iT)? 12434 oo eCOERE et ecety eyechebeet getetprecy: ew hss ~~ une Piste Saas $44) bt >* 144 it} art oles ate petgeare + ¥ AS ty ters ebrees ee i C7 145 3 ¢ Peeves sigce e! >t PpiPi ft : , 4 ghlet sr dehy sor Tele fas sa ? Erevaritei ay : t 41335333 saeete etesd santi333 a4 4 Bh re ; Teale eee rel Syireeses : Pata 9339944 4) ia bi 4$ni4 4 13424 5 vebtat 3357) +e ete a4 4 , vile PI 3545 : — aESE fat 3219. S RATE wre oe : a7 24a ObERIRES ; os er ~ ane emt ve wre ieee oe ao Ne mn S ca chee un ay ey vaca eae H . , y Ué ia e S797 i. 2; PROCEEDINGS, 3 5 ok OF THE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VOLUME III OcTOBER I1909—MAy IgII EDITED BY THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE PHILIP DOWELL, CHAIRMAN ARTHUR HOLLICK, WILLIAM T. DAVIS PUBLISHED BY THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES NEW BRIGHTON, N. Y. IQI2 72.2.3\% ak ode eer TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I. OctoBer-DECEMBER, I909 Issued April 28, 1911 List of the Macrolepidoptera of Staten Island, New “tid Sy eA Se rr WILLIAM T. DAVIS Notes on Specimens Recently Collected in the Serpentine iteaot Staten (sland™........... ARTHUR: HOLLICK Notes on the White-breasted Nuthatch. ..Witttam T. Davis The Disputed Claim of the Proprietors of East Jersey to = 6) ES 2s Epwarp C. DELAVAN, JR. Records of Meetings : Peis Vecwao, Octolier 16, 1909 .... 6... sen eee eee iernlar Meeting, November 20, 1909 ............-.-- Regular Meeting; December 18, 1909 ...............- Proceedings of the Section of Biology October 20, 1909 (Special Meeting) ................ November 20, 1909 (Regular Meeting of the Associa- tion, held under the auspices of the Section of NIN a, hay iri ed Sea coc a) i'n) et 20 e's! 5 8 stp adage Part IJ. JANuARY—May, I910 Issued May 2, 1911 _ Two Seasons’ Photographic Work with Sandpipers at MAveeUe OMG, 4). ow css elarte ee Howarp H. CLEAVES Notes on Introduced Plants Collected near Arlington, Staten II eS vg cai ¥ia 5 pag Bravee erat oar ARTHUR HOLLICK An Addition to the List of Staten Island Frogs Witt1Am T. Davis ili PAGE I 31 34 an 49 51 52 53 53 55 62 66 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Do WottemrmuthewVoods 2ii.. s+ 6.5 2a Witt1Am T. Davis The Redwing Changes its Nesting Site.. Howarp H. CLEAVES Literature Relating to Staten Island Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History... 0.0.0... 25 ee ithe Birds of New Jersey... 2426: ee eee Dowell’s Violets of Staten Islands). (4:5 22226 235 eee Annual Report of the Board of Education of the City of New -York ) i) 0251... Sie Gratacap’s Geology of the City of New York......... Notes in Connection with Specimens Recently Obtained from the Serpentines of Staten dislamnd ia... eee Running Away from Folks i... 2i2e- seco: See William Winter, the Dean of American Dramatic Critics aie Staten Wisland Museu) 35-2. eee ee eee Records of Meetings ; Resular Meetme, January 15 10kOn= =e ee eee Reetlar Meeting, March: 19) c01Oss oe ee Resular Meeting, April 16, Toro eae eee Annual Meeting, May 21, 101G¢.. 0a. ene : Annual Reports Report of the Board of Trustees san seee eee eee Report of the Executive Committee)... 45.00 eee ieport of the Auditing Committcele:. «42s Report of the Publication Committees: 2.0.04. s eee Report of the Caratér-in-chief 422.5500) see eee Report of the: Secretary... 0.4. 4 eee igs Report.of the Treasurer <...; 4 =. sega Report of the Museum Committee sane Report of the Committee on Accessions .............- Report of the Women’s Auxiliary Committee ......... Report of the Section of Biology Seen. ae eee Reportiof the Section of Art 2352425 .5e eee Report of the Section of Historical Research ......... Proceedings of the Section of Biology March 12, 1910/0)... ... ee NPT SO LOTOH 3 a. sos aga ie en PAGE 68 71 73 74 74 75 76 79 80 80 SI TABLE OF CONTENTS Part III. Ocrosper-FEBRUARY, IQII Issued February 15, 1912 Changes and Inconsistencies in the Spelling of Local Place Names by the United States Geological Survey. ARTHUR HOLLICK Miscellaneous Observations on the Natural History of Long LE TEI DS 2 0S SS es ee WILLIAM T. Davis The Least Shrew in Captivity ........ Howarp H. CLEAVES The Seventeen-year Cicada on Staten Island between the Weare (o0A amd. POM 225.4. ds... WituiAM T. Davis The Possibilities and Limitations of Nature Study in the PG SCHOO Ss! is a te ws s Howarp H. CLEAVES Conservation, the National Issue...CHARLES Louts POLLARD Meer bes PTCES 2 esis eee ee CarL Puitiep DOWELL Records of Meetings momat Meena. October 15, IQIO .....5. 6360.2 c eae Regular Meeting, November 19, 1910 ................ Mecular Meeting, December 17; 1910 ......-.....5...- mesuliae Meeting, Jatitiaty 20, IQTI 2... J)... ec eee Peeular Meeting, February 18, I91I .....2.0-0.6..6.- Part IV. MArcu—May, I9gIt Issued April 25, 1912 meevieadow beetles ..........-.:+..- CHARLES W. LENG Additions to the Flora of Staten Island....PHit1p DOWELL Notes on Some Staten Island Ferns ....... PuiLtte DOWELL John J. Crooke: a Staten Island Naturalist, WitttAM T. DAvis Literature Relating to Staten Island ' Pacton New York’ Mineral Localities:..0..... 2255... Aboriginal Place Names of New York .............. Acquisition by New York City of the Larger Two Water meteoern ey taten: [Slants os vcs a. s <'ael es ae eae aces The Fossil Flora of New York and Vicinity .......... Two Popular Articles on the Chestnut Disease ....... PAGE vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences. Public Vibe Setirmithe: » ereNeieh visions. cles. cpe.eseheiefolei aces Oh ce) a 175 A New Prepinus from Martha’s Vineyard ........... 176 The Toads of the Northeastern United States ........ 17z The Kinehsher vat Home’ ..... 0... 2). . 22 Ly Ge Wwird-of the silent Wing ...-22.> 7. eo 178 Staten Island Bird Notes and Pictures ....3. > -aeeee 178 On the Affinities of the Genus Yezomia .............. 179 The Affinities of Geinitzia gracilima ................ 180 Records of Meetings March 25, 1911 (Reception and formal opening of the new building, held in place of the regular meeting).. 181 Regular Meeting, April 15; 191 ...2. ase eee 181 Annual Meeting, May 20, 1911.6). 32 2 eee 182 Annual Reports Report of the Board of Trustees -: .. J. see eee 183 Report/ot the Executive Committee.) eae 185 Report of the Museum and Library Committee .... 185 Report of the Committee on Accessions .........: 185 Report of the Women’s Auxiliary Committee ..... 185 Report of the Publication Committee -eeeeee 185 Report of the Curator-in-ehiet -2 2s 186 Report vor the Secretary 2.03 Aaa ee eee 193 Ineport of. the Treasurer dss ee eee ee 193 Report Of the Section of Biology)... oo eee 194 Report,ot the Section of Arte >a eee Bec cis - 195 . Report of the Section of Historical Research ........ 195 INDEX Wittlessand Subjects... 0... os) Se 197 Scientine and Common Names. >. sé... See 203 Part. 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE yw 5h “ARTHUR HIOLLICK 31 sted ‘Nuthatch oe eee a WILLiAMeT, DAvise 34 of the Proprietors of East Jersey to Staten Island EDWARD C. DELAVAN, JR. 37 Se eg THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OFFICERS, 1909-1910 President—Hon. Howard Randolph Bayne first Vice- Prestdent—W illiam Thompson Davis Second Vice-President—William Hinman Mitchill Secretary—Arthur Hollick Tréasurer—Charles Arthur Ingalls Ges BOARD OF TRUSTEES, igep=1G¥e = ne may oF ECTIVE MEMBERS TERMS EXPIRE 1910 John. DeMorgan ~“ Re Stafford Clarence Edwards Sey nes Samuel Alexander Henszey _ William Armour Johnston~ Samuel McKee Smith — - TERMS EXPIRE I911~ TERMS EXPIRE 1912 Philip Dowell aa Howard. Randolph Bayne— John Blake Hillyer. William Thompson Davis — ‘George Ser anton Humphrey Arthur Hollick ~ William Hinman Mitchill Charles Arthur Ingalls = II.—Ex-Orricio MEMBERS The President of the Borough of Richmond — Hon. George Cromwell, : The District Superintendent of Schools in the Borough of Richmond = William Louis ss es PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Wor. III OcTOBER—DECEMBER, 1909 Part I “List of the Macrolepidoptera of Staten Island, New York Wit1am T. Davis It is not supposed that the following list is complete, and many additions are expected, but on the other hand some of the species mentioned will probably not again be found, owing to the city con- ditions which are prevailing over an ever wider area of the island. Thecla augustus is one of the butterflies that has steadily de- creased in numbers, owing probably to the frequency of forest fires. Some other species, as Colias caesonia, have been found on the island during only a single summer, and still others, like Terias nicippe and Pyrameis cardui, sometimes occur in considerable numbers and have then not been seen again for several years. As a rule Lepidoptera are more numerous when the summer is rather dry, thus preventing a great mortality to the larvae through fungus diseases. These were the conditions in several of the years covered by this record, notably the summers of 1901 and 1910. So the years differ considerably from one another to a collector of insects, who goes afield ever expecting a surprise. In the following list, the months when the insects were col- lected have been mentioned, and for the greater part the notes that accompanied portions of the list previously published have I 2 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES been included.t_ Some of the more important records have also been recorded in the second and third editions of Prof. J. B. Smith’s New Jersey list. The specimens have been compared in many instances with those in various public museums and private collections, and several specialists have done me the honor of looking carefully over my collection. The identifications are therefore doubtless generally correct. Mr. Charles P. Benedict, of West New Brighton, and Mr. Oscar Fulda, of Stapleton, have added some species to the list, and the names of several other collectors are mentioned in connection with the species obtained by them. Family NY MPHALIDAE Danais plexippus Linnaeus. May to November inclusive. I have never found any hibernating on the island. The first in- dividuals to arrive are usually females, although males have been taken in May. They do not become numerous before August. On September 29, 1889, fourteen of these butterflies were counted about a single plant of the New England aster, and their terra cotta colors contrasted well with the purple flowers. They are often quite common on the seashore and alight on seaweed and other objects cast up by the waves. On November 25, 1894, a male was found in a sheltered situation on the side of a bank at Tottenville. It was a fresh, bright specimen, and had evidently been frozen to death. Probably none of our butterflies fly higher than this one, often among the swallows. It does not always beat its wings but sails with them spread in somewhat the same man- ner as do many birds. What may possibly be called a migration of this species was observed on August 27, 1885, when many monarch butterflies were seen flying slowly westward along a *The following partial lists have been previously published: Butter- flies of Staten Island, Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten Island 1: 5. F 1884; Catalogue of the Butterflies of Staten Island, New York, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 1: 1. Mr 1893; Staten Island Hawk Moths, Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten Island 8: 47-48. Ja 1903; Preliminary List of Staten Island Moths Belonging to the Families Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Syntomidae, Arctiidae, and Agaristidae, Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten Island g: 15-16. Mr 1904. MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF STATEN ISLAND 3 road. The day before had been cold for a day in August. The New York papers of September 8, 1899, contained articles on the invasion of the city by butterflies. It was a migration of this species, and on the date mentioned we found them at 9 a.m. settled quietly on an ailanthus tree in Battery Park. Very few were flying about until a ball made of newspaper was cast into the tree, when there was a great display of fluttering butterflies, a hundred or more hovering about the tree. Euptoieta claudia Cramer. This is not a common species on ‘the island. Less than a dozen specimens have been seen and these usually in late summer and fall. The earliest record is July II, at Richmond Valley. Two specimens were observed by Mr. Charles L. Pollard at Dongan Hills on September 18, 1910. Argynnis idalia Drury. Last days of June through July, Au- gust, and September. Argynnis cybele Fabricius. June, July, August, and Septem- ber. The males appear in numbers in June a day or so before the females. Argynnis aphrodite Fabricius. A single specimen taken on June 29. One seen at close range in the Clove Valley by Mr. Frank E. Watson on August 2, 1908. Argynnis myrina Cramer. May to September inclusive. Argynnis bellona Fabricius. June, July, and August. For- merly found in the Clove Valley, but none have been seen there in recent years. Mr. Frank E. Watson collected a_ single specimen in Buck’s Hollow on August 7, 1910. Melitaea phaeton Drury. Has been found in several meadows in May and June, sometimes in considerable numbers. Phyciodes tharos Drury. Early May to October inclusive. A caterpillar was found near Richmond on March 29, 1903, under a chip. It pupated on the same day, and the butterfly hatched on April 20. Grapta interrogationis Fabricius. To be seen throughout the warm weather, and occasionally early in the spring. Grapta comma Harris. Less common than the last, but ap- pearing at the same time. 4 Staten Istanp ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Grapta progne Cramer. As with the other members of the genus, hibernated examples appear in March and April and fresh specimens in midsummer. While sitting in the sun near Rich- mond village on February 24, 1906, I noticed a Grapta butterfly settle on an oak leaf lying on the ground, intent also upon warm- ing itself in the sun. I tried to draw near in order to identify the species positively, but even with my glass I was not sure, although I thought it was progne. The butterfly was very much afraid of me while it was on the ground. When it flew off I noticed that it lit on the fallen branches of a tree about a yard from the ground and that it had closed its wings. It then allowed me to approach, and I saw plainly that it was progne. 1 reached out my hand and picked it off from the branch. It did not struggle, but folded up its legs and kept quiet. So it re- mained lying flat in my open hand, and I carried it to a sunny place and put it on an oak leaf, where it lay as if dead. After a while it began to tremble, and presently it jumped up and before one could say “ Grapta progne” had flown away. Grapta j-album Boisduval & Leconte. Hibernated individuals in early spring and fresh examples in midsummer. About one- half of the specimens taken on the island have been found in dwellings, usually in the fall. It is more apt to enter houses than any other of our native butterflies, not even excepting Vanessa antiopa. Vanessa antiopa Linnaeus. Sometimes seen as early as the latter part of February and as late as November. The red seed clusters of the sumac are sometimes in the spring attractive perch- ing places for individuals that have awakened from their hiberna- tion. Vanessa milberti Godart. One specimen taken near Silver Lake by Mr. Gustav Beyer in October, 1886. Seen at Clifton -by Mr. Oscar Fulda on October 13, 1902, and on September 25, 1910. Pyrameis atalanta Linnaeus. March to November inclusive. One seen December 13, 1801. Pyrameis huntera Fabricius. Early spring to November in- clusive. ———=- MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF STATEN ISLAND 5 Pyrameis cardui Linnaeus. August, September, and October, but not common. .Plentiful in September, 1884. © Part IV, March-May, 1900, pp- 179-251, issued September 16, 1910. Volume III, Part I, October-December, 1909, pp. 1-54, issued April 28, MBS Niet i ee he Act of Incorporation, Constitution and By-Laws, etc. (Pamph., 8vo, pp. i-xxv, 1906) and the special “ Memorial Number,” issued in. commemo- tion of the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the organization of the Jatural Science Association of Staten Island (Pamph., 8v0, pp. i-xxxvil, 1907), will be sent free on application. : Fin Maibee 3. Tue Museum BULLeti ~ Monthly octavo leaflets, containing official notices of meetings of the ssociation and descriptive items concerning the Museum exhibits. Begun August, 1908. Current numbers sent free on application. Back num- ers 2 cents each. ! Le _ Checks should be made payable to the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, and all remittances and communications addressed to age , Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, New Brighton, N. Y. mee NA Re i Sra RSA ~ Miss Agnes hee - DEPARTMENT: iam Thompson Da : man Boe DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, ANI “x ‘DEPART: NTHR EOLO Alanson Skinner ¢ EPARTMENT OF ARTS AND | Quincy Adams, Ph.D., 2 4 an 4 Soa Cy a 5 Saw! a P- 3 “ret. OF ay nf \ _ January-May, igio Part Il = ee geomaas OF THE OF : Boca AND SCIENCES sect ee BY -PUBI CATION COMMITTEE CONTEN TS ns Photographic Work with Sandpipers at Wolfe’s Pond. % 5 + Howarpb H. CLEAVES 55 ed Plants Collected near Antington, Staten Island : ARTHUR HOLLICK 62 List of Staten Island Frogs. . oe... Wiuiam T, Davis. 66 Coe oe Aa. WitttaM TDavis_ 68 Chan ges its Nesting Site... .. +. ..Howarp H. CLeaves 71 Papers of the Arteria Museum of Natural History. ~ Vol. I11, ds of New Jersey. Dowell’s Violets of Staten Island. Annual Report d of Education of the City of New York. Gratacap’s Geology of ‘of New York. Notes in Connection with Specimens Recently Obtained Ser; entines of Staten Island. Running Away from Folks. William Jean of American Dramatic Critics, The Staten Island Museum 73 Section of Biology SN ee aaa. ole eae hs 108 4 ae hi So f. & ai. [Issued May 2, 1911] we at _ Tue New Era Printing CoMpany ; yo Se 4 Pat: “LANCASTER, PA Say. “ 2 ’ Noe he ) vs . oe - “ THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION — OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OFFICERS, 1909-1910 President—Hon. Howard Randolph Bayne First Vice- President—William Thompson Davis Second Vice-President—William Hinman Mitchill ~ Secretary—Arthur Hollick — Treasurer—Charles Arthur Ingalls BOARD OF TRUSTEES, xe a T.—ELectivE MEMBERS TERMS EXPIRE 1910 John DeMorgan Stafford Clarence ,Edwards Samuel Alexander Henszey William Armour Johnston Samuel McKee Smith x TERMS EXPIRE 1911 ‘ _ “TERMS EXPIRE 1912. Philip Dowell ‘Howard Randolph Bayne f John Blake Hillyer William Thompson Davis. George Scranton Humphrey Arthur Hollick ~~. cae William Hinman Mitchill Charles Arthur Ingalls: p Tl.—Ex-Orricio MemMBErs The President of the Borough of Richmond -- Hon. George Cromwell a The District Superintendent of Schools in the Borough of Richmond William Louis Ettinger i . a> ca PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Vor. III JaNuaRy—May, 1910 Part II Two Seasons’ Photographic Work with Sandpipers at Wolfe’s Pond’ Howarp H. CLEAVES Needless to say, the spotted sandpipers are the only ones that remain to nest on Staten Island. During June, 1908, one of their nests was found at Prince’s Bay. The site selected by the birds was near the edge of a tidewater creek which runs in a winding manner through a salt meadow. It was here that my first sand- piper photographs were taken. The year before the finding of this nest, the meadows had been ditched by the Health Department in its campaign against mos- quitoes. The effect on the meadows was marked. Barren spots appeared where water had stood before, and scattered over these places were innumerable blocks of peatlike turf, which had been thrown aside by the ditch diggers. ‘Mother sandpiper, after being flushed from the nest, would sometimes fly to another part of the _ meadow. Soon, however, she could be seen cautiously threading her way back, and not infrequently she would, for the purpose of observation, run to the top of one of the above mentioned pieces of earth. The camera was now brought into play. All of the * Presented February 109, IIo. 55 56 Straten IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES sandpiper’s observation towers were removed, except one, and this was placed in a tempting position. The camera was con- cealed in some grasses, and was completely buried under drift material and small sods. A thread had been attached to spring the shutter, and, after causing the bird to leave the nest, I retired to a distance of thirty yards, took the thread in my hand and waited. Much to my satisfaction the sandpiper, in working her way back toward the nest, ran nimbly across an open placé and made straight for the hummock in front of the camera. In another second her light breast appeared at the top of the clod, and the thread was pulled with much vigor. Although this inci- dent occurred a quarter of a mile from Wolfe’s Pond (the scene of all of the other sandpiper pictures), it serves as a fitting intro- duction to this paper. Wolfe’s Pond is perhaps the most peculiarly located body of fresh water on Staten Island. Along one portion of it a mere neck of land, less than fifty yards across at the narrowest point, separates it from the salt water of the ocean. An outlet at one end forms a creek which flows finally into Raritan Bay, but almost every spring there comes a storm that swells the pond until it overflows its banks and rushes out by the shortest route to join forces with the sea. At the other end, something less than half a mile away, the pond extends far up into a woodland where it receives water from a brook for a part of the year. On the east- erly side a grassy pasture slope extends up from the shore of the pond, and on the westerly there are farm lands, a small pasture, and the barnyard of a dairy. The first experiment with the sandpipers took place along the easterly shore. The camera (an old fashioned Blair, and the only one I possessed at that time) was placed on the ground near the water’s edge and focused on some point to which a sandpiper was expected to come. Then it was covered with weeds and tufts of grass, and made to look as inconspicuous as possible. A thread was stretched some distance up the shore and everything was in readiness for the sandpiper. It was generally not long CLEAVES : PHOTOGRAPHIC WORK WITH SANDPIPERS 57 before a bird was sighted somewhere along the water line, where- upon the photographer would gradually work him in the direction of the camera. If the bird finally arrived at the desired point in _ front of the spot, the thread was pulled and some result was assured. But not infrequently the sandpiper would fly before he Was even near the camera, in which case it was necessary to retire until another bird: arrived, when operations were started anew. _ Again, although the bird might pass in front of the concealed camera, it often occurred that he waded too far out or passed too close to be in the field of focus. On one or two occasions birds have actually gone up to the blind and caught insects that were on it, and many times they have run about behind the camera instead of in front. One day a least sandpiper arrived at the pond. All attention _ was at once turned to him, and after about an hour’s work he was photographed. It was at about this time that the attractiveness of the barnyard on the other side of the pond was discovered; that is, its attrac- _ tiveness for birds, if not for man. The soft muddy ooze under - foot contained numberless larvae, for which some of the sand- pipers probed with much dexterity. Insects were present in large quantities all over the surface of the ground, and were sought principally by the spotted sandpipers. There were several kinds of shore birds to be found here, however, and with one or _ two exceptions they all stuck pretty closely to the barnyard. There was one hard problem to be overcome. It was found that _ the area away from the shore was so attractive to the birds that they no longer followed the usual custom of feeding along the water line; and the water line was practically the only place where it was possible to photograph. During August, when the migration was at its height, it was _ surprising to note the number of cripples and otherwise defective birds that came to the pond. One spotted sandpiper, when first ‘seen, was flying in big circles out over the water. When he lit and was approached he ran a short distance up the shore, then 58 Straten IsLAnD ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES stopped and turned his left side to me, and again ran on up the shore. It was discovered that he was blind in the right eye. This bird bathed at short intervals by wading out up to his belly and splashing the water with his wings. Then he would stand on the shore preening his feathers for some time, and when all dry would go in for another bath. One day a flock of seven semi- palmated sandpipers arrived at the cove in the barnyard, and one was lame. A solitary sandpiper that arrived on the scene limped perceptibly, but was nevertheless very wild, and would be off on the wing one moment and back on the shore the next. Then there was a poor least sandpiper that had been terribly wounded. One leg was drawn up painfully and remained always in that position. His tail had evidently been struck by a stray shot, for several of the feathers hung down out of place. Now and then he engaged in a little feeding, but for the greater part of the time he stood about in shallow water as if meditating. He was a pitiable object to behold, and no doubt perished before the mi- gration southward had gone far, for in the bird world life is one great struggle for the survival of the fittest. One day while I was working on the eastern side of the pond a semipalmated or ringneck plover wheeled in from the outer beach and lit on the same sandbar with the camera. At the time I was some distance: from the end of the thread that connected with the camera, but hastened to reach it as quickly as possible. The bird ran a few steps and stopped at the exact point upon which the camera had been focused. However, before the thread could be reached, he had moved out of position, and a few sec- onds later took wing and was off again to the outside beach. This opportunity has never been repeated. All sorts of exasperating experiences and conditions were con- stantly occurring. When work was being done on the eastern shore, people passed not infrequently, and generally happened along just as a half hour’s work was about to be brought to a successful conclusion. Or perhaps just at the critical moment a cloud would drift across the sun and hopelessly darken things. CLEAVES: PHOTOGRAPHIC WORK WITH SANDPIPERS 59 A shaggy-haired dog had the habit of swimming about the pond in pursuit of a small sailboat. He one day came to shore near the camera, got mixed up in the thread, set off the shutter and spoiled a plate. A Frenchman who passed at a certain time almost every Sunday morning became extremely interested in my work. He would stand at my side and keenly follow the move- ments of the sandpiper on the shore. If the bird started to run in the wrong direction or showed an inclination to fly, an excla- mation of disappointment would escape from the foreigner. But if the bird finally chanced to tarry for a moment at the desired ' point, and the thread was pulled at the proper instant, the French- man would gesticulate wildly and express his approval. Once he was so excited after an exposure had been made that his feet became entangled in the thread and the shutter was sprung twice on the same plate. That night, when the plates were developed, it was found that the one spoiled by the Frenchman would have been one of the choicest of the lot. One afternoon, while working with a semipalmated sandpiper, I became so absorbed in what I was doing that it was not observed that 150 cows were rushing into the barnyard back of me. Sud- denly, however, the sandpiper flew apparently for no reason. Then there was a clatter of hoofs behind me, and it was by the narrowest margin that the camera was rescued from the stam- _ pede. In the early spring of the present year the purchase of a Graflex camera revolutionized the possibilities in bird photog- raphy. It came at the beginning of the busy season, and a list of undertakings from barred owls to long-billed marsh. wrens ‘was mapped out. But the hazy month of August, with its sand- | piper joys, was not forgotten. A thread, shutter-release at- .tachment was made for the new camera, a special blind for it (to use along the shore) was constructed, and by late July everything was in readiness. The blind proved to be a great success, and it was pressed into service on every possible occasion. On week days after business, 60 StTATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES on Saturday afternoons, and on Sundays I haunted the shores of Wolfe’s Pond. The result was that by the middle of August a passable series of spotted sandpiper photographs had been se- cured, and it was planned to devote the remainder of the season to the migrants from the north.. A week’s vacation, from August 16 to 23, had been secured, and most of it was to have been spent in the barnyard. But alas, for the first three days of that week, it will be recalled, there occurred the heaviest rain- fall for the month of August that this section has known for many years. The pond was flooded, its water line was com- pletely changed, and its banks were in such a wretched condition that photography was out of the question for many days. The storm seemed to have had its effect on the migration as well; at all events sandpipers were painfully scarce, and only one semipal- mated was seen during the entire season. This individual, for some reason, objected to passing in front of the blind, and the best that could be done in his case was to stalk him with the camera held in the hand. Three plates were secured in this manner, but the image of the bird in each case was small and unsatisfactory. One of the hired men in the dairy had for some time man- ifested a considerable interest in my operations, and when I arrived at the barnyard on Sunday mornings he would tell whether any birds had been present during the week. Once he said that a flock of “siven of thim yung ones” had been there for a whole day but he had not seen them since. One day in early September I had the pleasure of taking Mr. | Clinton G. Abbott to the barnyard, and one spotted and two sol- itary sandpipers were kind enough to appear on the scene. The spotted walked: obligingly into place in front of each of our cam- eras once, but after that he positively refused to be photographed. A certain section of the cow yard back from the shore held out strong inducements to him, and after trying at least a dozen times to get him to return to the water line (and to our cameras) we gave him up. CLEAVES: PHOTOGRAPHIC WorK WITH SANDPIPERS 61 The two solitary sandpipers were wary creatures, springing into the air and: making short flights, running about nervously, and wading out belly-deep in the water and keeping one in con- stant fear that they might at any moment be gone for all time. In fact one of them did disappear entirely, and the one that remained seemed all the more wary. However, after many pro- voking disappointments several exposures were finally secured. The pond was not visited again until October 10. It was not expected that any sign of life would be present in the barnyard at this late date but on scanning the shore of thé cove I detected a sandpiper. He was preening himself, and as I approached a little closer I could see that this was a new species to me. I did not have my camera blind with me, but did the best I could to photograph him with the camera held in my hand. As many as possible of his characteristics were noted, and his photograph and description were sent to Mr. Waldron DeWitt Miller of the American Museum. Mr. Miller was kind enough to tell me that the bird was undoubtedly either a white-rumped or a pectoral sandpiper, and that it was probably a pectoral, because my description said that the white patch on the rump was divided by a dark stripe. The last shore bird episode for the present season did not find its setting at Wolfe’s Pond, but on the wild, outside beach of Crooke’s Point, several miles upthe shore. Mr. William T. Davis, Mr. Alanson Skinner, and I had spent a pleasant day on the point. During the return trip along the beach, in the late afternoon, two sanderlings, or surf snipe, were seen feeding along the sandy stretch ahead of us. We at first thought that the birds were of a wild nature, but as we approached they did not fly, and finally we were observing them from a distance of only a few feet. Their tameness was almost unbelievable. The lens of the camera was split up so as to give one magnification, and in one or two instances it was necessary to back away from the birds to bring them into the field of focus. They were photographed until the plate supply was exhausted, and then my only regret was that I * did not have more plates. Notes on Introduced Plants Collected near Arlington, Staten Island? ArTHUR HOLLICK Land that has for its foundation a natural area of salt marsh, with an artificial superstructure composed of garbage, street sweepings, ballast from vessels, refuse from freight cars, and cinders from engines and manufacturing establishments, with a maze of railroad tracks gridironing the surface, is not apt to appeal to the casual observer as a locality that may be studied with either pleasure or profit, and is more than likely to be avoided. Such a locality lies just beyond Arlington station on the North Shore Division of the Rapid Transit Railroad, and at certain seasons of the year it may be sensed by the nose before it is fully revealed to the eyes. Nevertheless it is a region replete with interest to the botanist and, to a certain extent, to the student of social economy. The botanist will find there many interesting introduced plants, and he who is interested in social economics may note and discuss the exigencies of civilization which brought them there and the effects that may result from their introduction. Probably all except a very few of the plants now growing there were introduced as seeds in the refuse that had been used for filling in the salt marsh. Some species exist only for a single season and then disappear, but others become established as per- manent and often undesirable citizens, pressing hard upon and frequently spreading into and crowding out the adjacent native vegetation ; and it is a significant fact that nearly all of our most troublesome weeds have come to us in this way. Those derived from the garbage deposits include the potato, tomato, pea, bean, pumpkin, muskmelon, watermelon, gourd, tur- nip, grape, apple, orange, etc., and are not fitted to persist, either * Presented April 16, 1910. 