thorax and abdomen and everywhere
interspersed with long, erect, black hairs; a patch of silver-white
pubescence at the apex of the five basal abdominal segments, that
on the first the largest and with the hairs directed forward ;
the depression on the second dorsal segment clothed with grey
pubescence.
Length 14-18 mm.
3. Mandibles a little curved, with a feeble tooth on the inner
margin, pointed at the apex. Head small, much narrower than
the thorax, closely and finely punctured and covered with greyish
pubescence ; strongly rounded behind the eyes, without distinct
posterior angles. Eyes large and convex, situated not very far
from the base of the mandibles ; the ocelli small, the two posterior
ocelli much nearer to each other than to the eyes. Scape punctured
above and clothed with long pubescence, shining beneath and
deeply hollowed ; the second joint of the flagellum much shorter
than the third. Thorax closely and finely punctured, the pro-
notum slightly narrowed anteriorly and rounded at the angles,
clothed with long and very pale fulvous pubescence, the pubescence
bo
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, DT
on the mesonotum and _ scutellum shorter and black; the
scutellum subtriangular ; the tegule smooth, with a few punctures
near the apex. Median segment very coarsely reticulated, very
steeply sloped posteriorly. Abdomen finely and closely punctured,
with long black pubescence on the side; the first segment short,
much narrower than the second, moderately constricted at the
apex ; the apical segment smooth and shining, with a low median
carina, rather broadly truncated at the apex. Radial cell broadly
truncated at the apex; three cubital cells, the first recurrent
nervure received beyond the middle of the second cubital cell, the
second less distinct and interstitial with the third transverse
cubital nervure. Second ventral segment tuberculate at the base
beneath.
Black ; a small pointed patch of white pubescence at the apex
of each dorsal segment, except the first and seventh. Wings dark
fuscous, nervures black.
Length 17 mm.
Hab. Carlindia, North-West Australia, $ 2 in cop.; Strelley
River, N.W. A., 2 Q (H. M. Giles).
The female may be readily distinguished from other species of
the genus by the large depression on the second dorsal segment.
The shape approaches very nearly to the last species (cocytia).
EPHUTOMORPHA PERELEGANS, sp.n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 3, 2.)
9 . ‘Head closely and not very finely punctured, nearly as broad
as the thorax, broadly rounded behind the eyes, without posterior
angles, a little narrowed anteriorly ; an oblique carina on each side
reaching from the antennal tubercle to the eye. Antenne as
long as the thorax, the third joint of the flagellum as long as the
second. yes large and moderately convex, situated nearer to
the posterior margin of the head than to the base of the mandibles.
Thorax very coarsely punctured, the punctures confluent longi-
tudinally on the posterior half, not more than one-quarter as long
again as the greatest breadth, narrowed gradually from the
middle and nearly half as broad again on the anterior as on the
posterior margin, the anterior margin slightly arched, obliquely
sloped posteriorly. Pleurz almost smooth. Abdomen ovate, the
basal segment short and not very narrow ; finely and closely punc-
tured; the pygidial area finely longitudinally striated and rather
narrowly rounded at the apex.
Ferruginous red, with sparse erect pubescence, black on the
abdomen, dark brown on the head and thorax; the abdomen,
except the basal segment, and the nine apical joints of the
flagellum black. A broad longitudinal band of whitish pubescence
on the middle of the dorsal surface of the abdomen from the base
of the second segment to the apex of the fifth ; the pubescence
on the sides and ventral surface of the abdomen sparse and
whitish.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. Townsville, Q. (F. P. Dodd).
Proc. Zoou. S6c.—1910, No. XVII. 17
258 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
Somewhat allied to 1. aurigera Bingh., from the same locality,
but the thorax is much shorter and broader and also more coarsely
sculptured in the present species. It is remarkable that many
species were collected by Mr. Dodd at Townsville which are not
represented in the extensive collections of the Mutillide formed
by Mr. Gilbert Turner at Mackay and Cairns. The range of
many species, at all events from north to south, must be extremely
limited. .
EPHUTOMORPHA LABECULATA, Sp. N.
2. Head closely and rather coarsely punctured, a little broader
than the thorax, short and narrowed behind the eyes, without
distinct angles, narrowed anteriorly ; the carine from the antennal
tubercles ill-defined and not reaching the eyes. Second joint of
the flagellum distinctly longer than the third. Eyes large and
very strongly convex, nearer to the occiput than to the base of
the mandibles. Thorax finely and very closely punctured-rugose,
broadest in the middle, a little longer than the greatest breadth,
the anterior margin straight, about one-quarter broader than the
posterior margin, the angles not prominent; the posterior trun-
cation almost vertical, the lateral margins feebly serrate. Abdomen
ovate, very finely and closely punctured, the pygidium very finely
longitudinally striated.
Black, with sparse, erect, grey pubescence; the apex of the
first dorsal segment of the abdomen testaceous; the head and
apex of thorax sparsely covered with recumbent silvery pubescence,
an oval spot of silver pubescence on each side of the second dorsal
segment, a transverse band at the apex of the same segment, and
a broad longitudinal band on the middle of the third, fourth, and
fifth segments also of silver pubescence.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. Townsville, Q. (7. P. Dodd), June.
EPHUTOMORPHA ANCHORITES, Sp. n.
@. Head subrectangular, slightly rounded at the posterior
angles, broader than long, as broad as the thorax, evenly but not
very closely punctured ; a carina on each side from the antennal
tubercle not reaching the eye. Second joint of the flagellum
distinctly longer than the third; the flagellum rather stout in the
middle, the joints longer than broad. Eyes convex, not very
large, situated a little nearer to the base of the mandibles than to
the occiput. Thorax longer by one-third than the breadth on the
anterior margin, the sides nearly parallel, slightly narrowed
behind the middle, almost vertically truncate posteriorly, the
anterior margin straight, coarsely reticulate ; the pleure almost
smooth. Abdomen subovate, the second segment evenly but not
very closely punctured, the remaining segments much more finely
punctured ; the basal segment very short, depressed below the
6
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 259
base of the second segment. Apical dorsal segment deflexed,
elongate triangular, and finely longitudinally striated.
Entirely ferruginous brown, with sparse grey pubescence ; the
mandibles and pygidial area darker ; a very small patch of silver
pubescence in the middle of the apical margin of the first and
second dorsal segments.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (7. J. Hillier).
Well distinguished from most species of the genus by the broad
head and thorax; in most of the species of the genus in which
the head is broad and rectangular, the thorax is very much
narrower than the head.
Fam. THYNNID 4A.
The material in this family dealt with here is mainly derived
from the splendid collection sent by Mr. H. M. Giles from South-
Western Australia to the British Museum. Some other species
described are from the collection of the Berlin Museum and from
collections sent to me by Messrs. G. A. Waterhouse and R. Illidge.
Mr. Giles has also furnished valuable information as to the habits
of the species. He says that, in spite of the minute mouth-parts,
the females do take food, though exclusively liquid. This, he has
observed in many species, is disgorged by the males and placed in
the mouth of the female, which is carried by the male for some
hours. The larger females also help themselves. In a female
examined for me by Mr. W. Wesché there was no trace of pollen,
though the specimen had been taken on Leptospermum-blossom by
Mr. Illidge ; whereas in the South-American female Spilothynnus
bituberculatus Turn. a good deal of pollen was to be found, showing
that the more normal mouth of the South-American females
is associated with a difference in feeding-habits. In several
cases Mr. Giles captured specimens cross-paired, males of the same
species being taken carrying widely different females. There can
here be no question as to any mistake in the observation, Mr. Giles
being a most careful observer. Professor Dahl observed in New
Britain that the female of Thynnus serriger Sharp is to be found
on leaves with the mandibles wide open, probably for the purpose
of seizing the male. I am inclined to think that the male may be
used in this way as a means of transport, and that the strongly
developed claspers may be used in carrying the female without
coupling actually taking place in cases where the two are of
different species. On the other hand, occasional cross-pairing
among the more nearly allied species is not. wholly improbable.
Mr. Giles has also observed a male of one species going into a
Bembex-burrow and returning coupled withafemale. On digging
up more Bembex-burrows he succeeded in finding another female
of the same species, thus showing that my suggestion that some
of the smaller species are parasitic on Bembex is almost certainly
correct.
Aah . 17*
260 MR. R. E, TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
RHAGIGASTER UNICOLOR Guér. st. LYELLI, nom. n.
Rhagigaster unicolor Guér. st. mandibularis Turn. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W. xxxii. p. 217 (1907) (nee &. mandibularis Westw. ).
g. The second cubital cell is only about three-fifths of the
length of the third on the radial nervure, whereas in typical
unicolor it is fully four-fifths of the length.
Tt is possible that this may prove to be a sufficiently distinct
species, but I have not seen the two forms from the same
locality.
A pair taken in copula by Mr. G. Lyell at Gisborne, Victoria,
in February.
RHAGIGASTER FUSCIPENNIS Sin.
Rhagigaster fuscipennis Sm. Descr. n. sp. Hym. p. 175 (1879), 3
(nec Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxil. p. 218, 1907).
Rhagigaster gracilior Turn. Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S.W. xxxil.
joe BAD (MOMs Ls
My identification of Smith’s species was mistaken ; it 1s
therefore necessary to give a name to the species described by me
as fuscipennis Sm. :—
RHAGIGASTER NIGRITULUS, nom. Ni.
Rhagigaster fuscipennis Turn. Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxil.
p- 218 (1907), ¢ 2 (nee Smith).
RHAGIGASTER ANALIS Westw.
Rhagigaster analis Westw. Arc. Ent. 11. p. 106 (1844), 2.
Rhagigaster tristis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vil. p. 63. n. 13
(1859), ¢.
Rhagigaster nitidus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vu. p. 63. n. 16
(1859), @.
Several pairs taken in cop. by Mr. H. M. Giles in the neigh-
bourhood of Perth. The female is a true Rhagigaster, having
the lateral grooves on the head; but the male is without the
frontal carina between the eyes which is usually present in males
of that group. This shows plainly that my genus Khytidogaster
cannot stand, there being no sufficiently distinguishing points
between the males. In some of the males sent by Mr. Giles the
second recurrent nervure is interstitial with the second transverse
cubital nervure, and the size varies from 12 to 15 mm.
RHAGIGASTER CINERELLUS, sp. 1.
3g. Mandibles bidentate, the inner tooth very large; clypeus
very short and broad, not produced in the middle, the anterior
margin almost straight, convex, with a carina from the base to the
middle, obliquely and very broadly triangularly depressed from
the middle to the apex, the margins of the oblique space and the
apical margin raised, forming low carine. Antenne inserted low
down, on the sides of the clypeus, about as long as the thorax and
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 261
median segment combined, rather stout, the apical joints slightly
arcuate, the prominence between the antenne not developed.
Head rather coarsely punctured, more finely and closely on the
front than on the vertex; no transverse carina, but the front is
sharply depressed a little in front of the anterior ocellus. Pos-
terior ocelli about two and a half times as far from the eyes as
from each other. Thorax closely punctured ; the scutellum rather
narrowly truncate at the apex, convex. Median segment rather
short, more finely punctured. Abdomen fusiform, shallowly and
not very closely punctured, the punctures rather larger than on
the thorax ; the segments slightly constricted at the base, with a
sparse fringe of short white hairs on the apical margin. Seventh
dorsal segment more deeply and coarsely punctured, rounded at
the apex. Hypopygium ending in a recurved spine which does
not reach far beyond the dorsal segment, without lateral spines.
Second recurrent nervure received at the base of the third cubital
cell, not quite interstitial with the second transverse cubital
nervure ; second abscissa of the radius a little shorter than the
third.
Black; the legs fuscous. Wings pale fusco-hyaline, nervures
fuscous.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Cape York, Q. (Daemel).
Type in Berlin Museum.
Daemel’s localities are not always accurate, and may have to be
corrected in the future.
The present species is very distinct, the very broad short clypeus
and strongly bidentate mandibles distinguishing it from other
species of the genus. The fusiform abdomen and the short
hypopygium point to a connection with the next-described species,
interstitialis.
RHAGIGASTER INTERSTITIALIS, Sp. i.
3. Clypeus short and broad, opaque and punctured, clothed
with long grey hairs, with a low carina from the base, branching
in the middle and forming a A-shaped carina which reaches the
anterior margin. Antenne as long as the thorax, stout and of
almost even thickness throughout. Head rugose, broader than
the pronotum, with an oblique carina above the base of each
antenna; without a transverse frontal carina. Thorax and median
segment finely and closely punctured, most closely on the median
segment; mesopleure rugose. Pronotum a little narrowed ante-
riorly, the angles not prominent. Scutellum almost triangular,
very narrowly rounded at the apex, the sides strongly depressed.
Median segment shorter than the pronotum, subtruncate or
very steeply sloped posteriorly, the posterior surface striolated.
Abdomen as broad as the thorax, stout, about one-third longer
than the head and thorax combined, very finely and closely punc-
tured ; segments 2-5 with a depressed transverse line near the base -
and a low transverse carina emarginate posteriorly in the middle
262 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
near the apex. Seventh dorsal segment very narrow at the apex.
Hypopygium ending in a recurved spine, shortly and less strongly
recurved than is usual in the genus. Second recurrent nervure
interstitial with the second transverse cubital nervure ; the second
cubital cell about two-thirds as long as the third on the radial
nervure; the division of the first cubital cell clearly marked.
Opaque black; the spines of the tibie and tarsi testaceous.
Wings fusco-hyaline, nervures black, stigma fuscous.
Length 15 mm.; exp. of wings 24 mm.
fab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier). Apyvil.
A very distinct species, shorter and more stoutly built than is
usual in the genus. The female will probably prove to belong to
Rhytidogaster ‘Turn. rather than to Rhagigaster ; but the males
of the two groups are not distinguishable with any certainty, and
I think Ahytidogaster must sink.
RHAGIGASTER CORRUGATUS, Sp.n. (Plate XX XI. figs.1 ¢,2 92.)
3. Clypeus finely and closely punctured at the base and on
the sides, with a short longitudinal carina from the base, which
branches before the middle into two almost obsolete carinz, these
enclosing with the apical margin a shining triangular space
marked with a few large and sometimes confluent punctures ; the
apical margin almost straight, very broadly and feebly emarginate.
Antenne scarcely as long as the thorax without the median
segment, of almost even thickness throughout, inserted further
from each other than from the eyes. Vertex shining, rather
strongly punctured, with an almost obsolete longitudinal carina
behind the ocelli; front coarsely rugose, with an arched carina
not extending to the eyes below the anterior ocellus and a broadly
V-shaped carina between the antenne, the branches not extending
to the arched carina. Thorax closely and rather strongly punc-
tured; the pronotum nearly as broad as the head; the anterior
margin straight and raised, with a shallow groove behind it, the
anterior angles moderately prominent. Scutellum subtriangular,
narrowly truncate at the apex. Median segment rounded, finely
and closely punctured. Abdomen elongate, nearly half as long
again as the head and thorax combined, shining, strongly but not
very closely punctured, much more closely than in R. wnicolor
Guer.; the segments strongly constricted near the base, the base
of the segments where visible closely and very minutely punctured.
First ventral segment with a small acute tubercle at the base.
Seventh dorsal segment sharply depressed at the apex and pro-
duced into a small, flattened, smooth plate, rounded at the apex ;
the hypopygium not extending much beyond the dorsal process,
forming a very sharply recurved spine with a minute spine on
the upper surface and without lateral spines at the base. Second
recurrent nervure received close to the base of the third cubital
cell, nearer the base than in &. aicolor.
Black, with sparse whitish pubescence; the pubescence on the
head cinereous. Wings very pale fusco-hyaline, faintly flushed
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 2638
with purple, the radial cell narrowly fuscous along the costa. ;
nervures black.
Length 17 mm.
@. Mandibles bidentate, the inner tooth short and blunt.
Maxillary palpi short, six-jointed; labial palpi four-jointed ;
labrum transverse and strongly ciliated, borne on a narrow
petiole. Clypeus shining and almost smooth, the anterior
margin truncate, a carina from the base almost reaching the
apex. Head quadrate, slightly rounded at the posterior angles,
very coarsely longitudinally rugose. Thorax and abdomen very
coarsely longitudinally striated, the striz most regular on the
abdomen, more broken and irregular on the median segment ;
the sixth dorsal segment and the ventral surface sparsely punc-
tured. Pronotum more than half as broad as the head, rect-
angular, half as broad again as long, the mesopleure showing
a distinct dorsal surface on each side of the scutellum. Median
segment as long as the pronotum, broadened from the base to the
apex, obliquely truncate posteriorly, the surface of the truncation
punctured. Abdominal segments almost smooth at the base when
extended, the first ventral segment with a small acute tubercle at
the base; the sixth dorsal segment shallowly emarginate at the
apex and not quite reaching the apex of the ventral segment.
~ Black; the flagellum, the mandibles (except at the “apex), the
upper surface of the head from the base of the antennz to the
posterior margin, the tarsi, and the spines of the tibiz dull fulvo-
ferruginous.
Length 11-13 mm.
Hab. Woodford, N.S.W. (G. A. Waterhouse), $ 9 in cop.
Victoria. (Berlin Museum), ©.
Described from three males and three females.
This remarkable species is very near f. wnicolor Guer. in the
male sex, except in the anal segment. But the female is com-
pletely distinct, and shows that my genus Ahytidogaster cannot
be maintained as distinct from Rhagigaster, unless by the character
of the oblique grooves on the head of the female, which are
wanting in this species.
RHAGIGASTER CASTANEUS Sm.
Rhagigaster castaneus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vu. p. 63. n. 15
(1859), 2
3. Clypeus with a prominent longitudinal carina from the base
to the middle, finely rugulose, shining at the apex, and rather nar-
rowly truncate. Head rugose on the front, coarsely punctured on
the vertex ; the interantennal carina well defined, V-shaped ; a low,
frontal, Jongitudinal carina not reaching the anterior ocellus ; no
transverse carina between the eyes. Pronotum as broad as the
head, closely and not very coarsely punctured, the anterior margin
straight and strongly raised, the angles slightly prominent. Meso-
notum, mesopleure, and scutellum coax sely punctured-rugose; the
scutellum trian gular, almost pointed at the apex. Median segment
264 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [Feb. 15,
finely and very closely punctured, rounded at the sides, short and
steeply sloped posteriorly. Abdomen elongate, the segments con-
stricted near the base, the extreme base very finely punctured, the
apical portion more sparsely and coarsely punctured, with a large
smooth patch on each side near the apical margin; the seventh
dorsal segment with a tubercle on each side at the apex, prolonged
between the tubercles into a short narrow process, which is as
broad as long and truncate at the apex. Hypopygium ending
in a long recurved spine. The position of the second recurrent
nervure is rather variable, being received by the third cubital cell
from one-fifth to one-quarter from the base; the division of the
first cubital cell is well marked, but not quite complete.
Black, the two apical abdominal segments ferruginous red.
Wings hyaline, slightly tinted with fuscous, nervures black.
The ventral segments are fringed at the apex with white
pubescence.
Length 14-15 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W.A (H. MW. Giles), 3 @ in cop.
“On Leptospermum bloom. Not common” (Giles).
RHAGIGASTER ACULEATUS Sauss.
Rhagigaster aculeatus Sauss. Reise Novara, Zool. 11. Hym. i.
p. 113 (1867), ¢.
Rhytidogaster aculeatus Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxii.
p. 235 (1907), 3.
©. Differs from the female of aculeatus st. acutangulus Turn.
in the shorter and broader head, which is rather less than half as
Jong again as broad in the typical form, and considerably more
than half as long again as broad in st. acutangulus. The mandibles
have a short blunt tooth on the inner margin.
Hab. Woodford, N.S.W. (@. 4. Waterhouse), 3 2 in cop.
EIRONE SCHIZORHINA, Sp. 0.
¢. Clypeus convex, narrowly produced and strongly porrect,
deeply and narrowly emarginate at the apex, the angles of the
emargination produced into short spines; closely and finely punc-
tured; with an obscure median carina from the base to the
middle. Head and pronotum shining, shallowly and not very
closely. punctured, the head slightly narrowed behind the eyes,
but broader posteriorly than the pronotum. Antennz inserted
as far from each other as from the eyes; the interantennal pro-
minence very small and low, V-shaped; a small longitudinal
depression halfway between the anterior ocellus and the base of
the clypeus ; antenne a little longer than the thorax without the
median segment, the apical joints slightly arcuate. Anterior
margin of the pronotum strongly raised; mesonotum and scu-
tellum closely punctured. Median segment smooth and shining
at the base, finely and very closely punctured rugulose beyond the
shining area which is divided by a very short longitudinal suleus,
1810.) FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 265
the segment gradually sloped posteriorly, not truncate. Abdomen
rather shorter than the head, thorax, and median segment com-
bined, tapering slightly at the extremities, the segments rather
closely punctured at the base, smooth and shining at the apex.
Hypopygium rounded, not projecting beyond the dorsal segment.
Third abscissa of the radius longer than the second; second
recurrent nervure received just beyond one-quarter from the
base of the third cubital cell.
Black, with sparse grey pubescence ; mandibles, tegule, femora,
tibie, and tarsi ochreous. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. New South Wales (Staudinger), 2 3.
Type in Berlin Museum.
This species approaches lJwcidus Sm., but may easily be dis-
tinguished by the remarkable form of the clypeus.
KIRONE RUFICORNIS Sm.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) ruficornis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 34
(1859), 3.
Kirone ruficornis Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxii. p. 265
(1907), s.
2. Head rectangular, very slightly rounded at the posterior
angles, longer than broad, very sparsely and minutely punctured, —
with a short, longitudinal, frontal sulcus; the mandibles stout,
blunt at the apex, bidentate ; antenne fully half as long again as
the head. Thorax very sparsely punctured ; the pronotum longer
than broad, very slightly narrowed anteriorly, a little shorter
than the median segment; scutellum rather broader than long,
the mesopleure showing a distinct dorsal surface on each side of
it ; the median segment longer than broad and slightly broadened
posteriorly. Abdomen elongate, subcylindrical, sparsely and
finely punctured, the punctures more or less elongate: the basal
segment shorter than the second, almost as broad at the base as
at the apex; the pygidium without a carina, rounded at the
apex.
Shining black ; the prothorax and median segment ferruginous ;
legs, antenne, mandibles, and pygidium fusco-ferruginous.
Length 7 mm.
Hab. Claremont, W. A. (H.W. Giles). December. ¢ @ in cop.
“On Hucalyptus bloom.”
KIRONE FERRUGINEICORNIS, Sp. n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 3, ¢.)
3. Clypeus strongly convex at the base, raised and subcarinate
in the middle, flattened towards the apex, produced anteriorly
and rather narrowly truncate on the apical margin. Head and
thorax shining and rather sparsely punctured: the head broadly
emarginate posteriorly, not narrowed behind the eyes; antenne
as long as the thorax without the median segment, filiform,
a little more slender towards the apex. Pronotum scarcely nar-
rowed anteriorly, the anterior margin slightly raised; propleure
266 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
shining; mesopleure closely punctured. Seutellum narrowly
truncate at the apex. Median segment granulated, short,
abruptly truncate posteriorly, the surface of the truncation
punctured rugulose. Abdomen fusiform, shorter than the head
and thorax combined, shining and very minutely punctured ;
the seventh segment rounded at the apex, smooth; the hypo-
pygium not prominent, simple, rounded at the apex. Third
cubital cell longer than the second on the radial nervure,
receiving the second recurrent nervure just before one-third
from the base. The division of the first cubital cell is not
marked.
Black; the antennz, mandibles, prothorax, and legs ferru-
ginous; the apex of the clypeus pale yellow. Wings hyaline; the
stigma ferruginous ; nervures pale testaceous, almost colourless.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (7. J. Hillier).
EIRONE MONTIVAGA, sp. n.
3. Clypeus convex, with a carina from the base not reaching
the apex, without a triangular truncation at the apex, closely
and microscopically punctured. Antenne shorter than the
thorax and median segment combined, inserted nearer to each
other than to the eyes, the apical joints slightly arcuate; the
interantennal prominence V-shaped and touching the base of
the clypeus. Head shining, closely and not very finely punc-
tured, the posterior ocelli more than twice as far from the
eyes as from each other. Thorax rather more finely punctured
than the head, especially on the pronotum, which is almost
smooth, with the anterior margin raised. Scutellum nearly
triangular, narrowly rounded at the apex. Median segment
no longer than the pronotum, obliquely sloped posteriorly, finely
aciculate, closely punctured on the posterior slope. Abdomen
slightly fusiform, shorter than the head and thorax combined,
shining, minutely punctured, the apical segment rounded at the
extremity, the hypopygium rounded and ciliated, not projecting
beyond the dorsal plate. Claspers broad and short, the apex
with a fringe of long curved hairs. Second cubital cell a little
more than half as long as the third on the radial nervure.
Black ; the anterior margin of the clypeus, two minute spots
between the antenne, the anterior margin of the pronotum
broadly interrupted in the middle, an oblique line on each side at
the posterior angle of the pronotum, and the spines of the tibie
white. Wings hyaline, faintly iridescent, nervures black.
Length 6 mm.
2. Head rectangular, nearly one-third as long again as broad,
slightly rounded at the posterior angles, smooth and shining; the
eyes very small, ovate, not touching the base of the mandibles.
Thorax and median segment very sparsely punctured ; the pro-
notum a little shorter than the median segment, slightly
narrowed anteriorly; scutellum nearly half as long as the
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 267
pronotum, the mesopleure showing a distinct dorsal surface
on each side of it. Median segment twice as long as the breadth
at the base, flattened above and slightly broadened from the
base to the apex. Abdomen shining, shallowly and finely punc-
tured, the punctures elongate; first segment vertically truncate
at the base, not very short, not very narrow at the base; the
pygidium pointed. The abdomen is broadened in the middle,
not cylindrical.
Hntirely castaneous brown.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. Woodford, N.S.W. (@. A. Waterhouse), $ Q in cop.
Described from two pairs.
Nearest to vitripennis Sm., but the clypeus of the male is
without the triangular truncation at the apex, and the abdomen
of the female is shorter and less cylindrical, in addition to other
differences.
TACHYNOMYIA DISJUNCTA, Sp. 0.
3. Clypeus narrowly produced and truncate at the apex, very
coarsely punctured, the apical margin smooth. Cheeks at the
base of the mandibles produced into an acute spine. Head
rugose; the interantennal prominence very broadly rounded
and feebly bilobed, divided by a short, obscure, longitudinal
carina. Antenne as long as the head, thorax, and median
segment combined, inserted nearer to each other than to the
eyes, the apical joints slender and arcuate. Ocelli very close
together, the posterior ocelli about three times as far from
the eyes as from each other; the head strongly concave beneath,
the lateral fringe of hairs very long and grey. Apical joints
of the maxillary palpi not very long or slender. Posterior
margin of the head slightly arched, not emarginate. Pronotum
shining, almost smooth, much narrower than the head, the
anterior margin raised. Thorax and median segment closely
punctured, finely on the median segment, more strongly on the
mesonotum ; the scutellum large, broadly truncate at the apex.
Abdomen broadened from the base, closely and deeply punc-
tured, much more sparsely on the ventral than on the dorsal
surface; the second ventral segment very deeply separated from
the first and produced at the base into a large and prominent
tubercle. Hypopygium broadly rounded, with an acute apical
spine.
Black ; the mandibles, the apex of the clypeus, and the apex
of the interantennal prominence very narrowly whitish yellow ;
the apex of the tegule, the apex of the femora, the tibia,
tarsi, the second and third ventral segments, and the apical
margin of the first, second, and third dorsal segments very
narrowly dark ferruginous. Wings hyaline, very faintly clouded
with fuscous, nervures black, stigma fuscous.
Length 14 mm.
9. Head rather thick, subrectangular, more than half as
268 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
broad again as long, slightly rounded at the posterior angles,
shining, with large scattered punctures, the clypeus with a
carina. Thorax and median segment shining, very sparsely
punctured ; the pronotum narrower than the head, half as broad
again on the anterior margin as long, narrowed posteriorly,
no broader on the posterior margin than long; scutellum short,
much broader than long. Median segment as long as two-thirds
of the pronotum, slightly broadened posteriorly and sharply
truncate. Abdomen broader than the thorax, sparsely punc-
tured, very finely at the base of the segments, more coarsely
at the apex; the first segment vertically truncate at the base,
the dorsal surface finely longitudinally striated between deep
scattered punctures; the second segment finely and closely
longitudinally striated, the apical margin feebly raised, with a
narrow groove before it. Pygidium broad, not truncate or com-
pressed, longitudinally striated, broadly rounded at the apex, the
dorsal plate narrowed at the extreme apex. Ventral surface
shallowly but coarsely punctured, most finely on the fifth segment.
A minute spine on the mesopleure close to the base of the inter-
mediate coxe. Tarsal ungues bidentate.
Fusco-ferruginous; the head (except the mandibles andantenne),
the scutellum, median segment, and stains near the apex of the
third, fourth, and fifth dorsal abdominal segments black.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. MW. Giles). November. ¢ 9 in
cop.
TACHYNOMYIA AURICOMATA, Sp. Nn.
3. Head punctured-rugose, clothed with long golden pubes-
cence, thin on the vertex, cloce on the clypeus, and forming the
usual fringe of long curved hairs on the cheeks; the clypeus
slightly convex and more broadly truncate at the apex than
in most of the allied species. Antenne as long as the thorax
and median segment combined, the apical joints feebly arcuate,
inserted nearer to each other than to the eyes; the interantennal
prominence bilobed. Pronotum very shallowly punctured, the
remainder of the thorax and the pleure more closely and deeply
punctured; the anterior margin of the pronotum raised, much
narrower than the head; thorax with sparse golden, pleure
with white pubescence. Median segment punctured-rugulose.
Abdomen shining, fusiform, very shallowly punctured, segments
2-4 with a faintly raised curved mark on each side near the apex ;
the first segment narrowed at the base, with a longitudinal sulcus
from the base to the middle, the second segment depressed at the
base. Hypopygium with the sides parallel close to the base, then
triangular, with a short apical spine.
Black; the apex of the mandibles, the femora, tibiz, and
tarsi ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous, the stigma
ferruginous.
Length 10 mm.
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 269
Hab. The locality is given on the label as Endeavour River,
Queensland, but others from the same source and similarly labelled
are Victorian, so probably this species is also from Victoria.
The palpi are not very slender, but the three apical joints of
the maxillary palpi are longer than the others. In all species of
Tachynomyia which I have taken in North Queensland these
three apical joints are very long and slender.
Type in the Berlin Museum.
ZELEBORIA OLIVEI, Sp. n.
3. Clypeus produced and rather narrowly truncate at the
apex, very finely punctured, clothed with short white pubescence.
Head finely and very closely punctured ; the interantennal pro-
minence not very broad, deeply bilobed at the apex; the antennze
filiform, slender, nearly as broad as the head, thorax, and median
segment combined ; ocelli very near together, the posterior pair
more than twice as far from the eyes as from each other; the
three apical joints of the maxillary palpi long and slender, the
galea with a faintly marked dividing-line ; the fringe on the sides
of the head sparse and white. Thorax rather slender, narrower
than the head, closely and finely punctured; the pronotum very
finely punctured, with the anterior margin strongly raised.
Median segment very finely rugulose, almost smooth at the base.
Scutellum rather narrowly truncate at the apex, with an obscure
longitudinal carina. Abdomen slender, elongate-fusiform, smooth
and shining, the division between the two basal ventral segments
searcely marked. Hyvpopygium rounded, with an acute apical
spine.
Black; the tegule fuscous. Wings very pale fusco-hyaline,
nervures fuscous.
Length 14 mm.
Hab. Cooktown, Q.
A slenderer species than longicornis Turn.
PHYMATOTHYNNUS NITIDUS Sin.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) nitidus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 30
(1859), 3.
6. The apical joints of the antenne are arcuate beneath.
@. Mandibles falcate, slender and pointed; clypeus with a
very short carina from the base not reaching the middle. Head
very slightly convex, twice as broad anteriorly as long, strongly
rounded at the posterior angles, rather sparsely but not finely
punctured, each puncture bearing a pale fulvous hair; a fine and
short frontal sulcus. Antenne inserted nearly as far from each
other as from the eyes, the front between them not bituberculate.
Thorax and median segment shining and almost smooth; the
pronotum about half as wide as the head, rectangular, nearly as
long as broad, with two small tubercles on the anterior margin.
Median segment raised into a hump-like tubercle just behind the
270 MR. R. E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
scutellum, then obliquely depressed and strongly concave on the
sides, broadened from the base, the depressed surface longer and
narrower than the pronotum. First abdominal segment rather
narrowly truncate anteriorly, shining, finely and sparsely punc-
tured, the dorsal surface nearly as long as the second segment,
the apical margin narrowly depressed; second segment trans-
versely rugose between two transverse carinz, the apical margin
strongly raised ; segments 3—5 very delicately punctured-rugulose,
with a few large scattered punctures. Ventral segments coarsely
punctured-rugose. Pygidium not constricted at the base, ver-
tically truncate, the surface of the truncation ovate; the dorsal
plate obliquely rugulose with a strong median longitudinal
carina, nearly as long as the ventral plate. ‘Tarsal ungues
bidentate.
Head, thorax, and legs ferruginous ; abdomen black ; the apex
of the pygidium fusco-ferruginous.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Claremont, W. A. (H. W/. Giles). December. ¢ 2 in cop.
“ On Hucalyptus bloom.”
GLAPHYROTHYNNUS SITIENS Turn.
Thynnus (Glaphyrothynnus) sitiens Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W. xxxiti. p. 112 (1908), 3.
3g. The spine on each side near the base of the hypopygium
mentioned in the original description is really only a protrusion
of the apex of the claspers in the type specimen. As in other
species of this difficult group, the extent of the yellow markings
is variable.
@. Head fully twice as broad anteriorly as long, strongly
rounded at the posterior angles, shining, with a few scattered
punctures, more closely punctured on the front than on the
vertex. Antenne inserted much farther from each other than
from the eyes; the joints of the flagellum much broader than
long and produced at the apex beneath. Pronotum much
narrower than the head, nearly twice as broad on the anterior
margin as long, narrowed posteriorly, finely and sparsely pune-
tured, with a row of long white hairs on the anterior and lateral
margins. Scutellum transverse. Median segment short, scarcely
longer than the scutellum, very sparsely punctured, the punctures
piliferous, steeply sloped posteriorly. Abdomen impunctate, except
at the apex of the raised portion of the first, fourth, and fifth
segments; the first dorsal segment divided transversely into two
almost equal portions, the apical portion depressed and smooth,
the apical margin very feebly raised ; second segment with four
transverse carine including the moderately raised apical margin,
the basal carina low and sometimes hidden by the first segment,
the third very high and separated from the apex by a broad
depressed space; third segment depressed at the apex rather
narrowly, the raised portion before the apex strongly bilobed ;
fourth and fifth segments narrowly transversely depressed on the
1910. } FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 271
apical margin. Pygidium elongate, vertical, the sides almost
parallel, more than twice as long as broad, the sides raised into
marginal carine at the base, a few fine longitudinal strize at the
base, rounded at the apex. Fifth ventral segment rather coarsely
punctured. Intermediate tibiz shallowly emarginate near the
base beneath and produced at the apex of the emargination into
a short stout spine directed towards the base; intermediate tarsi
slender.
Testaceous brown; the head ferruginous brown; the apical
depressed portions of the abdominal segments luteous.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (#7. I. Giles). g 2 incop. January.
“On Leptospermum bloom.”
The head of the female is shaped as in marginalis Westw., but
in that species there is no spine on the intermediate tibiz and
the first abdominal segment is much more narrowly depressed at
the apex. In érifidus Westw. the head is much larger, but there
is a similar spine on the intermediate tibiz.
GULAPHYROTHYNNUS TRIFIDUS Westw.
Thynnus trifidus Westw. Arcana Ent. il. p. 119 (1844), ¢
2. Head large, less than twice as broad anteriorly as long,
rounded at the posterior angles, but not so strongly as in
sitiens and marginalis, shining, very minutely punctured, with
a distinct, longitudinal, frontal sulcus and a few large punctures
round the base of the antenne. Thorax shining, very minutely
punctured; the pronotum twice as broad anteriorly as long,
narrower than the head and narrowed a little posteriorly, the
anterior and lateral margins with a few long greyish hairs.
Scutellum transverse and short. Median segment distinctly longer
than the scutellum, broadened from the base and very steeply
sloped posteriorly. Abdomen with a few sparse punctures ; the
dorsal surface of the first segment divided transversely, the basal
portion raised and distinctly longer than the strongly depressed
apical portion; second segment with four transverse carine,
including the recurved apical margin; segments 3-4 with a
raised, curved mark on each side before the depressed apical
margin. Pygidium vertical, very feebly recurved at the apex,
elongate-ovate, twice as long as the greatest breadth, longitudinally
striated on the basal half, narrowly subtruncate at the apex.
Fifth ventral segment punctured-rugose. Intermediate tibize
beneath with a spine directed towards the base, emarginate
between the spine and the base.
Fuscous; the mandibles, antenne, and legs testaceous brown ;
the sides and depressed portions of the abdominal segments pale
luteous.
Length 9 mm.
| Hab. Cottesloe, near ee aie: W. A. (H.W. Giles), $ 2 in
cop. December.
“On Hucalyptus bloom.”
272 MR. R, E, TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
GLAPHYROTHYNNUS CARINATUS Sm.
Thynnus carinatus Sm, Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 29 (1859), 3.
¢ Zeleboria carinata Sauss. Reise Novara, Zool. 11. Hym. p. 131
(1867), 3 9.
I am very doubtful if Saussure’s description can be intended
for this species. Smith’s type was from Western Australia, and
specimens received from Mr. Giles and which I have compared
with the type are mated with the female described below.
@. Head not large, nearly twice as broad anteriorly as long,
strongly rounded at the posterior angles, shining and very
sparsely punctured, with a short frontal sulcus, the punctures
round the base of the antenne closer and piliferous. ‘Thorax
much narrower than the head; the pronotum less than twice as
broad anteriorly as long and half as broad again anteriorly as
posteriorly, the anterior and lateral margins with a sparse fringe
of long hairs, finely and sparsely punctured. Median segment
short, about the same length as the scutellum, strongly broadened
from the base, the posterior truncation almost vertical. First
dorsal abdominal segment divided into two almost equal parts,
the apical portion strongly depressed and smooth, the basal
portion raised and very sparsely punctured ; second segment with
four transverse carine, including the raised apical margin, the
basal carina very low and often covered by the first segment, the
third high and separated from the apical margin by a broad
groove. Third and fourth segments with a raised curved mark
on each side before the apex, the apical margin depressed, the
raised portion punctured at the apex. Pygidium almost vertically
truncate, long and narrow, about three times as long as the
greatest breadth, a little broader towards the apex than at the
base, rounded at the apex, the dorsal plate as long as the ventral,
the basal portion with a median longitudinal carina and two
lower carinz converging at the base on each side. Fifth ventral
segment coarsely punctured in the middle at the apex. There is
an emargination and spine near the base of the intermediate
tibie beneath as in sétiens and trifidus.
Pale luteous; head fusco-ferruginous; median segment, the apex
of the raised portions of the first, third, and fourth dorsal abdo-
minal segments, and the third carina on the second segment black.
Length 6-7 mm.
Hab. Claremont and Cottesloe, W. A. (H. dM. Giles).
The colour is very variable, the black in some specimens being
much more extensive.
Females from the east coast answer rather better to Saussure’s
description. The male is hardly distinguishable from the western
specimens.
GLAPHYROTHYNNUS FUSIFORMIS Sauss.
Zeleboria fusiformis Sauss. Reise Novara, Zool. ii. Hym. p. 132
(1867), ¢.
IT was evidently wrong in sinxing this as a synonym of
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 273
carinatus. Saussure’s description agrees with male specimens
sent by Mr. Giles, which closely resemble that species, but are
paired with a female which is quite sufficiently distinct.
@. Head rather large, nearly twice as broad anteriorly as
long, rounded at the posterior angles, but not so strongly as in
carinatus, very sparsely punctured, and finely shagreened. Thorax
and median segment rather strongly punctured, shaped as in
carinatus, but with longer and closer pubescence. Abdomen and
pygidium as in carinatus, but the abdomen is broader, the
punctures on the third, fourth, and fifth segments coarser and
closer, the same segments being also sparsely clothed at the apex
with long white hairs, and the raised marks not so strongly
curved. The emargination on the intermediate tibie is less
distinct, and the spine shorter and blunt.
Black; the antenne, legs, and pygidium fusco-ferruginous ;
the sides of the abdomen and first and second segments at the
apex pale luteous.
Length 7 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. MW. Giles). November.
ASTHENOTHYNNUS DEDUCTOR, Sp. 0.
3. Clypeus produced and very narrowly truncate at the apex,
finely and closely punctured, with a carina from the base not
quite reaching the apex, the apical margin narrowly depressed.
Head finely and closely punctured, with a short, shining, longi-
tudinal sulcus on the front; the interantennal prominence not
much developed. Antenne inserted nearer to each other than
to the eyes, shorter than the thorax and median segment com-
bined, rather stout throughout, the apical joints very feebly
arcuate beneath. Thorax finely and closely punctured, more
sparsely on the scutellum ; pronotum narrowed anteriorly.
Median segment longer than broad, rounded, minutely punctured.
Abdomen slender, flattened, shorter than the head, thorax, and
median segment combined, very delicately punctured, shining,
broadened from the base; the first segment slender, with a
deep sulcus from the base not reaching the apex. Hypopygium
small, narrow, the sides parallel, subconical at the apex, without
spines.
Black ; the base of the mandibles, the inner orbits of the eyes
very narrowly as high as the base of the antenne, two very
minute spots between the antenne, the margins of the pronotum,
and the postscutellum yellow; the apex of the clypeus, the
tegule, the second and third abdominal segments, the apex of
the first, and the legs, except the coxe, bright ferruginous.
Wings hyaline, slightly iridescent, nervures black, stigma pale
ferruginous.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Claremont, W. A. (ZH. WZ. Giles). December.
Nearest to rubromaculatus Turn.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1910, No. X VIII. 18
274 MR. R.'E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
EOLOTHYNNUS CRENULATUS, sp. n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 8, 3.)
3. Clypeus moderately convex, advanced and truncate at the
apex, finely and shallowly punctured. Maxillary palpi rather’
stout, the basal joint short the apical lobe of the galea beyond
the dividing-lne large and rounded at the apex. Antenne as
long as the thorax without the median segment, of even thickness
throughout, inserted a little nearer to each other than to the
eyes. Head finely and closely punctured, no broader than the
pronotum ; the front and clypeus thinly clothed with long grey
pubescence. Thorax rather closely punctured, sparsely on the
scutellum, very closely on the mesopleure ; pronotum only slightly
narrowed anteriorly, the anterior margin slightly raised and
almost straight; mesonotum less than twice as long as the pro-
notum ; scutellum broadly truncate at the apex. Median segment
finely and closely punctured, very short, steeply sloped posteriorly
but not truncate, the sides clothed with white pubescence ; an
almost obsolete impressed longitudinal line from the base not
reaching the middle. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax
combined, the sides nearly parallel; segments strongly constricted
at the base; the sixth ventral segment with a spine on each side
at the apical angles; the dorsal segments closely punctured ; the
ventral segments punctured-rugose, finely longitudinally striated
at the extreme base. Hypopygium broad, tridentate, the lateral
spines very short, the apical spine much longer.
Black; the mandibles at the base, the apex of the clypeus, and
two minute spots between the antennz whitish yellow, a large
quadrate spot on the mesonotum, the tegule and a curved line
above them, a spot on the mesopleurz below the anterior wings,
a broad transverse band on the scutellum, and a small spot at
each of the anterior angles, the postscutellum, a broad transverse
band interrupted in the middle on each of the five basal dorsal
abdominal segments, narrowest on the first, a spot on each side of
the sixth segment, and the apical half of the anterior and inter-
mediate femora beneath, yellow; tibiz and tarsi fusco-ferruginous.
Wings hyaline, nervures black, the stigma fusco-ferruginous.
The second cubital cell is much longer on the radial nervure
than the third, and receives the first recurrent nervure beyond
three-quarters from the base, the second recurrent nervure is
received near the base of the third cubital cell.
Length 12 mm., exp. of wings 20 mm.
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (77. J. Hillier). April.
Belongs to the cerceroides group, but is not very near any
described species.
AQOLOTHYNNUS PERTURBATUS, Sp. Nn.
3. Clypeus slightly convex, advanced and rather broadly
truncate at the apex, finely punctured; almost smooth in the
middle, Antenne rather short, of even thickness throughout.
Head finely and closely punctured, thinly clothed with white
pubescence, scarcely broader than the pronotum. Thorax finely
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 275
and closely punctured, with sparse white pubescence; the pro-
notum very broadly and shallowly emarginate on the anterior
margin, which is slightly raised; mesonotum nearly twice as long
as the pronotum; scutellum shining and sparsely punctured.
Median segment short, steeply sloped posteriorly, but not truncate,
very closely and finely punctured. Abdomen elongate, as long as
the head and thorax combined, the sides almost parallel from the
base; the segments very strongly constricted at the base, shining
and sparsely punctured. Sixth ventral segment with a spine on
each side at the apical angles. Hypopygium ending in three
long spines, the central spine the longest. Seventh dorsal
segment coarsely punctured, the apical margin raised and slightly
produced towards the middle. Second cubital cell twice as long
as the third on the radial nervure; the second recurrent nervure
received close to the base of the third cubital cell, almost inter-
stitial with the second transverse cubital nervure.
Biack ; the mandibles at the base, the apical margin of the
clypeus, a line on each side on the anterior margin of the pro-
notum, and the postscutellum pale creamy white; the two apical
abdominal segments ferruginous red. Tegule creamy white at
the base, testaceous at the apex. Wings hyaline, nervures black.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier).
Very near sanguinolentus Turn. from Liverpool, N.S.W., but
the median segment in the present species is more rounded, not
truncate, and is more finely punctured. The third eubital cell
in sanguinolentus is fully as long as the second on the radial
nervure. Also near decipiens Westw., but differs in the broadly
emarginate pronotum, the shape of the clypeus, and the presence
of whitish markings. The second recurrent nervure is more
nearly interstitial than in either of the species mentioned.
TMESOTHYNNUS PLATYCEPHALUS, sp. Nn.
3. Clypeus convex, punctured, produced and rather narrowly
truneate at the apex. Head rather small, closely punctured-
rugose ; the interantennal prominence not well developed ; a very
delicate longitudinal frontal carina not reaching the anterior
ocellus. Antenne no longer than the thorax without the median
segment, of nearly equal thickness throughout, the apical joints
very feebly arcuate beneath. Thorax finely and closely punctured ;
the pronotum short, narrowed anteriorly, the anterior margin
slightly raised; scutellum strongly convex. Median segment
rounded, very finely and closely punctured, the extreme base
smooth and shining. Abdomen as long as the head, thorax, and °
median segment combined, tapering a little at the extremities,
the segments strongly constricted at the base, the apical margins
narrowly depressed, punctured at the base, smooth and shining
at the apex. Hypopygium short, projecting very little beyond
the dorsal segment, with a long apical spine, a short spine on
each side often concealed beneath the dorsal segment. Second
18*
276 MR, R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15
abscissa of the radius longer than the third; second recurrent
nervure received near the base of the third cubital cell.
Black; the mandibles, the apex of the clypeus, two minute
spots between the antenne, the posterior margin of the pronotum,
the anterior angles of the pronotum, the tegul, and the post-
scutellum pale yellow. Tibiz ferruginous brown. Wings hyaline,
nervures black, the stigma ferruginous.
Length 9 mm.
O.. ‘Head flattened, small, as long as the breadth anteriorly,
narrowed posteriorly, coarsely punctured on the front, very
sparsely on the vertex, without a frontal suleus. Thorax narrower
than the head, punctured; the pronotum a little broader than
long, the sides nearly parallel and raised into marginal carine,
with a longitudinal median carina; scutellum small, with a
median carina. Median segment no longer than the scutellum,
sharply broadened from the base and steeply sloped posteriorly,
punctured and with sparse long pubescence. First dorsal abdo-
minal segment divided into two portions, the basal portion raised
and strongly emarginate posteriorly, sparsely punctured, the
apical portion depressed and smooth ; second segment with four
transverse carine, including the raised apical margin, the two
basal carine rather broadly separated from those at the apex ;
segments 3-5 rather coarsely punctured near the apex, the base
finely aciculate, the apical margin narrowly depressed and smooth.
Pygidiumn deflexed and br oadened from the base; the dorsal
plate rather narrowly ovate, with a low median carina and raised
margins ; the ventral plate projecting beyond the dorsal both on
the sides and at the apex, rounded, with a narrow emargination
at the apex. Fifth ventral segment finely punctured.
Black: the mandibles, antenne, legs, and pygidium fuscous,
the apex of the first dorsal abdominal segment, the space between
the carinze on the second and the extreme apical margin of the
third whitish, in some specimens darker.
Length 5- 7 mm.
_ Hab. South Perth, W. A. ( H, M. Giles). 53, 52. January.
“On Leptospermum bloom.”
Nearest to truncatus Sm.
EPACTIOvTHYNNUS CYGNORUM Turn.
Thynnus (olothynnus) cygnorum Turn. Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S.W. xxxiii. p. 141 (1908), ¢.
¢. Varies in size from 10 to 14 mm.
@. Head slightly convex, broader than long, strongly rounded
at the posterior angles, flattened on the vertex, sparsely punctured,
the vertex and the front in the middle almost smooth, a longi-
tudinal sulcus on the front ; a small patch of white pubescence on
each side about halfway between the eye and the posterior
margin of the head. Pronotum neaily twice as broad anteriorly
as long, narrowed a little posteriorly, closely punctured, margined
anteriorly and laterally with long grey hais, without a carina or
1910. | ‘FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 277
tubercle. Median segment a little shorter than the scutellum,
broadened from the base and obliquely truncate posteriorly,
closely punctured and thinly covered with long grey pubescence.
Abdomen smooth, with a few scattered punctures, the first seg-
ment with a deep transverse groove before the apex, the second
segment with four strong transverse carine in addition to the
raised apical margin. Fifth ventral segment coarsely punctured-
rugose. Pygidium truncate posteriorly, very narrow, the surface
of the truncation very narrowly elongate-ovate, about five times
as long as the greatest breadth, the lateral margins raised.
Head and thorax dark ferruginous; median segment and
abdomen black; a broad band on the first, third, and fourth
dorsal segments and the sides of the second segment pale luteous;
anterior and intermediate legs fusco-ferruginous.
Length 6-9 mm.
The colour varies much, some specimens being darker than the
type.
Hab. Claremont, W. A. (H.-W. Giles). December and January.
“On Hucalyptus bloom. Common.”
The absence of a carina on the pronotum is remarkable,
separating the female from the nearly allied species. The head
is somewhat compressed laterally behind the eyes.
EPACTIOTHYNNUS LABORIOSUS, Sp. 0.
3. Clypeus convex, produced and rather broadly truncate at.
the apex. Head finely and very closely punctured ; a very short
longitudinal carina between the antenne, which are inserted
further from each other than from the eyes and are a little shorter
than the thorax and median segment combined ; the second joint
of the flagellum scarcely more than half as long as the third.
Pronotum nearly as broad as the head, slightly narrowed anteriorly,
the anterior margin a little raised and straight, minutely punctured.
Mesonotum and scutellum finely and very closely punctured; the
scutellum rather narrowly truncate at the apex, with a well-
marked longitudinal carina on the apical half. Median segment
rounded, very finely punctured-rugulose. Abdomen a little
longer than the head, thorax, and median segment combined,
narrowed at the base, sparsely punctured ; segments 2—5 strongly
constricted at the base and depressed on the apical margin; the
basal segment with a deep sulcus from the base nearly reaching
the apex. Hypopygium with a short spine on each side near the
base, thence narrowed sharply to the base of the acute apical
spine. No spine on the sixth ventral segment.
Black ; the abdomen, except the base of the first segment, the
femora, tibiz, and tarsi ferruginous red; tegule testaceous ;
base of the mandibles, apical margin of the clypeus, a spot on
each side near the middle of the clypeus, the margins of the eyes
narrowly as high as the base of the antenne, and the posterior
margin of the postscutellum pale yellowish. An obscure spot
on each side of the vertex, near the summit of the eyes, dull
278 "MR. R, E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
ferruginous, Wings hyaline, faintly clouded near the apex,
nervures black, stigma fusco-ferruginous,
Length 11 mm.
2. Head rectangular, slightly rounded at the posterior angles,
a little broader than long, sparsely but rather coarsely punctured,
with a strong, longitudinal, frontal sulcus. Pronotum a litle
narrower than the head, broadly emarginate anteriorly, nearly
half as broad again as long, with a well-marked median carina,
depressed and slightly concave on each side of the carina, minutely
punctured. Median segment as long as the scutellum, broadened
from the base and obliquely truncate posteriorly, closely punctured.
Abdomen much broader than the thorax, the first segment trun-
cate at the base, with a transverse carina above the truncation,
the dorsal surface very broadly depressed to the apex, with a
raised curved mark on each side; the second segment with two
or three transverse carine near the base, the apical margin
very feebly raised; segments 3 and 4 broadly depressed at the
apex, with a raised, curved, punctured mark on each side; fifth
segment sparsely punctured. Ventral surface closely and rather
coarsely punctured on the fifth segment as well as on the rest.
Pygidium very narrow, deflexed and lanceolate, very narrowly
rounded at the apex.
Fuscous ; the apical margins of the abdominal segments broadly
pale testaceous; the carinze on the second segment and the
pygidium fusco-ferruginous.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Claremont, W. A. (H. WM. Giles). 3 9 incop. December.
“On Hucalyptus bloom.”
Nearest to eacellens Sm.
EPAcri0oTHYNNUS DAHLI, sp. 0.
3S. Clypeus advanced and not very narrowly truncate at the
apex, coarsely but shallowly punctured, convex. Antenne as
long as the thorax and median segment combined, a little
slenderer at the apex than at the base, the apical jomts very
feebly arcuate beneath; the third joint of the flagellum as long
as the first and second combined ; inserted a little further from
each other than from the eyes, the interantennal carinz oblique.
Head very closely punctured, with short grey pubescence on the
front, a little broader than the pronotum. Thorax very closely
punctured, more sparsely on the pronotum. Median segment
much shorter than the mesonotum, twice as broad as long,
scarcely narrowed to the apex, more finely punctured than the
mesonotum ; a large, shallow, smooth depression on each side at
the base. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctured, the sides almost
parallel, tapering very slightly at the extremities; the first seg-
ment with a sulcus from the base to beyond the middle; segments
2-5 slightly constricted at the base; the seventh dorsal segment
rugose, broad at the apex and with the apical margin raised to
form a low carina, Ventral segments 2-5 subtuberculate at the
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 279
apical angles, the sixth segment without a spine. Hypopygium
with a spine on each side close to the base, thence rather narrowly
triangular to the base of the acute apical spine. Second abscissa
of the radius more than half as long again as the third, the first
recurrent nervure received at three-quarters from the base of the
second cubital cel], the second at one-fifth from the base of the
third cubital cell.
Black; the clypeus, except a pyriform black mark on the
middle, the base of the mandibles, two oblique lines between the
antenne, the margins of the pronotum, a spot on the mesonotum,
the tegule, a broad curved band on the mesopleure beneath the
anterior wings, a spot before the intermediate coxe, a large spot
on the scutellum and a smaller one at each of the anterior angles,
the postscutellum, an irregular transverse band at the apex of
the median segment, sometimes interrupted, a narrow transverse
band on each side on dorsal segments 1—5, and a small spot at the
base of the anterior tibiz, yellow; a small spot close to the summit
of each eye dark ferruginous red; the anterior and intermediate
tibie and tarsi testaceous brown. Wings hyaline, nervures
fuscous, the stigma ferruginous brown.
Length 12 mm.
2. Head shining, sparsely punctured, more closely on the
front than elsewhere, much broader anteriorly than long, strongly
rounded posteriorly; the clypeus short and with a longitudinal
carina. Pronotum narrower than the head, narrowed posteriorly,
the anterior angles rather prominent (the dorsal surface destroyed
by the pin); scutellum very narrow, longer than broad. Median
segment punctured, shorter than the scutellum, broadened from
the base and obliquely truncate posteriorly, the surface of the
truncation shining, at the base finely punctured and pubescent.
Abdomen shining, with a few scattered punctures, the first seg-
ment with the apical margin raised.and a broad transverse groove
before it ; second segment with five strong transverse carinz in
addition to the raised apical margin. Pygidium sharply deflexed,
long and narrow, nearly four times as long as the greatest breadth,
broadest at the middle, narrowly rounded at the apex, a tuft of
long golden hairs on each side. Fifth ventral segment very
coarsely and closely punctured.
Fuscous; head and pygidium fusco-ferruginous, legs ferru-
ginous brown ; apical margin of the second dorsal segment of the
abdomen pale testaceous,
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Ralum, New Britain (Dahl). 3 Q in cop.
Types in the Berlin Museum. Described from three males
and one female.
The male is very near abductor Sm. aud vagans Sm,, but. the
female differs from that of vagans in the shape of the head and
in the number of carine on the second dorsal segment; in the
latter character it also differs from Jevissimus Sm., which is
probably the female of abductor. The yellow band at the apex of
280 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
the median segment of the male is absent in all specimens I have
seen of abductor. The median segment is rather shorter and
more rectangular than in either of the two species mentioned.
GYMNOTHYNNUS (?) LESG:UFI, sp. n.
3. Clypeus strongly convex, produced and narrowly truncate
at the apex. Head very closely and rather coarsely punctured ;
the antenne about as long as the thorax without the median
segment. Thorax finely and closely punctured; the pronotum
narrower than the head, narrowed anteriorly; the scutellum
rather broadly truncate at the apex. Median segment rounded,
smooth and shining at the base, very finely punctured at the
apex. Abdomen about as long as the head, thorax, and median
segment combined, elongate fusiform, punctured, the segments
strongly constricted at the base, the apical margin narrowly
depressed. Sixth ventral segment without spines. Hypopygium
broad, tridentate at the apex, the lateral spines short. Second
cubital cell about equal in length to the third on the radial
nervure, the first recurrent nervure received at about three-
quarters from the base of the second cubital cell, the second
received at one-fifth from the base of the third cubital cell.
Black; the mandibles at the base, the anterior margin of the
clypeus, the margins of the pronotum, tegule, a narrow and
obscure longitudinal line on the mesonotum, a broader one on the
scutellum, and a transverse band on the postscutellum pale luteous
yellow; anterior tibize and tarsi ferruginous. Wings hyaline,
nervures black, the stigma pale ferruginous.
Length 8 mm.
@. Head strongly compressed laterally, as thick as broad, the
sides slightly concave at the posterior angles, broadened at the
base of the mandibles, nearly twice as long as the greatest breadth,
deflexed anteriorly, the front-rather strongly punctured, with an
obscure longitudinal sulcus, the vertex smooth. Pronotum
broader than the head, almost rectangular, nearly half as long
again as broad, quite flat and opaque; scutellum shining, small
and narrow. Median segment shining and punctured, very narrow
at the base, broadened and abruptly truncate posteriorly, a little
longer than the scutellum. Abdomen much broader than the
thorax, the segments very broadly depressed at the apex, punctured
at the base, with a smooth rounded mark on each side before the
depressed area. Pygidium long and narrow, deflexed, with long
pubescence at the sides.
Black; the depressed apical portion of the abdominal segments
shining and very pale lutaceous; pygidium fusco-ferruginous.
Length 4 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (#7. M. Giles). g$ 2 in cop. January.
““On Leptospermum bloom.”
The female is very distinct ; the shape of the head is remarkable
and also the absence of carinz on the second abdominal segment.
In the flattened pronotum it approaches gilberti Turn,
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 281
GYMNOTHYNNUS (?) TRIANGULICEPS, sp. n. (Plate XXXI.
fig. 4, 2.)
Q. Mandibles falcate, rather long and acute at the apex.
Clypeus slightly produced, truncate at the apex, without a carina.
Head very thin, slightly convex, as long as the breadth on the
anterior margin, much narrowed posteriorly, subtriangular, nar-
rowly truncate posteriorly, subopaque, with a few scattered
punctures, an obscure longitudinal carina on the front, the lateral
margins slightly raised. Pronotum rectangular, a little longer
than broad, flat, subopaque, and without punctures, the lateral
margins slightly raised, broader than the posterior margin of the
head. Scutellum shining, very small; pleure finely aciculate.
Median segment scarcely longer than the scutellum, broadened
from the base and obliquely truncate: posteriorly. Abdomen
much broader than the thorax, the segments divided into two
nearly equal parts transversely, the basal portion raised and
broadly emarginate in the middle posteriorly, the apical portion
strongly depressed, the sculpture of the second segment not
differentiated. Pygidium long, elongate-ovate, convex, sub-
carinate longitudinally, not truncate or deflexed, with long grey
hairs at the base.
Fuscous; the legs and mandibles fusco-ferruginous ; pygidium
testaceous; the depressed apical portions of the abdominal
segments pale shining luteous.
Length 4 mm.
Hab. Cossack, W. A. (J. J. Walker).
Allied to leseufi described above, but the shape of the head is
very different.
HEMITHYNNUS PRASTABILIS, Sp. N.
¢. Clypeus transversely rugulose, almost smooth at the apex,
deeply triangularly emarginate, the angles of the emargination
produced into short spines, a narrow and shallowly impressed
line from the base not reaching the apex. Head finely and
closely punctured, thickly clothed with long fulvous pubescence,
which is longest between the antenne and on the cheeks, with a
shallow frontal suleus which reaches the anterior ocellus. Antenne
a little shorter than the thorax and median segment combined,
the apical joints tapering and slightly arcuate. Thorax finely
and closely punctured, the anterior margin of the pronotum
rather strongly raised, the angles not prominent; the pronotum
and scutellum clothed with sparse and long fulvous hairs. Median
segment more finely and shallowly punctured, the pubescence on
the sides long and white. Abdomen slightly fusiform, shining,
finely and very sparsely punctured; the apical dorsal segment
narrowly truncate at the apex, with curved striz; a thick tuft of
long fulvous hairs below the dorsal segment and above the hypo-
pygium, which is produced on each side near the base into a sharp
angle, thence triangular, with the sides curved upwards to the
base of the slightly recurved apical spine. Second abscissa of the
282 MR. R. E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
radius a little longer than the third, the first recurrent nervure
received at three-quarters from the base of the second cubital cell,
the second at one-quarter from the base of the third cubital cell.