62 Ho.tiick: INTRODUCED PLANTS NEAR ARLINGTON 63 by reason of the climatic conditions or the unfavorable environ- ment. They served their original economic uses as food products, and such of them as are represented in a further struggle for ex- istence during a single season are of interest mainly as indicating the vegetable resources that were utilized by the community as part of its food supply. The plants of greatest botanical interest are those which origi- nated from seeds brought in the ballast of vessels from foreign ports, or in fodder and packing material in freight trains from the south and west. Many of these become naturalized, and remain as permanent additions to our flora. At our April meeting last year I exhibited and gave memoranda on certain of the grasses and sedges collected at this locality and I am now able to show some of the higher plants found associated with them. Many of the species are common in waste places elsewhere and do not call for special reference or discussion ; others, however, are not only new to our local flora but have not heretofore been reported from the eastern United States. For this reason some difficulty was experienced in correctly identify- ing them and a few yet remain undetermined. Following is a list of those which were collected as most char- acteristic of the locality in the autumn. The species new to our local flora are designated by an asterisk. Commelina nudiflora L.* Tropical America, Asia and Africa. Chenopodium anthelminticum L.* Europe. Common in waste ground. Chenopodium vulvaria L.* Europe. _ Atriplex patula L. Europe. Common in waste ground. Amaranthus spinosus L.* Tropical America. Amaranthus graecizans L. Tropical America and western United States. Common in waste ground. 64 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Amaranthus deflexus L.* Tropical America. Lepidium medium Greene.* Southwestern United States. Sinapis alba L.* Europe. Common in waste ground. Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S.P. _ Europe. Common in waste ground. Brassica campestris L. Europe. Common in waste ground. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Old world. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Europe. Common in waste ground. Roripa palustris (1.) Bess. Europe. Common in waste and low ground. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Europe. Common in waste ground. Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. Sweet alyssum. Cultivated. Cleome spinosa L.* Tropical America. Cleome pentaphylla L.* [Pedicellaria pentaphylla (L.) Schrank.] Tropical America. Sesban macrocarpa Muhl.* Southern and western United States. Phaseolus vulgaris L.* Kidney bean. Cultivated. Ricinus communis L.* Castor oil bean. Cultivated. Euphorbia pilulifera L.* _ Southern United States and West Indies. Heliotropium europaeum L. Europe. Common in waste ground. Physalis pubescens L. Pennsylvania and southward. A ee ee MAG. Ho.iick : INTRODUCED PLANTS NEAR ARLINGTON 4s Solanum nigrum L. Common everywhere. — Sesamum indicum L.* Asia and Africa. _ Lagenaria lagenaria (L.) Cockrl.* Club gourd. Cultivated. Cucurbita pepo L.* Pumpkin. Cultivated. Cucumis melo L.* Muskmelon. Cultivated. Citrullus citrullus (L.) Karst.* Watermelon. Cultivated. -Helianthus annuus L. Sunflower. Cultivated. -_ > * ay ro a> 65 An Addition to the List of Staten Island Frogs* Wiitit1AmM T. Davis Between the railroad station at Annadale and Seguine’s Pond, there are several marshy places and one little artificial pond. For several years we have heard in these lowlands, from the middle of March to the first week in May, the song of what we considered to be the swamp tree frog, Chorophilus triseriatus (Wied.). Mr. James Chapin first called attention to the frogs, and several efforts were made to secure specimens, but owing to the small number of individuals and the unfavorable character of the days at our disposal, which were either too windy or too cold, we were unsuccessful. ; On the twenty-ninth of last March, a warm and quiet day, I visited Annadale with the hope of finding the frogs. While I was at a distance several were heard in the little pond, and after much waiting one sang again. The day was so quiet that the surface of the grassy pond could be minutely examined with a glass, and it was not long before the yellowish colored air sack at the throat of the frog could be seen as it dilated or subsided with his song. It was an easy matter to wade with almost imperceptible progress toward the little frog and finally to capture him with a sudden stroke of the net. There were at least five males in the pond, and two were collected, the others being left to keep alive the colony. When all is quiet these little frogs raise themselves considerably above the water and expand their air sacks and sing. If slightly disturbed they often withdraw, leaving only their eyes and nose above water. Part Il, January—May, 1910, pp. 55-108, issued May 2, 1o0I1I. . The Act of Incorporation, Constitution and By-Laws, etc. (Pamph., 8vo, pp. i-xxv, 1906) and the special “‘ Memorial Number,” issued in commemo- ration of the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the organization of the ~ Natural Science Association of Staten Island (Pamph., 8vo, pp. 1-xxxvu, 1907), will be sent free on application, ee. 3. THe Museum BULLETIN Monthly octavo leaflets, containing official notices of meetings of the Association’and descriptive items concerning the Museum exhibits. Begun - in’ August, 1908. Current numbers sent free on application, Back num- -. bers 2 cents each. ea '~s. Cheeks should be made payable to the Staten Island Association of Arts ~ and Sciences, and all remittances and communications addressed to ga : Staten Island. Association of Arts and Sciences, STE ea Rewabiiahton. NX. Yee MUSEUM:STARIE ¢ 3% fae Curator-in-chief “Ene ae Charles Louis Pollard, M.A, Bee Museum Assistant 1s Ae ee ae Miss Agnes L. Pollard sce ooeue DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ee William Thompson Davis, Honorary Curator. x James Chapin, Honorary Assistant : DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY. ~ . Philip Dowell, M.A.,. Ph.D., Honorary Curator DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, AND PALEONTOLOGY — Arthur Hollick, Ph.D.,. Honorary Curator DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHEOLOGY Alanson Skinner, Honorary Assistant — ms DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND ANTIQUITIES . © 9 John Quincy Adams, Ph.D., Honorary Curator - DEPARTMENT OF BOOKS In charge of the Museum Assistant ‘PROCEEDINGS OF THE neers STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION Rage A 0! EN TED’ BY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE we OSs ae Printers | Wanutan a Davis 120 « Ss [Issued February 15, 1912] THE New ERA PRINTING ‘Company ‘LANCASTER, Ee e — f VETSOL Part Ill ar Ny a Py" Swarr So Law ‘ : 1 ‘ * vt — {/ &s 7 ¥ Vy : A ryt Ke, eel } 1. {hy A MCR at eh Sow ma hese ie ty : NL ae aap vish® J Tin ~*~ Ong! Mase Mi Inst ses Sty ys THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION — OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OFFICERS, 1910-1911 _President—Hon. Howard Randolph Bayne First Vice-President—William Thompson Davis Second Vice- President—William Hinman Mitchill _ Secretary—Arthur Hollick Treasurer—Charles Arthur Ingalls - BOARD OF TRUSTEES, 1910-1911 I.—E1ectivE MEMBERS pea EXPIRE I9QII Philip Dowell John Blake Hillyer George Scranton Humphrey William Hinman Mitchill TERMS EXPIRE 1912 ' TERMS EXPIRE 1913. Howard Randolph Bayne 9 : John Quincy Adams William Thompson Davis. John DeMorgan ; Arthur Hollick | - Stafford Clarence, Pdwatdn Charles Arthur Ingalls James Richard Walsh — William Goodenow Willcox” STh2=Bs- ye MEMBERS The President of the Borauieh, of Richmond Hon. George Cromwell eae si. The District Superintendent of Schools in the Borough of Richmond ; William Louis Ettinger PROCEEDINGS OF THE _STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Vot. III OCTOBER IQIO—FEBRUARY IQII bie aii Changes and Inconsistencies in the Spelling of Local Place Names by the United States Geological Survey* ArTHUR HOLLICK On two previous occasions, at our meetings of February 14, 1903, and November 18, 1905 (see Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten I. 8: 52. 1903, and Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 1: 10; 1905), I had occasion to criticize the havoc which the government authorities are making in changing the spelling of place names on maps and in publications and thus often obscuring the origin or changing the original meaning of such names. The postal authorities often find it necessary to make a com- plete change of name when a new office is established, in order to obviate having two offices of the same or similar names in one state, as was done in the case of Dongan Hills, so as to avoid possible confusion between Garretsons on Staten Island and Garrison on the Hudson. In connection with such a change or any similar one there can be no quarrel or criticism; but any alteration in the spelling of a place name, no matter how trivial the change may be, should not be sanctioned or tolerated unless some good reason is shown for it, and the burden of proof should always rest on those who propose the change. If the authorities * Presented October 15, I9QIO. 109 110 STATEN JSLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES who are responsible were consistent and followed some well- defined rule or rules when making changes, or gave some reason for doing so, there might be opportunity for discussion; but a glance at any of the maps issued by the United States Geological Survey indicates that changes are made in an arbitrary manner, without following any system and, in many instances, without any apparent reason. The larger number of such cases arise from the use or disuse of the possessive case and apostrophe. When, for example, the name of Prince’s Bay was made to appear either as Prince or Princess Bay, its supposed original derivation from the family name of Prince was destroyed, and some erroneous connection with royalty would naturally be assumed by anyone not familiar with our local history or traditions. Some of us even regard the final ‘‘s” on Giffords with affection, and would regard it as un- warranted grammatically and as unfortunate historically if it were dropped, as has been done in connection with Hulett’s and Turner’s. Following are a few examples of inconsistencies in the use of the possessive case, selected at random from recently published maps of New York and vicinity: Shooters Island, Hunter Island, Blackwells Island, Randall Island, Governors Island, Duncan Island, Wards Island, Ward Point, Grace’s Point, Lloyd Neck, Bennetts Neck, Seguine Point, Willets Point, Rodman Neck, Nye’s Neck; Tom Point, Garritsons Creek, Latourette Pond, Peters Pond, Woodruff Creek, Toneys Brook, John Pond, Phinney’s Harbor, Lambert Cove, Johns Point Marsh, Doctor Hole Hassock, Bulls Head, Owl Head, etc. etc. Hoiiick: SPELLING oF LocaL PLACE NAMES III If an explanation for these vagaries of the map makers is sought in the publications devoted to descriptions of the origin and meaning of place names,” the lack of system becomes even more glaringly apparent. For example, “ Wards” Island, in the East River, is said to be “named for Jasper and Bartholomew Ward,” and “ Ward” Point, on Staten Island, to be ‘ named for the man who formerly owned that part of the island.” The origin of the name in each instance is from the family name of Ward; but in connection with the island the possessive case is retained, while in connection with the point it is ignored. It cannot be that such grammatical distinctions are based upon topographic feat- ures, because they do not hold good in other parallel cases, as may be seen by consulting the preceding list. A possible explanation is suggested in the fact that “ Wards” Island, having been named after tzvo men, might be indicated as plural, while ““ Ward” Point, named after one man, might be in the singular; but this theory will be found untenable when it is seen, a little further along, that Wrightsville is “named for Samuel Wright,’ while Wrightville is “named for the Wright brothers” ! However, if we have lost the final ‘‘s”’ from Ward’s Point and Prince’s Bay we have gained one in Elliotville, which is spelled “Elliotsville,’ as it should be, and for the reason given, viz., “named for Dr. Samuel M. Elliot.” Tottenville, however, is not changed to Tottensville. It is both the duty and the privilege of this association to do what it can to preserve the meanings of our local place names and to protest against any unnecessary changes which may tend to obliterate or obscure them. We should also endeavor, when new names are proposed, to see that they are correctly spelled and are appropriate. Such misnomers as “St. George,” ‘“ Woods of Arden,” etc., which have no connection with our local history or traditions, should be rendered impossible of adoption in the future. The publication committee has been very liberal with contribu- ?Gannett, Henry. The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 258. Second Edition, 1905. 112 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES tors to the PRocEEDINGS in regard to individual preferences in the spelling of local place names, but it has been deemed advis- able by the committee that some rule or rules should be adopted for a uniform system or code of place nomenclature in the publi- cations of the Association, and in this connection the following resolution is herewith submitted: Resolved, That the Board of Trustees be requested to instruct the publication committee to preserve, as far as possible, the origin and meaning of local place names in the spelling of the same, wherever any such names may appear in any of the publi- cations of the Association, and to adopt a uniform code of nomen- clature for all such names in all papers submitted for publication. i[Nore. This resolution, we hope, is not to be interpreted so as to place the Association on record as opposed to progress. Radical changes in place names are undesirable and should not be resorted to unless they are unavoidable. Such changes should be opposed by the Association. But when a slight change is made in a geographic name so as to make it some- what shorter or simpler, especially when such a change is made by an authoritative national body and does not destroy the historical origin of the name; then we should not hesitate but fall in line with the rest of mankind in the onward march of progress. When the United States Geographic Board decided to drop the super- fluous apostrophe in geographic names, this was a forward step in the proper direction, even though some inconsistencies may have been over- looked. The historical origin of a name is not lost by the omission of the apostrophe. Neither does it detract from the honor of the person for whom a place is named to use his name as a direct modifier instead of using it as a modifier in the possessive case. We may as well insist on writing Dongan’s Hills instead of Dongan Hills, Pitt’s Burgh instead of Pittsburg, John’s Son instead of Johnson, or Hudson’s Bay instead of Hudson Bay, as to insist on writing Prince’s Bay instead of Prince Bay. The name Prince’s Bay may imply that the bay was named in honor of the family name Prince, or that it was at one time owned by Prince; but it may also mean that the bay was named in honor of a prince, or that it was once owned by a prince. Likewise, the name Prince Bay may mean, either that the bay was named in honor of the family name Prince or that it was named in honor of a prince. The one form of the name or the other does not settle the mooted question whether the bay was named for royalty or for an ope citizen by the name of Prince. (See Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten I. 8: 88. 1903.)— Pu. D., chairman of the publication committee.] ~ Miscellaneous Observations on the Natural History of Long Island, N. Y.? WititrAm T. Davis The members of the Brooklyn Entomological Society have undertaken the collecting of data looking forward to the ultimate publication of a list of Long Island insects. With this in view, Mr. George P. Engelhardt, of the Brooklyn Museum, and the writer spent some days during September and October on the eastern part of Long Island; and while we collected and recorded many insects, we also noted some other facts of interest. The beach plum, Prunus maritima Wang., is common on Staten Island in favorable situations, and the purple fruit is much esteemed for preserving. Of this plant we saw many hundreds on the eastern part of Long Island, and as the flavor of the fruit differs considerably on the different bushes, we were always on the lookout for the very best, and of course took many samples. We were surprised, however, to discover, near Promised Land, a little bush about fifteen inches high that bore five plums of a yellow color. One we ate and found it to be perfectly ripe, and the other four were carefully removed and placed in formalin. A stake was driven in the ground by the bush, which was also tagged, and it is our hope to revisit it some future day and see if it still continues to bear yellow plums. Conocephalids were often heard as we tramped along and we noted the songs of four species of these grasshoppers and col- _ lected the songsters. A colony of Conocephalus lyristes R. & H. was found near Promised Land, thus extending the known dis- tribution of the species northeastward on the island about 85 miles. On the downs at Montauk and near Great Pond, where the wild ducks are so plentiful, we found Conocephalus triops 1Presented October 15, I910. 113 114 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Linn. in numbers, and saw one of them being carried by the wasp Sphex ichneumonea Linn. to her burrow in the adjoining sandy road. In the mountains of northern Georgia we have found Sphex partial to Atlanticus dorsalis Burm. Dr. A. S. Packard records Orchelimum as a prey of this Sphex. Katydids, Cyrtophyllus perspicillatus Linn., sang often in the day, as is their habit in the fall, and sometimes we heard them at II or 12 a. m., when the sun was at its warmest. They were also laying their eggs in the bark of the pitch pines, both at Cal- verton and Yaphank, and it did not seem to make any difference to them whether they faced head downward or the reverse. The Ovipositor was inserted sidewise into the layers of the thick bark, and the six insects that were observed thus engaged were located on the tree trunks all the way from one to five feet above the ground. We also found two females on the trunk of a large oak, but they were not laying eggs at the time. About the first of October many of the katydids die, and we found one dead male with his caudal appendage wedged into the bark of an oak, and also one female on the trunk of a pine, that was so nearly dead that she moved her legs and antennae but feebly when we re- moved her from the tree. The common box turtle, Cistudo carolina Linn., is described as black or dark brown above, with numerous yellow blotches, the markings being extremely variable. In the woods north of Ama- gansett we found a box turtle of a chocolate brown color. At first the shell showed no yellow markings, but upon being rubbed with a cloth these showed faintly. The yellow markings on the head and legs were also not as pronounced as usual. This turtle was about two thirds grown, being three and three-fourths inches in length along the plastron. Cedar birds, Bombycilla cedrorum, were quite plentiful in one of the wooded hollows that occur in the Montauk downs, and we were interested to see them fly from some spreading sour gum and zigzag about in their efforts to catch the white and black geom- etrid moths, Cingilia catenaria Cram., that were very plentiful. ee a re _ a Davis: NAtTuRAL History oF Lone Istanp, N. Y. 115 The birds were not always successful and quite often came back to the perching tree with empty bills. A gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, at Calverton, near the Old Forge on the Peconie River, had made a nest in a tree in the usual manner, but had worked into the structure the skeletonized leaves of an oak. The leaves had been eaten by the larvae of a species of Anisota until only the midrib and principal veins remained. The squirrel had gnawed off the ends of the branches, each twig bearing several of the skeletonized leaves, and with this wiry material the nest had been lined. In many localities the bark of the red cedar is used by gray squirrels, and it seemed to us that in this instance good judgment had been shown in using the best material at hand. The Least Shrew in Captivity! Howarp H. CLeaves Because of his diminutive size and peculiar habits, perhaps, there is no local mammal that has been observed less and about which less has been written than the least shrew, Blarina parva (Say). In fact, not until recently (that is, within the past few years) were any taken at all on Staten Island, and not until very recently were any obtained in a sufficiently perfect and healthy condition to allow of their being kept for any appreciable length of time in captivity. I believe that heretofore the specimens found were either dead or were killed in the catching. Mr. James Chapin has one or two records of having found identifiable parts in owl pellets. The reason, it is said, that both the short- tailed and the least shrews are not taken more frequently by owls and hawks is that the birds of prey object to the disagreeable odor that both of these mammals give off. It is, indeed, very offensive, even to the human nose, and if the tiny beasts taste anything like what this odor might imply, it can be readily under- stood why hawks and owls, even in winter, when hard pressed for food, abide by the rule of “hands off,” or rather “talons off.” On Sunday, September '25, 1910, Mr. Alanson Skinner came to my house at “Prince’s Bay” and turned over to me two least shrews which he and the Wort boys had captured at “ Lake’s Is- land,’ Staten Island. Out on this lonely piece of land, which is not an island at all, but simply a sandy strip isolated from the mainland by salt meadows, there stands an old deserted house, and near the house, where it is evident that a barn once stood, there are strewn over the ground large sections of tarred paper. It has been our custom for several years to go each fall to this area and hunt for meadow mice under the pieces of paper. Two or three * Presented at a meeting of the Section of Biology, October 31, toI0. 116 CLEAVES: THE Least SHREW IN CAPTIVITY 117 mice were generally our reward, and one of these was kept cap- tive for several months, in 1909, by Mr. James Chapin. But on the occasion of the recent “round up,” in which I unfortunately did not take part, it was the good luck of the participants to capture not only meadow mice but two of the rare little least shrews; and it is of my few days’ experience with these that I would write. Before they were handed to me they had been roughly wrapped up in a handkerchief and carried in a rather tight coat pocket. This, coupled with the difficulty of creating a congenial artificial environment and supplying proper food for the delicate little creatures, may have some bearing on the fact that one survived only three days, while the other lived until the morning of the fiith day. But after being removed from the handkerchief they were given a more roomy apartment in the shape of a breeding cage for moths. At the bottom of the cage was placed a piece of sod, which retained considerable green grass, and in one corner a couple of handfuls of cotton. Although it was not expected that the shrews would touch them, a number of kernels of Indian corn were scattered about in another corner of the floor of the cage. And now began the nightly search for earthworms, for these make up a part of the approved diet of the least shrew. Each evening I took a lantern and scouted about for “night walkers” from one end of our yard to the other. But angleworms were as scarce, so to speak, as “ hens’ teeth,” for the ground was hard and dry as the result of a long rainless spell, and the night air was cold. However, the first search resulted in the capture of seven worms, and only a half of one of these remained the next evening. The next night only two worms were captured, and when I examined the cage on Tuesday night (September 27) I discovered that in addition to having done away with the worms the shrews had attacked the kernels of corn, gnawing out, in each case, only a part of the soft germ. From the first I had observed that one of the shrews was indisposed and would remain 118 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES under the pile of cotton or under the sod while the other scurried about the cage and attacked the worms. In fact, I am quite cer- tain that this quiet individual ate little or no food and that his death, which occurred some time on Wednesday, was caused by starvation. My observations, then, were confined principally to the more active and long-lived individual. He, too, stayed a great deal under the cotton, but this was mostly in the daytime; at night he became active, although sometimes he disliked to show himself when a lamp was near. Two or three times I removed the cotton and the sod, leaving no place for retreat, and, reaching into the cage, touched and even stroked the little fellow on the back. At no time did he endeavor to climb up the wire-screen walls of the cage, and when my fingers touched him he stood very still and did not seem in the least perturbed. Had this been tried with a whitefooted mouse, probably the rim of the cage would have been cleared with a single jump. However, a lamp almost always stood close beside the box on these occasions (un- less it was done by daylight), and the apparent tameness of the subject may not have been tameness at all but a partial blindness caused by the glare of the light. On Wednesday night I succeeded in catching five earthworms and by the following evening the single shrew had devoured them — all. On several occasions I observed very closely the methods employed by the captive in attacking and devouring a worm. To watch closely the movements of the shrew it was necessary to place a lamp near to the cage, and possibly on this account he was not so active as he would otherwise have been; but I am sure that, even so, he was too energetic to suit his prey. Darting out from his retreat beneath the cotton, he would seize a worm near the head and tug away so hard that the shrew’s feet would slip from beneath him on the loose dirt on the floor of the cage. Sud- denly he would release his grip and take hold in another place, the worm writhing to no effect at each attack. Then the shrew would scamper to cover, but in a second reappear from beneath the cot- ton and dart again at the worm, always taking hold at the head. Cieaves: THe Least SHREW IN CAPTIVITY 119 After several minutes of this incessant work the worm would finally be dragged under the cotton, when the feast would begin. In order to watch the meal progress it was necessary to gently lift the cotton so as not to disturb the diner. Without going through the formality of killing the victim, the shrew would begin at once to gnaw away at the head. To any creature having a more highly developed nervous system than the earthworm this would undoubtedly have been a most painful proceeding. And it must have been a tedious task, for at the end of five minutes only about a quarter of an inch had been consumed, and yet the shrew ate five worms in a rather short time, supposedly in a night. The only sound that I heard come from the prisoner was an almost inaudible “ piff, piff,’ uttered very rapidly (almost. ex- plosively) while he was eating. My chief regret is that he did not survive long enough to be photographed. The Seventeen-Year Cicada on Staten Island between the Years 1894 and 1911* Witttam T. Davis Next June our island will resound with the songs of the seventeen-year cicada, Tibicen septendecim L., for IQI1 is “Tocust Year” in the valley of the Hudson. This brood covers a considerable area and extends to the south into the mountains of North Carolina. It is well known to entomologists that while the seventeen- year cicada appears periodically in certain districts in great num- bers, there are other years when it is to be found in the same places but in less numbers. The limits of the various broods are not sharply defined, and when a few seventeen-year cicadas are found on Staten Island, for instance, there may be a considerable visitation of them not many miles away. The advent of the white man with his farming operations and the consequent de- struction of the forests, have had an influence upon the cicadas and, no doubt, broken up the broods to some slight extent. In the Proceedings of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island for February 1894, an account is given of the appearance of the seventeen-year cicada on the island between the brood years of 1877 and 1894. In 1881 a considerable num- ber appeared belonging to the brood now known as number VI. In 1885, 1888, and 1889 only slight evidence was found of the occurrence of the insect on the island. In 1890 and 1892 a few were found, and in 1893 they were more numerous, but these last may have been precursors of the general swarm of 1894. Since 1894 the seventeen-year cicada has been observed on the island during eight different years, as appears by the following chronological record. * Presented January 21, IQIT. _" — Davis: 17-YEAR CICADA ON STATEN ISLAND 12! 1895 On June 15 I heard several seventeen-year cicadas singing near the middle of the island, and on the 16th several others were heard in the Clove Valley. They also occurred at West New Brighton. 1896 The only evidence of the cicada on the island during this year was the finding of a pupa case on Todt Hill on the 6th of June. 1897 Dr. Joseph C. Thompson gave me a red-eyed cicada with pupa skin, which he had found on a tree on Belair Road, Rosebank. 1898 As the seventeen-year cicada appeared in considerable numbers on the island in 1881, it was expected that they would be found quite abundant in 1898 (see Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten I. 6: 60. S 1898). A cicada pupa was found in its cone on the side of the Clove Road as early as April 30. Later other cones were found at the same place among the dead wet leaves, and by the middle of June the insects were heard in many parts of the island. They were abundant on Todt Hill and Ocean Terrace, also in the Clove Valley, and on June 12 I received a box containing 104 cicada pupas collected by the family of Mr. Charles W. Leng at West New Brighton. Mr. Louis H. Joutel also found a consid- erable number of cicadas on the 5th of June at Fort Lee, N. J. 1902 In June a seventeen-year cicada was found at West New Brighton in Mr. Leng’s garden, and on June 12 I found a pupa skin in the valley of Logan’s Spring brook. Considering that Brood X was so abundantly represented in parts of New Jersey, it is remarkable that more cicadas were not found on Staten Island in 1885 and 1902. 1906 In April Mr. Alanson Skinner gave me a pupa that he had found under a stone in the Clove Valley, and on June 10 we heard 122 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES a seventeen-year cicada singing in a tree at Richmond Valley. On parts of Long Island, as at East Port, Yaphank, Half Way Hollow hills, Pinelawn, etc., Brood XIV appeared in consider- able numbers. 1907 A note was made upon this brood, now known in Mr. Marlatt’s arrangement as number XV, in these PRocEEDINGs for October, 1907, from which we quote the following: “On March 31, Mr. Alanson Skinner gave me a pupa that he had found under a stone at Woodrow. On June 22 I heard several cicadas singing in the trees at Woodrow and vicinity, and found two pupa skins in an apple tree on the farm of Mr. Isaac Wort. Mr. Wort had also heard the cicadas at various times, and he presented me with a pupa which he had found some time before my visit. “The following day a cicada was heard at Watchogue at the other end of the island. Later in the summer, while with Mr. Henry Bird in the Clove Valley, we each found a pupa skin of the seventeen-year cicada. Mr. Chas. P. Benedict informs me that he found in June many pupa skins as well as fully developed cicadas at his house on Manor Road, West New Brighton. In New Jersey the seventeen-year cicada occurred at Westfield, Plainfield, and Newfoundland. “Tt may be seen from the foregoing that the individuals were quite numerous and no doubt sufficiently so to insure the insect’s appearance in 1924.” 1910 Mr. Isaac Wort, of Woodrow, reported to me that he had heard several seventeen-year cicadas singing about his farm in early summer but that they were not numerous. Seventeen-year cicadas are usually to be found in small numbers in the summer previous to their regular appearance, and no doubt those of 1910 were precursors of the great swarm that is to appear in May and June; 1911. ee ee The Possibilities and Limitations of Nature Study in the Public Schools* Howarp H. CLeaves Naturally the conditions conducive to nature study are least favorable in the city schools, considerably more agreeable in the suburban ones, and most satisfactory in those in the country. Often the only impression that the average city youngster has of bird life, for instance, has been gained through meeting the English or house sparrow in the streets, by watching or listening to the European starling about the church steeples, by seeing the domesticated pigeons which are so often raised on the roofs of city tenements, or by observing the herring or harbor gulls at the water front or from the ferryboats. To be sure, if the youth cares enough about the birds to spend his time in the larger parks he may see numbers of semidomesticated ducks, swans, geese, etc., and not a few truly wild birds, which stop for a time in spring and fall or even remain during the summer to nest. Or he may go to some zoological park or private aviary, both of which, how- ever, are objectionable to a certain degree, and do not furnish the material most desired for the furtherance of the work now under consideration. At the zoological park the majority of beasts and birds, having been brought from distant localities, anywhere from the tropics to the arctic regions, are of great in- terest, but do not instruct the child in the customs and manners of those creatures which he might expect to find in his immediate Vicinity. Again, we must always remember that although much may be learned by watching the birds in the zoological park, so far as plumage and general appearance are concerned, they are existing under unnatural conditions which lead to habits so at variance with their normal activities that these same birds if *Presented January 21, IQII. 123 124 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES observed in their natural haunts might not be recognized. It is reasonably safe to conclude, then, that the pupil who confines his or her observations solely to the zoological park is very likely to form mistaken and distorted conceptions of animal life. The aim of nature study is to cultivate a sympathetic acquaint- ance with nature and to develop the power of observation. The children should be brought into actual contact with the object of study. The city boy will find some way to satisfy his desires when there is aroused in him an intense interest in nature either through visits to the parks or by reading. He will persuade his father or guardian to accompany him on Saturdays or holidays to suitable localities beyond the limits of the city, where he may ramble among natural woodlands and match his wits against those of the crea- tures of the fields and forests. But this sort of thing is not always practicable with an entire class of children, for even if the teacher were willing to undertake such an excursion, the plan is by no means to be recommended when birds are the objects to be sought. In the first place, there are likely to be several chil- dren in the class who do not have at heart the real interests of the rest of the company, and who are either continually laughing aloud or chattering with those who might otherwise indulge in some serious observations. And, in the majority of instances, even though those in the party should maintain silence, it is absurd to think of studying the timid birds by advancing on their domains in a great army. In the study of botany it is different: a plant is a fixed object which can be observed and examined as one wishes. In the suburban districts we have conditions that are so differ- ent from those in the city that the school child is in a position to keep constantly in touch with certain of the wild things. In fact there are some birds that seem to prefer these semirural places (where men’s homes are not thickly and still not too sparingly distributed) to the more strictly open country stretches. Here the child can put out bird houses of his own manufacture and Cieaves: Nature Stupy IN THE Pusric ScHoots 125 have the satisfaction of seeing them tenanted by bluebirds or wrens. In the winter he can erect a small shelf or food counter and be delighted beyond description by the charming presence of nuthatches, woodpeckers, chickadees, titmice, juncos, etc. But, perhaps best of all, he can observe the birds daily and at all times of the year by walking only a short distance from home; and even while going to and returning from school he may see something of sufficient importance to warrant its being reported to his teacher. . Although we may expect to find the maximum of wild life in the purely rural sections—and no doubt we could discover many a country lad whose ability to name the birds would fill us with admiration—yet it is a fact, perhaps as a result of the very abun- dance of nature’s treats, that many country boys are either not appreciative of the riches of nature or are callous to them. Thus it is that the children of the country take as a matter of course or even treat with indifference those things which their little cousins of the city would be eager to observe and to be told about, but which they are denied through unfortunate circumstances. But what applies in the city to birds cannot by any means be so uniformly applied to other forms of life. To suit the needs of the general observer, plants grow as well in the botanical garden as they do in the open country. Unlike the birds they are quite constant in habits under the somewhat abnormal conditions pro- duced by man. The trees in the parks, too, although not always the healthiest of specimens, will nevertheless serve the purpose of enabling the pupil to distinguish the various kinds. " When we arrive at the subject of fishes we find the conditions somewhat reversed, for the city boy or girl has at his or her dis- posal the best of opportunities for observing the members of the - finny tribe in the aquarium. And what is true of the fishes is also true of the crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.) and of certain turtles, waterbugs, and tadpoles. In my mind, therefore, nature study in the schools seems to resolve itself into three phases: 1. THE city, where knowledge must be gained im the class- 126 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES room from books, mounted specimens of birds, etc., and from various other specimens which are kept in a small aquarium in the room or are in some other way available; outside of school in the zoological park, the botanical garden, the public parks, the aquarium, and the museum. 2. THE SUBURB, where a happy medium exists. Here the pupils in school possess not only all of the classroom facilities of the city children, but just outdoors can obtain first-hand knowl- edge which inspires both the teacher and the scholars. 3. THE COUNTRY, where ideal conditions for nature study exist, but where the least use (in many cases) seems to be made of them. I have pointed out one or two slight advantages that the city has over the country, but these are not to be compared with the overwhelming wealth of material that crowds about the very dooryard of the country school. The desirability of nature study in the schools cannot fail to be recognized, for the future conservation of our remaining nat- ural resources in all three of the great kingdoms depends largely upon the proper education of the rising generation. But un- fortunately there seems to be a lack of knowledge on the part of many school teachers and a scarcity of satisfactory books on natural history for practical use in the schoolroom. For instance, about two weeks ago a school teacher called my attention to a small volume entitled Stories from Birdland, written in 1896, which was designed for use in the lower grades. Although the book has for fifteen years been used as a reader in the primary grades, and has no doubt been read by many children in the libraries, yet it abounds in errors of no minor degree, both in the text and the illustrations. Some of these mistakes were so no- ticeable that I could not refrain from noting them here. If the author had had any experience searching for the nest of the yellow-breasted chat she would have known better than to state “he is in this bush, close beside his little nest.” He is anywhere but beside the nest when anyone is near. And, after the nest is located (if one is fortunate enough to find it), it will be discovered to be not a “little” nest, but quite a bulky one. Speak- CLEAVES: NATURE STUDY IN THE PuBLic SCHOOLS 127 - ing of ducks as being unable to perch on a limb or walk grace- fully may be very well for some species, but it cannot be univer- sally applied. For instance, the tree ducks of northeastern South America constantly alight on trees and nest in hollows in them; and our wood duck nests in hollow trees, as do also several other species. As for being awkward while on land, this is so when speaking of the domestic kinds and many wild ones as well, but the green-winged and blue-winged teals are as nimble on the land as they are in the water. And it takes a lively person to capture a young black duck on the run. The illustration of the fishhawk, as well as of many other of the birds mentioned in the book, is miserable, and could scarcely lead to anything but con- fusion in the mind of the child who might happen to go forth to see things for himself. Imagine being able to tell from a dis- tance (as seems to be the case here) the size of a bird’s beak. At the bottom of page 133 the author falls into one of the most common errors of those who do not observe, by stating that the fishhawks were collecting the nesting material in their beaks. On page 140 the author errs by stating that the sparrow hawk builds in an old crow nest. These little hawks invariably deposit their eggs in hollow trees. Although many reports have been re- ceived to the effect that children are carried off by the golden eagle, investigation in each case has proved that fancy and not fact was the base of the story. The fact that the author allows her- self to make such a statement indicates that she is not qualified to produce a book for the correct education of the child. I have purposely avoided mentioning here at length the public museum as an aid to nature study in the schools, because I have striven to adhere principally to the subject of living objects. But the museum is one of the most valuable assets of any commonwealth ; an intelligent community could no more dispense with its museum than it could do away with its library. The possibilities for school work by having the staff of a museum cooperate with teachers and pupils are unlimited. In its educa- tional exhibits alone a museum finds its justification, to say nothing of the many other functions which it fulfills. Conservation, the National Issue? CHARLES LourIs POLLARD One may be pardoned for a certain degree of hesitancy in dis- cussing a subject widely exploited in the press and on the plat- form, and more or less familiar to everyone aiming to keep pace with the trend of modern affairs. Conservation of natural re- sources, as a phrase, has indeed become the watchword of the times, and opportunely, for until the principle of conservation becomes a fixed public policy, the execution of which is insured by proper state and federal laws, we shall have with us always that economic menace known as the increased cost of living, which we strive feebly to avert by pitifully inadequate means. Tariffs may come and go, special taxes of one kind or another may be enacted, farms may be abandoned or renewed; but there can be no permanent betterment of existing conditions until we humbly recognize that man cannot dispense with the good gifts provided by nature, that he must use these gifts wisely, judi- ciously, and must conserve them by every means within his power. Civilization has effected to a wonderful degree the mental and moral advancement of the human race, and we are constantly discovering new methods of harnessing the forces of nature for our benefit. We have no reason to suppose that man will be mentally retrogressive in the further course of evolution; and if we are the predecessors of a race possessing superior mental en- dowments, is it unreasonable to suggest that we should strive to preserve from utter barrenness the earthly heritage of future generations ? Conservation is a broad and elastic term. It may be held to include the preservation not only of such natural resources as * Lecture delivered before the Men’s Club of Forest Hill, N. J., January 1911. Presented at the meeting of the Association February 18, 1911. 128 ee es : | POLLARD: CONSERVATION, THE NATIONAL ISSUE 129 are of direct economic benefit to man, chief among which are the forests, coal and mineral deposits, fur-bearing animals, etc.; but also of other natural gifts whose value to the human race may be less obvious, but which are none the less important in preserving that delicate adjustment between organized and unorganized life known to biologists as the balance of nature. Various public and private organizations have therefore come into existence, since the conservation movement assumed a national importance, having for their aim the education of the people in this phase of the subject. The Audubon Society, the two societies for the pro- tection of native plants, field and outing clubs, and various civic organizations are accomplishing excellent work for the cause. Nor should such activities be regarded lightly when they happen to be concerned chiefly with the esthetic aspect of conservation. If we admit the value of the fine arts as an educational factor in our intellectual development, we must also recognize that true art finds its best expression through natural inspiration. Thus, the plant and animal life of field and woodland play a more im- portant part in our own existence than the mere political economists would have us believe. As a scientist I have no sympathy with the doctrine that the éarth was made for man alone, and that the sole aim of human knowledge and endeavor is to minister to his needs. Man is merely a marvelously developed organism amid a host of minor organisms, the capstone of the great arch of evolution. He is surrounded on all sides with the wonderful pages of the world’s geological and biological history, and a thou- sand untouched fields of activity are open to him. Yet there are hosts of people whose attitude toward man’s function on the earth and his relation to the rest of nature may be summed up in the old saying, “Let us eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die.” Such as these would employ natural resources for the best interests of the present generation, leaving future generations to take care of themselves. They would waste no time in the study of what is not of practical use to mankind, having abiding faith in human ingenuity to provide substitutes for exhausted _ natural commodities. 130 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES I trust that I may not be accused of undue sarcasm in my view of this philosophy, but it finds expression in so many ways that it must be reckoned with as part of the public attitude toward the conservation question, and it is for this reason that we are con- stantly obliged to emphasize the practical side of facts and sta- tistics, and that appeals based on considerations of sentiment or esthetics have very little weight with our people. I shall limit myself, in the remainder of my address, to a discussion of for- estry problems, for there is no doubt that from every standpoint this aspect of conservation is of paramount importance and interest. In the variety and extent of its hardwood forests the United States originally surpassed every other country of similar magni- tude. These forests were of five more or less well-defined types. The northern forest extended as a belt through northern New England, New York and part of Pennsylvania, across the region of the Great Lakes to Minnesota, with an extension in the higher Alleghenies as far south as Georgia. It was composed princi- pally of coniferous trees, chief among which was the white pine, but it included also among hardwoods, birch, cherry, and sugar maple. The southern forest became manifest in southern New Jersey, and extended thence southwestward in a belt of increasing width, covering the south Atlantic and Gulf States, as well as the eastern portion of Texas, part of Arkansas, and southern Missouri. In this forest the long-leaved or yellow pine predominated, and in suitable localities occurred stands of gum, cypress, oak; magnolia, and many other hardwoods of minor importance. Between these two regions stretched the great central forest, in which the most valuable of our American hardwoods attained their maximum size and development. It included oaks of various kinds, walnut, hickory, elm, maple, cottonwood, basswood, white poplar, chest- nut, sycamore, ash, red gum, and many other species. Separated from the eastern forests by the broad area of the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountain forest followed the general POLLARD: CONSERVATION, THE NATIONAL IssuE 131 trend of the mountain range from which it was named, growing chiefly on the higher plateaus and slopes. It was almost entirely coniferous, being composed of western yellow pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, larch, spruce, and other trees, and was limited to the westward by extensive desert areas in Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, and Idaho. It was then replaced along the Sierras and in the Cascade ranges by the Pacific forest, which was also of the coniferous type, and included redwood, sugar pine, western red cedar, Douglas fir, and various other pines, firs, and spruces. I have used the past tense in speaking of these forests, for the reason that as the settlement of the country has progressed they have been so much reduced by cutting, clearing, and fire as to be but remnants of their former luxuriance. It is estimated that the virgin forest of the United States covered 850 million acres and contained 5,200 billion board feet of saw timber. The latest government report (1909) that I have examined, gives the pres- ent acreage as 550 million, with a total stand of 2,500 billion board feet. The heaviest reduction is to be observed in the cen- tral forest, where the present stand is only one fifth of the original. This is to be expected, in view of the fact that the hardwood forest of the Central West occupied a soil of great agricultural value, and was consequently rapidly cleared to make room for farms. The Pacific forest, on the other hand, owing to its com- parative inaccessibility and the cost of freightage to eastern ]um- { ber markets, still occupies 90 per cent of its original area and includes 80 per cent of the original stand. With these facts in mind, our next inquiry is how long the supply of timber in this country may be expected to last. The figures on this subject are not altogether satisfactory, owing to the uncertainty of various factors which must enter into consid- eration in the calculation of estimates. We know, for example, that the annual cut of timber for all purposes averages about 50 billions of board feet, of which four fifths are used for lumber and the rest is devoted to other purposes, such as pulpwood, shin- - gles, cooperage stock, veneer, poles, distillation, etc. But we can —S oa = 132 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES obtain no satisfactory data upon the quantity of hardwood used annually for fuel, or upon the losses occasioned by fire, destruc- tive storms, or such industries as that of turpentine manufacture in the South, which results in the death and waste of many trees. The most conservative estimate of the consumption of wood through these various agencies is 50 billions of board feet, which with the timber cut already mentioned brings the total to 100 billions consumed yearly. It is safe to say that the annual growth of our forests does not exceed 60 board feet per acre. This means that the amount of wood used every year for lumber alone is greater than the annual amount produced by the growing forest; that the annual consumption is, in fact, three times the annual growth. It was stated that the total present stumpage was placed at 2,500 billions of board feet. If the rate of consumption above indicated does not increase, and if the annual growth continues in the same ratio—both of which suppositions are highly improb- able, if we judge from past and present conditions—the timber supply in this country will last 35 years. A very slight disturb- ance in the above ratios will reduce the time limit to an alarm- ing degree. We can scarcely overestimate the serious results of an exhaus- tion of our wood supply. It is true that invention and applied science are constantly furnishing us with adequate substitutes for wood in many manufactures. Modern buildings of brick, stone, cement, and steel, being fireproof, are infinitely superior to the old houses of wood. Ithas been found that ships, railway coaches and ties, and many kinds of furniture may be made to advantage of steel; while numerous household articles formerly classed as woodenware are now of metal or papier-maché. But no satis- factory substitute has been found for wood pulp in paper manu- facture, and the total output of cotton and linen rags, once the exclusive source of paper, would scarcely be sufficient for the daily press of one of our large cities. The modern fireproof building still requires large quantities of POLLARD: CONSERVATION, THE NATIONAL IssuE 133 lumber for interior trim and finish. Failure of the turpentine supply would cause an enormous increase in the cost of paint, varnish, and allied commodities. But the most serious result of the exhaustion of our timber would be the scarcity of fuel. The coal supply is steadily waning, and there are vast sections of the country in which the price of coal.is practically prohibitive, so that wood is still the only fuel for domestic and even manufac- turing purposes. While it is possible that some utilization of peat deposits may yet be made, as in various European countries, wood will continue to be burned so long as there is any of it left; and it must be remembered, moreover, that mere brushwood is of little utility for this purpose, and that while dead or fallen trees may be cut for firewood, by far the largest portion of the amount annually consumed, under present conditions, consists of other- wise marketable hardwood lumber. We cannot depend upon other countries for relief. The hard- wood forests in Canada are of limited extent, and the softwoods are being rapidly depleted to yield food to the pulp mills, about eight million cords being imported annually by the United States, in addition to the quantity consumed at home. Tropical hard- woods must always remain high priced, owing to the difficulty and expense of lumbering, hauling the logs to a seaport, and freight- ing them to this country. A review of these considerations proves, therefore, that if we are to avert the total destruction of our merchantable timber within the next century, we must devise a means of reducing waste from all causes to a minimum, and of so managing the forests as to insure a total annual growth or renewal in excess of, or at least equal to, the annual consumption. I wish to emphasize here my belief that apart from sentimental considerations, the prospective failure of the wood supply is the only practical and logical basis for the conservation movement as applied to forestry. Much has been written and said as to the relation of forests to climate and water supply, as also of the danger from floods in deforested regions. I think the importance of the first theory is very generally overestimated. 