Black; the mandibles and the anterior margin of the clypeus
yellow; the seventh abdominal segment and the sixth, except the
extreme base, ferruginous red ; tibiz and tarsi light ferruginous.
Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with yellow, nervures ferruginous
at the base and apex and on the costa, fuscous in the middle.
Length 17 mm.
Hab, Western Australia (Preiss).
Type in Berlin Museum.
The emargination of the clypeus is unusual in Australian
species, :
HEMITHYNNUS PETULANS Sm. (Plate XXXII. figs.5 5,6 2.)
Thynnus petulans Sm. Descr. n. sp. Hym. p. 165 (1879), 3.
2. Clypeus very broadly and shallowly emarginate at the apex,
with a short carina from the base not quite reaching the apex.
Head moderately thick, slightly convex, half as broad again as
long, rounded at the posterior angles, shining and sparsely punc-
tured, the front between the antenne coarsely punctured and
divided by a delicate longitudinal sulcus. Thorax subopaque,
closely and minutely punctured; the pronotum nearly twice as
broad as long, with a row of deep setigerous punctures along the
straight anterior margin. Median segment as long as the scu-
tellum, broadened from the base and obliquely truncate posteriorly.
A few large scattered punctures on the scutellum and median
segment. Abdomen broad, nearly twice as long as the head and
thorax combined, smooth, with a few scattered punctures; the
first segment broad and short, not narrowed towards the base,
with three or four low and fine transverse carine at the apex ;
second segment with about nine well-raised but more or less
irregular transverse carine ; fifth ventral segment longitudinally
striated. Pygidium vertically deflexed posteriorly, the dorsal
plate more than twice as long as broad, coarsely longitudinally
striated at the base, smooth at the apex and very feebly trilobed.
Head and thorax ferruginous red; legs fusco-ferruginous;
abdomen black, the first, third, fourth, and fifth dorsal segments
with a broad yellow transverse band near the apex, the second
dorsal segment with a large yellow spot on each side.
Length 11-16 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. /. Giles). ¢ Qincop. December
and January.
“ Resting on Jnula shrub and Hucalyptus bloom. Not regular
in its appearance, some years none are seen.” ((les.)
The female is nearly allied to those of protervus Sm. and
inconstans Sm., but differs from the former in the colour of the
head and thorax and in the shape of the first abdominal segment ;
from the latter species in the development of the carinz on the
two basal segments and in the rather narrower pygidium.
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 283
HEMITHYNNUS WALLISII Sim.
Thynnus wallisti Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 14 (1859), 5 2.
Specimens of this species in the Berlin Museum have the antenn
of the male ferruginous. The locality given for these specimens
is New South Wales without any more precise information,
ONCORRHINUS XANTHOSPILUS Shuck. (Plate XXXI. fig. 7, 2 .)
Oncorrhinus xanthospilus Shuck., Grey’s Journal of two Ex-
peditions to N.W. and W. Australia, ii. p. 471 (1841), o.
@. Mandibles simple, not bidentate; clypeus truncate at the
apex, finely punctured, without a carina. Head slightly convex,
nearly twice. as broad as long, with a short, longitudinal, frontal
suleus ; smooth, with deep sparse punctures above the base of the
antenne and on the vertex. Antenne shorter than the breadth
of the head; the joints of the flagellum broader than long.
Posterior angles of the head rounded, Thorax sparsely punc-
tured ; the pronotum narrower than the head, twice as broad as
long, very slightly narrowed posteriorly ; scutellum much broader
than long. Median segment very short, obliquely truncate a
little behind the scutellum, the surface of the truncation finely
shagreened. Abdomen broader than the thorax; very shallowly
and sparsely punctured; the basal segment concavo-truncate
anteriorly, very narrowly depressed on the apical margin; second
segment irregularly and finely transversely carinated, with a
strong transverse carina near the apex separated by a broad
groove from the strongly raised apical margin. Pygidium not
contracted at the base, vertically truncate posteriorly, the surface
of the truncation broadly ovate and longitudinally striated, the
striz strong and arched at the base. Fifth ventral segment
coarsely longitudinally striated. Intermediate tibize moderately
thickened ; the first jot of the intermediate tarsi normal, not
thickened ; tarsal ungues bidentate, small.
Fusco-ferruginous, the legs and pygidium paler ; head black;
the sides of the abdominal segments pale testaceous.
Length 12 mm.
Hab. South Perth, Guildford, W. A. (H.W. Giles). 3 2 incop.
“On Hucalyptus bloom. Fairly common.” (iles.)
The disparity between the sexes is great and the female is not
so aberrant as the male, showing close relationship to other species
allied to the Macrothynnus group. The palpi are minute as in
Thynnus, the maxillary palpi two-jointed, the labial palpi three-
jointed.
MACROTHYNNUS SIMILLIMUS Sm.
Thynnus simillimus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 15 (1859), ¢.
A male specimen sent by Mr. Giles differs from the typical
form from New South Wales in the somewhat less robust form,
the presence of a low longitudinal carina on the scutellum, and the
more triangular shape of the hypopygium.
Hab. South Perth, W. A.
284 MR..R. E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
THYNNOIDES PREISSIL, sp. 1.
Thynnus preissi Klug, MS.
3. Clypeus rounded at the apex, shallowly and rather sparsely
punctured, prominent at the base. Antenne as long as the
thorax and median segment combined, inserted much further from
each other than from the eyes, of almost equal thickness through-
out; the interantennal prominence very broadly rounded at the
apex, divided by a short longitudinal carina. Head and thorax
closely and finely punctured, the front more coarsely, the scutellum
more sparsely; the anterior margin of the pronotum almost
straight, very slightly emarginate, strongly raised, with a deep
groove behind it, the angles rather prominent ; scutellum broadly
truncate at the apex. Median segment very delicately punctured-
rugulose, obliquely depressed from the postscutellum, rounded at
the sides. Abdomen elongate, much longer than the head, thorax,
and median segment combined, the segments very slightly con-
stricted at the base; the first segment with a sulcus from the base
nearly reaching the apex, very finely and closely punctured; the
apical segment more coarsely punctured, subtruncate at the apex,
with a few indistinct transverse strie. Sixth ventral segment
without spines. Hypopygium with a blunt spine on each side at
the base, thence produced in a very narrow triangular shape to the
base of the apical spine. First ventral segment not carinate.
Second abcissa of the radius quite as long as the third; second
recurrent nervure received at one-third from the base of the third
cubital cell.
Black; the mandibles, except at the apex, and the clypeus
yellow ; a transverse mark near the apex of the clypeus brown.
Wings fusco-hyaline, nervures black.
Length 18 mm.
Hab. Western Australia (Preiss).
Type in Berlin Museum.
Easily distinguished by the rounded margin of the clypeus.
THYNNOIDES RUFITHORAX, sp. Nn.
@. Clypeus small, transverse, punctured, without a carina.
Head shining , sparsely punctured, more closely on the front than
on the saree, rather longer than its greatest breadth, much
narrowed posteriorly, very slightly convex, with a short blunt spine
on each side near the middle of the lateral margin. Thorax
shining, obsoletely punctured ; the pronotum nearly as broad as
the broadest part of the head, twice as broad as long, the anterior
margin arched, with a row of setigerous punctures behind it,
slightly narrowed posteriorly. Pleurz shining and almost smooth.
Median segment closely punctured, very short, shorter than the
scutellum, obliquely truncate posteriorly, the surface of the trun-
cation finely aciculate. Abdomen much broader than the thorax,
the segments smooth at the base, finely punctured at the apex;
the first segment truncate anteriorly, the dorsal surface divided
TOLON i + FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 285
into two equal portions by a transverse carina, the basal half
sparsely punctured, the apical half depressed and finely aciculated ;
second segment with three transverse carine at the base, followed
by two more broadly interrupted in the middle, then broadly
depressed to the apex, the apical margin raised. Pygidium almost
vertical, long and narrow, longitudinally striated near the base,
compressed near the middle and smooth at the apex. Fifth
ventral segment coarsely rugose.
Black ; the mandibles at the base, the apex of the scape, thorax,
median segment, and legs ferruginous red; the apex of the
pygidium testaceous; flagellum fuscous.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Avarat, Victoria.
Type in the Berlin Museum.
‘THYNNOIDES NEPHELOPTERUS, Sp. 0.
3. Clypeus large, produced and very broadly subemarginate at
the apex, rather sparsely punctured, some of the punctures con-
fluent longitudinally ; the labrum projecting and very shallowly
emarginate at the apex. Head very closely and finely punctured,
the front punctured-rugose; the interantennal prominence very
broadly rounded at the apex, connected bya short carina with the
base of the clypeus, divided by a short, fine, longitudinal carina.
Antenne inserted a little further from each other than from the
eyes, as long as the thorax without the median segment, very
slightly slenderer at the apex than in the middle. Thorax finely
and closely punctured, more sparsely on the scutellum ; pronotum
with the anterior margin a little raised, the anterior angles some-
what prominent; scutellum very broadly rounded at the apex.
Median segment rounded at the sides, obliquely depressed from
near the base, very finely punctured rugulose. Anterior coxze
strongly concave beneath. Abdomen fusiform; segments 2-5
slightly constricted at the base, the segments very finely and
closely punctured at the base, a little more strongly and sparsely
at the apex; seventh dorsal segment rugulose, rounded at the
apex, without a flattened plate; sixth ventral segment without
spines. Hypopygium with a prominent tooth on each side at the
basal angles, thence elongate-triangular to the base of the apical
spine, with a few transverse striae on the dorsal surface. The
groove between the two basal segments is deep, the second seg-
ment is without a tubercle at the “base.
Black; the mandibles (except at the apex) and the clypeus
(except a fuscous spot on each side near the apex) orange-yellow ;
wings fusco-hyaline, nervures black.
The second recurrent nervure is received just beyond one-
quarter from the base of the third cubital cell.
Length 13-19 mm.
@. Clypeus without a carina; mandibles faleate. Head
strongly convex, nearly as long as the breadth on the anterior
margm, much narrowed posteriorly, shining, with a few small
286 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15
scattered punctures and a longitudinal frontal sulcus; the
posterior margin shallowly emarginate. Pronotum shining, with
a few small punctures, a little broader than long, the sides almost
parallel, the anterior margin feebly rounded in the middle.
Median segment less than half as long as the pronotum, broadened
from the base, the apical angles subtuberculate, obliquely truncate
posteriorly, and very minutely punctured. Abdomen micro-
scopically punctured, with a few large scattered punctures; the
basal segment with a transverse carina before the apex, separated
by a deep and broad groove from the raised apical margin; second
segment with five even and strong transverse carinz, including
the raised apical margin; fifth ventral segment coarsely longi-
tudinally striated. Pygidium deflexed, long, exceedingly narrow,
almost linear, slightly expanding at the apex, which is very
narrowly rounded ; the dorsal plate much shorter than the ventral
and very feebly and narrowly trilobed at the apex. Anterior
coxe not concave; intermediate tibiz scarcely broader than the
posterior ; basal joint of intermediate tarsi normal, not flattened.
Black; the mandibles at the base, the second dorsal abdominal
segment, and the spines of tibize and tarsi fusco-ferruginous.
Length 8-10 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (7. MW. Giles). December.
“On Leptospermum, occasionally on Hucalyptus. Plentiful
every season.” (Giles.)
THYNNOIDES LANIO, Sp. Nn.
3. Clypeus large, broad and subemarginate at the apex,
sparsely punctured ; the extreme apex of the labrum only visible ;
outer margin of the maxille fringed with long hairs. Head
finely and very closely punctured ; the interantennal prominence
pointed at the apex and connected by a short and broad carina
with the base of the clypeus. Antenne as long as the thorax
without the median segment, tapering very slightly towards the
apex. Thorax and median segment finely and closely punctured,
most sparsely on the scutellum, most closely and finely on the
median segment; the pronotum narrowed anteriorly, the anterior
margin slightly raised; median segment short, rounded at the
sides, obliquely sloped from just behind the postscutellum.
Abdomen elongate fusiform, the segments feebly constricted at
the base, rather closely and not very finely punctured ; the basal
segment oblique from near the apex to the base, divided by a
median sulcus which nearly reaches the apex; the apical dorsal
segment deflexed and strongly punctured ; the groove between
the two basal ventral segments broad but rather shallow, the
sixth ventral segment without spines. Hypopygium with a tooth
on each side at the basal angles, thence triangular to the base of
the acute apical spine. Anterior cox not concave.
Black, with sparse grey pubescence, long and close on the
median segment ; the clypeus, mandibles (except the apical teeth),
the margins of the eyes interrupted on the summit, a short oblique |
a
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 287
line on each side between the antennez, a narrow transverse band
broadly interrupted in the middle on the pronotum, and two spots
on the tegule, yellow ; ashort transverse band broadly interrupted
in the middle on dorsal segments 2-5 ferruginous brown, tinged
with yellow on the second and third, very obscure on the fifth
segment; the base of ventral segments 2-5 narrowly fusco-fer-
ruginous. Wings hyaline washed with fuscous, nervures black.
Anterior tibize beneath fusco-ferruginous,
Length 20 mm.
2. Clypeus without a carina. Head nearly rectangular,
slightly rounded at the posterior angles, a little convex, broader
than long by about one-quarter, smooth and shining, with a short,
longitudinal frontal suleus. Pronotum more than half as broad
again anteriorly as long, a little narrowed posteriorly, very sparsely
and finely punctured, with larger setigerous punctures on the
anterior and lateral margins, the anterior margin very broadly
and shallowly emarginate, the anterior angles prominent and sub-
tuberculate. Scutellum and median segment sparsely punctured ;
the scutellum not very narrow; the median segment a little
shorter than the scutellum, broadened from the base and almost
vertically truncate posteriorly. First abdominal segment truncate
anteriorly, the dorsal surface divided into, two almost equal parts
by a transverse carina; the basal portion coarsely but rather
sparsely punctured, the apical portion depressed and almost
without punctures, the apical margin slightly raised; second
segment with five strongly raised transverse carine including the
raised apical margin ; segments 3-5 smooth at the base, coarsely
but sparsely punctured at the apex ; fifth ventral segment coarsely
longitudinally striated. Pygidium sharply deflexed, long and
almost linear, slightly broadened at the apex into a narrow,
elongate-ovate surface; both the dorsal and ventral plates very
narrowly rounded at the apex ; a tuft of golden hairs on each side
near the base.
Black; the thorax and median segment ferruginous red; the
mandibles at the base, the apex of the scape, and the anterior
tibie and tarsi beneath ferruginous.
Length 11 mm.
Hab) South Perth) We A, (2. iM. Giles). 3$ 9 im cop:
February.
“ Hucalyptus bloom. Rare, only one pair seen.” ((iles.)
This is not very close to typical T’hynnoides, the male being
without the concave coxe. It is perhaps nearer to the medleus
group.
CAMPYLOTHYNNUS ASSIMILIS Sm.
Thynnus assimilis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 20 (1859), ¢.
Thynnus flavofasciatus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 45
CISD) Or,
Hab, South Perth, W. A. (H. MW. Giles). 3 2 in cop.
This species is most nearly allied to 7. favopictus Sm.
288 MR. R: E, TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
ELIDOTHYNNUS AGILIS Sm.
Thynnus agilis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M, vii. p. 20 (1859), 3S.
@. Clypeus without a carina ; mandibles rather flattened, with
avery small tubercle near the middle of the inner margin. Front
sparsely but coarsely punctured and very sparsely clothed with
greyish hairs, vertex shining, very sparsely and finely punctured ;
the head broader than long, rounded at the posterior angles. A
short and obscure longitudinal sulcus between the antenne ; the
scape smooth above, punctured beneath, with a few long grey
hairs. Pronotum half as broad again anteriorly as long, narrowed
a little posteriorly, sparsely punctured, with a row of punctures
along the anterior margin, all the punctures piliferous. Median
segment sparsely punctured, half as long as the pronotum,
broadened from the base, obliquely truncate posteriorly, the
surface of the truncation almost smooth. Abdomen very sparsely
punctured, the segments smooth at the base and apex, the sides
and apex of the abdomen thinly clothed with long grey pubescence;
the basal segment with a transverse carina strongly emarginate
posteriorly before the apex, the apical margin broadly depressed ;
second segment with four transverse carine on the basal portion,
the space between the raised apical margin and the carine finely
transversely striated; fifth ventral segment longitudinally striated.
Pygidium long and very narrow; the basal portion long and
strongly compressed, bearing two or three longitudinal carine ;
deflexed obliquely posteriorly and broadened, the surface narrowly
elongate-ovate ; the dorsal plate with a median carina not reaching
the apex which is trilcbed; the ventral plate narrower than the
dorsal and rounded at the apex. Intermediate tibiz no thicker
than the posterior, basal joint of the intermediate tarsi normal,
Black; the head and legs ferruginous; the middle of the
ventral abdominal segments and the pygidium fusco-ferruginous ;
a tuft of long golden hairs on each side of the pygidium.
Length 12-14 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (7. I. Giles). 3 2 incop. January
and February.
“ Hucalyptus bloom. Rare.” (Géles.)
ELIDOTHYNNUS MOBILIS, sp. n.
3g. Clypeus sparsely punctured, rather broadly truncate at
the apex. Head, pronotum, mesonotum, and median segment
finely and closely punctured, scutellum and abdomen more
sparsely and strongly punctured. Interantennal prominence
V-shaped ; the antennz stout, of even thickness throughout, as
long as the thorax and median segment combined. Median
segment obliquely depressed from the postscutellum, rounded at
the sides. Abdomen elongate, tapering slightly at the extremities.
Seventh dorsal segment deflexed, coarsely punctured and truncate
at the apex, without a flattened plate. Hypopygium short, only
projecting a little beyond the dorsal segment, produced into
1910. | FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 289
lateral angles near the base but not toothed, thence triangular to
the base of the short apical spine.
Black; the clypeus, the orbits of the eyes narrowly, broadly
interrupted at the summit, the apex of the interantennal
prominence, a broad arched band on the pronotum, a quadrate
spot on the mesonotum, another on the scutellum, a transverse
band on the postscutellum, a spot on the mesopleure below the
anterior wings, the tegule, a large spot on each side of the six
‘ basal dorsal segments of the abdomen and on each side of ventral
segments 2-5, yellow; femora, tibie, and tarsi ferruginous.
Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow, nervures fuscous.
Length 17 mm.
®. Clypeus without a carina; the mandibles broad and rather
stout. Head half as broad again anteriorly as long, strongly
rounded at the posterior angles, very slightly convex, thin,
shining, very sparsely and finely punctured both on the vertex and
front; a well-marked longitudinal sulcus on the front. Thorax
rather closely punctured, the pronotum much more finely than
the median segment; the pronotum nearly twice as broad as
long, the sides almost parallel, with a row of long grey hairs on
the anterior margin. Median segment no longer than the
scutellum, broadened from the base and obliquely truncate
posteriorly, the surface of the truncation shining, with a few
scattered punctures. Abdominal segments smooth at the base ;
the first segment truncate anteriorly, with a row of setigerous
punctures above the base of the truncation, the apical margin
broadly depressed, leaving a raised mark strongly emarginate im
the middle and rounded at the sides before the depression ; second
segment with three transverse carine near the base, the space
between the raised apical margin and the carine indistinctly
transversely striated ; third segment depressed at the apex as in
the first segment, the raised mark before the depression very
sparsely punctured near the apex; fourth and fifth segments
closely punctured at the apex; fifth ventral segment longi-
tudinally and coarsely striated. Pygidium deflexed, very long
and narrow, almost vertically truncate posteriorly, compressed
and linear before the truncation, the surface of the truncation
very narrowly elongate-ovate ; the dorsal plate trilobed at the
apex ; the ventral plate extending beyond the dorsal and narrowly
rounded at the apex.
Black; the mandibles at the base, clypeus, scape, vertex,
pygidium, the middle of the second dorsal segment, the depressed
apical margin of the first and third segments, and the extreme
apex of the fourth and fifth fusco-ferruginous ; legs and the whole
ventral surface light testaceous brown. A tuft of golden hairs on
each side of the pygidium. Basal joint of intermediate tarsi not
broadened.
Length 12 mm.
Hab. Guildford, W. A. (H. MW. Giles). 3 2 in cop. December.
“On Leptospermum bloom. Scarce.” (iles.)
Proc. Zoon. Soc—1910, No. XIX. 19
290 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
Allied to mellews Westw. and also to insidiator Sm. and agilis
Sm., from the last of which the male is hardly distinguishable by
any constant character, though the size is different. But the
female has the head somewhat broader than in agilis, the pygidium
narrower, and the sculpture different. In the male the yellow
marks on the abdomen are less extensive than in agilis, the spot
on the mesonotum is more developed, being often entirely absent
in agilis, and the angles at the base of the hypopygium are some-
what less prominent in the present species.
ELIDOTHYNNUS BASALIS Sm.
Thynnus basalis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 23 (1859), g
A long series of this species and of 7’. tuberculifrons Sm. sent
by Mr. Giles, who states that they are two of the commonest
species in the neighbourhood of Perth and that the females seem
to him to be identical. The females sent are similar to that
previously described by me froma damaged specimen as the female
of 7. tuberculifrons Sm., but the low carina on the pronotum is
absent. I am therefore driven to the conclusion that the speci-
mens with the red abdomen (basalis) and those with the black
abdomen (tuberculifrons) are two forms of the same species distinct
from vastator Sm., though intermediate colour-varieties do not
seem to occur. One specimen, apparently identical with basalis,
is, however, paired with a female closely resembling that described
by Smith as vastator, though differing in the presence of four
raised carinee instead of three at the base of the second dorsal
segment. I have dissected out the genitalia of basalis and tuber-
culifrons, and can find absolutely no difference.
LESTRICOTHYNNUS CONSTRICTUS Sm.
Thynnus constrictus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 19 (1859), 5
¢. Clypeus with an obscure carina at the base, the anterior
margin feebly and very broadly rounded; mandibles stout and
rather short. Head moderately convex, rather large, nearly as
long as broad, rounded at the posterior angles, shining, very
sparsely and shallowly punctured, with a short, longitudinal, fr ontal
sulcus ; three large punctures in a triangle on the vertex. Thorax
very finely and sparsely punctured, a row of deeper punctures each
bearing a seta along the anterior margin of the pronotum, which
is narrower than the head, nearly rectangular and almost twice
as broad as long. Median segment a little longer than the
scutellum, broadened from the base and abruptly truncate
posteriorly, deeply and rather closely punctured, the surface of
the truncation almost smooth. Abdomen very sparsely and finely
punctured, the first segment with the apical margin raised and a
deep transverse groove before it ; the second segment with about
eight transverse carinz including the raised apical margin, the six
basal carinee low and more or less irr ‘egular, the two apical carinee
higher and regular; fifth segment more closely punctured.
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 291
Ventral surface more closely and coarsely punctured, the fifth
segment coarsely longitudinally striated. Pygidium long and very
narrow, linear at the base; sharply deflexed posteriorly and very
narrowly elongate-ovate, with a short but strong longitudinal
carina at the base. Basal joit of intermediate tarsi normal.
Ferruginous brown; the apex of the mandibles, median seg-
ment, the apical half of the third dorsal abdominal segment, and
the whole of the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments black.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. MM. Giles). S$ 2 in cop.
“On Leptospermum bloom.”
A male of this species was sent by Mr. Giles paired with a
female of C. assimilis Sm. taken on Hucalyptus jficifolia. He
states that cross-pairing is occasionally met with in the Thynnide.
LEsTRICOTHYNNUS OPTIMUS Sm.
Thynnus optimus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 29. n. 74
(1859), 3S.
Thynnus (Aeolothynnus) optimus Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
Exxil, p. 125 (1908), ¢.
This should probably be placed in the section of the genus
near nubddlipenais Sm., though differing in the more flattened
abdomen, the shape of the hypopygium, and in the position of the
second recurrent nervure, which is strongly curved and received
very near the base of the third cubital cell. Except in the latter
character it is very near L. dllidgei described below. L. sulcatus
Sm. is most probably the female of this species, being allied to the
female of L. illidgei, but the very fragmentary condition of the
type renders close comparison in some points impossible.
LESTRICOTHYNNUS ILLIDGEI, sp. n.
3. Clypeus convex in the middle, produced and rather broadly
truncate on the apical margin, very finely and sparsely punctured,
with a slightly depressed mark on each side before the apex,
pointed at the base and connected with the interantennal
prominence by a short carina; the labrum projecting slightly
beyond the clypeus and broadly rounded at the apex. Palpi
slender, but not elongate; the basal joint of the labial palpi about
as long as the second and third combined. Antennz longer than
the thorax and median segment combined, the apical joints very
feebly arcuate and a little slenderer than the others; the distance
between the antenne at the base rather less than that between
the base of the antennz and the eyes. Head small, opaque and
closely punctured, broader than the pronotum ; the interantennal
prominence V-shaped. Pronotum shining and almost smooth, the
anterior margin very slightly raised; mesonotum closely punctured,
less closely so on the dise than on the sides, with the usual two
longitudinal sulci on each side. Scutellum and median segment
shining, shallowly and rather sparsely punctured ; the scutellum
Loh
292 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
convex and rather broadly truncate atthe apex ; median segment
rounded a, little longer than broad. Abdomen elongate, the sides
nearly par. allel, the segments not strongly convex above; segments
9-4 inarked with a depressed transverse line close to the base,
but not appreciably constricted ; the segments closely and rather
shallowly punctured ; the basal segment longer than the breadth
at the apex, with a longitudinal sulcus from the base to beyond the
middle. Seventh dorsal segment narrow, much longer than broad
and very narrowly rounded at the apex, the apical half rugose.
Hypopygium small, without basal spines, ending in a spine which
alone projects beyond the dorsal segment and is sometimes feebly
recurved. Second recurrent nervure received by the third cubital
cell just before one-third from the base.
Black ; the mandibles (except at the apex), clypeus, the margins
of the eyes very broadly, narrowing on the inner margin and not
quite reaching the summit, the band on the outer margin more
narrowly continued and undulating on the posterior margin of the
head, the interantennal prominence, the margins of the pronotum,
the pleurz, coxee beneath, tegule and a line above them, a spot
bifureate anteriorly on the disc of the mesonotum, scutellum, post-
scutellum, an oblique band curved at the apex on each side of the
median segment and a broad transverse band, broadly interrupted
in the middle, on both dorsal and ventral segments 1—6 of the
abdomen, represented on the first ventral segment by a triangular
spot, yellow; the seventh segment and the femora, tibic, and tarsi
dull ferruginous. Wings hyaline, with a small fuscous cloud at
the apex of the radial cell; nervures fuscous, the stigma fusco-
ferruginous.
Length 14-15 mm.
@. Mandibles rather broad and flattened, pointed at the apex ;
the clypeus small, without a carina. Head half as broad again as
long, rounded at the posterior angles, smooth and shining, with a
longitudinal frontal sulcus and a large shallow depression on each
side reaching more than halfway from the base of the antennz to
the vertex. Thorax and median segment closely and rather finely
punctured; the pronotum twice as broad as long, nearly as broad
as the head, the sides nearly parallel ; scutellum not very narrow,
rounded at the apex ; median segment very short, obliquely trun-
cate posteriorly. Abdomen broader than the thorax; the first
segment with a broad, shallow, transverse groove close to the apex,
the second segment with four strong transverse carine and the
apical margin raised ; the first, third, fourth, and fifth segments
closely and finely punctured and covered with short greyish
pubescence. Pygidium truncate posteriorly, narrow at the base
but not contracted at the base of the truneation, the surface of the
truncation elongate-ovate with three longitudinal carine at the
base, the apex smooth and shining; the hypopygium extending
far beyond the epipygium. F.fth ventral segment rugose.
Black ; the flagellum, the tibiz and tarsi, the dorsal surface of
the first abdominal segment, the sides of the other segments, and
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 293
a transverse band near the base of segments 3-5 obscure creamy
yellow. The colour is very variable.
Length 8-9 mm.
Hab. Mooraree, near Brisbane, Q. (2. /ilidge).
On Leptospermum blossom. 5 pairs in cop.
Near LZ. optimus Sm. from Western Australia, and related,
though less nearly, to LZ. nubilipennis Sm. The female is related
to L. sulcatus Sm., but the depressions on the head are much
smaller and shallower than in that species.
LEsTRICOTHYNNUS SUBTILIS, sp. n.
3. Clypeus strongly convex, broadiy truncate at the apex,
very coarsely punctured, with a low carina from the base to the
apex. Head punctured-rugose, the interantennal prominence
very broadly truncate at the apex ; antenne inserted further from
each other than from the eyes, as long as the thorax and median
segment combined and of nearly even thickness throughout.
Thorax and median segment very finely and closely punctured,
most finely on the pronotum and median segment; the pronotum
narrower than the head, the anterior margin very slightly raised,
the posterior margin almost smooth ; median segment rounded.
Abdomen elongate, rather slender, tapering a little at the ex-
tremities, the segments not constricted, very closely and finely
punctured, the sixth ventral segment without spines ; dorsal plate
of the seventh segment flattened, triangular, and longitudinally
striated. Hypopygium short, scarcely projecting beyond the
dorsal segment, broadly triangular, with a short apical spine.
Second abscissa of the radius longer than the third; second
recurrent nervure received near the base of the third cubital
cell.
Black, with short white pubescence on the sides of the thorax
and abdomen. Wings pale fusco-hyaline, nervures fuscous.
Length 19 mm.
@. Clypeus without a carina, smooth and shining. Head
closely microscopically punctured, twice as broad as long, rounded
at the posterior angles, with a delicate, longitudinal, frontal sulcus.
Pronotum rectangular, more than half as broad again as long,
“narrower than the head, finely and sparsely punctured, with a few
setigerous punctures on the anterior margin; scutellum trans-
verse, about three times as broad as long; median segment
obliquely truncate from just behind the scutellum, very minutely
punctured. Abdomen sparsely and shallowly punctured; the
second segment with a low transverse carina at the base and two
higher carine, rather widely separated from each other, at the
apex, one being formed by the raised apical margin, the space
between them and the basal carina with about four low, ill-defined,
undulating and broken carine. Fifth ventral segment coarsely
longitudinally striated. Pygidium vertically truncate posteriorly,
the face of the truncation rather narrowly ovate and coarsely
longitudinally striated; the ventral plate extending a little
294 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
beyond the dorsal, without any constriction at the base. First
joint of the intermediate tarsi slender; tarsal ungues small,
bidentate.
Entirely castaneous brown, varying in darkness according to
the age of the specimen.
Length 10-11 mm.
Hab. Claremont, W. A.(H. MW. Giles). 3 Q incop. December.
ae
Allied to ZL. vigilans Sm.
bo
LestricoTHyNnNnvs (?) TENUATUS Sm.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) tenuatus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 31
(1859), o.
Thynnus Uiaueen tenuatus Turn. Proc. Linn. oe N.S.W.
Xxxlil. p. 173 (1908), 3
2. Clypeus without a carina. Head subopaque, very minutely
and closely punctured, the cheeks and vertex shining and almost
smooth, with a short and obscure longitudinal frontal suleus, more
than half as broad again anteriorly as long, the posterior angles
strongly rounded. Pronotum sparsely punctured, with a row of
large setigerous punctures on the anterior margin, broader than
long and slightly narrowed posteriorly. Scutellum sparsely
punctured. Median segment shorter than the scutellum, very
minutely and closely punctured, broadened from the base and
steeply sloped posteriorly. First abdominal segment concavo-
truncate anteriorly, the dorsal surface shining and sparsely
punctured, the apical margin raised slightly, with a narrow groove
before it ; second segment with about eight more or less irregular
transverse carine, including the raised apical margin, the carine
at the base much lower than those at the apex; segments 3-5
finely and rather closely punctured, delicately aciculate at the
base, narrowly smooth at the apex ; fifth ventral segment coarsely
longitudinally striated. Pygidium not very narrow at the base,
vertically truncate posteriorly, with arched carine above the base
of the truncation, the surface of the truncation ovate, narrowly
truncate at the apex, and with four strongly raised arched carine
on the basal half. The intermediate tibie are thickened and
spinose, but the basal joint of the intermediate tarsi is not un-
usually broad.
Fusco-ferruginous, the second, fourth, fifth, and apical segments
of the abdomen almost black.
Length 11 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. M. Giles). & 2 in cop.
November.
“On Leptospermum bloom. Very rare.” (Giles.)
The female seems more nearly allied to crudelis Turn. than to
any other, although the male is without spines on the sixth
ventral segment. It does not seem to be well placed either in the
Agriomyia or Lophocheilus groups.
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 295
TACHYNOTHYNNUS PICIPES Westw.
Thynnus picipes Westw. Arc. Ent. 11. p. 114 (1844), 3.
Specimens of the male sent by Mr. Giles have the legs black
and the wings rather darker than in the typical form. One
specimen has the apex of the first abdominal segment dull
ferruginous.
2. Mandibles stout, acute at the apex, with a small tooth near
the middle of the inner margin. Clypeus without a carina.
Head coarsely punctured on the front, the punctures piliferous,
smooth and shining on the vertex, nearly half as broad again as
long, the posterior angles rounded, slightly narrowed anteriorly,
scarcely convex. Pronotum nearly as broad as the head, more
than half as broad again as long anteriorly, a little narrowed
posteriorly, the anterior margin not quite straight, very shallowly
emarginate, sparsely punctured on the sides, smooth in the middle,
~a row of large setigerous punctures along the anterior margin.
Scutellum and median segment sparsely punctured, the median
segment as long as the scutellum, broadened from the base and
almost vertically truncate posteriorly. First dorsal segment of
the abdomen coarsely punctured-rugulose, the apical margin a
little raised, with a broad groove before it ; second segment with
about eight transverse carine including the raised apical margin,
those near the base lower, the apical margin with a very broad
groove before it; segments 3-5 shining, sparsely punctured at
the apex. Pygidium obliquely deflexed, narrow at the base,
gradually broadened to the apex, elongate-triangular, with strong
transverse carinee, slightly arched; the ventral plate rounded at
the apex and expanding on each side of the dorsal. A tuft of
hairs on each side springing from below the apex of the fifth
segment. Fifth ventral segment rugose, with oblique curved
strie at the apex. Intermediate tibie thick and spinose, basal
joint of intermediate tarsi not flattened.
Black ; head, middle of the pronotum, second abdominal seg-
ment, and the spines of the tibie and tarsi fusco-ferruginous.
Length 14 mm.
Hab. Cottesloe, near Fremantle, W. A. (H. MW. Giles). 3g 2 in
cop. December.
“On Hucalyptus bloom.”
The female, as would be expected, is near the shuckardi group.
PoGONOTHYNNUS (2?) WALKERI Turn.
Thynnus walkert Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxiii. p. 236
(1908), 3.
2. Clypeus without a carina. Head finely and sparsely punc-
tured, shining, with a short, longitudinal, frontal sulcus, slightly
convex, half as broad again as long. Pronotum as broad as the
head, nearly twice as broad as long, the sides almost parallel,
smooth and shining, with a few minute scattered punctures and
a row of deeper setigerous punctures along the straight anterior
296 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
margin. Scutellum very sparsely punctured, slightly depressed
on the middle of the apical margin; median segment more
closely and coarsely punctured, less than half as long as the
scutellum, steeply sloped and almost smooth posteriorly. First
abdominal segment concavo-truncate anteriorly, the dorsal surface
with two well-marked transverse carinz at the apex and two or
three ill-defined transverse striz before them; second segment
with six strong transverse carine including the raised apical
margin; segments 3-5 smooth at the base, very sparsely punc-
tured near the apex; fifth ventral segment coarsely obliquely
striated. Pygidium deflexed from the base and smooth, truncate
posteriorly, the surface of the truncation twice as long as broad,
the sides nearly parallel, the apical margin deeply and broadly
emarginate ; the dorsal plate reaching beyond the ventral, smooth
and opaque, with a short transverse carina close to the base; the
pygidium narrow and subconcavely depressed just before the base
of the truncation.
Ferruginous brown, the abdomen fuscous or fusco-ferruginous.
Intermediate tibiz broad and swollen, basal jomt of inter-
mediate tarsi slightly broadened.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H.W. Giles). 3 Qincop. February.
“On Melaleuca bloom. Rare.” (Giles.)
The shape of the pygidium is remarkable. This species is
doubtfully distinct from morosus Sm.
PoGoNOTHYNNUS VESTITUS Sm. (Plate XXXI. figs.9 g,10 9.)
Thynnus vestitus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 15 (1859), ¢;
Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxiil. p. 209 (1908), ¢.
3g. The hypopygium of the male is lanceolate beyond the basal
spines, long and narrow, ending in an acute spine; similar in
shape to that of fenestratus Sm. In the type, the only specimen
I had seen until Mr. Giles’ collection came to hand, the hypo-
pygium was broken.
2. Head not quite half as broad again as long, slightly convex,
not thick, rounded at the posterior angles, very sparsely and
shallowly punctured, shining, the front coarsely punctured in the
middle ; a small arched concave space above the base of each
antenna extending nearly to the eye. Clypeus without a carina ;
scape of the antennz very finely and sparsely punctured. Pro-
notum a little narrower than the head, much broader anteriorly
than long, but very little broader posteriorly than long; broadly
emarginate anteriorly, with a row of setigerous punctures along
the margin; the remainder of the pronotum shining and almost
smooth. Pleurz smooth and shining; scutellum narrowed
posteriorly, smooth in the middle, punctured on the sides. Median
segment shorter than the scutellum, broadened from the base and
abruptly truncate posteriorly, almost smooth in the middle and
on the face of the truncation, punctured on the sides. Abdomen
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 297
stout; the first segment truncate at the base, as broad as the
second, the dorsal surface with six strong transverse carine
including the recurved apical margin ; the second segment with
the same number of carine; segments 3-5 shining, with a few
scattered punctures. Fifth ventral segment with strong broadly
curved strie. Pygidium narrowed at the base, with two or three
arched carine; steeply sloped posteriorly, with three arched
carine at the base of the truncation; the dorsal plate not reaching
to the apex of the ventral, broadened from the base and truncate
at apex; the ventral plate rounded at the apex. Intermediate
tibie very broad.
Length 11-13 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (A. MM. Giles). 4 pairs in cop.
March.
“On Leptospermum bloom; not common.” (Giles.)
The male hypopygium is of the same shape as that of fenes-
tratus Sm., and the sculpture of the two basal dorsal segments of
the female is very similar, though there is one carina less on each
segment in fenestratus. That species also has lateral lobes at the
apex of the dorsal plate of the pygidium, and the number of the
arched carinz on the plate is greater.
ZASPILOTHYNNUS TRILOBATUS, Sp. N.
3. Clypeus rather prominent at the base, then almost vertically
depressed and broadly truncate at the’ apex, longitudinally
striated, punctured on the sides. Head closely punctured, finely
rugose on the front; the interantennal prominence very broadly
rounded at the apex, connected with the base of the clypeus by
a short carina; a fine longitudinal carina below the anterior
ocellus. Antenne inserted a little further from each other than
from the eyes, scarcely as long as the thorax without the median
segment, and of almost even thickness throughout. Thorax,
median segment, and abdomen closely punctured, more finely on
the median segment and abdomen than on the thorax; the
pronotum punctured-rugulose, slightly narrowed anteriorly, the
anterior margin strongly raised; median segment rounded at
the sides, obliquely flattened posteriorly, with a shallow sulcus
from the base to the middle. Abdominal segments 2-5 mode-
rately constricted at the base, with a curved, slightly raised mark
on each side close to the apical margin; the abdomen elongate,
‘tapering at the extremities. Sixth ventral segment with an
acute spine on each side at the apical angles; seventh dorsal
segment produced from the base into a flattened plate, longi-
tudinally striated and truncate at the apex. Hypopygium with
a blunt tooth on each side at the basal angles, thence produced in
an elongate-triangular form and narrowly rounded at the apex,
transversely striated above, with an obscure longitudinal carina
and without an apical spine. The anterior coxe are not concave,
and the groove between the first two ventral segments of the
abdomen is shallow, the second segment without a tubercle at
298 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
the base. ‘The second recurrent nervure is received just before
one-quarter from the base of the third cubital cell.
Black with sparse grey pubescence ; the apical abdominal seg-
ment ferruginous red. Wings hyaline, nervures black.
Length 13 mm.
Q. Clypeus without a carina, transverse. Head subrect-
angular, slightly rounded at the posterior angles, more than half
as broad again as long, sparsely but coarsely punctured. Pro-
notum sparsely punctured, with a row of large setigerous punc-
tures on the anterior margin, nearly twice as broad anteriorly as
long, slightly narrowed posteriorly. Scutellum very sparsely,
median segment more closely punctured, as long as the scutellum,
broadened from the base and obliquely truncate posteriorly, the
surface of the truncation very minutely and closely punctured.
First abdominal segment closely punctured, smooth at the extreme
apex and with the apical margin slightly raised, with a shallow
groove before it; second segment with about eight irregular
transverse carine, lowest at the base, including the raised apical
margin, which is further from the other carine than they are from
each other ; third and fourth segments smooth at the base and
apex, punctured in the middle; fifth dorsal segment smooth at
the base, sparsely punctured in the middle, with a few delicate
curved striz at the apex; fifth ventral segment coarsely longi-
tudinally striated. Pygidium not very narrow at the base,
obliquely sloped posteriorly and slightly broadened, with three
A-shaped carine at the base of the slope, the apex of the dorsal
plate strongly trilobed, the ventral plate extending much beyond
the dorsal, rounded at the apex, with a very feeble emargination
in the middle.
Black ; the two apical segments ferruginous red.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (ZH. W. Giles). $ 2 in cop. 2 6,
22. October.
“On Leptospermum and Stypelia bloom. Rare.” (Giles.)
Nearly allied in structural details to 7. psewstes Turn.
A male in the Berlin Museum, from Adelaide, has the apex of
the sixth dorsal segment red and the flattened dorsal plate of the
seventh less strongly striated.
ZASPILOTHYNNUS CRUDELIS Turn.
Thynnus crudelis Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxul. pp. 83,
238 (1908), ¢.
? Enteles wagnert Schulz, Fauna Siidwest Australiens, 1. 13,
p. 452 (1908), .
@. Clypeus without a carina. Head more than half as broad
again anteriorly as long, strongly rounded at the posterior angles,
strongly but not very closely punctured, with a short and almost
obsolete longitudinal frontal sulcus. Pronotum almost rect-
angular, about one-quarter broader than long, finely, but not very
closely punctured, with a few scattered grey hairs, longest on the
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 299
anterior margin. Median segment finely and closely punctured,
more than half as long as the pronotum, broadened from the base
and obliquely truncate posteriorly, the surface of the truncation
microscopically punctured. First abdominal segment concavo-
truncate anteriorly, the dorsal surface coarsely rugose; second
segment with about nine irregular transverse carine, including
the strongly raised apical margin, the apical carine much higher
than the basal ; segments 3-5 smooth or very delicately aciculate
at the base, finely and closely punctured at the apex ; fifth ventral
segment coarsely longitudinally striated. Pygidium not very
narrow at the base, vertically truncate posteriorly, with about
four arched carine before the base of the truncation, the surface
of the truncation elongate oval, smooth, with two arched carine
at the base, the ventral plate extending beyond the dorsal and
both rounded at the apex.
Dark fuscous brown; head and legs dull ferruginous; pro-
notum and pygidium fusco-ferruginous.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. Perth, W. A. (H. MW. Giles). 3 2 in cop. October.
“On Stypelia bloom. Rare.” (Giles.)
Very similar to trilobatus in general appearance, but the hypo-
pygium of the male and pygidium of the female are very
different.
J am not sure which name has priority for this species. Schulz’s
description was published apparently late in June, though no date
is given ; whereas my diagnosis in the key to the species appeared
early in June, though the full description did not appear until
August. I feel little doubt that the descriptions refer to the same
species, though Schulz does not give any notice of an apical spine
on the hypopygium either in the text or the figure; but this
spine is very liable to be broken in many species. The species is
in no way connected with Hnteles, in which the males always have
the apical spine strongly recurved as in /ehagigaster.
ZASPILOTHYNNUS LIGNATUS, Sp. D.
3. Clypeus strongly convex, coarsely punctured, with a low
median carina not reaching the apex, produced and rather broadly
truncate at the apex, the apical margin obliquely depressed and
smooth; labrum prominent, broad and feebly bilobed. Head
closely punctured-rugose, the interantennal prominence rounded
at the apex; antenne a little longer than the thorax and median
segment combined, the apical joint more slender than the others.
Thorax finely and very closely punctured; the pronotum nearly
as broad as the head, the anterior margin slightly raised ;
scutellum subtriangular, narrowly truncate at the apex. Median
segment short, very finely punctured-rugulose. Abdomen elon-
gate, tapering slightly at the extremities, very finely and closely
punctured ; the segments very feebly constricted at the base, the
first dorsal segment with a tubercle at the base, the sixth segment
more sparsely and coarsely punctured ; the seventh deflexed, very
°
300 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [Feb. 15,
broadly rounded at the apex, with strong curved transverse striz.
Hypopygium subtriangular, the basal angles bluntly produced,
the apex narrowly rounded, without a spine. Second abscissa of
the radius shorter than the third; second recurrent nervure
received at one-quarter from the base of the third cubital cell.
Sixth ventral segment with a very short spine at the apical angles.
Black ; legs fusco-ferruginous. Wings hyaline, the radial cell
clouded with fuscous along the costa ; nervures black.
Length 22-24 mm.
2. Clypeus without a carina, truncate at the apex, shining,
with a few scattered punctures. Head rather small, half as
broad again as long, rounded at the posterior angles, deeply
punctured, the front closely, the vertex rather sparsely, the
punctures bearing short grey hairs. Pronotum rectangular, half
as broad again as long, sparsely and deeply punctured, the
punctures along the anterior margin setigerous, the pronotum
quite as broad as the head; scutellum and median segment
coarsely punctured ; the scutellum broader than long, as long as
the median segment. First dorsal segment of the abdomen
coarsely punctured, the apical margin raised, with a transverse
groove before it ; second segment with five well-marked transverse
carine including the raised apical margin ; segments 3-5 smooth
at the base, sparsely punctured at the apex. Fifth ventral seg-
ment coarsely transversely striated. Pygidium rather narrow,
deflexed and truncate posteriorly, with five arched striz at the
base, suightly widened to the apex and more than three times as
long as broad. Intermediate tibiee moderately thickened, basal
joint of intermediate tarsi slightly broadened.
Black; with sparse white pubescence on the sides of the
abdomen ; mandibles, legs, pygidium, and carine of the second
dorsal segment fusco-ferruginous.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Claremont, W. A. (H. UM. Giles). $ 2 incop. 24,29.
December.
“On Hucalyptus bloom. Rare.”
ZASPILOTHYNNUS DILATATUS Sim.
Thynnus dilatatus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. vii. p. 43 (1859), 9.
Thynnus atroe Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxill. p. 237
(1908), o.
Hab. South Perth, W. A.(H. MW. Giles). 3 Qincop. November.
“On Leptospermum, occasionally on Hucalyptus. One of our
commonest species.” ( Giles.)
ZASPILOTHYNNUS NEGLECTUS, sp. nh.
Extremely near Z. novare Sauss. in both sexes, but differs as
follows :—
3S. The delicate frontal suleus is longer, reaching from the
anterior ocellus to the apex of the interantennal prominence ; the
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 301
hypopygium is much more broadly triangular, with the basal
angles rounded and not produced into lobes.
@. Anterior margin of the pronotum more strongly emar-
ginate; intermediate tibie thicker, very broad, though they are
considerably thickened in novare ; pygidium strongly constricted
at the base of the truncation, ne surface of the truncation very
broadly ovate, nearly as broad in the middle as long; the apical
half smooth, the basal half marked with five A- shaped carne as
In novare.
Length, ¢ 15 mm., 2 12 mm.
Hab. New South Wales (Staudinger). Types in B. M, ex
coll. Turner. A female in the Berlin Museum.
The species in this group are very closely allied, 7. novare
being intermediate between pseustes ‘Turn. and neglectus.
4. pseustes has the clypeus yellow and less strongly sculptured in
the male, while the pygidium of the female has lateral lobes near
the apex and is a more slender insect.
Z. dilatatus Sm. is also closely allied, the intermediate tibize
of the female being much thickened and the truncation of the
pygidium broad as in weglectus, but the pygidium is not contracted
before the truncation.
ZASPILOTHYNNUS NIGRIPES Gueér.
Thynnoides nigripes Guér. Mag. de Zool. xii. p. 10 (1842), 3.
6. Clypeus punctured-rugose, moderately convex, the apical
margin straight but not very broad; antenne as long as the
thorax without the median segment, of even thickness through-
out; the interantennal prominence bilobed. The whole insect
closely punctured, with sparse greyish-white pubescence. Median
segment not truncate, broad, with an obscure median sulcus.
Abdomen elongate; segments 2—5 with an impressed transverse
line near the base, the base of the segments before the line almost
smooth. Second ventral segment with a tubercle at the base; a
spine on each side at the apical angles of the sixth ventral
segment. Seventh dorsal segment without a produced flattened
plate, the basal portion marked with strong rounded strix, the
apex strongly deflexed and transversely striated. Hypopygium
elongate-triangular, with prominent basal angles, the apical spine
feebly eal
Black. Wings hyaline faintly flushed with purple, nervures
black.
Length 20-22 mm.
@. Clypeus without a carina; head and pronotum deeply but
rather sparsely punctured, more closely on the front; head
moderately thick, much broader than long; the eyes separated
from the base of the mandibles by nearly half their own length.
Pronotum subrectangular, slightly narrowed posteriorly, nearly
twice as broad as longs, ine punctures on the anterior margin
deep and setigerous. Scutellum sparsely punctured; median seg-
ment minutely and closely punctured, with a few large scattered
302 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
punctures, as long as the scutellum and broadened from the base,
the surface of the posterior truncation almost smooth. First
abdominal segment truncate at the base, sparsely punctured
immediately above the truncation, then irregularly transversely
striated, the strize low and about four in number, the apical
margin raised, with a deep groove before it; second segment
with many transverse strie, the striz irregular and more than
twelve in number, the basal striz very low, those near the apex
moderately elevated ; segments 3-5 smooth at the base, sparsely
punctured at the apex; fifth ventral segment coarsely longitu-
dinally striated. Pygidium not much narrowed at the base,
obliquely striated near the base, deflexed posteriorly; the
posterior surface ovate, with three or four arched carine at the
base ; the extreme apex of the dorsal plate smooth, rounded and
slightly recurved, not reaching to the apex of the ventral plate.
Black; head and prothorax ferruginous red; sometimes the
scutellum is red also.
Length 15-17 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. MW. Giles). g¢ 2 incop. 55,39.
January and February. One female in the Berlin Museum from
Western Australia.
ZASPILOTHYNNUS RADIALIS, sp. n. (Plate XX XI. fig. 11, 3.)
3. Clypeus large, rather prominent and almost pointed at the
base, broadly truncate at the apex, finely longitudinally striated.
Antenne shorter than the thorax and median segment combined,
of even thickness throughout; the interantennal prominence
broadly V-shaped. Head closely punctured, a very fine longi-
tudinal carina from the apex of the interantennal prominence
almost reaching the anterior ocellus. Posterior ocelli a little
further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum shallowly
and not very closely punctured, nearly as broad as the head,
only shghtly narrowed anteriorly, the anterior margin straight
and raised. Mesonotum closely, scutellum sparsely punctured.
Median segment obliquely truncate from the postscutellum, very
finely and closely punctured on the sides, shallowly punctured-
rugulose on the surface of the truncation. Abdomen shallowly
punctured, the segments not constricted, as long as the head and
thorax combined, shghtly narrowed at the base and apex; the
sixth ventral segment with an acute spine on each side at the
apical angles, Dorsal plate of the seventh segment flatly pro-
duced and rounded at the apex. Hypopygium obliquely striated
above, longer than broad, with a short outwardly curved spine
on each side at the base, then sharply narrowed and produced
with almost parallel sides to the base of the acute apical spine.
The groove between the two basal ventral segments is very shallow.
Second and third cubital cells nearly equal in length on the radial
nervure, the second recurrent nervure received by the third
cubital cell at one-fifth from the base.
Orange-yellow ; antenne, the extreme apex of the mandibles,
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 303
vertex, mesonotum except a quadrate spot near the middle, meso-
pleure except a spot beneath the anterior wings, mesosternum
and the two apical abdominal segments, black. Wings hyaline,
tinged with yellow, the radial cell clouded with fuscous ; nervures
black, except at the base; stigma and costa ferruginous.
Length 18 mm., exp. 28 mm.
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier).
This comes nearest to the genus Zaspilothynnus Ashm., but is
a smaller and slenderer insect than leachiellus Westw.
ZASPILOTHYNNUS GILESI, sp.n. (Plate XX XI. figs.12 ¢,139.)
3. Clypeus large, broadly truncate at the apex, the labrum
projecting beyond the clypeus and narrowly truncate at the apex ;
the clypeus punctured at the extreme base, finely longitudinally
striated at the apex, tne striz arching narrowly above the middle.
Head closely punctured-rugose ; the interantennal prominence
broadly rounded at the apex and connected with the base of the
clypeus by a very short carina. Antenne as long as the thorax
and median segment combined, of almost even thickness through-
out. A few long hairs on the outer margin of the maxille.
Thorax finely and closely punctured ; the middle of the pronotum
finely rugulose, the anterior margin slightly raised; the longi-
tudinal furrows on the mesonotum deeply marked; scutellum
large and slightly convex. Median segment obliquely truncate
from just behind the postscutellum, the surface of the truncation
shining and finely rugulose, the sides of the segment sparsely
clothed with long whitish pubescence. Abdomen finely and
closely punctured, a little longer than the head and thorax
combined; the basal segment obliquely truncate anteriorly,
narrower at the base than at the apex, as broad at the apex as
the second segment ; the apical dorsal segment produced into a
flattened plate, which is longitudinally striated and rounded at
the apex. The groove between the two ventral segments is
moderately broad, and there is a small blunt tubercle at the base
of the second segment. Sixth ventral segment with a small
spine on each side at the apical angles. Hypopygium with a
rounded lobe on each side at the base, thence rather broadly
produced to the base of the apical spine, obliquely striated above,
punctured beneath.
Black; mandibles, clypeus, the inner margin of the eyes as
high as the base of the antenne, the outer margin narrowly to
the summit, the anterior margin of the pronotum interrupted in
the middle, and a spot usually rather small on each side of dorsal
abdominal segments 1—5, yellow. Wings very pale fusco-hyaline,
nervures black.
Length 24-27 mm.
Var. a. A yellow spot on each side of the sixth dorsal segment.
Var. 6. Femora ferruginous, abdominal spots enlarged.
2. Clypeus without a carina. Head moderately convex,
shining, sparsely and irregularly punctured, nearly twice as broad
304. MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15,
as long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, rounded at the posterior
angles. Thorax sparsely punctured ; the pronotum much broader
than long, slightly narrowed posteriorly, broadly emarginate
anteriorly, with a row of setigerous punctures along the margin.
Median segment as long as the scutellum, broadened from the
base and obliquely truncate posteriorly, the surface of the trunca-
tion almost smooth. First dorsal abdominal segment obliquely
striated, the striz arched in the middle; second segment with
many transverse strie, higher at the apex than at the base;
segments 3-5 with a few scattered punctures near the apex; fifth
ventral segment obliquely striated. Pygidium narrowed at the
base, then deflexed, broadened and transversely striated, truncate
posteriorly, the surface of the truncation smooth and broad; the
dorsal plate shorter than the ventral, broadly and shallowly
emarginate at the apex, the angles of the emargination produced
into blunt lobes. Intermediate tibie broad and thick, the basal
joint of the intermediate tarsi broad.
Length 14-18 mm.
Var. b, in copula with ¢ var. 6. The surface of the posterior
truncation of the pygidium obliquely striated.
Hab. South Perth, W. A.(H. Wf. Giles). 3g 2 incop. January.
Also in the Berlin Museum from Western Australia (Preiss).
‘Common, some seasons scarcer ” (Giles).
This belongs to the Zaspilothynnus group.
ZASPILOTHYNNUS MATURUS, sp. lh.
@. Clypeus without a carina, sparsely punctured, very broadly
and shallowly emarginate at the apex. Head slightly convex,
shining, sparsely punctured, with a short, longitudinal, frontal
suleus, half as broad again as long and rounded at the posterior
angles. Pronotum rather more closely and finely punctured than
the head, with a row of large setigerous punctures along the
anterior margin, as broad as the head, more than half as broad
again as long, slightly narrowed posteriorly. Scutellum and
median segment shining, very sparsely punctured; the median
segment shorter than the scutellum, broadened from the base and
almost vertically truncate posteriorly. First abdominal segment
truncate anteriorly, very sparsely punctured, with a few fine
transverse striz before the apex, the apical margin raised, with a
broad groove before it; second segment with twelve or more
transverse carine, those at the base low and irregular, those at
the apex higher; segments 3-5 shining, sparsely punctured near
the apex; fifth ventral segment longitudinally and coarsely
striated. Pygidium narrow at the base, vertically truncated
posteriorly, sharply contracted before the base of the truncation,
the surface of the truncation large, broadly ovate, with a number
of low arched carine at the base not reaching the middle, the
apex smooth. A tuft of long pale hairs on each side at the base
of the pygidium. Intermediate tibie very thick and spinose, the
basal joint of the intermediate tarsi broadened.
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 305
Black; a spot on each side at the posterior angles of the pro-
notum, a transverse band on the first dorsal abdominal segment
above the truncation, a spot on each side of the second segment,
a transverse band interrupted in the middle on the third segment
and a transverse spot on each side of the fourth, pale yellow.
Anterior tibie fusco-ferruginous beneath.
Length 17 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. Mf. Giles).
ZASPILOTHYNNUS CLELANDI, sp. n. (Plate XXXI. figs. 14 5,
15 2.)
3. Clypeus large, very broadly truncate at the apex, almost
pointed at the base, punctured at the extreme base, elsewhere
finely Jongitudinally striated, with sparse punctures between
the strie. Antenne as long as the thorax without the median
segment, of almost even thickness throughout. Head closely
punctured ; the interantennal prominence broadly rounded at the
apex and connected with the base of the clypeus by a very short
narrow carina. Thorax and median segment finely and closely
punctured, more sparsely on the scutellum and on the disc of the
mesonotum ; scutellum large and broadly rounded at the apex.
Median segment more than half as long as the scutellum on the
dorsal surface, then obliquely sloped and subconcave to the apex.
Abdomen sparsely punctured, shining, longer than the head,
thorax and median segment combined, tapering slightly at the
extremities; the apical dorsal segment produced from the base into
a small, flat, longitudinally striated plate which is very feebly
emarginate at the apex. Sixth ventral segment with a spine on
each side at the apical angles. Hypopygium with a blunt spine
on each side at the basal angles, thence narrowly produced and
elongate to the base of apical spine, transversely striated above,
with a median longitudinal carina.
Black ; the clypeus, the margins of the eyes interrupted at the
summit, the band on the outer margin continued along the
posterior margin of the head, the interantennal prominence
narrowly continued to the anterior ecellus, the mandibles (except
at the apex), the margins of the pronotum, a large spot on the
dise of the mesonotum, the tegule and a longitudinal line above
them, the whole front of the mesopleure, a large spot before the
intermediate coxee, the middle of the scutellum very broadly and
a spot at each of its anterior angles, the postscutellum, the median
segment with a longitudinal black band on each side, a broad
transverse band on each of the six basal abdominal segments
interrupted in the middle on the dorsal surface, the prosternum,
the apex of the mesosternum, the cox, the femora beneath and
the tibize above, yellow. Wings hyaline, nervures black. The
labrum is pale testaceous, shallowly emarginate at une apex.
Length 13-20 mm.
@. Mandibles long, falcate, acute at the apex; the clypeus
without acarina. Head smooth and shining, with a few scattered
Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1910, INO; ROX, 20
306 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
punctures, the front between the antenne more closely punc-
tured, eyes not touching the base of the mandibles; the head
broader than long, strongly rounded at the posterior angles,
scarcely convex and rather thin. Pronotum nearly twice as
broad as long, the anterior margin almost straight with a row of
setigerous punctures, the posterior margin broadly emarginate,
finely punctured rugulose. Scutellum and median segment very
sparsely punctured ; the median segment nearly as long as the
scutellum, broadened from the base and almost vertically truncate
posteriorly. The intermediate tibiz and the basal joint of the
tarsi are scarcely more thickened than those of the posterior legs.
Abdomen very sparsely punctured ; the basal segment truncate
anteriorly, sparsely clothed with long grey hairs, the apical
margin raised, with a transverse groove before it; second seg-
ment with seven transverse carine lower at the base than at the
apex, including the raised apical margin ; fifth ventral segment
longitudinally striated ; pygidium very narrow at the base, almost
vertically truncate posteriorly, the surface of the truncation
smooth, elongate-ovate, the dorsal plate much shorter than the
ventral and produced in the middle at the apex. Pale castaneous
brown; the mandibles, the sides of the head, the pleurz, the fifth
abdominal segment, the middle of the second dorsal segment, the
base and apex of the third, the extreme apex of the fourth, the
middle of the second and third ventral segments, and the femora,
black; pygidium and antenne fusco-ferruginous. ;
Length 11-12 mm.
Hab. Strelley River, N.W. Australia (7. Mf. Giles). g 2 in
CO, IAS, Q. Coroozir,
“All on two small plants of Grevillea” (Giles).
A rather distinct species, approaching the leachiellus group, but
the female shows some points of resemblance to typical Thynnus,
though differing in the absence of concave areas on the head.
Fam. SCOLIID 4.
ANTHOBOSCA STRANDI, Sp. Nn.
2. Clypeus strongly but rather sparsely punctured, trian-
gularly flattened from near the base to the apex. Front closely
and coarsely, vertex more finely punctured ; head and pronotum
thinly covered with long pale fulvous pubescence. Pronotum
and median segment very finely and closely punctured; meso-
notum more strongly punctured ; scutellum strongly but sparsely
punctured, very broadly rounded at the apex. Abdomen shining,
very finely punctured, with sparse, long, grey pubescence on the
sides ; the apical dorsal segment thickly clothed with stiff fusco-
ferruginous hairs, rounded at the apex. Pleurz very finely and
closely punctured, the sides of the median segment smooth and
shining at the base. Radial cell broadly rounded at the apex,
the second abscissa of the radius twice as long as the first and
distinetly longer than the third; first recurrent nervure received
POTS FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 307
at one quarter from the base of the second cubital cell; second
recurrent received at one-fifth from the base of the third cubital
cell.