134 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This phase of the subject has been exhaustively treated by Pro- fessor Willis L. Moore, chief of the Weather Bureau, and a sum- mary of his conclusions may be of interest, as tending to disprove certain very widely circulated impressions. He points out that climatic changes are slow, extending through long periods of time, and that increase or diminution in the forest area is the result, not the cause, of such changes. This is shown by observation of conditions in such high latitude countries as Alaska, where the density of the forest has not been appreciably diminished although the climate has undergone a gradual change, due to the retreat of the glaciers. In desert regions the existence of dead forests, often petrified, as in New Mexico and Arizona, indicates that the climate became arid long before the forest succumbed. Certainly in these cases no human agency could have compassed the destruc- tion of the forests and by this means converted the land into a desert. It has been observed that rain gauges placed in a forest always catch more water than those exposed in open fields. This might seem to indicate that precipitation is greater on such areas, but as a matter of fact, the construction of the gauges is such that when sheltered from the wind they invariably catch more rain drops. This accounts wholly for the differences in record be- tween the two situations. So also, while the temperature of a forest is lower and its relative humidity higher than in an adjoin- ing field, this is purely a local condition, and the general climate of the state or even of the county in which such a forest was situated would not be appreciably affected by its removal. In other words, destruction of the forests cannot be said to result in any marked decrease in precipitation or any alteration in the mean annual temperature; and this is amply demonstrated by the records of the Weather Bureau. In the Ohio Valley, for exam- ple, where deforestation has been extensive, the curve chart cov- ering a period from 1834 to the present time shows a steady average, while in New England, where deforestation began even earlier in our history, there has been an actual increase in pre- cipitation during the same period. a POLLARD: CONSERVATION, THE NATIONAL IssuUE 135 Turning now to the question of the effect of forests on floods, we find the problem complicated by a number of important fac- tors. Thevolume of water that enters the springs and tributaries of rivers is dependent upon the nature and character of the soil, upon the general climate of the region, and of course upon the total amount of precipitation. Its movement is determined by gravity, resulting from the degree of elevation and by the condi- tion of the channels. In a comparatively level country, as Pro- fessor Cleveland Abbe has pointed out, floods may occur in every small tributary, and yet these floods may so enter the main channel as to cause only a gentle rise, while in other cases in similar regions the small floods may produce a deluge in the main channel, entirely irrespective of the extent to which the surrounding water- shed may be forested. It is probable, moreover, that rich loamy soil under cultivation is almost equally as good a conserver of the rainfall as the porous leaf mold of the forest floor, since the latter, when saturated, is apt to part suddenly with its moisture, with a disastrous flood as the result. We may conclude, therefore, that if all or most of our forests lay upon level or gently sloping areas, lumbering operations would have little effect upon the spring floods. As a matter of fact, however, we have already seen that they are now practically con- fined to the slopes of mountain ranges, and here I am convinced from personal observation, that their removal is attended by se- rious results. The southern Alleghenies in North and South Carolina afford examples of all stages of denudation. When the forest is lumbered, every tree is cut down, the marketable ones sent to the sawmill, the others converted into firewood. When a mountainer wishes to start a farm or pasture, he cuts out the small trees for fuel, and girdles the large trees. Within a year or two the latter are dead, and the ground is then burned over to consume the brush and reduce the stumps. In either case the result is the same when the slope is steep. Heavy rains first wash away the surface coating of humus and then gradually dispose of the top soil, exposing the bare rock beneath, or, in a clay 136 StaTEN IsLanD ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES region, scoring unsightly furrows and deep gorges in the surface, which then bakes hard in the sun. Such wood lots are unfit for cultivation within a few years; but the wasteful process con- tinues, as the mountaineer seeks only pasturage for his cows, and lumber has little value in his eyes. I have seen solid white oak trees two feet in diameter standing like unsightly skeletons in a mountain forest that had been thus wrecked. When we pass to the consideration of what has already been accomplished along the lines of practical conservation, we cannot fail to be impressed with the fact that it is largely due to the wisdom, foresight, and persistence of one man, and to the courage and tireless energy of another. Whatever opinion may be held of the unfortunate controversy which deprived the federal service of one of its most able officials, and however we may differ on questions of policy in forest management, the credit for making conservation a vital issue before the people must be awarded to ex-President Theodore Roosevelt and Mr. Gifford Pinchot. The latter succeeded, as chief forester of the Department of Agricul- ture, Dr. B. E. Fernow, who is often called the father of Amer- ican forestry, and who was the first to demonstrate the value of scientific methods as applied to forest management and to call public attention to what had already been accomplished in this direction in Germany and France, where the conservation problem was equally serious. Thus the seeds were sown of that mighty crop which Dr. Fernow’s successor nurtured and brought to maturity ; and one of the smallest divisions in the Department of Agriculture has now become one of the most important of its bureaus, employing a field force alone of over 2,000 men. Mr. Roosevelt, as is well known, was always an active sup- porter of Mr. Pinchot’s policies. He made extensive additions to the national forest reserves, and the wonderfully rapid devel- opment of the Forest Service since 1900 has been due in large part to his powerful influence. In 1909 the reserves included a total acreage of 194,505,325, of which over 27,000 had been added during the previous fiscal year. Ee ee Ol qe sve POLLARD: CONSERVATION, THE NATIONAL ISSUE 137 The largest acreage is in California, with Alaska as a close second. It is a matter for regret that with the exception of Florida, there is no state land east of Michigan containing a na- tional reserve, although there is imperative need of protection for the still extensive forests of the southern Alleghenies. The lack of an Appalachian reserve is deplorable, but there is hope that Congress may yet intervene to save this noble mountain area from devastation. Since the national forest reserves are located chiefly in the far western states, it is natural that the question of their further ex- tension and the problem of administration should become a polit- ical issue in that section. The West has been more or less unjustly accused of being unfriendly to the conservation move- ment. But we must bear in mind that the thickly settled East has passed through a historical experience upon which the West, in spite of its phenomenal development, is but just entering. As I have already indicated, the early American colonists settled in the midst of a virgin forest of wonderful variety and luxuriance. In the period of interior colonization following upon the Louisiana purchase, the forests were rapidly cleared to make way for farms and villages. Timber was so abundant, and the area of the coun- try so vast, that none could foresee a possible exhaustion or even scarcity of the supply. Hence it often happened that homestead sites were selected in regions unsuitable for agriculture, only to be abandoned after the woodlands had been destroyed. In such cases the land usually reverted to scrub, or inferior forest, and all possibility of further commercial development was lost. If the early settlers could have been endowed originally with that foresight and judgment which is unfortunately gained only by sad experience, they would have selected for cultivation those ‘ands in which the tree growth indicated a soil of great richness and productivity, leaving the forest elsewhere untouched as long as possible; and the history of New England and the Middle States would not then have told a tale of neglected homesteads and abandoned farms. As Pinchot has pointed out, a mistake 138 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES of this kind would be far more serious in the West, because in dry climates the forest is much more easily destroyed; and even in the case of land adapted for cultivation, if it happens to be covered with a stand of young timber approaching marketable size, clearing at the present time would be like withdrawing money from a savings bank a few days before the interest falls due. But it must be remembered that the West is now the land of home seekers. It needs settlers to develop its resources, and it wishes to encourage them by every possiblemeans. It is therefore scarcely surprising that the western public, not yet fully educated in the lesson of experience which the East has learned, nor perhaps ° quite realizing the importance of conservation as a national policy, should look with impatience upon the withdrawal of vast tracts of timberlands by the federal government, and should even con- sider such withdrawals as an infringement of state rights. In — an address recently delivered before the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Senator Borah, of Idaho, presented the west- ern viewpoint with considerable skill. He pointed out that every year thousands of men, repelled by the difficulties of profitable farming in many western states, are moving to Canada, where they can obtain homesteads to better advantage, and where agri- cultural operations in the vast wheat-growing areas are certain of success. He considered the national forest reserves respon- sible for this condition of affairs, in view of the fact that they include large tracts which, when cleared, are preeminently suit- able for cultivation; and he argued, on behalf of the western states generally, that while the establishment of national reserves is desirable on general principles, the areas thus segregated should not include potential agricultural land. I am inclined to think there is force in this argument. It is well known that our farms do not keep pace with the needs of our growing population, and yet our grain fields might be large enough to supply foodstuffs in plenty, without recourse to other countries. In the West, there- fore, it would be the best policy, from the standpoint of national economy, to encourage settlement in every possible way, to pro- POLLARD: CONSERVATION, THE NATIONAL ISSUE 139 mote agricultural operations, and not to allow a slavish adher- ence to the mere theory of conservation to interfere with the practical execution of common-sense ideas. In this connection it should be a source of gratification that under irrigation it has been found possible literally to make the deserts blossom like the rose, and since the conversion of these deserts into arable land means practically the addition of so much capital to our working resources without in any way conflicting with the demands of conservation, the benefits of irrigation should be extended in every possible way. I propose to touch very lightly on the question of federal versus state control of the national forest reserves. It is based upon that greater problem of federal as opposed to state rights, a problem around which all political theories have centered since the establishment of the republic, and which is certain to remain a compelling issue, in one form or another, so long as our present form of government shall endure. The advocates of broader federal authority are committed to the general policy of centrali- zation as a natural corollary. Those who favor state control, on ‘the other hand, are usually disciples of the Jeffersonian school, though not necessarily allied with the Democratic party of the present day. While open to conviction on the subject, I believe that the best practical results can be secured by a judicious coop- eration between state and federal authorities in working out the complex problems presented by the management of these reserves. It is highly desirable, of course, that whenever certain principles or conditions are of universal application, they should be safe- guarded by federal laws. Thus protection from fires, which is really the chief pillar of the conservation movement, is well pro- vided for under the present system of employing forest rangers and guards. In the year 1908, when disastrous fires worked havoc throughout the country, the national forests suffered rela- tively little, a fact which testifies to the efficiency of the service. Three states, Oregon, Washington, and California, have rendered effective cooperation in this work by commissioning the federal 140 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES officials as state fire wardens, thus enabling them to extend their jurisdiction over adjacent forested areas. Many of the reserves are at the present time in need of serious attention. The policy of the government is to cut the timber, not in the reserves containing the largest stand, but in those where the need of the community is greatest and the market conse- quently higher. Thus in the easternmost reserves there is a steady demand for timber, which can be easily transported by convenient railroads to the non-timbered regions still farther to the eastward. On the other hand, the largest supplies are located far to the west, in regions where there are also extensive private holdings awaiting a market. As a result, these western reserves contain a large amount of timber annually wasted through passing its prime and undergoing decay. In California less than one half of one per cent of the timber in the reserves of that state was cut for sale in 1908. This is not a wise policy, and it is sure to result in injury to the reserves. As soon as timber reaches a marketable size the best forestry practice requires that it should be removed to make way for younger growth. Thus the forest is constantly renewed, and may be made to yield a good interest on the national investment, the amount being increased by the sale of stock-grazing permits and other privileges. There is reason to believe that the sales of timber from the reserves will con- stantly increase as the Department of Agriculture gains expe- rience in the introduction of sound business methods, and it is a fortunate circumstance that the law of 1905 to a large extent safe- - guards the reserves from the entry of speculative homestead claims. It may be argued that the government should not enter the lumber business, but should leave the exploiting of its timber- lands to privateowners. The obvious reply to this is that govern- mental control alone will save the forests from immediate con- version into cash and insure the preservation of forest products for future generations. Reforestation is a subject of great importance, whether viewed from the public or private standpoint. Modern forestry has POLLARD: CONSERVATION, THE NATIONAL IssuE 141 proved that otherwise unprofitable areas may be converted into timberland affording profitable returns within a reasonable time. It has also shown that to a limited extent tree planting can be carried on in the plains, even without irrigation; and the allied science of botany has aided in the selection of the species best adapted to any given situation or requirement. Reforestation is also practicable in connection with the national reserves; for at the present time they include many barren areas resulting from repeated fires or indiscriminate cutting or grazing, and these, unless artificially planted, will never become reforested. The government is pressing this work to the extent of its resources, having already established about twenty-five nurseries for the production of growing stock. This number is entirely insufh- cient, and it would seem that here is an excellent opportunity for active cooperation by the various states concerned. If each state were to establish such nurseries as might be required for the growing of stock to replenish and reforest the national reserves lying within its borders, such work to be performed under the supervision of the state forester, it would leave the federal bureau free to use all its resources for the administration and care of the reserves. . . As it is the duty of the government to encourage the develop- ment of farm lands in the West, even at the sacrifice of some timber, so in the East, where farming on a large scale is no longer profitable, it should offer every inducement to private owners of large tracts of woodland to administer them according to modern forestry methods. The federal bureau has accomplished much good in this direction by giving expert advice and instruction and even supplying materials free of charge. But the states are ham- pering the work of conservation by the excessive taxes that are - levied on timberlands, making it unprofitable for the land owner to hold them as an investment. Such taxes, out of all propor- tion to land values, have done much to retard the development of economic forestry. In many European countries a small tax is levied on the land itself and the products thereof are taxed only 142 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES when harvested. Such a system, as applied to timberlands, is far more just and equable than the methods now employed in this country. Another European custom which we would do well to adopt is that observed in certain- parts of Germany where forest areas are extensive. Private owners are required to deposit the cost of replanting their land at the time of cutting the timber, and in case of failure to replant within a certain period, the work is done by the government and the deposit forfeited. This is in’ line with the very general policy of the German provinces to keep . the total forest acreage at the same figure and to replace such ‘lands as may be required for agriculture with newly reforested tracts. This is a wise and beneficent use of natural resources and is in strict conformity with the principle of true conservation. Finally, let me urge the importance of educating public opinion and of guiding it in the right direction. Civic organizations can accomplish much good among the peo- ple, not only by means of public meetings and contributions to the press, but through direct personal influence. I do not think the most earnest advocate of conservation fully realizes the value of individual effort. So also our museums can wield a mighty influence if their curators will devise methods of teaching the lesson of conservation through the medium of exhibits. A con- servation. exhibit has been planned for the Staten Island museum consisting of four models, on a suitable scale, showing a moun- tain slope in the southern Alleghenies under successive changes as a result of human interference with nature. The original forest will be seen, in miniature; then the area will be shown after the trees have been girdled, and subsequently fire-swept; and the last model will exhibit the final results of denudation, burning, and exposure to heavy rains. ‘These models will be supplemented by colored photographs showing native wild flowers, the weeds that follow cultivation, and the vegetation that occupies recently burned tracts. These are intended to appeal to the esthetic side of conservation, just as the more realistic model will appeal to the utilitarian. POLLARD: CONSERVATION, THE NATIONAL IssuE 143 it is to be noted that liberty of expression, the most cherished feature of a popular government like our own, sometimes results in obscuring the real issue. For example, business depression and the increased cost of living have served as the foundation for attacks upon the corporations, bitter denunciations of capi- talists, and ill-judged criticism of certain fundamental require- ments of the Constitution. Yet those who adopt this course are either wholly silent about the tariff or deprecate a reduction of duties on the ground that the very business interests they are attacking will suffer. So also, the real issues of conservation are obscured, on the one hand, by those who demand that the country “should be given over to agriculture, and on the other, by senti- mentalists whose sole motto is, “ Woodman, spare that tree.” Forestry teaches us that the only wise course, whether viewed from the standpoint of national benefit or in the light of our own duty to posterity, is fo conserve the tree until it reaches a maxi- mum size and value; to sacrifice it then for the needs of the com- munity, and either to replace it at once, or to cause the land upon which it has grown to yield even greater returns. Thus we make the best use of nature’s gifts during our own brief lifetime, and pass them down unimpaired and even multiplied, to the wiser and better race that may henceforth rule upon the earth. Our Forest Trees* Cart PuHitie DoweELL From the time when the first settlers came to this country up to this time we have had an abundance of forest trees*or immense tracts of forest lands, but now the forests are rapidly disappear- ing. If the indiscriminate cutting of trees keeps on as it is, we will soon have a forest famine. The most valued tree in the life of the nation is of course the forest tree. The tree standing alone in the schoolyard and along the road please the eye and cool the air with shade, but the forests where wood is growing for homes and fuel have many industries. ‘There the litter is keeping the water to quench men’s thirst, to irrigate their lands, to drive their mills, and to make the deep waters for inland traffic. Trees serve many useful purposes in the life of man, some pro- ducing the litter so valuable for water. The litter sometimes en- riches the soil; a number of trees serve the purpose of shade and ornament; the red cedar and white pine are fine trees for ship- building ; some trees are good for timber. Many uses have been made of trees for the home and farm. General construction wood comes from trees like the Scotch pine and others; white pine makes good woodenware; house lumber is produced from the red pine; cabinet work comes from maple, mahogany, etc. ; Norway spruce produces our paper pulp; sugar maple produces sugar, beside wood for veneering purposes. For the farm shag- bark hickory produces wood for agricultural implements, white oak makes fine wood for vehicles, and locust produces suitable 1Essay written by a boy of thirteen and presented, together with a col- lection of herbarium specimens of trees, in competition for the annual prize in natural science offered by this Association to pupils in Curtis High School and awarded June 28, 1909. (See Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 3: 49. 28 Ap IoiI.) The publication committee has recently decided to include in the Pro- CEEDINGS such essays when they are deemed suitable for publication. 144 | , { DoweELL: Our Forest TREES 145 posts to enclose the farm. When communications by wire are desired telephone poles can be made from tamarack, cedar, and the like. The best trees for shade are those that. have a thick broad crown and dense foliage, which keeps the sun’s rays from pene- trating to the ground. Sometimes a shade tree is used as a nurse tree in forest plantations, as is the case with the black cherry. The basswood is a fine tree for planting along the road and about the home on account of its dense foliage and large crown. The tulip tree is an excellent tree for shade and ornament, and is espe- cially suitable for these purposes where bituminous coal is used. Many other trees are used for shade and ornamental purposes. Some of these are the Norway spruce, black cherry, maples, bass- wood, elm, box elder, beech, poplar, sassafras, white and red oak, horsechestnut, hemlock, sweet gum, ash, and hickory. The Nor- way spruce grows rapidly, thus its use for shade. The honey locust makes an excellent street tree and its use for this purpose in western towns is increasing. The luxuriant foliage and rapid growth render the elm suitable for planting in parks and along roadsides. As a lawn and street tree the box elder is a fine tree because of its hardiness. Of all our native maples the sugar maple is the best shade tree, although surpassed by the Norway maple. For memorial purposes any tree is suitable that is sure to thrive with natural conditions, live to great age, and have good form. For these purposes the tulip tree, poplar, spruce, hemlock, maple, oak, horsechestnut, ash, black walnut, Scotch pine, etc., are suit- able. For Arbor Day planting the best trees are those that grow rapidly and are suitable for growing on any land at all. A fine tree for Arbor Day purposes is the tulip tree, because it proves ‘suitable wherever natural conditions are at all favorable, and because of the rapid growth and magnificent form at maturity, and the value of its wood. White elm grows on any soil and can endure a great deal of heat and moisture. Others well suited for Arbor Day are the Norway spruce, European larch, Scotch 146 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES pine, white pine, tamarack, cedar, chestnut, hackberry, basswood, ash, box elder, hardy catalpa, elm, white willow, black walnut, Osage orange, and coffee tree. The white pine, Scotch pine, tulip tree, elm, Norway spruce, sugar maple, red maple, white oak, red oak, ash, white birch, chestnut, shagbark hickory, and beech are about the best for Arbor Day purposes. Trees are being cut down faster than they are replaced. The fall webworm and other insects are doing great damage, and in a few years many of our forest trees will disappear if we do not protect them, restore the birds and destroy the insects. We may help to do so by killing off the English sparrow and by taking special precautions against the insects. ‘This also applies to our shade trees.. Fire is a great enemy of the forest, but it can be partly prevented by piling up the brush, by thinning growths of trees, and by clearing trees from the vicinity of railroads. When the trees are cut down a sufficient number of trees should be planted to replace them. JBut in the first place the trees that are growing should be preserved if possible. . In the PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND ScIENCES, Vol. I, page 107, it reads that a committee was appointed to report on the subject of destruction of our native vegetation and to suggest any measures to preserve the plants. So far, nothing further has been done. If no more in- terest is taken to preserve the little patches left, the woods of Staten Island are doomed to destruction. Extensive cutting of our forest trees has been going on recently on Staten Island; for example, along Bradley Avenue, South Avenue, Darcey’s woods, New Springville, and Richmond. If this destruction be allowed to go on, the beauty of our Island will be destroyed and it will be a much less desirable place for living. Much can be done to pre- serve street and forest trees by appointing watchmen to guard against fires and in every way preserving the trees we have. One of the precautions that could be taken would be to have the elec- tric power for cars underground instead of overhead. We have no large parks on Staten Island, but we ought to have DoweELL: Our Forest TREES 147 a large and natural park, and now would be the best time for ob- taining such a park, before all the natural forests are gone. New York City has its Central Park and Bronx Park, Brooklyn has its Prospect Park and others, but what has Staten Island? Silver Lake Park is very small in comparison with the others, since it extends only about one hundred feet west of the lake. If we had all the woodland adjoining the lake we would have at least one respectable park. What we need to do on Staten Island is not to try to plant trees on cleared tracts of land, but to try to preserve our magnificent tracts of woodland before they are cut down. “What does he plant who plants a tree? He plants the friend of sun and sky; He plants the flag of breezes free; The shaft of beauty, towering high; He plants a home to heaven anigh For song and mother-croon of bird,— In hushed and happy twilight heard— The treble of heaven’s harmony— These things he plants who plants a tree. “What does he plant who plants a tree? He plants cool shade and tender rain, And seed and bud of days to be, And years that fade and flush again; He plants the glory of the plain; He plants the forest's heritage; The harvest of a coming age; The joy that unborn eyes shall see— These things he plants who plants a tree. “What does he plant who plants a tree? He plants, in sap and leaf and wood, In love of home and loyalty, And far-cast thought of civic good— His blessing on the neighborhood Who in the hollow of His hand Holds all the growth of all our land— A nation’s growth from sea to sea Stirs in his heart who plants a tree.” Records of Meetings REGULAR MEETING, OCTOBER 15, 1910 The meeting was held in the Museum, Borough Hall, New Brighton, President Howard R. Bayne in the chair, and fifteen persons present. The minutes of the annual meeting of May 21, 1910, were read and approved. The committee appointed to award the annual prize in natural science, offered by the Association to pupils in Curtis High School, made the following report: The subject for competition during the schoolyear 1900-10 was “a collection of not less than fifty Staten Island insects of economic impor- tance, including at least twenty-five species,’ with a brief statement of the special economic interest attaching to each species. Two collections were submitted in competition. While neither of these was quite up to the requirements of being confined to “insects of eco- nomic importance” or in being completely labeled in accordance with the prescribed conditions, the committee decided that the collection submitted by Louis H. Achilles was deserving of the prize, in view of the diligence shown in having made a collection of specimens far in excess of the required number, and in the care shown in mounting them. The prize was, therefore, awarded to Master Achilles. The subject and conditions determined upon for the year IQIO-II are: Subject An essay of not less than 1,000 words, giving an account of some Staten Island brook, and describing (1) its source, (2) its geographic course, (3) the character of the country through which it flows, (4) discussion of special physiographic features, such as erosion, rapids, falls, etc. (5) fauna and flora observed along its course, (6) historical facts, if any, connected with it. Conditions The essay should be neatly written in ink, on one side of the paper only, not rolled or folded, and must be handed to the principal of Curtis High School on or before June 1, III. Note The committee reserves the right to retain any essay which it may deem suitable for publication. CuHartes L. PoLvarp, Witiiam T. Davis, Harry F. Tow te, Committee. 148 Recorps OF MEETINGS 149 Dr. Arthur Hollick read a paper on Changes and Inconsistencies in the Spelling of Local Place Names by the United States Geological Survey (printed in full in this issue, p. 109), and offered the following resolution, which was adopted: Resolved, that the Board of Trustees be requested to instruct the publi- cation committee to preserve, as far as possible, the origin and meaning of local place names in the spelling of the same, wherever any such names may appear in any of the publications of the Association, and to adopt a uniform code of nomenclature for all such names in all papers submitted for publication. The curator-in-chief called attention to the fact that the Association was represented in the City Budget Exhibit and urged the members to visit the exhibit. The secretary made a brief report on the instalation and arrangement of the material representing the Association. ScIENTIFIC PROGRAM Mr. William T. Davis exhibited specimens and read a paper entitled Miscellaneous Observations on the Natural History of Long Island, N. Y. (Printed in full in this issue, p. 113.) Dr. Arthur Hollick exhibited a note, written and signed by Aaron Burr, which reads as follows: NYork 8 Nov. 1803 W™ P. Van Nels Esq°® : Pay John L. Tillinghast Two hundred and thirteen dollars and charge the fame to —your obt— Doll® 213— A, Burr Recd the above in full John L. Tillinghast New York Nov. 8—1803— [indorsed] A. Burr drft in favor of. Tillinghast In connection with the note Dr, Hollick presented the following memo- randum : This document came into my possession in a somewhat peculiar manner. At the Buffalo meeting of the American Association of Museums, last sum- mer, one of the sessions was held at the Museum of the Buffalo Historical Society. I happened to be conversing with Dr. Charles F. Millspaugh, of the Field Museum of Natural History, who casually showed me the 150 STATEN IsLtAnND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES document and remarked that he thought of offering it to the Buffalo Museum. I at once suggested that Aaron Burr was probably more prom- inently identified with Staten Island than he was with Buffalo, and that it would be a welcome and valued addition to our local historical relics. The note was evidently made and signed by Aaron Burr and the ac- knowledgment of receipt by John L. Tillinghast. The indorsement appears also to be in Burr’s handwriting, but may have been by someone else. The special event of local interest in connection with Aaron Burr was his death, on September 14, 1836, in the old Continental Hotel at Port Richmond, an account of which, by Ira K. Morris, may be found in the Staten Islander for September 3, 1910. Dr. Hollick also exhibited and commented upon a collection of quartz crystals, from the limonite deposits on Todt Hill, recently collected and presented to the association by Mr. Bradish J. Carroll. Mr. L. W. Freeman exhibited and presented a peculiar perforated stone, apparently an artifact, found about four feet below the surface in un- disturbed sand, in an excavation made for a sewer basin on Richmond Avenue, Arrochar. Mr. Freeman also exhibited and presented two arrow points, collected at Mariners Harbor. The meeting then adjourned. REGULAR MEETING, NOVEMBER 19, I9Q1O The meeting was held in the Museum, Borough Hall, New Brighton, President Howard R. Bayne in the chair, and about ninety persons present. On motion the reading of the minutes of the meeting of October 15, 1910, and the transaction of business were dispensed with. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM The program for the-evening was arranged by the Section of Biology. President Howard R. Bayne introduced the speaker of the evening, Pro- fessor Henry E. Crampton, of Columbia University, who delivered a lec- ture on Volcanos and Their History in the South Seas. The lecture was illustrated with stereopticon views provided by the lecturer and projected by means of a stereopticon under the management of Mr. Charles A. Ingalls. On motion a vote of thanks was tendered to Professor Crampton for his courtesy in delivering the lecture, and to Mr. Ingalls for the use of and management of the stereopticon. The meeting then adjourned. REGULAR MEETING, DECEMBER 17, I9QIO The meeting was held in the museum, Borough Hall, New Brighton, President Howard R. Bayne in the chair, and about thirty persons present. The minutes of the meetings of October 15 and November 19, 1910, were read and approved. Recorps oF MEETINGS 15! The President announced that the city had leased, for a term of five years, the house No. 154 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, for the use of the Association, and that the Board of Trustees were making the pre- liminary arrangements to move the museum collections and library into the new quarters as soon as possible after January 1, I91I, when the term of the lease begins. The secretary stated that the Board of Trustees, at a meeting held on December 3, 1910, had adopted a resolution oe orieien eae that the num- ber of trustees be increased to twenty-five and that in the event of such increase being authorized the number necessary for a quorum be increased to eight. The president explained the object of the resolution. The following resolution amending the constitution was then submitted: Resolved, that Article II of the Constitution be amended so as to read: The management of the affairs of the Association shall be vested in a board of twenty-five trustees, composed of twenty-three members elected as provided in the by-laws, together with the President of the Borough of Richmond and the District Superintendent of Schools in said borough for the time being, as ex officio members. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM The program for the evening was arranged by the Section of Art. President Howard R. Bayne introduced the speaker of the evening, Dr. Bruno Roselli, who delivered a lecture on Political and Religious Art in Medieval Siena, illustrated by stereopticon slides under the management of Mr. Charles A. Ingalls. On motion a vote of thanks was tendered to Dr. Roselli for his courtesy in delivering the lecture and to Mr. Ingalls for the use and management of the stereopticon. The meeting then adjourned. REGULAR MEETING, JANUARY 21, IQII The meeting was held in the St. George branch of the New York Public Library, First Vice-president William T. Davis in the chair, and twenty persons present. The minutes of the meeting of December 17, 1910, were read and approved. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Miss Agnes L. Pollard read a paper on The Museum in Its Relation to Children. Mr. Howard H. Cleaves read a paper on Possibilities and Limitations of Nature Study in the Public Schools. (Printed in full in this issue, p. 123.) Mr. Charles L. Pollard related some amusing incidents in connection with children visiting the museum, Mr. William T. Davis read a paper on The Seventeen-year Cicada on Staten Island between the Years 1894 and 10911, illustrated by specimens. (Printed in full in this issue, p. 120.) The meeting then adjourned. 152 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES REGULAR MEETING, FEBRUARY 18, IQII The meeting was held in the St. George branch of the New York Public Library, First Vice-president William T. Davis in the chair, and about thirty persons present. In the absence of the acting secretary Mr. Charles L. Pollard was elected secretary pro tem. The minutes of the meeting of January 21, 1911, were read and approved. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Mr. Charles L. Pollard delivered an address on Conservation, the National Issue. (Printed in full in this issue, p. 128.) Mr. Wm. T. Davis exhibited four milk snakes, Ophibolus doliatus tri- angulus Daudin, found lying dead in the road that runs along the north- erly side of St. Andrews churchyard on December 27, 1910. They had probably been killed in the cemetery and thrown into the road. One of the snakes was a trifle over 3 feet 6 inches in length, which is above the average for the species. The second one in size was 3 feet in length and the two others were smaller. The meeting then adjourned. ee Publications of the Association _ I) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATURAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION OF STATEN ISLAND These PROCEEDINGS were printed in octavo numbers, partly in leaflet and partly in‘pamphlet form, from November 10, 1883, to June 3, 1905, and were included in nine volumes, separately indexed. They may be obtained by members and patrons at $1.25 per volume. To aie price per volume is $2.50. Singl numbers of back volumes may be obtained at 10 cts. each, except the following, for which a uniform price of 50 cts. each will be charged: Special No. 21, Vol. V, No. 5, March 14, 1806, “Staten Island Names, Ye Olde Names:and Nicknames,” Wm, T. Davis. Pamph., pp. 56, and map by Chas. W. Leng. Special No. 22, Vol. VII,. No. 15, March 10, 1900. “Colonel Francis Lovelace and His Plantations on Staten Island.” Edward C. Delavan, Jr. Pamph., pp. 33, pls. i-iv. Special No. 23, Vol. VIII, No. 25, October, 1903, “‘ Supplement to Staten Island Names, Ye Olde Names and Nicknames.” Wm. T. Davis. Pamph., pp. 22 and map. ‘Only a limited number of complete sets of the older volumes:are now in stock, and orders for these will be filled in the order of application. The right is reserved to withdraw any part or numbers from sale at any time. 2. PROCEEDINGS OF THE-STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCFS These PROCEEDINGS are printed in octavo parts, four parts to a volume. They contain the business and: scientific records of the meetings of the Association and are sent free to all members and patrons in good standing. By resolution of the Association all members and patrons may obtain back parts at 25 cts. or back volumes at $1.00. To others the price is 50 cts. per part or $2.00 per volume, for both current and back issues. Votume I, including Title Page, Table of Contents, and Index, contains: ‘Part I, June—December, 1905, pp. I-20, issued April to, 1906. : Part II, January—May, 1906, pp. 21-69, issued July 9, 1906. Part III, October-December, 1906, pp. 71-92, issued April 17, 1907. Part IV, January—May, 1907, pp. 93-136, issued September 20, 1907. Votume II, with Title Page, Table of Contents, and Index, contains: Part I, October 1907-January 1908, pp. 1-46, issued October 17, 1908 ’ Part II, February-May, 1908, pp. 47-124, issued September 30, 1900 ‘Part III, July-1908-February 1900, pp. 125-177, issued August 18, 1910 Part IV, March-May, 1900, pp. 179-251, issued September 16, 1910. Voutume III, Part I, October-December, 1909, pp. 1-56, issued April 28 IQTI. Part II, January—May, 1910, pp. 57-108, issued. May 2, rgtt. ‘The Act of Incorporation, Constitution and By-Laws, etc. (Pamph., 8yo, pp. i-xxv, 1906) and the special “ Memorial Number,” issued in commemo- ration of the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the organization of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island (Pamph., 8vo, pp. 1-xxxvii, 1907), will be sent free on application. 3. THE Museum BULLETIN - Monthly octavo leaflets, containing official notices of meetings of the Association and descriptive items concerning the Museum exhibits. Begun in August, 1908. Current numbers sent free on application. Back num- bers 2 cents each. Checks should be made payable to the Staten Island Association of Arts - and Sciences, and all remittances and communications addressed to The Siaten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, New. Brighton, N. Y. VUSEUM STARE Curator-in-chief Charles Louts Pollard, M.A.) a Assistant Curator Lloward Henderson Cleaves Museu Assistant Miss Agnes len Pollard wR DEPARTMENT. OF, ZOOLOGY William Thompson Davis, Honorary Curator James Chapin, Honorary Assistant DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ; Philip Dowell, ‘MAL PhD, Honorary Condiak i: ageeny ce | DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, AND PALEONTOLOGY Arthur Hollick, Ph.D., Honorary Curator DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHEOLOGY Alanson Skinner, Honorary Assistant DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND ANTIQUITIES NE he ea John Quincy Adams, Ph.D.; Honorary Curator 2 DEPARTMENT. OF BOOKS . ete “7 In charge of the Museum Assistant ener \ omg an Wiikee oy : a ann = PROCEEDINGS OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE he ROK CONTENTS medaow Beetles RONEN AW wae... CHARLES W. LENG aditions to the Flora of Staten Toland. ate Se yO Prise DOWEL Notes on Some Staten Island Ferns... -.-......: . Putie DowELi an J. Croke : Saeaten Island Naturalist Vrach “eho MO ow YR WituiAM T. Davis tite ‘of New York Mineral Localities.. Aboriginal Place Names of New York. Acquisition by New York City of the Larger Two Water Systems of Staten _ Island. ” The Fossil Flora of New York and ‘Vicinity. Two Popular Articles on the Chestnut Disease. Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences Pub- lie Museum. A New Prepinus from Martha’s Vineyard. The Toads of the . “Northeastern United States. The Kingfisher at home. The Bird of the Silent ies — Wing. Staten Island Bird Notes and Pictures, On the Affinities of the Genus. - Yesonia. The Affinities of Geiniteia gracillima... . (Issued April 25, 1912) Tue New Era PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, Pa. Breet: March—May, 1911 Part IV JUN 14 19d National \ Museo 153 156 163 169 173 181 183 197 THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ohm Ue IQI1O-I911 Prestdent—Hon. Hiner Randolph Bayne First Vice-President—William Thompson Davis - Second Vice- President—William Hinman Mitchill ; Secretary—Arthur Hollick } Treasurer—Charles Arthur Ingalls BOARD OF TRUSTEES, IgIO-1g11 ie Er ECTIVE Viewers TERMS EXPIRE IQI1 : TERMS EXPIRE Ig12 Philip Dowell Woes | Howard Randolph Bayne » John Blake Hillyer . William Thompson Davis George Scranton Humphrey — - Arthur Hollick William Hinman ene ; ~-. Charles Arthur heals _ TERMS EXPIRE 1913 John Quincy Adams | John DeMorgan ~ Stafford Clarence Edwards — _. James Richard Walsh William Goodenow Willcox II.—Ex Orricro Means mies The President of the Borough of Richmond — eS Hon. George Cromwell ; : The District Superintendent of Schools in the Borough of Richmond William Louis pee é PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION F ARTS AND SCIENCES a ———————— Vor. III Marcu—May, 1911 Part IV Salt Meadow Beetles? CHARLES W. LENG I desire to call attention to the salt meadows of Staten Island in connection with beetles. We have in them a locality differing from any other part of the island and therefore presumably in- habited by some insects not found elsewhere on Staten Island,—a locality as yet not greatly altered by our increasing population and likely in some parts to remain unaltered for a long time. Some of the species which I know are to be found on the salt meadow and which I believe are peculiar to it and similar meadows in New Jersey and other parts of the Atlantic coast, are shown in this box. I may especially mention Bembidium contractum Say, which I have found abundantly on the sloping muddy banks of the winding creeks in the meadow. In the daytime they are hiding under rubbish, dried mud, pieces of wood, etc., and come out probably at night to hunt small prey on the banks. Other species of Carabidae are less plentiful; I have found Clivina striatopunctata Dej., and in J. B. Smith’s list of the Insects of New Jersey about a dozen species are specially mentioned as in- habiting the salt meadows. * Presented at the meeting of the Section of Biology, May 13, 1011. 153 ee 154 STaTEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Rhypobius marinus Lec., a tiny member of the family Phalac- ridae, is perhaps the most abundant insect on the salt meadow, excluding mosquitoes. It is found on pieces of wood and at all seasons by sifting. Several Rhynchophora live on the meadow. A number of Sphenophorus, living on the roots of the salt meadow grasses, are abundant and easily found on turning over rubbish. Lissorhop- trus simplex Say, a very pretty little weevil, is also not uncommon, and Smith mentions other species of Sitones, Barini, and others. It would be interesting to connect each of these with its food plant. The high tide bush (Jva frutescens L.) must be respon- sible for some of them. Bruchus hibisci Oliv. is found on the marsh mallow with large pink flowers. In addition to those mentioned, other beetles in Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, etc., are credited to the salt meadow and I hope that sufficient interest may be aroused by these remarks to cause Staten Island collectors to specially note and record salt meadow insects with ecological data. The following references to Staten Island beetles may be re- corded in our PROCEEDINGS: Conurus imbricatus Casey, Staten Island type locality. Oligomerus obtusus Lec. and Petalium seriatim Fall are both mentioned in Fall’s monograph of the Ptinidae as occurring on Staten Island. Philhydrus hamilton Horn by its name recalls the labors of the late Dr. John Hamilton on the Brigantine marshes and seems to be peculiar to such localities. I have taken other water beetles on the meadows and especially in the pools locally called salt holes, but I hardly think they are other than accidental inhabitants of the meadow. Bryaxis abdominalis Aubé, its name suggesting the remarkable sculpture of the abdomen above in the males, was described from the salt meadows near Cambridge, Mass.; it is with us the most common Pselaphid on the salt meadow and is not found else- where. Early in April, on the Old Place meadow, nearly every bit of wood, bark, and other tidal refuse has one or more of these Lenc: Sart Meapow BEETLES 155 little beetles clinging to it. Often they are found copulating. By May they are less abundant but may be found by sifting the tidal refuse. Another Pselaphid, much less common, is identified by Mr. C. Schaeffer as Bryaris cavicornis Brend., easily known _ by the deformed antennae of the male; and still other Pselaphidae and Scydmaenidae are reported to occur in the New Jersey meadows. They may be taken by sweeping the grasses after sunset, when crepuscular insects leave their hiding places. ¢ ‘didi. Le De niet ~@@ | or At an Ve OO ee Sy ee | Pee et eS a eee - _ a a ee oe Additions to the Flora of Staten Island?! PuHitie DOWELL The following list includes a few native plants not previously reported from Staten Island, some that have been recently re-~ corded elsewhere but not in the publications of this Association, and others that have already been recorded in the PROCEEDINGS or in the Flora of Richmond County,? but for which records of new localities are here given. Occasional notes are added in connection with some of the records. Note.—The names of plants not previously reported in the records of the local flora of the island are designated by an aster- isk. The numbers printed in italics and inclosed in parentheses are those of herbarium specimens collected by the author. The ferns proper are discussed in a separate paper. Lycopodium is listed first, otherwise the names appear in alphabetic order. Most of the grasses have been determined or verified by Mr. G. V. Nash, and the sedges by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie. LycopoDIUM LUCIDULUM Michx. Woods west of Egbertville, Aug. 31, 1907 (51270). This is the only place on Staten Island where I have found the species during eight seasons of collecting on the island, but in 1879 it was re- ported as common. Lycopodium obscurum L. is found occasionally, but it is com- paratively scarce, and L. complanatum L. is now rare. Both of these were “common” in 1879. Neither of the other two re- ported in 1879, L. inundatum L. and L. clavatum L., have been seen growing on the island on any of my field trips during the past eight yccrs. * Presented May 20, rIort. * Hollick, A., and Britton, N. L. Flora of Richmond County, New York, 1-36. 1879. Additions and New Localities, 1879; 1880-1882; 1883-1884; 1885; 1886-1889; 1890; 1891-1805. 156 DowetiL: AppiTions To FLorA OF STATEN ISLAND 157 ACHROANTHES UNIFOLIA (Michx.) Raf. Woods near “ Ketchum’s Mill Pond,” July 16, 1907 Caoeat Bloodroot Valley woods, Aug. 13, 1907 (5080). Previously re- ported from New Dorp, Egbertville, Ocean Terrace, Great Kills (3587), and east of Richmond (3875). AGRIMONIA PARVIFLORA Soland. Egbertville, Aug. 29, 1907 (5744). Previously reported from New Dorp and Tottenville. ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA L.° New Springville, July 19, 1909 (58609). Previous records: “Elliot Collection” and “ Tottenville (Herb. W. H. Leggett).” ASCLEPIAS QUADRIFOLIA Jacq. Dongan Hills, June 20, 1909 (5737). A few plants were found in this locality, in the open woods on the west side of Richmond Road, not far from the golf links. In 1879 this was reported as frequent and in 1907 this species, like the preceding and the following, was listed by Mr. Wm. T. Davis* among the plants probably exterminated from the island. ASTER ACUMINATUS Michx.’ Bulls Head,* Sept. 14, 1907 (5207), and Oct. 1, 1910 (662r); north side of Merrell Avenue, near South Avenue, Sept. 21, 1907 (5220); south side of Merrell Avenue, near South Avenue, Sept. 19, 1909 (6042). Found also by Mr. Wm. T. Davis be- tween Pleasant Plains and Kreischerville, Sept. 18, 1909. Pre- vious record: “ Elliot Collection.” ASTER UNDULATUS LORIFORMIS Burgess. Richmond Valley, Oct. 11, 1908 (5627). In 1906 it was" re- ported from Richmond (Sept. 26, 1903, 2611). *CAREX ANNECTENS Bicknell. (C. setacea ambigua.) Bradley Avenue clearing, June 19, 1909 (5708). CAREX CANESCENS DISJUNCTA Fernald. South Avenue, near Lambert Lane, June 9, 1907 (4760). See Davis, Wm. T. The Disappearing Wild Plants of Staten Island. Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 1: 110. 20 S 1907. *Reference was made to its occurrence in this locality in the author's The Violets of Staten Island. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 179. 29 Ap toro. 158 Staten IsLAnD ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Probably included in the list of 1880-1882 under “Carex canes- cens L. Common.” CAREX COSTELLATA Britton. Bradley Avenue clearing, June 19, 1909 (5770). Previously reported under C. virescens Muhl. CASSIA MARILANDICA L. Palmer Avenue, Port Richmond, July 31, 1907 (5072). Re- ported from Eltingville, “ Giffords,’ and Clove Lake in former records. CHAMAELIRIUM LUTEUM (L.) A. Gray. Egbertville, Aug. 26, 1905 (4ror); Bradley Avenue clearing, June 4, 1910 (6201). Previous records: “Court House and Linden Park.” CLEOME SPINOSA L. Near Bodine Pond, Aug. 28, 1905 (4131). Reported from near Arlington by Dr. A. Hollick.® EcLipTaA ALBA (L.) Hassk. Mariner Harbor, Aug. 14, 1906 (4565). Previous records: “ Echipta erecta L. “West Brighton. (G.W. Wright.) ie procumbens Michx. Sparingly near Richmond.” “ Eclipta alba Hassk. Beginning to spread in waste places and gardens. (EZ. procumbens of our catalogue.)” The last record was in the list of additions, 1883-84. Evidently the plant has not spread very much, for I have found it only once on the island. *EUPATORIUM MACULATUM L. Reed Swamp, Sept. 20, 1903 (2517); Palmer Run, Sept. 11, 1904 (2997); South Beach, Sept. II, 1904 (3354). This is the common Joe-Pye weed on the lowlands. *EUPATORIUM SEROTINUM Michx. A plant of this southern species was found growing in a vacant lot at the corner of Franklin Avenue and Richmond Terrace, Oct. 4, 1910 (6630). *EUPATORIUM TRIFOLIATUM L. Along the railroad at Arlington, Oct. 3, 1903 (2682). * Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 3: 64. 2 My tort. DoweLL: AppITIONS TO FLorA oF STATEN ISLAND 1 59 *FRAXINUS NIGRA Marsh. Swamp at Merrell Avenue, near South Avenue, May 30, 1906 (4362), and June 24, 1906 (4383); one small tree near “Ketchum’s Mill Pond Brook,” June 25, 1905 (3830). In the swamp on the south side of Merrell Avenue there are a number of large trees of this black ash. HOotTTonia INFLATA Ell. Ditch near South Avenue, May 29, 1909 (5668). Previous record: “Mariner’s Harbor. Abundant in a pond near Court House.” *HYPOPITYS AMERICANA (DC.) Small.® Richmond Valley, Sept. 23, 1905 (4254); Richmond, toward New Dorp, Sept. 24, 1905 (4276); Egbertville, July 11, 1906 (4491). *HYPOPITYS LANUGINOSA (Michx.) Nutt.® South New York No. 3 (formerly Darcey’s woods), Aug. 14, 1907 (5087). ILEX LAEVIGATA (Pursh) A. Gray. Swamp near the corner of Merrell Avenue and South Avenue, June 3, 1906 (4369), and June 24, 1906 (4382). Previously re- ported from near Silver Lake and Tottenville. ILYSANTHES ATTENUATA (Muhl.) Small. Mariner Harbor, Aug. 14, 1906 (4568). Reported from Gran- iteville by Mr. Wm. T. Davis.‘ INULA HELENIUM L. Rockland Avenue, near New Springville, July 18, 1905 (3899). Previously reported from Garretson, New Dorp, and Morgan Road. LILIUM CANADENSE L. Bulls Head, June 26, 1908 (5323). Reported in 1879 as “rather common,” but it is now rare on the island. * Both Hypopitys americana and H. lanuginosa were probably included under the name Monotropa Hypopitys L. in the list of 1879. ™ Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten I. 8: 5. F 1got. 160 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM L. Below Ocean Terrace, July 15, 1907 (5017). In 1879 “not rare,’ but the species is now rare on the island. *Lycopus cOMMUNIS Bicknell. Old Quarry Road, Sept. 30, 1904 (2970) ; Egbertville, Aug. 29, 1907 (5141). This has probably been included with L. virginicus in previous reports. | *LYCOPUS RUBELLUS Moench. Egbertville, Aug. 26, 1905 (4100), and Aug. 31, 1907 (5170). MIMULUS ALATUS Soland. Bulls Head, Aug. 3, 1905 (3999), and Aug. 18, 1906 (4579). Previous record: “ Along a brook near Huguenot.” PANICUM HUACHUCAE Ashe. (P. pubescens Lam.) Meadow at Nicholas Avenue, Port Richmond, July 5, 1905 (3864a) ; Bradley Avenue clearing, June 19, 1909 (5772) ; south of Little Clove Road, June 20, 1909 (5720). In the Additions to the Flora of Richmond Co., 1885, there appears this note under P. nitidum: “ Also a hairy form answering to the description of P. pubescens, Lam.”; and in Appendix No. 7, 1891-1895, P. pubescens Lam. is reported from Richmond Valley. _ *PANICUM LINDHEIMERI Nash. South of Little Clove Road, June 20, 1909 (5779). PANICUM PORTERIANUM Nash. Ocean Terrace, June 20, 1909 (5722). P. latifolium molle Vasey has been reported from New Dorp. PENTSTEMON DIGITALIS (Sweet) Nutt. Woods at Great Kills, Nov. 9, 1907 (5206). Previously re- ported from New Dorp and West New Brighton. SAXIFRAGA PENNSYLVANICA L. Bradley Avenue clearing, May 17, 1908 (53772), and May 23, 1909 (5647). Previously reported from Clove Lake,’ Reed Swamp® (2042), and South Avenue swamp (3750). *Flora of Richmond County, New York, 13. 1870. ‘Proc Staten I. Assoc x: 40 @ Jl ra00f DoweELL: ADDITIONS TO FLORA OF STATEN ISLAND 161 SISYMBRIUM ALTISSIMUM L., Richmond Terrace, near Nicholas Avenue, Sept. 30, 1909 (6059). This was first reported from Charles Avenue, Port Richmond,’® where a single plant was found, Aug. 14, 1905 (4029). Another plant was found at St. George in 1908, and specimens from this plant were collected and prepared for the herbarium of this Association. The species is now abundant on the waste ground at the foot of Bodine Street, opposite McAllis- ter’s shipyard. During the last season (1910) it was noticed at several other places on the north shore of the island, and it was found plentiful on the waste ground along the east shore between Stapleton and Tompkinsville. TARAXACUM ERYTHROSPERMUM Andrz. Roadside at Rosebank, June 15, 1909 (5705). THLASPI ARVENSE L. Foot of Bodine Street, May 29, 1911 (6665).‘' Previously re- ported from Clove Lake. The following violets, beside 30 hybrids, were published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club’? but have not been listed in our PROCEEDINGS: : *VIOLA AFFINIS LeConte. Frequent. *VIOLA HIRSUTULA Brainerd. *VIOLA INCOGNITA Brainerd. *VIOLA TRILOBA Schwein. * VIOLA EMARGINATA (Nutt.) LeConte. This has been found also at Oakwood, May 7, 1910 (6123) ; June 4, 1910 (6211) ; June 19, 1910 (6233) ; Sept. 4, 1910 (6553) ; and at Great Kills, Sept. 17, 1910 (6577). *VIOLA PECTINATA Bicknell. Found also at New Dorp, near the beach, Sept. 11, 1910 (6570). VIOLA CONSPERSA Reichenb. This takes the place of V’. labradorica Schrank in our lists. ” Proc, Staten I. Assoc. 1: 37. 9 Jl 1906. "This record has been added after the meeting of May 20. The Violets of Staten Island. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 163-179. pl. ri- 18. 29 Ap IgIo. 162 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VIOLA ERIOCARPA Schwein.® This should be recorded instead of the name V. scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schwein. To these should be added the following new hybrids: Viola brittoniana sororia Plant pubescent with fine spreading hairs. Rootstock thick, ascending. Blades of vernal leaves 2-4 cm. long, 1.5—3 cm. wide, ovate, mostly acute, cut-toothed or cleft, with a prominent middle lobe constituting the main part of the blade, on petioles two to four times as long; later leaves larger and wider in proportion to their length, some of the blades much wider than long and uncut; blue flowers on scapes as long as the petioles; cleistogenes pros- trate or ascending, the scapes 6-15 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, two thirds to one half as long as the capsules, glabrous except on the prominent ciliolate auricles; capsules 10-15 mm. long, green or mottled with purple; seeds brown. Bradley Avenue clearing, June 4, 1910 (6196), and July 1, 1910 (6255); transplanted and specimens collected Sept. 21, 1910 (6592), and May 13, 1911 (6660). A colony of several plants was found at this station. Except for their pubescence, these plants are similar to V. brittoniana X papilionacea in their general appearance. Viola emarginata X sororia Plant pubescent with fine spreading hairs chiefly on the petioles and scapes. Rootstock thick, erect or ascending. Blades of leaves 3-7 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, irregularly toothed, especially at the base, triangular-ovate, mostly acute, base cordate to truncate, somewhat decurrent; blue flowers on scapes equaling the petioles ; cleistogenes on prostrate or ascending scapes, which are about 5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, glabrous except on the ciliolate, long auricles; capsules elliptical in outline, mostly small and not well developed, slightly spotted with purple; seeds grayish brown, in size like those of V. emarginata. Bradley Avenue clearing, June 4, 1910 (6794); transplanted and specimens collected again Sept. 21, 1910 (6591). * See Brainerd, E. The caulescent violets of the southeastern United States. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 194. 5 My 1o11. : Notes on Some Staten Island Ferns? Puitie Dower Since the time of the publication, five years ago, of my paper on the Distribution of Ferns on Staten Island,” several tracts of woodland on the island have been cleared, and thus some favorite haunts of the ferns have been destroyed. This clearing of the forests for lumber and for real estate improvements was espe- cially active during the latter part of 1906 and the first part of 1907. Among the areas cleared are Darcey’s woods, now South New York No. 3; a piece of woodland on the east side of Bradley Avenue, now included in South New York No. 2; a large tract near New Springville; one west of Richmond, near “ Ketchum’s Mill Pond’’; and another on the east side of South Avenue, ad- joining the one and one-half acre tract mentioned in my former paper as being especially rich in ferns. Fortunately this little fern tract has been spared, and it still contains 24 different kinds of ferns. Boott’s fern has disappeared from this area but another has been added to the list instead. In the list of 1906 there were 32 kinds of ferns given. To this should now be added 4 hybrid ferns, which have not been pre- viously recorded in the publications of the Association, though the records have been published elsewhere. These are designated by an asterisk before the name, in the following list of records with occasional notes. DRrYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA (D. C. Eaton) Dowell, Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 1: 64. 9 Jl 1906. Aspidium cristatum Clintonianum D,. C. Eaton in A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 665. 1867. A new record is Ocean Terrace swamp, July 18, 1906 (4509). 1 Presented at the meeting of the Association, May 20, I9ITI. ? Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 1: 61-67. 9 Jl 1906. . 163 164 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES *DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA X GOLDIANA Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 137. 20 Ap 1908. D. Goldieana celsa Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 65. 1899. South Avenue swamp, west of the fireworks factories at Bulls Head, Oct. 9, 1904 (3558). This locality is the one and one-half acre tract referred to before. A specimen of this collection was designated as the type in connection with the description of the hybrid. One plant of the original clump of two was taken home and transplanted July 25, 1907. This plant has been slow in establishing itself in our small city lot, but it has by this time become a robust plant and has afforded favorable opportunities for observation and for comparison with the other plant still growing in its native place. *DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA X INTERMEDIA Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 136. 20 Ap 1908. | A single plant at Bulls Head, Aug. 3, 1905 (3995) ; woods west of Egbertville, Aug. 17, 1905 (4049), also a single plant. DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X INTERMEDIA Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 136. 20 Ap 1908. Aspidium Boottw Tuckerman, Hovey’s Mag. 9: 145. 1843. South New York No. 3 (formerly Darcey’s woods), Sept. 19, 1908 (5572). The first known record of Boott’s fern on Staten Island? is that of Nov. 14, 1903 (2805), when a single clump of the fern was found in the South Avenue swamp, west of the fireworks fac- tories. Another plant was found a few rods farther east May 30, 1906 (4357), but this disappeared before the end of the year. The last record for Boott’s fern in this swamp is that of June 23, 1907 (4814), when specimens were collected from the original clump. At that time a small tree, at the base of which the fern was growing, had been felled, and when search was made for the fern on several occasions later, the plants had disappeared. It may be well to recall in this connection that in the spring or * Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten I. 9: 2. N.1903. DoweE LL: Notes ON SoME STATEN ISLAND FERNS 165 winter preceding that time a large adjacent piece of woodland had been cleared, and this may have helped to kill the fern by ‘changing the conditions of moisture. The Bradley Avenue locality has been destroyed, but some plants of Boott’s fern may still be found there, struggling to keep alive. The fern is still to be found in the other localities previously reported. The so-called variety multiflora, which is a misnomer, is a robust and thickly fruiting form, sometimes found on plants that may produce ordinary fronds during a less favorable season or under less favorable conditions. One robust plant growing ex- posed to the sunlight but with plenty of moisture, at the base of an old tree stump, had “ multiflora” fronds when first found, in the Bradley Avenue locality, July 3, 1905 (3838), but during the next two seasons this same plant produced very ordinary fronds. After the surrounding trees had been cut down, this plant was taken home and transplanted, Sept. 12, 1907. During the suc- ceeding three seasons that have passed since then, this plant has appeared just like another plant of Boott’s fern, which had been transplanted July 3, 1905, from the same locality and taken for an ordinary form, if it may be so called. The preceding fern, D. clintoniana X intermedia, also produces large and unusually heavily fruited fronds under favorable con- ditions, and these fronds would also answer to the description of Gilbert’s variety multiflora. In this case, too, it is a heavily fruited form, the fronds not necessarily larger than usual, though often so. DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X MARGINALIS Dav. Bot. Gaz. 19: 497. 