Black; the apex of the scape and the flagellum beneath fusco-
ferruginous; the basal half of the mandibles, tegulz, tibiz, tarsi,
the apex of the femora and the whole of the posterior femora
ferruginous. Wings hyaline, faintly tinged with yellowish
brown, nervures fuscous, stigma ferruginous. A dull ferruginous
spot on the outer margin of the eyes, close to the summit,
The posterior femora are produced below near the apex into a
broadly rounded flattened projection, rather more strongly deve-
loped than in most species of the genus.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. The locality on the label is Endeavour River, Queens-
land, but as other species received from the same source and
bearing the same locality are undoubtedly Victorian, I consider
that this also is almost certainly from Victoria.
Most nearly allied to A. cognata Sm. from the Swan River, but
differs in neuration and in the sparser sculpture of the abdomen.
Type in Berlin Museum.
ANTHOBOSCA NUBILIPENNIS, Sp. Nn.
2. Clypeus coarsely but sparsely punctured, broadly rounded at
the apex. Scape smooth above, very sparsely punctured beneath
and with afew short hairs. Head sparsely but deeply punctured,
the front rugose in the middle, the vertex behind the ocelli
almost smooth. Eyes very broadly and feebly emarginate on the
inner margin. Pronotum and scutellum coarsely but not closely
punctured, the pronotum almost as wide as the head ; mesonotum
as long as the pronotum, smooth, with a few scattered punctures
on the sides and near the posterior margin ; propleure punctured
above and in front, obliquely striated below and behind ; meso-
pleurz coarsely but not very closely punctured ; the sides of the
median segment obliquely striated. Scutellum very broadly
rounded at the apex. Median segment finely rugose, subtuber-
culate in the middle at the base, shorter than the scutellum,
abruptly and almost vertically truncate posteriorly, the surface of
the truncation shining and almost smooth. Abdomen rather
sparsely punctured, more closely and finely at the base of the
third and fourth segments, the basal segment almost smooth.
Sixth dorsal segment coarsely longitudinally striated from the
base to beyond the middle, the apex rounded and very delicately
rugulose; the ventral plate subtriangular, very narrowly rounded
at the apex. Wings rather short, the second abscissa of the
radius half as long again as the first, the third nearly half as long
again as the second. Radial cell very narrowly rounded at the
apex, almost pointed, separated from the costa at the apex ; stigma
small and narrow. First recurrent nervure received by the
second cubital cell at two-thirds from the base, second received
by the third cubital cell just before one quarter from the base.
20*
308 MR. R. E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
Black, with very sparse grey pubescence; the tarsal ungues
fusco-ferruginous. Wings fusco-hyaline, nervures fuscous.
Length 16 mm.; length of costa 8 mm.
Hab. Clavemont, W. A. (1. J. Giles). December.
Well distinguished by the truncated median segment and the
coarse longitudinal carinz on the pygidium.
ANTHOBOSCA GILESI, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 4, g.)
3. Clypeus convex, closely punctured, rounded at the sides,
truncate at the apex. Antenne shorter than the thorax and
median segment combined, very stout, inserted nearer to each
other than to the eyes; the second joint of the flagellum nearly as
broad as long, much shorter than the third jomt. Head, thorax,
and median segment very finely and closely punctured ; the
posterior ocelli as far from each other as from the eyes; the
pronotum rounded anteriorly ; the scutellum broadly truncate at
the apex, with an obscure median carina on the apical half.
Median segment very little longer than the scutellum, almost
rectangular, nearly twice as broad as long’ Abdomen tapering
to the apex, the apical segment very narrowly rounded, the
basal segments finely shagreened, the two apical segments very
finely and closely punctured. Second abscissa of the radius twice
as long as the first and half as long as the third, the first
recurrent nervure received just beyond the middle of the second
cubital cell, the second just beyond one quarter from the base of
the third cubital cell.
Black ; the base and sides of the clypeus, a broad band on the
pesterior margin of the pronotum, and the tegule yellow ; femora,
tibie, and tarsi ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures black,
yellow at the base.
Length 11-14 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (7. MW, Giles). January. 3 3.
The first abdominal segment is longer than the second and is
narrowed towards the base. The tarsal ungues are thickened and
bluntly produced at the base, not bidentate at the apex. The
abdomen is much broader at the base than in dA. australasie
Guér., and the tarsal ungues are less distinctly toothed. The
yellow marks on the clypeus vary much both in size and position,
in one specimen the base is black and the apex yellow.
Fam. CEROPALID&.
In working on this family I have attempted to use the classifica -
tions of Kohl and Ashmead. The former is, however, hardly
to be taken as more than a sketch, and is not worked out with
much detail, though useful as far as it goes. Ashmead on the
contrary makes many new genera, some of which will doubtless
stand, but the characteristics given are often insufficient ; and
too much importance is attached to minute points of neuration,
which an examination of a large collection shows to be often more
Poon FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 309
or less variable in geographical races. But the habit of this
author of taking undescribed species as the types of his genera is
most objectionable, and no editor should have published work in
which such a fault is evident. The form of his tables is also
occasionally incorrect or unfinished, making them very difficult to
follow.
AGENTA BARBATULA, Sp. n.
@. Clypeus transverse at the apex, twice as broad as long; a
tuft of very long pale creamy hairs at the base of the maxille.
Eyes scarcely touching the base of the mandibles, a little nearer
together on the vertex than on the clypeus; posterior ocelli a
little further from each other than from the eyes. Antenne a
little longer than the thorax and median segment combined, the
second joint of the flagellum half as long again as the third and
at least three times as long as the first. Pronotum nearly as long
as the mesonotum, narrowed and rounded anteriorly, the posterior
margin very feebly arched. Median segment much longer than
broad, with an obscure median sulcus, roundly depressed near the
apex. Shining, microscopically punctured ; the median segment
opaque, finely shagreened. Abdomen ovate, with a short petiole.
Tarsal ungues with a tooth beyond the middle. Radial cell
broad, second abscissa of the radius nearly twice as long as the
third, first recurrent nervure received at the middle of the second
cubital cell, second before one quarter from the base of the third
cubital cell. Median cell scarcely shorter than the submedian ;
cubitus of the hind wing originating well beyond the transverse
median nervure.
Black; legs and antennz dark fusco-ferruginous, mesonotum
and abdomen with a bluish gloss. Wings hyaline, a fuscous band
erossing the wing at the basal nervure, a broader one from the
stigma not reaching beyond the discoidal cell.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner). November.
This is the first species of the genus recorded from Australia,
for Pogonius lunulatus Sauss. seems to belong to Pseudagenia.
AGENIA GILESI, sp. n.
9. Clypeus transverse at the apex, fully twice as broad as long,
the labrum exposed and broad. Eyes not nearly reaching the
base of the mandibles, the inner margins nearly parallel ; ocelli
in a broad triangle, the posterior pair as far from each other as
from the eyes. Antenne scarcely longer than the thorax and
median segment combined ; the second joint of the flagellum equal
in length to the third. Pronotum not depressed or narrowed
anteriorly, as broad as the head and as long as the mesonotum.
Median segment broader than long, steeply sloped posteriorly.
Abdomen subpetiolate, ovate, the apical segment broadly rounded
at the apex. Microscopically punctured; head, thorax, and
median segment opaque, abdomen shining. Legs not very long,
310 MR. R. E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
posterior tibiz quite smooth, tarsal ungues with one tooth.
Radial cell broad, second abscissa of the radius nearly as long as
the third, first recurrent nervure received beyond the middle of
the second cubital cel], second before one-third from the base of
the third cubital cell. Submedian cell equal in length to the
median; cubitus of the hind wing originating some distance
beyond the transverse median nervure. Black; legs fusco-
ferruginous. Wings hyaline, crossed by a fuscous band which
extends from the basal nervure to the middle of the radial cell ;
a small fuscous cloud at the apex.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. W. Giles). January.
Differs from the characters of Agenia as given by Ashmead in
the eyes not reaching the base of the mandibles. I have been
unable to see any long hairs at the base of the maxille, but the
general facies is that of Agenia rather than of Pseudagenia.
Key to the species of Psewdagenia mentioned here.
Dal
A. Abdomen and thorax marked with yellow ................... P. gilberti.
B. Abdomen and thorax without yellow markings.
a. Antenne black, rarely marked with white.
a2, Fifth joint of the flagellum creamy white above... P. eneopilosa.
62, Antenne entirely black.
a, Clypeus narrowly produced into a stout tooth... P. camilla.
b3. Clypeus broadly rounded or transverse at the
apex.
a, thera and abdomen glossed with steel-blue.
Benet hvAviminse peeeucpeeenaceseesmosesecncseecee P.una.
64, Thorax and abdomen entirely black. Length
8-13 mm.
a°, Median segment longer than broad ......... P. valeria.
b°. Median segment broader than long ......... P. dispersa.
b. Antenne entirely or in great part orange-yellow.
a>. Wings fuscous, without darker bands.
a, Three basal joints of antenne only orange.
Front with golden pubescence......... 0.20.50... P. flavicornis Sm.
$3, Eight basal joints of antennz orange. Pubes-
cence on front paler ............... P. provida.
. Wings hyaline or fusco-hyaline, crossed. “by
fuscous bands.
a’, Wings fusco-hyaline.
a, Clypeus shallowly bisinuate, with a short
median tooth .........-........ Listrssresceseeeee P. consociata.
64, Clypeus transverse at the apex ...............-.. P. novare Sauss.
b3, Wings clear hyaline.
a’. Median segment rather coarsely transversely
striated) Ceek aig. theese ctrmse ren cbeeree aap s P. fasciata Faby.
BA. Median segment not transversely striated.
. Median segment withont a median
sulcus. Length 7 mm.. . P. cornelia.
B®. Median segment with a “shallow median
sulcus.
a®, Median segment longer than broad ...... P. fusiformis Sauss.
8. Median segment as broad or broader
than long...........ccscccecreeeerereeerteeeeeee P. australis Cam.
The species seem to vary geographically toa certain degree as
to the relative size of the cubital cells.
1910.1] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 311
PsEUDAGENIA UNA, Sp. n.
2. Clypeus transverse at the apex, more than three times as
broad as long; eyes not quite touching the base of the mandibles,
their inner margins nearly parallel; posterior ocelli nearly half as far
again from the eyes as from each other. Antenne rather slender,
longer than the head, thorax and median segment combined ; the
second joint of the flagellum only a little longer than the third.
Closely microscopically punctured and slightly shining. Head
nearly twice as broad as the thorax. Pronotum broad, nearly as
long as the mesonotum, slightly rounded at the anterior angles ;
median segment slender, convex, at least twice as long as broad.
Abdomen small, subpetiolate, shorter than the thorax and median
segment combined. Second cubital cell almost triangular, nearly
pointed on the radial nervure, third abscissa of the radius less
than half as long again as the first, the third cubital cell short,
very little longer than the second on the cubitus. Radial cell
rather short, rounded at the apex; recurrent nervures received
close to the middle of the second and third cubital cells ; cubitus
of the hind wing originating far beyond the transverse median
nervure. Legs smooth.
Black, glossed with dark steely blue. Wings hyaline, crossed
by a fuscous band at the basal nervure and by a very broad pale
fuscous band almost reaching the apex from the base of the radial
cell. Mandibles fusco-ferruginous.
Length 4 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner). March.
The neuration of this species is most like Agena, but I cannot
see the tuft of long hairs at the base of the maxille characteristic
of that genus, so place it provisionally in Pseudagenia.
PSEUDAGENIA GILBERTI, sp. n.
@. Clypeus broadly rounded anteriorly, much broader than
long, slightly convex. Hyes almost touching the base of the
mandibles, a little nearer together on the vertex than on the
clypeus; the posterior ocelli further from the eyes than from each
other. Second joint of the flagellum nearly half as long again as
the third. Pronotum rather short, broadly rounded anteriorly ;
median segment obliquely sloped, a little longer than broad.
Abdomen petiolate, the petiole occupying about one-third of the
length of the first segment. Legs long and slender, the tarsal
ungues with one tooth. Third abscissa of the radius more than
half as long again as the second, first recurrent nervure received
beyond the middle of the second cubital cell, second before one
third from the base of the third cubital cell ; submedian cell longer
than the median ; cubitus of the hind wing originating just beyond
the transverse median nervure, almost interstitial. Second ventral
segment with a well-marked transverse groove near the base.
Black; the anterior half of the clypeus, the margins of the eyes
very narrowly not reaching the summit, a spot on the propleure,
pronotum stained with black on the middle and sides, tegule, a
312 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
transverse band on the scutellum, another broader on the post-
scutellum, the apex of the median segment produced in the middle
into a longitudinal band which almost reaches the base, apex of
the first abdominal segment, four apical segments, coxee beneath,
and a spot before the intermediate coxe, yellow; first abdominal
segment (except the petiole) legs and nine apical joints of the
flagellum pale ferruginous brown. Front, pleurz, coxze, and abdo-
men with short golden pile, only showing in some lights. Wings
hyaline, faintly clouded with fuscous along the costa, nervures
ferruginous brown,
Length 12 mm.
3S. Similar, but with the first abdominal segment more slender,
and the front round the base of the antenne yellow.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Z'urner).
PSEUDAGENIA CAMILLA, Sp. Nn.
@. Clypeus about twice as broad as the greatest length,
produced at the apex into a long blunt tooth; inner margins of
the eyes almost parallel, posterior ocelli more than half as far
again from the eyes as from each other ; eyes touching the base of
the mandibles. Second joint of the flagellum more than half as
long again as the third. Pronotum a little depressed anteriorly,
strongly rounded at the anterior angles, the posterior margin
broadly arched. Median segment transversely striated, much
longer than broad, not truncate or sharply sloped posteriorly.
Abdomen with a short petiole. Hind tibize with a few minute
spines, tarsal ungues with one tooth. Second abscissa of the
radius half as long again as the third; first recurrent nervure
received before the middle of the second cubital cell, second at one-
third from the base of the third cubital cell; submedian cell a little
longer than the median; cubitus of the hind wing originating
beyond the transverse median nervure.
Black ; the mandibles ferruginous at the apex ; head and thorax
opaque; abdomen shining, with bluish reflections, covered with
short griseous pile. Wings hyaline; a fuscous band crossing the
wing at the basal nervure, another, much broader, from the radial
cell.
Length 9 min.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
PSEUDAGENIA ENEOPILOSA, Sp. Nn.
@. Clypeus transverse at the apex, about three times as broad
as long; the labrum slightly exposed, emarginate at the apex.
Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance about equal to the
length of the second joint of the flagellum, a little further apart
at the base of the clypeus, just touching the base of the mandibles;
posterior ocelli rather nearer to each other than to the eyes.
Second joint of the flagellum less than one-third longer than the
third. Opaque, pruinose. Pronotum less than half as long as the
mesonotum, broadly arched posteriorly. Median segment longer
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 313
than broad, finely transversely striated, with a shallow median
suleus not reaching the apex, not truncate or steeply sloped
posteriorly. Abdomen with a very short petiole, the segments
except the first covered with short, very pale, golden pile. Hind
tibize feebly spined ; tarsal ungues toothed. Second abscissa of
the radius a little longer than the third, recurrent nervures
received just before the middle of the second and third cubital
cells ; submedian cell longer than median ; cubitus of hind wing
originating just beyond the transverse median nervure.
Black ; the fifth joint of the flagellum beneath, the apex of the
fourth and base of the fifth creamy white. Wings hyaline, a
fuscous band crossing the wing at the basal nervure, another,
much broader, from the base of the radial cell.
Length 11 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
PSEUDAGENIA VALERIA, Sp. 0.
2. Clypeus about twice as broad as long, broadly rounded at
the apex. Eyes touching the base of the mandibles, the inner
margins nearly parallel; posterior ocelli about half as far again
from the eyes as from each other. Antenne slender, the second
joint of the flagellum about one-fifth longer than the third. Pro-
notum depressed anteriorly and strongly rounded at the angles,
the posterior margin feebly arched. Median segment slender,
longer than broad, gently sloped posteriorly, indistinctly trans-
versely striated, with an obscure median sulcus at the base.
Abdomen petiolate, fusiform, the petiole occupying one-third of
the length of the basal segment. Legs slender, posterior
tibie smooth. Second abscissa of the radius as long as the third,
second cubital cell nearly as long on the cubitus as the third ; first
recurrent nervure received well before the middle of the second
cubital cell, second at one-third from the base of the third cubital
cell ; submedian cell longer than the median ; cubitus of hind wing
originating a little beyond the transverse median nervure.
Opaque black ; tegulze fuscous. Wings hyaline, a broad fuscous
band crossing the wing at the basal nervure, another very broad
from the radial cell, leaving a small hyaline patch at the apex.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. Cairns, Q. (Zurner). February.
Very near nwmeria Sm. from Mysole, but in this species the
median segment is longer, and »wmeria has the third cubital cell
much shorter than the second on the radial nervure especially, the
recurrent nervures are also both received nearer the middle of
the cells. From camilla this species may be easily distinguished
by the form of the clypeus.
PSEUDAGENIA DISPERSA, Sp. Nn.
@. Anterior margin of the clypeus very slightly arched; head
wider than the thorax; posterior ocelli about half as far again
from the eyes as from each other; eyes separated on the vertex
314 MR, R. E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
by a distance about equal to the length of the first and second
joints of the flagellum combined, and by almost the same distance
on the clypeus; the second joint.of the flagellum more than half
as long again as the first. Pronotum not much narrowed ante-
riorly, its posterior margin arched. Median segment finely
transversely striated, convexly declivous, broader than long, with
a longitudinal median suleus. Abdomen subpetiolate, the first
segment shorter than the second, narrowed at the base, but
without a distinct petiole. Pruinose and subopaque.
Black, with short silver pile on the clypeus, face, pleure, and
coxe. Wings hyaline, with a very narrow fuscous band along
the basal nervure of the fore wing, another much broader half
crossing the wing from the base of the radial cell, the apex of both
wings slightly clouded with fuscous. Second abscissa of the
radius nearly equal to the third, second transverse cubital nervure
short, the radial cell very broad. Cubitus of the hind wing
originating just before the transverse median nervure.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
Very near callisto Sm. from Aru, but differs in the absence of
a distinct petiole to the first segment of the abdomen, in the
sculpture of the median segment, the greater distance between
the eyes on the vertex, the short second transverse cubital nervure,
and the point of origin of the cubitus of the hind wing, which in
callisto is just beyond the transverse median nervure. The Indian
species identified as callisto by Colonel Bingham is intermediate
in the form of the petiole, but differs both from callisto and
dispersa in the form of the median segment which is slender and
much longer than broad. PP. erigone Bingh. is really nearer to
the present species than his callisto. The difference in the point
of origin of the cubitus of the hind wing is interesting as showing
the slight systematic importance that can be attached to a
character largely used by both Kohl and Ashmead in their classi-
fications of the family.
PsEUDAGENIA FAScrIATA Fabr. (Plate XXXII. fig. 5, 9.)
Sphex fasciata Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 350 (1775), ©.
Hab. Mackay to Cooktown, Q. (Z'urner).
This species is very near the last, but has the antenne yellow,
and differs in the neuration and in the form of the clypeus. The
submedian cell of the fore wing is very much longer than the
median, the third abscissa of the radius half as long again as the
second, the cubitus of the hind wing originates beyond the trans-
verse median nervure.
PSEUDAGENIA AUSTRALIS Cam.
Pseudagenia australis Cam. Entomologist, 1906. ¢.
This species has the second abscissa of the radius scarcely more
than half as long as the third. My specimens are from Victoria.
I doubt if it is more than a geographical race of fasciata Fabr.
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 315
PsEUDAGENIA FUSIFORMIS Sauss.
Agenia fusiformis Sauss. Reise d. Novara, Zool. ii. Hym. i.
p. 53 (1867), @.
Hab. Sydney, N.S.W.; Mackay, Q. (Zurner).
The second abscissa of the radius is longer than in australis
Cam.. and the petiole is longer ; it is also a smaller species.
PSEUDAGENIA NOVAR Sauss.
Agenia novare Sauss. Reise d. Novara, Zool. ii. Hym.i. p. 54
(1867), 3.
Nearly allied to P. fasciata Fabr., but is a larger insect. The
female has the antenne shorter and stouter than in fasciata; the
clypeus shorter, less convex and more broadly truncate at the
apex; the abdomen less distinctly petiolate, the apical segment
more pointed, and the wings clouded with fuscous.
Hab. Victoria and New South Wales.
PSEUDAGENIA CORNELIA, Sp. n.
@. Clypeus very short, broadly rounded anteriorly, very
slightly convex. Head thin; eyes touching the base of the
mandibles; ocelli situated very near the posterior margin of the
head, the posterior pair near together, more than half as far
again from the eyes as from each other. Antenne longer than
the head, thorax and median segment combined ; the second joint
of the flagellum hali as long again as the first. Thorax narrower
than the head ; pronotum rounded anteriorly, much shorter than
the mesonotum. Median segment flattened, finely granulate,
opaque, as long as broad, narrowed to the apex. Abdomen shining,
elongate-ovate, with a short petiole, the apical segment narrow
and pointed. Second abscissa of the radius less than half as long
as the first ; first recurrent nervure received before the middle of
the second cubital cell, second at one-third from the base of the
third cubital cell; submedian cell very little longer than the
median ; cubitus of hind wing interstitial with the transverse
median nervure.
Black; the antennz orange-yellow, the scape black at the base,
the apical joint fuscous. Wings hyaline, with a fuscous mark at
the base of the radial cell extending through the second cubital
cell into the discoidal cell.
Length 7 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
PSEUDAGENIA CONSOCIATA, Sp. Nn.
2. Clypeus less than twice as broad as long, feebly bisinuate
on the rather narrow apical margin, with a very short tooth in
the middle, slightly convex. Eyes slightly convergent towards
the vertex, almost touching the base of the mandibles; posterior
ocelli about half as far again from the eyes as from each other.
Antenne moderately long ; second joint of the flagellum fully half
316 MR, R. E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
as long again as the third. Pronotum depressed, narrowed and
rounded anteriorly, the posterior margin arched. Median segment
convex, about as long as broad, coarsely transversely striated, with
a broad, shallow, median sulcus. Abdomen with a short petiole ;
the petiole distinctly longer than in /fasciata Fabr., occupying
about one-third of the length of the first segment ; apical segment
with a flat, oval, pygidial area, shining and sparsely punctured.
Third abscissa of the radius about one-third longer than the
second, first recurrent nervure received before the middle of the
second cubital cell, second at one-third from the base of the third
cubital cell; cubitus of the hind wing originating just beyond the
transverse median nervure. Posterior tibie with very small
spines ; tarsal ungues with one tooth near the middle.
Black ; pruinose; seven basal joints of the antenne and the
eighth and ninth beneath orange. Wings fusco-hyaline, with the
usual two darker transverse bands, one narrow on the: basal
nervure, the other broad and not quite crossing the wing from
the radial cell.
3. As in the female, but the antenne are very long and
slender, as long as the thorax and abdomen combined, the clypeus
less than twice as long as broad, median segment half as long
again as broad, less convex and more finely striated ; petiole long ;
the first abdominal segment only very slightly widened at the
apex, much longer and narrower than in fasciata 5. Base of
the mandibles, sides of the clypeus, and inner orbits of the eyes
as high as the base of the antenne, pale yellow.
Length 9 14mm., ¢ 12 mm.
Hab, Mackay and Cairns, Q. (Z'urner).
Very near fasciata Fabr., but in that species the wings are
hyaline with fuscous bands, the petiole shorter, the second joint
of the flagellum shorter in proportion to the third, the clypeus
rounded at the apex, and the three apical joints of the flagellum
only black. The first recurrent nervure in jfasciata is received
beyond the middle of the second cubital cell, the second only just
before the middle of the third.
PSEUDAGENIA PROVIDA, sp. 0.
2. Black; the clypeus and front as high as the base of the
antenne with short silvery pubescence slightly tinted with yellow ;
seven basal joints of the antenne bright orange-yellow. Wings
fuscous, hyaline tinted with fuscous from near the base of the
third cubital cell.
Very near P. flavicornis Sm. Second joint of flagellum half as
long again as third, in flavicornis the third joint isa little shorter ;
clypeus very broadly rounded at the apex ; head broad. Pronotum
more than half as long as the mesonotum, the posterior margin
very feebly arched ; median segment transversely striated, with a
shallow median sulcus, about twice as broad as long. Abdomen
subpetiolate, Third abscissa of the radius more than half as long
again as the second, first recurrent nervure received beyond two-
1910. ] " FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. oli
thirds from the base of the second cubital cell, second at one-third
from the base of the third cubital cell ; submedian cell longer
than median ; cubitus of hind wing originating just beyond the
transverse median nervure.
Length 20 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (@urner) ; Melbourne (French).
In flavicornis 2 the three or four basal joints of the antenne
only are yellow, the pubescence on the front is golden, the median
segment is slightly longer in proportion to the breadth, the head
and clypeus narrower, and the whole insect smaller and less stoutly
built; the second recurrent nervure is received only just before
the middle of the third cubital cell, and the wings are darker at
the apex. It also occurs at Mackay, but does not seem to have
as wide a range as the present species.
PSEUDAGENIA LUNULATA Sauss.
Pogonius lunulatus Sauss, Reise d. Novara, Zool. 11. Hym. 1.
p. 58 (1867).
*Pompilus spectrum Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvi.
p- 329 (1886).
T think Kohl’s name is probably intended for this species. He
states, however, that there is no transverse groove on the second
ventral segment, whereas in lunwlatus it is distinctly visible,
though in some specimens almost hidden by the apex of the first
segment. The hind tibie, though feebly spined, are much more
distinctly so than is usual in Psewdagenia, so that it can only be
placed in the genus with doubt.
CRYPTOCHEILUS AUREOSERICEUS Guer. st. AUSTRALASIA Sm.
Mygnimia australasie Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii.
p- 259 (1873), 2.
The Australian form has the apical segment orange-brown
clothed with golden pubescence, but does not seem to differ
otherwise from Indian specimens.
Hab, Mackay and Cairns, Q. (7'urner).
CRYPTOCHEILUS ASPASIA Sm.
Mygnimia aspasia Sm. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. ii. p. 157
(1858), 2.
Salius aspasia Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiv. p. 45
(1884).
Hab. Avu, New Guinea (Wallace); Mackay and Cairns, Q.
(Turner).
Not previously recorded from Australia. Cameron’s remarks
on this species are correct (Nova Guinea, vol. 1. p. 55).
CRYPTOCHEILUS COMMIXTUS, Sp. n.
2. Clypeus more than twice as broad as long, very sparsely
punctured, slightly porrect, the apical margin transverse. Eyes
318 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
almost touching the base of the mandibles, converging towards the
vertex, separated on the vertex by a distance slightly less than
the length of the second joint of the flagellum; the posterior
ocelli nearly twice as far from the eyes as from each other.
Antenne not very stout, slightly longer than the head, thorax and
median segment combined. Pronotum short, very broadly
rounded anteriorly, with a delicate median sulcus. Median seg-
ment coarsely transversely striated, with a tubercle on each side
at the base, nearly twice as broad as long, obliquely sloped
posteriorly. Abdomen shining, slightly pruinose; the apical
segment rather coarsely punctured, with long sparse fuscous
pubescence. Posterior tibie serrate, tarsal ungues with one tooth
before the middle, not bifid. Cubitus of the hind wing origin-
ating just beyond the transverse median nervure ; radial cell of
the fore wing rounded at apex, second abscissa of the radius
shorter than the third, the second cubital cell shorter than the
third on the cubital nervure, receiving the first recurrent nervure
distinctly before the apex, second recurrent nervure received at
about one-third from the base of the third cubital cell.
Orange-ferruginous ; head and thorax covered with short golden
pile; abdomen black, the apical segment fusco-ferruginous.
Wings flavo-hyaline, without a discoidal spot, a narrow fuscous
band on the outer margin.
Length 28 mm.
do. Asin the female, but the fuscous marginal band of the wings
is broader, the sides of the thorax marked with black, and the
clypeus rather jonger and not porrect, The second joint of the
flagellum is shorter in proportion, being less than half as long
again as the third.
Length 19 mm.
Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Q. (Turner).
Differs in neuration from C. awreosericeus Guér., to which it
bears a strong superficial resemblance. The shape of the second
cubital cell is very different, also the position of the cubitus of the
hind wing.
CRYPTOCHEILUS DARWINI, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 6, 2.)
@. Clypeus very slightly convex, a little broader than long,
truncate at the apex, sparsely punctured, the labrum slightly
exposed. Eyes almost touching the base of the mandibles, slightly
converging towards the vertex, the posterior ocelli a little further
from the eyes than from each other. Antenne slender and very
long, about as long as the thorax and abdomen combined; the
second joint of the flagellum more than half as long again as the
third. Head, thorax, and abdomen without punctures; front
produced into a rounded tubercle at the base of each antenna, the
tubercles separated by a deep sulcus which nearly reaches the
anterior ocellus. Pronotum narrowed and depressed anteriorly,
about as long as the breadth on the anterior margin ; mesonotum
with a longitudinal median furrow and a furrow on each side.
1910. ] -FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 319
Median segment more than half aslong as the breadth at the base,
slightly narrowed posteriorly, with a large tubercle on each side
near the base, very steeply sloped posteriorly, with an indistinct
median sulcus and a few obscure striz near the apex. Apical
segment of the abdomen subtriangular, very narrowly rounded
at the apex, and clothed with fulvous pubescence. Posterior
tibie spined and slightly serrate; spines of the anterior tarsi
short. Tarsal ungues long and slender, with one small tooth
before the middle of the inner margin, not bifid. Radial cell
rounded at the apex ; second abscissa of the radius shorter than
the third; first recurrent nervure received at two-thirds from the
base of the second cubital cell, second before the middle of the
third cubital. Cubitus of hind wing interstitial with the trans-
verse median nervure. Orange ferruginous; sternum, pleure,
scutellum, postscutellum, median segment, first abdominal seg-
ment, cox, trochanters, and the base of the femora black. Wings
flavo-hyaline stained with black at the base and narrowly margined
with fuscous at the apex.
Length 29 mm.
3. Clypeus longer than broad; posterior tibie with short
spines, not serrate; vertex black. Otherwise as in the female.
Length 14-17 mm.
Hab. Port Darwin (Turner). November. 1 9,2.
Nearest to C. tuberculatus Sm., but the antenne and legs are
much longer, and the mesonotum is not black as in that species.
CRYPTOCHEILUS FULVIDORSALIS, sp. n.
Q. Clypeus short, three times as broad at the base as long,
very sparsely punctured, the apical margin very feebly and widely
emarginate, almost transverse ; the labrum slightly exposed. Hyes
very slightly convergent towards the vertex ; posterior ocelli rather
far apart, almost as far from each other as from the eyes.
Antenne moderately long, not very slender ; the second joint of
the flagellum about half as long again as the third. Head and
thorax smooth, subopaque, a short frontal sulcus not reaching the
anterior ocellus. Pronotum rounded at the anterior angles, about
half as long as the mesonotum, with a delicate, impressed, longi-
tudinal line on the middle. Median segment twice as broad as
long, steeply sloped posteriorly, transversely striated, more finely
on the dorsal surface than on the posterior slope; a blunt, low
tubercle on each side near the base. Abdomen a little longer than
the head and thorax combined, slightly pruinose. Posterior tibie
serrate ; tarsal ungues with one tooth, not bifid; legs of moderate
length. Radial cell bluntly rounded at the apex, second abscissa
of the radius much shorter than the third, second cubital cell
receiving the first recurrent nervure at about one-third from the
apex, third receiving the second recurrent nervure just before the
middle; submediam cell much longer than the median; cubitus
of the hind wing originating just beyond the transverse median
nervure.
320 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [Feb. 15,
Fulvous orange; scutellum, postscutellum, median segment,
basal segment of the abdomen, second and third ventral segments,
pleure, thorax beneath, coxe, trochanters, and base of the femora,
black. Wings flavo-hyaline, very faintly clouded at the apex.
Length 19 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Z'urner). December.
Resembles C. darwinii in colour, but the legs and antenne are
much shorter. The mesonotum is also much smoother and the
median segment is striated.
CRYPTOCHEILUS SATHANAS, Sp. 0.
2. Clypeus convex, more than twice as broad as long, opaque
and sparsely punctured, the apical margin depressed and very
narrowly shining. Inner margins of the eyes almost parallel,
slightly diverging towards the clypeus ; posterior ocelli as far
from each other as from the eyes, the eyes touching the base of
the mandibles. Antenne moderately stout, as long as the thorax
and median segment combined ; the second joint of the flagellum
more than half as long again as the third. Head opaque, almost
smooth, a short longitudinal sulcus between the antenne. Pro-
notum more than half as long as the mesonotum, the anterior
angles strongly rounded. Thorax opaque ; the mesonotum with
an impressed, longitudinal, median line which is continued on the
base of the scutellum. Median segment nearly twice as broad at
the base as long, vertically truncate posteriorly, rectangular, with
a deep median sulcus, indistinctly transversely striated on the
apical half. Abdomen opaque, pruinose, the apical segment de-
flexed, rounded at the apex. Anterior tarsi with very short spines
on the basal joint, posterior tibie serrate ; tarsal ungues with one
tooth on the inner margin. Radial cell pointed at the apex ; first
recurrent nervure received at two-thirds from the base of the
second cubital cell, second at the middle of the third cubital cell ;
second abscissa of the radius shorter than the third ; cubitus of
the hind wing originating before the transverse median nervure.
Entirely black : wings dark fuscous without coloured reflections.
Length 25 mm.
Hab. Port Darwin (Turner). November.
CRYPTOCHEILUS ERYTHROTHORAX, Sp. N.
2. Clypeus short, much broader than long, slightly convex, the
apical margin very feebly and widely emarginate, almost trans-
verse. Eyes scarcely separated from the base of the mandibles,
converging a little towards the vertex, where they are separated
by a distance about equal to the length of the third joint of the
flagellum ; posterior ocelli considerably further from the eyes than
from each other. Antenne rather slender, as long as the head,
thorax and median segment combined; the second joint of the
flagellum a little longer than the third. Pronotum narrowed and
rounded anteriozly, the posterior margin arched, more than half
as long as the mesonotum. Median segment as long as broad,
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. e21
steeply sloped posteriorly, with a median suleus, the apex and the
posterior slope transversely striated. Abdomen subpetiolate,
fusiform, pruinose, with a transverse groove on the second ventral
segment. Posterior tibiz with a ridge above, spinose, not serrate ;
tarsal ungues with a tooth, not bifid; anterior tarsi without a
comb ; the tarsilong. Second abscissa of the radius almost equal
to the third; radial cell rather blunt at apex, not truncate or
rounded, first recurrent nervure received just before the middle
of the second cubital cell, second at. the middle of the third cubital
cell ; submedian cell longer than the median; cubitus of the hind
wing interstitial with the transverse median nervure.
Black; antennz, legs, pleurs, thorax, and median sqemnen
above ferruginous red ; ; extreme apex of the clypeus and _ base of
the mandibles fusco-ferruginous. Wings hyaline, crossed by two
broad fuscous bands, one on the basal nervure, the other from the
radial cell; nervures black.
Length 12 mm.
3. As in the female, but the legs are black excepting the
anterior tibie and tarsi, and the median segment is not striated.
Hab. Mackay and Kuranda, Q. (Zurner). December to May.
This belongs to a rather distinct group, being without serrations
on the hind tibie. It is found occasionally running on the stem
of Hucalyptus in proximity to the Reduviud bug Hntomocoris
decoratus Stal, which it closely resembles when the wings are
closed.
CALOPOMPILUS TENULUS, Sp. n.
@. Clypeus about three times as broad as long, slightly convex,
the anterior margin almost transverse. Hyes reaching to the base
of the mandibles, converging towards the vertex, where they are
separated by a distance equal to the length of the second and two-
thirds of the third joint of the flagellum ; posterior ocelli a
little further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum
short, the posterior margin strongly angled in the middle; median
segment convex, as long as broad, not truncate posteriorly, with
a shallow median sulcus not reaching the apex. Abdomen slender,
fusiform, subpetiolate ; the second ventral segment with a trans-
verse groove. Posterior tibie strongly spinose, with a ridge;
anterior tarsi without a comb; tarsal ungues with one tooth.
Second abscissa of the radius nearly half as long again as the
third; first recurrent nervure received at the middle of the second
cubital cell, second at one-third from the base of the third ; sub-
median cell longer than the median ; cubitus of the hind wing
interstitial with the transverse median nervure. Opaque,* the
abdomen slightly shining.
Black ; joints 2-6 of the flagellum orange-yellow ; anterior
tibie pale testaceous brown. Wings hyaline, crossed by two pale
fuscous bands, one on the basal nervure, the other from the radial
cell, the apex also pale fuscous.
Length 9-10 mm.
Proc. Zoo, Soc.—1910, No. X XI, 21
322 MR, R. E. TURNER ON THE [| Feb. 15,
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
This species has the form of a Psewdagenia, from which it is
removed by the spinose posterior tibie. The shape of the median
segment is very different to typical Calopompilus.
CALOPOMPTILUS RAPTOR Sm.
Pompilus raptor Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3) i. p. 54
(1862), °.
Priocnenis polydorus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868,
p. 246, 2.
Pompilus pollens Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvi. p. 332
(1886), 2.
As noticed by Kohl this species is somewhat intermediate
between Anoplius and Cryptocheilus, having a transverse groove
on the second ventral segment.
CALOPOMPILUS PICTIPENNIS Sm.
Pompilus pictipennis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. i. p. 165
(1855), 9.
Pompilus pachycerus Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvi.
p. 833 (1886), 2.
Hab. Victoria.
CALOPOMPTLUS MOLESTUS Sm.
Pompilus molestus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3) i. p. 54
(1862).
Hab. Melbourne to Brisbane.
Specimens from Stradbroke Island, Q., differ in having all the
tibiz ferruginous and the third abscissa of the radius longer than
the second. :
CALOPOMPILUS DEFENSOR Sim.
Priocnemis defensor Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868,
p. 245, 9.
Pompilus fulvipennis Sm. Descr. n. sp. Hym. p. 151 (1879), d 2.
I cannot see that fulvipennis is anything but a small specimen
of defensor.
Calopompilus Ashm. is in my opinion a good genus, unless
indeed it has to sink under Hemipogonius Sauss. The present
species is not a typical example of the genus, as the cubitus of the
hind wing originates a little before the transverse median nervure
and the submedian cell of the fore wing is very little longer than
the median. The male has no transverse groove on the second
ventral segment, but this character seems to be common to the
males of this genus. The differences noticed in neuration do not
seem to be constant, for in some specimens, including the type,
the cubitus of the hind wing is very nearly interstitial with the
transverse median nervure.
1910. | FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 323
CALOPOMPILUS VELOX Sm.
Pompilus velox Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868, p. 240, ¢.
Pompilus ahasuerus Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvi
p. 333 (1886), ¢:
I think this is a Calopompilus, though it is not quite certain,
the female being still unknown.
CALOPOMPILUS ANTENNALIS Sm.
Pompilus antennalis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iii. p. 161 (1855), 3.
2. Clypeus about three times as broad as long, the anterior
margin not quite transverse, very feebly and widely emarginate,
the labrum slightly exposed. Eyes very slightly convergent
towards the clypeus, separated on the vertex by a distance about
equal to the length of the first and two-thirds of the second joint
of the flagellum ; the posterior ocellia little further from the eyes
than from each other. Front very feebly raised at the base of
the antenne, marked with a short and shallow sulcus; third joint
of the flagellum a little shorter than the second. Pronotum
strongly rounded anteriorly, the posterior margin rather feebly
arched, shorter than the mesonotum. Median segment fully
twice as broad as long, with a median sulcus, abruptly truncate
posteriorly. Abdomen subsessile; the second ventral segment
with a transverse groove. Posterior tibize spinose, with a ridge,
not serrate; anterior tarsi without a comb, tarsal ungues with one
cooth. Second abscissa of the radius very little longer than the
third ; first recurrent nervure received at two-thirds from the base
of the second cubital cell, second at the middle of the third
cubital cell; submedian cell longer than the median; cubitus
of hind wing interstitial with the transverse median nervure.
Opaque, pruinose.
Black; flagellum orange-yellow; mandibles, labrum, anterior
tarsi and apical joints of all the tarsi fusco-ferruginous ; spurs of
the tibie whitish; a band of white pile on the apical marzin of
the five basal abdominal segments. Wings fuscous, a subhyaline
band beyond the third transverse cubital nervure.
Length 14 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
Specimens from Cumberland, N.S.W., have the second joint of
the flagellum nearly half as long again as the third, the apical
joint black, the second abscissa of the radius half as long again
as the third.
CALOPOMPILUS NUGENTI, sp. nh.
2. Clypeus very short and broad, transverse at the apex, the
labrum exposed. Head broader than long, the front not raised
at the base of the antenne, rather flat, smooth and shining.
Eyes almost touching the base of the mandibles, their inner
margins almost parallel, separated on the vertex by a distance
21% ;
324 MR. R. BE. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
equal to the length of the three basal joints of the flagellum
combined ; the posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than
from each other. Antenne rather stout, scarcely as long as the
thorax and median segment combined ; the second and third joints
of the flagellum about equal in length, the fourth a little longer.
Pronotum about one-third shorter than the mesonotum, slightly
rounded anteriorly, more than twice as broad as long, the
posterior margin very feebly arched. Median segment about half
as broad again as long, with a shallow median sulcus, vertically
truncate posteriorly, the face of the truncation coarsely trans-
versely striated. Abdomen subsessile, fusiform. Tarsal ungues
with one tooth; anterior tarsi without a comb; posterior tibie
spinose, with a distinct ridge. Second abscissa of the radius
nearly half as long again as the third; first recurrent nervure
received at the middle of the second cubital cell, second at the
middle of the third cubital cell; submedian cell longer than the
median; cubitus of hind wing interstitial with the transverse
median nervure. Opaque, pruinose.
Black ; antenne orange-yellow ; apex of clypeus, labrum,
mandibles, tegule and legs fusco-ferruginous. Wings subhyaline,
crossed by a fuscous band on the basal nervure and by another,
very broad, from the radial cell, the apex pale fuscous. Three
basal dorsal segments of the abdomen with narrow bands of
silver pile on the apical margin. Spines of the tibize whitish.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Kuranda, Q. (Turner). December.
Specimens from Mackay have the legs black, except the
anterior tibiz and tarsi.
CALICURGUS (?) BASIPENNIS, Sp. n.
@. Clypeus short, broadly truncate at the apex. Eyes almost
touching the base of the mandibles, their inner margins slightly
curved, separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the
combined length of the two basal joints of the flagellum ;
posterior ocelli a little nearer to the eyes than to each other.
Antenne longer than the thorax and median segment combined ;
the second joint of the flagellum half as long again as the third.
Front very slightly raised at the base of the antenne, with a short
median suleus. Pruinose and slightly shining. Head not very
flat. Pronotum only a little shorter than the mesonotum, a little
narrower than the head, rounded at the angles, the posterior
margin scarcely arched. Median segment about half as broad
again as long, obliquely deflexed near the apex. Abdomen
subsessile, fusiform; the second ventral segment with a feeble
transverse groove. Posterior tibize spinose, anterior tarsi with-
out a comb; tarsal ungues bifid. Second abscissa of the radius
more than half as long again as the third; the second cubital cell
higher than long, much shorter than the third on the cubital
nervure ; first recurrent nervure received beyond two-thirds from
the base of the second cubital cell, second at the middle of the
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 325
third cubital cell; submedian cell just longer than the median ;
cubitus of the hind wing originating well beyond the transverse
median nervure.
Black, with a little very fine greyish pile; mandibles fusco-
ferruginous, spines of the tibiz whitish. Wings flavohyaline at
the base, as far as the basal nervure on the fore wing, thence
hyaline, crossed by two almost confluent pale fuscous bands;
nervures fulvous at the base, fuscous from the basal nervure.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
The neuration differs somewhat from typical Calicurgus.
CALICURGUS (?) BASIPENNIS st. AGNATUS, St. n.
2. Very near C. basipennis, from which it differs only in the
following points: the median segment is shorter and more steeply
sloped, the tibiz, tarsi, and second joint of the flagellum are
ferruginous, and the colours of the wings darker. The third
abscissa of the radius is longer, being nearly or quite as long as
the second.
Hab. Kuranda, Q. (Turner). November to February.
This is almost certainly a mere geographical form of basipennis.
FERREOLOMORPHA ARTEMIS, Sp. nN.
@. Clypeus extremely short and broad, transverse, the labrum
exposed as long as the clypeus, broadly rounded at the apex. Head
longer than broad, slightly convex, the front strongly raised and
pointed at the base of the antenne ; eyes very narrowly separated
trom the base of the mandibles, the inner margins parallel ;
posterior ocelli scarcely further from the eyes than from each
other. Antenne a little longer than the thorax and median
segment combined ; the second joint of the flagellum about one-
fourth shorter than the third joint. Pronotum a little longer
than the mesonotum, nearly as broad as the head, the sides
paraliel, distinctly broader than long, the posterior margin very
feebly arched, almost transverse. Median segment half as broad
again as long, vertically truncate posteriorly, with a well-marked
median suleus on the dorsal surface. Abdomen subsessile, the
sides almost parallel; second ventral segment with a transverss
groove. Opaque, with very short and rather irregularly dis-
tributed brownish pile, thickest on the median segment. ‘Tarsal
ungues with one tooth ; anterior tarsi without a comb; posterior
tibize spinose but not serrate, not quite cylindrical. Second
abscissa of the radius as long as the third, recurrent nervures
received at the middle of the second and third cubital cells;
submedian cell equal in length to the median ; cubitus of the hind
wing in the type originating just beyond the transverse median
nervure, in another specimen interstitial with it. Wings rather
short, when closed not reaching the apex of the abdomen.
Black ; antenne (except the three apical joints) orange-yellow,
a very narrow band of silver pile on the apical margin of the three
326 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
basal abdominal segments. Wings fusco-hyaline, a flavo-hyaline
lunule at the apex of the radial and third cubital cells, extending
about half-way to the outer margin beyond the third transverse
cubital nervnre.
Length 8-11 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
I think I am correct in assigning this species to Ashmead’s
genus Ferreolomorpha, with which the neuration agrees well, but
his description is somewhat brief.
ANOPLIUS AHRIMANES, sp. n.
Q. Clypeus short and very broad, transverse at the apex,
slightly convex. Eyes separated from the base of the mandibles
by a distance considerably less than the length of the first joint of
the flagellum, their inner margins slightly sinuate and converging
towards the vertex, where they are separated by a distance
slightly exceeding the length of the third joint of the flagellum ;
posterior ocelli as far from each other as trom the eyes.
Antenne as long as the head, thorax, and median segment
combined; the second joint of the flagellum nearly half as long
again as the third. Front not raised into tubercles at the base
of the antenne, the frontal sulcus very short. Head not flattened,
moderately thick. Pronotum a little more than half as long as
the mesonotum, rounded at the anterior angles, the arch of the
posterior margin not angulate in the middle. Median segment
subtuberculate on the sides before the stigma and with a blunt
lateral tubercle before the posterior angles, nearly twice as broad
as long, with a deep median sulcus and almost vertically truncate
posteriorly. Thorax finely aciculate; median segment opaque.
' Abdomen subsessile, smooth and slightly shining, elongate fusi-
form; the apical segment long and narrow, finely punctured ;
second ventral segment without a transverse groove, but not
quite even, showing a very obscure transverse depression. ‘Tarsal
ungues with one tooth ; anterior tarsi witha long comb; posterior
tibize spined, not serrate, almost cylindrical. Third cubital cell
very short on the radial nervure, only one-fifth of the length’ of the
second, but nearly as long as the second on the cubital nervure ;
first recurrent nervure received close to the apex of the second
cubital cell, second beyond the middle of the third cubital cell ;
transverse median nervure interstitial with basal nervure; cubitus
of hind wing interstitial with the transverse median nervure.
Black ; the orbits of the eyes narrowly whitish grey, not
reaching the summit. Wings black.
Length 24 mm.
Hab. Townsville, Q. (Dodd).
This species approaches the genus Cryptocheilus.
ANOPLIUS ATAVUS, sp.n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 7, 9.)
2. Clypeus transverse at the apex, short, more than twice as
broad as long. Eyes separated from the base of the mandibles by
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 327
a distance about equal to the length of the first joint of the
flagellum, their Inner margins converging towards the vertex,
where they are separated by a distance about equal to the length
of the second joint of the flagellum; posterior ocelli a little
further from the eyes than from each other. Front not raised at
the base of. the antenne, which are not very stout, a little longer
than the thorax and median segment combined ; second joint of
the flagellum long, nearly as long as the third and fourth
combined. Pronotum broadly arched posteriorly, the apex of the
arch forming a slight angle, the sides almost parallel, the anterior
angles scarcely rounded. Median segment shorter than the
scutellum, about twice as broad as long, with a deep median sulcus,
steeply and obliquely sloped posteriorly. Abdomen almost smooth,
the three basal segments slightly shining ; second ventral segment
without a transverse furrow. Second abscissa of the radius half
as long again as the third; second cubital cell receiving the first
recurrent nervure near the apex, third receiving the second
recurrent nervure near the middle; transverse median nervure
interstitial with the basal; cubitus of hind wing interstitial with
the transverse median nervure. ‘Tarsal ungues with one tooth;
anterior tarsi with a comb.
Black ; head, prothorax, and mesonotum closely covered with
white pile, a narrow line across the vertex behind the ocelli with-
out pile. Wings dark fuscous.
Length 22 mm.
Hab. Strelley River, N.W. Australia (7. WW. Giles).
The white pile renders this species very conspicuous.
- ANOPLIUS SENEX, sp.n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 8, 2.)
2. Clypeus slightly porrect, transverse at the apex, more than
twice as broad as long. Eyes separated from the base of the
mandibles by a distance not quite equal to the length of the first
joint of the flagellum, their inner margins converging towards
the vertex, where they are separated by a distance not quite equal
to the length of the second joint of the flagellum. Antenne a
little longer than the thorax and median segment combined; the
second joint of the flagellum more than half as long again as the
third. Head moderately thick ; a very faint frontal sulcus reach-
ing the anterior ocellus. Pronotum scarcely more than half as
long as the mesonotum, the anterior angles slightly rounded; the
posterior margin arched, without an angle. Median segment
more than half as broad again as long, with a deep median sulcus,
almost vertically truncate posteriorly, sloped gradually to the base
of the truncation. Abdomen subsessile, the second ventral seg-
ment without a transverse sulcus. Fore tarsi with a long comb ;
tarsal ungues with one tooth, not bifid. Second abscissa of the
radius very little longer than the third ; first recurrent nervure
received close to the apex of the second cubital cell, second
received at the middle of the third cubital cell; transverse
median nervure almost interstitial with the basal nervure;
328 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
cubitus of the hind wing interstitial with the transverse median
nervure.
Black, covered with whitish-grey pile ; a transverse line on the
vertex, the front of the mesonotum, the apical abdominal segment,
and the extreme apex of the clypeus bare. Wings subhyaline,
with a rather broad fuscous band on the outer margin.
Length 17 mm.
Hab. Victoria (French).
Allied to A. atavus, but differs in the shape of the cubital cells,
the colour of the wings, and the much greater extent of the pile.
ANOPLIUS LABILIS Sm.
Pompilus labilis Sm. Descr. n. sp. Hym. p. 151 (1879).
Hab. Townsville, Q. (Dodd); Nicol Bay, W. A. (Dr. Clement).
ANOPLIUS DODDI, sp. n.
2. Clypeus about twice as broad as long, rounded at the sides,
almost transverse at the apex. Eyes almost touching the base of
the mandibles, their inner margins converging towards the vertex,
where they are separated by a distance equal to three-fourths of
the length of the second joint of the flagellum ; posterior ocelli a
little nearer to the eyes than to each other. Front not produced
into tubercles at the base of the antennz; second joint of the
flagellum long, more than half as long again as the third joint.
Pronotum short, narrower than the head, the posterior margin
strongly arched, with a slight angle at the apex of the arch.
Median segment short, twice as broad as long, with a faint
median sulcus, abruptly truncate posteriorly. Second ventral
segment of the abdomen without a transverse groove. Tarsal
ungues bifid; posterior tibice spined, cylindrical; anterior tarsi with
along comb. Third abscissa of the radius very short, no longer
than the first ; third cubital cell as long as the second on the
cubitus, receiving the second recurrent nervure at two-thirds from
the base; first recurrent nervure received at two-thirds from the
base of the second cubital cell; transverse median nervure inter-
stitial with the basal nervure; cubitus of the hind wing interstitial
with the transverse median nervure.
Opaque black, with silvery grey pubescence on the clypeus, face,
cheeks, continued along the posterior margin of the head, posterior
margin of the pronotum, coxe, pleur, posterior margin of the
mesonotum, scutellum, anterior and posterior angles of the median
segment, and base of the first abdominal segment ; a band of grey
pile narrowly interrupted in the middle at the base of abdominal
segments 2-5. Wings hyaline, broadly fuscous along the basal
nervure ; another fuscous band beyond the radial cell, very broad
but not quite touching the apex and continued on the hind wing ;
a fuscous patch occupying the radial and third cubital cells and
extending into the second cubital and discoidal cells.
Length 9 mm,
Hab, Townsyille, Q, (Dodd).
1910.] -FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 329
ANOPLIUS AMGENULUS, sp. n.
2. Clypeus about three times as broad as long, transverse at
the apex. Eyes almost touching the base of the mandibles, their
inner margins almost parallel, slightly curved towards the vertex,
where they are separated by a distance equal to the length of the
second joint of the flagellum; posterior ocelli about half as far
again from the eyes as from each other. Antenne as long as the
head, thorax, and median segment combined; the second joint of
the flagellum half as long again as the third and twice as long as
the fourth. Pronotum depressed, shorter than the mesonotum,
the posterior margin with a slight angle at the apex of the arch.
Median segment a little broader than long, with a faint median
suleus at the base, obliquely sloped posteriorly. Abdomen fusi-
form; second ventral segment without a groove. Posterior tibize
cylindrical, spinose; tarsal ungues with one tooth; anterior tarsi
with a few short spines on the basal joint. Second abscissa of
the radius nearly twice as long as the third; first recurrent
nervure received near the apex of the second cubital cell, second
close to the middle of the third cubital cell ; submedian cell a little
longer than the median; cubitus of hind wing interstitial with
the transverse median nervure.
Black ; with a transverse band of cinereous pile at the base of
the second and third dorsal abdominal segments; silvery pile on
the clypeus, sides of the postscutellum, coxe, and angles of the
median segment. Wings fuscous, an obscure band outside the
third transverse cubital a little paler.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner). March.
This differs from nubilipennis Sm. in the structure of the
posterior tibiz as well as in other details. A. cinereus Fabr., a
common Queensland species, has paler wings with a fuscous
margin, and is a smaller species.
ANOPLIUS SERICOPS, sp. n.
2. Clypeus about twice as broad as long, widely emarginate at
the apex, the labrum exposed. Eyes separated from the base of
the mandibles by a distance not exceeding half the length of the
first joint of the flagellum, their inner margins nearly parallel,
slightly curved towards the vertex, where they are separated by a
distance about equal to the length of the third joint of the
flagellum ; the posterior ocelli about as far from each other as
from the eyes. Front not raised into tubercles at the base of the
antenne; the second joint of the flagellum scarcely longer than
the third. Pronotum as long as the mesonotum, narrower than
the head, the arch of the posterior margin with an obtuse angle
at the apex. Median segment distinctly broader than long, with
a rather obscure median sulcus, truncate posteriorly. Abdomen
elongate fusiform; second ventral segment without a transverse
groove. Tarsal ungues bifid; posterior tibize spined; comb of
anterior tarsi very short. Radial cell short, less than twice as long
330 MR. Rk. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
as broad, first abscissa of the radius. nearly twice as long as the
second ; third cubital cell petiolate, the petiole occupying about one-
fourth of the length of the second transverse cubital nervure ;
transverse median nervure almost interstitial with the basal
nervure ; first recurrent nervure received at two-thirds from the
base of the second cubital cell, second at the middle of the third
cubital cell; cubitus of hind wing interstitial with the transverse
median nervure.
Black, opaque, with cinereous pile on a broad band on the
anterior margin of the pronotum and on the base of each
abdominal segment from the second to the fifth inclusive ;
clypeus and face with silvery pile, the pile on the coxee and thorax
beneath grey. Wings fuscous, with a darker band at the apex.
Length 13-15 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
This is the only Australian species, so far as I know, in which
the third cubital cell is petiolate.
ANOPLIUS NIGRICORNIS Fabr.
Sphex nigricornis Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 351 (1775), 9.
Pompilus diversus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868, p. 244,
®. (Wee Smith 1873, nec Dahlbom.)
Pompilus bos Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. viii. p. 277 (1897).
The sculpture on the median segment is more distinct in recent
specimens, which are also much larger, the Fabrician type being
only 8 mm. in length, but I do not think they are specifically
distinct.
ANOPLIUS ELATUS Sm.
Pompilus elatus Sm. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vii. p. 82
(1864), 2.
Hab. Morty (Wallace); Mackay, Q. (Z'urner).
I identify this species with some doubt, but my specimens
answer well to the short description.
Awop.ius (EPISYRON) ORIENTALIS Cam.
Ceropales orientalis Cam. Mem. Manch. Lit. Phil. Soe. (4) iv.
p-. 432 (1891), ¢.
Pompilus orientalis Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 157
(1897), 3.
Hab. Mackay and Kuranda, Q. (Z’wrner).
Though the inale is not uncommon, I do not know the female.
ANOoPLIUS (EPISYRON) JUBILANS, Sp. n.
$ . Clypeus about twice as broad as long, slightly narrowed to
the apex which is transverse ; the labrum exposed, as long as the
clypeus and narrowly truncate at the apex. Eyes separated from
the base of the mandibles by a distance equal to about half the
length of the scape, their inner margins slightly diverging
9
TOT OR FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 331
towards the vertex, where they are separated by a distance equal
to the length of the second and third joints of the flagellum
combined. Antenne very stout, a little longer than the thorax
and median segment combined, tapering to the apex, the joints
arcuate beneath ; scape very short, little more than half as long as
the second joint of the flagellum, which is equal in length to the
third. Pronotum short, depressed, rounded anteriorly, the
posterior margin feebly arched. Median segment convex, as long
as broad, longer than the mesonotum, very gradually sloped
posteriorly. Abdomen subpetiolate, elongate fusiform ; second
ventral segment without a transverse sulcus. ‘Tarsal ungues
bifid ; legs slender, a few minute spines on the posterior tibie.
Second abscissa of the radius twice as long as the third, the second
cubital cell a little longer than the third on the cubital nervure ;
first recurrent nervure received at two-thirds from the base of the
second cubital cell, second at the middle of the third cubital cell ;
submedian cell slightly longer than the median; cubitus of the
hind wing originating before the transverse median nervure.
Opaque, pruinose.
Black; the antennz (except the three apical joints) bright
orange; labrum, sides and base of the clypeus, scape beneath,
and the face as high as the base of the antenne continued
for a short distance on the inner margins of the eyes, creamy
yellow; posterior margin of the pronotum, a transverse band
on each side at the base of the second dorsal abdominal seg-
ment, another shorter and narrower on each side near the
base of the third segment, the spines of the tibie, and a line near
the base of the posterior tibiz, white; anterior tarsi and tibive
testaceous brown. Bands of greyish pile at the apex of the
abdominal segments, very narrow on the first three, a little
broader on the others. Thorax and median segment with patches
of silvery pile. Wings hyaline, margined with pale fuscous, a
pale fuscous band from the radial cell crossing the third cubital
celi.
Length 11 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Zurner). January.
I place this species in the subgenus Episyron with some doubt,
as it is very difficult to separate the males of that group from those
of Calopompilus.
ANOPLIUS (EPISYRON) LEPIDOHIRTUS, Sp. 0.
©. Clypeus very slightly convex, nearly three times as broad
as long, the apical margin transverse. Hyes very narrowly
separated from the base of the mandibles, slightly convergent
towards the vertex, where they are separated by a distance about
equal to the length of the second joint of the flagellum ; posterior
ocelli a little further from each other than from the eyes.
Antenne about as long as the head, thorax, and median segment
combined ; the second joint of the flagellum nearly twice as long as
the third. A very delicate frontal sulcus, not reaching the
332 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
anterior ocellus. Pronotum depressed, short, narrowed anteriorly
and strongly rounded at the angles, the posterior margin arched not
angular at the apex. Median segment short, more than twice as
broad as long, steeply sloped posteriorly, the median sulcus almost
obsolete. Abdomen subsessile, elongate fusiform ; second ventral
segment without a groove. Tarsal ungues bifid; anterior tarsi
with a comb. Third cubital cell very short, only one-third of the
length of second on the radial nervure and only a little more than
half as long as the second on the cubital nervure ; first recurrent
nervure received beyond the middle of the second cubital cell,
second close to the middle of the third cubital cell; transverse
median nervure interstitial with the basal nervure; cubitus of
hind wing originating just before the transverse median nervure,
almost interstitial.
Black, opaque; a very narrow line near the middle of the inner
orbits of the eyes, the outer orbits very narrowly, the posterior
margin of the pronotum, and a transverse band very narrow in
the middle at the base of the third dorsal abdominal segmeut, dull
ochreous; clypeus and face clothed with silvery pubescence, apex
of the median segment and the whole of the first dorsal abdominal
segment covered with close-lying, coarse, bluish-grey shining
pubescence. Wings pale fusco-hyaline, the outer margin broadly
fuscous.
Length 14 mm.
3. Clypeus rather longer, the labrum slightly exposed, median
segment longer and less sharply sloped ; basal half of the flagellum
ochreous beneath ; band on the third abdominal segment white.
Length 9 mm.
Hab, Mackay, Q. (Turner). February to May.
This is probably only a geographical form of papuensis Sm.,
from which it differs in the much broader clypeus and face. In
papuensis the anterior margin of the clypeus is yellow and there
is a yellow line on the posterior margin of the mesonotum; the
second recurrent nervure is also received nearer to the apex of
the third cubital cell.
ANOPLIUS (HPISYRON) LIMPIDUS, Sp. .
@. Clypeus transverse at the apex, more than twice as broad
as long. Eyes very narrowly separated from the base of the
mandibles, their inner margins slightly curved and converging
towards the vertex, where they are separated by a distance equal
to two-thirds of the length of the second joint of the flagellum ;
posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from each other.
Antenne as long as the head, thorax, and median segment com-
bined ; the second joint of the flagellum about half as iong again
as the third. Pronotum depressed anteriorly and rounded at the
angles, the hind margin arched, with a slight angle in the middle.