1894. This was found near Bulls Head Aug. 3% 1905, but no speci- mens were taken on account of the absence of fertile fronds. The following year a specimen was collected from this plant, Aug. 18, 1906 (4574). Another new locality is the woodland west of Egbertville, where the fern was found at two different places; one along an old stone fence, June 9, 1906 (4374), and 166 StTATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES the other a number of rods farther west, along the brook in that locality, July 13, 1907 (50ZT). There are still several clumps of this fern in the South Avenue - swamp, from which it was first reported* (2760, Oct. 31, 1903). *DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X SPINULOSA (Milde) C. Chr. Ind. 259. 1905. Aspidium cristatum X spinulosum Milde, Nova Acta 26: 533. 1858. Ocean Terrace swamp, Aug. 2, 1905 (39094a), and July 15, 1907 (5013); Bulls Head, June 10, 1906 (43S0a), and July 24, 1907 (5053). These have been transplanted and kept under observation at home. DRYOPTERIS GOLDIANA (Hook.) A. Gray, Man. ed. 1, 631. 1848. Aspidium Goldieanum Hook. Edinb. Philos. Jour.6: 333. 1822. Grasmere, June 26, 1910 (6249). One of the two localities near New Springville previously reported® for this fern has been de- stroyed by the cutting down of the woods, otherwise it is still found growing in the other localities reported. The first known record for Goldie’s fern on Staten Island is that of Oct. 31, 1903 (2757), when it was found in the South Avenue swamp.® DRYOPTERIS INTERMEDIA X MARGINALIS Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 48. 29 Ja 1900. Found growing on a stone fence near brook east of New Springville, Nov. 27, 1904 (3622)," and reported as D. pittsfor- densis Slosson in the Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten I. 9: 42. Mr 1905. It was still included as D. pittsfordensis in my account of the ferns of the island presented at the meeting of the Associa- tion in May 1906, although the glandular character of the in- “Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten I. 9: 8 Ja 1904. °Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 1: 64. 9 Jl 1906. * Proc. Nat. Sci, Assoc. Staten I. 9: 2. 1003. “This locality was destroyed by the felling of the surrounding trees during the winter of 1906-1907. On June 1, 1907, when the locality was visited, the plant had fallen down with the rocks and was almost destroyed. It was then taken home and transplanted and has gradually regained its vigor, as shown by a specimen collected Oct. 1, 1909 (606014). DoweE tt: Notes oN SOME STATEN ISLAND FERNS 167 dusia had been recognized as a distinguishing mark between this fern and the type specimens of D. pittsfordensis in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. The validity of this distinction was emphasized when I had the opportunity of examining another specimen with glandular in- dusia, similar to the New Springville plant. This specimen had been collected by Mr. R. C. Benedict near Solvay, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1905, sent by him to Professor L. M. Underwood, and by Pro- fessor Underwood submitted to me for identification. In spite of the recognized differences between the type specimens of D. pittsfordensis and this specimen, it was then identified as D. pitts- fordensis, in accordance with Professor Underwood’s treatment of our common American wood fern with glandular indusia as a variety of D. spinulosa instead of as a recognized species, D. intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. The validity of the distinction was : ; further established when I found, on Staten Island, Aug. 17, 1906 (4570), a live plant similar to the type specimens of D. pittsfor- densis and differing from the New Springville plant in its general appearance and smooth indusia. This was another link in the chain of associations that led to the conviction that these ferns are the representatives of two sets of hybrids, one with D. intermedia, and the other with D. spinulosa. Moreover, it served to establish the conviction that | our common American evergreen wood fern with glandular in- dusia is fully entitled to specific rank and that we should follow Muhlenberg and Gray in recognizing it as such. . *DRYOPTERIS MARGINALIS X SPINULOSA Slosson, Bull. Torrey . Club 36: 49. 29 Ja 1909. D. pittsfordensis Slosson, Rhodora 6: 75. f. 1. 6 Ap 1904. Woods east of Bradley Avenue, in a small wet depression, ' Aug. 17, 1906 (4570). This is the plant referred to under D. intermedia X marginalis. There were, in fact, two plants grow- ing side by side, but one of them was small and undeveloped and was not at that time identified with certainty. The older plant was transplanted at Port Richmond on September 2 of the same 168 StTATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES year and has been doing well. The original locality was cleared during the following winter and converted into a city lot, and the smaller plant was found with difficulty the next summer. This, too, was taken home and transplanted, and has established its identity as this same hybrid. WooDWARDIA VIRGINICA (L.) J. E. Sm. Pond at the corner of Ocean Terrace and Todt Hill Road, Oct. 4, 1908 (5626) ; woods west of Great Kills, Sept. 11, 1910 (0577). Beside the one and one-half acre plot previously mentioned and the adjoining woodland of which it forms a part, there still remain on Staten Island a few other forest tracts that have been left comparatively undisturbed and are favorable to the growth of certain ferns characteristic of moist woodlands. Among these may be mentioned: the upper part of the valley on the south side of Ocean Terrace and on the east slope of Todt Hill; the woods west of Egbertville, a portion of which has not been destroyed; the woods adjoining the brook between “ Ketchum’s Mill Pond” and the present dam; a tract north of this, toward New Spring- ville, adjoining the New Springville area previously mentioned as having been cleared during the winter of 1906-1907; the Bulls Head woods; and the forest near the corner of Merrell Avenue and South Avenue. So, in spite of the continual destruction of our forests, Staten Islaud can still offer to the lover of nature some deep woodland retreats, where he may roam in peaceful enjoyment of nature and revel in the profusion of its forms of life, forgetting for the time the turmoil and strife of other parts of the great city of which these woodlands form a part. It would be fortunate, indeed, if these would be preserved to posterity. John J. Crooke: a Staten Island Naturalist? WituiAm T. Davis. Mr. John J. Crooke died April 22, 1911, at his home, which overlooks Great Kill, Staten Island, and was buried at Pough- keepsie, N. Y. He was born January 22, 1824, at Stuyvesant, Columbia Co., N. Y., on the banks of the Hudson, not far north of the place where he was buried. Long ago he came to Staten Island and purchased a large tract of land on the “ south side,” in- cluding the one-time point, but now an island, that bears his name. He has told the writer that when he first came to the island there was a forest over much of his land. He made the clearing for the house and had a fire-proof room built with brick-arched ceil- ing and iron doors for his natural history collections. Some of these collections were acquired by purchase, and they included the Meisner herbarium and the Chapman herbarium of southern plants, which were given to Columbia College and finally found a resting place in the New York Botanical Garden. They in- cluded also a large collection of land shells, now the property of the American Museum of Natural History, and many minerals and other objects collected during his extended travels in Colo- rado and the west, where at one time he owned silver mines. The writer made several visits to this living room and museum, where cases of birds, plants, and other natural history material were numerous, where a specimen of the now probably extinct passenger pigeon sat on top of a bookcase, and where Mr. Crooke had a lathe and other mechanical appliances. He told us that he had made a clock some years before and that it was still run- ning at the time of our visit. There were many pictures of shells about the room, and a medallion of Dr. John Torrey, who with Peter Le Roy, the botanist, had the first care of the botanical col- *Presented May 20, IoI1I. 169 . 170 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES lections donated by Mr. Crooke to Columbia College. He told us of the pitcher plants that he used to find in the swamp near his home. At the time of our visit the grounds about the house were very attractive to the eye of a naturalist, for he had let many little thickets grow up, as of much interest to him and as a shelter to the birds. He told us that quail used to nest in the orchard and that he got into much trouble trying to protect the birds in former days. One time, when he ordered a gunner out of his place, the desperate man was going to shoot him, and he stood looking into the barrels of his gun for a minute or more, expecting the man to pull the trigger. Many smugglers used to frequent the lonely beach, and Mr. Crooke once saw and went on board of a brig lying in Great Kill that had a piece of canvas nailed over her name. When he vis- ited the vessel, there were only a man and a dog on board. The brig disappeared the following night. When Joseph Brown lived on the point, for it was once called “ Brown’s Point”’ or the “ Beach of Sand,” a man knocked at his door one night and said he had business with him. He asked if what he told Brown would be kept a secret. Brown said that it would, but the stranger insisted upon swearing him on the family Bible. The visitor then said that a number of boxes of arms were to be brought to the point, and he asked Brown where they had best be hidden. Brown suggested that they be put under a dilapidated old building, and the stranger departed. After some days a schooner appeared off the beach, and in the night the boxes were brought ashore and deposited as agreed. They stayed there some time, and were again moved in the night. They were probably used in some of the disturbances in Cuba. Brown received a pair of ivory-handled revolvers for not men- tioning the fact that the boxes were stored on the point. The place where Brown lived was afterward used as a club- house, and because of some disagreement between the clubmen and the natives the house was set on fire, and now only the hole in the ground, where the foundation was, remains. | Davis: JOHN J. CROOKE 171 On one occasion Mr. Crooke was having a gun constructed by an expert. Audubon’s grandson happened in and seeing the new gun asked for whom it was being made. He was told of Mr. Crooke and his amusements and hobbies and remarked that he had his grandfather’s gun. Mr. Crooke, hearing of this, ex- pressed a wish to secure a photograph of the gun, but the younger Audubon said that if Mr. Crooke would have a gun built for him like the one being made, he would give his grandfather’s gun in exchange. This was done and Mr. Crooke paid $300.00 for the new gun. In later years he was afraid that the Audubon gun might be lost, and so he presented it to the American Mu- seum of Natural History, where it is at present on exhibition. Mr. Crooke was also instrumental in finding the original plates of Audubon’s great work on birds, now in the American Museum and elsewhere. Mr. Crooke himself had one of these plates hanging below the medallion of John Torrey above his mantel in the fire-proof room. Being interested in mines and manufac- turing, he became acquainted with Mr. Phelps, whose shops were at Ansonia, Conn. Mr. Phelps one day told Mr. Crooke that he had bought a lot of plates as scrap, and as they contained figures of birds he might be interested in them; they were up on the second floor and he had better go and look at them. It did not require much of an examination to show that they were the plates of the large edition of Audubon’s birds. Some of the plates had been scored across the face, thus destroying the figures more or less, but many others were in good condition. Mr. Crooke told Mr. Phelps of his discovery and asked:to be allowed to purchase some of the plates. This he did, paying the price of scrap copper. He took them off, under his arm, as many as he could carry, and had them cleaned and rubbed with nickel and gold dust, which brought out the figures. He then told Mr. Phelps what he had done, and upon learning that the plates could be so restored, Mr. Phelps sent the remaining perfect ones and had them treated like- wise. Those that had been scored on the face Mr. Crooke thought went into the smelter, which is much to be regretted. Later, Mr. 172 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Phelps gave at least some of his plates to the American Museum, and Mr. Crooke also gave away some of those he first selected. When Mr. Crooke was in the manufacturing business he was invited to call on Mr. Thomas A. Edison and see if he could not suggest some material that would do for his phonograph cylin- ders. Mr. Edison asked him to step out of the room for a mo- ment while he repeated a few words to the phonograph, then upon his return see if he could tell what he had been saying. While he was outside he heard Mr. Edison repeating, “ Mary had a little lamb.’ Upon his return the machine was worked back- ward and Mr. Crooke repeated “ Mary had a little lamb,” which greatly pleased Mr. Edison until Mr. Crooke told him what he had heard. Soa new trial was made, and Mr. Crooke went to a much greater distance but only to hear Mr. Edison, who talked louder than he thought, repeat: “If I were a cassowary on the plains of Timbuctoo.” It was of no use, the machine did not _ work then as it should, and Mr. Crooke tried many things in the way of metals out of which cylinders might be made. It was not until some time after, that the idea of the mixture of hardened wax, etc., was perfected. Mr. Crooke was a most interesting narrator of his many ex- periences and possessed a retentive memory and a great store of exact knowledge on a wide range of subjects. He entertained us for many hours with stories of the hostile Indians that at one time frequented the vicinity of Crookeville in Colorado; with the scenes of his boyhood days along the Hudson River; and with > accounts of the great flocks of the wild passenger pigeons, which are no more. — CC —— =... ”—C”mCUCU >_> = 7 : Literature Relating to Staten Island List oF NEw York MINERAL LOCALITIES? This list is arranged alphabetically by counties, and the locali- ties in the same manner in each county. Accompanying the locality names are lists of the minerals reported as occurring there, together with references to the authorities quoted. The latter are included in a bibliography of 231 numbers. Richmond County is mentioned on page 72 in a very incom- plete enumeration of both localities and minerals. The diabase rock and its associated minerals are entirely ignored, and those of the serpentine area are included in a list of only twelve species. Inasmuch, however, as the bibliography contains only one ref- erence to our PROCEEDINGS it is evident that the author’s search for information was not very exhaustive. AH. ABORIGINAL PLACE NAMES OF NEW YorxK? In this bulletin the localities for which Indian names are known are conveniently grouped under each county in the state, and the counties are arranged in alphabetical sequence. An index of all the names and localities mentioned is also included, so that refer- ence may be quickly made either to place or name. Richmond County appears on page 186, where a list is given of the many different names under which Staten Island was known at various times. ‘“ Aquehonga” is stated to be the An- glicized form of the Delaware “ Achwowangeu,” meaning “ high sandy banks,” and the name “ Aquehonga Manacknong” to mean “the island with high sandy banks,” probably in reference to the 1H. P. Whitlock. N. Y. State Museum Bull. 70 (Mineralogy 3), 8 vo pamph., pp. 108, Albany, N. Y., 1903. 2Wm. M. Beauchamp. N. Y. State Museum Bull. 108 (Archeology 12). 8vo pamph., pp. 333, Albany, N. Y., 1907. 173 174 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES favorite camp and village sites at Mariner’s Harbor, Watchogue, and Tottenville. “Eghquaons”’ is said to be the Dutch form of the word. Matanucke and Matawucks are also cited as early names for the island, meaning “land of periwinkles.” De Vries is quoted as calling it “ Monocknong” and the In- dians “ Monatons,” or “islanders.” Schoolcraft is quoted as interpreting the former word to mean “ironwood place” instead of “island place,’ which interpretation the author regards as ¢ erroneous. The final paragraph will, perhaps, appear somewhat inconclu- sive to those who are familiar with the locality mentioned, viz. : ““Wat-chogue has sometimes been written Watch Oak, and is a notable hill on this island. If an Indian name, as is probable, it would be from wadchu, a hill, adding the locative. Tooker defines Watchogue elsewhere as Milly land, which suits this place.” Incidental references to Staten Island may also be found on pp. 99 and 243. A. H. AcguisiITIOn By NEw York City oF THE LarGER Two WATER SYSTEMS OF STATEN ISLAND? This is a reprint, in octavo pamphlet form, of a paper pre- sented at the twenty-ninth annual convention of the American Water Works Association. It includes brief references to the topography and geology of Staten Island and a detailed account of the estimates made in arriving at a basis of the valuation of the plants of the Staten Island Water Supply Co. and the Crystal Water Co., when the city decided to acquire them. The illus- trations include pictures of the several pumping stations at West New Brighton, Brighton Heights, Bull’s Head, New Springville, Grant City, and in the Clove Valley; views of the reservoirs on Fort Hilland near Four Corners; and the water tower on Grymes ®Louis L. Tribus. Proc. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 1909: 557-570. f. I-10 + map. | | | ee 0 i ie ee ie LITERATURE RELATING TO STATEN IsLAND 175 Hill. The map is designed to indicate the most prominent fea- tures of the surface geology, the principal centers of population, and the areas of the several drainage basins (erroneously desig- nated as “water sheds’’), with the direction of flow in each. ' 1 aes THE Fossit Ftora or NEW YorRK AND VICINITY? This paper consists of a review of. the history of the discovery of the first fossil plant remains in the vicinity of New York and the subsequent field work which resulted in the discovery of sim- ilar remains on Staten Island, Long Island, and in New Jersey, and a brief description of the arrangement of the specimens in the paleobotanical museum of the New York Botanical Garden. Ye x Two PopuLarR ARTICLES ON THE CHESTNUT DISEASE® It may be recalled that the chestnut disease, due to the fungus Diaporthe parasitica Murrill, was described and discussed at the October meeting of the Association in 1908 (Arthur Hollick and Wm. T. Davis, Proc. Staten I. Assoc. 2: 125-129). Since that time the devastation wrought by the fungus has attracted so much attention that it has reached the stage of general interest, and a number of popular articles on the subject have appeared in maga- zine and newspaper literature, occasionally with incidental refer- ence to Staten Island. A. H. STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. PUBLIC MuseumM® This number of the bulletin consists of a Directory of Amer- ican Museums of Art, History and Science, compiled by Paul “Arthur Hollick. Journ. New York Bot. Gard. 11: 15-19. f. 6. 1910. 5 The Passing of the Chestnut Tree. Bailey Millard. Munsey’s Mag. 758-765. Six figures in text. S 1910. New York Times, Oct. 2, rgro, with map of the infected area and illustrations of devastated woodlands and of the fungus. ® Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 10°: 197-199. I9I0. 176 -STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Marshall Rea, secretary of the American Association of Mu- seums. The scope of the directory includes institutions through- out the United States, Canada, Bermuda, Mexico, Central Amer- ica, and South America. The statistics of our Association make an excellent showing in every way except in regard to material on exhibition. In this respect our lack of space for the display of specimens is strikingly apparent and forcibly demonstrates our need of larger quarters. For example, the minerals in storage number 2,500 and those on display, 150; shells in storage, 2,200 +, and on display, 260; archaeology and ethnology, 15,500 +, only a few of which are on exhibition; and botany, with a very valuable herbarium, practically unrepresented in the display col- lections. With few exceptions all of our specimens are identified and properly labeled or numbered, so that any or all of them could be placed on exhibition at any time, with full descriptive data, whenever adequate facilities be at our disposal. AA Tele A New PREpPINUS FROM MAarTHA’S VINEYARD? In this paper the author describes and illustrates a new species of ancestral pinaceous remains, from the Cretaceous clay at Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, under the name Prepinus viticetensis, and discusses at considerable length its affinities with Prepinus statenensis from the Kreischerville clays. Specimens of the latter species are depicted in Fic. 1 and 2, PL. 33. The local interest attaching to this discussion is naturally enhanced by the fact that the type of the genus is represented by a Staten Island specimen, collected some four years ago, described by Dr. Jeffrey in Annals of Botany 22: 207 pl. 13, f. 7. 1908 (see reviews in Proc. STaTEN I. Assoc. 2: 99. 1908). The arrangement of the text is not quite as faulty as that of which the author has been occasionally guilty heretofore, but it is characteristically careless and shows an indifference to clear- "Edward C. Jeffrey. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 34: 333-338. pl. 33. Jl 1910. LITERATURE RELATING TO STATEN ISLAND i ness of expression and logical arrangement which is difficult to understand and impossible to excuse. AOE Tue Toaps oF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES® In this communication the authors give an account of the dis- tribution, within the region indicated, of Bufo americanus and B. fowleri, with descriptions of the characters denoting specific differences between them. The only Staten Island toad recog- nized is stated to belong to the latter species, as previously noted by Mr. Chapin in our PRocEEDINGS 2: 227. The authors touch upon the question of specific or varietal differences, with a hint at possible hybridity, and end the discussion with the following interesting note: “A male American toad, during the spring of 1909, which was put in a cage with some frogs, was later found clasping a female pickerel frog (Rana palustris), to which he clung for several days. Would not such an individual, if unsuc- cessful in securing a mate of his own species, be quite likely, a little later, to fertilize the eggs of a female Fowler’s toad?” a si THE KINGFISHER AT Home> This is an article in which our Association may justly feel a proprietary interest, as representing the work of one of its mem- bers, both in the text and in the illustrations. The colored cover design is adapted from a photograph by Dwight Franklin showing a kingfisher in flight, just as it was leaving its hole. For some reason, perhaps to avoid publicity, the locality where the observations were made and the photographs taken is not mentioned; but those of our members who were privileged to hear Mr. Cleaves’ lecture and to see his lantern slides, will recog- nize the bluff on the shore at Prince’s Bay, with all the details of the bird’s flight, its hole in the bank, and the methods em- SW. de W. Miller and James Chapin. Science II. 32: 315-317. 1910. °Howard H. Cleaves. Country Life in America 18: 333-335 -+ nine text figures. Jl 1910. 178 SrateN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ployed in taking the pictures, as he described them to us so delightfully. This article should be an incentive to the Association to pro- vide the means for illustrating our PROCEEDINGS in a similar manner when suitable papers are submitted for publication. eae Jel THE BIRD OF THE SILENT WING? Under the above title the author has written one of his inter- esting bird articles, dealing with his observations on the owls of Staten Island. The illustrations, reproduced from photographs taken by the author, may be recalled as having been shown at meetings of the Association. They include young barn owls and old ones in flight, red and gray screech owls in characteristic poses, a saw-whet and a short-eared owl. The facts included in the text are for the most part familiar to us from the papers read at meetings of the Association by Mr. James Chapin (see Proc. STATEN I. Assoc. 2: 3. 1008; and 2: 132." 1000) anda is pleasing now to have the observations and the illustrations combined, even though the article is not issued under our own auspices. AGE STATEN ISLAND Birp NOTES AND PICTURES?* In Bird Lore, under the heading A New Departure for the Redwing, Mr: Howard H. Cleaves describes a change in the nest- ing habits of the redwinged blackbird, Agelaeus phoeniceus (L.), on Staten Island, which he is inclined to ascribe to the ditching and draining of the salt marshes in the crusade against mos- quitoes. The birds have largely abandoned their former nesting places in the marshes and have taken to the adjacent upland meadows. One illustration shows a female redwing hovering. * Howard H. Cleaves. Country Life in America 18: 429-432 eight text figures. Au I9QI0. “ Howard H. Cleaves. Bird Lore 12: 56, 60-62, 107, 110. 1910. [See Proc. staten I. Assoc. 3): 71, 72. 2 My Tom LITERATURE RELATING TO STATEN ISLAND 179 Another is a view of a meadow, thickly covered with daisies, in which the nests were found. A barred owl, Strix varia varia, in the first moments of its flight from a hollow tree, is depicted on p. 56. The cover illustration for the May-June number is a picture of a spotted sandpiper, and the same picture is repeated on p. 107, and a bobolink, perched and in the act of singing, is the subject of an illustration on p. 110. All of the illustrations are reproductions of photographs taken by Mr. Cleaves in the vicinity of Prince’s Bay. ON THE AFFINITIES OF THE GENUS YEZONIA!2 In this article the author discusses two genera of fossil plants described by Stopes and Fugii from the Cretaceous of Japan (Yezonia and Cryptomeriopsis. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 201B: 1-90. pil. I-9. 1910). It may appear to be wandering rather far afield to connect Japan with Staten Island, but the author contends, and apparently with every fact in his favor, that the supposed new genus Yezonia is identical with Brachyphyllum, utilizing sections of B. macrocarpum Newb., from the Kreischer- ville clays, for purposes of comparison. Similarly, the genus Cryptomeriopsis is regarded as identical with Geinitzia (Sequoia) Reichenbachi (Gein.) Hollick & Jeffrey, from the same deposits (Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 38. 1909, reviewed in Proc. STATEN I. Assoc. 2: 205. 1909). It is certainly interesting to realize that specimens collected in Japan, carried to England, and de- scribed there as new to science, are generically and perhaps specifically identical with specimens previously collected and de- scribed from Staten Island. A. H. “2 Edward C. Jeffrey. Annals Bot. 24: 767-773. pl. 65. O 1910. 180 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Tue AFFINITIES OF GEINITZIA GRACILLIMA?3 This is the third article of recent date, by the same author, which refers either directly or indirectly to fossil plants from the Cretaceous deposits of Staten Island. In this paper the material described and discussed was collected on the adjacent shores of New Jersey, in the vicinity of Cliffwood, but the Kreischerville material is incidentally mentioned. The author shows that the so-called Sequoia gracillima (Lesq.) Newb. is not a Sequoia, but that it belongs in the Araucarineae and should be included in the genus Geinitzia, hence the title of the paper which, however, should have been made to read “ Affinities of the So- called Sequoia gracillima (Lesq.) Newb.,” leaving the new com- bination to first appear in the text in its appropriate place. ASR ® Edward C. Jeffrey. Bot. Gaz. 51: 21-27. pl. 8. Ja 1g1t. . Records of Meetings REcEPTION, MARCH 25, IQII An afternoon reception, in place of the regular March meeting of the Association, was held in the newly occupied museum building, No. 154 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, to signify the formal opening of the museum in its new quarters. About 150 persons were present. Addresses were delivered by the president, Hon. Howard R. Bayne; Dr. William T. Hornaday, Director of the New York Zoological Park; and Mr. Louis L. Tribus, Commissioner of Public Works for the Borough of Richmond. A dinner in commemoration of the event was held at Hugot’s Hotel, St. George, in the evening, at which about eighty members and guests were present. Addresses were delivered by the president, Hon. Howard R. Bayne; the secretary, Dr. Arthur Hollick; Dr. Franklin W. Hooper, Director of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences; Dr. Frederic A. Lucas, Curator of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute; Dr. William T. Hornaday, Director of the New York Zoological Park; Hon. George Cromwell, President of the Borough of Richmond; Hon. William Allaire Shortt, Member of Assembly; Dr. John Q. Adams; and Mr. Edwin Markham. ReGuLAR MEETING, APRIL 15, IQII The meeting was held in the assembly room of the Museum, No. 154 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, President Howard R. Bayne in the chair, and about forty persons present. The minutes of the meeting of February 18, 1911, were read and approved. The president referred to the advisability of increasing the number of trustees of the Association and suggested, if the Association approve, that a resolution be adopted authorizing the introduction of bills in the State Legislature to amend the charter of the Association in that particular. Voted: That the representatives in the State Legislature from _ this county be authorized to introduce bills amending the charter of the Asso- ciation to give it power to increase the number of its Board of Trustees to twenty-five. ScIENTIFIC PROGRAM The president introduced the speaker of the evening, Dr. A. W. Ferris, President of the New York State Commission in Lunacy, who delivered an illustrated address on Insanity: Its Causes and Prevention. On motion a vote of thanks was tendered Dr. Ferris for his courtesy in delivering the address, and to Mr. Charles A. Ingalls for the use and management of the stereopticon. The meeting then adjourned. 181 182 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AnnuaL Meetinc, May 20, 1911 The meeting was held in the assembly room of the Museum, No. 154 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, President Howard R. Bayne in the chair, and twenty-five persons present. The minutes of the meeting of April 15, r911, were read and approved. — The annual report of the Board of Trustees, including reports of the standing committees and curator-in-chief, was read and ordered placed on file. (See pp. 183-192 of this issue.) The annual report of the secretary was read ae ordered placed on file. (See p. 193 of this issue.) The annual report of the treasurer. was read and ordered placed on file (p. 193). Mr. Howard H. Cleaves, recorder of the Section of Biology, presented a report on the activities of the section during the year (p. 104). Dr. John Q. Adams made a verbal report on behalf of the Section of Art, and Mr. Edward C. Delavan made a similar report on behalf of the Section of Historical Research. The president stated that the next order of business was the election of four trustees [to fill the vacancies caused by the expiration of the terms of office of John Blake Hillyer, Philip Dowell, William Hinman Mitchill, and George Scranton Humphrey], and called for the report of the com- mittee on nominations. The committee submitted, as nominees, the names of Bradish Johnson Carroll, Norman Stewart Walker, William Hinman Mitchill, and George Scranton Humphrey. The president asked if there were any other nominations, and no others being made, the secretary, on motion, was instructed to cast one affirmative ballot for the nominees submitted by the committee. The secretary cast the ballots as instructed and the president declared the nominees elected trustees of the Association for the ensuing three years. On motion the president was authorized to appoint a committee of three, of which the principal of Curtis High School should be one, to award the Association’s annual prize in natural science at the school. The president reported on legislation introduced by him in the State Senate, amending the charter of the Association by authorizing the en- largement of the Board of Trustees to twenty-five members. The president then delivered his annual address. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Dr. Philip Dowell exhibited herbarium specimens representing additions to the local flora, with memoranda and notes. (Printed in full in this issue, pp. 156-168.) An obituary notice and biography of Mr. John J. Crooke, by Mr. William T. Davis, was read by the secretary. (Printed in full in this issue, pp. 169-172.) The meeting then adjourned. a y eee ee” ; j ‘ . 5 ; Annual Reports REporT OF THE Boarp oF TRUSTEES FOR IQIO-IQII The Board of Trustees held eight meetings, as follows: the annual meeting, May 28, 1910; stated meetings on October 1 and December 3, 1910, February 1 and April 1, 1911; and special meetings on November 11, 1910, February 11 and March 11, ro1lI. At the annual meeting the officers of the preceding year were reelected unanimously. The rules of the Board were amended so as to provide four instead of three stated meetings during the year, to be held on the first Saturdays in October, December, February, and April. The following active members have been elected by the Board during the year: Ralph Bainbridge, Dr. C. W. Bliss, Mrs. C. W. Bliss, Mrs. Willard A. Boyd, James W. Clawson, Mrs. L. A. Dreyfus, C. S. Egbert, Mrs. Eleanor C. Gardner, Charles G. Hine, Dr. William R. Janeway, Edward W. Lemon, Walter S. Mayer, Mrs. Charles Metcalfe, Mrs. A. J. Newbury, Miss Helen M. Oakley, John B. Pearson. The Board records with regret the death ,of the following active mem- bers: John M. Carrére, Rev. Hobart Clark, Thomas O. Horton, Charles W. Hunt, Dr. Horace Patterson. Early in June a petition signed by many prominent members of the bench and bar of Richmond County, was transmitted to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment requesting that Room 309 in Borough Hall, then occupied by our museum, be turned over to the use of the Supreme Court, and that the house at 154 Stuyvesant Place, St. George, be leased for the Association. The Board of Trustees deemed it a wise policy to take no active part in furthering this petition, but at the sugges- tion of various officials made application, through Borough President Cromwell, for an issue of revenue bonds in the sum of $2,625 to cover moving, repairs, and operating expenses, on the assumption that the museum would be able to occupy the new quarters on October 1, 1910. Application was later made for a budget appropriation of $10,020. This was referred to the budget committee of the Board of Estimate and again referred to Borough President McAneny as a subcommittee for report. A hearing was given in Mr. McAneny’s office, at which the Asso- ciation was represented by the president, Senator Bayne, the acting secre- tary, Dr. Adams, and the curator-in-chief, Mr. Pollard. The Bar Asso- ciation was represented by Mr. Eugene Lamb Richards. As a result of this hearing the amount finally settled upon was $0,000, and this sum was approved by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. The budget was - adopted by the Board of Aldermen on November 27, and negotiations for the lease of the property were then carried forward. The Association 183 184 Staten IsLAnp ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES entered into possession on January I, 1911, the lease having been signed on December 30. After several weeks it became apparent that the pending revenue bond issue would not receive favorable consideration, and on February 3 the executive committee, which had been duly empowered by the Board to take charge of all matters relating to the transfer of the museum, voted to proceed with the necessary repairs, using as much of the budget appropriation as might remain after the necessary allotments for salaries, rent, supplies, fuel and lighting, etc., and assuming the remainder of the expense as a charge upon the Association. The con- tracts were in every case awarded to the lowest bidder, and only absolutely necessary work was performed. (The aggregate cost was about $1,500. The curator-in-chief was authorized to supervise the work under the general direction of the committee. Repairs were begun on February 15 and completed during the first week in March. The transfer of the museum occupied nearly six days and was completed on March 13. The Board then appointed a special committee, consisting of Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Ingalls, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Mitchill, and Dr. and Mrs. J. Q. Adams, to make arrangements for a celebration of the reopening of the museum. This celebration, held on March 25, took the form of an afternoon recep- tion, attended by about 150 persons. Informal exercises were held in the assembly hall, addresses being made by Senator Howard R. Bayne, Dr. W. T. Hornaday, Director of the Bronx Zoological Park, and Commis- sioner Louis L, Tribus, of the Department of Public Works. In the evening a highly successful dinner was given at Hugot’s, attended by about eighty members and friends of the Association. The guests were: Hon. George Cromwell, Professor Franklin W. Hooper, Dr. Frederic A. Lucas, Dr. W. T. Hornaday, Mr. Edwin Mark- ham, Mr. Sanderson Smith, and Rev. Charles Waldron. The following appointments to the enlarged museum staff were made: Mr. Charles L. Pollard, curator-in-chief; Mr. Howard H. Cleaves, assist- ant curator; Miss Agnes L. Pollard, museum assistant; Mr. Alexander Forsyth, janitor; Mr. D. M. Van Name, museum guard; and Mr. Law- rence Liedy, night watchman. The hours during which the new museum should be open to the public were fixed at Io a. m. to 5 p. m. daily except Sundays, thus including all holidays. The question of Sunday opening has been deferred for later consideration, The Board tenders to the Association its congratulations on the greatly increased facilities to the museum due to its being housed in a separate, conveniently located and easily accessible building. All of which increased advantages are reflected in a large increase in the number of visitors. The exhibits are shown to much greater advantage as they are now properly grouped in the separate rooms. The Association is also to be congratulated on its museum staff, every member of which is efficient and loyal to the interests of the Association. J. QO. ApAms, Acting Secretary. ANNUAL REportTs 185 REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The executive committee has held ten meetings during the year, trans- acting a large amount of business entrusted to it by the Board. The action of the committee on the various items is recorded in the minutes, which have been duly reported to, and approved by, the Board. J. Q. Apams, Acting Secretary. REPORT OF THE MuseuM AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE This committee has held several meetings for the consideration of matters of policy and museum details submitted to it by the curator-in- chief. Ws. T. Davis, Chairman. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ACCESSIONS The committee on accessions begs to report that it has inspected all of the accessions to the museum and taken action on them. A list of the accessions will be given by the curator-in-chief in con- nection with his annual report. J. Q. Anas, Chairman. Report OF THE WoMEN’S AUXILIARY COMMITTEE The activities of the women’s auxiliary committee were confined to assisting the special committee in charge of arrangements for the recep- tion at the opening of the new museum building on March 25, IgII. ADELINE A. HOottick, Chairman. REPORT OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE The Museum BwttetIn, edited by the curator-in-chief, has been issued monthly, including No. 23, June 1910, and No. 34, May IgII. Volume II, Part III (July 1908-February 1909), including pp. 125-177, was issued August 18, 1910; Part IV (March-May, 1909), pp. 179-251, was issued September 16, 1910, and includes the volume index and title page. Volume III, Part I (October-December, 1909), including pp. I-54, was issued April 28, 1911; Part II (January-May, 1910), pp. 55-108, was issued May 2, 1911. Copy for the third and fourth parts of Volume III is in hand and can be prepared for printing at any time when the Asso- ciation will authorize the printing. Putte DoweELL, Chairman. 186 StTatEN IstanpD ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES REPORT OF THE CURATOR-IN-CHIEF To THE BoARD OF TRUSTEES, STaATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith my fourth annual report as curator-in-chief, for the fiscal year ending May 20, 1911. The event of greatest importance and most vital significance to the museum within that period was the acquisition of our new quarters. Negotiations for the transfer and for a necessary increase in the budget appropriation were begun immediately after the last annual meeting of the Association. Several months elapsed, however, before favorable action was taken by the city authorities, making it possible to conclude a lease of the house now occupied by the museum, and it was six weeks after the Association entered into possession before the needed alterations and repairs were initiated. The removal from Borough Hall was begun March 8 and concluded March 13. It may be understood, therefore, that the record of the past year is one of preparation rather than achievement. Our new quarters, however, not only afford much better facilities for work on the collections and for storage, but enable us to separate the various departments and to bring the exhibits into better correlation. Under these improved conditions it should be possible to expand our activities in several directions, to be indicated in a latter portion of this report. The participation of the museum in the municipal budget exhibit held last October was, in the opinion of many, a potent factor in securing for us favorable consideration. The space occupied consisted of two tables, each 2% by 5 feet. On these were displayed two photographs of Room 309 in Borough Hall, then tenanted by the museum; six placards, printed for us through the courtesy of the Brooklyn Institute Museum, contain- ing various comparative statistics as to attendance, appropriations, acces- sions, etc.; a photograph of the Billopp house, and samples of the various educational labels used in our museum. The budget exhibit remained open for one month and was very largely attended. Museum EXHIBITS For reasons above given, no conspicuous alterations were made in the permanent exhibits, and no new exhibits were installed until after the removal. A brief synopsis of the present arrangement may be desirable as a matter of record. First floor: Main hall, historical relics and photographs of Staten Island scenes. Southeast hall, two cases devoted to the Skinner collection of Iroquois Indian implements, to which Mr. Skinner has recently made some additions; two cases of Staten Island Indian relics; one case of local antiques and Revolutionary relics; two cases devoted to the Humphrey loan collection of African ethnology; and a case with a model ANNUAL REPoRTS 187 of the Billopp house. Northwest hall, three cases containing the Chapin collection of local birds, and the two finely mounted owls recently pre- sented by Mr. Charles Benedict; one case with eggs and nests of birds known to breed on Staten Island; one case of local reptiles and batra- chians; one case of marine invertebrates; one case illustrating the life history of the periodical cicada; a large brood of which is due to appear on the island in the summer of 1011; and a fine collection of bird photo- graphs by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves. Second floor: Main hall, the large mounted eagle. Southeast hall, two cases of exotic shells; one case of exotic birds, and one case each devoted to animal weapons, insect architecture, and protective resemblance. On the walls are displayed a number of exotic butterflies of the genus Papilio. Northwest hall, two cases containing a general collection of ores and minerals; one case of German agates; three cases devoted to Staten Island geology; and numerous maps of the island. There has been only one loan exhibit during the year installed by the committee of the Section of Art. This was of unusual interest and included antique silver jewelry and watches, old fashioned combs, fans, and other objects. It was placed on view in October and remained until the removal to our present building, where it was succeeded by a collec- tion illustrating African ethnology, lent by Mr. and Mrs. George S. Humphrey. ATTENDANCE The total attendance during the year has been 4,888 as against 4,902 last year. On account of the removal, however, these figures are not strictly comparable. For the period, slightly in excess of nine months, during which we were in Borough Hall, the attendance was 3,207, as against 4,002 for the same months during the previous year. But the Hudson-Fulton celebration was responsible for a very large attendance in the fall months of 1900, while on the other hand, the number of visitors last January and February was greatly in excess of those in January and February, 1910, even though the Museum was partly dismantled and ready to close. The April attendance in the new building was very gratifying, being 914 as against only 305 last year. With the approach of fine weather and the school examination, the May record has fallen off, as might be expected. The highest number of visitors, 133, was on May 15, when several classes were brought from Curtis High School by their instructor, Dr. A. J. Grout. ACCESSIONS The following table of accessions shows a total of 9,786 specimens, as against 7,370 last year. These figures are not quite exact, as an accurate count of some of the collections received cannot be made until they are catalogued. While the proportion of insects seems unduly large, it must be remembered that this group includes an enormous number of species, 188 STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES and an effort is being made to have our local study collection as complete as possible. The most important gifts during the year were those of Mrs. Walter C. Kerr, including numerous minerals, fossils, books, and a supply of chemicals; Mrs. A. H. McKenzie, including shells, corals, minerals, Indian arrows, and two skins of the quetzal; Mr. William T. Davis, 185 herbarium specimens of violets; Mr. Charles Benedict, numerous insects | from Florida and mounted specimens of the barred owl and great horned owl. ACCESSIONS TO THE MusEuM AND LIBRARY DURING IQI0-IQII Department of Zoology TSS CES rei me reitaisea cooper pore een 7,012 est. Sie lish cerk dete mace tech cia sng eh ane cece et 1,003 est. Otherwinvertebratess: wocericmeeeia ce ees 34 Repfilespand: batrachiansmirwasmen cea 12 Birds vandsmestshaince seco oee Rote 9 WMiairmammall see 2. atenatesstegans ret ne coe teva teeyater eee 2 BiiShies ma a8 tae aes Kane alates aie agen rane 2 8,074 8,074 Department joi Botany va. sae aoe ee ee ee 240 Department of Geology and Mineralogy .................. 525 Departmentworeantsuand: Anidqunibiesmeen em cee eice «ree II Department of Archeology and Anthropology.............. 134 Books, Maps, and Photographs.............. _. 487 Miascellame mits jes isos. 4 Sirs cieemrane ne ei on om ei eee 306 9,786 The expansion of the museum necessitated a considerable increase in the staff, for which provision was duly made in the budget appropriation. Following is the list of new employees, with the dates on which they entered the service of the museum: Howard H. Cleaves, assistant curator........ February I, IQII Alexander *horsytheqaneoneae selene en ee February II, IQI1I Lawrence Liedy, night watchman............ March 6, IQII D. M: Van Name) musetumiouards 0. 22.2. Mareh «- 27, Tom Lawrence Liedy resigned on April 30, and the duties of night watchman are now being performed by a temporary employee until his successor shall have been appointed by the Board. There has been no change in the honorary staff of the museum. The curator-in-chief has been very largely occupied with executive duties, especially after active negotiations for the transfer of the museum were under way. Under the direction of the executive committee he pre- ANNUAL REporTS 189 pared specifications for the various contracts involving repairs and altera- tions to the house, including the electrical, masonry, painting and papering, carpentry, and iron work, and supervised the execution of these contracts. He also prepared a set of plans of the house, on which was plotted the position of all furniture, thus facilitating the work of removal. During the summer the curator-in-chief made a number of field trips in the imme- diate vicinity, securing a considerable amount of material for the study collections and for use in exchange. The assistant curator was at first chiefly employed in packing the collec- tions for transfer from Borough Hall and later in arranging the exhibits in the hall of local biology. The excellent mounting of the Tuttle maps and the attractive display of the local bird bulletin, with its dates of arrivals and nesting places, are also the work of Mr. Cleaves. He has more recently been engaged in listing and arranging the collection of reptiles and batrachians. Mention should also be made of six lectures on birds given by Mr. Cleaves at various schools. These lectures, being mostly in the regular Board of Education series, have been well attended, and have afforded an excellent opportunity for advertising the museum and its work. The museum assistant has continued the work of cataloguing the collec- tions. She reports a total of 5,495 cards completed during the year, dis- tributed as follows: Zoology 607, botany 3,661, geology 7, archeology 1, species catalogue 1,080, donor catalogue 139. 1,208 cards have been stamped for the catalogue, 408 pamphlets stamped and filed, and 167 exhi- bition labels written. In addition the museum assistant has not only had an increasing amount of clerical work in the museum but has performed many services of this kind for the officers of the Association. She also packed many of the more delicate specimens for transfer and has rear- ranged most of the books in the library. As the museum assistant is now regularly in charge of the second floor, much of her time is devoted to guard duty, especially in the afternoons. The janitor and the museum guard have been efficient in their work and earnest in their devotion to the interests of the museum. Mr. Davis, honorary curator of zoology, has helped us, as heretofore, with his kindly counsel and with many specimens for the collections. He furnished the material for the exhibit showing the life history of the periodical cicada, all being of the brood of 1804. He has also presented the set of violets prepared and determined by Professor Ezra Brainerd, the great authority on this group, thereby enabling our museum to retain its proud position as the owner of the third best collection of violets in the country. Mr. Davis bought and presented to the Association the laurels and rhododendrons now planted in front of the Museum; and he has recently added still further to his gifts by offering to start a subscrip- tion for the needed binding of books in our library with the sum of $25. The honorary curator of geology, Dr. Hollick, reports that the only 190 STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES change made in the exhibits under his charge was the replacement of certain specimens in the stratigraphic exhibit by jars containing samples of the sands, soils, gravels, and clays of the island. He has been prevented by his long absence in Washington from taking his usual active part in the work of the museum. The honorary curator of botany, Dr. Dowell, has little to report in his department. Until new, insect-proof cases can be provided for the herbarium, there is no opportunity for rearrangement or for the addition of mounted sheets. Dr. Adams, honorary curator of art, was made acting secretary of the Association during the absence of Dr. Hollick and hence has been unable to give as much attention as usual to this department. He personally selected the wall papers used in decorating the Museum and has frequently cheered and aided the curator-in-chief with his advice. LIBRARY In my last annual report I referred to our urgent need for certain ~ standard textbooks in various branches of biology. This need is more pressing, in view of the increased number of inquiries received and the importance of securing exact information in preparing our exhibition labels. There is also a large accumulation of pamphlets awaiting binding, and these are constantly deteriorating while they remain unbound. The president of the Association has authorized a subscription fund for this purpose, and the June issue of the Museum Butretin will take up the subject in detail. There are at present 71 institutions on our exchange list. 317 publica- tions were received during the year. Seven are received as gifts from Miss Agnes L. Pollard, Messrs. William T. Davis, Arthur Hollick, and Charles L. Pollard; eight are deposited as loans by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves and Mr. Pollard. Three new exchanges were added, the Bulletin of the Charleston Museum, the University of North Dakota Quarterly, and the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. The publication of the Augustana College and Theological Seminary was dropped from the exchange list. In addition to the above regular list 486 separates and special reports and bound books have been received from individuals and institutions during the year. Museum CooPERATION The present tendency among museums is toward concentration of effort along special lines, in which affiliated institutions may be of mutual assistance. Thus the Brooklyn Museum, by virtue of the many valuable gifts of shells which it has received, may be said to have made a feature of conchology. Through the courtesy of Dr. Frederic A. Lucas, the i i ANNUAL REportTS IgI curator-in-chief of the Brooklyn Museum, arrangements were made where- by Miss Helen Aitkin, in charge of this department, has undertaken the naming of our own very excellent collection of shells. In return we shall turn over our duplicates to the Brooklyn Museum. The American Museum of Natural History has made a special feature of the collection of local insects, taken within a 50-mile radius of New York City. These have been placed in separate cases and have been officially committed to the custody of the New York Entomological Society. During the past winter various groups in the local collection were studied and determined by members of the society, and I have taken the opportunity of having our own material worked over at the same time, in return giving my own services to the American Museum, naming for them the groups in which I am interested. By far the most important means of cooperation is afforded by the Association of Museums, which holds an annual meeting. At this con- vention the various curators present papers on matters of museum admin- istration, details of exhibition, methods of mounting, etc., and in the social * life of that meeting there is usually an opportunity to discuss matters of mutual benefit. So widely is the value of this association recognized that with very few exceptions the institutions of the country pay the expenses of their curators. In the proceedings of the past two years there will be found several contributions of my own, and the recently published list of American museums has nearly two pages devoted to the museum of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences. I do not hesitate to say that the best ideas developed in our museum have been gained from attendance at the Museums Association meetings. GENERAL REMARKS In my various quarterly reports to the Board suggestions and recom- mendations for the betterment of the museum are made from time to time. Some of these involve merely a slight expenditure for supplies of furni- ture, easily made from our budget appropriation. Others require the co- operation of our friends in various ways. For example, the suggestion is made by the assistant curator, that the popularity of our exhibit of live animals warrants its increase and that cages containing specimens of the smaller mammals of Staten Island might properly be added. The honorary curator of geology recommends the installation of framed geologic and topographic maps. One of our members suggests that the value of the insect exhibits would be enhanced if cases were added showing meta- morphosis in the various orders, as of a caterpillar to a butterfly, etc.; and there is no question that our display of local ornithology would be infinitely more instructive if the bird could be mounted with nest and eggs on the same branch. It has always been my desire to establish traveling schoo. collections, which could be used to illustrate the classroom work in oul 192 STaATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES local schools, and the present time is especially favorable for starting this new branch of our activity. But it will be noticed that all of these sug- gestions involve the expenditure of private rather than public funds, even though they inure to. public profit. We are, in fact, confronted with this difficulty in almost every effort to develop the museum; and it serves to emphasize the fact that a small endowment fund, to which I have often alluded in reports and addresses before this Association as a desirable thing, has now become an urgent necessity. Other institutions have started their endowment funds before obtaining municipal support; we were given quarters by the city, a budget appropriation, and a special allotment for equipment. Our appropriation has now been more than doubled, a house has been leased exclusively for our use, and there is talk of the erection of a new fire-proof building when the lease expires. Yet the Association has not a dollar invested as a museum fund, and its own annual income is required almost entirely for its publications and ordi- nary running expenses. The museum should have four funds, not because they are theoretically desirable, but because they are absolutely necessary for our successful development along the lines of the policy already adopted by the Association. One is the library fund, to which reference has already been made. Another is the lecture fund, to enable us to give weekly lectures for the school children throughout the fall, winter, and spring. There should be a fund for the purchase of specimens required for special exhibits, not easily obtainable in the field; and finally there should be a research fund, wherewith the expense of collecting trips could be defrayed, and by which members of the staff might be enabled to visit other institutions occasionally in order to name collections, study methods of preparing exhibits, etc. The annual income for these four funds need not be large; it is probable that for our immediate needs, five hundred dollars would be sufficient, representing an investment of ten or twelve thousand dollars. The method of raising an endowment is entirely within the province of the Board to determine. But it should be borne in mind that as a rule, such funds are obtained by numerous small subscriptions rather than by a few large ones; and this emphasizes the importance of advertising our museum in every possible way, and by making its work known not only on Staten Island but elsewhere. The history of a suc- cessful museum is a record of constant endeavor; and the results achieved by some of our smaller institutions, with only modest means at their command, have been entirely satisfactory to those who by their gifts have made these results possible. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES Louis PoLLarp, Curator-in-chief. ANNUAL Reports 193 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY z New members elected during the year.......... 16 EI ice inky > wi inc, Se eR BA hin edd odlnrd Swe mse 13 | I TER LON e525 aie vain’ nanidsmipemewasiea e I AT aAE' CACC a hs a aha a halniecalet dishatpln Bia oie 312 | Consisting of Benin SROPHNET Ss bi haie es isiaiclagn x fund sca bare Reed 207 Mortesponding members ..........00000s 4 SRE RIMCGMIBES 16 ion awn a sce dnncevdhiiede 2 | Pabercaty WEIMDETS .. sce vs svecs ev dadacen 2 eee GCI AIEMDEL | asic eee divin reece ssnes de I RSAMNOTIGEE et asiats &, 0 as c'est. ote aievere ei sia are eee 2 6 ae Te ae ArTHUR HOLLIck, Secretary. REPORT OF THE TREASURER | : INCOME Balance in hand at date of last annual report.................. $ 172.87 | Since received from membership dues.............cecceeeeeees 760.00 | PeeEITNOHIS © €G) & MOGERDINGS: <5 005.0 c0os sc cctceccesccctceesecee 3.00 | Smeetmions to dinner, March 25, IQTI......0.c00cscec ce cccces 240.28 Reetestrem lire Membership fund... 2.0... ccccsncceccccccvevess 3.95 t IL IEV IDPTODTIALION...., -.0 occ sco swics ccavcevecccesers 5,531.18 (ce ae eens ick chat aloha d rnold Swe a apes 945.16 $7,656.44 2 DISBURSEMENTS CITIES. ooo. anise oon oe enna agin ny weinewseenvne gan’ $ 261.11 | IE ICU ATIOTICEY: «ccs cn oso cues cjcihciesdnecentancacessiane oe 36.50 SOR IRTS let EMAC EGNT ITI CSRS o1 ruin cicle e+ /a.c cls a) aibini aieleip piss, e.«1s1«.0 » hialsie nies aiejuie 15.30 PIPE MMERTIETISG ACCOUNT <2 ..00cccccccvcceccassosessccsencncsess 360.72 Sepscriptions. to periodicals ........sccccsecececcvccesecesesese 5.00 | _ Expenses of dinner, March 25, I911......++sseeeeeeseeeeeeeeees 266.57 | MT See TU TIOL EN. 5 inieinic 510 0.c!s- jain ev cles ce sla ou 0S ajne cn eelev dee se 3.43 Notes paid ..... eee ota lesan ais ‘a! sis dio a c,h ealel ha etek isles ein ecela he 800.00 hm Salaries, New York City account........cccecsecccecescevcrens 3,887.80 Supplies, New York City account..........seeseeseecceceeseees 1,735.03 $7,371.55 NIE CHEMISE, oo 5 a cin.c0 acide ccbcan neue eeseocsenenetes wean _ 284.89 194 STATEN Istanp ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ASSETS AND LIABILITIES CasH ASSETS Life membership: fund, on deposit in savings bank.............. $ 100.00 Accrued interest'on life membership fund, to January 1, IQII... 16.27 Cash on depositin :-Gorn’ Exchange Banles. 