Median segment convex, obliquely sloped posteriorly, about twice
as broad as long, the median sulcus almost obsolete. Abdomen
subpetiolate, elongate ovate. Tarsal ungues bifid, anterior tarsi
1910. } FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 333
with a comb. Third abscissa of the radius half as long again as
the second ; first recurrent nervure received near the apex of the
second cubital cell, second beyond the middle of the third cubital
cell; transverse median nervure interstitial with the basal nervure ;
cubitus of the hind wing originating just before the transverse
median nervure.
' Opaque, pruinose ; a narrow frontal sulcus reaching the anterior
ocellus ; second ventral segment without a transverse groove.
Black; the posterior margin of the pronotum dull luteous ;
antenne, femora, tibie, and tarsi ferruginous; the apex of the
median segment with shining silvery pubescence, an obscure
transverse band of dark grey pile at the base of the third abdominal
segment and a spot of the same at the apical angles of the second.
Wings hyaline, faintly tinged with yellow, crossed by two fuscous
bands, one on the basal nervure, the other, very broad, from the
racial cell.
Length 11 mm.
3. Clypeus at the apex pale luteous; first dorsal segment of the
abdomen covered almost to the apex with rather long silvery
pubescence, a white transverse band much narrowed in the middle
at the base of the third segment. Abdomen somewhat compressed
laterally.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. Kuranda near Cairns, Q. (7'urner). January and
February.
ANOPLIUS (EPISYRON) KURANDENSIS, sp. n.
@. Clypeus short, more than three times as broad as long,
transverse at the apex. Eyes almost touching the base of the
mandibles, the inner margins parallel near the base, curved
towards.the vertex, where they are separated by a distance about
equal to the length of the two basal joints of the flagellum com-
bined ; posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from
each other. Antenne longer than the thorax and median segment
combined ; the second joint of the flagellum more than half as.
long again as the third. Pronotum short, depressed, rounded
at the angles, the posterior margin broadly arched. Median
segment deflexed, rounded posteriorly, about as long as broad.
Abdomen small, narrowly fusiform. Tarsal ungues bifid ; anterior
tarsi almost without a comb, only one or two spines on the basal
joint ; posterior tibiz spined. Second abscissa of the radius about
three times as long as the third, first and third about equal in
length ; second cubital cell longer on the cubitus than the third ;
first recurrent nervure received at two-thirds from the base of the
second cubital cell, second beyond the middle of the third cubital
cell; transverse median nervure interstitial with the basal nervure;
cubitus of hind wing originating just before the transverse median
nervure.
Opaque black; the apex of the clypeus broadly, but deeply
emarginate from the base in the middle, the inner orbits of the
334 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
eyes, posterior margin of the pronotum, a spot on the posterior
margin of the mesonotum, a spot on the tegule, and a broad
transverse band at the base of the third dorsal segment of the
abdomen, ochreous yellow; tibiw, tarsi, five basal joints of the
antenne, and the base of the mandibles dull ferruginous brown.
Wings subhyaline, slightly iridescent, broadly pale fuscous at the
apex of the anterior pair; nervures testaceous brown. First
dorsal segment clothed with greyish pubescence.
Length 6-8 mm.
Hab. Kuranda, Q. (Turner). January and February.
‘['wo specimens.
APporuUS CINGULATUS Fabr.
Sphea cingulata Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 250 (1775).
Aporus cingulatus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iii. p. 175 (1855).
Hab. Mackay to Cooktown, Q. (Zurner).
The second abscissa of the radius is no longer than the first in
the typical Queensland form, but in specimens from Victoria and
South Australia it is much longer. As I cannot detect any other
appreciable difference I consider it better to treat this as a
geographical variation, though it is quite possible that it may
prove to be distinct. Southern specimens are usually larger than
the typical form. This is probably the species described by Kohl
as Pompilus apantelus, but his description is very poor.
APORUS NIGROCINERASCENS, Sp. Nn.
@. Mandibles bidentate ; clypeus broadly truncate at the apex,
convex, nearly three times as broad as long, the labrum exposed.
Eyes almost parallel on the inner margin, a little nearer together
on the vertex than on the clypeus; the ocelli in a very broad
triangle, the posterior pair rather further from each other than
from the eyes. Head very thin; pronotum not very short,
depressed and narrowed anteriorly. Median segment broader
than long, obliquely sloped posteriorly, slightly shining, with an
obscure median suleus and a small triangular depression at the
base, the posterior angles bluntly produced. Abdomen subsessile ;
the first segment longer and narrower than the second, broadened
from the base; apical segment elongate, pointed, sparsely punc-
tured. Second joint of the flagellum more than half as long again
as the third. Anterior tarsi with a long comb; posterior tibiz
spinose; tarsal ungues toothed but without a comb. Second
abscissa of the cubitus twice as long as the first; radial cell broad,
not more than twice as long as broad; first recurrent nervure
received a little before the middle of the second cubital cell, the
second near the apex; cubitus of hind wing interstitial with the
transverse median nervure.
Black, with short obscure cinereous pubescence on the front,
clypeus, margins of the pronotum very narrowly, posterior slope
of median segment and apical margin of two basal abdominal
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 335
segments, the first broadly, the second narrowly ; apical segment
fuscous. Wings hyaline, broadly margined with pale fuscous at
the apex.
Length 11 mm.
3. Very similar, but the emargination of the eyes which is
very feeble in the female is rather more distinct in the male.
The first dorsal segment of the abdomen is entirely covered with
cinereous pubescence.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Zurner).
APORUS IMMITIS, sp. n.
@. Clypeus transverse at the apex, about three times as broad
as long. Hyes very widely and shallowly emarginate, a little
nearer together on the vertex than on the clypeus; posterior
ocelli as far from each other as from the eyes. Antenne a little
longer than the thorax and median segment combined ; the third
joint of the flagellum long, nearly as long as the second.
Pronotum depressed anteriorly, about twice as broad as long, the
posterior margin very feebly arched. Median segment with the
sides parallel, “vather broader than long, sloped posteriorly, but
not truncate. Abdomen subsessile, rather slender, the apical
segment pointed. Posterior tibize spinose, anterior tarsi with a
rather feeble comb. Radial cell short and rather narrow, about
three times as long as the greatest breadth ; the second cubital
cell arched towards the radial nervure, the second abscissa of the
radius not more than half as long as the first; both recurrent
nervures received by the second cubital cell, the first very near
the base, the second close to the apex ; cubitus of the hind wing
originating just beyond the transverse median nervure, almost
interstitial with it.
Black, with cinereous grey pubescence as follows: on the
clypeus, front, margins of the pronotum, angles of the scutellum
and median segment, mesopleurz, and a broad transverse band on
the apical margin of the four basal segments of the abdomen;
mandibles fusco-ferruginous at the apex. Wings hyaline at the
base, fusco-hyaline towards the apex and along the nervures.
Length 8mm. :
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
Differs from cingulatus Fabr. in the slenderer antenne, the
different proportion of the joints of the flagellum, the shorter
pronotum, the more gradual slope of the median segment, the
shorter second abscissa of the radius, the narrower radial cell, and
the much greater distance between the recurrent nervures,
APORUS ACER, Sp. Nn.
. Clypeus about three times as broad as long, slightly convex ;
the anterior margin very feebly and widely emarginate, almost
transverse. Hyes nearly parallel on the inner margin; the
posterior ocelli-almost as far from each other as from Oe eyes.
336 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
Second and third joints of the flagellum of about equal length.
Pronotum depressed anteriorly, the posterior margin broadly
arched. Median segment obliquely sloped posteriorly, the dorsal
surface before the oblique slope about twice as broad as long.
Anterior tarsi with a few short spines ; posterior tibie spinose ;
tarsal ungues with one tooth. Second abscissa of the radius as
long as the first, the two recurrent nervuces received far apart
near the base and apex of the second cubital cell, radial cell rather
broad. Cubitus of hind wing originating far beyond the trans-
verse median nervure. Transverse median nervure of fore wing .
joining the median nervure before the origin of the basal nervure.
Black, with cinereous pubescence on the clypeus, front, anterior
angles and posterior slope of the median segment, and a broad
transverse band on the apical margin of each of the four basal
abdominal segments. Wings hyaline, with a narrow fuscous
band crossing the wing at the basal nervure and another broad
band from the radial cell; hind wing pale fuscous at the apex.
Length 9mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner). October.
Very near A. immitis, but differs considerably in neuration
and in the colour of the wings.
APORUS TENELLUS, Sp. n.
2. Mandibles bidentate; clypeus rather more than twice as
broad as long, transverse on the anterior margin. Eyes nearly
parallel, slightly converging towards the vertex; the ocelli ina
broad triangle, the posterior pair further from each other than
from the eyes. Head smooth and siightly shining. The antennz
scarcely as long as thorax and median segment combined; the
second joint of the flagellum no longer than the third. Pronotum
about twice as broad as long, not depressed anteriorly. Median
segment a little longer than broad, the posterior slope steep but
not abrupt, the posterior angles very feebly produced. Abdomen
subsessile, slender, a little compressed laterally, the apical
segment very narrowly rounded at the apex. Anterior tarsi
without a comb, posterior tibiz spinose. Second cubital cell
pointed on the radial nervure, the distance between the recurrent
nervures a little greater than their distance from the base and
apex of the second cubital cell. Cubitus of the hind wing
originating a little beyond the transverse cubital nervure.
Transverse median nervure of fore wing received a little beyond
the basal nervure.
Black, with greyish-white pubescence as follows: on the clypeus,
front, margins of the pronotum narrowly, a transverse line on the
mesonotum, two spots on the scutellum, the postscutellum, pleure,
a large spot at each angle, anterior and posterior, of the median
segment, a spot at the base of the first dorsal abdominal segment,
and a broad transverse band, narrowly interrupted in the middle,
on the apical margin of the four basal segments. Wings very
pale fuseo-hyaline, rather darker on the apical third of the fore
wing.
Nhe
we
We
~]
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA.
¢ similar to 9.
Length, 2 8mm., ¢ 5mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner). January. °
A very distinct species, differing from other Australian species
in the absence of the tarsal comb, the long median segment, and
the pointed second cubital cell.
PLANICEPS UMBRATICUS, Sp. n.
@. Clypeus produced over the mandibles, twice as broad as
long, very broadly rounded, subtruncate at the apex. Eyes
reaching to the base of the mandibles; posterior ocelli far apart,
nearly twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Antenne
only a little longer than the thorax without the median segment ;
the third joint of the flagellum almost as long as the second; the
insertion of the antenne distinctly higher than the base of the
eyes. Pronotum as long as the mesonotum, a little narrowed
anteriorly. Median segment half as long again as broad, depressed
in the middle at the apex, the apical angles acutely produced.
Abdomen subsessile, elongate. Fore femora not swollen, posterior
tibiz spinose. Two cubital cells, the second receiving the two
recurrent nervures near the base and near the apex; second
abscissa of the radius two and a half times as long as the first ;
the submedian cell shorter than the median ; cubitus of the hind
wing originating well beyond the transverse median nervure.
Very minutely punctured, the abdomen and head slightly shining.
Black ; the antennz fuscous. Wings very pale flavo-hyaline,
nervures black.
Length, 92 7mm., ¢ 5mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).
The head is flattened as in the genus Planiceps, and the long
pronotum removes the species from the group of Aporws most
nearly allied to typical Pompilus. The anterior tarsi are without
a comb.
PLANICEPS AUREOVESTITUS, sp.n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 9, 2.)
@. Clypeus short, about three times as broad as long, the
apical margin transverse. Hyes not nearly reaching the base of
the mandibles, slightly convergent towards the vertex; ocelli in
a wide triangle, the posterior pair further from each other than
from the eyes. Antenne about as long as the thorax and median
segment combined, inserted a little higher than the base of the
eyes; the second and third joints of the flagellum about equal in
length. Pronotum as long as the mesonotum and almost as broad
as the head, feebly rounded at the anterior angles, the posterior
margin widely arched. Median segment broader than long,
obliquely truncate posteriorly, with a deep suleus on the surface
of the truncation. Abdomen subsessile; the first segment as
long as the breadth at the apex, the second segment longer than
the first and slightly broader. Fore femora only slightly thicker
than the intermediate, basal joint of the fore tarsi longer than
the three following joints combined. Two cubital cells, the second
Proc. Zoon, Soc.—1910, No. XXII. 22
338 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE | Feb. 15
receiving the two recurrent nervures at one-fifth from the base
and one-fifth from the apex; second abscissa of the radius three
times as long as the first, transverse median nervure interstitial —
with the basal nervure; cubitus of hind wing originating just
beyond the transverse median nervure.
Black ; smooth and slightly shining; a spot of dull and very
short greyish pubescence at the base of the first dorsal abdominal
segment and another at each of the apical angles: the third and
fourth dorsal segments covered with coarse, close-lying, almost
seale-like hairs of an ochreous colour. Wings hyaline, fuscous
from the basal nervure to beyond the apex of the radial cell.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Victoria (C. French).
This species does not quite correspond with the characters given
by Ashmead for Planiceps, the fore femora being Jess swollen
and the antenne inserted a little higher. But, until the family
is revised as a whole, I do not consider it advisable to found
new genera.
PEDINASPIS EXULANS, Sp. nN.
@. Clypeus broadly rounded at the apex, much broader than
long, covering the mandibles. Eyes reaching the base of the
mandibles, their inner margins curved, convergent both towards
the clypeus and the vertex, separated on the vertex by a distance
exceeding the length of the three basal joints of the flagellum ;
posterior ocelli twice as far from each other as from the eyes.
Head much longer than broad, slightly convex, strongly concave
beneath ; the front slightly produced between the antennz, which
are inserted distinctly higher than the base of the eyes; the second
and third joints of the flagellum of about equal length, each
about twice as long as the first. Pronotum nearly as long as the
mesonotum, depressed anteriorly, broader than long, the sides
nearly parallel. Median segment about one-third longer than
broad, the sides parallel, gently sloped towards the apex, the
apical margin very widely emarginate, the angles produced into
spines. Abdomen sessile, the two basal segments the broadest,
the second longer than the first ; second ventral segment without
a transverse groove. Posterior tibiz spined, anterior tarsi without
a comb, tarsal ungues bifid. Second abscissa of the radius as long
as the third, first recurrent nervure received before the middle of
the second cubital cell, second near the apex of the third cubital
cell; transverse median nervure interstitial with the basal nervure ;
cubitus of hind wing originating beyond the transverse median
nervure. Minutely punctured, opaque.
Black, with close cinereous pubescence, which is thickest on the
clypeus and pronotum and forms broad transverse bands on the
apical margins of the abdominal segments. Wings subhyaline,
nervures fuscous. Spines of the tibie whitish.
Length 9-10 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner). March.
1910. | FOSSORTAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 339
PEDINASPIS NUDIVENTRIS, Sp. n.
Q. Nearly related to P. exulans, but differs as follows :—the
eyes are rather nearer together at the base than on the vertex,
so that the clypeus is not so broad; the second joint of the
flagellum is slightly shorter than the third and less than twice as
long as the first; the third transverse cubital nervure is much less
oblique; the whole insect is less opaque and almost without grey
pubescence; the spines of the tarsi are pale testaceous; the wings
flavo-hyaline on the basal half, subhyaline at the apex, nervures
fulvous at the base, fuscous at the apex.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner). October.
The male has the eyes more nearly parallel, the joints of the
flagellum arcuate beneath, pronotum and median segment shorter,
and abdomen subconical. Antennz fusco-ferruginous ; fore tibize
and tarsi testaceous brown.
CEROPALES LIGEA Bingh.
Ceropales ligea Bingh. Fascic. Malay. Zool. 1. App. 5 (1903), 9.
@. Clypeus more than twice as broad as long, broadly sub-
truncate at the apex; the labrum exposed and narrowly truncate
at the apex. Eyes broadly and rather deeply emarginate ;
posterior ocelli twice as far from the eyes as from each other.
Antenne stout, slightly tapering at the apex; a very delicate
longitudinal sulcus on the front not reaching the anterior ocellus.
Pronotum short, the posterior margin feebly arched, the anterior
angles rounded ; mesonotum with two rather obscure longitudinal
furrows; scutellum convex. Median segment oblique, rather
broader than long, with a short furrow from the base not
reaching the middle. Abdomen ovate, short, not compressed
laterally. Median segment opaque, the remainder of the insect
smooth and slightly shining. Legs long and slender, the posterior
tibiz with minute spines.
Black; labrum, clypeus (except a median black line), inner
margins of the eyes broadly as high as the emargination, outer
margins of the eyes very narrowly, scape beneath, posterior
margin of the pronotum, propleure anteriorly, tegule, post-
scutellum, apical angles of the median segment, coxz, a line on
the anterior and intermediate femora beneath and on the anterior
tibie and tarsi, and a narrow, short, curved band on each side on
the apical margin of the four basal abdominal segments yellowish
white; anterior tibiew fusco-ferruginous; posterior femora
ferruginous. Wings hyaline, with a faint and narrow fuscous
marginal band at the apex, nervures black. Second abscissa of
the radius longer than the third.
Length 6-7 mm.
¢. Asin female, but the head is entirely black, the clypeus and
labrum fuscous, the scape alone marked with white beneath ; the
apical dorsal segment of the abdomen is white.
22%
340 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Shwegyin, Tenasserim (Bingham); Mackay, Queensland
(Termiver) onl NS pao P
Australian specimens differ in having the third abscissa of the
radius almost if not quite as long as the second, but not otherwise.
This species is noticed in the ‘ Zoologicai Record’ for 1903 as
Cerceris ligea.
CEROPALES TENUATUS, sp. n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 10, 2.)
@. Clypeus subtriangular, a little broader than long, broadly
truncate at the apex, the labrum exposed and broadly rounded at
the apex. Eyes converging towards the clypeus, broadly but
very shallowly emarginate ; posterior ocelli rather less than twice
as far from the eyes as from each other. Antennz stout, the
apical joints feebly arcuate beneath ; the front not raised into a
prominence between the antenne. Pronotum short, the anterior
margin straight, not rounded at the angles, the posterior margin
searcely arched; mesonotum with two distinct longitudinal
furrows. Median segment rounded at the sides, rather steeply
sloped, broader than long, with an obscure median sulcus.
Abdomen nearly as long as the head, thorax, and median segment
combined, very strongly compressed laterally. Legs unarmed,
not unusually long. Head opaque, sparsely punctured; thorax
shining, almost smooth ; median segment very finely transversely
striated ; abdomen smooth, slightly shining. Second abscissa of
the radius less than half as long as the third.
Black; labrum, clypeus, front as high as the base of the
antenne, scape, margins of the eyes broadly interrupted on the
summit, prothorax, sternum, a broad band on the mesonotum
from before the middle to the posterior margin, a narrow band
above the tegule, pleura, scutellum (except on the sides and
extreme apex), postcutellum, median segment (except a large black
spot on each side at the base), and the femora beneath yellow ;
first and second abdominal segments, the base of the third, and
the legs (except the posterior tarsi) light testaceous brown. Wings
hyaline, iridescent, nervures fuscous, stigma testaceous brown.
Length 12mm.
Hab. Cairns, Q. (Turner). February.
Fam. SPHEGID4.
Genus ParacraBro Turn.
Paracrabro Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 274
(1907).
This genus is perhaps nearest to Stigmas, but also shows points
of affinity to Pemphredon.
Type of genus, P. froggatti Turn. (Plate XXXII. fig. 11, 9.)
1910.] FCSSGRIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 341
Genus APHELOTOMA Westw.
APHELOTOMA AURIVENTRIS Turn.
Aphelotoma auriventris Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix.
p. 269 (1907), °.
3. As in the female, but the antenne, mandibles, tibiz, and
tarsi are much darker than in the female, the antenne and
mandibles being almost black. The apical segments of the
abdomen are also more withdrawn. The second recurrent
nervure in this species is interstitial with the second transverse
cubital nervure.
APHELOTOMA STRIATICOLLIS, Sp. Nn.
@. Clypeus small, shining ; the labrum prominent and notched
at the apex. Mandibles very sharply bent near the base, the
apical half falcate and acute at the apex, the basal half much
broadened, with a tooth near the middle of the inner margin.
Antenne inserted much further from each other than from the
eyes, filiform; the second joint of the flagellum as long as the
first joint and the scape combined. Head opaque, the front very
finely and indistinctly longitudinally striated ; the immer margin
of the eyes nearly parallel; the posterior ocelli nearer to the eyes
than to each other. Pronotum much narrower than the head,
longer than the mesonotum, longer than broad, finely rugose, the
sides raised and forming marginal carine, two parallel longi-
tudinal carine close together near the middle reaching from the
anterior to the posterior margin. Mesonotum and scutellum
coarsely longitudinally rugose ; propleure finely, mesopleure
coarsely rugose. Median segment very coarsely reticulate, the
sides obliquely striated, vertically truncate posteriorly, longer
than the pronotum, broader than long. Abdomen smooth and
shining, the third and following segments very minutely punc-
tured. First recurrent nervure received beyond two-thirds from
the base of the first cubital cell, second received near one-fifth
from the base of the third cubital cell. The branch nervure from
the first transverse cubital nervure reaching into the first cubital
cell is very short. j
Black; the mandibles and the apical joints of the tarsi beneath
fusco-ferruginous; abdomen shining bronze. Wings fusco-hyaline,
clearer at the apex, with a broad hyaline band crossing the first
cubital cell; nervures fuscous, testaceous in the hyaline band.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. Townsville, Q. (7. P. Dodd). - October.
Near auriventris Turn., but the position of the recurrent
nervures is different ; it also differs in the shape and sculpture
of the pronotum and in colour.
APHELOTOMA AFFINIS, Sp. n.
@. Mandibles shaped very much as in striaticollis, but more
broadly flattened on the basal half and with a small tubercle near
342 MR. R. E, TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
the base on the outer margin. Clypeus small, shining. Second
joint of the flagellum about equal to the scape in length; the
antenne inserted further from each other than from the eyes.
Head opaque, a delicate longitudinal carina below the anterior
ocellus. Pronotum much narrower than the head, longer than
broad, the sides parallel, finely rugulose, the lateral margins
raised, with a longitudinal median suleus. Mesonotum and
scutellum coarsely longitudinally rngose, the mesonotum with
an impressed, obscure, longitudinal line on each side. Median
segment narrowed to the apex and vertically truncate posteriorly,
reticulated, the margins slightly raised and with three rather
obscure carine, the two lateral ones converging towards the apex.
Abdomen smooth and shining. Second recurrent nervure received
close to the base of the third cubital cell,
Black; mandibles and antenne, except the three apical joints,
ferruginous; tegule, tibie beneath, and tarsi fusco-ferruginous.
Anterior wings pale fusco-hyaline, a broad hyaline band crossing
the first cubital cell,
Length 6 mm,
Hab, Townsville, Q. (7. P. Dodd), November.
This may possibly be the female of A. aterrima Turn., but the
sculpture of the thorax is very much coarser in the present species
and the median segment more narrowed to the apex, so | think
it is distinct,
AMMOPHILA (PARAPSAMMOPHILA) EREMOPHILA, sp. n. (Plate
XXXII, fig. 12, g.)
3. Clypeus sparsely and shallowly punctured, very thinly
clothed with long cinereous pubescence, very slightly convex,
with a very faint longitudinal carina not extending to the base
or apex, a little broader than long, the apical margin broadly
truncate. Eyes slightly convergent towards the clypeus, sepa-
rated on the vertex by a distance one-quarter greater than on
the clypeus; the posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes
than from each other, connected with each other behind by a
deeply impressed and feebly arched suleus, Head irregularly and
rather sparsely punctured ; the front clothed with short silver-
white pubescence, with a few long cinereous hairs; a shallow
sulcus running from the anterior ocellus to the base of the
antenng. First joint of the flagellum very short, the second a
little longer than the first and third combined. Pronotum closely
punctured and clothed with long cinereous pubescence, short and
almost vertically sloped anteriorly ; mesonotum closely punctured,
the punctures running into longitudinal strize on the posterior
half. Secutellum and postscutellum rather indistinctly longi-
tudinally striated. Median segment strongly convex, reticulate
on the middle, obliquely striated on the sides. Mesopleurz
coarsely punctured, separated from the metapleure by a deep,
shining, oblique groove, and very sparsely pubescent. Abdomen
shining and almost smooth; the ventral plate of the petiole seen
from above almost as long as the two basal joints of the posterior
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 343
tarsus. Tarsal ungues bidentate at the base, the pulvillus large,
Second cubital cell very short on the radial nervure, not more
than one-third of the length of the third, which is longer on the
radial than on the cubital nervure; the second cubital cell is
nearly twice as long as the third on the cubital nervure and
receives the first recurrent nervure just before the middle, the
second just before the apex.
Entirely black; wings pale flavo-hyaline, clearer towards the
apex, nervures testaceous.
Length 24-25 mm., expanse of wings 32 mm.
© unknown.
Hab, Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier).
Described from two specimens in the British Museum.
SCELIPHRON LH©TUM Sm. st. CYGNORUM st. n.
9. Very near typical letwm, but differs in the following
details : the depression in the middle of the pronotum is much
deeper, the second cubital cell is longer on the radial nervure,
and the yellow markings are absent from the scutellum, post-
scutellum, apex of the median segment, and fourth abdominal
segment; the base of the intermediate femora is marked with
black and the yellow on the pronotum and fifth abdominal
segment is more or less reduced.
Hab. South-Western Australia.
An intermediate form occurs in the north-west, in which the
second cubital cell is of the same shape as in the typical form and
the intermediate femora and postscutellum are coloured as in the
type, the scutellum is also marked with yellow. The typical
form occurs at Hermannsburg, Central Australia, and on the
north and east coasts.
Key to the Australian Species of Sphex.
Pg.
A. Second cubital cell higher than broad ..... Subgenus HaRPAactorus.
a. Wings flavo-hy aline, the apical third pale
fuscoztyalime: nsec eee ane S. sevus Sm.
b. Wings hyaline, clouded at the apex . .... 8. globosus Sm.
18. Pevond cubital cell as broad as high or broader.
. Third abscissa of the radius “half as long as
the second transverse cubital nervure or
nearly; the median segment without a
Stimmalusuleusieyesss nse eee ccmeae noe 3a: Subgenus IsoponTra.
a. Legs ferrnginous..................400.2.4..-..-.. S. abditus Kohl, st. nagenti.
62. Legs black.
a. Petiole much shorter than the basal
joint of the hind tarsi; wings pale
Mayo: hyalinesety..-Aaasthe cceeneeee ce ee S. claviger Sm.
6%. Petiole nearly as long as the basal joint
of the hind tarsi or longer; wings
hyaline or fuscous.
a+. Wings fuscous or fusco- bya
glossed with purple .. S. albohirtus Turn.
b4. Wings hyaline, clouded at the apex,
a, Petiole longer than the basal joint
of the hind tarsi. : S. nigellus Sm.
6°. Petiole scarcely as long as the basal
joint of the hind tarsi ............... 8. obscurellus Sin.
344 MR. R. E.
6. Third abscissa of the radius much less than
half as long as the second transverse cubital
nervure; median segment with a stigmal
sulcus .....
a2, Scutellum divided bya longitudinal sulcus.
a’, Postscutellum bituberculate in the
middle.
a+, Median segment coarsely sila sind
rugose- -carinate AS, ae
64. Median segment not rugose- carinate.
a, Legs and abdomen at the base and
apex ferruginous orange ............
6°. Entirely black.
a®, Pubescence on thorax and median
segment very sparse ...............
68, Pubescence on thorax and median
segment close, white on median
segment, pale golden on meso-
notum, scutellum bare
63. Postscutellum not bituberculate.
a4. Median segment transversely rugose-
carinate ..........
> Aben ai segment. not Tugose-carinate.
Legs and abdomen light ferruginous.
a Legs and abdomen black.
a®,. Mesonotum and median segment
very thickly covered with pile.
a’. The long hairs on the clypeus
LEYS amb aes sugeedteceadceusce sauces
67, The long hairs on the clypeus
golden.
a’, Scutellum strongly convex,
the longitudinal sulcus
rather indistinct ............
68. Seutellum not strongly con-
vex, the suleus distinct......
65, Mesonotum and median segment
rather sparsely pubescent.
a’. Postsentellum divided by a
longitudinal sulcus; wings
flavo-hyaline at the base ......
6’. Postscutellum without a sul-
cus, wings subhyalin>
62. Scutellum without a Y sulcus.
a3, Abdomen black.
a‘. Clypeus notched on the middle of the
anterior margin.
a°. Wings hyaline, clouded at the
apex, the nervures at the base
broadly dark .......
6°, Wings fuscous with a faint. # purple
flush, paler at the apex..
64. Clypeus without a notch
6°, Abdomen steel-blue.
a‘, Wings fuscous with a pnrple flush ...
64, Wings flavo-hyaline with a light tus-
cous border at the apex
S. gilberti has sometimes a very faint
bituberculate.
SpuHex (HARPAcTOPUs) GLoBosus Sm.
TURNER ON THE
[Feb. 15,
Subgenus SpHEX.
S.
S.
. umbrosus Chr.,
. aurulentus Fabr.
decoratus Sin.
. umbrosus Chr.
[narius Sm.
var. carbo-
. rugifer Kolil.
. argentifrons Sim.
- ahasuerus Kohl.
. cognatus Sm.
. vestitus, Sm.
modestus Sm.
. bilobatus Kohl.
. Luctuosus Sm.
| pennis Sm.
. luctuosus Sm., var. faumni-
. ermineus Kohl.
. gratiosissimus D. T.
. gilberti Turn.
line on the scutellum,
and in S. modestws Sm. the postscutellum is sometimes almost
Sphex globosa Sm, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 251 (1856), g 9.
Harpactopus australis Sauss.
(1867), 2.
Reise Novara, Zool.
il. 42
p.
1910.] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 340
I cannot agree with Kohl in treating these forms as different.
The extreme specimens of a series show considerable difference
in the sculpture on the mesopleure, but intermediate forms, of
which the type of globosus is one, seem to occur. The pile on the
sides of the abdominal segments seems to be present in all fresh
specimens, and the brown margin of the abdominal segments
is variable, almost absent in the type. I have not seen any
specimens exceeding 17 mm. in length.
Spuex (Isopont1A) aspirus Kohl, st. NUGENTI, st. n.
@. Differs from the typical form in the following details :—
the second joint of the flagellum is distinctly longer than the
third, the punctures on the thorax are very shallow, the pubes-
cence on the thorax and median segment is black, erect, and
sparse, and the apical joint of the tarsi is ferruginous, leaving
only the coxe and trochanters black on the legs.
Length 19 mm.
Hab. Cairns, Q.
Kohl gives the locality Sikkim, but expresses doubt as to the
correctness of the information. In my opinion abditus is scarcely
distinct from aurifrons Sm. from Aru, the latter species differing
in the testaceous margins of the abdominal segments which are
also slightly pruinose. In Queensland the present form seems to
be very scarce and has not been previously recorded.
SPHEX VESTITUS Sm.
Sphex vestita Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 248 (1856), @.
Sphec pretexta Sm. Brenchley’s Cruise of the ‘ Curagoa,’
p- 461 (1873), @.
Sphex imperialis Kohl, Ann. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien, v. p. 398
(1890), @. ;
This is very near cognatus Sm., but where they occur together
the female cognatus has the wings flavo-hyaline at the base, and
the pubescence on the median segment is much paler in both
sexes. The male genitalia are also different, the eighth ventral
segment being produced into a point in cognatus, whilst in vestitus
it is deeply longitudinally grooved beneath and not pointed ; the
petiole is somewhat longer in cognatws, and it 1s a much smaller
species than vestitus. Kohl gives pretexta as a synonym of
formosus, but this is not correct.
Hab. Gayndah, Q. (Kohl); Mackay and Cairns, Q. (Turner).
SPHEX COGNATUS Sm.
Sphex cognata Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 248 (1856), ©.
Sphex opulenta Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 250 (1856), ¢.
Sphex formosa Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 254 (1856), ©.
Kohl gives opulenta as a synonym of wmbrosus, but it is quite
distinct from that species.
Hab. Australia (the northern half); Ceram; Semao Isl.
346 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
SPHEX MODESTUS Sm.
Sphe« modesta Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 248 (1856), 2
Sphex dolichocerus Kohl, Ann. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien, v.
p. 390 (1890), 3.
eee bien Kohl, Asin Naturh. Hofmus. Wien, x. p. 62
(1895), 9
As Kohl suggests, his bannitus is undoubtedly a synonym of
modestus, and I consider that dolichocerus is almost certainly the
male of the same species. In all three descriptions the locality
given is only Australia, but there is a series in the British
Museum from Alexandria in the Northern Territory, and it is
also in the collection sent by Mr. Giles from Perth.
SPHEX BILOBATUS Kohl.
Sphex canescens Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 246 (1856), ¢ 2.
Sphex bilobatus Kohl, Ann. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien, x. p. 59
(EOD), 6 Qs
‘The name canescens having been previously used by Dahlbom
is a synonym of S. vidwatus, and Kohl’s name should be used.
Hab. Adelaide (Kohl); Cumberland, N.S.W.
SPHEX GRATIOSISSIMUS Dalla Torre.
Sphex nitidiventris Sm. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. iii
p. 158. n. 4 (1858), 2 (nec Spinola, 1851).
Sphex gratiosus Sm. Journ. Proc. Linn. ‘Boee, Zool. iii. p. 158.
n. 6 (1858), 3 (nec Smith, 1856).
Sphex gratiosissimus 1). 'T. Cat. Hym. viii. p. 424 (1897), 3.
Sphex wallacet Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 467, 2.
As gratiosus and nitidiventris are sexes of the same species,
Dalla Torre’s name stands. It is very near resplendens Kohl,
but as I have not seen Amboina specimens I cannot be sure that
they are identical.
CERCERIS GILESI, sp.n. (Plate XXXII. fig. 13, ¢.)
@. Clypeus sparsely but rather coarsely punctured, the middle
lobe almost semicircular but broader at the apex than long,
broadly but rather shallowly emarginate at the apex, the angles
of the emargination produced into very short blunt teeth, with
another more acute tooth on each side beyond the emargination.
Antenne inserted near together, separated from the base of the
clypeus by a distance equal to two-thirds of the length of the
middle lobe of the clypeus ; the first joint of the flagellum globular,
the second joint a little longer than the third, the apical joint
subconical, a little longer than the tenth. Inner margins of the
eyes slightly divergent towards the clypeus, separated from each
other at the nearest point by nearly two and a half times the
length of the scape. Posterior ocelli about half as far again from
the eyes as from each other. The whole insect coarsely and
closely punctured ; the punctures on the mesonotum more or less
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA, 347
confluent longitudinally. The triangular space at the base of the
median segment is almost smooth in the middle and at the apex,
obliquely striated at the basal angles and divided by a deep
longitudinal median sulcus. Petiole short, nearly twice as broad
as long; pygidial area elongate-ovate, truncate at the apex,
coarsely punctured at the base, smooth at the apex.
Black; the clypeus, interantennal carina, mandibles, the face
as high as the base of the antenne and extending to the eyes,
only narrowly separated from the interantennal carina, the scape,
flagellum beneath, a broad transverse band narrowly interrupted
in the middle on the pronotum, tegule, a transverse band at the
apex of the scutellum, postscutellum, two basal abdominal seg-
ments, the dorsal surface of the fifth segment, and the legs bright
reddish orange. Wings hyaline, the fore wings clouded with
fuscous along the costa, nervures black.
Length 11 mm.
3. Differs from the female in the form of the clypeus which
is longer and not emarginate at the apex, the narrower front and
the more nearly parallel sides of the pygidial area, which is also
more strongly punctured towards the apex. The fifth, sixth, and
seventh dorsal segments are orange—not only the fifth, as in the
female—and the clypeus and front are yellow.
Hab. Claremont, W. A. (H. WM. Giles). December.
CERCERIS MINUSCULA, Sp. Nn.
2. Clypeus rather sparsely punctured, the middle lobe broadly
and shallowly emarginate at the apex, not toothed, slightly
narrowed towards the apex, a little shorter than the greatest
breadth. Antenne separated from the base of the clypeus by
about two-thirds of its length; the third joint.of the flagellum
as long as the second, the apical joint stout and subconical, longer
than broad. Posterior ocelli more than half as far again from
the eyes as from each other; inner orbits of the eyes nearly
parallel, separated by a distance equal to more than two and
a half times the length of the scape. The whole insect closely
and deeply punctured, the triangular space at the base of the
median segment transversely striated. Petiole broader than
long, narrowed a little to the base and the apex; pygidial area
elongate-ovate, narrowly rounded at the apex, finely punctured.
Black ; mandibles (except at the apex), clypeus, the sides of the
face broadly as high as the base of the antennz, the scape beneath,
the frontal carina, a transverse spot on each side of the pronotum,
postscutellum, the sides and apex of the third dorsal segment of
the abdomen, the sides of the third ventral segment, and the sides
and apex of the fifth dorsal segment, pale dull yellow ; the scape
above, the flagellum, tegule, petiole, the extreme apical margin
of the second dorsal segment, the base of the third, and the
pygidium, dull ferruginous. Intermediate and anterior tibie
yellow above, posterior tibie yellow beneath; intermediate and
anterior femora, the apex of the posterior femora, the tibie
348 MR. R. F. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
(excluding the yellow parts), and the tarsi ferruginous. Wings
hyaline with a faint fuscous cloud at the apex, nervures black.
Length 7-8 mm.
¢. Similar to the female, but the clypeus is toothed at the
apex and not emarginate, the third joint of the flagellum is
distinctly longer than the second, the striz on the triangular
space at the base of the median segment are less distinct, the
sides of the pygidial area are almost parallel and it is narrowly
truncate at the apex; the sixth dorsal segment and a transverse
band at the base of the second are yellow, the petiole black, the
tegule yellow, and yellow replaces the ferruginous colour on the
anterior and intermediate legs.
Length 6-7 mm.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner); Townsville, Q. (Dodd); Her-
mannsburg, Central Australia (Hillier). February to April.
TACHYSPHEX SUBOPACUS, nom. n.
Tachysphex debilis Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 490 (nec
Perez, 1907).
Key to the Australian Species of Tachytes.
Oe
A. Abdomen red or testaceous red.
a. Abdomen red. Head and thorax black, without
[OU ihre Sa iaoaco bat ee Her ons cud as Beebeacose cue con uauccn eho mene mee Maria Una Nitin
6. Abdomen testaceous red. Thorax covered with
Polen ypllehenaee stor each eae EE ECE Cerne T. formosissimus Turn. |
B. Abdomen black.
a. Pile of abdomen golden.
a*, Tibie and tarsi black. Length 20mm. ... .. T. plutocraticus.
62. Tibie and tarsi ferruginous. Lengthl4mm.. JZ. approximatus Turn.
6. Pile of abdomen silver.
a*, Stiff pubescence on pygidial area golden......... T. tarsatus Sm.
62. Pubescence on pygidial area silver ............... ZT. australis Sauss.
IT am not sure that my identification of australis is correct,
the description being poor and of the male only. I have not been
able to recognise 7’. tachyrrhostus Sauss., of which the male only
has been described. 7’. australis Sauss. 1854 seems to be a Larra
and certainly does not belong to Tachytes.
TACHYTES TARSATUS Sm.
Tachytes tarsatus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 297 (1856), 2.
Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Q@. Also from India.
I think I am correct in my identification of this species, but I
have not seen the type, and the species run very close in this genus.
TACHYTES PLUTOCRATICUS, Sp. n.
@. Clypeus very broadly rounded at the apex, finely and
closely punctured, the apical margin strongly raised, with a
narrow transverse depression before it. Head and clypeus
clothed with rather long, close, cinereous pubescence, which
changes to silver-white in some lights; the head finely and
1910. | FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 349
closely punctured. Second joint of the flagellum almost as long
as the first and third combined. Eyes separated on the vertex
by a distance almost equal to the length of the second joint of
the flagellum. Thorax very finely and closely punctured; the
mesonotum margined with shining silvery pubescence on the
sides above the tegule; the scutellum with a delicate median
sulcus. Median segment very delicately punctured-rugulose,
narrowed to the apex and very steeply sloped posteriorly, with a
large triangular puncture at the apex and a longitudinal sulcus
on the posterior slope, the dorsal surface thinly clothed with
cinereous pubescence, the sides and the mesopleure more closely
clothed with greyish-white pubescence. Six spines on the basal
joint of the anterior tarsi, including the apical spine. Abdomen
clothed with rather pale golden pile, thickest and brightest on a
broad band at the apex of each segment and on the pygidial area,
which is elongate-triangular, very narrowly rounded at the apex.
The third cubital cell is very long on the cubital nervure,
approaching as near as half its own length to the outer margin
of the wing, and about equal in length to the second on the
radial nervure.
Black; the tegule, the spines of the tibie and tarsi, and the
apical margin of the abdominal segments (broadly on the dorsal,
very narrowly on the ventral surface) testaceous. Wings pale
flavo-hyaline, nervures pale ferruginous.
Length 19 mm.
Hab. Townsville, Q. (7. P. Dodd). January.
This fine species is nearly related to monetarius Sm., from
which it differs in the narrower pygidial area, the greater length
of the third cubital cell on the cubital nervure, and the paler
colour of the wings and of the pile on the abdomen. The sulcus
on the scutellum is absent in the type of monetariws, which is from
North India. The species has a wide range in Africa, but in
specimens I have seen from West Africa the eyes approach each
other more closely on the vertex than in the typical form, and
the pygidial area is narrower as in the Australian species.
SPHODROTES CYGNORUM, sp. n.
@. Mandibies very deeply and rather widely excised on the
outer margin. Clypeus very broadly rounded anteriorly. Head,
thorax, and abdomen closely and coarsely punctured, the punctures
on the abdomen finer than on the thorax. Inner margins of the
eyes diverging very slightly towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli
nearly as far from each other as from the eyes; the posterior
margin of the head broadly emarginate. Pronotum much
narrower than the head, narrowed and steeply sloped anteriorly.
Median segment much broader than long, very coarsely rugose,
longitudinally striated at the base, almost vertically truncate
posteriorly, the surface of the truncation coarsely rugose, the
sides of the segment coarsely obliquely striated. Abdomen broad
at the base, narrowed and pointed at the apex, the first segment
350 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE [ Feb. 15,
rounded at the anterior angles, the second segment very large, a
little broader than the first; the apical segments narrowing
rapidly; the sixth segment small, narrowly triangular, pointed
and sparsely punctured, smooth and shining beneath.
Opaque black; the legs (except the coxz), the tegule, and the
apex of the scape ferruginous; mandibles fuscous. Wings
hyaline, clouded with fuscous, nervures fuscous.
Flagellum missing. The neuration is as in Kohl’s figure of
S. punctuosus, but the third cubital cell is much shorter on the
radial nervure, the third abscissa of the radius being little more
than half as long as the third transverse cubital nervure; the
radial cell is rounded at the apex, not appendiculate.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. Claremont, W. A. (H. MW. Giles).
Very near punctwosus Kohl, which was described from a male,
and I should have hesitated to separate the present species but
for the marked difference in the shape of the third cubital cell,
which is not likely to be sexual.
Nysson (ACANTHOSTETHUS) OBLITERATUS, Sp. 0.
3. Clypeus produced in the middle over the mandibles and
truncate at the apex, strongly transversely depressed at two-
thirds from the base, the depressed apical portion microscopically
punctured, the raised basal portion sparsely punctured and pro-
duced at the apical angles into very short carine bordering the
depressed portion at the base. Eyes converging towards the
clypeus, separated on the vertex by a distance at least half as
great again as that separating them on the clypeus; the posterior
ocelli as far from each other as from the eyes. Head rather
shallowly punctured-rugose, covered with short white pubescence,
close on the clypeus, sparse elsewhere; a transverse carina on the
front, nearer to the base of the antenne than to the anterior
ocellus, not reaching the eyes, slightly pointed in the middle and
produced into a strong longitudinal carina reaching to the base
of the clypeus. Antenne gradually thickened to the apex, the
second joint of the flagellum the longest, a little longer than the
apical joint. Thorax coarsely punctured-rugose, the anterior
margin of the pronotum broadly arched, the anterior angles of
the propleure with a minute spine. Scutellum and median
segment longitudinally striate-rugose; the scutellum almost flat ;
the apical angles of the median segment produced into stout
spines, the surface of the posterior truncation longitudinally
striated at the base, then reticulate; the sides of the segment
indistinctly obliquely striated. Abdomen ovate, broadly truncate
at the base, rather closely punctured, coarsely on the basal
segment, more finely on the second and third segments, the
punctures on the apical segments more or less confluent longi-
tudinally ; the apical dorsal segment much broader than long,
rather narrowly truncate at the apex.
Opaque black; the first dorsal segment of the abdomen dull
1910.| - FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. By ayIl
ferruginous; a short transverse line on each side at the apex
of each of the three basal dorsal segments yellowish white ;
mandibles, apex of the scape, anterior tibie and tarsi, and the
apical joints of the posterior tibie and tarsi ferruginous brown ;
the depressed apex of the clypeus testaceous. Wings pale fusco-
hyaline, nervures black.
The second cubital cell is petiolate; second recurrent nervure
interstitial with the first transverse cubital nervure.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. IM. Giles).
This seems to differ too much from basalis Sm. to be the
opposite sex of that species; the second cubital cell in basalis is
pointed on the radial nervure but not petiolate, and the sculpture
differs considerably.
BEMBEX CURSITANS Handl.
Bembex cursitans Hand. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 762
(1893), 3 Q.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. MW. Giles).
BEMBEX FURCATA Erichs.
Bembex furcata Erichs. Arch. f. Naturges, viii. 1, p. 266 (1842).
Hab. The southern coast of Australia from Perth to Sydney ;
Tasmania.
BEMBEX FLAVIVENTRIS Sim.
Bembex flaviventris Sm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 299
(1873), 5 Q.
? Bembex calearina Hand. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii.
p. 754 (1893), 3.
The dilated spur of the anterior tibize in flaviventris answers
well to Handlirsch’s figure. The type answers to the description
of calcarina, but none of the bands on the six basal dorsal
segments are interrupted and the postscutellum is also banded
with colour. Handlirsch does not notice the structure of the
apical joint of the intermediate tarsi, which is very slender at the
base, long, and broadened at the apex.
BEMBEX MACKAYENSIS, Sp. Nn.
g. Clypeus strongly convex, not flattened in the middle.
Antenne inserted as near to each other as to the eyes, the apical
joint of the flagellum curved at the apex, joints 8-11 very feebly
spined beneath. Hyes very slightly divergent towards the
clypeus. Anterior tarsi normal, the basal joint with six spines
on the outer margin; intermediate femora not serrate, the spurs
of the intermediate tibie distinct. Seventh dorsal segment of
the abdomen narrowly rounded at the apex, the sides slightly
sinuate; second ventral segment with a large, curved, longitudinal
tubercle which is broadly truncate at the apex; sixth segment
armed with a large, flattened, triangular plate; seventh small,
352 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE Feb. 15
’
with a longitudinal carina; eighth segment with a well-developed
apical spine. Finely and closely punctured; the head, thorax,
and base and sides of the abdomen covered with short grey
pubescence, the second ventral segment shining and more sparsely
punctured.
Black; the labrum (except on the sides and apex), the apical
half of the clypeus, an obscure curved line on each side of the
ocelli, the anterior and intermediate tarsi, tibie above, femora at
the apex above, base of the posterior tibize and the outer orbits
of the eyes very narrowly yellow; a narrow curved band, broadly
interrupted in the middle on dorsal segments 2—5, and a spot on
each side of the second and third ventral segments whitish.
Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous. One very short vein springs
from the apex of the median cell of the hind wing.
Length 12 mm.
©. Sixth dorsal segment very narrowly rounded at the apex,
sparsely punctured and without a median area. Clypeus black,
the apical margin very narrowly yellow; labrum yellow, black at
the extreme apex; scape beneath, posterior margin of the pro-
notum, propleure, a spot on the mesopleurz, a short narrow line
on each side of the disc of the mesonotum, and a small spot on
each side of the scutellum yellow; a transverse spot on each side
of the first abdominal segment and a minute one on each side
nearer the middle dull creamy white. Otherwise marked as in
the male, but the abdominal bands are broader.
Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Q. (Zurner). 33,192. October
and December. .
Very near tuberculiventris Turn., but in that species the
anterior tarsi have eight spines and the seventh ventral segment
is different. The colour also differs considerably, especially on
the ventral surface of the abdomen, which is black in the present
species. Also allied to flavipes Sm.
BEMBEX FLAVIPES Sim.
Bembex flavipes Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 325 (1856), ©.
3. The seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth joints of the flagellum
are slightly produced at the base beneath, the eleventh is
broadened and flattened above and produced into a tubercle
beneath, the apical joint is sharply curved and terminates in an
acute spine. The three basal joints of the anterior tarsi are
broadened, but not strongly so. The tubercle of the second
ventral segment is truncate at the apex, resembling that of
B. tuberculiventris Turn. in form, and the sixth ventral segment
is armed with a triangular plate. Intermediate femora not
serrate. The clypeus is white and is very prominent at the base,
then almost vertically truncate to the apex, the extreme base is
black.
Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner). $ 2. October.
Allied to the group musca Handl., and most nearly related to
tuberculiventris Turn.
1910. | FOSSORTAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 353
BEMBEX LITTORALIS Turn.
Bembea: littoralis 'Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 502, 3.
This is very near &. musca Handl. and may prove to be
identical, but the antenne in muasca seem to be rather different.
The species in this group seem to be very close to each other.
BEMBEX ATRIFRONS Sm.
Bembex atrifrons 8m. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 327 (1856), 2.
¢ Bembex flavilabris Sm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 299
(1873), @.
I can see no difference between atrifrons and flavilabris, except
in the greater development of the markings on the latter.
The male has the labrum black; the eighth joint of the
flagellum slightly produced at the base, the three following joints
feebly spined beneath at the apex; anterior tarsi with a row of
well-developed black lobes on the outer margin; intermediate
femora emarginate and serrate in the middle beneath; second
ventral segment with a large, compressed, curved, longitudinal
tubercle, third segment with a faint longitudinal carina, sixth
segment unarmed.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (4. WW. Giles). December and
January.
BEMBEX FUNEBRIS, Sp. Nn.
$. Mandibles with one tooth on the inner margin; labrum
longer than the mandibles, shining, very finely and sparsely
punctured. Clypeus convex, with very short, fine pubescence.
Antenne inserted as far from the eyes as from each other; the
second joint of the flagellum about half as long again as the
third, the seventh emarginate at the apex beneath, the eighth
with a small spine at the base beneath; a low longitudinal carina
between the antenne. Inner margins of the eyes almost parallel,
diverging very slightly towards the clypeus. Basal joint of the
anterior tarsi not thickened, feebly lobed on the outer margin,
with seven spines; intermediate femora rather feebly serrate
beneath. Abdomen rather slender; the second ventral segment
with a compressed, moderately elevated, longitudinal tubercle,
not curved at the apex; the third segment subcarinate longi-
tudinally ; seventh and eighth segments longitudinally carinate,
the eighth with a short apical spine. Seventh dorsal segment
broad, very broadly rounded at the apex. Finely and closely
punctured.
Black ; a spot at the base of the scape, the tibize beneath, the
anterior tarsi beneath at the base, and the femora beneath at the
apex pale yellow. A very short and very narrow transverse
band, sometimes entirely absent, on each side of the second and
third dorsal segments pale greenish grey. Wings hyaline, tinged
with fuscous, nervures black.
Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1910, No. XXIII. 23
354 MR. R. E. TURNER ON THE ~ [ Feb. 15,
There is a delicate, longitudinal, median carina on the anterior
half of the mesonotum.
Length 17 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. W. Giles). 3 $. January.
Very near airifrons Sm., but differs in the more even serration
of the intermediate femora, which in this species is continued
from the apex almost to the base, whereas in atrifrons the apical
half is not serrate and the extreme base is rather abruptly
broadened and also smooth. In atrifrons the lobes of the basal
joint of the anterior tarsi are more strongly developed and the
seventh dorsal segment is more narrowly rounded at the apex.
BEMBEX AUREOFASCIATA, Sp. nh. (Plate XXXIT. fig. 14, 3.)
6. Mandibles with one tooth on the inner margin; labrum
longer than mandibles, smooth, and without a suleus. Clypeus
convex, somewhat flattened in the middle, covered with very
short, delicate, white pubescence. Inner margins of the eyes
parallel; the antenne inserted a little further from each other
than from the eyes, the scape rather stout; second joint of the
flagellum nearly as long as the third and fourth combined, none
of the joints emarginate, spined, or hollowed. Anterior tarsi not
thickened ; the basal joint with six spines on the outer margin
including the two apical spines, the outer margin very feebly
lobed and narrowly margined with black; intermediate femora
serrate beneath ; intermediate tibiz with the apical spines well
developed. First ventral segment with a longitudinal carina at
the base; the second segment with a very strong longitudinal
carina, which is rounded, curved, and very prominent at the apex,
very similar in shape to that of B. museca Handl. Sixth ventral
segment not modified, the eighth ending in an acute apical spine.
Seventh dorsal segment rounded at the apex. Closely and finely
punctured; the head, thorax, and base of the abdomen with
cinereous pubescence.
Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), labrum, clypeus,
the extreme base of the scape, pronotum, tegule, the scutellum
(except in the middle), postscutellum, femora, tibiee and tarsi, a
broad band at the base of the first dorsal segment of the abdomen,
a narrow band at the apex of the first ventral segment, a broad
band on the middle of the second segment above and beneath
marked with a small black spot on each side on the dorsal surface,
and a narrower band emarginate on each side anteriorly on the
third dorsal segment, orange-yellow. Wings pale fusco-hyaline,
clear hyaline at the apex, nervures fuscous.
Length 16 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (H. MW. Giles). January.
Allied to B. atrifrons Sm., but in that species the seventh and
eighth joints of the flagellum are not normal and there is a
seventh spine on the basal joint of the anterior tarsi; the colour
is very different, being in awreofasciata of the orange shade which
is characteristic of many Australian Aculeates, but which does not
occur, so far as I know, in any other species of Bembex.
1910. ] FOSSORIAL WASPS OF AUSTRALIA. 355
Genus AucHENOPHORUS Turn.
Auchenophorus Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 270
(1907).
I was quite wrong in considering this genus as in any way
related to the Ampulex section of the family. The true affinity
is with Vitela, with which the neuration agrees fairly well, but
the radial cell is not appendiculate and the cubitus of the hind
wing originates further from the transverse median nervure; in
these points agreeing with WVitelopterus Ashm. In that genus,
however, the mandibles are deeply emarginate on the outer
margin. The species of Auchenophorus resemble Mutillide, with
which the female of A. fulvicornis was taken at Cairns, running
on the ground with closed wings in localities where females of
Ephutomorpha were plentiful.
Type of genus, A. coruscans Turn. (Plate XXXII. fig. 15,2.)
PisON PERPLEXUM Sm.
Pison perplecus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 314 (1856), ¢.
2. Clypeus rather strongly advanced in the middle anteriorly,
the anterior margin undulating at the sides, the produced apical
portion smooth, the remainder closely and finely punctured.
Head opaque, very minutely punctured, with a short longitudinal
carina on the front; the eyes half as far again from each other on
the clypeus as on the vertex; antenne inserted nearer to each
other than to the eyes; the second joint of the flagellum scarcely
longer than the third. Pronotum rounded at the anterior angles.
Thorax very finely and closely punctured. Median segment very
finely and closely obliquely striated, punctured between the strie,
a longitudinal sulcus from the base to the apex in which lies a
low carina. Abdomen opaque, very minutely punctured, the
segments depressed on the apical margin and bordered with fine
silver pubescence. Second cubital cell half as high as the third,
receiving the two recurrent nervures near the base and very
close to the apex.
Black; the tegule testaceous at the apex. Wings fusco-
hyaline; nervures black.
Length 12 mm.
Hab. South Perth, W. A. (7. MW. Giles). January.
Easily distinguished from the allied species by the shape of the
clypeus, which is broadly rounded in fuscipenne Sm., and much
less produced in spinole Shuck. The type is a male in which the
second joint of the flagellum is much longer than the third. The
clypeus of the male is produced into a point; but I think I am
right in placing the female described above with perplexum.
Pison ARGENTATUM Shuck.
Pison argentatum Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1837, p. 79.
Pison ignavum Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 511.
The median segment in ignavum is more strongly striated than
in the typical form, but the difference is not sufficient to be of
full specific value.
Dah
306 MR. H. H. DRUCE ON NEW BUYTERFLIES [ Feb. 15,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PratTE XXXI.
Fig. 1. Rhagigaster corrugatus, sp.n. | Fig. 9. Pogonothynnus vestitusSm. 6.
: 10. Pogonothynnus vestitus Sm. 2.
2. Rhagigaster corrugatus, sp. 1. ll. Zaspilothynnus radialis, sp. n.
3. Hirone ferrugineicornis, sp. Nn. 12. Zaspilothynnus gilesi, sp. n.
A. Gymnothynnus (?) trianguli- | 13. Zaspilothynnus gilesi, sp. n.
ceps, sp.n. &. | ;
5. Hemithynnus petulans Sm. 6. | 14. Zaspilothynnus clelandi, sp. n.
6. Hemithynnus petulans Sm. &. :
7. Oncorrhinus xanthospilus 15. Zaspilothynnus clelandi, sp. n.
Shuck. 2. :
8. Aolothynnus crenulatus, sp. 0.
é.
Prate XXXII.
Fig. 1. Hphutomorpha gilesi, sp.n. 6. | Fig. 9. Planiceps aureovestitus, sp. 1.
2. Ephutomorpha gilesi, sp.n. 2. .
3. Ephutomorpha perelegans, 10. Ceropales tenuatus, sp.n. °.
sp-n. 9. 11. Paracrabro froggatti Turn. ¢.
4. Anthobosca gilesi, sp.n. 6. 12. Ammophila (Parapsammo-
5. Pseudagenia fasciata Fabry. 2. phila) eremophila, sp.n. 6.
6. Cryptocheilus darwiniti, sp. 1. 13. Cerceris gilesi, sp.n. 3
; 14. Bembex aureofasciata, sp. n.
7. Anoplius atavus, sp.n. 2. :
8. Anoplius senex, sp.n. 9. 15. Auchenophorus coruscans
Tum. &.
2. Descriptions of new Lycanipa and Hesperupa from
Tropical West Africa. By Haminron H. Druce,
F.L.S., F.Z.8., &.
[Received December 13, 1909. ]
* (Plates XX XIII._XXXV.* and Text-fig. 36.)
The following descriptions are of new forms of butterflies
contained in the rich collections recently made by Mr: G. L.
Bates in the Cameroons and by Mr. P. Landbeck in the upper
Kasai district of the Congo.
LYCHNID2.
TELIPNA TRANSVERSTIGNA, sp. n. (Plate X XXIII. fig. 2, 9.)
Female. Upper side: both wings dark orange-red with black
apices and margins. Fore wing with a large pure white subapical
patch. Under side pale brownish yellow, with the usual black
markings and white spots, and in addition to these on the hind
wing, arising from the base and from the anal margin near the
base, are two prominent black bars running almost at right angles
to the black costal bars.
Expanse 2,15 inches.
* For explanation of the Plates see p. 378.
Je, Asis), WS) INO), TEAL OXOIMUL.
iS
Horace Knight delet lith. West,Newman chr.
TROPICAL W. AFRICAN LYCA;NIDA:.
i) ZnS WS) NO), Tell, 2OOCVE
Horace Knight delet lith. West,Newman chr.
TROPICAL W. AFRICAN LYCA{ NIDA.
2 Zt. hulOh IPL 2O.O0Y,
Horace Knight del.et lith. West,Newman chr.
TROPICAL W.AFRICAN LYCA;NIDA AND HESPERIIDA.
1910.] FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 357
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., wet season
(G. L. Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
The markings on the under side of the hind wing give this
‘insect a very different appearance from any other described in the
genus.
PENTILA PARDALENA, sp.n. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 1, 3.)
Male. Upper side: both wings pale yellow, darker towards the
base, heavily spotted with black over the cellular and discal areas ;
apex and outer margins broadly black, containing rows of pale
yellow spots. Under side clear pale yellow, darker on the hind
wing and towards base of fore wing. JDiscal and cellular black
spots as above, except on the hind wing where there are several
additional black basal spots. The apex and outer margin have a
marginal and a submarginal row of large elongated black spots
running alternately.
Expanse 1,%5 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (@. L.
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
This is a more heavily spotted form than Pentila christina
Suffert* (a photograph of the type of which I have before me) and
the ground-colour below is clear, not speckled as in that insect.
PENTILA INCONSPICUA, sp.n. (Plate X XXIII. fig. 3, 9.)
Female. Upper side: allied to Pentila petrea Hew., paler and
without the reddish tinge. In the fore wing the dark apical
border is much broader, and there is an additional black spot
on the disc situated near the base of cell 2. On the hind wing
there is trace of a submarginal row of small black spots situated
between the veins, which in some specimens is clearly indicated.
Under side: differs from that of P. petrea by the addition of the
black spot in cell 2, by the absence of the two black spots at the
angle in the fore wing, and by the submarginal row of spots
on the hind wing being placed further in from the margin.
Expanse 1,3, inch.
Hab. Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State, Uganda.
Type, Mus. Druce.
This insect is even paler than P. preussi Staud., a large series
of which we have received from the same locality.
The British Museum collection contains six specimens from
Entebbe, Uganda.
PENTILA PARADOXA, sp.n. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 4, 3.)
Male. Upper and under sides: both wings semitransparent,
creamy white, without markings. Basal third cf costal margin of
fore wing on both surfaces grey. When held at an angle the
whole of the upper and under surfaces is suffused with a greenish
* Pentila christina Suttert, ‘ Iris,’ xvi. p. 45 (1904).
358 MR. H. H. DRUCE ON NEW BUTTERFLIES [ Feb. 15,
opalescence which is most pronounced over the discal areas.
Abdomen black above, pale brown below; legs pale brown, trans-
parent. Antenne black.
Expanse 13 inch. ‘
Hab, Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season
(G@. L. Bates). i
Type, Mus. Druce.
Described from two specimens which are identical. It is
allied to P. tirza Hew.* which has a black costal margin and
apex.
rthe wings of this insect are so transparent that it is possible
to read the printed locality label through them.
PENTILA BITJE, sp.n. (Plate XXXITI. fig. 5, ¢.)
Male. Upper side: both wings uniform pale cream; semi-
transparent. Fore wing with the apex narrowly fuscous, and the
costal margin dusted with fuscous scales; three clearly defined
circular black spots on the disc, placed as follows: one in the
centre of the cell; oneat the end of the cell, and one in cell 2 rather
before its middle. Hind wing also with three black spots, placed,
one on the costal margin before the middle, above the cell, one
at the end of the cell, and one in cell 2 near its base. Cilia
concolorous with wings. Under side as above excepting that the
fore wing is without the dark apex and that the whole area of
both wings is slightly dusted with fuscous scales. Abdomen
fuscous above, pale below. Palpi and legs ochreous.