3.52. semis -ts ee 168.62 $ 284.89 ADDITIONAL ASSETS Back dues outstanding...... anced ace Soot alot bute See Eee ences $ 372.00 LIABILITIES Estimated dues uncollectable ............ pe menatr ome $ 150.00 ING te ci cde Scien Ce eter avenete eae ate ove eR Gr eG) cTesiolousvel cts ohepeat ser ay Teco eceaee mea 350.00 Total Iabilities):.c..0 dons 2% ae vote sk ook eee Oe eee eee aoe $ 500.00 otal ‘Assets: = sei pHGee oo oxe-ce seeks Mavele Sie Cee eee 656.89 Assets ‘over Habilities skit acon ee ences ees ee $ 156.89 C. A. INGALLSs, Treasurer. REPORT OF THE SECTION OF BIOLOGY This section has been comparatively inactive during the past season, only three meetings having been held; one at the home of Mr. William T. Davis, chairman of the section, on the evening of October 31, 1910; the second (the annual meeting) in the museum building on April 22, 1911; and the third, May 13, 1911, on which occasion Mr. Charles W. Leng presented a paper on Salt Meadow Beetles (contained in this issue, pp. 153-155). Although the section has not been as active as usual, it arranged the spring series of three lectures for the benefit of the Association at large as well as the general public. These lectures have proved most satis- factory, having been attendee by letee auutences. The subjects and dates were as follows: Saturday, April-22, 1911; With the Saale d in the Florida Everglades. Mr. Alanson Skinner. Saturday, April 20, 1 Wild Flowers of Staten oe Dr, Ave Grout. Saturday, May 6, to11, The neeeeien of Emotion in Birds as Shown by the Camera. Mr. Clinton G, Abbott. Wm. T. Davis, Chairman. ANNUAL REporTS 195 REPORT OF THE SECTION OF ART The Section of Art has held no separate meetings during the year. The regular meeting of the Association on December 17, 1910, was held under its auspices, when an illustrated lecture was given by Dr. Bruno Roselli on the topic Political and Religious Art in Medieval Siena. The committee on exhibits of the section has taken an active interest, as heretofore, in the art loan collections installed from time to time in the Museum. J. Q. ApAms, Chairman. REPORT OF THE SECTION OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH No meetings of the section have been held. ; E. C. DeELavan, Jr, Chairman. \“ ‘ = we , ers Tren aa ¢ VL Toe rt vA beats 4 ? i + PER el Bh RO pal tyne % : INDEX TITLES AND SUBJECTS A amines to the Flora of Staten Island....... 50s. sc0.csceccecccccus pe Addition to the List of Staten Island Frogs, An.................... 66 Administration Change in ex-officio membership of Board of Trustees.......... 88 (nen oroquarters for the museum........c.cscccccsecsccek 89, 183 Peeewons of patrons atid members........0..c.ccececnecccess 88, 183 Peer Or sopeming for the MmuSeut.,........020ce0ccrcecacccces 184 RM MIAME Soo. a iss sss sint vive sve pv 0 pals nea nencusateleeas 90 me anenayttine mtinicipal. authorities... <0 +.cecececeacelimedeuce 88 Amendments TER I ich. ohn 's sass win Waele sv aed dy adn'e Beaded eed s 50, 89 MR tec cnhe sicis, 2's ond ajo ¥ xv die als cS alta winlbie wide Oo 151, 181 Announcements Appointment of a committee on legislation....................0. 51 City lease of 154 Stuyvesant Place for use of the Association..... 150 Introduction of bill amending the charter of the Association...83, 84 mepnesentation im Gity Budget Exhibit....)..0... 0s cc ccs ee cleisice 149 Transfer of Supreme Court from Richmond to St. George...... 83 Appointments Committees CGmenmital- prize im fatural Science. ..<.)..s.ccecacsccsesnee 182 On arrangements for celebration of reopening of museum.... 184 REMI S02) 012 aac snipe 3 a.pon' Pag sik te mala’ aw eee ets Fd 51 EE on. a os gic inintn w ole pv via x salen xt a sla oid Bald pga 85 To ex-officio membership in Board of Trustees................. 88 To honorary curatorship of the department of Arts and Antiquities 93 Arlington, Staten Island, Notes on Introduced Plants Collected near.. 62 TERN CADO oc oo an ons ts veces ove stanescdosesccbevaramens 153 Changes and Inconsistencies in the Spelling of Local Place Names by iveulinsted States Geological Survey .....005..cesesneavcvecves 109 Cicada on Staten Island between the Years 1894 and 1911, The ER aye 0a a acapais' enka s+ 494 yes mes a mrise a eee 120 Conservation, the National Issue ...........-.eeeeeeeeeeseccreceeee 129 Contributors Peer tT linton G. 2.1... e ccc e esc cerecsnvesaseseeuseusoseene 105 Achilles, Louis H. .........cccececscccecsccceccctereeeevoecers 148 Pidlagns, Bristow S. ........20ccscceccnsecesncccuncecanssecaing ws 108 PUIG PONG CO) ccc cence uncadevansesbevecneneczomene 52, 181, 183 Pay, TLOWATG RR. occ oon sie non wale vie tibrie cin cece ceasweceseqenes 181 Beauchamp, William M. ........-.:seeeeeee eee teeter eee eeenees 173 Benedict, Charles P. .........cecseceeercecseneenenstonenereces 51 197 198 INDEX Pace Chapin, James: ons Sei sclescrrsc cic’ im totn ates osetelatotoke tens iquetetsta Ate tte 177 Cleaves, Howard H., 53, 55, 71, 82, 83, 85, 87, 108, 116, 123, 151, 177, 178 Crampton): Plempy epee coer ei tte he ols or fole ere tae 150 Cromwell, George eae ices. Mock biel a steieeiaeienete ees Sra aee 181 Davis, Willian Shon. T, 34, 51, 53, 66, 68, 73, 74, 82, 33, 4) Soyeemee 120, 149, 151, 169, 183 Delavans MdwardiCyitc water cites ceecge tite ee 37, 51, 183 Dow, Roberts Pao sc ce eiieiets iad otclere lee asc ne chvon bere aera a 83 Dowell, ;Carle Philip ra, aoe cal he oh tcl tes iie eh cae 49, 144 Dowell, ? Philip" iy 5 ek wae ase eel ae 74, 80, 112, 156, 163, 183 Baton, Walter wR: drank on ucla severe Bie temic ae ee 80 Fetris,. “Asn Wo hele fois ite sans ecere Re trake ve Ses apes eee ade ee eee 181 Freeman, Tn. Wog Siees cicdedi veGe sn bbe fee ee i eee 150 Gratacap,) Ti.4 Bays 6 cL ee 76 GrouticA. oJ is hig oe edna acm ciere arsiers lever ahc hae eee 181, 195 ioliliekem Avr thitite eracrse ever a: 31, 49, 50, 51, 62, 75, 81, 82, 85, 86, 108, 109, 149, 150, 173-180, 181 Hooper, Franklin W. << 5.4 2cicwusitele + nek aicn ors ones cei ee 181 Hornaday. : Walliams To. 205. eek eons eee eee 181 Jetirey; Jbdward Cat osk 5 sot Rese see cae en ee 176, 179, 180 Kang, . irs sA Sig Ws Sic SS es Beeline cere 84 Ikene.. (Charles: Wea b.c0n Geen Geet no eee areas Crete eer 153, 105 Lucas, Frederic: AM cio ka aden ieee eee Oe oe ee 181 Ib bia Endy lcd Dee eebAnAE ny nanunaoushodouSchacoson ose Se Gina Markham, Edwin) ¢ jit: tecise ee its Gi oh pci ce 181 Matthew, ! Walliam: TD). 6-220 ook tects sce ee ee oe 51, 54 Millard) Batleye 2: od ba ates ae oe Se eee 175 Miller, Weide: Wees.s3 28 csdes nev ad ohat poo eae alee eee 177 Nicholson, Thomas. so... <¢. 02 os anaes ose ee See 49 Pilcher, Lewise Hs ep 2ee eae Re ae ke ae tn on ns eee ee 52 Pollard, Aromes Titel cece Lis ce tye storie cas aCe Ceres Sicreh eee I51 Pollard Charleswemeseens -acee ae (ole slope 83, sa 108, 128, 151, 152 Roselli, “Bruno: 7. sedge fi coe kek odie ae ee ee I5I Shortt; Walltann Allaine =) 221. See Re ae ee ce ae ater eee 181 Skinner: « Alanson 2iaenecicine 2 02 paca oat alot eee 73, 84, 195 Smith, Sanmiell IWekG mrss sn eee eee PEEP eiseroi Si 50 Stone, Walter: K.u .ticiedetn stab inteey atdcete eet Seen eee eee 80 Stone, < Witmer «isd edhe eke acre aici een oeaeieee ete eee 74 Tribus; L, L.geo ch eae aoe cae ee ee ee 181 Vans Nate: DY Misi: oo a cacpn te oinicis ere rate Sree ek ee reheat eee 83 Whitlock, Hy Pee casein Ais Dae ee Eee ee ee reece 173 Winter, William: 2 22022 oa oe Se eof eee 80 Wissler;, Clark -: ccokon ccs aceon eer 73 Grooke, John! Jes asStaten Island) Natiunallistases meee cee eet 169 Disputed Claim of the Proprietors of East Jersey to Staten Island, The 37 Do Not Burn the: Woods.) 2 hac. 5 poco 5 cnet nee eee 68 ———— es rtC INDEX 199 Elections Pace ES 20285 ore. cesist es acs Soh SER od amend) OOS re oe 88, 183 MM eg eb a's afk ws bs vikin Sie divas RS RE GAOL Ze eS Te lea 88 0a in isis kw whee WRGR Ve eh 6 Eee cea dete ead oe 86, 182 Benen ctes Of Some Staten Island ..... 0c lances decccecccucs 163 Piora er-otaten Island, Additions to the ......:....cccccecvecccccces 156 NT a ga oes cc cie oe Suv itewdhweag tes «tleeaeclebclu 144 Introduced Plants Collected near Arlington, Staten Island, Notes on.. 62 ae erooke: a staten Island Naturalist .......... ccc cseccceecee 169 emmnane Wad aptivaty, The... isi .iccceccccccawacbuccecocewsetucs 116 List of Staten Island Frogs, An Addition to the .................... 66 List of the Macrolepidoptera of Staten Island, New York............ I Literature Relating to Staten Island. (See Reviews)...... 73-81, 173-180 Local Place Names, Changes and Inconsistencies in the Spelling of, by the United States Geological Survey ...........0ececeeeees 109 Long Island, New York, Miscellaneous Observations on the Natural ITN oto cS s sic ais's eS e tae wa teoete cwee eeetee oy 113 Macrolepiaoptera of Staten Island, List of the ........00cd.. cece eeee I Meetings Association ......... PAM trea, taterae venenatis aa eaenee 49, 82, 148, 181 eNO TONIC V ON Scie svisle ca. gie Saldelvessiceiecdvenas dnavacde 53, 108 Miscellaneous Observations on the Natural History of Long Island, ON. ML, etd 2.00 doc eS Se nO: Ee en Can. Sekar acre ee 113 - Museum and Library MITE aa nis cae Ve eects oo ke cae bicd cee k tee aeewes 95, 187 mt TCL MP over Sel eparil a Sialajela'n oie wicleiestitle’eic's ware desicele gt rele 98, 187 REAR) Sia tateia'atars ore u o°a'e'n'e ie 0's wle'e'sin's'arn*elevetele ela'e*e’ "e's fe SO RT 96, 1890 DME ER vl Sac Ge Sew aka SEO GMiy od woul haga see o's sad a's 99 Peechanges added Guringe 1909-1910: ..... 6... eee we ec cece cece ccc 101 Exhibits ...... ets PT eet Std VER Ar Cte te oo.) s Sears 93, 186 mele NMR PPE SIRE 1 wars favace oa Slee evs, afc didials sie’ leie's ae die ea'elds c's 6 wlelats 190 Wo@atmexhipits .........2..¢ Rs an ee he. Sid Ed. er 93, 102, 187 ME EIERIS EGET 9 0c. cval's bain cv eldcw ss descwcdceccansuususae 190 ATGHIEATUCTISIGECCLVER s.cccs colsic ss cc ce dinae welslsic cows toseacesame 97, 99 Seyret ITE re oie a. clase lnice,s Sie's dio dic wastes iis oslo tise Salnene sd elqe es 95 Nature Study in the Public Schools, The Possibilities and Limita- HNPATAGIMELE AEs Sie ccs aie gt cos.2 2 bob eca als Sst Rodeo ase soso ARN eee 123 Necrology DeMeeriatittt ALTO .. oot cesses sce esc ssonabenunceoseomiee 50 Ee ares per Peet ire err es an &8 RIPE CCEE 5. oc can ka bets woeses cue sin@t as dase ued dlan ese em 8&8 NR PETOCO 5 ec ude cece cee oe nde cwenevcetssevubrensens 183 MEM ina hlat nese © 7. c cba scccd taheta 4 Qe thee eR isda see cee oe Sarees 183 emer Wiihiams Clark, Jf... ssc sect p secures sceb ee means mes 50, & MRE DR COOKE ss ocd a ccd eth s sce c teed qeec ede cs ecn tinue vide stun naw 182 David Hamilton Gildersleeve ..........2cceeeeeeecereeseeees 50, 8&8 WOH re GOGIG .2ciiscc ssc Tie ea cic es sees ade se see ase seca tes 88 200 INDEX Thomas: O- Horton cies isosne test cette ee Charles W) banitaas ye sie teins ase cee ers eer ara te Algernon Knox Qiolimstomy . o3- a el -/2))see ise ree 50, Walter (Crataniterr 1g6 oh. «stale. onthe aoe ae eee re. 86, Florace W Pattersom <1. (45 aces Soe ocreine een: ee David Premont; Simonson .. 52. .4i2.q-6-e bee ees eee eee 50, John Mi Tilleyattn tabitems kee Rate wanes atone Notes on Introduced Plants near Arlington, Staten Island............ Notes on Some Staten Island Ferns ..............0....-s+ceeeeeess Notes on Specimens Recently Collected in the Serpentine Area of Staten! dsland, gia de. Sadistic as er ait Goce sees Soo ce eee Notes on the White-breasted: Nuthatch ..12.5.5.4.. 00.5 -ses eee Notes, references, and brief mention Aaron Burr. Note written and signed by ..................0008- Arrow points from Mariner’s Harbor ................... 6) apes Blue-winged warbler, near Huguenot, Staten Island, nest of..... Brook lamprey, Ammocoetes branchialis (L.), from Ramsey, New Jersey, SpeGiien “OF. b:..0 sac.9-) ors aid oss snlskesteretnu steno ete reise = ere Charles» Darwin) portrait Of si ccs ssl os oo tse eo ee Cicada sayi Grossbeck from Helmetta and Jamesburg, New Niece Ie DEN CIE ence Sd o.6.5b0.0.0 c Confederate States of America, $1,000 six per cent. bond of...... Daucus carota I. inflorescence of 3....-......+- Suge etre obi European cricket, Gryllus domesticus L., in a farmhouse......... Exercises held in connection with the opening of the new museum loxbll(chbole saree aS RG in” © Nn Me Meme AeNAsIR OG fc" 0 00 c Flora and fauna of Yaphank, N. J., notes on the................ Fresh water sponges from Yaphank, N. J., specimens of.......... ; Gordius: worms, Specimenstor, S..%)555 «1. en see ened een Hammerstones from Teaneck, New Jersey, specimens of......... Hermit thrush, Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.), colony of... Killdeer breeding near Pleasant Plains, Staten Island............ Kingfishers, Ceryle alcyon (L.), experiences in photographing.... Milk snakes found in road by St. Andrew’s churchyard.......... Orchelimum pulchellum Davis from Helmetta and Jamesburg, New POLS] Y Versi eg NP a Misia ieee eee oe alebare) trai tencene evere rtne eps eee eae Peculiar perforated stone found at Arrochar .......-....-..-++-« Photographs and notes of geologic section exposed in cut for retaining=wall .on’ Jay; SERGE «1 cio « epctere ts ee eines tale ieee eee Photographs showing forest fires near Oakwood, Staten Island... Plants from ballast ground near Arlington, Staten Island, speci- MMENS OF” viaceie ie 4 aseverdlerelti, ave ts aMeeaeeeeveletn ere Ces eheiiehecs etl ee eS Quartz crystals from limonite deposit on Todt Hill.............. Robert P..Dow collection of buttertites ie) -oe o = eel eee Short-eared owl, Asio accipitrinus, from Fort Wadsworth, Staten Wisdetad oie ic ehacs & aly a acecavasois Sssom, sivpeleas Ge OIE ICR tea eet ae ee 149 150 152 150 INDEX Staten Island soils, sands, silts, and clays Wea pird photography as a recreation ..<..c.sccccscccscccccvcee Yellow gerardia, Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood, punctured by bees.. mimtueten, Notes On the White-breasted ..........ccccccaoececccvcccs Opening of the new museum building, exercises held in connection I 88. 82S 55:5's ko Chin ns o'dXinls SoC Caen oie wh Seana eh coke Photographic work with Sandpipers at Wolfe’s Pond, Two Seasons’... Plants Collected near Arlington, Staten Island, Notes on Introduced... Possibilities and Limitations of Nature Study in the Public Schools, Peer rere ese sesso esr esese NS Nis ov ado sid ore eulan un 0g 5 oe balay REY een heehee Ro Proeecames of the Section of Biology ........ceccccccteeccucaces 54, Public Schools, The Possibilities and Limitations of Nature Study SES F559 Fao clude avd wate a vice cule edas eins avs /enten sie dem MEN NPC ETIIGS, oes ct ect ces cersaceseveccecesrcens 49, 82, 148, emma Changes 5 Nesting Site, The .......ccceseccssceseecccsce Reports Committees MTR s75 5 «wins xa 6' vs nav oP oa ai oon wes 49 are rere 104, Annual prize for work in natural science .............++-. 40, Eo RAAB I ceMMMCP CR RSTcAd cos) sso e's, s)'s>s, 0S tuel caeteyape sfellstere craters wevahataldsaie'pbarstetecs EER MIMTINCLISEES- . . 5 vis c'm's vu amir #06 «MS a dO plete cision se dious SET UNIAN o's tates = eiaieco w pre's 6 bersinidige'e wold cine sia’ «fn. 4 Ol, I a tia cco onic wit. © «cor vais U%a.6 « shakes be whe ordain oa ves 104, eet ara TCIM Pers ohare « «, <.aceleee ckciorane w-oletorcie lols atc aare-atnle eae eters Ol, MME INEPCUNLIN nie oa’ eiaca ersa vai ¥en ste Ca eae ow has 6s 104, I cia wisa'cld vn v Pele nies, ciety aivicie sin bays wrelaebiee « 92, Officers EMT 0 2a o.oo sd aia wre o's diya ee Were Cote ad Wiss meine we 102, RE dara: o-< tre x a's arotaa bined wee Ara eRe siaro civil wins so 103, Sections eh cc cinais oa aad ts so RWe nak Ae hppa dee od 5 105, lela fora cia.tainvn mie aa ie ee RTE ve wa cm Ae RL Wace nie 105, Mate MMIC GSEALCHI~ care) tarcias vietethree ole sfaldic sieves e ¥Steleuaisteisin ofc 107, SRT SMMR STIS seis oJoielavein's) ois «0 «.0.0(0.4it 5 siereie Se itt arert aol amid a tated 88, Resolutions Amending Article II of the Constitution ............+seeeeeeees Appointing a committee to consider amendments to the charter of the Association enabling the city to erect a museum building.... Appointing a committee to consider tree planting on the island.... Approving amendment to the state game lawS.....-.++++++eeeees Approving circular upon the destruction of the woodlands by fire.. Authorizing representatives in state legislature to introduce bills amending charter of the Association ......++e+eeeeeeeeeeeeeee Ee ee Coie. ine o vine wlare damn e Slee t Welalwiae 73-81, 173 ‘Aboriginal Place Names of New York .....--+.+eeeeeeeeseeeees Acquisition by New York City of the Larger Two Water Systems Perna e Tatavil <1) a's wareatchuenss dr cc ewee ke esghene setae pe ve’ 182 173 202 INDEX Affinities of Geimiza oracilama, Whe... 2s... s-2ee-ee 12 eee 85 Afhnities-of the Genus Yezona, On the .....4.6 4...) eee 179 Annual Report of the Board a Education of the City of New Worle s5.33..05 3 ae Bee hcl dts oats aie seer ee 75 Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural FEES GON? is! eR is Ricks Is tics five OE he ey ee 73 Bird ‘of the SilentOWimew heya dna os open eee ee ee 178 Bitds’ of" Newosersey ve ne <0) 2 cuclotgin ta cdschewets oe eile ee 74 Fossil Flora of New York and Vicinity, Phe wiutlewe see eee 175 Geology of thesCityiotiNew York 2. .500.0 6 eco eee 76 Kingfisher at dciomeé,y Iie 2.0% 3c ees ui Wz Mist of New, York Mineral ocalitiesss o.5.0- cece ote oe 173 New Prepinus from Martha’s Vineyard, A ............ idem eS 176 Notes in Connection with Specimens Recently Obtained from the Serpentines of Staten ulsland =. yasfoaae ss eiccerce eee 79 Passing ‘of the Chestnut i ree, The 2... 20:2 )s tie ee 175 Running wAway irom) Folks) 2: ieee. sscee eee eee eee 80 Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences. Public Museum.. 175 Staten island Bird Notes and) Pictunes) .4...,.5ce seen eee 178 Staten: Usland Miasewmiy hej. cesses cc teen ote ss ee ae 81 Moads of Northeastern United) States; Die Se.2 sss eee D7, Wioletszof Staten: Island, The 2 -pemesiance: geen eee 74 Winter, William, the Dean of American Dramatic Critics........ 80 Salt (Meadow Beetles: aoc e seed tetas cae Weer el ee aati eee eee ee 153 Sandpipers at Wolfe’s Pond, Two Seasons’ Photographic Work with.. 55 Serpentine Area of Staten Island, Notes on Specimens Recently Col- lected inthe: ee eal Suite ee hatd ah ciaiins dic ines obUtedodt i Sr ae AOat epee 31 Seventeen-year Cicada on Staten Island between the Years 1894 and MOTTA ea ING Page RR ea cet Teche eka tic tak sein iocare ee Rea TT tl oe 120 Spelling of Local Place Names, Changes and Inconsistencies in the, by the United States) Geological Stnvey,.. Jc: asses. cee 109 Staten Island Additions) to) thew Hlonayotiss 4 deri cie socicise ee elena enna 150 Staten Island: Penns, oNotessonySome! 4/5 \:Gke nea rena see eee 163 Staten sland Frogs »Am Addition tothe distson jeer se ee eee 66 Staten Island, List of the Macrolepidoptera of ...................05- I Swale Usleinial INeyiorealkisie, Olam |], (GOO? Bo..5so6scotcanannooosscue: 169 Staten Island, Notes on Specimens Recently Collected in the Serpentine ATO (Oi os ders cee ae Oe Sateen eb) Pall, 2 ic SHEEN LGR ee Ea 31 Staten Island,The Disputed Claim of the Proprietors of East Jersey to 31 Trees, ‘Our. FOrest igs. ¢ sce sega ee ee ele tina 144 Two Seasons’ Photographic Work with Sandpipers at Woife’s Pond.. 55 White-breasted Nuthatch, Notes! ionuthem cs. acticin: eee a eee 34 Wolfe’s Pond, Two Seasons’ Photographic Work with Sandpipers at.. 55 Woods Dor Not’ Barn -thely.qss.3 eee eer ae oe eee cod cee Ne 68 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES PaGE PAGE | Abbotana clemataria .......... oS -Anisota: stigma.) ). 5 c.46. sens 13 PGHALOUGCE ZEAC fs... 6... cae es 19 WIPIMMETISIS, aan Peeve win Ke 13 Achroanthes unifolia ......... E57) y. ADORNS ePO8R: AT iosic aks oda 21 Actinotia ramosula .......... : 36s “cAntholite: schist;:.c)<5 tes 33, 82 Adelphagrotis prasina ........ 17 Anticarsia gemmatilis ......... 23 Adoneta spinuloides .......... Sgie Atytas “privatus fi Sev vew'y he 18 Aethaloptera intextata ........ 27. Apaecasia jdefluata ..4.5 60d sss 2 IEISEAG. . 6 sc eens se ce ne 15 Bebersatay) fe pges aidweeys « 27 Ge GETMAN oo otc. es ens TBR ODANEEBIS ONEE) ssh chiki ents ahve 14 Agelaeus phoeniceus .......... 178 DIB 2 hey Mera Mis pte 8 14 Premomonia anilis../i.......... 23 phralerata): 5 ait6d emislabite ae oe 22 BPVHEA tis ee seen dia os 22 apis ican 5 Seiad esis os 22 MUG > nl’. Sater cement ens ¢ 22 ANTE Site ve ce teme eat os 22 AGEN i sien 95 en Weep 22 WAMU chara a terwansiae es 22 CALCULA xcs cc BN ere ee dt 22 FOOGAIIA Gs. os\t seems «s 22 BALCORANS die was bahielens -'- 22 PATE coe oi era) dain 'el a a jones lege. 22 Diatrixe. oy vs 2's a tancoesta te 22 PRATER Shiv co's om saci otiieis,§ a 22 TEECCEA ~ ely eibre oie vjemrene ee ns 22 POMHSONT “ves ee ata ee ss 22 REIS ELGem a cree avecja o's aufaig vino: 22 PILEE OR Yayo dxgn ia ato 22 TERRE MESA ac n'y sion Weiv ai ove 22 Eh VAP, Ge ae ea 22 Gatopsilia eubule’....6 26.0608 7 RGmtIAT. Sigs ds xtlee.s » Peden » « 145 205 PaGe Cédat, ‘fediaic<:c)catee see II5 western (red. .caetne oes 131 Cedar ind ic i. caes aed «aud bode oe 114 Celama triquetrana ........... 29 Celiptera frustulum ....2.0... 23 Celtis occidentalis ..........0% 5 Ceratocampidae \.) anvaa saa ldanse 13 Ceratomia ‘amyntor. icicles ¥2 12 UNdiOSa hs.4 «dbo Ree ee 12 Geruta’ occidentalis 2... .ieaqevs 25 Scitiscripta multiscripta.. 25 Cervle) glovan.,.:..2cg6eiasisaua sn 85 Chamaelirium luteum ........ 158 Ghamyris) Cerinthal \csc ccnborle « 21 Chat, yellow-breasted ......... 126 Chenopodium anthelminticum.. 63 VillViaTia ws sna cysbrtancctelye ia - 63 REOEIG. here. cave ius: bo. ¢ ats Bae maaee 130 Blacker taca sus cma bere erste 145 CSTTES TUL ay overaracerhcet ene ene oes 130, 146 CAICRAMCE. initia nce gs piano San y 35, 125 Chlaenogramma jasminearum,. 12 Chloridea virescens ........... 20 (Ohilorite SEHiSt «aves stataoeys os 33 Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria... 27 Chorophilus triseriatus ...... . 66 Ghrysomelidde sir «os ice le ols 154 Chrysophanus hypophlaeas .... 6 TOO ates erecaltta sinters sapere 6 Chytolita morbidalis .......... 23 DEtPEANIS§ 5 Gas aamen stategiety 24 Chytonix palliatricula ......... 16 Cicada, periodical ..........+6% 187 TEC=CVEC, tainiawiss acerca 121 SAW Va omaeech'ss au eM eee 53 seventeen-year ...... 120, I5I Cingilia catenaria .......... 27, 114 Cirrhophanus triangulifera ... 20 Gistodus carolina: ..).s/+ apes. onis II4 Citheronia regalis .......se02. 13 Citrullus citrullus ..........+. 65 Clay, Cretaceous ......+++..+- 176 Cleome pentaphylla .........-- 64 SDINOSA .sciccnw hina 64, 158 Gleora: larvaria ays. sas aswns ....).... 28 SUDSIS MATING? 24:1) -leole 28 HBISTALICED, oo eyed saudyeid aicicvntseeheses 81 iSMimcitctata. >< 2s\s:n.cleke cteledelores- 26 Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides .. 20 Epimecis virginaria ........... 27 Epizeuxis aemula ......... gitas 23 AMNeLLCAlIS: «oes Tetons 23 RGbGICAliGa 2s2,.¢c.0 coc ee class 23 inamntsadal (arial «s disc sststeee sees 158 EULLO WettUT we erterels rere es 158 Euphorbia pilulifera .......... 64 Buplexia Nicipatay ne actos -!ee 16 Euptoietay claudia: .5.\..22.-5.' « 3 Biropean larch: sssiss dered > > 145 Eurycyttarus confederata ..... 29 Eustroma diversilineata ....... 26 IBCISEGOtaNapICOSa + As//eexracneials 21 Catmeolar crake ces, sverste 21 concinnimacula ......... 21 MolaAGA meee eee els ae ts 21 MIS COSCUae ote atta «wiles 21 SYMOONMIS your ake te 21 Buthisanotia ovata... a-.les +... 20 (S0eN Loy meen CHSRT Rie icae ere Bec coat 20 Eutolype rolandi ..........-+.- 17 Falcaria bilineata..........03. 26 eltia’ annéxa.f:tvccese one kes tz eladiariay- i. Pi twist. teas 17 jacultfera) i2i <2 svat exe os 17 subgothical */4s. sues. asus sy Vernerabils* ici aes sae 17 Feniseca tarquinius ......-..+. 6 Fentonia marthesia ........... 25 Pern:) Boots '. snes cee 163, 164 Goldie’s. i'd .0$a0 30a es 166 Fibrous ‘asbestos ..0...-.. «5% 53 serpentine ......5i.0bs6s 33 Fir, Douglas ......ss2ceeeeees 131 Bicshhawile © -. 5 TES lai pave couelahe tea, es-cy ee < 5 ursula albofasciata ..... 5 PBA ES CONE so atate Soclarataise, shescceheicie 77 PE RISGFITECE Polls cl ct atanatpiolaud onih'sla ie, 5/6 150 MIA! 25 a ald ny Sanwa he 25 Liriodendron tulipiferg ....... 12 Lissorhoptrus, simplex ........ "I54 Lithacodia bellicula ........... 21 Iithacodes fasciola ....05..00< 29 HEGUSECE oats closisiare.cs\s sims mbites 125 BPHETI SED late wlan arota-wtarole'si snatatanp tad 144 HOMEY,» on avi malein cle sabaeierels 145 Lodgepole pine 6... 00s keane oe 131 Long-billed marsh wren ...... 59 Long-leaved pine-.........+-:- 130 Lophodonta angulosa ......... 24 Ferniieitied “scc.demqreweerib.« 24 Luna moth, scarlet-margined .. 13 Lycaena comyntas ......-++06- 6 210 Lycdena ladon Wacaeeeee ee 6 ladon forma lucia....... 6 ladon forma marginata.. 6 6 5 ladon forma violacea . Lycaenidae hs. 3c .ceeeteee pee ILGIAY COSMAAIBE sococasdsooded 27 Lycomorpha pholus ........... 13 Dycopodiumus. aiankeeree eee 156 clavatinay Mtn oe ion nee 156 complanatum’ 25-246. 156 Thahbbacdehubattl \556noandocdco 156 lucidulum ..... Saas ayes 156 OSSBNBIIN Sogadgeenucsas 150 Lycopus communis ........... 160 mitbellts “sass croc ow 160 WHissMONGWS “Ao soocanuouces 160 Macaria aequiferaria ......... 27 Macrolepidoptera: .<-..-.-...-- 31 Midemniesite saccenelen cee ce ser 32 Masnoliatn yc seeien hee 131 Wiahocaniyaenccuerncc oneern es 144 Malacosoma americana ....... 25 GisSthiay 2824.1. ane aeeor 25 Nlallow, aitairsii ys. 2 actos = acts 18 Mamestra adjuncta ........... 18 AMGUMINIAL Sareea ae aoe 18 COngenmeania oa. sacs eese 18 ELIStirerayk or a ene 18 detracta Syeda eee 18 distinctantesacpem ane a 18 STAN GIS vee eels eres as) Pater” Gceee i ae eet a: 18 licitinial ave eta eee ee 18 Lonea hte eae meee 18 mediata:: 55 /ca. eee ae 18 PICEA Agate aa eee 18 renigera’ (cnkscen eae 18 SUPE Saocgscdoacose 18 trifolit.: 3. ae i ee 18 Miapletietr.st .csmeeser 130, 144, 145 INotway) «ce aaeeeeeee 145 Ted): 72. eee Eee 146 SUSaE Ene 130, 144, 145, 146 witite fh Pe Rea 30 Marasmalus inficita ........... 2I Pace Marmolite 2.) 0). eee 32 Marsh mallow <):...¢3eeee 154 Marsh wren, long-billed ....... 50 Meadow mice*...::.4.23 een 117 - Mesalopysidae : 3)... 20a 30 Melalopha inclusa-............ 24 Melanolophia canadaria ...... 27 Meliopotis jucunda’. 2. sees 22 linbolaris. .222.0e.aee 22 Melitaea phaeton :...........2. 3 Melittia satyriniformis ........ 30 Memythrus asilipennis ........ 30 simulans oe ae eee 30 Mesoleuca intermediata ....... 26 lactistrata.:... 00. 0ae 26 vasaliata: 2.4... Aiea 26 Metanema inatontaria ........ 28 texthinakias sss 28 Metathorasa monitifera ....... 21 Metoponia obtusa ............. 21 Metrocampa praegrandaria .... 28 Mice, meadow * 2 sane 17, Microcoelia dipteroides ....... 15 dipteroides obliterata ... 16 Mille ‘snake <0.) soe eee 152 Mitimailis! alata sees eee 160 Misogada unicolor <:.5.22 ee." 25 Monarch sbuttertiy: =. eee eee 2 Monotropa hypopitys ......... 159 Morrisonia confusa .......... 18 sectilis: . vito eee 18 Mosauitomies. - sence eee 55, (54, 7a INIOEhN +2 oeeen te «aval ce eee 117 geomettid jo... eae 114 leopard) (os. cee ete 30 scarlet-margined luna... 13 Moths Noctitid! sere eee II Mouse, whitefooted .......... 118 Muskmelom:2o2.. .¢. eee 62, 65 Nacophora quernaria ......... 2, Nadata gibbosa:... sods. seem 24 Nemoria subcroceata ......... 27 Neonympha canthus .......... 5 CUbyttis:
..vitt eae ee 17 MOUeAniaNd tyes... ds ree 6 17. Paectes abrostoloides ......... 21 lechae mere nics Ce 17 OGHIAGEIE Whe asc Ses Gee 21 SENITULIOMRNEE ecpated Sehe ecigte ches in dleacrita vernata rvs. Sos ce.< 26 26 a D5) weeds anglais 2.¢..20<.2. 4 24 INOGHIIG MOthS =. ..5.% 6. OL ie eaamplitlacernes ) 0s. ses iee noe 9 Mislamovillaressros fo. on «ol oes 20 HeSOa, +. 24 Ei ee eee 10 UTR ect e aie od osha elec ss 29 hobomolke- ..20 00082 wok 9 Momwavrimapler..¢. os. 55. 5002. 145 leonardts << Meer: 9 Bprtee ros ee eey Ae 144, 175 Gianataagua: .. 02. sel ss 9 IBIOEOGONTGAG. 315.56 ue see es ss 24 ThtASSASOIE | sacs ae entero tere 9 MTAMMIAEGID = Sapo closes bk Sales ee es 125 iMetACOMMEE « seclhs cule ayers 10 red-breasted ............ 35 MET AT Act seo Sosy 9 white-breasted ....34, 51, 108 WIVSes Ot cs aed oS 9 Nyctobia fusifasciata “<2 5.2... 26 OCOlal es. seen ss done daes 10 MVEA Gaes P52 otis eee a ee 2 (011 RO matory (A ao our 9 Peektes Ks Pees k's 9 221 ee TES. E31, 145 PONMATHA LTS MYR 10 RGU Mialct fotos se eiee 145, 146 SASSACLISH Mees ein cielo we ets tats 9 white ...... 136, 144, 145, 146 MEL ila Wa v0 seek SN os ee 10 Ogdoconta cinereola .......... 21 WidtOte tes Sere etaee oi ore 10 Oligia festivoides ............. 16 ZL OTR cers cathe 1 een oo 9 (Sah o7 h Wea ES Bm a ht to JPagapoda rufimargo) .. 0. o..% 23 Oligomerus obtusus ........... 154 Pangrapta decoralis ........... 2I Ophiobolus doliatus triangulus 152 Panicum huachucae ........... 160 Dene T PRCA ae acetals rs a coro ce ates aol 62 latifolium molle ........ 160 OSA Er eas o lars eaters 146 mmmnidheimeri |... .% sess 160 SRC MENIMUEA fas eos. niece ata els 114 porterianum ............ 160 pistenieliemm 21) So Soe 53 CAUCE os asa rcapeeenes 160 EE eae aaa te 25 PRIDESCEUS: « sinisncy Cos vicc Saeed eee 7 Pigeon, domesticated ......... 123 passenger ....... “s/« 2 LOOS LZO Pine, lodgepole ...... oa 131 long-leaved 2a... 45senee 130 pitch s 1§0 eatehelan DLiiCedta’ +: ss... are 26 Beant PANIStEIS: c's css ecto ose oe 177 Raphanus raphanistrum ....... 64 Lays GSS Won fe eA 15 213 PAGE Red-breasted nuthatch ........ 35 Meet Cedar Si a ee ie 115, 144 ~gyed citada 0030) oso... I2I COUT Ae SPAR Rip a 8 ee Bk 130 PAMDIES OG concrete ee ele 146 OAL Seatelotalhe sttahe aoe 145, 146 PIR oie een eee. 144 Screech! Owilwass se soko es 178 -winged blackbird ...71, 72, 108, 178, 179 Redwood Sede ee a eee tee ete 132 Bemisia repatida f.2.. 2500) 50: 23 repanda marcida ....... 23 Renia discoloralis ............ 24 Pacttasalisn cehccre cmiden +c 24 Salusalis: :js04.aer eee 24 Sopnialisy(. sckiastes eee. 24 Rheumaptera hastata ......... 26 Rhodophora florida ........... 20 Rhynchagrotis alternata ....... 17 anchocelioides .......... 17 DItinte1collts "6 secs 2 17 Feb yITGMOpllOldasse aeetatle cn ec ce 154 Rhypobius marinus ........... 154 Ricinus communis ............ 64 PeiNenecks MOVET us cicclsn ses sie <7 < 58 Rivula propinqualis ........... 21 Roeselia minuscula ........... 20 Peeripa PalnsiTis: ..:.25.20.2.:. 64 Sabulodes arcasaria .......... 28 KOSTAS ptt eee ee 28 EMANSWVETSAtd on cla « carolinensis 2...ccses nares 34 Smerinthus geminatus ........ 12 Smilax rotunditolia os. sssee 82 Snake: mulko.5: 50.52 see 152 Snakes, “horsehair” ......... 82 Snipesssurt cc 22: tee 61 Soapstone 434.c00-a24 cee 31,582 Solanum nigrum .............. 65 Solitary sandpiper ..... 58, 60, 61 Sour’ stim 428 20.2). sean eee 34 Sparrow, English ...... 11, [2Qyameyer HOUSE cur A? es hee eens 123 Sparrowhawk 2.5.5.5. 127 Sphecodina abbotit .....5.0en II Sphenophorus .:........2. 4-5) 154 Sphex ichneumonea ........... 114 Sphidavobliqtiasas sees eee 19 Sphineudaer sere cece e ee LO; eae Sphinx, (Carclina’< 3-2. II chersis.2...o ec eee uz drupiferarum ........... 12 CREMILUS a. ne So ie eee 12 five-Spotted <... a. seesaee mt Votume III, Part I, October-December, 1909, pp. 1-56, issued April 28 IQIT. > Part II, January—May,. 1910, pp. 57-108, issued May 2, IgII. ~~ *Part Ill, October to10—February ‘1911, pp. 109-152, issued February 15, TQI2. ~The Act of Incorporation, Constitution and By-Laws, ete. (Pamph. 8vo, a pp. i-xxv, 1906) and the special “ Memorial Number,” issued in commemo- - ration of the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the organization of the -