Female. Marked exactly as the male.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry and wet
seasons (G. L. Bates).
Types, Mus. Druce.
Described from seven specimens. “The black spot in cell 2 of
the hind wing is very minute in several examples, and in two is
entirely wanting, but on one wing only.
There is also a specimen in the British Museum from the
Cameroons.
MIMACRHA LANDBECKI, sp. n. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 7 g,
8 2.)
Male. Upper side: fore wing dull blackish brown, with the
inner marginal area brownish ochreous, shading paler and
decreasing in width to vein 4. A pale yellow, slightly ochreous
edged, subapical band placed rather more than half-way
between the end of the cell and the apex and crossed by the
brown nervules. Hind wing brownish ochreous, gradually
merging into a brownish black apical and outer marginal area ;
inner margin, excepting extreme edge which is pale yellow, fuscous.
Under side: fore wing—costal area to subapical band black,
* Pentila tirza Hew., Ent. Mo. Mag. x. p. 125 (1873).
1910.] FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 359
inner marginal area broadly ochreous; apical area with the veins
and interspaces dusted with rows of ochreous scales. Hind wing:
ground-colour blackish brown, thickly dusted with reddish
ochreous scales over the cellular and basal areas, and arising from
the cell are a number of narrow ochreous lines composed of
dusted scales, which before they reach the margin become divided
into two, The basal area supports ten deep black spots, most of
which are distinctly ringed with ochreous; one is placed at the
extreme base, two are above the cell, two in the cell, another
partly closing the cell, and four below. Palpi black. Head
black, with the eyes white-ringed. Abdomen ochreous fuscous,
with a black spot on each segment below. Legs black with white
spots. Antenne black.
Female. Differs from the male in that the subapical band on the
fore wing is the same shade of reddish ochreous as the inner
marginal area and the hind wing. On the fore wing the ochreous
area 1S more compact, and does not extend so near to the base,
and on the hind wing the dark apical area is much broader and
the conspicuous dusting of the male is absent, whilst the veins
for some distance into the dark area are ochreous, those in the
male being fuscous well into the ochreous area. On the under
side it differs only from that of the male by the less extensive
ochreous area and the concolorous subapical band on the fore
wing.
Expanse, male 22 inches, female 2,5 inches.
Hab. Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State (P. Landbeck).
Types, Mus. Druce. |
I thought this might be J. darwinia Butl.,* the figure of which
appears to be a female, but it is entirely without the yellow fascia
on the hind wing below described by Dr. Butler. The type of
M, darwinia is now in the Tring Museum.
Although obviously Acreeine in appearance I am unable to find
any species in that group which it is exactly like.
PSEUDERESIA MINIUM, sp.n. (Plate XX XIII. figs. 6 g,7 2.)
Male. Upper side: fore wing uniform dark blackish brown,
without markings. Hind wing bright orange-red with the apex
and outer margin broadly and evenly dark brown; the inner
margin is narrowly and evenly dark brown. The basal area
has several elongate dark brown markings, some of which are
confluent. Cilia whitish, brown at the termination of the nervules.
Under side: both wings silvery brown, with the central areas
shading to dark brown. Fore wing with a brown mark in the
middle of the cell and another, larger, at the end. Hind wing
with several small red spots near the base, and a curved
discal band of five bright red spots, commencing on the costa
and reaching almost to the inner margin. Thorax and abdo-
men black above, paler below. Legs black, with white spots.
* Mimacrea darwinia Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 104, pl. 38. fig. 8 (1872). Sex not stated.
360 MR. H. H. DRUCE ON NEW BUTTERFLIES [Feb. 15,
Palpi fuscous, with black tips. Antenne black with white
spots.
nent Upper side: differs from the male by the inner
marginal area being heavily marked with orange-red, up to
and beyond the end of the cell, to which are joined two orange
patches, one in the cell, the other just beyond. On the under
side, the orange-red patch is divided by a large brown spot;
otherwise as above. Hind wing as in male.
Expanse, male 1,3, inch, female 15 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G. L.
Bates).
Types, Mus. Druce.
Allied to Pseuderesia isca Hew.,* but differently marked.
PsEUDERESIA RUTILO, sp.n. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 9, 3.)
Male. Allied to the preceding P. miniwm, but much smaller.
Upper side differs from that species by the inner margin of hind
wing being broadly bordered with dark brown blotches from the
base to the anal angle. The under side differs from that of
P. minium by the brown shading over the central areas being
more extensive and by the possession of one red spot on the
discal area of the hind wing, placed at the end of the cell.
There are also several minute red dots near the base and one
in cell 1.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., wet season
(G. L. Bates). .
Type, Mus. Druce.
This may prove to be a variety of P. miniwm, but the under
side of the hind wing is so differently marked that for the present
I prefer to consider it distinct. It is also a much smaller insect.
PSEUDERESIA RUSSULUS, sp. n. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 8, 3.)
Male. Upper side: fore wing clear orange-red ; the basal and
apical areas broadly dark brown, tapering to a point at the angle.
Cell wholly dark brown. Hind wing clear orange-red, a black
streak partially closing the cell; basal, inner and outer marginal
borders rather broadly dark brown. Cilia of fore wing brown, of
hind wing whitish between the nervules. Under side: fore
wing—costa, apex and outer margin dull brownish yellow, dusted
with dark brown scales, thickest on the veins; basal area black,
with several deeper spots in the cell; discal area orange-red,
becoming paler towards the inner margin; a subapical black
band reaching across the wing. Hind wing brownish yellow,
dusted with brown along the costa; basal area with eight distinct
black spots of varying sizes; an irregular submarginal black
band enclosing a row of whitish triangular lunules, and a marginal
row of yellow lunules. Thorax and abdomen brown above,
* Liptena isca Hew., Exot. Butt. v. Pent. & Lipt. pl. 2. figs. 14-16 (1878). °
1910. | FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 361
yellowish below. Legs black with white spots. Palpi black,
with white hairs.
Expanse 15% inch.
Hab. Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State (P. Landbeck).
Type, Mus. Druce.
Not very nearly allied to any other species of the genus.
LARINOPODA SPUMA, sp. n. (Plate XX XITI. fig. 12, 3.)
Male. Upper side: fore wing cream-colour, darker than
L. lircea Hew.*, with the costa very narrowly and the apex and
outer margins rather broadly and unevenly blackish brown; a
slight indication of a blackish-brown tooth on the costa opposite
the end of the cell. Hind wing cream, with the black spots of
the under side showing through; outer margin rather broadly
blackish brown, inwardly dentate. Cilia of both wings creamy.
Under side cream-colour ; fore wing with the apex and outer
margin blackish brown as on upper side, the costa, from the base
to the clearly defined black tooth on the costa, dusted with
blackish brown. Hind wing with outer margin brown as on
- upper side, inwardly bordered with a submarginal row of darker
brown large spots. A small black spot near the centre of cell 1.
Thorax fuscous above. Abdomen cream above and below. Legs
yellow dusted with black scales. Palpi yellow tipped with black.
Female. Differs from the male by the dark margins of both
wings being narrower and paler on both surfaces.
Expanse, male 1,5, female 14 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry and wet seasons
(G. L. Bates).
Types, Mus. Druce.
Described from eight specimens. Amongst the wet season
examples is a female in which the dark outer margin of the hind
wing on both surfaces is reduced to an anteciliary line, and on
the under side the submarginal row of spots is almost obsolete as
also is the dark apex to the fore wing. May prove to be a form
of L. lircea.
LarinopoDA EMILIA Suffert.
Larinopoda emilia Suffert, ‘ Ivis, xvii. p. 48 (1904); H. H.
Druce, Ill. Afr. Lye. pl. i. figs. 1, 1 a (1910).
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., wet and dry seasons
(G. L. Bates); Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State (P. Landbeck).
We have a series of eighteen specimens from the above localities
which agree exactly with an excellent photograph of the type of
L. emilia in the Berlin Museum.
Possibly this is the same as L. hermanst Auriv. +, which I
know only from the description, and if so, the latter name has
priority.
Ab. punctata, 9. Differs from the typical form on the under
* Liptena lircea Hew., Exot. Butt. iit. Pent. & Lipt. pl. 2. figs. 10, 11 (1866).
+ Larinopoda hermansi Auriy. Ofyers. Vet.-Akad. Forh. liii. p. 435 (1896).
362 MR. H. H. DRUCE ON NEW BUTTERFLIES [ Feb. 15,
side by the apex of the fore wing being but slightly laved with
brown, and by the possession on the hind wing of an ultramedian
row of black spots varying in intensity and placed between the
veins, continuing on from the usual spot on the costa near the
apex to the inner margin.
It is very difficult to arrive at a correct conclusion with regard
to the insects of this genus. Professor Poulton has recently
received a series from Lagos which contains examples of the
broad bordered form (Z. aspidos mihi), the typical L. lagyra Hew.,
and the form with the submarginal row of spots on the hind
wing below, named by me L. brenda, from Benin. This latter
I am now inclined to consider an aberration. It seems quite
possible that there is only one white variable species of Larinopoda,
as the black cell-spot on the under side of the hind wing of
L. ewrema Plotz is sometimes nearly obsolete, and this spot
constitutes its only distinction, specimens from Sierra Leone and
from Addah having a broad dark border to the hind wing almost
as in LZ. aspidos. It will be interesting to know the result of an
examination of the ancillary appendages.
LiprENA PEROBSOURA, sp.n. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 13, 2.)
Female. Upper side: fore wing pale creamy white, costa, upper
half of cell, apex, and outer margin broadly blackish brown ; a_
small brown spot at the end of the cell. Hind wing pale
creamy white; outer margin pale brown divided by the white
nervules. The black spot of the under side at the end of the cell
showing through the wing. Under side pale creamy white, both
wings dusted with fine brown scales, densest towards costal and
apical margins of fore wing. Outer margins of both wings with
faint submarginal brown lines. Hind wing with an inner line
composed of faint brown lunules; a small brown spot near the
‘apex and three near the base. Apical area of fore wing with two
semicircular faint brown lines much broken. Cilia of fore wing
brown, of hind wing white. Palpi pale yellow. Legs orange.
Expanse 1+ inch. .
Hab. Bitje, Ja viver, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (@. ZL.
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce. .
Near to LZ. allwaudi Mabille *, but differently marked.
LIPpTENA NUBIFERA, sp.n. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 14, 3.)
Male. Upper side: fore wing pure white with the apex and
outer margin broadly blackish brown; costal margin narrowly
and evenly blackish brown. A dark brown spot at the end of
the cell joining the costal border. Hind wing: apex and outer
marginal area broadly pale brown; a minute brown spot at the
end of the cell. Cilia of both wings brown. Under side: both
wings much as above, except that there is a clearly defined
* L. alluaudi Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) x. p. 28, pl. 2. fig. 2 (1890).
1910.] FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 363
submarginal line common to both wings, on the outer margin,
composed of white crescent-shaped lunules. On the hind wing
there is a dark brown spot near the base, and another, larger, at
the end of the cell, and the whole wing is laved with brown,
excepting the costal margin which is broadly white. Thorax
and abdomen brown above, white beneath. Legs and palpi
brown.
Female. Differs from the male only by being rather paler.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G@. L.
Bates).
Types, Mus. Druce.
Not closely allied to any with which I am acquainted.
LIPTENA SUBVARIEGATA ALIQUANTUM, subsp.n. (Plate XXXV.
fie. o57 2 .)
Liptena subvariegata Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Exot. i. Lye. Afr.
pl. xi. figs. 3, 4 (1890), ¢.
Male. Differs from the typical form on the under side only.
There are on the disk of the hind wing, three clearly defined
black spots which are wanting in Cameroon specimens; one,
small, near the base in the cell, another, larger, near the end
of the cell, and the third, small, resting on vein | near its
centre. .
Hab. Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State (P. Landbech).
Type, Mus. Druce.
The female, which is a very different looking insect from the
male, is dull reddish brown on both wings, with dark brown
borders, and the fore wing has a subapical white band divided
into three by the brown veins. On the under side the fore wing
is as on upper side, with the addition of white spots on the
costal and outer margins, whilst the hind wing is marked as in
the male described above.
Received along with two males from Upper Kasai district,
Congo Free State.
Laprena Dm=MON, sp.n. (Plate XXXIII. figs. 10 ¢, 11 9.)
Male. Upper side uniform dark brown, without markings ;
fore wing slightly tinged with purple. Cilia fuscous. Under side
dark brown; apex of fore wing and outer marginal half of hind
wing paler and with some faint grey shadings. Hind wing with
four orange spots, two in the cell and two in cell 1 near the base,
these latter two centred by black dots. Head, thorax, abdomen,
and palpi dark brown. Legs dark brown with pale spots.
Antenne black with white rings.
Female. Upper side: fore wing dark brown, discal area from
the base bright orange adjoining a large orange patch beyond
end of the cell. An orange spot in the centre of the cell. Hind
wing uniform dark brown, paler than in fore wing, with a few
orange scales dusted over the end of the cell. Under side: fore
364 MR. H. H. DRUCE ON NEW BUTTERFLIES [ Feb. 15,
wing coloured as above but paler and without the orange spot in
the cell; outer margin with a row of pale triangular shades,
most prominent towards the apex. Hind wing as in male.
Expanse, male and female, 14 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameron. 2000 ft., dry season (G. L.
Bates); Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State (P. Landbeck).
Types, Mus. Druce.
Described from seven males and one female.
From the description this insect seems to be allied to
L.? o-rubrum Holland*, described by its author as a female.
The female of Z. demon is strikingly different on the fore wing.
MICROPENTILA CINGULUM, sp. n.
Female. Closely allied to Jf. alberta Staud.t, from which it
does not differ on the upper side, but on the under side the hind
wing carries a submarginal row of crescent-shaped lunules in
place of a wate line.
Expanse 58; inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G. L
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
NEAVEIA, gen. n.
Differs from Deloneura Trimen by the longer cell in both fore
and hind wings and by vein 5 in the fore wing arising from near
the middle of the end of the cell, consequently the middle disco-
cellular nervule is present. Vein 1 bears a well-marked brand
much as described in Deloneura millari Trimen. The fore tarsi
are undeveloped, not jointed and without claws, and are spinulose
beneath.
Type, V. lamborni, sp. n.
Text-fig. 36.
7 A 7 B
The accompanying woodcuts show the venation of Poultonia
ochrascens Neave, kindly lent to me by Professor Poulton (text-fig.
36 A), and of NVeaveia (text-fig. 36 B).
Mr. Trimen has shown (T. E. 8. 1906) that Pouwltonia sinks to
Deloneura.
* Pseuderesia o-rubrum Holland, ‘ Psyche,’ v. p. 425 (1890).
+ Teriomima alberta Staud. ‘ Iris,’ iv. p. 220 (1891).
|
1910.] FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 36:
NEAVEIA LAMBORNI, sp.n. (Plate XXXYV. fig. 1, ¢.)
Male. Upper side: both wings uniform creamy white with a
faint greenish tinge, slightly opalescent at the base of the hind
wing. The basal half of the costal margin of the fore wing is
pale brown, merging into the blackish-brown apical and outer
margins. Under side pale opalescent greenish white without
markings, but slightly yellowish over the discal area of fore wing.
Cilia of both wings on both surfaces fuscous except towards the
apex of the hind wing, where it is white. Thorax clothed with
white hairs; abdomen yellowish white above and below. Antenne
black with minute white spots. Palpi deep black, shining, second
joint inwardly clothed with pale brown hairs. Legs black with
pale brown patches.
Expanse 1% inch.
Hab. Oni, 70 m. east of Lagos, W. Africa (W. A. Lamborn) *.
Type, Hope Coll., Oxford University Museum.
The specimen described above has a number of small black
spots irregularly placed over the dark apical area of the upper
side of the fore wing, but as those on the right wing are not
placed in the same position as those on the left wing, I am
inclined to believe that they are due to some external cause.
The outer margin of the hind wing has, on both surfaces, a few
brown scales which seem to point to the fact that it has lost,
or is acquiring, a dark marginal border. The insect’s Pierine
appearance is very marked, and Mr, Lamborn is to be congratulated
on a very interesting capture.
EPIToLa BATESI, sp.n. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 2 ¢,3 9.)
Male. Upper side: fore wing uniform rich blue with the
apical third evenly deep black. Cilia black, white at the angle.
Hind wing uniform rich shining blue, costal margin evenly and
broadly dull black; inner margin dark grey. A black anteciliary
line, slightly thickened at the extremity of the nervules. Cilia
white. Under side silvery ashen grey with pale bluish-grey
markings. Both wings with a marginal anda submarginal row of
crescent-shaped lunules. Fore wing with a central circular band
of markings commencing on the costa where they are small, and
continuing to the anal angle where they become large patches.
Hind wing: discal area covered by a number of small irregular
markings. Thorax and abdomen black above, pale below.
Antenne black above, white-spotted below. Palpi cream, terminal
joint black. Legs black with cream spots.
Female. Upper side: fore wing white with the apex and outer
margin rather broadly blackish brown; basal area including
upper part of cell and costal margin dark grey, more or less
suffused with pale blue scales. Inner margin very narrowly grey
* Tn a letter recently received from Mr. Lamborn he states that he captured this
insect in the wet season, at dusk, on the veranda of his house.
366 MR. H. H. DRUCE ON NEW BUTTERFLIES [Feb. 15,
dusted with pale blue scales. Hind wing uniform dark grey.
Cilia paler. Under side as in male, excepting that the white area
of the fore wing is reproduced as on upper side.
Expanse 12 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry seasou (G. Z.
ates).
Types, Mus. Druce.
Near to “pitola dorothea Beth.-Baker *, but vein 1 of the fore
wing is not heavily thickened and the shape of the wings is
different, the outer margin of the fore wing being decidedly
concave and the hind wing not angled.
Described from five specimens.
EPITOLA TUMENTIA, sp.n. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 15, 3.)
Male. Upper side: fore wing dark smoky brown; inner
marginal area from base to vein 3 shining blue, not reaching
beyond the wall of the cell. The base of vein 2 is much swollen
almost to the origin of vein 3. Hind wing suffused with shining
blue scales on a smoky ground; costal margin rather broadly, and
outer and inner margins narrowly smoky brown. Under side:
both wings uniform pale nut-brown with a common central fascia
composed of very indistinct greyish spots, beyond which are
dusted some greyish scales. Palpi brown, tipped with black.
Legs brown with cream spots. Abdomen bluish grey above,
brown beneath. Antenne black above, white-spotted below.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Afikpo, N. Nigeria (Reddick).
Type, Mus. Druce.
Remarkable for the swollen vein on the fore wing, which is
more prominent than in any other species of the genus, excepting
perhaps /. cercene Hew.?, to which, as also to H. carcina Hew. f,
it is allied.
EPIroLa NITIDE, sp. n. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 1, ¢.)
Male. Upper side: fore wing rich shining blue with the costa,
apex, and outer margin rather broadly deep black, very narrowly
so towards the anal angle. Vein 1 is evenly thickened and
covered with deep black scales from its base for rather more than
half its length, vein 2 is also thickened and black from its base
to the origin of vein 3. Hind wing rich shining blue with the
costal margin broadly and evenly black, the inner margin dark
grey and the outer margin very narrowly black. Cilia white.
Under side white; both wings with an anteciliary line and two
submarginal rows of crescent-shaped lunules, pale brown. Fore
wing with a pale brown marking closing the cell, beyond which is
* Epitola dorothea Beth.-Baker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xiv. p. 227
(1904).
+ Epitola cercene Hew. Ent. Mo. Mag. x. p. 150 (1878).
*~ Hpitola carcina Hew. 1. ec. (1873).
1910. | . FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 367
a crescent-shaped short band composed of pale brown linear
markings. The discal area of the hind wing is marked by a
number of pale brown striz irregularly placed. The apical area
of the fore wing 1s slightly clouded. Thorax black above, white
below. Abdomen black above, dark grey below. Legs white,
dusted and spotted with black. Palpi white, terminal joint, which
is long and slender, black. Antenne black above, white-spotted
below.
Expanse 1,9, inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (4. L.
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
This is a fine insect which has a very straight outer margin
and an acute apex to the fore wing. On the under side it
is marked much like #. goodw Holland*, which seems to be
the same as //. gerina Hewitson t, whose figure is a very poor
one. HH. nitide is a much larger insect with different shaped
wings.
POWELLANA.
Powellana Beth.-Baker, P. Z. 5S. 1908, p. 114.
POWELLANA COTTONI.
Powellana cottoni Beth.-Baker, P. Z. 8. 1908, p. 114, pl. ix.
ee See
Female. Upper side: pale brown with a broad white central
band common to both wings. Fore wing with a white costal
marking above the end of the cell. The basal area of the fore
wing and the whole of the hind wing, except the apex and outer
margin, are dusted with pale violet-blue scales. Under side as
in male.
Expanse 2 inches.
Hab. Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State (P. Landbeck).
Type, Mus. Druce.
Mr. G. L. Bates sent a good series of this remarkable insect
from Ja river, Cameroons, some males showing faint traces of
the white central band described in the female.
Dr. Godman’s collection, now in the British Museum, contains
a single female from W. Africa, but the precise locality is not
stated. It has been there for many years.
BATELUSIA, gen. n.
Allied to Powellana Beth.-Baker, from which it differs by veins
10 and 11 in the fore wing arising directly from the cell,. not
stalked from a short stalk as in that genus,
Type, Batelusia zebra, sp. n.
% Epitola goodii Holland, ‘ Psyche,’ v. p. 424 (1890).
+ Epitola gerina Hew. Ill. Exot. Butt., Lye. suppl. p. 19, pl. 18. figs. 13, 14
(1878).
368 MR. H. H. DRUCE ON NEW BUTTERFLIES [| Feb. 15,
BATELUSIA ZEBRA, Sp. n. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 6, 2.)
‘female. Upper: side: both wings creamy white with the dark
lines of the under side showing through. Fore wing with the
apex and outer margin rather broadly and evenly blackish brown.
Cilia of fore wing fuscous, of hind wing pale brown. Under
side creamy white shaded with pale brown, with a series of six
dark brown lines of varying intensity common to both wings.
A faint submarginal line also common to both wings. Cilia pale
brown. Palpi and legs black. Abdomen creamy white.
Expanse 1,%, inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G. L.
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
This curious little insect, which is very Pierine in appearance,
is quite unlike anything known to me.
The type is unique.
LACHNOCNEMA NIVEUS, sp.n. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 4, 2.)
Female. Upper side: both wings pure white with the costa,
apex, and outer margin dark brown; inner margin rather
narrowly dark brown, especially in hind wing. Basal areas of
both wings slightly suffused with grey. Cilia of both wings
fuscous, whitish above apex of hind wing. Under side: fore
wing pure white, costa narrowly and evenly, apex and outer
margin rather broadly and unevenly grey shaded with reddish
brown. Along the costal and outer margin from the base to
the anal angle is a row of minute black dots and crescents
heavily bordered with silver. Beyond the cell about half-way
to the margin are two confluent, oval, dark brown spots, placed
one above the other, containing silver ocelli. The hind wing is
marked much as in L. bibulus Fab.* 2, but the discal area is
more distinctly white and the central band is more broken and
comparatively smaller. Thorax and abdomen and legs, which
are densely hairy, cream colour. Palpi cream, shading to dark
brown at tips.
Expanse 1,5, inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G. Z.
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
Described from two specimens which do not differ.
Perhaps nearest to L. busoga Beth.-Baker 7, from Busoga, a
specimen of which is in the British Museum, but quite distinct.
It will be noticed that there are no dark spots closing the cells
in this insect.
LACHNOCNEMA LUNA, sp.n. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 5, 9.)
Female. Upper side: fore wing rich dark brown with an
* Hesperia bibulus Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. 1, p. 807 (17938).
+ Lachnoenema busoga Beth.-Baker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xvi.
p. 105 (1906).
1910. | FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 369
ochreous discal band crossed by the brown nervules, commencing
beyond the cell below vein 6 and extending to vein iL above which
it reaches almost. to the base. Cilia distinctly chequered dark
brown and cream. Hind wing ochreous, costal half and outer
and inner margins rather narrowly dark brown ; the veins
crossing the ochreous area are not brown as in fore wing. Cilia
cream, ‘faintly brown at the termination of the nervules.’ Under
side: fore wing much as in the preceding ZL. niveus, but the
discal area yellow suffused with grey scales from the base and
between the nervules, a double brown marking closing the cell.
Hind wing much as in ZL. niveus, but the discal area cream and
all the spots darker brown. Legs and palpi dark fuscous.
Abdomen brown above, dark fuscous below.
Expanse 1,5 inch. :
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G@. L.
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
Seems to be allied to LZ. reutlingert Holland *, by the colour
of the upper surface.
LACHNOCNEMA MAGNA.
Lachnocnema magna Auviv. Ent. Tidskr. xvi. p. 209 (1895).
Arrugia umbra Grose Smith, Rhop. Exot. 111. ie liyer, oe U28;
pl. 27. figs. 5, 6 (1901).
Henle, Differs from the male only by being slightly paler
on both surfaces and by the outer margin of the fore w ing being
considerably more convex.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., wet and dry
seasons (G'. LZ. Bates); upper Kasai district, Congo Free State
(P. Landbeck:).
Mr. Bates obtained a large series of this insect in the
Cameroons which scarcely vary.
RAPALA ANGELITA.
Deudorix angelita Suftert, Tris, xvii. p. 54 (1904).
Deudorix schultzii Auriy. Arkiy Zool. iii. no. 19, p. 2, figs. 37,
38 (1907).
ee makala Bethune-Baker, P. ZS. 1908, p. 111, pl. ix.
fig. 4
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., wet and dry seasons
(G. LZ. Bates).
An excellent photograph of Suffert’s type (a female) in the
Berlin Museum shows that the above synonymy is correct.
DIoPETES KEDASSA, sp. n. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 13, ¢.)
Male. Closely allied to D. catalla Karsch Upper side
less brilliant in hue, and with the apical hal ‘outer marginal
* Lachnocnema reutlingeri Holland, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. x. p. 286
(1892).
+ Diopetes catalla Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xxi. p. 318 (1895).
Proc. Zoot, Soc.—1910, No. XXIV. 24
370 MR. H, H. DRUCE ON NEW BUTTERFLIES [ Feb. 15,.
areas of the fore wing more broadly black. On the hind wing
all the veins are distinctly black, which is not the case in ). catalla.
On the under side the markings are much as in D. catalla, but
much less prominent.
Female.. On the upper side differs from. D. catalla .g by the.
entire absence of the purple sheen on the basal and discal areas
of both wings. Under side as male but paler.
Expanse, “s 1,4; inch, 2 1} inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., ony season (@. L
Bates). !
Types, Mus. Druce.
This is a smaller insect than D. catalla, ¢ ae long series of which.
together with D. aucta Karsch * were obtained by Mr. Bates at
Bitje. Good photographs of Karsch’s types in the Berlin
Museum have enabled me. to identify these species with
certainty.
DIoPETES PASTEON, sp. n.. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 14, 3.)
Male. Upper side dull purple, brilliant only when held at an
angle; apical third of fore wing and veins of hind wing black.
Under side pale olivaceous brown marked with hes. shades,
but without lines. Fore wing: some white scales'in and at the
end of the cell; the outer margin is broadly shaded with white
and the inner margin is broadly white. Hind wing: discal and
inner marginal area thickly shaded with white; a white spot
on the glandular patch and some whitish shades on the outer
margin. A small black spot near the apex and another, marginal,
surrounded with orange in cell 3. An orange spot with a black
dot at the extreme apex. Thorax and abdomen. purple above,
paler below. Legs brown, white-spotted. Palpi brown with
white’ hairs. Antenne brown spotted ‘with white.
Expanse 1+ inch. :
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G. L.
Bates).
- Type, Mus. Druce. i at
The absence of all lines on tine under side at once distinguishes
this insect from its allies.
PsEUDALETIS BATESI, sp.n, (Plate XXXV. fig. 6, 9 3)
Female. Upper ‘side : fore wing white with the apex and
outer, margin ,broadly blackish brown; costal margin narrowly
pale brown, __A brown spot in the ‘middle of ‘the cell and
another, like it, closing the cell. The basal, cellular, and
outer edge iof tie. white discal ‘areas are dusted: with ° yellow
Scales... “Hind -wing. pure white. with, the apex and outer
margin blackish, brown. From the anal angle to vein 2 is an
anteciliar °y DES line inwardly dusted with greyish-blue metallic
* Diopetes aucta, Karsch, Ent. Nachy, xxi. p, 318 (1895). |
HOOF FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. | 3/1
scales. Cilia of both wings brown. Underside: fore wing
white ; apical area crossed by three indistinct pale brown bands
originating on the costal margin and converging to the angle
where they become linear. The cell from its base is wholly
pale brown excepting towards the end, where it is crossed by
a white bar. Outer margin and cilia pale brown. Hind wing
white, apical half crossed by four indistinet brown lines which
converge near the margin on vein 2 and are thence angled to
the anal margin. Anal angle yellow, supporting two black
spots on the margin, one on either side of vein 1, also a few
metallic greyish scales. Thorax and abdomen brown above,
yellow below. Legs and front of head yellow. Anal tuft
blackish brown. ‘Tails brown.
Expanse 2 inches.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G. L.
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
Nearest to P. antimachus Staud.*
EPAMERA NEAVEI, sp. n. (Plate XXXV. fig. 4, 3.)
Male. Upper side rich cerulean blue, colour of H. laon Hew.
Fore wing with apical half .deep black. Hind wing with apex
very narrowly and evenly black; large shining patch dark grey.
Lobe black, crowned with orange and dusted with rich blue
scales. Cilia of fore wing fuscous, of hind wing pure white.
Tail on vein 1, which is much longer than usual in this genus,
pure white; tail on vein 2 black, tipped with white. Under
side pure white. Fore wing with apex and outer margin rather
narrowly shaded with brown; a faint submarginal brown line
followed by a clearly defined brown line; the inner margin is
broadly shining white and has attached to its edge a large tuft
of long blackish hairs. Cilia white, tipped with black. Hund
wing with a black anteciliary line followed by two brown lines
as described in the fore wing, the innermost angled above the
lobe to the inner margin. Near the margin between veins .2
and 8 is a large black spot surrounded by orange, which orange is
continued in a very irregular line to the inner margin. Lobe
black, inwardly bordered with red on which are dusted violet
seales. Cilia pure white. Thorax and abdomen rich blue above ;
white below. Legs white; the tarsi spotted with black, An-
tenne black and white spotted ; palpi white with black’ tips.
Head bright orange. fa cua
Expanse 13 inch, i. ghee ey a
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft. (@. ZL. Bates). .
Type, Mus. Druce. . : a tee ab
This beautiful insect is not nearly allied to.any with which I
am acquainted, but by the shape of the wings and by: the
possession of the long tail-on vein | of the hind wing it seems
* Pseudaletis antimachus Staud. Exot. Schm. i. p, 276, pl. 95 (1888).
a4
372 MR. H. H. DRUCE ON NEW BUTTERFLIES [ Feb. 15,
to be near Tanuetheira timon Fab.*, but unlike that species has
only four branches to the subcostal werlviie in the fore wing.
I have named it after Mr.-S. A. Neave, whose fesearelies in
the Congo regions have already revealed so many new forms
of insects.
EPAMERA SIBELLA, sp. n. (Plate XXXV. fig. 2, ¢.)
Male. Closely allied to #. bellina Plétz, from which it differs
by the upper side being violaceous blue without the greenish
reflections, by the large shining patch on the hind wing being
paler, and by the almost total absence of the black at the anal
angle of the hind wing. On the under side the orange areas near
the anal angle are much less extensive and do not reach the
black line above the lobe. The front of the head is bright
orange.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft.; dry season (G. L.
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
I have compared this insect with the type of #. iaspis +, which
according to Prof, Aurivillius equals #. bellina Plotz¢. The
orange head distinguishes it at once. In that respect it is like
i. iasis Hew. §
EPAMERA GEMMARIUS, sp. n. (Plate XXXV. fig. 3, ¢.)
Male. Closely allied to #..sappirus mihi||. Differs in the
shade of blue which closely approaches that of #. laon Hew., in
the much less concave inner margin of the fore wing, and by the
reduced area of the shining patch on the hind wing. On the
under side the ground- oot 1S whiter, but the markings, though
paler throughout, are the same as in 4. sappirus. The front of
the head is whites:
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Bitje, Ja viver, Cameroons, 2000 ft., dry season (G@. LZ
Bates).
Type, Mus. Druce.
This may prove to be a varietal form of /. sappirus, but the
totally different colour and different shaped inner margin to
the fore wing seem to point to another insect.
SPINDASIS LEONINA BITJE, subsp. n.:
_Zeritis leonina K. M. Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vi.
p. 104 (1890) ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, pl. xviii. fig. 5
Male. Differs from the typical form by the orange on the
fore wing spreading along the inner margin almost to the angle
* Papilio timon Fab. Mant. Ins. 11. p. 65 (1787).
+ Tolaus iaspis H. H. Druce, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. p. 30 (1880)
Y Lolaus bellina Plotz, 8S. BE. Z. xii. p. 200 . (1880).
§ Tolaus iasis Hew.,1l\. Diur. Lep., Lye. p. 42, pl._xix. figs. 11, 12 (1868),
|| Hpamera sappirus H. H. Druce; P. ZS. 1902, p. 117, pl. xii. tig. 1.
1910.] FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 373
and upwards to the cell. On the under side the outer margins
of both wings are entirely without the broad orange bands.
Female. On the upper side the orange area of the fore wing
is more extensive than in the typical form and the hind wing
is entirely orange, excepting at the base. Under side as male.
., Hab. Bitje, Ja river, Cameroons, 2000 ft., wet and dry
seasons (G'. L. Bates).
Mr. Bates obtained a good series of this species, all of which
differ from the typical form as described above.
LyYC@NESTHES.
The new forms in this genus described here and the two
following have been submitted to Mr. Betliune- Baker, who has
lately written a monographic revision of the African species of
this group, and he agrees with me that they are undescribed.
LYC2NESTHES MIMETICA, sp. n. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 11, 2.)
Female. Upper side pure white ; apical half and costal border
of fore wing dark brown; hind wing with outer margin dark
brown supporting a marginal row of triangular black spots ringed
with pure white and of varying size, the two largest being placed
between veins 2 and 3, and 3 and 4. A dark brown anteciliary
line. Cilia of both wings brown. Under side: fore wing
white ; apex and outer margin pale brown with a marginal
and submarginal row of slightly dark lunules. A double brown
mark closing the cell, and another, broader, near the centre of
cell) 1. Hind wing white, the apex and outer margin brown
as on fore wing and with the marginal: row of lunules as
described on the upper side, the two larger ones only being
black; at the éxtreme anal angle is a small orange spot. iil 35 3 9, p. 363.
4 5 paradoxa, sp.n., 6, p.357. | 12. Larinopoda spuma, sp.n., 6 ,p. 361.
5. Pmoztie; Sp. Ni., 6, p. 358. 13. Liptena perobscura, sp.n., 2,
6. Pseuderesia iminium, sp. n., 6; é p. 362. —
2 p. 359. 14. i nubifera, Sp. n., 6, p. 362.
i 5s 2, p. 360. 15. Epitola tumentia, sp.n., 3, p. 366.
Prate XXXIV.
Fig. 7 Fig.
1. Epitola nitide, sp. n.,°6, p. 366. 8. Mimacrea landbecki, 9, p. 359.
2. H batesi, sp. n., g, p. 36d. 9. Triclema inconspicua, sp. 0., 6;
3. 64 55 9, p. 365. p. 374.
4. Lachnocnema niveus, sp. n., 2, OSs Me obscura, sp.n., d, p- 376.
p. 368. 11. Lycenesthes mimetica, sp.n., 2,
5 tes luna, sp.n., 2, p. 373.
p. 368. 12. 3 bakeri, sp. n., §,
6. Batelusia zebra, sp. n., 9, p. 368. p. 374.
7. Mimacrea landbecki, sp. u., 6, 13. Diopetes kedassa, sp.n., 6, p. 369.
p. 358. 14. »» pasteon, sp.n., g, p. 379.
PuaTeE XXXV.
Fig. Fig.
1. Neaveia lamborni, sp. n., 6, p. 365. 8. Sarangesa lunula, sp. n., 6, p. 375.
2. Hpamera sibella, sp. n., 6, p. 372. 9. Hagris landbecki, sp.n., 9, p. 375.
3. x gemmarius, sp.n., 3, 10. Oxypalpus niger, sp. n., 3, p. 376.
p. 872. | 11. Ceratrichia aurea, sp.n., 6, p. 377.
4., 5 neavei, sp. n., d, p. 371. 12. pe ends SH
5. Liptena subvariegata aliquantum, 13. Canides artopta, sp. ie ‘8, p- 377.
subsp. n., 9, p. 363. 14. Lycenesthes zenkeri, Karsch, 6,
6. Pseudaletis batesi, sp. n., 2, p. 370. p. 374.
7. Pardaleodes nevea, sp.n., 6, p.d76. | 16. 55 bitje, sp. n., 6, p. 373.
1910.] ON FAT-BODIES IN TOADS OF THE GENUS BUFO. 309
3. On certain Sbeutaneons Fat-Bodies in Toads of the.
Genus Bufo. By C. L. Boutznerr, M.A., F.Z.S.,
- -King’s College, Cambridge.
[Received January 10, 1910. |
(Text-figures 37 & 38.)
I. Introductory.
Some little while ago, when engaged in dissecting some African
toads of the genus bufo, Mr. EH. Degen, F.Z.S., noticed that certain
specimens possessed curious gland-like deposits of fat between the
skin and ventral body-wall of the abdominal region. He was
so kind as to call my attention to these structures, and I came to
the conclusion that it would be of interest to more fully investi-
gate this point in Batrachian anatomy.
Examination of specimens of Bufo regularis obtained by Dr.
Cunnington and myself from the Fayam province of Egypt
showed similar fat-bodies to be present in this species and induced
me to examine other allied toads, many of which were found to
possess analogous deposits of fat.
I was able to dissect a large number of adequate representatives
of various species of Bufo. For this my grateful acknowledgments
are mainly due to my father, Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S.,
who allowed me to examine numerous duplicates from the col-
lections under his care at the British Museum. To Dr. F. Werner,
of Vienna, I am indebted for a number of living specimens of
the Huropean Green Toad, Bufo viridis.
The very rare occurrence of adipose tissue in connection with
the muscular system of Batrachia has often been commented on ;
thus Ant. Dugés (1) in his classical work on the myology and
osteology of Batrachians, published in 1835, made the following
generalization in his definition of the group :—“ Une particularité
dés longtemps remarquée c’est Visolement réciproque des muscles
et dela peau, di a l’absence du pannicule graisseux dont on trouve
&peine quelques paquets autour du cou chez les sujets 4 grand
embonpoint.”
Corpora adiposa below the skin are, however, not quite
unknown. cue
The most recent contribution to our knowledge of this subject
is to be found in a paper by F. E. Beddard (7) on the anatomy
of the Engystomatid Hemisus, the author describing a pair of
conspicuous fat-bodies in lymph-sacs in the iliac region. These
structures are lobulated masses of fat of considerable size, in
380 MR. C. L. BOULENGER ON FAT-BODIES [ Feb. 15,
appearance resembling the well-known abdominal fat-bodies at
the anterior end of the gonads.
Similar fat-bodies are described as occurring in the neck-region
and are probably connected with the thymus glands*. ;
The following brief remark by Leydig (2) shows that the
presence of these bodies in Bufo had not escaped the attention
of this accomplished investigator, who, however, abstains from
any allusion to their structure: “ Die Fettkorper in der Achsel-
grube und Weichengegend waren bei calamita rothgelb, bei
variabilis graugelb, welche Farbenabinderung wohl nur in den
verschiedenen Fiillung der Blutgefasse gesucht werden darf.”
Text-fig. 37.
Bufo viridis, 2.
Ventral view, with the skin reflected to show the position of
the subcutaneous fat-bodies.
FB. Fat-body. A.V. Ventral abdominal vein. C.V. Cutaneous vein.
* These fat-bodies were noticed by Cope (8) so long ago as 1889, a fact which
Mr. Beddard seems to have overlooked. In that author’s description of Hemisus
(‘ Batrachia of North America’ p. 383) we find the following remarks :—
“This genus exhibits also an external corpus adiposum which I have not found in
Callula, Engystoma, or any other genus of Batrachia. Each one is subtrihedral, the
apex resting near the coracoid, the ee £038 between the strata of the external
and internal oblique muscles .. .
1910.] IN TOADS OF THE GENUS BUFO. 381
II. The Abdominal Fat- Bodies of Bufo viridis.
The fat-bodies which I am about to describe are very well
developed in the common European Bufo viridis, fresh material
of which I had the opportunity of examining; it will, therefore,
be well to preface my remarks with an account of their structure
in this form. On reflecting the skin from the ventral surface of
a specimen of B. viridis, one cannot fail to notice a pair of gland-
like, fatty structures at the junction of the hind limbs with the
trunk.
These corpora adiposa, which are present in both sexes and vary
considerably both in size and colour in different individuals, are
quite constant in position; each extends for a considerable distance
along the face of the septum inguinale which separates the
abdominal and femoral lymph-saes.
Text-fig. 38.
Bufo viridis, 2.
Transverse section of part of the subcutaneous fat-body, showing the
fat-cells and the connective-tissue capsule. (Obj. 4.)
. F.C. Fat-cell. C.C. Connective-tissue capsule. B.V. Blood-vessel.
When fully developed (as in the female specimen figured, text-
fig. 37) the fat-bodies are of a bright orange-yellow colour and cof
considerable thickness. They may 7 extend some . N.E. Ruopesia, EH. Luangwa distr. (Weave), 4 9,
1910. ] MOTHS FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 503
Luangwa valley (Weave), 1 3g, 1 2, Mpeta (Coryndon), 1 2;
MasHonatand (Dobbie), 1 $, 1 9; ) Care Conony, Transkei
(Wiss Ff. Barrett), 1 $ type. Hxp. 28 mm.
Maruca resrunanis Geyer, Hiibn. Samml. Exot. Schmett. iv.
4, p. 12, ff. 629, 630 (1827).
N.E. Ruopzsta, Serenji distr., Chambezi valley.
PoLyGRAMMODES PHYLLOPHILA Butl. A. M. N. H. (5) i. p. 296
(1878).
N.E. RuopestA, Chinsali distr.
PACHYZANCLA PHHOPTERALIS Guen. Delt. & Pyr. p. 349 (1854).
N.. Ruopesta, upper Luangwa valley.
PACHYZANCLA BIPUNCTALIS Fabr, Ent. Syst. ill. 2, p. 227 (1794).
N.E. Ruopest4, upper Luangwa valley.
PHLYCTHNODES ARGYROSTACTA, sp.n. (Pl. XLI. fig. 6.)
3. Head and thorax pale yellow, the palpi, shoulders, and
antenne rufous; fore legs in front and mid and hind femora
fuscous ; abdomen fulvous yellow. Fore wing pale yellow, the
costal area blood-red, the costal edge black ; an antemedial blood-
red band, acutely angled outwards in submedian fold, some silvery
seales on it; triangular blood-red patches with leaden-silvery
centres projecting from the costal area at middle and end of cell ;
a blood-red subterminal band with leaden-silvery band on- its
inner edge from below costa to inner margin towards which it
narrows, its inner edge emitting red streaks on veins 7, 6 and
a projection to lower angle of cell, its outer edge curved; a fine
blackish terminal line defined on inner side by red ; cilia tinged
with red at base and with fuscous lines near base and tips. Hind
wing pale orange-yellow; the underside with the costal area
tinged with brown, a rather diffused brownish subterminal line.
Hab. N.W. Ruopesia, Alala plateau (Weave), 1 5; N.E.
RuopesiA, Chambezi valley (Weave), 1 g type. Hap. 26 mm,
PHLYCTHNODES FLAVINIGRALIS, sp.n. (PI, XLI. fig. 7.)
3S. Head and thorax black with a silvery gloss, the vertex of
head and neck orange, the metathorax with lateral orange streaks ;
palpi orange except at tips; pectus and legs orange, the latter
streaked with black; abdomen orange with dorsal and ventral
series of black spots. Fore wing black with a leaden gloss;
diffused yellow fasciz below base of cell and above inner margin
and a rather elongate subbasal spot in cell; a medial spot in cell
and rather elongate spots below the cell and above inner margin ;
a rounded patch beyond the cell with minute streak below it and
quadrate spot in submedian interspace; a small subapical spot ;
subterminal points at vein 6 and in submedian fold and a spot at
middle. Hind wing golden orange; the costal edge black; a
504 SIR GEORGE F, HAMPSON ON | Mar. 1,
terminal black band narrowing to tornus; the underside with
small black discoidal spot and postmedial tooth from costa.
Hab. N.W. Ruopesia, Alala plateau (Weave), 2 g; N.E.
RuopesiA, Serenji distr. (Weave), 1 ¢ type. Hap. 24 mm.
DIASEMIA DISJECTALIS Zell. Lep. Micr. Caffr. p. 16 (1852).
N.E. Ruopesta, Chinsali distr.
ANTAGASTRA CATALAUNALIS Dup. Lép. Fr. viii. p. 330, pl. 232.
f. 8 (1830).
N.E. Ruopesra, E. Luangwa distr., Chambezi valley.
NoorDA RUBRICOSTALIS, sp. n. (Pl. XLI. fig. 8.)
Head and thorax rufous; tegule and patagia with pale yellow
fascie ; palpi at base, pectus, and legs white, the fore tibize with
fuscous band at extremity ; abdomen ochreous white. Fore wing
ochreous white, the costal area suffused with rufous, the terminal
area purplish rufous defined on inner side by a very minutely
waved, slightly incurved black line; cilia ochreous white tinged
with rufous. Hind wing semihyaline white, the terminal area
pale fuscous, narrowing to a point at vein 1; cilia white with a
pale fuscous line near base.
Hab. N.K. Reopesia, E. Luangwa distr. (Weave), 1 3 type;
MASHONALAND (Doddie), 1 2. Hap. 22 mm.
Mecyna Gitvata Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 290 (1791).
Hab. Conco, 8.E. Katanga; N.E. Ruopssia, N. Luangwa,
Mt. Ulungu, E. Luangwa distr., Luangwa valley, Serenji distr.,
Chambezi valley, Chinsali distr.
CRIOPTHONA SABULOSALIS, sp. n. (PI. XLI. fig. 24.)
Head and thorax ochreous white tinged with brown ; abdomen
ochreous white. Fore wing ochreous thickly irvorated with dark
brown, the costal edge white; an indistinct, rather diffused,
waved dark antemedial line; a whitish discoidal lunule defined
on inner side by fuscous; postmedial line fine, dark, excurved
below costa, incurved at discal fold, then waved, bent inwards
below vein 3 to below angle of cell; a fuscous terminal line; cilia
whitish. Hind wing white, the termen slightly tinged with
ochreous; cilia white with a slight dark line near base; the
underside with the costal and terminal areas irrorated with red-
brown, a dark postmedial line excurved at median nervule, a
terminal series of dark strie.
Hab. Br. K. Arrica, Kibauni (Crawshay), 1 3 type, Eb Urru
(Betton), 1 3; N.E. Ruopesta, E. Luangwa distr. (Weave), 1 9,
Chambezi valley (Weave), 1 2. Hap. 22 mm.
PIONEA ABLACTALIS WIk. xviii. 660 (1859).
N.W. Reopesra, Alala plateau; N.E. Ruopesia, E. Luangwa
distn.
1910.] MOTHS FROM NORTHERN RHODESTA. 505
PyRavsta ImpuNCcTATA Warr. Nov. Zool. iv. p. 129 (1897).
N.E. Ruopes1a, Chambezi valley, Bangweolo distr.
PYRAUSTA RUFILINEALIS, sp. n. (Pl. XLI. fig. 23.)
@. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow; palpi rufous, white at
base; shoulders rufous; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white, the fore tibie rufous on inner side. Fore wing
yellow, the base of costal area tinged with rufous; an oblique
rufous antemedial line ; traces of a rufous point in middle of cell ;
an oblique rufous discoidal bar; postmedial line rufous, incurved
from costa to vein 4, bent inwards at vein 2 to below end of cell
and slightly excurved above inner margin; a terminal series of
rufous points except towards apex; cilia tinged with rufous at
tips. Hind wing yellow; a rufous discoidal point; postmedial
line rufous, bent outwards between veins 4 and 2, then retracted
and oblique to above tornus; a terminal rufous line from apex to
vein 2.
Hab. N.K. Ruopssta, E. Luangwa distr., Petauke (eave),
1 9 type. Hap. 32 mm.
Pyrausta Eos Druce, A. M. N. H. (7) ix. p. 329 (1902).
N.E. Ruopesia, Chambezi valley, Bangweolo distr.
PyYRAUSTA INCOLORALIS Guen. Delt. & Pyr. p. 333 (1854).
N.E. Ruopesia, E. Luangwa distr., Luangwa valley.
AW GERIAD &.
ICHNEUMENOPTERA CYANESCENS, sp.n. (Pl. XLI. fig. 10.)
Head and thorax cupreous black-brown; frons white at sides ;
neck with yellow ring; patagia with yellow streak above and
two points on outer edge; pectus fuscous and white, the tibiz
and tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen black shot with blue, with
slight white segmental rings and the anal tuft with slight white
streaks at sides. Wings hyaline, the veins and margins black-
brown ; fore wing with the costal area and discoidal lunule black
shot with blue.
Hab. Coxco, Katanga, Kambove (Weave), 1 ¢ type; N.E.
Ruopesia, H. Luangwa distr. (Weave), 1 2, Bangweolo distr.
(Weave), 1 S. Hap. 22 mm.
LEPIDOPODA FLAVIPALPIS, sp. n. (Pl. XLI. fig. 17.)
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown ; palpi and frons
yellow, the former with some black and fuscous scales on 2nd
joint ; vertex of head with yellow streaks behind antenne ; neck
with yellow ring; patagia with yellow streaks near upper edge;
fore coxe yellow ; tibize banded with yellow, the spurs and tarsi
below white; abdomen with yellow spot at base of anal tuft,
506 SIR GEORGE F. HAMPSON ON [| Mar. 1
Jateral orange bands and the anal tuft orange below. Fore wing
hyaline, the veins and margins black-brown with a silvery gloss ;
a black-brown discoidal bar connecting the dark costal and inner
areas; the rounded hyaline postmedial patch edged with orange.
Hind wing hyaline, the veins and margins narrowly black-brown ;
a slight black tooth at upper angle of cell; cilia with a cupreous
tinge.
Hab. N.K. RHopesta, upper Luangwa valley (Weave), 1 3 type.
Hap. 22 mm.
LEPIDOPODA FULVIPES, sp. n. (Pl. XI. fig. 11.)
@. Head and thorax dark brown with a leaden gloss; palpi
yellow with a dark ring at extremity of 2nd joint; neck with
yellow ring ; fore coxe yellow ; mid tibiz except at base, the hind
tibie and the tarsi except at extremities orange ; abdomen brown
with a leaden gloss and some yellow scales, lateral orange streaks
emitting teeth on to ventral surface, the anal tuft orange at ex-
tremity. Fore wing black-brown with a cupreous gloss, the cell
and a streak below it hyaline; three short hyaline streaks beyond
the diseoidal bar. Hind wing hyaline, the veins and margins
narrowly cupreous brown, the inner margin orange towards base.
Hab. Coneo, Katanga, Kambove (Weave), 1 @ type. Hap.
22 mm.
LEPIDOPODA OBLIQUIZONA, sp. n. (PI. XLI. fig. 18.)
Antenne of male bipectinate above, serrate and fasciculate
below.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen black glossed with blue and
with some yellow mixed; palpi yellow; gule and throat white ;
legs black-brown and yellow; abdomen with lateral white bars.
Fore wing dark cupreous brown with some yellow scales; a
triangular hyaline patch in middle of cell, its upper extremity
produced ; an oblique hyaline band crossed by dark streaks on
the veins from below costa towards apex to vein 3 just beyond
the cell. Hind wing hyaline, the base, veins, and margins
cupreous brown with some yellow scales, the hyaline extending
to inner margin at middle; a blackish discoidal bar.
Hab. N.K. Ruopersia, L. Bangweolo distr. (Weave), 1 3 type.
Hup. 24 mm.
MELITTIA AURIPLUMIA, sp. n. (Pl. XL. fig. 12.)
Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with some white
and yellow scales; frons with white lines at sides; tibie banded
with white, the fore tarsi white above, the mid tarsi ringed with
white, the hind tibiz and tarsi fringed with orange hair on outer
side; abdomen ventrally banded with white. Fore wing dark
cupreous brown, the terminal area irrorated with white; a
wedge-shaped hyaline patch in cell bifid at extremity, a streak
below the cell and five streaks beyond it shortening towaids
1910.] MOTHS FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 507
costa. Fore wing hyaline, the veins and margins narrowly black,
the hair on inner margin and the cilia grey-brown.
Hab. Conco, Katanga, Kambove (Weave), 1 Q type. up.
34 mm.
MELITTIA IGNIDISCATA, sp. n. (Pl. XLI. fig. 19.)
Head blackish mixed with white ; palpi white, black in front ;
sides of frons and gule white; thorax fulvous, with some black
and white on tegule and shoulders ; pectus and legs bluish white
mixed with black, the long hair on hind legs black with patches
of white and some yellow at middle of tibie and tarsi; abdomen
black with patches of golden-white scales and grey-white seg-
mental lines, some fulvous at base, the ventral surface bluish
white. Fore wing hyaline yellowish towards base, the veins and
margins blackish with white scales mixed ; a streak of fiery-red
scales above vein 1; discoidal bar black with fiery-red patch on
its inner edge ; the outer edge of postmedial hyaline patch fiery
red. Hind wing hyaline, yellowish towards base, the veins and
margins narrowly black-brown ; the hair on inner margin and the
cilia grey-brown with a yellowish tinge.
Ab. 1. Thorax with dark brown scales mixed; wings not
yellowish towards hase.
Hab. Br. C. Arrica, Blantyre (Byrn), 3 ¢, 1 9; N.E.
RuHopvEstA, Serenji distr. (Weave), 1 ¢ type; S. RuopeEsia, Bula-
wayo (Marshall), 1 9,12. Hap. 34 mm.
HEPIALIDSA
GoRGOPIS LIBANIA Stoll, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 128, pl. 356. f. 6
(1782).
Portucuese EK, Arrica, 8. Angoniland.
DALACA STICTIGRAPHA, sp. n. (PI. XLI. fig. 13.)
6. Head and thorax fuscous brown with a greyish tinge ;
antenne fulvous ; abdomen greyish ochreous mixed with brown.
Fore wing fuscous brown irrorated with white scales except on
costal area; traces of a sinuous dark antemedial line; an in-
distinet obliquely curved waved dark line defined on outer side by
white scales from upper angle of cell to inner margin at the ante-
medial line, the area beyond it more thickly irrorated with white ;
an obliquely curved series of small blackish spots defined by white
scales from below apex to inner margin; a terminal series of
blackish points defined by white scales. Hind wing grey-brown,
the basal area ochreous.
@. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale grey-brown; fore wing
with the markings more obscure.
Hab. Coneo, 8.E. Katanga (Weave), 1 9; N.E. Reopesta,
Serenji distr. (Weave), 4 3 type, Petauke distr. (Weave), 2 3.
Exp. 38-44 mm.
508 SIR GEORGE F. HAMPSON ON [ Mar. 1,
DaALACA HOLOPILEA, sp. n. (PI. XLI. fig. 20.)
3. Head and thorax fuscous brown; abdomen grey-brown.
Fore wing grey-brown; a subbasal grey annulus below costa and
three annuli trom beyond it to inner margin; antemedial line
double, grey, obliquely curved to median nervure, where it. is
constricted, then erect; the terminal half of costa with grey
striz; a sinuous grey medial line met at vein 2 by a curved
series of striz from beyond upper angle of cell; postmedial line
dark defined on inner side by grey, sinuous to vein 3, then in-
curved ; a subterminal line formed of dark striz defined by grey,
bent outwards at vein 7; cilia dark-brown, greyish ochreous at
tips. Hind wing pale grey-brown.
Hab, Conco, 8.E. Katanga (Weave), 3 3 type. Hap. 30 mm.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXVI.
Fig. Hig.
1. Syntomis hemiphoenica. é. | 19. Cirphis corticea. 9.
2. 3 miozona. &. 20. Metaculasta endoglauca. 6.
3. i croceizona. &., 21. Urbona lacteata. 6.
4. Hressa pleurosticta. &. 22. Ophiusa xanthoptera. 6.
5. Pseudmelisa chalybsa. &. 23. Xanthospilopteryx discosticta. ¢
6. Ilema heterogyna. 6. 24. Hoplarista hemaplaga. 6.
7. Pseudlepista atrizona. 6. 25. Tuerta ovifera. &.
8. Jflavicosta. @. 26. Westermannia albigrisea. 6.
9. Borolia + osescens. @. 27. %p ediplaga. &.
10. Paraxestis irrorata. 6. | 28. Timora albipuncta. 6.,
11. Areyophora fuscicona. g. 29. r daphena. 6.
12. Massagidia tenuifascia. 2. | 380. Anaphosia astrigata. &.
13. ee atriventralis.g. | 31. x pectinata. 6.
14. neavi. 9. | 32. 5 eurygrapha. 6.
15. Afgocer a “geometri NGG, 2. | 33. Acantharctia tenuifasciata. 3.
16. Hrizada esmeralda. @. | 84. Secusio atrizonata. ¢.
17. Carea thermistis. 6. | 35. Chabuata rufilinea. 6.
18. Rhodochlena cuneifera. 6. 36. Cirphis dialeuca. 6.
PraTE XXXVILI.
Ke. Fig ;
1. Remigia heterochroa. ¢. 19. Baniana trigonospila. ¢.
2. » griseicilia. C6. 20. Cosmophila retracta. 6.
Oo. 5 molybdopasta. &. 21. Ophiusa albitermia. 6. sty
4. Calesia arhoda. 6. 22. i tumiditermina. SO.
5. Chalciope ditrigona. 3. | OS. ¥. mesonephele. 2. |
6 5 albifissa. Q. 24. Chalciope microgonia. @.
7. Speiredonia prunicolora. 6. 25. Speiredonia plicata. 6.
8. Plecoptera sarcistis. ¢. 26. Flecoptera trichophora. 6.
oh punctilineata. ¢. 27. Baniana heterospila.
10. Mesogenea persinuosa. 6. 28. Pa pyramidalis. @.
11. Cosmophila bidentata. 6. 29. 35 aspila. 6.
12. Ctenusa rufirena. 2. 30. 5 culminifera. 6.
13. Ophiusa gonoptera. ¢. 31. Plecoptera megarthra. 6.
14. + porphyrescens. 6. 32. 55 melalepis. 6
15. 0 goniophora. 6. | 3d. 3 flavilinea. 6.
16. Remigia persinuosa. 6. 34. bs thermozcna. ¢.
17. Plecoptera infuscata. ¢. | dd. a laniata. 6.
18. Rhyncodes nigriciliata. 6.
1910.]
MOTHS FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA,
Prate XXXVIII.
a
a9
. Plecoptera grisea. 6.
- Gnamptogyia diagonalis. S.
. Antarchea umbrifera. 6.
. Pleurona trogopera. 6.
. Leptaroa fulvicolora. 6.
. Parathermes lophocera. 6.
- atripunctata. 6.
. Zethes cenctype. 6.
. Simplicia pachycera. ¢.
10. Antarchea hemaceps. 6.
ll. Baziza pheophlebia. 6.
12. Geodena conifera.
13. Antarchea olivescens. 6.
1). Lymantria flavicilia. &.
15. Olapa fulviceps. 6.
16. Hyblea flavifasciata. 6.
17. Attatha ethiopica. ¢.
18. Hibrildes neavi. &.
0 COTS TB 09 tO
19. Hyblea flavipicta. 6.
20. Antarchea lentistriata.
21. Huproctis nepheloptera.
22. Deilemera chalcosidia. &.
23. Antarchea hematoessa.
24. Heteronygmia strigitorna.
25. leucogyna.
26. Hyblea wanthia. 6.
27. Dichromia leucozona. &.
28. Hypena verticalis. 6.
ss tetrasticta. @.
30. Aroa achrodisca. 6.
31. Huproctis fulvipennis. ¢.
32. Naarda xanthonephra.
33. Rhynchina crassisquamata.
34. Fs leucodonta. 6.
35. Deinhypena apicata. &.
Prater XXXIX.
Fig,
1. Stegania glaucichroa. 3
OF, » » eurycraspis. &
3. Tephrina arcifera. 3.
A. Zamarada flavicincta. 6.
5 a pyrocincta. 6.
6. ef denticincta. 6
7. Boarmia pallidizona. 6
8. Mesoceela flavimacula. 6
9: Fe rufescens. 6.
10. Susica pyrocausta. 6.
11. Wiresa ustitermina. <6.
12. Pheyorista xanthosoma. @.
13. Stegania diagramma. 6.
14. Spatalia argyrophora. ¢.
15. Leucophlebia xanthopis. .
16. Macroplectra rufopallens. 6.
17. Altha lacides. @.
18. Pseudometa cymographa. 6.
19. Hoplojana anemica. 6.
PLATE
Fig.
1. Crambus fuscivittalis. 9.
2. oH sectitermina. &.
3. Platytes argyrodonta. 6.
4. Chilo fuscicilia. &.
5. Charltona chrysopasta. @.
6. plurivittalis. 2.
ie Ancylolomia pectinifera. 6.
8. endophealis. @.
9. Polyocha sanguifusalis. ¢.
10. Staphylinochrous fulva. ¢.
11. Thermochrous fumicincta. @.
12. Malumblia flavipalpis. @.
13. Pompostola hemichrysa. :
14. Chrysopoloma albidisealis. @.
15. Gonometa griseocincta. ¢.
Fig.
20. Azygophleps atrifasciata.
21. Miresa semicalida. 6.
22. Zinare discophora. 6.
23. Phialarubrivena. 6.
24. Induna nubicincta. 6.
25. Ichthyura ferruginea. 6.
26. Polyptychus neavi.. &.
27. Semioptila flavidiscata. 6.
28. Altha chionostola. &.
509
at
Ge
Q.
g.
29. Prasinocyma rhodocera. &.
30. Comibena rhodosticta. 3.
31. Neurotoca endorhoda. 6.
32. Acollesis trilineata. 6.
33. Craspedia glaucocyma. 6.
34. 93 diffusizona. 6.
35. - argyroleuca. 6.
36. Terina crocea. 6.
37. Boarmia acygonia. 6.
16. ‘Chrysopoloma inspersa. &.
17. Staphylinochrous euryperalis.
18. Thermochrous stenocraspis.
19. Arniocera chalcopasta. ¢.
20. Rhodoneura fuscibasis. 6.
21. Pogononeura xantholepis.
22. Argyractis periopis. ¢.
23. Chaleidoptera rufilinealis.
24. Lygropia atrinervalis. ¢.
25. Neostege holuxutha. @.
26. Mussidia albipartalis. @.
27. Bostra fuscipennis. 2°.
28. » perrubida. 6.
29; » thermialis. 6.
3.
é.
3.
3.
510 MR. T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL { Mar. 1,
PratEe XLI,
Fig. Fig.
1. Glyphodes xanthostola. @. 16. Gonometa drucei. On
2. Polythlipta camptozona. 8. 17. Lepidopoda flavipalpis. 6.
3. Lepyrodes argyrosticta. @. 18. obliquizona. 6.
4, Crocidophora flaviciliata. @. 19. Melittia ignidiscata. 6.
5. caffralis. 6. 20. Dalaca holophea. @.
6. Phlyctenodes argyrostacta. §. 21. Macalla melanobasis. 6.
ie fiwinigralis. 6. 22. Glyphodes mayottalis. @.
8. Noorda rubr icostalis. 6. 23. Pyrausta rujilinerlis. &.
9. Macna hampsoni. &. 24, Criopthona sabulosalis. 3.
10. Ichnewmenoptera cyanescens. 6. 25. Rhodoneura discata. 6.
11. Lepidopoda fulvipes. 2. 26. Sylepta megastigmalis. 6.
12. Melittia auriplumia. &. 27. Constantia aglossalis. &.
13. Dalaca stictigrapha. 6. 28. Bostra tenebralis. 6.
14. Polyptychus baxteri. 2. 29, Althategula. §.
15, Philotherma fuscescens. 6
z. The Urogenital Organs of Chimera monstrosa. By T. H.
Burienp, M.A. (Camb.), B.Sc. (Lond.), late Scholar of
Christ’s. College, Cambridge; Assistant Lecturer and
Demonstrator in Zoology, University College, Cardiff.*
| Received February 12, 1918. }
(Text-figures 40-53.)
Introduction.
The study of the structure of the Chimzeroids is full of interest
on account of the diversity of opinion which exists with regard
to the relationship of the Holocephali to the Elasmobranchii.
Although retaining many primitive characters in the skeleton,
brain, sense-organs, and viscera, the Holocephali have nevertheless
acquired very specialised structures presumably associated with
their occurrence and mede of life. Referring more particularly
to the urogenital organs and their accessory parts, the Chimeroid
is unique among Fishes in the possession in the male of a pair of
“middle claspers,’—regarded by 'T. J. Parker (1886) as a rudi-
mentary third pair of limbs,—and in the female of a so-called
‘“‘yreceptaculum seminis,” mentioned by Leydig (1851) and by
subsequent writers.
Notwithstanding the excellent contributions of Leydig and
Hyrtl over fifty years ago, and the more recent work of Mazza
and Redeke, it was felt that a more detailed account, with figures,
of the urogenital organs of Chimera is not readily accessible to
English readers, and it was to supply this want that the work
was primarily undertaken. Further investigation showed that
the published accounts were at variance on points of the first
importance, and this fact can now be attributed to: (1) the use
of imperfectly preserved material, and (2) the structural dif-
ferences existing between animals which are immature and those
* Communicated by Professor W. N. Parker, Ph.D., F.Z.S.
1910.] ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMERA MONSTROSA. 511
which have attained sexual maturity. With the material at my
disposal I have been able to make additions to the above accounts
and also to verify much of the early work which some later
writers have in part disputed.
My best thanks are due to Professor W. N. Parker of this
College, who suggested the work and rendered me much assistance
by his friendly criticism and advice in the course of these
investigations. A preliminary account of the relations of the
vasa efferentia has already appeared under our joint names (15).
Historical.
Leydig (1851) described the urogenital system of Chimera
monstrosa, both male and female. He observed the network of
small ducts on the ventral surface of the testis and the manner
in which these minute ducts unite {o form the larger ducts—vasa
efferentia—which are directed towards the ‘‘ Nebenhoden” or
coiled anterior portion of the sperm-duct. The different regions
of the sperm-duct are described, though not by the aid of trans-
verse sections, but by dissection only. Moreover, Leydig’s work
is very important in that he differentiates in the male the
posterior brown kidney from the anterior white structure called
by Hyrtl the “ Leydig’s gland,” and he examined the secretion
from this latter. The author concluded that it must be regarded
as an accessory genital gland. In his account of the female
organs Leydig made special reference to the “shell gland ” and
“uterus” of the oviduct, and looked upon the “ digitiform
gland”—the ‘“‘receptaculum seminis” of later writers—as most
probably an accessory female genital gland.
Hyrtl (1853) continued Leydig’s work on Chimera, although he
was not so fortunate in obtaining fresh material. He could not
decide whether the cavity dorsal to the peritoneum between
testis and ‘‘ Nebenhoden ” was a lymph sinus, or whether it was
in connection with the anterior coiled end of the sperm-duct and
consequently a coelomic intermediary between the testis and its
duct. Both Leydig and Hyrtl believed that vasa efferentia
must be present, but could not locate them with accuracy, nor
determine their relation with the sperm-duct. Hyrtl regarded
the most anterior duct from the Leydig’s gland as the real
beginning of the sperm-duct: the “digitiform gland” was held
to be a reservoir for the reception of the sperms of the male.
Mazza (1894) believes that the testis is not connected with its
“‘ Nebenhoden,” the spermatozoa from the former reaching it by
first passing into a portion of the body cavity and thence getting
into the coiled anterior end of the sperm-duct by means of canals
(¢ mesonephric tubules).
Redeke (1898) does not throw any light on this point. He
divides the kidney into cranial, median, and caudal zones; but
this distinction is untenable, since the cranial zone as indicated in
his figures is in reality the anterior coiled end of the sperm-duct,
512 MR. T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL [Mar. 1,
the median zone is Leydig’s gland, and the caudal zone alone is
excretory in the adult male. The author emphasizes the primitive
nature of the kidney on account of its marked metamerism, and
apparently believes that the sexual portion of the Selachian
kidney 1s absent.
Bashford Dean (1906) does not recognise any “ Geschlechtsniere.”
W. N. Parker and T. H. Burlend (1909) show the relation
between vasa efferentia and sperm-duct, the former uniting to
give a longitudinal duct which is directly continuous with the
coiled sperm-duct, so that the sexual part of the kidney or
“‘ Geschiechtsniere” is represented in the adult male by the “ rete
testis.” Attention is also directed to the unsatisfactory use of the
term ‘ epididymis.”
Material and Observations.
Tam indebted to Mr. J. J. Neale of Cardiff for much valuable
material. The Chimeras, both young and adult, male and female,
had been carefully packed in ice and arrived at the laboratory in
excellent condition. The alimentary canal having been removed,
the whole urogenital region was fixed in corrosive sublimate,
90 per cent. alcohol or 5 per cent. formalin ; but the first of these
reagents proved the most satisfactory for histological work, the
formalin-preserved specimens being most suitable for dissection.
Many of the regions were sectioned, and this was especially
difficult in the coiled sperm-duct region owing to the slow rate of
penetration by the successive reagents. Weigert’s Hematoxylin
was used for staining in bulk, and Delafield’s or Hhrlich’s acid
Hematoxylin for staining on the slide; the Cambridge rocking
microtome was used in sectioning.
ADULT MALE CHIM_4£RA MONSTROSA.
Genital organs.
(a) Claspers.—The anterior clasper, three-quarters of an inch
in length, is situated on the head in the dorsal middle line a short
distance behind the snout. It is a spherical knob-hke organ
bearing recurved spines ventrally, borne on a short thick stalk
directed forwards; the whole organ is capable of being depressed
into a shallow pit immediately in front of it and so of becoming
less conspicuous.
The middle claspers are wing-like structures practically hidden
away in pouches situated at the anterior limit of the pelvic-fin
skeleton. In the extended condition they are seen to have
cartilaginous supports bearing a row of from 5-7 forwardly pro-
jecting spines on the edge nearest the ventral middle le. In
text-fig. 40 the left middle clasper is shown everted, m.cl., the
clasper on the right side being indicated in the normal position.
The posterior paired claspers, situated behind the anus and on
each side of the urogenital aperture, are stout rod-like structures,
1910.] ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMARA MONSTROSA, 513
each divided distally inte two main portions with corresponding
cartilaginous supports; the parts covered with skin are provided
with numerous small forwardly projecting spines, and each
clasper is about four inches in length; at the proximal end of
Text-fig. 40.
Urogenital organs of adult male Chimera monstrosa (Xz),
with pelvic fins and claspers (ventral view).
ab.p., abdominal pore on right side; a., anus; 6.v., blood-vessel (removed on right
side); m.cl., left middle clasper extended; m.d., Miullerian duct; m.s., Leydig’s
gland; pel., pelvic fin: sp.d., sperm-duct or Leydig’s duct; ¢.c., white cortical
region of testis; ¢.m., green medullary region of testis; ur.op., urogenital
opening; v.ef-col., longitudinal collector of efferent ducts; v.ef.¢., network of
efierent ducts on testis; v.s., seminal vesicle.
Proc. Zoou. Sec.—1910, No. XX XIII. 33
514 MR, U. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL Wier as
each is a swollen glandular structure which secretes a tallowy
fluid of uncertain function.
(b) Testes, vasa efferentia, sperm-ducts, and glands of Leydig.—
The bean-shaped testes attain a length of from 14 to 2 inches
in the well-developed male adult, and are suspended from the
dorsal body-wall by peritoneum in the anterior region of the
abdominal cavity. The peritoneum also covers the ventral surface
of the corresponding Leydig’s gland and sperm-duct, but not their
dorsal surfaces, whereas it closely invests each testis and then
passes over the neighbouring body-wall. In the centre of the
dorsal surface of the testis there is a crescent-shaped flap of
lymphoid tissue, between which and the imner border of the
testis the peritoneum is not contiguous, and so a space is left
between the latter and the testis (text-fig. 41, ¢./.).
The ventral surface of the gonad in the fresh condition presents
a white cortical and a greenish medullary area; beneath the
peritoneum of the latter a network of minute vessels may be
detected by the aid of a lens (text-fig. 40, v.eft.). These are
continuous with the testis crypts and are filled with spermatozoa.
They unite to form larger vessels, the whole network—rete testis
—ultimately giving rise to six vasa efferentia, which are directed
towards the anteriorly coiled sperm-duct on the inner side of the
testis. After traversing, on the dorsal side of the peritoneum,
the space between the gonad and its duct, they pass into a longi-
tudinal collecting duct, the most posterior of the vasa efferentia,
however, being an exception, since it never reaches the above-
mentioned duct but ends blindly in the peritoneum.
The collector passes forwards and gradually sinks in between
the numerous coils of the sperm-duct of this region, but then
bifurcates, and the two ducts formed proceed some short distance
before finally fusing to establish the Leydig’s duct or sperm-duct
by an increase in diameter, but in the nature of the lning
epithelium and contents identical with the collecting duct.
The sperm-duct does not pass directly backwards but forms a
conspicuous much coiled structure which more posteriorly becomes
less intricate, so that its winding course may be followed. After
this, the diameter of the duct greatly increases and gives rise to a
long straight sperm-vesicle, which becomes constricted about one-
third of the distance from its posterior end, but enlarges again
and ultimately opens near the opening of its fellow on the other
side into a much narrower median urogenital sinus (text-fig. 41,
Ur .S.)-
Running along the inner border of each sperm-duct, and later
becoming dorsal to the sperm-vesicles, are two white glands
showing distinct traces of metamerism, complete anteriorly but
not sc marked at their posterior ends: these are the glands
of Leydig, almost ribbon-like in front, but less flattened dorso-
ventrally, and much wider behind. They extend from the level
of the middle of the testes to the constricted regions of the
sperm-vesicles.
From each segment of Leydig’s gland in front, there passes off
1910.) ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMAIRA MONSTROSA. 515
Text-fig. 41.
Urogenital organs of adult male Chimera monstrosa.
Dissection from right side.
J-VI Regions in which sections shown in text-figs. 43-48 are taken respectively.
ab.p., right abdominal pore; az., anus; c.é., peritoneum; m.d., Mullerian duct;
m.d.o., blind ending of m.d.; m.s., Leydig’s gland, right side; m.s.’, collecting
ducts ef Leydig’s gland opening into Leydig’s duct; m.’s.’, Leydig’s gland on
left side; m.t., kidney; m.¢.’, ureters; m.¢.’o., their opening into urogenital
sinus ; éf., flap of lymphoid tissue in centre of dorsal surface of testis ; w.0p.,
urogenital aperture; 27.s., urogenital sinus; 7, rectum; v.s., right seminal
vesicle; v.’s.’, left seminal vesicle.
33%
516 MR. T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL | Mar. 1,
a duct which opens into the sperm-duct or sperm-vesicle, seven
into the former and fifteen into the latter, the posterior ducts
delaying their entrance into the sperm-vesicle and so haying an
oblique course between it and Leydig’s gland.
Structure of Sperm-Vesicles.
These organs are white and thin-walled in fresh specimens, but
the region for about an inch anterior to the constriction is pale
Text-fig. 42.
%
Right vesicula seminalis of adult male Chimera opened from the ventral side.
‘a. White thin-walled region with horizontal partitions.
b. Pale green region traversed by a honeycomb network of partitions.
c. Posterior white thick-walled region.
sp.d.,’ lower end of left vesicula seminalis ; sp.d’.o., opening of sp.d.’ into w7.s. ;
ur.0., opening into w.s. of the ureters from the left side; w.s., urogenital
sinus cut open.
1910.] ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMERA MONSTROSA. 517
ereenish, due to its structure and contents. On dissection, the
cavity is seen to be partly divided up along the whole length of
the vesicula seminalis by thin connective tissue partitions, which
are regularly arranged and resemble the septa of an Karthworm,
in the anterior region. In the dorsal middle line, however, there
is a channel along which the products of the sperm-duct may
pass (text-fig. 42, a).
In the green region the partitions gradually lose their orderly
arrangement; they appear further apart and then present a
regular honeyeomb on the inner face of the wall of the sperm-
vesicle. Whereas, too, the contents of the anterior white region
consist of closely packed spermatozoa along with some secretion
from Leydig’s gland, the contents in the green region consist to a
large extent of the above secretion with spermatozoa scattered in it
(text-fig. 42, 5).
The posterior one-third of the seminal vesicle, beyond the
constriction, is thick-walled, and the partitions become again
repeated regularly, with a series of new partitions running at right
angles and in the direction of the length—the contents of the
compartments thus formed comprising free spermatozoa mixed
with the secretion of Leydig’s gland. The sperm-duct, not
noticeable in the green region, now appears as a number of fine
inter-communicating ducts, into which the last six ducts from
the gland of Leydig empty (text-fig. 42, ¢).
Histology of Sperm-Ducts and Glands of Leydig.
Sections through the above glands show them to be of uniform
structure throughout, viz., long coiled tubules of greater diameter
than the urinary tubules, the lining epithelium being columnar
and non-urinary, with much secretion containing nucleated
material in the lumen. These tubules are continuous with the
wider collecting tubes which pass across from the gland to the
sperm-duct or seminal vesicle, and which also contain the same
secretion as the tubules of Leydig’s gland.
No glomeruli are found in the gland. This fact I was able to
confirm by mounting thin pieces of the gland stained with
hematoxylin and cleared in oil of cloves. This, no doubt, partly
accounts for the white appearance of the glands of Leydig as
compared with the brown kidney behind.
The nature of the contents of the sperm-ducts and sperm-
vesicles was ascertained by transverse sections taken through
these structures in the regions marked I-VI in text-fig. 41, and
illustrated by text-figs. 43-48.
Text-fig. 43 is a somewhat diagrammatic representation of a
section through region I of text-fig. 41. The sperm-duct is
much coiled and its cavity is filled with spermatozoa, mostly
free, although there is a tendency towards aggregation in some
of the coils.
In region II] Leydig’s gland is larger and the sperm-duct no
518 MR. T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL [ Mar. 1,
longer coiled. The latter contains free spermatozoa which fill
the entire lumen and yet are not massed together into bundles
(spermatophores) (text-fig. 44).
Text-fig. 43,
Transverse section of Leydig’s gland and duct in region I of text-fig. 41.
m.s., coils of Leydig’s gland cut across; m.s.’, duct connecting Leydig’s gland with
sperm-duct; sp.d., coils of sperm-duct, filled with spermatozoa, cut across.
Text-fig. 44.
Transverse section of Leydig’s gland and duct in region II of text-fig. 41.
(Lettering as in text-fig. 43.)
In region III of text-fig. 41 or region a of text-fig. 42 the
horizontal partitions (par. in text-fig. 45) are cut rather obliquely,
and the spaces between are occupied by spermatozoa aggregated
apparently into spermatophores, with a sparse admixture of the
secretion from Leydig’s gland. In the passage (sp.) along the
dorsal middle line of the cavity, the spermatozoa are free and in
the condition found in the sperm-duct.
A section across the sperm-vesicle in region IV of text-fig. 41
or region 6 of text-fig. 42 presents the structure indicated in text-
fig. 46 (p. 520). The spaces in the honeycomb of partitions contain
widely separated spermatozoa floating freely in a fluid which is
derived from Leydig’s gland, and is pale green in fresh specimens.
Tn the dorsal region is the structure av.—a continuation of the
passage sp. above—containing small channels with one or other
19102) ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMEZRA MONSTROSA. 519
of which the cavities marked Jw. in text- fig. 46 are connected.
On the right side of the figure the last five ducts from the gland
of Leydig are cut across (m.s.’).
Text fig. 45.
bv.
Transverse section of sperm-vesicle in region III of text-fig. 41.
., blood-vessel ; ¢.m., circular layer of muscle fibres; par, partitions projecting
” from sperm- -vesicle wall; ; sp., region where spermatozoa are free; sp.’, region
where spermatozoa are collected into bundles.
In the next figure (text-fig. 47) a section in region V of text-
fig. 41 or ¢ of text-lig. 42 is shown with the structure aa. again
present, with the wall of the vesicle much increased in thickness
due to the presence of unstriped muscle-fibres and connective
tissue, and with the collecting ducts m.s.' from Leydig’s gland seen
approximating to the structure aw. into which they ultimately
open. In the vesicle wall now appear numerous diverticula sp."
containing loose free spermatozoa and nucleated material secreted
by the gland of Leydig. Lastly, in the posterior region of the
sperm-vesicle (marked VI in text-fig. 41) the structure aa. is
absent, due to the dilatation of its channels, their fusion with one
another, and the formation of a cavity into which the diverticula
of the sperm-vesicle wall open (text-fig. 48). The diverticula
contain peripherally (between the thick partitions) spermatozoa
mixed with nucleated matter, whereas the central cavity contains
free and widely separated spermatozoa floating in albuminous
material in great abundance.
520 MR. T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL [ Mar. 1,
Text-fig. 46.
Transverse section of sperm-vesicle in region IV of text-fig. 41.
ax., main channel of the sperm-duet much divided up; c.m., circular layer of
muscle-fibres ; w., cavities between the partitions, containing widely separated
spermatozoa in a pale green fluid; m.s.’, the last five ducts passing from
Leydig’s gland to sperm-vesicle ; par., partitions projecting from the vesicle-
wall in this region.
Text-fig. 47.
Transverse section of sperm-vesicle in region V of text-fig. 41.
ax., main channel of the sperm-duct much divided up; 6.v., blood-vessel ; c.¢., con-
nective tissue; m.s.’, ducts passing from Leydig’s gland to sperm-vesicle;
sp.’’, diverticula filled with free spermatozoa mixed with a large amount of the
secretion from Leydig’s gland.
1910.] ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMERA MONSTROSA. 521
Briefly, then, it may be stated that the function of the anterior
part of the sperm-vesicle is that of storing up the vast number of
spermatozoa produced in the testis, and it is in this region that
there are temporarily spermatophores. In the middle region
(pale green), the spermatozoa are thoroughly mixed with “the
secretion of Leydig’s gland, while the posterior part of the vesicle
serves as a receptacle where the free spermatozoa are collected,
and most probably also nourished, by the above secretion.
Text-fig, 48,
C.M. ar
Transverse section of sperm-vesicle in region VI of text-fig. 42.
h.v., blood-vessel ; ¢.m., circular layer of muscle-fibres and connective tissue; par.,
partitions giving rise to diverticula in the vesicle-wall; per., peritoneum ;
sp.’, region containing numerous free spermatozoa, sp.’’, diverticula where
spermatozoa, are found “mixed with a large amount of secretion from Leydig’s
gland ; sp.’”, region where the spermatozoa are very widely separated and
mixed with albuminous material.
Sperm-sacs.—No trace of these structures is fownd, and this is
to be expected if the sperm-sacs are formed from the lower ends
of the Miillerian ducts (see Borcea, 13), for the Millertan ducts
of the male Chimera persist, although in an undeveloped
condition (see below).
Urinary Organs.
The glands of Leydig pass posteriorly into the true kidney,
which consists of right and left halves, partly separated by con-
nective tissue in front, but completely fused behind into a median
brownish-red structure situated dorsal to the ends of the seminal
vesicles. The kidney ends posteriorly in a conical portion, which
extends beyond the caudal lmit of the abdominal cavity. It is
drained by six pairs of ureters which open together into the uro-
522 MR. T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL [Mar. 1,
genital sinus by two apertures situated behind those of the
sperm-ducts (text fig. 42, wr.o.).
Histology. —In section the kidney presents typical excretory
tubules (not so large as the tubules in Leydig’s gland), with
numerous well-developed glomeruli in the dorsal region. More-
over, the ureters do not contain nucleated material such as is
found in the ducts draining Leydig’s gland.
Urogemtal Sinus.
The median rather narrow urogenital sinus receives the sperm-
duct and urinary openings at its front end, and passes dorsal to
the rectum to end in a flask-shaped, somewhat laterally com-
pressed structure, into the ventral wall of which the ends of the
Mullerian ducts pass close together. The sinus opens on the apex
of a median papilla behind the anus, and between the bases of
the posterior claspers. Hence the cloaca, usually found in male
Elasmobranchs, is absent in Chimera.
Two abdominal pores situated on the latero-posterior margins
of the anus put the abdominal cavity in connection with the
exterior.
Mullerian Ducts.
Mere traces of the Millerian ducts are to be found persisting
in most adult male Elasmobranchs, but the male Chimera
possesses them in the most perfect condition.
They appear as narrow tubes running between testis and coiled
sperm-duct of each side, and further back, on the outer border of
the sperm-vesicle; they end blindly behind in the wall of the
urogenital sinus, but open into the ccelom anteriorly by slit-like
openings, quite an inch apart, situated on the posterior surface of
the wall dividing the pericardial cavity from the general body-
cavity. No evidence was given by either young or old male speci-
mens of a swelling on the “Miillerian duct (figured by Redeke), in
the region of the shell-gland of the female.
Youne MALE CaL“4zRA MONSTROSA.
The urogenital organs described below belonged to an animal
measuring :—
From snout to end of whip-hke tail...... 30 inches.
From snout to anal opening................ 8
99
Genital Organs.
The frontal clasper is indicated, but not yet free, on the head,
and no spikes are yet in evidence. The middle claspers, in pouches
in front of the pelvic fins, are supported by cartilage, but are with-
out visible spikes, and only partially developed. The posterior
claspers are alveady well-marked, and subdivided into two main
portions, but the surface is still smooth.
1910.] ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIM#RA MONSTROSA. 523
The biconvex oval testes are closely similar in position and
appearance to the gonads of the young female, but possess a
Text-fig. 49.
m.d.o.“
ur. Op. a
P- Cl, one:
Dissection of the urogenital organs of a young male Chimera, ventral view
(nat. size).
abd.p., left abdominal pore; az., anns; m.cl., left middle clasper; m.d., Miillerian
duct ; m.d.o., regicn where m.d. passes into wall of urogenital sinus ; m.s.,
paired portion of kidney; m.s.’, collecting ducts from m.s., opening into
Leydig’s duct ; m.é., fused unpaired portion of kidney ; p.cl. left posterior
clasper; pel., left pelvic fin; 7., rectum; sp.d., Leydig’s duct; ¢.s., left testis ;
ur.op., urogenital opening.
524 MR. T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL [ Mar. 1,
smooth surface. They are invested with peritoneum, which also
forms a ventral covering for the corresponding Miillerian duct,
sperm-duct and kidney lying adjacent. In transverse sections it
is possible to make out a number of efferent ducts passing into a
collecting duct, which gradually passes into the coiled sperm-duct,
and so the vasa efferentia and sperm-duct have the same relation
as in the adult. No kidney tubules intervene, and the lining of
the former (efferent ducts) imperceptibly passes into the lining
found in the latter.
The anterior coiled end of each sperm-duct is, even at this
period, much coiled and of greater size than the testes; at a level
a little behind the latter it is but little coiled and rather wider,
and then passes practically straight back along the outer border of
the kidney until this joins its fellow of the other side, at which
level it passes ventral to the now wide and deep kidney to fuse
with the other sperm-duct in the middle line. It should be
noticed that in its posterior region the sperm-duct is still of
uniform diameter, the later changes to produce the seminal
vesicle being not yet apparent; further, ducts pass off to the
sperm-duct at intervals along the whole length of the paired
portion of the kidney, with the possible exception of the first
one or two segments. Behind, the unpaired kidney is drained by
six ureters arising from either side, and opening separately,
though very close together, into the respective sperm-ducts just
before the latter fuse and open into the urogenital sinus.
Urinary Organs.
These consist of a posterior brownish unpaired portion re-
presenting the adult kidney, and two ribbon-like paired brownish
bands, extending forwards to a level immediately in front of the
testes, with regular segmentation, and short ducts passing into
the sperm-ducts as described above. With the exception of the
first one or two segments—which appear degenerate—the kidney
possesses numerous glomeruli, as may be ascertained by staining
and clearing in oil of cloves. Hach segment of the kidney—and
the segmentation, especially anteriorly, is very noticeable—
apparently consists of much coiled tubules with two or three or
even more glomeruli in the dorsal region. From the position and
relations of the paired portions of the kidney, it is evident
that later they loose their glomeruli and give rise to the glands of
Leydig of the mature male adult.
Urogenital Sinus.
There is no trace of sperm-sacs, but the chamber formed by
the fusion of the two sperm-ducts widens, and receives the two
Millerian ducts, which apparently pass in close together in the
ventral middle line about half-way along its length. The Miillerian
ducts are not in open connection, however, with the sinus, nor do
they ever become so.
DX
bo
nr
T3104 ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMMRA MONSTROSA.
Millerian Ducts.
At this stage the ducts of Miller surpass in diameter the sperm-
ducts, and appear as tubes running in the peritoneum along the
outer border of each half of the kidney, then between the testes
and coiled sperm-ducts to meet anterior ly in the middle line, and
open by a common aperture into the celom, Their lining 1s
thrown into folds in some regions.
Abdominal pores, situated “at the posterior margin of the anus,
are both present and open.
ApuuT FEMALE CHlL£RA MONSTROSA,
Tn the adult condition the female Chimera is somewhat larger
than the male in size and general proportions. In all external
characters (except in the absence of clasper s) the female resembles
the male, but differs from it in the possession of a longitudinal
shallow groove in the ventral middle line of the body, a little
distance behind the urogenital openings. This fleshy groove is
bordered by skin white in appearance; it is lined with elongated
glandular cells, extends for a distance of from 23 to 33 inches,
and is nearly + i inch deep. The urogenital organs—just as in the
male —extend the whole length of the abdominal cavity and
eonsist of two ovaries, two oviducts with shell-glands, kidney
(paired and unpaired regions) with ureters and urinary Teledidlex ;
and lastly, 2 median so-called ‘‘ receptaculum seminis.”
Genital Organs.
The two ovaries are situated one on each side of the dorsal
middle line of the abdominal cavity, suspended by the mesovarium,
and situated anterior to the front end of the kidney. Irregular
in outline and easily ruptured, they present a lobulated appearance
due to the Graafian follicles, some of which are very large
(text-fig. 50).
The oviducts are extremely prominent tubes differentiated into
regions, opening anteriorly on the posterior aspect of the peri-
eardial wall and in front of the liver by a single large median
ceelomie opening, by which the eggs liberated from the ovaries
gain access to the oviducts, For the first one-third or one
quarter of their length the oviducts are of comparatively small
diameter, but then rapidly imerease to form the shell-glands.
These almost spherical structures are external to and at the level
of the ovaries, and are lined by long glandular epithelial cells
which are elevated to form a circular ridge on the inner surface of
the wall; this ridge in a fresh specimen appears white against
the rest of the wall of the gland.
The succeeding quarter of the oviduct resembles the first quarter
in diameter, after which the oviduct gradually increases in width ;
526 MR. 'T. 1. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL [Mar. 1,
this posterior uterus-like one-third opening by a wide slit-like
aperture, along with that of the other side, into a depression
between the pelvic fins, and not into a urogenital sinus as is the
Text-fig. 50.
Urogenital organs of adult female Chimera. Ventral view (X 3).
The left pelvic fin has been almost entirely cut away.
ab.p.. left abdominal pore ; an., anus; dig.gl., digitiform gland; dig.gl.op., its
opening ; m.d., left oviduct ; md.op., lett oviduct opening ; m.d.o., cwlomic
opening of oviducts ; m.s., paired portion of kidney; m.s.’, longitudinal duct
receiving collecting ducts from m.s.; m.¢., unpaired portion of kidney ; m.¢.’,
special ureters from m.t.; ov., left ovary; 7., cut rectum ; sh.gl., shell-gland of
left ovary ; w7., opening of urmary bladder; 22.6/., urinary bladder.
1910.} ORGANS OF TILE FISH CHIMARA MONSTROSA. 527
ease in the immature female. Frequently the uterine portion
of one or other or both of the oviducts is found everted from
the genital opening.
The above oviducal slit-like openings are almost antero-posterior
in position, and between them a rather wide ridge-like elevation
is present with a single median urinary aperture near the
posterior end of the ridge.
Text-fig. 51.
Dissection from right side of the posterior region of the urogenital organs of a
temale adult Chimera.
ab.p., left abdominal pore; an., anus; dig.g/., digitiform gland; dig gl.op., its
opening; m.d.op., opening of left oviduct ; m.d.’, uterine portion of right
oviduct ; m.s., longitudinal duct receiving collecting ducts from the paired
portion of the kidney; m.é., unpaired portion of kidney ; m.é.’, special ureters
from m.t.; 7., cut rectum; w., opening of urinary bladder; wr.b/., urinary
bladder,
Urinary Organs.
These consist—as in the young male and female—of posterior
unpaired and anterior paired portions. The latter are strap-
shaped structures with indications of segmentation, especially
anteriorly, where they diminish im size, the front end being
situated about the level of the shell-glands and the posterior
margin of the ovaries. By careful dissection the peritoneum
covering the most anterior isolated segments may be removed,
and they are then seen to lie on each side of the dorsal aorta.
The paired portions of the urimary organ pass into a single
median unpaired part behind, which is wide, deep, and triangular
528 MR, T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL [Mar. 1,
in section, with but little signs of segmentation, and terminated
posteriorly by a conical portion, which projects caudalwards
some distance behind the abdominal cavity. The paired and
unpaired regions are of a uniform reddish-brown colour, and
have glomeruli present throughout.
Short collecting ducts pass from the lower outer borders of
the segments in front, and, at intervals, from the less segmented
parts of the urinary organ behind, into a longitudinal duct
running along the outer margin of the paired portions, this
duct extending in the peritoneum anteriorly beyond the level
of the kidney, and apparently becoming attenuated and ending
blindly.
The longitudinal duct of each side passes, along with six
ureters from each side of the unpaired urinary organ, to open
dorsally by a right and a left opening into a median large
urinary bladder. The region where these ducts open is about
one-third of an inch from the front blind end of the bladder ;
the latter becomes somewhat narrower and opens behind the
oviducal openings by a median aperture at the caudal end of the
ridge-like elevation described above. Hence there is no cloaca,
the only indication of such being the depression between the
bases of the pelvic fins, where genital and urinary organs and
intestine open.
It seems probable, having regard to the rudimentary nature
of the front end of the urinary organ in the adult female, and
the forward prolongation of the longitudinal collecting duct
beyond it, and further, the fact that the kidney extends beyond
the ovaries anteriorly in the immature female, that the front
end of the adult female kidney has undergone degeneration.
The rectum opens separately and about an inch in front of
the oviducal apertures; the anus has on its postero-lateral
margins the abdominal pore openings, which have the same
relations as in the male.
“ Receptaculum Senunis.”
In the ventral middle line and almost mid-way between the
anus and the urinary aperture is an opening, quite prominent
and just in front of the oviducal openings, which leads into a
digitiform, thick muscular-walled sac, about an inch in length
and called by writers from the time of Hyrtl “ receptaculum
seminis.” A further study of this structure shows that the
above name is misleading, and that a better term would be
“ digitiform gland.” On examination no spermatozoa were found
among its contents, but a fluid containing only globules and
a large brown chitinous rod occupied the greater portion of
its lumen. In all the adult females examined this rod was
present, but no spermatozoa. The lining of this sac consists
of long epithelial glandular cells.
1910.] ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIM4RA MONSTROSA. 529
Youneé FEMALE Cy7a7er 1.
The urogenital organs described below were taken from an
animal measuring :—
From snout to tip of whip-like tail ...... 27 inches.
JRAOTEA VIMO ORV Lacon bee aocsoocesocuoue Ore
There are no external sexual characters beyond the presence
of the ventral median groove behind the urinary opening, which
in this immature animal is about two inches long.
Genital Organs.
The ovaries are slightly biconvex oval structures similar in
size and position to the spermaries of the immature male, but
having an uneven surface already, due to the presence of ova
of varying size. They are intimately associated, by means of
the covering peritoneum, with the oviducts in the region of the
future shell-glands, but are on the outer sides of the oviducts,
and not median to them as is the ease in the adult.
The oviducts closely resemble the Miillerian ducts in the
immature male, being almost uniform in diameter, and having
acommon median coelomic opening in front, below the cesophagus.
There is but a slight swelling in the shell-gland region, but
further back the uterine swollen portion is already evident; the
enlarged lower ends of the oviducts open separately into a median
common urogenital sinus. Anteriorly the lining of the tubular
oviducts is glandular and raised into longitudinal folds.
Urinary Organs.
The kidney is of a uniform brown colour, segmented in front,
but less markedly so behind: it consists of right and left halves
which are fused together for a short distance posteriorly, in
which region the organ is triangular in cross section, whereas
further forward each half is strap-shaped. Glomeruli are present
in twos and threes or even more in each segment.
From the posterior outer border of each segment there passes
off a short duct which joins a longitudinal collecting duct, which
in turn arises at the front end of each half; these ducts open
close together into a median urinary bladder as in the adult,
Moreover, some five or six of these ducts, on each side of the
posterior region otf the kidney, delay their point of opening into
the main longitudinal ducts and only pass in just before the
latter reach the bladder: these become the special ureters in the
mature animal.
In the female the attenuation of the kidney anteriorly is not
so noticeable as in the young male, although sections show that
the extreme front of the immature female kidney has lost its
glomeruli and that its tubules are degenerating; and thus we find
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1910, No. XXXIV. | 34
530 MR. T. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL [Mar. 1,
the kidney in the adult female not extending relatively so far
forward in the abdominal cavity as it does in the young animal.
Text-fig. 52.
Cale
Urogenital organs of young female Chimera. Ventral view
ab.p., left abdominal pore; an., anus; m.d., left oviduct ; m.d.o., common celomie
opening of oviducts; m.s., paired portion of kidney ; m.¢., unpaired portion of
kidney; @s., gullet; ov., left ovary; pel., left pelvic fin; 7., cut rectum;
ur.gen. op., opening of urogenital sinus.
As in the young male and the adult female the entire kidney
of the young female (except perhaps the extreme front end) is
excretory.
1910.] ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMERA MONSTROSA. Dal
Text-fig. 53.
A. Urogenital organs of: young female Chimera dissected from right side. Some
parts of the left side have been removed.
B. Dissection of urogenital sinus of the above. The sinus has been opened, to
show the apertures in its wall, by a dorsal posterior median incision.
*, bristle passed through right abdominal pore; az., anus; dig.gl., digitiform
gland; dig.gl.op., opening of dig.g/. into urogenital sinus ; m.d., right oviduct ;
m.d.', uterine portion of left oviduct; m.'d.’, left oviduct; m.d.op., opening of
right oviduct into urogenital sinus; m.d.o., ceelomic opening of oviducts ;
m.s., paired portion of kidney on right side; m.s.’, longitudinal duct, receiving
collecting ducts from m.s.; m.‘s.’, paired portion of kidney on left side partly
removed ; m.¢., unpaired portion of kidney; m.¢.’, special ureters from m.t. ;
ov., right ovary; r., cut rectum; wr.bl., urinary bladder ; wr.bl.op., its opening
into urogenital sinus; w.gen.op., opening of urogenital sinus.
34*
532 MR. I. H. BURLEND ON THE UROGENITAL | Mar. ]
Receptaculun Seminis.
This is a diverticulum situated ventral te the oviducts and
between them and the rectum. Its lining is glandular and it
opens into the urogenital sinus by a median opening in front
of the ovidueal openings. The rod-like chitinous structure
present in all adult females is absent, and so has not yet been
secreted by its lining.
Urogenital Sinus.
This structure is well-marked in the young female: it receives
in front the opening of the ‘“receptaculum seminis,” then the
two oviducts open laterally further back, but a little in front of
the median smaller aperture of the urinary bladder. ‘The sinus
opens on a median papilla situated a short distance behind the
anus, and reminds one of the urogenital aperture of the male
in appearance and position.
In the further development of the female the urogenital sinus
opening gets larger and larger until the sinus is represented in
the adult “merel y bya depression with two deep pouches bordering
the ovidueal openings anteriorly.
The anus and abdominal pores do not differ from the condition
found in the adult.
A young female Callorhynchus I exainined by means of sections
(kidney lent to me by Prof. W. N. Parker) showed the same
general arrangement of the urogenital organs.
The ovaries are comparatively short and the kidney extends
further forwards. The oviducts have a single median opening
into the ceelom, a uniform diameter throughout, with no swollen
uterine portion at this stage, and open separately immediately
dorsal to the anus into a distinct cloaca. There is no sign of a
‘“‘receptaculum seminis”’ or urogenital sinus. The abdominal
pores are imperforate as yet.
The kidney possesses glomeruli throughout: it is at this stage
of uniform section, mad the main ee on each side receives
about four small ducts from each half of the kidney in front ;
the remaining five to seven small ducts from each side are
posterior and enter the bladder along with the main ureter.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
The following points relating to the above description deserve
special notice :—
(1) The urinary organ of the young male differentiates in
the adult into anterior paired Leydig’s glands and_ posterior
unpaired kidney.
(2) The glands of Leydig do not function as a renal organ as is
shown by their histology and the contents of their ducts; further,
the condition of the spermatozoa at intervals in the long coiled
sperm-ducts (Leydig’s duets) renders it probable that the
1910. | ORGANS OF THE FISH CHIMHRA MONSTROSA. 533
function of the glands of Leydig is the secreting of a fluid for
giving nutrition to the spermatozoa.
(3) The sexual kidney or ‘“Geschlechtsniere” is represented
in the adult male only by the rete testes, efferent ducts, and
longitudinal collecting duct. Moreover, an epididymis, as usually
defined, is absent.
(4) The development of the glands of Leydig is accompanied
by changes in the sperm-ducts, and the formation of highly
complex sperm-vesicles.
(5) The anterior region of the urimary organ undergoes a
retrograde development, as is shown by a comparison of this
structure in the immature and adult females.
6) There is a distinct urogenital sinus in the young female,
which does not persist in the adult.
(7) The application of the term “ receptaculum seminis” to
the digitiform gland found ventral to the urinary bladder is
erroneous, and this structure must for the present be regarded
as a female accessory genital gland of obscure function.
LITERATURE.
1. Leypie.—Zur Anatomie und Histologie der Chimera men-
strosa. Miiller’s Archiv, 1851.
2. Hyrru.— Ueber weibliche Oviducte bei miinnlichen Chimeren,
und eine minnliche Vesicula seminalis bei Weibchen.
Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, 1853.
3. Semper, C.—Das Urogenitalsystem der Plagiostomen und
seine Bedeutung ftir das der wtbrigen Wirbelthiere.
Arbeiten aus dem zool.-zoot. Institut in Wurzburg, 1875.
4. Howes, G. B.—Reference to rudiment of vesicula seminalis
in female Chimera. linn. Soc. Journ., Zool. vol. xxiii.,
1890.
5. Mazza, F., and Perucia, A.—Sulla glandula digitiforme
nella Chimera monstrosa, Linn, Atti Soc. Lig. di Se.
Nat., vol. v. fase. u1., 1894.
. Mazza, F.—Atti Soc. Lig. di Sc. Nat., vol. vi., 1895.
. PaRKER and HAsweit.—Reference in Text-book of Zoology,
(London), vol. ii., pp. 173-183, to testes, spermatophores,
vestigial Mullerian ducts. 1898.
8. Repeke, H. C.—Onderzoekingen betreffende het Urogenitaal-
systeem der Selachiers en Holocephalen. Acad. Proefschr.
Amsterdam, 1898.
9. Repexe, H. C.—Kleine Beitraige zur Anatomie der Plagio-
stomen. Tijdschr. d. Nederl. Dierkund. Vereeniging,
1899.
10. Juncersen, H. F. G.—Reference to claspers, Anat. Anzeig.
vol. xiv., 1898.
11. Junecrrsen, H. F. G.—On the Appendices Genitales in the
Greenland Shark, Sommiosus mcrocephalus, and other
Selachians. Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 1899,
3 OD
534 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ Mar. 15,
12. Dean, Basnrorp.—Chimeroid Fishes and their Development.
Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1906.
13. Borcra, I.—Recherches sur le systéme urogénital des
Elasmobranches. Archives de Zool. expérimentale et
générale, Série iv., tome iv. 1906.
14. WIEDERSHEIM and Parker, W. N.—Comparative Anatomy
of Vertebrates, 3rd Ed. London, 1907.
15. Parker, W. N., and Burtenp, T. H.—On the efferent ducts
of the Testis in Chimera monstrosa. Anat. Anzeig.
Band xxxiv., 1909.
16. Goopricu, E, 8S.—A Treatise on Zoology. Edited by Sir E.
Ray Lankester. Part LX. Vertebrata (Craniata). Refer-
ence to the urogenital organs of Chimera, pp. 168-180.
London, 1909.
17. WiepersHrim, R.—Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere.
7 Aufl., Jena (Gustav Fischer), 1909.
March 15, 1910.
EK. T. Newron, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions
to the Society's Menagerie during the month of February
1910 :—
The number of registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie
during the month of February last was 80. Of these 28 were
acquired by presentation, 16 by purchase, 7 were received on
deposit, 17 in exchange, and 12 were born in the Gardens.
The number of departures during the same period, by deaths
and removals, was 165.
Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :—
One Mandri!l (Papio maimon), from West Africa, presented
by Dr. A. 8. Griffith on Feb. 24th.
Two Bennett's Gazelles (Gazella bennetti), from the Isle of
Hormuz, Persian Gulf, and one Punjaub Wild Sheep (Ovis vignet),
from Banda Abbas, Persia, presented by B. T. Ffinch, Esq., F.Z.S.,
and F, W. Townsend, Esq., on Feb. 22nd.
Two Painted Finches (Zmblema picta), from N.W. Australia,
new to the Collection, received in exchange on Feb. 25th.
Two Black-hooded Parrakeets (Psephotus cucullatus), from
N.W. Australia, new to the Collection, received in exchange on
Feb. 28th.
One White-quilled Rock-Dove (Petraphassa albipennis), from
Australia, new to the Collection, deposited on Feb, 24th.
1910.] ON POST-MORTEM PHENOMENA IN A LEMUR. 539
Post-morten. Phenomena in a Lemur.
The Secretary read the following account, by E. W. Shann,
B.Sc., of the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, of some
post-mortem phenomena ebserved in a Lemur.
Harly in the morning of February 23rd, 1910, a speciinen of
Lemuw fulous rufifrons was found apparently dead in its cage in
the Zoological Gardens at Giza, Egypt. The specimen had been
kept in the Gardens for upwards of nine years. At 9 A.M. the
animal was examined by Mr. M. J. Nicoll, Assistant Director. It
was lying limp on the sand,.for the limbs had not stiffened. At
irregular intervals the mouth opened slightly, and an almost
imperceptible motion passed through the thoracic region,
Mr. Nicoll says that lemurs and some monkeys not infrequently
undergo a more or less protracted moribund condition before death
actually occurs. This is particularly the case with old specimens,
and no case is known in which the animal has recovered from
this condition.
At 11 a.m. Capt. $. 5. Flower, Director, gave the lemur to the
present writer for the purpose of dissection. By this time there
was no movement of the jaws, but the limbs were still limp.
After a few minutes the gasping recommenced. This may have
been due to the warmth of the hand. Dissection was postponed, .
and Mr. Nicoll tried the effects of artificial respiration. The
gasping became more frequent, and at fairly regular intervals of
40-50 seconds. No heart action could be detected. The spas-
modic movements again died away. The eyes had a glazed
appearance, but as the animal had been blind for a considerable
peviod, this was no clue to its condition.
At 2 p.m. the eyelids were found to be closed, and there was no
mevement of the jaws. Dissection was commenced. It was
observed that the blood flowed slowly from a slit in the jugular
vein; that is to say, the blood was not congealed. The limbs
were still limp. On opening the costal region a muscular con-
traction of the heart was noticed. After touching the heart with
the handle of a scalpel further contractions took place, and
continued for more than a minute. At4 p.m. this heart action was
observed by Capt. Flower. The dissected lemur was then left,
covered with a damp cloth, till 6.30 p.m. when it was again
examined by Capt. Flower, Mr. Nicoll, and the writer. The
muscular contractions of the heart were very evident, though the
limbs were rigid by this time. Further observations were made
at 9 p.m., 10.15 p.m., 11.15 p.m., and 1 4.m., the following day.
The contractions could be easily induced, but later the response
became feebler. At 8.30 A.m—a whole day after the apparent
death of the animal—a slight muscular action could still be
induced in the auricles, but no longer in the ventricles. By 2 p.m.
all motion had ceased. No means were at hand for testing the
effect of electricity upon the organ in question.
That this is a case of reflex action seems to be the probable
536 ON A NEW POTTO FROM BRITISH EASY AFRICA. | Mar. 15,
conclusion ; for, at least in the later phases, the animal was dead,
in the generally accepted sense of the word.
A new Potto from British Kast Africa.*
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S., exhibited the skin of a
Potto which had been obtained in British East Africa, the first
specimen from elsewhere than on the West Coast of Africa
received by the National Museum.
The species was quite distinct from the western forms, and was
proposed to be called—
PERODICTICUS IBEANUS Thos.7
Abstract P. Z. 5S. 1910, p. 17 (March 22nd).
A long-haired Potto, blackish anteriorly, grey posteriorly.
Size about as in the Gaboon P. batesi deWint. Fur soft and
thick, the wool-hair on the back nearly 20 mm. in length, and
the straight hairs 25-26 mm. General colour grizzled ashy, but
the shoulders and fore-back blackish, the contrast between the
two colours very marked. Head brownish clay-colour, the
extreme tips of the hairs blackish ; these dark tips broadening
posteriorly so as to make the nape and fore-quarters almost
black, with a hidden suffusion of dark clay-colour. The long
bristle hairs of the crown and nape black. Rest of the body,
behind the withers, grizzled ashy, the longer hairs dark with
greyish-white tips, the woolly underfur dark slaty basally, then
broadly clay-coloured, and with dark tips. Under-surface greyish,
not sharply defined, the hairs slaty basally, dull greyish white
terminally (grey no. 8). Arms and legs grizzled ashy like the
body; hands and feet buffy brownish, Tail comparatively long,
cylindrical, ashy grey.
Skull about as large as in P. batesi, but the teeth small as in
P. potto. Nasals very short.
Canines rather slender. Anterior premolar long, pointed, two-
thirds the height of the canine. Other cheek teeth all very
small; second molar smaller than the first. Anterior lower
premolar longer than posterior.
Dimensions of the type, measured in flesh :—
Head and body 339 mm.; tail 68; hind-foot 76; ear 25.
Skull—upper length 64 mm.; basal length 55; greatest breadth
46; nasals 14:2 x 5:3 ; interorbital space 9°3 ; length of cheek-tooth
series 16:5; of molars only 8-5; breadth of m‘ 3:8, of m® 3:2.
Hab. Kakamega Forest, near Mount Elgon, British East
Afriea, alt. 6000’.
* Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.
+ [The complete account of the new species appears here, but the name and
a preliminary diagnosis were published in the ‘Abstract,’ No. 81. 1910—EKniyor. |
SHU ON PARRAKEETS OF THE GENUS PSEPHOTUS. 537
Type. Young adult male. B.M. No. 10.3.18.1. Original
number 515. Killed 4th Jan., 1910. Presented by Messrs.
Maturin and Brett through Mr. R. Kemp.
This fine species of Potto was no doubt that from Uganda
mentioned by Sir Harry Johnston *, and, with the exception of
that mention, represented a considerable extension of the known
range of Perodicticus, the genus having been otherwise recorded
only from the West Coast.
_ P. ibeanus was at once distinguishable from all others by the
hoary colour of its back, which contrasted markedly with its
blackish shoulders, the difference being due to the long hairs of
the former being broadly tipped with ashy, a character not found
in any other Potto. Its coat also was of an unusually soft rich
nature, in agreement with the considerable elevation of its
habitat.
The specimen had been given by Messrs. Maturin and Brett to
Mr. R. Kemp, who was collecting for the National Museum on
behalf of Mr. C. D. Rudd.
Mr. D. Seth-Smith, F.Z.S., M.B.0O.U., Curator of Birds,
communicated the following account of some living examples, in
the Society’s Gardens, of the Black-hooded Parrakeet (Psephotus
cucullatus North) :—
The Society has recently acquired by exchange a pair of Parra-
keets of the genus Psephotus, which were originally obtained from
Mr. A. E. Jamrach, who informs me that in all ten pairs arrived in
Europe some few months since. These birds were at first believed
to be Golden-shouldered Parrakeets (Psephotus chrysopterygius),
and a pair was shown at a recent bird-show at the Crystal Palace
under this name. In examining the pair, however, I noticed
that the male bird lacked the yellow frontal band characteristic of
that species, and that the black marking on the head extended to
the base of the bill, over the lores and completely surrounded the
eye; and moreover, the yellow patch on the wings appeared to
be more extensive than in P. chrysopterygius. 1 thought at first
that these birds were referable to a species described in the
P. Z. 8. of 1898 by Professor Collett as Psephotus dissimilis, but
on looking up the description of these I found that the crown is
chestnut according to Collett and dark brown according to Harterty.
T have since discovered a reference to this black-crowned form in
the ‘ Victorian Naturalist’ for 1909, where Mr. North publishes a
note, dated Feb. 6, 1909, on these birds, probably the very lot
of which the Society’s pair formed part.
They were captured by Mr. Fritz Kruger in the Northern
Territory of South Australia, 200 miles south-east of Port
Darwin, which is the locality P. dissimilis is said to mhabit.
* © Uoanda,’ vol. 1. p. 364, 1902.
+ Noy. Zool. vol. xii. p. 214 (1905).
938 ON PARRAKEETS OF THE GENUS PSEPHOTUS. [ Mar. 15,
Mr. North examined them on their arrival in Sydney, and at
first believed them to belong to that species, but subsequently
noticed the characters to which I have referred. He was able to
examine no less than sixteen specimens, five of which were adult
males entirely lacking all trace of the brown frontal band that
characterises P. dissimilis.
He writes, ““ What I regard as the chief point of difference is
that not only are the lores, forehead and crown of the head of the
adult male black, but that this colour extends down the anterior
portion of the cheeks to the base of the lower mandible.
Viewed in front, the bird appears to wear a black mask or cowl.
Should it prove to be distinct I propose to distinguish it under
the name of Psephotus cucullatus, and vernacularly as the Black-
hooded Parrakeet.”
Head of Psephotus cucullatus North.
In the Society’s pair of birds the male is rather rough in
plumage at present, but shows quite distinctly the characters above
described, and I think there is no doubt that Mr. North is right
in ascribing this to a new species.
The female of P. cucullatus lacks any trace of the yellowish
frontal band which is present in the female of P. chrysopterygius ;
but it agrees fairly well with Professor Collett’s description of
P. dissimilis.
The recent consignment of these Parrakeets does not appear to
be the first arrival of P. cucullatws in Europe, for Mr. Blaauw
informs me that he has some specimens in his aviary at Hil-
versum, Holland, which he received Jast summer. Moreover, a
pair of birds received alive by Mrs. Johnstone, of Burrswood,
Groombridge, so long ago as 1902 or 1903, of which the skin of
1910. ] ' ON BREEDING OF PINE SNAKES. 539
the female is in my possession, and that of the male in the pos-
session of Mr. Fasey, of Snaresbrook, Essex, undoubtedly belong
to the race recently described by Mr. North.
The Secretary read the following letter which had been sent
him by Mr. George Jennison, of the Zoological Gardens, Belle
Vue, Manchester :—
“We attribute our success in breeding Pine Snakes solely to
the provision of a suitable habitat.
“The adults were turned into our large snake cage in the
beginning of June, and evinced such a desire to enter the
conservatory, which for purposes of atmosphere forms part of
the cage, that we gratified them by making a small hole through
which they could pass.
“Some of the boas show a similar preference for the conser-
vatory, but to nothing like the same extent as the Pine Snakes.
““They revelled in the rank vegetation. and speedily disappeared
below ground in burrows probably of their own construction.
There among the soil, which has a temperature of 90° or so, they
perfected their family arrangements.
‘“‘ Their success came to us somewhat as a dramatic surprise.
“On October 18th, a Pine Snake 13 inches long was discovered
on the floor of the greenhouse which adjoins the snake cage.
“Tt had passed between the slates that form the bed of the
conservatory down among the heating pipes where the temperature
would be 100° or more, and thence through a well-worn opening
about the size of a mouse hole to the place where it was found.
“Seven or eight snakes were collected during the next few
days, several being among the heating pipes. All were very lively
and in excellent condition. They were similar in colour and
pattern to the parents.
“‘ Four we put in a cage apart, and the keeper Craythorne says
he saw them on several occasions take worms, but they were
obviously not doing as well as those left to their own resources,
so we returned them to the old home where they immediately
disappeared under the soil. Burrowing to such an extent, they
are rarely seen, but a specimen captured in good condition on
March 7th measured 164 inches, a growth of 34 inches in about
four months.
“« We have no knowledge of the number of the brood nor one
may say of their distribution, as they have been found in good
order in our temperate greenhouse twenty yards from their birth-
place.”
Mr. Charles Sillem exhibited some living specimens of the
Crustacean Chirocephalus diaphanus recently caught in a flooded
ditch on Eton Wick Common.
540 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL | Mar. 15,
The following papers were read :—
1. A Contribution to the Skeletal Anatomy of the Frilled
Shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus Gar. By T. Goopry,
M.Sc. (Birm.), Research Scholar, University of
Birmingham *.
[| Received February 14, 1910. |
(Plates XLII-XLVL+)
ConTENTS.
I. Introduction.
II. Measurements.
III. The Skull, Visceral and Branchial Arches.
a. Cranium.
6. Labial Cartilages.
c. First and second Visceral Arches, Ligaments and Muscles.
d. Branchial Arches.
e. Branchial Rays.
Ff. The Spiracle.
g. Features of specialization and comparison with Notidanide.
IV. The Membranous Labyrith.
V. The Vertebral Column.
h. Description of regions 1, 2, 3, & 4.
i. Summary of special features and comparison with Notidanide.
VI. The Pectoral Girdle and Fin.
VII. The Pelvic Girdle and Fin in the female.
VIII. The Mixipterygia (Copulatory Appendages).
yj. Measurements.
k. Externals.
1. Musculature.
m. Skeleton.
IX. The Median Fins.
X. Summary.
XI. Literature.
XII. Explanation of Plates and Reference Letters.
I. Inrropucrion.
The present paper is the outcome of a piece of research, carried
out in the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Birmingham,
on the skeletal anatomy of the primitive Selachian Chlamydo-
selachus anguineus.
The work was suggested by the late Prof. Bridge, and a large
part of it, that dealing with the skull and vertebral column, was
carried out under his supervision. I should like here to say how
much I appreciate the opportunity of using such valuable material,
and to express my gratitude for the helpful criticism which my
late teacher was always willing to give. The material included
one perfectly complete male specimen, the greater part of a large
female specimen, and the remains of another male, which was
principally in the form of parts set up as museum specimens.
* Communicated by Dr. P. CHAtMERS MitrcnEtt, M.A., F.R.S.
+ For explanation of the Plates see page 570.
IF 235 WMO. 2, SLM
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fe
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CHLAMYDOSHLACHUS
E..Wilson, Cambridge.
ANGUINEUS Gar
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T. Goodey, del. E Wilson, Cambridge.
C. ANGUINHUS Gar.
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49) SSIOMGUNIUOEOINDY E10)
ebpraquey ‘uostyy of “Pp Mepooy JT,
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Je) SNANINONV O
-abpraquien ‘uostiy | “Tep‘A2poon ‘],
1910.] “ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 5AT
There are several reasons why a detailed knowledge of this fish
is especially desirable. In the first place, Chlamydoselachus
anguineus is admittedly a primitive member of the Selachian
group of fishes, and by virtue of its position, it demands a more
considerable knowledge of its structure and anatomy than would
be the case were it a member of one of the higher and more
specialized groups of Selachians. F urthermore, the original
account of the fish given by Garman (10) is in many parts very
limited and indefinite, whilst the figures are rather indistinet and
in a few cases inaccurate. Little works has been carried out on
the anatomy of the skeleton since the publication of this paper.
Giinther (14) has dealt with the skeleton of the mixipterygia and
with the abdominal viscera. Braus (2 & 3) has dealt with the
pelvic plexus in the earlier of the two papers, and in the second
one has given a short comparative account of the pectoral girdle
and fin and of the mixipterygia. Fiirbringer (6) has described the
labial cartilages and the vestigial seventh branchial arch, which
were nob discovered by Garman.
In addition to these, there is a paper by Ayres (1) on the com-
parative anatomy of the arterial system, and two papers by
Hawkes (16 & 17), the first on the cranial and spinal nerves,
and the second on the abdominal viscera and the vestigial seventh
branchial arch.
My best thanks are also due to Prof. Gamble for many helpful
suggestions during the progress of the work since the death of
Prof. Bridge.
Il. Measurements.
I give certain measurements which may be of service as indi-
cating the size of the specimens examined and also as perhaps
denoting in an indirect way their comparative age.
Total length, 52 ins. (Garman’s specimen 59°5 ins. Giinther’s
58 ins.).
SHOWS WO ehavedles Ort TaNelUNEM) Vea gedasadooesoaneoe sora 3°5 Ins.
Peeaconenduon alll covers) a7 open eee eee Clas, 3
Peevonencvot leftepectoral sini. ee eee ea enee Tl ara
PeEuOLbase,Ol pelvic cindle! 24. ssaeaeee ZO) ve
Jy | ARO AW OUEISTAS Salk Reta roe De ERTS Se. A es
ag AiO) OBIS pPREH OY ATOM MMMM RARE Actes eaconce Bile) g
Pee hoermG yor alas tin. (4.20 yes. sae eee BLS) te) | op
a, HO LORIE CG asPUL TTIW N Benge aAnocatcccoacbo: Sta
Torendicot) dorsal fini irene eee nee Bs) (hy
Cretect dejthwotveanidallstin ces pence eeneee eee BPO ge
Width across anal and dorsal fins............... 48 ,,
Vel CILhINACTOSS \CVCS)i(. 12.2.0. seers ae eee 2-8uien
Tail of large female specimen referred to in paper.
Length of tail from root of caudal fin to tip... 18 ins.
Greatest depth of caudal fin......................:. ay
542 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [ Mar. 15,
III. Tue Sxuti, ViscrraL ARCHES, ETC.
(Plates XLII., XLITI. figs. 1-6.)
My observations on two skulls agree in the more important
points with the description given by Garman (10) pp. 7-9. It
is not my intention in the present account to redescribe the
whole of the structure, but rather to amplify the original de-
scription in those points which appear to call for special emphasis,
and to make certain additions. JI propose to deal first. with the
eranium, then with the first and second visceral arches and their
ligaments, and finally with the branchial skeleton and certain
other points.
a. Cranium (fig. 1).
At the extreme anterior end of the cranium is the broad,
flat, and somewhat rounded rostrum (7.), which is notched at its
sides. Its shape gives to the nasal region a curious truncated
appearance. ‘The olfactory capsules (0.c.) are large, rounded, and
thin-walled. Their large apertures have the nasal cartilages (2.c.)
fitting into them. ach of these is ring-like and has a bar
across the middle of the aperture so as to give rise to the double
opening which each capsule presents in external appearance.
The anterior fontanelle (af) is very large and broad, extending
posteriorly to a point almost level with the preor ital process.
Immediately behind the olfactory capsule is a deep furrow which
communicates above with the foramen transmitting the ophthal-
micus branch of the seventh nerve, and in cihieh are found
branches of the latter nerve. Posterior to this furrow is a some-
what prominent ridge having a sharp edge orbitally, and gradually
running into the tapering backwardly directed preorbital process
below. On the anterior side of the orbit is a very smooth, hollow
surface, against which the eyeball rolls. On the cranial wall at
the anterior end of the orbit is developed a rather prominent
articular surface which receives the inner side of the ethmo-
palatine process of the palatoquadrate cartilage.
The supraorbital ridge is somewhat thin and prominent. In
the shallow groove along its dorsal surface are a number of
foramina which transmit branches of the ophthalmicus branch of
the seventh nerve supplying the supraorbital sensory canal.
Garman described the postorbital process ( P0.p. )as of irregular
shape and moderate breadth. In the specimen which I ‘have
examined it appears to be quite regular in outline. It is a back-
wardly curved, stoutish process, gradually tapering towards its
rounded end. On its upper surface are found a number of
foramina which also transmit branches of the seventh nerve to
the sensory canal-system.
From the median vertical longitudinal section of the cranium
(fig. 2), it is seen that the notochor ‘d is continued as a thin strand
of tissue in the basis cranii as far forward as the pituitary fossa.
ESL Os ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 543
The cartilage of the floor of the craniam in the region of its
junction with the vertebral column is thick and somewhat heavily
calcified. It here shows some indication of its probable vertebral
nature, by the slight resemblance which the calcification presents
to the inverted V-formation found in the centra of the vertebral
column.
The nerve foramina, as seen both from the inside and from the
outside of the skull, deserve some consideration. The foramen
for the first nerve (1.) is very large and lies just below the opening
of the anterior fontanelle. The optic nerve foramen (II.) is
moderately large and, seen from the inside, lies a short distance
posterior to the opening for the olfactory nerve. On the outside
it opens into a deep channel on the anterior dorsal side of the
smooth articular surface which receives the ethmo-palatine
process of the palatoquadrate. It is thus situated comparatively
far forward in the orbit.
The foramen for the third nerve (111.) lies at the end of a for-
wardly curved groove on the inside of the skull. Externally it is
placed close to the floor of the cranium just behind the posterior
ridge of the above mentioned articular surface.
The aperture for the fourth nerve (1y.) is small and lies well up
in the orbit, almost vertically above (im.). Behind foramen mt.
is the cartilaginous optic stalk (0.s.), against the expanded end of
which the back of the eyeball rests. Immediately posterior to the
origin of this stalk is a fairly large foramen which transmits the
interorbital blood-sinus. On the inside of the skull, it is divided
by means of a thin, outwardly directed cartilaginous bridge. The
interorbital sinus passes posterior to this, whilst the cavity
anterior to it forms the pituitary fossa. The foramen of the
internal carotid artery (2.¢,f.) is a small aperture lying in the floor
of the skull immediately anterior to the pituitary fossa.
Nerves five, six, and seven are transmitted by a very large
foramen (v. vi. & vit.) which is about twice as long as broad,
and has a thin, backwardly directed ridge on its anterior edge.
Following this is a double foramen (vi. & vir.) on the inside of the
skull, which transmits the hyoidean branch of the seventh nerve
and also nerve eight. The hyoidean part is the anterior smaller
portion, which is continued directly outwards and opens externally
just beneath the postorbital process. The foramen for nerve nine
is small and is somewhat ventrally placed a short distance posterior
to foramen vit. It is continued obliquely under the auditory
capsule and opens externally at the back of the cranium in a very
deep depression, overhung by the occipital ridges.
The tenth foramen is moderately large and on the’ inside is
situated in the median line. It opens externally at the back of
the skull just above the aperture for the ninth nerve. There are
four small foramina, somewhat ventrally placed, the first one lying
immediately below foramen x. These are the foramina of the
; aie see
spino-oceipital nerves, so-so’.
544 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL ear or
b. Labial Cartilages.
These were not found by Garman, buat Fiirbringer (6) has de-
scribed and figured them, and my observations agree swell with his.
On each side of the head there are three small, rod-like cartilages,
two dorsal and one ventral to the mouth. The ventral one is the
longest and meets the posterior dorsal one at the point of the
angle of the mouth where both are united by ligament. The
dorsal one of this pair is about two-thirds the length of the ventral
one and is somewhat inwardly directed. The anterior dorsal one
is distinct from those just described. It lies at the posterior end
of a hgament which stretches beneath the orbit from the outer
ridge of the preorbital process to a point beneath the postorbital
process. It is very thin and at its anterior end is also inwardly
directed.
ce. Mirst and Second Visceral Arches, Ligaments and Muscles.
The suspension of the jaws is hyostylic. At its proximal end
the hyomandibular aiticulates with a rather deep concavity on the
auditory capsule. As Garman has pointed out, this articulation
does not take place with the whole of the head of the hyoman-
dibular, the latter having an oblique disposition to the skull.
Thus, only the knob on the posterior side is in contact with the
skull, and between the projecting anterior knob and the concavity
there is a thick pad of capsular ligament. Garman has also given
an accurate description of the general shape and disposition of the °
hyomandibular. It is suspended in a backward and downward
direction at an angle of about forty degrees from the skull by a
strong ligament which has its origin on the ventro-lateral surface
of the auditory capsule. The ligament is attached to this region
for some considerable distance, and from here proceeds obliquely
backward. It lies internal and ventral to the hyomandibular, to
which it is attached on the inner side at about one-half the length
of the cartilage from the skull. It is post-spivacular in position
and corresponds with the inferior post-spiracular ligament found
in the Common Dogfish, Seylliwm canicula, as described by
Ridewood (27). ‘There is no pre-spivacular igament in Chlamy-
doselachus, aud I agree with Garman in not finding a spiracular
cartilage, though Fiirbringer (6) has described and figured as one
a minute piece of cartilage which shows hyaline structure in
microscopic sections. I have little to add to Garman’s account of
the upper and lower jaws; my observations confirm their shape
and disposition as recorded by hin.
The joint between these two cartilages js a very interesting
one, and was not dealt with in the original description. It is
visible only when the jaws are opened to their widest extent
(fig. 3). There are two articulations, each of the cup and ball
type, one on the outer and one on the inner side of the jot. On
the outer or posterior articulation the quadrate forms a broad,
rather flattened knob which fits into a slight concavity of the
1910. ] ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. DAD
posterior and outer end of the mandible. The inner or anterior
articulation is formed by a prominent rounded protuberance—
somewhat more than half the width of the one on the quadrate—
which projects upwards into a corresponding concavity or facet in
the quadrate.
This joint affords a resemblance with Heptanchus, the corre-
sponding joint in which has been worked out by Gadow (8). There
is the difference, however, that in Chlamydoselachus it is much
more pronounced and has not the space separating the two
articulations found in Heptanchus. Garman mentions a palatal
or trabecular process which occurs at a point an inch and
three-quarters behind the front end of the palatoquadrate, and
is received in a concave articular depression of the skull in the
orbit. He says that it is attached at its upper end by ligament
to the skull near the top of the orbital cavity. I have found the
process in question in both skulls that I have examined. It is
perhaps better to call it an ethmo-palatine process, this being
in accord with modern nomenclature. I cannot, however, agree
with Garman in what he says about its ligamentous attachment
to the skull. It is not attached by any definite band-like ligament
such as that figured by him on PI. viii. It is surmounted by a
pad of capsular ligament which appears to be in the nature of a
thickening of the general soft connective tissue surrounding the
whole process. A similar capsular ligament has already been
described as occurring between the obliquely placed head of the
hyomandibular and the articular concavity on the side of the
_ auditory capsule. Both are very different from the strong,
fibrous, band-like post-spiracular ligament which suspends the
jaws from the skull.
I have found the hyal process which occurs on the upper ridge
of the quadratic portion of the upper jaw, close to its posterior
end, overhung by a similar one on the hyomandibular. The
larger quadratic or otic process however, which, according to
Garman, occurs farther forward at the widest part of the palato-
quadrate, I have failed to discover.
The ceratohyals articulate by the anterior lobe of their lower
extremities with the ventral surface of the basihyal, on either side
of the median line. The latter cartilage is situated well forward
between the mandibles and is raised up slightly into the oral
cavity. As Garman has pointed out, it is elongate and tapers
from the broader posterior end to the rounded anterior end. In
the middle of the concave posterior border is a small, backwardly
directed prominence, which Fiirbringer (6) considers as the repre-
sentative of the copula or basibranchial of the first branchial
arch. The two lateral prominences, also at the posterior end, no
doubt represent the hypobranchials of the first branchial arch as
Garman suggested, and these together with the basibranchial
have lost their distinct nature by becoming fused into the general
mass of the basihyal.
On the ventral surface of the basihyal is found the somewhat
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1910, No. XXXV. 35
546 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [ Mar, 15,
oval excavation mentioned by Garman. In two cases out of three
which I have examined, this communicates with the dorsal
surface of the basihyal by means of a small round aperture at the
anterior end of the concayity. In the third case, the excavation
is not covered above by cartilage but was found to open directly
into a slightly smaller concavity on the dorsal surface of the
cartilage. The thyroid gland is situated in the hollow excavation
on the ventral side, and in one example examined, a very in-
teresting tubular structure, attached to the gland and communi-
cating with the oral cavity, has been discovered. This is dealt
with in a separate paper *.
A strong ensheathing fibrous ligament wraps the inner side of
the quadrato-mandibular joint. It is continued on to the outer
side of the joint and then proceeds backward to wrap the distal
end of the hyomandibular and the proximal end of the ceratohyal,
both of which are somewhat closely applied to the jaw joint (fig. 4).
It is by this ligament that the hyostylic suspension of the jaws is
is brought about. The ceratohyal is very closely applied in the
greater part of its length to the inner side of the mandible where
it fits into a sort of shallow groove. It is held firmly in its
position by means of two important ligaments, in addition to the
one just described which connects its proximal end with the
angle of the jaws. Of these two ligaments one is external and
the other internal in position. The former stretches between a
process on the outer ridge of the ventro-posterior side of the
mandible and a corresponding ridge on the outer edge of the
ceratohyal. It is about half an inch in width, and may be termed
the ligamentum hyoideo-mandibulare externwm. The inner one is
a broad, flat ligament (fig. 5) attached at its upper end to the
convex inner surface of the proximal end of the palatoquadrate
cartilage, and, stretching across the jaw joint andthe mandible,
is inserted along the ridge on the inner and upper side of the
ceratohyal. It may be termed the ligamentum quadrato-hyoideo
anternwm.
The disposition of the head muscles has been dealt with by
Furbringer (6), but the more important ridges and processes on
the skull and jaws, which serve for the attachment of these
muscles, are also worthy of some attention, seeing that they are
quite pronouncedly developed. It will perhaps be easier in
dealing with these to take the muscles separately and describe
their relations to the particular ridges of attachment.
Levator maxille is attached above to the thin ridge (s.e.s.) (é.
in Garman, Pl. vii. fig. A) which projects over the auditory
capsule, and to the posterior edge of the postorbital process.
It extends in front of the spiracle and is inserted on the inner
and upper edge of the prominent ridge (pq.r.) along the dorsal
side of the quadratic portion of the palatoquadrate. This in-
sertion extends as far backward as the hyal process.
* Goodey, T., “ Vestiges of the Thyroid in Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Seyllium
catulus and S. canicula.” Anatomischer Anzeiger, Bd. xxxvi. 1910.
1910. ] ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 547
Adductor mandibule is a thick massive muscle, filling up the
concavities on the outer sides of the palatoquadrate and the
mandible. It is divided by an aponeurosis, which is in the line
of the mouth angle, and is attached above to the lower edge
of the palatoquadrate ridge previously mentioned. Below, it is
similarly attached to a correspondingly sharp ridge (m.7.) on
the ventro-lateral border of the mandible.
Constrictor superficialis is a thin, extensive muscle lying behind
the hyomandibular. It extends round the jaw angle to the
ventral surface of the head, where it lies between the mandibles.
It is attached above to the posterior end of the supra-capsular
ridge (s.c.r.) and also to the outer surface of the hyomandibular,
On the lower side it is attached to the inner edge of the sharp
ridge (m.r.) which extends along the ventro-lateral border of the
mandible.
d. Branchial Arches (Plate XIII. fig. 6).
Basibranchials—The basibranchial of the first branchial arch
is, aS previously mentioned, probably represented by the median
prominence (ddr. 1) on the posterior border of the basihyal. The
second one (6b. 2) is situated considerably posterior to the first,
level, in fact, with the bases of the third ceratobranchials. It is
triangular in outline, attached anteriorly to the second pair of
hypobranchials (Abr. 2) and is free behind. The third (ddr. 3) is
also triangular in outline and is distinct. It is attached by
ligament anteriorly to the third pair of hypobranchials and is
firmly united behind by ligament to the fourth pair of hypo-
branchials.
The fourth basibranchial is indistinguishable from the corres-
ponding hypobranchials. Garman describes it as lying between
these. However, in the two cases that I have examined it is
certainly not present, and I am inclined to believe that it has
become fused with the large posterior basibranchial. The latter
no doubt represents the fourth, fifth, and sixth basibranchials
together with their corresponding hypobranchials all fused into
one piece. It ends posteriorly in an elongate, tapering median
process.
Hypobranchials.—The pair corresponding to the first arch are
represented by the lateral prominences (br. 1) on the posterior
border of the basihyal. The second pair (Abr. 2) are flat and
broad anteriorly, where they overlie the expanded part of the
lower ends of the first ceratobranchials. They are somewhat
thin there, and on the posterior edge are united by hgament to
their corresponding ceratobranchials. ‘Towards their posterior
extremities they gradually taper and they are united to the
second basibranchial. The third pair (Abr. 3) is essentially
similar in shape to the second pair, the articulations being with
the corresponding ceratobranchials and basibranchial. The fourth
pair (Abr. 4) is more rounded than the second and third, and each
hypobranchial has a bend in it so that the lateral part Stale out
30
548 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL | Mar. 15,
at right angles to the axial portion. The cartilages forming this
pair are fused in the median line, and are closely united by liga-
ment with the large posterior basibranchial. In another example
they are not fused with each other, but are closely and firmly
attached together by ligament (fig. 6). The fifth pair is repre-
sented by rather prominent lateral processes (Abr. 5) which le
close to the anterior end of the large basibranchial. The sixth
pair is also represented by lateral processes, not so pronounced,
however, as the fifth pair.
Ceratobranchials.—I have little to add here to Garman’s
description, except to say that all—excluding the sixth—have a
forward bend at their lower extremities, which brings these parts
parallel with the median horizontal axis. The first and second
pairs are curiously expanded also in this region, having an almos
bilobate appearance. The posterior part of the expansion is
rounded and underlies the expanded part of the following hypo-
branchials.
The sixth pair is very massive and on its anterior ventral
border each has a thin, almost wing-like portion, which Furbringer
considers as the representative of the branchial rays of this arch.
There is nothing of note in the epi- and pharyngo-branchials of
the first five arches. In the case of the sixth, however, it is
probable that only the epibranchial is present; the pharyngo-
branchial being perhaps incorporated with it. It has a peculiar
shape, quite different from the slender, tapering bar figured by
Garman. At its point of attachment to the distal end of the
ceratobranchial it has an irregular outline. It next narrows
somewhat, and then carries a small process on its inner concave
border. The outer edge is convex and the whole piece gradually
tapers to a rounded end, which is anteriorly and inwardly
directed.
Seventh vestigial arch.—This is not present in the specimen which
serves for the description of most of this paper, unless it be that
it is represented by a pair of rather sharp ridges on the ventral
side of the last basibranchial at the proximal ends of the sixth
ceratobranchials. In the case, however, of the large female
specimen it is present, and takes the form of a pair of small seg-
mental, tapering pieces (v.b.a. 7) lying on the ventral side of the
last basibranchial at the bases of the sixth ceratobranchials.
Each arch consists of two small pieces of cartilage united by
connective tissue fibres to the surrounding parts. The more
anterior portion in each is rather irregular in outline and on its
posterior border carries a second slender, tapering portion.
Fiirbringer (6), who was the first to describe this very interesting
vestige, merely speaks of it as a small piece of cartilage, and his
figure gives no adequate idea of its structure and disposition
relative to the surrounding parts.
As amatter of fact, it is very variable in structure; for that
described by Hawkes (17) was made up of four small pieces on
1910.] ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 549
one side and two on the other, lying close to the ceratobranchial
of the sixth arch on the posterior side near to the median
extremity.
e. Branchial Rays.
These are thin, tapering rods of cartilage lying embedded in
the interbranchial septa, a little closer to the inner surfaces of the
latter than to the outer. Proximally they are applied to the
posterior sides of the branchial arches, and distally they project
somewhat beyond the margins of the interbranchial septa, to
which they thus give a crenulate appearance.
One or two cases were observed in which two rays appeared to
be fused proximally, apparently having a common origin. In
another case two rays which had separate origins fused, and
became produced so as to form one ray.
The greatest number of rays occurs on the hyoid arch, and as
we proceed posteriorly the number gradually decreases for the six
branchial arches, though subject to some variation. The sixth
arch carries no distinct rod-like rays, but a thin laminate portion
(i.p.) is found on the anterior ventral edge of the ceratobranchial.
This, as previously mentioned, is regarded by Firbringer as the
representative of the branchial rays fused with the ceratobranchial.
Whether this is the case or not, appears to me to be an open
question. This lamina may be merely a thin extension of the
ceratobranchial. Again, there seems to be no particular reason
why the original branchial rays—if such were present—should
have fused into a common lamina and have become firmly
attached to the arch. As a rule, it appears, branchial rays are
not met with on the last arch in Selachians, and why this portion
should be looked upon as their representative in Chlamydoselachus
it is somewhat difficult to understand. The first series of numbers
in the following tables is from the complete male specimen; the
second is from the large female. Both right and left sides are
given.
Male. R. IL.
Py Oud bach Wander sone case eet 28 26
Kirst branchial arch a:s¢0) ss. soe: 18 17
Second ,, Shae, Wetuedine detansae 16 tii
Third , COTS 1 Oe RL 14 14
Fourth _,, Ble cae AD Ne eaten PS 14
Fifth ee pie cer Sn eee 10 9
Female
elev ordlranrel ees J ueaseck see roteeeew ee 25 27
First) branchial areh.o: 0.025.000... he 19
Second _,, Waeree at. Soren yaa 14 16
Third . Pinter eer SRE 15 i4
Fourth __,, sneer eGR c SANA 14 12
Fifth —,, ci Ghid atpe eA Mcir ah aes 9 10
550 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [ Mar. 15,
f. The Spiracte.
The external opening of the left spiracle is an obliquely placed
slit on the postero-dorso-lateral surface of the head, measuring
about one centimetre in length. The right one is about one-half
this length. On removing the skin and carefully dissecting away
the underlying spongy cutis which covers the jaw-muscles, it is
seen that the lumen of the spiracle passes down into the oral cavity
between the hyomandibular and the mandibular cartilages. Just
inside the external opening, the cavity becomes enlarged and a
short cecal diverticulum is given off anteriorly. This is overlaid
by the levator mawille muscle whose disposition has already been
described. The cecum extends as far forward as the anterior
knob of the proximal end of the hyomandibular, which projects
from the articular depression on the auditory capsule. It is not
attached to the hyomandibular, but is separated from it by the
hyoidean branch of the seventh nerve, which passes just internal
and ventral to it. In all probability it is homologous with the
more extensive ceca mentioned by Ridewood (27), which have
been described in other Selachians by Miiller and Van Bemmelen.
In Seyllium, for example, the cecum extends inwards over the
hyomandibular and becomes firmly attached to the wall of the
auditory capsule, being in some way concerned with the function
of hearing. A similar cecum is found in Heptanchus, so that
here we have another point in which Chlamydoselachus differs
from this member of the Notidanide. The pseudobranch in each
splracle consists of about ten short ridges, which lie on the
anterior outer wall just inside the external aperture. In the
Notidanide the pseudobranchs are said to be better developed
than in any of the Selachians, so that in this respect we find
Chlamydoselachus presenting a small difference from Heaanchus
and Heptanchus.
g. Keatures of Specialization and Comparison with Notidanide.
Perhaps the most important point in regard to the specialization
of the skull of Chlamydoselachus is to be seen in the extreme
Jength and mobility of the jaws. These are exceptionally long,
extending from the anterior, almost terminal mouth to a point
well behind the posterior limit of the cranium. This extension
is remarkable ; in fact, one quarter of the total length of the jaws
is found in this region, and it is this feature, connected with the
exceptional length of the hyomandibular, which gives the jaws
their great mobility. Indeed, their disposition relative to the
cranium is quite different from that found in any other Selachian
whose skull [ have been able to examine or to see a figure of. It
resembles nothing among the Vertebrates so much, perhaps, as.
the general disposition of the jaws in certain of the Ophidia. In
this respect also Chlamydoselachus presents a striking difference
from the two genera of the Notidanide. In both Hewxanchus and
Heptanchus the mouth is ventral and is situated far back. The
1910. ] ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. Dol
suspension of the jaws is amphistylic, and the palatoquadrate
cartilages have a postorbital articulation with the craninm.
Moreover, the extension of the jaws posterior to the cranium is
but very slight.
IV. Tue Mempranous Lasyrinte. (Plate XLII. figs. 7 & 8.)
The organ of the right side of the head has been worked out
by dissecting away the surrounding cartilage, and forms the basis
of the following account,
On removing the skin from the dorsal surface of the cranium
it is seen that the pavietal fossa is rather deep and possesses four
apertures, two on either side of the median longitudinal line.
One of these apertures, the anterior, is small, pat transmits the
ductus endolymphaticus. The posterior is larger and is closed
with soft subcutaneous tissue. It is an opening into the peri-
lymph cavity surrounding the posterior vertical canal, and seems
to correspond to the tympanic aperture which Howes (19)
described in Raia. Before proceeding further, 1 may mention
that in this account I am following the nomenclature used by
Stewart (30), which differs somewhat from that used by Retzaius
(26) in his great monograph.
The duties endol: ymphaticus, on emerging from its cranial
foramen, soon expands into the saccus endolymphaticus. ‘The
latter lies partly in the parietal fossa and is partly attached to
the under surface of the skin covering this region. It is fairly
regular in shape, somewhat rounded on its anterior surface, and
extends posteriorly in a slightly outward direction, gradually
becoming attenuated until it reaches its external aperture, which
is quite small, Internally the ductus endolymphaticus leads into
the sacculus. This is not rounded, but is laterally flattened, and
gives off at its postero-inferior end the lagena in the form of a
simple cecum.
The wtriculus in this species is like that in other Elasmo-
branchs, being divided into two portions, anterior and posterior’,
which do not communicate directly with each other, but in-
directly through the sacculus.
The anterior utricle is rather laterally compressed and gives
off the anterior canal dorsally. The latter curves forward and
slightly outward, and deseribes almost a semicircle in its course,
expanding at its lower end into the anterior ampulla, which then
opens by a wide portion into the lower end of the utricle again.
The recessus utriculi is a somewhat spherical structure on the
inferior and outer border of the anterior utricle. It communi-
cates with the latter by means of a slit-like aperture just below
that leading into the ampulla externus. Vhe anterior utricle
does not open directiy into the sacculus, but communicates in-
directly with it through the recessus utriculi, which opens into
the sacculus by means of a rounded aperture on the postero-
dorsal side of the recessus.
052 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL { Mar. 15,
Arising from the dorsal end of the anterior utricle, and pro-
ceeding in a posterior and outward direction, is the eaternal
canal, which bends downward and comes to lie in an almost
horizontal position. At its anterior end it is slightly elevated
and expands into the ampulla externus, which communicates with
the anterior utricle again by means of a short canal which rests
on the upper side of the recessus utriculi, but does not open
directly into it.
The posterior utricle, which is situated more internally than the
rest of the labyrinth, is somewhat cylindrical in shape and is
slightly curved upon itself. It communicates directly with the
sacculus by means of a short, almost vertical canal, the ductus
utriculo succularis posterior. Arising from its dorsal end is the
posterior canal, which curves outward and downward, and then
expands into the posterior ampulla, which opens into the lower
end of the utricle again.
All three canals, anterior and posterior vertical and external
horizontal, are not rounded in section, but are markedly flattened,
so that their height is equal to about twice their width. The
external canal in its almost horizontal position lies with its
compressed sides in the horizontal plane.
Nerve-Supply.
The sensory areas of the membranous labyrinth are supplied
by branches of the eighth cranial nerve.
After passing from the brain through its foramen, the nerve
breaks up into a number of ramuli which supply their particular
regions.
The ramulus ampulla anterior is a rather fine branch which
extends from the main nerve-trunk to the anterior ampulla, lying
chiefly on the outer side of the lower portion of the anterior
utricle.
Arising next from the main trunk are two ramuli, which
appear to have a common origin. These are the ramulus recessus
utriculi and the ramulus ampulla externus. Both curve under
the recessus utriculi and come to lie on its outer surface, the
ramulus ampulla externus proceeding upward on to the external
ampulla, where it supplies the two rounded criste. The main
portion of the nerve now goes on to form the ramuli sacculi. It
first gives rise to a flattened branch which extends upward and
follows the inner anterior border of the sacculus, thus forming
one ramulus sacculus. The rest of the nerve proceeds in an
almost horizontal direction and lies on the inner surface of the
sacculus, forming the main ramulus sacculus. This gives off fine
branches on its lower side which supply the macule of the
sacculus. Arising from its posterior end are three fine branches:
a lower one, the ramulus lagena, supplying the macule of the
lagena; a median one, the ramulus ampulla posterior, lying chiefly
on the inner surface of the posterior utricle and supplying the
:
1910.3 ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 553
J
posterior ampulla; and an upper one, the ramulus neglectus,
which curves upward toward the ductus utriculo saccularis
posterior.
In structure and in the distribution of the nerve-supply the
membranous labyrinth of Chlamydoselachus resembles rather
closely that of Votidanus (Hexanchus) griseus figured by
Stewart (30).
V. VERTEBRAL Cotumn. (Plates XLITI.—XLV. figs. 9-17.)
The notochord is persistent, and reaches from the pituitary
fossa in the basis cranii to the extreme tip of the long tapering
tail. There is an elastic supradorsal longitudinal hgament
which extends from the back of the cranium to a point just
posterior to the dorsal fin, where the dorsal supports of the caudal
fin commence. The number of vertebre, as determined by
neuromeres, is one hundred and twelve, and this number includes
the irregular region at the extreme tip of the tail—to be dealt
with in detail later. In determining this number, I have counted
the ventral root foramina of the spinal nerves carried by the
basidorsals, as these are larger than the dorsal root foramina. :
Moreover, the first foramen at the anterior end of the column is
a ventral one. The vertebral elements present, named according
to Gadow’s (9) nomenclature, are as follows :—
Dorsalia: basidorsals, interdorsals, and suprabasidorsals, the
last-mentioned being segmented off from the apices of the basi-
dorsals. The dorsal radial supports of the caudal fin I do not
consider as dorso-spinalia, because at their commencement an-
teriorly they are not always continuous with the neural arches,
and, moreover, there is as much evidence to show that in general
they originate independently of the vertebral column as there is
in favour of their being portions segmented off from the dorsalia
below them.
Ventralia: basiventrals, interventrals, ribs, and hemal arches,
and heemal spines in the caudal region.
I have been unable to find the calcifications which Garman
mentions as occurring in the mouths of the foramina for the spinal
nerves. No trace of them can be detected even after carefully
cleaning away the connective tissue which closely invests the
vertebral column. In fact, it would be somewhat surprising if
such calcifications were present, considering the small amount of
calcareous secretion found in the skeleton at all.
It is perhaps worthy of note that, in the largest specimen
examined, the vertebral column over the abdomen was not
straight, but was contorted so as to have an undulating outline
in the horizontal plane. Whether this was due to abnormal
growth or to the action of the preservative I do not know, but I
am inclined to the latter view.
In connection with the formation of centra, my investigations
have revealed a number of points which Garman did not observe,
554 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [ Mar. 15,
and for this reason my account will be somewhat full. For
purposes os description I have divided the column into four
regions, 1, 2,3, and 4, which are quite arbitrary, and, though not
cnumigeporaing exactly with any recognized divisions of the body,
yet may roughly be described as cephalic, trunk, main caudal and
terminal caudal regions. My reason for doing so is, that to
treat of the whole length of the column in a continuous deserip-
tion would mean a needless repetition of words, thus tending to
make the meaning obscure. The regions are as follows :—
1. Anterior cephalic portion extending for about twelve centi-
metres behind the skull. 2. The region extending from the
posterior end of 1, over the abdomen and reaching to the level
of the cloaca ; what may conveniently be termed the “trunk
region.” 3. The main caudal region extending from the posterior
end of 2 to a point about eleven centimetres from the tip of the
tail. 4. The last eleven centimetres of the tail, terminal caudal
region.
h. Description of Regions 1, 2, 3, and 4.
The vertebral column is fused to the cranium quite firmly, so
that but slight articulation 1s possible between the two. In this
particular region of the column, viz. 1, there are regular vertebral
constrictions of the notochord in the form of ring-like thickenings
of the chordal sheath (fig. 9). This figure represents a view of a
median, vertical, longitudinal section. It can be easily made out
from this that each constriction occurs beneath a basidorsal, and
also that the majority of the constrictions are well calcified.
This particular point is of considerable interest, and is here fully
dealt with. The first five constrictions—counting from the left—
are calcified regularly, so that each centrum is typically cyclo-
spondylic, being in the form of a short cylinder pinched in round
the middle. The calcified areas thus present the appearance of
two V’s placed point to point. The sixth centrum has a calcified
V above, but below, the calcification is irregular, being repre-
sented by only a small patch of calcareous secretion. The seventh
is regular above, but below, the V is calcified all over. Hight,
nine, and ten are also regular above and below, except that the
lower V is larger in each case than the upper one, the latter in
the tenth being very small. Constrictions are visible beneath
basidorsals eleven, twelve, and thirteen, but no caleified areas are
apparent in these cases, although, externally, the notochord shows
definite calcified bands in the case of eleven and twelve. With
these two, then, it is evident that calcification has not proceeded
as far inward as in the more anterior ones. It also reveals the
fact that the process of the deposition of calcareous salts begins
on the outside of each constriction, and gradually proceeds
towards the interior. Constrictions eleven and twelve may be
looked upon, therefore, as being in a state of semi-calcification,
whilst thirteen is merely a constriction of the chordal sheath, in
which calcification has not commenced. ‘The intervertebral
1910.] | ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 509
Spaces are filled with soft notochordal tissue, and there are no
secondary calcifications in these areas.
For comparative purposes I have thought it worth while to
give a drawing (fig. 10) of a corresponding anterior region from
another and larger specimen. In this there are seen eleven
definitely calcified cyclospondylic centra, which gradually increase
in width as we proceed from left to right. Each one is in the
form of two V’s placed point to point, and, moreover, corresponds
exactly in position with a calcified band on the exterior of the
notochord. It is worthy of note also that the soft notochordal
tissue gradually becomes obliterated from the intervertebral
spaces as we approach the skull, so that in the space between the
first centrum and the cranium soft tissue is not present at all.
The larger, more definite, and regular calcifications of the centra
in the larger specimen are of considerable interest because they
seem to indicate—as will be shown in another region of the
vertebral column—that the extent to which calcification takes
place depends upon the age of the specimen, for apparently the
size depends upon the age. The older the specimen the more
definitely and regularly calcified are the regions where calcifica-
tion may occur. Garman mentions this region, and says that
there are vertebral constrictions which are somewhat calcified,
but he does not state how far this condition obtains, and his
figure of a longitudinal vertical section taken in this region is
very indefinite. The calcified areas are represented as being of
irregular shape, much more rounded than those which I have
found. They are also continuous with one another, whereas those
which I have found are quite discontinuous.
Region 2.—The “trunk region” is the longest of all, and shows
the least differentiation of the notochord. The dorsalia are
represented by basidorsals and interdorsals, triangular in outline,
suprabasidorsals segmented off from the apices of the basidorsals
as small wedge-shaped pieces. The ventralia are represented
by basiventrals, somewhat rectangular in outline, and rounded
interventrals. The latter are comparatively small, and gradually
decrease in size as we proceed posteriorly. The notochord is of
uniform diameter, and shows slight but unmistakable signs of
segmentation ; each segment corresponding exactly with a basi-
dorsal above and a basiventral below. The segmentation is
shown by a difference in the appearance of the chordal sheath
along lines corresponding in position to the ends of the basi-
dorsals. At these points there appear to be narrow rings or
annulations of the notochord as shown in fig. 11. In a view of
the cut surface of a vertical longitudinal section of a portion
from this region, no apparent constrictions of the notochord are
found to correspond with the external segmentation of the
chordal sheath. The interior of the chord presents a fairly
uniform appearance, as was noted by Garman. If, however, a
horizontal longitudinal section be made of the notochord, a
regular sequence of constrictions of the chordal sheath is at once
006 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [ Mar. 15,
apparent. Hach of these occurs beneath a basidorsal, and extends
between two consecutive segmentation marks on the exterior of
the chordal sheath. Hach takes the form of a bulging inward
of the sheath, so that a slightly pinched-in cylinder is formed.
The regions described thus far are typically monospondylic,
¢.e. each neuromere is made up of one of each of the vertebral
elements, one basidorsal, one interdorsal, one suprabasidorsal,
one basiventral, and one interventral The foramina for the
spinal nerves do not occur between the dorsalia, but are actual
perforations of the basidorsals and interdorsals. In the mono-
spondylic regions each basidorsal transmits a foramen for a
ventral root and each interdorsal one fora dorsal root. The ventral
root foramina are larger than the dorsal ones.
Ribs. These are small, thin, cartilaginous pieces segmented off
from the basiventrals, with which they are continuous. They
occur in regions | and 2, and extend from the eighth to the sixty-
fourth neuromeres inclusive. At their posterior end they reach
a point on the vertebral column a short distance anterior to
the level of the cloaca, where they terminate abruptly, having
apparently diminished but very little in size. More pcsterior to
this point the basiventrals begin to grow downward, and gradually
assume the form of wedge-shaped pieces which afterwards fuse
beneath the hemal canal and thus give rise to the hemal spines.
Region 3.—At the seventieth neuromere we get the transition
from the monospondyle to the diplospondylic condition taking
place (see fig. 12). As represented in the figure, the latter con-
dition appears to be brought about by the segmenting off of a
small basidorsal from the anterior side of a typical monospondylous
one. By this means each single large basidorsal gives rise to two
smaller ones, and between these there is inserted a small inter-
dorsal. The small basidorsals have narrow suprabasidorsals seg-
mented off from their apices as thin wedge-shaped pieces. A
ventral root foramen perforates the posterior one of each pair
of diplospondylous basidorsals, whilst the succeeding interdorsal
transmits a dorsal root foramen. In this way we have the
typical diplospondylic condition of vertebrae brought about, and
this arrangement obtains to a point about eleven centimetres
from the tip of the tail. At the seventy-second neuromere, as
shown in fig. 12, we find the monospondylic condition again
occurring, apparently as a reversion to the more primitive stage
in development. Instead of finding two of each of the arcualia
we only havea single large basidorsal with a ventral root foramen
near its posterior edge, followed by a single large interdorsal.
However, on the lower side of the notochord there are two basi-
ventrals and interventrals, thus indicating that although the
dorsalia have not been segmented into the double condition, yet
this has occurred in the ventralia. This single neuromere is of
interest, because it seems to indicate that the diplospondylic con-
dition is the secondary one, arising by segmentation of the parts
which go to form the more primitive monospondylic condition.
. ~ eed
ees eee eee
1910.] ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. DOT
Tt can be seen from fig. 13 that in this diplospondylic region we
have an alternation of imperforate and perforate basidorsals,
between which occur the perforate and imperforate interdorsals.
On the ventral side of the notochord we have a similar segmen-
tation of the ventralia. The notochord in this region has a
segmented appearance, which is brought about by the occurrence
of bands of cartilage round it. These bands are in reality
extensions of the dorsal and ventral arcualia—basidorsals and
basiventrals—round the chordal sheath, and they alternate
regularly with spaces in which the sheath is naked. They are
found in the trunk region as well, only there each cartilaginous
band is very thin, and is only recognizable in microscopic sections.
In the main caudal region, however, the bands are much more
pronounced in growth. Here also there is a marked difference
in the relative size of the two kinds of basidorsals. The imper-
forate ones are larger than the perforate, and this difference in
size obtains especially where the caudal fin is deepest. As we
proceed towards the tip of the tail the dorsalia gradually become
more nearly equal in size until at a point just anterior to where
they lose their identity, they are quite equal.
Perhaps the most interesting feature, however, of the skeleton
in this particular region is that which is found from a point level
with the posterior end of the anal fin to within a short distance
of the tip of the tail. Here we find definite calcified rings round
the chordal sheath which correspond in position to the basidorsals
above and lie internal to the cartilaginous bands just mentioned.
They are shown in fig. 13, where they appear as unshaded bands
on the notochord extending between a large imperforate basi-
dorsal above and the corresponding basiventral below. There
is also an indication in the figure of a band beneath a perforate
basidorsal and this, as it stands, may be somewhat misleading,
appearing as if it were somewhat exceptional. This, however,
is not the case, as only a short distance posterior to the portion
figured the calcified rings become as well marked beneath the
perforate basidorsals as beneath the imperforate ones. Fig. 14
represents a longitudinal vertical section of fig. 13. It is at
‘once apparent from this that internal to each broad calcified
band, 7. ¢. beneath each imperforate basidorsal, we have a con-
striction of the chordal sheath in the form of an incipient centrum,
the calcification extending into it and lending it additional
strength. Beneath each perforate basidorsal also there is a very
slight constriction of the chordal sheath without any trace of
calcification.
The points just dealt with are shown much more clearly in a
portion of the vertebral column taken from the larger, and
probably older, female specimen. In this the extensions of the
arcualia are very pronouncedly developed in the main caudal
region, those beneath the perforate basidorsals being quite well
shown. Both the latter and the larger ones beneath imperforate
basidorsals are ridged in surface view as shown in fig. 15 In a
098 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [Mar. 15,
or
view of a longitudinal vertical section of this portion (fig. 16), it
is at once evident that in this specimen the formation of centira
has proceeded much farther than in the smaller and, doubtless,
younger specimen. The constrictions beneath the imperforate
basidorsals extend well towards the centre of the notochord,
whilst those beneath the perforate basidorsals are quite well
developed, being much larger and more sharply defined than the
corresponding constrictions in the smaller specimen. In both
large and small constrictions also calcification has taken place, so
that rounded V’s are shown in the sectional view.
In the caudal region, then, we have well-marked, incipient,
eyclospondylic centra. Another point which is especially imter-
esting is that the calcified rings become most strongly developed
in that part of the notochord below which the ventral lobe of the
caudal fin has its greatest depth. One would expect this to be
the case when the occurrence of centra and calcified bands is
considered from the point of view of the mechanical importance
of this region. If the diplospondylic condition of the vertebral
column is concerned, as Ridewood (28) suggests, with flexibility,
then we have here double the number of parts capable of articu-
lation with one another that we should have if the monospon-
dylic condition obtained in its place. Since also, the greatest
purchase on the water is obtained by the tail where the caudal
tin 1s deepest, we should expect to find here not only flexibility
provided for but also a provision for increased strength in the
skeletal supporting tissue. This is indeed what we actually find,
for, as poimted out above, the diplospondylic condition is found
here and the incipient centra are most strongly developed and
calcified over the deepest part of the caudal fin.
Region 4.—This short region is of particular interest, because
it has not been figured and described before. The specimen which
Garman figured had lost the extreme tip of the tail. Fig. 17
represents it natural size, and from this it is seen that the
vertebral column is a gradually tapering structure which remains
segmented up to the end, no urostyle being present. The noto-
chord has but very slight growths of the arcualia round it, and in
two parts it is shghtly segmented externally. In the dorsalia at
the commencement of the region can be recognized both basi-
dorsals and interdorsals. Very soon, however, the distinction
between them becomes lost and they apparently fuse with each
other to form small, irregularly shaped pieces, which, towards the
extreme tip, are rhomboidal in outline and are of varying lengths.
The dorsal radial elements, which are borne on the dorsal side of
the neural arches, are also of variable length. They do not corre-
spond segmentally with the dorsalia, and as we approach the
extreme tip of the tail they become comparatively long. The
hemal spines are the most regular in shape and occurrence,
being, with one or two exceptions, of the same width up to the
end of the tail.
The point of special interest in ati region is the disposition
= = t er Ne
1910. ] ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 599
of the nerve foramina, which perforate the dorsalia. Anterior to
the portion figured, the caudal region is typically diplospondylie,
as already described. The ventral foramina are, throughout the
vertebral column, larger than the dorsal ones. At the com-
mencement of the figure, on the left-hand side can be seen a
basidorsal which carries a nerve foramen. The succeeding inter-
dorsal is imperforate, the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal
nerve having apparently united or approximated very closely
together so fee one foramen will transmit both. This condition
also holds for the succeeding spinal nerves. In counting the
number of dorsal elements separating the foramina depicted in
fig. 15, it is seen that between the first foramen and the following
one there are two dorsal elements. Between the second and third
there are also two; between third and fourth, three; between
fourth and fifth, nine; between fifth and sixth, eleven; and
between this and the end of the tail there are thirty elements
without a single perforation. This arrangement of the foramina
in relation to the number of dorsalia is obviously quite irregular,
and so far from being in accord with Ridewood’s (28) and Mayer’s
(22) contention that “the terminal region of the vertebral column
is monospondylic, it shows that in Chlamydoselachus, at any rate,
the neural apertures are so irregular in arrangement that this
particular region may quite well be termed ‘heterospondylic.’ The
musculature of the region in question is very much reduced, and
we should scarcely expect to find so perfect a nerve-supply as is
found more anteriorly. Moreover, with the irregularity in the
shape and size of the arcualia and their non- -segmental arrange-
ment relatively to one another, it is difficult to imagine How a
monospondylic condition could obtain here.
It seemed desirable to ascertain in what relation the myomeres
of the tail stand to the neuromeres. In order to do this She skin
was taken off from the other side of the tail and posterior portion
of the trunk, so as to reveal the myomeres with their separating
myocommata, On examining the limits of the mnyomeres it was
seen that each one in the trunk corresponds 1 mm extent with a
monospondylic neuromere. In the main caudal region each
myomere is equal in extent with a diplospondylic neuromere.
A determination was next made of the number of myomeres from
the beginning of the diplospondylic region to the point where the
distinction between the separate myocommata 1s lost, @. e. within
five centimetres of the extreme tip of the tail. This number is
forty-two. The number of neuromeres was next determined for
the same region, and this also is forty-two. Thus the number of
myomeres and neuromeres is the same in the tail, and each
irregular or heterospondylic neuromere of region “4” has its
corresponding myomere.
The number of neuromeres for the side of the tail on which
the myomeres were counted was next determined. After care-
fully removing the muscular tissue, the spinal nerves were left,
and by examining these through a dissecting microscope their
560 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [ Mar. 15,
number and distribution could be determined. The relation of
their foramina to the dorsalia presents a considerable difference
from the condition found on the other side of the tail. The total
number of neuromeres for the region in question is the same for
both sides, viz. forty-two; but instead of the irregularly-disposed
foramina being separated by dorsal elements arranged in the order
of the numbers, 2, 2, 3, 9, and 11, we find the following numbers
of dorsalia separating them, 1, 2, 2, 2, and 14. From this it can
be seen that the regular diplospondylic condition has proceeded
one neuromere more posterior on this side than on the other, and
that the following three are also more regular than the corre-
sponding three of the other side. But there is no indication of a
return to the monospondylic condition. This very interesting
condition of heterospondyly is one which, so far as I have been
able to ascertain, has not been described for any other Selachian
fish.
i. Summary of special features and comparison
with Notidanide.
In summarizing the leading characteristics of the vertebral
column of Chlamydoselachus, the following points may be men-
tioned :—First, the variety which it exhibits in the formation of
centra. At the extreme anterior end the constrictions form
eyclospondylic well-calcified centra. These may be followed by.
smaller constrictions in a semi-calcified condition. In the trunk-
region are found the slightly constricted cylinders of the noto-
chord, representing the lowest of all the stages in centra-formation.
The main caudal region is characterized by the. occurrence in it
of constrictions of two sizes, the larger more calcified ones lying
beneath the imperforate basidorsals, and the smaller less calcified
ones lying beneath the perforate basidorsals. This difference in
size gradually becomes lost as we proceed towards the tip of the
tail, the constrictions becoming equal in size concurrently with
the equalization in the size of the imperforate and perforate
basidorsals. This particular point of the occurrence of centra in
the tail-region is deserving of special emphasis, masmuch as
three recent text-books of zoology give the uniform character
of the notochord and absence of centra in this region as a diag-
nostic feature of the Chlamydoselachide. The very pronounced
growth of the basidorsals and basiventrals around the chordal
sheath in the main caudal region is also very noteworthy. The
great length of the diplospondylic region is of considerable
interest, extending as. it does through thirty-eight neuromeres,
viz., from seventy to one-hundred and eight. The heterospondylic
portion of the tip of the tail is, so far as I am aware, unique in
Selachians.
The points at which the calcified centra occur is perhaps
deserving of some mention. It seems that they are found where
there are the greatest demands made for strength. At the
anterior end, combined with the fusion of the vertebral column
1910.] ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 561
to the cranium, they give a rigidity to the supporting elements
which is of service no doubt in enabling the fish to cleave the
water. In the caudal region they meet the demand for increased
strength caused by the purchase which the caudal. fin obtains
upon the water.
Compared with Hexanchus the vertebral column of Chlamydo-
seluchus must be regarded, I think, as showing more specialized
characters. In the former the notochord is simply constricted by
annular thickenings of the cartilaginous sheath, no calcifications
being present. The vertebral column of Heptanchus, however,
is on the whole more specialized than that of Chlamydoselachus.
for although the double-cone arrangement is not so pronounced
at the anterior end as in Chlamydoselachus, yet the notochord is
constricted vertebrally by a series of calcified rings which assume
more and more the form of double cones towards the tail, And,
moreover, in the caudal region secondary calcifications may give
rise to a number of short rays radiating out from the centre of
the double cones.
VI. Precrorat GirDLE AND Fins. (Plate XLV. fig. 18.)
Pectoral girdle.—I have nothing to add to the account of the
girdle given by Garman (10. pp. 13, 14), except to say that my
observations, made on three girdles, agree with his description
and figure, neglecting of course a few trifling details due no
doubt to individual variations.
Pectoral fins.—In regard to the pectoral fins there are certain
rather important differences between the account and figure
given by Garman and the observations which I have made on
three pairs of fins. The articulation of the fin with the coracoid
is unibasal, and the articular surface of the mesopterygium is
about twice as large as that of the propterygium.
The propterygium is small, triangular in outline, and has a
hollow articular surface. It carries no radials.
The mesopterygiwm is moderately large, is irregular in shape,
resembling somewhat a truncated triangle, not being nearly so
triangular as that figured by Garman. It carries radials on its
posterior edge which show various degrees of fusion.
The metapterygiaum is an elongate, laterally compressed carti-
lage, carrying a large number of radials. It has a rounded
dorsal ridge and gradually curves outward, not being practically
straight as represented by Garman. Usually it is bisegmental,
but in this respect it presents some interesting variations, for in
two fins which I have examined it is trisegmental. In the former
condition the proximal segment is the longer one and is more
laterally compressed than the distal segment. The trisegmental
condition is represented in two ways; first by the addition of a
small proximal segment articulating with the coracoid, similar to
that figured by Braus (3), and second, by the intercalation of a
short segment between the normal proximal and distal segments.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1910, No. XXXVI. 36
562 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [ Mar. 15,
As a rule the metapterygium is attached by ligament to the
coracoid, but I have found one case in which the mesopterygium
interposes a short process between the metapterygium and the
coracoid and so prevents this attachment.
The radials are for the most part trisegmental, but the last
two or three attached to the distal segment of the metapterygium
are, as a rule, without segmentation. In the smaller tins which
have been examined, two small post-axial radials are present;
these are attached to the postero-lateral edge of the mesopterygium
and are rot, as Garman figured them, in the same straight line
as the metapterygium. In the larger fins from the female
specimen, however, the two most distal radials of the meta-
pterygium are attached terminally and not post-axially to it.
The proximal segments of the radials attached to the meso-
pterygium exhibit fusion, and in most cases the resultant mass
of cartilage includes the first one or two of the proximal segments
of the radials attached to the metapterygium, as shown in fig. 18.
In some cases the whole of the proximal segments do not fuse
as represented in the figure; one or two may remain distinct.
Whatever ‘amount of fusion is shown, however, the original
radials are indicated by lines of calcification in the fused cartilage.
- I have entirely failed to find the nerve foramen figured by
Braus (8) perforating the fused proximal segments to the radials
attached to the mesopterygium.
avails Tue Penyic GIRDLE AND FINS OF THE FEMALE.
(Plate XLV. fig. 19.) -
The pelvic girdle takes the form of a flattened plate of carti-
lage, which is, as Garman pointed out, about twice as long as
wide; it is also equal in length to the proximal segment of the
basipterygium. On its anterior edge it has a median convex
protuberance, whilst its posterior edge is practically straight,
not bemg nearly so concave as Garman has figured it. Its
lateral edge is almost straight, but has a few indentations, thus
presenting a difference from the curved edge figured by Garman.
A short distance from each side there is a row of foramina which
transmit spinal nerves ; the second from the anterior end is the
largest of these in all cases. In regard to these lateral foramina
it is interesting to note that there is a certain amount of vari-
ability in their number in different specimens of Chlamydoselachus.
There is also a differenee in the number of foramina for each
side of the girdle in one and the same specimen, as shown in the
accompanying table :—
No. of foramina:
Specimen. R. side. L. side.
Wiarse female ines: 2 ore aso Sisk 7
Male, Museum specimen ..:... ~ 10 9
Male described in this paper... staan Sie hg Q)
Braus (2) gives 6 foramina in his figure, Garman (10) gives
8 on each side in his, and Goodrich sy gives 10 on each side i in
his figure.
1910. ] ANATOMY OF THE FRILLND SHARK, 563
The basipterygium is a stout cartilage, articulating by means
of a comparatively small surface with the postero-lateral border
of the pelyic girdle, It has a rounded dorsal edge, is somewhat.
laterally compressed, and is also outwardly curved, Garman (10)
says that at its extremity it has a series of three radials. These
would seem to correspond with the distal segmented portion of the
basipteryginm and the two attached radials which I have figured;
That the proximal one of these parts is a portion of the basi-
pterygium is obvious from the figure (19), It carries, moreover,
the penultimate radial.
Garman’s figures (Pls. x1, & xii,) are scarcely to be trusted,
as the two which he gives of these cartilages are different from
each other in many respects, and particularly in regard to thé
points in question, There is, it must be admitted, a certain
amount of variability in these cartilages, for in the fin of the
opposite side to the one figured the basipterygium is bisegmental
distally and the attachment of the terminal radial is slightly
different. Moreover, there are differences between the one
figured here and those given by Goodrich (18) in his plate of
fivures illustrating Chlamydoselachus.
The lateral radials are attached to the ventro-lateral edge of
the pelvic girdle and of the basipterygium. They are for the
most part trisegmental, whilst those at the anterior end are
somewhat irregular in outline and show signs of fusion in some
of their parts. The proximal segments of those attached to the
pelvic girdle are dorsally flattened and are directed outward,
obliquely downward, and slightly posteriorly, The median and
distal segments of these lie more in the horizontal plane and are
more rounded than the proximal segments, The radials attached
to the basipterygium are, on the whole, narrower than those
attached to the girdle, and they gradually become more attenuated
as we proceed posteriorly. The last one is bisegmental and the
three before that are complete.
The extraordinary length of the flattened pelvic girdle, the
correspondingly large number of attached lateral radials, and
the large number of lateral nerve foramina afford strong evidence
of the primitive nature of the pelvic girdle in Chlamydoselachus.
VIII, Tae Mixipreryera (Copulatory Appendages or Claspers).
(Plate XLVI. figs. 20-22.)
j. Measurements.
ins. cms.
Wmeneth ofpamima les. ysyucn- coaeets se: 52 130
43 girdle+appendage ...,, : 85 21:4
‘ APPONCASS aac tas. welae srs 4°5 11°25
a free part of appendage.., eg 48
Maximum width of appendage...... 0°6 1-4
os BO: (6: 0) 08 10 We ee 5 12-5
Length of basipterygium B ......,,, 15 38
i axial cartilage 6 ......... 4:5 11°6
564 MR. I, GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL | Mar. 15,
k. Haternals.
Compared with the pectoral fins of the same specimen the
pelvic fins and mixipterygia are quite large. As mentioned
by Giinther (14) and as will be seen from the measurements
given above, the edges of the pelvic fins reach to within a com-
_ paratively short distance of the posterior ends of the appendages.
On the dorsal side of each appendage, bounded by muscles, is the
channel, which, toward its posterior end, becomes somewhat
lateral in position and is bounded here by the knife-edged,
movable terminal cartilages 7d. and Z7.v. In a ventral aspect
the most prominent feature of the appendage is the glandular sac
and compressor muscle, covered with loosely fitting soft skin. The
sac does not extend anteriorly as far as the point of attachment
of the basipterygium to the pelvic girdle. It may perhaps extend
farther forward in more mature and larger specimens, or again it
may be that the specimen under consideration was not taken at
the period of sexual maturity, at which time the glandular sac
enlarges considerably in most Elasmobranchs. The skin covering
the sac and the terminal parts of the appendages is very soft and
is entirely free from dermal-spines.
1. Musculature.
In the following description I am adopting the nomenclature
used by Huber (20), which differs somewhat from that used by
Jungersen (21); more particularly in regard to the muse. extensor
of the latter. This muscle Huber divided into musc. flexor
externus and musc. flexor internws, both of which he found in all
the examples on which he worked, I have found both also in
Chlamydoselachus.
Musc. adductor, A.—This is comparatively small, and has its
origin in the posterior border of the pelvic girdle, to which it is
attached by a strong ligament. It is partially overlaid by the
muse. flexor internus, and is inserted on the inner distal end of
the basipterygium.
Muse. flexor externus, Fl.e.—This originates chiefly with 4,
and on the inner surface of the latter, from which it later on
separates. It is inserted on the proximal end of the muse.
dilatator and also on the whole of the proximal side of the
radial (3.
Muse. flecor internus, Fl.1—This has its origin on the inner
side of the basipterygium and is inserted on the proximal end of
the axial cartilage 6. It is partially overlaid by the muse. flexor
externus.
Muse. dilatator, D.—This is a large muscle wrapping the inner
and ventral surfaces of the axial cartilage 6. It has its origin on
the proximal end of 6, partly beneath the radial 6, and is inserted
chiefly on the inner side of the same cartilage and on the
terminal cartilage Z7.d. It is also inserted to a much smaller
1910.] “ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 565
extent on the terminal cartilage Z.v. In the greater part of its
extent 1t forms the inner lip bounding the channel.
Musc. compressor, S.—On the dorsal side this muscle appears
to arise from the outer side of 6. It really has its origin on the
outer side of the proximal end of the axial cartilage 6, lying
beneath 6. Contributing largely to it also on its outer side are
muscle-bundles belonging to the last elongated lateral radials.
These bundles belong to the system of dorsal radial muscles (0)
which arise from the body-wall. The last elongated radial
carries a portion of the musc. compressor on its inner side, thus
forming the outer lip bounding the channel. On the ventral
side the musc. compressor takes the form of a somewhat
oval sac whose cavity communicates with the channel on the
dorsal side of the appendage, and whose lining is of epithelium,
continuous with that covering the appendage. Its tapering
anterior end is attached to the aponeurosis below the last ventral
radial muscle, whilst distally it is connected by loose soft tissue
with the terminal cartilage 7.7. From the disposition of the
whole muscle and from its relation to the other muscles of the
appendage, I regard it as derived from modified muscle-bundles
of the last two or three radials. This view is in agreement with
Huber’s, according to which the musculature of the muse. com-
pressor has originated from modified radial muscle-bundles of the
last few radials.
Radial muscles —On the dorsal side there are the muscle-
bundles O, which have their origin in a lateral aponeurosis
running along the lower ends of the myomeres of the body-wall.
In removing these muscles it is found that they are indistinctly
divided into two layers, a superficial one reaching as far as the
horny fibres of the fin and a deeper layer which does not extend
quite as far outward.
On the ventral side there are the radial muscles Ra, which
originate on the pelvic girdle close to the median line and extend
outward to the horny fibres. Toward the anterior end the
separate bundles have fused together, thus corresponding with
the fusion of the radials above them.
m. Skeleton.
The following account is based on the dissection and exami-
nation of the copulatory appendage of the right side, and on a
careful comparison made with this and the appendages from
another specimen in the museum here.
The only previous accounts of the mixipterygia of Chlamydo-
selachus are those given by Ginther (14), quoted by Jungersen
(21) and by Braus (3). The mixipterygium figured by Braus is
very different from that given by Gunther or that given in
fig. 22 in the present paper. It appears to be in an undeveloped
condition, for it is small and no terminal cartilages are shown.
O66 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [ Max’. 15,
I have found a few rather important differences between the
specimens which I have examined and those previously described
and figured; these points will be dealt with in due course.
The pelvic girdle resembles that of the female, being a flattened,
elongated plate of cartilage. It has a convex anterior edge
(another example had this edge slightly coneave) and a concave
posterior edge. There area number of nerve-foramina perforating
it at a short distance from each lateral border, the number of
which has already been given.
The basipterygiwm, B, is attached postero-laterally to the girdle,
and there is a small piece of cartilage inserted dorsally in the
attaching ligament, having the appearance of a portion segmented
from the basipterygium, The latter is a fairly stout cartilage, is
laterally compressed so that it is about twice as deep as wide, and
is concave on its inner, and convex on its outer surface. It also
has a rather prominent rounded ridge on its dorsal side,
Attached to the dorso-posterior end of the basipterygium is the
simple rod-shaped radial /3. This was not mentioned by Giinther,
but Jungersen surmised that it was present and suggested that it
had been overlooked. Braus has figured it. It is of interest to
find that it is present, as it brings Chlamydoselachus into line
with most of the described forms of Elasmobranch mixipterygia
in this respect.
The axial cartilage, b, is attached to the distal end of the basi-
pterygium somewhat ventro- -laterally and toward the inner side.
Lying in the thick connecting ligament is a single insignificant
intercalary cartilage, 0.1, which Braus also has figured. The
proximal end of the axial cartilage is comparatively thin and
laterally compressed, In this respect, and particularly in respect
to the single intercalary cartilage, there is here an important point
of difference from Giinther’s figure. As shown in the latter, the
axial cartilage 1s proximally broad and spindle-shaped, also one
large and two small intercalary cartilages are shown closely,
attached to it, the large one having the appearance of a portion,
segmented from the axial cartilage. In view of the fact that I
have found three axial cartilages narrow and somewhat com-
pressed, with a single insignificant intercalary cartilage in each
case, I can only suggest ‘that the large She ole cartilage
ficured by Giinther is really a fractured portion of the anterior
end of the axial eartilage, for it certainly has this appearance.
With regard to the two smaller ones, it seems to me that the
anterior one in his figure is really the base of the missing radial
6, whilst the intermediate one corresponds to the single intercalary
cartilage.
It is of interest to note also that the mixipterygium figured by
Giinther is that of the right side, as is the one which is given in
this paper ; but, curiously enough, the lateral radials in his figure
are placed to the left of the basipterygium, whereas they are
actually on the right side, as I have figured them.
Proceeding towards its distal end, we find that the axial
1910. ] _ ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. D67
cartilage becomes thicker and more rounded, attaining its greatest
diameter at a point almost equidistant from each end, A groove
now appears on its dorsal surtace to the right of the median line,
and gradually deepens toward the distal end of the cartilage.
This is the groove in the cartilage corresponding to the channel
in the musculature.
In his account of the claspers, Giinther says that the groove is
on the ventral side of the axial cartilage, but how he arrived at
this conclusion it is very difficult to imagine, especially as he
figured it on the dorsal side. The groove is overhung in its
deepest part by the forwardly curved, tongue-shaped marginal
eartilage, &.v., which is attached basally to the outer border of
the stem cartilage, and at its distal end to the ventral terminal
cartilage, Z.v. The latter and the corresponding cartilage, 7’d.,
on the inner side of the appendage have sharp, chondrified
cutting edges, and are movably attached to the lateral borders
of the distal end of the axial cartilage. The ventral terminal,
7'v., is shorter than the dorsal terminal, Z\d., and its anterior
end is more sharply pointed than that of the latter. The ridge
corresponding in position to the dorsal marginal cartilage, 7..,
of many other selachians is practically indistinguishable, and is
certainly not as well marked in the specimens which I have
examined as the ridge figured by Gunther.
The lateral radials ave mostly trisegmental and, in general,
they resemble those of the female pelvic fin, especially those
attached to the pelvic girdle. Of these, the proximal segments
are attached to the ventro-lateral edge of the girdle, and are
directed outward, obliquely downward, and in a slightly posterior
direction. ‘They are flattened on their dorsal surface and the
three or four anterior ones exhibit fusion. Those attached to
the basipterygium are more rounded and gradually increase in
length as we approach the posterior end of the cartilage. The
last two or three are not segmented, and this is a further point of
resemblance to the condition prevailing in the female fin. There
are differences in the examples that I have examined in the
extent to which the anterior radials exhibit fusion, and also in
the segmental or non-segmental character of the posterior ones.
In regard to the latter point, it will be seen from a comparison
of my figure with that given by Giinther, that whereas the last
three radials are not segmented in my figure, only the last is
complete in his.
When the mixipterygium of Chlam:; ydoselachus 1s compared
with that of Hexanchus griseus, described and figured by Huber,
one is at once struck by the high degree of development pre-
sented by the organ in Chlamydoselachus. Whereas in Hexanchus
the axial cartilage is represented by a comparatively short
cartilage, seureely distinguishable from .a lateral -radial, and
bearing no accessory cartilages; the homologous part in Chlamydo-
.selachus 1s a long, stout cartilage, furnished distally with three
movable accessory cartilages.
568 MR. T. GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL {| Mar. 15,
IX. Mepian Fins.
In regard to these I have not much to say. My observations
lead me to confirm the account given by Garman. It must,
however, be pointed out that in his figure (Pl. xii.) the small
distal segments of the trisegmental radials of the anal fin are
absent.
Firbringer (7) gives a good figure of the dorsal fin, and on
account of this, and also because Garman’s figures of both dorsal
and anal fins are in the main features correct, I have not deemed
it advisable to give a drawing of these structures.
X, SUMMARY.
The following are a few of the most important points dealt
with in the paper :—
1. The Membranous Labyrinth is described and figured for
the first time, and it has been found to be of the usual selachian
type, resembling rather closely that of Hexanchus griseus.
2. In the formation of the centra the following points are
especially worthy of note :—
(a) The presence, at the anterior end of the vertebral
column, of well-developed, calcified cyclospondylic
centra.
(6) Slight constrictions of the notochord in the trunk region,
best seen in horizontal longitudinal section, not calcified.
The lowest stage in the development of centra.
(c) In the main caudal region, calcified cyclospondylic centra
of two sizes are present, corresponding with the doubling
in the number of arcualia, which here, more than
elsewhere in the vertebral column, grow round the
notochord and greatly strengthen the centra.
3. The terminal caudal region is heterospondylic, and not
monospondylic as in many other Selachians.
4, The musculature and skeleton of the mixipterygia are dealt
with fully for the first time. In regard to the musculature
I have to record the presence of both muse. flexor internus and
muse. flecor externus of Huber. In the skeleton I have found the
modified radial 3, and only one small intercalary cartilage 6.1,
not three as recorded by Giinther. |
XI. LITERATURE.
1. Avers.—‘ The Morphology of the Carotids.” Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. vol. xvii. No. 5, 1889.
2. Braus.—‘ Ueber d. Innervation d. paarigen Extremitiiten,
ete.” Jenaische Zeitschr. xxxi., 1898.
1910.] “ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK. 569
3.
. JUNGERSEN.—The Danish Ingolf Expedition. Vol. ii. 2
Bravus.—‘ Ueber neuere Funde versteinerter Gliedmassen-
knorpel u. Mus. von Selachiern.” Verhandl. d. Phys.-Med.
Ges. Wurzburg, xxxiv., 1901.
. Braus.—‘“‘ Ueber d. Embryoalen Kiemenapparat v. Hept-
anchus.” Anat. Anz. Bd. xxix., 1906.
. Bripge.—The Cambridge Natural History—Fishes, etc.
London, 1904.
. Firprincer.—“ Beitriige z. Kentn. d. Visceralskel. d. Selach.”
Morph. Jahrb. Bd. xxxi., 1903.
. Forsrincer.— Beitrige z. Morph. d. Skelette d. Dipnoer
nebst Bemerkungen etc.” Jena, 1904.
. Gavow.—‘ The First and Second Visceral Arches.” Phil.
Trans. B. vol. elxxviii., 1888.
. Gavow & Assorr.—‘ The Evolution of the Vertebral
Column of Fishes.” Phil. Trans. B. vol. elxxxvi.. 1895.
. Garman.—‘ Chlamydoselachus anguineus.” Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. vol. xii. no. 1, 1885.
. GecenBAuR.— Unters. vergl. Anat. d. Wirbelthiere, iii., 1872.
. Gooprica.—‘ Notes on Median and Paired Fins of Fish.”
Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., N.S. vol. 50, 1906.
. Gooprico.—“ A Treatise on Zoology.” Pt. ix. Ist Fase.
Cyclostomes and Fishes. London, 1909.
. GontHEer.—“ Challenger Reports.” Vol. xxii., 1887.
. Haswetu.—‘ Studies on the EHlasmobr. Skeleton.” Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. ix., 1884,
. Hawkes.—‘“‘ The Cranial and Spinal Nerves of Chlamydo-
selachus anguineus.” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906.
. Hawxkes.—“‘ The Abdominal Viscera and Vestigial Seventh
Branch. Arch in Chlamydoselachus anguineus.” Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1907.
. Hetpine.—‘ Beitrage z. Anat. u. Systematik d. Lemargiden.”
Nova Acta, Bd. lxxxii. No. 4. Halle, 1904.
. Howes.—‘“‘ On the Presence of a Tympanum in the Genus
Raia.” Journ. Anat, & Physiol. vol. xvii., 1883.
. Huper.—‘ Die Kopulationglieder d. Selachier.” Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool., Bd. Ixx. 1901.
c=)
1899.
. Mayer.—‘“‘ Die unpaaren Flossen d. Selachier.” Mittheil.
Zool. Stat. Neapel, Bd. vi., 1886.
. ParKer.—“‘ Notes on Carcharodon rondeletw.” Proc. Zool.
Soe. 1887.
. Punnett.-—‘‘ On the Formation of the Pelvic Plexus.” Phil.
Trans. B. vol. excii., 1900.
. Recan.—‘ A Olesheaton of the Selachian Fishes.” Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1906.
. Rerzius.—“ Das Gehororgan d. Wirbelthiere.” Bd.i. Stock-
holm, 1881.
. Ripewoop.—“ The Spiracle and Associated Structures in
Elasmobr. Fishes.” Anat. Anz. Bd. x1., 1896.
4
28.
29.
30.
31.
Vig.
Fie.
570 MR. Tv GOODEY ON THE SKELETAL [Mar. 15,
Ripewoop.—“ Caudal Diplospondyly in Sharks.” Journ.
Linn, Soc., Zool. vol. xxvii., 1899.
Sepawrok.—A Student’s Text-Book of Zoology. Vol. ii
London, 1905. ~
Srewart.—‘ On the Membranous Labyrinth of certain
Sharks.” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xxix., 1906.
Woobiann.—“ The Anatomy of Centrophorus calceus.” Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1907.
XIL EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prater XLII.
1. Side view of skull, jaws depressed showing ethmo-palatine process and its
articular facet. Slightly less than half natural size.
2. Median vertical longitudinal section of cranium and anterior part of vertebral
colunm. Slightly reduced. :
3. Jaw-joint seen from inside, widely open. X 3%.
4. Postero-lateral view of first and second visceral arches and their connecting
ligaments. X 3.
5. Internal view of jaw-joint showing relation of quadrato-hyoid ligament.
Xa.
Prare XLITI.
. Ventral view of branchial arches, showing vestigial seventh branchial arch.
1
. Membranous labyrinth seen from the inside. X 2.
. Membranous labyrinth seen from the outside. X 2.
. Vertical longitudinal section of anterior end of vertebral column, showing
calcified cyclospondylic centra. Slightly reduced.
10. Vert. longit. section of anterior end of vertebral column of large female
specimen, showing cyclospondylic centra. Slightly reduced.
Wee oh fon)
Pratt XLIV.
11. Portion of vertebral column from trunk region with ribs attached. Nat. size.
12. Transitional region from mono- to diplospondylic condition of vertebre ;
the numbers n. 70, etc. denote neuromeres; note especially n. 72. Nat.
size.
13. Portion of vertebral column from main caudal region, n. 89 to n. 91; note
calcified bands. Nat. size.
14, Vert. longit. section of fig. 13; note the calcified incipient centra. Nat.
size.
15. Portion of vertebral column from main caudal rezion of large female specimen,
the ridged extensions of the arcualia round the notochord are well shown.
Nat. size.
16. Vert. longit. section of fig. 15, calcified cyclospondylic centra of two sizes
are well shown. Nat. size.
PratE XLV.
ig. 17. Terminal caudal region, heterospondylic region. Nat. size.
18. Left pectoral fin; note fused proximal segments of radials attached to
mesopterygium, also two postaxial radials. Nat. size.
19. Dorsal view of right half of pelvic girdle and fin of female. X 4.
Prate XLVI.
ig. 20. Dorsal view of night half of pelvic girdle and mixipterygium, showing
musculature. x4 a ‘
21. Ventral view of fig. x 4.
22. Dorsal. view of ache: of right mixipterygium ; uote modified. radial 3,
and intercalary cartilage, 6.1. x 4
1910.]
ANATOMY OF THE FRILLED SHARK.
or
sy
—
REFERENCE LETTERS.
Skull.
a.f., anterior fontanelle, ‘m:, mandible.
bbr. 1-6, basibranchials. m.r., mandibular ridge.
bh., basihyal. n.c., nasal cartilages.
br.7., branchial rays. o.c., olfactory capsule.
chy., ceratobranchials,
ch., notochord.
erh., ceratohyal.
ebr., epibranchial.
e.p.p., ethmo-palatine process.
Ff., foramen.
hby. 1-6, hypobranchials.
hym., hyomandibular.
hy P-» hyal process.
i.¢,f., internal carotid foramen,
i.0.8,, interorbital sinus.
j.l., jot ligament.
l.h.m.é., ligamentum hyoideo mandibu-
“lare externum.
l.g.d.i., ligamentum quadrato= hyoideo
internum.
0.8., optic stalk.
pf, parietal fossa.
| po.p., postorbital process.
pq., palatoquadrate.
| pr.p., preorbital process.
| p.s.l., post- -spiracular ligament.
ptf., pituitary fossa.
7. rostrum.
$.cr., supra-capsular ridge.
s.0. 1-4, spino-occipital foramina.
sp.., supraorbital ridge.
th.c., thyroid concavity.
v.b.a.7., vestigial 7th branchial arch.
]-X., cranial nerve foramina.
VIL.z.; hyoidean foramen of VII.
Membranous Labyrinth.
a.a., ampulla anterior.
a.d.e., apertura ductus endolymphati-
cus externus.
a.e., ampulla externus.
a.p., ampulla posterior.
¢.a., canalis anterior.
c.e., Canalis externus.
e.p., canalis posterior.
d.e., ductus endolymphaticus.
d.u.s.p., ductus utriculo saccularis
posterior.
1., lagena.
pt parietal fossa.
ma.da., ranulus ampulla atitetior.
ramulus ampulla externus.
ramulus ampulla posterior.
recessus utriculi.
ramulus lagena.
ramulus neglectus.
ramulus sacculus,
ramulus utriculi.
sacculus.
saccus endolymphaticus.
¢., tympanic aperture.
u.d., utriculus anterior.
w.p., utriculus posterior.
| VIII., 8th crania! nerve.
}
PAE.
V.Ap-s
reC.,
Pell
rN,
WSey
Fallin
S
Sil.
Vertebral Column.
a.ch.s., annulation of chordal sheath.
bd., basidorsals.
bv., basiventrals.
cal., calcifications.
c.c., cyclospondylic centra.
ch.s., chordal sheath.
d.f., dorsal root foramina,
h.c., hemal canal.
h.s., heemal spines.
id., interdorsals.
i.bd., impertorate basidorsals.
i.id., impertorate interdorsals.
iv., interventrals.
iv.s., intervertebral spaces.
lic.c., larger cyclospondylic centra.
neuromeres.
; neural canal.
pertorate basidorsals.
: perforate interdorsals.
ribs.
supra: basidorsals.
smaller cyclospondylic centra.
, supra-dorsal ligament.
ventral root foramina.
an 3
Ao s
vf,
Paired Fins.
A, muse. adductor.
3B, basipterygium.
b., axial cartilage.
6.1, intercalary cartilage.
8, modified radial.
bt.d., distal segment of basiptery-
gium.
bt.p., proximal segment of basis
pterygium.
c.m., collector nerve.
D, muse. dilatator.
Fi.e., muse. flexor externus.
_ F7.i., muse. flexor internus.
1.v.f., longitudinal nerve foramina.
last lateral radial.
mesopterygium.
metapterygium.
dorsal radial muscles.
pelvic girdle.
propterygium.
postaxial radials.
lateral radials.
ventral radial muscles.
R.v., marginal ventral cartilage.
S, musc. compressor.
T.d., terminal dorsal cartilage.
T.v., terminal ventral cartilage.
Eas
mst.,
mt.,
O,
DG:
pt.,
pt.r.,
Tes
Ra.,
572 - MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON [ Mar. 15,
2. Additional Notes on the Birds of Hainan.*
By W. R. Oeitvie-Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.f
[Received March 15, 1910. ]
The Natural History Museum has recently received a small
collection of birds from the Five- and Seven-Finger Ranges, Cen-
tral Hainan, procured by Mr. Robert Douglas, I.M.C., Shanghai.
It was forwarded in the first instance as a present to the
Zoological Society of London, but thanks to the good offices of
the Secretary was transferred to the Natural History Museum.
It contains several species of great interest, and among these
examples of a new species of Wood-Shrike ( 7ephrodornis hainanus),
and a new species of Ant-Thrush (Pitta douglasi) as well as a
Bulbul (Pyenonotus sinensis), not hitherto found in Hainan.
In my article on the Birds of Hainan published in 1900 239
species were enumerated as inhabiting the island. Since that
paper was published My. Walter Rothschild has received a large
collection of birds from the island of Hainan made by Mr. Alan
Owston’s Japanese collectors and containing specimens of the
beautiful Tree-Partridge (Arboricola ardens), hitherto known only
from the type-specimen. Mr. Rothschild described the following
species and subspecies (cf. Bull. B. O. C. xiv. pp. 7-9, 1903) :—
Psittiparus gularis hainanus.
Serilophus lunulatus polionotus.
Stachyris. guttata swinhoer.
Trochalopteron canorum owstoni.
Stachyridopsis ruficeps goodsont.
Pomatorhinus tickelli hainanus.
Cissa katsumatee.$
The first of these, the so-called P. g. hainanus, does not appear to
be distinct from Paradoxornis fokiensis David, for, as will be seen
below, the difference in size is not appreciable. The species, how-
ever, was not included in my former paper, so that the total number
of species of birds now known to occur in Hainan amounts to 249.
The number given for each species is the same as that used in
my paper on the Birds of Hainan ; for the sake of brevity this is
referred to as ‘ Ogilvie-Grant.’
5 a. CissA KATSUMATA Rothsch.
Cissa katsumate Rothsch. Bull. B. O. C. xiv. p. 9 (1903).
a-c. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th—15th November.
In describing this species Mr. Rothschild has compared it with
* [The complete account of the new species described in this communication
appears here, but since the names and preliminary diagnoses were published in the
‘ Abstract,’ No. 81, 1910, these species are distinguished by the names being under-
Jined.—Eprror. |
+ Communicated by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.
. f Of. Ogilvie-Grant, P. Z.S. 1900, pp. 457-504, pls. xxxili. & xxxiv. _
§ A full account of this collection has just appeared. Cf. Haitert, Nov. Zool.
xvil. pp. 189-254, pls. v. & vi. (1910): he enumerates 281 species and subspecies as
occurring in Hainan, and describes 14 as new, :
1910.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN, 573
C’. chinensis, but it is much more closely allied to C. jefferyi Sharpe,
from Borneo, and to C’. robinsonit Ogilvie-Grant, from the Malay
Peninsula.
6. DENDROCITTA SINENSIS (Lath.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 463.
a. 3. Five-Finger Mts. 9th November.
6. 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 15th November.
Hainan examples of this Magpie appear to be somewhat
smaller than Chinese birds. In six specimens the wing measures
less than 5 inches, but in a seventh (a male) it attains a length of
5-4 inches. Three specimens have the middle pair of tail-feathers
black to the base, and three show traces of grey, while in the
seventh the basal half of the feathers is grey, as in the Formosan
species, D. formose Swinhoe. Chinese examples may generally be
distinguished from Hainan birds by their purer white upper tail-
coverts, but these characters seem too variable to warrant the
separation of the Hainan birds from typical D. sinensis. In certain
respects they are intermediate between the Chinese and Formosan
forms, the latter being always characterized by their greyer upper
tail-coverts and the grey basal half of the middle pair of tail-
feathers. Dr. Hartert has separated this bird as a subspecies
under the name D. s. insule.
8. ACRIDOTHERES CRISTATELLUS (Gmel.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 463.
a,b. $6 @. Seven-Finger Mts. 16th November.
Examples of this Starling from Hainan appear on the whole to
be somewhat smaller than those from China, and have perhaps
rather less white on the basal half of the primary quills. In six
Hainan examples the wing-measurement varies from 4°8 to
5 inches, while in a seventh specimen it measures 5:25 inches.
Dr. Hartert regards this bird as distinct and has named it
A. c. brevipennis.
10. SpoDICPsAR SERICEUS (Gmel.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 463.
a. 2. Five-Finger Mts. 9th November.
11. Temnurus NicER (Styan). '
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 464.
a,b. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th & 13th November.
A fine adult pair of this rare species.
12. MAINATUS INTERMEDIUS (A. Hay).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 464.
a,b. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th & 16th November.
13. CHapria £NEA (Vieill.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 464.
a,b. 6 2. Five-Finger Mts. 9th November.
or
74 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON [Mar. 15,
14. BucHAanGa LEucocENYS Wald.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 464.
a,b. 3d @. Seven-Finger Mts. 14th & 16th November.
17. DissEMURUS PARADISEUS (Linn.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 465.
Dissemurus paradiseus johni Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p.580 (1902).
a. d. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
19. ORIOLUS NIGELLICAUDUS (Swinh.).
_ Ogilvie-Grant, p. 465.
a,b. 6 2 imm. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th & 14th November.
An immature male and female have the middle pair of tail-
feathers and the outer webs of all the remaining pairs crimson
washed with blackish. The only adult male which I have been
able to examine is Swinhoe’s type-specimen. It would be interest-
ing to know whether the blackish wash on the tail-feathers of
this example is a constant character. In other respects it does
not differ from the adult male of O. ardens Swinh.
23. EiMBErRiIzA FucATA Pall.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 466.
a. 9. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
24. HEMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA Pall.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 466.
a. &. Seven-Finger Mts. 14th November.
25. EMBERIZA AUREOLA Pall,
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 466.
a. 9. Seven-Finger Mts. 15th November.
28. MoracrLLa LEucopsIs Gould.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 467.
a,b. SQ. Seven-Finger Mts. 15th & 17th November.
29. MoTacILLA MELANOPE Pall,
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 467.
a,b. 6 @. Seven-Finger Mts. 15th November.
33. ANTHUS RICHARDI Vieill.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 467.
a. 9. Seven-Finger Mts. 14th November.
42, Lantus scHach Linn.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 469.
a. Adult. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
44, Lanius ruscatus Less.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 470.
a. 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 15th November.
St
on
1910. ] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN.
46. TEPHRODORNIS HAINANUS Ogilvie-Grant.
Tephrodornis pelvica Ogilvie-Grant (nec Hodgs.), P. Z. 8. 1900,
p. 470. Wo. |
Tephrodornis hainanus Ogilvie-Grant, Abstract P. Z.8. No. 81,
p. 18 (March 22nd, 1910).
Adult male. Differs from Indian examples of 7. pelvica
Hodgs. in having the mantle and back much darker and of a
reddish-brown colour.
Adult female. Darker and browner above than the female of
7’. pelvica Hodgs.
a-d. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 15th-18th November. (7'ypes
of the species.)
Hab, Hainan and China.
Specimens from Hainan appear to be slightly smaller than those
from China.
The measurements are as follows :—
Wing of male, Wing of female.
Clnintay ee oractsaeses A-8 ins. 4-7 ins.
IB WUTENO pes ckeone AS 4-45
An immature male from Dibrughur, Assam, 14th August
(J. R. Cripps: Hume Coll.) and an adult female from the Dafla
Hills, 11th December (Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen), appear to be
referable to the Chinese form 7’. ricketti and not to 7’. pelvica.
50. Luscrntona ruscata Blyth.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 471. ;
a. Adult. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
52. CETTIA CANTURIENS Swinh.
' Ogilvie-Grant, p. 471.
a-c. 6 Q. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th—-16th November.
59. Turpus carpis Temm.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 472.
a. { Qj. Seven-Finger Mts. 15th November.
61. TuRDUS MANDARINUS Bonap.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 472.
a. d. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
68. ERITHACUS SIBILANS Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 474.
a. Adult. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th November.
70. CopsycHus SAULARIS (Linn.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 474, .
a,b. 62. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th & 13th November,
576 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON [ Mar. 15,
71. CrrrocincLa MINOR Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 474.
a,b. gS et Q imm. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th November.
72. HENICURUS SINENSIS Gould.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 474.
a,b. 6 9. Seven-Finger Mts. 14th November.
74, GARRULAX SEMITORQUATA Ogilvie-Grant.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 475.
a. d. Seven-Finger Mts. 15th November.
75. GarRuLAX scumackert Hartl.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 475.
a-d. 6 9. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th—15th November.
77. DRYONASTES MONACHUS Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 476.
a,b. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th & 14th November.
78 a. POMATORHINUS HAINANUS Rothsch.
Pomatorhinus tickelli hananus Rothsch. Bull. B. O. C. xiv.
p- 9 (1903).
a. 3. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th November.
82. PycNonoTuUs HAINANUS (Swinh.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 477.
a,b. 6 Q. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th & 16th November.
82a. PycNoNnoTus sINENSIS (Gmel.).
Pycnonotus sinensis Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1907, p. 189.
a. go. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th November.
This species is new to the island of Hainan. The specimen has
the hinder part of the crown and occiput white and is apparently
referable to the Chinese and Formosan species. The amount of
white on the hinder part of the head varies greatly in different
individuals of P. stimensis, some Chinese examples approaching
P. hainanus, which has the entire crown and occiput black.
84 a. PARADOXORNIS FOKIENSIS (David).
Psittiparus gularis hainanus Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C. xiv. p. 7
(1903).
a-d. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th-16th November.
Hainan specimens of P. fokiensis are on the average very
slightly smaller than Chinese examples, and have been separated
under the name Psittiparus gularis hainanus. The comparative
measurements of Chinese and Hainan birds are as follows :—
Wing.
14 specimens from Fohkien, China... 3°5—3°7 (one 3°8) inches.
4 specimens from Hainan ............ 3°3-3'5
Inxtypical P. gularis from the Himalaya, the upperparts are
much paler and yellower.
ony
Or
“I
1910.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN.
85. HyPpsIPETES PERNIGER Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 478.
a-d. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th-17th November.
86. CRINIGER PALLIDUS Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 478.
a. 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 17th November.
87. CHLOROPSIS LAZULINA (Swinh.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 478.
a,b. 6 @. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th & 15th November.
88. CAMPOPHAGA SATURATA (Swinh.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 478.
a-c. 6 Q@. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th—-15th November.
89. GraucaALus mActt Lesson.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 478.
a,5. 6 @. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th November.
~91. PERICROCOTUS FRATERCULUS Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 479.
a-e. 62 et dg imm.. Seven-Finger Mts. Ilth & 12th
November.
102. SrpHia HAINANA Ogilvie-Grant.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 480.
a,b. 2 et d imm. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
107 a. Pirra poveiast Ogilvie-Grant.
Abstract P.Z.5. No. 81, pp. 18, 19 (March 22nd, 1910).
Adult male.——Most nearly allied to P. sorer Wardlaw Ramsay,
from Cochin China, which it resembles in having the crown and
occiput dull bluish-green like the back ; lower back and rump
bluish: fore-part of the head, cheeks, ear-coverts and lower
part of the throat dull pink, chin inclining to whitish; lores,
feathers surrounding the eye and on either side of the occiput
rust-red ; chest very similar, but tinged with pink; breast and
rest of the underparts buff; lower part of the abdomen whitish ;
upper wing-coverts and scapulars greenish-blue like the mantle;
quills brown margined on the outer web especially towards the
extremity with pale brownish-buff, the five outer primaries white
at the base of the inner web; tail greenish-blue like the back.
Total length ca. 8-0 inches; wing 4°45; tail 2°05; tarsus 2:0.
Adult female.—Difters from the male in being less brightly
coloured ; the top of the head, occiput and nape being olive-
brown suffused with pink, and the rest of the upperparts,
including the wing-coverts and scapulars, mostly dull olive-green ;
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1910, No. XXX VIT a7
578 MR. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT ON [Mar. 15,
the chest buff (instead of rust-red) tinged with pink, and the rest
of the underparts paler buff.
Total length ca. 7°6 inches; wing 44; tail 1:9; tarsus 1:8.
a,b. d 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th November. (Types of the
spectes.)
A second specimen of P. soror Wardlaw Ramsay, which was
collected by Dr. J. J. Vassal in the neighbourhood of Nhatrang,
Annam, like the type, has the feathers of the fore-neck and upper
chest black tipped with buff or buff with a black median spot. Jam
uncertain whether this is a specific character or merely indicative
of youth. No trace of these markings is to be found in the types
of P. douglasi.
110. DenpDRocopPus cABanist (Gould).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 482.
a,b. d 9. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th November.
112. IynerPicus KALEENSIS Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 483.
Iyngipicus scintilliceps swinhoei Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 221
(1910).
a. 9. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
113. MicrorrerNnus HOLROYDI Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 483.
a,b. 6 9. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th & 12th November.
Hargitt (Cat. Birds B.M. xviii. pp. 393, 403) says that Hainan
birds differ from J/. fokiensis net only in being smaller but in
having the middles of the feathers of the chin and throat
unicolorous with the underparts. In this he is no doubt
mistaken, for in the freshly moulted pair procured by Mr. Douglas
the feathers of the chin and throat are black edged with sandy-
rufous just as in J. fokiensis. The specimens obtained by Swinhoe
in February are all in worn plumage and at first sight appear to
have the chin and throat uniform, but a careful examination
reveals the fact that this is not really the case.
115, Panmornis Fascrata (Mill.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 484.
a,b. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th November.
120. CenrRopus SINENSIS (Steph.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 485.
a,b, d etimm, Seven-Finger Mts. 14th & 15th November.
121. CeNTROPUS BENGALENSIS (Gmel.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 485.
a 3 imm. Seven-Fmger Mts. 15th November.
1910.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN, o79
122, Ruoropyres trristis (Less.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 485.
a,b. 6 2. Five-Finger Mts. 9th November.
e. Adult. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
Dr. Hartert has distinguished Hainan examples of this species
as R. t. hainanus [ef. Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 218 (1910)] on account
of their slightly smaller size.
123. HARPACTES HAINANUS Ogilvie-Grant.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 485.
a,b. $. Seven-Finger Mts. 14th November.
129. Nycriornis ATHERTONI (Jard. & Selby).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 486.
a,b. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th & 18th November.
130. Upurea rnpica Reichenb.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 487.
a,b. 6 @. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th & 13th November,
38. Hurysromus cALonyx Hodgs.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 488.
a. dimm. Five-Finger Mts. 9th November.
141. GuLaucrprum wHITELyi (Blyth).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 488.
Glaucidium cuculordes persinile Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 205
(1910).
a. 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 14th November.
178. ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linn.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 494.
a. S. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th November.
222. TRERON NIPALENSIS (Hodgs.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 501.
a,b. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts. 12th November.
227. MacropyGia MINOR Swinh.
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 502.
a. 3. Seven-Finger Mts. 11th November.
230. TURTUR CHINENSIS (Scop.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 502.
Turtur chinensis hainanus Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. peeles
(1910).
a,b. $2. Seven-Finger Mts. 13th & 14th November.
231. CHaLcopHars inpicA (Linn.).
Ogilvie-Grant, p. 502,
a,0. 6 2. Seven-Finger Mts, 15th & 16th November,
ae
580 DR. EINAR LONNBERG ON THE [Mar. 15,
3. On the Variation of the Sea-Elephants.
By Dr. Einar Loynpure, C.M.Z8.
[Received February 25, 1910. |
(Text-figures 55 & 56.)
Four years ago, when I wrote about the Sea-Hlephant of South
Georgia*, the question arose in my mind whether the Sea-
Elephants inhabiting the widely separated islands in the southern
subantarctic seas all belonged to one and the same race. It
appeared to me most probable that this was not the case, because
the herds of the different islands are, and must have been for a very
considerable time, completely isolated from each other, as these
animals are not pelagic in their habits, but chiefly confined to the
waters surrounding the islands on the shores of which they
spend a great part of their lifetime. As, however, | had not
sufficient material from ditferent localities for comparison, and the
literature did not contaim enough to throw satisfactory hght on
the matter, I had to leave it unsolved. It was therefore a great
satisfaction to me when my friend Mr. R. Lydekker took up this
question last year and published a paper “On the Skull-Characters
in the Southern Sea-Elephant.” 7 Having read that paper,
however, it appeared to me that the characters on which Lydekker
has based the racial differences which, according to his views, exist
between the Sea-Elephants belonging to four different geographic
groups with subspecific value were rather unsatisfactory, when 1
considered the variation found in skulls of these animals which
T had studied from material brought from South Georgia.
In the paper quoted Lydekker diagnosed the following races :-—
“1. Macrorhinus leoninus typicus, Juan Fernandez.”
“2 M. 1. falclandicus, Falkland Islands.”
“3. M. 1. macquariensis, Macquarie and (?) Chatham Islands.”
“4. M. crosetensis, Crozet and (%) Kerguelen and Heard
Islands.”
According to later information Lydekker presumes that the
Sea-Elephant of Juan Fernandez belongs to the same geographic
group as those known under the specific name angustivostris, which
latter name then should ‘be regarded as a synonym of leoninus,
while falclandicus would become the substantive name for the
Southern species” (/. ¢. p. 606).
Lydekker bases the subspecific differences between the Sea-
Elephants from the different islands on certain proportions and
other characteristics of the skulls selected from the palatal
surface. To prove the difference in proportions he quotes certain
measurements in English inches from which the relations in
* IC, Sv. Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. x1.
+ Proc, Zool. Soc, 1909, pt. ini. p. 600.
1910. } _ VARIATION OF THE SEA-ELEPHANTS. 581
percentages of the basal length of the skull may be reckoned, as
is done below.
Falkland. Macquarie. Crozet. Chatham.
“ Basal length ”........ 20 ins) 1Siniss | L6;o mashes ehoz3sims:
(= 500 mm.) (= 450 mm.) (= 412 mm.) (= 407 mm.)
Maximum width in percent.
of basal length ....... (5 en 84:8 71:8
Length of palate in ditto 55 Qh 54:5 Eyal
Width of palate in ditto 36°5 35 39:3 304
Some of these relations thus appear at first sight to be
rather different in the different animals, but before any decision
can be made it is of importance to find out how constant these
percentages are when a somewhat greater number of skulls are
measured and compared. ‘To obtain knowledge about this I have
measured seven skulls of adult and semiadult bulls of Sea-
Hlephants, all of them from South Georgia. The largest of these
is 3 em. longer than Lydekker’s largest skull, and the smallest
6-7 cm. shorter than his smallest skull. The material might thus
be regarded ascomparable. ‘The relative dimensions of the South
Georgia skulls are recorded in the accompanying table of
measurements. From this it is apparent that the zygomatic
Quite young.
(ae SSS)
d\¢\s|sislals| elapse
3 oa |
Basal length of skull in mm............ 530 | 500 | 484 | 470 | 450 | 442 | 400 | 293 | 197 | 196} 193
Zyezomatic width in °/, of basal length| 79°8) 74:0) 68°38) 74°8| 77°7| 71:9| '73°0, 72°3) 80°7) 81-1] 84°9
Length of palate 35 rH . 51°3) 52°8) 50°8! 54: 0) 52°4! 56°5| 49'S, 57-3] 46°7| 50°5| 45-0
Width os 37°1| 35°2) 82:2) 8671) 85:1) 34°9) 84°5) 34:1) 845 3476) 35°7
Length of interpalatine suture i in a. of
basal Ilepi¥este Oy sia Aaeeemectemcndaaa dea 5‘6| 16°5] 11°7/ 13‘1| 9°7| 18°8} 14-5) 138-9) 5:6, 10:2) 10°6
Length of premaxillaries on the pala-
tine surface in °/, of basal length....| 21°7) 23°4| 22°5) 25°7/ 20°2| 21-4) 19°7| 16:3
Width of occipital condyles in °/, of
basal length . 23°0) 24:0) 25°6| 25°7| 27-1) 27°6| 29°2) 31-4. 40-6) ...
Width of skull at. posterior ‘edge of
meatus audit. ext. in °/, of basal
TeraySA DIAL BS A ea Ge a a 68°4) 61°9| 67°4) 68:0! 66°0) 67°2) 65°1
Width of skull on a level with the
upper posterior premaxillary suture
non]. Ot lopageall Werner genoccocos cesses ace 38°3, 35°0| 30°9) 35°5| 36°8| 36°) 33°2) 21°6) 29°9) 31°6; 32°)
Least frontal width of skull in °/, of
LORNA Temn@ae his Coe athe ate enema dene e 20°5| 15°8) 150) 17:2) 18°6| 18°5| 16°2) 12°2
Length of nasals in mm.. 95 | 95 | 66 | 56 | 79 | 57 | 62
Combined width of both nasals in mm.| 70 | 67 | 56 | 62 | 62 | 42 | 49
width—as usual among large mammals—is subject to considerable
variation, viz. from 68°3 to 79°8 per cent. of the basal length of
the skull, but usually it is about 72-75 per cent. A comparison
reveals, then, that with regard to this dimension three of Lydekker’s
specimens, representing “JZ. 1. falclandicus ” and “ MW. 1. macquari-
ewsis,” fall within the limits of variation for the Sea-Hlephant of
582 DR. EINAR LONNBERG ON THE [Mar. 15,
South Georgia, but one of them, that regarded as the type of
“ VW. 1. crosetensis,” is somewhat ditterent, showing a percentage
larger than that of any of the adult skulls from South Georgia.
Although a direct comparison between this Crozet Island specimen
measuring 412 mm. and the quite young skull from South Georgia
measuring 193 mm. (conf. the table) cannot be made, though the
former is young also, it is of interest to find that the percentage
expressing the relation between basal length and zygomatic width
is almost the same in both, viz. 84°8 and 84:9. This depends in
both cases on the shortness of the snout, which thus is a retained
juvenile characteristic in the Crozet Sea-Elephant, if constant.
If we then turn our attention to the length of the palate, this
measurement will be found to vary from 49°5 to 56°5 per cent. of the
basal length of the skull in the seven South Georgia male skulls.
The figures expressing the same relative dimension in Lydekker’s
specimens all fall within these limits and have thus no value as
racial characteristics.
The width of the palate varies in the South Georgia skulls from
32°2 to 37-1 per cent. of the basal length. ven in this feature
Lydekker’s specimen from the Crozet Islands: is Somewhat aberrant
as its corresponding percentage amounts to 39°3, thus indicating
avery broad palate. In this respect the Crozet specimen does not
exhibit a juvenile characteristic, for the corresponding percentages
of three quite young males from South Georgia are from 34°5
to 35°7.
Among other characteristics used by Lydekker for distinguishing
his races of Sea-Elephants, he mentions the length of the imter-
palatine suture, which he says is “long” in “‘falclandicus,” “shorter”
in ‘ macquariensis,” and ‘ longer” again in “‘crosetensis.” It must
be said, however, that the shape and size of the palatine bones in
the Sea-Elephants are so extremely variable that no value whatever
can be laid on any character derived from them. To prove this
it may be mentioned that although, as a rule, the palate ends
mesially behind in a projecting tip, there are other specimens
also adult in which there is quite a deep palatine notch mesially.
Not only depending upon this difference but because the bones
themselves vary in size, the length of the interpalatine suture
becomes very variable, as direct measurements indicate. Thus in
the largest of the South Georgia skulls (conf. table of measure-
ments) the interpalatine suture was only 30 mm. but in the next
81, in the next 57, then 62, 44, 61, and 68 mm. respectively. It
was thus more than 2 times longer in the next largest skull than
in the largest. The percentages expressing the relation between
the basal length of the skull and the length of the interpalatine
suture vary from 5:6 to 16°5, and not two of them agree (conf.
the table). It is of interest to see that such a great variation in
the size of the palatine is not only due to modifications during the
growth at a somewhat advanced stage, but that already in quite
young individuals a similar difference makes itself apparent -to the
extent that the length of the interpalatine suture in one of two
1910.] _ VARIATION OF THE SEA-ELEPHANTS. 583
equally large quite young individuals is 5°6 per cent. and in the
other 10°6 per cent. of the basicranial length (conf, table of
measurements).
The shape of the palate should also be different in Lydekker’s
“ subspecies ” in i a way that it ought to be “ flat behind and
hollowed in front” in “ falelandicus,” “ markedly hollow through-
out” in “ MNF A corsa,” and “‘ almost flat” in ‘ crosetensis.”
The skulls from South Georgia prove that the degree of ‘* hollow-
ness” is very different in different specimens. In the largest
skull, for instance, the palatina are markedly less “ hollow” than
the maxillary region of the palate, and the lateral portions of the
first mentioned bones are very strongly convex. In the second
largest skull the whole palate from the posterior border is evenly
and strongly vaulted. In the third largest skull the palate 1s
much less ‘ hollow,” the palatina are almost flat and somewhat
convex laterally. In the fifth largest the palatina are almost flat,
but the remainder of the palate is very concave. In the sixth the
palate is almost completely fiat, and in the seventh it is only a
little “hollow.” There is thus almost every degree of ‘ hollow-
ness” represented among these seven skulls, and characteristics
derived from such a condition cannot be of subspecific value.
Mr. Lydekker has also used the relative length of the ptery-
goid processes as a distinguishing characteristic of subspecific
value, saying that this process is “small” in “ falclandicus,”
“longer” in “amacqueriensis,” and “very slender” in ‘“‘crosetensis.”
Unfortunately, the pterygoid process is subjected to just as great
individual variation as other portions of the Sea-Elephant skull.
As Lydekker has not recorded any direct measurements with
which a comparison can be made, it may be suitable to express its
relative length by measuring the distance between its posterior
tip and the nearest opposite point on the bulla. This distance
measures in the seven skulls from South Georgia respectively
22 mm., 10 mm., 0 mm. (in this skull the pterygoid process forms
a complete bridge over to the bulla.and is anchylosed with the same),
12 mm., 10 mm., 9 mm., and 4 mm. (the skulls are enumerated
in the same order as in the table of measurements). As regards
slenderness, the pterygoid process is always compressed and its
longest diameter at the tip varies as the following measurements
indicate: 10 mm., 13 mm., 15 mm., 19 mm., 15 mm., 12 mm., and
8mm. The variability of this bone may by this be fully elucidated.
NOs palatal aspect of the premaxillaries 1 is said to be V-shaped
rs falclandicus ” and “ macquariensis,” but U-shaped 1 in “ croset-
ensis.” The present material from South Georgia proves that
this characteristic is just as variable as the others. In the fifth
and sixth of these seven skulls the V-shape of the palatal aspect
of the premaxillaries is quite typical, but in the second and third
the U- shape | is just as pronounced as in Lydekker’s figure of
“ crosetensis” ; the others show intermediate features.
The accompanying figures (text-fig. 55, A-D) show this different
shape of the premaxillaries in the Sea- -Elephant from South
584 DR. EINAR LONNBERG ON THE _[ Mar. 15,
Georgia. The length of the palatine surface of the premaxillaries
varies without correspondence to age or size from 19-7 to 25-7 per
cent. of the basal length of the skull (conf. table of measurements).
Text-fig. 55.
DY Shag DY
\V ds
D
Cc
Outline of palatal aspect of premaxillaries of four specimens of the
Sea-Hlephant from South Georgia.
Having thus examined and tried on the Sea-Elephant skulls
from South Georgia all the characteristics which Lydekker
regarded as satisfactory and distinctive, I have come to the con-
clusion that all of them are extremely variable, and, with the
exception of two characteristics of ‘“‘ crosetensis,” to which I shall
return presently, and the width of the occipital condyles, which
also will be spoken about later on, all the characteristics of
Lydekker’s presumed subspecies are to be found within the limits
of the variation of the South Georgia Sea-Hlephant. But this
1910.] _ VARIATION OF THE SEA-ELEPHANTS. 585
animal must for geographical reasons be just the one which
Lydekker has named “ falclandicus,” which thus in itself unites
most of the characteristics of all the others. he Sea-Elephants
have long ago been exterminated on the Falkland Islands, and if
now and then at the present time such an animal should be found
there, it is a straying individual which has come there accidentally,
most probably from South Georgia—an analogy to the fact that
sometimes, although seldom, a Walrus appears at the Norwegian
coast, in spite of the fact that the Walrus is as little pelagic in its
habits as the Sea-Hlephant.
The Sea-Elephant of the Crozet Islands Lydekker with some
hesitation regards as identical with those inhabiting Kerguelen
and Heard Islands. From a geographical point of view such an
assumption appears quite probable. If, however, this assumption
is accepted there is some material for the further consideration
of the ‘‘crosetensis” form available in the literature, because
Turner has, in his report on the Seals in the Scientific Results
of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ * communicated a table of
measurements of Sea-Hlephant skulls, and among them are two
male specimens from Heard Jsland and one male from Kerguelen
Island. The lengths of the Heard Island skulls from premaxillary
to occipital condyle are respectively 495 and 486 mm., and the same
measurement of the Kerguelen skull is 402 mm. As the condyle
has been included in these measurements the figures quoted are
not directly comparable with those of the accompanying table, but
by comparing the corresponding measurements of skulls at hand
with the basal lengths of the same, it is easy to reckon how great
a reduction is necessary to obtain the approximate basal lengths
of Turner’s skulls. It cannot be many millimetres wrong to
assume the basal length of the Heard Island skulls to be 470 and
464 mm. respectively and that of the Kerguelen skull to be 380 mm.
The measurements expressing the zygomatic width and the greatest
width of the palate of these skulls are also recorded in Turner’s
table. If, then, the relations between these measurements and
the basal length are reckoned in percentages of the latter, the
following figures are obtained :-—
Heard Island. Kerguelen.
Zygomatic width in percent. of basallength 74:4 76:2 73-9
Greatest width of palate in percent. of 39-7 38:3 32-6
GRISEA LS Kernel dhas ep etne ane deeaneen enc tes cnenn
The three former percentages fall all of them quite well within
the limits of variation found in the South Georgia skulls as
quoted above ; and if these specimens belong to the “ crosetensis”
form, the zygomatic width of thesame is only in exceptional cases,
asin Lydekker’s specimen referred to above, greater than in South
Georgia specimens, i. e. “ falclandicus.” The zygomatic width is
consequently no distinguishing characteristic between these two.
Of the percentages expressing the relation of the width of the
palate, the first and the last are rather low even for South Georgia
* Zoology, vol. xxvi. p. 6.
586 DR. EINAR LONNBERG ON THE [Mar. 15,
specimens. ‘The middle one again (38°3) is about one per cent.
higher than the highest of the corresponding dimension of South
Georgia specimens. From this fact and that recorded above from
Lydekker’s Crozet specimen only one conclusion can be drawn,
that sometimes the Sea-Hlephants of the Crozet-Kerguelen-Heard
Islands geographic group have a greater palatal width than their
relatives in other places so far as is known. It is not, however,
a general rule and thus no distinguishing characteristic.
With regard to other measurements also, the relative dimensions
of the skulls from Kerguelen and Heard Islands measured by
Turner vary within the same limits as the corresponding figures
of South Georgia skulls. As an example may be mentioned that
the width of the skull at the posterior edges of meatus audt-
torius externus is in the South Georgia skulls from 61-9 to 68-4 per
cent. of the basal length (conf. table of measurements), while the
corresponding measurements of Turner’s skulls are respectively
64:4, 61:2, and 66°8. These latter measurements do not indicate
any greater width of the skull than the corresponding figures of
South Georgia skulls.
Another example indicating a similar condition is obtained by
comparing the width of the maxillary portion of the skull with
the basal length. In this case I have measured the South Georgia
skulls on a level with the upper posterior premaxillary suture.
The percentages expressing this relation (conf. table of measure-
ments) vary in the adult and semiadult males from 30:9 to
38°3 per cent., without corresponding with the size or age of the
animals. With the above measurements may correspond fairly
weil those recorded by Tur ner as indicating the “ width of maxilla
across middle of rostrum” of Heard Island and Kerguelen speci-
mens. If these then are compared with the basal length of the
skulls (conf. above), the following percentages are obtained
(enumerated in the same order as before): 34:0, 36-4, and 32:1.
All these fall evidently within the limits of variation of the South
Georgia material, and they do not at all indicate any greater rela-
tive width of this portion of the skull im the Heard-Kerguelen
animals than in those from South Georgia.
In Turner’s table of measurements there are some figures
indicating the “ smallest interfrontal width.” As I do not know
whether this measurement coincides with the least frontal width
according to my way of measuring, | cannot make any direct
comparison, but only quote the percentages obtained. In the
South Georgia material there is a vi ariation from 15:0 to 20°5, but
the percentages reckoned from Turner's figures are respectively
15:1, 14:0, and 13-6, thus lower than the former. If Turner’s and
my own measurements really coincide, as I believe they do, the
percentages appear to indicate a narrower forehead in the Heard-
Kerguelen Sea-EHlephants.
The measurements hitherto considered show very plainly a
quite irregular variation which does not correspond with size or
age. But there is another relative dimension which exhibits a very
1910.] “VARIATION OF THE SEA-ELEPHANTS.. 587
beautiful series (conf. the table of measurements) in full corre-
spondence with the size of the skull, and that is the width of the
occipital condyles compared with the basal length of the skull.
Text-fig. 56.
Outline of the nasals of four specimens of the Sea-Hlephant from
South Georgia.
This percentage decreases regularly and gradually from the skull
of the quite young animal to that of the oldest bull. Considering
this fact, it is perhaps of importance that Lydekker states that the
588 ON THE VARIATION OF THE SEA-ELEPHANTS.
condyles of his ‘“ crosetensis ’’ are “‘ extremely narrow.” To judge
from his figure (/. ¢. p. 605) the condyles of the Crozet skull appear
to be only about 20 per cent. of the basal length of the skull,
although the latter measurement is said to be ‘16:5 ins.” or
412mm. According to the condition observed in the material
from South Georgia, the condyles of such a small skull ought to
have been something about 28 per cent. of the basal length. It is
possible that this characteristic together with others—but hardly
those discussed above—might prove that a racial difference exists
in the geographic group represented by the Crozet skull. It is,
however, difficult to base any opinion about this on a single skult
when these animals have proved so extremely variable in their
skull characters. Unfortunately, Turner has not communicated
any measurements of the condyles of his skulls from Heard Island
and Kerguelen Island.
The Sea-Hlephant skulls from South Georgia show a quite
irregular variation in many other respects than those already
mentioned. The general shape of the nasals is, for instance, very
variable as the accompanying four figures (text-fig. 56 A—D,
p. 587) prove. The dimensions are also extremely different in
different specimens with regard to length as well as to width, as
may be seen from the table of measurements. The mesethmoid
reaches the upper surface of the skull and fills up the mesial
anterior notch between the nasals,; where it expands more or less
in different specimens as the figures of the nasals show. By this
a continued growth forward and ossification of the nasals in the
mesial line is made impossible, but on either side of the meseth-
moideum there is free space enough for such a growth and this
might contribute to the irregular shape of the nasals.
The exceedingly great variation of the Sea-Hlephant skulls
appears to be fully proved by these notes, and it must certainly be
regarded as a very interesting fact. This great variation 1s partly
explained by the general rule that large mammals, the growth of
which is continued through a long period of years, each of which
contains different seasons with different conditions of life, are more
apt to vary than such as conclude their growth within one year.
Another factor which also may be of some importance in this
connsction is that the Sea-Hlephants originally had hardly any
dangerous foes which could influence a natural selection. Now,
however, these very interesting and completely harmless sea-
monsters have been unfortunate enough to provoke the most
dangerous of all foes—the greediness of man ; and by this they are
threatened with extinction even in the few remote places where
they may still exist in limited numbers. Indeed, the Southern
Sea-Hlephant is doomed to share the sad fate of its Californian
relative if speedy measures are not taken for its protection. The
hope of zoologists and al] friends of living nature is that the
the Government of Great Britain may give this protection which
is so sorely needed.
No. 80.
ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
March 1st, 1910.
Dr. A. Smira Woopwarp, F.R.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Scientific Meeting were confirmed.
The Secretary exhibited photographs of a Thylacine (Thyla-
cinus eynocephalus) and three cubs which had been sent him by
Mrs. Mary G. Roberts, C.M.Z.S., of Hobart, Tasmania. Mrys.
Roberts had informed him by letter that the Thylacines had been
in her possession for about eight months, and were tame and
playful, and that the mother had nursed them until they were
nearly as large as herself, although throughout that time they had
also taken raw meat. Mrs. Roberts added that the Thylacine had
extremely strong maternal instincts and that these animals, in her
opinion, were not of low intelligence.
The Srcrerary called attention to the recently published
‘Camera Adventures in the African Wilds, by A. Radelyffe
Dugmore, remarking on the great additions to knowledge of wild
animals that were being obtained by this new form of sport. He
directed special attention to the photographs of Grévy’s Zebra,
obtained near the Guaso Nyiro River, not far from Mt. Kenia, as
evidence of the range of that: species, and to an extremely interest-
ing photograph of the Giant Bush-Pig (Hylocherus meinertz-
hageni) taken in the same locality.
Mr. R. H. Burne, F.Z.S., exhibited a preparation of the vena
cava inferior, diaphragm, and liver from a Seal (Phoca vitulina)
that had recently been living in the Gardens. The specimen
* This Abstract is published by the Society at 3 Hanover Square, London,
W., on the Tuesday following the date of Meeting to which it refers. It will
be issued, along with the ‘ Proceedings,’ free of extra charge, to all Fellows who
subscribe to the Publications ; but it may be obtaimed on the day of publication
at the price of Sixpence, or, if desired, sent post-free for the sum of Six
Shillings per annum, payable in advance.
14
showed the strong sphincter muscle (derived from the diaphragm)
that encircles the lower end of the thoracic segment of the vena
cava, the great dilatation of this vessel below the diaphragm and
within the liver, and the presence of a pair of venous plexuses in
connection with the cava midway between the diaphragm and the
heart.
Mr. Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8., Prosector to the
Society, exhibited a series of specimens of Harthworms from
Luzon, Philippine Islands.
Dr. C. W. Anprews, F.R.S., F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks
upon some teeth of Hlephas (Stegodon) insignis and of a species
of horse from China. The former were from Sze-chuen, probably
from beds of Lower Pliocene age, and were sent to the British
Museum by the Rev. W. C. Taylor, of the China Inland Mission.
The horse teeth were from Tsi-shan, N. China, from a depth of
about 300 feet in the Loess, probably of Pleistocene age: these
were sent by the Rev. R. Gillies, also of the China Inland
Mission.
Dr. R. T. Luteer, F.Z.8., exhibited the larval stage of Tricho-
strongylus pergracilis, the causal factor of Grouse disease. He
found experimentally that the development follows almost exactly
the same course as that of Ankylostome—the cause of miner’s
disease in Cornwall. The egg developed into embryos in about
two days, and metamorphosed on the eighth day into a peculiarly
active larva that climbed heather only in wet weather. These
larvee were found in extraordinary numbers on the plants, the
roots of which were experimentally infected. Subsequent drying
did not kill the larvee, for by encysting they could survive several
weeks without additional moisture, but were unable, however, to
resist desiccation. They underwent no further developmental
change, and this stage, when fed to healthy Grouse, alone was able
to produce infection, and within four days eggs were found in the
droppings.
Dr. Leiper also exhibited a specimen of Cyclops containing a
living embryo of Cucullanus elegans, a blood-sucking parasite of
Perch, and discussed the mode of entry into Cyclops of this worm
and the guinea-worm. Experiments showed that the embryos only
penetrated living Cyclopidz, and led to the conclusion that the
Cyclops actually swallowed the living embryos and these penetrated
the stomach.
The paper by Mr. J. Lewis Bonnors, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.8., “On
the Varieties of Mus rattus in Egypt, with General Notes on the
Species having reference to Variation and Heredity,” announced
for this evening’s Meeting, was postponed owing to the unayoid-
able absence of the Author.
es
15
Sir Grorcz F, Hampson, Bt., F.Z.S., presented a paper giving
a list of the Moths collected by Mr. Shettield A. Neave, F.Z.8S., in
Rhodesia north of the Zambesi and the adjacent Katanga District
of the Congo Free State, nearly two hundred new species being
described.
The Moth fauna of the district is mainly of a West African
type, with a considerable admixture of Hast African and Mashona-
land forms. As there are no high ranges of mountains or deep
river valleys the fauna presents a very uniform tropical African
character, with no high mountain forms or forms peculiar to the
faunas of the drier parts of Southern or Northern Africa.
The Secrerary read a paper on “The Urogenital Organs of
Chimera monstrosa,’ by T. H. Burtenp, M.A., B.Sc., communi-
cated by Prof. W. N. Parker, Ph.D., F.Z.8.
This paper dealt with the urogenital organs of Chimera, both
immature and adult of each sex. Much of the early work of
Leydig and Hyrtl, which later writers had ignored or disputed,
was now confirmed and supplemented. The kidney of the young
male became differentiated at maturity into an anterior portion,
the “ Leydig’s gland,” with a function like that of the prostate
gland of higher vertebrates, and a posterior portion, which retained
its urinary function. Concomitant changes occurred in the
structure of the sperm-duct. Vasa efferentia were present in the
male, and these passed directly into a collector with which the
sperm-duct was continuous; hence an epididymus, as usually
defined, was absent. The adult female was shown to lose the
distinct urogenital sinus found in the young animal ; further, the
term “digitiform gland” was suggested as more suitable for the
structure usually called the “‘ receptaculum seminis.”
The next Meeting of the Society for Scientific Business will
be held on Tuesday, the 15th March, 1910, at half-past Hight
o'clock p.m., when the following communications will be
made :—
1. T. Goopry, M.Sc.
A Contribution to the Skeletal Anatomy of Chlamydoselachus
anguineus Garman.
2. Prof. Dr. Einar Lonnpere, C.M.ZS8.
On the Variation of the Sea-Hlephants.
ho Toes
16
3. F. E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.
On the Alimentary Tract of certain Birds, and on the
Mesenteric Relations of the Intestinal Loops.
The following communications have been received :—
1. R. H. Wurrenouss, M.Se.
The Caudal Fin of the Teleostom?.
2. Prof. G. O. Sars, C.M.Z.S.
Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition,
conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, F.Z.8., 1904-1905.—
Report on the Ostracoda.
3. STANLEY Kemp, B.A.
Notes on the Photophores of Decapod Crustacea.
4. J. Lewis Bonnors, M.A., F_LS., F.Z.8.
On the Varieties of Mus rattus in Egypt, with General Notes
on the Species having reference to Variation and Heredity.
Communications intended for the Scientific Meetings of the
ZOOLoGicaL Society or Lonpon should be addressed to
P. CHALMERS MITCHELL,
Secretary.
3 Hanover Squarn, Lonpon, W.
March 8th, 1910.
No. 81.
ABSTRACT OF THE PROCHEDINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.*
March 15th, 1910.
K. T. Newton, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Scientific Meeting were confirmed,
The Secretary read a Report on the additions that had been
made to the Society's Menagerie during the month of February
1910.
The Sucrerary read an account of some post-mortem pheno-
mena observed by Mr. E. W. Shann, B.Sc., in a specimen of
Lemur fulwus rufifrons which died recently in the Zoological
Gardens at Giza, Egypt.
Mr. OupFieLp THomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S., exhibited the skin of a
new Potto from British Hast Africa, which was proposed to be
called
PERODICTICUS IBEANUS, Sp. n.
Fur very thick and soft. Colour of upper surface grizzled
hoary grey, except the shoulders and fore-back, which were
blackish. Teeth comparatively small.
Head and body 359 mm.; tail 68; skull 64.
Hab. Kakamega Forest, British Hast Africa.
Type. Male. B.M. no. 10.3.18.1. Presented by Messrs.
Matison and Brett.
Mr. D. Sera-Smirz, F.Z.S., Curator of Birds, gave an account
of some living examples, in the Society’s Gardens, of the Black-
hooded Parrakeet (Psephotus cucullatus).
* This Abstract is published by the Society at 3 Hanover Square, London,
W., on the Tuesday following the date of Meeting to which it refers. It will
be issued, along with the ‘ Proceedings,’ free of extra charge, toall Fellows who
subscribe to the Publications ; but it may be obtained on the day of publication
at the price of Stxpence, or, if desired, sent post-free for the sum of Six
Shillings per annum, payable in advance.
18
The Secretary read a letter from Mr. George Jennison, of the
Manchester Zoological Gardens, giving an account of the success-
ful breeding of Pine-Snakes in confinement.
Mr. Cares S1ttem exhibited some living specimens of the
Crustacean Chirocephalus diaphanus recently caught in a fleoded
diteh on Eton Wick Common.
Mr. T. Goopry, M.Sc.(Birm.), introduced by the Secretary,
gave an account of his Memoir entitled “A Contribution to the
Skeletal Anatomy of the Fish Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Gar.”
The Author dealt with the anatomy of the axial and appendi-
cular skeleton, paying particular attention to the structure of the
notochord. He stated that the notochord in this fish had generally
been regarded as unconstricted except at the extreme anterior
extremity, but that he had ascertained the presence of well-
developed, calcified eyclospondylic centra at the anterior end of
the column and of calcified cyclospondylic centra of two sizes
in the main caudal region.
Mr. W. R. Ocitvin-Grant, F.Z.8., read a paper entitled ‘‘ Ad-
ditional Notes on the Birds of Hainan,” based on a small collection
of Hainan birds recently forwarded to the Zoological Society by
Mr. Robert Douglas, of Shanghai, and, at the suggestion of
Dr. Chalmers Mitchell, F.R.S., presented to the Natural History
Museum. The collection contained several species of great interest,
and the two following were described as new :—
'TEPHRODORNIS HAINANUS, Sp. Nh.
Adult male. Differs from Indian examples of 7’. pelvicus Hodgs.
in having the mantle and back much darker and of a reddish-
brown colour.
Adult female. Darker and browner above than the female of
T. pelvicus Hodgs.
Hab. Seven-Finger Mountains.
PITTA DOUGLASI, sp. n.
Adult male. Most nearly allied to P. soror, Wardlaw Ramsay,
from Cochin China, which it resembles in having the crown and
occiput dull bluish-green like the back, lower back and rump
bluish; the fore part of the head, cheeks, ear-coverts, and lower
part of the throat dull pink, chin inclining to whitish, lores,
feathers surrounding the eye and on either side of the occiput
rust-red ; chest very similar but tinged with pink; breast and
rest of underparts buff; lower part of the abdomen whitish, upper
wing-coverts and scapulars greenish-blue like the mantle; quills
brown, margined on the outer web, especially towards the extre-
mity, with pale brownish-buff, the five outer primaries white at
the base of the inner web; tail greenish-blue like the back.
Total length ca. 80 inches; wing 4°45; tail 2°05; tarsus 2°0.
19
Adulé female. Differs from the male in being less brightly
coloured; the top of the head, occiput, and nape being olive-
brown suffused with pink, and the rest of the upperparts, in-
cluding the wing-coverts and scapulars, mostly dull olive-green ;
the chest buff (instead of rust-red) tinged with pink, and the rest
of the underparts paler buff.
Total length ca. 7:6 inches; wing 4:4; tail 1-9; tarsus 18.
Hab. Seven-Finger Mountains.
Among the rarities attention was called to the remarkable
Magpie (Temnurus niger) with its curious truncate tail-feathers,
the beautiful Green Jay (Cissa katsumate) recently described by
the Hon. Walter Rothschild, F.Z.S., and a Bulbul (Pycnonotus
sinensis) not hitherto recorded from the island.
The SrcRETARY communicated a paper by Dr. Einar LONNBERE,
C.M.Z.S., “ On the Variation of the Sea-Hlephants.”
The next Meeting of the Society for Scientific Business will
be held on Tuesday, the 5th April, 1910, at half-past Hight
oclock p.m., when the following communications will be
mace :—
1. F. E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.
On the Alimentary Tract of certain Birds, and on the
Mesenteric Relations of the Intestinal Loops.
2. R. H. Waurrenouse, M.Sc.
The Caudal Fin of the Teleostemi.
3. T. M. S. ENneuisH.
Some Notes on Tasmanian Frogs.
The following communications have been received :—
1. Prof. G. O. Sars, C.M.Z.S.
Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition,
conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, F.Z.8., 1904—1905.—
Report on the Ostracoda.
20
2. STANLEY Komp, B.A.
Notes on the Photophores of Decapod Crustacea.
dupes ovou aa
On the Varieties of Mus rattws in Egypt, with General Notes
on the Species having reference to Variation and Heredity.
4. G. BK. Buuren.
On an Example of Posterior Dichotomy in an Aylesbury
Duckling.
5. Dr. R. Broom, D.Sc., C.M.Z.S.
On Fritylodon, and on the Relationships of the Multituber-
eulata.
6. D. G. Liutis, B.A.
Observations on the Anatomy and General Biology of some
Members of the larger Cetacea.
Communications intended for the Scientific Meetings of the
ZOOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon should be addressed to
P. CHALMERS MITCHELL,
Secretary.
3 Hanover Square, Lonpon, W.
March 22nd, 1910.
ConTENTS (continued).
March 15, 1910.
Page
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie during the month of
clnveiny, IO). spennes cooosemn ou pueocepenoc ober Monro epoe De coemgUsuce CoCo oo) Mak
Mr. Ei. W. Shann, B.Sc. An account of some post-mortem phenomena observed in a
HIERN INUL TEN sta Satis a) Sr wna eceui sven shoei deine Sort oicms erigueticoanalaTonen' Si oy mi ea SiSUenst at A ielae CIR SPARES ORCS aac a eae
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition and description of a new Potto from
"> British East Africas.....-..... errs MP rau ahaa itch) UAL a UA Bea Sy RN ARNE eed a 586
Mr. D. Seth-Smith, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. An account of some living examples, in the Society's
Gardens, of the Black-hooded Parrakeet (Psephotus cucullatus North) ...-...... ++: BRO
Mr. George Jennison. Letter from, on the breeding of Pine Snakes in the Zoological
Gardens, Belle Vue, Manchester ................ Ralosineue los Sie) baile eR cial ald ale oa EID ESE
Mr. Charles Sillem. Exhibition of some living specimens of the Crustacean Chirocephalus
diaphanus ..... RS Ea TSS Che HCP Mins no cies IEE SEO POO BOL Ses.oe or a OR,
1. A Contribution to the Skeletal Anatomy of the Frilled Shark, Chlamydoselachus
anguineus Gar. By T. Goopxy, M.Sc. (Birm.), Research Scholar, University of
JaiosaNeoy Mas bso. O NE. CENA a na bane oa SOU Map bo ORE moma Gaens aiden ous o40
2, Additional Notes on the Birds of Hainan. By W. R. Oaiiviz-Granv, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ie
3. On the Variation of the Sea-Elephants. By Dr. Eryar Lonnprnc, C.M.Z.S........... 580
EM e pases uve saes actpasraras Neca, seam rani AE ps eee Mia Lee ould ee i
poiist, of. Couneilramal Oficersyi as 65) bays craves eile ch corey apie Co ire i kau aN a il
Mbit Of Contemesn's sirre cy Senate Wits kes: seSietrs avn ol aray o eralen ater RARE Exo ooeah epee eg in
Eanabetical Mist of Compo utors lec cas rp aieele asaya gees 6-0 te sae ees vil
TESTO Nua heii Atey's)ei scatter ape ree ocahessy Mune meant aa cna Sou ci PMRREN Spica ad “SDR ead Mena xiil
ThistHomeRex t= oumesia cia weit ie clayey-teieraierettee win) aie easy fopaerel (sue ceegeee Deve th whe eel st ave] eee RD XV
New, Generic: Mernmisme sa ue cise ok cre oh eRe ee eee I ee. ecels Ahe atiis apaneieeai Es xvii
Index
LEST 02) PL Ars:
1910, pp. 385-588.
Page
‘Moths from Central Africa .... URE Rats So
XXXIX,
XLII. \
XLII. |
XLIV. ! Ohi doselathas aiiguanels Gar SMe ojos erik ete tees
dove | -
XLVL }
NOTICE.
The ‘ Proceedings’ for the year are issued in four parts, paged consecutively,
so that the complete reference is now P. Z. 8.1910, p. .. . The Distribution
is as follows :—
Part | issued in March.
Baye ae June.
ae Nae September.
» 4 3 ’ December.
‘ Proceedings,’ 1910, pp. 1-384, were published on June 25th, 1910,
The Abstracts of the papers read at the Scientific Meetings in
March are contained in this Part.
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